Voprosy ėkonomiki: 9/1981 Sentyabr' [Reprint 2022 ed.] 9783112623084

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K. M a p K c h . 3 fi r e ji b c, Con., t. 23, CTp. 415.

46

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48

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ConocTaBHTejibHbiH a H a J i H 3 u e j i e c 0 0 6 p a 3 H 0 BbinojiHHTb n o KOMnjieKc y n o K a 3 a T e j i e ñ . JXJW s T o r o M o r y T H c n 0 j i b 3 0 B 3 T b c a y A e j i b H b i e noKa3aTe./iH (HH^eKCbi), OTHeceHHbie K eflHHHue MOIU.HOCTH. H a n p H M e p , nporpeccHBHblM BHÄOM TeXHHKH HBJIHeTCH HOBblH S K C K a B a T O p - n J i a H H p O B m H K CO CMeH-

HbiM oöopyÄOBaHHeM 3 0 - 3 3 3 2 , KOTopbiñ no cpaBHCHHio c 3aMeHaeM0ñ MaUIHHOH-NJIAHHPOBMHKOM 3 - 4 0 1 0 x a p a K T e p H 3 y e T C H HA EAHHHUY MOIIÍHOCTH: yMeHbiueHHeM KAy COÖOH H 33BHCHT OT OÖLUefl npOAOJI>KHTejIbHOCTH JKH3HCHHOrO UHKJI3 AaHHOrO THn3 M3IIIHH. O a H 3 K O CJI0»H3I1I3J1CH np3KTHK3, KorAa np0H3B0AHTeJIH M3UIHH 0Ka3blB3K)TCH CBH3aiIIIbIMH TOJIbKO C 0AH0H qaCTblO >KH3HeHHOrO UHKJia MaUIHHbl (TeXHHMeCKOC npoeKTHpOBaHHe, KOHCTpyKTHBH a a p a 3 p a ô O T K 3 , np0H3B0ACTB0 h KopoTKHH rapâHTHHHbifi nepHOA 3Kcn.aya-

4. «Bonpocu 3KOROMHKH» Nïi. 9.

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BOJKAaiOTCíi SojibiuHMH n o T e p f l M H p a ó o q e r o BpeMeHH. T a n , M H o r n e KH npH n e p e e 3 A e H3 r o p o A a

Pac-

B cejibCKoe

B 4 pa3a.

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paóoTy

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npHBJieKaeMbix

npOMblIHJieHHblX paÓOMHX HHJKe, H e M

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paóoTbi

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paóoMHX H cjiy>KamHX Ha cejibCKoxo3HHCTBeHHbie

SKOHOMHHeCKH H e 3 ( J ) ( } ) e K T H B H 0 . CTBa,

1979

15,6 MJIH. qejioBCK, B TOM

HHCJie 7,8 MJIH. p a ó o i H x , 3aHHTbix B M a T e p n a j i b H O M OTBJieqeHHe

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n p e A n p H a T H H , KOJIXO3H, COBXO3H

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xo3HHCTBe

Cm. B . H . M a p K O B,

(3a

paóo^Hx

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3 a HX

1979 r . B b i n j i a q e H o n p H M e p H o 2 MJipA.

HecyT

paóoTy py6.),

OnjiaTa Tpy^a B CHCTeNie ynpaBJieHHH SKOHOMHKOH pa3BH-

T o r o c o m i a j i H 3 M a . H 3 A a r e J i b C T B o « S K O H O M i i K a » , 1 9 8 0 r . , CTp. 5 2 — 5 3 . 7 CM. M. R J ÍI H U e B, HopMHpoBaHiie n a ypoBHe coBpeMeHHoñ T e x n í i K H H o p r a H H 3 a UHH TpyAa («CouHaJiHCTHqecKiiH TpyA» Ns 4, 1981 r., CTp. 97).

PAUHOHAJIbHOE HCn0JTb30BAHHE PABOHEH CHJIbI

61

a T3K>Ke npH opraHH3auHH i i h t s h h h , nepeB03KH h Äpyrnx b h a o b o6cjiv>khB 3 H H H npHB^eneHHblX paÖOTHHKOB. J I . H . B p e ^ H e B b c b o ê m B b i c T y r u i e H H H H a H o a ó p b C K O M ( 1 9 7 9 r . ) FljieH y M e U K K Ô C C npH3biB3Ji h 3 b c c t h n o p j m o K b 3 t o m A^Jie: « B n o c j i e f l H e e BpeMH paciiiHpHJiacb n p s K T H i o npHEjieneHHa m ê c t h m m h o p r a H a M H JiioAeñ c n p e ^ n p H H T H H h yipejKfleHHfi Ha p a 3 H o r o p o A a p a ó o T b i — Ha y ö o p n y y p o J K a a , b 3 a r 0 T 0 B H T e j i b H b i e o p r a H H 3 a u H H , H a CTpoHTejibCTBO, Ô J i a r o y e r p o H C T B O h T a n Ä a j i e e . B o ä h h x c j i y w a n x s t o n o j i e 3 H o ä j i h flejia, b Ä p y r w x — h c t . Ho c a M o e r v i a B H o e , qTO 3 a e c b A o n y c K a e T C H m h o t o H e 0 p r a H H 3 0 B a H H 0 C T H , 6e30TBeTCTBeHH0CTH. O T C i O Ä a — ö o j i b i u H e n o T e p H T p y a a , H a p y m e H H H H o p M a j i b H O H p a ó o T b i n p e a n p H H T H H , cTpeM.neHHe h x pyKOBOÄHTejieft Ä e p J K a T b « n p o 3 a n a c » h3jihiiihk)K) p a ß o n y i o cHjiy. r i o p a HaBecTH 3Äecb nopazioK, j i h k B H Ä H p o B a T b o 6 e 3 ^ H M K y h w>KÄHBeHHecTBo. 3 t o o t h o c h t c h h K o c y m e c T B . n e KHKD iue4)CKHX C B H 3 e ü ropo,n,3 h c e j i a » 8 . I l o H a m e M y m h c h h k ) , no Mepe pa3BHTHH HHÄycTpHajiH3auHH cejibCKoro X03HHCTB3 ue,necoo6pa3Ho nocTeneHHo OTKa3aTbCH o t n p a K T H K H npHBJieveh h h b cejibCKoe x o 3 h h c t b o p a ô o ^ H x h c . i y » a i u H x h 3 ropoAOB, H a a o h 3 h c K H B a T b p a ô o T H H K O B ä j i h y ö o p o q H b i x p a ó o T b c e j i b C K O H M e c T H o c T H . 3 t o CTaHeT B 0 3 M 0 J K H H M B C B H 3 H C H 3 M e n e H H H M H B C T p y K T y p e C ^ e p n p H J I O Ä e H H H T p y a a b cejibCKoii M e c T H O c r a h p a 3 B H T H e M Ha cejie pazia n p o M b i m j i e H H b i x h o6cjiy>KHBaiomHx oTpacjiefi. B j i a r o Ä a p a y j i y m i i e H H i o H c n 0 J i b 3 0 B a H H H p a ó o q e ñ c h j i h , 3 a H H T o f l b cejibCKOM x o 3 H H C T B e ( a T a n n e B 0 3 M 0 J K H 0 C T H b c j i h k h ) , h n o M e p e p a 3 B H T H H a r pOnpOMblIIIJieHHblX KOMnjieKCOB, H H T e r p a U H H npOMblUIJieHHOCTH H CeJIbCKOÍO X 0 3 H H C T B 3 nOHBHTCH B03M0>KH0CTb OÖXOÄHTbCH 6e3 eiKerOflHblX MaCCOBblX HanpaBJieHHH p a ö o i n x h oiy>KaiiiHX b k o j i x o 3 h h cobxo3h. Peinaromaa poJib n p n 3 T 0 M 6y.neT n p H H a ; u i e > K a T b y B e j i H H e H H i o 3Hepr0B00py>KeHH0CTn cejibCKoro x o 3 a ö c T B a , ero KOMiuieKCHOH MexaHH3auHH. O ß H a K O h b H a c T o a m e e B p e M H j y i H c 0 b x 0 3 0 b h k o j i x o 3 o b scJxJjeKTHBHee H 3 H H M 3 T b H a yÔOpOHHbie paÖOTbl JIIOÄeH, Ä H B y m H X B CejIbCKOH MeCTHOCTH, a TaiöKe b 6jih3ko pacnojio»eHHbix r o p o a a x h paöo^Hx nocejixax ( y i a m n x CH e p e Ä H H X H BbICIIIHX y i e Ô H b l X 3 a B e A e H H H , O T n y C K H H K O B , TpyÄOCnOCOÖHblX n e H C H O H e p O B ) . n p H 3 T 0 M HeOÖXOflHMO y C T 3 H 0 B H T b T 3 K y i O O n j l S T y T p y a a , K O T O p S H 6bl M S T e p n a J I b H O 3 a H H T e p e C O B b I B 3 J I 3 p a Ö O T H H K O B . S k o h o m h h , KOT o p a a 6 y A e T n o j i y w e H a r o c y ^ a p c T B O M b p e 3 y j i b T a T e O T K 3 3 a o t T p y ^ 3 HbiHe

npHBJieKaeMbix paôoHiix k c j i v j k s i u h x , öyaeT ü,oct3tohho BejiHKa. 3 t h Mepw n O J I O Ä H T e j I b H O CK333tJ1HCb 6bl H a y j i y i l l i e H H H 3 K 0 H 0 M H ^ e C K H X nOK333TeJieH paÓOTbl K 3 K npOMblUIJieHHOCTH, T a K H CeJlbCK0X03HHCTBeHHbIX n p e A n p H H T H H H OTKpbIJIH B 0 3 M 0 Ä H O C T H Ä^IH B b l C B O Ö O Ä Ä e H H H H p 3 U . H 0 H a j l b H 0 r 0 HCn0JIb30"

BaHHH MHJIJIHOHOB paßoHHX H cjiyjKamHx. T a K H M 0 6 p a 3 0 M , TOJibKo 6 j i a r o A 3 p H c o K p a m e H H i o p a 3 J i H M H o r o p o a a

no-

Tepb paóoqero BpeMenH — BHyTpHCMeHHbix h uejiOÄHeBHbix — h oTBJieneHHH P3Ô01HX h c ^ y ^ a i u H x Ha cejibCKoxo3HHCTBeHHbie h A p y r n e p a ö o T b i m o h í h o ôbijio 6bi o ô e c n e q H T b n J i a H O M e p H o e B b i c B o 6 o > K a e H H e p a ß o ^ H x h c J i y x c a m H X , BbinojiHeHHe h nepeBbinojmeHHe np0H3B0ÄCTBeHHbix 3aA3HHH n p n 3 H 3 h h TeJIbHO M e H b l l i e H ^HCJieHHOCTH 3 a H H T b I X .

B n0CT3H0BJieHHH U K

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h CoBeTS M h h h c t p o b C C C P

« 0 6 yjryi-

UieHHH I L Ï i a H H p O B a H H H H yCHJieHHH B03fleHCTBHH X 0 3 H H C T B e H H 0 r 0 M e X 3 H H 3 M 3 Ha noBbiuieHHe scJxJjeKTHBHOCTH np0H3B0ÄCTBa h KanecTBa paöoTbi» ( 1 9 7 9 r . ) n p e A y c M O T p e H b i H3MeHeHHjj b n j i a H H p o B a H H H , H M e i o m a e n p u H U H nH3JibHoe 3 H a q e H H e : « I l H T H j i e T H H e h r o A O B b i e n ^ a H b i np0H3B0ACTBeHHbix O Ö i e Ä H H e H H H ( n p e ^ n p H J I T H H ) H 0 p r a H H 3 3 U , H H p 3 3 p 3 Ó 3 T b I B 3 T b H 3 OCHOBe 3 K 0 H 0 M H i e c K H X h H H ^ e H e p H b i x pacweTOB, ne A o n y c K a H y c T 3 H 0 B J i e H H H n j r a HOBblX 3 a f l a H H H TOJIbKO H3 CJIO>KHBIIieHCH Ä H H 3 M H K H COOTBeTCTBylOmHX nOK333Tejieñ».

» «ripaBAa», 28/X1 1979 r.

62

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5 . « B o n p o c b l 3 K O H O M I I K H » N s 9..

66

E. M A H E B H H

ÄJIH T o r o , MTOÔbi BbiHBHTb T3KH6 npeAnpHHTHH, opraHH3au,HH H y q p e x ÄeHHH, H a AO npoBecTH ô o j i b u i y j o p a ö o T y . BO3MOÄHO, c j i e A y e T o c y m e c T B H T b CBoeo6pa3HyK) n e p e n n c b Bcex npeAnpHHTHíí H ynpe>K,zieHHH n o cneunajibHOH n p o r p a M M e n o MHHHCT6PCTB3m H BeAOMCTBaM C C C P , coio3HbiM pecnyôJiHKaM HJIH n o OÖJiaCTHblM, rOpOACKHM H paHOlIHblM 0praHH3aU,H3M. fljIH 3TOr o , BHAHMO, HaAO C03AaTb KOMneTeHTHbie KOMHCCHH COBeTOB HapOAHblX A e n y i a T O B coBMecTHo c o p r a H a M n r o c y A a p c T B e H H o r o KOHTPOJIH. KOHCHHO, peuieHHe 06 ynpa3AHeHHH npeAnpHHTHH, ynpeJKAeHHH HJIH opraHH3au.HH HJIH O HX CJIHHHHH C A p y r H M H AOJIJKHO 6bITb BCeCTOpOHHe npOAyMaHO H B3BeuieHo. B T e x cJiyMaHX, K o r A a STO u e j i e c o o 6 p a 3 H o , cJieAyeT n e p e A a T b q a c T b p a 60THHK0B (uiTaTOB) H3 ynpa3AHeHHbix npeA.npHHTHH H opraHH3au,HH A p y rHM. H e T coMHeHHH, MTo B p e 3 y j i b T a T e T a n o f l p a ô o T b i rocyAapCTBO nojiynHT ÓOJIbHiyiO 3K0H0MHK) CpeACTB H MHOTHe BbICBo6o>KAeHHbie paÖOTHHKH Ö y A y T Hcn0Jib30BaHbi TaM, TAe OHH npHHecyT H a H ô o j i b i u y i o n o j i b 3 y . F l o HauieMy MHCHHIO, 3acJiy>KHBaeT A a J i b H e ñ m e r o H3yneHHH H p a c n p o CTpaHeHHH nOJIOJKHTejIbHblH OnblT pHJKCKHX npeAnpHHTHÖ ÓbITOBOrO OÓCJiyJKHBaHHfl. 3 A e c b BMecTO c o A e p x a H H a ö o j i b i n o r o H A O p o r o c T o a m e r o a n n a p a T a B KaKHoe, T p e ô y i o m e e p e i u e HHH MHorHx 3 a A a q SKOHOMHHecKoro, T e x H H n e c K o r o , c o u n a j i b H o r o , BocnHTaTejibHoro x a p a K T e p a » . 13

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19 H a 3TO, B qacTHOCTH, yK33biB8iOT MHOrae nporpeccHBHbie cneunajincTbi B KanHraJTHcraqecKHx CTpanax (CM., HanpHMep: S. B o w l e s , H. G i n t i s , S c h o o l i n g in C a p i t a l i s t A m e r i c a a n d t h e C o n t r a d i c t i o n s of t h e E c o n o m i c Life. N e w York, 1.976, p. 44). 20 M. C o h n , I n p u t — O u t p u t A n a l y s i s in P u b l i c E d u c a t i o n . C a m b r i d g e ( M a s s . ) , 1975. 21 « E v a l u a t i n g t h e E f f e c t i v e n e s s of S c h o o l i n g » ( « I n t e r n a t i o n a l Review of E d u c a t i o n » Xo 3, 1973, p. 356). 22 « N a t i o n a l A s s e s s e m e n t a n d Social Indicators». Washington, January 1973; « N a t i o n a l A s s e s s e m e n t of E d u c a t i o n a l P r o g r e s s . C i t i z e n s h i p S o c i a l S t u d i e s 1969—1976». F e b r u a r y 1979, W a s h i n g t o n . 23 W. W e l c h , A Course Evaluation («Evaluating Educational Performance», B e r k e l e y , 1974, p. 3 8 5 ) . 24 « M e a s u r i n g a n d E v a l u a t i n g E d u c a t i o n a l A c h i e v e m e t » . B o s t o n — L o n d o n , 1975, p. 293—303.

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