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Russian Pages 162 [164] Year 2022
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33HHOCTb MOIUHOCTeH nOÄpHÄ^HKOB paHee H3^3TbIMH OÔTjeKTaMH H T. A-2- n o HailieMy MHeHHK), Bee STO He HMeeT HHKaKOrO OTHOUieHHH K 33KOHOMepHOCTHM, a HBJIH6TCH JlHIIIb CJieACTBHeM npOCHëTOB B IUiaHaX, pa3MemeHHH CTpOHTejlbHblX Opr3HH33UHH, H3pyiIieHHH npOnOpUHH B pa3BHTHH HX MOLU,HOCTeft h t . n. C t 3 j i o 6biTb, HaAO yerpaHHTb h c a o c t s t k h b i u i a H M p o B a H H H , COBepmeHCTBOBaTb X03HHCTBeHHyK> fleflTejIbHOCTb, yCHJIHBâTb B03AeHCTBHe X03HHCTBeHH0r0 MeX3HH3M3 Ha pe3yjIbTaTbI paÔOTbl CTpOHTejlbHblX Opra.HH33UHH, a He njiaHHpoBaTb, naît s t o npeAA3raeTCfl, b b h a ê KOMneHcauHH ynopO>K3HHH CTpOHTejIbCTBa. P f l A 3 K 0 H 0 M H C T 0 B B C C C P H 3a py6e>K0M OTMe^aiOT, H TO OnTHMaJIbHaH HopMa CTpoHTejibCTBa npe^npHHTHH cpeAHen BejiHHHHbi—12 MecnueB. H a ripHMep, B flnOHHH CMHTaeTCH, HTO ÔOJIbUJHHCTBO npOMblUJJieHHblX OÔ^eKTOB HeBbirOAHO CTpOHTb ÓOJiee AByX JieT B CBH3H C 6bTCTpbIM MOpajlbHblM H3HO-
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12 mojia 1 9 7 9 r., np0eKTH0-H3bicK3TejibCKHe, npoeKTHO-KOHCTpyKTopcKHe h Apyrwe opr3HH33UHH noAOÔHoro rans nepeBOAHTCH Ha noAHbifi xo3aficTBeHHbiH pacveT. H M AOJiJKeH njiaHHpoBaTbca BbinycK 3aiKHbiM o6pa3uaM h j i h npeBbiuiaeT h x . I l p n s t o m b3>kho AOÔHBaTbca yBe^H^eHHa AOJIH aKTHBHOH H3CTH OCHOBHblX npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX ({)OHAOB, h 6 o pocT MOLUHOCTeft jiroôoro ripeAnpHHTHH 3 3 b h c h t o t CTeneHH ocH3meHHOCTH ero COBpeMeHHblMH MaiHHHaMH H o6opyAOB3HHeM. HsnpHMep, yCT3H0BK3 MOlUHblX TypÔHH Ha HOBblX 3JieKTpOCT3HUHHX yMeHbiuaeT yAeJibHyio CTOHMOCTb CTpoHTejibCTBa TenjioBbix ajieKTpocTaHUHH Ha 2 5 — 3 0 % b pacMeTe Ha 1 k b t BbipsöoTKH sHeprHH. P o c t m o i u h o c t h ycTaHOBOK no np0H3B0ACTBy nojiHSTHJieHa BbicoKoro AaBjieHHH c 5 0 Tbic. t b 1 9 7 5 r. AO 7 0 — 7 5 Tbic. t b 1 9 8 0 r. oöecnenHBaeT CHHSteHHe yAejibHbix iK,aaiOTCfl b nonpaBKax. 4 Cm. «n.iaHQBoe xoshiicibo» jVs 4, 1977 r., ^.'ip. 93—103.
n. nOfllDHBAJIEHKO
26
RIPHMENEHHE ö o j i e e MOIUHHX MSUIHH, o ö o p y A O B S H H H H A p y r o f i TCXHHKH
y j i y m i i a e T TexHOJionmecKyio CTpyKTypy LONHTAJIBHBIX BJICDKCHUH H, KaK * npaBHJio, Be npwBOAHT K pacuiHpeHHio npoH3BOACTBeHHbix n j i o m a a e i i , c o x p a i y a e T c p o K H BBOAA B AEÑCTBHE MOIHHOCTCH, AAET ÓOJIBIUOÑ
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cTB6HHbiñ 9(J)4>eKT. Me>KAy TeM na HOflöpbCKOM ( 1 9 7 8 T.) EIjieHyMe U K K n c c 6bijio OTMeneHO onpeAejienHoe oTCTasaHHe MaïunnocTpoeHHH OT nOTpeÔHOCTen HapoAHoro xo35iHCTBa. n o A T B e p ^ e n H e M SToro HBJiaeTCH TO, HTO cpeaHHH cpoK c03/iaHHH HOBbix o 6 p a 3 u o B MauiHH, oôopyAOBaHHH, 3 n n 3 paTOB,
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0 6 p a 3 U 0 B — ô o j i e e 4 JieT. B H3CTHOCTH, coBpeMenHbiH KOMnjieiíc MauiHH AJÍ H npOH3BOÄCTBa AByTaBpOBblX ÖAJIOK C rOÄOBbIM BbinyCKOM 1600 TbIC, T Óblt/T cnpoeKTHpoBaH B H a ^ a j i e ACBATOH naTHJieTKH, a BBE^EH B S K c r u i y a T a u m o TOJTbKO B KOHUE 1977 r. XljiHTejibHaH 3aAep>KiKe MauiHH c noMOWbio MauiiiH yivieubiuaCT HX CTOHMOCTb no cpaBHeHHio C HX pa3MepaMH H HX AeHCTBiieM» 6 . ,II,a.rcee OH noA^epKHBa^, HTO « u e j i b i o BBeAeniiH MauiHH HBjiaeTCfl... yMeHbuienne CTOHMOCTH, a c T a j i o öbiTb, H ucHbi TOBapa, yAemeBJieuHe e r o , T. e. c o K p a m e HHe p a ö o H e r o BpeMeHH, HeoöxoAHMoro ajih np0H3B0ACTB3 eAHHHUbi TOBapa...»7. HcCJieAOBaHHH p a n a 3K0H0MHCT0B CBHAëTeJIbCTByiOT 0 6 yAOpOJKaHHH OÔOpyaOBaHHH. XI.JIH OUeHKH AHHaMHKH KanHTajIOeMKOCTH CTpOHTeJIbCTBa no JIHCTOBbIM CT3H3M rOpAMÊH npOK3TKH 6bIJIO npOBeAGHO conocTSBJieHHe CT3H0B « 1 7 0 0 » KaparaHAHHCKoro MeTSJUiyprHiecKoro KOMÔHHaTa (BBeaeH B 1967 r.) H M e T a j u i y p r n q e c K o r o 3aBOAa HMeHH W j \ h m a (BBeaeH B 1960 r . ) , a TaKJKe CTanoB « 2 0 0 0 » HoBOJinneuKoro MeTajijiyprHHecKoro 3aBOAa (BBeAeH B AeñcTBHe B 1970 r.) H H e p e n o B e m < o r o M e T a j i J i y p n m e c K o r o 3aBOAa (nepBaa onepeAb 6biJia CAaHa B 3 K c n j i y a T a u m o B 1975 r . ) . ConocTaBJieHue n o K a 3 a j i o , h t o KsnHTajioeMKOCTb 1 T TOAOBOH npoeiK3HHe 1 T npoeKTHOH MOIH.HOCTH MepenoBeujKoro 33B0Aa n o cpaBHeHHK) c HoBOJiHneuKHM coCTaBHJIO 1 1 % , CTOHMOCTH TeXHOJIOrHMeCKOTO o6opyAOB3HHH — 3 2 % , CTOHMOCTH noAtßMHo-TpaHcnopTHoro oôopyAOBaHHH — 4 3 % . KanHTajroeMKOCTb eAHHHUbi np0H3B0ACTBeHH0H MOuiHOCTH no KOHBepTopHbiM uexaM 6 b i ^ a B 1 9 6 6 — 1 9 7 0 rr. npHMepHO 8 — 1 0 pyô./T, B 1971 — 1975 r r . OHa B 0 3 p 0 C ^ a AO 14—16 py6./T8.
C0rJ13CH0 HMeiOUtHMCH pacneTaM, B BOCbMOH H AGBHTOH nHTHJieTK3X CpeAHHH CTOHMOCTb eAHHHUbl MOHJ.HOCTH 3HepreTHMeCKOrO OÔOpyAOBSHHH 5
CM. «H3BFECTHH», 17/X 1978 r.
K. M a p K C H «t>. 9 H r e ji b c, Coq., T. 23, CTp. 401. K. M a p K C H 4>. 9 H r e JI B c, Coq., T. 47, CTp. 351. 8 CM. n. A ULI H p n e B, B. A. ILI T a H c K n fi, S^tJjeKTiiBHOCTb KanHTaJiwibix BJIOÄeHHii B 'lepnofi Mera^jiyprHH. M3AATE.'IBCTBO «MeTa.iJiyprnn», CTp. 184—185. 6
7
nyTH COKPAUiEHHA CTOHMOCTH CTPOHTEJTbCTBA
27
( k o t j i o b h TypÔHH Bcex b h a o b ) noBbicHJiacb Ha 2 5 % , a . CTOHMOCTb 1 k b t MomnocTH sjieKTpoTexHHHecKoro oöopyAOBaHHH — na 2 7 % 9 . A H a j i o r n i Hbie pactjeTbi 3a 1976—1978 rr. noK33a./iH, mto TeMnu pocTa yAopoíKaiiHH eflHHHUbl MOIUHOCTH 3T0r0 OÔOpyAOBaHHH B AeCHTOH ÏÏHTHJieTKe He TOJIbKO He CHH3HJlHCb, HO H B03p0CJIH 10. Pac^eTHbie AaHHbie CBHAeTejibCTByiOT, h t o pocT HHAHBHAyajibHoñ npoH3BOÄHTejIbHOCTH HJIH MOIUHOCTH HOBOÍÍ MailJHHbl Ha 1% nO CpSBHeHHIO CO CTapoñ, paHee o c b o c h h o h , o6yc,noB,nHBaeT yBeJiHMeHHe BepxHero n p e A e j i a ueHbi, HanpHMep, no CTaHO^HOMy o6opyAOB3HHio (b cpeAHeM) Ha 1 4 — 1 5 % . HeJlb3fl npH3HaTb 3(})(})eKTHBH'bIMH KOHCTpyKTOpCKHe pa3pa60TKH, B KOTOpblX npH He3H3HHTejlbH0M pOCTe npOH3BOAHTejIbHOCTH (MOIUHOCTH) HOBblX M3IHHH AonycKaeTCH cymecTBeHHoe hx y A o p o j K a H n e b pe3yjibTaTe y j i y i m e H H H o t AejibHbix SKcnjiyaTauHOHHHX napaMeTpoB AaHHOH rpynnbi oóopyAOBaHHH AJI H TOH HAH HHOH C(J)epbI HX npHMeHeHHfl. AHajiH3 conocTaBHMbix napaMeTpoB nojie3Horo HOHHoro
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eTCH OÔmHH CpOK CJiyJKÖbl OTAeJlbHblX CT3HK0B AO 10 JieT H ÔOJiee, TOrAa KaK nepHOA HX MOpaAbHOrO CTapeHHH 3H3MHTeJIbHO Kopoue. TaKHM 06pa30M, ocTaeTca HepeuieHHoñ npoôJieMa yneTa M o p a j i b H o r o H3H0Ca MaUIHH. r i p H OnpeAëAeHHH HOpM 3M0pTH3aiIHH Ha OpyAHH T p y A a HyJKHO yHHTbIBaTb TO, HTO npH HblHeiUHHX CpOKaX HX CJiyJKÖbl nOAHOCTblO OTnaAaeT HJIH jKe 3HaHHTejibHO orpaHH^HBaeTCH noTpeÖHOCTb B KanHTajibHOM peMOHTe. OTCìoAa c j i e A y e T , h t o HCKyccTBeHHoe yAAHHeHHe cpoKOB cjiyjKÖbi MaujHH, B TOM ^HCAe MopajibHO ycTapeBuiHX, yBejiHHHBaeT c e 6 e CTOHMOCTb npOAyKUHH, BbI3bIBaeT HeOÔXOAHMOCTb B AOpOrOCTOHLUeM H M3AO3(|)(j}eKTHBH0M KanHT3JIbH0M peMOHTe. ^aCTO peMOHT M3UIHH OÔXOAHTÇH B 2 — 3 pa3a A O p o ^ e HOBHX msluhh. B npoMbiuiJieHHOCTH 3MopTH3auHH Ha K3nHT3JlbHbIH peMOHT Ha 2 0 — 2 2 % ÔOAbUie BCeH CyMMbI KanHTajIbHblX BJIOjKeHHH B MauiHHOCTpoeHHe. B o MHorHX cjiynaHX BMecTO KanHTa;ibHoro peMOHT3 npoBOAHTCH peKOHCTpyKUHH, nepeBoopymeHHe, 3aMeH3 MOpajibHO y-GTapeBiiiero oòopyAOBaHina HOBMM. MOJKHO CKa3aTb, HTO «HapyuieHHH» TaKoro poAa OTpa^iaiOT n p o u e c c 3aMeHbi OTMHparomnx MeTOAOB BOccraHOBAeHHH H OTMaCTH — MOA^pHH33Il,HH TeXHHKH ApyrHMH, ÔOJiee p3H,H0H3AbHbIMH H SKOHOMHqeCKH BbirOAHbIMH. B CMeT3x Ha CTpoHTeJibCTBO ueHbi Ha o6opyAOB3HHe HepeAKO yeraHaBAHB3IOTCH nO KaJIbKyjIHUHHM 3aBOAOB-nOCTaBIUHKOB, npeBblUiaiOT CMeTHbie npeAnojioiKeHHH. Me>KAy TeM M3LUHH0CTp0HTejibHbie 3aBOAbi, Hcnojib3ya MajieñuiHe b o 3 m o j k h o c t h h o t k j i o h 6 h h h o t eraHAapTHbix ycAOBHÍi, npHHHTblX B npeñCKypaHTaX, CTpeMHTCH yBeAHHHTb CTOHMOCTfc, o6opyAOB3HHH. T e M 6 o A e e h t o ueHbi H3 oôopyAOBaHHe, npeAycMOTpeHHbie npeñcKypaHTaMH, H3CT0 0pHeHTHp0B3HbI H3 y}Ke H3rOTOBAeHHOe o6opyAOB3HHe H He 0XB3TbIBaiOT HOByio TexHHKy, KOTopaa T p e ß y e T c a Ha coBpeMeHHOM STane Hay^HOTeXHH^eCKOrO n p o r p e c c a . Ó o HHAHBHAyaJIbHbIM 33K333M B pHAe OTpSCAeH H3roTaBJiHBaeTCH o t 20 a o 7 0 % ( n o c t o h m o c t h ) oóopyAOBaHHH. B c e s t o noAnepKHBaeT Ba>KHOCTb BbiABHHyToro b npoeK're « Ó c h o b h h x H s n p s B ^ e HHH» nOJIO>KeHHH O nOBblHieHHH B OnTHMaJIbHblX pa3Mep3X eAHHHMHOH MOUI" h o c t h MauiHH h o6opyAOB3HHH npH OAHOBpeMeHHOM yMeHbiueHHH hx r a 6 a pHTOB, MeTaAJIOeMKOCTH, SHeprOnOTpeÔJieHHH H CHH>KeHHH CTOHMOCTH Ha eAHHHuy KOHetiHoro noAe3Horo a^cfieKTa. YAeJIbHblH Bec paCXOAOB no Tp3HCn0pTHp0B«e B KOHeMHOH CTOHMOCTH ueMeHTa cocTaBJiaeT 14,4%, CTeHOBbix MaTepnajiOB — 30,1, o r H e y n o p o B — Cm. «Bonpocbi skohomhkh» Ns 3, 1979 r., cip. 28. Cm. B. O a j T b U M a H , Moluhocthoh skbhbsjïght 3K0H0MHKH» 8, 1980 T.). 9
10
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28
ti. nOflLLIHBAJIEHKO
10,7, n p o q H X MaTepHajioB — 3 7 , 7 , n e c K a , r p a B H H , m e 6 n a H a p y r n x HepyAHbix MaTepnajiOB — S o j i e e 7 0 % - PaccTOHHHe nepeB030i< cTenoBbix M a T e p i i a JIOB 6 b i j i o p a B H O B 1 9 7 8 r . 7 3 1 KM, a B 1 9 7 9 r . — 7 5 1 KM, K H p n H H a — C O O T B e T C T B e H H O — 3 5 2 H 3 6 4 KM, C f í o p H b l X > K e J i e 3 0 6 e T 0 H H b I X K O H C T p y K U H ñ — 6 7 9 H 7 2 7 KM. A H a j i o r H H H a n c u T y a u H H CKjisAbiBaeTCH H B OTHOuieHHH A p y r n x p e c y p COB. H a n p H M e p , B C C C P i u n p o K O pa3BHTO n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B 0 >Kejie3o6eTOH3. B HeKOTopbix o6jiacT5ix, K p a a x H coio3Hbix p e c n y 6 ^ H i < a x HMeeTca Aa>ne ero H36bITOK. F i o C e B e p U O H > K e ^ e 3 H O H A o p o r e B b I B 0 3 H T C H O K O J I O 1 M J I H . T > K e j i e 3 o 6 e T O H a H O A H O B p e M e H H O H3 A p y r n x r o p o A O B B p a ñ o H b i , o 6 c j i y > K H B a e M b i e 3TOH A o p o r o ñ , nocTynaeT T a K O H « e n p o A y K U H H r i o ^ r a 2 MJIH. T. r i p n STOM 3 3 B 0 3 H T C H H B b I B 0 3 H T C H M 3 T e p H a j T b I H H 3 A e J I H f l O A H H X H T e X >Ke H 3 H M e H O BAHHH, c O A H H a K O B b i M H x a p a K T e p H C T H K a M H . T a i < , B C p e A H i O í o A 3 H K ) T p s u c nopTHpyioTCH 6e3HanopHbie >KeJie306eT0HHbie Tpyóbi, cTeHOBbie naHejin, nep e K p b i T H H H n p . r i o A o 6 H b i e H 3 A e . n H H B e 3 y T H3 C p e / i H e t t A3HH B H e n e p H O 3 6 M H y i o 3 0 H y . B c e 3TO p e 3 y ^ b T a T T o r o , MTO i < a > K A o e C T p o H T e ^ b H o e MHHHc T e p c T B O H B e A O M C T B O , a T a K > K e MecTHbie o p r a n b i HMÉIOT CBoe >Kejie3o6eTOHHOe npOH3BOACTBO. OaHH H3 B3>KHbIX pe3epBOB COKpameHHH CpOKOB CTpOHTeJlbCTBa H e r o CTOHMOCTH — COBMeiUeHHe BO BpeMeHH CpOKOB CJTy>K6bI OÓ'beKTOB, c o o p y jKaeMbix a j i h p a 3 M e m e n n H ofíopyAOBaHHH, c o c p o i o M H cjiy>K6bi TexHHKH. E m e HeAaBHo cpoKH c ; i y » 6 b i TexHOJioruqecKoro oóopyAOBaHHH cocTaBJiíuiH 2 0 — 2 5 jieT. Cefimac BCJieACTBHe 6o,nee 6biCTporo M o p a j i b H o r o H3Hoca, n p o Hcxoaamero n o A BJIHHHHCM HayHHO-TexHHnecKoro n p o r p e c c a , OHH YMEHBUIH.THCb B 2 — 3 p a 3 a . BMECXE c TeM e m e He npeoAOJieHa TPA/MUHH c o 3 A 3 B a T b npOH3BOACTBeHHbie OÓ'beKTbl 3a^aCTytO B BHAe KpynHblX MOHyMeHTaJIbHblX 3A3HHH B HeCKOJlbKO 3Ta>KeH, HJ1H B 1 , 5 — 2 CBeTa, TpeÓVlOLUHX COOTBeTCTByi o m e r o a p x H T e K i y p H o r o ocJ)opMJieHHH H pacc^HTSHHbix, KaK npsBHJio, Ha 8 0 — 1 0 0 J i e T C ^ y » 6 b l . CHHT3eTCfl, MTO B TAKHX 3A3HHHX AOJIÍKHbl ÓbITb pe3epBbi n j r o m a A e ñ H H a r p y 3 0 K . C o x p a H e H H e STOH TPAAHUHH o ó y c j i o B iTHBaeT BbICOKyK) KailHTajIOeMKOCTb npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX 3A3HHH H HanpaBJieHHe K3nHTa^bHbIX BJlOXíeHHH rjiaBHblM 0Ópa30M Ha CTpOHTe./IbHO-MOHTa>KHbie p a ó o T b i . P a 3 M e m e H « e B TSKHX 3 A a H n a x HOBOH TCXHHKH, n o c j i e T o r o KaK OTCJiyJKHJ13 p 3 H e e yCT3H0BJieHHaH, HeH30e>KHO BbI3bIBaeT He06x0AHM0CTb peKOHCTpyKIÍHH H CTpOHTejIbCTB3 3A3HHH H COOpy>KeHHH, MTO T p e Ó y e T BpeMeHH H CymeCTBeHHblX AOnOJIHHTeJIbHblX 33Tp3T. B UejlOM no H3p0AH0My X03HHCTBy B o 6 m e M 06-beMe KsnHTajibHbix BJTOJKeHHH, HsnpaBJineMbix Ha peKOHCTpyKUHK) H paCIIIHpeHHe, TOJlbKO 9 % npHXOAH^OCb Ha peKOHCTpyKUHK) 6e3 CTpOHTejIbCTB3 3A3HHH H COOpy>KeHHH Fl03T0My y>Ke H3 IipOTHíKeHHH p ^ A a jieT peKOHCTpyKUHH H pscuiHpeHHe MHOTHX AeñcTByioinHX n p e A n p n a THH He AAIOT > K e j i a e M o r o n p H p o c T 3 yAe^BHORO Bees O6OPYAOBAHHH B TexHOjiorHqecKOH C T p y K T y p e KanHTaAbHbix B j r o ^ e H H ñ . T a K , no npoBepeHHHM C T p o ñ ó a H K O M C C C P o6i>eKTa.M, BK^roneHHbiM B n^aH K a n H T a j i b H o r o cTpoHTejibCTBa H3 1976 r., yAejibHbiñ Bec 3 a T p a T Ha o ó o p y A O B a H H e B o ó m e ñ CMeTHOH CTOHMOCTH COCTaBHJ] 28,7 % , B TOM HHCJie no H0B0CTp0HK3M — 25,9, H no A e ñ c T B y i o m H M npeAnpHHTHHM — B c e r o ^iiimb 3 1 , 2 % 12B C I 1 I A 3 a 1 9 5 5 — 1 9 7 3 r r . C T O H M O C T b M a u i H H H o 6 o p y A O B a H H H B OÓm e M oó-beMe KANHTA^bHbix BJIO^íeHHñ B O6P363TBIB3IOMYIO npoMbimjieHHOCTb 6 b I J I 3 He H H J K e 7 1 — 7 2 % , B SBTOMOÓH^eCTpOeHHH — 8 4 , B X H M H H e C K O H n p O M b l l I I ^ e H H O C T H — 86, B n p O M b l L U J i e H H O C T H C T p O H T e j l b H b l X M3TepH3^OB — 7 5 % . B C C C P Ha nepeAOBbix npeAnpHHTHax nocjie TexHHnecKoro n e p e B o o p y > K e H H H AOJIH OÓOPYAOBAHUA B C T p y K T y p e KANHT3JIBHBIX BJIO>KeHHH cocTSBJineT 5 0 — 6 0 % . 11 CM. B. K. Í 5 a JI B U M a H, HHTEHCHTFIHKAUHH pa3BHTHa npon3BüACTBeHHoro annapaTa («Bonpocfai 3K0H0MHKH» .Ns I. 1978 r.). 12 CM. M. C. 3 O T O B , 3({)(J)eKTIiBH0CTb KanHTajlbHblX E^O>K6HHH H KpeAHTHble OTHOUieHHSI B CTpOHTejlbCTBe («Bonpocbl 3K0H0WHKH» Mi 4, 1977 r.).
nyTH COKPAIUEHHH CTOHMOCTH CTPOHTEJIbCTBA
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Pa3pa6aTbiBaioTCH npoeKTbi MHHii-3aBOflOB, Ha k o t o p h x Bce TexHOJiornyecKHe onepauHH BbinojiHHroTCH oahhm arperaTOM. IlpoeKTHpyeTCH T3K>Ke nepeABHJKHoft 33boa: j i h 6 o Ha KOJiecsx, j i h ó o Ha 6ap>iKamHX OÓJiaCTeH C MHHHMajIbHbIMH KanHTaJIbHbIMH 3aTpaT3MH. Bojlbiuyio 3K0H0MHK) BpeMeHH H CpeACTB MOJKeT AaTb OpraHH3aU,HH c60pH0-pa360pHbIX nepeABHSCHblX npeAnpHHTHH. B CTpOHTeJIbHOH HHAyCTpHH y?Ke noHBHJiHCb nepeABH^Hbie c60pH0-pa3Ó0pHbie 3aBOAbi AOMoerpoeIIHH, KOTOpbie JierKO MOHTHpyiOTCH H A^MOHTHpyiOTCH (KapKaC COCTOHT H3 pa36opHbix apOK). H x mojkho nepeB03HTb no >Kejie3HOH A o p o r e b jik>6oh paftoH CTpaHbi 14 , 3 t o HanpaBjieHHe nocTeneHHO nojiyqaeT pacnpocTpaHeHHe h b A p y r a x np0H3B0ACTBeHHbix OTpacjiHx. Co3AaHbi, HanpHMep, nepeABH>KHbie ycTaHOBKH njin nepBHHHOH nepepafioTKH cejibCK0X03HHCTBeHH0H npoAyKUHH. K co>KajieHHio, noKa e m e HeAOCTaTOHHO yAeJineTCH BHHMaHHH o t KpbiTOMy pa3MemeHHio o6opyAOBaHHH hjih ycTaHOBKe e r o noA JierKHMH maTpOBbIMH ITOKpblTHHMH. MeJKAy TeM T3K0H IIOpHAOK e r o pa3MemeHHH AaeT B03M0)KH0CTb CHH3HTb CTOHMOCTb CTpOHTejIbCTBa Ha 1 0 — 2 5 % - KOHeiho, pe^b h a s t He o n0BceMecTH0M n e p e x o A e uà coopyjKeHHe TOJibKO Heóojibhihx hjih nepeABHJKHbix npeAnpHHTHH. H x Hy»n-io co3AaBaTb TaM, rAe s t o TeXHHHeCKH OnpaBAaHO H SKOHOMHqeCKH OÓOCHOBaHO. OnbiT CBHAeTejibCTByeT, h t o cTpoHTejibHbie KOHCTpyKUHH, nojiy4)a6pHKaTbl H H3AeJIHH AOJIJKHbl ÓbITb JierKHMH, AeiHeBblMH, 6e3 HeHyJKHblX 3anaCOB npO^HOCTH, B3aHM033MeHHeMbIMH H B H3BeCTHOH Mepe AeMOHTHpyeMbIMH AJIH HCn0JIb30B3HHH HX H3 APyrHX O0'beKT3X. H t O KaCaeTCH T5DKejIOBeCHOH npoAyKUHH H3 6eTOH3 h jKejie3o6eTOH3, MeTajuia h k3mhh, t o OHa M O » e T npHMeHHTbCH TOJIbKO T3M, I\n,e 9T0 AHKTyeTCH TCXHHqeCKHMH HOpM3MH H IIp3BHJI3MH A^IH COOpyiKeHHH npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX 3A3HHH. P3UHOH3JIH3aU,HH CTpyKTypbl H nOBblHieHHe Ka^eCTBa CTpOHTeJIbHblX MaTepHajiOB n03B0Jifli0T CHH3HTb hx Maccy H3 eAHHHuy pa6oT npHMepHO Ha 2 5 — 3 0 % h, cjieAOBaTejibHo, yMeHbuiHTb Bec 3A3hhh. CoKpameHHe Maccbi M3TepH3JI0B H3 eAHHHuy p360T A3JKe B T3KHX Cp3BHHTeJIbH0 HeÓOJIblHHX MacuiTa6ax cymecTBeHHO CKa>KeTCH uà cpoKax, TpyAoeMKOCTH h c t o h m o c t h CTpOHTejIbCTBa. CHHJKeHHe Beca 3A3HHH, B CBOIO O i e p e A b , AaeT B03M0JKH0CTb noBbicHTb CTeneHb MexaHH3auHH cTpOHTejibHbix pa6oT h hx K3qecTB0, y j i y n IHHTb OpraHH3aUHIO CTpOHTejIbHOrO npOH3BOACTB3. B pe3yJIbT3Te pe3KO B03pacTeT np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTb TpyAa, yMeHbiuHTCH p a c x o A MaTepnajibHbix pecypcoB h AeHexcHbix cpeACTB Ha eAHHHuy n p H p o c i a moiuhocth. B c e e m e BejiHKH b CTpoHTejibCTBe HaiKHbie paóoTbi b 1965 r. cocTaBjinjia 15,9%, b 1970 r . — 16,2, b 1975 r . — 16,3 h 1979 r . — 1 7 , 1 % . Oah3 H3 npHIHH — MH0r03BeHH0CTb, HSJIHTOe ÓOJIblHOrO KOJIHieCTBa MeJIKHX nOA" pa3AeJieHHH, HeAOCTaToqHoe BHHMaHHe k BHeApeHHio h o b h x , 6 o j i e e n p o r p e c CHBHblX (J)OpM OpraHH3aHHH CTpOHTejIbCTBa. FIocTaHOBJieHHe U K K n C C H CoBeTa MHHHCTPOB C C C P OT 12 HIOJIH 1979 r. o6H3biBaeT MHHHCTepcTBa h b c a o m c t b 3 pa3pa6oTaTb h np0B0AHTb MepOnpHHTHH no COBepmeHCTBOBaHHlO ynpaBJieHHH KanHTajIbHblM CTpOHTejibCTBOM, n e p e f i r a Ha AByx-Tpex3BeHHyio CHCTeMy ynpsBJieHHH. O c h o b h w m XOSpaC^eTHblM 3BeH0M CTpOHTejIbHOrO npOH3BOACTBa CT3H0BHTCH npOH3BOA" CTBeHHbie CTpOHTeJIbHO-MOHT3>KHbie 06"beAHHeHHH H TOJIbKO B OTAGAbHblX 14 MHHSHepro, r^e BnepBbie 6mji C03aan npocTpaHeHHen CTOJib noJie3Horo onuTa.
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3AK0H IIJIAHOMEPHOrO, nPOnOPIJHOHAJIbHOrO PA3BHTHH 3K0H0MHKH
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