Voprosy ėkonomiki: 2/1985 Fevral’ [Reprint 2021 ed.] 9783112477441, 9783112477434

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20

B. MAHEP. O CAEHKO

OTHOCHTejIbHyiO CaMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb no OTHOmeHHHD K HaCTOHTe^bHOCTH yAOBJieTBopeHHH Tex H;IH H H H X noTpeÓHOCTeñ. HepeAKO 3TH BHAM HacToaT&jibHOCTH BCTynaiOT B npoTHBopeMHe. T a K , KaK y>Ke yno.wHHaJiocb, noTpeÔHOCTH B npoüyKTax nHTaHHa, B >KHAHme, B ycjiyrax 3ApaBooxpaHeHHa HBJTHIOTCH O A H H M H H3 CaMblX HaCTOHTeJIbHblX, H C T04KH 3peHHH pea.TCH3aiJ.HH ÄO^ROBPEMEHHBIX uejieñ COU,HAJIBHO-3KOHOMHIECKORO PA^BHTHJI HMCHHO HX yAOBJieTBopeHHK) AOA>KeH 6bHb OTA3H npHopHTeT. O A H a K o c no3HUHH yjiyniueHHH T e K y m H x (j)eKT, nocKOAbKy Ha npOAyKTbi NHTAHHH H >KHJibe cymecTByeT rocyAapcTBeHHaa AOTauna, a ycjiyrn 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHH ® o o 6 m e öeciuiaTHbi. FIoaTOMy, ec-nn HcxoAHTb H3 oôecneMeHHH öojibujHx oó-beMOB njiaTeíKecnocoÓHoro cnpoca, npHopHTeT AOJiKeH ôbiTb OTA3H CFIOPMHPOBAHHIO HOBbix KpynHbix KBHajioB pacxoÄOB Hace^EHHH H yBe;IHQEHHK) np0H3B0ACTBa AoporocToamnx npeAMeTOB Ky^bTypHO-ôuTOBOTO Ha3HaieHHH. ÛTCIOAA C^E^YET, HTO peuiHTb óbiCTpo NPOÔ^EMY CÔAJIAHCHPOBAHHOCTH cnpoca H npe;yio>KeHHH, oôecneiHBaa npn 3TOM NOCJIEAOBATEJIBHYIO pauHOHajiH3auHK) noTpeÔJieHHH Hace^eHHH c yueTOM npnopHTeTHocTH oTAejibHbix ero HanpaBJieHHH, H e B 0 3 M 0 Ä H 0 6e3 cymecTBeHHux noTepb oömecTBeHHbix pecypcoB, ecjiH He npnBecTH B cooTBeTCTBHe A>KeTOB. OqeBHAHbIM npeHMymeCTBOM TaKHX CnOCOÖOB flBJIHeTCa B03M0>KH0CTb (J)HKCaUHH ÔOJIblHOH HOMeHKAaTypbl nOTpeÖHTeAbCKHX n03HUHH H nO^yqeHHH OUeHOK HaCTOHTe^IbHOCTH He TOAbKO Ha TeKyuiHH MOM6HT, HO H B peTpocneKTHBe, qTO n03B0JiaeT npoc^eflHTb HX AHHâMHKy. n p H 3TOM HacTOHTejibHOCTb MOJKeT ôbiTb BupajKeHa npe>KAe Beerò Hepe3 sjiacTH^HOCTb H3MeHeHHH pacxoAa Ha onpeAe^eHHoe ÖJiaro B 33BHCHMOCTH OT pOCTa AeHe>KHOrO AOXOAa. 3AeCb AOCTaTOHHO BCnOMHHTb HCCJieAOBâHHH 3Hre^H. B COBCTCKOH 3KOHOMHH6CKOH JiHTepaType TaK>Ke ecTb ccbijiKH Ha noAOÖHbiH cnocoô onpeAejieHHa HacTOHTejibHOCTH 4. BTopoH cnocoô H3 A3HH0H rpynnbi — onpeAeJieHHe HacToaTeAbHOCTH ^epe3 K03^)(J)Hi^HeHT BapHauHH noTpeôjieHHH 5. O A H 3 K O npaKTH^ecKH OH peAKo npHMeHHeTCH, Tax KaK AJiH onpeae^eHHH HCTHHHOH BapnauHH HCOÔXOAHM o n0^b30BaTbCH He roTOBbiMH rpynnnpoBKaMH 6iOA>KeTOB no ypoBHio AyrneBoro AoxoAa, a nepBH^HbiMH MaTepna^aMH. O A H H h3 HeMHornx OHUTOB onpeAeAeHHH HacTOHTe^bHocTH Ha ocHOBe H3yqeHHH BapnauHH noTpeÔJieHHH (no A 3 H H U M nepBHqHux ceMeHHbix 6iOA>KeTOB) npHBeAeH Bbime. H a npaKTHKe 6JIH3KHC K KosfJxJJHuneHTaM BapnauHH OUEHKH MOJKHO NOJIYHHTB H Ha OcHOBe noKa3aTeAeñ AH(jx|)epeHUHauHH noTpeÖJieHHH, Bbipa>KeHHOH c nOMOIU,blO AeUHJIbHblX H KBapTHAbHblX K03(})({)HUHeHT0B. H , HaKOHen, TpeTHH cnocoó h3 paccMaTpHBaeMoñ rpynnw cnocoßoB — onpeAeJieHHe paHroB HacTOirreAbHocTH nepe3 OTHOiueHHe ypoBHa noTpeÔAeHHa B K a Ä A O H AoxoAHoñ rpynne K ypoBHK) noTpeó^eHHa Bbicuieñ AOXOAHOH rpynnbi. IlpH 3T0M npn nepexoAe OT HH3IIIHX A O X O A H H X rpynn K BWCUIHM paHrH HECKOJIBKO MeHHiOTca, npoHB^aa BMecTe c TeM AOCT3TOHHO YCTOÍÍKHByK) TeHAeHUHIO 6. 4 CM , HanpHMep, «THno.iorHH noTpeßjieHHH» H3ÄaTe^bCTBO «Hayna», 1978 r., CTp 133; A. X. K a p a n e T a H, /I,oxoAbi H noTpeöJieHHe Hace^eHHH C C C P H3AaTe^bCTBO «CTaTHCTHKa», 1980 r, CTp 99 H ÄP 5 CM , HanpHMep, «rioTpeöHocTH, AOXOAH, noTpeó^eHHe (MÉTOAOJIOTMÍI AHA^H3A H nporH03HpoBaHHH HapoAHoro ö^arococTOHHHa)» H3,aaTejibCTBo «Hayna», 1979 r, CTp 19. 6 CM K K. B a ji b T y x, UeJieBaa (jjyHKUHH noTpeô^eHHH AHA;IH3 H npaienmecKoe Hcno.ibaoBaHHe HOBOCHÖHPCK, n3Aa re.ibCTBo «Hayna», 1980 r.. CTp 35—38.

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26

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34

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« P r o b l e m s of C o m m u n i s m » , 1973, N° 5, p. 73. M. M a t h e w s , E d u c a t i o n in the Soviet Union. Policies and I n s t i t u t i o n s since Stalin. L o n d o n , 1982, p. 204. 6 R. C a m p b e l l , The S o v i e t - t y p e Economies. P e r f o r m a n c e and Evolution. B o s t o n , 5

1974T p . 107.

7 G. P i c k e r s g i l l , J. R i c k e r s g i l l , C o n t e m p o r a r y Economic S y s t e m s . A C o m p a r a t i v e View. E n g l e w o o d Cliffs ( N e w J e r s y ) , 1974, p. 289. 8 R. C a m p b e 1 1. Op. cit., p. 105—106. 9 « C o m p a r a t i v e Education», 1980, v o l u m e 16, N® 1, p. 13. 10 CM. «ripaBAa», 13/IV. 1984 r.

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15 «Me^OBeHecKHH KanHTaji... npoaofljKaeT n p o u B e i a T b h ocTaeicH HepaBHOMepHO pacnpeae^eHHbiM b 6oJibuiHHCTBe pa3H0BHflH0CTefl couna^H3Ma» ( P W i l e s , E c o n o m i c I n s t i t u t i o n s C o m p a r e d B a s i l B l a c k w e l l , O x f o r d , 1977, p 426) I l o cjioBaM aHr^HiicKoro c o u h o ^ o ra O B s h k c , «coBeTCKaa CHCTeMa 06pa30BaHHa HBJiaeTCH 3HaMHTe^bH0 6ojiee ce.ieKTHBHoii, ieM b CoeflHHeHHbix IIlTaTax» ( « C o m p a r a t i v e E d u c a t i o n » , 1980, 1, p 10) 16 P W i l e s , Op., c i t , p 433. 17 « T h e N e w York T i m e s » , 1982, N o v e m b e r 14, p. 6, 27. 18 C 1976 r. HaS^ioAaeTCH ycToflqHBaH TeHAeHUHH k pacuiHpeHHio MacTHoro ceKTopa b

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