Voprosy ėkonomiki: 2/1981 Fevral' [Reprint 2022 ed.] 9783112622940

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B. KPACOBCKHH

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B sKOHOMHMecKHx HccjieAOBaHHflx Shijiu npeAJiomeHbi CKB03Hbie SHepreTHqecKHe noKa3aTeJiH, 0CH0BaHHbie na yneTe noiKajiocb B KHHre fl. KBaiiiH « P e 3 e p B H b i e m o i u h o c t h » 10. H M 6HJ\ npeAJio>KeH Taic na3biBaeMbm (})OHAOMOmHOCTHOñ K03Cj)(})HI],HeHT, Bbipa>KaiOIH,HH OTHOIIieHHe npOH3BOACTBeHHblX OCHOBHblX (})OHAOB ( 0 ) K MOIIIHOCTH ABHraTejieñ B KBT (H) , HC^HCjieHHoe 3 a i e M a j i h MHorwx o T p a c j i e ñ npoMbiuiJieHHoc™, c cymecTBeHHoñ ahc})4)epenH,Hau,HeH K03t})4 ) H u . I ' i e H T O B - H a n p H M e p , e c j w B xHMH^ecKoñ npoMbimjieHHOCTH TOCJIO ^acoB paóoTbi 3JieKTpoMOTopoB Bbipamajiocb noKa3aTe;ieM B 4230, TO B CHJiy OCOÓeHHOCTeñ TeXHOJIOrHH MaiHHHOCTpOeHHH B03M0>KH0e BpeMH HCn0Jlb30BaHHH MaiHHH, eCTeCTBeHHO, 6bIJIO 6bl MeHbUie, HeM B XHMH^eCKOH npOMblIUJieHHOCTH, H COCTaBJIHAO 1 2 6 0 — 1 5 0 0 % . I l o A o f í H b i e pacHeTbi ó h j i h npoBeAeHbi h Ha M o c k o b c k o m 3aBOAe HMeHH BjiaAHMHpa H j i b H i a . C p e A H e e BpeMH Hcn0jib30BaHHH sjieKTpoABHraTejieñ, BbinymeHHblX 3aBOAOM H OÓCJ13'>KHBaiOmHX npOH3BOACTBeHHbie 4>OHAbI, coCTaBJIHeT OKOJIO 1450 HaCOB, XOTH eCTb B03M0>KH0CTb nOAHHTb 3T0 BpeMH AO 4 rae. nacoB, t o eCTb b 2,7 pa3a. TaKHe rjioSajibHbie p a c i e T b i T p e ó y i o T TmaTeJIbHOH IipOBepKH no OTpaCJIHM, 0AH3K0 MaCIIITa6 B03M0HÍHMX pe3epBOB yBeJm^eHHH m o i h h o c t h ^ o h a o b ohh Bce m e noKa3biBaioT. B OTAejIbHblX OTpaCJIHX MaTepHaAbHOro npOH3BOACTBa HMeiOTCH CBOH cneuH^HHecKHe pe3epBbi noBbmieHHH OTAa^H ^ o h a o b . T a x , b Ao6biBaioin,HX OTpacjiHx npn cyMMapHoñ A o ó b m e nojie3Hbix HCKonaeMbix S o j i e e 6,5 MJipA. t BejiHMHHa noTepb cocTaBJiHeT o k o j i o 2,5 MJipA- t , b t o m HHCJie BnoJiHe ycTpaHHMbix 500 mjih. t Ha cyMMy 5 — 7 mapa. py6. HoBbie MeTOAbi a o S h ^ h , HanpHMep, óaKTepHajibHoe Bbime^iaHHBaHHe, a s i o t B03M0JKH0CTb c 3(|)(J)eKTHBHocTbío BOBJieKaTb b p a 3 p a 6 o T K y r j i y ó o K H e hjih 0Tpa60TaHHbie MeCTOpO>KAeHHH, OTBaJlbl, pe3KO COKpaTHTb nJIOHiaAH, 3aHHMaeMbie ropHOAofíblBaiOIUHMH npeAnpHHTHHMH. n p H 3T0M OTOaAaeT HeOÓXOAHMOCTb B C03A3HHH

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H3aaTejibCTBo « H a y u a » , 1971 r., cTp. 106.

3K0H0MHMECKHH nOTEHIJHAJI: PE3EPBbI H OTflAMA

95

m a x T , CTaHOBHTcn H3JIHIÍIHHMH TaKíKe TaKHe T p y A o e M K H e o n e p a u H H , KaK T p a n c n o p T H p o B K a , ApoÓJieHue H njiaBKa pyAbi. H a H0B0KpHB0p0>KCK0M r0pH0-060raTHTeAbH0M KOMÓHHaTe A e ñ c T B y e T npoMbnujicHuaH YCTAHOBKA CAMOH3ME./IBQEHHFL JKEJIE3HBIX p y A B CTpye BOAU. K a ^ A b i ñ Hac a r p e r a i n p e B p a m a e T B MEJIKYRO r a A b K y H n o p o m o K OKOJIO 100 T p y A W . r i p i i H3MejibtjeHHH KycKOB pyAbi B CTpye BOAH He TpefiyeTCH A o p o r o c T O H i u a a e r a j i b Ha uiapbi H CTep>KHH, HeT H6o6XOAHMOCTH B r p 0 M 0 3 A KHX H SHeproeMKHx ycTaHOBKax AJIFL c p e A H e r o H M e j i K o r o ApoSjieHHH. I l p o u e c c nOJlHOCTblO 3BTOMaTH3HpOBaH. BoJibiiiHe pesepBbi yBeJiHHeHHfl np0H3B0ACTBa npoAyKUHH CBH3aHbi c jiynuiHM Hcn0Jib30BaHHeM o p o i u a e M b i x H o c y m e H H b i x 3eMejib. OcHOBHbie n p o H3BOACTB6HHbie (J)OHAbI MeJIHOpaTHBHOrO H33H3HeHHH 0UeHHB3K)TCH npHMepHO B 75 MJipA- p y 6 . Ü A H a K o B iLnanoBbix noKa3aTejTHX 0Tpa>Kai0TCH n p e H M y mecTBeHHO AaHHbie no BBOAy MoiUHOCTeñ, HO He p e 3 y j i b T a T b i S K c n j i y a T a u n n MejinopaTHBHbix 3eMejib. M e » A Y TeM OHH n a c T o BHXOAHT H3 CTpoa H3-3a T o r o , HTO He BeAyTCH pafioTbi no noAAep>KaHHio A p e H H p y i o m e H cnocoóHOCTH ocyniHTejibHbix KaHajiOB HJIH n o 6 o p b 6 e c 3acopeHHeM, 3 a p a c T a H H e M KyCTapHHK3MH H np. nOSTOMy OCHOBHOH pe3epB nOBbimeHHJI SKOHOMHMeCKOH OTAaqn BOAHHX p e c y p c o B — exeroAHoe nAaHHpoBaHHe Hcn0Jib30BaHHH MeJIHOpaTHBHblX 3CMCJlb. B npoMbiuijieHHocTH BaJKHeñmHM pe3epB0M yBejinqeHHH (^OHAOOTAaHH aBjiHeTCH cBoeBpeMeHHoe H p e r y j i n p H o e oÓHOBjieHHe np0H3B0ACTBeHH0r0 annapaia. B n p o e K T e OCHOBHHX HANPABAEHHH NPEAJIOMEHO « y j i y H i u H T b HCN0^B30B3HHe npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX MOIllHOCTeH H (})OHAOB... C Y^eTOM OCOÓeHHOCTeH OTAeJIbHblX OTpaCJieH H npOH3BOACTB üpHMeHHTb npOrpeCCHBHbie CHCTeMbI opraHH3au,HH peMOHTa MAUIHH H OÓOPYAOBAHHH, OÓECNENHBAIOMHE YBEJIHNEHHe Me>KpeM0HTH0r0 NEPHOAA HX p a ó o T b i » . H a K o n j i e H H e B OTPACAHX ycTapeBiiiHX H H3HOiueHHbix ({JOHAOB npenaTCTBYET YJIYMUEHHK) SKOHOMH'IECKHX NONASATEJIEÑ, CBH3BIBAET SOABIIIHE TpyAOBbie p e c y p c b i , T p e ó y e T o r p o M H b i x 3ATPAT HA peMOHT, np0B0AHMbiñ Ha HH3KOH TEXHHNECKOH 6 a 3 e . H a NPOTHMEHHH MHOTHX JIET E>KER0AH0 OSHOBJIAETCH jiHiiib 1 — 2 % A e ñ c T B y i o m H X OCHOBHHX (JJOHAOB. H a B03MemeHHe BM6HBAIOMHX o p y A H ñ TPYAA HANPABJIAETCH HE ó o j i e e 2 0 % NOCTABJIHEMORO n p o MbimjieHHOCTH HOBoro o6opyAOBaHHH. M e J K A y TeM T e x H H n e c K o e n e p e B O o p y JKEHHE AEÑCTBYROMHX NPEANPHHTHH H OÓHOBJIEHHE NPHMEHÍIEMOH TEXHOJIORHH A a e T 6bICTpbie H STJXJJEKTHBHBIE pe3yJIbT3Tbl. B npOMblIUJieHHOCTH CTpOHTeJlbHMX MATEPNAJIOB BHEAPEHHE nporpeccuBHoro c n o c o 6 a T e p M o o 6 p a 6 o T K H n o JIHPOBAHHORO CTeKJia oóecneHHJio noBbimeHHe NP0H3B0AHTEJIBH0CTH TPYAA B 4 p a 3 a , CHH»CEHHE CEÓECTOHMOCTH B 2 p a 3 a , pocT (J)OHAOOTAAHH — HA 4 6 % . LÜTAMNOBKA B3pbiBOM n o B b i m a e T NP0H3B0AHTEJIBH0CTB TPYAA B 6 — 7 PA3 H o6ecneMHBaeT BbicoKoe KanecTBo H3AejiHH. C o 3 A a H H a n B C C C P ycTaHOBKa «riaTOHI],HC»/700 AJ1H SJieKTpOHHO-JiyHeBOH CBapKH H3AeJIHH aBTOMOÓHJlbHOH NPOMBIIMIEHHOCTH B 3 pa3a YBEJIHHHBAET NP0H3B0AHTEJIBH0CTB TPYAA H B 2 p a 3 a c o K p a m a e T NOTPEÓHOCTB B KANHTAJIOBJIO>KEHH5IX 12 ,

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XÍJiHTeJTbHoe BpeMH njiaHHpoBaHHe H ^HHaHCHpoBaHHe KanHTajibHbix BAO>KeHHH, a TaiOKe HCn0JIb30BaHHe aMOpTH3aUHOHHbIX (j)OHAOB B OTpaCJlflX H a p o A H o r o xo3HHCTBa h Ha npeAnpHHTHHx OTJiHqajiHCb p e r y j i n p H b i M OTBJieHeHHeM 3HaHHTeJlbHbIX 3M0pTH3aUH0HHbIX CyMM, B TOM MHCJie H H3CTH CpeACTB K3nHT3JlbH0r0 peMOHTa, Ha HyJKAbl HOBOrO CTpOHTeJIbCTBa H K p y n HOH peKOHCTpyKUHH. H o p o í l T3K3H npaKTHKa CTajia BOCnpHHHMaTbCH KaK

12 CM T. XI a H H JI H H, CneuHtj)HqecKHe 0C06eHH0CTH HeMexaHHMecKHx BHAOB Te.XHOJiorHH («Bonpocbi SKOHOMHKH» J\Í2 8, 1979 r.).

B. KPACOBCKHH

96

H e K a H 3aKOHOMepHOCTb, CBOHCTBeHH3H He TOAbKO paHHHM S T a n a M 3 K 0 H 0 M H HeCKOrO p a 3 B H T H H , HO H S p e A O H COUHajIHCTH^eCKOH SKOHOMHKe. H c X O Ä « H3 T3KHX n p e Ä C T a B J i e H H H , P « Ä 3 K 0 H 0 M H C T 0 B CHHT3ÍOT U , e J i e C 0 0 6 p a 3 H b I M HCK J i r o n a T b a M 0 p T H 3 a u . H 0 H H b i e c y M M b i H3 H 3 f l e p > K e K n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B a , n o j i a r a a , MTO Hx H c n 0 J i b 3 0 B a H H e AAH co3AaHH5i HOBbix n p e A n p H H T H H n p H H e C e T TaM AOn o j i H H T e J i b H b i ä 9(j) K e A H C K 0 H T H p 0 B 3 T b a M o p i ' H s a UHio, p a c c H H T b i B a H H a ó y a y m H e AOXOAM OT e e n p 0 H 3 B 0 A H T e j i b H 0 r 0 n c i i o j i b 30B3HHH. B 3 T 0 M me H a n p a B J i e H H H p a 3 B H B 3 J i H C b M a T e p n a j i b H o - T e x H H q e c K o e C H a ß 5KeHH6, B b i n y C K MaUJHHOCTpOHTeJIbHOH I!pOAyKU,HH H MOIIÍHOCTH CTpOHTeAbHbix o p r a H H 3 a u H H , K O T o p b i e o p n e H T H p o B a j i H C b B n e p B y i o o q e p e f l b Ha o ó e c n e q e H H e HOBHX K p y r i H b i x HHBecTHUHOHHbix n p o r p a M M h 0 6 i > e K T 0 B . B p e 3 y j i b T a T e c o 3 Ä a ß a j i H C b H e ß j i a r o n p H H T H b i e y c j i o B H H p,Jin p e r y j i n p H o r o oÖHOBJieHHH OCHOBHblX (JjOHÄOB Ha COBpeMeHHOH TeXHHHeCKOH OCHOBe. P a 3 M e p b I BblßblTHH, He n p e B b i i u a i o m H e 1 , 5 — 2 % b r o A , n p H M e p H O B 2 p 3 3 a M e H b u i e H e o 6 x o A H MblX, HCXOAH H3 B 0 3 p a C T a H TeXHHHeCKOTO COCTOHHHH OCHOBHblX (f)OHAOB. 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147

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BK/iaflbi omnHaraTcn o t Bcex floxofl

no

hmm

BK/ia

flpyrnx

BbinnaHusaeTCH

b

cf>opMe

B b i f . r p b i i u e ü . T n p a > K M n p o B O f l H T C H flBa p a 3 a b r o f l — b a n p e n e u OKTHópe.

Ha

BbiurpbiiüeM: no

100%,

1000

cneTOB

o^mh Bbiurpbiai b

A B a — n o

50%

n

B

THpawe

pa3Mepe flBaflL^aTb

pa3birpbiBaeTcn 200%,

flBa

25

Bbiurpbiiua

BbiurpbiLueü

no

25%

cpeflHero ocTaTKa atenaza 3a MCTeKiuee nonyroflue, na KOTopbiíí Bb'inan Bbiurpbiuj; B K n a f l b i H a TeKymi/te cneTa, K O T O p b i M n B K n a f l H M K n p a c n o pawaiOTCH nyTeM sbi^ann seKOB: MMeHiibix nnn Ha npefltHBnT e / i a . ( l o B K n a f l a M H a T e K y u i n e cneTa floxofl BbinnasnBaeTcn M3 p a c n e t a

2%

roflOBbix.

Pr.renncKOt! peenyónuKaHCKoe rnaanoe ynpaB/ieHue focTpyflcóepKacc