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Russian Pages 162 [164] Year 2022
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MHCJie HayqHbix paöoTHHKOB b 1965 r. cocTaBJiHJia 2 2 , 4 % , b b 1980 r . — 31,6 h b 1983 r . — 33,1 % •
21
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CoBeTCKan H a y n a 3aHHMaeT n o pHAy HanpaBJieHHft nepeAOBbie ü o 3 h u h h b MHpoBofl H a y K e . M b i p a c n o ^ a r a e M KpynHbiMH Hay^HbiMH uiKOJiaMH h KOjijieKTHBaMH. B M e c T e c TeM flajibHeftuiee pa3BHTHe H a y q H o r o noTeHUHa.ua T p e ß y e T aKTHBHOrO BbIHBJieHHH Bcex HOBblX « T O ^ e K p O C T a » H Ba^iHeftlUHX HanpaBjieHHH b m h p o b o h H a y K e , c B o e B p e M e H H o r o o n p e A e j i e H H H nepcneKTHBHMX H a e « , TeopHH H MeTOÄOB, 06"beKTHBH0H «HHBeHTapH33UHH» B e f l y m H X C H B CTpaHe HCCJieA0B3HHH B COnOCTaB^eHHH HX C ypOBHeM AOCTH>KeHHH B MHp o B o f l HayKe.
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22
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23
y K a 3 a H H b i x OÒT^KTOB A O A Ä H M BKJiKmaTbCH B n s T H ^ e T H H e H r o A O B b i e n^aHbi B nepßooqepeÄHOM nopaAKe. C y m e c T B e H H y i o p o j i b b h h t 6 h c h 4 > h k 3 u h h HaytiHbix h c c j i c a o b s h h h H r p a eT y ^ y n m e H H e Hcn0Jib30BaHHH y>Ke H M e i o m e r o c H o ö o p y A O B a H H H ( H a n p n M e p , n y T e M KOAAeKTHBHOTO n0Ab30BaHHH BblMHCAHTeAbHblMH UeHTpaMH, MOKHHCTHTyTCKHMH JiaÖOpSTOpHHMH H T. A . ) . B M3TepHaJIbHO-TeXHHieCKOM CHaÖJKeHHH HayMHblX HCCJieaOBaHHH H npOGKTHO-KOHCTpyKTOpCKHX p a 3 p a Ô 0 T 0 K B a Ä H y i o p o A b a o a j k h m c b i r p a T b ö o j i e e iiinpoKoe npnMeHeHHe 3 B M , Hcnojib3 0 B 3 H H 6 npOrpeCCHBHblX M6TOAOB Ha OCHOBe MHOrO(})yHKUHOHaJIbHbIX aBTOMaTH3HpOB3HHbIX CHCT6M np06KTHp0B3HHH C p33BHTbIM MSTCMaTH^eCKHM O Ó e c n e u e H H e M . r i p n 3TOM p a 3 p 3 Ô O T K y THnOBblX CHCTeM aBTOMaTH3HpOBâHHOro np06KTHp0B3HHH ( C A I 1 P ) II,ej]eC006p33H0 n o p y H 3 T b MOmHHM CneUHSJIH3HpOB3HHbIM K B . Ä j i h yKpeiuieHHH onbiTHO-SKcnepHMeHTaAbHOH 6a3bi aKaAeMH^ecKHX y q pejKfleHHH O T p a c j i e B b i M MHHHCTepcTBaM c j i e a y e T BbiAeAHTb c p e f l c T B a Ha s t h u e A H . 3 t o II03B0JIHT b 6 o j i e e K o p o T K H e c p o K H H3r0T0BJiHTb, H a n p H M e p , r o JioBHue o 6 p a 3 U b i oöopyAOBaHHH, h t o o c o é e H H o BâîKHo b c b h 3 h c p a c m n p e HHÊM npOrpSMMHO-UeJieBOrO MeTOAa njiaHHpOBaHHH pa3BHTHH HayKH H TeXHHKH.
O t c o c t o h h h h h p33BHTHH HsywHoro n o T e n u n a j i s b p e i n s i o m e f l CTeneHH 33BHCHT y c n e u i H a a p e a A H 3 a u H H c A e A y i o m e r o 3 B e H a H a y i H o - T e x H H i e c K O r o n p o r p e c c a — co3AaHHe HenocpeACTBeHHo b ccj)epe np0H3B0ACTBa h o b m x n p e A M e T O B T p y A a , TexHHKH h T e x H o j i o r H H Ha 6 a 3 e Hcn0jib30BaHHH AOCTH>KeHHH HayKH H TGXHHKH. COBOKynHOCTb B33HM0CBH3aHHbIX M e p , H a n p a B J i e H HblX Ha C03A3HHe HOBblX npeAMCTOB T p y A a , TeXHHKH H TGXHOJIOrHH H COOTBeTCTByioinee n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B 3 H H e np0H3B0ACTB3, n p e A C T a B j i a e T c o 6 o h c o A e p JK3HHe TeXHHqeCKOH nOJlHTHKH KaK C0CT3BH0H M3CTH ÊAHHOH H a y i H O - T e X H H HeCKOH nOJIHTHKH. T e X H H i e C K a H nOJIHTHKS CTpOHTCH C y i e T O M He TOAbKO o Ô i u h x 3 a j x s m h TeHAeHUHÜ H a y q H o - T e x H H q e c K o r o n p o r p e c c s , h o h o c o ö e H H O CTeñ pa3BHTHH O T p a c J i e ñ M a T e p n a j i b H o r o n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B 3 , hêoôxoahmocth co$JiK>AeHHH o n p e A e J i e H H o ñ B p e M e H H o ñ n o c j i e A o B 3 T e j i b H o c T H b pemeHHH T e x HJIH HHblX TeXHHieCKHX 3 3 A 3 H . HhT6HCH4)HK3UHH OÖmeCTBeHHOrO npOH3BOACTB3 0 6 y C A 0 B A H B 3 e T B 3HaHHTGJIbHOH CTeiieHH H KOHKpëTHble H3np3BJieHHH TeXHHHGCKOH nOJIHTHKH, KOTOpbie BKJ1I0M3I0T, B qaCTHOCTH, Mepbl n o p a 3 p a 6 0 T K e , OCBOeHHIO H npOH3BOACTBy T p y A o c ö e p e r a j o m e ö t g x h h k h h c o K p a m e H H i o Ha s t o h OCHOBe p y ^ H O ro T p y A a , n o s k o h o m h h MaTepnsjibHbix p e c y p c o B nyTeM, HanpHMep, BHeApeHHH MaJIOOnepaUHOHHblX, MaAOOTXOAHblX H 6e30TX0AHbIX TeXHOJIOrHHeCKHX
npoueccoB h t . a . H S H Ö O A e e o 6 o 6 m 3 K > m H M n O K 3 3 3 T e J i e M 3({)C¡)eKTHBH0CTH eAHHOH HSyMHOTexHHHecKOH nojiHTHKH HBAHeTCH p o c T np0H3B0AHTeAbH0CTH T p y A a . 3 a CqeT n o B b i m e H H H np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH o ô m e c T B e H H o r o T p y A 3 b 1 9 8 1 — 1 9 8 3 r r . b CTpsHe nojiy^eHO 6 o j i e e 8 0 % npnpocTS H3UHOH3JibHoro A O x o A a , hto o6ecneqH.no 3a s t o t n e p n o A s k o h o m h h j T p y A a 9,5 m a h . qejioBeK. B npoMbimJieHHOCTH pOCT npOH3BOAHTejlbHOCTH T p y A a n03B0JlHJI CSKOHOMHTb B AeCHTOH nHTHJieTKe T p y A 6 o A e e 6 m j i h . n e j i o B e K , a b 1 9 8 1 — 1 9 8 3 r r . — ó o A e e 3 m a h . l e J i o B e K . B HapoAHOM x o 3 h h c t b c b p e 3 y j i b T a T e s k o h o m h h c b i p b H , M a T e p H a a o b , T o n j i H B a , SHeprHH h A p y r H x p e c y p c o B Ha c y M M y 1 0 , 6 M A p A . p y 6 . c h h sKeT ÓbiTb ö o A e e 3HaqHTeAbHbiM. ö p e A C T O H T c y m e c T B e H H O CHH3HTb y p o B e H b M a T e p H a j i o e M K o c T H c 0 3 A 3 B a e M 0 H HOBOH TexHHKH b p a c ^ e T e Ha eAHHHuy B b i n y c K a e M O H c e e n o M o m b i o n p o A y K U H H , s H e p r o e M K o c T b TexHOAOrHH, nOBblCHTb BJIH3HHe HOBOH TeXHHKH H TeXHOJIOrHH Ha pOCT npOH3BOAHTeJibHOCTH T p y A a ( c e ñ q a c H e p e A K O B b i c B o 6 o » A a e M b i e c h x n o M o m b i o p a ÔOTHHKH OCHOBHOrO n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B â nepeBOAHTCH Ha OÔCAyMiHBaHHe 3TOH TeXHHKH), yCKOpHTb TeMnbl 3aMeHbI yCTapeBUIHX TeXHOJIOTHH HOBbIMH H o 6 HOBAeHHH aKTHBHOH H3CTH OCHOBHblX $OHAOB.
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KOMIIJieKTOB H3 CHCTÈMbl ToCCHaßa C C C P B nOÄTOHeHHe OTpaCJieBHM MHY^HTbiBaa onpe^ejieHHbie CJIOXHOCTH T 3 K O H nepecTpoñKH, nepBOHaqajibHO BO3MO>KHO ocymecTBHTb n e p e a a n y STHX opraHH3auHH jiHiiib OTAejIbHHM MHHHCTepCTBaM B nOpHAKe 3KCnepHMeHT3. AaHHbie Mepbl n03B0AHT nOBblCHTb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb MaillHHOCTpOHTejIbHblX MHHHCTepCTB 3a yAOBJIETBOPEHHE noTpeÖHOCTeft HapoAHoro X O 3 H H C T B 3 B npoAyKUHH OTpae^H, a TaKÍKe Óy^yT Cn0C06CTB0B3Tb nOBblUieHHIO pOJIH X03HHCTBeHH0r0 flOrOBOpa, COA6HCTBOB3Tb BbinOJIHeHHK) IUiaHOB nOCTaBOK npoAyKUHH. B noBbiiiieHHH ypoBHH pyKOBOÄCTBa peiiieHHeM nepBOonepeAHbix npo6JieM ManiHHOCTpoeHHH Ba»CHyK) pojib A O J I K H H HrpaTb KOMiuieKCHbifi ue^eBbie nporpaMMbi. 3 T O T Bonpoc He npocT — cymecTByiOT o6i>eKTHBHbie CAOJKHOCTH opraHH3auHH nporpaMMHoro n^aHHpoBaHHH, «BCTpaHBaHHH» uejieBHX nporpaMM B H A P 0 A H 0 X 0 3 H H C T B E H H B I E H oTpacjieBwe N J I S H H , T P Y A H O C T H opraHH3auHOHHoro H pecypcHoro oôecneweHHH nporpaMM, co3AaHHH pe3yjibTaTHBHblX H THÓKHX (})OpM B33HMOA6HCTBHS X03HHCTBeHHbIX OpraHH3aUHH — HcnoAHHTejieñ nporpaMMHMx MeponpHHTHfi H opraHOB oTpacjieBoro H nporpaMMHoro ynpaBJieHHH. 3(})4)EKTHBHAH peajiH3au,HH Me>KOTpacjieBhix nporpaMM TpeöyeT H3M6HeHHH sKOHOMHqecKoro MexaHH3Ma OTpacjieBoro ynpaBJieHHH. í l p n STOM KOJIHHeCTBO T 3 K H X nporpaMM AOJI>KHO 6bITb CTpOrO OrpaHHHeHO C TeM, W T O 6 H C03AaTb peajIbHbie yCJIOBHH AJI« KOHUeHTpaUHH Opr3HH33U,HOHHbIX H 3K0H0MHMeCKHX yCHJIHH H3 HX 6e3yCJIOBHOM H 3(})(|)eKTHBH0M BbmOJIHeHHH. O i e BHAHO, HTO X03HHCTBeHH0e pyKOBOÄCTBO npOrpSMMOH A O J 1 Ä H O OCymeCTBJIHTbCH K 3 K H M - J I H 6 O OAHHM OpraHOM, HaAeJieHHHM COOTBeTCTByK>IU,HMH np3B3MH H HeOÔXOAHMbIMH pecypC3MH. 3 T y (})yHKU,HIO MOryT BbinOJIHHTb K3K cymecTByKDLUHe oprsHbi ynpaBJieHHH ( T K H T , OTpacjieBbie M H H H C T C P C T B S ) , T 3 K H cneu,Ha.nbHO co3AaB3eMbie AJIH S T H X uejieñ. PesjibHbie ycjioBHH AJIH jiyuniero coBMemeHHH nporpaMMHoro ynpaBJieHHH c 0praHH33UH0HH0H cTpyKTypoñ H MexaHH3MOM o T p s c j i e B o r o H TeppHTOpHajibHoro ynpaBJieHHH MoryT èhiTb oôecneneHbi 3a cneT ycHJieHHH SKOHOMHMÊCKHX H HopMaTHBHHX M C T O A O B ynpaBJieHHH, paCUIHpeHHH X03HHCTBeHH0H CaMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH OCHOBHOrO 3BeHa H pa3rpy3KH É o c n j i a p a C C C P , OTpacjieBbix MHHHCTepCTB OT öojibiiioro o ö t e M a onepaTHBHOH paôoTbi. B npoTHBHOM c j i y n a e nporpaMMHwe 4 > ° P M U 6 Y A Y T BBITECHHTBCH T P A A H U H O H H B I M H kho p a c CMHTHBaTb Ha u e H T p a j i H 3 a u H i o HMeiomHxcH moih,hoctch MeaiOTpacjieBhix npOH3BOflCTB B p a M K a X OTfleJlbHMX nOÄOTpaCJiefl HJIH MHHHCTepCTB. r i o Ham e M y MHeHHK), H a n ö o j i e e a ^ e K T H B H b i M p e m e H H e M n p o ß j i e M b i cneu,HajiH3aUHH HBJIHeTCH C03^aHHe yCKOpeHHHMH TCMIiaMH CneU,HajIH3HpOBaHHbIX MOmHOCTeÖ Ha OCHOBe BblAejieHHH ueHTpaJIH30BaHHbIX KanHTaJIbHblX BJIOHteHHH. 3 t o n o T p e ö y e T pea./iH3auHH KpynHOH HHBecTHUHOHHOH h cjiojkhoh b TexHHMeCKOM OTHOIIieHHH n p o r p a M M b l . OÄHOBpeMeHHO p33BHTHe MOmHOCTeH M3UIHHOCTpOeHHH CMOJKeT OÖeCneHHBaTbCH B 3HaHHTe/[bHOH M e p e He 3a CMeT HOB o r o cTpoHTejibCTBa, a n y T e M pacuiHpeHHH 06"beM0B T e x H H H e c K o r o n e p e B o o p y x e H H H h peKOHCTpyKUHH. n o j i y n a e M a H npH stom skohomhh KariHTajibh m x Bjio>KeHHH, KaK n o K a 3 H B a i o T oueHKH, n p e B b i i n a e T Ä o n o j i H H T e j i b H b i e p a c x o a h Ha co3AaHHe cneu,HajiH3HpoB3HHbix moiuhoctch Me>KOTpac/ieBbix n p o H 3 b o ä c t b . TaKan nporpaMMa i i o 3 b o ; i h t ocymecTBHTb onpeaejieHHbiö s k o h o MHqeCKHH MaHeBp B yCJIOBHHX OrpaHHHeHHblX B03M0>KH0CTeH yBeJIHHeHHH KanHTaJIbHblX BJIOJKeHHH H OTCyTCTBHH pe3epBHHX MOIU,HOCTeH. P e ^ b HaeT o KaqecTBeHHOM c r p y K T y p H O M CÄBHre b oTenecTBeHHOM MauiHHOCTpoeHHH, n03T0My noTpeßyeTCH KOMnjieKCHoe p e m e H H e ßojibinoro qHC^a BOnpOCOB, CBH3aHHbIX C pa3paÖOTKOH HeOÖXOÄHMblX OpraHH3aUHOHHHX MeponpHHTHH, BblÖOpOM TeXHHHeCKOH ÜOJIHTHKH, np0eKTHp0B3HHeM, pyKOBOÄCTBOM KpynHOMaCUITaÖHOH HHBecTHUHOHHOH ßeHTejIbHOCTblO, KOMnjieKTauHeft h o6ecneneHHeM cTpoHin,HxcH npeÄnpHHTHH o6opy,a,OBaHHeM, KoopÄHHauneü AenTejibHOCTH Bcex MauiHHOCTpoHTejibHux mhhhCTepCTB. 3 a e c b B 0 3 M 0 Ä H H pa3JiHqHbie 0praHH3auH0HHbie pemeHHH. A H a j i H 3 n o K33bIBaeT, HTO BCe OHH HMeiOT CBOH ÄOCTOHHCTBa H HCÄ0CT3TKH. OyHKUHH KoopÄHHauHH MHHHCTepCTB, TeppHTOpHa'jibHbix opraHOB ynpaBjieHHH KaK n p n p a 3 p a 6 o T K e , TaK h n p « p e a j m 3 a i m H n p o r p a M M b l h o c h t MejKBeAOMCTBeHHbifl, M e Ä O T p a c ^ e B O H x a p a K T e p . U,ejiH s t o h n p o r p a M M b l 3HaHHTejibHO ihhp e , i e M OTpacJieBOH npo(f)Hjib h s a ^ a ^ H j i i o ö o r o M a u i H H o c T p o H T e j i b H o r o m h HHCTepCTBa, B TOM HHCJie H MHHHCTepCTBa CTaHKOHHCTpyMeHTajIbHOH n p o MbHIL/ieHHOCTH. B Harnefi CTPAHE HAKONJIEH o n u T y n p a ß j i e H H H PEAJIH3AUHEII KpynHOMacUITAÖHBIX ME>KOTpacjieBbix HAP0ÄH0X03HHCTBEHHHX n p o r p a M M , HanpHMep, nporpaMM 4 > ° P M H P 0 B A H H H 3ANAÄHO-CH6HPCKORO HeKHbix pemeHHH,
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54
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58
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ce30H T p y A O B w x p e c y p c o B , HCKjiKmeHHH AonojiHHTejibHOH n e p e p a 6 o T K H B n e p H o a xpaHeHHH H c o K p a m e H H H HHCjieHHOCTH o 6 c j i y j K H B a i o m e r o n e p c o H a jia n p n TOBapHOñ n 0 A r 0 T 0 B K e npoAyKUHH K p e a j i H 3 a i i H H . B KapTo({)e^enp0AyKT0B0M noAKOMnjieKce, H a n p H M e p , n p n xpaHeHHH KapTO(})ejiH B M e c T a x NP0H3B0ACTBA n o epaBHeHHK) c xpaHeHHeM Ha r o p o A CKHX 6 a 3 a x 3 a i p a T b i T p y A a C0Kpamai0TCH B 2 , 1 — 1 , 7 p a 3 a , 3Kcn,/iyaT3ii,H0HHbie — B 2,8, KanHTajiOBJioJKeHHH B TexHOjiorHtiecKoe ofíopyAOBaHHe— B 6,5 p a 3 a . C y i e T O M >Ke CTOHMOCTH n o T e p b K a n H T a j i O B j i o w e H H H B CTpoHTejibCTBO xpaHHJinm H 3 a T p a T b i Ha HX 3KcnJiyaTauHK) B p a c q e T e Ha 1 T c o x p a H HOH CTAHAAPTHOÑ npoAyKUHH yMeHbiuaioTCH noHTH B 2 p a 3 a . npH xpaHeHHH 6 MJIH. T npOflOBOJIbCTBeHHOrO KapTO(j)e^H B M e c T a x np0H3B0flCTBa MOJKHO caKOHOMHTb, n o HaiiiHM n o A c i e T a M , 2 0 0 MJIH. p y ó . B r o A , a 3a 2 r o A a — 4 0 0 MJIH. p y 6 . , T p e ó y i o m H x c H a j i h CTpoHTejibCTBa 4 0 0 XpaHHJIHUl eMKOCTbIO 10 TbIC. T KaJKAOe o é m e f t BMeCTHMOCTbK) 4 MJIH. T (AOcTaTO^Hbix fljiH xpaHeHHH noJioBHHbi 3 a r o T a B j i H B a e M o r o B c T p a H e p a H H e r o H n o 3 f l H e r o K a p T o t j j e j i a ) . X U H K p y r j i o r o A H q H o f i nepeB03KH n p o a y K U H H noTpeÓHTejiHM H3 yKa3aHHbix x p a H H ^ H i u n o T p e ó y e T C H 1200 a B T o p e ^ p H J K e p a TOpOB (rpy30n0A'beMH0CTbK) 9 T) npH OAHOBpeMeHHOM BHCBoéoJKAeHHH 4,3 TbIC. aBTO(|)yprOHOB C HSOTepMH^eCKHM Ky30B0M, KOTOpHe HCnOJIb3yiOTCH c e í t a a c a j i h BHyTpHropoACKHX nepeB030K npoAyKUHH (FIpoAOBOjibCTBeHHOH n p o r p a M M o ñ npeAycMOTpeHO n o e r a B H T b A,JIH o i p a c j i e ñ A I 1 K 7 6 — 7 8 Tbic. a B T o p e c f j p H H í e p a T o p o B ) . H3T3HTHe H3 OÓOpOTa IIpOMeJKyTOIHblX c 6 0 p H 0 - p a 3 6 0 p H b I X KOHTeHHepOB, AeJiaiOIIIHX 3a TOA B c e r o OAHH OÓOpOT, n03B0JIHT CSKOHOMHTb MHJIJIHOHbl K y ó o M e T p o B nHJiOMaTepHajiOB H COTHH THCHM TOHH M e T a j u i a . C BHeApeHHeM K M O n o T p e Ó H o e T b B OSOPOTHOH T a p e c o K p a m a e T c a B 5 0 — 1 0 0 p a 3 , Ha 1 0 — 1 5 % yMeHbiuaioTCH eAHHOBpeMeHHaH noTpeÓHoeTb B x p a H H j i H m a x H T p a H c n o p T H b i e p a c x o A b i 3a cweT n p ^ M o ñ nocTaBKH npoAyKUHH 6 e 3 3 a e 3 A a Ha ropoACKHe 6a3bi. P e r y j i s i p H a H n o c T a B K a MbiToro, 4>acoBaHHoro KapTOtjjeJIN H3 o6"beAHHeHH5I A a e T B03M0JKH0CTb COKpaTHTb OCeHHHñ « N H K » TpaH* cnopTHpOBKH B 1 4 — 2 2 p a 3 a npH o ó m e M CHHJKeHHH o ó t e M a 3aB03a KapTO(JiejiH B ropOAa Ha 2 5 — 3 0 % . Í I o HaiiiHM p a c n e T a M , HecMOTpn Ha ó o j i e e BHCOKHH TapHcj), noAOÓHHe nocTOHHHHe pe(J)pHJKepaTopHbie nepeB03KH n p o AyKUHH ( n o CpaBHeHHIO C OCeHHHM 33B030M K a p T O ^ e j I H H3B3JIOM H B n p o MeJKyTOHHblX KOHTeHHep3X Ha ropoACKHe 633bl, 3aTeM B Mara3HHbI B 3BT0CJ)yproHax H nocjieAyiom,HM BHB030M OTXOAOB H3 r o p o A a B KOJIXO3W H COBxo3bi Ha KopM CKOTy) yMeHbuiaiOT 3aTpaTbi T p y A a Ha 1 T K3pT0(})ejiH Ha 2 , 1 4 — 2 , 6 6 tjejiOBeKO-^aca, K a n H T a j i o B j i o x e H H H — Ha 1 , 8 2 — 4 , 1 4 p y 6 . H npH-
92
T. KOCAHEB
B e a e H H H e 3 3 T p a T b i — Ha 0,34—4,13 p y 6 . (b p a c ^ e T a x He yqHTbtBSJiäcfc ctoHMGCTb c B e p x H o p M a T H B H b i x n p o c T o e B T p a H c n o p T a npH o c e H H e ñ n o r p y 3 K e H pa3rpy3Ke). B b i c T y n a « Ha Bcec0K>3H0M skohomh^öckom c o B e i u a H H H n o i i p o ô j i e M a M a r p o n p o M H U M e H H o r o KOMnjieKca, M . C . T o p ó a ^ e B OTMemrt, h t ó , « B K j i a A H B a a H e M a ^ b i e c p e A C T B a b yBejiH^eHHe n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B a 3 e p H a , oboiuch, x j i o n x a , mojioks, Hepe^KO T e p a e M npOAyKUHio H3-3a e e HecBoeBpeMeHHOft n e p e p a 6otkh, n j i o x o r o xpaHCHHH, HeÄOCTaTKa T a p w . r i p a p a 3 p a 6 o T K e njiaHOB Ä B e H a a u a T O H iihthjictkh b3>kho n p e A y c M O T p e T b AonojiHHTe,/ibHbie M e p w aah c ô a j i a H C H p o B a H H o r o pa3BHTHH c e j i b C K o r o xo3hhctb3, 6 a 3 b i nepepaóoTKH, XpaHeHHH H TpaHCnOpTHpOBKH npOflyKUHH». C o x p a H H O C T b npOAyKUHH BO MHOrOM 33BHCHT OT 06eCne«ieHH$í CAHHCTBa h H e n p e p b i B H o c T H n p o u e c c a AocraBKH npoAyKTOB ot np0H3B0AHTeJiH ao n o TpeôHTejiH. C e i t o a c stot eAHHbin n p o u e c c pa3AejieH Ha öTÄeAbHbie, He cbh3 a H H U e MeJKAy C 0 6 0 H 3BeHbH, qTO npHBOAHT K yBeJIHHeHHK) CpOKOB AOCT3BKH r p y 3 0 B , npocTOHM T p a H c n o p T H b i x c p e a c T B , AonojiHHTejibHHM n e p e B a ^ K a M H noTepHM n p o a y K U H H . B UeJIHX nOBblllieHHH 3(j)(j)eKTHBH0CTH HCn0Ab30B3HHH CneUHaVIH3HpOBaHHhlX TpaHCnopTHblX CpeACTB HeOÖXOÄHMO p a 3 p a 6 0 T a T b MeTOAHKH o n p e Äe.ieHHH c(j)ep npHMeHeHHH p a 3 H b i x bhaob T p a H c n o p T a h thhob üoäbhjkhor o c o c T a B a ajih n e p e B 0 3 0 K npoAOBOAbCTBeHHbix r p y 3 0 B . TapH K a i o IHHMH TeMnaMH npOH3BOACTBa HOBblX BHAOB Tapbl H3 aAlOMHHHH, JI3MHHHpoBaHHoft 6 y M a r H , (jjojibrH, nojiHMepHbix H A p y r n x n p o r p e c c H B H b i x MaTepHaJIOB. OpraHH3aUHHMH yKpaHHCKOH H M0JIAaBCK0H Cpl03HbIX peenyÓ^HK A0K333H3 3(J)(|)eKTHBH0CTb AOCTaBKH njIOAOOBOlll,HOH npOAyKUHH naKeTHOKOHTeñHepHbiM c n o c o ó o M . T a K , npH n e p e B 0 3 K 3 x B H m H i H b i x n o A A O H a x n o T e PH a p 6 y 3 0 B n o CpSBHeHHK) c HaBaAbHblM CnOCOÓOM CHHJKaiOTCH B 3 p a 3 3 , a j i e r K O M H y m n x c H njioAOB H OBOuieñ c c o p T H p o B K o ñ B n o j i e — 6 o j i e e neM B 6 pa3. P a c x o A ApeBecHHbi ( n p H Hcn0Jib30BaHHH njiocKHX noAAOHOB) y M e H b i u a eTcs B 2 , 5 — 3 pa3a. O n u T BHeApeHHH KOHTeñHepHoro (naKeTHoro) cnocoóa nepeB03KH n^OAOOBOIUHOH npOAyKUHH B AeCHTOH H OAHHHaAUaTOH nHTHJieTKaX nOKa3 a j i , h t o Ha M e c T a x OTrpy3KH njioAOOBOiuHOH npoAyKUHH H e o ó x o A H M O 0 6 0 pyAOBaTb n o r p y s o ^ H O - p a s r p y s o q H b i M H MexaHH3MaMH c0pTHp0B0MHbie n ^ o m a A K H , Ha KOTOpblX AOJI»KH0H
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CTpyKTypoñ (noMHjiopbi, aSpHKOcu, BHHorpaa h Ap.) H a n é o j i e e u e j i e c o o ó pa3Ho ocymecTBjiHTb b T a p e H3 BjiaronpoHHoro KapTOHa hjih b t o h k o c t c h hoh aepeBHHHOH Tape ( j i O T K a x ) . RJM 3Toro neoSxoflHMo 0CB0HTb npoH3BOflCTBO rOKHOCTb B H0pM3THBH0M nOpH,HKe 3aKpenHTb ejHHCTBO TexHOJionmecKoro UHKJia « n o j i e — n o T p e Ó H T e j i b » h ycTpaHHTb pa3H0rjiacHJi npn pa3pa6oTKe MejKBeaoMCTBeHHbix corJiaineHHH, onpeflejiHiomHX ycjioBHH nepeB030K pa3JiHHHHx rpy30B. KoMnjieKCHbiH x a p a K T e p p a 3 p a 6 o T K H e^HHbix TexHOJiorHqecKHx c x e M T p a H c n o p T H o r o o ó e c n e ' i e H H H n p e a n o j i a r a e T : oóocHOBaHHe o n e p a u n í i abh» e H H H TOBapoB h c o 3 f l a H H e noapa3aeJieHHH, ^ o p w H p y i o m H x napTHH r p y 3 a He3aBHCHM0 flpyr ot a p y r a h n e p e j a i o m H x hx c j i e a y r o m e M y noApa3fle;iehhk> ( s t h m aocTHraeTCH HenpepbiBHOCTb TexHOJiorHHecKoro n p o n e c c a Ha BceM nyTH c j i e a o B a H H a n p o a y K U H H ) ; n o a ó o p CHCTeMbi T p a H c n o p r a u x , nor p y 3 0 q H 0 - p a 3 r p y 3 0 H H b i x c p e a c T B h T a p H o r o o ó o p y a o B a H H H c y^eTOM mhoto3BeHHoro x a p a K T e p a A B H x e H H H n p o a y K U H H ; B b i é o p SKOHOMHHecKH 3(})(|)eKtkbhwx (JjopM Hcn0Jib30BaHHH TpaHcnopTa, norpysoqHO-pasrpysoHHbix CpeflCTB H TapHO-KOHTeHHepHOFO 060pyfl0BaHHH, OÓeCneHHBaiOIUHX MaKCHM a j i b H y i o c o x p a H H o e T b n p o ^ y K U H H n p n ^OBefleHHH e e a o noTpeÓHTeJiJi. r i o f l BHMHOH COCTaB, npe^Ha3HaqeHHbIH flJIH nepeB03KH CeJIbCK0X03HHCTBeHH0H npoayKUHH, aoJi^íeH yAOBJieTBopHTb c j i e a y i o m H M TpeóoBaHHHM: oóecneHHBaTb H e o 6 x o f l H M H e T e M n e p a T y p H b i e pejKHMbi, c o x p a H H o e T b r p y 3 a b nyTH CJieflOBaHHH, MexaHH3aUHK) nOrpy3KH H Bbirpy3KH, B03M0JKH0CTb KpenjieHHH KOHTeHHepOB H naKeTOB, a TaKJKe BbICOKHe CKOpOCTH flOCTaBKH.
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3 a n o c j i e ^ H H e 20 jieT m n p o K o e pa3BHTHe n o j i y u H j i xojioAHJibHbifi TpaHCnopT. O f l H a K o a o c T H r H y T H i i ypoBeHfa e r o p a ö o T H e m e OTCTaeT o t n o T p e ß HOCTeñ H a p o f l H o r o xo3HflcTBa. H a Ä o cj)opMHpoBaTb eaHHyio TexHHiecKyio nOJIHTHKy B OÔJiaCTH pa3BHTHH XJiaAOTpaHCnOpTa H XOJIOflOCTpOeHHH. B b h a y OTcyTCTBHH nyHKTOB npeÄBapHTejibHoro oxjia>KfleHHH njiOÄOOBomHOH npOflyKUHH B03HHKaeT HeOÓXOflHMOCTb B OÖOpyilOBaHHH pe(})pH)KepaTOpHOr o nOÄBHXHOrO COCTaBa MOLUHblMH XOJIOflHJIbHbIMH H 3HepreTHieCKHMH y c TaHOBKaMH H, cjieflOBaTe^bHo, B aonojiHHTejibHHx 3 a T p a T a x Ha o x j i a j K f l e HHe n j i o a o B h o B o m e ñ h Ha h x T p a H c n o p T H p o B K y .
P o c t nepeB030K cKoponopTHmnxca r p y 3 0 B AOJiJKeH conpOBOJK^aTbCH yBejiHqeHHeM n a p K a H30TepMHwecKHx r p a H c n o p T H H x cpeacTB. I l o K a e m e o m y m a e T C H H e a o c r a T O K b cneuHajiH3HpoBaHHbix B a r o H a x h 3 b t o m o 6 h j i h x . B a x H O e 3HaneHHe a j i h o ô e c n e q e H H H coxpaHHOCTH C K o p o n o p T H u i H x c a n p o ayKTOB HMeeT p a 3 p a 6 o T K a p a u n o H a j i b H H x cxeM r p y 3 0 n 0 T 0 K 0 B , n p e a y c M a T pHBaiomHx npeflOTBpam,€HHe MHOJKecTBeHHocTH BCTpewHbix nepeB030K. T p y sonoflTjeMHOcTb n o f l B H Ä H o r o c o c T a B a cjie,ayeT ycTaHaBJiHBaTb c y i e T O M cj)aKTH^ecKOH noTpeÓHOCTH o T p a c j r e f i H a p o Ä H o r o x o 3 f l ñ c T B a , o ô e c n e q e H H a p a UHOHaJlbHOñ napTHOHHOCTH OTnpaBOK CKOponOpTHLUHXCS r p y 3 0 B . H a a o He TOJibKo KOjmqecTBeHHO yBejiHMHBaTb n a p K H30TepMHiecKHX aBTOMOÔH^eii, aBTope4>pH>KepaTopoB, aBTOUHCTepH h a p y r n x t h i i o b c n e UHajiH3HpoBaHHbix T p a H c n o p T H U x c p e a c T B Ha aBTOTpaHcnopTHbix n p e A n p H H THHX, a h (JjopMHpoBaTb cneuHajiH3HpOB3HHbiH noflBHÄHOH c o c T a B Ha 6 a 3 e HOBHX TeXHHHeCKHX peilieHHH, nOCTOHHHOrO yCKOpeHHH BHeflpeHHH HOBOfi TexHHKH. H a n p H M e p , b y c j i o B H H x CHJibHO BbipaxeHHOH ce30HH0CTH n o c T y n jieHHH MOJioKa Ha n e p e p a Ô O T K y (MecHU MHHHMajibHoro nocTyn;ieHHH m o j i o Ka o t h o c h t c h K M e c a n y MaKCHMajibHoro n o c T y n j i e H H H n p H M e p H o KaK 1 : 2 ) m i x e r o nepeB03KH, o c o ô e H H O n p H H H M a e M o r o HenocpeacTBeHHO b x o 3 h h c t Bax, o n p a B f l a ^ a ceÖH cpeaHeTOHHajKHan aBTOMOJiUHCTepHa, c n o c o Ö H a a p a 6oTaTb c npHnenoM. 3aMeHa HbiHe BbinycKaeMOH aBTOMOJiUHCTepHH « A U , n T - 3 , 3 » Ha uiaccH 3 b t o m o 6 h j i h «TA3-53» aBTOMOJiUHCTepHaMH Ha rnaccH aBTOMOÓHJieñ « 3 H J 1 - 1 3 0 » h « r A 3 - 4 5 0 9 » c npHu,enaMH-UHCTepHaMH flaCT B03M0JKH0CTb yMeHbUIHTb Ha 3 0 % KOJIHMeCTBO aBTOMaUlHH (cOOTBeTCTBeHHO H BOflHTejieñ) H COKpaTHTb paCXOÄ aBTOMOÔHJIbHOrO TOnjIHBa Ha t o t » e o6i>eM nepeB030K M o j i o n a . C e ó e c T O H M o c T b nepeB03KH Monoica b aBTOMOJiHHCTepHe Ha rnaccH 3btomo6hjih «KaMA3-53212» n p n paccTOHHHH nepeB030K a o 100 km noHTH b Äßa p a 3 a » « « e , qeM ceöecTOHMOCTt n e p e B03KH M0JI0K3 B 3BT0M0JIUHCTepHe Ha IIiaCCH aBTOMOÔHJIH «TA3-53». B u n o j i H e H H e HaMeqeHHbix IlpoflOBOJibCTBeHHOH n p o r p s M M o ñ nocTaBOK MaTepHaJIbHO-TeXHHieCKHX ( b TOM qHCJie TpaHCnopTHblX CneUHaJIH3HpOB3HHblx) CpeflCTB n03B0JIHT B OTHOCHTeJIbHO KOpOTKHe CpOKH C03flaTb CÓaJiaHCHpoBaHHyro c r p y K T y p y MaTepnaJibHO-TexHHMecKoft 6 a 3 H Bcex b33HM0CBH3aHHbIX 3BeHbeB A r i K . OöecneneHHe opraHH3au,HOHHoro, a T S i o K e T e x H H K o - T e x H O J i o r H ^ e c K o r o eflHHCTBa Bcex 3BeHbeB cHCTeMbi « n o j i e — n o T p e Ô H T e ^ b » Ha ocHOBe y K p e n j i e HHH H COBepmeHCTBOBaHHH MaTepHajIbHO-TeXHHieCKOH 6a3bl C03AaeT y c j i o BHH fljia e e H a a e Ä H o r o yHKUH0HHp0BaHHH. Flpn stom hcoöxoähmo T a K K e aOCTHJKeHHe SKOHOMHieCKOrO eÄHHCTBa Ä3HH0H CHCTeMbi n y T e M COBepmeHCTBOBaHHH xo3HHCTBeHHoro Mex3HH3M3 b u e j i H x oöecne^eHHH M a T e p n a j i b HOH 3aHHTepeC0B3HH0CTH BCeX 3BeHbeB B nO^yUeHHH HaHJiyimHX KOHeiHblX
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