Voprosy ėkonomiki: 7/1981 Iyul' [Reprint 2022 ed.] 9783112623046

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21

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44

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A. HArOBHUHH

46

TH^HO npOHCXOAHT B UEHTPAJIH30B3HH0M NOPHAKE: npefllipHHTHHMH B n O ; HOBBIMH OPRAHH3AUHHMH; NPEANPHHTHEM, HE BXOÄHIUHM B cocTaB aaHHoro oó-beflHneHHa Ha AoroBopHbix Haqajiax; opraHH3au,HeH, co3AaHHoñ Ha naeBbix Haiajiax c ApyrHMH BIIO; OTpaaieBbiM MHHHCTCPCTBOM B BHAe cneunAJIBHOH opraHH3aii,HH, o6cjiy«HBaiomeH PHA npoMbim;ieHHbix oô-beAHHeHHH (HanpHMep, no peMOHTy) JIHÖO Bee oö-beAHHeHHH ( no CHaóateHHio H cöbrry). Bojibuiyio pojib B Bbióope Toro HJIH HHoro nyra pa3BHTHH HrpaiOT coKpameHHe H3flepjKeK np0H3B0ACTBa H HaKJia/iHbix pacxoÄOB, yAemeBJieHHeynpaBjieHqecKHx H o6cjiy>KHBaiomHX 3BeHbeB, Hcn0jib30BaHHe SJieicrpoHHo-BbmHcJÎHTejIbHblX MaiIIHH, HajIH^He COOTBeTCTByjOIUHX KaflpOB, CnOCOÖHblX KB3J1H^)HL[Hp0BaHH0 Bbino^iHHTb B03^0MíeHHbie Ha HHX (J)yHKUHH no ynpaBJIBHHKD. BbinojiHeHHe cJjyHKiiHH BO3MO>KHO ocymecTBJiHTb B cjieAyromnx BapHaHTax: 3â cqeT annapaTa ynpaBJieHHH BIIO (noJiHaa neHTpajiH3auHH); B OCHOBHOM — ynpaBJieHHHMH oö-beAHHeHHH (HacTHHHaH U.EHTPAJIH3AUHH) ; cocpeAOTO'ieHHe 3HaiHT6JIbHOH AOJIH paÖOT B nepBH^HOM 3BeHe ynpaBJieHHH. ECJIH B n O cocpeAOTOHHBaeT Bee np0H3B0ACTBeHHbie MOIIXHOCTH oTpacjiH no BbinycKy onpe.ieJieHHbix BHAOB npoAyKUHH H Taican cneu,HajiH3auHH HÖCHT AOJiroBpeMem-ibiH xapaKTep, TO npoMbiuiJieHHoe o6i>eAHHeHHe npH3BaHO CKOHUeHTpHpOBaTb OTpaCJieBbie 4>yHKUHH no pa3BHTHK> 3T0r0 npOH3BOACTBa (HanpHMep, nporH03 Hap0AH0X03HHCTBeHHbix noTpeÔHocTefl B AaHHofl npoAyKUHH, njiaHHpoBaHHe np0H3B0ACTBa ero oTpacjiH, HayiHO-TexHHqecKoe H npoeKTHO-KOHCTpyKTopcKoe oôecneqeHHe, SKcnepTH3a npoeKTa, pa3pa6oTKa njiaHOB nepcneKTHBHoro P33BHTHH, HHcneKUHH KaqecTBa npoAyKUHH). n P H 3T0M oömeoTpacjieBbie opraHbi ynpaBJieHHfl AOJDKHH ôbiTb 0praHH30BaHbl B npOMblUIJieHHOM KOMnjieKCe H BbIBeAeHbl H3 COCTaBa UeHTpaJIbHOrO annapaTa MHHHCTepcTBa. B annapaTe B n O HeoöxoAHMa neHTpajiH3auHa Tex 4>yHKu.HH, KOTopbie He CBH33HH C npHMbiM onepaTHBHbiM ynpaBJieHHeM: npOH3BOACTBeHHOe H TeXHHKO-SKOHOMHqeCKOe nJIâHHpOBaHHe, TeXHH^eCKOe pa3BHTHe npOH3BOACTBa, KanHTajIbHOe CTpOHTeJlbCTBO, C03A3HHe A C y , opraHH3aiiHH TpyAa H 3apa6oTHo8 njiaTbi, noAroTOBKa KaApoB, ôyxrajiTepcKHH yneT, lopHAH^ecKaa cjiymôa, pacnera c rocôiOAJKeTOM H ÔSHKOM. Tan, reHepajibHOH cxeMoñ MHHHCTepcTBa MauiHHOCTpoeHHH AAH „lerKoñ H nnmeBoii npoMbiuiJieHHocTH H ßbiTOBbix npnöopoB C C C P npeAycMOTpeHa KOHueHTpaUHfl Bcex paöoT, CBH3aHHbix c coBepmeHOTBOBaHHeM TexHOJiorHH noAroTOBKH npOH3BOACTBa HOBOH npOAyKUHH. 3TH (J)yHKIXHH B03JI0JKeHbI Ha BnO «OprTexaBT0MaTH3auHH» 1 , B KOTopoM cocpeAOTOTOBaiOTCH paöoTbi no npoeKTHpoBaHHio H BHeApeHHK) nporpeccHBHOH TexHOJiorHH, nepeAOBbix (j)opM MexaHH3auHH H aBTOMaTH3au.HH np0H3B0ACTBeHHbix nponeccoB H ynpaBAeHqeCKHX (JjyHKIXHH, a TaK}Ke no H3rOTOBJieHHK> 0CH3CTKH, OÓOpyAOBaHHH AJI H THnoBbix paóoqnx MecT, BHyTpnuexoBoro TpaHcnopTa. H a M npeACTaBJineTCH, ito paciera c rocôiOÂiKeTOM h 63hkom aojiähh ocymecTBJiHTb BÍ10 npn ycjioBHH, ecjiH pacnpeAejieHHe npHÔbiJiH, nojiyqaeMOH BCeM KOMnjieKCOM, OCHOBbIBSeTCH Ha HOpMaTHBaX AJIHTejIbHOro n0/(b30B3HHH. TaK, M H H n p H Ô O p HBJIHeTCH eAHHCTBeHHblM B C C C P OTpacjieBbiM MHHHCTepCTBOM, TAe HMeeTCH nHTHJieTHHH (J)HHaHCOBbIH njiaH. OaH3KO HOpMaTHBbl AJIHTeAbHOrO n0JIb30B3HHH, B 13CTH0CTH OTWHCJieHHH OT npHÖblJIH, «3aBH3JIH» Ha ypoBHe cpeAHero 3BeHa ynpaBJieHHH npOMbimjieHHOCTbio. B HaCToamee BpeMH, nona oTcyTCTByeT HaAe>KHbiH aHajior hx pacnpocTpaHeHHH Ha np0H3B0ACTBeHHbie oö-beAHHeHHH hah KpynHbie npeAnpHHTHH. H a H a m B3I7IHA, B ÔyAymeM HOpMaTHBbl AJIHTeJIbHOrO n0JIb30BaHHH npOMblUIJieHHblX oô-beAHHeHHH cjieAyeT pacnpocTpaHHTb Ha nepBHqHoe 3BeH0 — npoH3B0ACTBeHHoe o6-beAHHeHHe h npeAnpHHTHe. B nepcneKTHBe, KorAa c noMombK) 3 B M AOJUKHbi pa3pa6aTbiBaTbCH AOJirocpoqHbie np0H3B0ACTBeHHbie H $11HaHcoBbie njiaHbi cpeAHero h nepBHiHoro 3BeHa ynpaBJieHHH npoMbimjieHHOCTH, CTaHeT B03M0JKHbIM yCTaHOBJieHHe OTHOUieiIHH OÖ'beAHHeHHH C rOCÔlOA»eTOM Ha AOJiroBpeMeHHOH ochobc. B pemeHHHX D,K KI1CC h CoBeTa Mi-i7

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50

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cKeTOM AOJIJKHO np0H3B0AHTbCH Ha OCHOBe 3HajIH3a CTSTHCTHUeCKHX AaHHblX O BeAHIHHe npHÖ3B0HH0r0 npOAyKTS, C03A3HH0r0 B CejIbCKOM XO3HHCTBe H ApyrHX ccj)epax A F I K . 3TO TpeöyeT najimnn B paMK3x HapOAHOxo3HHCTBeHHoro A F I K OTpa6oT3HHoro h neTKo AeöcTByiomero MexaHH3Ma 3K0H0MHMecK0r0 yqeTa H njiaHHpoB3HHH 3aTpaT. PeineHHe Jiioßoro SKOHOMH^ecKoro Bonpocs CBH33HO C H3MepeHHeM 33TpaT H pe3yjIbTaT0B. OTCyTCTBHe H a y r a o OÔOCHOBaHHblX SKOHOMHHeCKHX H3MepHTejieñ B B O Ä H T AonojiHHTejibHbie aAMHHHCTpsTHBHbie « n o A n o p K H » B IIJISHHpoBaHHe 2 . y q e T 3aTpaT n p e A n o j i s r a e T H3yneHHe KaTeropHñ H3Aep»eK npOH3BOACTB3. KaK H3BeCTH0, 3Ta KâTerOpHH AaeTCH K. MspKCOM B P33BHTHH KaK CTOHMOCTb 3B3HCHp0BaHH0r0 K3nHT3Jia, KAK 3aTpaTbI TpyA3 H, HaKOHeU, KaK H3Aep?KKH npOH3BOÄCTB3 B CMbICJie UeHbl npOH3BOACTB33. K- MapKC yKa3biBaji, ITO « K o r A 3 pe^b HAeT 06 mdepoKKax npou3eodcrea B COÖCTBeHHOM CMbICJie ... TO 3TO eCTb CTOHMOCTb 3B3HCHpOBaHHOrO K3IIHT3jia njiroc CTOHMOCTb cpeAHeö npHÖbuiH» 4 . O . SHrejibc TaK>Ke oTMenaji, MTO «H3Aep>KKH np0H3B0ACTB3 B SKOHOMHieCKOM CMbICJie BKJH0H3KDT B CeÖH npH6bIJlb...» 5 . S t o o6"bHCHHeTCH TeM, ITO «U,eHa npOH3BOACTB3 BMeCTe C 3aKJIIOH3K>meHCH B Heíí npHÓbIJIbK) OÄHOH OTpSCJIH npOMblIIIJieHHOCTH BXOAHT B H3AepíKKH npOH3BOACTBa A p y r o ñ » . CoOTBeTCTBeHHO «npHÓbIJIH OAHOH C({)epbl npOH3BOACTBa, nOCKOJIbKy OHH BXOAHT B H3Aep«Ke OHH nOHBJIHIOTCH B 3T0H rp3(f)e, TO TOJIbKO nOTOMy, MTO AaHHblH TOBap caM ecTb OKOHMATEJIBHBIH npoAyKT...» 6 . B S J K H O TO, MTO K . MapKC paccMaTpHBaeT CTpyKTypy ueHbi OKOHuaTejibHoro (KOHeqHoro) npoAyKTa. B HacTOHiuee BpeMH B CTpyKType po3HHMHbix ueH BBIAEJINETCH OTAeJibH3H rpa(J)3 — npeBbiuieHHe PO3HHHHHX ueH H3A 33TP3T3MH rocyAspcTBa no np0H3B0ACTBy H peaAH3aixHH npoAyKUHH, KyAa BKjiioqaeTCH npnöbijib, nojiyqeHH35I H3 Bcex 3T3n3X npOH3BOACTBa A3HH0H npOAyKUHH. TaK, B CTpyKType p03HHMHbIX aeH H3 nOACOJIHe^HOe M3CJI0 B H33B3HHOH Tp3(J)e (J)HrypHpyiOT npHÖblJIH C0BX030B, 33T0T0BHTeJlbHbIX Opr3HH33H,HH, npOMblUIJieHHblX npeAnpHHTHH H TOprOBO-CÖblTOBblX Opr3HH33H,HH, H3JI0r C 060p0T3 H3 CeMeHa H Ha MaCJIO. 0AH3K0 npnÔblJIb C0BX030B H 33rOTOBHTeAbHbIX Opr3HH3aUHH AOJIJKHa BXOAHTb B H3AepÄKH IipOH3BOACTB3 npOMblIUJieHHblX npeAnpHHTHH. I l o 3TOMy cbipbe H nojiy(j)36pHK3Tbi, HAymne B ASAbHeñuiyio n e p e p a ó o r a y , H SAO yqHTbiBaTb He npocTO no ceöecTOHMOCTH, a no CTOHMOCTH, BKJIIOHaromen CBepX CeÖeCTOHMOCTH laCTb npHÓbIJIH, np0n0pUH0H3JlbHyi0 HMeiOm,HMCH coBOKynHbiM pecypcaM. Elpn S T O M TO, MTO HBAHCTCH npHÖbijibio E no3HUHH npoH3B0ACTB3 npOMejKyTOMHOH npOAyKHHH, CT3HCT 33Tp3T3MH H3 npOH3BOA" CTBO KOHeMHOH npOAyKUHH. T o r A a npeAnpHHTHH MoryT HCn0JIb30B3Tb B CBO2 CM. B. B. H O B O JK H n o B, IlpoôJieMbi H3MepeHHH 3aTpaT H pe3yjibïaTOB npH onTHMaj'bHOM n,naHHpoB3HHH. H3ÄaTeJibCTBO «Hayna», 1972 r., cTp. 13. 3 CM. K- M a p K C H KKH e e n p 0 H 3 B 0 Ä C T B a .

B CTaTbe npeanpHHHTa nonbiTKa BbiHBHTb uejiec006pa3H0CTb npHMeHeHHH ÄJIH ycjioBHH MemorpacjieBoro KOMnjieKca ( o nacTHOCTH, A 1 1 K ) npHHunna pacnpe^ejieHHH naKonjieHHfl nponopunoHaJibHo coBOKynHbiM npoH3BoacTBeHHbiM pecypcaM T O H H J I H H H O Í Í c(J)epbi. Pa3pa6oTKa HapoaHoxo3HHCTBeHHbix HopMaTHBOB 3aTpaT Bcex BHflOB pecypcoB Ä J I H nojiyM6HHH onpe^eJieHHux KOHe^Hbix pe3yjibTaT0B, onTHMH3auHa HcnoJibsoBaHHH MaTepnaJibHbix, TpyÄOBblX H (J)HHaHCOBbIX peCypCOB HBJIHKDTCH Ba)KH6HIIIHMH 3a£aqaMH OÖWeCTBeHHoro np0H3B0ÄCTBa. OTHoiiieHHe s ^ e K T a K cyMMapHoñ oueHKe ncnojib3yeMbix pecypcoB M O J K G T cJiyjKHTb nOKa3aTejieM s^eKTHBHOcra cepaM AIIK BHnoJiHeH no e-

cjioxHBiiierocH ôajiaHce

1972

r.

nP0H3B0,aCTB0 H PACnPEAEJIEHHE n P H B A B O H H O r O

nPOflYKTA B AI7K

4>aKTHvecKasi CTpyKtypa H AHHaMHxa HaKoruieHHÜ no ctjiepaiu A f l K C0epbi

1970 r.

1975 r.

59

(B%)

1976 r.

1977 r.

I II III

21,7 16,9 61,4

27,8 5,5 66,7

25,2 8,4 66,4

25,0 8,4 66,6

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100,0

100,0

100,0

100,0

p e p a ö o T K y cejibCK0X03HHCTBeHH0ñ npoAyKUHH. 3 t o oöycAOBjieHO ocoßeHHOCTHMH c y m e c T B y i o m e r o M e x a H H 3 M a Me>KOTpacjieBoro b33Hmoachctbhh b arponpoMbiiujieHHOM KOMiuience. ÄeiicTBHTejibHO, n p e o ô j i a A a r o m a n wacTb n p H ß a B o q H o r o n p o A y K T a c o 3 A a e T c a H e n o c p e A C T B e H H o b cejibCKOM xo3HHCTBe h n p H H H M a e T (JjopMy Ä H ^ ^ e p e H U H a j i b H O M peHTbi, h o y^HTbiBaeTCH o H a b I I I c(J)epe A F I K b p e 3 y j i b T a T e M O K O T p a c J i e B o r o o Ö M e H a . Ö o c T y n j i e H H e b u e H T p a j i H 3 0 B a H H b i H ä o x o a r o c y A a p c T B a 3 T 0 H BejiHHHHbi m h CTO To A o x o A a u e j i e c o o ß p a 3 H O o ö e c n e n H B a T b H e n o c p e A C T B e H H o h 3 t o h c(j)epbi, r A e o h c o 3 A a e T c a . H 3 TaÖJIHUbl BHflHO, qTO HaKOrUieHHH I H B OCOÖ6HHOCTH I I C(j)ep H e ÄOCTHraiOT O n T H M a J I b H O H B e ^ H q H H b l . O l O J K H B I I i e e C H nOJIOJKeHHe B b I 3 b I B a e T HeOÖXOflHMOCTb c o s e p i u e H C T B O B a H H H u e H 0 0 6 p a 3 0 B a H H H H y q e T a b u e H a x H a K o n . n e H H K nponopuHOHajTbHo p e c y p c a M , HenocpeACTBeHHo bjthíuoiuhm Ha noKa3aTejiH 34>(J)eKTHBHOCTH C(})ep.

B npHBOÄHMOH HH>Ke Taôjmue noKa3aHa pac^eTHaa CTpyKTypa h AHHaMHKa aeHexHHx HaKonjieHHH np« cpeAHeñ Hap0AH0X03HÍicTBeHH0ñ afJxJieKt h b h o c t h 4>ohäob

15%.

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I II II

Arm

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.

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1970 r.

1975 r.

1976 r.

1977 r.

18,2 69,2 12,6

21,6 66,4 12,0

22,0 66,3 11,7

22,5 65,9 11,6

100,0

100,0

100,0

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c(j>epe 3HaMHTeAbHo noHHJKaeTCH. 3 t o ôojiee nojiHo OTpaacaeT pecypcHbiñ noTeHUHaA cc|)ep. Cnocoö p a c n p e A e J i e H H 5 i A e H e j K H b i x H a K o n j i e H H H no c i J j e p a M A F I K o 6 y C A O B J i H B a e T AH(J)(|»epeHUHaLi,Hio K O H e M H o r o

atJjtfieKTa h

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60

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1977 r.

6,8 22,99 70,21

7,12 23,95 68,93

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1977 r. K 1970 r .

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1975 r.

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rap nauiHH c o c t s b a h i o t ao 200 py6., b cpeAHeM npoAaioT 3,49 u, a cBbime 3 0 0 p y 6 . — 5,99 U c 1 ra. O a h s k o b o c h o b h o h Macce x o 3 h h c t b pecypcbi

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nOAb3yiOTCH HeAOCTaTOHHO 34>Ke BpeMH 10 06jiacTeñ, b KOTopbix njioiu,3Ab noA 3epHOBbiMH Kyji bTy p a m h cocTaBAHeT 47,96%

h s K O H O M H q e c K a s i o u e H K a 3eMJiH K O j r e ô j r e T C H o t 4 9 6 , 7 p y 6 . a o

1827

py6. 3a 1 ra (b KpacHOAapcKOM Kpae), npoAaioT rocyAapcTBy 5 4 , 1 6 % 3epj Ha. npoAaîKa 3epHa rocyAapcTBy oßecne^HBaeTcn b stoîî rpynne oôJiacTeft 3a cneT pacuiHpeHHîi njioiuaAeñ, ho He nyTeM yBeAHneHHH cooTBeTCTByiomero BbixoAa npoAyKUHH c 1 ra. 12

PacoHTaHO Ha ocHOBe ziaHHbix roÄOBbix omeTOB COBXO30B sa 1975, 1976, 1977 roati.

64

JI. 3ABEPHHEBA, T. MACTEnAHOBA

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HOBAFL T E X K H K A H J I H H H O E

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HOBAH TEXHHKA H JIHHHOE nOTPEBJIEHHE

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1 NPEÄCTABJIEHHE 0 x a p a K T e p e ÄHCKYCCHH H APRYMEHTAUHH CTOPOH » I O T MaTepwajibi: CHMno3HyMa n o p a ö o T e OpHÄMeHa « T h e o r e t i c a l F r a m e w o r k of M o n e t a r y A n a l y s i s » ( « J o u r n a l of P o l i t i c a l E c o n o m y » 2 , 1 9 7 0 ) , KOH(J>epeHU,HH n o M0HeTapH3My B yHHBepcHTeTe B p a y H a B CILIA ( « M o n e t a r i s m » . V o l . 1, 1 9 7 6 ) , o 6 M e H a MHBHHHMH B e a y i U H x SKOHOMHCTOB C I I I A H A H M M H n o CTaTte T . M a i i e p a « C T p y K T y p a M0HeTapH3Ma» ( « K r e d i t u n d K a p i t a l » JVs 2 — 3 , 1 9 7 5 ) , a TAKJKE P A ß NOCJIEÄHHX KHHr O MOHETAPH3ME, B H3CTHOCTH, T. C 0 n g d O N. M o n e t a r i s m . A n E s s a y in D e f i n i t i o n . L o n d o n , 1978.

M 0 H E T A P H 3 M H 3 K 0 H 0 M H H E C K A H IIOJIHTHKA B y P J K y A 3 H O r O T O C y f l A P C T B A

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B TeieHHe MHOTHX JieT MOHeTapHCTbi BbicTynaiOT npoTHB npHHDiHnoB SROHOMHiecKoii ÜOJIHTHKH, KOTOpbie B b I T e K a i O T H3 BblBOflOB OpTOflOKCaJIbHOrO KeHHCHaHCTBa H npHMeHaioTc a B npaKTHse KanmajiHcraqecKHx cTpaH nocjie BTopoä MHPOBOH BOHHH. OcoßeHHO pe3KOH KpHTHKe OHH nojBepraioT TaKHe H3 HHX, KaK oflHoapeMeHHaa opneHTauna Ha HeCKOJibKo iíejieñ, TOCTO HecoBMecTHMbix, H yace B cHJiy 9Toro nopoacflaremnx cepbe3Hbie KOHf . i H K T b i ; aKi^eHT Ha H3MeHeHHe SiosxeTHbix pacxo^OB H HajioroB B NAIECTBE Han6oJiee 3$$eKTHBHoro HHCTpyMeHTa aHTHu,nKJinHecKoro peryjiHpoBaHH.a; Hcn0Jib30BaH«e TaKTHKii 15 J. E n z 1 e r, L. J o h n s o n , J. P a u l u s , Some Problems of Monetary Demand («Brookings P a p e r s on Economic Activity» N» 1, 1976); R. P o r t e r , T. S i m p s o n, E. M a u s k o p f , Financial Innovations and the Monetary A g g r e g a t e s («Brookings Papers on Economic Activity» JMe 1, 1979). 16

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