Voprosy ėkonomiki: 1/1981 Yanvar' [Reprint 2022 ed.] 9783112622964


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Table of contents :
Содержание
Навстречу XXVI сбезду кпсс
Новые перспективы зкономического и социального развития ссср
Роль творческой активности трудящихся в социально-зкономическом развитии
Пути сокращения стоимости строительства
Значение амортизации в технической реконструкции
Качество товаров народного потребления
Обсуждение проекта цк кпсс к XXVI сьезду партии основные направления зкономического и социального развития ссср на 1981-1985 годы и на период до 1990 года
Методические указания к составлению одиннадцатого пятилетнего плана
Вопросы политической зкономии
Закон планомерного пропорционального развития народного хозяйства в условиях зрелого социализма
Зкономика мировой социалистической системы
Международная кооперация производства
В Помощь системе зкономического образования
Совершенствование хозяйственного механизма в капитальном строительстве
Критика и бибиография
Научная жизнь
Совершенствование системы управления научно-техническим прогрессом
Развитие межотраслевых производств в восточной сибири
Зкономические проблемы научно-технического прогресса
Заседание среднеазиатской секции хаучного совета ан ссср соиально-зкономические проблемы народонаселения
Юбилей ученого
Авторы Статей
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Voprosy ėkonomiki: 1/1981 Yanvar' [Reprint 2022 ed.]
 9783112622964

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rr.

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HOMepHOCTH II C B a 3 H » , KOTOpbie « O I < a 3 a A H C b B TCHI-I, BHC C(j}epbl 3KOHOMI1HC1 CM. «OaKTop cip. 86.

BpeMeHH B njiaHUBofi SKOHOMiiKe». HS^aie^bCTBo «3KOHOMHK3^, 1978 r.,

nyTH COKPAIHEHHH CTOHMOÇTH CTPOHTEJIbCTBA

25

CKoro aHajiH3a». K hum, HanpHMep, o t h o c h t HepaBHOMepHOCTb b 3arpy3Ke CTpoHTejibHbix op ra HH3 a unii, ocoôeHHO KorAa nporpaMMa h x paôoTbi yMeHbiijaeTCfl; CTpyKTypHbie c a b h t h b nporpaMMe, BKflioHafl h 3 M 6 H 6 h h h c o o t h o -

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12 mojia 1 9 7 9 r., np0eKTH0-H3bicK3TejibCKHe, npoeKTHO-KOHCTpyKTopcKHe h Apyrwe opr3HH33UHH noAOÔHoro rans nepeBOAHTCH Ha noAHbifi xo3aficTBeHHbiH pacveT. H M AOJiJKeH njiaHHpoBaTbca BbinycK 3aiKHbiM o6pa3uaM h j i h npeBbiuiaeT h x . I l p n s t o m b3>kho AOÔHBaTbca yBe^H^eHHa AOJIH aKTHBHOH H3CTH OCHOBHblX npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX ({)OHAOB, h 6 o pocT MOLUHOCTeft jiroôoro ripeAnpHHTHH 3 3 b h c h t o t CTeneHH ocH3meHHOCTH ero COBpeMeHHblMH MaiHHHaMH H o6opyAOB3HHeM. HsnpHMep, yCT3H0BK3 MOlUHblX TypÔHH Ha HOBblX 3JieKTpOCT3HUHHX yMeHbiuaeT yAeJibHyio CTOHMOCTb CTpoHTejibCTBa TenjioBbix ajieKTpocTaHUHH Ha 2 5 — 3 0 % b pacMeTe Ha 1 k b t BbipsöoTKH sHeprHH. P o c t m o i u h o c t h ycTaHOBOK no np0H3B0ACTBy nojiHSTHJieHa BbicoKoro AaBjieHHH c 5 0 Tbic. t b 1 9 7 5 r. AO 7 0 — 7 5 Tbic. t b 1 9 8 0 r. oöecnenHBaeT CHHSteHHe yAejibHbix iK,aaiOTCfl b nonpaBKax. 4 Cm. «n.iaHQBoe xoshiicibo» jVs 4, 1977 r., ^.'ip. 93—103.

n. nOfllDHBAJIEHKO

26

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0 6 p a 3 U 0 B — ô o j i e e 4 JieT. B H3CTHOCTH, coBpeMenHbiH KOMnjieiíc MauiHH AJÍ H npOH3BOÄCTBa AByTaBpOBblX ÖAJIOK C rOÄOBbIM BbinyCKOM 1600 TbIC, T Óblt/T cnpoeKTHpoBaH B H a ^ a j i e ACBATOH naTHJieTKH, a BBE^EH B S K c r u i y a T a u m o TOJTbKO B KOHUE 1977 r. XljiHTejibHaH 3aAep>KiKe MauiHH c noMOWbio MauiiiH yivieubiuaCT HX CTOHMOCTb no cpaBHeHHio C HX pa3MepaMH H HX AeHCTBiieM» 6 . ,II,a.rcee OH noA^epKHBa^, HTO « u e j i b i o BBeAeniiH MauiHH HBjiaeTCfl... yMeHbuienne CTOHMOCTH, a c T a j i o öbiTb, H ucHbi TOBapa, yAemeBJieuHe e r o , T. e. c o K p a m e HHe p a ö o H e r o BpeMeHH, HeoöxoAHMoro ajih np0H3B0ACTB3 eAHHHUbi TOBapa...»7. HcCJieAOBaHHH p a n a 3K0H0MHCT0B CBHAëTeJIbCTByiOT 0 6 yAOpOJKaHHH OÔOpyaOBaHHH. XI.JIH OUeHKH AHHaMHKH KanHTajIOeMKOCTH CTpOHTeJIbCTBa no JIHCTOBbIM CT3H3M rOpAMÊH npOK3TKH 6bIJIO npOBeAGHO conocTSBJieHHe CT3H0B « 1 7 0 0 » KaparaHAHHCKoro MeTSJUiyprHiecKoro KOMÔHHaTa (BBeaeH B 1967 r.) H M e T a j u i y p r n q e c K o r o 3aBOAa HMeHH W j \ h m a (BBeaeH B 1960 r . ) , a TaKJKe CTanoB « 2 0 0 0 » HoBOJinneuKoro MeTajijiyprHHecKoro 3aBOAa (BBeAeH B AeñcTBHe B 1970 r.) H H e p e n o B e m < o r o M e T a j i J i y p n m e c K o r o 3aBOAa (nepBaa onepeAb 6biJia CAaHa B 3 K c n j i y a T a u m o B 1975 r . ) . ConocTaBJieHue n o K a 3 a j i o , h t o KsnHTajioeMKOCTb 1 T TOAOBOH npoeiK3HHe 1 T npoeKTHOH MOIH.HOCTH MepenoBeujKoro 33B0Aa n o cpaBHeHHK) c HoBOJiHneuKHM coCTaBHJIO 1 1 % , CTOHMOCTH TeXHOJIOrHMeCKOTO o6opyAOB3HHH — 3 2 % , CTOHMOCTH noAtßMHo-TpaHcnopTHoro oôopyAOBaHHH — 4 3 % . KanHTajroeMKOCTb eAHHHUbi np0H3B0ACTBeHH0H MOuiHOCTH no KOHBepTopHbiM uexaM 6 b i ^ a B 1 9 6 6 — 1 9 7 0 rr. npHMepHO 8 — 1 0 pyô./T, B 1971 — 1975 r r . OHa B 0 3 p 0 C ^ a AO 14—16 py6./T8.

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CM. «H3BFECTHH», 17/X 1978 r.

K. M a p K C H «t>. 9 H r e ji b c, Coq., T. 23, CTp. 401. K. M a p K C H 4>. 9 H r e JI B c, Coq., T. 47, CTp. 351. 8 CM. n. A ULI H p n e B, B. A. ILI T a H c K n fi, S^tJjeKTiiBHOCTb KanHTaJiwibix BJIOÄeHHii B 'lepnofi Mera^jiyprHH. M3AATE.'IBCTBO «MeTa.iJiyprnn», CTp. 184—185. 6

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27

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28

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10,7, n p o q H X MaTepHajioB — 3 7 , 7 , n e c K a , r p a B H H , m e 6 n a H a p y r n x HepyAHbix MaTepnajiOB — S o j i e e 7 0 % - PaccTOHHHe nepeB030i< cTenoBbix M a T e p i i a JIOB 6 b i j i o p a B H O B 1 9 7 8 r . 7 3 1 KM, a B 1 9 7 9 r . — 7 5 1 KM, K H p n H H a — C O O T B e T C T B e H H O — 3 5 2 H 3 6 4 KM, C f í o p H b l X > K e J i e 3 0 6 e T 0 H H b I X K O H C T p y K U H ñ — 6 7 9 H 7 2 7 KM. A H a j i o r H H H a n c u T y a u H H CKjisAbiBaeTCH H B OTHOuieHHH A p y r n x p e c y p COB. H a n p H M e p , B C C C P i u n p o K O pa3BHTO n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B 0 >Kejie3o6eTOH3. B HeKOTopbix o6jiacT5ix, K p a a x H coio3Hbix p e c n y 6 ^ H i < a x HMeeTca Aa>ne ero H36bITOK. F i o C e B e p U O H > K e ^ e 3 H O H A o p o r e B b I B 0 3 H T C H O K O J I O 1 M J I H . T > K e j i e 3 o 6 e T O H a H O A H O B p e M e H H O H3 A p y r n x r o p o A O B B p a ñ o H b i , o 6 c j i y > K H B a e M b i e 3TOH A o p o r o ñ , nocTynaeT T a K O H « e n p o A y K U H H r i o ^ r a 2 MJIH. T. r i p n STOM 3 3 B 0 3 H T C H H B b I B 0 3 H T C H M 3 T e p H a j T b I H H 3 A e J I H f l O A H H X H T e X >Ke H 3 H M e H O BAHHH, c O A H H a K O B b i M H x a p a K T e p H C T H K a M H . T a i < , B C p e A H i O í o A 3 H K ) T p s u c nopTHpyioTCH 6e3HanopHbie >KeJie306eT0HHbie Tpyóbi, cTeHOBbie naHejin, nep e K p b i T H H H n p . r i o A o 6 H b i e H 3 A e . n H H B e 3 y T H3 C p e / i H e t t A3HH B H e n e p H O 3 6 M H y i o 3 0 H y . B c e 3TO p e 3 y ^ b T a T T o r o , MTO i < a > K A o e C T p o H T e ^ b H o e MHHHc T e p c T B O H B e A O M C T B O , a T a K > K e MecTHbie o p r a n b i HMÉIOT CBoe >Kejie3o6eTOHHOe npOH3BOACTBO. OaHH H3 B3>KHbIX pe3epBOB COKpameHHH CpOKOB CTpOHTeJlbCTBa H e r o CTOHMOCTH — COBMeiUeHHe BO BpeMeHH CpOKOB CJTy>K6bI OÓ'beKTOB, c o o p y jKaeMbix a j i h p a 3 M e m e n n H ofíopyAOBaHHH, c o c p o i o M H cjiy>K6bi TexHHKH. E m e HeAaBHo cpoKH c ; i y » 6 b i TexHOJioruqecKoro oóopyAOBaHHH cocTaBJiíuiH 2 0 — 2 5 jieT. Cefimac BCJieACTBHe 6o,nee 6biCTporo M o p a j i b H o r o H3Hoca, n p o Hcxoaamero n o A BJIHHHHCM HayHHO-TexHHnecKoro n p o r p e c c a , OHH YMEHBUIH.THCb B 2 — 3 p a 3 a . BMECXE c TeM e m e He npeoAOJieHa TPA/MUHH c o 3 A 3 B a T b npOH3BOACTBeHHbie OÓ'beKTbl 3a^aCTytO B BHAe KpynHblX MOHyMeHTaJIbHblX 3A3HHH B HeCKOJlbKO 3Ta>KeH, HJ1H B 1 , 5 — 2 CBeTa, TpeÓVlOLUHX COOTBeTCTByi o m e r o a p x H T e K i y p H o r o ocJ)opMJieHHH H pacc^HTSHHbix, KaK npsBHJio, Ha 8 0 — 1 0 0 J i e T C ^ y » 6 b l . CHHT3eTCfl, MTO B TAKHX 3A3HHHX AOJIÍKHbl ÓbITb pe3epBbi n j r o m a A e ñ H H a r p y 3 0 K . C o x p a H e H H e STOH TPAAHUHH o ó y c j i o B iTHBaeT BbICOKyK) KailHTajIOeMKOCTb npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX 3A3HHH H HanpaBJieHHe K3nHTa^bHbIX BJlOXíeHHH rjiaBHblM 0Ópa30M Ha CTpOHTe./IbHO-MOHTa>KHbie p a ó o T b i . P a 3 M e m e H « e B TSKHX 3 A a H n a x HOBOH TCXHHKH, n o c j i e T o r o KaK OTCJiyJKHJ13 p 3 H e e yCT3H0BJieHHaH, HeH30e>KHO BbI3bIBaeT He06x0AHM0CTb peKOHCTpyKIÍHH H CTpOHTejIbCTB3 3A3HHH H COOpy>KeHHH, MTO T p e Ó y e T BpeMeHH H CymeCTBeHHblX AOnOJIHHTeJIbHblX 33Tp3T. B UejlOM no H3p0AH0My X03HHCTBy B o 6 m e M 06-beMe KsnHTajibHbix BJTOJKeHHH, HsnpaBJineMbix Ha peKOHCTpyKUHK) H paCIIIHpeHHe, TOJlbKO 9 % npHXOAH^OCb Ha peKOHCTpyKUHK) 6e3 CTpOHTejIbCTB3 3A3HHH H COOpy>KeHHH Fl03T0My y>Ke H3 IipOTHíKeHHH p ^ A a jieT peKOHCTpyKUHH H pscuiHpeHHe MHOTHX AeñcTByioinHX n p e A n p n a THH He AAIOT > K e j i a e M o r o n p H p o c T 3 yAe^BHORO Bees O6OPYAOBAHHH B TexHOjiorHqecKOH C T p y K T y p e KanHTaAbHbix B j r o ^ e H H ñ . T a K , no npoBepeHHHM C T p o ñ ó a H K O M C C C P o6i>eKTa.M, BK^roneHHbiM B n^aH K a n H T a j i b H o r o cTpoHTejibCTBa H3 1976 r., yAejibHbiñ Bec 3 a T p a T Ha o ó o p y A O B a H H e B o ó m e ñ CMeTHOH CTOHMOCTH COCTaBHJ] 28,7 % , B TOM HHCJie no H0B0CTp0HK3M — 25,9, H no A e ñ c T B y i o m H M npeAnpHHTHHM — B c e r o ^iiimb 3 1 , 2 % 12B C I 1 I A 3 a 1 9 5 5 — 1 9 7 3 r r . C T O H M O C T b M a u i H H H o 6 o p y A O B a H H H B OÓm e M oó-beMe KANHTA^bHbix BJIO^íeHHñ B O6P363TBIB3IOMYIO npoMbimjieHHOCTb 6 b I J I 3 He H H J K e 7 1 — 7 2 % , B SBTOMOÓH^eCTpOeHHH — 8 4 , B X H M H H e C K O H n p O M b l l I I ^ e H H O C T H — 86, B n p O M b l L U J i e H H O C T H C T p O H T e j l b H b l X M3TepH3^OB — 7 5 % . B C C C P Ha nepeAOBbix npeAnpHHTHax nocjie TexHHnecKoro n e p e B o o p y > K e H H H AOJIH OÓOPYAOBAHUA B C T p y K T y p e KANHT3JIBHBIX BJIO>KeHHH cocTSBJineT 5 0 — 6 0 % . 11 CM. B. K. Í 5 a JI B U M a H, HHTEHCHTFIHKAUHH pa3BHTHa npon3BüACTBeHHoro annapaTa («Bonpocfai 3K0H0MHKH» .Ns I. 1978 r.). 12 CM. M. C. 3 O T O B , 3({)(J)eKTIiBH0CTb KanHTajlbHblX E^O>K6HHH H KpeAHTHble OTHOUieHHSI B CTpOHTejlbCTBe («Bonpocbl 3K0H0WHKH» Mi 4, 1977 r.).

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29

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HepeAKO pocT yAeJibHbix KsnHTSJibHbix BJio>KeHHH h ceôecTOHMOCTH npoAyKUHH Ha npeAnpHHTHHX, paóoTaiomHX na npHpoAHOM cbipbe, oß-bHCHaeTca KaK HeH30e>KHoe cjieACTBHe HsyqHO-TexHHHecKoro nporpecca. M e x ay TeM noBbimeHHe np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH tcxhhkh HepeAKO npoHcxoAHT aa cneT yMeHbineHHH raôapHTOB h Beca arperaTOB h mbiuhh. Hcn0Jib30BaHHe npo^Hbix, njiacTHHHbix, AOJiroBe^Hbix MaTepnajioB, oôJiaAaromHX HeoôxoAHMblMH SJieKTpHMeCKHMH, MaTHHTHblMH H APyrHMH CBOHCTBaMH, TpeÔyiOIUHX HeÖOJlbLLIHX H3AepíKeK npOH3BOACTBa, H3MeHHeT CTpyKTypy CbipbH H H3AGJIHH H3 Hero. B nocjieAHHe roAbi b paAe CTpaH noHBHjiHCb npHHUHnnajibHO HOBbie pemeHHH, H3MeHHBiuHe xapaKTep BsaHMHoro cocymecTBOBSHHH KpynHbix h HeôojibUJHx 33BOAOB. TaK, HapnAy c coBpeMeHHbiMH MeTajijiyprH'jecKHMH i HraHTaMH BnojiHe peHTaöejibHbiMH CTaHOBHTCH 3aBOAH, oÖJiaAarömHe b HeCKOJlbKO AeCHTKOB pa3 MeHbUIHMH M01H.H0CTHMH (nO 06"beMy npOH3BOACTBa) . B

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3AK0H IIJIAHOMEPHOrO, nPOnOPIJHOHAJIbHOrO PA3BHTHH 3K0H0MHKH

127

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