Voprosy ėkonomiki: 12/1981 Dekabr' [Reprint 2022 ed.] 9783112622742

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ISSN 0 0 4 2 - 8 7 3 6

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K. MapKc H S H r e j i b C , Con., T. 12, CTp. 728. B. H. JI e H H H, rioJiHoe coópaHHe COIHHEHHÑ, T. 1, CTp. 429. K. M a p K c H O . S H R E J I B C , C o i . , T. 46, n. I, CTp. 391.

10

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eM pa3JIH»lHHX KJiaCCOB Ä p y r K A p y r y H HX OTHOCHTe,flbHbIM SKOHOMHieCKHM n o j i o j K e H H e M . . . » . O H a « a ó c o j i i o T H O H H q e r o He B COCTOHHHH oô-bHCHHTb, n o n a He paCKpbIT 6a3HC, Ha KOTOpOM nOKOHTCH STO OTHOUieHHe» 13 . N P H COUHa/IH3Me n o cpaBHeHHK) c KariHTajiH3MOM o ô m e c T B e H H b i e noTpeÓHOCTH (JjopMHpyK3TCH npHHUHnHajibHo H H a i e . B KanHTajiHCTHqecKOM o ô m e c T B e OTHOUICHKH KJiaccoBOH ó o p b ó b i , nojioxceHHe p a ô o q e r o KJiacca Kan K j i a c c a , JiHineHHoro c p e a c T B np0H3B0ACTBa, H n o j i o s í e H H e 6 y p j K y a 3 H H KaK s K c n j i y a T a T o p c K o r o KJiacca oöycjiOBJiHBaiOT aHTaroHH3M, npOTHBOpeHHByio C T p y K T y p y noTpeÓHOCTeñ, e e aHTHHapoAHbiñ x a p a K T e p . F l p n couHa;iH3Me, r ^ e OTcyTCTByiOT KJiacc o B H e aHTaroHH3Mbi, s K c n j i y a T a T o p c K H e K j i a c c b i , n o T p e Ô H o c r a c K j i a f l b i B a i o T CH B H H T e p e c a x o ö e c n e u e H H H B c e H a p o A H o r o ÔJiarococTOHHHH. Pa3JiHHHbie CTpyKTypbi noTpeÓHOCTeñ n 0 - p a 3 H 0 M y o n p e A e j i a i o T n p o n o p u H H T p y A a . OuiHÔaKDTCH H 3K0H0MHCTbI, CTpeMHIUHeCH npHAaTb 3aKOHy CTOHMOCTH BHeHCTopHuecKoe, y H H B e p c a j i b H o e 3HaqeHHe, p o j i b ocHOBHoro p e r y j i H T o p a n p o n o p u H H n p n cou,HajiH3Me, cBecTH e r o c o A e p s c a H H e K H3MepHTejibH0H (JjyHKUHH H SKBHBaJieHTHOMy OÓMeHy. KOHe^HO, 3KOHOMHieCKOe pa3BHTHe npHBOAHT K MOflH^HKaUHH 3aKOHa CTOHMOCTH y j K e npH KanHT3JIH3Me n o cpaBHeHHK) C npOCTbIM TOBapHbIM X03ÍIHCTB0M, T/ie OH AeHCTByeT B «qHCTOM B H ^ e » . U e H a , SKBHBajieHTHaH CTOHMOCTH, 3aMeHneTCH ueHOH npOH3BOACTBa H MOHonojibHOH ueHOH, a p e r y j i H p y i o m a H p o ^ b 3aKOHa CTOHMOCTH B H3BecTHOH M e p e BHAOH3MeHHeTCH TOCyAapCTBeHHblMH MepOnpHHTHHMH H AeHTe^bHOCTbK) CBepXMOHOnOJIHH. OAHaKO npH COUHaJIH3Me B CTOHMOCTHblX OTHOUieHHHX npOHCXOAHT BeCbMa CymeCTBeHHWe H3MeHeHHH, XOTH 33KOH CTOHMOCTH H BbicTynaeT « H a n ö o j i e e sjieMeHTapHbiM 33KOHOM H3Aep>KeK np0H3B0ACTBa H p a c n p e A e j i e H H H » l 4 . riocKOJibKy ycTaHaBJiHBaeTcn o ö m e c T B e H H a n ( o ô m e H a p o A H a n ) coßcTBeHHOCTb Ha cpeACTBa npOH3BOACTBa, Becb T p y A o ö o ö m e c T B.'ieH H BbicTynaeT HenocpeACTBeHHO oömecTBeHHbiM, BO3MOJKHH oÖMeH A e a TejibHOCTbK) Ha OCHOBe nJiaHOMepHoro onpeAeJieHHH BejiHHHHbi CTOHMOCTH, necpaBHeHHo ó o ^ e e AeñcTBeHHoe, qeM n p n KanHTajiH3Me, p e r y ^ H p O B a H H e 11

CM. B. H. JI e H H H, FIojiHoe co6paHHe co^HHEHHÖ, T. 4, cTp. 70, 73. K. M a p K C H 0. ¿ H r e j i b c , Coq., T. 12, CTp. 713. 13 K. M a p K c H . 9 H r e JI b c, Coq., T. 25, Q. I, CTp. 198, 199. 14 H. A. B o 3 H e c e H C K H H , H36paHHbie npoH3BeaeHHfl. riojiHTH3AaT, d p . 572. 12

1979 r.,

r. COPOKHH

12

UeH. n P H 3TOM 33KOH CTOHMOCTH OCTaeTCH 33KOHOM UeH, 3 TpyAOBbie 3KBHBajieHTbl yHHTblBaiOTCH npH OÖMeHe AeHTCJIbHOCTbK). 3aKOH CTOHMOCTH BKJiroqaeTCH E CHCTeMy COUHajlHCTHHeCKHX IUiaHOMepHblX OTHOlIieHHH H n o 3 T 0 M y Ä e f i c T B y e T ô o j i e e stJicfjeKTHBHo; BMecTe c TeM «OTceKaiOTca» c t h x h h Hbie npOHBJieHHfl, CBOHCTBeHHbie 3aKOHy CTOHMOCTH npH KanHT3JIH3Me. K a K HH BeJIHKH H3MeHeHHH E CTOHMOCTHblX OTHOUieHHHX npH C0UH3JIH3Me, 3 3 K 0 H CTOHMOCTH He MOÄ6T OnpefleJIHTb nponOpUHH BOCnpOH3BOilCTBa. JlOMKa npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX OTHOlIieHHH, CBH33HH35I C ÜOCTpOeHHeM C0IIH3JiH3Ma, a 3 a T e M h x cosepmeHCTBOBaHHe b x o a e xo3HHCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH h n o c T e n e H H o r o n e p e p a e r a H H H b K0MMyHH3M npoHcxoAHT Ha 6 a 3 e c o u h s j i h CTHieCKOrO o6o6lIieCTBJieHHH H UeHTp3JIH30BaHH0r0 X03HHCTBa, MTO HenoCpeflCTBeHHO H e CBH33H0 C 33KOHOM CTOHMOCTH. FIpOnOpUHH B KanHTajIHCTHMeCKOM X03HHCTBe peryjIHpyiOTCH He33BHCHMbIM OT npOH3BOÄHTejieÖ Ä B H Ä e HHeM TOB3pHbix u,eH , 5 . l l p H c o u H 3 j i H 3 M e p a ö o u a a c H j i a , 3eMJiH h e e H e A p a , 4>a6pHKH H 3aBOflbI, >Kejie3Hbie ÄOpOrH, >KHJIHIU3, IHKOJlbl, ÖOJIbHHIIbl H T. R. nepeCT3K)T 6bITb TOBapaMH H BKJIJO^aiOTCH B OÔmeCTBeHHOe npOH3BOACTBO H Hap0ÄH0X03HHCTBeHHHe njiaHbl, nOMHMO 3 3 K 0 H 3 CTOHMOCTH, OTCyTCTByeT npHÔaBoqHaH cTOHMOCTb. U e H 0 0 6 p 3 3 0 B a H H e n p n con,HajiH3Me a o n y c K a e T ô ô j i b u i H e , qeM n p n KanHT3JiH3Me, KOJieôaHHH B O K p y r c t o h m o c t h (ecjiH HMeTb B BHAy He BCK) c y M M y ueH, a iieHbi OTAejibHbix T O B a p o B ) . B c e s t o o n p o B e p r a e T yTBepjK/ieHHe o t o m , ^ t o 3 3 k o h c t o h m o c t h n p o c T o r o TOBapHoro n p o H 3 B o a c T B 3 h KanHTajiHCTHqecKoro np0H3B0ACTBa ô y j i T o 6bi « n e p e B o n j i o m a e T c h » n p n c o u H a j i H 3 M e b 3 3 k o h njiaHOMepHoro, n p o n o p u H O H a j i b H o r o P 3 3 b h t h h . B COIIH3JIHCTHqeCKOM OÓmeCTBe npOHCXOflHT OTMHpaHHe CymeCTBeHHblX HeraTHBHblX qepT 3aKOH3 CTOHMOCTH, C03Ä3HbI yCJIOBHH flJIH ÖOJiee 3°PMe 3 K 0 H 0 M H M e C K H X 3 3 K 0 H 0 B MaJIO p 3 3 p 3 Ö 0 T a H , 0 H e M HarJIHÄHO, CBHAeTejIbCTByiOT HCCJieA0B3HHH 3 3 K O H 3 njiaHOMepHOrO, n p o n o p u H OHSJIbHOrO p 3 3 B H T H H . MHOrHe aBTOpbl CIHTaiOf 3TOT 38K0H JIHUIb (¡)OpMOH aeHCTBHH flpyrHX 3KOHOMH*ieCKHX 33KOHOB. n p H 3TOM yTBepjKflSeTCH, 4TO n J I 3 H 0 M e p H 0 C T b He HBJIHeTCH OCOÔblM npOH3BOflCTBeHHbIM OTHOIIieHHeM C O U H 3JIH3M3, 0H3—JIHIIIb BCeo6lH.ee CB0ÍÍCTB0, (})OpMa Ä B H Ä e H H H OTHOUieHHH npOH3BOflCTB3, (|)0pMa ÄBH)KeHHH S K O H O M H ^ e C K H X 3 3 K 0 H 0 B C0UH3JIH3Ma. H nocKojibKy-Äe B a j K H e ñ m e e T p e 6 o B 3 H H e 3 3 K 0 H a njiaHOMepHoro, n p o n o p u H O H3JIbHOrO P33BHTHH B TOM, ITOÖbl BCe SKOHOMHqeCKHe 3aK0HbI njiaHOMepHO HCn0JIb30B3JlHCb OÖlIjeCTBOM, ÏÏOCTOJIbKy OH He Bbip3>KaeT OCOÔblX n p H 3 B 0 f l CTBeHHbix OTHOineHHÍi, He M o m e T x 3 p a K T e P H 3 0 B a T b c a OTflejibHOH K a T e r o p H e ñ . T a n a a t o ^ k s 3peHHa, n o cyTH, B e ^ e r k 0 T p n u 3 H H i 0 caMocTOATe^bHoro 3 a K 0 H a nji3HOMepHoro, n p o n o p u H O H a j i b H o r o p a 3 B H T H H . KoHeuHO, B c e SKOHOMHnecKHe 3aK0Hbi coH.HajiH3Ma ÄencTByK)T njiaHOMepHO. H o HBJIHeTCH JIH HMeHHO 3Ta (J)OpMa C 0 A e P Ä 3 H H e M 3 a K 0 H a nJiaHOM e p H o r o , n p o n o p u H O H a j i b H o r o p 3 3 b h t h j i h j i h eMy n p n c y u i H c b o h c o A e p j K a HHe h (J)opM3? ripH OTBeTe Ha AaHHbiH B o n p o c H3A0 ytiHTbiBSTb, MTO 6 e c c o flep^iaTejibHOH (})opMbi h 6eci|)o P MeHHoro coAepmaHHH He ôbrnaeT. H e n p a 15

Cm. K. M a p k c h O. 3 h r e ji b c, C o i . , t. 32, cip. 9.

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n0puH0HajibH0CTb (coAep>KaHHe 3aKOHa) HMeeT c b o i o $ o p M y — n p o H B A J i e T CH B MHOJKeCTBe KOHKpeTHblX nponopUHH, yTBep»AaiOIII,HX B KOHeHHOM eneTe r^yÓHHHyio nponopuHOHajibHOCTb. F I o a o ó h o TOMy Kan ueHbi — n p e a c T a BHTejIH CTOHMOCTH BO BHeilIHeM MHpe, KOHKpeTHbie npOnOpiíHH Bbipa>KaiOT c y u i H O c r a y i o nponopuHOHajibHOCTb. n p o n o p u H H , B b i c T y n a i o m H e na n o B e p x HOCTH, KaK H II,eHbI no OTHOIlieHHlO K CTOHMOCTH, MOryT paCXOAHTbCH C HfleajibHOH nponopuHOHa.nbHOCTbio. I l p n s t o m KOHKpeTHbie nponopuHH n p n c o b naAeHHH c rjiy6HHHbiMH nponopuHHMH h h k 3 k He 3 3 h b j i h i o t o c e 6 e , « p a 6 o TaroT M O j i q a » , a n p n pacxo>KAeHHH c p a 3 y 0 6 H a p y » H B a i 0 T C f l , H a p y m a i O T Tel e H H e BOCnpOH3BOflCTBa. C o 3 H a T e j i b H o e Hcn0^b30BaHHe sKOHOMHnecKHx 33K0H0B n p e A n o j i a r a e T n03HaHHe H OBJiafleHHe MexaHH3M0M HX AeHCTBHH, 3(j)(j)eKTHBHOe HCn0JIb30BaHHe SKOHOMHqecKHX p b m a r o B peajiH3auHH 3aKOHOB. M o k h o BbiAeAHTb Tpn « p b m a r a » peajiH3auHH 3aKOHa n j i a H O M e p H o r o , n p o n o p u H O H a j i b H o r o p33BHTHH: H3K0njieHHe, HHTeHCH(J)HK3U,HH H SCjxfieKTHBHOCTb. H c T o p H H noKa3biBaeT, ^ t o n e p e c T p o ñ K a nponopiitHH b x o A e c o 3 A 3 h h h C0UH3JIH3Ma H COBepmeHCTBOB3HHe HX B pa3BHTOM COH,HajIHCTHqeCKOM o 6 m e CTBe b o 3 m o ^ h h npe>KAe B c e r o Ha 0CH0Be p e r y j i n p o B a H H H n p o u e c c s HaKonJieHHH. B . H . JleHHH o T M e q a j i 6 o j i b i u y i o p o j i b HaKonjieHHH h npn KOMMyHH3Me. C03A3HHe MaTepnaJIbHO-TeXHHiieCKOH 6a3bl K0MMyHH3M3 HeMbICJIHMO 6 e 3 4»OpMHpOBaHHH HOBblX OTpaCJieH C C3M0H nepeflOBOH TeXHHKOH. P a 3 M e p w H3K0njieHHH nocTOHHHo p a c T y T . H a n p H M e p , 3a 1961 — 1 9 7 9 i r . HaKOiureHHe n p H Ó a B o q H o r o n p o A y K T a n e p e 3 KanHT3JibHbie BJiOíKeHHíi (KanHT3JibHbie BJIOMeHHH MHHyC aM0pTH3aU,HH Ha peHOBaiíHK)) yBejIHMHJIOCb npHMepHO B 2,4 p a 3 a . B o A H H H a A u a T o ñ nHTHJieTKe 3a c^eT HaKoiuieHHH yjiytimaiOTCH n p o nopuHH Me>KAy HaKonjieHHeM h n o T p e ó j i e H H e M , npoMbimjieHHOCTbio h c e j i b CKHM X03HHCTB0M, HapOAHblM X03HHCTB0M B UeJIOM H TpaHCnOpTOM H T. A. B o j i b u i H x HaKonjieHHH T p e ó y i o T n e p e c T p o ñ K a TonjiHBHo-SHepreTHnecKofi 6 a 3H, o n e p e m a i o m e e pa3BHTHe e e H a n S o j i e e n p o r p e c c H B H b i x OTpac;ieH, peKOHCTpyKUHH MaUIHHOCTpOeHHH, XHMH33UHH HapOAHOrO X03HHCTB3. H S K O n j i e H H e H CBH33HHHH C HHM pOCT npOH3BOACTB3 AOJIJKHbl n p o n c XOAHTb Ha HHTeHCHBHOfi OCHOBe, TO eCTb AOJIJKHbl C0Kp3Ili3TbCH 3aTpaTbI Ha eAHHHuy KOHeqHoro n p o A y K T a h cpoKH npoBeAeHHH Mep n o AocTHJKeHHio jiyHuieñ np0n0pn,H0HajibH0CTH. X X V I c b e 3 A K n C C o c o 6 o n o A ^ e p K H y j i 3Hal e H H e HHTeHCHBHblX MeTOAOB H yK333JI, UTO B 8 0 - e TOAbl HeOÓXOAHMO 3aBepUIHTb B OCHOBHOM nepeXOA Ha T3KHe MeTOAbI pa3BHTHH. HHTeHCH(J)HKaiI,H5J AOJiJKHa npoHH3biB3Tb Bce o T p a c j i H H a p o A H o r o X03HÍÍCTB3 h e r o C(j>epbl. TexHHqecKHH n p o r p e c c , ynpaBJieHHe h iuiaHHpoBaHHe a o j i j k h h 6biTb HanpaB^eHbi Ha B c e M e p H o e H3bicKaHHe pe3epBOB HHTeHCH(})HKaii,HH. HHTeHCH(J)HKaUHH BCA6T K yBejlHHeHHK) 3(|)(j)eKTHBHOCTH, HHTeHCH(}>HKaUHH H 3^)(J)eKTHBH0CTb — C3MbIH AeHCTBeHHblH n y T b AOCTHÍKeHHH CÓajiaHCHpOBaHHOCTH 3K0H0MHKH, BbICOKHX TeMnOB ee P33BHTHH, yjiyHUieHHH K a i e C T Ba npOAyKUHH. OAHH H3 B3íKHbIX nOK33aTeJieH SíJxJjeKTHBHOCTH— HapOAHOX03HHCTBeHH3H npHÓblJIb — 3a 1971 — 1 9 8 0 IT. B C0n0CT3BHMbIX UeHaX B03p o c b 2 p a 3 a . B T e n y m e M nHTHJieTHH npeAycMOTpeHO 3HaiHTeJibHoe noBbiUieHHe 3(J)(J)eKTHBH0CTH np0H3B0ACTB3, HaKOnJieHHH H OÓpameHHH. H a n p H Mep, npOH3BOAHTeJlbHOCTb OÓIUeCTBeHHOrO T p y A 3 HaMeHfiHO nOBbICHTb Ha 1 7 — 2 0 % , 3a c'ieT s t o t o 6 y A e T n o j i y q e H o o k o j i o 9 0 % n p n p o c T a H3UHOHajibH o r o AOXOAa. S k o h o m h h TonjiHBa h SHepreTHqecKHx p e c y p c o B n p e A y c M O T p e H a b oó-beMe cBbiuie 200 mah. t y c A O B H o r o TonjiHBa. B M3uiHHocTpoeHHH h M e T a A A O o 6 p a 6 o T K e yAeAbHbiñ p a c x o A n p o K a T a nepHbix MeTaAAOB AOAJKeH óbiTb cHHMeH He MeHee qeM Ha 1 8 — 2 0 % h t . a . HHTeHCH$HKan,HH b HHBeCTHUHOHHbix o T p a c j i H x npHBeA^T k 6 o j i e e SbicTpoMy p o c T y HauHOHaAbHoro AOXOAa n o cpaBHeHHio c pocTOM KanHTajibHbix BJio>KeHHH. C o A e p x c a H H e h (JjopMa 3aKOHa n j i a H O M e p H o r o , nponopiíHOHaAbHoro P33BHTHH COCT3BA5JIOT npOTHBOpe'IHBOe eAHHCTBO. nA3HOMepHOCTb T p e 6 y e T VCKOpeHHfl HHTeHCH(J)HKaUHH H nOBblIIieHHH 3(|)(J)eKTHBHOCTH, UTO, B CBOIO

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rioHHMaHHe njiaHOMepHocTH KaK nponopunoHajibHocTH, yueT e e ocoöeHHOCTeñ b ycJioBHHX 3pejioro cou,HajiH3Ma xapaKTepH3yiOT AocTHxeHHe n p o nopuHOHajibHOCTH, OTBenaiomeH 3aA3*i3M y K p e m i e H H H c o u H s j i H c n m e c K o r o CTpoH h nocTeneHHoro n e p e x o A a coiíHajiH3Ma k KOMMyHH3My, KaK BajKHeñuiyio KOTpacjieBbie h TeppHTopHajibHbie nponopuHH, OCymeCTBJIHTb AHHaMHIHOe H CÔajiaHCHpOBaHHOe pa3BHTHe 3K0H0MHKH CCCP K3K eAHHOrO Hap0AH0X03flHCTBeHH0r0 KOMnJieKCa, AOÖHBaTbCH n p o n o p u H O H a j i b H o r o p o c T a Bcex e r o O T p a c j i e ñ h xo3HHCTBa coio3Hbix p e c n y Ö A H K .

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B0CnP0H3B0ACTBEHHAfl CTPyKTyPA OBmjECTBEHHOrO f l P O A y K T A XIjih pemeHHH aKTyajibHbix 3afl,aq noBbiiueHHH c 0 U H a j i b H 0 - 3 K 0 H 0 M H q e CKOH 3(})(j)eKTHBH0CTH Ha 6 a 3 e BCeCTOpOHHefl HHTeHCH(|)HKau,HH npOH3BOflCTBa cymecTBeHHoe 3HaneHHe HMeeT c0BepiiieHCTB0BaHHe BocnpoH3BOACTBeHHOii CTpyKTypbi c o B O K y n H o r o o ó m e c T B e H H o r o n p o A y K T a , B b i c T y n a i o m e H KOHueHTpHpoBaHHbiM O T p a » e H H e M CTpyKTypbi Beerò o S m e c T B e H H o r o B 0 c n p 0 H 3 B 0 A CTBa. B flOKJiaae Ha X X V I c b e 3 A e K n C C JI. H . Epe>KHeB OTMCTHJI: « C e r o A HH, 3 a r ^ H A b i B a a B n e p e A Ha nflTb, Ha AecflTb JieT, MH HE MOJKÈM 3a6biBaTb, HTO HMeHHO B 3TH rOflbl ÓyAeT 3aKJiaAbIBaTbCH H C03flaBaTbCH HapOAHOXO3HÌicTBeHHaH CTpyKTypa, c KOTopoii CTpaHa BCTynnT B A s a A u a T b nepBbift BeK. OHA B o n j i o m a T b 0CH0BHbie » l e p r a H HAeajibi HOBoro oómecTBa, 6biTb B a B a H r a p A e n p o r p e c c a , oJiHueTBopHTb coóofi HHTerpauHio HayKH H npoH3BOACTBa, HepyuiHMbiH COK)3 TBOPHECKOH MbicJiH H T B o p ^ e c K o r o T p y A a » . ZLAJIBHEHMEMY C0BEPMEHCTB0BAHHI0 B0CNP0H3B0ACTBEHH0H CTPYKTYPBI B XOAE HapamHBaHHH 3K0H0MHHecK0r0 n o i e H U H a j i a CTpaHbi yAe^HJiocb BHHMaHHe H Ha HOHÓpbCKOM (1981 r.) I l j i e H y M e U K K I 1 C C .

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B

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«CpeACTB

np0H3B0ACTB3

K. M a p K c H . S H r e j i b c , Co^., T. 24, CTp. 90. «KoMMyHHCT» Ks 13, 1979 r., ctp. 25.

AAH

CpeACTB

npOH3-

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OBIIÍECTBEHHOrO

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23

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B. H. JleHHH, NOJIHOE coòpaHne COHHHGHHH, T. 1, CTp. 100. B. H. J1 e H H H, nojiHoe coOpaHHe CO^HHEHHH, T. 6, CTp. 232.

n. nABJiOB

24

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O n e p e j K a i o m H H p o d I NOAPA3AE.NEHHH H E P A 3 P B I B H O CBH33H C 3 3 K O H O M pöCTa np0H3B0ÄHTeJibH0CTH T p y A a , c o r j i a c H O KOTopoMy AaHHaa M a c c a JKHBOr o T p y A a B KajKAbiñ AaHHbiñ 0Tpe30K B P E M E H H npHBOAHT B ABHJKeHHe Bee ô o i ï b m y i o M a c c y cpeACTB np0H3B0ACTBa ( n p o m j i o r o T p y A a ) . 3aKOH B O 3 B H i u a i o m H x c H n o T p e Ö H o c T e ä 0Ka3biBaeT BJIHHHHC Ha n p o n o p u H i o MEJKAY I H I I noapa3flejieHHHMH TeM, h t o nopo>KA3eT HeoôxoÀHMOCTb cßjiHjKeHHH TeMnoB p o c T a A B y x noApa3Ae.neHHH, Bbi3biBaH HOBbie noTpeÓHOCTH, B03AeñcTByeT Ha B0cnp0H3B0ACTB6HHyi0 C T p y K T y p y I I nOÄpa3ÄeJieHHH. TaKHM 0 6 p a 3 0 M , c o o T H o m e H H e Me>KAy I H I I noApa3Ae.neHHHMH onpeAeJineTca He f o j i b K o 3aKOHOM o n e p e s o i o i u e r o p o c T a np0H3B0ACTB3 cpeACTB np0H3B0ACTBa.

B JiHeTCH

npouecce

ABH>KeHHH

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4>QHAa J K H 3 H e H H b I X

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oßmecTBeHHoro pocTa

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noApa3AeJieHHH.

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co-

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H3HHeCKHH oßteM HeOÖXOÄHMOrO npoayKTa (B M jipa. py6.) POCT (B % ) ^HCJieHHodTb 3aHHTbIX B MaTepHajIbHOM npOH3BOACTB6 (B MJIH. qejioBeK) POCT (B % ) POCT TexHHqecKoro CTPOGHHH (B % ) POCT Oß-beMa np0H3B0ÄCTBa B I NOÄ-

pa3aejieHHH

(B

%)

POCT o ö i e M a npoH3BoacTBa BO II

pa3flejieHHH (B %)

1959 r.

1966 r.

1972 r.

1979 r.

70 100

108 154

158 226

219* 313

59 100 100

68 116 158

76 130 242

83 141 370

100

—

277

429**

230

284**

noa-

100

—

* OpHeHTHpoBOiHbie pacieTbi, ocHOBaHHbie Ha npeanojio>KeHHH, HTO ÄOJIH neoöxoAHMoro npoayKTa B HauHOHajibHOM Aoxcwe cocTaBJiseT 50%. ** npH pacieTax ywrbiBaeTCH, ITO npoayKUHsi II noapa3,neJieHHH He3HaMHTejibHO OTJiHnaeTCH OT oó-beiua KH3HeHHbix cpeACTB (B 3,1 p a 3 a ) — 3 H a n H T e J i b H o o n e peJKaeT y B e j m q e H H e qncjieHHocTH 3aHHTbix (B 1,4 p a 3 a ) ; p o c T T e x H H i e c K o r o CTpOeHHH npOH3BOACTBa COnpOBO^AaeTCÍI H HeKOTOpblM OTHOCHTejIbHblM npeBbimeHHeM TeMnoB p o c T a I noApa3AejieHHH no cpaBHenHio c o I I n o A p a 3 Ae^eHHeM. 3TO CBHAeTejibCTByeT 0 TOM, HTO Ha 33KOH n p e H M y m e c T B e H H o r o p o c T a I noA-pa3AejieHHH npn c o u H a j i H 3 M e OKa3biBaeT BJIHHHHC He TOJibKo POCT TeXHHHeCKOrO CTpOeHHfl npOH3BOACTBa. CjieAOBaTeJIbHO, HeJIb3H rOBOpHTb H O npHMOH CBH3H TeMIIOB pOCTa OpraHHMeCKOrO CTpOeHHH npOH3BOACTBa c TeMnaMH o n e p e x a i o m e r o p o c T a I noApa3AejieHHH. B K a ^ e c T B e KeHHe HopMbi HaKomieHHH. B 1966 r. HopMa HâKonjieHHH B C C C P cocTaBJiHjia 2 6 , 5 % , a B 1972 r . —

B0CnP0H3B0flCTBEHHAH

CTPyKTyPA

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25

27,4%- Ao.na (JJOH^a HaKonjieHHH b oAHHHaAuaTofi 3HTbca

c

24,7%

b 1980 r .

no

22%

b

1985

naTHJieTKe aojimhs chhr., h t o o ô e c n e H H T ö o j i b i n e e

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3a

C^eT

p33BHTHa h CaMOH TH>Ke.nOH npOMblUI^eHHOCTH, p o j l b (f)OHÄ3 noTpeôJieHHH, TO

npOÄyKUHH KOTOpOH B03paCTaeT B {J)0pMHp0B3HHH ecTb npoAyKUHH II noflpa3fle^eHHH.

B j i a r o Ä a p n «BKJiroqeHHio» b np0H3B0ÄCTB0 SKOHOMH^ecKH 6 o j i e e 3(J)(J)eKTHBHbix cpe^CTB T p y A a , MaTepna^OB h s H e p r e T H q e c K H x p e c y p c o B na emHHuy noJie3Horo a c j ^ e K T a np0H3B0ÄHM0H npOÄyKUHH 6 y Ä e T p3CX0Ä0B3Tbca Bce M e H b i u a a M a c c a cpeÄCTB np0H3B0ÄCTBa (cHH>K3Tbca (Jjohao- h MaTepH-

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M e c K o r o 3 3 A 3 H H H ( H H 3 H e — r o A a onpeAeJieHHH H c x o A H o r o y p o B H H npeAeJibHOH UeHbl) A O H3H3Jia HJ1H B T O p o r O T O A a C e p H H H O r O BbinyCK3 HOBblX M31IIHH. E r o 3 H 3 q e H H e p e K O M e H A O B a H o ycT3HaBjiHBaTb H 3 y p o B H e ( h j i h b cpeAH e M ) 0,8. C0rjl3CH0 B T O p O H n03HUHH, A 3 H H b I H K03(})(})HIJ,HeHT, p3BHbIH T 3 K Ä G B C p e A H e M 0,8, AOJI>KeH y^HTblBaTb B 0 3 M 0 > K H 0 e C H H Ä e H H e H 3 A e p > K e K n p O H 3 B 0 A C T B 3 H O B O H n p O A y K U H H 33 0 A H H - Ä B 3 T O A a ee C e p H H H O r O n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B 3 . Ko3(|)(f)HUHeHT n p H B e A e H H H K O H K p e T H b i x 3aTpaT, n o H a m e M y MHeHHio, AojizKeH o T p a m a T b h x cpeAHeoTpacjieByio A H H a M H K y o t r o A a p a c q e T a h c x o a H o r o H 0 p M 3 T H B 3 A O T0A3 p S C ^ e T a OI1TOBOH U,eHbI n p o e K T H p y e M O r O H3AeJIHH (no c y m e c T B y , s t o t o a Haqajis ero cepHÍÍHoro o c B o e H H H ) . T a n n e B p e M e H H b i e r p a H H U b i oôycJioBJieHbi cneunc^HKOH p s c c M a i p H B a e M b i x h o p m 3 t h b o b . O h h n p e A H a 3 H 3 q e H b i jvia 3 T 3 n a p a 3 p a 6 o T K H , n o s T O M y nocjie ero 3 a B e p m e H H H B C T a e T B o n p o c 0 6 onpeAejieHHH AencTBHTejibHOH s k o h o m h ^ h o c t h o6pa3u,a, 0 c T e n e H H BbinojiHeHHJi ycJiOBnñ T e x H H H e c K o r o 3aAaHHfl n o 3 3 A a H H b i M n a p a M e T p a M . HyiKHbie â j i î î sToro (})aKTHqecKHe M3TepH3Jibi m o î k h o nojiyHHTb b nep H O A n o A r o T O B K H n p o e K T a o n T O B o ñ ueHbi H a H O B o e H3AeJine. E c j i h j i h m h t h p y i o m H H H o p M S T H B n p H B e c T H k ycjioBHHM 2-To (3-ro) r o A a c e p H H H o r o n p c H3B0ACTB3, t o oh, n o c y m e c T B y , 0CT3HeTCH pscneTHbiM, ! j t o C H H 3 H T ero A O C T O B e p H O C T b . Ko3(|)(|)HUHeHT n p H B e A Ê H H H AOJI^eH pSBHHTbCfl H H A e K C y H3MeHeHHfl npoeKTHblX HCXOAHblX H O P M S T H B O B 33 y K 3 3 3 H H b I H B b i m e n e p H O A B p e M e H H B pe3yjIbTaTe nOBblUieHHH n p O H 3 B O A H T e J I b H O C T H T p y A a , C H H ^ e H H f l M 3 T e p H a j i 0 e M K 0 C T H n b a h h h h h A p y r n x o6"beKTHBHbix (})aKTopoB, mto n p e A CTSBJlHeTCH n p 3 B H A b H b I M . YcTSHOBJieHHbie n o (})OpMyjie (4) H O p M a T H B b I 3aT p a T OTpa>KaiOT yCJIOBHH HX (|)0pMHp0B3HHJl H 3 H3q3JI0 T0A3 p a 3 p a Ó O T K H H O B o r o H3AeJiHH. 3 a B p e M a ero c o 3 A a H H 3 h o p r a H H 3 a u H H c e p H H H o r o Bbinycna B H O C H T C H y T O H H e H H H B AeflcTByiomHe H o p M 3 T H B b i (b t o m iHCJie h n p o r p e c CHBHbie). FIpHMeHHTejlbHO K H O p M a M p a 3 p 3 Ô 3 T b I B 3 e M b I X H3AeJlHH 3TO H 6yA e T y^HTblBaTbCH H e p e 3 C O O T B e T C T B y i O m H e K03(|)(J)HU,HeHTbI n p H B e A e H H H .

COBEPIHEHCTBOBAHHE JIHMHTHblX IJEH

51

C j i e A O B S T e J I b H O , E T a K O M nOHHMaHHH K03(J)4)HUHeHTb1 n p H B e ^ e H H H M O r y T OKa3aTb BJlññHHe JIHIIIb H a y p O B e H b npOeKTHblX HOpMaTHBOB (paB~HÖ r , 'LQ)," a He H a n o B b i m e H H e s k o h o m h h h o c t h p a 3 p a 6 o T K H , K a K s t o HHorAa nbiTaiOTCH n p e a c T a B H T b . B n a ^ e c T B e KOHTpojiHpyiomHX n o K a 3 a T e J i e ñ ÄJIH H3M6H6HHH y C T a H O B J i e H H b l X CTOHMOCTHblX HOpMaTHBOB b o B p e M e H H n , e j i e c 0 0 6 p a 3 H 0 UIHpe n c n 0 J i b 3 0 B â T b H a T y p a j i b H b i e p e c y p c H b i e H 3 M e p H T e j m (Bee, KOJiH^ecTBO h A P - ) . S t o OCOÔeHHO B3}KH0 ÄJIH KOMÜJieKTaiJHH H A p y r O H rOTOBOH n p O A y K U H H , n o C T y n a r o m e ñ n o M O K O T p s c j i e B o f i K o o n e p a u H H , n o KOTopoH n o j i y n e H H e Ä3HHbix o ÄHHaMHKe Hx 3 a T p a T 3 a T p y Ä H e H 0 . E c j i h p a 3 p a 6 a T b i B a e M o e H3AejiHe HMeeT 6a3HCHbiH a H a j i o r , t o KoatJxjjuuneHTbi h x npHBeaeHHH n o c o n o c T a B H M b i M 3 a T p a T a M AOJiJKHbi 6biTb paBHbiMH. I l o s T O M y HMeromnecH Ha npeAnpHHTHflxH3rOTOBHTejIHX njiaHOBbie flaHHbie 0 6 H3MeHeHHH T3KHX 3 a T p a T n o 6 a 3 0 B b I M H3aeJIHHM MO»HO npHMeHHTb AJIH OÖOCHOBaHHH aHajIOTHHHblX npOeKTHblX HOpMaTHBOB n o HOBOMy o 6 p a 3 u , y . W 6 b i J i o 6bi ouiHÔOHHbiM y c T 3 H 3 B J i H B 3 T b 3HaneHHe ß a j i h B c e x h o b h x H3flejIHH Ha K3KOM-TO cjjHKCHpOBaHHOM ypOBHe KaK n o SJieMeHTaM, TaK H BH^aM 3 a T p a T h TeM ô o j i e e npHHHMaTb e r o 3 a n o K a 3 a T e j i b , yMHTbiBaromnft. H3MeHeHHe H3Aep>«eK n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B a h o b o h ( 3 a HCKJiiotjeHHeM npHHUHnnajibHo h o b o h ) npoayKUHH. H H a ^ e , CKoppeKTHpoBaHHaa Takhm 0 6 p a 3 0 M Z/np He ö y a e T O T B e q a T b c B o e M y H33H3HeHHio h n o T e p a e T p e a j i b H y i o ocHOBy. EIoK a ^ í e M s t o Ha n p u M e p e AaHHbix TaóJiHUbi, b KOTopoH n p e A C T a B J i e H a AHHaMHKa H 3 A e p » c e K n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B a a H a j i o r n q H O H npoAyKUHH, h o pa3HOH cepHHHOCTH ( r o a CepHHHOrO OCBOeHHH — 3 - h ) .

Toä [TpOH3BOÄCTBä CepHfi

EflH'HHqHoe MejiKocepHHHoe MaccoBoe

H O C T b 1-ft

2-ft

3-ft

4-ft

5-fi

6«

7-ft

8-ft

1,0 1,0 1,0

0,87 0,77 0,75

0,80 0,66 0,57

0,76 0,59 0,46

0,73 0,54 0,39

0,70 0,51 0,34

0,68 0,48 0,30

0,66 0.46 0,27

IlpeOTOJiOÄHM, qTO pa3pa6oTKa hoboto o6pa3u,a HaqaTa na 4-m, a ce-

pHHHoe o c B o e H H e Ha 6-M r o A a x n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B 3 6 a 3 H C H o r o H3AeJiHH. T o r A a 4)aKTHqeCKHH K03(f)C¡)HUHeHT CHHJKeHHH H3Aep>KeK npOH3BOÄCTBa H HX COc T a B j i H i o m H X HOpMaTHBOB n o 6a3HCHOH n p o a y K U H H M a c c o B o r o B b i n y c K a , H a n p H M e p , c 4-ro no 6 - h t o a ( n e p n o A pa3paèoTKH h Hanajio cepnHHoro o c b o eHHH HOBoro o 6 p a 3 u , a ) 6 y A e T p a B e H 0,74 (0,34:0,46), a c 4 - r o n o 8-h t o a (nepnofl pa3pa6oTKH h cepHHHoro ocBoeHHH hoboto o6pa3ua)—0,59 ( 0 , 2 7 : 0 , 4 6 ) . H a p a c c q H T a H H b i e t 3 k h m 0 6 p a 3 0 M ( h j i h ApyrHMH m c t o a s m h )

cooTBeTCTByiouiHe KoscjDcjjHUHeHTbi npHBeAeHHH no BHflaM pecypcoB (c yqe-

TOM B b i ô p a H H o r o r o A a npHBeAeHHn) h c J i e a y e T c K o p p e K T H p o B a T b HcxoAHbie HopMaTHBbi 3aTpaT HOBoro o6pa3ua, ycTaHOBJieHHbie n o ycjioBHHM H a n a j i a r o a a ero p a 3 p a é o T K H (b HanieM npHMepe — 4 - ñ t o a BbinycKa 6 3 3 h c h o h n p o -

AyKUHH). STO n03B0JIHT OÓecneqHTb KOppeKTHpOBKy HCXOAHblX HOpMaTHBOB 3 a T p a T B COOTBeTCTBHH C HX 06"beKTHBH0H OCHOBOH— AHH3MHKOH KOH-

KpeTHbix M a T e p n a j i b H b i x h TpyAOBbix 3 a T p a T 6a3HCHoro ( n p o r p e c c H B H o r o ) H3AeJlHH, n o KOTOpOMy OHH H ÓblAH paCCHHTaHbl. Ko3c|)4)HU,HeHT ß, paBHblH 0,8, He y q H T b I B a e T OCOÔeHHOCTH npOH3BOACTBa npOAyKUHH (cepHHHOCTb H3A,ejIHfl, y p O B e H b HayHHO-TexHHHecKoro n p o r p e c c a b O T p a c j i n ) , m t o MO>KeT npHBecTH K c y m e c T B e H H b i M n p o c n e T a M b njiaHHpoBaHHH 3 a T p a T . T a n , e r o npHMeHeHHe

BbI30BeT 33HH>KeHHe ypOBHH npOeKTHOH UeHbl HOBOTO H3A6JIHH MaccoBoro

B b i n y c K a n o ycjioBHHM t o a s H s q s j i a c e p H H H o r o ocBoeHHH H3 0,06 (0,8—0,74),

3 ocBoeHHoro — Ha 0,21 (0,8—0,59). i l o eAHHHraoMy np0H3B0ACTBy ypOBeHb 3 3 T p 3 T HOBOTO 06p33Ua ÔyAeT, HaOÔOpOT, 3aBbIUieH COOTBeT"

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52

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B a M 3 a T p a T . B n o c j i e A C T B H H , K o r A a H3AeJiHe c o 3 A a H o H n e p e A a H O B c e p H H H o e npOH3BOÄCTBO, TaKOH

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HHH H y n p a B J i e H H H . 11 CM. «Bonpocbi ueH006pa30BaHHH». HAYQHBIÑ pe({)epaTHBHbiH cßopHHK, Bbin. NS 5, MocKBa, 1981 r., CTp. 2—5.

COBEFIHEHCTBOBAHHE JIHMHTHblX UEH

53

B KaqeCTBe HCXOAHblX COnOCTâBHMblX HOpMaTHBOB B TeXHHqeO.KO.ê.aaaar HHe cJieAyeT TaK>Ke bhêcth aHajiorHHHbie 060CH0B3HHbie noK33aTeAH h no 6a30BbiM H3AeAHHM (no napaMeTpnqecKOMy p a A y — CAO>KHBiiiHeca 3HaqeHHa). Pa3HHua Me>Kay hhmh, psccHHTSHHaa no npHHHTbiM MeTOAaM Ha eAHHHiiy c o n o c T a B H M o r o pe3yjibT3T3, n o K a w e T skohomhio hah yAopo>K3HHe no k3>kA o w y s^eMeHTy 3aTpaT h b uejioM Ha H3Aejme. npeACTaBAaeTca, q-ro Taxaa KOHKpeTH3aUHH 3aTpaT H pe3y;ibTaTOB n03B0JlHT pa3pa6oTHHKaM H3AeAHH 6oJiee uejieHanpaBjieHHO h 0praHH30B3HH0 bêcth paöoTbi no BceM hx coCTaBJlHlOmHM (HCT0HHHK3M (f>OpMHpOB3HHH H 3JieMeHT3M 3aTpaf ) . H a 3T0H OCHOBe -MO>KHO nOBbICHTb Tpe6oB3HHH K HCXOAHOH HH(})OpMaUHH (no SKOIAyaTau,HOHHbiM, couHajibHbiM H A p y r H M napaMeTpaM) H HenocpeACTseHHO K pa3paÔOTHHKaM H3AeJIHH, COOTBCTCTByiOlUHM Opr3HH33UHaM H pyKOBOÄHTeJTHM, yCHJlHTb HX OTBCTCTBCHHOCTb 3a HapyUieHHe TeXHHqeCKHX yCJIOBHH no 33AaHHblM HOpMaTHBaM. 3to co3ÄacT TaiOKe ocHOBy ajih BHeApeHHa KOHKpeTHOH çHCTeMbi SKQHOMHHeCKOrO CTHMyjIHpOBaHHH pa3p360T1HK0B, AH(})(()epeHII,HpOBaHHOrO nOAXOAa K HCnOJIb30B3HH10 npeMHajIbHblX H3AÔ3BOK K UeHe 33 3K0H0MHK) (OCO6eHHO CBepXHOpM3THBHyK)) H3HÔ0Aee B 3 Ä H H X pecypCOB, Ae(J)HUHTHbIX MaTepHajioB. PacneT m o ä h o b6cth no skohomhh yKpynHeHHbix 3aTp3T, cocTaBjiaiomHX atJj^eKT: 3o6

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no-

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A. MEJIKOB

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Cm. «KpeÄHTHbie pecypcu TocynapcTBeHHoro SaHKa CCCP». H3aaTe.ibCT.E0 «x1969 r., CTp.

48—53.

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64

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orpoMHbie npeHMymecTBa counajiHCTHHecKoñ cHCTeMbi 3flpaBooxpaHeHHH. B CTpaHe ocymecTBJieHbi umpoKne 03A0p0BHTe^ibHue MeponpHHTHH, J I H K B H AHpoBaHbi MHorwe paHee pacnpocTpaHeHHbie HHi^eKUHOHHbie 6ojie3HH, CHCTeMaTHHeCKH CHHÍK3IOTCH npO(j)eCCHOHaJIbHbie 3aÒoJieBaHHH H npOH3BOaCTBeHHblH TpaBM3TH3M. BbICOKOÄHHaMHHHOe p 33BHTHe COBeTCKOrO 3ap3BooxpaHeHHH H o6ycjiOBJieHHoe HM cHHJKeHHe HH(})eKU.HOHHOH namflorHH HBHjiHCb B3JKH.0H npe.iinocbiJiKOñ 3HaHHTejibHoro CHH^eHHH CMepTHOCTH H Ha 3TOH ocHOBe yjiyqIII6HHH BocnpoH3BOACTa HscejieHHH H TpyAOBbix pecypcoB. 06ui,HH noKa3aTejib CMepTHÒCTH HaceJieHHH CHH3HJICH c 29,1 Ha 1000 qeJioBeK HSceJieHHH B 1913 r. AO 18,0 B 1940 r „ 9,7 — B 1950 r. H 7,1 — b 1960 r. O ä h s k o B aaJibHeñmeM B CBH3H c ycjioKHeHHeM ÄeMorps^HqecKHx npoueccoB, yjiyqmeHHeM MeflHUHHCKoro o6cjiy>KHB3HHH h a p y r a x ycjiOBHH >kh3Hh yme He öbiJio BHÄHMbix ycnexoB B C H H Ä C H H H OÔUÎHX noK333Tejieñ CMepTHOCTH, HaöjiKXnajiocb flajKe HeKOTopoe B03pacTaHHe noKa3aTe.neH CMepTHOCTH HacejieHHH B OTÄeJibHbix B03pacTHbix rpynnax. HeKOTopyio o6o6meHHyK) xapaKTepHCTHKy BJIHHHHH CMepTHOCTH Ha AHHaMHKy Tpy^OBbix pecypcoB, paccMOTpeHHyio B H C T O P H Q E C K O Ñ peTpocneKTHBe, ASIOT noKa3aTejm B0cnp0H3B0ACTBa TpyAOBbix pecypcoB (CM. TaÖJi. 1). AHajiH3Hpya npHBeaeHHbie B TaöJiHite 1 aaHHbie, cjie^yeT OTMeTHTb, qTO H3Me.HeHHe cooTBeTCTByiomux AeMorpac})HMecKHx noKa3aTejieH oßecneHHJio ao^roB'peMCHHyio TeH/ieHUHK) noBbimeHHH scJkJJCKTHBHOCTH BocnpoH3BOÄCTBa TpyÄOBblX pecypcoB. B qSCTHOCTH, CpeÄHHH npOAO.H>KHTeJIbHOCTb TpyAOBOH JKH3HH MyjKHHH B03pocjia B 1958—1959 rr. Ha 34,8% no cpaBHeHHK) c 1896—1897 rr. H Ha 23,2% no cpaBHeHHio c 1926—1927 rr. CpeÄHHH npOAOJIÄHTeJIbHOCTb TpyAOBOH >KH3HH >KeHIH,HH yBeJiH^HJiacb B Te >Ke roAbi COOTBCTCTBCHHO na 42,1% h 14,2%. B nepuoa nocjie 1958— 1959 rr. cpe/iHna npoàoji>KHTejTbHOCTb TpyaoBoñ >KH3HH meumHH B03pacTajia. K 1968—1971 rr. ona yBejii-RHJiacb Ha 0,3 -nyHKTa. B TO « e BpeMH COOTBeTCTByiomHe noK33aTejiii no My>KCKOMy HacejieHHio CHH3HJiHCb Ha 1,2 nyHKTa. 3HaqHTejibHoro OTpnuaTe^bHoro BJIHHHHH Ha AHHSMi-iKy noKa3aTejieñ B0cnp0H3B0ÄCTBa TpyAOBbix pecypcoB 3T0T npouecc He 0Ka3biBaeT, o^HaKO ero Hejib3a ne yiuTbiBaTb npH ruiaHHpoBaHHH TpyaoBbix pecypcoB, kh3HH. 5- « B o n p o c b i 3K0H0MHKH» N° 12.

B. KOPHArHH

66

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6 JI H N.

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1

HeKOTopwe noKa3aTejiH BOcnpoH3BoacTBa TpynoBbix pecypcoB (B

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1896- 1926— 1958— 1968— 1897 rr. 1927 rr. 1959 rr. 1971 rr. K034)HUHeHT COXpaHeHHH TpyAOBOro noTeHUHajia: MyjKMHHbl XeHllIHHbl CpeflHflH npoÄO^ÄHTe^bHOCTb ìpyÄOBOH

>KH3HH

My>KHHHbI JKeHLUHHbl

(MHC^O

50,7 54,2

66,3 65,6

92,9 94,0

95,6 96,5

55,5 63,8

60,7 79,4

74,8 90,7

72,0 91,6

24,4 24,9

26,7 31,0

32,9 35,4

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* PaccMHTaHO no: «HTOTH Bcec0K>3H0fl nepenHCH HacejieHHfl 1959 r„ roccTaTH3AaT, 1962 r., CTp. 264—266; «BecTHHK CTSTHCTHKHS Ji? 2, 1974 r., CTp. 95; A. B. M e p t o a, AeMorpacJjHMecKaH CTaTHCTHKa. H3aaTeJibCTBO «MeziHUHHa», 1965 r., CTp. 132. PacqeT noKaaaxe^eft BOcnpoH.iBOACTBa Tpy^OBbix pecypcoB npoH3Be,neH Ha ocHOEte pa3pa6aTLiaaeMbix no MaTepwajiaM nepenHcefi H TeKymeftfleMorpaHKCHH5i

CCCP

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74,99

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.

.

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69,24

3,50

75,23

1,16

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.

.

65,96

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74,20

0,13

67,38

1 ,64

76,11

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65,74

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0,38

74,59

0,52

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HMeiomeñ ôoAbiuoe HapoAHoxo3HñcTBeHHoe 3HaqeHHe. Tax, cHHmeHHe B 1973 r . 3a60JieBaeM0CTH c BpeMeHHoñ y T p a T o ñ TpyAOcnocoÔHOCTH Ha 2,9 AHH B p a c n e T e Ha OAHoro p a ô o T a i o m e r o B npoMbiiuJieHHOCTH C C C P ( n o cpaBHeHHio c 1960 r . ) o ô e c n e H H A o A o n o A H H T e A b H o e y B e j i n n e H H e HauHOH a j i b H o r o A O x o A a B p a 3 M e p e 1764,8 MAH. p y 6 . 2 . Z1,JIH npoBeAeHHH 0 3 A 0 p 0 BHTeJIbHblX MepOüpHHTHH IipHBAeKaiOTCH CpeACTBa npeflnpHHTHH. BeAHHHHa p a c x o A O B NPEANPHHTHH Ha STH UEJIH H3 cpeACTB (j)OHAa c o u n a A b H O - K y A b TypHblX MepOnpHHTHH H JKHJlHUIHOrO CTpOHTeAbCTBa BbipocAa C 350 MJIH. p y 6 . B 1 9 7 0 r . A O 5 5 0 MJIH. p y 6 . B 1 9 7 9

r.

y j i y q m e H H e p a ó o T b i ynpejKAeHHH 3 A p a B o o x p a H e H t i H A â e f He TOJIKKO COUHaAbHblH, HO H SKOHOMHqeCKHH 3(f)(})eKT. T a K , Ha jleHHHrpaACKOM MaiUHHOCTpOHTejibHOM 3aBOAe HMeHH K. M a p K c a c H H ^ e H H e . T p y A Ö h o T e p b OT 3 a ôojieBaeMOCTH 3a AeBHTyio nHTHJieTKy Ha 3,8 TMC. AtJ'eft n03B0JiHJi0 A o n o j i HHTejibHo BbinycTHTb npoAyKiíHH Ha 8 5 5 Tbic. p y 6 . CiiHiKêHHe npbAoJiJKHTejibHocTH BpeMeHHoñ H e T p y A O c n o c o Ö H O c f H p a ó Ó T á f ó i i i H x B c e ö e p ö A ö i i e u K O M N O « A 3 0 T » 3a 14 JieT n03B0JIHJI0 COXpaHHTb AJIH hp0H3B0ACTBa A'onÖJIHHTeAbHo 279 Tbic. p a ß o ^ H x AHeñ, HJIH 1200 y c j i o B H o - r d ü o é b i x j3à8ó«èftx. 3TO AaJIO B03M0JKH0CTb BbipaÔOTaTb AOIlOAHHTeAbHOH IIpOAyKUHH Há Ö MJIH. p y 6 . , yMeHbiiiHTb Ha 837 TWC. p y 6 . p a c x o A b i Ha c o m i a A b H o e c t p a x o B a H n e , TO ecTb p a 3 M e p n p e A O T B p a m e H H o r o y m e p ô a c o c r a B H A B UEAOM OKOAO 10 MJÌH. p y 6 . T a K H M o 6 p a 3 o M , B CHHJKCHHH 3 a 6 o A e B a e M o c T H c BpeMeHHoñ y T p a T o ñ TpyAOCriOCOÔHOCTH CKpbIBâIOTCiI ÔOAbUIHe pe3epBbI ÄJIH ÔOAee nOAHOrO H 3(j)(J)eKTHBH0r0 HCn0Ab30BaHHH TpyAOBblX pecypCOB, pOCTa 3(f)(j)eKTHBH0CTH o é m e c T B e H H o r o np0H3B0ACTBa. B ueAOM O6IU,HH y p o B e H b 3a60AeBaeM0CTH c BpeMeHHoñ y T p a T o ñ T p y AOCnOCOÖHOCTH HMeeT TeHAeHIIHK) K CHHJKeHHIO c HeKOTOpHMH KOAeÓflHHHMH n o r o A a M , KOTopbie B OCHOBHOM 6HAH oôycAOBAeHbi MaAO noAAaBaBiiiHMHCH KOHTpOAK) BcnbliiiKaMH rpHiiiia H APYRHMH pecnHpaTopHbiMH 3a6o.aeB3HHHMH. / l o A H 3THX 3a6oAeBaHHH cpeAH B c e x CAyHaeB HacTynAeHHH HeTpyAocnocoÖHOCTH cocT3BA5ieT OT 3 5 A o 4 0 % . B n o c A e A H H e roAbi HañAeHbi Mepbl 6opb6bI H C T3KHMH 3a60AeBaHHÍIMH, nOSTOMy HeOÔXOAHMbI MaCCOBbie npocJ)HAaKTHHecKHe BaKUHHSUHH HaceJreHHH, ITO H a n ô o A e e HOAHO AOCTHraeTCH npH HaAHHHH Ha npeAnpHHTHHx MeAHKO-caHHTapHbix ^ a c T e ñ H 3 A p a s nyHKTOB. BHAHMO, u e A e c 0 0 6 p 3 3 H 0 co3*AaBaTb Bpa^eÔHbie 3ApaBnyHKTbi Ha iKAOM KpynHOM npeAnpHHTHH. Cp3BHHTeAbH0 HeßoAbniHe npeAnpHHTHH M o r y T K00nepHp0B3TbCH AJIH o ô e c n e i e H H H p a ó o n H x H C A y ^ s m n x npo(})HA3KIH'ieCKOH H npeBeHTHBH'ÖH MeAHUHHCKOH nOMOIlibK). B C'GBpeMeHHblX yCAOBHHX BCe ÖOAee 3H31HTeAbHOH CT3H0BHTCH pOAb CaH3T0pneB-np0(|)HA3KT0pHeB B 03A0p0BAeHHH TpyAHLLlHXCH, KOTOpbie 6e3 OTpbIBa OT npOH3BOACTB3 npOXOAHT B HHX KypC AeHéHHH. üpÓBeAeHHbie BO 2 CM. «TpyÄOBbie pecypcbi CCCP». EIOÄ PEFLAKUHEÑ JI. A. «SKOHOMHKa», 1979 r., cTp. 72.

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40%

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HapoflHbiH ejKeroÄHHK. PeÄKOJi. A. A. HOB H a p . M., «3HaHne», 1981, 400 c. «HaytHO-TexHunecKaz peeoAiot^uR u

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M., «4>HHaHCbI H CTaTHCTHKa», 1981, 191 c. «OKpyoKaiow,an cpeda u napodonaceAenue». TjiaB. p e a . R . H. BajieHTeñ. M., «OHHaHCbi H CTaTHCTHKa», 1981, 104 c. «0paaHU3au,un Kpynnux npousBodcTBennoxo3xücTBeHHbix KOMfiAeKCOB u ynpaeAenue UMUMeotcdynapodnaR MonozpacpUR. Ilo.a pea. C . KaMeHHuepa, M . MejibHHK. M., «Elporpecc», 1981, 240 c. «OrpacAeebie

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noBbiiuenUR stpcpeKTuanocru OTB. p e a . B. A . BopoTHaoB. 1981, 131 c. IlOPTVrAJl

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CABOJmHK M. IXenbi e cucreme riAanoeozo ynpaBAenuR. riep. c lern. H a y n . pea. 10. B. flKOBua. M., «SKOHOMHKa», 1981, 263 c.

«C6opn.UK sadan no Kypcy «IIAanupoeanue Hapodnoso xo3HücT8a». I l o a pea. B. H.' M o CHHA. M „ «Bbicinan uinojia», 1981, 192 c. CMMTMEHKO

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106 123 83 108 122 93 112 115 114

156

COflEPJKAHHE H t y P H A J l A

«BOnPOCbl

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3A

1981 TOfl

3. K y 3 H e u. o B a — Pa3BHTHe CHCTCMH counajibHoro oSecneqeHHa B H C C P . . B. K y H u — Xo3HHCTBeHHoe COTPYAHHQECTBO TJ3.P H C C C P K . M H K y j I b C K H H — O Tune BOCnpOH3BOACTBa B paaBHTOH COUHajlHCTHqeCKOH 3KOHOMHK6 , . H". r i o p T H H H H K O B , H . P a X y T H H — KoopaHHailHH Hap0flH0X03HHCTBeHHHX ruianoB CTpaH — qjieHOB C 3 B Ha 1981 —1985 rr CoBep meHCTBOflaaae ncri0Jib30BaHHH o ó m e c T B e H H b i x (£ 0 HA O B n o T p e 6 JI e H H a JT. T a p a c o B — S K ó H O M H K a CTpaH C 3 B : HTorn 1980 r. H njiaHbi Ha 1981 r. . . M . T p H r y 6 e H K o, K. . H u r a s — BbeTHaM B MewayHapoAHOM cou.HajiHCTHqeCKOM pa3^ejieHHH Tpy^a P.. y ^ T a H f i a e B — CoTpyaHHiecTBo CTpaH C 3 B B npon3BOACTBe npeaiueTOB noTpefijieHHü JI. M H c T Ñ K o B a — HauHOHajibHbie H Me>K,nyHapo,UHbie eouHajiHCTHqecKHe SKOHOMHqecKHe OTHomeHHa T. ILI a r a JI o B — Ilp0rH03Hp0BaHHe BHeuiHesKOHOMHqecKHx CBa3efl B. LLI a H H H a—TpaHcnopTHoe oóecneqeHHe 3K0H0ivwiecK0H HHTerpau,HH CTpaH C 3 B K ) . I I l H p a e B — Me>KflyHapoAHaa KoonepauHH npon3Bo,ncTBa

N°

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11 2

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2

26

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107

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117 115

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133 127

10

110

8

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2

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93

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100

11

111

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2

128

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2

150

6

130

CO'flEPJKAHHE m y P H A J I A

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. : . . : - .

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COflEPHCAHHE ttCYPHAJIA « B O I l P O C i l 3KOHOMHKH» 3A 1981 TOH

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