Voprosy ėkonomiki: 12/1984 Dekabr' [Reprint 2022 ed.] 9783112622902

Citation preview

A K A H E M H f l H H C T H T Y T

H A y K CCCP 3 K 0 H 0 M H K H

Bonpocbi

3K0H0MMKH EÄEMECHqHblH

ÄyPHAJI

BblXO^HT C HHBAPS 1929 r.

Ä E K A B P b 1984

MOCK.BA,

H3MTEJlbCTBO

«nPABßA»

C O R E P 7 K A H H E

BOnPOCbl

nOJIHTHHECKOD

B. UaxyHOB — Coiina^bHo-SKOHOMHiecKHe (JiopMw peajiH3aunH CTBGHHOCTH B. >KaMHH — EAHHCTBO HayiHO-TexHHiecKoñ IIÍWIHTHKH AKTVAJIbHblE

FlPOBJIEMbl

Crp.

3KOHOMHH oômeHapoaHoA

O A H H H A A U.ATO H

co63 14

II5ITHJIETKH

HjieH-Kopp. A H C C C P E. KanycTHH — CoBepuieHCTBOBaHHe ynpaBJieHHH HapoAHHM X033ÖCTB0M A . KouiyTa — OömecTBeHHO Heo6xoAHMbie 3 a i p a i H B yc^ioBHHx HHTeHcmjjHKauHH npoH3BQACTBa A - JleBiyu, H. KapnyxHH — PasBHTHe MamnHOCTpoeHHH H ynpaBJieHHe H. BaHHep, H. HnKOJiaeBCKHH — SicoHOMHHecKHe npoô^eMbi pa3pa6oTKH HeH5I

B. ManeBHq, C. CopoKHHa, H. HrypoBCKan — «HeropHH 3KOHOMHH6CKHX YIEHHH» A. IloKpbiTaH, C. HOBHKOB — H. H. OrojiHpoB «JlniHoe noTpeß^eHHe H COUHBJIHCTHqecKoe BOCIIPOH3,BQACTBO» IO. EJKHJIHHCKHH — A . C. JKOJIKOB, B. M . 3 y e B «P33BHTHC couHajiHCTHiecKoro reposa» Bji. A^aHacbeB — H . E. P y A a n o B a «MeTOAOJioraqecKHe npoßjieMu TeopHH HMiiepnajiH3Ma» B. 3aÄOp01KHblH — M . H. BoeHKOB «X03HÜCTBeHHblfi M6X3HH3M H COpeBHOBaHHe» . . C. BoßbiJieB — C. A - Ba^eHTeñ «Pa3BHToñ couHajiH3M: sKOjiorcmecKaH nojiHTHKa» . M. THMOXHH, B. rporneB — «njiaHHpoBaraie H opraHH3aiiHH BocnpoH3BOACTBa ocHOBHblX ({)OHAOB B npOMbUIMeHHOCTH» HAyHHAil KoH(J)epeHUHn

37 47

CHCTEMbI

Axafl. T. XaqaiypoB — OxpaHa npnpoAH B eBponeflcKHX couHajiHCTHMecKHx cTpaHax B. THTKOB — COUHAJIBHO-SKOHOMHIECKOE pa3BHTHe M H P . . . , KPHTHKA

25

126 128 130 133 135 136 137

)KH3Hb

qHTatejiefi »ypHajia

139

CoAepKaHHe x y p H a j i a «Bonpocbi SKOHOMHKH» 3a 1984 roA

.

152

© H3FLATEJIBCTB0 «IlpaBfla». «Bonpocti SKOHOMHKH». 1984.

BOnPOCbl nOJIHTHHECKOfl

9K0H0MHH

B.

C O U H A J I b H O - S K O H O M H M E C K H E P E A J I H 3 A U H H

B mhkh

O B I U E H A P O A H O H

nocTaHOBJieHHH AKa^eMHH

CKOH T C O p H H

U K

pa3BHTOrO

HaM

aHaAH3a

b

pa3BHTHH,

couHSJiHCTHHecKoii 3aAaM

skohomhkh

nepeBOAa

b

HeOÖXOÄHMOCTblO

co6ctb6hhocth.

3Ma, ocoôyio

aKTyajibHocTb npnoöpeTaeT

A3HHOH 33Aa*lH

IIOAHee

MeCKOrO

pa3BHTHH.

KpHTepHCB CTH

aÄCKB3TH0CTH

npOH3BOÄCTBa,

C TeM

BMeCTe

h

B3rAHA,

oômeHapoAHOH B

KaK MTO

HX

HM66T

pOAb

BajKHoe

peaAH3au,HK)

noAHyio

KOJIAeKTHBa

COUHaJIbHblX

3HaqeH»e

juin

X03HCB

H

öo;iee

3K0H0MH-

3(J)(J)CKTHBHOA3HHO-

npOH3BOA*

AeaTejibHOCTH

bosmojkhoctch,

33Jio-

Cj)OpM p e a j I H 3 a i l H H noKa3aTb,

KOHKpeTHO

OTAeAbHOrO TpyAOBofl

Ha

Ha Harn

aojijkho,

paÖOTHHKa

OÖmeCTBeHHOrO

nOBbimeHHH

peaAH-

X03HHCTBOBaHHH

np0H3B0ACTB3

no3BOJiHT T a K Ä e

TpyAOBOrO

KaK

npaKTHnecKoft CnOCOÖOB

06-

PeiiieHHe

M6XaHH3M3

COÖCTBeHHOCTH. H c C J i e A O B a H H e

coöctbghhocth

AeHTejIbHOCTH

HBAfleTCH

oömecTBeHHoro

HaHÔojiee

HCeHHUX B O Ö m e H a p O A H O H

b H

nyTb

yTOHHCHHIO

COÓCTBeHHOCTH H a C p e A C T B 3

COÖCTBeHHOCTH

KSK

peaJIbHOrO

CnOCOÖCTBOBaTb

X03HHCTBeHH0r0

CoÔAioAeHHe

Tpy^a.

opraHH3au,HH

o6ecneiHTb

MOMeHTbl

I i y T e H , (JjOpM H M e T O Ä O B n O B b i m e H H H

aAeKB3TH0CTH

Bcex ypoBHHX

AOAJKHO

COBepIIICHCTBOBaHHH

pe3yjibTaTbi

npHHUHna

$opM

np0H3B0ACTBa.

pa3AHqHbie

yr-

MexaHH-

COÖCTBeHHOCTH B I i p O I i e C C e

OHO

My ypOBHK) p33BHTHH 0 6 m e H 3 p 0 A H 0 H CTBa

hhtchchbhuh 3(J)4)eKTHBHOCTH

xo3HHCTBeHHoro

cpeÄCTBa

BbIHBHTb

cbh3h,

no-

oöycjioBAeHHHX

yrjiyÓJieHHe aH3AH33

Ha

( J j y H K U H O H H p O B a H H H COUH3AHCTHWeCKOH

npH3H3Ho

ashhoh

nOBbimeHHH

coBepmeHCTBOBaHHn

coócTBeHHocTH

Ü03B0JIHT

B

Ha n p e H M y m e c T B e H H o

np0H3B0ACTB3

oömeHapOÄHOH

HanpsBJieHHH

BpeMa

SKOHOMHHecKOH H a y K H ,

mecTBeHHoro 3auHH

H3 B 3 X H H X

skoho-

skohomhhc-

BonpocoB

HacTOHinee

AaJIbHeHUierO h

HHCTHTyTS

pojiH

y3AOBbix

OÄHHM

4 > O P J V l b I

C O B C T B E H H O C T H

noBbiiueHHH

HccjieaoBaHHH

npeÄCTaBjineTCH, b p s m y

npoueccoM

« O

pa3pa6oTKe

COU,HaJIH3Ma»

jiHTHK0-3K0H0MHqecK0r0 jiyÖAeHHe

K I 1 C C

C C C P

HayK

HaKijHoe

h

npo-

npOH3BOACTB3, ynpaBAeH^ecKOH

3KTHBH0CTH MaCC, nOA"beM3 y p O B H H H A e O A O r H q e C K O H p a Ö O T b l ,

(J)OpMHpOB3HHH

HX C O B p e M e H H O r O S K O H O M H H e C K O r O MblUIJieHHH H3

H a LU B 3 r A H A ,

MHMecKoro pHH

«npHCBoeHHe»

3yeT

Cy6l>eKTHyiO

KOTopaH

B

oTHouieHHH h

aH3JIH3e

cJieAyeT

COÖCTBeHHOCTH

H3ÖeraTb

«peajiH33UHH».

KsTeropHH

npHH3AJie>KH0CTb

oßycAOBAHBaeT

noAHoro

CpeACTB

onpeAejieHHyio CT3.no ö b i T b , h

OÖT>eKTHBHOrO

oTOJKAecTBJieHHH

c paöo^eH

pw

TOH H A H HHOH C H C T e M H n p O H 3 B O A C T B e H H b I X

3KOHOKaTero-

xspsKTepn-

«npHCBoeHHe»

np0H3B0ÄCTB3

sKOHOMH^ecKyio

hx

cvivioH, a

K3K

B

Kya3HOH

CHCTeMe

K . M a p K C nHcaji: « B

HeOÖXOÄHMO OITHpaTbCH H a

h apyrHx

npoH3BeaeHHHx oh

coöcTBeHHOCTH

KanHTaJIHCTHMeCKHX

uiHpoKO —

MeTOflO"

paccMaTpH-

Kan

npoHBjieHHe

np0H3B0flCTBeHHbIX

OTHOIIieHHH.

KajKayio HCTopnqecKyio a n o x y coôcTBeHHOCTb

pa3JiHqHO h n p H coBepmeHHO pasjin^Hbix o ô m e c T B e H H b i x

jiacb

cfiyHK-

npOUeC-

pa3BHBa-

oTHOiiieHHHX.

r i 0 3 T 0 M y o n p e a e j i H T b 6 y p j K y a 3 H y i o c o ô c T B e H H O C T b — s t o 3 H 3 h h t He h t o H H o e , KaK

aaTb

onHcaHHe

BoacTBa»2.

CTBa K a n a a n BeHHOCTH.

Bcex

oömecTBeHHbix

MapKcoBOM

B

OTHomeHHH

6yp>Kya3Horo

aHa^H3e KanHTajiHCTH^ecKoro

cnocoöa

npoH3-

npoH3Boa-

K a T e r o p H H HBJiaeTCH ( j ) o p M o n B b i p a j K e H H H 6 y p > K y a 3 H o i i

OopMaMH

peajiH3aiiHH

6yp»ya3H0H

co6ctb6hhocth

B HaCTHOCTH, H T 3 K H e COUHaJIbHO-SKOHOMHHeCKHe

coôct-

BbiciynaiOT,

npOUeCCbl, K a K

06pa30Ba-

HHe p e 3 e p B H O H a p M H H T p y A a , a ó c o j i i o T H o e h o T H O C H T e j i b H o e o Ó H H i n a H H e T p y pocT

ähiuhxch,

MeTOÄOJiorHH

CKoii c o ö c T B e H H O C T H Hyio

h napa3HTH3Ma

éoraTCTBa

ripHMeHHMOCTb

K.

Ha c p e a c T B a

pa3pa6oTaHHocTb

3^ecb

(b

SKcnJiyaTaTopcKHX

MapKca

h k aHajiH3y

np0H3B0ÄCTBa, aHajiH3e)

HecMOTpa

MHorHx

KjiaccoB. counajiHCTHqe-

Ha

npoÖJieM,

HeflocTaToqHe

Bbi3biBaeT

c o M H e H H H , m t o o6"bHCHHeTCH npeJK,ne B c e r o e e p o j i b i o b CHCTeMe c o u H a j i n c T H qeCKHX npOH3BOÄCTBeHHbIX OTHOIIieHHH. H a HBJieHHH COÜ,Ha^H3Ma HOCTb 3to

Ha

cpeÁCTBa

np0H3B0ÄCTBa,

0 3 H a i i a e T , * i t o OHa

CTBeHHblX

nan

OTHOIIieHHH

sKOHOMHiecKHX

H a m BSIVIH.H, B e e SKOHOMHHeCKHe

T a K HJIH H H a ^ e Bbipa>KaiOT O Ö m e H a p O Ä H y i O BbicTynam

ocHoBa

CHCTeMbl

OCyiHeCTBJIHeTCH

K H o e 3 H a q e H H e c e f l w a c n p H o ö p e T a e T yqacTHe

TpyAnmnxcH

no3BojiaeT

Bee

nojwee

BaHHH, n o p o a c A e H H b i e BOT

noqeMy

HHe r o Ä b i

B

KnCC,

ynpaBjieHHH

pea,/iH30BaTb

oömecTBeHHbiM KOJiJieKTHBHCTCKHe

oèmeHapo^HbiM ôpaTCKHe

npHHHJiH p H A

npncBoeHHeM

aKTHBHoe

IIPOH3BOÄCTBOM, OCHOBH

cpeacTB

napTHH counajmcTHHecKHx

0praHH3auH0HH0-3K0H0MHqecKHX

hto

XO3HHCTBO-

np0H3B0flCTBa.

CTpaH B n o c j i e a Mep

no

üajibHeñ-

i u e M y n o B b i m e H H K ) poJiH T p y A H i U H x c n B y n p a B j i e H H H npOH3BOÄCTBOM.

BMecTe

c TeM H e o ô x o f l H M o noJiHee pa3BHBaTb HHHunaTHBy TpyAOBbix k o j i j i c k t h b o b B C03A3HHH H COBepLUeHCTBOBaHHH OÖmeCTBeHHblX BoacTBOM

H

peajiH3auHeft

4>HHaHCOBbix H T. A. H e

pecypcoB,

npoayKiiHH,

opraHH3auHeii

MeHee cymecTBeHHoñ

(})OpM KOHTpOJIfl 3 a

pacnpe^ejieHHeM KOJI^CKTHBHUX

c^opM

noTpeôjieHHH

(JjopMoñ p e a j i H 3 a u H H o ô m e H a p o À H O H

BeHHOCTH HBJIHeTCH A e H T e j I b H O C T b e f l H H O r O SKOHOMH^eCKOrO U e H T p a KaKOBbiM HbiHe B b i c T y n a e T c H C T e M a

rocyaapcTBeHHbix

HOB H y q p e J K Ä e H H H BO r j i a B e c T o c n j i a H O M C C C P . 6oTbi, H a n p H M e p ,

TocnjiaHa

npOH3-

MaTepnajibHbix H

CCCP

npeacTaeT

COÔCT-

CTpaHbl,

xo3añcTBeHHbix

opra-

FIosTOMy y j i y q m e H H e

HeoöxoAHMbiM

ycjiOBHeM

Jiee n o ^ H O H p e a ; i H 3 a u H H 0 6 m e H a p 0 A H 0 H CO6CTB6HHOCTH Ha c p e a c T B a

pa60-

npoH3-

BOÄCTBa. OömeHapoÄHaa B OTHOIlieHHHX Tpyaa,

c o ô c T B e H H O C T b Ha C p e A C T B a n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B a

BblCIIJeH

Ue^H

npOH3BOÄCTBa,

pacnpèflejieHHH no Tpyay,

nJiaHOMepHOCTH,

pea^H3yeTca BCeOÔUÎHOCTH

c o u H a j i H C T H n e c K o r o copeBHOBaHHH

THX CneUH(j)HqeCKHX .HJIH C O I I H a ^ H 3 M a OTHOIIieHHHX. O T H O U i e H H H

h

Apy-

OÖmeHapOÄ-

HOH COÖCTBeHHOCTH Ha C p e f l C T B a npOH3BOACTBa HanOJIHHJIH HOBblM COIIHaJIbHO-3KOHOMHqeCKHM

COflep>KaHHeM

npOH3BOACTBeHHbie

OTHOIIieHHH

(h

COOT-

B e T C T B y i o m H e hm S K O H O M H q e c K H e 3 a K O H b i ) , (JjyHKUHOHHpoBaBiiiHe b

npéAiue-

CTBOBaBlIIHX

OTHOUie-

450pMaUHHX

HHfl ( h 3 3 K 0 H b l ) 2

H COXpaHHBUIHeCH

n p H C0UH3JIH3Me.

3tH

H H T e r p H p O B a H b l O Ö I U e H a p O ß H O H COÖCTBeHHOCTblO Ha C p e Ä C T -

K . M a p K C H ® . S H r è ' j i b c , Cos., T. 4, ctp. 168.

«FOPMbI PEAJIH3AUHH OBIUEHAPOflHOH COBCTBEHHOCTH BA

NP0H3B0ÄCTBA

AOJIJKHM

B eÄHHyio

paccMaTpHBaTbCH

3K0H0MHqecKyio B

KaqecTBe

cHCTeMy e e

CF)opM

5

COUHAJIH3MA,

MoryT

(COÔCTBCHHOCTH)

H

pea^H-

33UHH. Tax,

HANOJIHHIOTCH

KOJIJICKTHBHCTCKHM

COFLEP^AHHEM

OTHOIIIÊHHH

no

np0H3B0ÄCTBy HeoóxoAHMoro H npHÔaBOHHoro npoayKTa, TOBspHO-ÄeHeJKH b i e H HHbie O T H O i u e H H H , npncymHe H AocouHSjiHCTHHecKHM cnocoöaM npoH3BOÄCTBa. O H H o6"beKTHBHo no/WHHeHbi pasBHTHK) o T H o i u e H H H oömeHapoaHOH COÖCTBeHHOCTH, AeHCTBHK) C H C T 6 M H

CneiiH^HHeCKHX

SKOHOMHHeCKHX

3a-

KOHOB C O U H A ^ H 3 M A .

flaHHoe MeTOAOJioraqecKoe nojio>KeHHe HMeeT B3>KHoe 3HaqeHHe, H6O BHpaiKaeT HeoôxoAHMOCTb B3AHMOCBH33HHORO Hcn0Jib30BaHHH B ynpaBjieHHH c o B e p i n e H C T B O B a H H e M p a 3 B H T o r o coimajiH3Ma B c e x SJTCMGHTOB C H C T C M M n p o H3BOACTBeHHbIX OTHOWeHHH. FIpH 3T0M OFLHH H3 HHX p3CCM3TpHBaiOTCH B KaqecTBe HenocpeACTBeHHbix, a Apyrne — B KaqecTBe onocpeAOBaHHbix (J)opM p e a j i H 3 a u H H oómeHapoAHoñ C O Ö C T B C H H O C T H Ha cpeflCTBa n p o H 3 B o a c T Ba. B M e c T e c TeM 3Aecb B3>KHO HMeTb B BHAY H cjie,nyiomee. Bo-nepBbix, Ha

pa3BHTHe

H3MeHeHHe

K a K H a CBOK) o c H O B y . H3B0ACTB3

aHajiH3a

noBbiiuéHHH

Ha

CHJI. H a f l O

AO

KOHUa

3pejiocTH

CTBeHHoro

np0H3B0ACTBa TpeôyeT

H

HHblX

CBOeBpeMeHHO

peaJIH3aUHH C})OpMbI

oôecneqHBaiomHe

no

KOHKpeTHbie

CHJI

HameMy

H

BcecTopoHHero

yneTa

OÖmeHSpOÄHOH

H3MeHeHHH B ypOBHe

TCXHH-

TpyflHmHX-

COßCTBeHHOCTHVHeOÖXOAHMO

OTHCHB3K)mHe

fleftcTBeHHbie

Opr3HH33UHOHHO-

OTHOIHeHHÍÍ, C 0 3 A a B a T b

BO3MO>KHOCTH CTHMyjibi

OTÓOpa

AajibHeñmero K

TpyAy.

H a

3T0r0

(})OpM

coBpeMeHHOM

CNOCOÔCTBYIOT

TpyÄHIliHXCH

H3

npOH3BOÄCTB3, H TpyAOBblX

AHCU,HnJIHHbI, BCeX

ypOBHHX.

nOBblUieHHK) IlpH

Î3K0M

3Tane

nOK33aTeJIH

X03HHCTBeHH0H

BHeceH PAS

HOBiuecTB

AeHTe^bHOCTH

B npHHUHnbi

(})OHÄOB, n o B b i m e H a

H

T.

Ä.

XO3Hop-

OCYIUECTBJIHEMHH

(})OpMbI

H HHbie

HeoôxoAHMo

X03HHCTB0B3HHH.

MEPBL

TpyAy,

cBH3eñ

NO C O B e p i I i e H C T B O B 3 H H I O

ocyin,ecTBji5iTb

KpynHOMaCUITSÖHblfl

HOBbie, ÔOJiee 3(J)4)eKTHBHbie,

B-TpeTbHX, yjiyqUieHHe

xo3pacqeTHbix KOMNJIEKCHO,

q H T b yCJIOBHH AJIH nOJIHOH p e a j I H 3 3 U H H JIHeT 0 6 m e H a p 0 Ä H 3 H

H pacnpeÄejieHHH

B PHFLE O T p a C J i e f l

HeM

no

npeAnpHHTHH, HX

n03B0JIHT, BepOHTHO, B b i p a Ó O T a T b

pscnpeAejieHHH

H

OÖ-beM

OUeHO^HOrO

p o j i b P33JIH^HORO P O Ä 3 3 K O H O M H H 6 C K H X

SKCnepHMeHT CeHM3C,

Tpy/IOBOH 3KTHBHOC-

HanpHMep,

B K3QECTBE rjI3BHOrO o6"beflHHeHHH

HHbie

HCn0JIb30B3HHI0

YNP3BJIEHHECK0H

06PA30BAHHH

ocoôeHCTHMyjIH

yKpenJieHHHD

nOÄXOAe,

He-

X03HHCT-

JIH T e HJIH

SKOHOMHOMy

PECYPCOB,

HOBbie,

P33BHTHH

JXjin

npOrpeCCHBHblX

MHCHHIO, YQHTBIBATB,

B3JI0B0H n p O f l y K U H H n p H 3 H 3 H yCT3peBIUHM

HHH

OT

eAHHoro o6iue-

KpHTepHH

(|)HH3HC0BbIX

npOH3BOÄCTBeHHOH

3K0H0MHKH

OT-

o6me-

H yCTp3HHTb

3(^)(J)EKTHBH0CTH

MaTepH3JIbHbIX,

HHH,

OCHOBH

(J)OpMbI X 0 3 H H C T B 0 B 3 H H H , N P H M E H H E M B I E n O K 3 3 3 T e j l H H

nOBbimeHHK)

M3THB0B

HeKOTOpblH

COÔCTBCHHOCTH

coBepmeHCTBOBaHHH

npOH3BOÄCTBeHHbIX

OÔOCHOBaHHbie

pacneTHbix

B TeOpHH

p a 3 B H T H e OTHOUICHHH

BeHHbix CBH3eñ H 3aMeHbi HMH y c T a p e B i u H x .

TH

npO-

miaHOMepHoro

éjiaronpHHTHbie

npOH3BOAHTe^bHbix

H

npo-

C nporpeCCOM

npO(J)eCCHOHajIbHO-KBa^H{})HKaUHOHHOM

OÔHapy>KHBaTb

SKOHOMHieCKHe

HO B 3 Ä H 0 ,

(JjopMax

H 3 M e H e H H H B p 3 3 B H T H H n p O H 3 B O A H T e J I b H b I X CHJI. B 0 - B T 0 p b I X , A J I H

nOJIHOH

OÔXOÂHMbl

B xoAe

ee

Ha cpeACTBS

OTHOUICHHH

KOMnjieKca. ycnenJHoe

coôcTBeHHocTH

ÓOJiee

CBH3H

npeOAOJieTb

onnpaTbca

B AByx

MaTepHajibHo-TexHHHecKoïi

HapoÄHoft

CH

B TeCHOH

coBepmeHCTBOBaHHa

HapoflHoxo3HHCTBeHHoro

Ke H TeXHOJlOrHH,

oTHomeHHH ÄOJIÄHO

npoH3Bo/icTB3

>Ke C 3 M O H C O S C T B C H H O C T H

p3CCMâTpHB3Tb

npouecca

cTeneHH

HJIH H H H X cpeacTBa

Pa3BHTHe

HeOÖXOflHMO

H3BOAHTeJIbHbIX pbiB

Tex

CO6CTB6HHOCTH

MeX3HH3M3

QTO T O J I B K O

B03M0>KH0ÇTeH,

nJI3HHpOBa-

pa3JiHqHHx H

Mo^ET

KOTOpbie

COÓCTBeHHOCTb H a C p e A C T B 3 n p 0 H 3 B 0 Ä C T B 3

3BeHbeB

X03HHCTBOBaoóecne-

npeA0CT3BH

pe3yjIbTa-

Tbl T p y A 3 .

BeCbM3 3KTy3JieH aHa^H3 np0U,eCC3 pe3JIH33UHH O Ô m e H a p O A H O H COÔCTBeHHOCTH qepe3 B33HM0CBH3b $33 B0cnp0H3B0ACTBeHH0r0 npouecca. n p H 3T0M B3JKH0 HMeTb B BHAy, HTO OTHOUieHHH 06uj,eH3p0ÄH0H COÖCTBeHHOCTH,

B. UAKYHOB

6

C OflHOH CTOpOHbl, npOHH3hIB3IOT H OÔTjCAHHHIOT BCe (j)a3bl BOCnpOH3BOACTBa, a c A p y r o u — HcnbiTbiBaioT Ha c e 6 e HX aKTHBHoe B03AeñcTBHe. y ^ e T ASHHOr o oöcTOHTejibCTBa HeoôxoAUM AJIH npaBHJibHoro p e m e U H a B o n p o c o B c o B e p IUeHCTBOBaHHH X03HHCTB6HH0r0 M6X3HH3Ma. HTO 3 A e c b KOHKpeTHo HMeeTCH B BHAy? I l p o K A e B e e r ò TO, HTO o ô m e H a pOAHaH COÔCTBeHHOCTb KaK SKOHOMHieCKOe OTHOIUeHHe peaJIH3yeTCH Ha o c HOBe p a c m n p e H H o r o B0cnp0H3B0ACTBa e e MaTepnaAbHO-BeiuecTBeHHOH 6a3bi (B n e p B y i o o ^ e p e A b H rjiaBHbiM 0 6 p a 3 0 M OCHOBHHX np0H3B0ACTBeHHbix 4>OHAOB). HO cpeACTBa np0H3B0ACTBa B n p o u e c c e np0H3B0ACTBa H3H3IUHB3K>TCH, BblÔbIB3K)T H3 CTpOH H AOAJKHbl ÔHTb 3aMeHeHbI HOBbIMH, yBeJIHHeHbl H y j i y q m e H b i . CjieAOBaTe^BHO, MTO6U OTHOiueHHH o ó m e H a p o A H o ñ COÔCTBCHHOCTH 9K0H0MHiecKH HopMaAbHo p e a j i H 3 0 B b i B a j i i j c b , o ö m e c T B O AOA>KHO B n e p Byio o u e p e A b 3a6oTHTbCH o TOM, HTOÓH B K a j K A H ñ TOA H B K a j K A o e IIHTHJIGTHe 0 6 a 3 a T e j i b H 0 np0H3B0AHJi0Cb Ha ypoBHe HOBeftiuHx AOCTHJK6HHH Hay^HOTexHH^ecKoro n p o r p e c c a T a n o e KOJiHHecTBo cpeACTB np0H3B0ACTBa, KOToporo 6biJio 6bi A o c T a T o q H o AAH 3aMeHbi noTpeÖAeHHbix H HHTCHCHBHOFO p o c T a npOH3BOACTBa. Op0H3B0ACTB0 CpeACTB npOH3BOACTBa B Hy>KHOM KOJIHMGCTBe H HeOÔXOAHMoro KanecTBa — Ba>KHoe ACJIO. HO n o c j i e Hero cpeACTBa np0H3B0ACTBa KaK c o c T a B H a n l a c T b coBOKynHoro o ö m e c T B e H H o r o n p o A y K T a AOJIJKHH 6biTb npaBHJibHo p a c n p e A e A e H M n o OTpac^HM H cc})epaM o ô m e c T B e H H o r o npoH3BOACTBA AJIH YAOBJIETBOPEHHH HX n o T p e Ó H o c T e ñ

B npouecce

pacmnpeHHoro

BOCnpOH3BOACTBa. MOJKHO AOCTHHb 0nTHM3AbHbIX 06"beM0B H cTpyKTypbi 1 np0H3B0ACTBa cpeACTB np0H3B0ACTBa, HO HenpaBHAbHo HX pacnpeAeJiHTb, BCJieACTBHe Hero MO>KeT HapyiUHTbCH HOpMaAbHOe BOCnpOH3BOACTBO o6"beKTOB H OTHOiueHHH OÖlUeHapOAHOH COÖCTBeHHOCTH, He ÖyAyT HCn0Ab30BaHbI NOAHOÇTBK) e e NOTEHUNAABHBIE BO3MO>KHOCTH.

OAH3KO npaBHJibHoro pacnpeAe^ieHHji cpeACTB np0H3B0ACTBa TaKSte em,e HeAOCTaTOHHO AAH HOpMaAbHOrO BOCnpOH3BOACTBa OÔTjCKTOB H OTHOiueHHH OÖmeHapOAHOÖ COÖCTBeHHOCTH. OHO AOAJKHO ÖblTb AOnOAHeHO 0praHH30BaHHblM n o 33KOH3M COUHaAHCTHMeCKOrO BOCnpOH3BOACTB3 OÔMeHOM M e X A y I H I I nOApa3AeAeHHHMH o ô m e c T B e H H o r o npOH3BOACTBa, a T 3 K » e BHyTpH HHX C yqeTOM paUHOHaAbHOrO HCn0Ab30BaHHH TOBapHO-AeHejKHblX OTHOiueHHH. H a n p o u e c c b i oÖMeHa 0Ka3biBaeT B03AeúcTBHe M H 0 » e c T B 0 4>aKTopoB. K nOCAeAHHM OTHOCHTCH, B H3CTHOCTH, onTOBbie UeHbl H3 CpeACTB3 npOH3BOACTBa H p a ö o T a T p a H c n o p T a . HenpaBHJibHo ycTaHOBAeHHHe ueHbi H HepHTMHHHaa p a ô o T a T p a H c n o p T a MoryT HapyuiHTb HopMaAbHoe Te^eHHe n p o u e c c a oÖMeHa, HTO npeAT>HBAHeT K p e r y A H p o B a H u r o STHX cjmKTopoB BbicoKHe TpeöoBaHHH, H6O HapyuieHHe n p o u e c c a oÖMeHa n o TeM HAH HHHM npnqHHaM HeraTHBHO c K a 3 b i B a e T c a Ha peaAH3auHH B c e x OTHOUICHKH o ö m e H a p o A H o ü COÖCTBeHHOCTH Ha CpeACTBa npOH3BOACTBa. BaJKHa H p o A b 33KAiOMHTeAbHOH (£a3bi BocnpoH3BOACTBeHHoro n p o u e c c a — noTpeÔAeHHH cpeACTB np0H3B0ACTBa. MOJKHO cBoeBpeMeHHo, B HyjKHOM KOAHnecTBe H B TpeöyeMOH HOMeHKAaType npoH3BecTH cpeACTBa npoH3BOACTBa, npaBHJibHo o c y u j e c T B H T b p a c n p e A e ^ H T e j i b H b i e H oÖMeHHbie n p o u e c CH (B qacTHocTH, 6 e 3 n o T e p b AocTaBHTb HX K MecTaM npoH3BOAHTeAbHoro noTpeÔAeHHH, TO e c T b Ha AeñcTByioiUHe npeAnpuHTHH H HOBOCTPOHKH), HO BOBpeMH He cMOHTHpoBaTb oôopyAOBaHHe, He oßecneMHTb H3AeHIUHH X03HHCTBeHHbIH MeXaHH3M. H e BbI3bIB3eT COMHeHHH nOJIOJKeHHe O TOM, HTO X03HHCTBeHHbIH MexaHH3M n o CBOeMy c0UHajibH0-3K0H0MHqecK0My c o A e p « a H H i o ecTb n p e j K A e B e e r ò MexaHH3M p e ajiH3auHH o 6 m e H a p o A H o f i co6ctb6hhocth. r i p H o p H T e T HHTepecoB o ó m e c T Ba — OCHOBHOH KpHTepHH aAeKB3TH0CTH (J)OpM X03HHCTB0B3HHH COAepJKSHHIO OÓmeHapOAHOH COÓCTBeHHOCTH, TaK KaK HMeHHO OÓmeCTBO B UeJIOM BblCTynaeT BepxoBHbiM cyÓT>eKTOM npHCBoeHHH cpeACTB np0H3B0ACTBa h pe3yjibTaTOB T p y A a . M e > K A y TeM oTAeAbHbie a j i e M e H r a xo3HHCTBeHHoro MeX3HH3M3 He BCerAa COOTBeTCTByiOT STOMy KpHTepHKD. H a n p H M e p , CTHMyJIHpOB3HHe HeAOCT3TOqHO nOÓyJKAaeT OÓ-beAHHeHHH H npeAnpHHTHH npHHHM3Tb H3npn>KeHHbie IUI3HbI, nOJIHOCTbK) BOBJieK3Tb B npOH3BOACTBO HMeiOLUHeCH pe3epBbI. X03HHCTBeHHbie pblHarH H CTHMyjIbl, eCJIH OHH OpHeHTHpOb3hh n p e ^ A e B e e r ò Ha yAOBjieTBopeHHe HHTepecoB o T A e j i b H H x KOAJieKTHBOB, paHO HJIH n03AH0 BbI3bIBaiOT HapynieHHe eAHHCTBa 3THX HHTepecoB c o 6 m e H a p o A H b i M H HHTepecaMH, pa36ajiaHCHp0BaHH0CTb SKOHOMH^ecKHx n p o lieCCOB. B SKOHOMHHeCKOM nOBeAeHHH pyKOBOACTBa HeKOTOpblX OTpaCJiefi T a K « e HHorAa ó e p y T Bepx y3KOBeAOMCTBeHHbie, a He o ó i u e r o c y A a p c T B e H Hbie HHTepecbi. K o M n j i e K C H o e C0BepuieHCTB0BaHHe xo3HHCTBeHHoro MexaHH3Ma, KOTopoe ocymecTBjiHeTCH c ytieTOM 3 a A a u OMepeAHOH naTHjieTKH, AOJIJKHO HCXOAHTb H3 HeOÓXOAHMOCTH nepBOOHepeAHOrO COÓJIIOAeHHH o ó m e H3pOAHbIX HHTepecoB npH H3BeCTHOM paCUIHpeHHH C3M0CT0HTeJIbH0CTH o6"beAHHeHHfi h npeAnpHHTHH. T o j i b K O tskhm n y T e M mokho o ó e c n e H H T b ó o j i e e nojiHyro pea^H3au,HK) OTHOuieHHH o ó m e H a p o A H o i i coóctbchhocth Ha cpeACTBa npOH3BOACTBa. K . M a p K c p a c c M a T p H B a e T opM3 peHTbi, BceM e e THnaM o ó m e t o 0ÓcT0HTe./ibCTB0, 4 t o npHCBoeHHe p e H T H e c T b 3K0H0MHHeCK3H kho y T B e p «A3Tb, »ito K . M s p n c p a c c M a T p H B a j i aoxoa KaK 4>opMy peajiH3au,HH coóctBeHHOCTH Ha CpeACTBa np0H3B0ACTBa h n p o A y K T b i T p y A a e e cyó"beKTOM. H H a n e coócTBeHHOCTb He HMeeT a a h H e r o p e a J i b H o r o S K O H O M H i e c K o r o 3HaHeHHH. B 3tom, n o H a m e M y mhchhk), h coctoht ochobhoh KpHTepHH pa3JiHqeHHH (|)OpM peaJIH3an,HH COÓCTBeHHOCTH B y3KOM CMblC^e OT A p y r H X e e (J)OpM. T j i a B H o e 3 A e c b 3aKjnoqaeTCH b tom, hto6h BbiaBHTb x a p a K T e p h TecHOTy CBH3H TOH HAH HHOH COUHaJIbHO-SKOHOMHHeCKOH ^ O P M W C npHCBOeHHCM cpeACTB np0H3B0ACTBa h pe3yAbTaTOB T p y A a . H e n o c p e A C T B e H H a j j CBH3b Tex HJ1H HHblX SKOHOMHqeCKHX npOUeCCOB C OTHOUieHHHMH COÓCTBeHHOCTH Ha cpeACTBa np0H3B0ACTBa x a p a K T e p H 3 y e T , Ha Harn B3rJiflA, (JiopMy p e a j i H 3 a u H H COÓCTBeHHOCTH B y3KOM 3HaHeHHH. E c A H JKe yKa3aHHbie n p o n e C C H HMeiOT o n o c p e A O B a H H y i o (BTopHHHyio, TpeTHHHyro h t . a . ) CBH3b c npHCBoeHHeM cpeACTB npOH3BOACTBa, TO HaJIHUO (|)OpMbI peaJIH3ai],HH COÓCTBeHHOCTH B

mnpoKOM CMbicjre. 3

K.

MapKc

h

4>. S n r e j i b c ,

Coi., t . 25, h. II, cip. 183.

8

B. UAKYHOB

HanpnMep,

6yp>Kya3H3a

coScTBeHHocTb

peajiH3yeTCH

jvia

KanHTajiHcra

B n p H C B o e H H H npHÓbiJiH, H a K o n j i e H H H K a n H T a j i a , p o c T e e r o j i H H H o r o B a H T. a .

Be3

ajiH3au.HH

KanHTajiHCTHHeoKoft

K3MH

S T o r o OHa He n p e a c T a B j i a e T

HaCTHOrO

xapaKTep.

npHCBOeHHa

9TO

npOH3BOAHHe

OT

coócTBeHHocTH

CpeflCTB

HaKJiaflbiBaeT FLOXOAOB

HHTepeca /yia B

floxo^ax

npOH3BOflCTBa,

nenaTb

(J)OpMbI p e 3 J I H 3 3 U , H H

orpaHHqeHa

HOCHT

orpaHHneHHocTH

óoraTCT-

nero. O^HaKO

pepaM-

napa3HTH^eCKH8

H napa3HTH3Ma

KailHTajIHCTHHeCKOH

H Ha CO6CT-

BeHHOCTH. C0U,HaJibH0-3K0H0MHqecK0e

CO^epMaHHe

OÓMECTBEHHOFT

CO6CTB6HHOCTH

T a K H c e p e a ^ H 3 y e T C H B B H ^ e AOXOAOB H n p a M b i x p e 3 y ; i b T 3 T O B HX HHH. H o K>Tca

rpaHHUH

flo

peaJiH3au,HH

MacuiTaSoB

ocymecTBJieHHa,

Beerò

oómecTBa

B03HHKaK)T

(J)OpMbI p e a j I H 3 a U H H

B uejioM,

H aeftcTByioT

COÓCTBeHHOCTH B

H JIHHHOCTH. S T O T p e S y e T HHa (})OPM p e a ; i H 3 a u H H

Hcn0Jib30Ba-

COUHAJIHCTH^ECKOFT CO6CTB6HHOCTH H3MeHaiOTca

cneu.H(})HqecKHe

fleHTeJIbHOCTH

oóorameHHa

AJIH

ee

couH3JiH3Ma

Tpy^OBblX

MeTOflOJiorHqecKofl

pa3flBHra-

npHHUHnbi

KOJIJieKTHBOB

6a3bi

HccjieAOBa-

COUHAJIHCTHQECKOH COÓCTBEHHOCTH H a c p e A C T B a

npo-

H3BOACTB3. BajKHo

HcxoflHTb

H3

Toro,

K0JIX03H0-K00nepaTHBHaa HHHeCKOM e A H H C T B e , Ma.

3Ta

pojib

O6I>eKTHBHbiH

MTO

(|>OpMbI

COCTaBJIHH HX

Ha

cpeacTBa

peajiH3auHH

OÓMECTBA, H3 q e r o , B CBOK» o ^ e p e A b , HOBHbie Beerò

(})OpMbI

peajIH3aUHH

ofìmecTBa

B uejioM,

3JIbH0-3K0H0MHMeCKHX BMECTE c

(rocyaapcTBeHHaa)

(JjVHKUHOHHpyiOT

OCHOBy SKOHOMHqeCKOH

coócTBeHHoeTH xapaKTep

o6meHapoflHaa

C06cTBeHH0CTH

CHCTeMbI

npoH3Bo.ncTBa

npejKAe

Beerò

B

COU.H3JIH3-

oóycjioBJiHBaeT

B HHTepecax

Beerò

BbiTeKaeT He06x0AHM0CTb Bbi£e;iaTb

COUHa^HCTHqeCKOH

pacKpbiBaTb

COÓCTBeHHOCTH H a

oómeHapo^HbiH

H

opra-

xapaKTep

oc-

ypOBHe

HX

COUH-

(J)yHKUHH.

TCM CJIEAYET y q H T b i B a T b

H pa3JiHHHa

B ypoBHax

NPHCBOEHHA

c p e f l . c T B n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B a , HX o é o ó m e c T B J i e H H a , I T O n o p o J t u u e T H e K O T o p b i e o c o ÓeHHOCTH B OCymeCTBJTeHHH CTBeHH0CTH.

K 3 > K A 0 H H3 A B y X

OÒmeHapoAHaa

c a RJIABHBIM 0 Ó p a 3 0 M B M a c i m a S a x X03H0-K00nepaTHBHaa

(j)OpM COUHajIHCTHqeCKOH

(rocyAapcTBeHHaa)

coócTBeHHOCTb

H B HHTepecax oómecTBa

coócTBeHHOCTb

peajiH3yeTca

B

co6-

peajiH3yeT-

B uejioM.

paMKax

KOJI-

OTfleJibHbix

KOJiJieKTHBOB KOJIXO3HHKOB K a K c y 6 " b e K T O B c o ó c T B e H H o e T H

npe>K,ae B e e r ò

TEM

cooTBeTCTByrouiHX

npHCBoeHHa

HMH

BHyTpHK0JIX03HbIX paay

qHCToro

AOXOAS

npOH3BOflCTBeHHbIX

C 3THM B H a c T o a m e e

BpeMa

H

06pa30BaHHa

H HenpOH3BOflCTBeHHbIX

Bce

6ojiee

uiHpoKoe

ny-

(jjOHflOB.

Ha-

pa3BHTHe

nojiyqsiOT

M e > K X 0 3 a H C T B e H H b i e (J)OpMbI B b i p a > K e H H a K 0 J ] X 0 3 H 0 - K 0 0 n e p a T H B H 0 H

COÓCTBeH-

HOCTH. A H a j i H 3 (JjopM p e a ^ H 3 a u H H c o S c T B e H n o c T H H e o ó x o A H M o o c y m e c T B j i a T b H no

ypoBHHM

ee

B03M0MiH0CTb

Hcn0Jib30BaHHa

oÓHapy^HTb

06meHap0flH0H

H pacnopa>KeHHa

coócTBeHHoeTH

Ha y p o B H e

OTpacJiefl, o6"beAHHeHHH, n p e a n p H H T H H npoS^EMBI JlByX

peajiH3au,HH

JieKTHBHbie «ITO OHa

^OPMM

no3B0JiaeT

H XOSpaCHeTHblM

MOMeHTOB.

peaJIH3aUHH no^ynaTb

K3H3JI3M.

KOMnjieKca

B TBKOM

IlpemAe

aaHHOMy

peajiH3auHH oT^ejibHbix

HccjieflOBaHHe

BKjiro^aeT

aHajiH3

HaflO H C C J i e f l 0 B 3 T b no

4TO 0 6 m e H 3 p 0 f l H 0 e

Mepe3 nojiyqeHHe cooTBeTCTByromeft

r o c})OHaa 3 a p 3 6 0 T H 0 H

IUISTH H H c n 0 J i b 3 0 B 3 H H e

TO,

ueHTpajiH30BaHHbiM npHCBOe-

HHE C P E J C T B N P 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B 3 H P E 3 Y J I B T A T 0 B T P Y A A KAHIFLBIII TPYAOBON THB o c y m e c T B J i a e T

KOJI-

COÓCTBeHHOCTH, TO e C T b

KOJiJieKTHBy

n0K333Tb,

HOAXOA AAET

oTpac^efi,

acneKTe

Beerò

OÓmeHapOAHOH

BsJKHO

TaKofi K e H H H oó-beAHHeHHH h npeAnpHHTHH cpeACTB

np0H3B0ACTBa, yjiyqiuaiOTCH ycjiobhh TpyA3 h t. a- rio HaineMy mhchhio,

pa3JiHMHbie (J)OHflbi, c o 3 A a B a e M b i e Ha aaHHOM y p o B H e opraHH3auHH o ó m e c T BeHHoro npOH3BOACTBa, m o j k h o onpeAeJiHTb k s k x o 3 p a c q e T H b i e cjjopMbi 0 6 meHapOAHOrO npHCBOeHHH, B03HHKH0BeHHe KOTOpblX 06yCJI0BJieH0 HCnOJlb30B3HHCM CpeACTB npOH3BOACTB3 B OTACJIbHblX TpyAOBblX KOJIJieKTHBaX. T p y A O B b i e KOJIAeKTHBbl K0AX030B H Me)KK0./IX03HbIX npeAnpHHTHH H oó-heAHH e H H H peajiH3yiOT o ó m e H a p o A H y i o c o ó c T B e H H o e T b n o T e M >Ke s k o h o m h h c CKHM H COII,H3JIbHbIM KaH3A3M, HTO H TpyAOBbie KOJIJieKTHBbl b 0 Ó m e H 3 p 0 A HOM CeKTOpe 3K0H0MHKH. B M e C T e C TeM OHH o 6 p a 3 y K ) T H COÓCTBeHHbie 4>OHAbl BOCnpOH3BOACTBa, KOTOpbie 3AeCb BbICTynaiOT 4>OpM3MH npOHBJieHHH KOAJieKTHBHOrO npHCBOeHHH cpeACTB npOH3BOACTBa H p e 3 y j I b T a T O B T p y A a . T p y A O B b i e KOjuieKTHBbi, Kan y>Ke noAHepKHBa;iocb, peajiH3yiOT ceÓH b KanecTBe coBJiaAejibueB cpeACTB npOH3BoACTBa q e p e 3 ynpaBJieHne np0H3B0Ac t b o m . B x o A e coBepmeHCTBOBaHHH A a H H o r o n p o u e c c a c j i e A y e T p e u i H T e j i b Hee H3}KHB3Tb SJieMeHTbl (})0pMajIH3Ma npH BbinOAHeHHH KOJIJieKTHBaMH C B O h x y n p a B j i e H n e c K H x (jjyHKUHH, npeAocTaBJiHTb h m e m e ó o j i b i i i H e n p a B a b y n paBjieHHH A e j i a M H ó p n r a A , u e x o B , npeAnpHHTHH, oÓT>eAHHeHHH. O c o ó e H H o ueHeH onbiT nepeAOBbix KOMnjieKCHbix x o 3 p a c n e T H b i x ó p n r a A , b AeHTejibHocTH KOTOpblX ycneiiiHO pe3JiH3yiOTCH (j)yHKu,HH c o B A a A e A b i t e B cpeACTB np0H3B0ACTBa h HenocpeACTBeHHHX np0H3B0AHTe;ieH. C o u H a j i H C T H q e c K a a c o ó c T B e H H o e T b Ha cpeACTBa np0H3B0ACTBa p e a j i H 3yeTCH h b jinqHbix (JiopMsx. 3 a A a q a c o c t o h t b t o m , h t o ó h q e p e 3 B33HMOCBH3b OÓmeCTBeHHblX H KOAJieKTHBHblX ({)OpM BblHBJIHTb JIHHHbie (})OpMbI p e 3JIH33UHH 0 6 m e H 3 p 0 A H 0 H COÓCTBeHHOCTH, TO eCTb BCKpbIB3Tb, KaK (JjOpMH pe3AH33UHH, CKJI3AHB3IOIII,HeCH Ha BCeX ypOBHHX (J)yHKIÍH0HHp0B3HH3 OÓlH,eH3p0AH0H COÓCTBeHHOCTH, CHHTe3HpyK)TCH B pOCTe ÓJISrOCOCTOHHHH TpyAHm n x c f l h B c e c T o p o H H e M p 3 3 b h t h h j i h m h o c t h . 3 t o T p e ó y e T npe>KAe B c e r o CHCTeMHoro x a p 3 K T e p s aH3jiH3a, BbiAejieHHH rjiaBHbix e r o c ^ a r a e M b i x n o ypOBHHM OpraHH33II,HH OÓmeCTBeHHOrO npOH3BOACTB3 H n 0 K 3 3 3 HX BCeo6üI,eH noAqHHeHHocTH AaHHOMy ocHOBHOMy n p o u e c c y couH3jibHo-3KOHOMHqecKoro P33BHTHH OÓmeCTBS. T 3 K 0 H nOAXOA K aHaJIH3y pea^H33UHH C0UH3AHCTHqeCKOH COÓCTBeHHOCTH HMeeT npHHUHnH3JIbHOe 3H3MeHHe. O h BbITeK3eT H3 o6"beKTHBHoro eAHHCTBa e e (})opM h B e A y m e ñ p o j i n o ó m e n a p o A H O H c o ó c T B e H HOCTH, H3 BblCUieH U,ejIH OÓmeCTBeHHOrO npOH3BOACTB3 H n03B0JIHeT nOKa33Tb, b neM c o c t o h t p e s j i b H o e npoHBjieHHe K3>KAoro T p y A H i u e r o c H b K a q e ci'Be c o B J i 3 A e ^ b u a cpeACTB np0H3B0ACTBa h p e 3 y j i b T a T 0 B T p y A a . H , HaKOHeU,, pa3BHB3IOTCH HAH HeT (J)OpMbI peaAH33UHH OÓlUeHapOAHOH COÓCTBeHHOCTH Ha CpeACTB3 npOH3BOACTB3? OTBeT npeACT3BAHeTCH OAHO3H3qHbIM H nOJIO>KHTejIbHbIM. ECAH p33BHB3eTCH C3M3 0 6 m e H a p 0 A H 3 H C06CTBeHHOCTb K a K npHCBOeHHe CpeACTB np0H3B0ACTB3 H c n o c o ó COeAHHeHHH HX c HenocpeACTBeHHbiMH np0H3B0AHTejiHMH, t o e m e 6 b i c T p e e h M H o r o o 6 p 3 3 H e e MOryT p33BHB3TbCH C0UH3JIbH0-3K0H0MHqeCKHe (})OpMbI e e p e a j I H 3 a n H H . B a HKe OTHÍHBSIOmHX $ O p M pe3JII133UHH COÓCTBeHHOCTH. H e MeHee CymeCTBeHHO BblflBJieHHe H Tex (J)OpM pe3JIH33UHH, KOTOpbie B03HHK3I0T K 3 K p e 3 y A b T a T cóJiH^íeHHa h qacTHHHoro c ^ h h h h h o ó m e H a p o A H o ñ H KOJIXO3hoK00nep3THBH0H (J)OpM COÓCTBeHHOCTH H 3 CpeACTB3 npOH3BOACTB3. C TOHKH 3peHHH ó o j i e e AAHTejibHoñ nepcneKTHBbi y » e c e ñ n s c H e o ó x o A H M 3 n p o r H 0 3 H 3 H X3paKTepHCTHK3 TeX ^ O p M pe3JIH33U,HH COÓCTBeHHOCTH, KOTOpbie B03HHKHyT n p n nojiHOM c a h h h h h 3 t h x (J)opM b eAHHyio o ó m e H a p o A H y i o COUHaJIHCTHHeCKyiO COÓCTBeHHOCTb.

B. IlAKyHOB

10

X U H y c n e i i i H o r o npHMeHeHHH yKa3aHHbix MeTOAOJiorH^ecKHx T p e ó o B a HHÌi Ba>KHO ytlHTbIBaTb, I T O OTHOUieHHe COÓCTBeHHOCTH Ha CpeflCTBa npOH3BoacTBa CBH33HO c MaTepHajibHO-BemecTBeHHbiMH o6-beKTaMH. 3 T O O6CTOHTejibCTBO n03B0JiHeT roBopHTb o ( } ) o p M a x 9KOHOMHHecKOH H 4>opMax c o UHajibHoft pea^H3au,HH COÓCTBCHHOCTH Ha c p e a c T B a n p o H 3 B o a c T B a . M e > K A y 3THMH 4 l 0 P M a M H CymeCTByeT TeCHaH CBH3b H B3aHM033BHCHM0CTb. OHH OÓpa3yioTCH Ha Bcex ypoBHHX (JjyHKUHOHHpoBaHHH H pea^H3au,HH o ó m e H a p o A HOH COÓCTBeHHOCTH, HMeiOT CKB03H0H X a p a K T e p . K SKOHOMHWeCKHM (})OpMaM pea^H3aunH oómeHapoaHOH CO6CTB6HHOCTH c j i e a y e T 0TH0CHTb, Ha Haiu B3rjiHA, Te p e 3 y j i b T a T H o G m e c T B e H H o r o np0H3B0flCTBa, KOTOpue x a p a K T e p n 3yiOT e r o SKOHOMHMeCKyiO StJxJieKTHBHOCTb, a K COUHaJlbHblM — BCe HBfleHHH H n p o u e c c u , B b i p a » a i o m H e HenpepbiBHoe o ó o r a m e H H e ycjioBHH pa3BHTHH KJiaccoB, c o u H a j i b H b i x r p y n n H JIHHHOCTH B x o a e noBbimeHHH CTeneHH 3 p e j i o CTH couHajibHOH o f l H o p o f l H o e T H o f i m e c T B a . P a c c M O T p H M HX n o a p o Ó H e e , He n p e T e H ^ y a Ha 3aK0H*ieHH0e BbiflejieHHe T3KHX 4>opM H3 Bcefi C0B0KynH0CTH COUHajIbHO-SKOHOMHqeCKHX (J)OpM pa3BHTHH o ó m e c T B a . K IHCJiy 3K0H0MHMeCKHX (J)OpM p e a j l H 3 a i l H H OÓmeHapOflHOH COÓCTBeHHOCTH, n o HarneMy MHeHHio, OTHOCHTCH, BO-nepBbix, pa3BHTHe npoH3Bo.ncTBa flJIH flOCTHJKeHHfl KOHeqHblX Hap0AH0X03HHCTBeHHbIX p e 3 y j I b T a T 0 B . ZleJIO B TOM, qTO jxeficTBHTejibHaH peajiH3au.HH o ó m e H a p o f l H o r o npncBoeHHH HMeeT MecTO jiHuib T o r ^ a , Koi\na Bce 3BenbH npoH3BoacTBa opneHTHpyiOTCH Ha KOH e i H H H HapoflHoxo3HHCTBeHHHH p e 3 y j i b T a T H oóecneMHBaiOT e r o AocTHJKeHHe. BOT n o n e M y nojiyneHHK) B b i c o n o r o K O H e i H o r o HapOAHOxo3HHCTBeHHoro p e 3 y j I b T a T a AOJIJKHbl ÓHTb nOflHHHeHbl cjjyHKUHOHHpOBaHHe X03HHCTBeHH0r0 MexaHH3Ma, CHCTeMa e r o imaHOBbix H oueHOHHbix n o K a s a T e j i e f i . B o r i b i u o e 3 H a q e H « e a j i h peajiH3au,HH o ó m e H a p o f l H o f i CO6CTBCHHOCTH B STOM a c n e K T e HMeeT npeTBopeHHe B >KH3Hb noJio>KeHHfi nocTaHOB^eHHH U K K 1 1 C C H COBeTa MHHHCTPOB CCCP OT 12 HK)ji3 1979 r., pemeHHH HoaópbCKoro (1982 r.) H aeKaSpbCKoro (1983 r . ) njieHyMOB Ù.K K n C C . AaJibHefliiiee pa3BHTHe p a c c M a T p H B a e M o f t cj)opMbi peajiH3au.HH COSCTBCHHOCTH COCTOHT B nOCTOHHHOM y j i y q i I i e H H H KOHeHHblX Hap0flH0X03HHCTBeHHbIX pe3yjlbTaT0B flJIH JOCTHJKeHHH nOJIHOTH yflOBJieTBOpeHHH npOH3BOACTBeHHHX H JIHIHblX noTpeÓHOCTefl 3a cneT B e e r ò o è m e c T B a . B0-BT0pbIX, nOBblIlieHHe 3C}>4>eKTHBH0CTH npOH3BOflCTBa, 3K0H0MH0e HCn0Jib30BaHHe M a T e p a a j i b H b i x , T p y a o B b i x H HHHX npoH3Bo^cTBeHHbix p e c y p COB, «ITO HaXOflHT CBOe BbipaJKeHHe B pOCTe np0H3B0^HTe,nbH0CTH T p y A a , CHHKEHHH ce6ecTOHMOCTH n p o a y K U H H , noBbiuieHHH e e K a q e c T B a , BO B c e x BHFLAX p33yMHOH 3K0H0MHH. B c e 3T0 CHHTe3HpyeTCH B pOCTe HaiiHOHajlbHOrO flOXOa a . B 1 9 8 3 r. HauHOHa^bHHH aoxoa CTpaHbi, Hcno;ib30BaHHbiH Ha H a K o n j i e HH€ H NOTPEÓJIEHHE, Ha 7 2 % Bbime, QEM B 1 9 7 0 r . , H COCTABJIHJI 5 3 6 , 4 M^pa. py6. B-TpeTbHX, p o c T o ó m e c T B e H H o r o 6oraTCTBa B eAHHCTBe Bcex e r o a j i e MeHTOB (npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX H HenpOH3BOACTBeHHbIX OCHOBHblX (J)OHflOB, J1HqHOÌi COÓCTBeHHOCTH TpyAHUiHXCH H T. fl.). HaUHOHa^bHOe ÓOraTCTBO ( 6 e 3 CTOHMOCTH 3eMJiH, Heflp H JiecoB) B 1983 r. n o cpaBHeHHio c 1970 r . B03p0cJIO 6 o ^ e e qeM B 2,3 p a 3 a H cocTaBHJio 3,2 TpHjijiHOHa pyó/ieH. O c o ó e H H O BaJKHoe 3HaqeHHe HMCIOT ó b i c T p o e yBejiHHeHHe H y ^ y q m e H H e OCHOBHHX npoH3BOACTBeHHblX (J)OHAOB, COCTaBJIHIOmHX TJiaBHblH 3JieMeHT SKOHOMHqeCKOrO n o T e H u n a j i a CTpaHH. C TOHKH 3peHHH P 3 3 b h t h h a a H H o r o c n o c o ó a p e a ^ H 3 a UHH o ó m e H a p o A H o f l co6cTBeHHocTH HanóoJiee c y m e c T B e H H o e 3HaqeHHe HMeeT nOBUUieHHe ypOBHH HCn0JIb30BaHHH OCHOBHHX npOH3BOflCTBeHHbIX (J)OHflOB. Ae-NO B TOM, HTO TOJIbKO npH paUHOHajIbHOM HX HCn0JIb30BaHHH nO^HOCTbio peajiH3yiOTCH H HopMaJibHO B0cnp0H3B0AHTca oTHouieHHH o ó i n e H a p o A HOH COÓCTBeHHOCTH Ha Cpe^CTBa npOH3BOACTBa. BMECTE E TEM ó o j i b m y i o p o ^ b nrpaiOT y B e ^ n q e H H e H y j i y q u i e H H e HCn0Jlb30B3HHH OCHOBHUX HenpOH3BOACTBeHHbIX (})OHFLOB, KOTOpbie COCTaB^HIOT MATEPNA^BHYIO

6A3Y

(JIYHKUHOHHPOBAHHH

H PA3BHTHFL

COUHAJIBHOFL

HH(J)pa-

11

«POPMbI PEAJ1H3AIJHH OBmEHAPOflHOH COBCTBEHHOCTH

CTpyKTypbi

oömecTBa,

OÖmeHapOÄHOH

HBJiHiomeHCH

COÓCTBeHHOCTH

Ha

cymecTBeHHbiM CpeACTBa

4>aKTopoM

peajiH3au,HH

npOH3BOÄCTBa

H pe3yjIbTaTbI

pea^H3aUHH

COÓCTBeHHOCTH

TpyAa. B-HeTBepTbIX,

SKOHOMHHeCKHe

(j)OpMbI

BKJiíOHaíOT n o B b i m e H H e y p o B H 3 o ó o ó m e c T B j i e H H H Hoe

co3peBaHHe

ero

3KOHOMHH6CKHX

HHHeCKOH 6 a 3 e K O M M y H H 3 M a . P e i b

(JjopM,

H noereneH-

np0H3B0ACTBa

a^eKBaTHbix

M3TepH3JibH0-Tex-

HAeT O TOM, HTO TOJlbKO OTHOineHHH COUH-

ajIHCTHHeCKOH COÓCTBeHHOCTH Ha CpeACTBS npOH3BOÄCTBa M O r y T HCTOpH^eCKH B T3KHX

peajIH30BbIBaTbCH B e A y T K C03A3HHI0 HHH « e

SKOHOMHHeCKHX

^ O p M a X , KOTOpbie

M3TepH3JIbH0-TeXHHqeCK0H

6a3bl

33KOHOMepHO

KOMMyHH3M3.

K a n H T a ^ H C T H n e c K O H COÓCTBeHHOCTH B cHJiy e e q a c T H o r o

OTHOIIie-

xapaKTepa,

K a K 6bl BHCOKO HH 6bIJI3 p 3 3 B H T 3 HX M a T e p H a J I b H a H OCHOBa, H e M O r y T neHHTb

C03A3HHH

MSTepHajIbHO-TeXHHieCKOH

6a3hl,

afleKBaTHOH

oóec-

COU,HaJIH3-

My, a TeM ó o j i e e KOMMyHH3My. B-nHTblX,

H

B03HHKHOBeHHe

p33BHTHe

MHpOBOro

C0UH3JIHCTHHeCK0r0

XO3HHCTBA, COUHAJIHCTHHECKOH 3 K 0 H 0 M H H e c K 0 H H H T e r p a u H H . 3TOT

MEXAYHA-

P O Ä H M H n p o u e c c HBAHCTCH s K O H O M H i e c K O H (J)0PM0H p e 3 j i H 3 3 u , H H o ö m e c T B e H HOH

COÓCTBeHHOCTH K

B

COI^HajIbHblM

MOXHO,

Ha

MHpOBOH

peaJIH3aUHH

COUHajIHCTHqeCKOH OÖmeHapOAHOH

B 3 r j i H A , OTHCCTH c j i e A y i o m n e

Harn

ÄOXOÄOB

peajibHbix

M3CIlIT36e

(J)OpMaM

H3cejieHHH,

npoueccbi.

noBbimeHHe

ypoBHH

CHCTeMbl.

COÓCTBeHHOCTH

Bo-nepßbix,

pocT

yAoßjieTBopeHHH

ero

M3TepH3JIbHbIX H AyXOBHblX ÜOTpeÓHOCTeH, UTO BbipaJKaeTCH B COOTBeTCTByromHX

noKa3aTejiax.

1 9 8 3 r. ö b u i H cpaBHeHHio rne

B pacneTe

B b i m e , ueM B 1 9 7 0 r . B o j i e e

c AOXOASMH

oöecneqeHHbix

AOXOAH

PeajibHbie

Ha 5 4 %

Beerò

ceMbHx. B

HaceJieHHH

HaceJieHHH B

Ha A y u i y

BWCOKHMH TEMNAMH

y B e j i H H H B a j i H C b AOXOAH

1 9 6 5 r . TOJIBKO 4 %

no

B MEHEE

HaceJieHHH HMeJio AOXOA C B H -

1 0 0 p y ß . B Mecnii, Ha q j i e H 3 c e M b H , B 1 9 7 0 r . — 1 8 % , a B 1 9 8 3 r . — OKOJIO

60%

HaceJieHHH.

JieHHH

Ha

HanpaBjieHa

CTBJieHHe

KOTOpOH

«ajibHenuiee

noBbimeHHe

c0UH3JibH0-9K0H0MHiiecK3H 03Hai3eT

pa3BHTHe

AOXOAOB

pesjibHux nojiHTHKa

A3HHO8

(JjopMH

napTHH,

Haceocyme-

pe3JiH3au.HH

06-

JIHHHOCTH,

npe-

m e H a p O Ä H O H COÓCTBeHHOCTH. Bo-BTopux,

Bce ó o j i e e

nojiHoe

pa3BHTHe

cnocoÓHOCTeñ

K f l e Beerò cnocoÓHocTeíí K T p y a y . BbipaxoeTCH

STO B p o c T e K B a j i H ( j ) H K a u H H

p a ö o T H H K O B , n o B b i m e H H H HX o ó m e o ó p a s o B a T e j i b H o r o h K y j i b T y p H o r o y p o B H H , B B 0 3 p a C T 3 H H H T p y A O B O H 3KTHBH0CTH M3CC, B UIHpOKOM yUaCTHH T p y A H I U H X CH B y n p a B J i e H H H IIpOH3BOÄCTBOM H OÓmeCTBOM B UejIOM. B A a J I b H e H I I i e M BepmeHCTBOBaHHH Ba^HaH

3TOH ^)OJ)MbI

pojib npHHaÄJieÄHT

peajIH33U,HH 0 6 m e H 3 p 0 Ä H 0 H

co-

COÓCTBeHHOCTH

pacrnnpeHHio caMocTOHTejibHocra

npe^npHHTHH

H o ß - b e A H H e H H H , OCymeCTBJieHHIO pet})OpMbI IIIKOJIbl. B-TpeTbHX, B oömecTBe pOflOM rpynn).

H

nocTeneHHoe

aepeBHeñ, 3a.

npeoAOJieHHe

couHajibHo-KJiaccoBbix

pa3JMHHH

( M e J K Ä y K J i a c c a M H , M e j K A y HHMH H H H T e j i j i H r e H U H e í í , ME>KAy r o a

T3K>Ke

nocjieAHHe

roAbi

P33JIH1HH

BHyTpH

B pe3yjibT3Te

KJI3CC0B

ocymecTBjieHHH

H

COU,HajlbHbIX

BascHbix

a j I b H b l X M e p o n p H H T H H y p O B e H b p e a J I b H U X ÄOXOAOB K0JIX03HHK0B n o

COUH-

OTHOIlie-

HHK) K p e a j i b H b i M A 0 X 0 A 3 M p s ó o M H x H c j i y > K a m H x B p a c ^ e T e H3 Q^ENA c e M b H noBUCHjicH c 8 0 %

B 1 9 7 0 r . AO ö o j i e e n e M 9 0 %

b 1 9 8 3 r. B o j l b i u o e

3HaneHHe

HMeAO B B e A e H H e r a p a H T H p o B a H H o ñ o n j i 3 T b i T p y A a B K 0 j i x 0 3 a x , eAHHOH CHCTeMbi n e H C H O H H o r o

H couna^bHoro

COÓCTBeHHOCTH H3 C p e A C T B a

oßecneqeHHH.

PeajiH3au,HH

npOH3BOACTB3 OCymeCTBJIHeTCH

o6meH3poAHoñ H B ( } ) O p M e yCH-

AeHHH COUHaJIbHOH OÄHOpOÄHOCTH OÖIUeCTBa H AOCTH>KeHHH COIIHajIbHOTO p a BeHCTBa

TpyAHIUHXCH,

HHM y c j i o B H e M

p33BHTHH

ocyiuecTBJieHHH

COIÍH3JIHCTHieCKOTO SToro

06pa3a

3aK0H0MepH0r0

3KTHBH3H A e H T e A b H O C T b MeCTHblX C O B e T O B , Ha HTO y K 3 3 b I B 3 A KO B p e ^ H H3 a n p e ^ b C K O M B-neTBepTbix, P3BHHB3HHH POBOH

Bce

(1984 r.)

öojiee

IljieHyMe Ü,K

COUHajlHCTH^eCKOH

CHCTeMH

Ba>K-

HBjiHeTCH

K. y .

4epHeH-

KÜCC. 33K0H0MepH0CTb

BH-

H COUHaAbHOrO p33BHTHH C T p a H

MH-

neTKO n p o H B J i n i o m a H C H

y p O B H e f t SKOHOMHHeCKOTO

ÄH3HH.

npouecca

B npOUeCCe

HX

COTpyAHHHeCTBa

H

B3a-

B. UAKYHOB

12

HMOnOMOmH.

B

3TOM

COCTOHT

MeJKÄyHapOÄHOe

COÄep>KaHHe

C0UH3JIbH0H

COÖCTBCHHOCTH Ha c p e A C T B a

( j ) o p M b i peaJiH3au,HH o ó m e H s p o A H o ñ

np0H3B0A-

cTBa H n p o Ä y K T u T p y ß a . Hs3BaHHbie

Beerò

H npoueccbi

COÔCTBeHHOCTH

couHajibHoro coaepxaHHH Hc^epnbiBaiOT

HBJICHHH

oömecTBeHHbie

JIH33UHK) O Ö m e H a p O Ä H O H

xapaKTepH3yiOT

B eÄHHCTBe

ee

H, B e p o H T H O , He

Ha y p o B H e H a p t x n H o r o x o 3 H H C T B a

pa3Hoo6pa3Ha

STOH

(j)opM

pea-

3KOHOMHMeCKOrO H

peajiH3auHH.

TpeöyiOTca

a a j i b H e H i i i H e , ö o j i e e a e T a ^ b H b i e HCCJieaoBaHHH a s h h o í í n p o 6 j i e M b i . O f l H a K O H H a 3 B a H H b i e n p o u e c c b i , K a K H a M n p e ^ c T a B j i H e T c a , ö o j i e e HJIH M e H e e ÄOCTOBepHO p a C K p b I B a i O T OCHOBHbie (JlOpMbI p e a j I H 3 a U H H O Ö m e H a p O Ä H O H CTH B M a c i r i T a ö e

oömecTBa.

COÔCTBCHHO-

(JjopMH H n p o H 3 B o ^ H b i e

OöosHaqeHHbie

nOCTOHHHO pa3BHB3K)TCH B eÄHHOM IipOUeCCe COBepmeHCTBOBaHHfl

OT HHX

npOH3BOa-

CTBeHHblX OTHOIÜ6HHH. Pa3BHTHe CpeACTBa

H

CÔJIHHieHHe Ä B y X

npOH3BOACTBa,

33K0H0MepH0 npHBeflyT CTH^eCKOH

(J)OpM OÔmeCTBeHHOH

COUHaJIbHO-SKOHOMHHeCKHX

COÔCTBeHHOCTH

(|)OpM HX

Ha

pea^H3aUHH

K B03HHKH0BeHHK) eÄHHOH O Ö I I i e H a p O Ä H O H C0UH3.JIH-

COÖCTBeHHOCTH,

K yHH(f)HUHpOB3HHHM

(})0pM3M

ee

peaJIH3aU,HH.

K o r a a STO p e a j i b H O MO>KeT n p o H 3 o Ö T H ? M c K y c c T B e H H o y c K o p a T b HJIH 3 a M e a JIHTb

npouecc

ri03T0My

CJIHHHHH

Äßyx

CBH3bIB3Tb

H

ero

KÄeHHe, ô y ^ T o HOH

COÔCTBeHHOCTH

Ha

CpeßCTBa

3aAaqa

co3aaTb

MaTe-

npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTb

H30ÔHjiHe M a T e p n a j i b H b i x ÔJiar, B O C I I H -

Tpy.ua Ä O ypOBHH, o ö e c n e q H B a i o m e r o TaTb

nOBbICHTb

K

flepexofl

( j j O p M e OÔmeCTBeHHOH COÔCTBeHHOCTH —

B

nojie3Hbifl T p y a

npeOÄOJieTb

flaHHOH

CBH3H

Heo6oCHOB3HHMM

n e p e x o a k e ^ H H o ñ (J>opMe

npOH3BOaCTBa

Ôy^eT

cTaHeT

COUHajIbHOoömecTBeH-

03H3M3Tb

BMeCTe

c

TEM H n e p e x o f l o ö m e c T B a K B b i c m e f l ( } ) a 3 e K O M M y H H 3 M a , I T O CÄHHOH d o p i n o l i 3T0H COÖCTBeHHOCTH MOJKeT C T a T b JIHHIb KOMMyHHCTHHeCKaH. OöoömecTBjieHHe

couHajiHCTHnecKoro

np0H3B0ÄCTBa

Ha

coBpeMeHHOM

s i a n e n p n o ß p e j i o M e > K Ä y H a p o Ä H b i H x a p a i c r e p . O H O ÜOCTOHHHO p a 3 B H B a e T C H B npouecce Ha

Me>K,n,yHap0AH0H

OCHOBe

COUHajIHCTHqeCKOM HOCTH.

H3

couHajiHCTHMecKoñ

CneiíHa^H3aUHH

H

X03HHCTBe

COBpeMeHHOM

SKOHOMHnecKOH

HHTerpauHH

K O O n e p H p O B a H H H npOH3BOÄCTBa. B B03HHK3IOT

3T3ne

MHpOBOM

0 6 l > e K T b I COBMeCTHOH

HHTepHaUHOHaJIH33IXHH

n e u i H O p 3 3 B H B a e T C H Ha OCHOBe (JiyHKiiHOHHpoBaHHH

COÖCTBeH-

npOH3BOflCTBa

jieHHOH c o ß c T B e H H O C T H O T Ä e j i b H b i x c o u H a j i H C T H q e c K H x C T p a H . r i p H 3 T 0 M HCXOÄHT

nOA"beM

p33BHTHH

HX

HaUH0H3JIbH0H

OTHOUieHHH OÖIUeCTBeHHOH

H3BOÄCTB3, CÔJIHJKeHHe

H qaCTH^HOe

BepIIieHCTBOBaHHH

CHCTeMH

Ho

öyjTo

MoryT

Been

STO B a K H o e Jiioöoe

CJieflCTBHe BeHHbie

H Bbip3BHHBaHHe

npo-

ypOBHeH

npOH3BOilCTBa.

Pa3BHTHe

Ma.

3KOHOMHKH

yc-

rocyaapcTBeHHo-o6oco6-

H3MeHeHHH

OTHOUieHHH,

B

B

npHCBOeHHH

coBepmeHCTBOBaTbCH

nojiojKeHHe

npoH3BoacTBeHHbix

OCOÖeHHO

äßyx

npOH3BOÄCTBeHHbIX

MeTOflo^ornqecKoe

H3MeHeHHe

COÖCTBeHHOCTH Ha

CJIHHHHe e e

HX

CpeflCTB

CpeACTBa

OTHOIlieHHH HEJIB3A

NOHHMATB

OTHOiueHHHx npOH3BOÄCTBa.

HenocpeACTBeHHoñ

co-

COUHajIH3-

ecTb

TAK,

npHMoe

npOH3BOaCT-

0praHH3aUH0HH0-3K0H0MHHeCKHH

B nopH^Ke

npo-

(J)OpM — OCHOBa

peaKUHH

CJIOH, Ha

H3-

MeHeHHH B y p O B H e p a 3 B H T H H npOH3BOÄHTeJIbHbIX CHJI. O H M M O r y T y j i y H I U a T b CH H B n o p H Ä K e

HcnpaBjieHHH p a H e e ÄonymeHHbix

HeAopaöoTOK B co3A3hhh

13

«fOPMbl PEAJIH3AIÍHH OEIHEHAPOflHOH COBCTBEHHOCTH

KOHKpeTHblX

(j)OpM X03HHCTB0BaHHH, M e p e 3

AJIBH0-3K0H0MHQECKAA

PEAAH3AUHH

KOTOpble

OCyiH,eCTBAHeTCH

O6LU6CTBCHHOH COÔCTBCHHOCTH

HA

COUHcpeA-

CTB3 npOH3BOACTBa. TeM

He

HAHßOJIEE c y m e c T B e H H b i e

MeHee

H3MeHeHHH B

np0H3B0ACTBeH-

HHX OTHOUieHHHX, K KOTOpbIM OTHOCHTCH n p O K A e BCERO K p y i I H b i e COUHajlbHOSKOHOMHMeCKHe npOU,eCCbI, npOHCXOÄHT nOA B03AeHCTBHeM pa3BHTHH H CÖJIHJKeHHH A B y X

cf)OpM OÔmeCTBeHHOH COÔCTBeHHOCTH Ha C p e A C T B a

npOH3BOACT-

B a . 3 T O K a c a e T C H , B o - n e p B b i x , pa3BHTHH n j i a H O M e p H O C T H K a K

o6î>eKTHBHoro

npOH3BOACTBeHHOrO OTHOIII6HHH H C 0 3 p e B 3 H H H HeOÓXOAHMOCTH

K0MIIJI6KCH0H

nepecTpOHKH

XOSHHCTBBHHOTO M e x a H H 3 M a ;

BO-BTopwx,

coBepmeHCTBOBaHHH

p a c n p e A e J i H T e j i b H U x OTHOIUGHHH C YCHJIEHHEM o p n e H T a u H H 3yjlbTâTbI H 6 o ^ e e npoÖAeM

npH

npeOAOAeHHH

nOAHOrO y n e i a

penieHHH

eAHHCTBa

KOHKpeTHbix

COIJ.HaAbHO-KAacCOBbIX

Ha KOHenHbie

SKOHOMHHeCKHX

BonpocoB;

B-TpeTbHx,

nocTeneHHoro

pa3JIH1HH B O Ö m e C T B e , nOBblllieHHH

UHaAbHOH OAHOpOAHOCTH CHCTeMbI npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX OTHOUieHHH; THX,

BbipaBHHBaHHH

ypOBHefl

pe-

H COUHaAbHblX co-

B-^eTBep-

SKOHOMHHeCKOrO pa3BHTHH B T e p p H T O p H a j I b -

HOM acneKTe H T. A. H3JIO>KeHHbie

TeOpeTHqeCKHe

nOJIO>KeHHH

O P33BHTHH

COUHaAbHO-3KO-

HOMH^eCKHX (|)OpM p 6 a A H 3 3 U H H 0 6 l U , e H a p 0 A H 0 H COÔCTBeHHOCTH Ha npOH3BOACTBa

B TeCHOH CBH3H C COBepUieHCTBOBaHHeM CHCTeMbI

BeHHblX OTHOUieHHH K a K UeJIOCTHOCTH n03B0JI3K)T qecKHe

BHBOAH.

HapoAHofl Aee

noAHo

TorAa,

UieHCTByeTCH

BCH

KorAa

B

Ha

cpeACTBa

ycneuiHo

CHCTeMa

rioCTOHHHO H a p a C T a i O I H H e TepHaJIH3yiOTCH,

CAeAaTb BaÄHbie

T ^ a B H b i H H3 HHX COCTOHT B TOM, i t o

coöcTBeHHocTH

(JjyHKUHOHHpyeT

npaKTH-

BO3MO>KHOCTH peajiH3yiOTCH

H cBoeBpeineHHo

OTHOUieHHH

o6meH3H6OcoBep-

COHHaAH3Ma.

B03MOJKHOCTH O Ö m e H a p O A H O H COÔCTBeHHOCTH

CBOK) O H e p e A b ,

aKTOpOM n o B w i i i e H H H

npoH3ßoflH-

TejIbHOCTH O Ö m e C T B e H H O r O T p y Ä a . B CB33H C 3THM BaJKHeÖIIIHM 3BCHOM 3KOHOMOTecKOH n o j i H T H K H n a p r a H HBJiHeTCH e e H a y « H o - T e x H H q e c K a a HayHHO-TexHHHecKaa

nojiHTHKa

npeßCTaBJiaeT

coöofi

nojiHTHKa.

cncTeMy

SKOHOMHqe-

CKHX, 0 p r a H H 3 a u , H 0 H H H x H H A e o j i o r H q e c K H x M e p n a p r a n , r o c y ^ a p c T B a H T p y floßux

m/iJieKTHBOB,

HanpaßjieHHbix

Ha n j i a H 0 M e p H 0 e

(JjopMHpoßaHHe

r o n p H H T H H X yCJIOBHH flJIH pa3BHTHH H a y K H , C03Ä3HHH Ha 6 a 3 e e e

ÖJia-

AOCTHJKe-

HHH TeXHHKH H TeXHOJIOrHH, OTBeMaK>lH,HX T p e 6 0 B a H H H M

HeyKJIOHHOTO COUH-

a^bH0-3K0H0MHqecK0r0

oßmecTBa.

CHCTeMa

nporpecca

yKa3aHHbix

cou,HajiHCTHnecKoro

Taic HJIH H H a n e 3 a T p a r H B a e T

Mep

HHTepecu

KjiaccoB H couHajibHbix rpynn oßmecTBa, H noaTOMy AeaTe;ibHocTb B OTHOCHTCH

oö^acTH KOHeiHOM HäMH

CieTe

K cKeHepOB n o

eme

3btom3th33uhh

HaqsTo

MOAyAeH,

BeAyT

oöy^eHHe

np0eKTHp0B3HHH,

noA-

cneuH3-

yBejIHqeHbl

KOHCTpyHpOB3HHK) H n p 0 H 3 B 0 A -

CTBy M H K p o n p O U e C C O p H O H T e X H H K H , H T. A5 CM. B. A . n o K p o B C K H Ô , ycKopeHHe HayHHO-TexHHiecKoro nporpecca. H3ÄaTe^bCTBC «SKOHOMHKa», 1983 r., crp- 132. 6 CM. « n p a B A a » , 26/VI 1984 r.

EflHHCTBO HAyHHO-TEXHHHECKOH nOJIHTHKH

HTP

B YC^OBHHX

SHeprHH

BHflOB

TejibHOH

H

TexHHKH

npoueccoB,

c o u n a ^ H 3 M A — STO HE n p o e r o

AJIH

ynpaBJieHHecKHx

nOCJieAHHM,

Bbipa^aeT,

OHA

H

TexHojiorHqecKoro

ynpaBJieHHH

H

np0H3B0ACTBa.

K npoueccy

LEJIOBEKA

Beerò

HOBHX

SJieKTpOHHO-BHHHCJIH-

np0H3B0ACTBa

npe0óp330B3HHe

npOH3BOflCTBa, (J)OpM 0 p T 3 H H 3 3 U H H

HCN0JIB30BAHHE

npHMCHeHHe

3BTOM3TH33UHH

KopeHHoe

a

MaTepHajIOB,

HOBblX

19

6a3Hca

OTHOllieHHH

CAeAOBaTejibHO,

oco-

óeHHocTb onpeaejieHHoro a i a n a o ó m e c T B e H H o r o p à 3 B H T H H . B n e p H o , « p a 3 B H T o r o cou,Ha^H3Ma H a y n a Bce aKTHBHee n p o H H K a e T B x a HecTBe

Bceoómero

ajieMeHTa

ajieMeHTbi. Ccjjepoii e e

HOJIORHH, HO H — 6 j i a r o A a p n

CHJI BO Bce o c T a j i b H b i e

np0H3B0AHTejibHbix

npH^o^eHHH

CTaHOBHTCH

cooTBeTCTByiomeH

He TOJibKO T e x H H K a

opraHH3au,HH

HX

H Tex-

np0H3B0ACTBeH-

H o r o n p o u e c c a — q e j i o B e q e c K H f t (JjaKTOp n p 0 H 3 B 0 A H T e . n b H b i x CHA, TO e c T b BCH HX

COBOKyilHOCTb.

Hejib3H

peuiHTb

ri03T0My

HH

OAHY

6e3

HCn0JIb30B3HHH

CTpsTernqecKyio

AOCTHJKeHHft

3aaaiy

B

HayKH

O6A3CTH

HUHe

COUHAJIBHO-

3 K 0 H 0 M H 4 e C K 0 r 0 p33BHTHH H a i l i e r O O Ó m e C T B a . B

CBH3H C o c y m e c T B ^ e H H e M

HHTeHCHBHoro

H3B0flcTBa H a y H H o - T e x H H n e c K a a BAHHE

Bcex

ero

33KOHOB,

rana

paciiiHpeHHoro

n o j i H T H K a AOJi>KHa o n a p a T b c a

B TOM

qHCJie 3 a K O H a

Ha

Bocnpo-

HcnoAb3o-

npeHMymecTBeHHoro

pocTa

npOH3BOflCTBa C p e f l C T B npOH3BOflCTBa n o C p a B H e H H K ) C POCTOM npOH3BOflCTBa npeAMeTOB

noTpeójieHHH,

3aKOHa

onepe^aiomero

pocTa

np0H3B0AHTejibH0-

no OTHomeHHio K p o c T y 3apa6oTHoft njiaTbi H AP- O c o 6 o e

CTH T p y a a

BHHM3-

HHe AOAJKHO yAeJiHTbCH B H a y q H 0 - T e x H H q e c K 0 H noJiHTHKe o 6 e c n e q e H H K > poAOoxpaHHoro Ha

rana

COBPEMEHHOM

npOH3BOACTBa,

SIANE

peuieHHeM

coiiHajibHbix

HOMepHoro

pa3BHTHH.

CBoe

HaHÓojiee

B NOCTYNAIEJIBHOM

OnTHMaJIbHOM

B

npH-

B0cnp0H3B0ACTB3.

3aAaq

COHCT3HHH

3H3qHTejibHo

EflHHaji

ABHJKEHHH

pa3^HTHH

B03pacTaeT

HayHHO-TexHHqecKaa Bbipa>KeHHe

KOHueHTpHpoBaHHoe

o6mecTBeHHoro

HayKH

H TeXHHKH

pojib

3aKOHa

nojiHTHKa

nojiyqaeT

B KOMnjieKCHbix

nporpaM-

M a x H a y ^ H O - T e x H H M e c K o r o n p o r p e c c a Ha 2 0 JieT, B A O J i r o c p o q H b i x n J i a H a x 10 j i e T ,

B

nHTH^eTHHx

HapoAHoro

xo3HHCTBa,

njiaHax

a TaK>Ke B r o A O B b i x

no HayqHo-TexHHuecKOMy Bce

óojibinee

H counajibHoro

njiaHax, coAepJKamnx

pa3AeJiu

ajih

noAHTHKH

npaKTHqecKoro

HMeeT

peiueHHH

pea^H3au,HH

33Aaq

uejieBbix

CAHHOH

Acuirocpoq-

H H X Hap0AH0X03HHCTBeHHbix KOMnjieKCHbix n p o r p a M M , n p e x A e B e e r ò KaK np0A0B0JibCTBeHHaH

H SHepreTHHecKaa

pa3BHTHH e e j i b C K o r o x o 3 H H C T B a «CHÓHpb»

H AP-

p33BHTHeM

ero

nporpaMMbi

HeqepH03eMH0Ìi

COBepUieHCTBOB3HHe nporpaMMHo-uejieBoro

nporpaMMa

30Hbi P C O C P ,

nporpaMMa

nJ13HHpOB3HHH, MeTOA3,

KOrAa

y » e

KOMiuieKC,

nporpecca.

CJ10>KHJICH pe3Ko

3HanHM0CTb

nOJIHTHKH

oómerocyAspcTBeHHoro

pa3BHT0M

KH0CTb n p e -

0A0JIEB3TB s j i e M e H T b i BeA0MCTBeHH0CTH H M e c T H H q e c T B a B c(J)epe H a y q H O - T e x HHqecKoro

nporpecca.

H a y H H 3 H nOJIHTHKS

K3K

noAHTHKH n p e A y c M 3 T p H B 3 e T HanpaBJieHHbix

Ha

pa3BHTHe

COCTaBHOe 3BeHO eAHHOH pa3pa6oTKy CO6CTBCHHO

H3yqHO-TeXHHqeCKOH

H peajiH3au,Hio Bcefi cncieMbi H3yKH.

TpyA

B ctjjepe

Mep,

HayKH

BO

20 Bee

B. JKAMHH

6oAbineñ

Mepe

xapaKTepH3yeTCH

yrjiyôJieHHeM

ero

cneuHajiH3auHH

B M e c T e c TeM o6i>eAHHeHHeM ycHJiHH H c c j i e A O B S T e j i e ñ H p33pa60THHK0B, n o 3 B o ^ a e T BbiAeJiHTb T a n n e c n o c o ô b i TeXHHHeCKOH

H mo

(JjopMnpoBaHHa H p e a j i H 3 a u H H Hay^HO-

nOJIHTHKH, KaK KHeHiiiHx

BapHaHT

OXB3THB3-

OpOHTajibHbiH BapHaHT ocoöeHHo

(J)yHAaMeHTa^BHBIX

yAOBJieTBopeHHH

poM

pa3pa60T0K.

ITOJIHTHKOH

H a y H H b l X HCCJICA0B3HHH H

3THMH

S^cjjeKTHBHblX

HCCJieAOBSHHHMH

HayqHo-TexHHnecKOH

H pa3pa6oTKaMH

noAHTHKH —

npH

nporpaMMHO-ue-

A 6 B 0 H MeTOAACCHMHAHUHH

3apy6e>KHoro

HayqHO-TexHHMecKoro

M e H e e HHCTOM B H A e o c y m e c T B J i n e T C H TeXHHHeCKHM

nOTeHUHajIOM.

CTBOBaHHe 3 a p y 6 e » c H H x

SKOHOMHHeCKH

« e

co

Apyrnx

p33BHTbIX

(})opM p e a j i H 3 a u H H

HayKH H TexHHKH n o p e m a r o m H M

CTpaHaX

33HM-

n p o H c x o A H T B CO-

ocoöeHHO

B03p0CA0

peBOAHJUHH, K O r A a

pa3BHTHe

HsnpsBAeHHHM

TpeöyeT

KOHueHTpauHH

p o M H H x M a T e p H a j i b H b i x c p e A C T B H AIOACKHX p e c y p c o B , HTo He B c e r A a oôecneHHTb

OTAejibHan CTpaHa.

MejKAyHapoAHoro

B

CBH3H c STHM B 0 3 p a c T a e T

HayqHo-TexHHiiecKoro

coTpyAHHqecTBa,

pojib

H3MH —

oTHomeHHH

B cifjepe HayMHO-TexHHHecKoro

or-

MOxeT

ÜOJIHTHKH

HBAHiomeiicH

CT3BHOH WaCTbK) B H e i H H e ß nOJIHTHKH K I I C C . T e C H b l H COK53 H TJiyÖOKO pnpoBaHHue

HAH

HaywHo-

HaynHO-TexHHqecKOH

Me>KAyH3p0AH0r0 coTpyAHHqecTBa

B yCJIOBHHX C O B p e M e H H O H H a y ^ H O - T e X H H q e C K O H

B öoAee

cjiaöbiM

HsyqHO-TexHHwecKHx a o c t h ä c h h h

qeTaHHH c Hcn0Jib30B3HHeM noAHTHKH. 3 H a q e H H e

B

onbiTa

TOJibKO c T p a H a M H

nporpecca

qjieHaMH C 3 B ; coTpyAHH^ecTBO H öecKopbicTHaH n o M o m b

co-

HHTer-

co

cTpa-

pa3BHB3io-

IUHMCH r o c y A a p c T B 3 M h n p e í K A e B e e r ò V K p e n J i e H H e H a y q H O - T e x H H H e c K H X

CBH-

3 e H CO C T p 3 H 3 M H COUHaJIHCTHHeCKOH O p n e H T a U H H ; B 3 3 H M 0 B b i r 0 A H 0 e C O T p y A H H leCTBO

B Hay^HO-TeXHHUeCKOH

CTP3H3MH —

OÖJiaCTH

C pa3BHTbIMH

BOT OCHOBHbie H 3 n p a B J i e H H f l

KailHTajIHCTHHeCKHMH

nOJIHTHKH K J I C C

B 0ÖA3CTH

M€JK-

AYHSPOAHORO HAY^HO-TEXHHIECKORO COTPYAHHHECTBA. OcHOBHbie

HANPSBAEHHH

COTPYAHHIECTB3 n0Ab30B3HHH

CTPAH

ASJIBHEHHIERO

COUHAJIHCTH^ECKORO

SKOHOMHqeCKOH

COUHajIHCTHHeCKOH

TeHCH4>HK3U,HH n p O H 3 B O A C T B 3

P33BHTHH

HayqHO-TEXHHQECKORO

COAPY^ECTBA

AJIH A Y ^ M E R O

HHTerpaUHH

HÊTKO C ( } ) O p M y j I H p O B a H b I

B

UeAHX

B AOKYMEHTAX

HcHH3KO-

BbicmeM

ypoBHe

U e H T p a A b H b l M 3 B e H 0 M H S y ^ H O H nOJIHTHKH HBJIHeTCH p 3 3 B H T H e

HayHHOrO

HOMHMECKORO

COBEMAHHH

CTpaH —

QJIEHOB

C 3 B

HA

1 2 — 1 4 HK3HH 1 9 8 4 r . noTeHUHajia, npe>KAe B e e r ò e r o B e A y i u e r o sJieMeHTa — ÖOTHHKOB. B

nepHOA H T P

Hbix K a A p o B

H KSAPOB,

CKHe K S A p b i B 1975 r —

By30ß)

o6cAy>KHBaiomHx

B

1,20, B 1980 r . —

K a K BHAHO H3 n p H B e A e H H b l X

HayKy,

paßoTHHKOB

B cpeAHeroAOBOH

xo3HHCTBe

H3yqHbix

pa-

(jjopMHpoBaHHe Hay^Horo noTeHUHajia, p o c T Hayn-

HHMH T e M n a M H . J l o j i f l H a y i i H b i x B HapoAHOM

KSAPOB

1950

T.

ocymecTBJiaeTCH

(BKJiiOHaH

qHCJieHHOCTH cöcTaBjiHJia

pa6o«iHX

0,4%,

1,22 H B 1983 r . — 1 , 2 4 % .

ycKopeH-

Hay'iHO-neAarorHqe-

B

B

H

1965

cjiy^amnx r.—

nocAeAHee

0,86,

BpeMH,

A 3 H H H X , OTHOCHTeAbHblH pOCT K 3 A p O B B H a y K e

CTaÖHJIH3HpOBaJICH, HO B M e C T e c T e M C J i e A y e T O T M e T H T b , I T O n O B b l l l i a e T C H y p o BeHb

HX KB3AH(J)HKaiI,HH,

TO e C T b

paCTeT

yAejIbHMÍÍ

Bec

AHnJIOMHpOBaHHUX

y w e H U X H CneUHaAHCTOB. T a K , AOAH AOKTOpOB H KaHAHASTOB H 3 y K B OÖineM

EÄHHCTBO HAyHHO-TEXHHHECKOH nOJIHTHKH

MHCJie HayqHbix paöoTHHKOB b 1965 r. cocTaBJiHJia 2 2 , 4 % , b b 1980 r . — 31,6 h b 1983 r . — 33,1 % •

21

1975 r . — 29,4,

CoBeTCKan H a y n a 3aHHMaeT n o pHAy HanpaBJieHHft nepeAOBbie ü o 3 h u h h b MHpoBofl H a y K e . M b i p a c n o ^ a r a e M KpynHbiMH Hay^HbiMH uiKOJiaMH h KOjijieKTHBaMH. B M e c T e c TeM flajibHeftuiee pa3BHTHe H a y q H o r o noTeHUHa.ua T p e ß y e T aKTHBHOrO BbIHBJieHHH Bcex HOBblX « T O ^ e K p O C T a » H Ba^iHeftlUHX HanpaBjieHHH b m h p o b o h H a y K e , c B o e B p e M e H H o r o o n p e A e j i e H H H nepcneKTHBHMX H a e « , TeopHH H MeTOÄOB, 06"beKTHBH0H «HHBeHTapH33UHH» B e f l y m H X C H B CTpaHe HCCJieA0B3HHH B COnOCTaB^eHHH HX C ypOBHeM AOCTH>KeHHH B MHp o B o f l HayKe.

BaJKHo oöecnenHBaTb onepeJKaiomee pa3BHTne HayKH h tcxhhkh b uhk-

j i e « H a y n a — TexHHKa — np0H3B0ACTB0 •— noTpeßjieHHe». M e x t a y TeM b HaCTOHmee BpeMH b 3 a T p a T a x Ha pa3BHTHe oTAeJibHbix c(J)ep. HayKH cjiOJKHjmcb o n p e Ä e j i e H H b i e HecooTBeTCTBHa. T a n , a K c n e p T H a n oueHKa c T p y K T y p b i 3 a T p a T

Ha HHOKP noKa3ajia, q-ro 3a nocJieAHHe roAbi b CCCP cooTHomeHHe 33T p a T Ha 4>yH,ziaMeHTajibHbie HccjieaoBaHHH, npHKJiaAHbie HCCJieAOBaHHH H p a 3 p a 6 o T K H cocTaBHJio 9 : 2 8 : 6 3 ( b % o t oßmefi cyMMbi), a c yneTOM 3a-

TpaT Ha BHeÄpeHHe hoboh t c x h h k h — 5 : 18 : 56 : 21 1. Eio HarneMy MHe-

h h k ) , floJiH 3 a T p a T Ha (JjyHAaMeHTajibHbie H c c A e A O B a H H H a j i h o ß e c n e M e H H H ycTOHHHBOro o n e p e j K a i o m e r o pa3BHTHH HayKH h t c x h h k h AO-nJKHa 3Ha»mTejIbHQ B03paCTH. H y j K A a e T c n b coßepmeHCTBOBaHHH n p o ^ e c c n o H a j i b H a a CTpyKTypa H a yHHblX KaApOB B C T p a H e . n o epaBHeHHK) C Ä P y r H M H CTpaH3MH y Hac ÖOJIbUioe MHCJTO HayHHblX pa60THHK0B C yqeHbIMH CTeneHHMH H 3 B 3 H H H M H ( 6 o jiee 3 0 % o ö m e r o MHCJia) n p H x o A H T C H Ha T e x H H w e c K H e H a y K H . M e > K A y T e M B 70-e r o Ä H TeMnbi p o c T a m h c j i c h h o c t h H a y ^ H H X p a ß o T H H K O B b t 3 k h x b 3 j k H H X H nepcneKTHBHblX OTp3CJIHX HayKH, KaK ÖHOJIOrHH H XHMHH, ßblJIH HHJKe cpeAHHx TeMnoB p o c T a o ß m e i i ^ h c j i c h h o c t h HayijHbix K a A p o B b CTpaHe. B 3 t o t n e p n o A n p o A O A x a j i H c H i m a T b C H T e M n b i n p n p o c T a MHcyieHHocTH y n e HblX-OÖmeCTBOBeAOB. C e f t q a c H a 3 p e j i a H e o ß x o A H M o c T b b pacuiHpeHHH n o A r o T O B K H c n e i i n a j i n c t o b n o x H M H K 0 - 6 H 0 ^ 0 r H q e c K 0 M y uHKJiy H a y n , c j i e A y e T y A e j i H T b TaKJKe ö ö j i b i u e e BHHMaHHe, b qacTHOCTH, noAroTOBKe s k o h o m h c t o b , couHOJioroB, n c H x o j i o r o B h c n e u n a j i n c T O B b o ß j i a c T H ynpaBAeHHH. O c T p o BCTajia n p o ß j i e M a paitHOHajIH3aUHH COCTaBa HayUHblX pa60THHK0B C TO^KH 3peHHH B03paCTH o r o KpHTepHfl. B n p o u e c c e ynpaBJieHHH pa3BHTHeM K a A p o B o ß cocTaBJiHiom e f i H a y ^ H o r o n o T e H i m a j i a Ba>KHo AoÖHBaTbCH o n T H M a j i b H o r o coneTaHHH Haq H H a r o m H x cneunajiKCTOB h H a n ö o j i e e onbiTHbix y q e H b i x . T p e 6 y e T yjiyHiueHHH h n p o u e A y p a ocBo6o>KAeHHH HayqHbix y q p e m A e H H H o t M a j i o n p o A y K T H B H b i x paÖOTHHKOB, nepeBOAa BblCOKOKBajIHtjjHUHpOBaHHblX HayqHblX paßOTHHKOB n p e K j i O H H o r o B03pacTa H a n o j i o j K e H H e KOHcyjibTaHTOB h t . n. C y m e c T B e H H o e 3 H a i e H H e a j i h pa3BHTHH HayKH n p n d 6 p e T a e T onTHMH3aUHH COOTHOUieHHH qHCJieHHOCTH HayHHblX paßOTHHKOB H HHCJieHHOCTH paÖOTh h k o b oßcJiymHBaromero h BcnoMoraTejibHoro nepcoHajia. B pnAe oTpacjiefi HayKH, Ha Harn B3rjiHA, H a 3 p e j i a noTpeÖHoeTb b yBeAHHeHHH h h c j i c h h o c t h paöoTHHKOB B c n o M o r a T e j i b H o r o n e p c o H a ^ a , HenocpeACTBeHHo 33HHToro b c ^ e p e HayKH, h o b t o x e BpeMji b o MHornx A p y r w x c j i y n a a x AaHHbifl n e p c o H a ^ HeOÖXOÄHMO COKpamaTb H3 OCHOBe yCHJieHHH np0UeCC3 KOHII,eHTp3UHH h ueHTpajiH3auHH, / l y m u e r o T e x H H ^ e c K o r o o c H a m e n H H cjiyjKHBaiomHX HayKy.

noApa3Ae^ieHHH,

06-

J X J I H noBbiuieHHH npoAyKTHBHocTH T p y A a yueHbix B a ^ H y i o poJib n r p a e T CHCTeMa e r o M a T e p n a ^ b H o r o h MopaJibHoro C T H M y j i H p o B a H H H . C e i t e a c b p s A e HayHHO-npOH3BOACTBeHHbix o6"beAHHeHHH 3HepreTHKH J l e H H u r p a A a np0B0AHTc h SKcnepHMeHT n o coBepmeHCTBOBaHHio o n j i 3 T b i T p y A a y q e H b i x h KOHCTpyKT o p o B c yneTOM K O H e ^ H o r o p e 3 y A b T a T a h x A e a T e ^ b H o c ™ . Ba>KHo CBoeßpe7

CM. «SKOHQMHnecKaa ra3eTa» Ks 37, 1982 r., cTp. 16.

22

B. JKAMHH

M6HH0 o 6 o 6 m H T b p e 3 y j i b T a T b i a a H H o r o S K c n e p H M e H T a , H c n 0 J i b 3 0 B a T b h x a j i h yjiyHiueHHH CTHMyjmpoBaHHH T p y A a yueHbix h KOHCTpyKTopoB b hhmx OTpacjihx. P h a b

Mep no coBepmencTBOBaHHK) CTHMyjinpoBaHHH, rjiaBHbiM

npHKJiaflHoñ

Hayne,

Mhhhctpob C C C P

onpeaejieH

b

nocTaHOBJieHHH

LJ,K

06pa30M

K n C C

h

« O Mepax no ycKopeHHio HayHHo-TexHHnecKoro

CoBeia

nporpecca

B H a p O A H O M X03HHCTBe». 6a3a

MaTepuaJibHO-TexHHiecKaH eM y c n e u i H o ñ

HBJiHHCb Ba.JKHeñmHM

HayKH,

Hay^Hoñ AeaTejibHocTH yneHbix, HrpaeT

ycJiOBH-

6ojibuiyio pojib b

TeHCH(j)HKaUHH 3T0H ACHTejIbHOCTH. B M e C T e C T e M p 3 3 B H T H e AaHHOH a^bHo-TexHHqecKoñ

Ha H a y K y

hhh

6a3bi

b peiuaiomeH

HayKH. O c o ó e H H o

BaHHeM

pocjih

bwcokhmh

60—70-e

b

cTeneHH

onpeAeJiaeTCH

TCMnaMH b Hauieñ

roAw.

C

Hanajia

HayKy

HHTeHCHBHhlX

pa3BHTHH

HayKH.

6ioA>KeTa

h Apyrnx

hcto*ihhkob

0,3

CTaBHjiH

MJipA. p y 6 . ,

1965 r—6,9,

b

TaK,

1970 r.—11,7,

b

b 1 9 8 0 r . — 2 2 , 3 , a b 1 9 8 3 r . — 2 6 , 0 MJipA. p y 6 .

TeMnu

sth

Mepe

(JjaKTOpOB

H3 r o c y A a p C T B e H H o r o

accHrHOBa-

toaob

HeCKOJIbKO CHH3HJIHCb, HTO, Ha HaiU B3TJIHA, B O n p e A e J i e H H O H C yCHJieHHeM

(JwHaHCHpo-

cipaHe

80-x

hh-

MaTepH-

CBH33H0

paCXOAbl

Ha

1940 r .

co-

b

1975 r.—17,4,

b

( b 1 9 8 4 r . n p e A y c M O T p e H O H3-

pacxoAOBaTb 26,6 mjipa. p y 6 . ) . B KH POB c

CTpyKType

BecbMa

Ba>KHO

3aTpar

H o6opyAOB3HHH

3thm

b

eme

Ha

JÍJlñ

SoAbiueñ

o6ecne^eHHe

MaTepHajibHO-TexHHqecKoe

yBeviHqHTb

aojiio

npOBeA^HHH CTeneHH

Ha

pacxoAOB Hay^HblX

B03pacTaeT

npHofípeTeHHe

HCCJieAOBaHHH. pojib

HaynHoro

Hay-

npn6oB

CBH3H

npH6opo-

CTpoeHHH. HbiHe

HayKa

KpynHeñiiiHx

oóteMy

cpeACTB

Hcnojib3yeMbix

npoMbimjieHHocTH.

TaK,

Bbiiujia

ocHOBHbie

Ha

ypoBeHb

(j)OHAbi

oTpacJin

H H a y ^ H o e o ó c J i y j K H B a H H e » cocTaBjiHK>T B H a c T o n m e e

«HayKa 30

no

oTpacjieñ

MJIpA.

py6. TO

(JJOHAOB,

OKOJIO nOJIOBHHbl Ha

ecTb

H3 HHX

TexHHHecKHe

npHXOAHTCH

cpeACTBa.

Ha

BpeMH

OKOJIO

aKTHBHyiO

HaCTb

06ecneneHHe

onepe>KaiomHX

T e M n O B pOCTa OCHOBHblX (J)OHAOB H a y K H n o CpaBHeHHIO C npOMblIU^eHHOCTblO n03B0JiHji0

3a

nocjieAHHe

roAbi

óojiee

qeM

yABOHTb

o6"beM

B c c j ) e p e H a y K H c p e A C T B T p y A a , y j i y i u i H T b HX C T p y K T y p y B

MHHyBuiHe

npoHBHjiocb CpeACTB

roAbi

npe>KAe

yjiymueHHe

Bcero

BblIHCJIHTeJIbHOH

B

cTpyKTypbi

3HaHHTejibHOM

TeXHHKH

Hcno;ib3yeMbix

8.

OCHOBHHX

4>OHAOB

H aBTOMaTH3aiJHH.

EcJIH

B 60-X

A o j i h 3 a T p a T H a y q H b i x y q p e j K A e H H H Ha n p H f í o p b i H o ó o p y A O B a H H e jia 7 — 8 % ,

TO B HacTOHiu.ee B p e M H —

10—12% 9 .

HayKH

yAejibHoro

yBejiHHeHHH

OAH3KO ypoBeHb

Beca TOAaX

cocTaBJia(JJOHAOBO-

o p y j K e H H o e T H H a y K H AOJi>KeH B 0 3 p a c T H B e m e 6 o j i b i n e H M e p e . C j i e A y e T o T M e T H T b , q T o c p e A H e r o A O B b i e KoatJxJjHUHeHTw o S h o b j i c h h h hobhhx sa

KHO

HMeTb

Hay^Hbix

HccAeAOBaHHH

p33BeTBJieHHyK)

CeTb

TaJlbHblX npOH3BOACTB, HÓO HaJIHHHe AOCTaTO^HO MOUIHblX M e H T a j i b H b i x 6a3 b H H H qecTBa

h KB

ofíecneqHBaeT

OnblTHO-SKCnepH-

pa3padoTKH

t o b h 3 A 6 j i h h , CHH^íeHHe 3 a T p a T . B nocTaHOBJieHHH I J . K K Í l C C CCCP

«O

no ycKopeHHio

Mepax

pa3paÓ0T0K

H e TOAbKO pocT o ó t e M a

Hay^Hoñ npoAyKUHH, ho h coKpameHHe n e p n o A a

hhctpob

h

OnblTHO-SKCnepHMeHh KanpoeK-

h CoBeTa

HayHHO-TexHHqecKoro

Mh-

nporpecca b

HapOAHOM X 0 3 H H C T B e » H a M e i e H O O C y m e C T B H T b KOMnJieKC M e p , H 3 n p 3 B J i e H H b I X Ha

ycKopeHHe

Ta^bHblX

8

Cm.

6a3

co3A3hhh

h

TexHH^ecKoro

ocHameHHH

0nbiTH0-3KcnepHMeH-

H npOH3BOACTB. 3 a A a H H f l n o C T p O H T e j I b C T B y

«SKOHOMHHeCKHe

npOÓJieMH

HHTeHCH(})HKaU.HH

HayiHOH

(peKOHCTpyKUHH)

AeflTejIbHOCTH».

MQCKBa,

1982 r „ CTP. 116, 118. 9 Cm. «HHaHCbi C C C P » , Ks 5, 1978 r., CTp. 23. 10 Cm. «SKOHOMHqecKHe npoSjieMtj HHteHCH^HKaiiHH HayiHOñ AesTeJibHocra», CTp. 118.

EflHHCTBO HAyiHO-TEXHHHECKOn ITOJ1HTHKH

23

y K a 3 a H H b i x OÒT^KTOB A O A Ä H M BKJiKmaTbCH B n s T H ^ e T H H e H r o A O B b i e n^aHbi B nepßooqepeÄHOM nopaAKe. C y m e c T B e H H y i o p o j i b b h h t 6 h c h 4 > h k 3 u h h HaytiHbix h c c j i c a o b s h h h H r p a eT y ^ y n m e H H e Hcn0Jib30BaHHH y>Ke H M e i o m e r o c H o ö o p y A O B a H H H ( H a n p n M e p , n y T e M KOAAeKTHBHOTO n0Ab30BaHHH BblMHCAHTeAbHblMH UeHTpaMH, MOKHHCTHTyTCKHMH JiaÖOpSTOpHHMH H T. A . ) . B M3TepHaJIbHO-TeXHHieCKOM CHaÖJKeHHH HayMHblX HCCJieaOBaHHH H npOGKTHO-KOHCTpyKTOpCKHX p a 3 p a Ô 0 T 0 K B a Ä H y i o p o A b a o a j k h m c b i r p a T b ö o j i e e iiinpoKoe npnMeHeHHe 3 B M , Hcnojib3 0 B 3 H H 6 npOrpeCCHBHblX M6TOAOB Ha OCHOBe MHOrO(})yHKUHOHaJIbHbIX aBTOMaTH3HpOB3HHbIX CHCT6M np06KTHp0B3HHH C p33BHTbIM MSTCMaTH^eCKHM O Ó e c n e u e H H e M . r i p n 3TOM p a 3 p 3 Ô O T K y THnOBblX CHCTeM aBTOMaTH3HpOBâHHOro np06KTHp0B3HHH ( C A I 1 P ) II,ej]eC006p33H0 n o p y H 3 T b MOmHHM CneUHSJIH3HpOB3HHbIM K B . Ä j i h yKpeiuieHHH onbiTHO-SKcnepHMeHTaAbHOH 6a3bi aKaAeMH^ecKHX y q pejKfleHHH O T p a c j i e B b i M MHHHCTepcTBaM c j i e a y e T BbiAeAHTb c p e f l c T B a Ha s t h u e A H . 3 t o II03B0JIHT b 6 o j i e e K o p o T K H e c p o K H H3r0T0BJiHTb, H a n p H M e p , r o JioBHue o 6 p a 3 U b i oöopyAOBaHHH, h t o o c o é e H H o BâîKHo b c b h 3 h c p a c m n p e HHÊM npOrpSMMHO-UeJieBOrO MeTOAa njiaHHpOBaHHH pa3BHTHH HayKH H TeXHHKH.

O t c o c t o h h h h h p33BHTHH HsywHoro n o T e n u n a j i s b p e i n s i o m e f l CTeneHH 33BHCHT y c n e u i H a a p e a A H 3 a u H H c A e A y i o m e r o 3 B e H a H a y i H o - T e x H H i e c K O r o n p o r p e c c a — co3AaHHe HenocpeACTBeHHo b ccj)epe np0H3B0ACTBa h o b m x n p e A M e T O B T p y A a , TexHHKH h T e x H o j i o r H H Ha 6 a 3 e Hcn0jib30BaHHH AOCTH>KeHHH HayKH H TGXHHKH. COBOKynHOCTb B33HM0CBH3aHHbIX M e p , H a n p a B J i e H HblX Ha C03A3HHe HOBblX npeAMCTOB T p y A a , TeXHHKH H TGXHOJIOrHH H COOTBeTCTByioinee n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B 3 H H e np0H3B0ACTB3, n p e A C T a B j i a e T c o 6 o h c o A e p JK3HHe TeXHHqeCKOH nOJlHTHKH KaK C0CT3BH0H M3CTH ÊAHHOH H a y i H O - T e X H H HeCKOH nOJIHTHKH. T e X H H i e C K a H nOJIHTHKS CTpOHTCH C y i e T O M He TOAbKO o Ô i u h x 3 a j x s m h TeHAeHUHÜ H a y q H o - T e x H H q e c K o r o n p o r p e c c s , h o h o c o ö e H H O CTeñ pa3BHTHH O T p a c J i e ñ M a T e p n a j i b H o r o n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B 3 , hêoôxoahmocth co$JiK>AeHHH o n p e A e J i e H H o ñ B p e M e H H o ñ n o c j i e A o B 3 T e j i b H o c T H b pemeHHH T e x HJIH HHblX TeXHHieCKHX 3 3 A 3 H . HhT6HCH4)HK3UHH OÖmeCTBeHHOrO npOH3BOACTB3 0 6 y C A 0 B A H B 3 e T B 3HaHHTGJIbHOH CTeiieHH H KOHKpëTHble H3np3BJieHHH TeXHHHGCKOH nOJIHTHKH, KOTOpbie BKJ1I0M3I0T, B qaCTHOCTH, Mepbl n o p a 3 p a 6 0 T K e , OCBOeHHIO H npOH3BOACTBy T p y A o c ö e p e r a j o m e ö t g x h h k h h c o K p a m e H H i o Ha s t o h OCHOBe p y ^ H O ro T p y A a , n o s k o h o m h h MaTepnsjibHbix p e c y p c o B nyTeM, HanpHMep, BHeApeHHH MaJIOOnepaUHOHHblX, MaAOOTXOAHblX H 6e30TX0AHbIX TeXHOJIOrHHeCKHX

npoueccoB h t . a . H S H Ö O A e e o 6 o 6 m 3 K > m H M n O K 3 3 3 T e J i e M 3({)C¡)eKTHBH0CTH eAHHOH HSyMHOTexHHHecKOH nojiHTHKH HBAHeTCH p o c T np0H3B0AHTeAbH0CTH T p y A a . 3 a CqeT n o B b i m e H H H np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH o ô m e c T B e H H o r o T p y A 3 b 1 9 8 1 — 1 9 8 3 r r . b CTpsHe nojiy^eHO 6 o j i e e 8 0 % npnpocTS H3UHOH3JibHoro A O x o A a , hto o6ecneqH.no 3a s t o t n e p n o A s k o h o m h h j T p y A a 9,5 m a h . qejioBeK. B npoMbimJieHHOCTH pOCT npOH3BOAHTejlbHOCTH T p y A a n03B0JlHJI CSKOHOMHTb B AeCHTOH nHTHJieTKe T p y A 6 o A e e 6 m j i h . n e j i o B e K , a b 1 9 8 1 — 1 9 8 3 r r . — ó o A e e 3 m a h . l e J i o B e K . B HapoAHOM x o 3 h h c t b c b p e 3 y j i b T a T e s k o h o m h h c b i p b H , M a T e p H a a o b , T o n j i H B a , SHeprHH h A p y r H x p e c y p c o B Ha c y M M y 1 0 , 6 M A p A . p y 6 . c h h sKeT ÓbiTb ö o A e e 3HaqHTeAbHbiM. ö p e A C T O H T c y m e c T B e H H O CHH3HTb y p o B e H b M a T e p H a j i o e M K o c T H c 0 3 A 3 B a e M 0 H HOBOH TexHHKH b p a c ^ e T e Ha eAHHHuy B b i n y c K a e M O H c e e n o M o m b i o n p o A y K U H H , s H e p r o e M K o c T b TexHOAOrHH, nOBblCHTb BJIH3HHe HOBOH TeXHHKH H TeXHOJIOrHH Ha pOCT npOH3BOAHTeJibHOCTH T p y A a ( c e ñ q a c H e p e A K O B b i c B o 6 o » A a e M b i e c h x n o M o m b i o p a ÔOTHHKH OCHOBHOrO n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B â nepeBOAHTCH Ha OÔCAyMiHBaHHe 3TOH TeXHHKH), yCKOpHTb TeMnbl 3aMeHbI yCTapeBUIHX TeXHOJIOTHH HOBbIMH H o 6 HOBAeHHH aKTHBHOH H3CTH OCHOBHblX $OHAOB.

24

B. JKAMHH

XUiH npaKTHqecKOH pea^H3an,HH BbipaóoTaHHoñ c ä h h o h HayHHo-TexHHWeCKOH nOJIHTHKH HCKJIKmHTejIbHO BaJKHOe 3HaqeHHe HMeeT X03HHCTBeHHbIH MexaHH3M. M m c h h o q e p e 3 ynpaBJieHqecKyio h iúiaHOByio ,aeHTe;ibH0CTb p e a •TiH3yeTCH KOHKpeTHoe coÄep>KaHHe s t o h i k w i h t h k h , HanpaBjieHHoö Ha noBbimeHHe 34>(J)eKTHBHOCTH npOH3BOACTB3 H K3HCCTB3 paÖOTbl, AOCTHJKeHHe BblCOKHX KOHe^HblX H3p0flH0X03HHCTBeHHbIX pe3yJIbTaTOB Ha OCHOBe e r o HHTÊHchcJ)hk3uhh. B coBepiiiCHCTBOBaHHH xo3HHCTB6HHoro MexaHH3M3 H3HÖojiee nOJIHO npOHBJIHeTCfl TO nOJIO>KeHHe MapKCHCTCKO".neHHHCKOH nOJIHTHHeCKOH 3K0H0MHH, COrJiaCHO KOTOpOMy OÔ-beKTHBHblH XapaKTep 4>yHKUHOHHpOBaHHH SKOHOMHHeCKHX 33KOHOB COUHajIH3M3 He HCKJIIOqaeT aKTHBHOrO, C03H3TejIbHoro fleñCTBHH JilOÄeH n o MX HCn0JIb30BaHHK). B X03HHCTB6HH0M MeXaHH3Me, KaK b (JioKyce, OTpajKaeTcn bch CHCTeMa 3KOHOMHqecKHx 3 3 k o h o b h KaTeropHii couHajiH3Ma. P a 3 p a 6 o T K a b c o o t b c t c t b h h c peiueHHHMH ÄeKaöpbCKoro ( 1 9 8 3 r . ) h n o c J i e a y i o m H x RneHyMOB U K K n C C FIporpaMMbi KOMnjieKCHOr o COBepilieHCTBOBaHHH X03HHCTBeHH0r0 MeX3HH3Ma H e e peajIH3aiiHH h b h t ch h o b w m iuaroM n o nyTH no3HaHHH h co3H3TejibHoro Hcn0Jib30B3HHH s k o HOMHqeCKHX 33K0H0B B yCJIOBHHX p33BHTOTO COUHajIH3Ma BOOÓIIie H B o 6 j i a CTH H3yqH0-TexHHHecK0r0 n p o r p e c c 3 b o c o G c h h o c t h .

AKTyAJIbHblE nPOBJIEMbl O^HHHAAUATOfl ITHTHJIETKH

lAeH-Kopp.

AH

CCCP

E.

Kanycrun

COBEPLUEHCTBOBAHME y n P A B J l E H H f l HAPOflHblM X035IHCTB0M HCTOPHQECKHH O I I H T Heonpc>Bep>KHMO AOKa3aji npeHMymecTBa counaJIHCTH^eCKOH CHCTeMbI X03HHCTB3 H npHCyiUHX TOJIbKO eft MeTOflOB BCeOÓ'beMj i i o m e r o n^aHOBoro ynpaBjieHHH ofímecTBeHHfaiM np0H3B04CTB0M. 3 T a n pa3BHToro couHajiH3Ma, B H a q a j i e KOToporo H3XO;IHTCH Hama CTpaHa, OTKpbiBaeT HOBbie B03M0>KH0CTH iMH pOCTa S T ^ E K T H B H O C T H o6m,ecTBeHHoro npOH3BOFLCTBA B u e j i a x oóecneHeHHH A a j i b H e ñ m e r o noBbimeHHH fíjiarococTOHHHH H BcecTopoHHero pa3BHTHH coBeTCKHx jiKDAeñ, xapaKTepH3yeTCH noBbimeHHeM ypOBHH n03H3HHH H HCn0JIb30B3HHH SKOHOMHHeCKHX 33KOHOB, (})OpMHpOBaHHeM Ha 3TOH OCHOBe X03HHCTBeHHOro MeXaHH3M3, aAeKBaTHOrO flaHHOMy

nepHoay. H a c y m H b i e noTpeÓHocTH n o c T y n a T e j i b H o r o couHajibHO-sKOHOMHqecKoro pa3BHTHH Harnero o ó m e c T B a .HHKTyiOT H e o f í x o f l H M o e r b ó o j i e e HHTeHCHBHoro Hcn0Jib30BaHHa H3KonjieHHoro 3K0H0MHMecK0r0 n o T e H u n a j i a . M e í K f l y TeM Ha pa3JiHMHbix ywacTKax counajiHCTH^ecKoro np0H3B0ACTBa (OT p a ó o n e r o MeCTa flo MemoTpac^eBbix KOMnjieKCOB) HMeiOTCH KpynHbie, Bce e m e HeflOCTSTO^HO nOJIHO HCnOJIb3yeMbie p€3epBbI HHTeHCH(})HKaUHH npOH3BOaCTBa H nOBbimeHHH e r o 3(J)(J)eKTHBH0CTH. Hcn0^b30BaHHé aaHHbix pe3epBOB HaTajiKHBaeTCH Ha onpeaeJieHHbie TpyflHOCTH, CBH3aHHbie c HeAOCTaTO^HbiM cooTBeTCTBHeM cymecTByiomero X03HHCTBeHH0r0 MeX3HH3M3 AOCTHrHyTOMy ypOBHK) pa3BHTHH npOH3BOilHTe^bHbix CHJI H np0H3B0flCTBeHHbix oTHonieHHH, n0Tpe6H0CTHM B c e M e p H o r o ycKopeHHH HayqHO-TexHHqecKOTO n p o r p e c c a . HecMOTpa Ha npoBeaeHHe p n a a MeponpHHTHH no coBepmeHCTBOBaHHio xosHHCTBeHHoro MexaHH3Ma, MHorHe B o n p o c H y j i y q i u e H H a cncTeMbi ynpSBJieHHH HapoflHHM XO3HHCTBOM e m e He pemeHbi. K a K HaM npeACTaBJiaeTCH, B3>KHOH npHHHHoñ 3 T o r o HBjiHeTCH He BnojiHe KOMnjreKCHbifi x a p a K T e p H Hefl'OCTaTOtiHO nocjie,noB3TejibH3H p e a j i n 33UHH

T3KHX

MEPONPHHTHH

BeAOMCTB3MH,

OÓTjeAHHeHHHMH

H

NPEANPHH-

TH3MH.

K A K noKa3biBaeT HaKonjieHHbiñ onbiT, o c y m e c T B j i e H H e , XOTH H oneHb BaíKHblX C3MHX nO Ce6e, HO p33p03HeHHbIX OTpaCJieBblX, perHOHajIbHblX HJIH 4>yHKUH0H3JibHbix MeponpHHTHH, HanpaBjieHHbix Ha yjiyHiueHHe CHCTeMbi y n paBjieHHH napoflHbiM XO3HHCTBOM, a T a i o K e qacTHiHaH, HenojiHaa p e a j i H 3 a UHH CHCTeMbI T3KHX MepOnpHHTHH He npHHOCHT OJKHflaeMblX pe3yjibTaTOB. ECJIH npH A3HH0M n o a x o a e H pemaiOTca OTjiejibHbie Bonpocbi coBepuieHCTBOB3HHH X03HHCTBeHH0r0 MeX3HH3Ma, TO HX OÓOCOÓJieHHOe peUieHHe HaCTO nopo>KflaeT H HOBbie. I l o s T O M y Hejib33 o>KH,naTb 3 H a i H T e j i b H o r o yjiymiieHHfl Bceñ CHCTeMbI ynpsB^EHHH SKOHOMHKOH B p e 3 y j i b T a T e npoBeaeHHa OT.ne.ibHblX, H30JIHp0B3HHbIX MeponpHHTHH (KaCaiOmHXCH, HanpHMep, nOK333TeJieñ nJiaHHpoBaHHH, MCTOAOB xo3flñcTBeHHoro p a c q e T a , ycjiOBHH cjjyHKUHOHHpoB3HHH 4)HHaHCOBO-KpeAHTHOH C^epbl H T. £ . ) • T a K , peajIH33U,H5I npaBHJIbHOH CaMOH no c e 6 e HJieH HCn0JIb30B3HHH 3K0H0MHH {J)OHil3 3apa60TH0H n^STbl AJI5I CTHMyjIHp0B3HHH KOJIJieKTHB3 33 BbinOJIHeHHe njI3H3 C MeHblIieH tJHCJieHHOCTbK) psfíOTHHKOB MOHÍÉT flaTb AOJIJKHblH 34)eKT TOJIbKO B yCJIOBHHX

26

E. K A n y C T H H

CTaÖHJIbHblX HOpMaTHBOB 06pa30BaHHH 3T0r0 (})0HÄ3. n p H nJI3HHpOB3HHH » E e r o B COOTBCTCTBHH C npHHimnoM «OT AOCTHrHyToro ypoBHH» T a n o r o 3eKTa, KOHeHHO, He öy^eT. Bo3HHKJia HacTOHTe^BHAA HeoôxoAHMocTb pa3pa6oTKH H NOCJIEAOBATEJIBHOH peajiH3au,HH KOHuenuHH KOMiuieKCHoro cosepiiieHCTBOBaHHH MexaHH3Ma ynpaBJieHHH. KAK HSBÊCTHO, n p H H u n n H a j i b H H e nojio>KeHHH TSKOH KOHUEIMHH 6MJIH o n p e , O , e , n e H b i X X V I

C B E 3 A 0 M n a p T H H , NOCJIEAYIOMHMH ILJIEHYMAMH

U K

K n C C . Â a H H a n KOHuenuHH HauejiHBaeT Ha BceMepHoe ycH/ieHHe AeñcTBeHHOCTH cHCTeMbi YNPSBJIEHHH B pemeHHH 33A3M ycKopeHHH TeMnoB pocTa npoH3BOflHTe^bHOCTH TpyAa, BcecTopoHHefi HHTeHCHiJiHKauHH oômecTBeHHoro npOH3BOÄCTB-a H nOBHUieHHH e r o 3(|)4}eKTHBHOCTH Ha OCHOBe HayHHO-TeXHHl e c K o r o n p o r p e c c a , Bce ô o j i e e ôbicTpon H nojiHofi e r o peajiH3auHH; B pa3peiiieHHH cymecTByiomHx npoTHBopeHHH, ycTpaHeHHH HecorjiacoBaHHOCTH MejKAy OTÄeJi bH bi M H MeTOÄaMH ynpaB^eHHH, Meamy noKa3aTejiHMH, HcnoJib3yeMblMH B Hap05HOX03HHCTBeHHOM II.JI3HHpOB3HHH H X03paCHeTH0H AEHTEJIBHOHOCTH; B oöecneMeHHH eAHHCTBa MaTepnajibHbPX H MopajibHbix CTHMyjiOB, ÂOCTHîKeHHH onTHMajibHoro coneTaHHH HHTepecoB oômecTBa, TpyAOBoro KOJIJieKTHBa H paÖOTHHKa. KoMnjieKCHaa nepecTpOHKa xo3H«CTBeHHoro MexaHH3Ma B OOOTB eTCTB H H C napTHÎÎHblMH yCT3H0BKâMH A0JT>KH3 OCyilieCTBJIHTbCH Ha 6a3e MaKCHMajIbHO nojiHoñ peajiH3auHH npHHUHna AeMOKpaTHHecKoro ueHTpajíh3ma npHMeHHTeJIbHO K HOBblM C0U,HajIbH0-3K0H0MHHeCKHM yCJIOBHHM. ÛHa A0JI>KH3 Iipe>Ka e Beerò oöecnenHTb Ka^ecTBeHHo HOBHH ypoBeHb HHT€HCH(})HKauHH o ô m e c T BeHHoro np0H3B0ACTBa Ha OCHOBe ycTpaHeHHH Bcex BHAOB noTepb, pauHOHaJIbHOrO HCn0JIb30BaHHH npHpÓAHblX, TpyÄOBblX, MaTepHajIbHUX H (J)HH3HCOBHX pecypcoB; co3A3Tb ycjioBHH AJIH 3cJ)eKTHBHoro XO3HHCTBOB3HHH He TOJibKo HA KA^AOM y n a c T K e HJIH B KSÎKAOH c $ e p e o ö i u e c T B e H H o r o NP0H3B0A-

cTBa, HO H Ha CTbiKax ynacTKOB HJIH ctjiep, OTpacjiefi H pernoHOB c IIO3HUHH ÄOCTHJKeHHH BbICOKHX KOHeMHHX H3p0AH0X03HHCTBeHHbIX pe3yJlbTaTOB. CoBepmeHCTBOBaHHe ynpsBJieHHH AOJI>KHO 3HaqHTejibHO ycKopHTb « a y n Ho-TexHHiecKHH n p o r p e c c , B HSCTHOCTH, CNOOOÔCTBOBATB no^HOMy ycTpaHeHHKD pyMHOrO, B IiepByK) OMepeÄb TH>KeJIOrO H M3,JIOKB3.NH(J)HIÍHpOB3HHOrO Tpy^a Ha OCHOBe KOMnjieKCHOH MexaHH3auHH, óbiCTpeñiueMy nepeocHameHHKD npeflnpHHTHH TeXHHKOH H TeXHOJIOrHeft HOBOrO nOKOJieHHH, aBTOMaTH33UHH, po6oTH3auHH, 3 33TeM H KOMnbK>TepH33UHH np0H3B0ÄCTBa H ynpaBJieHHH 3KOHOMHKOH, AOCTHJKeHHK) Ha 3T0H 6a3e K3pAHHajIbHOrO pOCT3 npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTH TpyAa, Bbicmero MHpOBOrO ypoBHH KaqeCTB3 H KOHKypeHTOcnocoÖHocTH npoflyKUHH, pe3Koro yjiymiieHHH A p y r n x noK33aTejieñ counajibH0-3K0H0MHijeCK0H StJiCjjeKTHBHOCTH npOH3BOACTB3. RIJI3H0B0E ynpsB^eHHe HapoAHbiM XO3HHCTBOM AOJIJKHO oöecnetjHBaTb ô o j i e e nt)AHoe noAHHHeHHe np0H3B0ACTBa HHTepecsM yAOBJieTBopeHHH noTpéÔHOCTefl OÔmeCTBa, M T O B 0 3 M 0 J K H 0 JIHUJb npH C 6 3 J I 3 H C H P O B 3 H H O M pa3BHTHH HapOÄHOrO X03HHCTB3, J1HKBHA3UHH Ae4>HH,HTa KaK CpeACTB npOH3BOACTBa, T3K H npeAMeTOB noTpeôjieHHH H y c j i y r AJIH HscejieHHH. OHO npH3B3Ho T3KXE 6oAee SKTHBHO cnoco6cTBOB3Tb ocymecTBJieHHK) r ^ y ô o K H x n p e o ô p a 30B3HHH B yCJIOBHHX, COAep>K3HHH H X3p3KTepe TpyAS H3 OCHOBe BHeApeHHH HOBOH TexHHKH H TexHOJiorHH, n p o r p e c c a B opraHH3auHH np0H3»0ACTBa H TpyAa. Y^yMiueHHe ynpaBJieHHH TECHO CBíi3aH0 C peuieHHeM H T3KHX BSJKHCHUUHX OOUH3JIbHO-3KOHOMHqeCKHX 33A3H, K3K A3^bHeHIIiee C0BepUieHCTB0B3HHe CHCTeMbi C0UH3JIHCTHqeCKHX npOH3BOACTBeHHHX OTHOIIieHHH, (J)OpMHpOBSHHe 3AeKBaTHOrO yCJIOBHHM p33BHT0r0 C0UH3JIH3M3 THn3 p360THHK3, pa3BHTHe y TpyAHIUHXCH ^yBCTBa COBMeCTHOrO X03HHH3 np0H3B0ACTB3, nOBblIUeHHe OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, AHCUHnjIHHbl H yCHJieHHe HHHUH3THBbI TpyAOBblX KOJIJieKTHBOB. ycneiIIH3H pe3AH33H,HH KOHUenUHH COBepmeHCTBOBaHHH X03HHCTBeHH0r o Mex3HH3M3 npeAnoJisraet yBH3Ky Bcex HaMenaeMHx Mep B eAHHyio, BHyT-

COBEPUIEHCTBOBAHHE

ynPABJIEHHH

HAPOflHblM

X03HHCTB0M

27

peHHe HenpoTHBope^HByK) CHCTeMy, npHAaHHe HM uejieHanpaBJieHHOCTH h oèecneneHHe HX HenpepHBHocTH H npeeMCTBeHHOCTH B n p o u e c c e noBHiueHHH ypoBHH njiarooBoro ynpaBjieHHH. NOCJIEFLOBATEJIBHOCTH, J],aHHas!

KOHuenu,HH

HCXOAHT n p e J K ^ e B e e r ò

H3 n 0 C J i e f l 0 B a T e J i b H 0 H

jiH3au,HH c y n e T O M y c j i o B H H p a 3 B H T o r o c o u H a j i H 3 M a

npnHUHna

CKOrO U e H T p a j I H 3 M 3

npOH3BOACTBOM,

H3 O n T H M a j I b H O r O

B ynpaBJieHHH

OÓmeCTBeHHblM

COMeTaHHH B n j i a H O B O M

BOM U , e H T p a j I H 3 a U H H

C OnpeaeJieHHOH

ynpaBJieHHH

pea-

AeMOKpaTH K H 0 CTpOroe

coójiioiieHHe

MeHHO

AOJirocpo^Hbix

3aAai

TERHHECKHX

yCHJieHHe

SCjxJieKTHBHOCTH

HHTepecoB

coBepuieHCTBOBaHHH HHHUHaTHBbI

npOH3BOACTBa,

COBMeCTHOrO X 0 3 H K H 3

Beerò

pa3BHTono

TpyAOBblX BOCIIHTaHHe y

o6mecTBa,

penieHHe

couHajiH3Ma

KOJIJieKTHBOB

B

CTpa-

0AH0Bpe-

H

IIOBblIIieHHH

KaJKAOrO TpyJKeHHKa

HyBCTBa

npOH3BOflCTBa.

FIpaBHjibHo noHHMaeMoe ycHjieHHe ueHTpajiH3CiBaHHoro S a n a l a B ynpaBjieHHH He TOJIBKO He 03HaMaeT yMajieHHH CAM0CT0HTEJIBH0CTH H HHHUH3THBH T p y a o B b i x KOJIJIEKTHBOB, HO, H a o ó o p o T , n p e A n o j i a r a e T HX BceMepHoe ycHjieHHe. P e n b HAeT o HCO6XOAHMOCTH 6 o j i e e neTKoro pa3rpaHHMeHHH CTpaT e n m e c K H x B o n p o c o B ynpaBjieHHH, K a c a r o m n x c H onpeAejieHHH H p e a j i H 3 a UHH Ba»HEFTUIHX n a p a M e T p o B

HayMHo-TEXHHNECKORO

c0ii,HajibH0-3K0H0MH-

H

pa3BHTHH CTpaHbi Ha AJIHTEJIBHYIO nepcneKTHBy, H T e K y m n x B o n p o COB X03HHCTB0BaHHH. ÌIOKA UeHTpajIH30BaHHbie njiaHOBbie OpraHbl, MHHHCTepCTBa H BeAOMCTBa He OTKaJKyTCH OT MeJI'OMHOH OneKH Hafl o6"beAHHeHHHMH H npeflnpHHTHHMH, OHH He CMOryT CKOHUeHTpHpOBaTb CBOH yCHJIHH Ha perneHHH H M e H H O 3THX CTpaTeTHHeCKHX BOnpOCOB B TOH CTeneHH, B K3KOH 3TO HeTIECKORO

O6XOAHMO B H a c T o a m e e HaH

BpeMH. Biuecre

CaMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb

H HHHUHaTHBa

c TeM

xo3HHCTBeH-

ycnjiHBaiomHecH

TpyAOBblX

KOJIJieKTrtBOB

OÓH3aTejIb-

HO AOJIJKHH ÓbITb HanpaBJieHM C nOMOIUbK) SKOHOMHMeCKHX pbinarOB H CTHM.yjiOB

Ha

3(J)4)eKTHBHoe

CIieKTHBHblX HO S T O

3aAaH

HeOÓXOAHMO

pemeHHe

ueHTpajiH30BaHH0

COUHajIbHO-SKOHOMHqeCKOrO A A H AOCTH>KeHHH

onpeAeJiHeMbix

pa3BHTHH

OnTHMajIbHOrO

OÓmeCTBa.

COHeTaHHH

nepHMeH-

HHTepeCOB

o6m,ecTBa, TpyAOBoro KOAAeKTHBa H KajKAoro paóoTHHKa n p n nepBeHCTBe H H T e p e c o B OÈMECTBA B u e j i o M . G o B e p m e H C T B O B a H H e xo3HHCTBeHHoro M e x a HH3Ma

Ha

6a3e

UeHTpajIH3M3,

BcecTopoHHefl

BCeMepHOH

pea^H33u,HH

aKTHBH3aUHH

TPYAHMHXCH H 3 ( J ) ( } ) e K T H B H o r o H c n 0 J i b 3 0 B 3 H H H paBjieHHH

TpeóyeT

npe>KAe

Beerò

npHHUHns

AeMOKpaTHHecKoro

TBOp^eCKOH SHeprHH

H

HHHUHaTHBbI

onpaBAaBiiiHx c e 6 a (|iopM yn-

ofiocHOBaHHoro

onpeflejieHHH

(JjyHKUHÌì,

n p a B H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH pa3-JIHqHHX 3BeHbeB CHCTeMbI y n p a B J i e H H H .

ri03T0-

M y p e u i e H H e T a n o f i 3 a A a ^ H H M e e T a K T y a j i b H o e 3 H a n e H H e A^IH s K O H O M H n e c K O H

HayKH. UeHTpajiH30BaHH0e n ^ a H 0 B 0 e ynpaBjieHHe B coBpeMeHHbix ycjiOBHax npe>KAe B e e r ò onpeAeJiHTb CTpaTerHio c0UHajibH0-3K0H0MHHecKoro pa3BHTHH, HayHHo-TexHHiecKyio, HHBecTHUHOHHyK) H CTpyKTypHyjo nojiHTHKy B HappAHOM X03HHCTBe, KOTOpaH cnocoÒHa oóecne^HTb nepeBOA o6mecTBeHHoro np0H3B0ACTBa Ha npeHMymecTBeHHO HHT6HCHBHHH NYTB p a 3 BHTHH, ocymecTBAHTb n^aHOMepHoe, nponopUHOHajibHOe H cóajiaHCHpoBaHHoe pa3BHTHe eAHHoro Hap0AH0X03HHCTBeHH0r0 KOMnjieKca H e r o cocTaBHbix MacTefl. OHO npH3B3Ho o ó e c n e q H B a T b 4)opMHpoBaHHe H peajiH3auHio He TOJibKO oTpacjieBbix H TeppHTopHajibHbix, HO H MejKOTpacjieBbix nponopu,Hfl Hap0AH0X03HHCTBeHH0r0 njiaHa Ha 6 a 3 e uejieBbix KOMnjieKCHbix o ó m e r o c y A a p CTBeHHbix n p o r p a M M , a TaKJKe onpeAeJiaTb SKOHOMHMecKHe pbinarH H CTHMyJIH, Ha KOTOpbie AOjmeH 6biTb nepeHeceH ueHTp TH»:ecTH B njiaHOBOM y n p a B JieHHH H CTHMyjIHpOBaHHH XOSpaC^eTHOH AeflTeJIbHOCTH OCHOBHblX npOH3BOA" CTBeHHblX 3BeHbeB, yCJIOBHH H HanpaBJieHHH HX HCn0JIb30BaHHH. Pa3BHTHe 0nepaTHBH0-X03HHCTBeHH0H CaMOCTOaTeJIbHOCTH npeAnpHHTHH H o6-BEAHHEHHH A'O^MHO BBIPAJKATBCH KAK B RIPEAOCTABJIEHHH HM ó o j i e e HIHpOKHX n p a B , TaK H B nOBbimeHHH CTeneHH HX OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a pe3yjlbAOJIJKHO, BHAHMO,

E. K A n y C T H H

28 T 3 T b I CBOeH Â e H î e J l b H O C T H . B onbiT,

cjieayeT

nepe,n,3Tb

HH30Bbie 3BeHbH ynpaBJIeHHH, K a K

peuieHHe

TeKymnx

xo3HHCTBeHHbix

nOKa3HBaeT BonpocoB.

A 3 H H 0 H CBH3H HeOÖXOÄHMO yTOHHHTb (jjyHKUHH, I i p a B a H C T e n e H b

B

OTBeTCTBeH-

HOCTH n p O H 3 B O Ä C T B e H H b I X o Ò t e f l H H e H H H , n p e f l n p H H T H H H 0 p T 3 H H 3 3 U H H b cep e njiaHHpoBaHHH H ynpaBJieHHH

np0H3B0ACTB0M. h cjioxœhx

O f l H O H H3 n e p B o c T e n e H H b i x

npoöjieM

n e HBJiaeTCH H a y u H o 0 6 0 C H 0 B a H H 0 e o n p e ^ e j i e H H e CTBeHHOH caMocTOHTejibHocTH n p e A n p H H T H H

Ha c o B p e M e H H O M

rpaHHU

3Ta-

0nepaTHBH0-x03HH-

h o ö - b e A H H e H H H , a T a K J K e nyTeft

H M e T O Ä O B O Ô e e n e q e H H H 3 T 0 H CaMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH H HHHUHaTHBbI B p e i n e H H H 33A3h,

b

onpeaejineMbix

npoöjieMbi

TpeßyeT

He

ueHTpajiH30BaHH0M

TojibKo

ÄajibHeftuiHx

nopHAKe.

äshhoh

PemeHHe

TeopeTH^ecKHX

HccjieflOBaHHH,

h o h n p o B e p K H H a n p a K T H K e M H o r n x e e a c n e K T O B . O ^ H a K o y>Ke c e f i n a c HO, BH£HMO,

yTBepÄflaTb,

MOCTOHTGJTbHOCTH CBH33H0

HTO p a C U I H p e H H e

npeAJipHHTHH

CO 3H3HHTe.iIbHbIM

H o6-be,0,HHeHHH

H3MeHeHHeM

mojk-

0nepaTHBH0-X03HHCTBeHH0H B

COBpeMeHHblX

HX (})yHKUHH

nO

pH£y

ca-

yCJlOBHHX

Ba>KHeHIIIHX

H â n p a B j i e H H H HX A e a T e j i b H O C T H . P a c u i H p e H H e .naHHofi caMOCTOHTejibHOCTH T p e ö y e T n p e m a e B e e r ò JieHHH

TpyAOBblMH

KOJIJieKTHBaMH

CÔajiaHCHpOBaHHblX

no

BCCM

coeraB-

pa3aeJiaM

r O a O B b l X H ÜHTHJieTHHX I I J I 3 H 0 B C O U H a j I b H O - S K O H O M H M e C K O r O p a 3 B H T H H H a o c H O B e U e H T p a J I H 3 0 B 3 H H 0 O n p e f l e J I H e M b l X KOHTpOJIbHblX UHtJjp, a T 3 K J K e HeÖOJIbrnoro

MHCJia

Hay^HO

AHpeKTHBHo

060CH0B3HHbIX

yTBep>K,n,aeMbix h

4>yHKiiHH n p e A n p H H T H H M H

h

noK33aTejieñ

3K0H0MHHeCKHX

HOpMaTHBOB.

o6T>eÄHHeHHHMH

ÄOJiroBpeMeHHbix

Pe3JIH3ailHH

n03B0JiHT

TaKOH

oöecnenHTb

COieTa-

H H e y K p y n H e H H H X 3 a A a H H H , JIHMHTOB h 3K>0H0MHiJeCKHX H O p M a T H B O B , ôaTHBaeMHx

h

«cBepxy»

MyjiHpoBaHHbie

oémecTBeHHo

ocHOBHbie C T p a T e r H ^ e c K H e HHK0-3K0H0MHtieCKHM hx

Ha

npHHUHna

OTBeTCTBHe

HanpaBJieHHH

«CHH3y>>,

njiSHOB

yMHTbIBaiOm,HM

IIJ13HOB

h HeoöxoAHMbie

SKOHOMH^ecKOH

X03HHCTBeHHbIMH HX

yTBepHiÄeHHH HHH

pojiH

b

b

bh^ê

FIpHqeM

ecTb

HeOÖXOAHMO

33K330B

BbiCTyn3K)T

to

yqeTe

eme

H

ÜOCT3BKH

CncTeMa bssíhhm

HOM c j i y n s e

py,

h

accopTHMeHT

n0CT3BKH H HHHe

xo3HHCTBeHHbix

Hspnay

c

KaiecTBo

h

TaKJKe

a

ÖblTb

njiaHa,

npH

c

B

a

OnpeAe-

nocjie

ÄJIH

pa3pa6oTKe nocjie

ero

nOBHUienjiaH3

yTBepjKfleHH» nojiHoerbio

MaTepHajibHO-TexHHHecKHM

^oroBOpOB

öyfleT

kohkp€th33uhh

cpeacTBOM flO^ÎKHbl

oHH

OHTH-

3aKpenjiaeMHx

06pa30M,

BapwaHTa,

CO-

napTHH,

npOAyKUHH BCe

OKOHqaTejibHO yTouHHioT h x ,

a

OÖOCHOBaHHOCTH n J i a H O B n p O H 3 B O Ä C T B a 3BeHbH X03HHCTB0B3HHH

TaKHM

noTpeÖHOCTeH

CTopOHbi

peajiH-

nOJIHOe

Tpe60B3HHHM.

ÄOJIÄHbl

cocTaBJieHHH

npe^BapHTejibHoro

njiaH3 3aHHTepecoBaHHbie CHa6>KeHHeM.

3TH 3 3 K 3 3 b I

ao

yTOIHHTb.

yBH3biB3K)T c e r o n a p a M e T p a M H ,

3a

HHTepeCbl, 3 TaiOKe KpHTepHHM

npOH3BOÄCTB3

ÄOrOBOp3MH.

npeflBapHTejibHO,

paccMHTaHCTHMyjiaMH.

Kay npeanpHHTHHMH h oö-beflHHeHHHMH u e ^ e c o o 6 p a 3 HO, n o H a U i e M y aOrOBOpOB

MHeHHIO, n p O B e p H T b

BO B3aHMOOTHOIIieHHHX

MH, C OAHOH C T O p O H b l , apyroñ.

X03HHCTBeHHbie

CTpOrOMy

BbinOJIHeHHK)

3Cj)eKTHBH0CTb

MeKÄy

H BbHIieCTOHLUHMH ÄOrOBOpbl

MOrJIH

npeflnpHHTHHMH

HCn0^b30B3HHH

ripe^npHHTHiìMH

H

X035JHCTBeHHbIMH 6bl

OpraHaMH —

CnOCOÖCTBOBaTb

OÖ^eAHHeHHilMH

T3KHX

H o6l>eAHHeHHHC

He

TOJIbKO

CBOHX

0ÓH33-

COBEPIUEHCTBOBAHHE yiIPABJIEHHH HAPOflHbIM

29

X03HHCTB0M

TejibCTB no KOJiHqecTBy h Ka^ecTBy npoayKUHH, no c p o K a M ee nociaBKH, h o h noBbimeHHK) o t b c t c t b c h h o c t h BHiiiecTOHmux opraHOB 3a oöecneqeHHe h x M a i e p H a ^ b H b i M H , 4>nHaHCOBbiMH Ba^Hoe

3HaHeHHe

npeAnpHHTHH. paöoTbi

HMeeT

H

TpyflOBbiMH

no^pa3AejieHHH

npe^npHHTHH

Ha

ocHOBe

no^psma,

B M e c T e c TeM

ÄoroBopoB

TpeóyeT

B e e r ò ö o j i e e n e T K o r o onpeaeJieHHH b h h x B 3 a H M H b i x o 6 n 3 3 T e j i b C T B h npeanpHHTHH b ueJioM

JieHHñ n p e ^ n p H H T H H

3H3jih o

a o B b i e KOJuieKTHBbi 3 a p a H e e

BHyTpH

OpraHH3aU,HH

KOJUieKTHBHoro

pacnpocTpaHeHHe.

3(J)4)eKTHBHocTH BHyTpHX03HHCTBeHHbix

h

OTHOuieHHH

H X K,ae

no,apa3,5e-

c T e M , q ï o ô b i nepBHHHbie

pa3Mepax

cBoero

Tpy-

MaTepnajibHoro

no-

O m p e H H H , o M a T e p H a ^ b H O H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH H o A p y r H X yCJIOBHHX B b i n O ^ H e -

HHH Ä o r o B o p a KojiJieKTHBHoro noapHfla.

Bonpoc

B e C b M a a K T y a j I b H b l M H AHCKyCCHOHHbIM HBJineTCH

0 paCIUHpeHHH

X03HHCTBeHH0H CaMOCTOHTejlbHOCTH n p e f l n p H H T H H H o 6 " b e A H H e H H H B OÖJiaCTH (})HHaHCHpOBaHHH

BJIOJKGHHH

K3nHT3.JIbHbIX

B

paMKaX

a n n a p a T a , e r o coBepmeHCTBOBSHHH b c o o t b c t c t b h h peÔHOCTHMH

Hapo^Horo

X03HHCTB3

h

npOCTOrO, T 3 K

KaK

OCOÔeHHO p a C U I H p e H H O r O BOCnpOH3BOÄCTBa, OÓHOBJISHHH

c H3MeHHiomHMHCH

Tpe6oB3HHHMn

H

np0H3B0aCTBeHH0r0 noT-

HayHHo-TexHHHecKoro

n p o r p e c c a 3a c n e T c o ô c T B e H H b i x h 3 a e M H b i x c p e A C T B . O c o ô o e 3 H a t i e H H e 3 A e c b H M e e T , Ha H a m b 3 i v i h a , H a y ^ H O 0 6 0 C H 0 B a H H 0 e o n p e ^ e j i e H H e r p a H H U T a k

h3-

3 H B a e M o r o « c 3 M o c f ) H H a H C H p o B a H H H » n p e a n p H H T H H , t o e c T b rpaHHU, o c y m e c T BJieHHH p a c m H p e H H o r o B o c n p o H 3 B o . a c T B 3 3a c^ieT e r o OnbiT

hto

noKa3biBaeT,

cymecTByiomHe

pa3Mepbi

coôcTBeHHbix

cpeACTB.

p33bhthh

(})OHÄa

npoH3-

BoacTBa Ha npeflnpHiiTHHX ajih s T o r o hbho HeAOCTaTOHHbi. Bo3mo>kho, aaHHyio

npoôjieMy

AaM

np0H3B0ACTB. O ^ H a K o

cjie/iyeT

peiiiaTb bo

AHcjxfiepeHUHpoBaHHo

Bcex

KaÄAOe

cjiyqaax

no

h

OTpacjiHM

o6"beAHHeHHe h

bh-

npeA-

n p H H T H e ÄOJIJKHO y n a c T B O B a T b ^ a c T b i o C B o e ñ n p H Ö b i j i H b < } ) o p M H p o B 3 H H H mecoK)3Horo

b tom

6KWKeTa,

hhc.ne t o h

06-

HanpaBjineTCH

ero nacra, KOTopaa

Ha HOBoe KanHTajibHoe CTpoHTejibCTBo h b ueHTpa;iH30BaHH0M nopHÄKe onpeaejineT

b

nepcneKTHBe

Hap0ÄH0X03HHCTBeHH0M Oco6oe

3H3HeHHe

nporpeccHBHbie

äjih

ASJibHeftuiero

ÄOJiÄHTb HayHHyio p a 3 p a 6 o T K y BecbMa

coBepiueHCTBOöaHHH

eflHflOM

xo3HHCTBeH-

coneTaHHH

cjiojkhoh

nHTHjieTHHx

h b o MHoroM nona

h rojOBbix

ruiaHOB

p33BHTHH. F I p a B H J l b H a H H A e H O T O M , q T O Ö H

H0-3K0H0MHqeCK0r0

b

nponopuHH

p a 3 B H T « e c h c t c m h nji3HHpoB3HHH. H e o ó x o / i H M o

Hono MexaHH3Ma HMeeT penieHHOH n p o ô j i e M b i

H3MeHeHHH

KOMnJieKCe.

n j i a H Ha Ä e j i e e r a j i o c h o b h o h

(JjopMoii r u i a H H p o B a H H H , a a ^ e K O

npo-

eme

He

counajib-

nHTHJlÈTHHH He

pe3JiH30-

B 3 H 3 , H3 n p S K T H K e B K3HeCTBe TaKOH (})OpMbI BCe eUU,e B b l C T y n a i O T r O f l O B b i e njiaHbi. B a j K H y K ) pOJIb B H3CTOflU],ee BpeMH H r p 3 I O T H 3 y H H 3 H p a 3 p a Ö O T K a COB

b

oöecne^eHHH

BCeCTOpOHHeñ

nHTHJieTHero

yB5î3KH H 3 T y p a j l b H 0 - B e m e C T B e H H b I X

UHH, 3 T3K>Ke

ueH006pa30BaHHH

h ap. T s k ,

Bbipa>Ka^

Kpsime

6bi, n p o u e c c b i

a T3KJKe n p o ö j i e M

HeoßxoaHM

(|)HH3HCOBO-KpeAHTHOrO b

cymecTBeHHoro

coBOKynHOM

^HHaHCOBOH

nponop-

nOJIHTHKH,

3HajiH3 npoßjieM

njiaHa,

KOTOpblft

aeHe»HOM

Bonpo-

nji3HHpoB3HHH

H CTOHMOCTHHX

HCCJieÄ0B3HHe OCHOBHblX npHHUHnOB

pOBaHHH nHTHJieTHerO no^HO

h

CHCTeMe a o j i r o c p o ^ H o r o

(})opMH-

flOCTSTOHHO

oöopoTe

noBbimeHHH p o j i H 6 3 h k o b c k o h

CTpsHH,

CHCTeMbi b

UCHTpajIH3'0BaHH0M ynp3BJieHHH npeflnpHHTHHMH. B

COBepmeHCTBOB3HHH

ôoji'biiiyK)

pojib

HrpaeT

MeX3HH3M3 ynp3BJieHHH

yjiyiuieHHe

chctcmh

H3pOflHbIM

ynpaB^eHHH

CKHM n p O r p e C C O M . K a n e C T B e H H b i e H3MeHeHHH B P 3 3 B H T H H CHJI H 3 a Ä a i H

HHTeHCHCj)HK3UHH OÖUieCTBeHHOrO

np0H3B0aHTe^bHbIX

npOH3BOÄCTB3

TpeöyiOT onpeaeJieHHOH nepecTpoHKH MexaHH3Ma ynpaBjieHHH HecKHM

nporpeccoM,

merocyflapcTBeHHoe

BK^ioHaiomero

ero

njiaHHpoBaHHe

c4)epbi

BHeapeHHe ä o c t h j k c h h h

0pr3HH3auH0HHyi0 HHOKP,

X03HHCTB0M

Hay^HO-TexHHqe06*beKTHBH0

HaynHO-TexHHCTpyKTypy,

pacnpocTpsHeHHe

HayKH h TexHHKH b H a p o ^ H o e x o 3 H h c t b o ,

06h

pery,nHpo-

30

E. K A n y C T H H

BÂHHE npoueccoB HHTerpauHH H A Y K H H N P 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B 3 . B H A H M Q , C A E A Y E T noflyMaTb o ÄajibHeöiiieM pa3rpaHHqeHHH (jjyHKimñ Tex opraHOB, KOTopwe B HacTOHiuee BpèMH OTBeTCTBeHHbi 3a pa3pa6oTKy H pea^H3auHio eAHHOH HaYTOO-TexHHMecKOH nojiHTHKH; 6 o j i e e ^ e r a o onpeAeAHTb, K3KOH H3 HHX H B K3KOH CTeneHH AOJIJKeH HeCTH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a pa3pa60TKy H rOTOBHOCTb K BHeapeHHK) nepcneKTHBHHX TeXHOJIOrHH, HOBblX BHAOB TeXHHKH H MaTepHaJIOB, 3a 4 > o p M H p o B a H H e H ocymecTB^eHHe KOHTPOJIH 3a peajiH3auHeñ ueíieBtíX KOMnjieKCHblX HayHHO-TeXHHqeCKHX nporpaMM Hap0AH0X03HHCTBeHH0H 3H31HMOCTH; H3AeJIHTb HX HeOÔXOAHMblMH peCypCaMH ÄJIH pea^H3aUHH 3THX oóínerocyaapcTBeHHbix nporpaMM. Ä j i s i coBepiueHCTBOBaHHH ynpaB^eHHH Hay^HO-TexHHiecKHM n p o r p e c COM B OTpaCJIHX H BHAaX n p O H 3 B O A C T B , OCyiUeCTBJIHeMOrO OTpaCJieBHMH MHHHCTepCTBaMH, ue.necoo6pa3Ho, BHAHMO, ô o j i e e lunpoKO Hcn0Jib30BaTb HX HayqHO-TexHHqecKHe COBCTH, npeBpaTHTb noc.neAHHe B aBTopHTeTHwe opraHbi, aKTHBHO BJiHHiomHe Ha peajiH33UHio uejieBbix nporpaMM H noBbiiueHHe TexHHieCKOnO ypOBHH npO^yKUHH, yCHJIHTb CBH3b 3THX COBeTOB C HayHHO-HpOH3BOflCTBeHHHMH OÓ-BEAHHEHHHMH B COOTBeTCTByiOLUHX OTpSCJIHX. BajKHyio pojib B ycKopeHHH HaynHO-TexHHqecKoro n p o r p e c c a MoryT cbirpaTb KOMnjieKCHHe H3yHHO-npOH3BOACTBeHHbie OÖTJCÄHHGHHH, KOTOpwe OTBeHann 6 H 3a pa3pa6oTKy H BHeApeHHe uejiocTHbix TexHOJiorHMecKHx CHCTCM, ocHOBaHHHx Ha H C N 0 J I B 3 0 B 3 H H H TeXHHKH HOBoro noKOJieHHH H o6ecnenHB3iom n x cymecTBeHHoe noBbiiueHHe np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH TpyAa, 3HaMHTeJibHoe CHHJKEHHE 3HeproeMKocTH H MaTepHajioeMKocTH npoAyKUHH npH oAHOBpeMeHHOM COKpameHHH KanHTajIOeMKOCTH npOH3BOACTBa. N O MHeHHK) MHOrHX yneHbix, T A N N E KOMNJIEKCHUE H 3 Y H H 0 - N P 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B E H H H E OÔ-beAHHeHHH AOJI>KHbi B M i o q a T b HccjieÄOBaTejibcKHe, KOHcrpyKTopcKHe H npoeKTHbie opraHH33HHH, HMeTb AOCT3TOMHO MOIUHyiO npOH3BOÄCTBeHHyiO 6a3y B BHfle HeCKOflbKHX 33B0A0B, nOApa3Ae.HeHHH no BHeApeHHK) HOBHX TeXHHKO-SKOHOMOTeCKHX CHCT€M H HX o 6 c j i y ^ H B 3 H H K ) B n p o u e c c e 3Kcn^yaTauHH, a TSKJKC ueHTp noAroTOBKH KaApoB, H oóJiaAaTb HeoöxoAHMHMH npaBaMH H pecypcaMH. KoMnjieKCHwe HayHH0-np0H3B0ACTBeHHbie oö-beAHHeHHH npH3BaHbi OTBenaTb 3a pa3pa6oTKy

H BHEAPEHHE

TEXHOJIORNQECKHX

CHCTSM, O Ö E C N E ^ H B A I O M H X

B

KO-

HeHHOM CHeTe TeXHHieCKOe OÖHOBJieHHe COOTBeTCTByiOmHX npOH3BOACTB H BbixoA HX Ha TexHHqecKHe py6e>KH MHpoBoro ypoBHH. TaKHe KOMNJIEKCHBIE H n o MOrjIH 6bl 6bITb C03AaHbI B KaJKAOH nOAOTpaCJIH, B K 3 J K A 0 M BHAe npoH3BOACTB3.

B sKOHOMHiecKOH jiHTepsType HeoAHOKpaTHo OTMeisjiscb HeoöxoAHMOCTb H3MeHeHHH nOpHAKa p33p3&0TKH H BHeApeHHH HOBOH TeXHHKH C TeM, TITOÔH OH ONPEAEJIHA B K S N E C T B E rjiaBHoro o ô - B E K T A njiaHHpoBSHHH C O 3 A A HHe uejiocTHHX TexHOJiorHiecKHx nponeccoB H CHCTCM M S H I H H . D I S B H H M B njIâHHpOB3HHH H OUeHKe AeHTeJIbHOCTH 06"beAHHeHHH H npeAnpHHTHH AOJIJKeH CT3Tb, no HSUieMy MHeHHK), nOKa3aTeJIb TeXHHKO-SKOHOMHHeCKOrO ypOBHH BbinycKaeMoñ npoAyKUHH. B CBH3H C STHKI cjieAyeT co3AaTb eAHHyio 06merocyAapCTBeHHyio cHCTeMy aTTecTaiiHH TexHHKo-SKOHOMHiecKoro ypoBHH pa3pa6aTHBaeMOH, noAroTauJiHBaeMofl K np0H3B0ACTBy H BwnycKaeMOH npoAyKUHH. 3 T a CHC'i'eMa AOJI>KHa CTáTb 3aCJIOHOM AAH HeAOCTaTOHHO 3(})(J)eKTHBHHX pa3pa60T0K. B oÔAacTH ynpaB/ieHHH HayMHO-TexHH^ecKHM nporpeccoM T3K)Ke cjieAyeT 6ojiee S K T H B H O Hcn0^b30B3Tb npHHunn xo3HHCTBeHHoro A o r o B o p s . ZIOJIrocpoqHHe AonoBopbi MoryT cnoco6cTBOB3Tb 6 o ^ e e nojiHOMy oöecneieHHK) HHTerp3UHH H3yKH H np0H3B0ACTB3, o6"beAHHeHHK) AeHTejibHocTH Bcex y q a CTHHKOB npouecca p33pa60TKH, npOH3BOACTB3 H BHeApeHHH HOBOH TeXHHKH H TeXHOJIOTHH H3 OCHOBe HeTKOrO OnpeAe^eHHH HX 4>ynKUHH, OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, AOJieBoro noompeHHH H caHKUHH. B paMKax A o ^ r o c p o ^ H o r o eAHHoro AOroBopa MoryT saKJiioqaTbCH AsycTopoHHHe xo3HHCTBeHHbie AoroBOpbi, KOHKpeTH3HpyiOmHe BbinOAHeHHe OTAeJIbHblX 3TanOB Been P3ÔOTH. B c0BepnieHCTB0B3HHH Mex3HH3M3 ynpaBJieHHH o c o ô o e SHa'MeHHe cenHac npno6peT3eT 3KTHBH33UHH nJ13H0MepH0r0 HCn0JIb30BaHHH T0B3pH0-ae-

COBEPUIEHCTBOBAHHE ynPABJIEHHfl

HeJKHbix

oóycvioBjiHBaeT

3TO

OTHOiueHHH.

HAPOflHbIM

X03HHCTB0M

HeoöxoaHMocTb

31

BJIHTb npHHUHn

nOOLUpeHHH TpyAOBblX

CTBeHHHX ypOBHHX

3a

KOJUieKTHBOB

BbICOKHe SKOHOMHHeCKHe

Ha

nepe-

peajibHoro

XOA3 K n o j i H O M y x 0 3 H H C T B e H H 0 M y p a c M e T y , K O T o p b i n n 0 3 B 0 ^ H ^ 6 H

ocymecT-

paSJIH^HblX

H C0UH3JIbHbie

H B M e c T e c T e M B03Ji0>KHTb Ha HHx n o j m y i o HAH q a c T H ^ H y i o

X03HÌÌ-

pe3yjIbTaTH

MaTepnajibHyio

OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3 a HH3KHH y p O B e H b 3THX p e 3 y j I b T a T O B .

OcymecTBJieHHe n o j i H o r o xo3HHCTBeHHoro pacneia HenocpeACTBeHHO C A3AbHeHIUHM p33BHTHeM HOpM3THBHbIX MeTOAOB paCnpefleJieHHfl AOXOAOB npeanpHHTHH H oÔTjeAHHeHHH. O H O TpeöyeT Hcn0Ab30B3HHH Bceñ CHCTeMH SKOHOMHHeCKHX pblHarOB, BKAIOH3H OTIHCJieHHe 13CTH üpHÖblJIH B 6iOÄ»eT no eAHHbiM CTaÔHjibHbiM HopMaTHBaM npH BBeAeHHH nporpeccHBHoTO Hajiora Ha AonoAHHTeAbHyio npnôbijib H ycTaHOBJieHHH (a B pHAe cjiyqaeB H yBejiHHeHHH yjKe ycTaHOBjieHHbix) njiaTOKeii 3a Hcn0Jib30BaHHe npnpoAHbix, M a T e p n a j i b H b i x , TpyAOBHx H ({wHaHcoBbix pecypcoB H AeñcTBeHHbix caHKUHHí 3a HapyiiieHHe HopMajibHoro pe>KHMa HX ÄBHJK6HHH; nonojiHeHHH X03paCHeTHHX ponaos 06"beAHHeHHH (npeflnpHHTHH) 3a CHeT OCTajIbHOH iaCBH33HO

CTH NPHÔKUIH; YKPEN^EHHH AOROBOPHOÑ H N;IATE>KHOH ÄHCUHIUIHHH Ha

6a3e

npHHunna n o j i H o r o B03MemeHHH npnqHHeHHoro ymepóa; ycHjieHHH OTBCTCTBeHHOCTH np0H3B0ÄHTe^efi 3a KanecTBo nocTSBjiHeMoñ npoAyKUHH, BbiBeAeHHH CJiyHiÖbl KOHTpOJIH 3a KaUeCTBOM H3 nOOTHHCHHH pyKOBOACTBy npe^npHHTHH; nepecTpoHKH AeñcTByioiueH CHCTBMM aMopTH3aunoHHbix OT^HCJIGHHH B UeJIHX yCHJieHHfl ee BAHHHHH Ha TeXHHKO-SKOHOMHHeCKHH ypOBeHb H TeMIIbl OÓHOBJieHHH OCHOBHblX npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX (})OHAOB. CoBepmeHCTBOBaHHe ro

oôopoTa

TpeöyeT

opr3HH33UHH

oöecneqeHHH

HX HCTOHHHKaM, H e A O n y i U e H H H

KpeAHTS

H 6e3H3JiHHHoro

AeHeîKHO-

COOTBCTCTBHH

KpeAHTOB

AeñcTBHTejibHoro

(J)OpMHpOBâHHîî

OÖOpOTHblX

CpeACTB 3a

POBAHHBIH n o A x o A

K KpeaHTOBaHHK) x o p o u i o

H njioxo

paôoTaiouiHx

npHJiTHH; n e p e B O A H T b Ha OCOÖHH pe>KHM y n p a B J i e H H H npeanpHHTHíi

c npHHHTHeM

HX AEAREJIBHOCTH

UHH

MHHecKoro H

3HHCTBeHHoro

SKCTpeHHbix

3(J)^)GKTHBHbix npHHunna

MexaHH3M3,

Mep

no

HopM3JiH3a-

HeacJ^eKTHBHOH

BamHocTb

oprsHH3a-

AeHTejibHOCTH.

u e H AAH y j i y t m i e H H H

CHCTeMH

uejiec000pa3H0

SKOHO-

HeoTBpaTHMocTH

H a K a 3 3 H H H BHHOBHbix, B i u i o T b AO

H npeKpameHHH

ipe3BbinaHHyK)

npeA-

HenjiaiemecnocoÓHbie

coójiioAeHHH

flHciXHnjiHHapHoro

UHOHHOH n e p e c T p o ñ K H yHHTbiBan

npn

CHßT

AH(|)(})epeHUH-

n j i a T e î K H b i x KpeAHTOB. C j i e A y e T iiiHpe npaKTHKOBaTb i v i y ö o K o

npeaycMOTpeTb

xo-

ee

AajibHeämee

C o B e p m e H C T B O B a H H e n o c j i e A y i o i u H M OCHOBHHM H a n p a B j i e H H H M :

nocTeneHHoe

NPHBEAEHHE ueH B ö o ^ b i n e e c o o T B e T C T B H e c H 3 M e H H B U i H M c a YPOBHEM CTBEHHO H e o Ô x o f l H M H x 3 a T p a T T p y ^ a ; no^e3Horo

c H H ^ e H H e ueH B p a c i e r e

B33HMOCBH3H CHCTeMH

acJx^eKTa; y n p e n j i e H H e

3 H H C T B e H H o r o n j i 3 H 3 , B H3CTH0CTH n y i e M GOOTHOUieHHHX

UeH

npOrpeCCHBHblX

Ha

ueH H

o6me-

eAHHHuy

Hapo^HOxo-

6 o j i e e n o j i H o r o y n e T a B ypoBHHX H

CTpyKTypHblX

CABHrOB

B HapOAHÖM

3HHCTBe; y c T 3 H 0 B J i e H H e u e H H 3 HOByio T e x H H K y c y ^ e T O M 3 3 T p 3 T Ha e e

xonpo-

H3B0ACTB0 H 3(J)(J)eKTHBH0CTH e e n O T p e Ö j i e H H H C T e M , HTOÔbl OHa B KOHeHHOM cMeTe 6 b i j i a aKOHOMHqecKH B H r o A H a H n p o H 3 B O A H T e ^ i o H n o T p e Ô H T e j i i o ; JieHHe

UeHOBOTO

CTHMyjIHpOB3HHH

HBLX, C H p b e B b l X , M 3 T e p H 3 J I b H b I X , BOACTBeHHbix

paUHOHajIbHOrO

HCn0JIb30B3HHH

TOnJlHBHO-SHepreTHHeCKHX

ycH-

npnpOA-

H HHHX

npOH3-

pecypcoB.

r i O B b i m e H H e AeHCTBeHHOCTH M a T e p H a j I b H b l X CTHMyjIOB pOCT3 npOH3BOAHTejIbHOCTH T p y A a , 3(J)(|)eKTHBH0CTH npOH3BOACTB3 ero

KOHe^HHe

Ha

33paHee

pe3y,nbT3Tbi T p e ö y e T

H3BeCTHOH H BCeM

H yCHJieHHe

ycT3HOBJieHHH

paÖOTHHKSM

HaUeJieHHOCTH

npHMoii,

ycTOHHHBOH,

nOHHTHOH HOpMaTHBHOH

33BHCHMO-

CTH (j)0HA3 3 a p a 6 0 T H 0 H nJI3TbI OT ypOBHH HJIH npHpOCT3 3(j)(J)eKTHBH0CTH n p O H3B0ACTB3, H TO HBjiHeTCH H e o ô x o A H M b i M mero

pOCTa

npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTH

ycjiOBHeM oöecneMeHHH

TpyAS

no

CpaBHeHHIO

C

onepe>Kaio3ap3Ö0TH0H

njiaTOH. OpraHH3auHH

rneñ

CTeneHH,

MaTepHajibworo

neM ceunac, AOJi^íHa

CTHMyjinpoBaHHH ôbiTb

nepeAaHa

B

B

3HaHHTejibH0

6ojib-

BeAeHHe oö-beAHHeHHH

32

E. K A n y C T H H

h npeAnpHHTHÌi, TaK K3K hmchho ohh jiyHine Beerò 3HaiOT h MoryT nojraee yHHTNBaTb TOJIbKO HM npHCyiII,He, CneUH4)HHeCKHe OCOÓeHHOCTH B OpraHH3aHHH Tpyfla H npOH3BOACTBa, nO^OBOapaCTHOM H KBaJIH(J)HKaU,HOHHOM COCTaBe paéoHHx h t. a. 3>OHA 3apa60THOH nJI3TH (b 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHKpeTHblX yCJIOBHfi TOH HJIH HHOH OTpaCJIH) MOJKHO (})OpMHpOBaTb H B BHAe qacTH BajIOBOrO flOXOfla o6"beaHHeHHH (npeAnpHHTHH), ocTSiomeficH nocjie BHeceHHH o6fl3aTeJibHHX njiaTeiKen h 06p330B3HHH xo3pacHeTHbix (Jjohaob, to ecTb b opMe ocTaToiHoro 4>0H^a, h no HOpMaTHBaM no OTHoiueHHio k o ó t e M y hhctoh (pe3JiH3oBaHHoft) npoAyKUHH 3a BbiqeTOM H3 Hee n.n3Tbi 3a (Jjohah, npoueHTOB 3a KpeAht H Apyrnx nepBooMepe^Hbix n^aTe>Keft. npH t3khx MeToaax cjjopMHpoBaHHH 4>OHAa 3apa60TH0H njiaTH ero pa3Mepu, Bce MaTepHajibHoe noompeHHe ctsbhtch b 6o.nee TecHyio 33BHCHM0CTb OT pe3yjIbTaT0B paÓOTH OÓTjeAHHeHHH (npeflnpHHTHH), COOTHOUieHHH TeMnoB pocTa npoH3BOflHTeJibHOCTH Tpyaa h 3apa6oTHoft njiaTbi, scj^eKTHBHoro Hcn0Jib30B3HHH JiK)6oro BH^a pecypcoB, yAOBjleTBopeHHoeTH noTpeÓHTe^eft ero npoflyKiìHen. Bo bchkom cjiynae, yKa3aHHbie MeTOAbi 06pa30BaHHH 4>ohAa o n j i a r a T p y j a Heo6xKeHHe bhcokhx hhahbhayajibHbix h KOJiJieKTHBHbix pe3yjibTaT0B Tpy^a uejiecoo6pa3Ho: N — BBecTH nopHAOK njiaHHpyeMoro noaTanHoro yBeJiHieHHH TapH(})Hhix CT3BOK H OKJI3A0B B paMKaX CpOKOB, yCT3HOBJieHHbIX B UeHTpaJIH30B3HH0M nopH^Ke (npe>KAe Beerò H3 Tex npeunpHHTHHx, K0T0pbie caMOCTOHTeJibHO oóecne^HjiH HeoóxoAHMbie ajih 3Toro cpeACTBa). B cbh3h c sthm npeanpHHTHHM HyJKHO npeflOCTaBHTb npaBO C3MHM BBOAHTb AJIH Beerò KOJIJieKTHBa AHpeKTHBHo ycTaHaB^HBaeMbie nepcneKTHBHbie noBbiuieHHbie TapHmHX H3pHfly C paÓOHHMH T 3 K » e H T P H CJiy»3mHX; flOBOAHTb BHyTpHX03HHCTBeHHbIH paCHeT flO 6pHraflbI (a B OTAeJlbHbix ero a^eMeHTax h ao paóonero MecT3) Ha 0CH0Be pacuiHpeHHH ee (jjyHKUHH B C3M0CT0HTCJIbH0M peUieHHH Onep3THBHbIX 33fl3H np0H3B0ACTB3. FIpeACTOHT yBH33Tb b eflHHoe ue,noe Mepbi no coBepmeHCTBOBaHHio chcTeMH X03HHCTB0B3HHH, npeAnpHHHMaeMble «CBepxy», C ABHJKeHHeM «CHH3y» 33 nepexoa oTaejibHbix 6pnr3A, yqacTKOB h uexoB hs KO^jieKTHBHbifl nojipHfl. OieHb b3hT

AOBeaeHHio

pyKOBOAHTejieft

CTaÔHJIbHOCTH

ca

eme

npoMwiujieH-

oTMeTKji

U K

H MÊTOAOB p e a j i b H o r o

HTOI-H

SKcnepHMeHTa,

CTa n o j i o j K H T e J i b H O C K a 3 b i B a i o T C H

AeHHH

KaK

B

TpaHC-

OÖTjeAHHeHHH.

opraHH3au,HH

HHHéCKHx

roAy,

H

yKpaHHCKOH

H MecTHofl

flo^HTÖiopo

C3M0CT0HTejIbH0CTH

no

THH.

C C P

BpeMH

THÄejIOrO

H A e T IIOHCK O n T H M a j I b H b l X

3BeHa,

paTHBH0-X03HHCTBeHH0H

B HaCTOHIIiee

nHUieBOH npOMbllJJJieHHOCTH

BejiopyccKOH

noAKJiioqHTca

CKOe M H H H C T e p C T B O . C e f t ^ a C 4>yHKUHH

npOBOÄHTCH

npOMbim^eHHOCTH,

oôecneqeHHH

y>Ke h3

B

CKa-

hskofthbuihhnpeAnpHSTHHx

$OHAOB. OAH3KO, nojiy^aTb

yCTpaHHH

Bce ô o ^ b i u y r o

peajIH33UHH

npOAyKUHH

HMeiOmneCH

HeAOCTaTKH,

OTAany B pe3y^bT3Te c y^eTOM

BbinOJIHeHHH

SKCnepHMeHT

noBbimeHHH

pojiH

AOrOBOpHblX

n03B0AHeT noKa3aTeJia

I10CT3B0K

B

3a-

COBEPLLIEHCTBOBAHHE yilPABJIEHHfl

fláHHoñ

HOMeHKjiaType,

njiaHHpOBaHHH, HOH

BbicoKoro

HAPOflHbIM

h

KaqecTBa

SKOHOMHHCCKOM

b

35

X03HHCTB0M

oóycjiOBjieHHbie

CTHMyjIHpOBaHHH,

OUeHKe

h c o u H a j i H C T H q e c K o r o copeBHOBaHHH. M H o r n e

fleHTejibHOCTH

b

cpOKH

X03HHCTBeHnpe,nnpHH-

THÍI BbllllJIH HJIH npHÖJIHJKaiOTCSI K p y 6 e > K y CTOnpOUeHTHOrO BbinOJIHeHHH CT3B0K

B

COOTBeTCTBHH

npoaynuHH

C

ßOrOBOpaMH.

no aoroBopaM

B3aHMH0e

BbinOJIHeHHe

CTaHOBHTCH o n p e a e j i a r o m H M

KpHTepneM

BOpeHHH nOTpeÖHOCTeH npOH3BOflCTBa B ÄOCTHJKeHHH peaJIbHOH B3HH0CTH Ceñiac

naaHOB

np0H3B0ÄCTBa

c

n0JIb30B3HHH CBH33HHbIX BOÄCTB3

B UeJIOCTHOM

X03HHCTBeHH0M

C (JjOpMHpOBaHHeM

H eÄHHOrO

BOflHMOrO

(})OHÄa

SKCnepHMeHTa

TexHHuecKoro

nepHMemoM

HopMaTHBHoe

BHeceHHH

il/isth

BaHHOCTb

npeflnpHHTHH

3a

OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb

pa3BHTH3

npoueirra

BbinojiHeHHe

ôro/DKeTOM b T o m a i y q a e ,

TeXHHKH.

ypoBHH n p o H 3 B o a c T B 3 .

B nOBblllieHHH

B

KpeaHT, ycHJiHBseT

ecjiH b ocHOBe S T o r o

IipO-

BblCOKHX

skc-

ocTaromeñcH

3(j)(j)eKTHBH0CTH

00H3aTejibCTB

npOH3-

yCJIOBHHX

npeaycMOTpeHHoe

npnóbijiH,

3a

nOJIOJKeHHH,

p33BHTHH

flOCTHJKeHHH

nocjie

33HHTepeco-

npOH3BOaCTB3

nepea

H HX

rocyaapcTBeHHHM

pacnpeaeJieHHH

rOBpeMeHHHe eaHHbie CTaÖKjibHbie HopMaTHBbi. T a x a s HHH

HOBHX

(JjOHfla

B03M0>KH0CTb

pacnpe^ejieHHe

(Jjohäm h

3a

H

H3VKH

pecypcaMH.

SCfltfeKTHBHOCTH HC-

MeX3HH3Me

H HCn0JIb30B3HHeM

nOflBJiaeTCH

noKa3aiejieñ

H o6

CyaHTb

yaoBJieT-

CÖaJiaHCHpO-

MaTepHajibHO-TexHHHgcKHMH

MO>KHO aOCTaTO^IHO 0 Ö 0 C H 0 B 3 H H 0

no-

nOCTaBOK

jie>KaT

aoji-

chctêma

pacnpeaejie-

npHÖbUIH CT3BHT KeHHe n p e f l n p H H T H H B

33BHCHM0CTb

He TOJibKO OT pe3ëpB0B

BbinojiHeHHH T e K y m e r o

HHTeHCH(J)HKaUHH

ho

njiaHa,

npOH3BOÄCTBa,

h

ot

Hcn0Jib30B3HHH

Bcex

KanHT3JIbHHe

BJIO-

BKJIIOHaH

XeHHH. BMecTe

c TeM npeaBapHTejibHbie

pe3y;ibT3Tbi SKcnepHMeHTa

k)t, HTO b p a a e e r o B o n p o c o B c j i e a y e T h ä t h pacqeT

b 3KcnepHM€HTe

H C TOHKH 3 p e H H H

He n o j i y i H j i

OXBaTa

BCeX

nona

eme

flambine.

Tax,

noKa3biBa-

xo3HHCTBeHHbiH

BnojiHe 3aBepmeHHbix

np0H3B0ACTBeHH0-X03JIHCTBeHHbIX

HHH H CBH3eH, B K J I I O i a f l IipOUeCCbl BOCnpOH3BOÄCTBa, H C I 1 0 3 H L Í H H ynpaBJieHHH

no

MeTOÄOB,

aaeKBaTHblX

CHCTeMe nJI3H0B. B o j I b l H H H C T B O

Jieñ

H SKOHOMHHeCKHX paMKH

ropH30HTajin

h

CHCTeMbi

HOpMaTHBOB

pOBaHO

Ha

roaoBoro

nepByio

o ^ e p e a b ycKopeHHe

wiaHa,

BepTHKajin;

X03paCqeTH0H xoth

BHeapeHHH

ohh

oh

p33BHTHH

He H M e e T

OCHOBHblX

b npoH3BoacTBo

cfiopM

OpHeHTH"

CTHMyjinpoBaTb aocTHJKeHHH

HOCTbK) B O B a e q e H b i b a e f l c T B H e j i n n i b b T e q e H H e nHTHJieTKH h j i h a a > K e

noji6ojib-

uiero nepHOfla. H e 0 6 x 0 f l H M 0 ö o j i e e ocHOBaTejibHo npoaHajin3HpoBaTb h nHTHJieTHero

(JjHHaHCOBoro

HaHcoBO-KpeaHTHbix p e c y p c a x

iuiaHHpoBaHHH,

BKjuonaH

Bonpoc

B

HayKH

H TeXHHKH, HCn0JIb30BaHHe TJiyÖHHHblX p e 3 e p B 0 B , KOTOpbie M O r y T 6 b I T b

ÖJieMbi

h

nOKa3aTe-

aeHTeJIbHOCTH

npH3BaHbi

(JjopM

OTHOIIie-

o

npo^h-

äjih B c e x y p O B H e ñ y n p a B j i e H H H h o c o ô e H H O

nepBHMHoro 3BeHa. S n c n e p H M e H T n o n a He o x B a T b i s a e T Bonpocbi H e o 6 x o f l H M o r o b 3 3 H M O aeñCTBHa o p r a H O B O T p a c j i e B o r o h p e r a o H a j i b H o r o y n p a B J i e H H H , He y q H T b i BaeT Tex TOpbie

ÖOJIbUIHX B03M0JKH0CT6H pOCTa 3(J)(J)eKTHBHOCTH npOH3BOaCTBa, KO-

MOryT

6bITb

HCn0JIb30B3HbI

MeCTHbIMH

OpT3H3MH

B p3HOH3X

MeCTO-

H 3 X 0 Ä Ä e H H H n p e a n p H H T H H H OÖ'beaHHeHHH. ^ípeSBbl^aHHO THBOB,

KOTOpbie

b

Ba^HblM

5!BJI5ieTCíí n e p e X O Ä

3H3^HTejibHOH

CTeneHH

OT H H a H B H a y a J l b H b l X

opHeHTHpoB3Hbi

IUHH TeXHHqeCKHH ypOBeHb TOTO HJIH KHOTO n p e a n p H H T H H b

K3K0H-T0

CTeneHH a a « < e

KOHcepBHpyiOT

ero,

Ha

Ha

(ofiTjeaHHeHMfl) H

y j i y q m e H H e ynpaBJieHHH

HayqHO-TexHHqecKHM

HeoöxoaHMO

npeanpHHTHHMH BcecTopoHHe

B3»HeñuiHX

npoBepHTb

aOCTHMKHbi

nporpeccoM,

HOe C 0 B e p m e H C T B 0 B 3 H H e TeXHHKH H TeXHOJIOTHH a e H C T B y r o n i H X peajIH3aUHH

OTpacjie-

nporpeccHBHbie

Bbie HjiH X0T5J 6bi KpynHorpynnoBbie HopM3thbh. B Ó J i b i u y i o p o j i b b aajibHeñmeM p 3 3 b h t h h sKcnepHMeHTa paTb

Ha

H0pM3-

cyiuecTByK)-

H3yKH

ht-

HenpepbiB-

npOH3BOaCTB, H

ycKopeHHe

TeXHHKH. HayqHO-

hoboto n o a x o a s b npHMeHeHHH n o o m p H T e j i b H b i x H s a ß a B O K k onTOBbiM ueHaM, (|)opM KOMneHcauHH n o (})OHaaM 3 a p a 6 o T H o ñ

TexHHqecKoro

nporpecca

36

E. KAnyCTHH

N ^ S T B I H M a T e p H a j i b H o r o n o o m p e H H H B N E P H O A M a c c o B o r o O C B O E H H H HOBOÖ BBIC0K03(J)(J)CKTHBH0H TeXHHKH, A T 3 K J K e p a C I U H p e H H H N P A B N P E J I N P H H T H H B YTBEP>KfleHHH u e H H A o n J i a T K O I I T O B U M u e H a M n a O T Ä e ^ b H b i e B H Ä H TCXHHKH, y 3 J i b i H fleTajiH n o c o r j i a c o B a H H K ) c 3 a K a 3 ™ K O M . HaKonjieHHHH onbiT y a t e c e ñ i a c CBH^eTejibCTByeT o HeoöxoaHMOCTH o ö c T O H T e j i b H o r o p a c c M O T p e H H H B 0 3 M 0 J K H 0 C T H H3MeHCHHH p a f l a n o K a 3 a T e j i e ñ H N P E M A E B e e r ò 3AMEHBI NOKA3ATEJIA HOPM3THBHO HHCTOH N P O ^ Y K U H H n o K a 3 A I E J I E M 4 > A K T H Q E C K O H I H C T O H n p o a y n u H H H T. Ä. F I p 0 B 0 Ä 3 H p a C I I I H p H f l S K C n e p H M e H T , HeOÖXOÄHMO, BHÄHMO, o c o ô o e BHHM a H H e y ^ e j I H T b OÓOCHOBaHHK) O n T H M a j I b H b l X r p a H H U , X03HHCTB6HH0H CaMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH H OTBCTCTBeHHOCTH npOH3BOÄCTBeHHbIX OÖTjeflHHeHHH, B CTHOCTH B B o n p o c a x n j i a H H p o B a H H H H a y q H O - T e x H H H e c K o r o n p o r p e c c a , p a c iuHpeHHoro B o c n p o H 3 B o a c T B a , yAOBJieTBopeHHH nojpeÖHOCTeH H a p o Ä H o r o x o 35IHCTBa B B b i n y C K a e M O H n p O A y K U H H , p a 3 B H T H H X03HHCTBeHHbIX CBH3eH, OnJiaTH T p y a a . 3acjiy>KHBaeT c e p b e 3 H o r o BHHM3HHH B o n p o c 0 6 onTHMaJibHbix p a 3 M e p a x p e c y p c o B (|)OHÄa P 3 3 B H T H H n p o H 3 B o a c T B a , coBepmeHCTBOBaHHH n o p H f l K a HX ^ o p M H p o B a H H H h H c n 0 J i b 3 0 B a H H H , a T a K J K e B o n p o c b i 0 p a U H O HajibHOH c H C T e M e y T B e p ^ a a e M b i x n o K a s a T e j i e ä , JIHMHTOB H H o p M a T H B O B B ITHTHJieTHeM H TOÄOBblX I U i a H a X , HMeH B BHfly B03MO>KHOe HX y K p y n H e H H e , y c T p a H e H H e a y ö ^ H P O B A H H H B R O ^ O B b i x n j i a H a x 3 a a a H H H njiTHjieTHHX n j i a H O B , y c H J i e H H e HX o p n e H T a u H H Ha K O H e ^ H b i e p e 3 y j i b T a T b i Ä e H T e j i b H o c T H . flajibHeniiieH, ö o j i e e y n i y ö J i e H H O H n p o B e p i t e HCOÖXOÄHMO n o Ä B e p r H y T b n p e A J i o H < E H H H : n o c o B e p i u e H C T B O B a H H i o o p r a H H 3 a u H H H MeTOÄOB p a 3 p a 6 o T KH njiaHOB npOH3BOflCTBa H n o c T a B O K n p O Ä y K U H H c yneTOM NOBUUIEHHH p o JIH n p H M b l X X 0 3 H H C T B 6 H H b I X C B H 3 C H H Ä O r O B O p O B M e > K Ä y n p 0 H 3 B 0 Ä H T e j I H M H H n o T p e Ô H T e j i H M H n p o f l y K U H H ; n o y j i y n m e H H i o MCTOÄOB p a 3 p a ó o T K H IIHTHj i e T H e r o (FWHAHCOBORO n j i a H a n p e ^ n p H H T H H H Y C T A N O B J I E H H H c T a Ô H J i b H b i x HopMaTHBOB pacnpe,ne.JieHHH npnôbiJiH; 0 nyrax aajibHeñmero P33BHTHH xo3pacqeTHMx OTHOUICHKH B CHCTCMB «MHHHCTepcTBO — npoMbim^eHHoe o ö t e a H H e H H e — npe;mpHHTHe» c yqeTOM o c y m e c T B ^ e H H H nojiHoro x o 3 p a c qeTa B nepBHHHbix 3BEHBAX n p e a n p H H T H H ; no pa3BHTHro B ycjiOBHHx S K c n e p H M e H T a ó p H r a f l H b i x t{)opM o p r a H H 3 a u H H H o n j i a T b i T p y ^ a ; n o y c H j i e H H i o B 0 3 a e ñ c T B H a xo3HHCTBeHHoro MexaHH3Ma Ha pauHOHajibHoe Hcnojib30BaHHe TpyaoBHX pecypcoB. P a s p a ô o T K a H peajiH3auHH KOMNJIEKCHOH n p o r p a M M b i coBepmeHCTBOB a H H H M e x a H H 3 M a y n p a B J i e H H H HapOAHblM X03HHCTB0M B COOTB6TCTBHH c pemeHHaMH X X V I Cbe3fla K n C C H n o c j i e a y r o m n x njienyMOB U K KnCC, BbIBOflaMH H nOJTOJKeHHHMH, COflepjKaiHHMHCH B BblCTynJieHHHX T O B a p H U i a K . Y . M E P H E H K O , N 0 3 B 0 J I H T NOFLHHTBCN HA K A Q E C T B E H H O H O B H H Y P O B E H B n ^ a HOBOrO p y K O B O f l C T B a N P O U E C C O M C O B e p n i e H C T B O B a H H H S K O H O M H K H p a 3 B H T O ro cou,HajiH3Ma.

A.

O E I I J E C T B E H H O B

y C J I O B H J I X B

H E O E X O f l H M b l E

H H T E H C H O H K A U . H M

3 A T P A T b I n P O H 3 B O , O . C T B A

qHCJie C T p a T e r n q e c K H X H 3 n p 3 B A e H H H P 3 3 b h t h h H s p o A H o r o

c4)opMyjiHpoBaHHbix

Ha Ä e K a ö p b C K O M

AejieHa

nporpaMMbi

pa3pa6oTKa

MexaHH3Ma

ynpaBJieHHH,

HapHÄy

ÄpyrHMH

c

noBNUieHHe

( 1 9 8 3 r.) F I j i e H y M e U K

KOMnJieKCHoro

OTBe^aiomero

BajKHbiMH

achctbghhocth

MeX3HH3Ma,

ÄHTHO-(f)HHaHCOByiO

MeTOAH

AeflTeJIbHOCTH

H

Ap.

Beerò

pa3BHToro

AOJi>KHa

OUeHKH

pa3pa60TKOH

couHajiH3Ma.

npeAycMaTpHBSTb

skohomh^cckhx

BKJIK)tî3H

COBepiIieHCTBOBaHHe

CBH33HO C A a J I b H e i i l l i e H

onpe-

coBepiueHCTBOBaHHa

coBOKynHOCTH

H CTHMyjIOB X 0 3 H H C T B e H H 0 r 0 CHCTÊMy,

oHa

xo3HHCTaa,

KFICC,

skohomhkc

33AanaMH

Been

Kouiyra

pbinaroB

UeH006pa30BaHHe,

pe3yjlbTaTOB

Kpe-

X03HHCTBeHH0H

UeH006pa30BaHHH

BO

MHOrOM

MeTOAOJIOrHH 4>OpMHpOBaHHH H H3M6-

peHHH o 6 m e c T B e H n o H e o è x o A H M b i x 3 a T p a T b ycjiOBHHx n e p e B O A a

skohomhkh

Ha HHTCHCHBHblH n y T b p33BHTHH. HHTeHCH4)HKauHH UieHHeM

npOH3BOACTB3

npOH3BOAHTejIbHOCTH

HO-TeXHHHeCKOrO

nporpecca,

3(J)(J)6Kthbhoh T e x H H K H COBepmeHCTBOBaHHeM BOACTBOM,

3 TaKÎKe

HHM H3 4>3KTOpOB

C0np0B0>KA3eTCH

TpyAa,

HCn0JIb30B3HHeM

B TOM HHCJie HOBOH

h nporpeccHBHoñ

nOBbl-

AOCTH>KeHHH

HayH-

BbICOKOnpOH3BOAHTe,JIbHOH

pecypcocöeperajomeH

(})OpM H MeTOAOB O p r a H H 3 3 U H H p33BHTH6M

HeyK/IOHHbIM

TBOpMBCKOH

TCXHOJiorHH,

H ynp3BJieHHH

npOH3-

HHHU.H3THBH TpyAHIUHXCH.

HHTeHCH(j)HK3HHH 3 K 0 H 0 M H K H

HBJIHeTCH C 0 3 A 3 H H e

OA"

H npH-

M e H e H H e HOBOH BbIC0K03(})(})eKTHBH0H TeXHHKH, C n 0 C 0 6 C T B y K ) m e H 3KOHOMHOMy pacxoAOB3HHK)

h

pau,HOH3JibHOMy

THiecKHx H TpyAOBHX

Hcn0Jib30BaHHK)

MaTepH3JibHbix,

n p H p O C T 3 3 T P 3 T H3 IIOJiyHeHHe OTAeJIbHblX KOMnOHeHTOB n p e A M e T O B T p y A a , B h3CTHOCTH, AOÔbiqH AJiH

HapoAHoro

X03HHCTB3

pe3yjibTaTe

CHHJKeHHH

CTpoeHHH C03AaHHe KOHCTpyKUHH

H

MaT6pH3Ji06MKOCTH

cypcoB

Ha

HanpaBJieHHHMH.

jieHHbie orpaHHqeHHH, Ha

opyAHH

TpyAa,

rjiaBHbix

KaK

3aTp3T

b npouecce

B

3KcnjiyaT3UH0HHHX

bo3mo>khocthmh

HaxoAHmHxca

b

3K0H0MHM-

nspsMeTpoB,

hbjihiotch

COKpameHHe

ÜO

M3IHHH0-

nOK333TeJIHMH 6e3rpa-

P3CXOAOB3HHH

np0H3B0ACTB3 t ê x h h k h

oôycjiOBjieHHbie

hstotobjichhc

yAejIbHblMH

h x H3r0T0BJi6HHa

H3BeCTHO,

noBbime-

3(j)(J)eKTHBHOCTH.

H TpyAOBblX

MHHHM3JIbHbJMH

6AHHHU,y

HenocpeACTBeHHO

pacxoAa

(yxyAiueHHa)

KOMIieHCHpOBaTbCH

HOBblX, B TOM HHCJie I i p H H U H I l H a j I b H O HOBblX M31IIHH C

a T3KJKe B H e A p e H H e h o b h x T e x H o ^ o r n ñ HH^HblMH

hobhx

SKCnJiyaTaUHOHHOH

MaTepHajIbHblX

npOH3BOACTB3,

ycnoxHeHHa

Cbipbfl MO>KÊT

yAemeBJieHHeM

npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTH

B03MO)KHOCTHM HHX

B

H O T A a j i e H H O C T H MeCTOpOJKAeHHH

HHeM HX

sHepre-

pecypcoB.

HMeeT

yjKecToqeHHH

np0H3B0ACTBe

pe-

onpeAeHopM

KOHCTpyKUHH

M3IIIHH. BceMepHOH HHKD Mepbi

Ha

3T0H

no

skohomhh OCHOBe

coBepmeHCTBOBaHHK) opyAHH TpyAa

HHCMbix

MaTepnajibHbix

OÖmeCTBeHHO

h TpyAOBbix

HeOÖXOAHMblX

HOMenKJiSTypbi

h b nepByro

HH6M

UK

B 0Tp3CJIHX KFICC

H

HapOAHOrO CoBeT3

HayMHO-TexHHqecKoro qHCjiy

npeJKAe

Beerò

X03HHCTB3.

MHHHCTpOB

nporpecca othochtch:

OHM

CCCP

b HápOAHOM co3A3HHe

h

HHTeHCH(J)HK3UHH

«O

MepaX

npHMenpOH3-

nOCT3HOB^e-

no

(1983

pacujiipeHHe

CHH>Ke-

o6opyAOB3HHH,

OnpeAejieHbl

xo3hhctbc» h

h

CnOCOÖCTByiOT

H3roTaBjiHBaeMbix

oqepeAb — ctshohhoto

OCymeCTBJTHeMbie B COOTBeTCTBHH C T p e 6 0 B 3 H H f l M H B0ACTB3

pecypcoB

3aTpaT

yCKOpeHHK) r.).

K

hx

np0H3B0ACTBa

38

A. KOIUyTA

yHH(})HIIHpOBaHHbIX poBaHHbix

npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX

np0H3B0flCTB

HHe npHMeHeHHH MaTepHaJibHbix,

(TAn),

yHHBepC3JIbHbIX H

TpyÄOBbix

MOflyjiefl

ÄJIH

oöecneHHBaiomHx H Ha

CT3HK0B

SHepreTHqecKHX

THÖKHX

3T0ÍÍ

TpyAa

6a30BbIX

Ha

6a3e

C03flaHHH

pecypcoB.

KOHCTpyKUHH

yHHl})HII.HpOBaHHbIX

OÔOpyÂOBaHHH,

coKpame-

OCHOBe—3KOHOMHK)

ocHOBHbie HanpaBJieHHH p a ö o T b i n o coBepiueHCTBOBaHHio ÄHH

3BT0M3TH3H-

cymecTBeHHoe

npeaycMOTpeHbi KOHCTpyKUHH

opy-

ÓJIOqHO-MOAyjIbHblX

pOÔOTOTeXHHqeCKHX

H

KOMIUieKCOB,

aBT0M3TH3Hp0BaHHbIX CT3HK0B, M3IUHH H M6X3HH3MOB. K a n e c T B e H H o HOB HÜ y p o B e H b P33BHTHH npOH3BOACTBa, HHT6H-

03Haq3H

CH^3HK3IIHH, T3KHM 0 6 p 3 3 0 M , O p H e H T H p y e T B3HH5)

Ha

cHHHteHHe

oömecTBeHHo

TeOpHK) H n p 3 K T H K y

HeoöxoÄHMbix

3aTpaT

X03HHCTB0-

TpyAa,

j i H B s e T p e a j i b H y r o B03M0>KH0CTb n o j i y n e H H a ô o j i b i u e r o K O H e ^ H o r o T3 npH 3H3qHTejIbHO 3KOHOMHOM, p3UH0H3JIbH0M pecypcoB.

OnepOKaiOIUHH

pOCT

KOHe^HblX

T3T0B n o c p 3 B H e H H K ) c 3 3 x p a T 3 M H nepBue

OTqeTHbie

HaMeqeHHbix

^aHHbie

P33BHTHH

CBHAeTejibCTByioT

(Ha 4 , 6 % )

pe3yjlb-

rocyflapcTBeHHbiM

H3UICH CTpaHbl 06

TSK, B p e 3 y j i b T a T e p o c T a

33Ä3HHH.

BOflHTejibHOCTH T p y a a

ycneuiHOM

H3

njia-

1984

nnaBHbiM o 6 p a 3 0 M

npoH3-

B nepBOM K B a p T a j i e T e K y m e r o r o a a

q e M Ha 9 MJipA- p y 6 . N P H STOM n o Cp3BHeHHIO

C

3aTpaTbi

Ha

3H3JI0rHHHbIM

P63JIH33UHH n p 3 K T H i e c K H x

1 py6.

TOBapHOH

nepHOÄOM

1983

Mep no o n e p e n o i o m e M y

r.

BbinojiHÇHHH o6"beM

n p o M H i n j i e H H o f i n p o a y K U H H y B e j i H q H j i c H Ha 4 , 9 % . h j i h

npoH3BoacTBa CHH3HJIHCb

p a C X 0 f l 0 B 3 H H H BCeX BHÄOB

H3p0.HH0X03HHCTBeHHbIX

npe,aycMOTpeH

HOM SKOHOMHMeCKOrO H COUHaJIbHOrO

oôycjioBpe3yjibTa-

6ojiee

npoayKUHH

T.

pocTy

H3

0,7% •

pe3yjibT3T0B

H a a 3 3 T p a T 3 M H OÖyCJIOBJIHBSeT HeOÖXOÄHMOCTb OcymeCTBJieHHH p f l Ä 3 KOHKMeTOflHnecKHX H H o p -

p e T H b i x M e p n o yTO o T ^ e j i b H b i x a e ñ c T B y i o m H x MaTHBHHX

ÄOKyMeHTOB,

B TOM

IHCJie

MeTOÄHKH

CKOH 3(J)(J)6KTHBHOCTH HOBOH TeXHHKH OnTOBUX

UeH

H H

oóopyaoBaHHe (1982

r.).

ycHJieHHe

B

CHCTeMbI

HOpMaTHBOB

B

Ha

BKOHOMHUeOnpe^ejieHHH

HOBbie

pemeHHH

ÖyÄeT

BonpocoB

33TpaT

nyTeM

H

TeXHH^eCKHX H3

ynpaBJieHHH

nepecMOTpa

H0pM3THB0B

3

Tanice

H3ÄejiHH H HX K 3 -

0Ka3bIBaTb,

H3 npOH3BOACTBO npOÄyKUHH,

SKOHOMHqeCKHX

ManjHHH,

HasHaneHHH

peHTaôejibHocTH,

BbinycKaeMbix

CTaHflapTaX

npOUeCC

HeoôxoÂHMbix

BHflaM p e c y p c o B )

MeTOÄHKH

npO^yKUHH

K napaMeTpaM

BJIHHHHe H3 3T0T

oömecTBeHHO TejIbHOH

yTOiHeHHe

TpeôoBaHHH

SKTHBHOCTH

>1HCT0H

r.),

np0H3B0ÄCTBeHH0-TexHHtiecK0r0

npe^yCM3TpHB3eMbIX

Bojlbuioe

(no

npnöopbi

HeoöxoÄHMo

y»eCTOqeHHe qeCTBy,

HOpMaTHBOB

(1977

OnpeAeJieHHH

yCJlOBHHX.

Harn

B3IVIHÄ,

(J)opMHpoB3HHeM

HOPMSTHBOB

p33pa60TKH

C UeJIblO

33TpaT

flOnOJTHH-

nOBblHieHHH

fleft-

CTBeHHOCTH BCeH COBOKynHOCTH SKOHOMHHeCKHX pbIH3rOB H CTHMyjIOB X03HHCTBeHHOrO M e x a H H 3 M 3 . npe^craBJineTCH

ue,necoo6pa3HbiM 3aTpaT

yTo^HHTb

Tpy^a.

ycjiöBHHX

cJ)0pMHp0BaHHH HHTCHCH(|)hk3lihh

Heo6xoÄHMbix

npOH3BOflCTB3

MÖHHeTCH He TOJIbKO KOJIHqeCTBeHHOe 3 H a i e H H e

OÖOCHOBaHHblX 3 a T p a T Ha KOHKpeTHbie

B

xapaKTep

oômecTBeHHo

H3Äe^IHH

HOpMaTHBOB

(rjiaBHbIM 06pa30M

Ha HO-

Bbie). ripeTepneBaiOT

MoaH(J)HKau,Hio K p n T e p H H o u e H K H 3HaneHHH STHX H o p -

M3THB0B

H3MeHeHHeM

B

CBH3H

C

06"beKTHBHbIX

yCJIOBHH,

OKa3bIB3K)IIXHX

BJIHHHHe H3 Ke nepBOHa^ajlbHO BblCOKHe 3aTpaTbI Ha

npeanpHHTHHX-HOBocTpoHKax.

nocKOjibKy

npH

O6OCHOB3HHH

njiaHOBbix

3aflaHHH npOflyKUHH T3KHX npeflnpHHTHH yMHTblBSeTCH, TO MeTOßbl H $opMbl KOMneHCailHH HX nOBblllieH'HblX 3aTpaT flOJI>KHbI ÖblTb paCCMOTpeHbl H yCTaHOBJieHbl B OTfleJlbHOM n O p H Ä K e . CoBepmeHCTBOBaHHe HOCTH häth

HOBOH

TeXHHKH

b HanpaBJieHHH

MeTOAOB

ÄOJDKHO,

onpeaejieHHH

no

pa3pa6oTKH

HaUieMy

SKOHOMH^ecKOH

MHeHHK),

nojicmeHHH

no

B

a^cJjeKTHB-

nepByiO

onpeae.neHHK>

OiepeÄb

oômecTBeH-

Ho H e o ß x o f l H M b i x 3 a T p a T Ha n o j i y q e H H e o T f l e j i b « b i x c o c T a B J i H i o m H x TauHOHHoro HOrO

3(J)(j)eKTa

S^CjieKTa

oueHKa

HOBOH

yjiyquieHHH

(xapaKTepHCTHK) jiH30B3HH0e

hoboh

tcxhhkh.

TeXHHKH,

noil

H3aejiHH

Bbipa^eHHe

BbipajKaeica

KOTOpbIM

coBOKynHOCTH

HOEoro

Oh

Ug —

A 5 n

=

BbipaiKeHHaH

b

TexHHKO-SKOHOMHqecKHX

napaMeTpoB

cpaBHeHHK)

nojie3Horo

HOMHiecKHx b

HeHHK) c

npn

c

B

(a =

~

; ß =

D6

Pft ' h

T ¿ h

n

OopMa)

HOBbix

BH/ie: (1)

ß,

tcxhhko-sko-

H3ae;iHH, n p H H H T o r o a — K03({)4>HUHeHTbi

HOBOro

H3ae^HH

AH„ — npnpocT

) ;

H

3

oueHKa

6a30B0r0

hoboto;

E

(A

± A / ( 3 ,

3

h ÄOJiroBeiHOCTH "I-

6a30BbiM.

3(j)(J)eKT3

ctohmocth3h

npoeKTHpoBaHHH

np0H3B0,n.HTejibH0CTH 6a30BbiM

ueHe

napaMeTpOB

SKcnJiyaTauHOHHbix

aHajiora

KaiecTBe

npnpocTa

^ 6 - a - ß - ^ 6 + A ^ onTOBOH

nojie3-

CT0HM0CTH33

o p y ^ H H T p y Ä 3 MOJKeT ó b i T b n p e ^ C T a B J i e H O b c j i e ^ y i o m e M

rae

sKcnjiya-

npnpocTe

nOHHMaeTCH

no

npHpocTa

b

no

cpaB-

skohomhh

y

noTpeÖHTejiH Ha TeKymnx sKcnjiyaTauHOHHbix H3flepJKKax npn Hcnojib30Bahhh HOBOro H3ÄejiHH B33MeH 6a30Boro b pacneTe Ha roaoBoñ oö-beM pa6oTbi, np0H3B0ÄHM0n c noMombio HOBoro H3.ae.nHH (b py6.) ; A Ka — npHpOCT 3 K 0 H 0 M H H ( + ) HJIH nOBbllIieHHeflOnOJIHHTejIbHblX3aTpaT( — ) Ha COnyTCTByioiuHx KanHTajibHbix b j i o j k c h h h x noTpeÓHTejiH (6e3 yneTa c t o h m o c t h ManiHH) npH HCn0JIb30B3HHH HOBOrO H 3 Ä ^ H H no CpaBHeHHK) C 6a30BbIM. npH Bh,

onpeaejieHKH

Bg —

roaoBbie

n0JTb30B3HHH Pe —

ÄOJIH

nejiHH

ynasaHHbix

oö^eMbi

eflHHHUbl

KoscjxJmuHeHTOB

npoflyKU,HH

OT^HCJieHHH

OT

Ô3JI3HC0B0H Ha

HOBOrO

6330B0TO

H

CTOHMOCTH

nojiHoe

o6o3HaieHHH:

np0H3B0flHMbie

COOTBeTCTBeHHO

(COOTBeTCTBeHHO)

npHHHTbi

(paôoTbi),

hx

HOBOrO

npn

hc-

H3,0,ejMH;

PH,

H 6a30B0r0

H3-

BoceraHOBjieHHe

(peHOBauHio);

E H — H 0 p M 3 T H B H b I H KOS^íJjHUHeHT 3(J)(j)eKTHBH0CTH. H3 CTa

npHBefleHHOH (jjOpMyjIH

n o j i e 3 H o r o 3KHBaiomHx

-lyMeHHH

He T p e Ö y i O T C H AOnOJIHHTejIbHbie 3 a T p a T b I

KOTOpbie

HCn0JIb30BaHbI

AJlñ

nOBbimeHHÎÎ

npOH3BOÜHTe^bHOCTH

uiHHbi. B n p o T H B H O M c j i y q a e y A e j i b H b i e s a T p a T b i H3BOAHiej]bHOCTH 6a30B0H

euer

HOBOH

no-

pecypcoB

MaillHHbl

Tex,

HOBOH

M3-

Ha e A H H H u y

npo-

0K3>KyTCH

Bblllie,

ieM

(cTapoñ).

HoBan IHBATB

H AO-iirOBeiHOCTH

ee

H3rOTOBHTeA5I C B e p x

MauiHHa,

NPH

IIOMHMO

9KcnjiyaTauHH

y^ymueHHH

pocTa

NPOH3BOAHTEJIBHOCTH,

CHHmeHHe

Ka^ecTBeHHbix

pacxoAa

sHeprHH

napaMeipoB,

KOTopoe

C ONPEAEJIEHHBIMH

AONOJIHHTEJIBHBIMH

TpaTbl

6bITb

He

MOryT

B sKcn^yaTauHH. HeoôxoflHMbix

IloaTOMy

3aTpaT

3aTpaT3MH

HeHOpMHpOBaHHbIMH Ba»Ho

onpe^ejiHTb

no lojKAOMy

y

no

MOJKCT

o6ecne-

TonjiHBa

HJIH

TaK>Ke

H3r0T0BHTe;IH.

CpaBHeHHK)

C

HopMaTHBbi

H3 K a i e c T B e H H b i x

3a

CBH3aHO 3TH

3a-

3(J)(})eKTOM

oöiuecTBeHHo

napaMeipoB

ÄJIH

pa3-

conpameHHio

06-

jiHHHbix r p y n n HJIH BHAOB' M a u i H H . üöycjiOB^HBaeMaa

HHTeHCHc{)HKauHeH

TeHaeHUHH

K

m e C T B e H H O HeOÖXOflHMblX 3 a T p a T ÄOJIJKHa HaXOAHTb O T p a J K e H H e B yCTaHOBJieHHH

3aflaHHH

no

CHHJKeHHIO CeÖeCTOHMOCTH

3HHCTBe — OTpaCJIH (npe^npHHTHH), onTOBHX

ueH.

(noflOTpaCJIH) —

a

TaiOKe

Hanôojiee

B

npOÄyKUHH

B HapOÄHOM

npOH3BOÄCTBeHHOM

onepSTHBHOM

PAUHOHAJIBHBIM

H

CBOeBpeMeHHOM

MCTOAOM

XO-

OÖTieflHHeHHH

AOBeAeHHH

CHHJKCHHH

PESYJIBTATOB

CHHJKeHHH OÖmeCTBeHHO HeOÓXOAHMblX 3 a T p a T AO 3KOHOMHKH OTpaCJieH

Ha-

pOÄHOrO X03HHCTB3 H nOBbllUeHHH Ha OCHOBe 3TOTO 3(j)(j)eKTHBHOCTH O Ö W e C T BeHHoro

np0H3B0ÄCTBa

onTOBHX

ueH

HBJiaeTCH

H ycTaHOBJieHHe

onepaTHBHbiH

3aaaHHH

no

nepecMOTp

(cHH>KeHHe)

CHHJKCHHK) c e ó e c T O H M o c T H

npo-

ÄyKUHH. CHHMceiHHe

ceöecTOHMocTH

(HJIH 3 a T p a T

U H H ) — OFLHH H3 RJIABHBIX NOKA3AT«JIEH TeJIbHOCTH HeHHe

npOH3BOÄCTBeHHbIX

npeaycMOTpeHo

pOB C C C P

no

CTBeHHblX OÓTjeflHHeHHH ÄeHTejibHocTH

(1983

06"beflHHeHHH

nocTSHOBjieHHeM

paciiiHpeHHK)

npaB

1 py6.

TOBapHofi

(npe^npHHTHfl).

U,K

KXICC

H ycHjieHHio

(npeflnpHHTHH)

r.).

Ha

npoAyK-

OUEHKH HTOTOB XOSHHCTBCHHOH H

Ero

CoBeTa

OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH

B nJiaHHpOBaHHH

Ba>KHO B MAKCHMAJIBHOÑ

Mepe

MHHHCTnp0H3B0A-

H X03HHCTB6HH0H HCN0JIB30BATB

p O K H e B03M0JKH0CTH n j i s w o M e p H o r o c o K p a m e H H H S K c n i i y a T a u H O H H b i x npn HHH.

npOH3BOÄCTBe n p o a y K U H H , CßOEBPEMEHHOE

H3MeHHK)MHMHCH CTBO M a u i H H ,

B TOM QNCJIE T O B a p o B

NPHBEAEHHE

OÖmeCTBeHHO

OÔOpyAOBaHHH

ypoBHH

omoBbix

HeOÖXOÄHMbIMH

H npHÔOpOB

Aea-

npHMe-

HapoAHoro ueH

LUH-

3aTpaT

noTpeôJie-

B cooTBeTCTBHe

3ATPAT3MH

HA

c

npOH3BOfl-

MOJKHO p a O C M 3 T p H B a T b

KaK

OAHH

H3 (JjaKTOpOB ü a j I b H e ñ m e r O CHH>KeHHH CeÖeCTOHMOCTH. B

HacToamee

BpeMa

BO3MO>KHOCTH

CBoeBpeMeHHoro

BHeceHHH

H3MeHe-

HHH B OnTOBbie UeHbl Ha OCBOeHHbie MaiUHHbl H O Ö O p y Ä O B a H H e

3H3HHTejIbHO

pacujHpeHbi

npHMeHeHHK)

B

H0pM3THBHbIX HOpMaTHBOB HMymeCTB3

CBH3H

c

MeTOAOB

ocymecTBAeHHeM nJI3HHpOB3HHJJ

H COKp3in,eHHH SKOHOMHqeCKHX

3aTeji5iMH COCTOHT n p e j K ^ e B 3HaqHTeJIbHOH H ynpaBJieHHH

CTeneHH

MeponpHHTHH

nyTCM

yTBepjKAaeMblX HOpMaTHBOB Beerò

B

OCJiaÖHTb

TQM, Ha

3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTb

OÖ-beMHblX

B Cp3BH6HHH uto

HX

HblX

noKa33Tejieñ

B3HHH

npHMeHeHHe H mnpoKoe

CnOCOÔCTByiOT

nOK333Te^eñ.

npe-

C OÓTiGM HblMH

nOKa-

ypOBHHX

B 33HH>KeHHH n ^ a H O B b l X

SKOHOMHqeCKHX Bneapenne

np3KTHHeCKOH

SKOHOMHMeCKHX

npHMeHeHHe

pa3JIHHHbIX

4 3 H H H H 3 a B b i m e H H H 33HBOK H3 « H e O Ö X O A H M b i e » CjieflOB3TejlbHO,

no

pa3pa6oTKH

OÖ'beMHblX

Hap0AH0X03HHCTBeHHbIX

oöecneMHBaeT

öojiee

HOpMaTHBOB

HopMaTHBHOro

pe3.TH33UHH

OÄHOrO

oömecTBeHHo

HeoôxoAHMbix

ripHBeACHHe

pe3yjIbTaTOB.

oó-beKTHBHbiñ

ypoBHH

yqeT

3aTpaT

onTOBbix

ycjioBHñ

TpyAa

ueH

Ha

3a-

p e c y p c b l n O f l 3TH 3 3 Ä 3 H H H . BMeCTO

MeTOAa H3

STO,

B

AOCTHÄeHHe

CBOK>

4>°PMHP0BaHH«

np0H3B0ACTB0

Ha o c B o e H H b i e

OÖ'beM-

nAaHHpo-

npHHUHnHSJIb-

HblX n O f l O Ä e H H H HHTeHCH(})HKaUHH — COKpaUieHHIO p e c y p c o B Ha KOHeMHblX

n03B0JineT

n^3HHpOB3HHJ!

ManiH«bi

OHepeAb, ypOBHH

npoAyKUHH. H

oßopyAO-

BaHHe B COOTBeTCTBHe C MeHHK)UJ,HMHCH yCJIOBHHMH HX npOH3BOACTB3 H N P H -

OBIIÍECTBEHHO HEOEXOAHMblE

MeHeHHH, Tpyaa,

to

ecTb

onepaTHBHoe

OKa3biBaeT

Hapo,ziHoro B3HHH

X03HHCTB3.

C03A3I0TCH

(KanHTa^bHbix) no

OpeíKfle

Bcero

H3Aep>KKax

3aTpaTax,

y

c

ue« msuihh

Tan

h

KaK

Ha

npHogpeTeHneM

cooTBeTCTByeT

h

ofiopyAO-

Ha

TeKyiUHX

TexHHKH.

cyMMe

u e H Ha n o j i y q a e M b i e h m h ManiHHbi h o ó o p y A O B a H H e ,

cyMMe

CHHXeHHH

OTHHCAeHHH

opyaHH oipac^eñ

eAHHOBpeMeHHbix

tobwx

aMOpTH3au,HOHHbIX

Ha

skohomhky

3KOHOMHH

np0H3B0ACTBa,

3aTpaTaM

Ha

norpefínTejieft

pe3epBbI

cBH3aHHbix

KanHTa^bHbiM

41

fleñcTByiomHx

B03AeñcTBHe

AOnOJIHHTeJIhHbie

3KcnjiyaTau,H0HHbix 3KOHOMHH

CHHweHHe

noJiojKHTe^bHoe

3ATPATH

CyMMa

CHHxeHHH

a no

on-

reKyiUHM—

( n o yCTaHOBJieHHblM

npo-

U,eHTaM OT OHHJKeHHOH CTOHMOCTH M 3 U I H H ) . HapHAy CHH»eHHH

c

np0H3B0ACTBe e.Mue.no

3thm

MoryT

eeóecTOHMOCTH

fíbiTb

3HaqHTe;ibHO

cofícTBeHHo

MauiHH

h o6opyAOBaHHH

Roonepaunn

KOMnJieKTyioiUHe

paciiiHpeHbi

bo3mo>khocth

b

OTpac^Hx

3a

c n e T H3MSHeHHH u e H Ha

H3aejiHH.

MauiHHOCTpoeHHH

Tan,

aHajiH3

htofob

p a T H B H O r O CHHJKCHHH O n T O B b l X u e H H a n p O f l y K U H I O M a u i H H O C T p o e H H H BOflCTBeHHO-TexHHMecKoro 06p330B3HHH bhtoh HaM

COBMeCTHO

h AecHToñ H

Bbi6biBmero MeHee

nHTHJieTKax,

oSopyaoBaHHK),

CTpoHTejibCTBo

flOBaHHa,

(Ha

Ochobhsh hsuijio

«ito

HanpaB^seMbiM h

cyMMa

skohomhh

HAymHM

oTpaweHHe

b

opraHaMH

skohomhh

HenocpeacTBeHHo

nonojineHHe

ochobhhx ot

Ha

Ha

fle-

Maiun-

KannTaJibHoe

KeHHH O n T O B b l X Ha

ocBoeHHyio

JieHHUM

npoAyKUHio

Bbirne.

HaAO

HHTeHCH^HKauHH, JieHHH

hobhx

KaK

opyflHH

npn

MauiHHOCTpoeHHH stom

yHHTbiBaTb

nepcneKTHBa TpyAa

y » e

b

Hap0AH0X03HHCTBeHHaH oóecneqeHHH hoboh

b ctj)epe KannTajibHbix

TexHHKH

b

HanpsBjieHHe

hx

h

nepcneKTHBH

OTAeJibHbiM

peajibHoü

OTpac-

skohomhh

h b np0H3B0ACTBeHH0M

cneT aócoJiioTHoro yaeuieBjieHHH h o b m x

yaeuieB-

npc>H3B0ACTB3

AaHHOH

uejiOM

nojiyqeHHH

TaK

B3>KHoe

ueH

nepeinc-

agco^iOTHoro

ctsahh

Ba^KHOCTb

rocyAapcTBy

BJiOKenHH,

h Tanoe

HaMSJibHoñ

saKjiro^aeTCH

jihm — noTpeÓHTe^HM

orpaHHHHBaeTCH

(Jjopmhpobshhh

H npHMeHeHHH. b

He

KaK

npouecce

3a

MauiHH.

C y M M 3 yK333HHOH 3K0H0MHH B 0 3 p 3 C T 3 e T n o M e p e 003fl3HHH H paCUIHp e H H H n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B a HOBblX M3UIHH H O Ó O p y A O B S H H H . OÓyCAOBJIHBaeTCH 3TO T e M , m - o o n T O B b i e u e H b i H a HOBbie M a u i H H b i n o 6 o p y a , O B a H H e y e r a H a B j i H B a i O T C H c y ^ e T O M (HAH n o c o o T H o m e H H i o ) A e ñ c T B y i o i u H x H a A a H H b i ñ n e pHOA u e H H3 3 H 3 J I 0 r H H H H e 6 a 3 0 B b i e H3AejIHH, n p H H H M a e M b i e B K 3 H e C T B e a H a ^ o r o B , a t s k j k c C H H m e H H b i x u e H H S K O M n j i e K T y r o i u n e HX H3ACJIHH. H a n p u M e p , c 1 H H B a p H 1 9 8 2 r . o n T O B b i e u e H b i H3 n p o A y K U H i o n p H Ó o p o c T p o e H H S i CHHJKeHbl B e p e A ' H e M H a 2 5 , 5 % - E c T b 0 C H 0 B 3 H H e n O J I 3 r 3 T b , MTO SÓCO/IIOTHblH y p o B e H b o n T O B b i x u e H H a HOByK) n p o a y K U H i o n p n ó o p o c T p o e H H H , o c B a H B a e M y r o n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B 0 M n o c j i e a T o r o c p o K a , b c p e f l H e M CHH3HJICH 6 o ^ e e n e M H 3 2 5 % n o e p S B H e H H K ) C T e M , KOTOpblH MOr 6 b I T b y C T 3 H O B ^ e « , eCJIH 6 b l H3 a H a j i o r H q H b i e 6 3 3 0 B b i e H3fle^HH H KOMnjieKTyromHe n p n ó o p H AeücTB0B3Bu i H e p a H e e u e H b i o c T a J i u c b 6 e 3 H3MeHeHHH ( c h h j k c h h h ) . Be3yCJIOBHO,

npHMeHHTeJIbHO

K

KOHKpeTHOMy

BHAy

HOBblX

y p o B e H b O n T O B b l X u e H a ó c o J i i O T H o 6 y ^ e T cHH>KeH b TOH n p o n o p u H H , yMeHbiueHa MO«HO

ueHa

H3

6330Byi0

npoHjijiiocTpHpoBaTb

MbiuiJieHHbiñ HOBJieHa UHOHHblX TTM-23.

Ten^0B03

b pa3Mepe CBOHCTB

no

Ha

M3pKH

46,6

MOAe^ib

Tbic.

cJieayioiueM

TTM-23A py6.

Cp3BHeHHK)

H C X O A H J I H H3 T o r o ,

TO

H3Ae^HH,

C

npHMepe.

nepB3s

c yqeTOM

Ha

onTOBan

ero

6330BWM

Ha 6 a 3 0 B b i ñ

B3HToro

33

b KaKOH

aHa^or.

3TO

MaHeBp0B0-np0ueHa

noBbiiueHHbix

aHajlOTHHHblM

Ten^0B03

H3A,e/IHH

onjoBaa

6biJia

ycTa-

3Kcn^y3T3TenJI0B030M ueHa

6biaa

42

A. K o i n y T A

CHHJK6H3 BOFLCTBO

B

pe3y^bTaTe

10,4%.

Ha

yMeHbllieHHH

EcjIH

6bl

Tenji0B03, TO He 6bi.uo 6bi

TrM-23A, 52,0 m e .

nocKOJibKy py6.

ThÖKOH

HOpMaTHBHMX

He n p 0 H 3 0 U I ^ 0

3aTpaT

CHHJKeHHH

H aßcojiKDTHoro yaeiiieBJieHHfl

nepBaa

onTOBaa

ueHa

Ha

Hero

Ha

ero

UeHbl

Ha

HOBoro

Tenji0B03a

cocTaBHjia

6H

( n o cooTHomeHHio c noBuiueHHOH uenoii 6a30B0r0

H

3(J)(J)eKTHBH0H

(})OpMOH

OKOJIO

H3aeJiHH).

H3MeHeHH3

OnepaTHBHOrO

npOH3-

6a30BbIH

OnTOBblX

ixeH HB^aeTCH ycTaHOBJieHHe H npHMeHeHue Ha npaKTHKe CTyneHiaTbix TO ecTb 3 a p a u e e

ycTaHOBjieHHbix

H oßopyaoBaHHe

c yneTOM

cHH>KaioiUHxcH

3anjiaHHpoBaHHbix

ypoBHeñ

ao

HH3auHeñ),

TaKXKH3HeHHOrO

Moaejin,

HOH

npeKpameHHJi UHKJia»'

ueH,

ManiHHbi

C 3aMeHoñ

3K3eMn^HpOB

K H3r0T0BJieHHi0

Moaep-

HJIH

npoaoji>KHTe.nbHocTH

(SKCnJiyaTaUHH)

He-

(OT OCBOeHHH CepHHHOrO

B CBH3H

coKpameHHH

npeaycMaTpHBaeMbix

Ha

H3MeHeHHH 0 6 i u e c T B e H H 0

OÖXOÄHMblX 3aTpaT n o CT3AHHM HX H3rOTOBJieHHH npoH3BoacTBa

ueH

eK-

MaiUHH

flaH-

B nocaeayiomHe

roabi

n o c j i e H a v a n a e e c e p H H H o r o npoH3Boa,cTBa. Bo3MOÄHOCTb HHBaeTCH MATHBHBIX

MOM

yTBep>KaeHHH

B HacToamee

nOCTaHOBKH

npHM€HeHHH

H

YCTAHOBJIEHNEM

oÔHOBJieHHH

CPOKOB

Hana^e

BpeMH

CTyneHiarax

(MoaepHH3auHH)

Ha

np0H3B0,HCTB0

ueH

oóecneHop-

AHCJ}KHbiM

X03HHCTB3

Horo

Kan

B UeJIOM

UHKJia HOBOH MauiHHbi, 3aTpaTbi

TO

CßeaeHHH 06 ypOBHe

HJiH KaK

HaqaJibHbie

MOJKeT

AJIH

3aTpaTbi

oTaejibHoro

COBOKynHbie

noTpeÖHTeJiH

Ha

onTOBOH

eÄHH0BpeM6HHbIX

noTpeÖHTejia,

«CTOHMOCTb»

OÖmeCTBeHHO

Tan

nepBoro

KanHTajibHoro

H AJIH

>KH3HSHH0r0 HeOÖXOÄHMbie

H S K c n j i y a T a u u i o 3a B e c b n e p n o a a o

MHHHMyM a o

Ha

Bao>Ke-

ypoBHe

B HH3KOM

SKOHOMHTb

OnTO-

HeaocTaTowHbi-

KanHTajibHHx

cyMM

HBJIHeTCH OÖIUafl

eCTb

Ha e e n p H o ö p e T e H H e

H3H0ca

TeXHHKH.

3aHHTepecoBaH

nOCKOJlbKy

onpefle^eH-

nOHHTHH SKOHOMHqeCKOH 0Ô0C-

jihmhthpob3hhh

HecoMHeHHO,

MauiHHbi,

OFLHAKO

HapOÄHOrO

NPOAOAKHTEAB-

MauiHHbi a;iH STOH u e j i H 0Ka3biBai0TCH MauiHHbi — jiHiub

B

noTpeöHTe^b,

HHH

HOBOH

B

M a m H H 0K33biBai0T

Mopajib-

peMOHTa.

B 3T0H CBÍI3H n O K a 3 a T e j I b «CTOHMOCTH» >KH3HeHHOrO UHKJia MaUIHHbl, n o cyTH,

onpeaejiaeT

cTBeHHo

nojiHbie

HeoöxoflHMbix

YHHTBIBATB 3 a T p a T b i

3aTpaTbi

3aTpaT,

Ha e e

a

oômecTBa. TaKjKe

npoH3BoacTBo

llpu

ueH

Ha

KÄbiM TOÄOM coKpamaeTCH HeHHio c U . H M O M

npHMeHeHHH

nepBbix

3K3eMn^apoB

MauiHHbi a a H H o ñ

Moae^H.

ee

!KH3HeHno

cpaB-

IlpaKTHRecKH

«3C|)(J)eKTHBHbIH >KH3HeHHblH UHM» nOC^eÄyWWHX 9K3eMnjIHpOB MaUIHHbl, H3TOTOBJleHHbIX B roay,

Koraa

oHeHb

HCTenaeT

KopoTKHM,

HopMaTHBHbiñ

nocKcwibKy

cpoK

HacTynaeT

ee o ß H O B J i e H H ü

Mopa^bHoe

H^H M O Ä e p H H 3 a u H H ,

cTapeHHe

STOH

0Ka3biBaeTcn

Moae^H

npH OÖOCHOBaHHH nOHHTHH «3({)4)eKTHBHOrO >KH3HeHHOrO UHK^a»

Mbl HMeeM

nepHOÄ

H3r0T0B.neHHH

Ha^a^a

SKCNJIYATAUHH

MauiHHbi

ByeT MHHHMajibHOMy HopMaTHBHOMy

NOTPEÖHTE^EM

nepHoay,

noc^e

ee

HeoßxoÄHMOMy

Ha

MauiHHbi.

B. BHAy,

ÄOCTaBKy

ITO

COOTBCTCT-

MauiHHbi OT

H3T0T0BHTEJIH no noTpeöHTe^H, ee MOHT3>K (ycTaHOBKy) H nycK B SKcn^yaTauHio. E c T e c T BeHHo, 3aTsrHBaHHe cpoKOB üocTaßKH H nycKa B SKcn^yaTauHio coKpamaeT «3(})(J)eKTHBHbifl

>KH3HeHHbIH U.HKJI» MaUIHHbl. 2

HeOÖXOÄHMOCTb

yTBepjKÄeHHÜ

ÄH(})(j)epeHUHpOBaHHbIX

HOpMaTHBHblX

epOKOB

0ÔH0B-

^eHHÜ ^M0üepHH3aUHH) npOÄyKU,HH MaUIHHOCTpoeHHH MHHHCTepCTBaMH-H3r0T0BHTejIHMH no corjiacoBaHHK) c noTpeÓHTejiflMH npe^ycMOTpeHa ynoMHHyTbiM Bbiuie nocTaHOBJieHHeM 06 ycKopeHHH

HayMHo-TexHHHecKoro

MauiHH yKa3biBaioTC5i B n^aHax.

nporpecca.

Flpn

STOM c p o K H

oöHOBJieHHa

(MoaepHH3auHH)

OBIIÍECTBEHHO HEOBXOFLHMBLE 3 A T P A T H

jieHHH

HOBOH

MauiHHbi,

TeM

6oJiee

43

33TP3T3MH

njia'HOBbiMH

nepBoro

ro^a

c e p H H H o r o B b i n y c K a n p o a y K U H H , HeAOCTaTOiHO. Hejib3H pbie

He OTMeTHTb

coAep^aTCa

B

npoTHBopenHBbie

ynoMHHyToñ

Bbiiue

ueH. T a K , B n y H K T e 3.2. yKa3biBaeTCH, UH

BbicTynaeT

OTpacjieBan

ITO

HHoe

no^o^eHHe

o

o

6a3e

6a3oñ

HTO

ceßecTOHMOCTb,

B

npoAyKUHH.

npouecc

C¡)OpMHpOBaHHH

Ba

HOBOH

JieHHeM

npOAyKHHH

n^aHOBbix

KaK

H3BecTHO,

npOAyKHHH

MOryT

npHCTynaiouiHx pa^iaiOT

H He

H3B0ACTB3

STOM n y H K T e

n y H K T e 3.3.

nOAMeHHeTCH

3aTpaT 6bITb

BbinycKa

roAa

Ha

npOH3BOACT-

A€HCTBHeM — yCTaHOB-

cepHHHoro

nepBoro

HHAHBHAyajIbHbIMH

K cepHHHOMy MoryT

roAa

3aTpaTbi

3a

cepHHHoro

oöocHOBaHHtiH

yCJlOBHH

CyÖljeKTHBHblM

nepBoro

njiaHOBbie

HeOÖXOAHMblX

co-

npHHHMaeMaa

oô-beKTHBHbifi H a y n H O

OÓLUeCTBeHHO

ueHbi

oômecTBeHHO

6 a 3 y OnTOBOH ueHbi, O T p a ^ a e T n j i a H O B b i e 3 a T p a T b i n e p B o r o r o A 3 BbinycKa

KOTO-

onTOBbix

onTOBOH

oTpajKaiomaa

HOBOH n p o A y K U H H . B

TOM,

ueH,

onpe^ejieHHH

HCXOAHOH

ceôecTOHMOCTb,

H e o ô x o  H M b i e y c j i o B H H np0H3B0ÄCTBa AepjKHTCji

noJio>KeHHH

MeTOAHKe

npoAyKUHH.

cepHHHoro

KaíKAOM H3

BbinycKa

npeAnpHHTHH,

H3r0T0BjieHHK) HOBOH n p o A y K U H H . O H H He OT-

OTp3>K3Tb

oômecTBeHHo

3TH

HOBOH npOAyKHHH.

3aTpaTbI

HeoßxoAHMbie

OÔbllHO

ycjioBHH

BbICOKH,

npo-

CyilieCTBeHHO

n p e B M i u a H j T HopMâTHBHbie 3 3 T p a T b i c e p H H H o r o B b i n y c K a A3HH0H

npoAyKUHH

H n0AAe>K3T

H TeXHHKH.

ÛTMeTHM,

KOMneHCaUHH

HTO B COOTBeTCTBHH

MHHeCKHM SKCnepHMeHTOM MO>KHOCTH Te^IbHO

C npOBOAHMbIM

AJ1H

H3yKH

C 1 HHB3pH

1 9 8 4 T.

3K0H0-

B p H A e OTpaC/ieH 3 H 3 1 H T e j I b H 0 'p3CUIHpeHbI

npOH3BOACT&eHHbIX

HCn0JIb30BaTb

TeXHHKH

H3 eAHHOrO KAeHHH

OÔmeCTBOM

3ATP3T

B HejIOM

HS P 3 3 P 3 Ö 0 T K Y

H OTAeAbHbIM

HOBOÍÍ

BEAYULHM

TCXHHKH nOTpeÖH-

T e j i e M e e Hap0AH0X03HHCTBeHH0H 3(|)(j)eKTHBHOCTH. J1HMHTH3H UeHa H3 « O p H eHTHpa» H

HaAe^íHOrO «3aCJIOHa»

npOTHB P 3 3 P 3 Ö 0 T K H

HHKH CT3H0BHTCH n O K a 3 a T e j i e M , p e r H C T p H p y r o n i H M

n p o e K T H M X 3 a T p a T Ha HOBbie MauiHHbi. Y e r a H O B J i e H H e JIHMHTHblX neH A63OPHEHTHPYET

B 33BHCHMOCTH OT CT3AHH P33PA60THHK0B

OUeHKe 3K0H0MHHH0CTH

ee

HOBOH

HeS(})4)eKTHBHOH

H3MeHHK)UlHHCH HecKOAbKHX

npOeKTHpOB3HHH TEXHHKH

H

npH

HCn0JIb30B3HHH

ypoBHen TeXHHKH

NOTPEÔHTEJIEH

H3rOTOBJTeHHH H n p H M e H e H H H ) ,

THPOBHLHKOB n p e A n p H H T H H

HOBOH

TeX-

ypOBeHb

(npH

3 T3KJKe

npoeK-

B n p o e K T a X JIHMHTHblX

UeH

H3 HOBbie M3uiHHhi H o ó o p y A O B a H H e , Ha KOTOpbie o n T O B b i e ueHbi e m e He y T Bep>KAeHbI. JlHMHTHaa

neHa

onpeAeJiaeTCH

3aKa3HHKOM

pblH B CBOeM TeXHHHeCKOM 33A3HHH Ha p a 3 p a 6 0 T K y Ay

C

npOH3BOACTBeHHOH

TpeöyeMbiMH

HeOÖXOAHMOCTbK)

TexHHHecKHMH

nspaMeTpaMH)

B

(noTpeÖHTe^eM),

KOTO-

HOBOH TeXHHKH

(HapH-

nOJiyneHHH o 6 o p y A O B 3 H H i l

pyKOBOACTByeTCH

AseMbiM SKcnjiyaTauHOHHbiM s^t^eKTOM, n o ^ y q a e M b i M

T3K>Ke

B pe3yjibTaTe

c

O>KH-

npHMe-

A. K o m y T A

44 H E H H H HOBOH M a u i H H b i . HM

Ha

H0Byi0

MeHeHHfl, x a p a K T e p H O pa3pa6oTKy Ha

H

CTa^HH,

TexHHKH

OnpeaejieHHe

TexHHKy,

A-fl» MHpOBOÍÍ

npno6peTeHHe H3

ee

npaKTHKH

BbiAane

33A2HHH

npOH3BOACTBeHHOH

>Kfle B c e r o

aeTajibHo

HMymecTBa, npn

H3r0T0BHTejib

H

OCBOeHHbIMH M0CTH3H

OUeHKa Moaejieñ

npn-

Ha

npoeKTHpoBaHHe

nOTpeÓHOCTH

Ha

ueHbi

YCXAHOBJIEHHE

HOBOH

H SKOHOMHHeCKOH

HeOÓXOAHMOCTbIO. MaiiiHHy

npenpe-

npocneKTax

B

onpeAejinioT,

KaKyio

Ha

HOByro

BbiroAy

nojiyqHT

noTpeóHTejib

H 3KcnjiyaTau,HH AaHHoñ TCXHHKH B cpaBHeHHH c

MaiUHHaMH

6a30B0H

ee

H 3 j i a r a i O T e e BO3MO>KHOCTH H s K c n j i y a T a u H O H H b i e

TO e c T b

npnoSpeTeHHH

ue-

YPOBHS

BbiroAbi

3aKJIK)HeHHH K O H T p a K T O B

OÓOPYAOBAHHA.

I í e j i e C 0 0 6 p a 3 H 0 C T H , HBJIJieTCa 0 6 ' b e K T H B H 0 H Pa3pa6oTHHK

npeAe^bHoro

H3 s K O H O M u q e c K O H

HOBoro

npefliuecTByiomeH

HCXOAH

3aKa3iHK0M

BbiTeKaromero

AaHHOrO

COBOKyilHOCTH MauiHH

4)yHKUHOHa^bHOrO

3KCnJlyaTaiI,HOHHbIX

OTpa^aeT

npnpocT

paHee

H33Hatl6HHH.

npeHMymeCTB

nojie3Horo

CTOH-

HOBOH

SCJXJJEKTA

H

HOBOH

TexHHKH. 06pa30M, onpeae^eHHe o x H ^ a e M o r o

TAKHM

MauiHH AOJDKHO 6biTb HcxoflHbiM HoiiieHHio

K

pacqeTy

n o J i e 3 H o r o acjxJieKTa

(H;IH OAHOBpeMeHHbiM)

npoeKrapyeMbix

3aTpaT

Ha

H3roTOBHTeJiH

CTBO 3THX M a u i H H B OÓlUeñ CHCTeMe T e X H H K 0 - 3 K 0 H 0 M H M e C K 0 r 0 HOBOH TexHHKH. O n p e A e j i e H H e KH

c

3aflaHHbiMH

JiOBHe p e m e H H H BHX

Bonpoca

MauiHH n p n

JieHHOCTH. 3aTpaT

ceSecTonMocra

SKCnJiyaTaiiHOHHbiMH

Ha npOH3BOACTBO

np0H3B0A-

OÓOCHOBaHHH

3aKa3biBaeM0H HOBOH

ypoBHe TexHHqecKoro

npoeKTHpyeMbix

TexHHyc-

npoH3BoacTBa

nporpecca

H3r0T0BHTe^eM

HO-

npoMbim-

B

(pa3pa60TqHK0M)

HOBOH T e x H H K H C 0>KHAaeMbIM nOJie3HbIM

StJxjjeK-

TOM ee n p n M e H e H H H no3Bo/iHT y c n j i H T b 3 K 0 H 0 M H q e c K o e 0 6 0 C H 0 B a H H e THpyeMblX

n o OT-

napaMeTpaMH — HeoóxoAHMoe

o BO3MO>KHOCTH 3KKH

np0H3B0ACTBa

TexHHKO-SKCiTJiyaTauHOHHbiMH

MSIUHHM c

HOBOH

napaMeTpaMH

H

3aaaH-

OÄHAae-

MblM nOJie3HbIM 3(J)(J)eKT0M OK3>KyTCH 0nTHM3AbHbIMH, TO eCTb COOTBCTCTByiOH H M H yCTaHOBJICHHbIM HOpMaTHBaM, HAH HHJKe H0pM3THBHblX 3 3 T p 3 T Ha n p H pocT nojie3Horo a t ^ e i c r a . CyMMapHoe Hbix

3HaqeH«e

napaMeTpoB

AOAÎKHO

HOBOH

HOpMaTHBHbix

TCXHHKH,

ô b i T b 3H3HHT6JibH0

3aTpaT

Ha y j i y ^ m e H H e

npeAycMaTpHBaeMbix

MeHbiiie o x H A s e M o r o

npHpocTa

H noTpeÖHTejiH

3aAOAro

AO e r o

B b i A a n e 3 3 A a H H H Ha n p o e K T H p o B a H H e HâHCHpyK)T B

KaK

6bi a B a H c o M

nojiyqeHHH,

HAH n p n

3aTpaTbi

Ha

noKynne

ueHe,

noAe3Horo

4>EKTA HOBOH M a i i i H H b i , n o c K O J i b K y n o A o > K H A a e M b i H a c j ^ e K T e e rocyaapcTBo

KaqecTBeH-

B AHMHTHOH

A^)-

npHMeHeHHH

TO e c T b

eme

npH

HOBHX MSIIIHH, (JJHH

HX p a 3 p a 6 o T K y

npoH3BOACTBO.

n p o u e c c OCBOCHHH H N P 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B 3 HOBOH TEXHHKH BOBJIEKAIOTCH,

MHMO HENOCPEACTBEHHBIX

PA3PA60THHK0B

H H3R0T0BHTEJIEH, TAIOKE

no-

CMEXHH-

KH (H3rOTOBHTeJIH HOBblX M 3 T e p H 3 A 0 B H KOMHJieKTyiOmHX H 3 A e A H Í í ) . C j i e A O B 3 T e j I b H O , p3CHeTHbIH 0>KHAaeMbIH S ^ ^ Ê K T n p H M e H e H H H HOBOH TeXHHKH A O A JKeH B o n p e A e j i e H H O H

nponopuHH

npeBbimaTb

«He33MeAAHTeAbHbie»

33Tpa-

Tbi Ha H e e C T 3 K H M p a c q e T O M , HT.O6H n e p e K p b i T b A o n o A H H T e A b H b i e 3 a T p a T b i B A p y r H x O T p a c j i H X . YMCCTHO B STOH CBH3H c o c A a T b c a

Ha 3 a M e n a H H e K .

MapK-

c a o TOM, MTO « e c J i H , T 3 K H M 0 6 p a 3 0 M , c n e p B o r o >Ke B 3 r A H A a HCHO, HTO K p y n H a a n p o M M i i i J i e H H o c T b , o B A a ^ e B AJIH n p o u e c c a MH CHA3MH

npHpOAH

H eCTeCTB03HaHHeM,

np0H3B0ACTB3

AOA>KH3

6bIJI3

KojioccajibHU-

Mpe3BbIiaHH0

BbiCHTb n p 0 H 3 B 0 f l H T e j i b H 0 C T b T p y A a , TO A 3 A e K O He T 3 K HCHO, He

no-

noKynseTCH

A H 3TO n O B b i m e H H e npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOH CHAbI y B e A H H e H H e M 3 a T p a T M T p y A a B ApyroM MecTe» C

3.

y n e T O M H3A0>KEHH0R0 c o o T B e T C T B y i o m a H

M O A e A b AHMHTHOH U E H U MO-

>KET 6 b i T b n p e A C T a B A e H a C A e A y i o m H M 0 6 p a 3 0 M . I l o HOBMM M a i i i H H a M H 0 6 0 p y A O B a H H K ) C y A y q i l i e H H b l M H n O K 3 3 a T e A H M H npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH roBe^HOCTH

(ß)

6e3

H3MeHeHHH zí

n

ApyrHx =zí

K3MecTBeHHbix

napaMeTpaMH

H AOA-

-a-p.

6

(2)

I l o HOBbIM M a i H H H a M H 0 6 0 p y A 0 B 3 H H K ) C y A y H H i e H H b l M H 3KcnAyaTauHOHHbiMH

(a)

napaMeTpoB: K3qeCTBeHHbIMH

( B TOM HHCJie c nOBbiiiieHHOH

np0H3B0-

AHTeAbHOCTbK» H AOATOBeMHOCTbK)) :

Ua AH32,

TAe

AK*

2

=

— 3K0H0MHH

cnAyaTauHOHHbix

(AH*3 + AK23)-Ky,

Z/5-a-ß+

3aTpaTax

(3)

HOBOÍÍ TeXHHKH

nOTpeÖHTeAH

H conyTCTByKDiuHx

Ha T e K y m H X

KsnHTaAbHwx

3aTpaTax

3K3a

cweT yAyniiieHHH B HOBOH M a u i H H e KanecTBeHHbix n a p a M e T p o B noMHMO p o c T a npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH H AOATOBeHHOCTH; K y — K03(J)(^HUH6HT, COOTHOUieHHe

IIIHH paT

y H3r0T0BHTeAH npH

MHH HHMH (^y

OnTHMaAbHOrO Ha

À 32 h + A ,79 I

=

A

noAyneHHe

3KcnAyaT3u,HH

nap3MeTp3MH

OÖmeCTBeHHO

MauiHHbi

c

3Hai€HHe

A O A Ä H O óbiTb A H Í J ) ^ 6 ? 6 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 ? 0 8 3 1 1 0

n o

xo3HHCTBeHHoñ

KanecTBeHHbix

3HaqHM0CTH

3THX

yAyHuieHHHMH

npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH

KOHKpeTHOe

rpynnaM

H

K034)(J)HUHeHTa

3

H3 H3TOTOBAeHHe

B OpraH3X K.

M a p K C

HapoAHO-

SKcnAyaTauHOHHbix

napa-

H 4>yHKU,HOHaAb-

SHrejiic,

(4)OPMYA

2 H 3),

K OÖOCHOBaHHOCTH

HOBOH TeXHHKH

U,eH006p330B3HHH. H

(Ky)

npoAyKUHH.

B3TAHA, 3H3HHTEABH0 nOBbICHT T p e 6 0 B 3 H H H MBLX 3 3 T p 3 T

KanecTBeH-

H3AeAHH c yqeTOM

N P H M E H E H H E T3KOH MOAEAH AHMHTHOH UEHBI

UeHbl

3aT-

SKOHO-

AOArOBeHHOCTH) :

MeTpOB HOBblX M3IIIHH, a T3K>Ke CneU,H(})HKH n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B 3 H o r o H33H3HenHH r p y n n

XapaKTepH3yiO-

HeOÖXOAHMblX

AonoAHHTeAbHoft

NOTPEßHTEAEM

HOBOH

(nOMHMO

A32K A tn < ¿ A K a

M¿3 +

pOCTa

NPH

perHCTpaiIHH

OpOHAAIOCTpHpyeM

C o i . , T. 23, CTp. 398.

3T0

Ha

Ham

NPOEKTHPYEHa

AHMHTHOH CAeAyK)-

A. K o m y T A

46

meM npHMepe. C o r j i a c H o p s c w r s M H H H u e H , B c T p y K T y p e npHpocTa no;ie3H o r o 3cj)(j)eKTa HOBHX MSLUHH, 060PYA0B3HHH H n p H ô o p o B , M a T e p n a j i u AJÍ H YTBEPJKAEHHH u.eH Ha K O T o p u e ÖHJIH npeACTaBJieHbi B TOCKOMUEH C C C P OAHHHaAUaTblO M a i I I H H O C T p O H T e j I b H b I M H MHHHCTepCTB3MH B 1981 I\, ÖOJIbllie nojioBHHbi ( 5 2 , 6 % ) COCT3BJIHJI3 SKOHOMHH Ha TenyiuHX 3KcnjiyaTai;H0HHbix 3 a T p a T a x (AH 3 ). f i o opHeHTHpoBOHHbiM aaHHbiM, noAaBJiHiomaH MacTb (60j i e e 8 0 % ) SKCiuiyaiauHOHHOH SKOHOMHH Ha T e K y i u H x 3 a T p a T a x n o j i y n e H a 3a CHeT p O C T a n p O H 3 B O a H T e J I b H O C T H H Ä O J i r O B e H H O C T H MaiilHH H OÖOpyAOBaHHH (ÄOJI3 n p H p o c T a STHX n a p a M e i p o B COCT3BHJI3 ß o j i e e '/S B o ß m e M n p n p o c T e n o j i e 3 H o r o 3(^(J)eKTa HOBHX H3AejiHÖ). 3 T a 3KOHOMHH, HBjiHHCb B3>KH0H cocTSBJiaioiueñ n p H p o c T a n o j i e 3 H o r o 9(})4)eKTa HOBblX M3IUHH, He ÄOJIJKH3 yHHTbIB3TbCH B pSCHCTe JIHMHTHHX ueH HJIH npH npOBepne O6OCHOB3HHOCTH 3 a T p a T , npHHHTUx B ocHOBy o n p e a e j i e HHH JIHMHTHHX ueH. K a n 6HJIo n o K a 3 a H o Bbime, ÄJIH e e nojiyneHHH He T p e ó y i o T c a AonojiHHTejibHbie 3aTpaTbi H3r0T0BHTejia CBepx npHHHTbix ;uih IIOBHuieHHH np0H3B0ÄHTejibH0CTH H AOJiroBeHHocTH (TO ecTb CBepx c y M M H , p3BHOH U e - a - ß — U e ) o6opy,aoB3HHH. OAH3KO A e ñ c T B y i o m a f l npaKTHKa o n p e AeJieHHH JIHMHTHblX UeH HJIH npOBepKH OÖOCHÖBaHHOCTH 3 a T p a T H3rOTOBHTejIH H3 HOBbie H3ÄejIHH, npHHHTbIX B OCHOBy OIIpeAeJieHHH JIHMHTHHX u e n , Ä o n y c K3eT CBoero p o A a noBTopHbifl y n e T 3 a T p a T : C H a q a ^ a — H e n o c p e A C T B e H H O AJIH pOCTa npOH3BOflHTejIbHOCTH ( a ) H AOJirOBe^HOCTH ( ß ) B p a 3 M e p e , paBHOM U a - a - ß — U e , a 3aTeM ÄJIH nojiy^eHHH pe3yjibT3TOB p o c T a STHX n a p a M e i p o B , TO ecTb sKcnjiyaTauHOHHOH SKOHOMHH Ha T e K y m H X 3 a T p a T a x 3a cneT p o c T a npOH3BOAHTejIbHOCTH H AOJirOBeqHOCTH. C o r j i a c H o C})opMyjie 3 YNOMHHYTON MeTOÄHKH (C YNETOM 3AMEHBI HHaeKCOB), 33Tp3TbI H3rOTOBHTejIH H3 npOH3BOÄCTBO HOBblX H3AejIHH, npHHHTbie B OCHOBy OnpeÄeJieHHH JIHMHTHOH UeHH, HBJIHIOTCH OÖOCHOBaHHHMH B cJiynae, K o r a a

^ tf6-a-ß

0 , 8 5 . O r c i o ^ a JIHMHTH3H u e H a :

+ A//3-0,9 lia
Ke B 3HaHHTejIbHOH 3K0H0MHqecK0r0 H,

noBbiiueHHe

B MaiiiHHOCTpoeHHH, Mepe

npnivieHeHHe

33BHCHT

KOHueHTpa-

CTpyKTypbi

nporpeccHBHbix

OT AeHCTBeHHOCTH

napxa

TexHOJiorHH

OprâHH3aUHÔHHO-

MexaHH3Ma.

HaKOHeu,

MexaHH3M

ynpaBJieHHH

npHMo

BJinneT

Ha

9tf)(J)eKTHBH0CTb

h KanecTBo npo^yKUHH n e p e 3 côajiaHCHpoBaHHOCTb h K a u e -

npOH3BOÄCTBa

CTBO IUiaHOB, OpraHH3ai!,HK) q e T K O r O peMeHHocTb

3(j)cj)eKTHBH0CTH

yjiymueHHe

nocTaBOK

npo^yKUHH,

pHTMa

paÔOTbl,

yÄOBJieTBopeHHe

Ha/ieJKHOCTb

3anpocoB

H

CBOeB-

noTpeÖHTejia,

C O K p a m e H H e CpOKOB C 0 3 f l a H H H H B H e Ä p e H H H HOBOH T e X H H K H H T. fí. TaKHM

0Òpa30M,

onpefleJiHiomaH

Ha

COBpeMeHHOM

raHH3au,HOHHO-3KOHOMHHecKOMy HHe

KajKAOH

OTaejibHO

HHH

B3HTOH

oflHH, B e a y m H H .

iiieHHe njraHHpoBaHHH, iOMCTBeHHocTH

npo6;ieMbi pemeHHe

TexHHKH

OT

npoÖJieMH

TexHOJiOTHH

h

sKOHOMH^ecKoro

MH0r03BeHH0CTH

h

33BHCHT

Beerò

op-

peme-

KOMiuieKca

(JjaKTOpOB H HCB03MOJKHO BblflejIHTb K a K O H -

HanpHMep,

HOBOH n p o r p e c c H B H o f t

npo6;ieM npHHaAJieJKHT

MexaHH3My ynpaBjieHHH. Bojiee Toro,

0praHH3aiIH0HH0-3K0H0MHqeCKHX jih6o

STane pa3BHTHH. MaiUHHOCTpOeHHfl

pojib b pemeHHH ero KopeHHHX

C03,uaHHH

BHeape-

h

npeflycMaTpHBaeT

CTHMyjiHpoBaHHH,

0praHH33UH0HH0H

yjiyq-

npeoAOJieHHe

cTpyKTypu

Be-

ynpaBjie-

HHH, HeTKOe BbinOJIHeHHe yCJIOBHH ÄOrOBOpOB, p 3 3 B H T H e K O O n e p a U H H H c n e UH3JIH33I1HH n p O H 3 B O f l C T B 3 , pOCT e r O TeXHHHeCKOrO y p O B H H H T. CymecTBo O

KopeHHbix

npoö^eM

MauiHHocTpoeHHH

fl.

CBHAeTejibCTByeT

flBOHKOH pOJIH M e X 3 H H 3 M a y n p a B J i e H H H B HX p e u i e H H H : CBH33HH0ÍÍ C B 0 3 A e ñ -

CTBHÊM p e c y p C H b l X meñcH

H 0pr3HH33H,H0HH0-TeXHHMeCKHX

KaiO-

b e r o H e n o c p e A C T B e H H O M b j i h h h h h H a n o B b i u i e H H e scfxJieKTHBHOCTH m3-

iiiHHOCTpoHTejibHoro

np0H3B0ÄCTBa.

üpoöjieMy

noÄi>eMa

MauiHHOCTpoeHHa

Ha Ka^ecTBeHHO HOBHH ypoBeHb pa3BHTHH Heo6xoA«Mo

paccMaTpHBaTb

npHMOH

ynpsBjieHHH.

33BHCHM0CTH

OT

Mep

no

coBepuieHCTBOBaHHK)

b

npH

3TOM HX H 3 n p 3 B J i e H H O C T b H K 0 H K p e T H 3 H p e a j I H 3 a U H H AOJDKHbl O Ô e C n e H H B a T b aocTHjKeHHe

KaiecTBa

HeoôxoaHMHX

noKa3âTejieft

S^CKTHBHOCTH

np0H3B0ÄCTBa

H

npoßyKUHH.

Pa3BHTHe

OTÄeJIbHblX 3 J i e M e H T 0 B

ynp3BJieHHH

6e3

AOJI>KHOH HX y B H 3 K H

He B c e r A a n p H B O A H T K o j K H ^ a e M b i M p e 3 y j i b T a T 3 M , n o c K O J i b K y A e ñ c T B H e STHX 4>3KTOpOB

HÖCHT

B3aHM0CBH3aHHbIH,

KOMIlJieKCHblH

XapaKTep.

B

CHCT£Me

y n p a B ^ e H H H M a i i i H H O c T p o e H H e M 3 a n p o m e a i i i H e r o ^ b i H a n ó o ^ e e .UHHaMHWHbie H3MeHeHHH n p o H c x o f l H J i H b 0Tpac.neB0H opraHH3auHOHHOH c T p y K T y p e jieHHH, MTO 6bi.no 0 6 y c j T 0 B j i e H 0 y B e j i H ^ e H H e M M a c i i r r a ó o B Horo

np0H3B0ÄCTBa,

nOTpeÖHOCTHMH Pa3BHTHe OÖ-beMaX

IipOAyKUHH,

MaiHHHOCTpOeHHH, H3me

Beerò

6bl^0

CBH3H B 3 J K H 0

CTepCTB.

B

3T0H

Heiimero

p33bhthh

C03Ä3HHe

HOBbix

HOBbix

ero

OTpscjiefl

X 0 3 H H C T B 3 B HX y C K O p e H H O M

npOH3BOÄCTB3

HJIH nOÄOTpaCJIH CTB3

t})opMHpoB3HHeM

HSpOÄHOro

h

noÄOTpacjiefl,

p33BHTHH.

OTHOCHUieÜCH

K

HOBOH

OTpaCJIH

B HeOÖXOÄHMblX ÄJIH H 3 p 0 Ä H 0 r 0 CBH33H0

IipaBHJIbHO

0pr3HH3auH0HHbix MHHHCTepCTB

ynpaB-

MaiiiHHOCTpoHTejib-

C Opr3HH33UHeH OIXeHHTb

cTpyKTyp.

MHHH-

HânpaBJieHHH

AaJIb-

AHajiH3

Cn0C06CTB0B3JI0

X03HÌÌ-

HOBblX

noKa3biBaeT,

yBeJIHHeHHIO

T e M n 3 M H OÔTjeMOB n p O Ä y K U H H M3IHHHOCTpOeHHH H b M e H b i u e f t C T e n e H H — cTy

ero

KaiecTBeHHbix

noK33aTejieñ.

¿a^bHeñiuee

pa3BHTHe

hto

BbICOKHMH po-

opraHH33UH-

0HH0H C T p y K T y p b i b Tom » e H 3 n p 3 B j i e H H H HÖCHT n p o T H B o p e w H B b i H x a p a K T e p . Hapnay

c nojiyqaeMHMH

jioK3JibHbiMH n p e H M y m e c T B 3 M H

HOCTb y n p a B J i e H H H , yCHJIHBaeTCH B

HacToamee

UHH y n p a B J i e H H f l ,

BpeMH KaK

B03p3CTaeT

c^ohc-

tskhx

cjjyHK-

BeÄOMCTBeHHOCTb.

Heoôxo^HMO

KOMIIJieKCHOe

flajibHeñiuee

njI3HHp0B3HHe

pa3BHTHe

MailJHHOCTpOeHHH,

M H p O B 3 H H e e a H H O H T e X H H i e C K O H nOJIHTHKH H p e i l i e H H e O Ö m H X CTpoeHHH BajKHeöiiiHX HayMHo-TexHHMecKHx n p o ô ^ e M , pa3BHTHe

flJIH

cneuHajiH3a-

UHH h 4 p . B c e s t o T p e ö y e T y c H j i e H H S k o o p ä h h s u h o h h h x ^YHkuhh pac/ieBbix opraHOB (focn^aHa C C C P , T K H T h äP-)CKa3aHHoe

Bbirne

CBH^eTejibCTByeT

o

tom,

mto

pa3BHTHe

ynpaB^eHHH T p e ö y e T K O M n j i e K C H o r o n o A X O A a . F l p n s t o m

(f)0p-

MaiDHHO-

mokot-

OTpacjieBoro

HMeeTca b BH^y,

PA3BHTHE

MALUHHOCTPOEHHH

H

yiIPABJIEHHE

49

qTO COBepilJeHCTBOBaHHe CTpyKTypbl MHHHCTepCTB HeOÓXOflHMO yBH3bIB3Tb C B03M0JKH0CTHMH (J)OpMHpOBaHHH 3(J)(J)eKTHBHOH CTpyKTypbl npOMblIIIJieHHblX K npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX 06"beAHHeHHH. Ha/lO T a K ^ e yMHTbIB3Tb H3MeHeHHH o c HOBHbix (JjyHKUHH, n p a B h OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH n o BCeH BepTHKajIH ynpaBJieH H H — OT OCHOBHOrO 3BeHa AO MHHHCTepCTBa H OpraHOB Me>KOTpaCJTeBOrO y n paBjieHHH. K o M n j i e K C H o e coBepmeHCTBOBaHHe Bceft c H c i e M b i ynpaBjieHHH n p e a n o j i a r a e T He TOJibKo c6ajiaHCHp0BaHH0CTb h n e T K o e p 3 3 A e j i e H H e 4)yHKUHH;: n p a B h OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH M e j K A y pa3JiH4HbiMH ypoBHHMH ynpaB.neHHH B npouecce hx b33hmhoh nepecTpoiiKH, h o h oóecneMeHHe 9KeH H e b n p a B a x , (ftyHKUHHX xo3HHCTBeHHbix opraHH3auHH h OpraHOB y n p a B j i e HHH, c n o c o f i a x HX B33HMOAeHCTBHH, TeXHOJIOrHH IUiaHHpOBaHHH H npHHHTHH pemeHHH. H e A o y ^ e T S T o r o 06cT0HTejibCTBa npH co3AaHHH h pa3BHTHH n p o H3BOflCTBeHHbix h npoMbiiu^eHHbix o6T>eAHHeHHH, HanpHMep, c y ^ e H H e n p a BOBblX H SKOHOMHieCKHX B03M0>KH0CTeH HX AeHTeJIbHOCTH, H « n03B0JIHJI p e a jiH30BaTb b n o j i H o f i M e p e Bce n p e H M y m e c T B a oó-beAHHeHHii. CoBepmeHCTBOBaHHe opraHH3auHOHHOH CTpyKTypbl n p e A n o j ì a r a e T e e y n pOmeHHe, HHTerpaUHIO (JjyHKUHH pa3BHTHH MaiUHHOCTpOeHHH, CHHJKeHHe 3BeHH0CTH. H e o ó x o f l H M o óojiee i e T K o e pa3rpaHHHeHHe (JjyHKUHH h OTBeTCTB e H H O C T H , e o / i h o h c t o p o h h , Me>KAy o p r a H a M H O T p a c j i e B o r o h Me>KOTpac^ e B o r o ynpaBJieHHH, a c A p y r o f t — M e J K A y MHHHCTepCTBamh h x o 3 p a c n e T H b i m h 3BeHbHMH — p a 3 j m q H H M H 0 6 ' b e f l H H e H H H M H , npeAnpHHTHHMH h o p r a H H 3 a U h h m h . A H a j i H 3 noKa3biBaeT, i t o b H a c T o n m e e BpeMH b 3 t o m HanpaBJieHHH B03MOJKHOCTH COBepUieHCTBOBaHHH Opr3HH33UHOHHOÌÌ CTpyKTypbl B H3BeCTh o h M e p e orpaHHHeHH. F I p e A J i a r a e M b i e b 3 k o h o m h h 6 C k o h .rcHTepaType M e p u n o yKpynHeHHIO OTpaCJieBblX MaiUHHOCTpOHTeJIbHblX MHHHCTepCTB, C03AaHHK) T a n Ha3biBaeMbix HaAMHHWCTepcKHx OpraHOB y n p a B ^ e H H H K a « 0CH0BH0e cpeACTBO peuieHHH n p o ó ^ e M pa3BHTHH MaiUHHOCTpOeHHH, n o HarneMy MHeHHio, c J i e a y e T oueHHBaTb BcecTopoHHe, HMea o BHAy, h t o y / i y n m e H H e o a h h x 0praHH3auH0HHbix xapaKTepHCTHK ynpaBJieHHH oAHOBpeMeHHo yxyAiuaeT A p y r u e , e c j m npH s t o m He HaMenneTiCH c s m MexàHH3M y n p a B j i e H H H . j j a H H o e n o j i o i K e H H e ó y ^ e T n p n o ó p e T a T b Bce 6 o j i e e B a x H o e 3HaqeHHe b y c j i O B H n x n o CTOHHHOrO pOCTa MaCUITaÓOB H TeXHHHeCKOrO ypOBHH MaiUHHOCTpOeHHH, yrviy6;ieHHH o 6 i u e c T B e H H o r o pa3Ae.neHHH T p y A a , yBejiHHeHHH KOJiHHecTBa h MHOrOOÓpa3HH C^OpM X03HHCTBeHHHX 3BeHbeB B C T p y K T y p e OÓmeCTBeHHOrO npOH3BOflCTBa. ÒpraHH3auHOHHbie n e p e c T p o i i K H HeH36e>KHO cBH3aHH e H3flep»KaMH, o ó y c j i o B ^ e H H b i M H HapyiueHHHMH ycTaHOBJieHHbix cBH3eH, a ^ a n T a i l H e f i K HOBblM yCJIOBHHM, nCHXOJIOrHieCKHMH (J)aKTOpaMH. 3 t H HeraTHBHbie nOCJieflCTBHH HejIb3H He yHHTHBaTb, eCJlH OHH He KOMneHCHpyiOTCH A p y THMH 4>aKTOpaMH. B n o c ^ e f l H e e BpeMH b sKOHOMH^ecKOH j i H T e p a T y p e o6cy>KaaeTCH B a p n aHT C03A3HHH e A H H o r o HaflMHHHGTepcKoro o p r a H a ynpaBjreHHH msuihhoCTpoHTejibHHM KOMnjieKCOM. 9 t 3 M e p 3 q3CTo npeA^iarseTCH BHe c b h 3 h c p e 3JlbHbIM MeXaHH3M0M ynpaB^eHHH, B03M0«H0CTHMH ero P33BHTHH. C o 3 A 3 H n e T a K o r o o p r a H S ynpaB^eHHH n p n K3>Kym,HxcH H3 nepBbiH B3r^HA 6 ^ 3 r o n p H H T H b i x nepcneKTHB3X ueHTpajiH3auHH b HeM M H o r n x (JjyHKUHH y n p3BJieHHH MaUIHHOCTpOHTejIbHblM KOMnJieKCOM H JIHKBHAaUHH BeAOMCTBeHHbix S a p b e p o B 0flH0BpeMeHH0 CT3BHT pHfl npoÓJieM. U,eHTpajiH3auHH ynpaB^eHHH M a u i H H O C T p o e H H e M b eflHHOM o p r a H e m o JKeT 6bITb P 3 3 J I H M H O H . C00TBeTCTBeHH0 ÓyfleT OTJIHHaTbCH H e r o MeCTO B C T p y K T y p e ynpaBJieHHH. H M e n CT3TyT r o c y a a p c T B e H H o r o KOMHTeTa, o h 6 y fleT OCymeCTBJIHTb TaKHe (JjyHKUHH, KaK ^OpMHpOBaHHe eAHHOH TeXHH^eCKOH nOJlHTHKH, KOOpflHHaUHH peilieHHH KOMnJieKCHblX HayHHO-TeXHHHeCKHX n p o 6jieM, p a 3 p a 6 o T K 3 Ba^iHeftuiHX n p o r p a M M p33BHTHH MauiHHOCTpoeHHH. A p y roft BapH3HT n p e a n o j i s r s e T ycHJieHHe xo3HHCTBeHHoro pyKOBOACTBa MainKHOCTpOHTeJTbHblM KOMnJieKCOM B Ue^OM, TO 6CTb npHA3HHe eAHHOMy Opr3Hy 4. «Bonpocbl 3K0H0MHKH» M 12.

50

fl. JIEBHYK, H. KAPnyXHH

4>yHKUHH o T p a c ^ e B o r o MHHHCTepcTBa. O a h s k o 0 6 a b o 3 m o ä h h x pemeHHH C0Aep>K3T pHA c e p b e 3 H U x HeA0CT3TK0B. B nepBOM c ^ y n a e M O x e T np0H30HTH AyÖ^HpOBaHHe AeHTejIbHOCTH CHCTeMbI (JjyHKUHOHajIbHblX KOMHTeTOB — T o c n j i a H a C C C P , T K . H T h a p y r n x , ycjio>KHHTCH 0praHH33U,H0HH0e B33HMOAeñCTBHe MeJKAy HHMH H OTp3CJieBbIMH MHHHCTepCTB3MH. B o BTOpOM MOHieT B03HHKHyTb pHA AonoAHHTejibHbix npoTHBopeuHH b o T p a c j i e B o f i c T p y K T y p e y n paBJieHHH. ChH3HTCH p o j l b H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb OTpSCJieBblX MHHHCTCpCTB, HX 4>yHKUHH MOryT 0K338TbCH 6.HH3KHMH K TeM, KOTOpUe BbiriOAHHIOT B HaCTOHm e e BpeMH B I I O n o o t h o u i c h h i o k pyKOBOAHMbiM hmh n o A O T p a c j i H M . I l p H 3TOM 3HatIHTejIbHO yCJIO>KHHTCH TCXHOJIOrHH IT^iaHHpOBaHHH H npOU,eCCH npHHHTHH X03HHCTB6HHbIX peilieHHñ. O o p M a j i b H a a jiHKBHAauHH BeaoMCTBeHHbix ô a p b e p o B nyTeM n o A i H H e HHH opraHOB OTpac^eBoro ynpaBjieHHH o p r a H y , ueHTpajiH3yiomeMy (JjyHKUHH X03HHCTBeHH0r0 pyKOBOACTB3 n o MaUIHHOCTpOHTeJlbHOMy KOMnJieKCy, JIHIHb MacTHMHo peuiHT npoÖJieMy npeoAOJieHHH BeAOMCTBeHHocTH, nocKOJibKy OHa MOJKeT COXpaHHTbCH BHyTpH 3T0H 0pr3HH33UH0HH0H CHCTeMbI. F[pHHUHnHajIbHoe peuieHHe B o n p o c a h 3 x o a h t c h rjiaBHbiM 06pa30M BHe ccjjepbi H3MeHeHHH BeAOMCTBêHHbix h a h 0praHH3au,H0HHbix rpsHHix h c b o a h t c h k A y m n e M y cor^acoBaHHK) njiaHOBHX h A p y r n x xo3HHCTBeHHbix pemeHHH, B3anM00TH0iueHHH nocTaBiUHKa h noTpeÖHTeJin, 33K33HHKa h noApHA^HKa. 0 6 s t o m , b qacTHOCTH, cBHAeTejibCTByeT o n u T n e p e A a n n MHHHCTepcTBy yrojibHoñ n p o MHuiAeHHocTH C C C P B c e c o K ) 3 H o r o npoMbmiJieHHoro ofrbeAHHeHHH yro/ibHOr o MauiHHocTpoeHHH. B AäHHOM c j i y q a e c noMombio 0praHH3auH0HHUx Mep 6HJI3 AOCTHTHyTa np0H3B0ACTBeHH3H opneHTauHH Ha n o T p e ö H T e A H , OAH3KO B03HHKAH HOBbie BOnpOCH, OCOÖeHHO B *iaCTH Opr3HH33IJHH eAHHOrO TeXHHHeCKOrO pyK0B0ACTB3, H3yWH0-TeXHHHeCKHX H npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX CBH3eñ c pOACTBeHHblMH H CMeJKHblMH npÊAnpHHTHHMH M3IIIHHOCTpOHTeAbHbIX MHHHCTepcTB. K p o M e Toro, nojiHoe yAOBjieTBOpeHne noTpeöHocTeß yrojibHon n p o MblUIJieHHOCTH B COOTBCTCTByKDIHSM 060pyA0B3HHH nO-npe>KHeMy B 3H3HHTeAbHOH Mepe 33BHCHT OT paÓOTbl A p y r H X ManiHHOCTpOHTeAbHHX MHHHCTepCTB. B o j i e e pauHOHa^bHbiM npeACTSBjineTCH (j)opMHpoBaHHe e A H H o r o o p r a Ha y n p a B ^ e H H H MamHHocTpoeHHeM Ha ocHOBe o ß t e A H H e H H a A e ñ c T B y i o m H x MHHHCTepCTB 6 e 3 yBeJIH^CHHH 3BeHH0CTH B CHCTCM6 ynpaBJieHHH. H o H B A3HH0M c j i y n a e b o 3 h h k 3 C t n p o Ö A e M 3 « y n p s B j i n e M o c T H » öojibiiiHM » o j i n q e c T BOM noAOTpacJieñ b ycJioBHHX e ^ H H o r o MHHHCTepCTBa ( n p n M e p H O b 5 — 1 0 p a 3 ÔOJIblHHM, HeM B HaCTOHIItee BpeMH npHXOÄHTCH Ha OÄHO MHHHCTepCTBO). T a K H M 0 6 p a 3 0 M , y c H j i e H H e ueHTpajiH33UHH y n p s B j i e H H H m s i u h h o c t p o h TejIbHblM KOMIIJieKCOM TOJIbKO Ha OCHOBe 0praHH33UH0HHbIX Mep npHBÊACT k npoTHBopeHHBbiM p e 3 y A b T 3 T a M . B o t n o ^ e M y b HacTOHuxee BpeMH H e o 6 XOAHM KOMnjieKCHblH nOAXOA, n p n KOTOpOM B2JKHO np3BHJIbH0 BblÔpaTb KAIO^ e B u e HanpsBjieHHH p 3 3 B h t h h c h c t c m h ynpaBjieHHH, c n o c o Ö H H e o ó e c n e I H T b n03HTHBHbie CABHrH, CTHMyjIHpOB3Tb B03M0JKH0CTH K3HeCTBeHH0H n e pecTpoHKH ynpaBAeHHH b ueAOM. Oahhm H3 rjiaBHbix HanpaBjieHHH KOMnjieKCHoro c0BepuieHCTB0B3HHH ynp3BJieHHH npOMWUI^eHHOCTblO, B TOM qHCJie MaiUHHOCTpoeHHeM, HBAHeTCH A a j i b H e ñ u i e e p a c m n p e H H e x o 3 h h c t b 6 h h o h csMOCTOHTejibHocTH n p o M b i m ^ e H HblX npeAnpHHTHH H npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX O'6-beAHHeHHH. C pSCUIHpeHHeM C3MOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH OCHOBHblX 3BeHbeB CBH33HO H3MeHeHHe X a p 3 K T e p 3 0pr3HH33UH0HH0-3K0H0MHMeCKHX B33HMOOTHOUieHHH M e ^ A y HHMH H 0Tp3CJieBbIMH Opr3H3MH ynpaBJieHHH. IlOHBJlHeTCH B 0 3 M 0 » H 0 C T b ynopHAOHHTb h pe3Ko yMeHbuiHTb o è t e M T e K y m e ö p s ß o T b i Ha BbicuiHX VpOBHHX ynpaBJieHHH npOMblUIJieHHOCTblO, COCpeAOTO^HTb HX AeHTejIbHOCTb Ha pemeHHH AOJirocpo^Hbix, Me>KOTpacAeBHX n p o ô ^ e M Hap0AH0X03HñcTBeHH o r o P33BHTHH, ÖOJiee HeTKO p33AeJIHTb (jjyHKUHH, n p 3 B 3 H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb MeJKAy OTpSCJieBbIMH OpraHaMH H X03paCMeTHbIMH X03HHCTBeHHHMH 3BeHbHMH. n p e A n o ^ a r a e T C H co3A3HHe AonoJiHHTe^bHHx ycjiOBHH AJIH M e x -

PA3BHTHE

MAUIHHOCTPOEHHH H yilPAB/IEHHE

51

OTpaCJieBOH KOOpAHHaUHH epeAHeepOqHHX H AOJirOCpOHHblX IUiaHOB pa3BHt h h MauiHHOCTpoeHHH, noBbiiueHHH h x KOMiuieKCHOCTH, 6o.rcee nocjieAOBSx e j i b H o r o p a c n p o c T p a H e H H H x o 3 p a c i e T a Ha p a c m H p e H H o e B0cnp0H3B0ACTB0 B npejinpHHTHHX H npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX 06l>eflHHeHHHX, yCHJieHHH HX OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH H 3aHHTepeCOB3HHOCTH He TOJIbKO B TeKyiU,HX, HO H B AOJirOCpOHHblX pe3yJlbTaTaX X03HHCTBeHH0H AeHTejlbHOCTH. CoBepuieHCTBOBaHHe xo3HHCTBeHHoro p a c n e T a Ha y p o B H e np0H3B0ACTBeHHfclX H npOMbllU^eHHblX 06'beAHHeHHÌÌ T p e f i y e T yCHJieHHH pOJIH IlHTHJieTH e r o n j i a H a , Aa;ibHeHniHX H3MeHeHHH b opraHH3auHH h TexHOJiorHH njiaHHpoBaHHH. H 3 ; i h i i i h h h AeTajiH3au.HH miaHHpoBaHHH h cji0>KH0CTb n p o u e a y p p a 3 p a 6 o T K H TeKym,Hx ruiaHOB nopo>KAaK)T H e o n p a B A a H H o S o ^ b u i n e o S t e M M o n e p a T H B H o r o pyKOBOACTBa b f o c n j i a H e C C C P , MHHHCTepcTBax, A p y r n x o p r a H a x . B03M0>KeH, H a n p H M e p , T a K o f i nopHAOK p a 3 p a 6 o T K H njiaHOB, K o r A a MHHHCTepCTBaM ÓyAeT yTBepJKAaTbCH JIHUIb IlHTHJieTHHH n j i a H ( c pa36HBKOH n o r o A a M ) n o orpaHHneHHOMy K p y r y n o K a s a T e j i e f t h c o K p a m e H H o n HOMeHK,naType npoAyKUHH. Pa3BHTHe c a M O c T O H T e j i b H O C T H n p e A n p n a T H H h np0H3B0ACTBeHHHx o ó - b e A H H e H H H , ycHjieHHe p o j i H naTHJieTHero n;iaH3, HOpMaTHBHbix h 3 K 0 H 0 M H * j e -

c k h x MeTOflOB ynpaBJieHHH no3Bo;iHT b 6ojibmeft Mepe cocpeAOTonHTb pa6oTy T o c n ^ a H a C C C P h OTpacJieBbix MHHHCTepcTB Ha B o n p o c a x nepcneKTHBH o r o pa3BHTHH npOMblIIIJieHHOCTH. C00TBeTCTBeHH0 3HaMHTejIbH0 B03paCTyT B03MOJKHOCTH 3(})KHeHHH o p r a HH3aUHOHHOrO MexaHH3Ma. 0 A H 3 K 0 3TH B03M0JKHQCTH M-oryT p e a j i b H O n o HBHTbCH m n b K O KaK CJieACTBHe pa3BHTH5J X03HHCTBCHH0H CaMOCTOHTe^bHOc t h ocHOBHoro 3BeHa, pacuiHpeHHH h yiviyóJieHHH xo3HHCTBeHHoro p a c n e T a Ha ypOBHe npOMbUIMieHHblX H npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX OÓTjeAHHeHHH. B y c j i o B H H x A a j i b H e H m e r o pa3BHTHH 3 k o h o m h h 6 c k h x MeTOAOB ynpaBJieh h h h y r ^ y f i ^ e H H H x o 3 p a c n e T a c p e A n e e ynpaBJieHMecKoe 3BeHO, BbinoAHHiom,ee n j i a H O B O - p a c n p e A e ^ H T e j i b H b i e h onepaTHBHbie (fiyHKUHH, n o c i e n e H H O y T p a T H T CBoe npe>KHee 3HaqeHHe. T o r A a b 0 p r a H H 3 a u , H 0 H H 0 H C T p y K T y p e mo>kho 6yAeT BbiAejiHTb ABa rjiaBHHx ypoBHn ynpsBJieHHn: ypoBeHb OTpac^eBoro MHHHOTepcTBa h y p o B e H b x o s p a c ^ e T H b i x KOMnjieKcoB-oó'beAHHeHHH. r i e p e X O A K C03A3HHK) eAHHOrO MHHHCTepCTBa MaiHHHOCTpOeHHH C ^ e A y e T p a c c M a T p H B a T b KaK 3aKjiioMHTejibHbiH 3Tan KOMnjieKca Mep n o c o B e p m e H CTBOB3HHIO 0praHH3auH0HH0-3K0H0MH^ecK0r0 MexaHH3Ma ynpaBjieHHH H nepeBOAa e r o Ha KaqecTBeHHo H0Byi0 c T y n e H b pa3BHTHH, c o o T B e T C T B y j o m y K ) TpeÈOBaHHHM HHTeHCHBHOTO BeACHHH X03HHCTB3.

B t o me BpeMH HMeeTCH p a A npo6jieM, KOTOpbie a o j i j k h h 6bm> pemeHbi b Ó A H ^ a H U i e e BpeMH h a h He b CTOJib OTAajieHHOii nepcneKTHBe. C A e A y e T noA'iepKHyTb, h t o b s t o h cbh3h oco6oe 3HaHeHHe npHoBpeTaeT Tpe6oB3HHe CÓajiaHCHpOBaHHOCTH TKOHOMHHeCKHX M e p C MepSMH OpraHH3aUHOHHOrO X 3 p a K T e p a , KOTOpbie C03Aai0T yCJIOBHH AJIH SljK^eKTHBHOrO (fjyHKUHOHHpOBaH H H SKOHOMHHeCKOrO MeX3HH3M3 y n p a B J i e H H H . 3 T a n p o 6 j i e M 3 HBJIHeTCH OA-

h o h H3 rji3BHbix b pemeHHH 3aAaH óoAee nojiHoro yAOBjieTBopeHHH 33npoc o b n o T p e Ó H T e j i H h noBbiiueHHH p o ^ H xo3HHCTBeHHbix A o r o B o p o B ,

oSecnene-

h h h neTKoro pHTMa p a ó o T H npoMbim^eHHbix npeAnpnjiTHH. T a K , a s b h o Ha3 p e j i Bonpoc 0 p a 3 p e m e H H H OAHoro H3 o c h o b h m x npoTHBopeHHH b o p r a H H 3311.HH O T p a c A e B o r o

ynpaB^eHHH,

cBH33HHoro

c nji3HHpoB3HHeM

pacnpeAe-

jieHHH H cÓUTa npoAyKUHH. M H pa3Ae^neM o u e H K y AeficTByKimeH cHCTeMbi o p r a H H 3 a u H H M a T e p H a ^ b H o - T e x H H i e c K o r o cHaSmeHHH H cóbiTa npoAyKUHH h BHCKa3aHHbie npeAJio«eHHH 0 nepeAane c0K»3rAaBCHa6c6uT0B h coio3rjiaB-

A. J I E B W K , H. K A P n y X H H

52

KOMIIJieKTOB H3 CHCTÈMbl ToCCHaßa C C C P B nOÄTOHeHHe OTpaCJieBHM MHY^HTbiBaa onpe^ejieHHbie CJIOXHOCTH T 3 K O H nepecTpoñKH, nepBOHaqajibHO BO3MO>KHO ocymecTBHTb n e p e a a n y STHX opraHH3auHH jiHiiib OTAejIbHHM MHHHCTepCTBaM B nOpHAKe 3KCnepHMeHT3. AaHHbie Mepbl n03B0AHT nOBblCHTb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb MaillHHOCTpOHTejIbHblX MHHHCTepCTB 3a yAOBJIETBOPEHHE noTpeÖHOCTeft HapoAHoro X O 3 H H C T B 3 B npoAyKUHH OTpae^H, a TaKÍKe Óy^yT Cn0C06CTB0B3Tb nOBblUieHHIO pOJIH X03HHCTBeHH0r0 flOrOBOpa, COA6HCTBOB3Tb BbinOJIHeHHK) IUiaHOB nOCTaBOK npoAyKUHH. B noBbiiiieHHH ypoBHH pyKOBOÄCTBa peiiieHHeM nepBOonepeAHbix npo6JieM ManiHHOCTpoeHHH Ba»CHyK) pojib A O J I K H H HrpaTb KOMiuieKCHbifi ue^eBbie nporpaMMbi. 3 T O T Bonpoc He npocT — cymecTByiOT o6i>eKTHBHbie CAOJKHOCTH opraHH3auHH nporpaMMHoro n^aHHpoBaHHH, «BCTpaHBaHHH» uejieBHX nporpaMM B H A P 0 A H 0 X 0 3 H H C T B E H H B I E H oTpacjieBwe N J I S H H , T P Y A H O C T H opraHH3auHOHHoro H pecypcHoro oôecneweHHH nporpaMM, co3AaHHH pe3yjibTaTHBHblX H THÓKHX (})OpM B33HMOA6HCTBHS X03HHCTBeHHbIX OpraHH3aUHH — HcnoAHHTejieñ nporpaMMHMx MeponpHHTHfi H opraHOB oTpacjieBoro H nporpaMMHoro ynpaBJieHHH. 3(})4)EKTHBHAH peajiH3au,HH Me>KOTpacjieBhix nporpaMM TpeöyeT H3M6HeHHH sKOHOMHqecKoro MexaHH3Ma OTpacjieBoro ynpaBJieHHH. í l p n STOM KOJIHHeCTBO T 3 K H X nporpaMM AOJI>KHO 6bITb CTpOrO OrpaHHHeHO C TeM, W T O 6 H C03AaTb peajIbHbie yCJIOBHH AJI« KOHUeHTpaUHH Opr3HH33U,HOHHbIX H 3K0H0MHMeCKHX yCHJIHH H3 HX 6e3yCJIOBHOM H 3(})(|)eKTHBH0M BbmOJIHeHHH. O i e BHAHO, HTO X03HHCTBeHH0e pyKOBOÄCTBO npOrpSMMOH A O J 1 Ä H O OCymeCTBJIHTbCH K 3 K H M - J I H 6 O OAHHM OpraHOM, HaAeJieHHHM COOTBeTCTByK>IU,HMH np3B3MH H HeOÔXOAHMbIMH pecypC3MH. 3 T y (})yHKU,HIO MOryT BbinOJIHHTb K3K cymecTByKDLUHe oprsHbi ynpaBJieHHH ( T K H T , OTpacjieBbie M H H H C T C P C T B S ) , T 3 K H cneu,Ha.nbHO co3AaB3eMbie AJIH S T H X uejieñ. PesjibHbie ycjioBHH AJIH jiyuniero coBMemeHHH nporpaMMHoro ynpaBJieHHH c 0praHH33UH0HH0H cTpyKTypoñ H MexaHH3MOM o T p s c j i e B o r o H TeppHTOpHajibHoro ynpaBJieHHH MoryT èhiTb oôecneneHbi 3a cneT ycHJieHHH SKOHOMHMÊCKHX H HopMaTHBHHX M C T O A O B ynpaBJieHHH, paCUIHpeHHH X03HHCTBeHH0H CaMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH OCHOBHOrO 3BeHa H pa3rpy3KH É o c n j i a p a C C C P , OTpacjieBbix MHHHCTepCTB OT öojibiiioro o ö t e M a onepaTHBHOH paôoTbi. B npoTHBHOM c j i y n a e nporpaMMHwe 4 > ° P M U 6 Y A Y T BBITECHHTBCH T P A A H U H O H H B I M H kho p a c CMHTHBaTb Ha u e H T p a j i H 3 a u H i o HMeiomHxcH moih,hoctch MeaiOTpacjieBhix npOH3BOflCTB B p a M K a X OTfleJlbHMX nOÄOTpaCJiefl HJIH MHHHCTepCTB. r i o Ham e M y MHeHHK), H a n ö o j i e e a ^ e K T H B H b i M p e m e H H e M n p o ß j i e M b i cneu,HajiH3aUHH HBJIHeTCH C03^aHHe yCKOpeHHHMH TCMIiaMH CneU,HajIH3HpOBaHHbIX MOmHOCTeÖ Ha OCHOBe BblAejieHHH ueHTpaJIH30BaHHbIX KanHTaJIbHblX BJIOHteHHH. 3 t o n o T p e ö y e T pea./iH3auHH KpynHOH HHBecTHUHOHHOH h cjiojkhoh b TexHHMeCKOM OTHOIIieHHH n p o r p a M M b l . OÄHOBpeMeHHO p33BHTHe MOmHOCTeH M3UIHHOCTpOeHHH CMOJKeT OÖeCneHHBaTbCH B 3HaHHTe/[bHOH M e p e He 3a CMeT HOB o r o cTpoHTejibCTBa, a n y T e M pacuiHpeHHH 06"beM0B T e x H H H e c K o r o n e p e B o o p y x e H H H h peKOHCTpyKUHH. n o j i y n a e M a H npH stom skohomhh KariHTajibh m x Bjio>KeHHH, KaK n o K a 3 H B a i o T oueHKH, n p e B b i i n a e T Ä o n o j i H H T e j i b H b i e p a c x o a h Ha co3AaHHe cneu,HajiH3HpoB3HHbix moiuhoctch Me>KOTpac/ieBbix n p o H 3 b o ä c t b . TaKan nporpaMMa i i o 3 b o ; i h t ocymecTBHTb onpeaejieHHbiö s k o h o MHqeCKHH MaHeBp B yCJIOBHHX OrpaHHHeHHblX B03M0>KH0CTeH yBeJIHHeHHH KanHTaJIbHblX BJIOJKeHHH H OTCyTCTBHH pe3epBHHX MOIU,HOCTeH. P e ^ b HaeT o KaqecTBeHHOM c r p y K T y p H O M CÄBHre b oTenecTBeHHOM MauiHHOCTpoeHHH, n03T0My noTpeßyeTCH KOMnjieKCHoe p e m e H H e ßojibinoro qHC^a BOnpOCOB, CBH3aHHbIX C pa3paÖOTKOH HeOÖXOÄHMblX OpraHH3aUHOHHHX MeponpHHTHH, BblÖOpOM TeXHHHeCKOH ÜOJIHTHKH, np0eKTHp0B3HHeM, pyKOBOÄCTBOM KpynHOMaCUITaÖHOH HHBecTHUHOHHOH ßeHTejIbHOCTblO, KOMnjieKTauHeft h o6ecneneHHeM cTpoHin,HxcH npeÄnpHHTHH o6opy,a,OBaHHeM, KoopÄHHauneü AenTejibHOCTH Bcex MauiHHOCTpoHTejibHux mhhhCTepCTB. 3 a e c b B 0 3 M 0 Ä H H pa3JiHqHbie 0praHH3auH0HHbie pemeHHH. A H a j i H 3 n o K33bIBaeT, HTO BCe OHH HMeiOT CBOH ÄOCTOHHCTBa H HCÄ0CT3TKH. OyHKUHH KoopÄHHauHH MHHHCTepCTB, TeppHTOpHa'jibHbix opraHOB ynpaBjieHHH KaK n p n p a 3 p a 6 o T K e , TaK h n p « p e a j m 3 a i m H n p o r p a M M b l h o c h t MejKBeAOMCTBeHHbifl, M e Ä O T p a c ^ e B O H x a p a K T e p . U,ejiH s t o h n p o r p a M M b l 3HaHHTejibHO ihhp e , i e M OTpacJieBOH npo(f)Hjib h s a ^ a ^ H j i i o ö o r o M a u i H H o c T p o H T e j i b H o r o m h HHCTepCTBa, B TOM HHCJie H MHHHCTepCTBa CTaHKOHHCTpyMeHTajIbHOH n p o MbHIL/ieHHOCTH. B Harnefi CTPAHE HAKONJIEH o n u T y n p a ß j i e H H H PEAJIH3AUHEII KpynHOMacUITAÖHBIX ME>KOTpacjieBbix HAP0ÄH0X03HHCTBEHHHX n p o r p a M M , HanpHMep, nporpaMM 4 > ° P M H P 0 B A H H H 3ANAÄHO-CH6HPCKORO HeKHbix pemeHHH,

aHa^orH

KOToporo

yme

Hcn0^b30Ba-

jiHCb Ha n p a K T H K e , — s t o B03Ji05KeHHe (})yHKU.HH pyKOBOACTBa n p o r p a M M o f t Ha Me>KBeÄ0MCTBeHHyi0 K o m h c c h i o

npn CoBeTe

Mhhhctpob

CCCP

h

phä

paöoHHx OpraHOB — HayHHO-TexHHqecKHft C o B e T , a TaKJKe c n e u H a ^ b H b i e n^aHOBbie noÄpa3ÄeJieHHH b C T p y K T y p e Tocn/iaHa C C C P , T K H T . O ^ H a K O , KaK nOKa3HBaeT npaKTHKa, npH HCI10JIb30BaHHH KOOpÄHHailHOHHblX (|)OpM pyKOBO^CTBa KpynHbiMH ue^eBbiMH n p o r p a M M a M H He B c e r a a yÄaeTCH ÄOÖHTbCfl KOMnjieKCHOCTH njiaHOBHX H npoeKTHblX pemeHHH, JIHKBHÄHpOBaTb Be/IOMCTBeHHOCTb B jieHTeJIbHOCTH OTAe^bHblX MHHHCTepCTB — HCnOJIHHTeJieH npOrpaMMHbix 3aaaHHÜ; 0TBeTCTBeHH0CTb 3a KOHe^Hbie pe3y;ibTaTbi n p o r p a M -

54

A. JlEBHyK, H. KAPnyXHH

m h h n p e a c a e B e e r ò e e Hap0AH0X03HHCTBeHHyro 3(})(J)eKTHBH0CTb p a c n p e a e JIHeTCH n o MHOrOHHCJieHHblM HCIIOJIHHTeJIHM. B 3TOH CBH3H MHOTO npeHMymeCTB HMeeT UeHTpajIH3aUHH OCHOBHblX 4>yHKUHH pyKOBOACTBa n p o r p a M M O H . 3 i a (JjopMa 6^H3Ka HAee C03A3HHH m h HHCTepCTBa MeiKOTpaCJieBblX npOH3BOACTB. OAH3KO H3AO nOA^epKHyTb, MTO ^yHKUHH n p o r p a M M b i a o a j k h h ó b i T b c o c p e A O T o q e H b i Ha ycKopeHHOM CQ3A3HHH CneiI,HaAH3HpOBaHHbIX MOIUHOCTeH, a He Ha Ay6jIHpOB3HHH (J)yHKUHH A e f i CTByromHX MaiIIHHOCTpOHTejIbHblX MHHHCTepCTB n o BbinyCKy COOTBeTCTByiOm e f i npoAyKUHH. Opr3HH33UHH n p o r p a M M H o r o pyKOBOACTBa m o k è t óbiTb BpeMeHHoft a K u n e f l , opneHTHpoBaHHOH Ha peajiH3au,Hio o c h o b h o h iiacTH n p o r paMMbi, p a c c q H T a H H o f l Ha 1 0 — 1 5 jieT. Y c K o p e H H o e co3AaHHe cneu,Ha;iH3HpoBaHHbix MOiHHOCTefi, noBbimeHHe 3(})(J)eKTHBH0CTH KanHTajIbHblX BJIOJKeHHH TpeSyiOT COBepiIieHCTBOBaHHH y n paBJieHHH KanHTa^bHblM CTpOHTejIbCTBOM, 3HaHHTeJIbHOrO yCHJieHHH 3KOHOMHqeCKOH 3aHHTepeC0B3HH0CTH H OTBCTCTBeHHOCTH C3MHX MaiUHHO-

CTpoHTejibHbix n p e A n p H H T H H b TexHH^ecKOM n e p e B o o p y s i e H H H h peKOHCTpyKU h h , y r j i y 6 j i e H H H cneuHajiH3auHH h K o o n e p n p o B a H H H np0H3B0ACTBa. B noAHOM o ó t e M e n p o ó j i e M a c n e u H a ^ H 3 a u H H h nepeBOAa MaiiiHHOCTpoeHHH Ha KaieCTBeHHO HOBblH 0pr3HH3aiiH0HH0-TeXHHHeCKHH ypOBeHb AOJIjKHa pemaTbCH b M a c u i T a f i a x B e e r ò MaiiiHHOCTpoeHHH, npH 3 k t h b h o m y n a CTHH MHHHCTepCTB, npOMHIHJieHHblX H IIpOH3BOACTBeHHbIX OÓTjeAHHeHHH B pa3BHTHH UeHTpajIH30B3HHOrO peMOHTHOrO X03HHCTB3, MaiIIHH0CepBHC3, 3arOTOBHTe^bHOrO H BCn0M0r3TejIbH0r0 npOH3BOACTB. n p H 3T0M CAeAyeT HCn0Jib30BaTb perHOHajibHbiH h KycTOBOH npHHUHnbi opraHH3au,HH. T a K i K e n o T p e ó y e T C H ó o j i b i i i a a p a S o T a n o yTOHHeHHio cneiiH3.JiH33UHH npeAnpHHTHH H npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX O Ó ' b e A H H e H H H , npOH3BOAHmHX KOHeHHyK) npOAyKUHK). H o H a c T o n m e r o BpeMeHH M H o r n e pemeHHH, npeAycMOTpeHHbie r e H e p a j i b H b i MH CXeM3MH, He 6bIJIH OCymeCTBJieHbl BBHAy OpraHH33LlHOHHHX H 3K0H0MHnecKHx TpyAHOCTefl, b o 3 h h k 3 K ) i h h x npH nepecneu,H3,;iH33UHH. 3 t o o ì ^ h c h h eTCH npHopHTeTHoft p o j i b K ) T e K y m e r o njiaHiipoBaHHH; npHHHTOH c n c T e M o f l OlieHKH AeHTejIbHOCTH npeAnpHHTHH H npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX OÓTDeAHHeHHH; CJT36 o H SKOHOMHHeCKOH 3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTbK) B y r j i y 6 j i e H H H cneUH3J!H33U.HH; OpraHH3ailHOHHbIMH TpyAHOCTHMH peKOHCTpyKUHH H TeXHHHeCKOrO nepeBOopy>KeHHH. O 0 p M H p 0 B 3 H H e CneUH3AH3HpOBaHHbIX MOIUHOCTeH npOH3BOACTB3 n p o AyKUHH 0 6 m e M a u i H H 0 C T p 0 H T e ^ b H 0 r 0 npHMeHeHHH u e ; i e c 0 0 6 p 3 3 H 0 o c y m e c T BJlHTb Ha perHOHajIbHOH OCHOBe. HeOÓXOAHMO yCHJTHTb pOJIb T e p p H T O p n a j I b HblX Opr3HOB ynp3BJieHHH B nJT3HHpOB3HHH CneH.H3JIH33U.HH npOH3BOACTB3. B o j i b u i o H s ^ ^ e K T MO^KeT A a T b npHBjieneHHe cpeACTB npeAnpHHTHH p e m o H a Ha 3TH UeAH Ha OCHOBe Me>KX03HHCTBeHHOH UeHTpaAH3aUHH H KOOnepailHH H COOTBeTCTByiOIHerO SKOHOMHHeCKOrO MeX3HH3M3 AO^eBOrO HCn0JIb30BaHHH p e c y p c o B 3. OAHHM H3 UeHTpajIbHHX BOnpOCOB HHTeHCH(J)HKaUHH MaUJHHOCTpOeHHH HBAHeTCH noBbimeHHe 3(})eKTHBH0CTH OpraHH3an,HOHHbIX (J)OpM X03HHCTBeHHblX 3BeHb6B — npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX H npOMblUI^eHHblX 06l>eAHHeHHH. B n p o H3BOACTBenHbix o6"beAHHeHHHX. co3A3HHbix, k s k np3BHJio, H3 6 a 3 e KpynHbix nepeAOBHx npeAnpHHTHH, HMeioin,HX coScTBeHHbie HayMHO-TexHHnecKHe ueHTpbi, yASJiocb AoSHTbCH B b i c o K o r o K3HecTBa npoAyKUHH, 6 b i c T p o r o BHeA" peHHH HOBOH TeXHHKH, rjiyÓOKOH CneU,HaJIH3an^HH OTAeJIbHblX npeAnpHHTHH H npOH3BOACTB, UeHTp3JIH33UHH B C n 0 M 0 r 3 T e j l b H 0 r 0 H 33r0T0BHTejIbH0T0 npOh 3 b o a c t b n y T e M c T p o H T e j i b C T B a (})HJiHajioB h j i h n e p e c n e u H a j i H 3 a u H H H e 6 o ^ b IIIHX poACTBeHHbix npeAnpHHTHH. O A H a K O K0AHqecTB0 06'beAHHeHHH Ha 6 a 3 e KpynHOrO rOJIOBHOrO 3aBOAa, HeCMOTpH Ha 3H3HHTeAbHVK) HX pOAb B npOH3BOACTBe n o A O T p s c j i H , 0TH0CHTejibH0 HeBeAHKO — He ó o j i e e 5 % b o ó m e M i h c j i e np0H3B0ACTBeHHbix npeAnpHHTHH. 3

B

Hameft

CTpaHe

pa3BHBaeTCH

CHCTeMa

Me>KX03HScTBeHHHX

BOJCTB, H3 HHX npOMfalLU^eHHblX HaCMHTblBaeTCH OKÓJIO 17 TbIC.

npeAnpHHTHft

H

npoH3-

PA3BHTHE

MAUIHHOCTPOEHHH

H

yiIPABJIEHHE

55

B H a c T o a m e e B p e M H T p e ö y i o T C H A a j i b H e ñ i u e e y K p e n j i e H H e 3(|)c|>eKTHBHbix npOH3BOaCTBeHHbIX 06"beAHHeHHH, KOHUeHTpaUHH np0H3B0ÄCTBeHHbie HajIHMHK)

B

CTpyKType

BFIO

h

CKOM

o6i.eaHHeHHH

HHX

MOIUHOH

no

CBoeñ

HayMHO-TeXHHHeCKO-

np0H3B0ACTBeHH0ñ

HayHHO-TeXHHHeCKOH

OTHOCHTeJIbHO oßOCOÖJieHHbie

SKOHOMHHecKOM

HBJIHeTCH

B HHX

h h x n e p e B O A Ha A ß y x 3 B e H H y i o c x e M y y n p a B J i e H H H .

ro noTeHUHa^a

AHUIb

OTHOiueHHH

npOMeíKyTOHHblM

B

6a3bl

npeACTaBJIHIOT

fl^H

HHX a n i i a p a T

aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbIM,

B n o

nJiaHOBO-

p a c n p e A e ^ H T e j i b H b i M o p r a H O M . H M e e T C H pHA n p H M e p o B , K o r ^ a K p y n H b i e H3BOACTBeHHbie oö'bCÄHHeHHH ynpaBJiHioTCH n o A B y x 3 B e H H O H c x e M e aBTonpoMe, b MHHTHJKMame, b M H H S H e p r o M a m e ) .

(b

stom MHorne

npH

npoMhh-

Bonpo-

cbi p e m a i o T C H 6 o . n e e o n e p a T H B H O h K a n e c T B e H H o , w e M n p H T p e x 3 B e H H O M b

paBjieHHH.

Ho

ßojibuiHHCTBe

BKJlIOHGHbl

B COCTaB

cjiynaeB

h cpeflHHe

HeôojibUiHe

np0H3B0ACTBeHHbie

BÍIO,

COOTBeTCTByiOIUHX

0 6 p a 3 0 M npHHHHaMH 0 p r a H H 3 a u H 0 H H 0 r 0

HTO

npOAHKT0B3H0

IViaBHblM

JiyqmHMH

pacnojiaraioT

npOMblIUJieHHblX O Ô t e A H H e H H H

bo3mo>k-

(KOTOpbie

HyT ô o j i e e O A H o p o A H b i M H n o c o c T a B y n p H BbiBOAe h 3 h x C T p y K T y p b i npOH3BOÄCTBeHHbIX

oS-beAHHeHKH) . 3 t h

öojibine

CBH3eñ

HayqHO-TexHHqecKHM

CTeneHH

33Bhcht

c ot

Hero,

weM

yn-

o6"beAHHeHHH

xapaKTepa.

npeAnpHHTHH

HOCTHMH pa3BHTHH B p a M K a X

B

npOH3BOACTBeHHO-TeXHHHe-

KOMnjieKCbi.

3BCHOM,

KpynHbie

cTpyKType,

npeflnpHHTHH

HMeiOT

3H3HHTeJlbHO

BIIO

noTeHunajioM

h b

np0H3B0ACTBeHHbie

KpynHue

CTa-

KpynHbix ôojibmefl

o6"beAHHeHHH,

H M e i o m n e coöcTBeHHbiH HaywHo-TexHHMecKHH n o T e H u n a j i . B

aaHHOM c j i y q a e B I I O

h b j i h c t c h cjieAyioiUHM

CTOHTejlbHHM

npeAnpHHTHHM

KOHUeHTpaUHH

npOH3BOflCTBa.

BeHHO-xo3HHCTBeHHbix

H3BeCTHO,

KOMnJieKcoB

4 T 0 3(f)(f)eKTHBHOCTb

onpeAeJineTCH

BCnOMOraTe^bHblX

H

6a3bi,

KoonepHpoBaHHbix

pa3BHTHeM

no othouichhio

OpraHH3aUHOHHO-3KOHOMHHeCKHM

06cAy>KHBai0mHX

ypOBHeM

npOH3BOACTB, CBH3eñ.

k

npOH3BOACT-

ueHTpajiH3auHH

HayHHO-TeXHHHeCKOH

OflHaKO aencTByiomHe

b M a u i H H o c T p o e H H H o6T>eAHHHK)T n p e A n p H H T H H o a h o h n o A O T p a c j i H , HceHHbie Ha 3HaiHTeJibH0M y A a j i e H H H a p y r o t a p y r a . r i 0 3 T 0 M y AAH U,eHTpajIH3aUHH B eflHHOM K O M n j i e K C e pa3JIHHHbIX

caMO-

ypOBHeM

BFIO

pacnojio-

bo3mo>khocth

npOH3BOÄCTBeHHO-XO-

3HHCTBeHHbIX (jjyHKUHH B HHX OrpaHHHeHHbl. K a n o p r a H b i ynpaBJieHHH KOHKperaoH n o A O T p a c j i b i o , B I I O IOT

HenOCpeACTBeHHOe

50—90%

npoayKUHH

pyKOBOACTBO AaHHoft

noAOTpacAH.

OTAejibHOH n o A O T p a c J i b K ) b p a M K a x MeTHOH CBH3H

cneuHa^H3auHH C

KOMnjieKCOB,

CKaioutHX

npoAyKUHio

BÔO

npeACTaBAHeTCH

CymeCTByiOmeH

CTBeHHblX

npeAnpHHTHHMH,

TeHAeHUHeH KpynHblX

ocyiuecTBJiH-

npOH3BOAHIII,HMH

CocpeAOTo^eHHe

ynpaBJieHHH

Aa>Ke c yneTOM y n n y ö j i e H H H TpyAH0pa3peuiHM0H

pa3BHTHH

npOH3BOÄCTBeHHbIX

OÖ-beÄHHeHHH,

pa3JiHHHHX OTpaCifieH h n o A O T p a c J i e ñ

Hbix y p a j i b C K O M y 3 a B O A y T H > K e j i o r o M a u i H H o c T p o e H H H b

n0Ab30BaTb

onTHMaAbHbix

TexHHqecKHH

pa3Mepax

onbiT,

h

n03B0JineT

B03M0JKH0CTH

np0H3B0ÄCTBeHHbix H oômero

oÒTjeAHHeHHH

anajIOrHH-

Hanóojiee

ueHTpajiH3auHH

nojiHo

a^h

ocyhc-

HayqHO-TeX-

TeppHTOpna^b-

T e H A e H U H H B p33BHTHH

xapaKTepHa

Bbiny-

MauiHHocTpoe-

«ypa^THMMam»,

HHMecKOH h TexHOJiorHMecKOH 6 a 3 b i , a TaK>Ke n p e H M y m e c T B a HOH K O H U e H T p a U H H npOH3BOACTB3. RaHHan

b

TeppHTOpHajlbHO-npOH3BOA"

HHH. n p O H 3 B O f l C T B O T3KOH n p O A y K U H H B K p y n H N X O Ô t e A H H Ê H H H X , mecTBJiaeTCH

npeA-

npoóJieMoñ

npeAnpHHTHH

KpynHblX TH^e^oro

M a u i H H o c T p o e H H H , HO MOJKCT nOJiyHHTb p a 3 B H T H e H B 3 J i e K T p O T e X -

HHKe, SJieKTpOHHKe, p a A H O T e X H H K e , npHÔOpOCTpOeHHH

B CBH3H C n e p c n e K T H -

BaMH (})OpMHpOBaHHH K p y n H b l X MaillHHOCTpOHTeJIbHblX KOMnjieKCOB B BOCTOMHbix p a ñ o H a x C HOH

cTpaHU.

yueTOM

ôojiee no^Horo

KOHUeHTpaUHH

BeHHo-xo3HHCTBeHHbix poACTBeHHbix mHH

OTpac^eñ

npHHUHn

Hcn0Jib30BaHHH

npOH3BOACTB3 KOMnjieKCOB, hjih

BKJiiOHaioiuHX

noAOTpacAeft

noAOTpacjieBoro

HHH h o p r a H H 3 a u H H

npeHMymecTB

UejieC006pa3H0

TeppHTopHajib-

C03AaHHe

npOH3BOACT-

npeAnpHHTHH

MauiHHocTpoeHHH.

pa3Ae;ieHHH

npeAnpHHTHH

AByx-Tpex

CyiuecTByK)h

Ha 3TOH ocHOBe B F I O K a K c p e A H e r o 3BeHa b

oô-beAHHeCTpyKType

a. JIEBHyK, H. Ä A P n y X H H

56

OTpacJieBoro ynpsBJieHHH n p n x o Ä H T b onpe/iejieHHoe npoTHBOpenne c pa3BHTHeM

(J)OpM

KOHUeHTpaUHH

peaJIH3aUHH B

3T0H

CBH3H

TpeöyiOT

(J)opMHpoBaHHH

B03M0JKH0CTHMH

npOH3BO,HCTB3,

TeppHTOpHajIbHblX

(JiaKTOpOB nOBblllieHHH

rjiyöoKoro

o6"be,HHHeHHH

Kan

H3yneHHH

ero

TeppHTopna^bHbie

opraHOB ynpaB^eHHH

Oahsko

b

ycjioBHHX

nocjieaoBaTe^bHoro

CTepCTB

H

C03ÄaHHH

eÄHHOrO

ÔOJiee

yKpynHeHHH

MHHHCTepCTBa

nO.IHOH

3cj)(|)eKTHBHOCTH. npHHUHnu

cpeAHero

ypoBHH. mhhh-

OTpacjieBbix

MaUIHHOCTpOeHHH

B CBH3H C

H3MeHeHHHMH MeTOÄOJIOTHH H TeXHOJIOTHH nJiaHHpOBaHHH H yCHJieHHeM HOMHHecKHx UHH h

MCTOflOB Hcn0Jib30BaHHH

npHHii,HnoB

c n e u , H a j i H 3 a u H H xo3HHCTBeHHbix

Ha c p e a H e M

3KO-

opraHH3a-

ypoBHe

ynpaB-

JieHHH MOJK6T OKa3aTbCH He CTOJlb HeOÔXOAHMblM, K a K B HaCTOHIII,ee

BpeMH.

OnpeÄeJiHH MOJKHO

P33bhthh

CTpaTerHio

rOBOpHTb O KaweCTBeHHOH

pbl — O

UeHTpa^H3aUHH

3BeHbeB

noflOTpacjieBOH

ynpaBJieHHH

nepeCTpOHKe

ynpaBJieHHH

MaiiiHHOCTpoeHHeM,

OpraHH3aUHOHHOH

MaLUHHOCTpOHTeJIbHbIM

CTpyKTy-

KOMnjieKCOM,

JIHKBHAaUHH n p O M e í K y T O H H b l X 3 B e H b e B , C 0 3 ^ a H H H 34>(J)eKTHBHUX ( f i o p M ÄHHeHHH

B

MexaHH3Ma 3TanbI

npHMOH

33BHCHM0CTH

ynp3BJieHHH. B

pa3BHTHH

pemeHHH

FlepBooqepeÄHbie h

cbh3h

rjiaBHbix

npoßjieM

Mepbi, p a c c i H T a H H b i e

0praHH3auH0HHbie

h

Ha

MeX3HH3Ma

CTBeHHOH BnO,

yTO^HeHHe

OCHOBe,

pa3pa6oTKa

reHepajibHbix

yKpynHeHHe npe;uo>KeHHH

cxeM

OT^eJIbHblX no

ycjioBHH ä j i h

OTpaCJieBblX

äojijkhw

pa3pa6oTKH

MauiHHocTpoeHHH.

ynpaBJieHHH

co3aaHHio

H3

MaiiiHHOCTpoeHHH.

pea^H3auHH nporpaMMbi yrjiyôjieHHH cneuHajiH3auHH b

HeoöxoÄHMbi

ocHOBHue HCXOflH

ójiHJKañiiiHe r o a H ,

sKOHOMH^ecKHe

o6i>e-

SKOHOMHHeCKOrO

uejiec006pa3H0 BbwejiHTb

OpraHH3aUHOHHO-3KOHOMHHeCKOrO

nocjieflOBaTeJibHoro oöecneHHTb

stoh

OT COBepUieHCTBOBaHHH

Ha

BHeBeflOM-

MHHHCTepCTB

OTpacjieBbix

h

H

Me>KOTpac-

JieBblX T e p p H T O p H a j I b H b l X OÖTjeAHHeHHH, yTOMHeHHe (f)yHKUHH, n p a B H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH O p r a H O B O T p a c j i e B o r o y n p a B J i e H H H .

n P H COXpaHeHHH Öojlbinoro KOJIHHeCTBa OTpaCJieBHX MHHHCTepCTB H HeOÖXOÄHMOCTH COBepiIieHCTBOBaHHH MOKOTpaCJieBOrO ynpaBJieHHH B03HHK3eT nOTpeÖHOCTb B OpraHH3ailHOHHOM yKpenJieHHH K00p,a,HH3U,H0HHbIX (J)yHKU.HH n o y n p S B j i e H H K ) M a u i H H O C T p o H T e j i b H b i M KOMnjieKCOM. Raiman M e p a 6yaeT cnocoôcTBOBaTb noBbiiiieHHio KOMnjieKCHOCTH ynpaBJieHHH MaiiiHHoCTpoeHHeM b ÓJiH^añmeM h nepexo^noM nepHoae p 3 3 b h t h h opraHH3auHOHHO-3KOHOMHqeCKOrO MeX3HH3M3. B nOCJieAyiOIUeM 3TH (j)yHKUHH MOryT 6biTb nepe^aHbi eÄHHOMy MHHHCTepcTBy. nepexo^Hbin nepHOfl ôyaeT xapaKTepH30BaTbCH ÄajIbHeHUIHM COBepIUeHCTBOBaHHeM njI3HHpOB3HHH, ycHjieHHeM BKOHOMHHecKHX MeTOflOB ynp3BJieHHH, nepecTpoHKOH opraHH3au,HOHHO-TeXHOJIOrHHeCKOH CTpyKTypbl MaUIHHOCTpOeHHH Ha OCHOBe peajIH3aUHH nporpaMMbi yrjiyßjieHHH cneu,H3jiH3auHH h (J)opMHpoBaHHH KpynHux xo3p3CMeTHbIX KOMnjieKCOB.

M. Baünep,

H.

HuKOAae&CKuH

3 K 0 H 0 M H H E C K H E IIPOEJlEMbl PA3PABOTKH HEKAEHHH B nena™ noHBHJiHCb npeAJioxeHHfl o « H O B M X » npnimnnax 060CH0BaHHn paapa6oTKH He^TsiHbix MCCTOPO>KA€HHH. A B T O P M KPHTHMCCKH paccMaT-

CHCTEM

pHBaiOT 9TH npeA-IOWeHHn, B HaCTHOCTH B03M0)KH0CTb HCn0JIb30BaHHSI B Kase3KOHOMHHCCKOH OUCHKM 3anacoB MHHepajibHoro Cbipbfl 3aMbiKaiomHx 3aTpaT.

CTBe KpHTeptiajibHoro noKa3aiejia

B T P Y ^ A X A K A A E M H K O B H. R Y Ó K H H A , JL JIeH6eH30Ha, A. Kpbi^IOPA H apyTHX yHeHbix H a q H H a n c 1933 r. pa3BHBa;iHCb T e o p H H , n p H H u n n b i H M e m a b i p a 3 p a ó o T K H H e ^ T H H b i x MecTOpo^ífleHHH H a 0 C H 0 B e T p e x o6jiacTeñ 3HaHHfl: reOJIOrHH, n 0 A 3 e M H 0 H He(j)THHOH r H A p O f l H H a M H K H H 3 K 0 H 0 M H K H CoBeTCKHe yqeHbie B nocjieBoeHHbie ro/ibi n o A pyKOBOACTBOM ana^. A. KpujioBa (c 1942 r.) co3flajiH. nporpeccHBHbie cncTeMbi pa3pa6oTKH, KOTopbie B noc^eflyiomHe

weTbipe aecHTHJieTHH ycneiiJHo n p H M e H H j i H C b H a n p a K T H K e BO Bcex

He(J)THHux pañoHax C C C P . O A H 3 K O cefinac BbmBHraiOTCH npejyiojKeHHH KopeHHbiM c>6pa30M H3MeHHTb npHHUHnbl OÓOCHOBaHHH CHCTeM pa3pa0OTKH He(})THHbIX MeCTOpOJKAeHHH. B qaCTHOCTH, yTBep>K,aaeTCH, 1TO 3TH npHHUHnbl HKOÓbl He COOTBeTCTByiOT HOBblM yCJIO>KHHBUIHMCH npHpO^HblM (reOJIOrO-KJIHMaTHl¡eCKHM ) yCJIOB H H M pa3pa6oTKH He(f)THHbix MecTopomfleHHH. n p H 3TOM npeanojiaraeTCH, mto npHHUHnbl pa3pa6oTKH, B T O M qncne reojioro-rHapoaHHaMHMecKHe OCHOBbi H aKOHOMHqecKHH KpHTepHH Bbióopa onTHMa^bHbix npoeKTHbix (njiaHoBbix) pemeHHH,flOJIJKHblSbITb H3MeHeHbI no CpaBHeHHK) c TeMH, KOTOpbie HCn 0 ^ b 3 0 B a ™ c b c 1942 r. B pa^e onyóJiHKOBaHHbix p a 6 o T 2 H3JiaraioTCH «HOBbie» npHHUHnbl pa3paÓOTKH He(j)THHbIX MeCTOpOÍKfleHHH. AHajIH3 HX nOKa3bIBaeT, HTO HeKOTOpbie aBTOpbl npe^aiOT 3aÓBeHHIO OÓ'beKTHBHbie 3aKOHOMepHOCTH TeXHOJIOTHH pa3pa60TKH. PeHb HfleT O Tex 3aKOHOMepHOCTHX, KOTOpbie o6H3aieJTbHO AOJi>KHbi npHHHMarbCH B KaqecTBe H C X O A H H X npn S K O H O M H M E C K O M O 6 O C H O B 3 H H H CHCTeM pa3pa6oTKH Kan Ba>KHoro pa3Ae^a KOMnjieKCHoro npoeKTHpoB3HHH. 1 CM. H. M- r y 6 K h H, H. M. H H K O ji a e b C K h h, . O. Jl y H a e b, H.fl.>K op O B, riOJIHTHKa pa3pa60TKH He(j)THHbIX MeCTOpOJKfleHHH B C C C P («A3ep6afljl>KaHCK0e HeTHHoe X O 3 H H C T B O » N» 6—7, 1933 r., CTp. 121—125) ; H. M. r y 6 K h H, H36paHHue coHHHCHHH, T. I. M.-JI. H3flaTeflbcTBO A H CCCP, 1950 r., CTp. 13; T. II. H3,naTe;ibctB0 A H CCCP, 1953 r., CTp. 401—420; Jl. C. JIeft6eH30H, H. n. MocKajibKOB, CoBpeMeHHoe cocTOHHHe rHflpoMexaHHqecKoro HCCJieíiOBaHHH He^JTHHbix H ra30Bbix njiacTOB (c6. «Tpyflbi I Bcecoio3Horo c-be3.ua B H H T O HC^THHHKOB». OHTH, 1934 r., CTp. 35—71); A. n. K p BL JL O B, M. M. rjIOrOBCKHH, M. . M H p H H H K, H. M. HHKOJiae B c K H ñ, H. A. M a p H bi ñ. HayiHbie OCHOBU pa3pa6oTKH HetJjTHHbix MecTopowfleHHH. FocTonTexH3AaT, 1948 r.; «IlpoeKTHpoBaHHe pa3pa6oTKH Het})TíiHbix MecTopo>KAeHHH». TocTonTexH3.fl.aT, 1962 r. 2 CM. M. M. Y M a H C K H H, C. M. P O X J I H H , A. H. R o p m e H H H a, Bonpocu HCn0Jlb30BaHHH SKOHOMHMeCKOH OlteHKH HetJlTHHblX MeCTOpO>KaeHHH npH peWeHHH OTpaCJieBblX 3aaaq (Cepna «3KOHOMHK3 HGÍJJTHHOH NPOMUINJIEHHOCTH» B H H H O S H T , Bbin. 3, 1982 r.); «Bonpocbl 3K0H0MHqeCK0H OUeHKH He(|)T5IHbIX MGCTOpOJKÜGHHH H ee npaKTHMeCKOe npHMeHeHHe», Bbin. 34, 1978 r., CTp. 37; M. M. Y M a H C K H H H M. M. C a T T a p O B, HapoüHOX03HHCTBeHHbIH nOflXOA K OLteHKe 3l})4)eKTKBHOCTH HCn0Jlb30BaHHH pecypCOB HetflTHHblX MeCTOpOJKfleHHH («He({)THHOe X03HHCTB0» JSTs 12, 1983 r., CTp. 9—12).

58

H. BAHHEP, H. HHKOJlAEBCKHil

PemaioiuHe c tohkh 3peHHH SKOHOMH^ecKOH st^eKTHBHOCTH pa3pa6oTKH Het})THHbIX( MeCTOpOJK^eHHH rHApOAHHaMH^eCKHe 3aK0H0MepH0CTH, yCTaHOBJieHHbie TeOpneH IIOA3eMHOH He(})THHOH rHApOAHHaMHKH H TeXHOAOrHeH pa3pa6oTKH, cjieAyromHe. P o c t Ao6bmH He^TH (hjih coxpaHeHHe ee ypoBHH) Ha OT^eJibHOM MecTopojK^eHHH He nponopuHOHajieH KOJiHiecTBy SKcnjiyaiaUHOHHblX CKBa^HH Ha HeM. l l o Mepe yBe^HHeHHH nJIOTHOCTH pa3MemeHHH, OCOfieHHO B yCJIOBHHX HHTeHCHBHOrO HarHeTaHHH BOflbl, B03paCTaeT B33HM0fleflcTBHe (HHTep4)epeHU,HH) CKBajKHH, CHHKaiomee hx np0H3B0ACTBeHHyK> MomHOCTb bo BpeMeHH TeM 6biCTpee, weM miOTHee ceTKH ckb35khh. PasjiHiHH b reojioro-(J)H3HiecKHx napaMeTpax M e » A y HeT Ha Bblfiop MeTOAOB H peJKHMa B03AeHCTBHH (3aBOAHeHHe) , OnpefleJIHK)iuhx nopH,noK h njiOTHocTb pa3MemeHHH CKBajKHH. HeM xy>Ke ( n o napaMeTpaM) h MeHee H3yqeHbi reoAorHiecKHe aeTajiH n j i a c i a , TeM 6oAbinee 3HaqeHHe npH06peiai0T AByxeraAHHHbie chctcmm pa3pa6oTKH c peAKHMH HanajibHHMH CeTKaMH CKBaiKHH. l l p H 3TOM OCHOBHbie TeXHHKO-SKOHOMH^eCKHe noKa3aTejiH a o S m i h HecJ)TH (ypoBHH h ycTOHqHBOCTb ae6HTOB ckb3>khh, cTeneHb oSBOAHeHHocTH, ce6ecTOHMOcTb), KBK noKa33AH cneuna^bHbie HCCAeA0B3HHH, 6bIAH Ha npOTHJKeHHH IiepBblX 8 — 1 2 JieT CaMblMH 6^aronpHHTHbImh. B e e BMecTe aioco&CTByeT B03pacTaHHK> yAejibHbix 3anaco® HetfiTH, npaxoahiuhxch Ha KajKflyio cKBa>KHHy, h t o yBejiHMHBaeT ee np0H3B0ACTBeHHyi0 MomHOCTb h co3,a,aeT ycJiOBHH a a h HaH6ojiee acjxJjeKTHBHOH aKcnjiyaiauHH pe3epBHbIX CKB3>KHH BO BTOpOH CT3AHH p33p360TKH MeCTOpOJKAeHHfl3. K o He^Hbie « e ceTKH cKBa>KHH npn pe3Koft HeoAHopoAHocTH nAacTOB (no npoHHU3eM0CTH, HSJIHTOIO H30AHpOBaHHbIX OT 06lU.er0 B03ACHCTBHH yM3CTK0B H AP-) > ecTecTBeHHo, 6yAyT n j i o r a e e 3a cqeT SoAbiuero KOJiH^ecTBa pe3epBHbix CKBaWHH, ^eM Ha 6jiarOnpHHTHbIX B 3TOM OTHOIIieHHH MeCTOpOJKAeHHHX. TeMnw pa3pa6oTKH Hec})THHbix MecTopoJKAeHHft He bahhiot Ha n0AH0Ty H3BAeMeHHH 3an3coB HeKAeHHH. B cbh3h c noHBAeHHeM b nocAeAHHe roAbi HOBoro noKa3aTeAH SKOHOMH^ecKoft oueHKH 3anacoB MHHepajitHoro cwpbJi, Tan Ha3biBaeMbix 3aMHKaiomHx 3aTpaT, 6bMH Ony6jIHKOBaHbI pa60TbI, aBTOpbl KOTOpblX CHHTaiOT 3TOT nOKaSaTeAb KpHTepHaJIbHbIM AJ1H Bbl60pa TeXHOJIOrHH Ao6bI1H He(J)TH. KpHTepHH >Ke — AOCTH>KeHHe HaHMeHbiiinx 3aTpaT Ha pa3BeAKy, Ao6biwy h TpaHcnopT He(j)TH npH B03M0JKH0 nOJIHOM (SKOHOMHieCKH AOnyCTHMOM) H3BJieqeHHH He4)TH H3 HeAp—HKo6bI He OTBe^aeT «COBpeMeHHHM Tpe60BaHHHM», nOTOMy qTO «H3BecTHaa iiacTb He(|)TH nepepa6aTHBaeTCH aah noAyneHHH KOTeAbHoro TonAHBa», a aKOHOMHqecKH AonycTHMoe HSBJie^eHHe HeiJiTH H3 HeAp T o ® e «Hy>KAaeTCfl B SKOHOMH^eCKOM 060CH0BaHHH»4. HecocTOHTeAbHocTb 3toh apryMeHTauHH o^eBHAHa: nepepaSoTKa Bcex BHAOB H KOMIIOHeHTOB n0^63HbIX HCKOnaeMblX (Het})Tb, ra3, MeTaJIAHMeCKHe pyAbi, yro^b, cjiaHUbi h t . a . ) He cHHMaeT ocHOBHbix 3aAaq ropHOAo6biBaiomHX OTpacAeft — o6ecne i iHBaTb nAaHOByro AoSbiqy KajKAoro HCKOnaeMoro npn bo3mo>kho nOJIHOM OT0ope ero H3 3anacoB h c MaKCHMajibHOH skohomhefl b 3aTpaTax, b tom HHCJie h Ha TpaHcnopT. 3 Cm. A. n. K p bi ji o b, HeKOTOpwe npofijieMbi pa3BHTHH iio6biiH HeKeHbi B nocjieBoeHHbie roflbi B npoeKTax pa3pa6oTKH HetjjTSHwx, Hecf>Ter330Bbix H ra30Bbix MecTopôJKAeHHH H péajiH30BaHbi Ha npaKTHKe B HC^THHHX pañoHax, 0c06eHH0 B ypajio-ÍIoBOJiíKbe H 3 a n a A H 0 H C H Ô H P H . B o j i b i u o e 3 H a q e H H e B S K O H O M H H C C K O M

OÔOCHO-

B3HHH H Bblôope CHCTeM pa3pa60TKH HecfjTHHblX MeCTOpOJKAeHHH HMeJIO IUHpoKoe Hcn0^b30BaHHe HHH HetJjTHHofl npoMbimjieHHocTH c 1961 r. THnoBOfl MeTOAHKH OnpeÄejieHHH SKOHOMHieCKOH 3(f>(j)eKTHBHOCTH KaiIHT3JIbHhIX BJIOîKeHHH, pa3paÔ0TaHH0H NOA pyKOBOACTBOM 3K3A. T. XaiaTypoBa. AÔCOJIIOTHblH OKerOAHblH npHpOCT ÄOÖbiqH He(J)TH B C T p a H e yBeJIH^HJICH B TerçeHHe 1951 —1980 rr., I T O BbI3B3H0 33MeTHbIM nOBbimeHHeM AOJIH 3 K T H B HblX 33II3C0B He(J)TH, npHXOAHIUeHCH B C p e A H e M Ha K a j K A y i O HOByiO C K B 3 Î K H Hy, H ô o j i e e ycTofitiHBOH e e np0H3B0ACTBeHH0H M o m H o c T b i o 6 j i a r O Ä 3 p H npHMeHeHHK) MeTOÄOB HCKyCCTBeHHOrO B03A6HCTBHH H 3 He(j)THHbie nJiaCTH. r i o c B HecKOJibKO p a 3 c o K p a T H J i o H e o ô x o A H M o e K O J i n q e c T B o C K B S J K H H Ha MeCTOpOJKÄeHHH.

jieAHee

3HaqHTe^bH0 BO3p0CJI3 3(f)TH H rasa. BBe^eHbi B 3KciuiyaT3UHK> (nocJie 1945 r.) MHoroHHCJieHHbie cpeAHHè H HeÔOJIblIIHe MeCTOpOÄAeHHH HecjjTH B P3H0H3X ypSJIO-FIOBOJIJKbH, A3ep63HA" Ä3H3, yKpsHHbi, KpscHOAspcKoro Kpaa, KOMH A C C P , CpeflHeñ A3HH, BeJlOpyCCHH H CwÔHpH, yÄe/lbHblH Bec KOTOpblX pe3KO yBeJIHHHJICH no CpaBHeHHIO CflOBOeHHbIMnepHOAOM. BbIJia ÄOCTHrHyTa 6jiarOnpHHTH3H ÄHH3MHK3 OTpaCJieBblX (paftoHHblX.) SKOHOMH^eCKHX nOK333TeJieñflOÔbltJHHe(J)TH (npoH3B0ÄHTeJIbH0CTb TpyA3, yAeJIbHbie KanHTa^bHbie BJIOÎKeHHH Ha eflHHHUy MOIU.HOCTH, ceöecTOHMOCTb H Äp.) na npoTH>KeHHH HCTeKuiHX nocjieBoeHHHX JieT. H C N 0 ^ b 3 0 B a H H e B OTpacJieBOH n p a K T H K e O C H O B H H X ranoBbix SKOHOMHQECKHX M È T O Â H K TocnJiaH3 C C C P , A H C C C P , T K H T C C C P H T O C K O M U E H

C C C P BbI3BajI0 TpyflHOCTH B 4>0pMHp0BaHHH, 3 CJieAOBSTeJIbHO, H B p3CMeTax

NOKA3ATEJIEH, C B H 3 3 H H H X

C

PA3JIHHHBIMH SAFLANAMH

SKOHOMHMECKORO

O6OCHOB3HHH. llpe^Ae Beerò HeoèxoflHMo yTO^HHTb YCJIOBHH, HenocpeflCTBeHHO BJiHHiomHe Ha MecTo H nopHAOK onpeAeJieHHH H oôjiacTb npHMeHeHHfl 33MbIKaiOmHX H npHBefleHHblX 3aTpaT, HH3qe rOBOpH, C(})0pMyjIHp0B3Tb HX OCHOBHOe H33H3HeHHe 6e3 KaKOH-JIHÓO nOJMeHbl OÔbmttbIX SKOHOMHMeCKHX noKa3aTejieñ oömecTBeHHoro np0H3B0flCTBa. Ilo aaHHOMy Bonpocy HMeiOTCH cepbe3Hbie pacxojKfleHHH: BO-nepBbix, npH oueHKe KOHAHUHH 3anacoB H KOHCHHOH HetfjTeoTAa'tiH H, Bo-BTOpwx, npH Bblôope OnTHM3JIbHOrO B3pnaHTa p33pa60TKH H6(})THHbIX MeCTOpOJKÄeHHH. HeKOTOpbie CneUHaJIHCTbl CHHTaiOT, HTO KpHTepHH 33MbIKaiOmHX 3aTpaT CJieayeT HCn0JIb30BaTb juin SKOHOMHHeCKOrO 060CH0B3HHH BeJIHtJHHbl H3B^eKaeMbix 3an3C0B H KOHCHHOH He^TeoT/isqH TojibKo B TOM cjiynse, ecjìH yKa3aHHbie 3aTpaTbi HC^HCJieHbi AJÍ H Beerò nepHOAa pa3pa6oTKH, onpeA€JiHiomerOCH CpOKOM, B TeMeHHe KOTOpOrO CyMMa COBOKynHblX 33Tp3T 3 a BpeMH pa3-

60

H. BAKHEP, H. HHKOJIAEBCKHH

HE n p e B U C H T

paóoTKH

HX npe,zxe.nbHbiH H o p . w a T H B . 3 T O H e ß e p H o e

HHe.

ripeAJio^ÍEHHOE

B TSKOH

TpaT

C HHAHBHÄyajlbHblMH 3 3 T p a T a M H

MeTOÄHKe 3K0H0MHqeCK0H TKHT

CCCP

(J)opMyjiHpoBKe

OUÊHKH

paBeHCTBO

npOTHBOpe^HT

MeCTOpOJKÄeHHH

H TOCKOMUEH C C C P

ACFXJJEKTA R

Ä3HHHH

npH

ypoBHe

ypoBHe

nOJie3HbIX

HCKOnaCMblX

0).

Tan, (S)

3AIPATBI

npHMepax,

B

COCTABJIAIOT:

3AMBIKAIOIUHX 3ATPAT Z = 4 6 py6./T JIHIUB 2 1 , 2 %

Z = 150 p y 6 . / T — TOJIBKO 6 , 8 % ; paBeHCTBO

NPNPOÄHOMY r a 3 y

3aMbIKaiOmHX

npHHunna

B c j i y n a e npHMeHeHHH T a K o r o

no

TpaHcnopt

BEHHO C YIETOM 3ATPAT HA AAJIBHHH CjieÄOBaTeJIbHO,

3a-

THnOBOH

(BMECTO MAKCHMYMA SKOHO-

NOKA3ATE;ib PAßEH

NPHBE^EHHBIX B METOFLHKE, HHÄHBHAYAJIBHBIE HE(J)TH n p H

BpeMeHHOH

H NPH^AET OCHOBHOH ( | ) O p M y j i e SKOHOMH-

QECKOH o u e H K H NPOTHBONO^OJKHOE H a n p a B J i e H H e MHqecKoro

yTBepacae-

3aMbiKaiomHx

a

COOTBËTCT-

TIOMEHB — U E H T P —

39,5%.

H HHÄHBHAy3.flbHbIX

jiHKBH^HpyeT

no

OT Z ,

3aTpaT

aHtjxfiepeHUHajibHyio

p e H T y I H I I BO B c e x O T p a c j i H x r o p H o r o a e j i a , HTO n p o T H B o p e i H T

MapKCHCT-

CKO-JieHHHCKOMy nOJIOJKeHHK) 0 C y m e C T B O B a H H H AH(})4>epeHUHaJlbHOH p e H T U B COUHaJIHCTHieCKOH 3KOHOMHKe. F I p H p a C C M O T p e H H H npOÖJieMbl B b l ö o p a Ma^bHoro

BapwaHTa

HeK-

M e J K A y 6aJiaHCOBbiMH H 3 a 6 a j i a H C 0 B b i M H

rpaHHuy

B

o ß t e K T a . FIOMHMO 3 T o r o ,

SKOHOMH^ecKan

xy^niHx

noKa3aTejib

MOHceT 6 b i T b Ä a H a

MeTOßHKe

3ana-

npe^ycMOTpeHO,

n o onTOBbiM, a n p n

mo

onpeAeJieH-

HblX yCJIOBHHX H C y^CTOM MHpOBblX UeH. OTCIOÄA HCHO, K a K 6bl HH MeHHJIHCb ypoBHH

onTOBbix

(MHpoBbix)

ueH

TaHTOB, TeXHOJIOrOB H p a ß o ^ H X jieHHOH

uejiH

np0H3B0ÄCTBa

(3aMHKaioiuHx

npH

HaHMeHbuinx

T O f l H K e 3 T 0 0 T p a > K e H 0 B KeHHH.

HHTepeCH

njl3HHp0B3HHH

H S^^eKTHBHOCTH

Ka-

rio^o>KeHHe MeHHeTCH, Kor/ia pe^b häct 06 oôiueft oueHKe Bcex 3anaCOB MeCTOpOJKfleHHH, H3BJieKaeMbIX nOJIHOCTbK) 3a CpOK HX BbipaÔOTKH, a TaioKe 06 SKOHOMHqecKOH oueHKe ^eñcTByioiuHX moiuhoctch no ÄOÖbiie HetJ)TH (CTapblX CKBaJKHH). Hx CpOK CJiyiKÖbl 33BepiH3eTCH npH ÄOCTHJKeHHH BepXHerO ypOBHH 3aMbIKaiOmHX 3aTpaT, B (j)OpMHpOB3HHH KOTOpblX ynaCTByHDT TOJIbKO TeKymHe (TaK Ha3bIBaeMhie 3aBHCHMHe) H3Äep}KKH. JIcho, HTO b 3THX ycjiOBHHx oueHKa KOHeHHOH HefJjTeoTflaHH npoBOflHTCH TOJIbKO no npeaejibHOH ceöecTOHMOCTH 6e3 KoacjxJiHUHeHTs cpsBHHTejibHoñ acjK^eKTHBHOCTH, nocKOJibKy b AaHHOM cjiyqae OTcyTCTByiOT KanHTajibHbie bjiojkchhh. npH BbinOJIHeHHH Tpe60B3HHH THnOBOH MCTOÄHKH TKHT CCCP H TocKOMueH CCCP ÄOJiÄHa óbiTb yHTeHa oAHa BajKHan ocoôeHHOCTb oómeñ SKOHOMHieCKOH (ßeHeJKHOH) OUeHKH He(})TflHOrO MeCTOpOÄÄeHHH B UejIOM. CorjiacHO stoh MeTo^HKe aKOHOMHHecKaa oueHKa npoBOflHTCH jihöo no 33MbiKaK)iuHM (ho He no npHBeAeHHbiM) 3aTpaTaM, jihöo no onTOBbiM ueHaM (c y^eTOM MHpoBbix). TeM caMbiM oóecneHHBaeTCH CTpyKTypHaa conoCTaBHMOCTb BCeX CpaBHHBaeMHX npoeKTHHX H (JjaKTHHeCKHX 3aTpaT no CTaTbHM KajIbKyjIJIUHH, OÖpa3yK)IUHX KaK HHflHBHflyaJIbHbie 3aTpaTbI, Tax H ueHbl. 3HaHHT, Becb npOMblUIJieHHblH 3anaC He(J)TH H€3aBHCHMO OT O^epeÄHOCTH BBOaa OÔ-beKTOB B SKCnJiyaTaUHIO, H3BJieKaeMbIH 3a nOJIHblH CpOK BHpaÓOTKH, ÄOJIJKeH OUeHHBaTbCH TOJIbKO nO npefleJIbHOH CeÖeCTOHMOCTH (6e3 «ÄBOHHOrO» CHeTa aMOpTH3aUHH). MtO KaCaeTCH 3K0H0MHUIHXCH BejIHTOHOH OTÖOpa Het^TH 3a paHHHH nepHOÄ BpeMeHH (aônycTHM, 3a nepBbie 15 jieT), to oueHKa sthx «^onojiHsiioiuHx MomHOCTeñ» flOJi^íHa 0Ô5i3aTejibH0 npoBOÄHTbcn Ha ypoBHe cpeflHeoTpacjieBbix npHBeaeHHbix 3aTpaT Ha e/iHHHuy npoayKUHH, ycTaHaBjiHBaeMbix TaKjKe b KaqecTBe HopMaTHBa Ha ocHOBe n^aHOBbix pacqeTOB aaHHoro cpeflHeoTpacjieBoro noKa3aTe^5i. B SKOHOMHMecKOM CMbicjie noKa3aTejib cpe^HeoTpacjieBbix 3aTpaT Ha AOÖbIHy He(J)TH H3 HOBblX CKB3ÄHH paBH03H3HeH CpeflHHM OÓIUeCTBeHHO HeoôxoiiHMbiM 33TpsT3M Tpy^a b HOBbie MOiixHOCTH He4)TeÄo6biBaiomeH npoMbiuiJieHHOCTH flJiH K 3 ^ o r o pe3JiH3yeMoro nepHoaa. HeKOTOpbie CneUH3^HCTbI C^HTSIOT, qTO 4>OpMyjI3 SKOHOMHMeCKOH OUeH-, KH MecTopomaeHHH nojie3Hbix HCKonseMbix, flaHHaa b THnoBoñ MeTOflHKe TocKOMueH CCCP H TKHT CCCP, onpeaejiniomaH Hap0ÄH0X03HHCTBeHHyro UeHHOCTb npO^yKUHH nOJIHOCTbK) OTMeHHeT HeOÖXOÄHMOCTb npH BblÔOpe onTHMajibHoro BapnaHTa n0Jib30BaTbca npHBeaeHHbiMH 3aTpaTaMH h HOpM3THB0M Cp3BHHTejlbHOH 9(})(J)eKTHBHOCTH K3nHT3JlbHblX BJIOSCeHHH (EK). C 3THM HeJIb3H COrJiaCHTbCH.fleHCTBHTeJIbHO,B (J)OpMyjiy OUeHOMHOrO pacleTa (R) c^eayeT BKjiioHHTb HHÄHBHÄyajibHbie H3^ep>KKH (5) H3ÖpaHHoro BapH3HT3 OnTHMaJIbHOH TeXHOJIOTHH. Ö^HSKO 3T0T OnTHMajIbHblH B3pH3HT flOjiîKeH äo T3K0H oueHKH 060CH0BbiBaTbCH cpaBHeHHeM BapH3HT0B no npnBeaeHHbiM 3aTpaTaM (b HsuieM c^ytiae — 3a nepBbie 15 JieT). npH nocjieflOBaTejibHOM penieHHH 3aaaH Bbiöopa h oueHKH onTHMajibHblH BapnaHT CT3H0BHTCH 3aflaHHbIM yCJIOBHÊM paCHeTa nOKa3aTe^5I H3p0fl8 Cm. A. H- Ä e i K O B , H. M. H h k o ji a e b c k hü, MeTOßHiecKHe Bonpoctj skohoMHieCKOrO OÖOCHOBaHHH KOHÄHUHH 3anaCOB HetJïTH («SKOHOMHKa He(j>THHOH npOMHIIlJieHHOCTH» Ns 5, 1980 r., erp. 2—6).

3KOHOMHHECKHE ÜPOEJIEMbl PA3PABOTKH HETHHbIX MECTOPOHtflEHHH

65

HOXC)3HHCTBeHHOñ UeHHOCTH MeCTOpOíKfleHHH (R) H BhtXO^a ero Ha M3KCHMyM. TojibKO npH T3K0M pacnjieHeHHH aaAan BHÓopa h oueHKH bo3mohíh3 CTbIKOBKa THnOBblX MeTOflHK OnpefleJieHHH SKOHOMHieCKOH 3Cj>4>eKTHBHOCTH KanHTajIbHblX BJIOíKeHHH (nyHKT 21) H 3K0H0MHlíeCK0H OUeHKH MeCTOpO>Kaehhh nojie3Hbix HCKonaeMHx (nyHKT 23.7). Bo3HHKaeT B o n p o c : e c ; m TexHOJiorHH pa3pa6oTKH hc4)thhhx MecTopoiKAeHHñ 3 a p a H e e o 6 o c h o b 3 H 3 b cooTBeTCTBHH c TnnoBOH MeToaHKoñ o n p e a e -

JI6HHH 3K0H0MHqecK0ñ 3(j)(J)eKTHBHocTH KanHTa^bHHx BJiojKeHHH H 3aa3Ha ajih oueHKH 3anacoB (b KanecTBe onTHMajibHoro BapnaHTa), to 3a^eM hx aeHejKHaa oueHKa (ueHHOCTb) b nyHKTe 2 3 . 7 no^BepraeTCH AHCKOHTHpoBaHHio? B e ^ b H3BecTHO, i t o y^eT pa3HOBpeMeHHOCTH 3aTpaT HMeeT c m h c j i h npaKTH-

qecKoe 3HaHeH«e TOjibKo npH onpeaejieHHH cpaBHHTejibHoS 3Ter330Bhix

psñoHax

Ch6h-

3anaAHOH

pH npHHaAJie>KHT pa3pa6oTaHHoñ h peajiH3yeMoñ b MHHHe(f>Tera3CTpoe KOMnjieKCHOH HayHHO-TexHHiecKOH nporpaMMe «TexHOJiorna h opraHH3auHa KpyrjioroAHHHoro CTpoHTejibCTBa MarncTpajibHbix TpyôonpoBOAOB Ha 3360JlOMeHHblX TeppHTOpHHX H B P3H0H3X BeHHOH Mep3JI0TH». CTpyKTypa nporpaMMbi npeAycMaTpHBaeT uiHpoKoe npoBeAeHHe HayHHO-HccjieAOBaTejibCKHX, OnUTHO-KOHCTpyKTOpCKHX H SKCnepHMeHTajIbHblX paÔOT, HanpaBJieHHbix Ha noBbimeHHe TexHH^ecKoro ypoBHH CTpoHTejibHoro npOH3BOACTBa jihHeHHOH qacTH MarHCTpajibHbix TpyóonpoBOAOB nocpeACTBOM co3A3hhh hoBblX H COBepiIieHCTBOBaHHH HMeiOmHXCjl T6XHHHCCKHX H TeXHOJIOrHWeCKHX pemeHHH, KOHCTpyKUHH h MaTepnajioB, pa3pa6oTKH TexHOJiorHH h opraHH33UHH CTpoHTejibCTBa Beerò KOMnjieKca p a ô o T npn coopyjKeHHH T p y é o n p o BOAOB, C03A3HHH H BHeApeHHH HOBHX CpeACTB MexaHH33UHH, 06eCneHHB3K)UIHX nOTOtJHO-CKOpOCTHOe COOpyjKeHHe JIHHeHHO-npOTHJKeHHblX OÖ-beKTOB B CJIOJKHblX yCJIOBHHX. KpOMe

KOMnjieKCS

3KCnepHMeHT3JIbHHX

HCCJieAOBaHHH,

BbinOJIHHeMblX

B JiaÓ0p3T0pHbIX H 33BOACKHX yCJIOBHHX, B 0AHHH3AU3T0H nHTHAeTKe OCymeCTBJIHeTCH IUHpOKOMaCUITaÓHOe SKCnepHMeHTajIbHOe CTpOHTeJIbCTBO OnblTHbix yH3CTK0B c nocjieAyiomHM M3CCOBHM BHeApeHHeM e r o b npaKTHKy CTpOHTejIbCTBa B 3an3AHOH CHÔHpH TpyÔOnpOBOAHHX CHCTeM. Hs

ocHOBe pe3JiH3aiiHH h 3 3 B 3 h h o h

TOH nHTHJieTKH

B

1,5

HSMe^aeTCH

nporpaMMu TeMnU

b TeneHHe

COOpyJKeHHfl

oahhh3AU3-

TpyÖOnpOBOAOB

p333, 3H3MHTeJIbH0 yjiyHUIHTb K3HeCTB0, CHH3HTb TpyAOeMKOCTb pa-

yMeHbUIHTb

ÔOT,

nOBHCHTb

TeJIbHOCTb KeHHH

paCXOA

H CTOHMOCTb

MarHCTpa^bHbix

OßmHH

AecjlHUHTHblX M a T e p H a j I O B , C O K p a T H T b CTpOHTeJIbCTBa,

TpyóonpoBOAOB

aÇOHOMHtieCKHH

3(})4)eKT

JIHKBHAHpOBSTb b He K a T b ycTaHOBKH flMÔyprcKoro MecTOp o » Ä e H H H H3 K p y n H o r a ö a p H T H M X ó j i o k o b M a c c o ñ b 1 0 0 0 — 1 3 0 0 t . B a a H HOM c j i y q a e 3 a B o a c K y i o roTOBHOcTb o ó t e K T O B m o í k h o jjoBecTH a o 9 0 ^ - 9 5 % , yCKOpHTb HX B03BefleHHe, AOnOJIHHTejIbHO COKpaTHTb 06"beMH CTpOHTeJlbHOMOHTaîKHHX paÔOT Ha CTpOHnjIOma^KaX. O f l H a K O 3ÄeCb HMeiOTCH Tpy^HOCTH T e x H H H e c K o r o n j i a H a , CBH3aHHbie c o ö e c n e u e H H e M T p a H c n o p T H p o B K H T a KHX KpynHbix ó j í o k o b n o c y m e . B 0 3 M 0 ä h 0 c t h a a j i b H e ñ m e r o p 3 3 b h t h h h coBepmeHCTBOBaHHH KOMnJ i e K T H o - ö ^ o T O o r o M e T o a a CTpoHTejibCTBa e m e a a j i e K O He Hc^epnaHbi. Hy>KHO p a c n p o c T p a H H T b e r o Ha coopy>KeHHe h o b h x b h ä o b oô-beKTOB, B H e a p a T b Ha 3aBOflax ó o ^ e e n p o r p e c c H B H y i o TexHOJiorHio H3r0T0BjreHHH ó j i o k o b , o c y meCTBJIHTb HX yHHtjjHKaiXHK), COBepiIieHCTBOBaTb KOHCTpyKUHH. 3HaiHTeJlbHblñ SKOHOMHHeCKHH SiJX^eKT OÄHAaeTCH OT BKeÄpeH-HH'. B npaKTHKy r a 3 o r p a H c n o p T H o r o CTpoHTejibCTBa h o b o t o KJiacca r a 3 o n p o B o a o B AHaMeTpoM 1420 mm, p a ô o T a i o m H X Ha aaBjieHHH 1 0 0 — 1 2 0 aTMOc(|)ep, n p o THB npHMeHHIOmHXCH B HaCTOHLUee BpeMH TpyÓOnpOBOAOB C AaBJieHHeM T p a H c n o p T H p y e M o r o r a 3 a b 7 5 a T M o c ^ e p . i l o HMeiomHMca p a c q e T a M , n e p e x o ä Ha TpyóonpOBOflbi b 100 a T M O c ^ e p n03B0JiHeT 3HaqHTejibHO COKpaTHTb Ha eaHHHuy T p a H c n o p T H p y e M o r o T O B a p H o r o r a 3 a n o cpaBHeHHio c T p y ô o n p o BoaaMH Ha aaBJieHHe 75 aTMOcKe M a p x a x CTajiH h b u e j i o M npHBeaeHHbie 3 a T p a T H . B M e c T e c TeM n e p e x o a Ha h o b h h KJiacc r a 3 o n p o B o n o B Bbi3HBaeT Heo ô x o a H M o c T b pemeHHH p a n a T e x H H i e c K H X n p o ö j i e M , opraHH3auHH BbinycKa h o b h x M a r e p H a ^ O B , MauiHH h o ö o p y a o B a H H H , n p o B e a e H H a cepHH SKcnepHMeHTOB, coopyHteHHH onbiTHbix yqacTKOB r a 3 o n p o B O j o B . M H o r o e b s t o m HanpaBJieHHH y>Ke a e j i a e T c n . O p r a H H 3 0 B 3 H BbinycK c n e u n a j i b H b i x M H o r o cJioHHbix T p y ô Ha aaBJieHHe 1 0 0 — 1 2 0 aTMOcKeHHH T p y ö o n p o B O A O B . 3 a T p H r o A a T e n y m e f l n H T H A e x K H H a n p e A n p H H T H H x MHHHc T e p c T B a H3r0T0BJieH 7 1 o n u T H b i ñ o ó p a s e u , , n o c T a B A e H o Ha c e p H H H o e n p o H3BOACTBO HAH B H n y m e H O n e p B H M H n p O M b I I H A e » H b I M H n a p T H H M H 2 7 p a 3 JIHHHUX BHAOB MAUIUH, M e X a « H 3 M O B , o 6 o p y A O B 3 H H H H C p e A C T B M 3 J I 0 H MeXaHH3aUiHH. O A H S K O n o c T a ' B K H H a c x p o H K H T n K H OB OH T e x H H K H e m e He p e u i a i o T AO K O H u a B o n p o c a n o B b i m e » H H T e x H H u e c K o r o y p o B H H C T p o H T e j i b H o r o n p o H3B0ACTB3 B 3T0M perHOHe. T p e ö y e T C H o n p e A e A H T b 0 p r a H H 3 a u H 0 H H b i e , T e x HHHeOKHe H SKOHOMHHeCKHe M e p H AAH 3 4 > $ e K T H B H O H 3 K C n J i y a T a U , H H CTpOHT e A b H b l X MaiHHH H M e x a H H 3 M O B B K p a H H e CJlOJKHblX n p H p O A H O - K J I H M a T H ^ e CKHX YCJIOBHHX PAÑO'HOB HOBORO n p o M b i i i i A e H H o r o OCBOEHHH 3ANAAHOH C H ÖHPH. O c o ö o e M e c T o B K O M n j i e K c e STHX M e p 3A H HM a e T c o B e p ui CH CTBOB a H H e IUI a H Hp OB a>H H H npOAOAÍKHTeJIbHOCTH p a Ô O T b l M a IV H H H M e x a H H 3 M 0 B . B H a c T o a m e e B p e M a c p O K cAy>KÔbi M a u i H H H M e x a H H 3 M O B B p a c c M a T PHBAEMBIX p a ñ o H a x o n p e A e A H e T c a B c o o T B e T C T B H H c A e ñ c T B y i o m H M H o 6 m e COK)3HbIMH « H o p M a M H aMOpTH3aU,HOHHHX OTqHCJieHHH nO OCHOBHblM (J)OHAaM H a p o A H o r o X O 3 H h c t b 3 C C C P » c yneTOM npHMeHeHHH nonpaBo^Hbix KOatJjtJjHUHeHTO'B H a MeCTHbie yCAOBHH. T a K K a K TeXHH'Ka 3A&Cb ß b I C T p e e H3H a III H B a € T C H, K HOpM 3M aMOpTH3aUHOHHbIX OTHHCJI6HHH H a ( Î a n H T a j I b H b l H p e M O H T AJiH r p y s o n o A t e M K b i x , 3 e M ^ e p o H H b i x H A p y r n x c T p o H T e j i b H b i x M a IIIHH, p a ô o T a i o m H x B p a ñ o i r a x K p a i í H e r o C e B e p a T i o M e H C K o ñ o ö ^ a c T H , n p a -

76

B. B03HHK

MeHSeTCH K03(j)(})HU,H6HT 1,6, B MeCTSX, npHpaBHeHHblX K paHOHato K p a ñ H e r o C e B e p a , - - - 1,2. ynHTbiBaioTCH o c o f i b i e TpyflHocTH H H e o 6 y c r p o e » H o c T b T p a c c o B o r o CTpoHTejibCTBa. H a n p H M e p , ;UIH 6 y j i b A 0 3 e p 0 B Ha 6 a a e TpaKTOPOB MOIUHOCTblO OT 80 a o 180 JI. c., p a 6 o T a i o i u H x Ha coopyjKeHHH MarHCTpajIbHhlX TpyÓOnpOBOAOB, K HOpMe aMOpTH3aU,HOHHbIX OTHHCJI6HHH Ha nOJlHOe BOCCTaHOBJieHHe npHM&HHCTCH KOS(j)(j)HUHeHT 1 , 3 . OflHaKO H3-3a CJIOÍKHHX npHpOAHO-KJlHMaTH^eCKHX yCJIOBHñ, OTCyTCTBHH cneiinajibHOH TCXHHKH a^ih C e B e p a , HepasBHTOCTH 3KcnJiyaTauHOHHOpeMOHTHOH 6 a 3 H , a TaiKsce Heo6xoflHMC>cTH n o c T o a i i H o r o nepeMeiueHHH TexHHKH Ha BHQBb OCBaMBaeMbie T p a c c b l H CTpOHTeJIbHbie nJIOlUaAKH HOpMbI npoflOJUKHTejibHocTH p a ó o T H Maiu-HH H Mexa»H3MOB B He(})Tera30Bbix p a f i o Hax, K3'K npaBHJIO, He BblflepjKHBaiOTCH. 3 t O npHBOAHT K COK'pameHHlO MejKpeMO'HTHblX nepHOAOB paÓOTbl TeXHHKH, 3HaiHTeJIbiHbIM AOnOJIHHTeJIbHHM 3 a T p a T a M MaTepHajibHbix H o c o 6 e H « o Tpy^OBbix p e c y p c o B n a npOBej e B H e peMOHTHbix p a ó o T , a TaKe Ha T p a « c n o p T h p o B K y MauiHH H M e x a HH3MOB H3 0TAaJI6HHbIX MeCT Ha peMOHTHbie npeanpHHTHH H O&paTHO. B TO m.e BpeMH TexHHKa n o c j i e KanHTajibHoro péMOHTa p a ó o T a e T B c e BepHHx yc^OBHHx MeHee HaaejKHO, qeM HOBaa, HTO n o p o ñ oóopaqHBaeTca noTepHMH H3-3a npocToeB 060C06jieHH0 p a ó o T a f o i n H X Ha npoMblCJIOBOM H TpyÓonpOBOflHOM CTpOHTejIbCTBe ÓpHrafl H TeXHOJIOrHHeCKHX ÜOTOKOB. IlpeflCTaBJiHeTCH u,ejiecoo6pa3HbiM coKpaTHTb o p e A H « e HopMSTH BHbie epOKH paSOTbl MauiHH H Mexa«H3MOB B CeBepHblX yCJIOBHHX, TeM CaMblM yCKOpHTb HX aMOpTH3aUHK) H OflHOBpeMeHHO nOBMCHTb HHTeHCHBHOCTb HCII0JIb3OBaHHH. 3 t 0 n03B0JlHJ10 6bl SbICTpee OÓ'HOBJIHTb TeXHHKy, yCKOpHTb BHeapeHHe B np0H3B0ACTB0 coBpeMeHHbix aocTH>KeHHH HayqHO-TexHHHecKOr o n p o r p e c c a . TexHHKy AJIH C e B e p a x e j i a T e j i b H O He B 0 3 B p a m a T b n o c j i e KanHTajibHoro peMOHTa B npe>KHHe pañoHbi, a Hcn0Jib30BaTb B 6 o ; i e e ÓJiaronpHHTHHX n o npHpOAHO-KjiHMaTHqecKHM ycjioBHHM H M e n e e HanpjuKeHHbix H OTBCTCTB6H¡HblX MeCTaX. ÍIpH 3TOM UeJieCOOÓpaSHO npOBe/ieHHe COOTBeTCTByromHX SKOHOMHqeCKHX MepOnpHHTHH, KOTOpbie 3aHHTepeCOBbIB3JIH 6bl OTflejibHbie npeflnpHHTHH H opraH;H3auHH noJiy^aTb He HOByio a o p o r o c T O H m y i o TexHHKy, a npHOÓpeTaTb e e n o CXOAHMM u e n a M n o c j i e KanHTajibHOro peMOHTa.

H e o ó x o f l H M o coBepineHCTBOBaTb H opraHH3auHro peMOHTHbix paÓOT. B 1980 r. B CHCTeMe MHHHe,ZWIH HHX COUHaJIbHOH HH(J)paCTpyKTypU. B A3HH0M HANPABJIEHHH 33 NOCJIEAHHE ROABI NPOBEAEHA ONPEAE^EHHAA paóoTa, ^TO N03B0JI'HJI0 HecKOJibKO YMEHBUIHTB n o r p e Ô H o c T b B TPYAOBBIX p e c y p c a x H3 He(J)THHbIX H r330BbIX MeCTOpO>K.UeHHHX. OftHaKO B03M0JKH0CTH c y m e c T B y i o m H X H p a 3 p a 6 a T b i B a e M b i x 3BTOI«ATH3HIPOBA'HHBIX CHCTCM y n p a B JieHHH TeXHOJIOTHHeCKHMH NPOUECCAMH ÄOÖblHH, nOilrOTOBKH K Tpa'HCnOpTy H TpaiHCnOpTHpOBKH HE^TH H RA33 HCnOJIb3yK)TCH EME H e ÄO KOHU3. T a K , OCHOBBIBANCB Ha onbiTe n p OBKT H p OB a H H H , CTP 0 HTÊ JI BCTB a H SKCNJIYATAUHH YCTAHOBOK KOMNJIEKCHOH NOIIROTOB'KH r a 3 a HA M E A B E ^ B E M H YPEHROFICKOM MECTOPOJKAEHHHX, npoeKTHpoBiUHKH M H H r a 3 n p o M a n p e a y c M O T p e j i H TÊXHHNECKHE peineöHH n o c ö o p y H noaroTo&Ke K TpaHcnopTy ra3a HMÔYPRCKORO

78

B. B03HHK

MecToposcjieHHH, « O T O p M e JiorHHeoKHe

ycTaHOBKH

nepcowajia. H o HOCTbK) ero

B npHiHUHne no3BOJiaioT a i c c i u i y a T H p o B a T b

6e3

nocTOHHHoro

npHcyrcTBHs

TexHO-

npoHSBOACTBeHHoro

B u n y c n a e M o e r a 3 o n p o M b i c j i o B o e o 6 o p y Ä O B a « H e e m e He n o j i -

OTB e M a eT

TpeÖOBaHHHM

3'BTOM 3TH 3 Hp OB 3H HOrO IipOH3BOACTBa,

HCn0JIb3OBaiH'H'H HeOÖXOAHMO OCymeCTBAHTb

BH3yaJIbHbIH

pHOAHHeCKH npOBOÄHTb HeÖOJIblUHe peMOHTHbie H npO(J)HJlaKTHieCKHe TU.

C j i e a y e T 3H>a™Te^bHo

p o B AJÍ A c e B e p H b i x

noBbicHTb

HaAe>KHOCTb o 6 o p y A O B a « H H

ycjioBHH, noeraBJiHTb

npH

KOHTpOJIb,

HX B a r p e r w p O B a H H O M

H

ne-

pa6onp«6o-

BHAe, C r o -

TOBblMH yKpbITHHMH H B 6jlOMHOM HCnOJIHeHHH. Uejiecoo6pa3Ho pañoHax

onpaMH^HsaTb

nocToaHHbix

HCn0JIb30BaTb

nocejieHHH

SKCneAHUHOHHO-BaXTOBblH

p a Ô O T H S K C n J i y a T a U H H npOMblCJIOB. X U h ÖblTOBblX

06"beKTOB

B

pSHOHaX

3THX

co3Aa ¡ BAEMBIX

KOJIHUECTBO

(ropOAOB

B C-EBEPHUX

paöoHHx nocejiKOß),

H

Mero A

uinpoKO

CT.p 0 HTejI bHO- M OHTa >KH bl X

COOpy>K6HHH )KHJIbH H K y A b T y p H O -

H 3 AO

IIPH'M 6HHTb

JIERKOCÖOPHBIE

H

OÖ'beMHO-ÖJIOMHbie KOHCTpyKUHH. OcBoeHHe

ceBepHbix

MecropojKAeHHH

Ha

AHKTyeT HeOÖXOAHMOCTb COBepIlieHCTBOBaHHH K a n HT a A BHOM CTpOHTeJIbCTBe. T a K , TepeCOBaHiHOCTb

3aKa3MHK0B,

BaHHH HOBeñlIIHX

HOBOH

ocHOBe B \

HyjK'HO nOBHCHTb SKOHOMHMECKYIO 33H'H-

npoeKTHpOBIUHKOB

AOCTHJKeHHH

TexH-HHecKoñ

X03HHCTBeHiH'0r0 MeXaHH3Ma

HayKH

H CTpOHTeJieii

H TeXHHKH, O T p a j K a T b

B

B

ncn0jlb30-

ÖaAaHCOBblX

OTHETAX N P E A N P H H T H H H o p r a « H 3 a u H H p e a j i b H b i ñ AKOHOMH^ecKHH 34>4 ,ei tT OT HX BHeApeHHH 'B npOH3BOACTBO H B 33BHGHMOCTH OT STOTO npOH3BOAHTb TepHajibHoe neHHHH

B03Harpa>KA&HHe

nepexoA

npoeKTHpoBaHHH) ronpHHTHbie

pa6OTHHKOB.

CTpoHTejibHbix

opraHH3auHß

Ha coapy>Ke.HHe OÖTJCKTOB

3KOHOMH^CCKHe

HteHHñ HayHHO-TexHiHHeoKoro

Tpeöyerca

yCAOBHH

(c

«noA

oôecnenHTb

nepeAa^EN

HM

C})yHKii,HH

K A I O H » , HTO c o 3 A a e T

AAH yCKOpeHHOrO BHeApeHHH

nporpecca B crpoHTejibHoe

Ma-

nocTe-

6na-

AOCTH-

np0H3B0ACTB0.

JX. KapnyxuH,

nPOEJlEMbl

POCTA

nPOH3BOÄHTEJIbHOCTH

A.

Ceuenoe

TPYflA

O c y u i e c T B ^ e H H e c o i m a j i b H o ñ n p o r p a M M H , o n p e ^ e j i e H H O H X X V I cbe3ÄOM nocjieayiomHMH UK KnCC, 3(})(})eKTHBHOCTH OÖmeCTBeHHOrO npOH3BOÄCTBa. TjiaBHOe 3ÄeCb — nOCTOHHHoe yBe;iHHeHHe n p H p o c T a npoAyKUHH 3a c i e T np0H3B0flHTejibH0CTH T p y ^ a , pacTymefl

h

KnCC

UneHyMaMH

33bhcht ot noBHiueHHH

bmcokhmh TeMnaMH.

B o n p o c o T e M n a x p o c T a np0H3B0^HTejibH0CTH T p y Ä a 3aHHMaeT o c o ß o e MeCTO B SKOHOMHHeCKOM P33BHTHH. H a HHDHbCKOM ( 1 9 8 3 T.) IljieHyMe U K K n C C n o ^ n e p K H y T a Heoöxo/iHMOCTb KapÄHHaJibHoro npoH3B0flHTejibH0CTH T p y a a Ha ocHOBe e e Bbiciliero p o B o r o ypoBHH. B OÄHHHaÄUaTOH nHTHjieTKe n p e o f l o J i e H a TeHAeHUHH k c h h TeMnOB pOCTa npOH3BOÄHTe^bHOCTH T p y Ä a . 3 a ÄeBHTb MeCHUeB 1984 r. npon3BOAKTe^bHOCTb T p y Ä a b npoMbiuiJieHHOCTH Bbipocjia Ha 3 , 7 % . ZleKaöpbCKHH ( 1 9 8 3 r . ) h ^ e B p a j i b C K H f l ( 1 9 8 4 r . ) I l j i e H y M b i U K K I I C C y x a 3ajiH Ha H e o ö x o A H M o c T b coxpaHeHHH H a ô p a H H o r o T e M n a , npH^aHHH y c T o i i MHBoro x a p a K T e p a no3HTHBHbiM TeHfleHUHHM. B p e n n 6 i o p o U K K n C C 15 1984 r. K . V. 6 o e BHHMaHHe c j i e ^ y e T y Ä e j i H T b pauHOHajibHOMy Hcn0Jib30BaHni0 Tpyfl,a, n o BUUieHHK) e r o npOH3BOAHTejIbHOCTH».

h aocthjkchhh

3TOH

iiobuiiichhh

MH-

Ä6HHK3

Ha 3aceÄ3HHH OojihtHepHeHKo noÄ^epKHyji, hto «oco-

HOHÓpsj

/1.J1H peiiieHHH 3T0H KJiioieBOH 3aÄaHH 3K0H0MHKH o n p e A e - n a i o m e e 3Hal e H H e HMeeT B b i p a ö o T K a npHHUHnnajibHOH T e o p e T H i e c K o ñ h MeTOÄOJiornqeCKOH n03HUHH B 0TH0III6HHH OCOÖeHHOCTeH H n y T e ñ yCKOpeHHH p o c T a n p o H3BOAHTejibHOCTH T p y A a n a S T a n e 3 p e j i o r o c o u H a j i H 3 M a , nepex o ^ a Ha npeHMymecTBeHHO HHTeHCHBHHH ran SKOHOMH^ecKoro P33bhthh npH CHHJKeHHH n p H p o c T a TpyAOBHX p e c y p c o B .

b ycjioBHHX

iiohbjihíotch b tom skohomhkh.

CHHJKeHHe TeMnoB np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH TpyÄa, hto sto

B nocjieAHHe r o ^ u nonbiTKH oö-bHCHHTb pocTa noKa3arejteH, nncjie «KpynHOMaciirraÖHOCTbio» X^yMaeTCH, He TaK. H e o ö x o flHMa BbipaÔOTKa npHHUHnaaJIbHOH n03HUHH H KOHKpeTHblX MepOnpHHTHH, oßecne^HBaioinHx ycKopeHHe TeMnoB p o c T a np0H3B0ÄHTejibH0CTH TpyÄa. O n b i T Hauieñ CTpaHbi, a T a K j K e a p y r H X pa3BHTbix CTpaH c « K p y n H O M a c u i T a Ó H o ñ » o6i>eKTHBHOH BO3M0>KH0CTH nOCTOHHHOrO ÄOCTHJKeHHH BblCOKHX TeMnOB pOCTa np0H3B0^HTejibH0CTH T p y Ä a .

ochobhhx

b skohomhicckom othoüiískohomhkoh CBHAeTejibCTByeT 06

hhh

skohomhkh,

H e MacuiTaôu He y c j i o j K H e H H e xo3HHCTBeHHbix CBH3en, a nOJIHHH JIH HenOAHblH, npaBHJIbHHH HenpaBHJIbHHH yHeT TpeÖOBaHHH o6"beKTHBHoro SKOHOMH^ecKoro 3aKOHa n o B b i m a r o m e f l c H np0H3B0ÄHTeAbH0CTH T p y a a h p e a j i H 3 a u H H h x Ha npaKTHKe o n p e a e j i H r o T ypOB€Hb h T e M n H e e p o c T a . B SKOHOMHieCKOH TeopHH flaHHHH 33K0H HaHÔOJiee 3KTHBH0 CTaJI p a 3 p a 6 a T H B a T b C H Ha^HHaa c 50-x roÄOB. ,H,o noBbiuieHHe np0H3B0AHTejibHocTH T p y a a HepeflKO p a c c M a T p H B a j i o c b KaK HS Tpe6oBaHHH o c HOBHoro sKOHOMH^ecKoro 3aKOHa HjiH 3aK0Ha n j i a H O M e p H o r o , n p o n o p u H O HajIbHOrO pa3BHTHH.

H

HJIH

stoto oaho

A o HaCTOHmerO BpeMeHH s a x o n nOBHUiaiOmeHCH np0H3B0AHTejIbH0CTH T p y a a Bee ® e H e ^ o c T a T o i H O pacKpHT sKOHOMHiecKOH j i H T e p a T y p e . B p a coH.HajiH3Ma o n p e a e J i e H H e npOH3BOAHTejibHOCTH T p y ^ a orpaHHHHBaeTCH paccMOTpeHHeM e e M a T e p n a j i b H o r o c o -

b Ae yießHHKOB riojiHTHHecKOH skohomhh

80

A. K A P I i y X H H , A. CEMEHOB

flep>KaHHH,

TO

OTHOiueHHe TpyAa

ECTB

caMO

B ycjioBHHx

noBbimaiomeHCH

OTHOMEHHH

no

ce6e

He

NPOAYKUHH

Bbipa^aeT

pa3BHToro

couHajiH3Ma.

np0H3B0AHTeJibH0CTH

CH T e 3 H c y

o

YKJIOHHHH

noA"beM

TOM,

uto

K

3ATPATAM

cneuH(})HKH Ilpn

TpyAa

xapaKTepHCTHKe

0CH0BH0e

B couHajiHCTHMecKHx

CTpàHax

np0H3B0aHTejibH0CTH T p y A a

TpyAa.

STO

np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH BHHMaHHe

3aKOHa yAejiaeT-

oóecneqHBaeTCH

6 o j i e e BHCOKHMH

He-

TeMnaMH,

HeM B K a n H T a j I H C T H H e C K H X . JJeHCTBHTejIbHO, HCTOpHqeCKHft OnbIT C B H j e T e j I b C T B y e T 0 nOCTOHHHOM

H ÓbICTpOM pOCTe npOH3BOAHTejIbHOCTH T p y A a — B 3 > K -

H e f l i u e S n e p T e AeficTBHH 3aKOHa

Aa npH couHajiH3Me. OflHaKO

3THM

H3B0flHTeJIbH0CTH peHHeM

TeMnOB

HE

noBuiuaiomeHCH

HCMEPNBIBAETCH

TpyAa

npH

nOBblWeHHH

BCH

np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH

CJI0>KH0CTB

CYMHOCTH

pocTa

aÓCTparHpOBaTbCH

npo-

COU.HaJIH3Me. O r p a H H M H T b C H TOJIbKO paCCMOTnpOH3BOAHTe.TIbHOCTH

TpyAa —3HaMHT

0 6 - b e K T H B H U H SKOHOMHHeCKHH 33KOH K npOCTOH CTaTHCTHHeCKoft HOCTH,

Tpy-

OT p a 3 B H T H f l COUHajIHCTHHeCKHX

CBeCTH

33KOHOMep-

npOH3BOACTBeH-

HblX OTHOUJeHHH, MTO H e n p a B O M e p H O . 3 a

nocjieAHHe

ROABI

BMHBHJICH

p « A

H HeAOCTaTOHHO H3yMeHHbix n p o ó J i e M H3BOAHTejIbHOCTH

TpyAa.

couHajiHCTHHecKoro NOHHTHH

H

npouecca

ee

e m e

He

HCCJIEAOBAHHBIX

H npaKTHKH noBbiiueHHfl

H C X O A H H3 3 a A a H COBepineHCTBOBaHHH

oóuxecTBa,

c^e^yeT

noKa3aTeJiH, B u p a K a i o m H e pocTa,

HOBHX,

TeopHH

pacxpHTb

npe»ae

Beerò yToiHHTb

ocHOBHHe

c y T b np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH

ocoóeHHoeTH

TpyAa

ACHCTBHH o ó ' b e K T H B H b i x

M H i e C K H X 3 3 K 0 H 0 B 3 K 0 H 0 M H H B p e M e H H H nOBblUiaiOmeHCH

npo-

pa3BHToro H

3KOHO-

npOH3BOAHTeJIbHO-

CTH T p y A a Ha c 0 B p e M e H H 0 M 3 T a n e . HCOÓXOAHMO H c c j i e A O B S T b c y m H O C T b

npo-

H3BOAHTe.nbHOCTH T p y A a

npo-

K a K B a > K H e H i u e r o n o K a 3 a T e j i H 3mHX e r o BHyTpeHHHX CTBeHHHX

npHHHHHO-CAeACTBeHHUX

CBH3efi

B npOUeCCe

npOH3BOACTBa.

T o r o , iTOÓbi onpeAeJiHTb nyTH ycKOpeHHH p o c T a np0H3B0AHTeAbH0CTH c^eAyeT

yHHTbiBaTb

H npHpOAy

CTH B33HM0AeHCTBHH

S T o f t SKOHOMHqecKOH

npOH3BOAHTeJIbHHX

KaTeropHH,

ox-

cyme¿IJIH

TpyAa,

OCOÓCHHO-

CHJI H npOH3BOACTBeHHWX

OTHOIIJe-

HHH B yCJIOBHHX COBepUieHCTBOBaHHH p a 3 B H T O r O C0U.H3AH3M3. KJI3CCHKH

MapKCH3M3-AeHHHH3Ma

paCCM3TpHBaAH

npOH3BOAHTeAbHblfl

T p y A H n p O H 3 B O A H T e A b H O C T b T p y A a C p a 3 H b I X n03HUHH — C O A e p W a H H H pna/ibHoro

np0H3B0ACTB3

nOAiepKHBSAH fijieMe

H ero

oómecTBeHHofl

(JjopMbi

ripn

HeOÓXOAHMOCTb KOHKpeTHOrO HCTOpHHeCKOrO n 0 A X 0 A 3

noBbimeHHH

Abi M 3 T e p H 3 A b H o r o

np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH

TpyA3.

ECJIH

HcxoAHTb

npOH3BOACTBa, TO n p 0 H 3 B 0 A H T e A b H 0 C T b

TpyAa

MaTe-

STOM H3

OHH

K nponpHpo-

BbiCTyna-

e T K a K K O H U e H T p H p O B a H H O e B b i p a » e H H e y p O B H H P33BHTHH H HCnOAb30B3HHH npOH3BOAHTeJIbHbIX

CHJI, O T p a J K a e T

KOJlHHeCTBO n p O A y K U H H ,

npOH3BOAHMOH

1 «...rioHHTHe np0H3B0flHTe^bH0r0 pa6o«ero BK^iiOMacT B ce6si He TOJibKO OTHOiueHHe MeiKfly iieHTejibHOCTbio H ee no^e3HbiM 3({)4)eKTOM, Meway pafiowHM H npoayKTOM ero TpyAa, HO TaKwe H cneuMcJjHHecKH oómecTBeHHoe, ncTopHnecKH B03HHKiuee np0H3B0ACTBeHB0e OTHouieHHe...» (K- M a p K C h O. S H r e J i b c , Con., T. 23, cTp. 517).

npOEJIEMbl POCTA IIPOH3BOflHTEJIbHOCTH TPyflA

81

B e ^ H H H u y B p e M e H H , HJIH KOJiHHecTBo T p y A a , 3 a T p a u e H H o r o Ha e A H H H u y t i p o flyKUHH.

B

3TOM

njiaHe noBuuieHHe

np0H3B0AHTeAbH0CTH

Tpyaa

HBJiaeTCH

BbiciiiHM K p H T e p n e M pa3BHTH5i n p O H 3 B O ^ H T e j i b H b i x CHA, BAJKHEHUIHM TeJieM

,3(j)^)6KTHBHOCTH

flOTBOpHOCTb,

({jOpMaiXHH,

MaTepHajibHoro

KOHKpeTHOMy

B

AK)60H

Ha JIIO6OH CTyneHH pa3BHTHH

np0H3B0ACTB3

ÄHBOMy

Tpyay.

noKa3a-

npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTb T p y A 3 — IIJIO-

npOAyKTHBHOCTb AeHTeJIbHOCTH JIIOAeH.

H0-3K0H0MH«eCK0H ro

IipOH3BOACTBa.

np0H3B0AHTe^bH0CTb

«rip0H3B0AHTejibHaH

oómecTBeH-

OÔmeCTBeHHO-

Tpy;ia

OTHOCHTCH K

CHJia, KOHe^HO,

Bcer^a

e c T b n p O H 3 B O A H T e j i b H a « CHJIA n o j i e 3 H o r o , K O H K p e T H o r o T p y a a H TJJAKTHHECKH ONPEAE^HET

TOJibKo

CO6OH

H3BOÄHTejibHO0

CTeneHb

AeHTejibHOCTH

3(J)(J)eKTHBH0CTH Te^eHHe

B

ueAec006pa3H0H

AaHHoro

npo-

npoMejKyTKa

Bpe-

MeHH»2. Ha

npoTJDKeHHH

fljiHTejibHoro

np0H3B0ÄHTeJIbH0CTb

npoAyKUHH

CTOHMOCTeü Boro

KSK

K.

MapKC

Hee.

3TOM

5KHBHM

STO

B

naAaiOT,

TpyAOM

a

nOKa33TeAH HSXOAHT

HS OCHOBHblX no

OTpa>KeHHe 33K0H0B

Tpy-

noBbimeHHH

npOH3BOACTBa.

pa3BHTHH H3flepjKKH

o6menpOH3-

npoH3BOÄHTejib-

npoBeaeHa

npOH3BOACTB3,

JKH-

Henpa-

coBOKynHoro

B

H3ßep>KeK

CTSHOBHTCH

qerno

K cyMMe

bsivihä,

SKOHOMHH

KOTOpOMy

TpyA

JKHBOH

HaHÖojiee

Haiu

npOH3BOflHTej]bHOCTH

(jjyHKUHH.

33KOH,

H H3Aep5KK3MH

Ha

onpeAeAHTb

nOTpeÖHTeJlbHblX

HX O T H O i u e H H e M

COKpaiUeHHH

OAHHM

SKOHOMH^eCKHH

BbiCKa3biBaHHH

a

C03A3HHHX

noAxoA,

eMy

Tpyaa

npOH3BOACTB3,

nocTOHHHO

B

TpyAy, TSKOH

CBOHCTBeHHbie

yK33bIB3JI,

HBJiaeTCH

BOACTBa

Tpyaa.

oBemecTBjieHHoro)

H

3(J)(J)eKTHBH0CTH CTBa

He

nonuTKH

BpeMeHH AeJisioTca

OTHOIIieHHeM

H3MeH5ieT C y i U H O C T b

«HaBH3biBaa»

(jKHBoro

He

K ÄHBOMy

H oBemecTB^eHHoro

BHJieH, T 3 K A3,

TpyA3

rpaHHua

B H3MeHeHHH

MeJKAy

KOTOpblX

npO-

HBAHIOTCH 3 K 0 H 0 M H H K a K JKHBOTO, T a K H O B e m e C T B J i e H H O r O T p y A 3 H B UeJIOM ÄeÜCTBHe 3 3 K O H 3 3 K 0 H 0 M H H B3JKHO

OAH3KO BpeMeHH

H

He

BpeMeHH.

CTOAbKO

nOBHUiaiOmeHCH

CaMO

pa3rpaHHMeHHe

33K0H0B

3K0H0MHH

npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH T p y A a , CKOJIbKO BblHBJie-

HHe H H a H j i y n u j e e H c n 0 A b 3 0 B 3 H H e HX BSSHMOACHCTBHH B y c A O B H a x

HHTeHCH-

(})HKaUHH C0IXH3JIHCTHHeCK0H 3KOHOMHKH. 3 a K 0 H 3K0H0MHH BpeMeHH X 3 p 3 K T e p H 3 y e T l l i e H H H 3^)(J)eKT'HBH0CTH

OÓWeCTBeHHOTC)

HCTOHHHKH H C n O C O Ô H

nOBH-

pe3yAbT3THBHOCTb

NP0H3B0ÄCTB3,

n p H M e H e H H H Ä H B O T O H OBEMECTBAEHHORO T p y a a . FLEFTCTBHE e r o h 3 X O A H T OTpaJKCHHe B c ó e p e ^ e H H H

KaK p a ó o M e r o B p e M e H H , 3 3 T p 3 H H B a e M o r o

n e p H O A , TaK H p e 3 y A b T a T O B 3 a T p 3 T p a ö o n e r o KpeTHblMH

npOHBJieHHHMH

H3BOAHTeJIbHOCTH COB n o

33KOH3

TpyAa,

paUHOHajIbHOe

C(})ep3M A e n T e ^ b H O C T H

n0JIb30B3HHe, KAIECTBA

CHHÄeHHe

3K0H0MHH

BpeMeHH BpeMeHH

HBJIHIOTCH

paCnpeAeAeHHe

H TeppHTOpHH

M3TepHajIOeMKOCTH,

CTpaHH,

B A3HHUH

n p o u j j i H x AeT.

KOH-

pOCT

TpyAOBHX

npO-

pecyp-

HX S^tJjeKTHBHOe

(j)OHÄOeMKOCTH,

HC-

nOBUUieHHe

NPOAYKUHH.

B M e c T e c TeM B CHCTEME ACHCTBHH 3AKOHA SKOHOMHH B p e M e H H , B M e x a HH3Me e r o p e a j i H 3 a u H H TJI3BH3h p o j i b npHH3AJie>KHT 3 a K O H y npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTH

npOH3BOAH-

TeJIbHOCTH T p y A a , B U C T y n S H O ä H H M HS B3JKHeHUIHX HCTOHHHKOB

oömecTBeH-

npoAyKT3

HHK —

3T0

noBHiuaiomeHCH

OÓyCJIOBJieHO TeM, HTO POCT

Horo

Tpyfla.

H3UH0H3JibH0r0

H

AOXOAA,

BJIHHET HA A p y r o H

ero

HETOW-

33HHTOCTb B M3TepH3JIbHOM npOH3BOACTBe, Z TaKJKe Ha COOTHOLUeHHe

pa60T3K>ILL,HX

B

npOH3BOACTBeHHOft

H H e n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B e H H 0 H C(J>ep3X. K p O M e

T o r o , y p o B e H b NP0H3B0AHTEJIBH0CTH T p y A 3 B p H A e O T p a c A e f t

MaTepHSAbHoro

n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B 3 BO M H o r o M o n p e A e A H e T y p o B e H b S ^ ^ C K T H B H O C T H T p y A a B ct})ep e y c j i y r , B H3BCCTHOH M e p e B JIHHHOM NOACOÖHOM XO3HHCTBE. HO, MEPE3 MEXAHH3M ACHCTBUH 3AKOHA NOBHIUAIOMEHCH TpyA3

pe3AH3yK)TCH

T3KHe

CTpyKTypHbie

H3MeHeHHH

C^EAOBATEAB-

NP0H3B0AHTEJIBH0CTH

TpyAa,

KOTopue

o6ec-

neHHB3K)T 3 K 0 H 0 M H K ) BPEMEHH. >KHBOH III a KD Iii H M 2

TpyA

KaK uejiecoo6pa3H3H

SAeMeHTOM

K. M a p K

C

npOH3BOACTBa.

H O, 3 H r e JI b

6. «Bonpocbl 3K0H0MHKH» }& 12.

A e a T e j i b H O C T b AHDACH H B A a e T C î i

OH

BOBAeKaeT

COH., T. 23, crp. 55.

B

npOH3BOACTBO

peBCe

A. KAPIiyXHH, A. CEMEHOB

82

6 o j i b i i i y i o M a c c y O B e m e c T B J i e H H o r o T p y A a , BMCTynaH B TO s c e BpeMH HCTOHHHKOM

3K0H0MHH

noTpe6HTej!bHbix

H

C0Xp3HeHHH

üpOAyKTOB npOIUJIOrO T p y f l a B K a ^ e C T B e

cTOHMocTeft, T a n K a n

6e3 ynoTpe6jieHHH

cpeacTBa

TpyAa

T e p H i o T CBOK) NO^E3HOCTB. HMCHHO N 0 3 T 0 M Y HEOÉXO^HM NOKA3ATEJIB, KOTOpbiñ 6bi x a p a K T e p H 3 0 B a / ( pe3yjibT3THBHOCTb í K H B o r o T p y A a . N P H 3 H 3 B A H 3a % H B U M T p y A O M B e A y m y i o , o n p e A e j i H K > m y i o p o j i b B n p o Itecce

npOH3BOACTBa

cKO-jieHHHCKan

H C03AaHHH

sKOHOMHiecKaa

HOH CBH3H Me>KAy

JKHBbiM

nOTpeÓHTejIbHblX

TeopHH

HH B K o e ñ

H OBemecTBjieHHbiM

CTOHMOCTeH, Mepe

TpyAOM

MapKCHCT-

He O T p H u a e T H Toro

3Hat!eHHH, K O T o p o e n p n o ó p e T a e T O B e m e c T B j i e H H H H T p y A B n o B b i m e H H H H3BOAHTeJIbHOCTH T p y A a . HM€'HHO ÜOSTOMy H a p H A y c TpyAa

B Hayny

H B xo3HHCTBeHHyio

npaKTHKy

THBHOCTH np0H3B0ACTB3, x a p a K T e p H 3 y i o m H e

Tec-

pacTywero npo-

npOH3BOAHTe^bHOCTbK)

BOIHJIH n o K 3 3 3 T e ; m

cooTHomeHHe

aíjjcjjeK-

pe3yjibTaTa

npo-

H3BOflCTBa c pecypcaMH Tpy^a H npOH3BOACTBeHHbix (JJOHAOB, c 3aTparaMH JKHBORO H OBEMECTBJIEHHORO T P Y A A . M e a t A y H3MeHeHHHMH 3 a T p a T JKHBOI-O H O B e m e c T B j i e H H o r o T p y A a

CKJiaAHBaTbCH pa3JiHiHbie pHaHTaMH

TexHHiecKHX

MoryT

cooTHomeHHH, onpeAeJiaeMbie KOHKpeTHHMH BaP a 3 y M e e T C H , a j i h x03HÜCTBeHH0H

npaK-

THKH n p e f l C T a B ^ H i o T H H T e p e c B n e p B y i o o ^ e p e A b TE H3 HHX, K O T O p u e

peiueHHH.

BeayT

K coKpameHHio cyMMapHHx pecypcoB H 3aTpaT >KHBoro H OBemecTBJieHHoro T p y A a B p a c ^ e T e Ha e A H H H i i y n o T p e Ó H T e j i b H o ñ CTOHMOCTH. 3 T O n p o n c x o f l H T TORAA, KOR^A HMeeTCH SKOHOMHH TOjibKO JKHBOTC) HJIH TOjibKO O B e m e c T B j i e H Horo

TpyAa,

jKHBoro

a

TpyAa

T 3 i o K e HX OAHOBpeMeHH3H SKOHOMHH HAH K o r ^ a óojibuie

SKOHOMHH

yBejmqeHHH T p y A a OBemecTBJieHHoro, H H a o 6 o p o r ,

K o r ^ a H e n o T o p o e y B e j i n q e H H e 3 a T p a T i K H B o r o T p y A a M e H h i u e SKOHOMHH OBe-

mecTBjieHHoro TpyAa. HMeHHO noaTOMy npoTHBonocTaBJieHHe 3aipaT JKHBOro

H

OBemecTBjieHHoro

HHe. B

TpyAa

pe3yjibTaTe TaKoro

He060CH0BaHH0. H e o Ó x o A H M o HX c o H 3 M e p e -

coH3MepeHHH

BbiHBJiHeTCH CHHJKEHHE CTOHMOCTH

n p o A y K U H H , K O T o p o e x a p a K T e p H 3 y e T n o B b i m e H H e atJj^eKTHBHOCTH n p 0 H 3 B 0 A CTBa. F i o c B o e ñ c y r a atjj^eKTHBHOCTb npOH3BOACTBa HBJiHeTCH n p e B p a i u e H H o ñ (JjopMoñ

np0H3B0AHTe^bH0CTH

TpyAa,

p e 3 y ^ b T a T 0 M e e HCTOpHHecKoro

pa3-

BHTHH.

np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTb T p y A a H3MepaeTCH y pa60THHK0B, 3aHHTHx npoH3BOAHTeJIbHbIM TpyAOM. Í I p H HMeiOHíHXCH pa3JIHiJHílX B TpaKTOBKe IipOH3BOAHTejIbHOrO Tpy^a SOAblUHHCTBO COBeTCKHX 3K0H0MHCT0B HCXOAHT H3 TOro, qTO n p H COUHajIH3Me npOH3BOAHTeJIbHbIM TpyAOM HBJIHeTCH TpyA, HCnojib3yeMHH B cyHKUKK>» 3

HenpOH3BOACTBeHHOH C(J)epH, COKONPOH3BOAHTEABHORO

3H3HHT, TeM

TPYAA

qeM

JiyiHIHe B

34)(})eKTHBHee

TpyA

pa60THHK0B

y C J I O B H H OHH C03AaH3T

MATEPHAJIBHOM

A^IÍJ BH-

NP0H3B0ACTBE,

TEM

UIHpe B03M0XH0CTH AJIH ÜOBblUieHHH 3^)(J)eKTHBH0CTH BCerO OÓmeCTBeHHOrO TpyAa. npH

3T0M

H3A0

T3K»e

y » I H T H B 3 T b , qTO rp3HHH,H

IIpOH3BOAHTeAbHOrO

T p y A a He ocTaroTCH HOCTOHHHHMH. O H H H3MCHHK)TCH n o M e p e P33BHTHH n p o H3BOAHTejibHbix paeTC»

Kpyr

BcjieACTBHe 3

CHA,

npHieM

AHU, T p y A

no

K0T0pbix

aBTOMaTH3au,HH

Mepe

TexHHqecKoro

OTHOCHTCH

nporpeccs

K np0H3B0AHTeAbH0My

np0H3B0ACTBeHHbix

K. M A P K C H 4>. S A R E J I be, Coi., T. 24, cTp. 150.

pacuiHTpyAy.

n p o u e c c o B TpyAOBMe

one-

nPOBJIEMbl POGTA nP0H3B0flHTEJÎbH0CTH TPYflA

83

p a i i H H , B e ^ y i U H e K c o 3 A a H H i o M a T e p H a j i b H w x Ö J i a r , n e p e H O C H T C H H3 o ó J i a c T H H e n o c p e ^ c T B e H H o r o o ö c j i y j K H B a H H H p a ö o n n x MaiiiHH B o Ö J i a c T b npoeKTHpoB3HHH H O B H x T e x H O J i o r H H e c K H X n p o u e c c o B , o p r a m o a u H H n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B a , p a 3 BHTHH c o o T B e T C T B y K D m n x o ó / i a c T e ñ HayKH. K p o M e T o r o , e c j i H p a H b i n e a 6 c o JIlOTHOe ÓOJIbUIHHCTBO KBajlH(})HLlHpOB3HHbIX paÖOHHX rOTOBHJIHCb H e n O C p e A " CTBEHHO B MATEPNAJIBHOM N P 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B E , TO Tenepb Bee ö o j i b i i i a H H 6 o j i b u i a a Hx q a c T b n o A r o T a B j i H B s e T c a B H e n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B e H H 0 ñ c ( J ) e p e . O ^ H a K O STO HE OSHAQAET, MTO n o j i H o c T b i o y c T p a H a i o x c H r p a H H U b i Me>KAy T p y A O M B c({)eKTHBH0CTH T p y A a B A O M a i U HeM H JIH1HOM nOACOÔHOM X 0 3 f l f i C T B e ; B é o ^ e e paUHOHaAbHOM H C n 0 J I b 3 0 B3HHH T p y A O B b i x p e c y p c o B , KOTopbiMH p s c n o j i s r a e T o ö m e c T B O . B e e H a 3 B 3 H Hbie n O K 3 3 3 T e j I H OXBaTbIBaiOT p33JIHHHHe CTOpOHbl npOH3BOACTBeHHHX OTHOUieHHÖ. B CHCT€Me p a 3 B H T H X COUH3flHCTHqeCKHX npOH3BOACTB6HHbIX OTHOIIieHHH n p 0 H 3 B 0 A H T e j i b H 0 C T b T p y A 3 x a p a K T e p H 3 y e T c n e u H ( J ) H q e c K y i o o ö m e c T B e H Hyro M e p y p e 3 y j i b T a T H B H 0 C T H T p y A a , KOTOpan B b i p a > K a e T o c o ô o e n p 0 H 3 B 0 A CTBeHHoe OTHOiueHHe, c y m e c T B y i o m e e Me>KAy OTAejibHbiMH p a 6 o T H H K 3 M H , KOJIJieKTHBaMH H OÔlUeCTBOM B UeJIOM. C y m H O C T b n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B e H H H x oTHoineHHH n o n o B O A y noBHiueHHH n p o H3BOAHTejibHOCTH T p y A a o n p e A e J i f l e T C H n p e J K A e B e e r ò e r o H a n p a B J i e H H O C T b i o Ha B c e 6 o j i e e n o A H o e yAOBjieTBOpeHHe M a T e p H a j i b H M X H K y j i b T y p H H x n o T p e Ö H O c T e ü , B c e c T o p o H H e e p a 3 B H T H e AHMHOCTH. HMeHHO n o s T O M y n p H c o u n a A H 3 M e M e p a pe3y.nbTaTHBH0CTH T p y A a HBAHCTCH OAHOBpeMeHHO H M e p o ñ n o TpeôJieHHH. ÊAHHCTBO H B 3 a H M 0 o 6 y c j i 0 B ^ e H H 0 C T b M e p a T p y A a H M e p u n o TpeóJieHHH, CTeneHH pa3BHTHH JIHMHOCTH — B a x o i e f i i n e e n p e H M y m e c T B O c o U H a ^ H 3 M a n e p e A K a n H T a j i H 3 M o M . ,H,eñcTBHTeAbHO, n p H c o u n a A H 3 M e n o A A e p JKHBaeTCH npHMaH CBH3b M e ^ i A y ypOBHeM npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH TpyAa H y p o B H e M n o T p e ô J l e H H H . B CBOIO o ^ e p e A t , n o B u u i e H H e y p o B H H n o T p e ö J i e H H a H pa3BHTHH JIHHHOCTH IKW10ìKHTe.7IbH0 BJlHHeT Ha pOCT IlpOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH T p y A a . P a 3 y M e e T C H , T a K o e B 3 a H M O A e ñ c T B H e o c y m e c T B j i H e T c f l He aBTOMaTHMecKH, a n y T e M c o 3 H a T e J i b H o r o H c n 0 j i b 3 0 B a H H H o c H O B H o r o SKOHOMHHecKoro 33KOH3, 3 3 K 0 H 0 B n o B b i i i i a i o m e ñ c H np0H3B0AHTeAbH0CTH T p y A a , p a c n p e A e J i e HHH n o T p y A y H A p . 3 a K O H n o B b i m a i o m e ñ c f l n p 0 H 3 B 0 A H T e A b H 0 C T H T p y A a B b i p a x a e T npHHHHHO-cjieACTBeHHyK) CB5i3b M e s t A y M e p o ñ T p y A a H e r o p e 3 y j i b T 3 T 0 M . B y c . n o BHHx p a 3 B H T o r o c o u H a ^ H 3 M a n p o H c x o A H T A a j i b H e H i n e e p a 3 B H T H e H y r ^ y Ô A e HHe 3 T o r o 3 a K 0 H a . B c e o ó m e ñ M e p o ñ T p y A a CT3HOBHTCH p a ô o T a B COOTBCTCTBHH CO BCe p33BHBaiOmHMHCH JIHWHbIMH CnOCOÖHOCTHMH, KOTOpaH HBJIHeTCH OCHOBOñ AOCTH»eHHH K a J K A H M paÖOTHHKOM e r o H a H B b i e m e ñ npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTH. C ß H 3 b nOBUUieHHH npOH3BOAHfeAbHOCTH T p y A a C pa3BHTHeM H p e a J I H 3 a u , H e ñ c n o c o 6 H o c T e ñ c A a ß o H3yHeHa B c 0 u , H 3 A b H 0 - 3 K 0 H 0 M H i i e c K 0 ñ j i H T e p a T y p e . B o j i e e T o r o , npHHHTO CHHTaTb « s y ^ e H H e e n o c o Ó H O C T e ñ c ( j ) e p o ñ n c H x o jiorHH. M e ^ í A y TeM HMeHHO B a j K H e ñ u i a H cnocoÖHOCTb »leJiOBeKa — c n o c o ö HOCTb K T p y A y — x a p a K T e p H 3 y e T e r o p a ô o ^ y i o CHAy H n o T e H U H a A b H y i o n p o H3B0AHTeAbH0CTb T p y A a . B 3T0H CBH3H npeACTaBJIHeTCH, HTO HHAHBHAyajIb-

A. K A P I i y X H H . A. CEMEHOB

84

cnocoÓHocTH,

Hbie

HX p a 3 B H T H e

H BJiHHHHe Ha

np0H3B0flHTe^faH0CTb

AOAJKHH C T a T b OÓTjeKTOM 3 K 0 H 0 M H q e C K 0 r 0 H 3 M e p e H H H H H3yHeHHH.

TpyAa

rjiaBHOe

3 f l e C b — C 0 3 f l a H H e CHCTeMbl OUeHKH H H A H B H f l y a J I b H U X CnOCOÓHOCTeft, HayMHO 0Ó0CH0BaHH0H JIOBHH

flJIH

flOBOH

npotJjeccHOHajibHOH

BCeCTOpOHHerO

aeHTeJIbHOCTH

CTeft,

fljia

KajK/lblM

HaH^yHinero

opneHTauHH, a T a K » e

pa3BHTHH

H paUHOHaAbHOrO

qeJlOBeKOM

Hcn0Jib30BaHHH

HeoóxoAHMux

npHMeHeHHH B

M3KCHMyMa

TpyAOBoro

CBOHX

noTeHUHajia

ycTpy-

CnOCOÓMOBcex

paóoT-

HHKOB. B a » H o e sHa^eHHe HMeeT H a y q H o 060CH0BaHH0e H3MepeHHe p e 3 y j i b T a T 0 B TPYAA.

Kan

H3BCCTHO, M a p n c

CBH3WBA.FI NP0H3B0AHTE./IBH0CTB T P Y A A

C KOH-

K P E T H U M T p y A O M , n p 0 H 3 B 0 A f l m H M n o T p e Ó H T e j i b H u e CTOHMOCTH. H M C H H O

STOMy

TpyAa

NP0H3B0AHTEJIBH0CTB

npHHunne

B

T e j i b H H x cTOHMocTeii, c o 3 f l a H H U x B eAHHHuy BpeMeHH. H a ÓHTejIbHaH

CTOHMOCTb O T O X f l e C T B ^ H e T C H

BupaxeHHH. TeM 3aTpaTaM

OTHOiueHHe

CSMUM

KOHKpeTHoro

TpyAa

C npOAyKUHeft

no-

Maccy noTpeéH-

BHPAIKAET

npaKTHKe

B ee

noTpe-

HaTypaJlbHOM

noTpeÒHTeJibHHx cTOHMOCTefi

Macchi

noAMeHneTCH noKa3aTeJieM BupafioTKH

AYKIIHH B H a T y p a j i b H O M BbipajKeHHH. O A H 3 K O

n p n T3KOM y ^ e T e

He B c e r A a B H p a x a e T C H e e n o T p e Ó H T e j i b H a H CTOHMOCTb. B

K

npo-

NPOAYKUHH

y c j i O B H H X HayHHO-

T e x H H q e c K o f i p e B o j i i o u . H H HX pa3JiHHHH M o r y T y c H J i H B a T b c a . H e p e ^ K O

npoHC-

eme é o j i b i u e e O T C T y n j i e H H e OT METOFLOJIORHHECKHX npHHUHnoB H 3 M e peHHH npOH3BOflHTeJIbHOCTH T p y A a , nOCKOJIbKy n p O A y K U H H OUeHHBaeTCH B

XOAHT

pa3JIHqHbIX

CTOft

CTOHMOCTHHX

H3MepHTeAHX

(onTOBHX

UeHaX, H0pM3THBaX

HH-

npOAyKUHH).

B yCJIOBHHX, K O r A a B X03HHCTBeHH0M M e X a H H 3 M e OCHOBHOe MeCTO 3 3 H H MaroT c T O H M o c T H H e n o K a 3 a T e ^ H o6"beMa np0H3B0ACTBa CTH T P Y A A , OCJiaÓeBaeT Ma

NPOAYKUHH

HX 3aBHCHMOCTb

H Macchi

noTpeÓHTeAbHHx

TOM, HTO BO MHOrHX C J i y i a H X H3MepeHHH HOM

onepe>KaeT

H3MepeHHH.

BHAeJieHa 06"beM0M

npOAyKUHH

nOTpeÓHTejIbHaH

nocKO^bKy

KaK

OÓ-beKT

npoAyKUHH

B HaTypajib-

AOJIXHa

HapHAy

c

MaCCy nOTpeÓHTeJIbHblX

B03MO>KHO JlHLUb B OAHOpOAHOM

noTpeÓHTejibHHe

6bITb

(JjHSHMeCKHM

H3MepeHHe np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH T p y A a

CTOHMOCTH

TpyAa

CTOH-

Ha

6a3e

npOH3BOACTBe,

CTOHMOCTH p a 3 A H H H b i e n p o A y K T H

M e p H M b l . C j i e A O B a T e J I b H O , pOCT npOH3BOAHTeJlbHOCTH

B

B CTOHMOCTHOM

CTOHMOCTb

H3MepeHHH.

HeOÓXOAHMO H 3 M e p H T b

MOCTefi. H e n o c p e A C T B e H H o e nOTpeÓHTejlbHOH

npOH3BOACTBa

y B e j i n q e H H e np0H3B0ACTBa

B CaMOCTOHTeAbHblH

oóte-

CTOHMOCTCH. 3 T O npoHBJineTCH

pOCT 0 6 " b e M 0 B

FIoaTOMy

H np0H3B0AHTejibH0-

OT H3MeHeHHH (})H3HHeCKOrO

HecoH3-

B pa3HOpOAHOM

npOH3BOACTBe H B HapOAHOM X03HHCTBe B HeJIOM M O X e T OnpeAeJIHTbCH JIHUIb NYTEM

B3BEMHBAHHH

TejibHOCTH T p y A a , B

ycjiOBHHx

HOCTH T p y A a

no

HHCJICHHOCTH

nojiyqeHHHx

Ha

paóoTaiomHX

6a3e

HHAGKCOB

noTpeÓHTejibHOH

pa3BHToro coiiHajiH3Ma ycKopeHHe pocTa

OÓECNE^HBaeTCH n y T e M n e p e x o A a

NP0H3B0AH-

CTOHMOCTH. np0H3B0AHTejib-

Ha n p e H M y m e c T B e H H O

HHTeH-

CHBHblH n y T b pa3BHTHH npOH3BOACTB3. HHTeHCH^HKAUHFL — BCeCTOpOHHee H r J i y ó o K o e K a n e c T B e H H o e c o B e p u u e H C T B O B a H H e n p O H 3 B O A H T e j i b H b i x CHA. E e HOBy

cocTaBAHeT

nOAHOe

ycKopeHHe

HCn0Ab30B3HHe

Bcex

HayMHO-TexHHqecKoro HMeiOmHXCH

H3 B a ^ i H e H u i H X

np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH OT TpyAa.

npOH3BOACTBa

HHTeHCH-

3(J)^)eKTHBH0CTH

KOTopofi

cjiyjKHT

npOH3-

noBbimeHHe

TpyAa.

HHTeHCHtj)HKAUHH IlepBaH

noKa3aTeAefl

oc-

HanSoAee

peeypCOB. P e 3 y A b T a T 0 M

(J)HKan,HH HBJIHeTCH pOCT C0U,HaJIbH0-3K0H0MHMeCK0H BOACTBa, OAHHM

nporpecca,

npOH3BOACTBa

6a3HpyeTCH

CAeAyeT

OTAHHaTb

Ha n o B b i u i e H H H T e x H H i e c K o r o

HHTeHCHBHOCTb ypoBHH

cpeACTB

JKHBoro

TpyAa,

OCHOBHHX ({JOHAOB H MATEPHAJIBHHX p e c y p c o B . B T o p a H o n p e A e A n e T C H

3aTpa-

TaMH T p y A a

H NPOHBAHETCH B y j i y i u i e H H H H c n 0 A b 3 0 B 3 H H H

B EAHHHUY B p e M e H H . B

OTJIH^HC OT HHTCHCHBHOCTH T p y A a ,

KOTOpOH n p H C0U,H3AH3Me OTpaHHHeH

CpeAHHM

y p O B H e M , B03M0>KH0CTH HHTeHCH(J)HKaUHH, TeHCH(J)HKaUHH BHÌÌ

TpyAa,

THxeAoro

np0H3B0ACTB3

cnocoócTBOBaTb

TpyAa.

AOJI>KHa

OÓHieCTBeHHO

nO CyiJJ,eCTBy, 6 e 3 r p a H H 1 H H .

COnpOBO^AaTbCH

coKpameHHio

pyHHoro

pocT

HeOÓXOAHMblM

yAywmeHHeM

H nojiHoii

HHyCAO-

AHKBHAauHH

85

nPOEJIEMbl POCTA IIPOH3BOflHTEJIbHOCTH TPYFLA 3KOHOMHH cöeperaromyio,

MOJKER n p H H H M a T b

pecypcoB

TpyAOCöeperaioiuyio,

Ha-HÔojiee ó ^ a r o n p H H T H o ñ

pa3jiHHHwe

$OHAO-

(JjopMU —

MaTepnajiocóeperaiomyio.

Pa3yMeeTca,

HBAaeTCH CHTyauHH, u p H KOTOpOH p o c T

pp0H3B0-

AHTejibHocTH T p y A a A O c r a r a e T C H n p a n o B u i u e H H H OPM NOBMIUEHHH p e 3 y A b T a T H B HOCTH OÓmeCTBeHHOrO npOH3BOACTBa. B peaJIbHOH AeHCTBHTeAbHOCTH eMKOCTb, (|)OHAOeMKOCTb H M3TepHaJI06MK0CTb IipOAyKUHH MOryT CH B pa3JIHHHbIX HanpaBJieHHHX. B

TpyAO-

H3M6HHTb-

9TOH CBH3H B03HHK3K3T p a 3 H b í e

B3pH3H-

TbJ COOTHOineHHfl nOBHUieHHH npOH3BOAHTejIbHOCTH T p y A 3 H SfJxjieKTHBHOCTH np0H3B0ACTBa

B ueAOM. 3 a A a i a

COCTOHT B TOM, HTOÓH Hcn0Jib30B3Tb TaKHe

B a p n a H T h i , Ó A a r o A a p a K O T o p u M AOCTHraeTCH MHHHMyM TeKyiuHX 3 3 T p 3 T X H Boro

H oBemecTBjieHHoro

HHH. B M e c T e

c

TpyAa

MeJKAy npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTbIO HfclX (J)OHAOB. K a K CTBHeM pocT

H eAHHOBpeMeHHux

TeM AOJIJKHO 6biTb o ó e c n e n e H O

H HaKOnAeHHeM

TpyAa

KanHTaAbHbix

onpeAe^ieHHoe

OCHOBHHX

H3BeCTHO, 9TO COOTHOIlieHHe CKJI3AbIB3eTCfl

pa3JIHHHbIX

npOTHBOpe^HBblX

np0H3B0AHTeJibH0CTH

TpyAa

TCHAeHUHH.

TpeöyeT

TaK,

yBejiHneHHH

BJiojKe-

cooTHomeHHe H OÔOpOT-

nOA

C OAHOH

B03AeñCTOpOHW,

np0H3B0ACTBeHHbix

(j)OHAOB, nOBWlUeHHH TeXHHHGCKOrO CTpOeHHH npOH3BOACTBa.

OAHOBpeMeHHO

p o c T np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH T p y A a p a c u i H p a e T BO3MOJKHOCTH H a K o n j i e H H H , BeAeT K yMeHbiueHHK) KHOCTeH, BHeApeHHH aKOHOMHHeCKHX, OpraHH3aUHOHHbIX H TeXHHMeCKHX MeponpHHTHH. nepecMOTpu njiaHOB AOJIHÍHH yqHTbiBaTbCíi npn MaTepnajibHOM CTHMyjiHpoBaHHH pyKOBOAHiiíHx paôoTHHKOB annapaTa ynpaBAeHHa. Co3HaTejibHoe Hcn0Ab30BaHHe 3aKOHa noBbimaiomeHCH np0H3B0AHTeAbHOCTH Tpyaa BKJIIOQAET B ce6n onpeAeJieHHe ee 0 6 M E C T B E H H 0 HCOÖXOAHMOÜ Mepbi. Mepa N P 0 H 3 B 0 A H T E A B H 0 C T H TPYAA — STO CAHHCTBO ee KOAHnecTBeHHOH H KaneCTBeHHOH XapaKTepHCTHK.

88

fl. K A P n y X H H , A . CEMEH0B

KojiHwecTBeHHaa Ha

onpeAeJieHHocTb co3HaTejibHoro HcnojibàoBàHHH

noBwiiiaiomeHCH

np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH

TpyAa

03HaqaéT

3aK0-

ôôecneqeHHe

b

K O H K p e T H U X HCTOpHqeCKHX yCJIOBHHX C O O T B e T C T B y i O m e r O OÖmeCTBeHHO H e o ß -

xoflHMoro, t o

ecTb

HopMaTHBHoro,

ypoBHH

B 3THX UeJIHX n o OTpaCJIHM H n p e A n p H H T H H M

npOH3BOÄHTe^bHOCTH

C T e M y HOpMaTHBOB npOH3BOAHTe^bHOCTH T p y A a Hoe

njiaHHpoBaHHe.

HOCTH T p y ^ a

B

ocHOBy

njiaHOBux

TpyAa.

HeOÖXOÄHMO p a 3 p á Ó O T a T b CHH OÖecneHHTb e e

pacneTOB

pocTa

H0pM3THB-

np0H3B0AHTejib-

AOAJKHbl ÖblTb nOJIOJKeHbl H O p M a T H B b I n o O Ó O p y a O B a H H K ) ,

HOJiorHqecKHM

npoueccaM,

nepeAOBHM

opMaM

opraHH3auHH

Tex-

np0H3B0ACT-

Ba h TpyAa. K a ^ e c T B e H H a î î o n p e A e J i e H H o c T b Hcn0Jib30BaHHH 3 a K O H a np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH

TpyAa

npeAnojiaraeT

HHe e e n o K a 3 a T e ^ e ñ . B s t o m BajKHoe sHa^eHHe

noBwmaromeñcH

scerò

coBepiueHCTBOBa-

HanpaBJiemiH b coBpeMeHHUx ycjioBHHx

npnoópeTaeT

Hap0AH0X03HHCTBeHHbIMH

npe»Ae

ycHjieHHe cbh3h noKa3aTejieñ

pe3yjIbTaTaMH,

C

c

oco6o

KOHe^HbjMH

yAOBJieTBOpeHHeM

OÔmeCTBeH-

Hbix n o T p e Ó H O c T e ñ . CoBepmeHCTBO-BaHHe oôecne'JHBaTb

pa^bHO-BemecTBeHHoñ peuieHHH

noKa3aTejieñ

np0H3B0AHTeJibH0CTH T p y A a

npeoAOJieHHe n p o T H B o p e i H H

SToro

HOpMaTHBHblX

4)PPMaMH-

npoTHBO^e^HH COOTHOUieHHH

Oahhm MoxeT

pOCTa

AOJiJkHO

MejKAy hx c t o h m o c t h o h

h

naTy-

h3 b o s m o j k h h x H a n p a B j i e H H ñ ÖHTb

pa3pa6oTKa

h

HaTypaJIbHO-TpyAOBblX

pa3-

noAAepJKaHHe

H CTOHMOCTHWX

n o K a 3 a T e ^ e ñ np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH T p y A a . rioaTOMy MeHeHHH

u,ejiec006pa3H0

AJ1H

HCHHCJieHHH

BepHyTbcn

k paccMOTpeHHio

npOH3BOAHTejlbHOCTH T p y A a

Bonpoca

o

nOKa3aTe^H

n p o A y K i i H H . Ä a H H H H n 0 K a 3 a T e j i b T e o p e r a ^ e c K H HaHJiynuiHM o 6 p a 3 ö M JIH6T

COH3MepHTb O f i t e M

HHe. ^ H C T a a

npOAyKUHH

HHe o n p e A e J i e H H o r o 06mecTB0M

ajih

npOAyKUHH C 3aTp3T3MH T p y A a OTpa^caeT

nepnoAa

Ha e e

pacmnpeHHoro

B0cnp0H3B0ACTBa

h

n03B0-

H3rOTOBJie-

AeftcTBHTejibHO np0H3BeAeHHbie

noTpeÖHTejibHbie c t o h m o c t h ,

npn-

HHCTOH

b

Tene-

Hcn0Jib30BaHHbie

Henp0H3B0£CTBeHH0r0

noTpeÖJieHHH. T a K o ñ n o K a 3 a T e j i b a 3 b h o y j K e HC^HCjiaeTCH a j i h y w e T a h n j i a H n p o B a H H H npoH3BOAHTeJibHOCTH H3BeAeHHoro

TpyAa

no HapoAHOMy x o 3 « ñ c T B y

HauHOHajibHoro

AOxoAa

K a K OTHOiiieHHe

k 3aHHTbiM b MaTepnaJibHOM

npo-

npoH3-

BOACTBe. B ß e A e H H e S T o r o n o K a 3 a T e j i H b o T p a c j i a x h Ha n p e A n p H H T H H X b H a C T o a m e e BpeMH conpHJKeHO c HeKOTopbiMH TpyAHOCTHMH, o c o ô e H H O b o n e p a MOJKHO H3Óe>KaTb. Ó p H

THBHOM y q e T e , KOTOpblX B Ö y A y m e M MHCTOH n p O A y K U H H THHX

ÄJIH p a C H e T a

H B o6-beAHH€HHHX

npOH3BOAHTejIbHOCTH

ÔepyTCH

33TpaTbI

TpyAa

HCn0JIb30B3HHH

TpyAa

Ha

npeAIlpHH-

paÖOTHHKOB,

C03AaBaB-

iHHx e e b o n p e A e j i e H H b i H n e p H O A Ha KaKOM-JiHÖo n p e A n p H H T H H HCHHH. H M e H H O MOCTHOM

HJIH

AyKUHH. O h

n03T0My

BaJKHO AOnOJIHHTb B b i p a Ó O T K y

HaTypaJIbHOM

H3MepeHHH

AOJiJKeH 3 3 H 3 T b B a ^ í H o e

BOAHTeJibHOCTH T p y A a . T p y A o e M K O C T b

nOKa3aTeJieM

h b o6i>eAH-

npOAyKUHH

B CTOH-

TpyAOeMKOCTH

M-ec-To b CHCTeMe n o K a 3 3 T e ^ e ñ npOAyKUHH

no cpaBneHHio

c

npO-

npoH3-

ApyrHMH

noK333Te.riHMH TOHHee x a p a K T e p H 3 y e T n p 0 H 3 B 0 A H T e j i b H 0 C T b T p y A a n e p e 3 s k o HOMHK) 3 a T p a T Ä H B O r O T p y A a

OT H3MeHeHHH yCJIOBHH npOH3BOACTBa.

TaKOH

nOKa3aTe^b

njiaHHpOB3HHH

TpyAa,

HeOÖXOAHM

AJIH

npOH3BOAHTejIbHOCTH

MHCAeHHocTH p a 6 o T a K ) m , H x h 4 ) o h a o b 3 a p a 6 0 T H 0 H BMecTe OTpacjieñ

c TeM

He b c h k h h

npoMHuiJieHHOCTH

onpeAeJiHTb ypoBeHb CKOJibKy o h BOKyiiHoro Hoñ

4>aKTHHecK0H

TpyAa B

Bcex

HaAO

OTpaxíaeT

n^aTbi. npeAnpHHTHHx

HeKOTopux

TpyAOeMKOCTH n p o A y K U H H

Bce

KOHKpeTHoro

Hcn0Jib30BaTb

TpyAa

noKa3aTe^b

n p o A y K U H H , K O T ö p b i H BKJiKDwaeT

np0H3B0ACTBeHH0ró

pa3BHToro couHa^H3Ma

Mo^teT

npH e e np0H3B0ACTBe,

3aTpaTbi

pauHOHajibHee

TpyAOeMKOCTH

KaTeropHH

ycjiOBHHX

noKa3aTe;ib

Ha

np0H3B0AHTeJibH0CTH T p y A a

He n o j i H O C T b i o paôoiero.

y^HTbiBaeMUH

nepcoHa^a

npoHcxoAHT

nocono^-

3aTpatbi

npeAnpHHTHH. onpeAe^eHHaa

moah-

(JjHKaUHH CBH3H 3 a K 0 H a nOBbimaK)UI,eHCH npOH3BOAHTejIbHOCTH T p y A a C 3 a K 0 HOM p a c n p e A C J i e H H H n o T p y A y . P a c n p e A e J i e H H e b c o o t b c t c t b h h

c 33TpaTaMH

89

nPOBJIEMbl POCTA ITPOH3 BOHMTE Jib HOCTH TPYFLA

Tpyaa flJiHTejibHoe BpeMH CHHTajiocb ÄOCTSTO^HbiM, B nojiHOH Mepe OTpa»aK)III,HM TpeôoBaHHH 3aKOHa pacnpeaejieHHH n o T p y a y . B COBPGMGHHWX y c j i o BHHX H y j K H a T a K a a T p a K T O B K a , K O T o p a a O T p a ^ t a j i a 6 b i p e a j i b H H e

cooTHome-

HHH T p y a O B H X BKJI3ÄOB K a J K A O r O p 3 Ô 0 T H H K 3 H KOJIJieKTHB3 B K O H e H H U e p0flH0X0.3HHCTBeHHbie peiuaîomHM 3T0My

B

KpHTepneM

oÓJiacTH

CTHMyjiHpoBaHHH HHTb

pe3yjIbTaTH. noBbimeHHH

pocTa

ôjiarococTOHHHH.

pacnpeaeJiHTejibHbix

np0H3B0ÄHTejibH0CTH

H OHeBHÄHOCTb

BK^aflOM,

TpyaoBHM

npOH3BOaHTe^bHOCTH

ypoBHH

coBepmeHCTBOBaHHH

06a3aTeJIbH0CTb

JiHHHUM

POCT

flJIH

TpyAa

Bcex

no-

HMCHHO

HeoöxoflHMO

Hx T p y ; i a

HaCTaJI

OTHOIIICHHA

TpyaaiUHXCH

pe3yjibTaTHBHOCTbK)

Tpyaa

CBH3H H

H

oóecneMeJKfly

nojiynaeMH-

MH ÎKH3HeHHbIMH 6 J I 3 T 3 M H . Hccjie^OBaHHe aKTyajibHbix TeoperaHecKHx CTH

jpyaa

çjiyÂHT 6a3oñ

JieHHhix Ha A a j i b H e ñ i n e e JIOBHHX

pa3pa6oTKH ycKOpeHHe

HHT.EHCH(J)HKAUHH

npHpocTa ypOBHH

ocoôoe

np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH

npOH3BOflCTBa.

3a^aHHH

no

HapH^y

BHe/ipeHHio

TeMnoB pocTa

Ha 6 a 3 e

nporpaMMH

Tpyaa c

Oie^yeT

npoBecTH

paóoTaTb

CHCTeMy

coitpameHHH

Bcex

c^eT

py^Horo HOBblX

MeponpHHTHH

no

C03aaHHK)

TexHHnecKoro

npOH3BOÄCTB,

Uejiec006pa3H0

h

HJIH

YcKOpeHHe

pOCT3

MH B OTHOLueHHH

KOMnjienca Mep no H 6e30n3CHHX

noaießOBSTejibHO npeflnpHHTHH n o

B

nepByio

>KH3HEHHYIO

JIH1HOCTH. H S Ä O B

H BbIHHCJIHTejIbHbIMH

npOH3BOÄHTejIbHOCTH

K Tpy,ny

B Hanp3BJieHHH

noipeÓHocTb,

T.

n.

pa3-

JIHKBHÄSUHH

TpyA3

cnocoó

nOBHCHTb CTHMyJIHpyiOIUyK)

Tpy-

BpeMGHH.

peajiH30B3Tb BbinyCKy

npo-

HHCTpy-

npeAnpHH-

pa60T3MH.

CBH33H0

nocTeneHHoro

flajibHeii-

yCJIOBHH

M e H T a , OCH3CTKH, j i H T b H , n o u e H T p a j i H 3 0 B 3 H H 0 M y o Ö c j i y j K H B a H H K ) Tp3HCn0pTHbIMH

H

MecT,

Heuejiecoo6pa3Ha.

pa3BHTHH Cn6UH3JIH3HpOB3HHbIX

THH p e M O H T H H M H ,

KOM-

npHMeHeHHH

paôoHHx

HX P 3 U H O H 3 J I H 3 3 U H H

KOM(J)OpTHbIX

p33p3ÔOT3Tb

IIOJIHOH

xo3HHCTBe

CpeflCTB

Ä a , n03B0JIHK)mHX 3H3HHTeJlbH0 yMeHbHIHTb n O T e p H p a ô o n e r o rp3MMy

riJiaHOBblX HX

B HapoßHOM

arrecTauHK)

yc-

AOJIH

peajiH3au.Hio uejieBoñ

Tpy^a

B a > K H o e 3 H a n e H H e HMGÊT o c y m e c T B J i e H H e 03A0p0BJieHHK),

B

noBbimeHHe

ÄOÖHTBCN

TpaHCnOpTHblX

npeAnpHHTHHx

HanpaB-

noKa3aTeJin.

noBHiueHHH

HeoóxoanMO

noaranHyio

T e x H3 HHX, p a u H O H a j i H 3 a u H H K O T O p b i x IUeMy

sToro

OÔOCHOBaHHOCTH

aBTOMaTH3HpOB3HHbIX

KOMnJieKCOB, Ha

3a

nOBblliieHHeM

HOBOH TCXHHKH

Th6kHX

C03AaHHH

pOÖOTOTeXHHieCKHX

np0H3B0AHTeJibH0-

MeponpHHTHH,

3H3HeHHe n p n o 6 p e T 3 e T

peajiH3auHH. HpeACTOHT oôecnenHTb njieKCHOH

npoÔJieM

npsKranecKHX

C

H3MeH€HHH-

npeBpameHHH

caMOBbipaxeHHH pOJIb 3 3 p a 6 0 T H 0 H

H

ero

P33BHTHH

nJISTbl.

U e j I O M p e H b H A e T O C 0 3 A 3 H H H KOMnJieKCHOH C H C T e M H y n p 3 B J i e H H H

po-

CTOM n p O H 3 B O A H T e ; i b H O C T H T p y f l 3 , OCHOB3HHOH H 3 H C n 0 J I b 3 0 B a H H H 0 6 " b e K T H B HblX 3 3 K 0 H 0 B , Ä C H C T B Y I O M H X n p H COHH3JlH3Me, H C O O T B e T C T B y i O I U H X HOMHHeCKHX, O p r ä H H 3 a U H O H H O - C O U , H a ^ b H b I X

H nCHXO^IOTHHeCKHX

HM 3 K O -

MeTOflOB.

f.

Kocmee

flOBEAEHHE

CEJIbCK0X03flHCTBEHH0H A O nOTPEEHTEJIfl

nPO^KUHM

T p e f i o B a H H H K K a n e c T B y n p 0 A 0 B 0 J i b C T B e H H b i x T O B a p c B H HX c o x p a H H O CTH 0 6 y C J I 0 B J I H B a i 0 T H e O Ó X O f l H M O C T b A O C T H t f i e H H H T e X H H K O - T e X H O J l O r H H e C K O ro H 0 p r a H H 3 a u H 0 H H 0 - 3 K 0 H 0 M H q e c K 0 r 0 eAHHCTBa Beerò n p o u e c c a «npoH3BOACTBO— 3ar0T0BKa — xpaHeHHe (nepepaóoTKa)—C6HT» npoAyKUHH, B K ^ i o q a H H T p a H c n o p T H o e oòecneqeHHe. ECJIH n o A x o A H T b K npofijieMe c Hap 0 f l H 0 X 0 3 H H C T B e H H 0 f t T O I K H 3 p e H H H , TO BCe 3 B e H b H O Ó m e C T B e H H O r O n p O H 3 B O A C T B a , C B H 3 a H H b i e C A B H > K e H H e M C e J I b C K 0 X 0 3 H H C T B e H H 0 H n p O f l y K U H H OT n o JIH A O n o T p e Ó H T e j i H , p e i n a i O T o 6 m n e 3 a A a H H , HM.eioT e A H H y i o u e j i b . H o S T H 3 a ^ a M H OHH p e m a i o T n e p e 3 CBOH B C A O M C T B S , c y q e T O M H H T e p e c o B K O H K p e T H O H G p r a H H 3 a U H H , n p O H 3 B O A C T B e H H O r O K O J I J I B K T H B a . OTCK>A3 H H O r A a B03HHK3eT H e c o B n a A e H H e s K O H O M H H e c K H x H H T e p e c o B O T A e j i b H b i x N P E A N P H H T H Ì I H OTpacjieft B p e m e H H H o 6 m n x s a ^ a 1 ! . 3 T O N P H B O A H T K T O M y , ^TO B K S Ì K A O M 3BeHe cHCTeMbi « n o j i e — n o T p e Ó H T e j i b » CKJiaabiBaioTCH coócTBeHHbie (qacTHbie) K p H T e p H H S ^ e K T H B H O C T H n p O H 3 B O A C T B 3 . B H a C T O H U i e e B p e M H X 0 3 H Ì Ì C T B e H H b I Ì Ì A O r O B O p BO B 3 a H M 0 0 T H 0 U i e H H 5 I X OTpacjieft n p o a o B O J i b C T B e H H o r o K O M n j i e K c a , n o c y m e c T B y , A y Ò A H p y e T n p a M o e n j i a H 0 B 0 e 3 a a a H H e H He H r p a e T B n o A H o f t M e p e 3 K T H B H O 8 S K O H O M H N E CKOH p o j i H B a o c T H > K e H H H B 3 a H M 0 C 0 r j i a c 0 B a H H 0 H aeHTejibHOCTH n a p t H e p o B . B cHCTeMe «nojie—noTpeÓHTejib» n o n a e m e oTeyTeTByeT H aKOHOMHnecKoe eflHHCTBO. B a H i H e f i m e e y c j i o B H e AOCTH>KEHHH B H C O K H X T e M n o B p a 3 B H T H H a r p o n p o MbiuiJieHHoro K O M n ^ e K c a 3aKjiioqaeTCH B COÓJIKWHHH TexHOjionmecKoro E ^ H H C i B a H a B c e M n y T H A B H M C H H H n p o A y K U H H OT n o A H A O n o T p e Ó H T e j i s H a 0CH0Be eAHHOH, B3aHMoyBii3aHHoft n o TexHHHecKHM n a p a M e i p a M nponycKHOH C n O C O Ó H O C T H H A P > T H M nOK333TeAHM CHCTeMbI M3IIIHH (BKAKWSH H TpaHcnopTHoe oóecneweHHe). C n c T e M a MauiHH AAH KOMn^eKCHofi MexaHH3aU H H n p 0 H 3 B 0 f l C T B e H H b I X n p O U e C C O B H M e e T C H T O A b K O B CeJIbCKOM X 0 3 H H C T B e . C O 3 A A H A H p e a j i H 3 y e T C H C H C T E M A M S U I H H HA n e p n o A 1 9 8 1 — 1 9 9 0 r r . O p r a H H 3 a u , H O H H O H OCHOBOH CHCTeMbi « n o j i e — n o T p e Ó H T e j i b » M o r y T CTaTb a r p o n p o M H u i J i e H H b i e o6i>eAHHeHHH, co3AaHHbie Ha 6 a 3 e c n e u n a A H 3 H p o B a H HblX X 0 3 H H C T B , H a X O A H W , H X C H B Ó A S T O n p H H T H b l X npHpOAHO-KAHMaTHMeCKHX yCJIOBHHX, H B b I C O K O M e X a H H 3 H p O B a H H b I X H a B T O M 3 T H 3 H p O B a H H b I X n p e A n p H H THH n o x p a H e H H i o , n e p e p a ó o T K e H n 0 A r 0 T 0 B K e n p o A y K U H H K p e a j i H 3 a u H H , pacnojioHieHHbix B MecTax np0H3B0ACTBa. B noAOÓHbix (j)opMHpoBaHHax noH B ^ a r o T c a y c j i o B H H A A H B H e A p e H H H CHCTeMbi M 3 I U H H n o nOCJieyfiOpOHHOH H TOBapHOH ofipaóoTKe n p o A y K U H H , n p o r p e c c H B H b i x TexHOJiorHH, aBTOMaTH3aUHH, p o 6 o T H 3 a U H H H A p y r H X C O B p e M e H H b l X AOCTHJKeHHH HayiHO-TexHHweCKoro n p o r p e c c a , a TaiOKe A A H o6"beAHHeHHH SKOHOMHHCCKHX HHTepecoB B AOCTH>KeHHH M a K C H M a j i b H o r o B b i x o A a KOHeqHOH n p o A y K U H H n p H c o K p a ' m e H H H 3 a T p a T H a ee n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B 0 H p e a j i H 3 a u , H K ) .

OAHHM H3 B a p H a H T O B C O e A H H L H H H H H T e p e C O B n p 0 H 3 B 0 A H T e j i e f t H 3 a roTOBHTejiefl B T e x H 0 J i 0 r H H e c K 0 M oTHomeHHH MoxceT 6BITB n e p e M e m e H H e noc^eyóopoMHofl o 6 p 3 6 o T K H cejibCK0X03HHCTBeHH0H n p o A y K U H H HenocpeAC T B e H H O B X P 3 H H J I H U 1 3 . B H H X >KE L [ E J I E C 0 0 6 P A 3 H 0 n p O H 3 B O A H T b H T O B a p H y i O n o A r o T Q B K y n p o A y K U H H . T e x H O J i o r H q e c K H M 3BÈHOM, o6i>eAHHHK)iii.HM 3aro-

AOBEflEHHE CEJTbCK0X03HHCTBEHH0H ILPOFLY'KIIHH flO ITOTPEBHTEJIH

91

TOBHTe^BHO-nepepaóaTUBaiomHe H T o p r o B H e npeAnpHHTHH, MOJKCT c j i y >KHTb KOHTeHHep AJIH TpaHCÜOpTHpOBKH CejlbCK0X03HHCTBeHH0ft npOflyKUHH, OflHOBpeMeHHO HBJIHK>mHHCH H M3ra3HHHbIM o ó o p y A O B a H H e M ( K M O ) . H a e r o 0CH0Be AOCTaTOHHO x o p o r n o TexHOJiorH^ecRH yBH3biBaeTCH onTOBaa T o p roBjiH, T p a H c n o p T H T o p r o B b i e npeAnpHHTHH p03HHHH0ñ ceTH. C o 3 a a H H e cneuHajiH3HpoBaHHHX a r p o n p o M b i u i J i e H H H x «jjopMHpoBaHHH Ha OCHOBe OpraHH3aUHOHHO-3KOHOMHieCKOrO H TeXHHKO-TeXHOJIOrHqeCKOFO eAHHCTBa a a e T B03M0)KH0CTb coeAHHHTb HHTepeebi B c e x y i a c T H H K O B a r p o npOMHIII^eHHOñ HHTerpaUHH B AOCTHJKeHHH KOHeqHOÍí UejIH. ÍIpOH3BOflCTBO B OÓ-beAHHeHHH k y j I b T y p HeCKOJIbKHX COpTOB pa3/IHMHOH CKOpOCneJIQCTH n o 3BOJIHeT npOAJieBaTb CpOKH Ce30HH0ñ paÓOTbl yÓOpOHHOH TeXHHKH, HCnOJIb30BaTb K p y r ^ u ñ r o a copTHpoBaJibHoe, eM0B y ó o p K H , BHeiipeHHe c o r j i a c o B a H H o ñ TexHOjioniH y 6 o p K H , TpaHCnOpTHpOBKH H odpaÓOTKH npOflyKIIHH, KOHTpOJIb 3aFOTOBHTej i e ñ 3a p a 3 r p y 3 K O H ypOHcaa, n o c j i e y f í o p o H H o ñ o 6 p a 6 o T K o ñ H 3aKjiaAKOH Ha xpaHeHHe, y c T p a H e H H e H3JIHUIHHX n e p e B a j i o K H n e p e r p y 3 0 K , nocTynjieHHe o;iHopo,ziHbix K p y n H b i x n a p T H ñ OAHOI-O c o p T a H H a y i H O 060CH0BaHHbie c n o CO6H xpaHeHHH — Bce STQ BeaeT K c o K p a m e H H i o n o T e p b npoAyKUHH, CHHJKeHHIO 3 a T p a T

TpyAa

3 a C^ET YMEHBIUEHHH HHCJIA NPHBJIEKAEMBIX B y ó o p o ^ H B I H

ce30H T p y A O B w x p e c y p c o B , HCKjiKmeHHH AonojiHHTejibHOH n e p e p a 6 o T K H B n e p H o a xpaHeHHH H c o K p a m e H H H HHCjieHHOCTH o 6 c j i y j K H B a i o m e r o n e p c o H a jia n p n TOBapHOñ n 0 A r 0 T 0 B K e npoAyKUHH K p e a j i H 3 a i i H H . B KapTo({)e^enp0AyKT0B0M noAKOMnjieKce, H a n p H M e p , n p n xpaHeHHH KapTO(})ejiH B M e c T a x NP0H3B0ACTBA n o epaBHeHHK) c xpaHeHHeM Ha r o p o A CKHX 6 a 3 a x 3 a i p a T b i T p y A a C0Kpamai0TCH B 2 , 1 — 1 , 7 p a 3 a , 3Kcn,/iyaT3ii,H0HHbie — B 2,8, KanHTajiOBJioJKeHHH B TexHOjiorHtiecKoe ofíopyAOBaHHe— B 6,5 p a 3 a . C y i e T O M >Ke CTOHMOCTH n o T e p b K a n H T a j i O B j i o w e H H H B CTpoHTejibCTBO xpaHHJinm H 3 a T p a T b i Ha HX 3KcnJiyaTauHK) B p a c q e T e Ha 1 T c o x p a H HOH CTAHAAPTHOÑ npoAyKUHH yMeHbiuaioTCH noHTH B 2 p a 3 a . npH xpaHeHHH 6 MJIH. T npOflOBOJIbCTBeHHOrO KapTO(j)e^H B M e c T a x np0H3B0flCTBa MOJKHO caKOHOMHTb, n o HaiiiHM n o A c i e T a M , 2 0 0 MJIH. p y ó . B r o A , a 3a 2 r o A a — 4 0 0 MJIH. p y 6 . , T p e ó y i o m H x c H a j i h CTpoHTejibCTBa 4 0 0 XpaHHJIHUl eMKOCTbIO 10 TbIC. T KaJKAOe o é m e f t BMeCTHMOCTbK) 4 MJIH. T (AOcTaTO^Hbix fljiH xpaHeHHH noJioBHHbi 3 a r o T a B j i H B a e M o r o B c T p a H e p a H H e r o H n o 3 f l H e r o K a p T o t j j e j i a ) . X U H K p y r j i o r o A H q H o f i nepeB03KH n p o a y K U H H noTpeÓHTejiHM H3 yKa3aHHbix x p a H H ^ H i u n o T p e ó y e T C H 1200 a B T o p e ^ p H J K e p a TOpOB (rpy30n0A'beMH0CTbK) 9 T) npH OAHOBpeMeHHOM BHCBoéoJKAeHHH 4,3 TbIC. aBTO(|)yprOHOB C HSOTepMH^eCKHM Ky30B0M, KOTOpHe HCnOJIb3yiOTCH c e í t a a c a j i h BHyTpHropoACKHX nepeB030K npoAyKUHH (FIpoAOBOjibCTBeHHOH n p o r p a M M o ñ npeAycMOTpeHO n o e r a B H T b A,JIH o i p a c j i e ñ A I 1 K 7 6 — 7 8 Tbic. a B T o p e c f j p H H í e p a T o p o B ) . H3T3HTHe H3 OÓOpOTa IIpOMeJKyTOIHblX c 6 0 p H 0 - p a 3 6 0 p H b I X KOHTeHHepOB, AeJiaiOIIIHX 3a TOA B c e r o OAHH OÓOpOT, n03B0JIHT CSKOHOMHTb MHJIJIHOHbl K y ó o M e T p o B nHJiOMaTepHajiOB H COTHH THCHM TOHH M e T a j u i a . C BHeApeHHeM K M O n o T p e Ó H o e T b B OSOPOTHOH T a p e c o K p a m a e T c a B 5 0 — 1 0 0 p a 3 , Ha 1 0 — 1 5 % yMeHbiuaioTCH eAHHOBpeMeHHaH noTpeÓHoeTb B x p a H H j i H m a x H T p a H c n o p T H b i e p a c x o A b i 3a cweT n p ^ M o ñ nocTaBKH npoAyKUHH 6 e 3 3 a e 3 A a Ha ropoACKHe 6a3bi. P e r y j i s i p H a H n o c T a B K a MbiToro, 4>acoBaHHoro KapTOtjjeJIN H3 o6"beAHHeHH5I A a e T B03M0JKH0CTb COKpaTHTb OCeHHHñ « N H K » TpaH* cnopTHpOBKH B 1 4 — 2 2 p a 3 a npH o ó m e M CHHJKeHHH o ó t e M a 3aB03a KapTO(JiejiH B ropOAa Ha 2 5 — 3 0 % . Í I o HaiiiHM p a c n e T a M , HecMOTpn Ha ó o j i e e BHCOKHH TapHcj), noAOÓHHe nocTOHHHHe pe(J)pHJKepaTopHbie nepeB03KH n p o AyKUHH ( n o CpaBHeHHIO C OCeHHHM 33B030M K a p T O ^ e j I H H3B3JIOM H B n p o MeJKyTOHHblX KOHTeHHep3X Ha ropoACKHe 633bl, 3aTeM B Mara3HHbI B 3BT0CJ)yproHax H nocjieAyiom,HM BHB030M OTXOAOB H3 r o p o A a B KOJIXO3W H COBxo3bi Ha KopM CKOTy) yMeHbuiaiOT 3aTpaTbi T p y A a Ha 1 T K3pT0(})ejiH Ha 2 , 1 4 — 2 , 6 6 tjejiOBeKO-^aca, K a n H T a j i o B j i o x e H H H — Ha 1 , 8 2 — 4 , 1 4 p y 6 . H npH-

92

T. KOCAHEB

B e a e H H H e 3 3 T p a T b i — Ha 0,34—4,13 p y 6 . (b p a c ^ e T a x He yqHTbtBSJiäcfc ctoHMGCTb c B e p x H o p M a T H B H b i x n p o c T o e B T p a H c n o p T a npH o c e H H e ñ n o r p y 3 K e H pa3rpy3Ke). B b i c T y n a « Ha Bcec0K>3H0M skohomh^öckom c o B e i u a H H H n o i i p o ô j i e M a M a r p o n p o M H U M e H H o r o KOMnjieKca, M . C . T o p ó a ^ e B OTMemrt, h t ó , « B K j i a A H B a a H e M a ^ b i e c p e A C T B a b yBejiH^eHHe n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B a 3 e p H a , oboiuch, x j i o n x a , mojioks, Hepe^KO T e p a e M npOAyKUHio H3-3a e e HecBoeBpeMeHHOft n e p e p a 6otkh, n j i o x o r o xpaHCHHH, HeÄOCTaTKa T a p w . r i p a p a 3 p a 6 o T K e njiaHOB Ä B e H a a u a T O H iihthjictkh b3>kho n p e A y c M O T p e T b AonojiHHTe,/ibHbie M e p w aah c ô a j i a H C H p o B a H H o r o pa3BHTHH c e j i b C K o r o xo3hhctb3, 6 a 3 b i nepepaóoTKH, XpaHeHHH H TpaHCnOpTHpOBKH npOflyKUHH». C o x p a H H O C T b npOAyKUHH BO MHOrOM 33BHCHT OT 06eCne«ieHH$í CAHHCTBa h H e n p e p b i B H o c T H n p o u e c c a AocraBKH npoAyKTOB ot np0H3B0AHTeJiH ao n o TpeôHTejiH. C e i t o a c stot eAHHbin n p o u e c c pa3AejieH Ha öTÄeAbHbie, He cbh3 a H H U e MeJKAy C 0 6 0 H 3BeHbH, qTO npHBOAHT K yBeJIHHeHHK) CpOKOB AOCT3BKH r p y 3 0 B , npocTOHM T p a H c n o p T H b i x c p e a c T B , AonojiHHTejibHHM n e p e B a ^ K a M H noTepHM n p o a y K U H H . B UeJIHX nOBblllieHHH 3(j)(j)eKTHBH0CTH HCn0Ab30B3HHH CneUHaVIH3HpOBaHHhlX TpaHCnopTHblX CpeACTB HeOÖXOÄHMO p a 3 p a 6 0 T a T b MeTOAHKH o n p e Äe.ieHHH c(j)ep npHMeHeHHH p a 3 H b i x bhaob T p a H c n o p T a h thhob üoäbhjkhor o c o c T a B a ajih n e p e B 0 3 0 K npoAOBOAbCTBeHHbix r p y 3 0 B . TapH K a i o IHHMH TeMnaMH npOH3BOACTBa HOBblX BHAOB Tapbl H3 aAlOMHHHH, JI3MHHHpoBaHHoft 6 y M a r H , (jjojibrH, nojiHMepHbix H A p y r n x n p o r p e c c H B H b i x MaTepHaJIOB. OpraHH3aUHHMH yKpaHHCKOH H M0JIAaBCK0H Cpl03HbIX peenyÓ^HK A0K333H3 3(J)(|)eKTHBH0CTb AOCTaBKH njIOAOOBOlll,HOH npOAyKUHH naKeTHOKOHTeñHepHbiM c n o c o ó o M . T a K , npH n e p e B 0 3 K 3 x B H m H i H b i x n o A A O H a x n o T e PH a p 6 y 3 0 B n o CpSBHeHHK) c HaBaAbHblM CnOCOÓOM CHHJKaiOTCH B 3 p a 3 3 , a j i e r K O M H y m n x c H njioAOB H OBOuieñ c c o p T H p o B K o ñ B n o j i e — 6 o j i e e neM B 6 pa3. P a c x o A ApeBecHHbi ( n p H Hcn0Jib30BaHHH njiocKHX noAAOHOB) y M e H b i u a eTcs B 2 , 5 — 3 pa3a. O n u T BHeApeHHH KOHTeñHepHoro (naKeTHoro) cnocoóa nepeB03KH n^OAOOBOIUHOH npOAyKUHH B AeCHTOH H OAHHHaAUaTOH nHTHJieTKaX nOKa3 a j i , h t o Ha M e c T a x OTrpy3KH njioAOOBOiuHOH npoAyKUHH H e o ó x o A H M O 0 6 0 pyAOBaTb n o r p y s o ^ H O - p a s r p y s o q H b i M H MexaHH3MaMH c0pTHp0B0MHbie n ^ o m a A K H , Ha KOTOpblX AOJI»KH0H

CT3HUHH

n0rpy30HH0-p33rpy30MHbix

HJIH BOAHORO

MexaHH3MOB

NPHHAJIA),

ocyuxecTBJineTCH

flOBEflEHHE CEJIbCK0X03HHCTBEHH0H nPQflYKIIHH flO ITOTPEBHTEJIfl

95

pa3rpy3Ka hx b Mara3HHbi, a TaK>Ke neperpy3Ka b « í e j i e 3 H O f l o p o x H b i e BaroMexaHH3Mbi Hy)KHbi h ajih hh hjih cneuHajibHbie pe^Hbie cy,aa. T a n n e pa3rpy3KH nopojKHHX KOHTeñHepoB c aBTOMauiHH b momcht nocTynjieHHH HX Ha copTHpcjBO^Hyio n j i o m a ^ K y . SKOHOMHqecKH

HaH6o^iee

BbiroflHoñ

cxeMoñ

^ocTaBKH

nji0;i00B0mH0H

npo^yKUHH b KOHTeñHepax (tom3tob, BHHorpaAa, nepCHKOB, ap6y30B, flbiHb h flpyrwx b h a o b npo^yKUHH HeflJiHTe^bHoro xpaHeHHH) hbjihgtch, KaK y j K e oTMetjajiocb, TexHOJiorHqecKaH c x e M a « n o j i e — Mara3HH». H o BHeapeHHe ee T p e ó y e T h KaqecTBeHHoñ copthpobkh npoayKUHH b MecTax OTrpy3KH, h 0praHH3auH0HH0-TexHHHecK0H noaroTOBKH MaraaHHOB K npneMKe h peajiH3au,HH npoayKUHH, n o c T y n a i o m e f t b KOHTeftHepax. B HscToaiuee BpeMK H33a HeaocTaTKa CTauHOHapHbix hjih nepeflBHJKHHX norpy3oqHO-p33rpy3oqh h x MexaHH3MOB He B c e Mara3HHbi t o t o b u k n p n e M K e T3K0ÍÍ npoayKUHH. n 0 r p y 3 0 i H 0 - p a 3 r p y 3 0 H H b i e o n e p a u H H n p n KOHTeflHepHOM c n o c o ó e nepeBO3ok njioflooBomHoñ npo^yKUHH M o r y T BbinojiHHTbCH h c n o M o m b i o cneuH-

ajibHux aBTOMoóH^eñ,

oóopyaoBaHHbix

rpy3onoA"beMHbiMH

MexaHH3MaMH.

T p a H c n o p T H p o B K y b KOHTeñHepax njioflooBomHoft npoAyKUHH c h o k h o h

CTpyKTypoñ (noMHjiopbi, aSpHKOcu, BHHorpaa h Ap.) H a n é o j i e e u e j i e c o o ó pa3Ho ocymecTBjiHTb b T a p e H3 BjiaronpoHHoro KapTOHa hjih b t o h k o c t c h hoh aepeBHHHOH Tape ( j i O T K a x ) . RJM 3Toro neoSxoflHMo 0CB0HTb npoH3BOflCTBO rOKHOCTb B H0pM3THBH0M nOpH,HKe 3aKpenHTb ejHHCTBO TexHOJionmecKoro UHKJia « n o j i e — n o T p e Ó H T e j i b » h ycTpaHHTb pa3H0rjiacHJi npn pa3pa6oTKe MejKBeaoMCTBeHHbix corJiaineHHH, onpeflejiHiomHX ycjioBHH nepeB030K pa3JiHHHHx rpy30B. KoMnjieKCHbiH x a p a K T e p p a 3 p a 6 o T K H e^HHbix TexHOJiorHqecKHx c x e M T p a H c n o p T H o r o o ó e c n e ' i e H H H n p e a n o j i a r a e T : oóocHOBaHHe o n e p a u n í i abh» e H H H TOBapoB h c o 3 f l a H H e noapa3aeJieHHH, ^ o p w H p y i o m H x napTHH r p y 3 a He3aBHCHM0 flpyr ot a p y r a h n e p e j a i o m H x hx c j i e a y r o m e M y noApa3fle;iehhk> ( s t h m aocTHraeTCH HenpepbiBHOCTb TexHOJiorHHecKoro n p o n e c c a Ha BceM nyTH c j i e a o B a H H a n p o a y K U H H ) ; n o a ó o p CHCTeMbi T p a H c n o p r a u x , nor p y 3 0 q H 0 - p a 3 r p y 3 0 H H b i x c p e a c T B h T a p H o r o o ó o p y a o B a H H H c y^eTOM mhoto3BeHHoro x a p a K T e p a A B H x e H H H n p o a y K U H H ; B b i é o p SKOHOMHHecKH 3(})(|)eKtkbhwx (JjopM Hcn0Jib30BaHHH TpaHcnopTa, norpysoqHO-pasrpysoHHbix CpeflCTB H TapHO-KOHTeHHepHOFO 060pyfl0BaHHH, OÓeCneHHBaiOIUHX MaKCHM a j i b H y i o c o x p a H H o e T b n p o ^ y K U H H n p n ^OBefleHHH e e a o noTpeÓHTeJiJi. r i o f l BHMHOH COCTaB, npe^Ha3HaqeHHbIH flJIH nepeB03KH CeJIbCK0X03HHCTBeHH0H npoayKUHH, aoJi^íeH yAOBJieTBopHTb c j i e a y i o m H M TpeóoBaHHHM: oóecneHHBaTb H e o 6 x o f l H M H e T e M n e p a T y p H b i e pejKHMbi, c o x p a H H o e T b r p y 3 a b nyTH CJieflOBaHHH, MexaHH3aUHK) nOrpy3KH H Bbirpy3KH, B03M0JKH0CTb KpenjieHHH KOHTeHHepOB H naKeTOB, a TaKJKe BbICOKHe CKOpOCTH flOCTaBKH.

T. KOCAHEB

96

3 a n o c j i e ^ H H e 20 jieT m n p o K o e pa3BHTHe n o j i y u H j i xojioAHJibHbifi TpaHCnopT. O f l H a K o a o c T H r H y T H i i ypoBeHfa e r o p a ö o T H e m e OTCTaeT o t n o T p e ß HOCTeñ H a p o f l H o r o xo3HflcTBa. H a Ä o cj)opMHpoBaTb eaHHyio TexHHiecKyio nOJIHTHKy B OÔJiaCTH pa3BHTHH XJiaAOTpaHCnOpTa H XOJIOflOCTpOeHHH. B b h a y OTcyTCTBHH nyHKTOB npeÄBapHTejibHoro oxjia>KfleHHH njiOÄOOBomHOH npOflyKUHH B03HHKaeT HeOÓXOflHMOCTb B OÖOpyilOBaHHH pe(})pH)KepaTOpHOr o nOÄBHXHOrO COCTaBa MOLUHblMH XOJIOflHJIbHbIMH H 3HepreTHieCKHMH y c TaHOBKaMH H, cjieflOBaTe^bHo, B aonojiHHTejibHHx 3 a T p a T a x Ha o x j i a j K f l e HHe n j i o a o B h o B o m e ñ h Ha h x T p a H c n o p T H p o B K y .

P o c t nepeB030K cKoponopTHmnxca r p y 3 0 B AOJiJKeH conpOBOJK^aTbCH yBejiHqeHHeM n a p K a H30TepMHwecKHx r p a H c n o p T H H x cpeacTB. I l o K a e m e o m y m a e T C H H e a o c r a T O K b cneuHajiH3HpoBaHHbix B a r o H a x h 3 b t o m o 6 h j i h x . B a x H O e 3HaneHHe a j i h o ô e c n e q e H H H coxpaHHOCTH C K o p o n o p T H u i H x c a n p o ayKTOB HMeeT p a 3 p a 6 o T K a p a u n o H a j i b H H x cxeM r p y 3 0 n 0 T 0 K 0 B , n p e a y c M a T pHBaiomHx npeflOTBpam,€HHe MHOJKecTBeHHocTH BCTpewHbix nepeB030K. T p y sonoflTjeMHOcTb n o f l B H Ä H o r o c o c T a B a cjie,ayeT ycTaHaBJiHBaTb c y i e T O M cj)aKTH^ecKOH noTpeÓHOCTH o T p a c j r e f i H a p o Ä H o r o x o 3 f l ñ c T B a , o ô e c n e q e H H a p a UHOHaJlbHOñ napTHOHHOCTH OTnpaBOK CKOponOpTHLUHXCS r p y 3 0 B . H a a o He TOJibKo KOjmqecTBeHHO yBejiHMHBaTb n a p K H30TepMHiecKHX aBTOMOÔH^eii, aBTope4>pH>KepaTopoB, aBTOUHCTepH h a p y r n x t h i i o b c n e UHajiH3HpoBaHHbix T p a H c n o p T H U x c p e a c T B Ha aBTOTpaHcnopTHbix n p e A n p H H THHX, a h (JjopMHpoBaTb cneuHajiH3HpOB3HHbiH noflBHÄHOH c o c T a B Ha 6 a 3 e HOBHX TeXHHHeCKHX peilieHHH, nOCTOHHHOrO yCKOpeHHH BHeflpeHHH HOBOfi TexHHKH. H a n p H M e p , b y c j i o B H H x CHJibHO BbipaxeHHOH ce30HH0CTH n o c T y n jieHHH MOJioKa Ha n e p e p a Ô O T K y (MecHU MHHHMajibHoro nocTyn;ieHHH m o j i o Ka o t h o c h t c h K M e c a n y MaKCHMajibHoro n o c T y n j i e H H H n p H M e p H o KaK 1 : 2 ) m i x e r o nepeB03KH, o c o ô e H H O n p H H H M a e M o r o HenocpeacTBeHHO b x o 3 h h c t Bax, o n p a B f l a ^ a ceÖH cpeaHeTOHHajKHan aBTOMOJiUHCTepHa, c n o c o Ö H a a p a 6oTaTb c npHnenoM. 3aMeHa HbiHe BbinycKaeMOH aBTOMOJiUHCTepHH « A U , n T - 3 , 3 » Ha uiaccH 3 b t o m o 6 h j i h «TA3-53» aBTOMOJiUHCTepHaMH Ha rnaccH aBTOMOÓHJieñ « 3 H J 1 - 1 3 0 » h « r A 3 - 4 5 0 9 » c npHu,enaMH-UHCTepHaMH flaCT B03M0JKH0CTb yMeHbUIHTb Ha 3 0 % KOJIHMeCTBO aBTOMaUlHH (cOOTBeTCTBeHHO H BOflHTejieñ) H COKpaTHTb paCXOÄ aBTOMOÔHJIbHOrO TOnjIHBa Ha t o t » e o6i>eM nepeB030K M o j i o n a . C e ó e c T O H M o c T b nepeB03KH Monoica b aBTOMOJiHHCTepHe Ha rnaccH 3btomo6hjih «KaMA3-53212» n p n paccTOHHHH nepeB030K a o 100 km noHTH b Äßa p a 3 a » « « e , qeM ceöecTOHMOCTt n e p e B03KH M0JI0K3 B 3BT0M0JIUHCTepHe Ha IIiaCCH aBTOMOÔHJIH «TA3-53». B u n o j i H e H H e HaMeqeHHbix IlpoflOBOJibCTBeHHOH n p o r p s M M o ñ nocTaBOK MaTepHaJIbHO-TeXHHieCKHX ( b TOM qHCJie TpaHCnopTHblX CneUHaJIH3HpOB3HHblx) CpeflCTB n03B0JIHT B OTHOCHTeJIbHO KOpOTKHe CpOKH C03flaTb CÓaJiaHCHpoBaHHyro c r p y K T y p y MaTepnaJibHO-TexHHMecKoft 6 a 3 H Bcex b33HM0CBH3aHHbIX 3BeHbeB A r i K . OöecneneHHe opraHH3au,HOHHoro, a T S i o K e T e x H H K o - T e x H O J i o r H ^ e c K o r o eflHHCTBa Bcex 3BeHbeB cHCTeMbi « n o j i e — n o T p e Ô H T e ^ b » Ha ocHOBe y K p e n j i e HHH H COBepmeHCTBOBaHHH MaTepHajIbHO-TeXHHieCKOH 6a3bl C03AaeT y c j i o BHH fljia e e H a a e Ä H o r o yHKUH0HHp0BaHHH. Flpn stom hcoöxoähmo T a K K e aOCTHJKeHHe SKOHOMHieCKOrO eÄHHCTBa Ä3HH0H CHCTeMbi n y T e M COBepmeHCTBOBaHHH xo3HHCTBeHHoro Mex3HH3M3 b u e j i H x oöecne^eHHH M a T e p n a j i b HOH 3aHHTepeC0B3HH0CTH BCeX 3BeHbeB B nO^yUeHHH HaHJiyimHX KOHeiHblX

pe3yjibTaTOB. H e p3ccM3TpHBaa

aeTajibHO

Bce

scneKTbi

COBepmeHCTBOBaHHH xo3hhct-

BeHHoro MexaHH3Ma npHMeHHTejibHo k a r p o n p o M b i m j i e H H O M y OCT3HOBHMC5I jlHUlb Ha OCHOBHblX npHHUHnHaJIbHblX MOMCHT3X 1

O h h 6 w ^ h c(})opMy^HpoBaHbi

b pa/ie p a ß o T

axan. B A C X H H J 1

KOMnjieKcy,

B . A . TnxoHOBa

(cm.,

HanpHMep, « A r p a p H b i e npoöJieMbi pa3BHToro c o u H a j i H 3 M a » . H34aTejibCTBO « H a y n a » , 1980 r.; « B o n p o c b r 3K0H0MHKH» Ni

8,

1980 r., e r p .

3—12).

AOBEflEHHE CEJIbCK0X03HHCTBEHH0H

SKOHOMHHeCKHe AOAÎKHbl

OTHOIIieHHH

CTpOHTbCH

Ha

nPOflYKUHH AO nOTPEBHTEJIfl

X03HHCTB,

AOrOBOpHOH

npeAnpHHTHH

OCHOBe

C

H

06"beAHHeHHH

BKJIKDHCHHeM

B

i i O K a 3 a T e j i H x o 3 H h c t b 6 H h o h AeMTejibHOCTH B c e x 3 B e H b e B A F I K xapaKTepH3yiomHx

BbinojiHeHHe A o r o B o p H b i x

H OKa33HHH y c j i y r .

BO Bceñ

AyeT

oöecneHHTb

OUeHO^Hbie

noKa3aTe^eñ,

ycjiOBHH nocTaBKH

npoflyKUHH

u e n o M K e B3aHMOCBH3aHHt»ix 3 B e H b e B A F I K

nojiyneHHe

noTpeÔHTejieM

OT H c n 0 j i b 3 0 B a H H H

H o r o 3(J)4)eKTa

97

rapaHTHpoBaHHoro

NPHOÖPETAEMOH

N P O ^ Y K U H H HJIH

OK33aH-

H H X y c j i y r n o c p e A C T B O M y c T a H O B j i e H H H s K O H O M H q e c K H x c a H K U H Ö : 3a BpeMeHHoe

BunoAHeHHe,

NOCTABOK, NOCTABKY

HJIH

HeBbinojiHeHHe

HEKANECTBEHHOH

HeAOBbinojiHeHHe

NPOAYKUHH

cjie-

HopMaTHBHecBoe-

AorosopHbix

HJIH 0 K A 3 A H H E y c j i y r

HH3-

Koro KaqecTBa. HeoöxoAHMo Tbi K O M n ^ e K c a

Bce

npoAyK-

HCXOAH H3 e a H H b i x n p H H U H n o B o ô e c n e n e H H H p a B H b i x

co3Aarb

B3aHMoyBH33HHyio

ycjioBHH

XO3PACQETHOH AEHTEJIBHOCTH

CHCTeMy

(SKBHBAIJIEHTHOCTH

u e H Ha

MEÄOTPACJIEBORO

A o n y c K a i o m y i o TOJibKO c ô a j i a H c n p o B a H H b i e C A B H ™ B u e H a x Hbie He

H3A6JIHH, y C J i y r H H3MCHH6TCH

H CeJIbCK0X03HHCTBeHHyi0

H0pM3THB

peHTaÔeJIbHOCTH.

Ha

npOÄyKUHIO,

HopMaTHBbI

npH

ueH,

HOPMSTHB

oôecneqHBaiomHX

peHTaöe^bHOCTH

xo3HHCTBy. 3 T O

no HapoAHOMy

KOTOpblX

H3Aep>KeK

BOÄCTBa AOJIJKHH ÖblTb n p H B e ß e H b l B COOTBeTCTBHe C ypOBHHMH cpeAHero

OÔMEHA),

npoMbiiujieH-

npoH3B0ACTBa

n03B0JiHT

npOH3-

3aKynOqHbIX

nocTeneHHo

He

HHjKe

0TK33aTbca

OT ÓIOAJKeTHblX AOT3II.HH H CIIHCaHHH 3aAO./I}KeHHOCTH nO K p e ^ H T a M H n o M e pe

pocTa

HHe

Bce

peHTaßejibHOCTH npeAnpHHTHH

Ocoöoe BeHHo

3HaqeHHe

B3HHIO

TOJIbKO

nOflCHCTeM.

H

KOHeUHblX

npaBa

npHHTHH

caMotJ)HHaHCHpoBa-

«nojie—noTpeÖHTejib».

o6"beflHHeHHH

pacnopnjKeHHH

(HCKJHOHaa

iuiaTe>KH

CaMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH

npeflejieHHe

np0H3B0ACTBa

AOXOÄOB

Me>KAy

CTOpOH;

3aKJiionpo-

npeA0CT3BJie-

HMeiomHMHCH

rocyaapcTBy

Ka>KAoro npeanpHHTHH TpyAOBbiMH

KOTpacjieBOMy

0üepaTHBH0-X03HHCTBeHH0H

njiaHOB np0H3B0ACTBa

H3B0aCTBeHHbIMH

Ha

nocTeneHHbiii

pe3yJIbTaT0B

arponpoMbiiujieHHbix

HeHHbix A o r o B o p o B HHe

nocjieAOBaTejibHbiñ

Ue^ecoo6pa3eH

PaeiHHpeHHe

NPEANPHHTHH poBaHHe

uenoHKH

nporpaMMHO-uejieBOMy,

H ynpaBjieHHK).

pOBaHHK)

nepeBecTH

HMeeT

K

OTpacjieBoro

np0H3B0ACTB3

TexHOJionmecKoñ

y

npeA-

n0Ab30BaHHe

oôecneqeHHe ca-

H ofrbeAHHeHHH;

pac-

B COOTBCTCTBHH

KOJiJieKTHBaMH

C

KOHeqHbiMH xo3HHCTBeHHbiMH p e 3 y j i b T a T a M H Hx T p y A a . n^aHbl

npOH3BOACTBeHHOH

«nojie—noTpeÖHTejib» ÖHTejieü

HX

NPOAYKUHH,

o6T>eMaM, c T p y K T y p e , UHH.

OcHOBHbIM

HJIH y c ^ y r BaiomHH yCJIOBHH.

ao^JKHbi

B KOTOPBLX

HHCTpyMeHTOM

npH

pea^H3aU,HH

npHMofl

MaTepnajibHyio

3TOM

Bcex H3

3BeHbeB

H cpoKaM njISHOB

n0CT3BKH floroBop,

oTBeTCTBeHHOCTb

3a

noTpe-

TpeöoBaHHH

NOCTABKH

xo3HHCTBeHHbiH

HeOÔXOflHMO O Ö e c n e H H T b

CHCTeMbI

OCHOBe 3 3 K 3 3 0 B

(J)HKCHPOBARB

c^eayeT

KanecTBy, 3ccopTHMeHTy

AOJiJKeH c T a T b

>KecTKyK>

AeHTejIbHOCTH (JjopMHpoBaTbCH

no

npo^yK-

npOÄyKUHH

npe^ycMaTpH-

HeBbinojiHeHHe

X03HHCTBeHH0e

ero

paBHOnpaBHe

CTOpOH B BbinOJIHeHHH ÄOrOBOpHblX yCJIOBHH. B

CHCTeMe SKOHOMHHeCKOrO C T H M y j I H p O B a H H H ACHCTBHH c T H M y j i o B

OÄHOHanpaBJieHHocTb BeTCTBHe

pa3MepOB

CTHMyjIHpOBaHHH

HOCTH, o 6 n 3 a T e ^ b H o c T b MOCTb

MaTepna^bHbix

nooiupeHHH caHKUHH

3a

3a

Ha

HeOÔXOÂHMO

Bcex

AOCTHTHyTblM xopouiHe

AeftoTBHfl,

ypoBHHX,

OÔeCneiHTb

cTporoe

pe3yjIbTaTaM H

pe3yjibTaTbi noB^eKiune

COOT-

fleHTeJIb-

HeoTBpaTH-

MaTepHajibHbiñ

ymepô. C

u e j l b i o CTHMyjIHpOB3HHH p0CT3

CTH n p 0 H 3 B 0 4 C T B 3

cjieflyeT uiHpe

0 6 " b e M 0 B H nOBblUieHHH

pscnpocTpaHHTb

3(})(J)eKTHBHO-

aKKopflHO-npeMHajibHyK)

o n j i a T y 3a K O H e ^ H b i e p e 3 y j i b T a T b i n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B a , ö p n r a a H b i H n o a p H A H A p y THe (|)OpMbI KOJIJieKTHBHOH OnJiaTbl T p y A a 7. « B o n p o c b l 3KOHOMHKH» J\Ts 12.

RJIH T p y A O B b l X

KOi/IJieKTHBOB.

OT

T.. KOCAHEB

98

pe3y^bTaTOB ÄOJUKHO 3aBHceTb He TOJibKo MaTepnajibHoe cTHMy^HpoBaHHe, HO H Y P O B E H B OCHOBHOH onjiara. H a npeanpHHTHHx H B arponpoMbimjieHHbix o6-be,HHHeHHHx, nepepaôaTblBaiOmHX CeJIbCK0X03HHCTBeHH0e Cbipbe, 6bIJIO 6bl UejieC006pa3H0 C03flaTb cj)OH,a MaTepnajibHoro cTHMyjinpoBaHHH ÄJIH noompeHHH paôoTHHKOB, cneUH3JIHCT0B H pyKOBOÄHTeJiefi, flOÔHBlUHXCH BbICOKHX nOKa3aTejieH no BblXOay KOHeqHOH npOÄyKUHH H3 CejIbCK0X03flñCTBeHH0r0 CbipbH H npeÄOTBpameHHK) ero noTepb. PaCUlHpeHHe X03HHCTBeHH0H C3MOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH H nOBblllieHHe OTBeTcTBeHHocTH K0JIX030B H C0BX030B, npeanpHHrafl H opraHH3auHÜ, ocywecTBJIHIOIUHX 3 a r 0 T 0 B K y , xpaHeHHe, nepepaéoTKy H peaJiH3aiiHio n p o ^ y K U H H , TpeöyeT coKpameHHH KOJinnecTBa AHpeKTHBHUx noK333TejieH, ÄOBOflHMbix ao npejnpHHTHH, C UeJIblO p33BHTHH HHHUHSTHBbI HX TpyÄOBblX KOJIJieKTHBOB. ripeixcTaBJiHeTcn uejiecoo6pa3HbiM nepeimi Ha cHcreMy ÄOBefleHHfl TBepflbix njiaHOBblX 3a^aHHH ÄO CeJIbCK0X03HHCTBeHHbIX npeflnpHHTHH TOJlbKO no 33KynKaM npo^yKTOB, H/iyiUHX Ha 4>opMHpoB3HHe o6mecoio3Hbix cjjoHÄOB, a 3aaaHHH no 3aKynKaM apyroö cejibCKoxo3HHCTBeHHoñ npo^yKUHH ÄOBOjiHTb flO 3 a r O T O B H T e J I b H b I X OpraHH3aUHH HCXOflH H3 B03M0JKH0CTCH n O C J i e Ä H H X npH ONTHMAJIBHOM HCn0JIb30B3HHH HX MOULHOCTEFL. Jl,m CTHMyjinpoBaHHa KanecTBa n^OÄOOBomHOH npoÄyKUHH, oTrpyjKaeMOH B o6mecoK)3HbiH (^OHA, cjie.aoB3.flo 6bi ycTaHOBHTb nopaflOK 3a^eTa BbinojiHeHHH njiaHa nocTaßoK no aaHHbiM npneMKH, a He 0Trpy3KH npoayKUHH (no BHHorpaay, caxapHofl CBeiuie, noflcojiHeqHHKy, n^oÄOOBonxHOH npoflyKUHH Ha npoMbiniJieHHyio nepepaßoTKy — no 3a*ieTHOMy Becy). riofl 3anjiaHHpoBâHHHe oóteMbi np0H3B0ÄCTBa npoflyKUHH ÄOJIJKHH npeayCMaTpHB3TbCH n0CT3BKH HeflOCTaiOUlHX M3TepH3JIbH0-TeXHHHeCKHX

KOHeHHbix

CpeaCTB

B BHfle

TeXHHKO-TeXHOJIOrH^eCKHX

KOMnJieKCOB.

/l^IH

yCTp3HeHHfl

B03HHKai0UXHX flHCnpOnOpUHH H «y3KHX» MeCT BO Bcex 3BeHbHX CHCTeMbI « n o j i e — n o T p e Ö H T e ^ b » HCOÖXOÄHMO HMeTb H o p M H p o B a H H u e p e 3 e p B H MaTepnajIbHblX (FOHFLOB.

TaKHM 06p330M, cneuHajiH3HpoB3HHbie oö-beaHHeHHa aojijKHbi CT3Tb 0pr3HH33UH0HH0H, 3 npHMbie flOrOBOpbl K0HTp3KT3UHH —3K0H0MHK0-npaBOBOH

OCHOBOH C H C T e M b I

«nOJie

nOTpeÖHTeJIb».

TeXHHKO-TeXHOJlOrH^eCKOH

6a30H Ä0JIJKH3 C J i y J K H T b C H C T e M 3 M a n i H H , O X B a T H B a i O m S f l K a K CeJIbCKOXO3HHCTBeHHOe n p 0 H 3 B 0 4 C T B 0 , T 3 K H B C e O C H O B H b i e H B C n 0 M 0 r 3 T e J I b H b i e n p o ueccbi, BbinojiHHeMbie B n o c j i e y ö o p o q H b i ö ÄyKUHH HCBblX

noTpeÓHTeJiio. TeXHOJIOrHH,

CTpyKUHH

M3UIHH

nepHoa,

C0BepuieHCTB0B3HHe

npOBeaeHHe

HCCJieflOBaHHH

H Mex3HH3M0B,

3

TaioKe

B n j i o T b ÄO N O C T S B K H

cymecTByioiiiHX B

npo-

pa3pa6oTKy

C03,aaHHH

KOH-

OTBeHaiomHX

aa»-

OÖJiaCTH

TpaHcnopT3,

H

HbiM TexHOJiOTHHM H jiyHuiHM O T e H e c T B e H H b i M H MHpoBbiM o6pa3uaM, HeOÔXOflHMO npOBOÄHTb Ha OCHOBe e f l H H O r O K O O p Ä H H a U H O H H O r o n J i a H 3 . O f l H O BpeMeHHO

flOJIÍKeH

COBepUieHCTBOBSTbCH

H npaBOBOH

MeX3HH3M,

HE

TOJIbKO

OXBSTblBaiOlUHH (J)yHKU,HOHHpOB3HHe H B 3 3 H M O C B H 3 H B C e X SJIPMeHTOB C H C T e MbI

«nojie —

noTpeÔHTejib»,

HO

H oóecneHHBaiomHH

HHe COXpaHHOCTH COUHaJIHCTH^eCKOH COÓCTBeHHOCTH.

najibHeftiuee

ynpenjie-

A.

yAbMacoe,

M.

IIIapu^xodotcaea TaiuKeHT

C T A H O B J I E H H E

H

C O U M A J I H C T H M E C K O K B

P E C n y E J I H K A X

P A 3 B H T H E 3 K 0 H 0 M H K H

C P E A H E K

A 3 H M

3 a 6 0 JieT, n p o m e a u i H e c o BpeMeHH CBoero 06pa30BaHHH, pecnyôJiHKH C p e A H e ñ A3HH a o ç t h i v i h ô o j i b u i H x y c n e x o B b 3 k o h o m h h 6 c k o m h c o u n a j i b HOM pa3BHTHH. Bon;ioTH./iacb b jKH3Hb jieHHHCKaH KOHuenuHH n e p e x o A a OTCTaJIblX HapOAOB K COUHaJIH3My, KOTOpaH HCXOflHT H3 BO3M0JKH0CTH npH onpeAeJieHHbix ycjiOBHHx c o K p a i y e H H o r o UHKJia HCTOpnqecKoro pa3BHTHH. H e o ô x o A H M O H n p e A n o c b i j i K O H cTpoHTejibCTBa c o u H a j i H 3 M a B pecnyÓJiHKax C p e A H e f i A3HH, MHHyn CTaanio KanHTaAH3Ma, CTaJio ycTaHOBJieHHe C o B e T CKOH BJiaCTH. YTBepJKAeHHe OÖmeCTBeHHOH COÖCTBeHHOCTH Ha CpeACTBa npOH3BOACTBa nOCJiyîKHJIO OCHOBOH (j)0pMHp0B3HHH OTHOIIieHHH COTpyAHHHecTBa h B3aHMonoMoinH M O K A y H a p o a a M H He3aBHCHMO o t h x Hau,HOHajibHOH n p H H a f l ^ e ^ í H o c T H . K a K yKa3biBaji K . M a p n c , a-tch T o r o mtoôm «HapOAbl MOrjIH AeftCTBHTe^bHO 06-beÄHHHTbCH, y HHX AOJI>KHbI ÓbITb 0 6 IUHe HHTepeCbI. ^TOÓbl HX HHTepeCbl MOIV1H 6bITb 061HHMH, AOJI>KHbI ÔblTb yHHHTOJKeHbi c y m e c T B y i o i i w e OTHomeHHH c o S c t b c h h o c t h , h 6 o c y m e c T B y i o m n e OTHOuieHHH c o 6 c t b 6 h h o c t h o ö y c j i O B j i H B a i o T S K c n j i y a T a u H i o o a h h x HapoAOB Ä p y r H M H . . . » 1 . P e a j i H 3 a u H H n p e H M y m e c T B oömecTBeHHoß coöcTBeHHOCTH n03B0^HJia pecnyôJiHKaM C p e A H e ñ A 3 h h C03AaTb MomHbiñ s k o h o m h qecKHH noTeHUHaji, o n n p a n c b Ha oô-beAHHeHHbie b 0 6 m e r 0 c y A a p c T B e H H 0 M M a c u i T a ô e p e c y p c u , Ha B c e c T o p o H H e e c o A e ñ c T B H e npoMbiuiJieHHbix ueHTPOB CTpaHH. B x o A e couHajiHCTHHecKHx n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B a H H H s k o h o m h k h c p e A n e a 3 H 3 T CKHX p e c n y ö ^ H K 6 h j i h ywTeHbi c n e u H ^ H M e c K H e ycjioBHH s t h x pecnyôJiHK, a HMeHHo: K p a ñ H e h h 3 k h h ypoBeHb p 3 3 b h t h h n p 0 H 3 B 0 A H T e j i b H b i x c h j i , H a JIHIHe B 3K0H0MHHeCK0M 6a3HCe BeCbMa pa3HOpOAHbIX THnOB npOH3BOACTBeHHbix OTHOUI6HHH npH B e A y m e ñ pojiH (fieoAaJibHO-naTpHapxajibHbix. M o 3aHHHOCTb SKOHOMimecKOH CTpyKTypbi n o T p e ô o B a j i a npoBeAeHHH He TOJibKO MepOnpHHTHH nO (J)OpMHpOBâHHK) COUHaJlHCTHHeCKOrO yKJiaAa, HO H H3MÊHeHHH, H a U e ^ e H H b l X Ha OCBOÔO>KAeHHe 3KOHOMHKH «OT CpeAHeBeKÒBbH, o t KpenocTHHqecTBa, o t (})eoAa;iH3Ma»2 h c o c t o h b l u h x b nosTanHOH j i h k b h A a u H H ( { j e o A a j i b H o r o 3eM^eBJiaaeHHH, 4>eoA3JibHoñ peHTbi, p o c T O B i u H H e c T B a h A e H a T y p a j î H 3 a n , H H n a T p H a p x a j i b H o r o x o 3 h h c t b 3 . Ä a H H b i e Mepbi b c o ^ e T a HHH C COUHajIHCTHqeCKHMH npe0Ôpa30BaHHHMH npHBejIH K B03HHKHOBeHHIO n e p e x o A H O H k c o u H a j i H 3 M y c o u H a j i b H O - S K O n o M H i e c K o ñ CTpyKTypbi, h o He M o r j i H o ö e c n e ^ H T b C03A3HHe MaTepHajibHO-TexHHqecKOH 6a3bi c o u H a j i H 3 M a . E e ocHOBa AaceTa H npeAOCTaBJieHHH AOTauHñ óioAJKeTaM cpeAHea3HaTCKHx pecnyóJIHK. 3 a KOpOTKHH CpOK ÓblJIH C03AaHH OCHOBbl KpyiIHOH npOMblIlL/ieHHOCTH, HawaTa KopeHHan nepecTpoñKa CTpyKTypbi oómecTBeHHoro np0H3B0ACTB3. B yCJIOBHHX 4>OpMHpOBaHHH eAKHOTO X03HHCTBeHH0ro KOMnJieKCa CTpaHbi HOBaa np0H3B0ACTBeHHaH cTpyKTypa pecnyóJiHK c>6pa30Bajiacb noA BJiHHHHeM o6mecoK)3Horo pa3AeJieHHa TpyAa, c yneTOM cneitHcjmKH npnpoAHblX H TpyAOBblX pecypeOB, HCTOpHHeCKH HaKOnJieHHblX npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX H3BbIKOB HaCeJieHHH. O A H O H H3 rjiaBHbix npo6jieM YTBEPJKAEHHH COUHAJMCTHQECKOH SKOHOM H K H B pecnyÓJiHKax CpeAHeñ A3HH 6biJia KoonepaiiHa MCJIKHX npoH3BoAHTeJieñ ropOAa H AepeBHH. Mejinne np0H3B0AHTejin cocTaBJUMH óoJibiiiHHCTBO HaceJieHHH, HX TpyAOM co3AaBajiacb cymecTBeHHan MacTb coBOKynHOro npoAyKTa. C yneTOM pa3BHT0CTH OÓUXHHHHX TpaAHUHñ coBMecTHoro Tpyaa, nepeiuieTeHHH KjiaccoBbix CBH3eñ c oómHHHo-poAOBbiMH KOonepHpoBaHHe npoBOAHjiocb noaianHO, npH SHa^HTejibHOH MaTepHajibHoñ noMomH rocyAapcTBa. B pe3yjibTaTe iviyfíoKHx peBOJirouHOHHbix npeo6pa30BaHHñ B HapoAHOM xo3HHCTBe pecnyÓJWK CpeAHeñ A3HH npHiueAuiHe Ha cMeHy Ao6ypXya3HOH 3K0H0MHt¡eCK0H CTpyKType COUHaJIHCTHieCKHe npOH3BOACTBeHHbie oTHoiueHHfl oóecne^H^H ycKopeHHoe pa3BHTHe np0H3B0AHTejibHbix CHJI. B 4>opMHpoBaHHH TexHHiecKOH 6a3bi oómecTBeHHoro np0H3B0ACTBa B CpeAHeñ A3HH ÓOJIbUiyiO pOJIb CbirpaJIH He TOJIbKO C03AaHHe COÓCTBeHHOH TH»eJioñ npoMbiiimeHHocTH, HO H Me>Kpecny6jiHKaHCKaa KOonepaiiHH, cnoC O Ó C T B O B a B U i a a I U H p O K O M y BHeApeHHIO B HapOAHOe X03HÑCTB0 3THX pecnyfíjiHK AOCTHJKeHHñ HayiHo-TexHHHecKoro nporpecca. K o BpeMeHH oépa30BaHH5J pecnyóJiHK CpeAHeñ A3HH HMEBIIIHECH B orpaHHHeHHOM KOJiH^eCTBe ABHraTeJiH npoMbiuiJieHHHX npeAnpHSTHñ Ha V3 6MJIH TexHHHecKH yciapeBiiiHMH. B AOBoeHHbie roAbi OHH 6HJIH 3aMeHeHbi 6ojiee coBepmeHHblMH SJieKTpOABHraTejIHMH. IlepeBOA npOMblLUJieHHOCTH Ha HCn0JIb30BaHHe SJieKTpHMeCTBa n03B0JIH./I OÓHOBHTb napK CT3HKOB, BHeApHTb ópjiee npOH3BOAHTE/ibHbie ManiHHbi H annapaTbi. SJIEKTPNCJDHKAUHH npoMbiuiJieHHocTH CpeAHeñ A3HH xapaKTepH30Bajiacb BHeApeHHeM sjieKTpoxHMHiecKoñ H 3JieKTpO(j)H3HMeCKOñ TeXHOJIOTHH npOH3BOACTBa. ECJIH B 1940 r. Ha TeXHO^orHqecKHe H Y ^ A H pacxoAOBajiocb OKOJIO 1% noTpeójineMoñ B npoMbimjieHHOCTH sjieKTposHeprHH, TO B 1980 r.—6ojiee 30%. B HacTOHiuee BpeMH yBe^HueHHe MauiHHOBoopyxeHHOCTH TpyAa conpoBOJKAaeTca po6oTH3auHeñ OTAejibHbix np0H3B0ACTBeHHbix onepaiiHñ, co3AaHHeM Ha npeAnpHHTHHX THHíeJIOH npOMblUIJieHHOCTH p060TH3Hp0BaHHbIX yqaCTKOB, IlIHpOKHM HCn0JIb30BaHHeM B npOH3BOACTBe BbIHHCJIHTeJIbHOñ TeXHHKH. TexHHnecKHñ nporpecc B npoMbiuuieHHocTH n03B0JiHji oóecneHHTb HeyK^OHHblñ pOCT (|)OHAOBOOpymeHHOCTH H SJieKTpOBOOpyJKeHHOCTH TpyAa. 3a 1 9 7 0 — 1 9 8 2 IR. NOKA3ATE^B ^OHAOBOOPYJKEHHOETH YBE^HQHJICA: B Y3FIEKCKoñ C C P — B 2 pa3a, B TaA^íHKCKoñ C C P — B 2,3, B TypKMeHCKoñ C C P — B 2,3 pa3a. BHeApeHHe KOMiiAeKCHoñ MexaHH3au,HH H cpeACTB ABTOM3TH3AUHH np0H3B0ACTBa, npHMeHeHHe HOBMX MaTepHajiOB AaeT Hap0AH0My xo3HñcTBy omyTHMbiñ sKOHOMHqecKHñ 3(})(})eKT. ECJIH B 1970 r. SKOHOMHqeCKHH 3ke 189,7 MJIH. py6. flepeBOA npo-

P A 3 B H T H È 3 K 0 H 0 M H K H PECnyEJIHK C P E f l H E H

MbiiiiJieHHOCTH Ha HOByK) r e x H H q e c K y i o b

ÄHTejibHOCTb

Tpyaa

TafljKHKCKOH

CCP —

CKOH C C P — b BHjio b

5,7

npoMbmmeHHOCTH b

3,4

pa3a.

SToro

KHprH3CKOH

CCP

Ha

Oähhm

(J)aKT0p0M

iuHe 6 0

Hoñ CpeAHeñ

k

6hjih

THnHUHbiMH njiomaAeñ.

OpyMCeHHH,

C03Ä3H3

MexaHH3aUHH

TpyAoeMKOCTbK) jiocb

BOjiCTBe

MeJK/iyp H f l H a h

Ha

xaHH3HpoBaHa y ö o p n a B

Tpy/ie.

pecnyßjiHKSx

npoH3Bo^cTBa

HcpsjibHbix HeM.

b

ynoópeHHH

peÖJiHJiocb n p H M e p H o BjiaroAapn

C(J)OpMHpOB3Ha

80-x

np.o-

nepeBOOcoßafl

npOÄHKTOBaHa

npouiJiOM

60-x

ocHOBbiBa-

toäob

b

xjionKO-

BcnauiKa, iiomth

ro^ax

co3,aaHa

MHHepajibHbix

Ha

H3

pscneTe

b KBS.

pa3a

CeTb

mto

noceB,

5 0 %

Me-

npoMbiumeH-

n03B0JineT

CeJIbCKOrO X 0 3 H H C T B 3 . 1 ra

npOBO-

1 9 7 9 T. M H A3hh

noT-

ypoB-

noceBOB

b

B

6oJibiue n o cpaBHeHHio c MHpoBbiM

CpeAHeñ

KanHT3JioBJio>KeHHHM

3HaqHTejibHbiM IIlHpOKaH

co6cTBeHHaa

y^oòpeHHH,

UIHpOKOMaCIUTaÔHyK) X H M H 3 3 U H K )

flHTb

B

P33bhthh

X03HHCTB3.

Mex3HH3HpoB3Hbi

xjionnaTHHKa.

noceB-

TexHHqecKoro

b

Hanajiy

ra

npHxoÄHJiocb

perHOHa

KOTOpoe K

Kpyn-

xjionKa.

cpeflHea3HaTCKHX

6a3a

3eMJie;iejiHH,

81%.

nporneÄ-

1—2

kojixo3

CeJIbCKOTO

X03HHCTB3

3a

CHCTeMe

ocHOBe

AJÍ h

6a3a

H XHMH33UHH

nojiHocTbio

o6pa6oTKa

Ha

pecnyßjiHKax

py^HOM

A3hh

Cpe^Heñ

B

CeJIbCKOTO

opoiuaeMoro

HCKJUo^HTejibHo

TaK,

ÄOpeBOJlIOUHOH-

HMeBiiiHe

Ha k 3 > k ä h h

HHÄycTpHajibHan

3JieKTpH(J)HKaUHH

3HaqHM0CTb

oöycjio

npHXOflH^OCb

pecnyójiHK B

b

KuprH3-

Tpy^a

Tpyfla

npOH3BOÄCTBa.

xo3hhctb3,

1865

noceBHHx

b

4,5,

BbiC0K0MexaHU3Hp0BaHH0H

1980 r. b cpeAHeM

ra

np0H3B0-

B03pocjia:

npoMbiuiJieHHOCTH.

cpeaHea3HaTCKHx

HOH njioma^H. B MbiiujieHHocTH

p33bhthh

CejIbCK0X03HHCTBeHH0r0

A3HH

CCP — b

IipOH3BOÄHTe jlbHOCTH

pa3BHTHH

JieT HBJineTCH n e p e x o A

HOMaCIIITaÖHOrO

rr.

n p o M b i i u j i e H H o n n p o a y K U H H , b 1981 r . — y » c e

npnpocTa

h3 HToroB

1941 — 1 9 8 2

np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH b

(})aKTOpa

flOJIK)

3a

y3ÖeKCK0H

IloBbimeHHe

po;iH

1970 r. 7 5 %

b

pa3a,

ycHjieHHe

Haa

B b i C T y n a e T nnaBHbiM

n p o H 3 B O Ä H T e j i b H O C T H Tpy,o,a. B p e c n y ô j i H K a x C p e ^ H e ñ A 3 h h

pocTa

B

6asy

101

A3HH

TeXHHieCKH

B

Bo^noe

OCHameHHblX

XO3HHCTBO

HppHrail,HOHHbIX

CHCTeM. b

nporpecc CKOH

3eMJieAGJiHH

cbh33h

TecHo

CTpOHTeJlbCTBS H 3KCnJiy3T3U,HH

6a3H

c

npeo6pa30BaHHeM

TexHHne-

H p p H r a U H O H H O Ö CHCTeMbl

Cpefl-

H e ñ A 3 H H . E c j i h b 1 9 3 1 r . y p o B e H b m c x 3 H H 3 3 u h h 3eMJiHHbix p a ó o T n p n rauHOHHOM

CTpoHTeJibCTBe

100%.

TexHHHecKHH

nporpecc

noaaqe

boäh.

B

BpeMH

UIHHHOM

HacTOHUi.ee

nOa-beMe

6jIH3Ka

OAHOBpeMeHHO

c

307o,

cocTaBJiHJi

ÄOCTHr

to

ceßecTOHMOCTb

CeÖeCTOHMOCTH

TexHHqecKHM

npH

TpyAOBoro

counajibHo-SKOHOMUHecKHe

noTeHunajia

TpyÄOBbix

pecypcoB,

HHHeCKOrO

ypOBHH

paÔOTHHKOB,

BOH C T p y K T y p 33HHT0CTH. BblUieHHK»

oómero

1976—1980

rr.

Heñ A3HH 6 h ^ h tocth

PoCT

ypOBHH

Hmcjih

33HHTOCTH b

3a

a^H

MecTo

npoH3BoacTB3 ycKopeHHoro ôwcTpoe h

npo6jiapocTa

yBejiHieHHe

Ky^bTypHo-Tex-

TpyÂOCnOCOÔHOTO

rr.

Ma-

H

OTpSCJie-

BJIOJKeHHH C n 0 C 0 6 C T B 0 B 3 ^ nO-

pscMeTe

1926—1980

npH

OpOIIieHHH.

Ha

ayuiy

HaceJieHHH.

HscejieHHH

no^TH b 1 0 0 pa3 ô o ^ b u i e , neM b 1 9 2 4 — 1 9 2 8 pocTa.

3aTpaTnpn

boäh

npO(})eCCHOH3JIbHOH

K3nHT3JTbHbIX

KanHTa^oBJiojKeHHH

npaimmecKH

CHjie. Cou.iia.nH3M c o 3 ä 3 j i

b ctj)epe M a T e p n a j i b H o r o npoH3BoacTBa

SKOHOMHqecKoro

no^a^H

06uxe06p330BaTejibH0r0 H3MeHeHHe

oh

r.

CHH»eHHio

C3M0TeiH0M

ycjioBHH

A3hh.

Cpe^Heñ

noBbiuieHHe

1981

nepeBoopyjKeHHeM

H30UIJ1H K a q e c T B e H H b i e H3MeHeHHH b p a é o M e ñ ronpHHTHbie

k

cnocoöcTByeT

uppH-

rr. P o c t

HBJiaeTCji Ba>KHbiM

npH

pocTe

oßuien

B

Cpea33hh-

(|)aKTopoM

hhcjichhocth

HacejieHHH C p e ^ H e ñ A 3 h h b 3>4 pa3a MHCJieHHOCTb paßo^nx h c j i y x a i u H X yBejiH^HJiacb pa3BHTHH

b

26

pa3.

BbiCTynaeT

jKeHepHO-TexHHiecKOH Heñ

À3HH

yaejibHbiH

BajKHefiiiiHM

KeHbi Hetjrrb, ra3, yrojib, u B e T H b i e h peAKHe MeTajuibi, 30.n0TO H T. A- TsA>KHKHCT3H H IBaHHH jiecHbix

BHFLOB npoayKIÍHH H3

pecypcoB

BeHrpHH

yace

70—80%.

roBoproiocb

OCHOBHMX

Bbime.

B BeHrpHH np0H3B0flHTCfl HeflOCTaTOHHO SJIfl yflOBJieT-

flpeBeCHHbl

BopeHna noTpefiHocTH, TBK Kan Mano Jieca, H npnxo,HHTca BB03HTb nHaoMaTepnaabi,

iíea-

jii0ji03y, $ a H e p y H Kpyrjibiñ a e c . Odpaa

npoSaeMa a a a BeHrpHH — CHafiateHHe npecHoS BO,ÍOH, Heciuorpa Ha HaaHiHe

J y H a a . 1 e p e 3 TeppHTopnio BeHrpHH eaiero^HO npoTeKaeT OKOJIO 1 2 0 Kyó. KM peiHOH BOS h , HO 3Ta Bo^a, n p n x o f l a m a a c TeppHTopHH coceflHax CTpaH, CHJibHO 3arpa3HeHa. 3 a n a c H ate npecHoS b o ^ h , ofipasyiomHeca BHyTpH CTpaHbi, He BeaHKH. JJaa co3flaHHa 3anacoB p e i HOH BOflbi coopyaceHbi njioTHHbi Ha T n c e H ee npHTOKax, npoBefleHa KaHaaH3au,na peKH K e pern. EpHHHMaioTca Mepbi no

noTpeóaeHHa BOHM npoMbimaeHHOCTbio

coKpameHHio

nyTeM

npuMeHeHHa ofioporaoro B0fl0CHa6ateHHa. CTOHT 3a^aia coKpameHHa 3arpa3HeHHH penHoñ BOJIH KaK npoMHiiiJieHHOCTbH), TaK H ceJitCKHM X03HHCTB0M, iTofibi B peKH He nonafla.iH XHMHHecKHe epeflCTBa, y j o f i p e H H a , repSnuHflbi c n o a e ñ . fljia

oxpaHH aTMoe$epHoro B03flyxa OT 3arpa3HeHHH BejeTca KOHTprjjib 3a BbiSpo-

caMH npoMbiuiJieHHbiMH 3a 3arpa3HeHHe

CBepx

flOTaipn

Ha npHpoflooxpaHHbie

yrjia ^Jia 0T0nHTeabHbix

iíeaeií

npoeKTbi no

ijeaH. B

flpyrax

H

ycTaHOBJieHHbix

HaaaraiOTca iHTpaCTH 6oaee 9K0H0MH0r0 Hcnoab30BaHHa MaTepHaaoB. Jlyqrae O6CTOHT seao c 3K0H0MHeñ T0njiHBH0-3HepreraqecKHX pecypcoB. 3a nocaeflHHe roflbi B ijeaoM no CTpaHe 3HaHHTOibHo cHH3Haocb noTpefíaeHHe nepBHiHbix pecypcoB B p a c i e T e Hue sHepruH

3a

Ha eflHHHijy HaiinoHajibHoro s o x o ^ a .

cieT

yraa

m Apyrax

CTaao noBbiraaTbca

TBepflbix SHeproHOCHTeaeñ

npn

3Hepro-

noTpeóae-

CHHaceHHH

floaa

112

T.

HE$RA

H RA3A. HECKOJIBKO

H

MYHAJIBHBIX CNOPTE

TONJIHBA

H SHEPNIH

NEPEOGOPYJJOBAHHE

PA^A

C 6OAEE

NOJIHHM

ERO

TONJIHBA.

JOAACHA FIBITB FLO-

Y

NPOMBIMAEHHBIX

MEJIKHX

PA3PA6OIAHBI

TENJIOQEHTPAJIEH

06M,ECTBEHH0M

H

NPHMEHEHH

BEE STO HANPABJIEHO HA BKOHOMHIO TONJIHBA.

HOCTH;

FIY^ET

NP0H3B0FLHTBCA

OTONJIEHNE

6biTy —

B

6HORA3

H3

OPRAHHIECKHX

ocBemeHHe,

HA

ACNABA. IIPHHHMAIOTCA

PA6OIY

AHEPRNIHBIE

OTXOSOB.

TeaeBH3opoB

MEPBI K

H

HOPMATHBBI CACNRATT

NPOMHINAEH-

CHHACAIOTCA H

T.

YBEAMEHHIO

KOM-

ABTOTPAH-

HAMENAETCA

B NOJIYWRB SHEPRHIO H3 OTXOAOB CEABCICORO XO3ASCTBA, AECHOFT H NUMEBOFI 9JieKTpo3HeprHH

HA-

NP0H3B0JCTBA

PAFIOTA

YCTAHOBOK

HCN0JIB30BAHHEM,

OTPACAEN

YAYIINEHA

NOTPEFIHTEJIEFL. CMIACEHO NOTPE6JIEHHE ROPWHERO HA

TORUIHBONOTPESJIEHHFL.

Haxoaa-

NPORPAMMA, B KOTOPOH

B PA#E

6Y#ET FLOFIBIBATBCA OIEIECTBEHHORO

SKOHOMHSI KOKca B HEPHOFI METAJUIYPRHH,

H OCYMECTBJIEHO

ROPIOQERO aBTOMooiiJiflMH,

COCTABJIEHA SHEPRETHIECKAA

NO SKOHOMHH

AOTPE6JIEHHA. BOJIBIUE

CTHRAYTA

noTpe6aemie

YMEHBNRAAOCB

MHMHCA B JIHHHOM N0JIB30BAHHH. MENEHBI MEPONPHARAA

XAHATYPOB

R.

PACXOJBI

YJIYIMAETCA

C6OPA

BTOPWIHORO

CBIPBA •— METAJIJIMECKORO, XHMHQECICORO H HHORO. CTAJIH K

#EAY

NPUHHMATB

OXPAHBI

JHCITIINJIIIH

B

MEPBI

NPNPOFLBI

H

K

CPE^H

PACNPOCTPAHEHHIO

HACEAEFFLIA.

CPE^HES RAITOJIE, B

BY3AX.

3HAHH0

BEJETCA

B

H

BOCNIRRAHHIO

NPENO,NABAHHE

NPONARAHFLY

HABBIKOB

COOTBBTCTBYIOMHX

NPHPOFLOOXPAHHBIX

MEP

BOBJIE-

CPE^U

NPEJY-

KAWTCA H NPO$COIO3HBIE O P R A M M I T H H . B

TEPMAHCKOFI

JEMOKPARAIECKOH

PECNYSJMICE

OXPAHA

OKPYXAWMEFI

CMOTPEHA B KOHCTHTYNHH

KAN O6A3AHHOCTB ROCYFLAPCTBA H KAACFLORO RPAJKFLAHHHA. B

INEHHAX

H

X

CI>E3FLA C E I I R

NPABHTEJIBCTBA

TFLP

NOCTABJIEHBI

SAFLAQA

6OJIEE

PE-

3K0H0MH0R0

HCNOAB30BAHHA HMEIOIIPXCA PECYPCOB HA OCHOBE PAI(H0HAJIH3AUHH NP0H3B0FLCTBA H 3 A M N Tbi

BOJBI H B03FLYXA

MEPHAA

OT 3 a r p a 3 H e H H a .

OPRAHH3AIJHA

ROCYFLAPCTBEHHBIX

H3^AHHBIMH

OXPAHBI OKPYACAIOMES

H MECRAWX,

A TAOCE

B TJP

CPEAU

NPE/JNPHJITHH,

FLA^H. PA3PA6ATBIBAWTCFL FLOAROCPOHHHIE NPORPAMMBI OTFLEABHBIX TEPPHTOPNAX.

YCTAHOBJIEHH

3AK0HAIUI

HA K0T0PBIE

FLEAIEJIBHOCTH

naaHO-

ONPEFLEJIEHA

H O6A3AHHOCTH OPRAHOB

YNPABJIEHHA,

B03JIARAI0TCA NO

oxpaHe

06A3AHH0CRA FLHPEKTOPOB NPEFLNPHARAS

3TH

3A-

CPEJJBI

HA

H

KOM6H-

HATOB NO BBINOJIHEHHIO NPORPAMM. MEPONPHARAA

NO OXPAHE 3EMJM B

TFLP —

CTPAHE C BUCOKOH

HUA (HA AYRAY HACEAEHHA NPHXO^HTCA BCERO 0 , 3 7 HANPABJIEHBI

HA

PAUH0HAABH0E

PEKYABTHBAUHH)

NAOMAFLEH,

HCN0AB30BAHHE

HAXOFLHBNIHXCA

3EMJM,

NOJ

NAORAOCTBIO

RA CEABCK0X03AHCTBEHHBIX NOBBIMEHAE

ROPHBIMH

HACEAE-

YROFLHH)

NJIOJOPO^HA

BBIPA6OTKAMH.

—

NOIBBI,

XOIA

NOIBU

B RJLP NPEHMYMECTBEHHO N0330JIHCTIIE a AECHUE, NPHMEHEHHE YJOFIPEHHH BBICOKOE, H NO YPOATAHHOCRA CPE^H

3EPH0BBIX

FLPYRAX

CIPAH

(3A

C9B.

HCKAMEHNEM Ilocae

KYKYPY3BI)

OKOH^ATMA

RTAEMBIX KAPBEPBI H OTBAABI HCNOAB3YIOTCA ^ A A HHA

H

3eaeHbix

CO3FLAHHA

3AMHTHBIX

30H,

TFLP HAXOJHTCA

OTRPLITUX

PA3PA60T0K

CEABCKORO XO3A0CTBA,

MECT

OT^BIXA

NYTEM

HA NEPBOM MECRE NO

FLOSBIIE

HCKO-

JAA AECOHACAACFLE-

HCNOAB30BAHHA

KAPBE-

POB B KAIECTBE BOFLOXPAHHJIHM. OCYMECTBJIAETCA

PAIPOHAJIBHOE

HCN0AB30BAHNE

BOJ.

BOFLONOTPESAEHHE

PACTET. ^TOFIBI ERO ORPAHHHHTB, B OTPACAAX NPOMBIMJIEHHOCTH — MMECKON H APYRNX —

NPNMEHAETCA

O6OPORAOE BO«OCHA6ACEHHE, I T O

CHHACATB Y^EJIBHOE BOFLONOTPESAEHNE HA

4 — 5 % .

03

EATEROFLHO

METAJUIYPRHHECKOH,

XH-

NO3BOAAET EACERO^HO

HEOIHMEHHBIX

CTOHHHX

BOJ

YAAB-

AHBAROTCA H YTHAK3NPYIOTCA HAXOFLANPIECA B HHX BEMECTBA. 9 T H B O ^ U HCNOAB3YWTCA JJIA OPONIEHHA H YJJO6PEHHA NOIBBI. B

NEJIAX

HABAHBAETCA

3AMHTBI OIHCRAOE

ATMOC$EPHORO

B03^YXA

060PYFL0BAHHE

HA

OT 3ARPA3HEHNA

BJIEKTPOCTAMJUHX,

RA3AMH H

NPEFLNPNARAAX

NBIABIO

YCTA-

METAAAYPRA-

QECKOII, XHMHIECKOH NPOMBIMAEHHOCTH, B NPOH3BO^CTBE CTPOIRREABHBIX MATEPNA.IOB.

OHH-

CTKA

TAA-

AE, B

OT RA30B H NBIAN HMEET 6OABMOE 3HAQEHHE KOT6YC,

RFLP.

3A

JLEHNIIHR,

R^E

CACNRAETCA

COCTOAHHEM H PAFIOTOA

BYPBIFI

OHHCRAORO

OCO6EHHO B TAKHX PASOHAX, YROAB —

OCHOBHOH

O6OPYAOBAHHA

HCTOHHHK

YCTAHOBAEH

OK

SHEPRHH

NOCTOAHHUFI

KOHTPOFLB. BOABNIOE 3HAQEHNE FLA« C6EPEACEHHA HCKONAEMUX 3K0H0MHH B

3T0H B

HA

CBIPBA

O6AACRA HAIAAE

70%

3A

PECYPCOB HMEIOT MEPONPNATHA NO

H PAIJH0HAJIH3AIJHH NPOH3BOFLCTBEHHBIX CAYATAT

80-X

CIET

XOPOHIHM

TO^OB LEPHAA

METAAAOAOMA.

NPHMEPOM

JAA

MEIAAAYPRAA

MEATFLY

TEM

BCEX

NPOD,ECCOB.

FLOCRAATEHHA

COH,HAAHCTMECKHX

NOKPBIBAAA

TFLP

CTPAH.

CBOH N0TPE6H0CTH B CBIPBE

KAATFLAA TOHHA AOMA

NPN

NEPENAABKE

SK-

OXPAHA nPHPOflbl B EBPOIIEHCKHX COUHAJIHCTHHECKHX CTPAHAX

113

n o i r a 2 T BwcoKOKaqecTBeHHOH jKejie3Hoñ PYßBI H 0 , 5 T KOKca. 0 3 TOHHH MeTajiJiojioMa nojiynaeTca 6 4 0 nr npoKaTa hjih 5 1 0 Kr JIHCTOBOH cTajiH. Pacxofl saeicTpoaHeprHH npn BTOM c m m a e T c a B 2 , 5 pa3a Ha Kaacflyro eflHHHi;y TOTOBOH npojjyicipH. 0 3 JioMa BbinjiaBJiaeTca Tanace 3 7 % Me^H, 4 5 % CBiimja, 2 0 % i^HHKa H ajiioMHHHfl. fljia BbinjiaBKH x e 1 i Me^H H3 pyjbi Haflo floÖHTb 5 0 — 7 5 T MejHoñ p y ^ u H nepepaßaTHBaTb ee c Sojibinoñ 3aTpaToS SHepniH. AHajioraiHo nojioaceHHe c aJiwMHHHeM, UHHKOM. IIpH npOH3BOJJCTBe ajIIOMHHHfl H3 JIOMa paCXOfl 3JieKTp08HeprHH CHHataeTCfl B 2 0 pa3 no cpaBHeHHio c nojiyieHHeM ero m ÔOKCHTOB. BHBAJIEHTHA

flojia MaicyjiaTypbi B npoH3BoacTBe ôyMarn H KapTOHa cocTaBJiaeT B T J P 4 7 % , ITO 03HaqaeT coxpaiieHHe Jieca njioma^bio 1 5 THC. ra. IIPOH3BOÄCTBO CTeKJia HA 7 5 % yaoBJieTBopaeTca 3a cieT 6oa, H STO B 1 0 pa3 coicpamaeT HeoßxoflHMyio BHeprmo. OKOJIO 9 0 0 MJIH. niTyK ßyrajioic H 6aH0K Hcnojn>3yeTca BTOPHIHO, I T O jaeT SKOHOMHW 1 2 6 MJIH. Ky6. M ra3a, 5 0 THC. T MA3YTA, 1 5 0 MJIH. K B T I sjieKTposHeprHH H T. FL. B npoH3BoacTBe CMa30iHbix MaTepHajioB OTpaöoTaHHbie Macjia cocTaBJiawT OKOJIO 2 0 % . 9TH npHMepbi MoacHo 3HaHHTejibHo yMHoatHTb. B aejiOM B npoMHiiuieHHocTH j o 1 2 % H ßojiee HcxoflHoro cbipba cocTaBJiaeT cbipbe BTopHiHoe. 3acjiyacHBaeT

BHHMaHua opraHH3aipa cßopa BTopniHoro ctipba. HMeeTca cBbime npweMa pa3JiHiHbix SHTOBHX OTXOÄOB. MHoro cbipba — JIOM IÎBËTHHX MeTajiaoB, MaicyjiaTypy, BeTomb, CTeKJiaHHyio nocy^y — coÓHpaeT Hacejienne. ÜMeiOTca H nepeflBHacHbie npiieMHbie nyHKTH. OflHauo He Bee eme pecypcbi Hcnojib3yioTCfl; HaMeHaeTca ôojibine coÔHpaTb noKpumeK aBTóMo6HJie8, OTXOJIOB KpoBejibHoro uiH(J)epa, CTaporo ac$ajibTa, OTXOJOB apeBecHHu H T. r. fljia CTHMyjmpoBaHHa cßopa BTopHHHoro c n p b a noBbimeHH i^eHH Ha Hero — h BTO aaeT CBOH pe3yjibTaTbi. Bce ßojiee mnpoKO npHMeHaeTca B PHP BTopmHaa sHepraa — 3a cieT OTxoflamero Tenjia B MeTanjiypraH, xHMHiecKoñ H flpyrHx oTpacjiax npoMHiiiJieHHocTH. Ha KpynH0M xHMHiecKOM KOMÖHHaTe «JIoHHa» Hcnojib3yeTca flo 7 5 % OTXOÄOB Temía. Ilo HeKOTopbiM pacieTaM, BTopHHHaa SHepraa M O » T 3aMeHHTb flo 4 0 H ôojiee MAH. T ô y p o r o yrjia (npn roflOBOH flo6uie 2 5 0 MJIH. T). B STHX ueaax HaMeieHO Hcn0Jib30BaHne KOTJIOByraJiH3aTopoB, TenjioBHX HacocoB, nepeoöopyflOBaHHe xoJiojjHJibHbix ycTaHOBOK H T. MHoro 6yporo yrjia MoacHo CSKOUOMHTB H 3a cneT noBbimeHHa una TenjioajieicTpocTaHiiHH, aajibHeñmeH ueHTpajiH3aiíHH TenjiocHaßaceHHa roperos H npoMbiiiiJieHHHX npe^npHaraS. yrojib Bce raupe Hcnojib3yeTca H JJIa xHMHíecKofl nepepaSoTKH, npeßpameHHfl ero B ra3, KHflKoe TOÜJIHBO, j j i a H3BJieieHHa cMoji, Maceji, nojiyieHna BHcoKOKaiecTBeHHHx XHMHqecKHx npoflyKTOB. 0 3 öyporo yrjia nojiynaerca flOMeHHHH KOKC, Kapönfl H pají j p y r n x npojyKTOB. IIpoHcxosHT coBepraeHCTBOBaHHe TexHOJioraiecKHx npoueccoB, noBbiuiaeTca KaiecTBO CTajiH H HHHx MeTajiJioB, ITO Be^eT K noBbiraeHHH) npoiHOCTH H yMeHbnieHHM Beca, npoflJieHHH) cpoKOB cayatôbi TOTOBOH npowKUHH, a 3HamT, H K cHHSceHHio norpeÔHocTH B cbipbe. 9TO TpeöyeT yBeraieHHa 3aTpaT Ha HCC.ie^oBaHHa, pa3pa6oTKH, HO Bnojme ceßa DnpaBjbiBaeT. Bojibinoe 3HaieHHe npn^aeTca B TflP H flpyrHM MeponpnaTHaM, HanpaBJieHHbiM Ha oxpaHy cpejbi H leaoBeica. BE^eTca 6opb6a c myMOM Ha np0H3B0flCTBe H B ropojjax. BHe^paiOTca HOBbie TexHoaorHH H Maiumm c HH3KHM ypoBHeM uiyMa, ycTaHaBMBaioTca 1 0 THC. NYHKTOB

rayMorjiyni'HTejiH.

B ropoflax

ocymecTBJiaeTca

OTBOJ TpaHcnoprabix

NOTOKOB OT JKHJIHX

KBapTajioB, yayiinaioTca «opora, ycoBepmeHCTByioTca aBToiioÔHjm. C ueabio coxpaHeHHa npHpoflbi H co3flaHHa ycjioBHH OT^bixa opraHH3yioTca 3anoBejHHKH (HMeeTca CBbime 7 0 0 ) , oxpaHaeMbie jiaH^maOTbi (cBbime 4 0 0 pañoHOB). Jljia nojibsoBaHHfl HMH ycTaHOBJieHH cneiiHajibHbie npaBHJia. IIpoBOflHTca paöoTa no BocnHTaHHio HaceaeHHa B j y x e paitHOHaabHoro oTHomeHHa K coxpaHeHHH) OKpyatawmeñ cpeflbi. B micojiax, TexHHKyMax, HHcraTyTax npeno^aioTca ÄHCHHnflHHbi no BonpocaM o x p a H H iipnpo^bi, BefleTca HCCJieflOBaTejibCKaa paöoTa. B npnpoflooxpaHHOH fleaTejibHocra HeMajiyio pojib arpaeT oSmecTBo «py3eñ npapo^bi H oxpaHBI cpeabi, Bxoflamee B KyjibTypóyHj TflP. 0 pe3yjibTaTax BocnHTaTejibHoñ paöoTbi CBHjeTejibCTByeT TO, HTO B OCHOBHOM oraomemie HaceaeHHa K oxpaHe npnpoflH npaBHjibHoe, HapymeHHa K p a m e peflKH. B IIojibCKOM HapoflHOH PecnyöaHKe Bonpocu ncnoabsoBaHHa H oxpaHbi npHpo^Hoñ cpe^BI npeflycMOTpeHH B KoHCTHTyuHH, B pemeHHax CBE3,noB IIOPII, B 3AK0HAX, npn8. «Bonpocbl 3KOHOMHKH» M« 12.

114

T. XAHATyPOB

HHT&ix ceñMOM, H B apyrnx pyKOBOflamHx ^OKyMeHTax. Meponpnaraa no oxpaHe c p e flbl OCymeCTBJMIOTCH MHHHCTepCTBOM aflMHHHCTpaiJHH MeCTHOrO X03aHCTBa H OXpaHH OKpyataiomeñ cpe^ti, a T a o : e MecrauMH opraHaMH, o6te^HH6HHflMH h npeflnpHaTHaMH. HcnojiHeHHe 3aK0H0B h npaBHJi KOHTpojmpyeTca rocyflapcTBeHHoñ hhcii6ki],h6h no oxpaHe OKpyataromeñ cpe^H, nojiHHeHHoS 3T0My MHHHCTepcTBy. IIpeflycMOTpeHo 3K0H0MH i ieCKoe cTHMyjiHpOBaHiie Mep no oxpaHe npnpoflbi h co3^aH ocoóuñ $ohä oxpaHbi cpe^u, b KOTopbiH HanpaBJiflKTca mTpa$bi a ßpyrae nocTynjieHUa. Bonpocbi oxpaHbi cpe^bi OTpaacaioTca b BoeBoscKHx nJiaHax pa3BHTna, HMeromax qeJiLH) paiyioHajibHoe Hcn0Jib30BaHHe MecTHbix pecypcoB h BocnpenaTCTBOBaHHe OTpnuaTejibHoro B03fleñcTBHa Ha cpe^y. IIpH^aeTca ôojibinoe 3HaieHHe oxpaHe naxoTHHX 3eMejib or HCTomeHHH, BoccTaHOBaeHHM noHB. BefleTca peKyjibTHBaipa 3eMeJib, HapymeHHbix OTKpbiTOH j o ô b i i e Ë HCKonaeMbix. Co3flawTca pañoHu oxpaHaeMoro jiaHflmajfTa, 3eaeabie 30Hbi BOKpyr ropojjoB h npoMtiuiJieHHbix qeHTpoB, naptcii h 3anoBeflHHKH ( j o 2 0 0 rae. r a ) . Bojibinoe 3HaqeHHe npn^aeTca pau,HOHajibHOMy Hcn0Jib30BaHHH) bo^hlix pecypcoB h npeatfle Beerò Bhcjiu. E e ctok cocTaBjiaeT 5 5 % Beerò p e i H o r o CTOKa IIojiLnm. B 6acce0He peKH npoacHBaeT ¡¡,o 7 0 % Haceaemia, HaxoflHTca 7 0 % npoMumjieHHOcra h 5 0 % ceJibCKoro xo3añcTBa. HaMeiaeTca 3aperyjiHpoBaHHe CTOKa peKH, co3flaHHe njioTHH H BOflOXpaHHJIH^, COOpyffieHHe rHflpOSJieKTpOCTaHIÍHH, ITO n03B0JIHT npeBpaTHTb Bncjiy h ee itphtokh b BaacHbiH cyfloxoflHUH nyTb. OflHOBpeMeHHO npnHHMaBTca Mepu npoTHB 3arpa3HeHHfl boäu, co3flaioTca oiHCTHbie coopyaceHHa, i t o 6 u npeflOTBpaTHTb c6poc b Bncjiy c t o h h u x boa npoMbimjieHHOcra h ropo^oB 6e3 ohhctkh. By^eT coopyaceHO 4 0 0 ôojibnmx h cpe^HHX o h h c t h u x ycraHOBOK h HecKOJibKo t h c a i MaaeHbKHx. Pa3BHTHe nojibCKOH npoMbimjieHHocTH 3a nocjiejjHue roflu 6bijio ocjiostHeHo coKpameHHeM BB03a cbipba h MaTepnaaoB H3 KanHTaJiHcraiecKHx CTpaH h HeoöxoflHMocTbio nepeKaioieHHa Ha co6ctbchhoc cbipbe. 9 t o 06ycji0BHJi0 ß u c T p u e TeMnti j o ö h i h ctipba h MaTepiiaJioB, b pe3yjibTaTe nero 3ajieata hx HCTomaioTca. IIoaTOMy coraacHO njiaHaM npeflCTOHT yBejiHHHBaTb npoMbinuieHHoe npoH3BojcTBo, b nepByio o q e p e j b 3a cneT 6oaee sKOHOMHoro noTpeßjienna c u p b a h MaTepnajioB. 9 t o noTpeSyeT nepecTpoÜKH T e x HOJiorHHecKHX npon;eccoB, hx p a i p o H a j i i m m i n , pe3Koro coKpanjeHHa noTepb. JocTaTOHHO cKa3aTb, HTO noTepH yr.ia cocTaBJiaiOT flo l e T B e p r a Bceñ floßuiH. HeBbicoK yaejibHbiñ Bec KaiecTBeHHbix CTa^efi b oßiueM ee np0H3B0flCTBe; h H3-3a sToro ipe3MepHo Beanie ee pacxofl. HeflocTaTOHHo coônpaeTca MeTajuimecKoro JioMa h flpynix bh^ob BTopniHoro c u p b a . Ilo HMeiomHMca flaHHbiM, oômaa Macca otxo^ob MHHepajibHoro npoHcxoatjeHHa ^oxo^ht So 8 0 0 MJiH. t . Meatfly TeM npn np0H3B0flCTBe pa^a H3fle^HH ManiHHocTpoeHHa 30 5 0 % c í a ™ b KOHu,e 7 0 - x ro^oB niao b OTxoflbi. IIpoBOflHMaa b Iloabme xo3añcTBeHHaa p e (JopMa HMeeT i;eabio, b nacTHocra, h ßojiee ßepeauiHBoe h SKOHOMHoe noTpeôJieHHe c u p b a H MaTepHâJIOB. P a s npupoflooxpaHHLix MeponpHamS npoBO^HTca b CoqiiaflHCTHqecKoñ PecnyßjiHKe PyMUHHH. lÏHTeHCH^Mi^HpyeTca ceabCK0X03aHCTBeHH0e npoH3BOflCTBO, qTO yjiyqniaeT h c n0jib30BaHHe ceabCK0X03añcTBeHHbix 3eMejib. H a oflHoro acHTeaa b PyMUHHH npHxoflHTca ßojibrae ceabCK0X03aScTBeHHux yro^HH, HeM b T f l P , lexocaoBaKHH, Iloabnie, Bem-pHH; Ha B o m e H H e b oôpaôoTKy hobmx 3eMejib paccHHTUBaTb He npHxoflHTca. B ycjiOBnax, Kor^a naomaflb ceabCK0xo3aHCTBeHHux yroflHñ cocTaBjiaeT OKoao 2/3 Bceñ leppHTopHH CTpaHbi h ocTaeTca

ctaÔHabHoS,

pocT

cejibCK0X03aHCTBeHH0H

npoflyniíHH

( 3 a nocaeflHHe

roflbi 3aMe3aHBmHHca) npoHcxoflHT 3a cneT noBbimeHHa ypoatañHOCTH, 6oaee mnpoKoro npHMeHeHHH yfloßpeHHg. IIpoh3boactbo yfloôpeHHH, rjiaBiibiM 06pa30M a 3 o r a u x , 3a 1 9 6 0 — 1 9 8 2 r r . B03pocao b 3 8 pa3. H o Ha 1 ra noTpeôJieHHe yfloöpeHHH noica MeHbme, i e M b flpyrnx CTpaHax C9B. ÛTHOcHTeJibHo yBejiHHHJiacb b C P P naoma^b opomaeMux 3eMeab (30 2 0 % BceS n a o m a j H naxoTHux 3eMeab). floBOJibHo BUCOKa sona ce.nbCKoro xo3aficTBa b BOflonoTpeôJieHHH — 6ojibnie, i e M b flpyrnx CTpaHax C 9 B , 3a HCKjnoieHHeM CCCP h BojirapHH. OpoineHHe cnocoöcTByeT noBbimeHHio ypoatañHOCTH. OcymecTBJiawTca Mepu no pau,n0HajibH0My Hcnojib30BaHHio JiecHux pecypcoB, h t o SJia PyMUHHH, rfle BejiHK npoijeHT HaceaeHHa, 3aHaToro b JiecHoS h flepeBooôpaôaTUBaiome8 npoMbiuiJieHHOCTH, HMeeT ocoöoe 3HaieHne. H o no nposyKTHBHOcra JiecoB P y u u H H a

nPHPOflbl B e b p o i i e H c k h x

OXPAHA

ycTynaeT

flpyrHM

CTpaHaM C 9 B .

couhajihcthheckhx

Mhhycom aBjiaeTca t o , i t o

ctpahax

115

o6ï>eM J i e c o n o c a s & K

3a

oh Bce ace ôojibine no cpaBHeHiuo c

caeflHHe roflBi b PyMbiHHH yMeHbniHjica, x o r a

no®py-

THMH CTpaHàMH C 9 B . Joduia

He$TH b PyMbiHHH cTa6HjM3HpoBajiacb.

PacTeT

306b™

npHpojHoro

B nocjiejHHe roflbi noTpefijieHHe TonjiHBa b CTpaHe CTaJio y ace

h

nyraoro

ra3a.

floôbiHy,

h CPP npeBpain,aeTca H3 aiccnopTepa b HMnopTepa TonjiHBa. HacTaJio BpeMa

no-

onepeacaTb or-

paHHHHBâTb noTpefijieHHe y r j i e B o a o p o j H o r o TonjiHBa, b n e p B y i o onepeflb 3a cqeT npoMbim4

JMHHOCTH, Ha flOJIIO KOTOpOH npHXOflHTCfl ÔOJiee

/s

nOTpeÔJieHHfl. B CPP

npHHHMaiOTCa

M e p u no coKpameHHio TonjMBonoTpeSjieHHa nyTeM pauHOHajuwaiiHH npoH3Bo;jcTBa, npHMeHeHHa BTopniHbix S H e p r o p e c y p c o B . Pa3pa6aTbiBaioTca Taicace Mepbi no HcnojibsoBaHHio u i b TepHaTHBHblX HCTOHHHKOB BHeprHH — COJIHeiHOH, BeTpa H flp. 3 a f l a r a rocy^apcTBa xocJiOBaiiKOH 3eMeJib,

no oxpaHe OKpyacaromefi cpeflbi 3anncaHbi b K o H c r a T y i t f i H

CoiinajmcTHHecKOH

jiecoB,

bojjh,

PecnyÔJiHKH.

aTMOcfpepbi,

CTpaHe

B

HCKonaeMHX

pecypcoB.

B03Ji0aceHa Ha $ e a e p a j i b H b i e , HauaoHajibHbie h Mecrabie Tbi K00pflHHHpy»T

fleflTejibHOCTb

MHHHCTepcTB h

pHTopHH — 3anoBeflHHKH, napKH, ^aH^iuaiTHbie Bce

npefliipHHTHa,

xo3aflcTBeHHbie

'H3flaHbi

3aK0Hbi

OxpaHa

06

oKpyacaiomeH

opraHbi. HaunoHajibHbie

îe-

oxpaHe cpeflbi

KOMHTe-

BeflOMCTB, BbijejiflioT oxpaHaeMbie

Tep-

odJiacTH, pe^KHe bh^bi $ J i o p b i h ayHbi.

opraHHaai^Hii,

Mecraue

opraHbi

#eaTejibiiocTh

cbûio

BeflyT Ha 0CH0Be H3flaHHbix o6a3aTeJibHbix hopm. HcnoJiHeHHe B c e x b t h x

aflMHHHCTparaB-

HHX H npaBOBblX HOpM KOHTpOJIHpyeTCfl BbiraeCTOflmHMH HHCTaHI],MflMH. IIpHpoflooxpaHHble

opraHbi

nporHosaMH c o c r o a H H a

CBoefi

b

oKpyacaiomeH

paôoie

pyKOBOflCTByiOTCfl

pa3pa6araBaeMbiMH

cpeflbi no ee gjieMeHTaM h h x

B03MoacHoro

3arps3-

HeHHfl. CpaBHeHHe c c y m e c T B y w m H M nojio®eHHeM n03B0JiaeT BbiaBHTb cncTeMy Mep, H a npaBJieHHux

Ha coxpaHeHHe 3eMeJibHoro $OHfla h njioaopoflwe n o i B b i ,

HOBecHfl Meacfly bo^hbimb

pecypcaMH

paHy B 0 3 f l y x a , MaTepnajibHbix

noipeôJieHHeM

oôecneneHHe

BOflbi, a Tanace

paB-

ee i h c t o t h ,

ox-

ôoraTCTB. H a 9T0H 0CH0Be n p e f l J i a r a i o T c a T e x H H i e c m i e

Me-

h

ponpHSTHa — MajiooTxoflHbie h 6e30TXfjflHbie TexHOjiorHH,

oGopoTHoe BojjocHaôaceHHe,

hc-

n0JIb30BaHHe BTOpHHHOrO Cbipba. P e i b H^eT, TaKHM 0Ôpa30M, o npo$HJiaKTHKe 0TpHii;aTejibHbix BO3fleIcTBH0 Ha h

o njiamipoBaHim

pecoB,

c

npeoflo^eHHeM

pecypcoB

hhx

cbipba.

^oôbiiH flpyrnx

h b

Ha

ee

coxpaHeHHio, noflxo^a.

ocofio TmaTejibHbiH

noKa3biBaioT,

ciHTaa

no

BejjoMCTBeHHoro

TpeôyeTca

PacieTbi

TonjiHBa, neHHe

MeponpHHTHH

TOHHy

ycTOBHoro

Ha Ty ace B e j n m H y .

OTpaMax h c $ e p a x

CMaTpHBaiomaa mhx b

npoBe^eHHe

H3 oômeHapo^Hbix

ycjioBHax

orpaHHHeHHbix

k

paiiHOHaabHOMy

HeoôxopMbie

TonjiHBa,

mhoto

flJia

OT^ejibHbix

yBera-

Hapo^Horo x o 3 a â c T B a ecTb HeMajibie B03M0acH0cra

Mep no

h b oômerocyjapcTBeHHOM

bkohomhh Ha

npoMbinuieHHOCTH

b

rocyflapcTBeHHaa qe.ieBaa

skohomhh

nporpaMMa,

T0nJiHBH0-3HepreTHiecKHx

MaciUTafie (no

OTpacjieS.

CorjiacHO

HaHÔojiee

KpynHbiM

nporpaMMe

stoh

TaKoS npe^y-

pecypcoB,

Ha 0CH0Be aHajin3a h x HapoflHoxo3agcTBeHHog 3 $ $ 6 k t h b h o c t h h

Macunade

HHTe-

Hcn0Jib30BaHHK)

pacxoflOB

îto

cpe^y

npnpos-

oôecneieHHa

MeHbme

OnbiT CBH^eTejibCTByeT,

9KOHOMHH. Pa3pa6oTaHa h o c y m e c T B J i a e T c a finpaeMbix

no^xo^

3aTpaTbi,

rto

B

Hcxo^a

bli-

ocymecTBJiae-

MeponpHflTHflM)

pa3BHBaioTca

h

aTOMHaa

h rHflpoBHepreTHKa. P a 3 p a 6 o T a H a h rocyflapcTBeHHaa nporpaMMa n o b k o h o m h h MeiajijioB. OHa co^epacHT 3aflaHHa

no HcnojibsoBaHHio

MeTajuiHiecKoro

JioMa

BTopHHHoro

b CTpaHe

cbipba.

HaciHTbiBaeTca

Ilpn ao

MeTajuioiJioHjie

4,5—5

mjih.

t.

okojio

110

Bno;rae

mjih.

n o j i y n a T b MeTajm h H3 0TxoflOB, H3 m ^ a K a , nepepaôaTbiBaTb h oTBajibHbie n o p o ^ u . MaioTca sKOHOMH^ecKHe M e p u

cTHMyjinpoBaHHa côopa JioMa h

fljia

flpyrax

t

B03MoacHo IIphhh-

otxoaob

nyieM

noBbimeHHa u,eH Ha jiom MeTaJiJioB, a TaKace Ha M a n y j i a T y p y , ' c t 6 k j i o h t . fl. MHoroe HaMeieHo cflejiaTb h

fljia

Jiyimero

ncn0Jib30BaHHa

BaacHeHmefl

np0H3B0flH-

TenbHOH CHJibi — T p y f l a m n x c a . IIoBunieHHe npoH3Bnj(HTejibHocTH T p y ^ a Ha 0CH0Be HH3aO,HH I I

aBT0MaTH3aiI,HH

np 0H3B0flCTBeHHbIX

npOUeCCOB

MOaceT

BblCBoSoflHTb

Mexa-

KOHTHH-

reHTbi fljia p a f i o T , CBa3aHHbix c ycoBepmeHCTBOBaHHeM TexHOJiorHHecKHx npou,eccoB b i^en a x 3K0H0MHH CHpba. B lexocjiOBaKHH, o k

h b

flpyrnx

pecnyfîaHKax — u i e H a x C9B, Be^eTca

a a 3afla'i oxpaHbi oKpyacaiomeH cpejibi, BocnHTaHHa k

Hefi.

ToTOBaîca

Ka^pu

cneu,HajincTOB

y HacejieHHa

cpe^Hefl h

BHcmeS

fiepeacHoro

nponaraHoTHoraeHHa

KBajiH$HKaiiHH,

KOTopue

T. XAHATyPOB

116

Monro 6BI B3STL Ha cefia ynpaBjieHHe

cpejoS,

OrpaHLi — HJieHti C 9 B KOMHTBT C 9 B

IIOJIHTHKH.

Koop^HHHpyioT CBOIO npHpoflooxpaHHyio aeaTejibHOCTb

no HayHHO-TexHHiecKOMy

coTpyjjHHiecTBy

HOB — CoBeT no BonpocaM oxpaHu H yaymieHHa

pa6oTbi,

npesycMaTpHBaiomHM BbinycK

oKpyacawmefi

HopMaraBOB,

cpejbi.

floJirocpoiHbiM

HayiHo-HccjieflOBa'reabCKHe

peKOMeHjaiiHH,

iepe3

H O^HH H3 ero PASOIHX

MECTB.IAET CBOK aeaTejibHocTb corjiacHo yTBepameHHHM rpaMMaM,

o ee cocroaHHH H npoBe-

HH$opMamiio

FLEIIHE QEJIEHANPABJIEHHOH 3 K 0 J I 0 R 0 - 3 K 0 H 0 M H H E C K 0 8

cTaH^apTOB,

opra-

KOMHTCT

ocy-

ueaeBbiM

npo-

H np0eKTH0-K0HCTpyKT0pcKHe pa3pa6oTicy

ycoBepraeHCTBO-

BaHHbix MeTOflOB MOHHTopHHra, noflflepacaHHH, OHHCTKH OKpyacaiomefi cpejbi,

coBMecTHbie

MeponpHflTHa no

B coce^HHe

CTpaHH

ee

oxpaHe H HeaonymeHHio

npoHHKHOBemia

c nepeMemeHHeM B03flyxa H BO^H. 3aKJiioqaioTca

3arpa3HeHHH

H flBycTopoHHHe corjiameHHfl

Meatfly coiinajiHCTHHecKHMH cTpaHaMH. Hapflfly C 3THM COItfMHCTHHeCKHe CTpaHbl YIACTBYIOT B COBMeCTHNX MeponpHHTHflx c

KanHTaJiHcraiecKHMH

h pa3BHBarein;HMHca CTpaHaMH. OHH coTpyflHHiaioT

CTpaHaMH B flene pea^H3au,HH n p o r p a M M b i Tefl HefluiHC 9KBafiponMeHT IIporpaM) — c $ e p a » , B pafle

flpyrax

OOH

no o x p a H e

I0HEII,

c

spyriiMH

OKpyacaromeii cpeflbi

nporpaMMbi K H E C K O

MeamyHapoflHbix npaBHiejibCTBeHHbix

(K)HaS-

« ^ e j i o B e n H 6HO-

h oSinecTBeHHux

opraHH-

3anHS H nporpaMM no oxpaHe oKpyacaromeS cpe^bi. H e BCH npoBO^HMaa MeacflyHapoflHHMH 0praHH3aiiHflMH fleflTeJIbHOCTb HMeeT KOHKpeTHHH BblXOfl H a Te HJIH HHbie npHpOflOoxpaHHbie

MeponpHHTHs,

HO ee

3HaieHHe

COCTOHT H B TOM, ITO

OHa

cocpeflOTOHHBaeT

BHHMaHHe Ha BaatHocTH H HeofixoflHMOc™ 3THX Mep. B

fleiuiapaipH

cTpaH — HJieHOB CoBeTa BKOHOMHIBCKOH B3aHMonoMom;H «CoxpaHemie

MHpa H MeatflyHapoflHoe 3K0H0MHiecK0e coBemaHHH

CTpaH — iJieHOB C 9 B

coTpyflHHiecTBo»,

cpeflbi Ha3BaHa B iHCJie BaatHeSuiHx oSmeieaoBenecKHX fiojibiuaa

pafioTa, ™ 6 b i

ycaoBHa cymecTBOBaHHa

npHOCTaHOBHTb yxy^meHHe fiyflyupx

npmiaTOH Ha 9KOHOMiraecKOM

Ha BbicmeM ypoBHe ( 1 9 8 4

noKOJieHHft.

r.),

oxpaHa

OKpyacammeH

npo6;ieM. IIpeflCTOHT eme

oieHb

c p e a u H co3flaTb BO3MO;KHO JiynmHe

B.

C 0 U H A J l b H 0 - 3 K 0 H 0 M H H E C K 0 E

P A 3 B H T H E

TUTKOB

M H P

M i w y j i o 6 0 J i e i c i e x nop, Kor^a B peBOJiKmHOHHoii MoHrojiHH n p 0 H 3 0 i i i J i H flBa K p y n -

HblX CO0BITHH, CTaBfflHe BaSCHOH BeXOH B e e nOCTynaTejIBHOM

COI|MajIbHO-3KOHOMHHeCKOM

pa3BHTHH. B aBrycTe 1 9 2 4 r . I l l c i e 3 f l MoHrojibCKoñ HapoflHO-peBoaroHHOHHoS napTHH, p y -

KOBOflCTByacb MapKCHCTCKO-jieHHHCKHM yieHHeM, onpeAe.iHJi

cTpaTeraiecKyio

ycTaHOBicy

napTHH — reHepajiBHyio JIHHHK Ha pa3BHrae M o n r o a m i no HeKannTajincTHiecKOMy n y r a K coiíHajiH3My. B cBeie pemeHHH aToro Cbe3fla nepBtifl BejiHKHfl HapoflHbw x y p a j i B Hoaßpe Toro ace r o ^ a np0B03raacH;i MoHrojwio Hapo^HoS pecnyÔJiHKofl H npHHaa ee nepByio KOHCTHTyitHH), wpHflHiecKH 3aKpennBuiyio n e p e ^ a q y Bceñ n o a n r a i e c K O H BJiacra B pyKH Tpy-

flOBoro Hapofla. IieHTpajibHtiH KOMHTeT M H P I I B a H B a p e T e K y m e r o r o ^ a npHHaa c n e i p a a b H o e

nocTa-

HOBJieHHe o noflroTOBKe h npoBeflemm npa3flH0BaHHa 60-Jieraa III c i e 3 ^ a MHPII a npoBOsrjiameHHfl MHP. B HeM, B NACTHOCTH, yKa3biBaaocb Ha TO, HTOÔH OTMERATB STOT IO6HJIen KaK npa3^HHK T o p a c e c T B a H j e f i MapKCH3Ma-jieHHHH3Ma H y c n e x o B peajibHoro coi(HaaH3Ma Ha MOHrojibCKOH 3eMJie, HepyuiHMOH J P Y A T ß U H E^HHCTBA C COBCTCKHM C0»30M, APYNIMH 6paT-

CTpaHaMH coiiHajMCTHiecKoro co^pyacecTBa. Ha cocToaBiueMca 2 3 aBrycTa 1 9 8 4 r. BHeoqepe^HOM VIII nJieHyMe HK MHPn reHepaabHbiñ ceKpeiapb HK MHPn, IIpeflceflaTeJib CoBeTa MHHHCTPOB MHP Ht. EaTMyHX nojHepKHyji: « B c T p e i a a 60-JieTHe III CT>e3flaMHPn, BbipafioTaBinero reHepaabHyio JIHHHIO MHPn — JIHHHIO pa3BHTHa MHP no HeKanmaancTHCKHMH

qecKOMy n y r a K couHaJiH3My H np0B03raameHHa MoHroabCKoñ HapoflHOñ PecnyßjiHKH, Hani

Hapofl no npaBy rop/jHTca

CBOHMH

^ocraateHHaMH,

TOH

peBoawuHOHHoft HCTopHiecKoii

MHC-

CHeß, KOTopyio c l e c T b i o BbinojmaeT M H P n . BejiHKH flocTHrayTbie HEMH y c n e x n , OHH co3flaioT H a f l e m y i o ocHOBy

flaa y c n e n i H o r o peineHHa e m e ßoaee KpynHtjx 3a^aH, BCTaiomnx Ha n y r a nocTynaTeJibHoro pa3BHTna Harnefl CTpaHbl». 3 a KOPOTKHH HCTOPHIECKHH cpoK MHP coBepuiHJia nepexo,N OT OEOßAJM3MA K c o u n a MHHya KanKTaancranecKyio CTA^Hio pa3BHTHa. N P E B P A M E H H E HEKOR;ja OTCTaaoñ OEOFLAJIBHOH MOHROAHH B AHHAMHIHO pa3BHBaK>myioca arpapHo-HHjycTpHaabHyio c o u n a a n -

™3MY,

CTHIECKYJO

pecnyôaHKy c coBpeMeHHOH

MHorooTpacaeBoñ

3KOHOMHKOH,

npouBeTawmeñ

KYABTYPOH H HAYKOS H NOCTOAHHO PACTYMHM SaarococToaHHeM HaceaeHHa — r a a B H b m HTOT JEATEJIBHOCTH M H P I I H CAMOOTBEPATEHHORO TPY.ua MOHROJIBCKORO H a p o ^ a , TPY^HHIECTBA M H P

C C C C P H FLPYRNMH CTPAHAMH COITNAJIHCTHQECKORO

NAOFLOTBOPHORO

co-

coftpyatecTBa.

MHPn H np0B03raameHHa MHP npoxojHT BCKOnioae TeKymero RO^A nmpoKo OTMeraa 6 3 - W r o FL0BN(HHY HAPOFLHOS PEBOAIOIÍHH, noßeflHBineft NOFL HFLEÑHBIM BANAHNEM BeaHKoro OKTaSpa, « n o ß e ^ A HapoflHoö p e B o a i o n a a , — OTMEIAJIOCB B nocTaHOBaeHHH HK MHPn,— KAJC H Bee NPAS^HOBAHHE

pe n o c a e Toro,

6 0 - a e r a a I I I CI>E3FLA

KAK MOHROABCKHH HAPOJ B

nocae^yiomne

PEBOAIOIÍHOHHO-FLEMOKPATHHECKHE H CONHAANCRAIECKHE npeo6pa30BaHHa, n p o Hcme^nine B cTpane, n o c a y a t H j i n a p i a ß i n n M no^TBepac^EHHEM 3KH3HEHHOÑ CHAH r e H H a a b Hbix peBOJUoiíHOHHbix B J E Ñ MapKca, BHreabca N J l e H m a . 9 i a noöe^a npHBeaa K rayßoKHiu npeo6pa30BaHHaM BO Bcex c $ e p a x oßmecTBeHHoß »CH3HH» MoHroabCKaa Hapo^Haa peBOJiKmna no CBoeMy xapaKTepy n 3aflanaM 6biaa aHTHHMnep n a a n c T H i e c K o S , aHTH$eoflaabHoñ, n o p m m o Hapo^Hoñ peBoawiíHeü, BbipBaBnieñ MoHro1

riocTaHOBJieHHe U K M H P n «O 60-ii roAOBUíHHe MoHroJibCKoñ HapoAHoñ peBOJiio-

u,HH». y ^ a H - B a T o p , 1980 r.

B. THTKOB

118

j i i i o H3 KOJiOHHajibHOH cHCTeMbi HMnepH£uiH3Ma h npHcoeflHHHBmefi ee k Mupy coi;HajiH3Ma. ycnex

b

3toS

pcBOJHOi^HOHHOH 6 o p b 6 e

6biji

ofiecneieH

fiaaroflapa

yMeaoMy

pyitOBOflCTBy

MoHroJibCKofi HapoflHO-peBOJiiomiOHHOH napTHH, n o j i o a H B r a e f l b ocHO«y cBoefi

fleaTeabHo-

cth

pafioHero

yieHHe

KJiacca

MapitCH3Ma-JieHHHH3Ma

CoBeTCKofi

Pocchh,

h

MHpoBoro

onHpaBmeflca

Ha

peBOJiioipioHHoro

noMomb h

h

noflflepatity

HaiiHOHajibHO-ocBoSojHTejibHoro

jBHaceHHfl. PemaiomHM $aKTopoM pa3BHraa MoHrojiHH no HeitanHTajiHCTHiecKOMy n y r a k coiinajiH3My CTano ycTaHOBJieHHe h pa3BHrae oTHomeHHfi HepyniHMoSflpyatfibih BcecTopoHHero corpy^HHHecnia coBercKoro h MOHrojibCKoro HapoflOB. Becb nyrb pa3BHTHa SpaTCKHX coBeTCKO-MOHrOJIbCKHX OTHOHIBHHH CBHfleTejIbCTByeT 0 TOM, HTO HapOflbl C C C P H M H P BCerfla uijih b e^HHOM CTpow, OKa3biBajiH pa3HocTopoHHWio noMomb

flpyr

flpyry,

coBMecrao

BeJiH

6opb6y npoTHB ooupx KJiaccoBbix BparoB, ctpohjih H0B0e ofimecTBo Ha coipaJiHCTHHecKHx Hananax. Ilpouecc pa3BHraa h yitpenjieHHa SpaTCKOHflpyatfibih BcecTopoHHero TecHoro coTpyflHHiecTBa Meatfly C C C P h M H P HeH3MeHHO OTJiHiaaca flHHaHH3M0M, pa3BHBajica no Bocxojamefi jihhhh h Bcerfla OTBeiaJi »HTepecaM HapoflOB o6eHx CTpaH Ha Bcex aTanax coipaJIHCTHHeCKOrO H KOMMyHHCTHieCKOrO CTpOHTeJIbCTBa. IlepBoe coBeTCKO-MOHrojibCKoe CorjiameHHe 06 ymHOBJieHHH flpyatecTBeHHbix othomeHHH Meatfly npaBHTCJibCTBaMH peBoaiouHOHHOH MoHrojiHH h CoBeTCKofi Pocchh fiujio 3aKJiMqeHO 5 H o a f i p a 1 9 2 1 r . O h o n o c j i y a t n a o nojiHranecKOH h MeatflyHapoflHO-npaB0B08 o c HOBOH CTaHOBJieHHH H pa3BHTH3 SpaTCKOH CTBa Meatfly ofieHMH CTpaHaMH.

flpyatfibl

CorjiameHHe

6ujio

H TeCH0r0 SKOHOMHqeCKOrO COTpyAHHien0flr0T0BJieH0

npn

HenocpeflCTBemioM

yiacTHH B. H. JleHHHa, nofl hhm ctoht noflnncb Boatfla MOHrojibCKoS peBOJiroipH J . CyxsBaTopa. C0BeTCK0-M0Hr0JibCK0e CorjiameHHe 6hjio 0CH0BaH0 Ha npmmnnax paBeHCTBa h SpaTCTBa, yBaaceHHa He3aBHCHM0CTH h cyBepeHHTeTa flByx coceflHHx CTpaH.

Hflen h npHHiinnbi Cor.iaiueHHa 1921 r. noayHHJiH CBoeflajibHefimeepa3BHTHe h yrjiySjieHHe b 3aiaioieHHbix b nocaeflyioiuHe roflbi MHornx flBycropoHHHx aKTax no BaacHefiiiihm BonpocaM noJiHTHiecKoro, xo3a0CTBeHHoro h KyjibTypHoro corpyflHHiecTBa Meatfly ofieHMH CTpaHaMH, b lacTHOCTH, IIpoTOKOJie 0 B3aHMH0H noMomH 1 9 3 6 r., floroBope 0 flpyatfie h B3anMonoMomH h CorjiameHHH 06 skohomhhcckom h KyjibTypHOM coTpyflHHqecTBe Meatfly C C C P h M H P 1 9 4 6 r. 9 t h flOKyMeHra hmcjih Qojibmoe 3HaneHne bflejie3amHTbi He3aBHCHM0CTH MoHrojiHH, noBbimeHHH ee MeatflyHapoflHoro aBTopHTeTa h ycneiliHOM npoABHaceHHH CTpaHbi no nyra CTpoHTejibCTBa HOBoro ofimecTBa Ha couHaJiHcranecitHx HaiaJiax. KanecTBeHHO hobhh 9Tan c0BeTCK0-M0Hr0JibCKHx oraoiiieHHH 6hji CBa3aH c 3aKJHoieHHeM 15 aHBapa 1 % 6 r. b yjiaH-BaTope floroBopa 0flpyacfie,coTpyflHHiecTBe h B33HMH0H n o M o m a Meatfly C01030M Cobbtckhx CoiiHa^HCTHHecKHx PecnySjiHK h MoHrojibCKofi HapoflHoit PecnyfijiHKOH. B

npoii;ecce

ocymecTB.ieHHa

nocjieflOBaTejibHbix

peB0Jii0UH0HHbix

MeponpHaraS,

3a-

BepmHBHiHxca BKcnponpwaiiHeH (peoflajibHon coSctbchhocth, b MHP k 1 9 4 0 r. 6hji okohHaTeJIbHO JIHKBHflHpOBaH 9KCnJiyaTaT0pCKHH KJiaCC CBeTCKHX H flyXOBHblX $e0flaJ10B. B

xo-

fle sToro npoiiecca 6hjih co3flaHbi ochobh hobo8 bkohomhkh, BMecTe c kotopoh cfltopMnpoBaJiHCb HaiiHOHajibHbifi pafioHHH o a c c

h HapoflHaa HHTejuiHreHitHa. B e e 3 t o o 3 H a i a j i o , h t o

b M H P 3 a B e p u i H J i c a nepBbifi oSmefleMOKpaTHHecKHfi 3 T a n HapoflHofi peB0JH0i;HH h npHMepho

c 40-x

TOflOB H a n a j i c a

coijHajiHCTHiecKyio. B

btopoh

9 T a n — nocTeneHHoe

nepepacTaHHe

CTpaHe CTaao rnnpe o c y m e c T B J i a T b c a

ee

CTpoHTeabCTBo

b

peBOJiwuHio

coiiHajiHcraHe-

ckoh 3KOHOMHKH. X ci>e3fl MHPn (MapT 1 9 4 0 r.) yKa3aa, hto MHP npoiHo BCTynHjia Ha H e K a n H T a j i H c r a i e c K H H nyTb pa3BHTHa. MosrojibCKHfi Hapofl b MacuiTafie B c e 0

cTpaHbinpn-

CTynnji k co3flaHHio o c h o b coijHajiH3Ma. OflHaKo 3T0My n p o i i e c c y n o M e m a a a B T o p a a

mhpo-

B a a BOHHa.

XapaKTepH3ya pa3BHrae skohomhrh M H P b BoeHHbie roflbi, cjieflyer orMeTHTb, hto MOHroabCKHH Hapofl H a n p a B j i a j i c b o h M a T e p n a j i b H u e , TpyflOBbie h $HHaHCOBue p e c y p c u Ha o6ecneneHHe o 6 o p o H o c n o c o 6 H o c r a

CTpaHbi h 0Ka3aHHe noMomn

coBeTOKOMy Hapofly b

ero

6opb6e c (fauiHCTCKOH TepMaHHeg, a 3aTeM h mhjihtiIPHctckok flnoHHeii. HecMOTpa Ha TpyflHOCTH BoeHHoro BpeMeHH, HapoflHoe xo33hctbo M H P npofloaataao HeyKJi0HH0 pa3BHBaTbca. C noMombio CoBercKoro Coio3a Sujih peKOHCTpynpoBaHbi h pacuinpeHu MHorne rocyflapcTBeHHbie h KoonepaTHBHbie n p e f l n p n a r a a , B e j i o c b CTpoHTejibCTBo p a f l a h o b h x MbiiujieHHbix

outeKTOB. B

TeT b yjiaH-BaTope.

1942

r. o r a p H J i c a

MoHrojibCKHfi r o c y f l a p c T B e H H u S

npo-

yHHBepcH-

C0UHAJIBH0-3K0H0MHHECK0E

PA3BHTHE

119

MHP

Pa3rpoM faiiiHCTCKOH TepMaHHH h MHJMTapHCTCKOH flnoHHH n p n p e n i a w m e S p o j m CoBeTCKoro Coio3a, 06pa30BaHHe MHPOBOH cHCTeMti cou,HajM3Ma, uopeHHbie c^BHrH, n p o n c m e ^ u m e B MHpe B nojib3y CHJI coiiHajM3Ma, IIO3BOJIHJIH MHP n p o f l o j i r a T b cTp0HTejibCTB0 OCHOB COUHa.lHCTHHeCKOH 3K0H0MHKH. HapOflHOe X03aHCTB0 CTpaHbl CTajIO pa3BHBaTbCfl Ha 6a3e nepcneKTHBHbix narajieTHHx njiaHOB. 3HaiHTejibHO ycKopnjiHCb TeMnbi pa3BHTHa n p o MHinjieHHOCTH, ocymecTBJiflJiacb nmpoicaa TexHOTecicaa peKOHCTpyituHa ^eñcTByioinHx n p o MbinuieHHbix npe^npHflTHñ, n o j i y r a j m pa3BHTHe npoH3Bo^HTejibHLie CHJIIJ CTpaHbi, n p o j o M c a j i p a c r a h yKpenjiflTbCfl couHajmcTHiecKHñ ceKTop eejibCKoro xosañcTBa, noBHCHJica MaTepHajibHbiñ h KyjibTypHbiñ ypoBeHb jkh3HH MOHrojibCKoro Hapo^a. ü p n aKOHOMHiecKOM H TexHHiecKOM cofleñcTBHH CCCP B pecnySjraice ÓBIJIH co3saHbi HOBue oipacjiH HapoflHoro x o sañcTBa — ropHopyflHaa, s H e p r e T m e c i c a a , CTpoHTejibHaa. O a j i H pa3BHBaTbca coBpeMeHHbiS acejie3HOflopoatHbiií, aBTOMo0HJibHbifi H B03flyniHbi8 TpaHcnopT. Bbipoc H OKpen p a 6 o ™ f l KJiacc, CTaBiiiHH Be^yin;e0 CHJIOH MOHrojibCKoro o S m e m a . lio CBoeMy 3K0H0MHHecic0My n o T e m y i a j i y MoHrojibCKaa HapoflHaa PecnyfijiHKa H3 acHBOTHOBOflHecKOH n p e B p a r a j i a c b B arpapHo-HHflycTpHaJibHyw coiíHaJiHCTHiecKyio CTpaHy. üpeoflOJieB Sojibume TpyflHocTH, MHPII y c n e i i r a o peniHJia oflHy m Hanfiojiee CJIOJKHHX 3a^aH eouHajiHCTHiecKoro CTpoHTejibCTBa — icoonepHpoBaHHe eejibCKoro xo3añcTBa. B 1 9 5 9 r . K o o n e p u p o B a i m e apaTCKHx xo3añcTB 6HJIO 3aBepmeH0, HTO 0 3 H a i a j i 0 ' noSejw eoiiHajiHCTHHecKHx NP0H3B0FLCTBEHHBIX OTHOuieHHH BO BceM HapüflHOM xo3aHCTBe. C o i p a JIH3M B MHP CTaji peajibHoñ fleHCTBHTejibHOCTbM. 3 a f l a ™ , BbiflBHHyTbie X CT>E3^0M M H P n , 6MJIH ycneuiHo BbinojiHeHbi: co3flaHti OCHOBH coi;HAJM3MA, 3aBepmeH HCTopHiecKHH n e p é XOFL CTpaHbl OT (J)EO^ajiH3Ma K coitfiaJiH3My, MHHya KanHTajiHcraHecKyio cTa^nio p a 3 B H r a a . JJocTHrHyTu y c n e x H B noBbinieHHH MaTepHajibHoro H KyjibTypHoro ypoBHa HacejieHHa. n p H H a T a a 6 HJOJIA 1 9 6 0 r . HOBaa, Hbme j e ñ c T B y i o m a a KoHCTHTyijHa MHP 3aK0H0flaTeabHO 3aKpenHjia a r a orpoMHbieFLOCTHACEHHAp e c n y 6 j i n K n B pa3BHTHH npoH3Bo^HTejibHbíx CHJI H npOH3BOSCTBeHHUX OTHOUieHHH. C 3aBepmeHHeM co3flaHHa OMOB. coii;Ha.iH3Ma MHP c H a i a j i a 6 0 - x roflOB BCTyimna B HOBbiñ nepHOj CBoero p a 3 B H r a a •— nepHOfl 3aBepmeHHa CTpoHTejibCTBa coipajiH3Ma H CO3¿jaHHa ero n p o r a o ñ MaTepHajibHO-TexHHHecKOH 6a3bi. MarncTpajibHbie 3aflaTO H HanpaBJieHHA 3Toro nepHOfla SHJIH onpeaejieHbi B HOBOH, HeTBepTOH nporpaMMe MoHrojibCKoñ HapoflH0-peB0Jii0UH0HH0H napTHH, npHHaToñ XV ci>e3fl0M napTHH 1 1 HioHa 1 9 6 6 r . MHPH c i a BHT nepefl co6oñ i^ejib n p e B p a r a T b MHP B ojinscaHiueM Sy^ymeM B HHflycTpHajibHO-arpapHyio CTpaHy, HMeiomyio paipiOHajibHyK) CTpyKTypy flofibiBaromeñ H nepepafiaTUBaiomeñ npoMbiinjieHHocTH, npaBHJibHoe H iíejiecoo6pa3Hoe coneTaHHe OCHOBHUX OTpac^eS coijHajiHCTHieCKOH 3K0H0MHKH 2 . HpeTBopaa B atH3Hb nporpaMMHbie 3aflaiH M H P n , TpyflamHeca MoHrojiHH 3a HCTeKrnne nocjie^HHe 2 0 JieT jofíHJiHCb KpynHbix y c n e x o B B HapamHBaHHH HHflycTpnaJibHoro n o TeHiíHajia CTpaHbl, B PS3BHTHH coiíHajiHCTHnecKoro eejibCKoro xo3a8cTBa, B noBUinetiHH MaTepnajibHoro 6;iarococToaHHa H Ky.ibTypnoro ypoBHa jkh3hh Hapo^a. 3 a yKa3aHHbie r o flbi B MHP ycKopHJica n p o i ; e c c , Be^ymHH k npeBpameHHio ee B HHflycTpnajibHO-arpapHyio CTpaHy. 0 6 STOM CBH^eTejibCTByiOT TaKHe aaHHbie: npoMbiinjieHHOCTb, TpaHcnopT h cBA3b MHP, BMecTe B3aTbie, B 1 9 8 0 r . jaBaJiH 4 6 % HaitaoHajibHoro j o x o s a H 6 4 % ofímecrBeHHoro npoflyKTa CTpaHbl. TjiyfioKHe crpyKTypHbie H3MeHeHHa nponcxoflaT B HauHOHa^bHOH 3KOHOMHKe: .nojia coiíHajiHCTHiecKoñ npoMbimjieHHOCTH B cyMMapHOM BbipaateHHH n p o j y K i;HH npoMbimjieHHOCTH H eejibCKoro xo3aftcTBa yBeJiHHHJiacb c 5 5 , 3 % B 1 9 6 0 r . s o 7 5 , 6 % b 1 9 8 0 r . , a B IHCTOH npoflyKiíHH c00TBeTCTBeHH0 — c 3 9 flo 6 5 , 6 % . T e n e p b MOHrOilbCKHH pa0OHHH KJiaCC CTajI CaMblM MHOrOHHCJieHHblM KJiaCCOM H OCHOBHblM np0H3B0^HTejieM npeofijia^aiomeH nacTH oSmecTBeHHoro n p o j y K T a . B H a c r o a m e e BpeMa flOJia p a 6 o q n x H cjiyatamHX BMecTe c IJIEHAMH HX ceMeñ cocTaBJiaeT 6o^ee 6 0 % Bcero HaceJieHHH, B TOM HHCJIE pafíoTOx — cBbime 4 0 %

(B 1 9 6 3 r . COOTBETCTBEHHO — 4 7 H 2 9 % ) .

NO Mepe flajibHeñmero COBEPUIEHCTBOBAHHA cTpyKTypbi HAUNOHAJIBIIOÑ SKOHOMHKH H pocTa NP0H3B0^HTEJIBH0CTH T p y j a , y j i y i n i e H H a HCN0^B30BAHHA OCHOBHHX (POH^OB HapoflHOro xo3añcTBa noBbiüia^acb H aipíieKTHBHOCTb ofimecTBeHHoro np0H3B0flCTBa. T a n , T0jibK0 3a nocjieflHHe 1 0 ^eT 3a cneT pocTa np0H3B0flHTeJibH0CTH Tpy^a ofiecneHHBajiocb 6ojiee 2 U n p n pocTa HauHOHa^bHoro jjoxoaa. 2 CM. «FIporpáMMa 1981 r „ CTP. 25.

MoHro^bCKoA

HapoflHO-peBOJiiouHOHHOH

napTHH».

y.NAH-EaTop,

B. THTKOB

120

0 6 HHflycTpnajibHOH HanpaBJieHHOcra pa3BHTHa MHP CBHjeTejiBCTByioT H TaKHe $ a K TBI: 3a flBa flecaTHjieraa BO3HHKJIH KpynHHe r o p o ^ a — JJapxaH, 9p#3H3T, B a r a H y p , KOTOp u e e r a r a HOBLIMH HH^ycTpHajibHbiMH i^eHTpaMH pecnyfíjiHKH. OcHOBHbie ipOHflbi 3a nepnofl nocjie 1 9 6 5 r . BO3POCJIH B 5 pa3. 06í>eM KanHTaJibHbix BJioaceHHH 3a 1 9 6 6 — 1 9 8 3 IT. B 6 pa3 npeBbicHJi oó-beii cpeacTB, BJioateHHbix B Hapofluoe XO3AHCTBO cTpaHbi 3a Becb npeflmecTBywmHH 6ojiee HEM 4 0 - J i e r a H ñ nepHOfl. l i p a STOM ecjm 2 0 JIET Ha3aa cpe^HeroflOBue TEMNBI npapocTa HaijHonajibHoro ^oxo^a cocTaBJiajm 1 , 1 % , TO 3a inecTyio naTHjieTKy ( 1 9 7 6 — 1 9 8 0 IR.) OHHFLOCTHRJIH5 , 5 % > 3A TPH HCTEKNIHX ROJA TEKYMES NATUJIETKH — 7 , 6 % . C e ñ i a c B pecnyfijiHKe 3A jjBa Mecau;a SOFIBIBAETCA CTOJIBKO y r a a , CK0JIBK0 ero npoH3B0flmi0Cb 3a Becb 1 9 6 3 r . , ajieKTpoaHeprHH BbipafiaTbiBaeTca 3a nojiTopa Mecaija cTOJibKO, CKüJibKo B TOM ate r o a y . ropHopyflHaa npoMbiuiJieHHOCTb Bcero 3a 1 0 flHeñ BbinycKaeT CTOJibKO npoflyKiiHH, CKOJibKO flaBajia B 1 9 7 0 r . ; 6ojiee Toro, 3Ta OTpacjib ofíecneiHBaeT 3 7 % Bcero MOHrojibCKoro s K c n o p r a B CTOHMOCTHOM BbipaaceHHH, a B 1 9 8 5 r . OHa FLOJIACHa ^ABATB BAJIOBOFL nposyKiiHH B flBa e JIHIIIHHM p a 3 a fiojibine, neia B 1 9 8 1 r. 3 a nocjie^HHe 2 0 JieT HacejieHHe pecnyfíjiHKH n o i r a yflBomiocb, peajibHbie floxoflbi T p y f l a n p x c a yBejiHHmiHCb B 4 pa3a, OH,H 3apa6oTHoñ niiaTbi paSonHx H cjiyatamHx — B 3 pa3a. OcymecTB.ieHa nofljiHHHaa KyjibTypHaa peBOJHoqra B ofijiacTH n p o c B e m e m i a , icyjibTypbi, 3jpaBooxpaHeHHa H HayKH. B OCHOBHOM pemeHa 3 a f l a i a Bceofímero oxBaTa fleTeñ CHCTeMoñ H e n o m o r o cpe^Hero 06pa30BaHHa, H Bce fiojibiuee HHCJIO M0Ji0,¡jeacH n o J i y i a e T cnei ^ a j i b H o e cpe^Hee H Bbicmee 0Ópa30BaHHe 3 . OnnpaflCb HA flocrarHyTbifi YPOBEHB PA3BHTHH NP0H3B0FLHTEJIBHBIX CHJI MHP, XVIII CI>E3FL MOHROJIBCKOS HAPOFLHO-PEBOJIWIÍHOHHOÑ napTHH ( 1 9 8 1 r . ) HAIAETHJI HOBUE pyfíeatH B pa3BHTHH HAPOFLHORO X03flHCTBa H KYJIBTYPBL CTpaHbl B CeflbMOH naTHJieTKe ( 1 9 8 1 — 1 9 8 5 n \ ) . E e RJIABHAA 3AFLANA COCTOHT B oSecneieHHH nocrynaTeJibHoro pa3BHTHa o6meCTBeHHoro NPOH3BÜFLCTBA H noBbimeHHH ero 3eKTHBH0CTH NYTEM nocroaHHoro pom NP0H3B0^HTEJIBHOCTH TPY^A, BHEFLPEHHA HAYIHO-TEXHHÍECKHX AOCTNATEHHH H nepe^oBoro onbiTa, BceMepHoro y a y i r n e m i a KAIECTBA padoTbi BO Bcex OTpacjiax HapojHoro xo3añcTBa H KyJIbTypbl, 9$(J)eKTHBH0r0 HCn0JIb30BaHHa np0H3B0JCTBeHHbIX MOmHOCTeñ, MaTepHaabHHX, OHHAHCOBBIX H TPYFLOBBIX pecypcoB, a Tanate flajibHeñmero HAPAMHBAHHA AK0H0MMECK0R0 NOTEHAHAJIA CTpaHbi H BFLOCTHATEHHHHA STOH 0CH0Be HeyKJioHHoro pocTa MATEPHAJIBHORO SjiarococToaHHa H KyjibTypHoro ypoBHa JKH3HH Hapofla. 9K0H0MHiecKaa n o j i a r a K a MHPII 6a3HpyeTca Ha o6i>eKTHBHbix 3aK0H0MepH0CTax pa3BHTiia eou;HajiHCTHiecKoro oSmecTBa B c n e u H í m e c j a i x ycjiOBHax MHP H BbipaacaeT HHTepecH MOHrojibCKoro Hapo^a. rjiaBHbiM HanpaBJieHHeM B STOH nojiHTHKe aBJiaeTca noBbiraeHHe 3$(J)eKTHBH0CTH OÓmeCTBBHHOrO np0H3B0flCTBa, flOCTHJKeHHe fíOJiee BbICOKHX KOHeiHbix Hap0flH0X03flñcTBeHHbix pe3y.ibTaT0B npH HaHMeHbuiHX 3aTpaTax. P a 3 p a 6 o T a m i a a XVIII CBE3FLOM MHPN 3K0H0MHIECKAA CTpaTerna BonjiomaeTca B atH3Hb nyieM ycneiiiHoro BbinojiHeHaa 3aflaHHH naTHJieTHero H ro^OBbix njiaHOB p a 3 B n r a a HapojHoro x o s a á c T B a H KyjibTypbi CTpaHbi, KOHKperabix Mep no p e a j u m i p i a STHX njiaHOB. B pemeHHax c i e s a a , NOCJIE^YIOMHX N^EHYMOB, 0C06EHH0 BHEONEPEFLHORO VIII NJIEHYMA U.K MHPn ( 1 9 8 4 r . ) , oSpameHo 6ojibiuoe BHHMaHne Ha noBbiuieHHe OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH napraHHbix, rocyj(apcTBeHHbix, oSmecTBeHHbix opraHH3ai;Hñ H xo3añCTBeHHbix pyKOBOflHTeJieñ 3a oóecneieHHe 6e3ycjioBHoro BbinojiHeHHa rocyflapcTBeHHbix njiaHOB KaacflbiM npeflnpHaraeM H x03añcTB0M, BCeMH npOH3BOflCTBeHHbIMH yHaCTKaMH H TpyflOBHMH KOJIJieKTHBaMH, KaatflblM paÓOTaiOmHM HA cBoeM MecTe. 3 a TeKymee n a r a j i e m e HaMeieHO ocymecTBHTb Sojitmoñ o S i e M KaimTajibHbix BJioaceHHH — 1 9 MJipfl. TyrpHKOB, HJiM HA 4 MJipfl. 6ojibme, qeM B mecTOH narajieTice. B BbinoaHeHHH 3TOH 3aflaiH BaatHyio po^b nrpaeT (JimaHcoBaa H TexHHiecKaa noMomb H cofleñcTBHe CoBeTCKoro Coio3a, flpyrax 6paTCKHx CTpaH couHajiH3Ma. HOHTH 7 0 % Bcex KanHTajioBJioateHHH npeflHa3HaHeH0 HanpaBHTb B c f e p y MaTepnajibHoro np0H3B0flCTBa. npH STOM nepBocTeneHHoe 3HaneHHe npnflaeTca yKpenjieHHio MaTepaajíbHO-TexHHieC'Koñ 6a3bi c e a b cKoro xo3añcTBa, pa3BHTmo npoMbimjieHHQCTH, B nepByio onepe^b ee 6a30Bbix o T p a c a e ñ — TonjiHBHO-sHepreTHiecKOH, ropHopyflHoS H npoMLiniJieHHOcra cTpoHTOibHbix MaTepnajiOB. B KOHeTOOM ace HTore 3(¡)(J)6KTHBH0CTb HaiíHOHaabHOH 8K0H0MHKH fiy^eT p e m a T b c a 3a c i e T Mo0HJiH3au;HH pe3epB0B noBbiiueHHa np0H3B0flHTeabH0CTH Tpy^a, KOTopaa flOJiatHa B 0 3 p a c r a S

«HOBOCTH MoHro^HH», 11.VI 1.1984 r.

121

COLlHAJIbHO-SKOHOMH^ÎECKOE P A 3 B H T H E M H P

B ceflbMOH n a r a a e r a e

Ha 2 4 % -

9TO j a c T B03M0acH0CTh oôecnenHTb %

HajibHoro j o x o j a . E e 3 y c a o B H o , pe3epBbi p a

npnpocTa

Hai^io-

3Toro B cTpaHe HMewTca, HX HAAO nocroaHHO

npHBOÄHTb B fleñcTBHe. OflHaKO, KaK n o j i e p K H B a j i o c b Ha V I I I iuieHyMe D,K M H P I I , np0H3B0^HTeJibHOCTb T p y ^ a B ceabCKOM x o 3 a 0 C T B e H B CTpoHTeabCTBe pecnySjiHKH n p o f l o a a i a e T o c TaBaTbCfl HHate nflaHOBbix n o K a 3 a T e a e ñ .

«IIoaTOMy MHHHCTepcTBaM H BeflOMCTBaM, aHMan-

HbiM H ropoflCKHM napTHHHbiM H rocy^apcTBeHHbiM

opraHH3ai;HFLM, pyKOBOflHTeaaM

npHHTHH H X03AHCTB,— n o f l i e p K H y a 3 t . BaTMyHx Ha n J i e H y M e , — c a e ^ y e T ^ a T b Hyro

H ofíieKTHBHyw

yiaCTKax pe3epBbi

oiíemcy

cocToaHHa

^EJI B KaacflOM TpyjjOBOM KOJiJieKTHBe,

npoH3BojicTBa, Ha KaatflOM p a ô o i e M MecTe, p a

HaBepcTbiBaHHa

ynymeHHoro,

BCKpbiBaTb

noBbimeHHa

h

HA B c e x

ncn0.ib30BaTb

np0H3B0flHTeabH0cra

npea-

npaBHJibHOBbie

Tpy^a,

ao-

CTHateHHa x o p o u i H x KOHeiHbix p e 3 y ^ b T a T 0 B » . HeyKJioHHO B 0 3 p a c T a e r

SKOHOMHiecKHñ noTeHitfiaa

MHP,

o

leM

cBH^eTejibCTByei

HeyKJIOHHblH POCT OCHOBHblX OOHflOB HapOflHOro X033HCTBa, KOTOpbie 3 a nOCJieflHHe 1 0

JieT

yjlBOHJiHCb. IIocTOflHHO n o B b i m a e T c a S H e p r o - H (JjOHflOBOopyaceHHOCTb T p y ^ a , aKTHBHO B H e j p a i o T c a B HapoflHoe x o 3 a ñ c T B o BBICOKONPOH3BOFLHTEJIBHAA TexHHKa H n p o r p e c c H B H a a TexHOj i o r n a . B o 3 p a c T a i o T TaKace B a a o B o i i oßmecTBeHHbiw n p o ^ y K T h H a i p o H a a b H b i H a o x o f l M H P . B TO a t e BPEMA H3-3a HecBoeBpeMeHHoro H HenojiHoro ocBoeHHa MOiijHOCTeñ B npoMbmiJieHHOCTH, CTpoHTeabCTBe H ceJibCKOM x o 3 a a c T B e

pocT (JiOHÄOOTflaHH, Kan oTMenajiocb Ha

nae-

HYME, HE TOJIBKO H e o ß e c n e i H B a e T c a , HO 6 o a e e T o r o , H a HEKOTOPBIX N P E ^ N P H A T H A X OH HMEET

TeHfleHIÍHK) K CHHJKeHHH). M H P n

H npaBHTeJIbCTBO

MOHROFLHH npHHHMaiOT Mepbl K TOMy,

ITOßbl yCTpaHHTb 3TH HeflOCTaTKH. B i ? e a a x noBbimeHHa BflNpeKTHBHocra oßmecTBeHHoro npoH3BoacTBa B p e c n y ö a m c e o c y mecTBJiaioTca

BaacHbie M e p o n p H a r a a

3$$eKTHBH0My

no C T p o K a ñ m e M y

coôawfleHHio peacHMa SKOHOMHH H

pacxoflOBaHHH) c b i p b a H MaTepaaJioB, TonjiHBa H a H e p r m i .

B

MHHHCTepcT-

B a x H BeflOMCTBax M H P ycTaHOBjieHbi, HanpHMep, n a T H J i e r a H e n a a H b i no coKpameHHio xoflOB c b i p b a H MaTepnanoB Ha npoH3BoacTBo n p o f l y K i p m n 0 K a 3 a H n e y c j i y r . B X V I I I cT>e3ja M H P n c n e u n a a b H O n o f l q e p K H B a e T c a , HTO p a m e a b H o e

pac-

pememiax

Hcn0Jib30BaHne MaTe-

pnaJibHbix p e c y p c o B H co6aiofleHne p e a u m a SKOHOM'HH BO BceM He MeHee B a s r a o , qeM y B e JiHieHHe np0H3B0flCTBa npoflyKitfra. OSpameHO ßojibiuoe BHHMaHHe H Ha m n p o K o e

BOBae-

l e H H e B xo3aHCTBeHHbiH oöopoT BTopHHHbix p e c y p c o B , a 3T0 T a n a t e c a y a t H T ô o a b u m M

pe-

3epB0M B nOBbimeHHH 3(J)e3^a

MHPn

ycneuiHO

pnajibHO-TexHHiecKaa

BbinoaHaioTca.

3HaiHTeabHO

pacmapnaacb

XVIII

H yKpennaacb

Maie-

6 a 3 a Hapo^Horo x o 3 a ñ c T B a . 3 a yKa3aHHbiS n e p H O j B HapoflHoe

xo-

3 a S c T B 0 6bmo BJioaceHO 1 2 , 6 Map^. TyrpHKOB, h3 HHX B npoMbimaeHHOCTb H c e a b C K o e x o 3 a ñ c T B 0 HanpaBaeHO n o n r a 6 0 %

B c e x KanHTaabHbix BaoaceHHH,

7 , 3 M a p a . TyrpHKOB.

n o cpaBHeHHM c 1 9 8 0 r . ocHOBHbie $OHflbi Hapo^Horo x o 3 a ß c T B a y B e a n m i H C b B 1 9 8 3

r.

Ha 9 , 4 Map;*., B TOM l a c a e np0H3B0flCTBeHHbie $OHabi — n o i r a Ha 7 M a p a . TyrpHKOB. npoH3BeaeHHH0 np0H3B0iHTeabH0CTb nero oôecneieHo

3

yKpennaacb

Beaymee

HauHOHaabHoro

aoxoa

B

Tpyaa

cpeflHeM

eaceroflHO

noBbiCHaacb

3a

B03pacTaa

TPH r o ^ a

Ha

Ha

18%,

7,5%. 3a

cieT

U n p a p o c T a npoH3BojCTBa HauHOHaabHoro j o x o a a .

3HaiHTeabH0 HHMaiomero

HauHOHaabHbiH oömecTBeHHoro

MaTepnaabHO-TexHHqecKaa

MecTo B sKOHOMHKe M H P .

floxo.ua,

V3

Bcex

OCHOBHHX

6a3a

Ha aoaio

ceabCKoro xo3añcTBa,

STOH o T p a c a n

npoH3BoacTBeHHbix

3a-

npHxoflHTca

(JIOHAOB H ß o a e e

BKcnopTHbix p e c y p c o B p e c n y f i a n K H . H b m e B ceabCKOM x o 3 a ñ c T B e pafioTaiOT 5 4 %

l

U

60%

Bcex 3a-

HaTbix B c $ e p e M a T e p n a a b H o r o NPOH3BOJCTBA MoHroaHH. ToabKO 3 a ro^bi T e n y m e S

nara-

aeTKH OcHOBHbie np0H3B0flCTBeHHbie (JioHflbi, B K a i o i a a CKOT, B b i p o c a n Ha 2 M a p a . TyrpHKOB H cocTaBaaioT Tenepb

6 , 2 M a p a . TyrpHKOB. BßeaeHO B a K c n a y a i a i p i o

B o ^ i e c K H X noMemeHHH, p a c n i H p e H a ceTb B o a o n o ñ H b i x nyHKTOB p a B

HACTOAMEE

BPEMA

HHM ( K O o n e p a T H B O ß ) ,

47

B MHP

$YHKII;H0HHPYI0T

TOCX030B,

nocTaBmHKaMH r o c y ^ a p c T B y

13

3epHa H

KOPMOBHX

flpyroH

255

15

Tbic.

CEABCK0X03AÑCTBEHHBIX

X03SHCTB.

Tocxo3bi

3eMaeaeabHecK0ñ

acHBorao-

cKOTa. aBaaioTca

npo^yKitHH,

OßIEFLHHEraaBHbiMH

ceabCK0X03aä-

CTBeHHbie OÔ^eflHHeHHH — OCHOBHbie np0H3B0flHTeaH npOflyKUHH aCHBOTHOBOflCTBa. OSmae

noceBHbie n a o m a ^ H B CTpaHe 3aHHMaioT 1 1 6 5

HHX COÔPAHO 8 1 2

Tbic. T 3epHa, 9 6

anao

noTpeÔHOcra

oSecneiHTb

jyKiíHH

3eMae^eaHa

H

cbipbe.

Tbic. r e K T a p o B . B

TBIC. T K a p T 0 $ e a a H 3 8

HaceaeHHa ycneumo

H nHin,eBO0 npoMbimaeHHOCTH pa3BHBaiOTca

Taoe

1983

r.

c

Tbic. T OBOMEÄ. 9TO n 0 3 B 0 CTpaHbi B

cpaBHHTeabHo

HOBbie

npoHa-

122

B.

npaBJieHHa

cejibcicoro x o 3 a í i C T B a ,

KaK

THTKOB

noJieBoe

K0pM0np0H3B0,ncTB0,

opomaeMoe

3eMJiefle-

JIHe, T O H K O p y H H O e OBIteBOflCTBO H 3 P . ycnexH,

flocTHrHyTue

fleflTejibHocTbH)

MHP

B eejibCKOM x o 3 f l S c T B e , H e n o e p e f l C T B e H H O CBa3aHbi c a K T H B H o ñ CoBeie

B

ópaTCKoñ noMombio C C C P h

9K0H0MHiecK0ñ

flpyrax

BsaHMonoMomH,

c

HHTepHaiíHOHajibHoíi

CTpaH coii,¡iajincTHHecKoro coapyatecTBa. B Hanane 7 0 - x

TOflOB B p a M K a X I l 0 C T 0 a H H 0 H K O M H C C H H C 9 B n o CeJIbCKOMy X 0 3 f l H C T B y n p H y n a C T H H K0KBajin(J)Hiínp0'BaHHbix nporpaMMa Hbix

c n e i j H a j i H C T O B h y n e H b i x C T p a H — q . i e H O B C 9 B 6bijia

HHTeHCHfliHKaiíHH,

BHflOB

BHeapeHHa

JKHBOTHOBOflHeCKOH

npoMbimjieHHbix

npOflYKIÍHH

H

MeTB

nOflrOTOBJieHbl

BbJCO-

pa3paóoTaM

npoH3BOflCTBa

peKOMeHflaiíHH

oTflejib-

no

CHCTeMe

BefleHHfl J K H B O T H O B O f l C T B a H K O p M O n p O H 3 B O f l C T B a B M H P . B e c o M b i ñ BKJiajj B y c K o p e H H o e p a 3 B H T H e ceJibCKoro x o 3 a ñ c T B a M H P BKOHOMHiecKaa CTBaMH C C C P

noMomb

CoBeTCKoro

Coio3a.

3a

nepao^

nocTpoeHbi H c ^ a H b i B s K c n j i y a T a i í m o

K p o M e T o r o , n p n T e x H u n e c i c o ñ noiaoiiui C C C P TaS, «3aJiyiyfl»

H oBomHoro

1968

BHOCHT T e x H H K O -

r.

cujiaMH H cpefl-

2 2 BbicoicopeHTaSejibHbix

fijiaroycTpoeHbi

—3epHOBoro HanpaBJieraa,

acaB» — 3epHOBoro

nocjie

xo3aficTBa.

rocxo3bi B a a H x a p a T ,

Bypraji-

« O K T f l 6 p b » — M0Ji0HH0-0B0ffl,H0r0 H « M a r c a p -

HanpaBjieHHH.

fljia

yjiyiineHua

nopojHOcra

cKOTa

B e T C K H H COH)3 n o c T a B H J i M H P 3a n o c j i e ^ H H e 5 JieT 9 , 6 Tbic. TOJIOB q n c T o n o p o ^ H o r o

Co-

CKOTa,

3 , 5 Tbic. OBeu, H OKOJIO 4 0 0 K03, K 0 T 0 p b i e H c n o j i b 3 y i o T C f l H b m e B ceJieKUHOHHO-n;IEMEHHOH pa6oTe. B cipaHe aeñcTByeT

3 0 MOJIOHHMX

MexaHH3HpoBaHHbix

epM, n o c T p o e H H b i x

npa

T e x H H K 0 - 3 K 0 H 0 M H H e c K 0 M cofleficTBHH C o B e T C K o r o C o K 3 a . K p o M e T o r o , 3a nocJieflHHe 1 0

JieT

co3flaHbi 1 0

180

K0pM0Bbix xo3fl¡ícTB,

fíojiee

2 0 KOMSHKOPMOBHX n p e f l n p H A T H H ,

H cBbirne

CejIbCK0X03flHCTBeHHbIM o S i e f l H H e H H f l M nOCTaBJieHbl K O M n J i e K C H C e J I b X 0 3 M a m H H . CymecTBeHHyio Spyrne

noMomb

B pa3BHTHH

CTpaHbi coiíHajiMcranecKoro

eejibCKoro

coflpyaeecTBa.

xo3añcTBa

HanpHMep,

MHP

HPB

OKa3biBaiOT

TOJIHH B c T p o H T e j i b C T B e T e n j i H U b i O B o m H o r o K O M Ó H H a T a B y j i a H - f i a T o p e , c o 3 ^ a H H H rojibCKoro njiosooBomHoro xo3aftcTBa $pyKTaMH.

npH

flBJiawmHííca

fljia

Tanate

oica3ajia n o M o m b MOHHlapbm-

o f i e c n e i e H H a HacejieHHa r . J a p x a i j a OBOiuaMH H

TeXHHK0-3K0H0MHHeCK0H

HOMOIIÍH

HbiHe K p y n H b i M n p e ^ n p a a r a e M

BHP

nOCTpOeH

no np0H3B0flCTBy

COHTHHCKHH

KOMfíHHaT,

fiHonpenapaTOB.

9TOT KOM-

0 H H a T o ó e c n e q H B a e T n o j i H O C T b M He TOjibKO n o T p e f í H o c r a p e c n y f i j i H K n B B n o n p e n a p a T a x , HO eacerofliio

nocTaBJiaeT

H a siccnopT

CBOIO n p o f l y i ü í H i o .

Momb B y B e r a i e H H H np0H3B0^CTBa KapTO$ejia,

H y p HMeHH 9. TeJibMaHa. üojibiiia nocTaBJiaeT M H P HOCTHHeCKHX Ka0HHeTOB

H

RJP

0Ka3biBaeT

JiafíopaTOpHH.

paMKax

3añcTBa

M H P

nocToaHHoií ocymecTBJiaeT

O0MEH PA3JMHHO8 H H $ o p M a i i H e ñ ,

UIHPOKHH

KOH$epeHiínax

CEJIBCK0X03AHCTBEHHBIX

copia.

KOMHCCHH C 9 B n o COTPYFLHHIECTBY B o f i j i a c r a eeJibCKoro

TEXHOJIORAAMH CEJIBCKOXO3AHCTBEHHORO CHMNO3HYMAX,

fluar-

Ky6HHCKHe

COPTOB H 3 6 BH,HOB KOPMOBHX K y j i b T y p B y c j i O B H a x

r o S n H C K o í i 30HH M o H r o j i H H H o n p e j j e J M J W y p o a c a ñ H o c T b K a a ^ o r o B

H

B

KyjibTyp,

noBop-

Heofixo^HMoe oSopyflOBaHHe , p a

BeTepHHapHO-SaKTepHOJIOrHHeCKHX

cneiíHajiHCTbi n p o B e ; m H c n b i T a H H a 5 3

cymecTBeHHyio

0 B 0 m e ñ , M o a o K a h KOPMOB B r o c x o 3 e

NP0H3B0FLCTBA,

coBMecraofi

BBIBEFLEHHH)

npHHHMaeT

pa3pa6oTKe

HOBHX

ñopos

no

a

Tanate

y^acrae CO3FLAHHIO

atHBOTHbix,

xo-

HOBHMH

ceMHHapax,

B

HOBMX

COPTOB

npoeKTHpoBaumo,

CTPOHTEJIBCTBY, AKCNJIYATAIÍHH ACHBOTHOBOFLIECKHX $ e p M H KOMIUICRCOB.

B Hacioamee

BpeMa

c noMomb»

coBeTCKHx

cneuHajincTOB 3aBepmaeTca

pa3pafioTKa

n,ejieBoñ KOMÍIJICKCHUÍÍ n p o r p a M M M p a 3 B H T n a eejibCKoro x o 3 a ñ c T B a p e c n y ó j i H K H a y j i y n m e HHH o ó e c n e i e H H a

HacejieHna

aceHHfl o 6 e c n e H H T b eeJibCKoro

npoflOBOJibCTBneM

flajibHeñmee

xo3añcTBa,

pocT

pa3BHTHe

np0H3B0flCTBa

Ha nepHOfl ^o 2 0 0 0

H noBbiiueHHe H y^yHineHHe

r.

llpimaTbi

sijKjieKTHBHocTH KanecTBa

npe^Jio-

Bcex

oTpacjiea

npojjyKiyiH,

C03^aHHe

H O B b i x r o c y f l a p c T B e H H b i x pe3epB0B n o BCSM B a a c H e S n i H M B H ^ a M c e J i b C K 0 x o 3 a H C T B e H H o ñ n p o flyKqHH

H Cbipba.

EcTecTBeHHO,

TaKoii 6ojibiuoñ o 6 i e M

npe^CToamax

pafioT T p e S y e T

POKHX H c c j i e f l O B a H H Ü , B H e f l p e H H f l H A Y I H M X p a 3 p a 6 0 T 0 K B c e a b C K 0 X 0 3 a H C T B e H H 0 e

UIH-

np0H3B0fl-

CTBO. ycneniHo

pemawTca Bce

nporpaMMHbie

pa3BHTHa

CTpaHu.

fiojibumü

HHiecKOH

6a3bi n p o M b i u u i e H H o c T H ,

ycTaHOBKH

pa3Max noJiyiaeT

noBbiineHHe y p o B H a

BHeapeHne aBT0MaTH3auHH npoH3Bo,¡icTBeHHbix h opraHH3aii,nn np0H3B0flCTBa.

MHPH

B ofíjiac™

coBepraeHCTBOBaHne MexaHHsauHH

npoueccoB,

Tpyfla,

coBepmeHCTBOBaHHe

OnepeacaiomHMH TeMnaMH pacTyT

MHKH — T o n j M B H o - S H e p r e T H i e c i c a f l ,

HHflycTpHa^bHoro MaTepnaabHo-TexnocTeneHHoe TexHOJiornH

Sa30Bbie O T p a c j i H SKOHO-

c T p o i r r e J i b H a a H H j y c T p H a , T p a H c n o p T H cBB3b. 3 a

cjxeáHHe í B a í e c a T U J i e i n a B a a o B o ñ o f i m e c T B e H H H H n p o ^ y K T Bbipcc B 3 p a s a . H b m e

no-

Bbipa-

COIiHAJIbHO-3KOHOMHHECKOE PA3BHTHE MHP

123

fioTKa sjieKTpoaHeprHH npeBbicnaa ypoBeHb 1 9 6 0 r. b 1 5 pa3, floStm y r a a — b 7 pa3. B HapoflHOM xo3flficTBe dojiee ieM b 2 pa3a yBeaHHHaacb HHcaeHHQCTb pafioiHx h c a y a c a n p x . B e e 3 t h h flpyrne flocraaceHHa pecnyfijiHKH — pe3yjitTaT yMeaoro pyKOBOflCTBa HK MHPII, caMooTBepaceHHoro Tpyfla MoaroJibCKoro Hapofla h aKTHBHoro y^acTHa MHP b fleaTeJIbHOCTH COBeTa 9K0H0MHHeCK0g B3aHM0n0M0mH. Beflymee MecTO b HH^ycTpnajibHOM pa3BHTHH MHP npHHaflJieacHT a e r a o g h n n m e B o g npoMbimaeHHOCTH. 9 t h OTpacjiH flawT 4 5 % BaaoBoro- npoflyKTa npoMbimaeHHOCTH. K a n b MHP, TaK h 3a pydeacoM flo6pog c a a B o g nojib3yioTca KoacaHbie h TpHKOTaacHbie H3fleaHa, KOBpbi, jiyojieHKH, BbipaSaTbiBaeMbie Ha OTeieCTBeHHbix npeflnpHHTHax aerKofi npoMbimjieHHOCTH. Tojibico 3a nocjieflHHe roflbi b pecny6jinice nocipoeHbi KpynHaa n p a f l n a b H a a h TpHKOTaacHaa a6pHKH b y a a H - E a T o p e , K0Bp0Bbig KOMSmjaT b 9pfl3H3Te, HOBbie nnmeBbie, Mo.ioHHbie h MyKOMOJibHbie n p e f l n p H a r a a . CaeflyeT OTMeTHTb, 1TO C03flaHHe H HHTeHCHBHOe pa3BHTHe COBMeCTHHX COBeTCKO" MOHroabCKHx npeflnpaaTHH Ha TeppHTopHH MHP CTaao b nocaeflHHe roflbi Han6oaee 3$iJ)eKTHBHbiM HanpaBaeHHeM coTpyflHinecTBa b pa3BHTHH Han,HOHaabHog npoMbimaeHHocra. H p h MepaMH TaKoS $opMbi coTpyflHHHecTBa a B a a i o T c a ropHO-o6oraTHTeabHbifi KOM0HHaT « 9 p f l s H0T», ofiieflHHeHHe «MoHroacoBi(BeTMeT», a TaKace noflKJiioHeHHe i;eHTpaabH0H 3HepreTHHecKoS CHCTeMbi MHP Ha n a p a a a e a b H y i o pafioTy c SHeprocncTeMog C h 6 h p h , coeflHHaiomeg ee c eflHHbiM 3HeproKoabi;oM CTpaH — naeHOB C 9 B . 0 MacuiTa6ax coTpyflHHiecTBa Meatfly CCCP h MoHrojiHeft b ofiaacTH irpoMbimaeHHoro CTpoHTeabCTBa CBHfleTeabcTByiOT T a r a e flamme. B MHP ToabKo 3a nocaeflHHe flBa flecaraa e r a a n p a TexHHKO-sKOHOMHiecKog noMomn h cofleficTBHH CoBeTCKoro Coio3a nocTpoeHO h cflaHO b 3KcnayaTai;HH) CBbmie 6 0 0 Hap0flH0X03agcTBeHHbix ofi^eKTOB, b tom HHcae 1 5 0 npoMumaeHHbix npeflnpnaTHg, cocTaBJiaromnx 0CH0By HaimoHaabHog HHflycTpHH. IIpH stom o f o e M coBeTCKofi noMoiip 3a Kaacflbie nocaeflHHe flBe naTHaeTKH yflBaHBaaca no cpaBHeHHio c npeflbiflymHMH nsnyinemsiuz. Hbme n p e f l n p a a r a a , nocTpoeHHbie b MHP c n0M0iHbro CoBeTCKoro CoH)3a, BbinycicaioT n o i r a noaoBHHy B a a o B o g npoMbimaeHHog npoflyKipH p e c nyojiHKH, H3 hhx 9 5 % aaeKTpo- h TenaosHepraH, 8 1 % y r a a , 8 5 % MyKH, S o a e e 7 0 % CTpoHTeabHux MaTepnaaoB, KOHflHTepcKHx h xae6o6yjioiHbix H3fleaHH, 100% mhto3 rnepcth, Bofiaoica, B a a a H o S ofiyBH, HiepcTaHbix TKatieii, komShkopmob, MeflHwx h MOjmSfleHOBbix KOHI(eHTpaTOB. Hapafly c CoBeTCKHM Cokoom BaatHyw noMomb b pa3BHTHii npoMbimaeHHOCTH MHP 0Ka3biBawT flpyrae. CTpaHH C 9 B — H P B , B H P , TflP, ^ C C P , C P P . BecoMbiS BKaafl ohh BHecaH b pa3BHrae TaKHx o T p a c a e g npoMbimaeHHOCTH, KaK a e r a a a , n n m e B a a , flepeB006pa6aTbiBaiomafl, ropHOfloSHBaiomaa h np0H3B0flCTB0 cipoHTeabHbix MaTepaaaoB.

H3 rofla b rofl HCH3MeHHo pacTeT yfleabHbin Bee ripoMbiniaeHHog npoflyKUHH b ofimeM o6i>eMe aKcnopTa CTpaHbi, oco6eHHO 3a cneT CypHoro pa3BJiTna flofibiBaromeg h o 6 p a 6 a i b i Bawmeg npoMbimaeHHocra. T a x , e c a a b 1 9 6 0 r . Ha floaio npoMbimaeHHog npoflyKii,HH npHxoflHaocb b 3KcnopTe OKoao 3 0 % , to b 1 9 8 3 r . — CBbirne 7 0 % .

Hapafly c KoaHiecTBeHHbiM poctom npoHcxoflHT HHTeHCHBHoe noBbimeHHe KaiecTBeHHbix noKa3aTeaefi npoMumaeHHoro np0H3B0flCTBa. HanpHMep, b 1 9 8 3 r . np0H3B0fl«TeabHocTb Tpyfla b npoMbimaeHHOCTH B03pocaa b 2 , 8 pa3a no cpaBHeHHio c 1 9 6 0 r . 9 t o no3Bojihjio oSecneiHBaTb 2 / 3 npnpocTa n p o f l y ^ H H 3a cneT pocTa np0H3B0flHTeabH0CTn Tpyfla. B o a b u m e 3aflaiH nocTaBaeHU nepefl np0MbiuiaeHH0CTbH) b TeKymeg n a r a a e T K e : bhcokhmh TeMnaMH fiyflyT pa3BHBaTbca TonaHBHO-SHepreraiecKaa, ropHopy^Haa h MeTaaaoofipafiaTHBaiomaa oTpacan. B nepcneKTHBHbix pagoHax pecnySaHKH $opMHpyioTCfl HOBbie TeppHT0pHaabH0-np0MbimaeHHbie h arponpoMbimaeHHbie KOMnaeKcu, npoMbimaeHHbie i;eHTpbi. OcymecTBaaeTca, HanpHMep, noaHbiM x0fl0M CTpoHTeabCTBo TaKHx np0H3B0flCTBeHHbix KOMnaeKCOB, KaK E a r a - H y p , X y T y a , Bop-yHflyp h pafl flpyrax, coopyacaeMHx c n0M0mbio CoBeTCKoro Coio3a.

KaK BHflHO, 3a Tpn rofla ceflbMog naTHaeTKH b iieaoM ycnemHo BbinoanawTca naaHoBbie 3aflaHHfl b apoMbiHiaeHHoera. 3 a s t o BpeMa ee B a a o B a a npoflyKuna Bbipocaa Ha 3 3 % , a np0H3B0flHTeabH0CTb Tpyfla — Ha 1 5 % - IIocTpoeHbi h cflaHbi b 3KcnayaTaiiHio MHorne npoMbimaeHHbie oSieKTbi, b tom i n c a e fl0cp0HH0 Becb KOMnaeuc ropHO-oSoraTHTeabHoro KOMfiHHaTa «9pfl3H3T», n e p B a a onepeflb TonaHBHo-aHepreTHnecKoro KOMnaeKca «BaraHyp», T9L[-4 b y a a H - B a i o p e , i;eMeHTH0-H3BecTK0BbiH KOMnaeKC b X y T y a e h flpyrae

oSteKTU.

124

B.

THTKOB

POCT MACIIRRASOB OFIMECTBEMIORO NP0H3B0FLCTBA M H P NOCROAHHO TPEFÍYER COBEPUIEHCRBOBAHHÜ METOFLOB YNPABJIEHHA HAPO^HUM X03AÑCTB0M, BHE^PEHHFL B NOBCEJJHEBHYIO NPAKRAKY COBPEMEHHOH BBLHHCJIHTEJIBHOH TEXHHKH. HBIHE BO MHORHX OTPACJIFLX HAPOFLHORO X03FLHCTBA PECNYFÍJIHKH BCE UINPE NPHMEHAIOTCA 9 B M , MHKPONPOUECCOPHBIE YCTPOSCTBA. B 1 9 8 4 R. NPH IIOJIHTEXHHHECKOM HHCTHTYIE

B YJIAH-BATOPE

MATH3HPOBAHHBIX CHCTEM YNPABJIEHHH

H

CO3FLAHA MEJKBY30BCKAA

BBLIHCJIHTEJIBHOH

TEXHHKH,

KA$EFLPA ABTO-

CTABUIAA

HAY'IHBLM

IJEHTPOM, OÓÍLEFLHHAIOMHM CNENHAJMCTOB PA3JIHHHBIX NPWFHJIEÑ. K A N NOKA3BIBAET ONBIT P A J A KPYNHBIX NPE^NPHARAH, KHSEPHERAIÍA NOMORAET OFIECNEHHBATB PHTMHRAOCTB TEXHOJIORAI E C K H X NPOIÍECCOB, QETKOE NJIAHHPOBAHHE H CBOEBPEMEHHBIH ICOHTPOJIB HA BCEX NP0H3B0FLCTBEHHBLX OFI'BEKTAX. B PE3YJIBTATE BBINOJIHEHHA 3AJAHHH CEJBMOÑ NUTHJIETKH 3HAIHTEJIBH0 B03PACTET

HH-

^YCTPHAJIBHHÑ NOTEHIIHAJI, Y B E J M I H T C A ERO YAEJIBHBIÑ BEC B BKOHOMHKE M H P . B 1 9 8 5 NPOMBMIJIEHHOCTB CTPAHBI 6Y¿JET FLABATB ITOHTH 8 0 %

R.

COBOIÍYNHOÑ NPOFLYKUHH NPOMBIMJIEH-

HOCTH H EEJIBCKORO XO3AHCTBA, HA EE AOJIIO 6Y^ET NPHXOFLHTBCA CBBIRNE 4 0 %

HAIPOHAJIB-

HORO FLOXOFLA. ÜJIAHOMEPHO PEAJIH3YETCA COI;HAJIBHAA NPORPAMMA M H P I I , PA3PA6OIAHHAA X V I I I

CIES-

ROM NAPTHH. 3A HCTEKIIME TPH ROJA B OCHOBHOM BBINOJIHEHBI MEPONPHARAA NO YBEJMNEHHH) ÍEHEATHBIX AOXO,HOB HACEJIEHHA, KOTOPBIE BO3POCJIH B IIEJIOM 6OJIEE NEM HA 6 4 0 MJIH. TYRPHKOB. 9TO N03B0JIHJI0 PACULHPHTB H TOBAP0O60P0T

CTPAHBL,

KOTOPBLH

FLOCTHR

B

1983

R.

3 , 8 MJIPFL. TYRPHKOB. POCT PEAJIBHBIX SOXO^OB HA AYUIY HACEJIEHHA COCTABHJI 8 , 7 % , O6I>EM OFÍNÍECTBEHHBIX $OHSOB NOTPESJIEHHA BBIPOC HA 1 6 % . B

PECNYSJMICE OCYMECTBJIAETCA NIHPOKOE » H J M M H O E

CTPOHTEJIBCTBO. 3A ROFLBI TENY-

M E 8 NARHAETKH NOCTPOEHBI H CFLAHBI B SKCNJIYATAITFIIO FLOMA O6MEÑ JKHJIOH NJIOMAJJBIO

430

TBIC. KB. M, ITO N03B0JIHA0 YJIYHUIHTB ACHJIHMHBIE YCJIOBHA IIOHTH 7 0 THC. IEJIOBEK.

Yc-

NEIHHO PEAJRARAYIOTCA MEPONPHARAA NO PA3BHRARO FIBRROBORO OSCJIYSCHBAHHA HACEJIEHHA, HAPO^HORO 06PA30BAHHA,

ICYJIBTYPBI,

HAYKH,

3FLPABOOXPAHEHHA

H PACNMPEHHIO

HX

MAIEPN-

AJIBHOH 6A3LI. K A N H B FLPYRHX COIÍNAAHCTHIECKHX CTPAHAX, B M H P SOJIBMYIO POJIB HRPAIOT O6MECTBEHHBIE OOH^BI NOTPEFIJIEHHA B JEJIE NOBBIMEHNA

MAIEPHAJIBHORO FIJIAROCOCROAHHA T P Y A A -

MNXCFL. 9TH $OHFLBT PACNPEFLEJIAIOTCA B BHJE FLEHEATHHX BBINAAT H B $OPME

SECNJIATHORO

HJIH JIBROTHORO OÓCNYJKHBAHHH. H B M E ¿JEHEMBIE BBINJIATBI COCIABJIAIOT CBBIRNE 5 0 % ,

OC-

TAJIBHOE — FIECNJIATHBIE H JIBRORAAE YCJIYRA. H E Y O O H H O PACTYT 30X0,IH HACEJIEHHA H3 06MECTBEHHBIX (J»OH^OB: B 1 9 6 0

R. OHH COCTABJIAJRA 2 4 1 TYRPHK, B 1 9 8 0

R. FLOCTHRJM 7 6 0

TYRPHKOB HA oflHoro ÍEJIOBEITA. ACCNRHOBAHHA H3 ROCSWFLACETA M H P AHHO B03PACTAH)T. 3A NOCJIE^HHE

12

HA COUHAJIHHO-KYJIBTYPHBIE MEPONPHARAA

N0CT0-

JIET OHH YBEJMHHJIHCB B 2 , 6 PA3A, B TOM INCJIE HA

HAPO^HOE 0FIPA30BAHHE — B 2 , 5 PA3A, NA 3FLPAB00XPAHEHHE — B 2 , 2 , HA COUNAJIBHOE O6ECNEIEHHE — B 3 , 3 PA3A. B TEICYMEN NATHJIETKE EPEFLCTBA HA ACCHR.HOBAHHE COIIHAJIBHO-KYJIBTYPHBIX MEPONPHATHÑ B03PACTYT B 1 , 4 — 1 , 5 NOTPEFIJIEHHA HAPOJA

H

PEAJIBHO

OSECNEIHBAWT

CNOCOFÍCTBYIOT

PA3A. T A K H M 06PA30M, OÓMECTBEHHBIE

NOBBIMEHHE

YFLOBJIETBOPEHHIO

ERO

MATEPNAJIBHORO

PACTYNPX

$OHJBI

FIJIAROCOCTOAHHA

COUHA^BHO-KYJIBTYPHBIX

NO-

TPESHOCTEÑ. H A M E I E H H H H HA 1 9 8 4 ABJIAETCA

HANPAACEHHBIM.

TPYACEHHICA NPOABAATB

R. NAAH PA3BHRAA HAPO;MORO XO3AÑCTBA H KYABTYPBI CTPAHBI

MHPn

TPE6YET

OT ICAAMORO TPY^OBORO KOJIAEKTHBA

H KASC^ORO

6OABME TBOP^ECKOFI HHHYIIATHBBI H NPHJIARATB MAKCHMYM YCHJIHH

C TEM, HTOSBI OÓECNEIHTB BBINOAHEHHE H NEPEBBINOJMEHHE NJIAHOBBIX 3ASAHHH H NPHHATBIX COI;HAJMCTHIECKHX O6FL3ATEJIBCTB HA TEKYMH® ROS H CEFLBMYIO NHTHJICTKY B UEAOM. KAIE CBHJETEJIBCTBYIOT H T O ™ NEPBORO NOJIYRO^NA 1 9 8 4

R., N M

NPOH3BOJCTBA

MBIHIJIEHHOÑ NPOFLYKUHH H EE PEAJIH3AUHH BBINOJMEH HA 1 0 3 % , ITO HA 9 , 2 %

NPO-

NPEBBIMAET

NOKA3ATEAH COOTBETCTBYIOMERO NEPNOAA NPOUUIORO RO^A. NOCIPOEHBI H CFLAHBI B 3KCNJIYAHA3HATEHHA.

ONPE-

FLEJIEHHBIX YCNEXOB FLOFÍHJINCB B NEPBOM NOAYROJHH TPYATEHHKH COIÍHAJIACTHIECKORO

TAUHIO FLECATKH OS^CKTOB NP0H3B0FLCTBEHH0R0

H KYJIBTYPHO-FÍBITOBORO

CE.IB-

CKORO XO3AÑCTBA. NOCEBHBIE NJIOMAFLH YBEAHHHJINCB HA 3 , 7 % . MOHROJIBCKAA

HAPOFLHAA PECNY6JIHKA — NOJIHONPABHBIH HJIEH COFLPYACECTBA

«MHA^H-

CTHNECKHX CTPAH. ÜHA AKTHBHO YIACTBYER B PEAJIH3AIPH KOMNJIEKCHOÑ NPORPAMMBI PA3BHTHFL COIJHAJMCTHIECKOH 3K0H0MHIECK0H HHTERPAUHH, B OCYMECTBJIEHHH FLOJIROCPOHHHX IXEJIEBBIX NPORPAMM COTPY^HHIECTBA CTPAH —

UIEHOB C 9 B .

COUHAJIbHO-SKÖHOMHHECKOE

KaK

h ÄPyrne

öpaTCKHe CTpaHbi,

coBemaHHfl Ha

BticmeM ypoBHe,

nocTaHOBjieHHH

IIojiht6h)po

CKOM coBemaHHH

CTpaH —

MHP

nojiHocTbio

MHPII

iJieHOB

Hiorax

06

C9B

125

MHP

ofloSpmia HTorn

b HioHe

cocToaBiueroca

H|K

PA3BHTHE

1984

ynacraa

9KOHOMHHecKoro

npHHSTOM b 9kohomhi6-

MocKBe. B

fleJieraiiHH

Ha BbicmeM ypoBHe

UHHM nopynaeTCH npHHHTb Mepbi no nocjieflOBaTeJibHOMy

b

r.

MHP

cooTBeTCTByromHM

ocymecTBJieHHio

opraHH3a-

pemeHHñ

CoBe-

maHHfl. T p y f l a m n e c a M H P c ßojibmiiM yflOBJieTBopeHHeM BocnpHHfljiH nojiojKeHHe 0 t o m , h t o

OflHOH H3 BaatHeHHIHX 3 a a a i CTpaH — HJieHOB C 9 B B OÔJiaCTH 3K0H0MHKH h B3aHMH0r0 TpyflHHHecTBa Ha coBpeMeHHOM aTane, KaK onpefleaeHO b BaaBJieHHH 0 6 ochobhwx npaBJieHHax ro

flaJibHeäuiero

coTpyjHHHecTBa

BbipaBHHBaHHfl oiepeab

pa3BHTna h yrayßjieHHa BKOHOJmecKoro h

CTpaH —

uieHOB

aKOHOMHHecKoro

ypoBHeñ

ypoBHeñ aKOHOMHiecKoro

CTpaH — htohob

eBponeßcKHX

UK MHPn

Bupa3HJio

JleKjrapaijHH

ijieHOB

aBJiaeTca

C9B».

B

CTpaH —

HayHHO-TexHHiecKo-

npoiiecca

HJieHOB

«CoxpaHeHne

MHpa

h

nepByio

MHP

c ypoBHAMH

ito

HojmtSiopo b

nofliepKHyTo,

h BbiBOflaMH,

c oiieHKasin

nocTeneHHoro

h b

C9B,

PecnyßjiHKH K y ö a h

nocTaHOBJi&HHH

corjiacae

C9B

«ycitopeHHe

pa3BHTHfl

pa3BHTHa C P B ,

CBoe no;moe

CTpaH —

C9B,

coaepacamHMiica

MeacayHapoßHoe

sKOHOMmecKoe

c o T p y a H H i e c T B o » . BbipaaceHa TaKHce nojraaa nosflepaoca OöpameHHio rocy^apcTB —

HHKOB

BapmaBCKoro

floroBopa

k

cTpaHaM

HATO

oraocHTeJibHo

coHa-

3aKJiioHeHHa

ynacTfloroBopa

O B3aHMHOM HenpHMßHeHHH BOeHHOH CHJIbl H n O M e p M H H H 0TH0HI6HHH MHpa. CocToaBmeeca MH^ecKofi

b

oKTaßpe 1 9 8 4 r.

b TaBaHe

9kohoqjieHOB

C 9 B , BHûBb n o f l T B e p p f l o BaatHOCTb p e m e n n S 9K0HOMH^ecKoro coBemaHHa CTpaH —

HjieHOB

Ha BbicmeM

npoxo^HBiiiee

X X X I X 3ace^aHHe ceccHH CoBeTa CTpaH —

C9B

B3aHMonoMoma,

b lacTHocTH

ypoBHe,

b nojteMe bkohomhkh h

pacuiMpeHHM

Ha ypoBHe

rJiaB

npaBHTejibCTB

cofleftcTBHH C P B , PecnyÖJiHKe K y ö a h M H P hx y i a c r a a b Mesmynapo/íHOM coijHajraeTmecKOM 0

pa3fleJieHHH Tpy.ua.

BaaCHblM

COÖblTHeM

B JKH3HH B c e x

MOHrOJIbCKHX

KOMMVHHCTOB

H TpyjlfllIíHXCfl

CTaJlH

cocTOflBHiHecfl 23 aBrycTa 1984 r. BHeoiepeflHoñ V I I I njieHyM HK MHPn h BHeoiepejiHaa naTaa

ceccaa

HyMa

COCTOHT

noflTBepanji

BeJiHKoro B

TOM,

HapoflHoro OH

ITO

He3biÔJieM0CTb

MHpojiioÖHBoro

JI6HHHCKHM npHHQHnaH ampHoro HbiM

CTpoeM,

yrpo3bi

Kacaacb o T H o m e H H H

h

flpyacöbi

iiHajiHCTHieçKoro 60HHMH

BHeraHeH

coTpy^HHiecTBa

co3biBa.

o3aopoBJieHiie

3HaieHHe

npeeMCTBeHHOCTb

BHeiHHenojiHTHiecKoro

nocjieflOBaTejibHyio

bohhbi,

coflpyacecTBa,

jecaToro

MHP

cocymecTBOBaHHa

c coiuiaJiHCTHHecKHMH

«KpaeyrojibHbiM K a M H e M

jieHHe

Becra

cTpeMJieHHe

TpeTbeS m h p o b o h

xypajia

npOjeMOHCTpHpOBaJI

rocy^apcTB

Kypca

HeycTaHHyw

h

VIII

CTpaHaMH,

MHPn,

c pa3JiHHHbiM

MeamyHapoflHoS

6opb6y

3a

ocoôo

napTHH, BepHOCTb

oßmecTBeHycTpaHeHHe

oöcTaHOBKH

njieHyM

nJie-

SToro

nOJIHTHKH

b

uejioM.

no^iepKHyji:

iiojihthkh Hauieft n a p T H H aBJiaKiTca BceMepHoe y K p e n c bbjihkhm Cobbtckhm C 0 1 0 3 0 M , a p y r H M H C T p a H a M H c o -

pa3BHT«e

ôpaTCKHx

cBa3eîi

c KOMMyHHCTHiecKHMH

h

pa-

napTHaMH».

HoBbiM a p K H M

noflTBepjKfleHHeM SpaTCKoñ

flpyatSbi

h

BcecTopoHHero

coTpyjHHnecTBa

CCCP h MHP sBHjica cocToaBuiHñca 2 5 — 2 7 OKTaßpa 1984 r . no npnr.iameHHJO UK Kncc h CoBeTCKoro npaBHTemcTBa paSoTOñ bh3ht b M o c r a y TeHepajibHoro ceKpeTapa IIK MHPn, npeflceaaTejia CoBeTa Mhhhctpob MHP 3K. EaTMyHxa. neperoBopbi TOBapnmeñ K. y. lepHe&KO H H. A. TaxoHOBa c TOBapnmeM 3Î. BaTMyHXOM npoxo^HJiH B oöcTaHOBKe 6paTCKOH Âpyacôbi, cepfleHHocra, no.inoro ejHHCTBa no bcgm oScyac^aBrnnMca BonpocaM. Me®jy

B

qacTHocTH,

ynacTHHKH neperoBopoB npH3HajiH nejiecoo6pa3HbiM pa3pa6oTaTb

jiojirocpoM-

h HayqHO-TexHHiecKoro corpy^HHiecTBa Meacj y CCCP h MHP Ha nepnofl ^o 2000 r. B KOHiîe Hoaôpa 1984 r. b y j i a H - E a T o p e cocToajiHCb TopacecTBa, nocBameHHbie 6 0 - ^ e r a i o I I I c i e 3 f l a MHPn h np0B03rjiameHHa MHP. no npHraanieHHH) IIK MHPII h npaBHTeJibCTBa MoHrojmn b hhx npHHajia yiacTHe coBeTCitaa napTHHHO-npaBHTejibCTBeHHaa aejieraiina bo raaBe c HJieHOM Hojihtôiopo HK EnCC, nepBbiM ceKpeTapeM M r K KnCC B. B. rpauiHHbiM. B flOKJiaje TOBapHina 3K. BaTMyHxa h b Hyio nporpaMMy

pe™

pa3BHTHa

3K0H0MHiecK0r0

TOBapnma B . B . TpHiuHHa BHOBb noflTBepac^eHO eflHHoe CTpeMaeHHe HeyKaoHHo

flOBaTb KypcoM

poaaMH b

flajibHeßmero

HHTepecax

cÔJiwateHHa Meatjy

CTpoHTejibCTBa

coipajM3Ma

cjie-

hîiuihmh napraaMH, rocy^apcTBaMH h Hah K0MMyHH3Ma b oßeax CTpaHax, y K p e n -

JieHHa coi^HaJiHCTHHecKoro coflpyœecTBa, flejia MHpa h

coiiHa^bHoro

nporpecca.

KPHTHKA H BHBJIHOrPA