Voprosy ėkonomiki: 11/1984 Noyyembri [Reprint 2022 ed.] 9783112622728

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17

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18

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1981—1983

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1951 — 1960 rr.

1961 — 1970 rr.

1971 — 1980 rr.

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0,27 0,68 0,89

0,53 0,52 0,54

0,63

0,61

0,40

0,20 0,40 0,53 0,36

0,59 0,41 0,21 0,11

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24

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H3MeHeHHe C0Aep>K3HHH H ycjiOBHH Tpy^a, oöecneiHBaiomHx ero oßjierneHHe H ycHJieHHe TBopnecKoro xapaicrepa. BblCIHHMH H 3 COBpeMeHHblX (J)OpM 3 B T 0 M 3 T H 3 A H H H CT3HOBHTCH (})OpMbI, ocHOBaHHbie Ha nporpaMMHOM ynpaBjieHHH H n03B0JiHi0iuHe öbicTpo (c noMombK) H3MeH€HHH ynpaBjiaromeH nporpaMMbi) nepecTpaHBaTb o6opyAOB3HHe Ha H3rOTOBJieHH6 HOBblX H3AeJIHH. O A H 3 K O COBpeMeHHOe HayHHO-TeXHH«leCKOe pa3BHTHe npHBHOCHT B nOHHTHe THÔKOH aBTOMaTH3aUHH HOBbie SJieMeHTbl OÄHOBpeMeHHO C THÓKOCTbK) nOBblUiaeTCH KOMnJieKCHOCTb aBTOM3TH33U,HH: B O Ä H O M arperaTe, M 3 I I J H H H O M KOMnjieKce HJIH J I H H H H coBMemaeTCH BbinojiHeHHe uejioro pn^a onepauHH, B TOM HHCJie BcnoMoraTe^bHbix, noflroTOBHTejibHbix H saKJiKDíHTGJibHbix no oTHouieHHK) K npoueccy oöpaßoTKH. B 3aBepuieHHOM bhäc rnßKHe aBT0M'aTH3Hp0BaHHbie np0H3B0ÄctfBa ( r A I l ) O Ö E C N E H H B A I O T K O M I U I E K C H Y I O 3 B T O M 3 T H 3 3 U H I O Bcex 3 B E H B E B np0H3B0flCTBeHH0r0 npouecca, HanHHan OT pa3pa6oTKH npoeKTHO-KOHCTpyKTOpCKOH AOKyMeHTaUHH H TeX'HOJlOrH^eCKOH nOArOTOBKH npOH3BOACTBa H KOH^an H3TOTOBJI6HH6M, ynaKOBKOH, OTiip3BKOH npoAyKii,HH. I-ÌHa^e rOBOpa, 3aBepmeHHOH (|)OpMOÖ T H 6 K O H 3 B T O M 3 T H 3 A U H H ÄOJIJKHbl CTaTb 3BT0M3TH3HpoBaHHwe npoeKTHo-TexHOJiorHHecKHe H np0H3B0ÄCTBeHHbie C H C T C M H BMeCTe C HX TeXHHHeCKHMH H B 3H3HHTeJIbHOH Mepe BCnOMOraTeJIbHbIMH CJiy>K6aMH. Co3flaHHe R A N npoxoaHT uejiHH phä sTanoB. OHO TpeßyeT BbicoKoro ypOBHH p33BHTHH np0H3B0ÄCTB3, 3 T3KÄe OÖTjeAHHeHHH B KOMnjieKCbl MHOTHX nOÄCHCTeM THÔKOH 3BT0M3TH33II.HH. K HHCJiy 3THX nOÄCHCTeM OÖtMHO OTHOCHT CT3HKH C MIIY, OÖCJiyJKHBSeMbie aBTOMâTHHeCKHMH M3HHIiyjIHTOp3MH HJIH npOMbim^eHHblMH pOÖOT3MH COCTOHLUHe H3 T3KHX H^eeK JIHHHH H yqacTKH, ynpaBJiaeMbie c noMombio 3 B M . B nocjieÄHee BpeMH noHHTHe «rHÖKHe 3BTOM3TH3HpOBaHHbie np0H3B0ÄCTB3» HailOJIHHeTCH HOBbIM COßepÄ 3 H H E M . B Hero B KsnecTBe C O C T S B H H X S J I E M E H T O B B K J I I O H 3 K ) T C H : C H C T C M H aBT0M3THHeCK0r0 npOeKTHpOBâHHH ( C A n P ) , 3BTOM3TH3HpOB3HHOH TeXHOjiorHuecKOH noaroTOBKH npoH3B0ACTB3, oßecneHHBarouiHe, B H S C T H O C T H , onTHM3JIbHHH BblÖOp HHCTpyMeHT3 H OCH3CTKH; nOÄCHCTeMbl 3BT0M3TH33UHH H po6oTH3aUHH 0nep3HHÖ, C B H 3 3 H H H X C KO'HTpOJieM K3qeCTB3, C K J I 3 Ä C K H M Xp3HeHHeM H BHyTpHnpOH3BOÄCTBeHHbIMH I I E P E M E M E H H H M H 33TOTOBOK, ,a,eTajieñ, HHCTpyMeHTa H roTOBbix 'H3flejiHH. K MHCJiy nOÄCHCTeM T H 6 K O H 3 B T 0 M 3 T H 3 3 U H H CJieAyeT OTHeCTH, no H3uieMy MHeHHK), H 3BT0M3TH3Hp0B3HHbie cHCTeMbi ynpaBJieHHH TexHo^orHHeCKHMH np0UeCC3MH ( A C Y T I l ) . B OTJIHHHe OT T A n M3HIH'H0CTp0HTejIbH0r0 npO(})HJIfl (rHÓKOCTb KOTOpblX Onpefle^HeTCH B03M0>KH0CTbK> ÖbICTpOH nepeH3JI3ÄKH, nepeCTpOHKH H 3 npOH3BOÄCTBO HOBblX H3fleJlHH) rHÓKOCTb X H M H MecKHX, HecJjTenepepaôaTbiBaiomHX, M E T S J I J I Y P N M E C K H X H ApyrHX MOHonpoÄyKTOBbix ycTaHOBOK H 3rper3T0B, ynpsB^neMbix ACYTFI, CBÎÎ33H3 C O cnoCOÖHOCTbK) 3BT0M3THqeCK0H 3Ä3HT3U.HH napaMeTpOB TeXHOJIOTHMeCKHX npoueccoB K H3MeHeHHHM C0CT3B3 cupbH, TeMnepsTypbi, Ä3BJieHHH H ÄpyrHx yCJIOBHH np0H3B0ÄCTB3. B 3T0H CBH3H IIOHHTHe THÖKHX 3BT0M3TH3Hp0B3HHblX npOH3BOÄCTB M O ) K H O OTHOCHTb He TO^bKO K M3UIHH0CTp0HTe^bH0My, HO H K JiioöoMy apyroMy np0H3B0flCTBy, YNPSB^seMOMy ACYTEi. Ka^AaH noÄCHCTeM3 T A n COCTOHT H3 O N P E A E ^ e H H O H coBOKynHOCTH cpeacTB T H Ô K O H 3BTOM3TH33U.HH: 0Ö0pyÄ0B3HHH C m i Y , npOMHUIJieHHblX pOÔOTOB C BCnOMOr3TejibHbiM o6opyAOB3HHeM, 3 B M c KOMnJieKC3MH nepH4)epHHHoro oöopyAOBaHHH, npHÖopoB, rp3(J)0n0CTp0HTejieH H T. n. npHMeHHTejIbHO K T H Ö K O H 3BT0M3TH33UHH, K 3 K H K ApyrHM HanpaB^eHHHM H T Ü , MOÍKHO BbmejIHTb C^eflyiOLUHe TpH CTaflHH: nOflrOTOBHTe^bHyro, Ha KOTOpOH 0CB3HB3eTCH npOH3BOÄCTBO OTÄeJlbHblX Cpe^CTB H nepBHMHblX 1 TepMHHH «npOMbllHJieHHblH pOÖOT» H «aBTOMaTH^eCKHÖ MaHHnyjIHTOp» (HMeiOTCS B BHÄy MaHHnyjiHTopbi c pa3HbiMH cHCTeMaMH nporpaMMHoro ynpaB^eHKH) MU paccMaTp«BaeM Kan CHHOHHMÍJ. HMeHHo Tax npHMeHsnoTCH O H H B MaTepna^ax UCy CCCP, X O T H BO3MohKH0CTb y q e T a HeKOTOpblX p a 3 HOBHflHOCTeH COUHa^bHOrO 3(J)(J)eKTa HOBOH TeXHHKH, He nOÄfl.aK)IU.HXCH n p H MOH 3K0H0MHHeCK0H OIieHKe, T3KHX, K a K nOBblUieHHe 6 e 3 0 n a C H 0 C T H p a Ô O T HHK3 H3 n p O H 3 B O Ä C T B e , pOCT yflOBJieTBOpeHHOCTH H e j I 0 B e K 3 T p y Ä O M H Ä P 3 t o csMocTOHTejibHbie couHajibHbie ô j i a r s , y q e T KOTopbix m o j k c t o c y m e c T BJIHTbCH JI'HHIb C nOMOLUblO KOCBeHHblX MeTOÄOB. CTOpOHHHKH OT^eJIbHOrO y ^ e T 3 3(|)4)eKTa nOBblineHHH THÖKOCTH n p O H 3 B 0 Ä C T B 3 HCXOÄHT H3 TOrO, HTO B H e A p e H H e THÔKOH aBTOMaTH3aiI.HH A O ^ Ä H O 3H3HHTejIbH0 C O K p 3 T H T b n e p H O f l OCBOeHHH B b i n y C K a HOBblX H3^eJIHH, KOTOpblH B MSHIHHOCTpOeHHH Ä0CTHT3eT H e p e Ä K O 3 — 4 JieT. K o M n ^ e K C H a H â B T O M3TH3aUHH p a C C M 3 T p H B 3 e M 0 r 0 T H n a p e 3 K O C O K p a m s e T epOKH n p O e K T H p O B 3 HHH, H3rOTOBJieHHH 0CH3CTKH, OÖpaÖOTKH H CÔOpKH Ä e T a j i e H . EcJIH HCXOÜHTb H3 H 0 p M 3 T H B H 0 r 0 K03(J)4)HII,HeHTa 3(})(})eKTHBH0CTH, TO nOJiyHeHHe, C K a )KeM,

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26

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p a 3 M e p e 0,15 e e c t o h m o c t h H a M H o r o n o B b i c H j i o 6 h 3 ( j ) < f ) B K T H B H O C T b o ô o p y ä o b s h h h , c noMombK) KOToporo 3Ta TexHHKa npoH3BeaeHa.

B o 3 M o « H o c T b y q e T a y K a 3 a H H o r o ycKopeHHH, n o c y m e c T B y , n p e a y c M O T n. I l h 3 3 B 3 h h o h M c t o ^ h k h , b KOTOpoM OTMeqeHO, i t o 4>aKTop Bpemëhh yiiHTbiBaeTCH b Tex c j i y ^ a a x , Kor^a p e 3 y j i b T 3 T b i n p o H 3 B o a c T B a BCJieaCTBHe H3MeH6HHH p O K H M a paÔOTbl o6"beKTa HOBOH TeXHHKH CymeCTBeHHO MeHHiOTCH n o r o f l a M s K c n j i y a T a u H H . O ß H a K o , h t o ó m / u h h h h KA6HHH p 3 Ó 0 q e r 0 , TO eCTb CTHTaTb 3epeHU,HaU.H5I T3KOH IUiaTbl B 3 A B H C H M 0 C T H OT cTeneHH ,ne(|)HI];HTHOCTH Tpy^OBBIX p e c y p c o B B o T p a c j i H x , a B03M0JKH0, H B paHOHaX CTpaHbl nOBbICHT 3t}>4)eKTHBHOCTb 33MeHH pOÓOTaM B p a ó o q e f l CHJIH npe>K,ae B c e r o TaM, i\ne e e p e c y p c b i HaHÓojiee o r p a HH^eHbl. O c o ó o e 3 H A Q E « H E AJIH pa3BHTHH I-HSKOH A B T O M A T H 3 A U H H HMeeT YQET e e coitHajrbHoro 3(J)(j)eKTa, npoHBJiHioiuerocH B yjiyqineHHH ycjiOBHñ T p y a a , e r o 6e3onacHocTH, ycnjieHHH T B o p q e c K o r o x a p a K T e p a H T. A. ^acTH^HO STH COmiaJIbHbie IJOCJieACTBHH HaXO^HT O T p a ^ e H H e B pOCTe npOH3BO^HTeJIb«OCTH, ^KOHOMHH Ha CHHJKeHHH 3a60JieBaeM0CTH H T P A B M 3 T H 3 M A , a TAKSÍE 33Tp3T Ha o x p a n y T p y a a , O A H S K O p-AA coixnsjibHbix nocjieACTBHH He N O ^ A a e T c n npHMoií AKOHOMHMECKOIÑ oueHKe. H a n p H M e p , y m e p 6 OT TpaBMaTH3Ma He o r paHOTEBaeTCH nOTepHMH OT yTp3TbI Tpy^OCnOCOÓHOCTH H 33TpaT3MH H3 JieqeHHe, O H B K j n o q s e r H MopsjibHbiñ, ncHxojiorHHecKHÍi y p o f i . H e MeHee CJIOJKHO OUeHHBaTb SKOHOMHieCKHH 3(})(j>eKT OT KOM^OpTa Ha npOH3BOilCTBe, noBHineHHfl yüOBJIeTBopeHHOCTH nejioBeKa TpyjOM H a p . M e « f l y T C M Bce 3TO CAMOCTOHTEJIBHHE C O U H A ^ B H H E 6jiara, NOTPEÓHOETB B KOTOPTRX T E M ó o j i b i n e , i e M Bbirne ypoBeHb o 6 m , e r o aKOHOMHnecKoro pa3BHTHíi. K y ^ e T y c o i i H a ^ b H o r o 3(})4>€KTa MO>KHO noAOHTH no-pa3HOMy: oueHHTb 33TpaTbi Ha afleKBaTHoe yjiynmeHHe ycjiOBHñ Tpyü,a, floemraeMoe ApyrHMH CnOCOÓaMH (npH OTCyTCTBHH THÓKOH 3BTOM3TH3aU,HH)", CHIf>€^eJIHTb nyTeM coUHOJiorHqecKHX 06cjiefl0BaHHH p a 3 M e p yBejiHHeHHH 3 a p a 6 o T H o ñ njisTbi p a ó o T a i o m H X B xyauiHX y c j i o B H a x njin T o r o , h t o S H HX T p y a 6biji CTOJib >Ke npeCTHMCHHM, KaK, CKajKeM, npH BHeflpeHHH CpeaCTB rHÓKOH 3BT0MaTH3aH H H . H a n ó o j i e e npHeMJieMbiñ nyTb y n e T a T a K o r o p o ; i a couHajibira>ix nocjiejiCTBHH CBH3a,H C flaJIbHeHUIHM pa3BHTHeM CHCTeM« COÜ.HajIbHO-TeXHHMeCKHX H0pM3THB0B, KOTOpHe flOJISCHbl 6bTTb SKOHOMKHeCKH H TeXHHMeCKH OÓOCHOB3'HbI B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOHKpeTHbIMH yCJIOBHHMH p33BHTHH OÓmeCTBa 3 CM. C. FOJIOCOBCKHH, PoÓOTOTCXHHKa H ee 3(})(})eKTHBH0CTb («Bonpocbl 3KOHOMHKH» Ne 5, 1984 r., cip. 63). 4 CM. H. K y J I b Ó O B C K a H , CoUHajlbHO-SKOHOMHHeCKaa 3({)(})eKTHBH0CTb TCXHHqeCKOrO nepeBQopyiKeHHa («Bonpocbl SKOHOMHKH» .N» 3, 1984 R^ crp. 41).

28

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MHHeCKOrO 9(J)4)EKTA OT npOH3BOÄCTBa H NPHMEHEHHH IIOTpeÖHTejIHMH HOBblX H3ÄeJIHH BbICÎli€H K3TerOpHH KS^ECTBA. KAK n o K a 3 a j i o n u T , « c T a p T O B a n » Tpy/ioeMKocTb H3aejiHH, Ha 6 a 3 e KOTOPOH H 6bIJI y T B e p Ä Ä e H COOTBeTCTByiOmHH HOpM3THB MHCTOH npOAyKUHH, BO MHOTHX CJiy^3HX OKa3ajiaCb 33BbIineHHOH, B qaCTHOCTH H3-3a H e ^ O C T a W I H O nOJIHOH 3KCnepTH3bI KajlbKyjIHUHOHHHX M3TepH3JIOB. 3 T 0 OÔCTOHTejlbCTBO MOJKeT npHBeCTH K pa3HOBbirOÄHOCTH H3AeJIHH n o HX TpyÄOeMKOCTH. r i o CKOJibKy nacTbiH n e p e c M O T p HOPMSTHBOB TOCTOH n p o a y K U H H SKOHOMHICCKH H e u e j i e c o o 6 p 3 3 e H , BSÄHO p a 3 p a 6 o T a T b K H3M3^Y flBeHaauaToñ nsTHJieTKH flHtjKjiepeHUHpoBaiHHbie no npeanpHHTHHM OTpac^H HOPMSTHBH npnpocTa (JjoHjia 3 3 p 3 Ô o r a o H nji3Tbi 3a K ä x ^ u H n p o u e H T npHpOCTa OÔTjeMa npOH3B0ACTB3. B ocHOBy T3K0H flH(})(J)epeHUH'3UHH MOSC6T èbiTb n o ^ o ^ i e H a r p y n nnpoBK3 npe^npHHTHH n o cpeAHeroAOBOÍi B b i p s ö o T K e HS OÄHoro p s ö o T s i o m e r o npoMbiuuieHHO-npoH3BoacTBeHHoro n e p c o H a j i a . S K c n e p H M e H T , K c o « < 3 j i e H H i o , » e p e n i s e T B3ÄHOH n p o ó j i e M b i o ó e c n e ^ e HHH SKOHOMHMecKH paBHbix y c j i o B H H noouipeHHH. M e m f l y TeM T e o p e T H q e c K H He n o f l j i e ^ H T coMHeHHio H n p o B e p e H O n p a K T H K o f i : TOJibKo n p n SKOHOMHMCCKH pâBHblX yCJIOBHHX X03HHCTB0B3HHH B03MOJKH3 o5oCHOBaH,H3H (TO eCTb c o o T B e T t T B y i o u i a f l P 3 3 j i h ™ H M KOHeqHbix pe3y^bTaTOB) flH(J)^)ep€HUHauHH B pacnpeAejieHHH no T p y a y . npaBHJIbHOe peUieHHe npOÔJieMbl C03flaHHH SKOHOMHMeCKH paBHWX ycjioBHH n o o m p e H H H T p e ô y e T y n e T 3 B o u e H K e H CT H M y JI HpoB a H H H ypoBHH H ÄHHaMHKH KOHeqHblX pe3yjIbTaTOB. OTHeTJIHBO npOCJie>KHB3eTCH B 3KCnepHMeHTe n p e H M y m e c T B e H H o e n o o m p e H H e 3 3 p o c T o6-beMHbix H Ks^ecTBeHHbix n o K a 3 a T e j r e ñ . 0 6 STOM cBHaeTe/ibCTByeT ^OBefleHHe ÄO npeanpHHTHH (o6-be^HHeHHH) H0pM3THB0B npHpOCTS 450HÄ3 3ap3ÖOTHOH nJI3TbI H (})OHflOB 3K0HOMHqecKoro CTHMy JI H p OB an H H 3 3 k3JKÄHH nyHKT yBejiHHeHHH p e 3 y j i b T a T O B n o CpaBfteHHK) C 633HCHbINMH. B OTp3CJIHX, OCymeCTBJIHK)IUHX SKCnepHMeHT, H3MeTHJlHCb n03HTHBHbie H3MeHeHHH TeMnOB pOCTa npOH3BOÄCTBa H K 3 i e C T BeHHbix n o K 3 3 a T e j i e f l p a ö o T H .

X03flHCTBEHHblH PACHET B yCJIOBHHX 3K0H0MH4ECK0r0 3KCI1EPHMEHTA

49

3 a BOceMb MecaueB TeKymero ndaa Ha npe^npHHTHHx T H ^ e j i o r o h TpaHCnOpTHOrO MaiUHHOCTpOeHHH npHpOCT ( n o CpaBHeHHK) C COOTBeTCTByiOm,HM nepHOÄOM npoiujioro rOÄa) no o ó t e M y npOH3BOflcfBa c o c t 3 b h j i 4 % , a no npoH3BOÄHTejibHDCTH Tpy.ua— 5 % ; njiaa no peajiH3au,HH npoAyKUHH nepeBHnoji-HeH Ha 2 % . r i o ajieKTpoTexHHMecKOH npoMbimjieHHOCTH cooTBercTByiom n e n o K a 3 a T e ^ H cocTaBHjiH 5 % , 8 % h 2 % . 3 t h x e noKa3aTe^H b uejiOM no OTpacjiHM, npoBOÄHiiiHM àKcnepHMewT, H€CKOJibKO BHUie, HeM b cpe,zmeM no npoMbiuiJieHHOCTH (no cpaBHeHHK) c pe3yjibTaTaMH paöoTH 3a BoceMb MeCHueB nponuioro roßa oómHH oö'beM npoH3BoacTBa npoMbimjieHHOH npoayKUHH yBejIHHHJICH Ha 4 , 4 % , np0H3B0ÄHTeJIbH0CTb TpyAa —: na 4 , 1 % ) 2 . B paMKax sKcnepHMeHTa ycHjiHBaeTCH cTHMyjinpoBaHHe ä o c t h ä c h h h BbicoKoro ypoBHH noKa3aTejieñ, xapaKTepH3yiomHX KOHeHHbie pc3yjibTaTbi: Ha 1 5 % yBejiHHHBaioTCH oTracjieHHH b 4>oha M a T e p n a j i b H o r o noompeHHH npH cTonponeHTHOM BbinojiHeHHH ÄoroBopHHX oÔH3aTejibCTB no nocTaBKaM; ycTaHaBjT'HBaiOTCH b h c o k h c ( ä o 3 0 % ) HaaôaBKH k onTOBbiM ueHaM Ha npoa y K U H i o BbicineH KaTeropHH K a i e c T B a ; s k o h o m h h no (J)OHay 3apa6oTHoñ njiaTH HanpaBjisieTCH Ha noBbimeHHe 3apa6oTKa paóoTHHKaM b npeAeJiax cpoKOB peajibHoro npoHBjieHWH y j i y q u i e H H H b h x p a ö o r e . H a Ham b3ivihä, 3 t o t nocjieziHHH acneKT sKcnepHMeHTa Hy>KHO BcewepHO pa3BHBaTb. Ha

npeanpHJiTHHX, oxBaueHHbix

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CTByiomHx noKaaaTejiHX. HaM npeACTaBJineTCH, h t o opHeHTauHH k o j i j i € k t h BOB npe^npHHTHH (oÖTjeAHHeHHH) Ha POCT OÔ'beMHblX H KaneCTBeHHblX nOKa3aTejieñ flOJiJKHa ocymecTBjiHTbCH c y ^ e r o M h x peajibHbix B03Mo>KHocTeH. XlpyrHMH cjiOBaMH, ocTaexca aKTyajibHofi npoôJieMa co3ÄaHHH 3KO«OM.HieCKH

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npHpocTa 3THX noKa3aTe^en. B h ^ h m o , 3Ty npoôiieMy Hejib3H peniHTb nyTeM ycTaiHOBjieHHH e^HHoro HopMaTHBa npnpocTa (})OHAa 3apa60TH0H njiaTbi « a a Bcex npeflnpHHTHH OÄHopoÄHbix o r p a c j i e ñ n po m h m ji eHH o c t h 3 , nocKOJibKy paBHbie npiîpOCTH MOryT ÔbITb COnpHJKeHbl C HepaBHblMH yCHJIH'HMH. H npH peuieHHH ÄaHHOH npoöJieMbi uejiecoo6pa3Ha, Ha H a m b3ivih,h, aH(J)(J)epeHU,HaU.HH HOpMaTHBCCB OTIH'CJieHHH B nOOUIpHTejIbHbie ({jOHflbl H (f)OpMHpOBa:HHH npnpocTa cf)OH/ia 3apa6oTHoñ njiaTbi, h o y>Ke c yqeTOM CTeneHH Hcn0Jib30BaHHH npOH3BOÄCTBeHHOH MOUJ.HOCTH. B npouecce sKcnepHMeHTa BbiHBH.iacb HeoßxoÄHMoeTb ÄH(})(})epeHixHaUHH HOpMaTHBOB OTIH'CJieHHH B nOOIUpHTeJIbHbie (})OHÄbI 3a KaJKflbIH npOUeHT CHHJKeHHÍI 3 a T p a T Ha np0H3B0flCTB0. B p a M K a x MHHHCTepCTBa THJKeJIOrO H

T p a HC nopTH o r o Maui HHOCTpoeH hh C C C P , HanpHMep, oähh npoueHT CHHjKeHH5Í MaTepnajlbHhlX 3aTpaT Ha npOH3BOflCTBO TOBapHOH npoAyKUHH no cpaBHeHHio c 6a30BbiM t o ä o m BbiJiHBaeTCH b orpoMHyio cyMMy. B t o >Ke BpeMJi yBe™HeHHe 4>OH^a MaiepHajibHoro noompeHHH, HanpHMep, Ha 4 % sa Ka>KÄbiH npoueHT CHHJKeHHH 3aTpaT H€ CTHMyjiHpyeT h x 3KOHOMHB, TeM 6ojiee, i t o nojiyTOHHe s t o h s k o h o m h h b y c j i o B H H x HiHflHB'HAyajibHoro xapaKTepa npOH3BOflCTBa CBH3aHO C TpyflHOCTHMH H He M O } K e T ÔbITb flOCTHTHyTO 6 e 3 CymeCTBeHHHX TeXHOJIOrHMeCKHX H3MeneHHH. HHÄHBHAyaJIbHOCTb yCJIOBHH npOH3BOÄCTBa T3K HJIH HMa^ie ÄOJIiKHa ÔbITb OTpaîKeHa B HOpMaTHBaX. 3 A e C b HyjKeH ÄOnojiHHTejibHbift noHCK n y T e ñ pemeHHH a a n H o ñ s a a a ^ H .

Co3flaHHe SKOHOMHqeCKH paBHUX yCJIOBHH noompeHHH B3ÎKHO H fl^H (J)OpMHpOBaHHH (J)OHÄa COUHa^bHO-KyjIbTypHblX MepOnpHHTHH H JKHJIHIUHOrO CTpOHTeJlbCTBa, npHpOCT KOTOpOrO nOCTaBJieH B 3aBHCHMOCTb OT TeMHOB poCTa npOH3BO^HTejIbHOCTH T p y f l a . IloCJieÂHÎlH >Ke BO MHOrOM 33BHCHT, KaK H3-

BeCTHO, OT 3(J)(J)eKTHBHOCTH TeXH-HI-eCKOTO nepeBOOpyjKeHHH H peKOHCTpyKUHH 2 3

Cm. «SKOHOMHqecKaa ra3eia» X» 38, 1984 r„ cip. 8. Cm. «Bonpocu skohomhkh» M» 12, 1983 r., cTp. 10.

4. «Bonpocbl 3KOHOMHKHP

11.

se

A. CEJIE3HEB

FLEÑCTBYIOMHX n p e a n p H H T H H , y p o B H H TÊXHHKH H T e x H O J i o r H H n p O H 3 B O A C T B a H T. n . S K c n e p H M e H T H a n p a B J i e H H a TO, H T Q 6 H n o B b i C H T b scjjcjjeKTHBHOCTb U e H T p a J I H 3 0 B a H H U X K a n H T a j I b H H X BJIOÄGHHH H a n p e A n p H H T H H X . H o IIOCKOJIbK y p a ö o T b i n o p e a j i H 3 a u H H STHX BJio>KeHHH B b m o j i H H i o T C H c n e u . H a j i H 3 H p o B a . H HblMH CTpOHTCJlibH'O-MOHTaiKHblMH O p r a H H 3 a U H H M H , OTHOUieHHH C KOTOpbIM'H nepecTpaHBaiOTCH MeAJieHHo, B03AeñcTBHe npeAnpHHTHÌi Ha 3(J)(J)eKTHBHOCTb npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX K a n H T a J l B H b l X BJIOyKeHHH HCAOCTaTOTOO A e f t C T B e H HO. n p e A n p H H T H H n o c T a B J i e H b i B H e o A H H a KOB H e y c j i O B H H o ö e c n e q e i i H H n p H POCTOB n p o H 3 B O A H T e j i b H O C T H T p y A a H, C J i e A O B a T e j i b H O , y K a 3 a H H o r o ( J j o H f l a . K a K HaM n p e A C T a B J i n e T C H , n p n p o c T BejiH^HMbi (jjOHAa c o u n a j i b H O - K y j i b T y p H b l X M e p O n p H H T H H H JKHJIHIUHOrO C T p O H T e J I b C T B a He AOJDKeH onpeaejiHTbCH j i H i n b T C M n a M H p o c T a n p o H 3 B 0 A H T e j i b H 0 C T H T p y A a H n o TOH npH-qntte, MTo n p e A n p H H T H H B H60AHH3KOBOH M e p e o ô e c n e n e H b i J K H J i b e M , K y j i b T y p HO-6bITOBbIMH H 0 3 A 0 p 0 B H T e j l b H b l M H y H pÊJK AC H H H M>H, FIOSTOMy AH'(f>cj>epeHUHaUHK) 6 a 3 H C H b I X H O p M a T H B O B OTHHCJieHHH B y K a 3 a « H b I H 4>0HA (OT 1 0 AO 5 0 % (})OHAa 3 a p a 6 o T H O Í i n j i a T b i ) HyjKHO c o M e T a T b c A H < | ) ( J ) e p e H U H a u H e H HOpMA-THBOB e r o n p H p o c r a . 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11.

66

T. KPAHKOBA

B aaHHOM c j i y i a e onpeflejiHTCH n e p e 3 OAHH H3 (J)aKT0p0B-apryMeHT0B, TO ecTb noKa3aTeJieH, Bbi3biBaromHx e e cJjyHKUHOHajibHoe H3MEHEHHE (CM. $ o p M y jibi 5, 6 ) . H e Henocpe^CTBeHHO, a Mepe3 OÄHH Ha (JjaKTopoB-apryMeHTOB Ha AHHaMHKy np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH Tpy.ua BJiHHiOT TaKJKe noTepH OT ó p a K a , noTepH ChipbH, K03(|)(J)HUH6HT BblXOfla H3 CbipbH TOTOBOH npOÄyKUHH. C-íieflOBaTejIbHO, eCJlH H U e j i e C 0 0 6 p a 3 H 0 B NO(})aKTOpHOM IUiaHHpOBaHHH BblÄejIHTb HX BJiHHHHe, TO 3T0 c j i e A y e T a e j i a T b H3 TOH q a c T H n p n p o c T a np0H3B0ÄHTejibH0CTH T p y a a , KOTopaa npoHCxo/IHT 3a c q e T H3MeHeHHH M a T e p H a j i o e M K o c T H . K (JjaKTopaM, BJIHHHHË K O T o p w x Ha p o c T npoH3B0ji,HTejibHocih r p y a a MOSÍHO KO^HMeCTBeHHO H3MepHTb H 6e3 nOBTOpHOTO CMeTa, Mbl OTHOCHM (JjaKTopbi-apryMeHTbi ( n o Ä (J)aKTopaMH-apryMeHTaMH noHHMaioTCH He npHMHHbi p o c T a np0H3B0ÄHTejibH0CTH Tpy,o,a, a n o K a 3 a T e j i H , Bbi3biBaioiUHe e e (JjyHKUHOHajibHoe H3MeHeHHe). O a K T o p a M H - n p H ^ H H a M H p o c T a n o t c a s a T e j i a HBJIHIOTCH: noBbimeHHe T e x H H q e c K o r o ypoBHH np0H3B0ACTBa, coBepmeHCTBOBaHHe ynpaBjieHHH, opraHH3auHH npOH3BOACTBa H T p y a a . OHH MeHHKvr ypoBeHb, a cjie.n,OBaTe.iibHO, H ÄHHaMHKy np0H3B04HTe^bH0CTH T p y ^ a Mepe3 c j j a K T o p b i - a p r y M e H T u . K nocjieflHHM npe^Kfle B c e r o OTHOCHTCH B npepbiBHOM np0H3B0ÄCTBe: y a e ^ b H a n TpyaoeMKOCTb, (JDOHÄ BpeMeHH OCHOBHMX p a 6OHHX, C T p y K T y p a K a a p o B H A p . (CM. (JjopMyjibi 5, 6 ) . H3YQEHHE coBpeMeHHoro COCTOHHHH N J I A H H P O B A H H H N P 0 H 3 B 0 Ä H T E J I B H 0 CTH T p y a a n o (JjaKTopaM Ha n p e A n p H H T H a x pa3JiHHHbix O T p a c j i e ñ npOMbiinjieHHocTH, a TaKJKe peKOMeHAauHH, BbicKa3aHHbix yueHbiMH H npaKTHKaMU B SKOHOMH^ecKOH JiHTepaType, no3BOJiH.no BbiHBHTb c j i e a y r o m e e : 1. OÖblMHO B MeTOÄHKaX npHBOÄHTCH H a ß o p (JjaKTOpOB pOCTa npOH3BOÄHTejIbHOCTH T p y ^ a 6e30TH0CHTejIbH0 K BH^y OpraHH3aii.HH npOH3BO/lCTBeHHoro n p o u e c c a (npepbiBHOMy, H e n p e p b i B H O M y ) . M E A T F L Y TeM H a ô o p (j)aKTOPOB ÄJ1H 3THX npOH3BOÄCTB He MOJKeT ÓbITb 0AHH3K0B B CBH3H C TeM, 4TO B npepblBHOM npOH3BOÄCTBe y p o B e H b np0H3B0JIHTejIbH0CTH T p y a a OflHOrO p a ô o w e r o npeaonpeaejiHeTCH 33TpaTaMH T p y a a e r o c a M ô r o Ha eAHHHUy npoayKUHH H (fjOHAOM e r o n o j i e 3 H o r o BpeMeHH B TeneHHe r o f l a , a B HenpepblBHOM — TeXHHHeCKOH np0H3B0AHTejIbH0CTbl0 H TOflOBblM (j)OHAOM BpeMeHH p a ö o T b i T e x H O J i o r H i e c K o r o o ô o p y A O B a H H H , a TaKJKe H o p M o ñ o6cJiy>KHB3HHH. 2. H3BecTHO, MTO noHHM3HHe cyuiHOCTH np0H3B0flHTejibH0CTH T p y a s no K . M a p K c y T p e ô y e T y q e T a H BBIAEJIEHHH BJIHHHHH Ha AHHaMHKy np0H3B0AHTejibHOCTH T p y A a He TOJibKO 3 a T p a T Ä H B o r o T p y ^ a , HO H OBemecTBjieHHOr o . OziHaKO B «IHCJIO (J>aKTopoB p o c T a npOH3BOAHTejibHOCTH T p y A á M a T e p n a jioeMKOCTb, KaK npaBHJio, He BKJiiouaeTCH 3. B ¿ o j i b u i e ñ nacTH sKOHOMH^ecKOH JiHTepaTypbi o n p e a e ^ e H H e n p n p o CTa np0H3B0ÄHTejibH0CTH T p y f l a n o 4>aKTOpaM n p e ^ y c M a T p H B a e T c a B AB3 3Tana:

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p e m e H H e STORO B o n p o c a npHMeHHTejibHO K HapOÄHOTpy^a (CM. «ripOH3BOiIHTeJIbHOCTb OÖmeCTBeHHOrO

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nOOAKTOPHOE nJIAHHPOBAHHE nP0H3B0flHTEJIbH0CTH TPyflA

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eCTb npOH3BOflHTejlbHOCTb T p y f l a HaXOflHTCH B CjDyHKUHOHaJIbHOH 33BHCHM0CTH OT H3MeHeHHH MHCJieHHOCTH nepCOHa^a, H, CJieflOBaTejIbHO, MaTeMaTHl e c K a a B3aHMOCBH3b Me>KAy 3 t h m h noKa33TejiHMH Bbipa>KaeTC3 b ( j j o p M e HH/ieKca (CM. ({jopMyjibi 5, 6 ) . H M e H H O noKa,3aiejib npoH3Bo.nHTejibHocTn T p y a a , a He qHCAeHHOCTb n e p c o H a ^ a HBjiaeTCH, Ha Haiu B3rJiHA, p e 3 y j i b T a t h b h h m , b H3BecTHoñ CTeneHH o ó o ó m a i o m H M n o K a 3 a T e j i e M , x a p a K T e p H 3 y i o iuhm p a ó o T y a a H H o r o KOJUieKTHBa. X a p a K T e p b j i h h h h h KajKAOH K a T e r o p H H nepcoHaJia Ha AHHaMHKy n p o H3BOflHTejIbHOCTH T p y A a paÓOTHHKa pa3JIHqeH: p o c t HHCJieHHOCTH o c h o b h h x p a ó o t i H x npH n p o q H x paBHbix y c j i o B H a x B e a e T K noBbiiueHHio np0H3B0AHTejIbHOCTH T p y A a OAHOrO paÓOTHHKa, a pOCT HHCJieHHOCTH OCTaJIbHHX KaTeropHH n e p c O H a j i a — k e e CHHmeHHio ( c m . (JjopMyjiy 5 ) . T a K H M 0 Ó p a 3 0 M , c n o c o ó p a c ^ e T a p o c T a np0H3B0AHTe.nbH0CTH T p y A a n o A BJiHHHHeM H3MeHeHHH HHCJieHHOCTH K a j K A o ñ K a T e r o p H H n e p c o H a j i a He M o ^ e r óbiTb eAHHHM. 4. r i p n pacieTe bjihhhhh Ka>KAoro (JjaKTopa Ha A H H a M H K y npOH3BOflHTejibHOCTH T p y A a paÓOTHHKa H e o ó x o f l H M o yUHTbiBaTb x a p a K T e p npoH3BOACTBeHHoro npou.ecca — ocHOBHoro, B c n o M o r a T e j i b H o r o , o ó o i y í K H B a i o m e r o . T a n , MexaHH3aUHH T p y A a o c h o b h h x p a ó o ^ H X h B c n o M o r a T e j i b H H X OKa3bIBaeT paSJlHHHOe BJIHHHHe Ha AHHaMHKy npOH3BOaHTej]bHOCTH Tpyaa o f l H o r o p a d o T H H K a : CHH>KeHHe T p y A o e M K o e T H b o c h o b h o m np0H3B0ACTBe BeAeT k p o c r y npoH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH OAHOrO p á ó o T H H K a i e p e 3 yBejiH^eHHe b h paÓOTKH OCHOBHbIMH paÓOqHMH, a BO BCnOMOraTejlbHOM npOH3BOACTBe — qepe3 c o K p a m e H H e tiHCJieHHOCTH B c n o M o r a T e ^ b H b i x p a ó o ^ H X . 5. H c n o j i b 3 y e M b i ñ Ha npaKTHKe MexaHH3M p a c i e T a b j i h h h h h K a ) K A o r o 4)aKTopa Ha o ó m e e H3MeHeHHe np0H3B0AHTeAbH0CTH T p y A a MOiKeT ÓHTb, n o HaiueMy mhchhk), y n p o m e H . H a n p H M e p , o a h h m H3 pe3epBOB p o c T a npOH3BO^HTejibHOCTH T p y A a HBjiaeTca yBejiHMeHHe n o ^ e 3 H o r o (j)OHAa BpeMeHH och o b h h x p a ó o M H x 3a c i e T c o K p a m e H H H p a s j i H q n b i x e r o n o T e p b . B3aHM0CBH3b MeJKfly HHfleKCOM np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTH T p y A a OAHOrO paÓOTHHKa (7/7) h c{)ohjiom BpeMeHH o f l H o r o ocHOBHoro p a ó o ' í e r o ( í ' o p ) (JjyHKUHOHajibHan, n p a M a n — n p o n o p u H O H a J i b H a n , t o ecTb: in = 0' OT A4>op

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2151,6

435,8

390,8

306,0

1966— 1970 rr

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Ha o a H o r o PAÖOTHHKA (B p y 6 . ) . . Ha 1000 p y ô . OCHOBHHX npoH3Bo,acTBGHHblX lj)OHÄOB (B P y 6 . ) . . . .

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B CTOHMOCTH BajlOBOH npOAyKUHH CejIbCKOrO X035IHCTB3 AOJW npOAyKUHH Jinx B roflbi aecHToft nHTHJieTKH cocTaBJiiuia HecKo^bKo 6ojiee 25% • MacUITa6bI npOH3BOflCTBa OflHOM B

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Jinx

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98

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K. MspKc nncaji: «...Cyd-beKTbi oÖMeHa np0H3B0AHT, öyayHH noÄHHHeHbi pa3flejieHHio oßmecTBeHHoro TpyAa. OÓMeHHBaeMbie a p y r Ha Apyra t o B 3 p b l HBJIHIOTCH B e ^ b H 3 CaMOM BJieHHblM

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K . MapKc h

S n r e j i b c , Com., t. 46, q. II, CTp. 444.

T a m 3K e, cip. 444—445.

TOBAPHO-flEHEHtHHE OTHOLUEHHH nPH COIJHAJIH3ME

107

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108

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112

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