Voprosy ėkonomiki: 12/1980 Dekabr' [Reprint 2021 ed.] 9783112477489, 9783112477472

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B03Mem,eHHH, n p e A n o ^ a r s e T C H Hcn0Jib30B3Tb H3 MeponpHHTHH, p 3 3 p a 6 a T b i B3eMbie H yTBepJKAaeMbie CaMOCTOHTejIbHO C3MHMH npOH3BOACTBeHHbIMH OÔTjeAHHeHHHMH ( n p e A n p H H T H H M H ) , HTO HMCeT B3>KHOe 3H3HeHHe A^H yKp e n ^ e H H H KOJIJieKTHBHOH 33HHTepeCOB3HHOCTH. T e M CaMbIM yCH^eHHe KOJIjieKTHBHoro CTHMyjiHpoBaHHH 6 y A e T c j i y ^ H T b rjiaBHOH 3aAaMe — 6 o ^ e e n o j i HOH H3np3BJreHH0CTH (nOAHHHeHHK)) KOJIJTeKTHBHblX H JlHHHblX HHTepeCOB Ha yAOBjieTBopeHHe HHTepecoB B e e r ò o ô m e c T B a . P33BHTHe COAep»i3HHH X03p3CHeTHbIX OTHOiiieHHH B eAHHCTBe HX npOTHBOpeMHBblX CTOpOH BbipaJKaeTCH B HeOÔXOAHMOCTH ÔOJiee nO^HOH pe3JIH33UHH CBOHCTBeHHOH X03p3CMeTy BHyTpeHHeH 33BHCHMOCTH M e ^ A y X03paCHeTHbiMH p e c y p c a M H H p e 3 y j i b T a T O M , a TaKJKe KOJinnecTBeHHOH o n p e A e j i e H H O c TH 3TOH 33BHCHMOCTH. FIO CBOeMy X a p a K T e p y T a n a » 33BHCHM0CTb BbipaiKaeT H e o ö x o A H M o c T b oôecneweHHH COOTBCTCTBHH Me>KAy sJieMeHTaMH: « B b i A e j i e H Hbie p e c y p c b i — p e 3 y j i b T a T — p e c y p c b i Ha n o c j i e A y i o m H H U H K A » . 3 T O COOTBeTCTBHe, B CBOK) OHepeAb, AOJIÎKHO pe?AH30BaTbCH B A B y x n o c j i e A O B a T e j i b -

X03HHCTBEHHbIH PACKET HA COBPEMEHHOM 3TAI1E

7

Hbix 3BeHbHx n p o u e c c a : BO-nepBbix, B 3Bene «BbiAejieHHbie p e c y p c b i — p e 3 y ^ B T A T » ; B0-BT0pbix, B 3BeHe « p e 3 y j i b T a T — p e c y p c b i Ha n o c j i e A y i o m H H UHKJi». X o 3 p a c ^ e T AOJiweH oóecneMHBSTb scjjcJjeKTHBHoe Hcn0Jib30B3HHe BBIAEJIEHHBIX 3BeHy p e c y p c o B , TO ecTb BHCOKHH p e 3 y j i b T a T HX npHMeHeHHH; x o 3 p a c n e T n p e A n o j i a r a e T , I T O p e c y p c b i Ha n o c n e A y i o m H H UHKJI BbiAe-nntOTCH 3BeHy B 33BHCHMOCTH OT AOCTHTHyTOTO p e 3 y j I b T a T a (B X03paCHeTH0H CHCTeMe p e c y p c b i Ha HOBHH UHK.H AOJUKHU ôbiTb « 3 a p a 6 o T a H H b i M H » ) H T. A. O p a K T H K a noK333.ua, I T O cymHOCTb xo3HHCTBeHHoro p a c n e T a HeAOCTSTOHHO CBH3bIB3Tb JIHIIIb C CaMOOKynaeMOCTblO HJIH peHTaÖe^bHOCTblO. OHM x a p a K T e p H 3 y i O T OTAeJibHbie B3>KHbie MOMCHTM e r o coAepjKaHHH. O ö e c n e n e HHe COOTBÊTCTBHH BbiAejieHHbix 3BeHy o ö m e c T B O M p e c y p c o B nojiyqeHHbiM pe3 y ^ b T a T a M H p e c y p c a M Ha n o c ; i e A y i o m H H U H M Ha 6 a 3 e oömecTBeHHO H e o ö xoAHMbix 3 a T p a T T p y A a x a p a K T e p H 3 y e T c o A e p w a H H e x o 3 p a c n e T H b i x OTHOiueHHH B 6 o ^ e e OßMEM BHAE, o p r a H H ^ e c K H BKJirowan AOCTHJKeHHe H caMOOKynaeMocTH H peHTaßejibHOCTH. Pa3pa6aTbiBaH KOHuenuHio xo3pacMeTa, B . H. JLEHHH NOA^EPKHBAJI KaK e r o K o p e H H y i o n e p T y HMCHHO o ô e c n e ^ e H H e COOTBeTCTBHH XOSpaC^eTHblX peCypCOB p e 3 y j I b T 3 T 3 M AeHTejIbHOCTH 3BeHbeB. JleHHHCKan KOHuenuHH xo3HHCTBeHHoro p a c H e T a CKjiaAbiBaJiacb n o c T e neHHO B x o A e p a 3 p a 6 o T K H JleHHHHM pHAa acneKTOB CHCTeMbi couHajiHCTHqeCKOrO X03HHCTB0B3HHH. BaKHCHIUHMH CJiaraeMblMH e e CTaJIH BblBOAbI /IeHHHa o He06x0AHM0CTH: M a T e p H a ^ b H o r o CTHMyjinpoBaHHH paôoTHHKOB npH c o u H a j i H 3 M e (yAapHOCTb B npoH3B0ACTBe 03HaMaeT yAapHOCTb H B n o T p e ß j i e H H H ) 2 ; Hcn0jib30BaHHH nocjie couHaJiHCTHMecKoñ peBOJiroiiHH TOBapHO-AeHe>KHblX OTHOUieHHH, TOprOBJIH, pbIHKa 3 ; 06 OCOÖOM MeCTe B CHCTeMe X03HHCTB0B3HHH nepBH^HOH H^eHKH HapOAHOrO X03HHCTB3— COUHSJIHCTH^eCKOrO NPEANPHHTHFL.

B ß H A y 0C060H ocTpOTtJ B 2 0 - e roAbi B o n p o c a 0 npoAOBOJibCTBHH « 3 3 M3TKH» xo3HHCTBeHHoro p a c n e T a HaMenaAHCb JleHHHbiM n p e j K A e B e e r ò B C H a 6 « e H H H npeAnpHHTHH HMCHHO npoAOBO^bCTBHeM. T a K , B M a e 1921 r. Ha X BcepoccHHCKOH KOH(})epeHUHH P K . n ( 6 ) B . H . JleHHH CT3BHT B o n p o c « 0 KOJiJieKTHBHOM o ß e c n e n e H H H paôoHHX, T. e. o n e p e x o A e OT K a p T o n e K K T3KOMy nOpHAKy, KOrAa H3BeCTHbIM KOJIHieCTBOM npOAOBOJIbCTBHÍI oßecneMHBaeTCH H3BecTHoe npeAnpHHTHe, nocKOJibKy OHO AeftcTBHTejibHO p a ô o T a e T , h nponopuHOHaAbHO B b i p a 6 0 T a H H 0 M y » 4 . B H K w e 1921 r. OH n p e A J i a r a e T y c j i o BHH 3 T o r o KOJiJieKTHBHoro CHa6>KeHHH: « 1 ) Ka>KAoe npeAnpHHTHe, r A e BBOAHTCH KOJIJieKTHBHOe CHa6>KeHHe, 3aKJIK)MaeT OCOÖblH AOrOBOp C npaBHTeJIbCTBOM; 2 ) n o STOMy A o r o B o p y npeAnpHHTHe (B JiHue npsBjieHHH H OCOÖO BUöpaHHbix jiHU,) oÔH3yeTCH HeyKjiOHHo c o K p a m a T b IHCJIO paôoHHX H c/iy>KaLU.HX H noBbiinaTb HX NP0H3B0AHTEJIBH0CTB, a paBHO AHCUHNJIHHY TPYAA AO HOpMaJIbHOH BejIHHHHbl» P a i l H O H a ^ b H O e HCn0Jlb30BaHHe npOAOBOJIbCTBHH HeOTAe^HMO OT paUHOHaJibHoro H C N 0 J I B 3 0 B A H H H N P E A N P H H T H H M H Bcex A p y r H X pecypcoB. KaKOB » E 3K0H0MH4eCKHH MEX3HH3M OÔECNEMEHHH STOrO? B CTaTbe «MbICJIH HaCHeT «n^aHa» rocyAapcTBeHHoro X03HHCTB3», HanncaHHOH B Hiojie 1921 r „ B . H. JleHHH yK33biB3eT K A K HA B a j K H e ñ u i y i o ( } ) Y H K U H I O T o c n ^ A H A : «c^eAHTb H e o c j i a Ö H O » 3a OTAEJIBHBIMH NPEANPHHTHH M H B a c n e K T e HCN0^B30BAHHH p e c y p c o B 6 . 2

CM. B. H. J1 e H H H, noJiHoe coßpaHHe coqHHeHHft, T. 36, CTp. 189, 212; T. 38, cTp. 98;

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NOJIHOE coôpaHHe H ÄP-

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218

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18

H. OCAFLHAH

K a 3 a j i o c b , HTO n p o T H B o p e r a a Me>KÄy K e H H c n a H u a M H H H e o K J i a c c H K a M H 6HAH ycTpaHeHbi 3a cneT « H e o K j i a c c m i e c K o r o CHHTesa». O ^ H a x o B 6 0 - e roAbi n p o H 3 o m e ^ n i y 6 o K H H p a 3 , n a A B STOM CHMÖH03e. « H e o K J i ä c c H M e c K o e B 0 3 poHifleHHe», «KeHHCHaHCKan KOHTppeBOJiiouHH», «MOHeTapHaa peBOJiroHHH» — nOÄ T3KHMH A 0 3 y H r a M H LUJia 6 o p b 6 a , KOHe^HblM B b I p a » e H H € M KOTOp o f i 6 b u i a o c T p a n KPHTHKB r o c y ^ a p c T B e H H o r o p e r y j i H p o B a H H H SKQHOMHKH. K p o M e T o r o , HMCHHO AeHe>KHaH c < } ) e p a , H c c J i e A O B a H H e K O T o p o f i HacvieAHHKH K e f l H c a OCTABHJIH B r e i m , OKA3AJIACB B u e m p e BHHMAHHH HEOKJIACCHKOB^ BO3HHKJIO H 0 B 0 e H a n p a B J i e H H e — M O H e i a p H 3 M , npeTeHA0B3KHoro npeAAOweHHH n o cpaBHeHHio c TeMnaMH p o c r a npoAyKUHH, noP O K Ä S H «HHfjWIHUHOHHbie O Ä H A a H H H » , CT3H0BHTCH TJiaBHOH npHMHHOH XpOH H M e c K o r o p o c T a u e H . F l 0 3 T 0 M y M O H e T a p n c T b i H 3 C T 3 H B 3 K ) T Ha c i p o r o M p e r y j i H p O B a H H H Ä e H e r B o ß p a m e H H H HE3ABHCHMO OT x a p a K T e p a KOH'biOHKTypbi, Ha n e p e x o a e OT H e a o c T H J K H M o r o n p H H i w m a «TOHHOH H a c T p o f i K H » K « p e a j i n CTHHecKOMy» npHHUHny « n p a B H J i a » , c o i v i a c H o K O T o p o M y AeHe>KHaH Macca A o ; i > K H a y ß e j i H H H B a T b C H Ha 3 — 4 % B r o A . XlHCKyCCHfl, B b I 3 B 3 H H 3 f l M O H e T a p H C T a M H , y C H J l H J i a B H H M a H H e K p o j i H A e H e > K H o r o 4 > a K T o p a B P S 3 B H T H H HH^AHUHOHHHX n p o u e c c o B . O A H S K O OHa y B e J i a B CTOpOHy OT HCCJieAOBaHHH p e a J I b H b l X BOCnpOH3BOACTBeHHbIX 4>aKT0POB H nOJIHTHKH MOHOnOJIHH B OÖAaCTH U e H 0 0 6 p a 3 0 B 3 H H H , 6 e 3 H e r o a H a J I H 3 U H K J i a H HHTJJJIFLUHH CT3HOBHTCH nOBepXHOCTHbIM H OAHOCTOpOHHHM. « Y p O >K3H H A e ß » B 0ÖJI3CTH SKOHOMHMeCKOH nOAHTHKH O K a 3 a ^ C H H BOBCe C K y A " HbiM, nocKOJibKy Tp3AHUH0HHbie MaKposKOHOMH^ecKHe pbmarn peryjIHp o B a H H H , n p e a ^ a r a e M b i e KEßHCHAHUAMH, H TeM ö o j i e e AeHe>KHbie p b m a r H , 3 a K O T o p b i e p a T y i O T CTOPOHHHKH M O H e T a p n o H K O H U , e n u » H , y > K e n o K a 3 3 A H CBOK) HecnOCOÖHOCTb o 6 y 3 A a T b HeyCTOHIHBOCTb KSnHTSJIHCTHWeCKOH 3 K 0 H 0 MH'KH, pOCT 6 e 3 p 3 6 0 T H U , b I H C T p e M H T e J I b H O e n o B b i u i e H H e u e H 2 . C c e p e ^ H H U 6 0 - x I-OAOB 3A n e p e c M O T p o p T O A O K c a j i b H O H B e p C H H KCHHCH3HCK0H SKOHOMHieCKOH TeOpHH BbICTynHAH n p e A C T a B H T e J I H HOBOrO nOKOJieHHH K e H H c n a H u e B — P . K ^ i a y a p , A . J l e f i o H x y 4 ) B y A , n . /I,3BHÄCOH, C . B a f l H T p a y ö , X . MHHCKHH H A p . O H H y T B e p m A a j i H , HTO 3 . X a H c e H , n . C a M y a A b COH, I I , » . X H K C Ha CaMOM AEAE H K o 6 b I HCKa3HJIH HCTHHHblH CMbICJI TeOpHH K e f l H c a . « I l p e Ä C T a B H T e A H OpTOAOKCaAbHOrO SKOHOMHHeCKOrO HCTSÖJIHUIMeHT a , — n n c a j i , H a n p H M e p , ,H,3BHACOH,— B 0 0 6 p a > K a i 0 T c e 6 H K e f l H C H a H u a M H , HO OHH — H e 3 a K O H H O p O ) K A e H H b i e HaCAeAHHKH K e H H C a H K TOMy Ä e yBOAHT 3KOHOMHH6CKyiO TeOpHK) C n p O T O p e H H O r O HM n y T H » 3 . « P e B O A K ) u , H H » , H a ^ a T a H K e f t n c o M , CMHTaeT MHHCKHH, 6 b i ^ a C B e A e H a Ha HeT H 3 - 3 a T o r o , HTO e r o T e o p H i o o r p a H H H H J i H a H a A H 3 0 M C T a T H H e c K o r o p a B HOBECHH, 3ATEM e e ACCHMHJIHPOBAJIA HEOKAACCHQECKAN AOKTPHHA. « C T 3 H A a p T H a n H H T e p n p e T S U H H A e J i s e T K e ß H c a , — n n c a A O H , — a n o c T O A O M HOBOTO K O H c e p B a T H 3 M a , n o o m p a i o m e r o HHBCCTHUHH 3 a c u e T AHIHOTO H o ö m e c T B e H Horo noTpeÖAeHHH, a TaK)Ke HepaBeHCTBO B A O x o A a x B y m e p ß c o u H a j i b H o f l cnpaBeAAHBOCTH»4. B a f t H T p a y ö , noA^epKHBan ocoöyio poAb aHTAHHCKoro 2 AMepHXaHCKHH KpHTHK MOHCT3pH3M3 H OpTOÄOKCa^bHOrO KeÜHCHaHCTBa C. BaHHTp a y 6 nncaji: «CjieAya MOHeTapwcTCKOH ÄOKTpnHe c Haqajia 1969 r. ä o cepe^HHbi 1971 r., aÄMHHHCTpau.HH HnKCOHa cyMe^a yBe^nqHTb 6e3pa6oTHuy Ha 2,5 MÄH. qe^OBeK, Haö^KDÄaa C OTlaHHHeM, HTO H UeHbl BblpOCJlH Ha 1 5 % . TaK, M0HeTapH3M B nepHOÄ Hp63BbIHaHH0H nonyJiapHocTH H npoeccHOHa./]bHbix npHTH3aHHft 6biji onpoBeprHyT ^axTaMH- C y a b ö a 6bwa noHCTHHe »ecTOKa K ero TeopeTHiecKHM npeapaccyÄKaM» ( S . W e i n t r a u b , K e y n e s , Keyn e s i a n s and M o n e t a r i s t s . P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1978, p. 4 ) . 3 « B u s i n e s s Week», M a y 12, 1975, p. 42. 4 UHT. np: « J o u r n a l of E c o n o m i c L i t e r a t u r e » , J u n e , 1976, p. 538.

3BOJIK3UHH KEHHCHAHCTBA

19

3K0H0MHCT3 X h K C 3 B p a 3 p a 6 0 T K e OpTOAOKCa^bHOH KeHHCH3HCKOH BepCHH, H a 3 b i B a e T e e «KeHHCHaHCTBOM X h k c 3 » h y T B e p j K f l a e T : « B b i j i o 6bi He H e n p a BHjibHO o n p e a e j i H T b c y M M y H u e f i , r o c n o u c T B O B S B i u n x b y n e C H H K a x h s k o HOMHHeCKHX J K y p H a J i a X H npOHH3bIBaBIHHX o 6 p a 3 MHLUJieHHH CaM03BaHbIX K e H H c n a H u e B , K a n KeftHCHaHCTBo X H K c a . M H o r n e ( h 3 s t h x H f l e i i . — H . O . ) 6 b i J i n j i H i u b c j i a S o cBH3aHbi c « O S m e f t T e o p n e f l » K e f t H c a » 5 . OpTOflOKCOB KpHTHKOBaJIH 3 a TO, HTO OHH: BO-nepfibIX, He p a 3 p a 6 0 T a j I H a f l e K B a T H y r o T e o p H i o hhcIijihuhh, o t o p b s b B o o n p o H 3 B o a c T B e H H b i e n p o u e c c b i o t n p o u e c c o B u e H 0 0 6 p a 3 0 B a H H H , b p e 3 y j i b T a T e H e r o hx TeopHH UHKJia h p e u e n T b i aHTHUHKJiHHecKoft nojiHTHKH n o r e p n e j i H K p a x b ycjiOBHHx c T a r ^ J i n U.HH ( c o ^ e T a H H H n a a e H H H n p o H 3 B o a c T B a c p a c T y m e f t H H ^ J i H U H e f t ) ; b o - b t o p b i x , HrHOpnpOBaJIH p o ^ b KpeAHTHO-fleHOKHblX (})aKTOpOB H 4»HHaHCOBOH CHCTeMbi b u e j i o M b K a n e c T B e npHHHH, n o p o K a a t o m t t x h C T H M y j i n p y r o m n x 3KOHOMHMeCKyK3 HeCTa6HJIbHOCTb; B - f p e T b H X , npHMHpHJIH KeHHCHaHCKyiO T e o pHfO C HeOKJiaCCHHeCKOH, n p H 3 H 3 B — HBHO HJIH HeHBHO — HajIHHHe B H y T p e H Heft TeH^eHUHH k noJiHOMy Hcn0Jib30BaHHK> p e c y p c o B c n o M o m b i o aKTopaM, n o p o j K f l a i o m H M , n o hx MHeHHro, s k o h o m H n e CKyio H e d a 6 H J i b H O C T b . O h h , KaK h opTOAOKCbi, h t h t Ty >Ke 6h6jihk> — « 0 6 m y i o T e o p H i o 3aHHT0CTH, n p o u e H T a h a e H e r » , ho b o t j i h h h g h o t o p t o flOKCOB H OT MOHeTapHCTOB BblCTynaiOT KpaHHHMH npOTHBHHK3MH HfleH B H y T p e H H e r o paBHOBecHH KanHTajiHCTHMecKoii s k o h o m h k h 6 . O n p e a e j i e H H O H B e x o f t b p 3 3 b h t h h t s k o t o n o A X o a a 6biJia 0 n y 6 ; i H K 0 B a fib s « b 1 9 6 5 r . CTaTbH a M e p H K a H C K o r o SKOHOMHCTa P . K f l a y s p a « K e f t H C H a H c k 3 h K O H T p p e B o j i i o u H H : T e o p e r H n e c K 3 H o u e H K a » . B Heft j i a B a j i o c b n p H H u n n n a j i b H o H0B0e TOjiKOBaHHe TeopHH K e f t H C 3 . K j i a y a p y T B e p > K j x a ^ , h t o TeopHH K e f t H c a e c T b n p e > K f l e B c e r o TeopHH H e p a B H o s e c H H s k o h o m h k h , c T p e M H i u e f l c a He k B0CCT3H0BJieHHro paBHOBecHH ( a 3 ) K e c H e n o j i H o i i 3 a H H T o c T b K ) ) , a k n o CTOHHHOMy e r o H a p y i u e H H i o . X U H H o e c b o h g t b o s k o h o m k h c c k o h CHCTeMbi o h CBH3bIB3JI C HeCOBepiHeHCTBOM HH(})OpM3UHH, C pa3JTHHHHMH 0>KH,ZiaeMbIX H 4)3KTHHeCKHX BeJIHHHH, Cn0C06HbIMH BbI3bIB3Tb U e n H b i e peaKHHH B 3KOHOMHKe h H e n p e p b i B H O n o A p b i o a T b e e y c T o i i H H B o e c o e r o H H H e 7 . H m c h h o K J i a y a p OflHHM H3 n e p B b l X BbICK33aJI HfleiO, HTO p a 3 p b I B K e H H C a C HeOKJiaCCHKamh 6 b i j i r j i y 6 } K e h n p H H U H n n a j i b H e e , neM s t o H 3 o 6 p a > K a j i H 3 a T e M e r o n o c j i e A0B3TejIH. B a ^ i H y i o pojib b pa3BHTHH h o b o h HHTepnpeTauHH KeftHCHaHCTBa c b i r p a j i flpyroft aMepHKaHCKHH 3 k o h o m h c t A . J l e f l O H x y ^ f i y A . n o ^ o S H o K ^ i a y a p y o h CHHTaeT, h t o T e o p H H K e f t H c a He Mo>KeT 6 b i t b c B e i t e M a k n a c T H O M y c j i y n a i o paBHOBecHH — «paBHOBeCHK) C HenOJIHOH aaHHTOCTbfO». F l o e r o MHeHHK), H a p y u i e H H H psBHOBecHH He h o c h t c ^ y n a f t H b i H x a p a K T e p , o h h o p r s H H n e c K H npHCyUIH SKOHOMHKe H HBJIHIOTCH p e 3 y j I b T a T O M HeCOBepUieHCTBa X03HHCTBeHHOH HH4)OpMaHHH H He3JiaCTHHH0CTH 3K0H0MHKH B OTBeT Ha pa3^HHHbie H3MeHeHHH. J l i o f i o e HapymeHHe Ha pbiHKe, Bbi3BaHHoe HecoBepmeHCTBOM hh4>opMauHH, n p e B p a m a e T C H b K y M y j i f l f H B H b i f l t i p o i i e c c , orpaHHHHBaiomHH p o c T A o x o a a . n o / I e H O H x y f j j B y a y , T e o p n i l K e f i H c a n p e a c T a B J i f l e T c o 6 o h He CTaTHHeCKyiO TeOpHKJ «paBHOBecHH C HenOJIHOH 3aHHT0CTbK)», a AHHa.MHHeCKyro n o c B o e f t cyTH « T e o p H i o M a K p o s K O H O M H H e c K o r o n p H c n o c a f i j i e H H H k H a p y u i e HHio SKOHOMHHeCKOTO paBHOBecHH» 8 , 5

«Modern Economic Thought». Oxford, 1977, p. 71. HeopTOflOKcavibHbie KeiiHCHaHUbi npnflaiOT C o j i b i i i o e 3HaieHHe T e o p H H pocTa P. Xappoaa, KOTopbift eme b 50-e roflbi BbWBHHy^ H f l e i o B H y T p e H H e f t HeycToftHHBOCTH K a n H T a j i H 6

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M.,

1959

r.).

R. C 1 o w e r, The Keynesian Counter-revolution. A Theoretical Appraisal («The Theory of I n t e r e s t Rates». London, 1965). 8 A. L e i j o h n h u f v u d , On Keynesian Economics and Economics of Keynes. New York, 1968, p. 50.

20

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«Challenge», M a r c h — April, 1977, p. 2 0 — 2 6 . B. H . JleHHH noawepKHBaji, wro «.daotce npw HfleajibHO rJia^KOM H nponopuHOHajibHOM BOCnpOH3BOflCTB€ H OÔpameHHH BCerO OÔmeCTBeHHOrO KanHTa^a HeH3Ôe}KHO npOTHBOpemie MeKfly POCTOM npoH3BOflCTBa H orpaHHqeHHHMH npeaejiaMH noTpeéjieHHH» (B. H . J l e H H H , IloJiHoe c o ô p a H H e co> B b i p a C T 3 e T Ha BeCbM3 SKJieKTHqeCKOH ocHOBe pa3JiHqHbix HeopTOAOKcaAbHbix Te^eHHii 6yp>Kya3Hofi n0JiHT3K0H0MHH. y>Ke 3T0T 4>3KT TOBOpHT O TOM, 1T0 K3pAHH3„lbHOrO nepfiCMOTpS CyiH" HOCTH H u e . i e f t SKOHOMHKO-TeOpeTHieCKOH CHCTeMbI KaK CHCTeMbI, C„iy>Kam e f t a n o . i o r H H K 3 n H T 3 . i H 3 M 3 H p a 3 p a 6 o T K e npaKTH^ecKHX peuenTOB A-IH e r o pe4>OpMHpOBaHHH H p e r y . l H p O B a H H H , 0>KHA3Tb He npHXOAHTCH. O A H S K O nOCTKeHHCH3HCTB0 HMeeT pHA 0C06eHH0CTeH. H i a B H a H H3 HHX COCTOHT B TOM, MTO OHO OTKpblTO H peUIHTeflbHO nOpbtBaeT C OCHOBOH OCHOB HeOKJiaCCHMeCKOH IIIKOJIbI — C TeOpHHMH npeAe.lbHOH npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTH H npeAe,lbHOH n o Jie3HOCTH, Ha 633e KOTOpOH BblCTpOeHO BCe 3A3HHe HeOK.T3CCHMeCKOH KOHu e n u H H np0H3B0ACTBa, Hcn0.ib30B3HHH p e c y p c o B , p a c n p e A e . i e H H H n p o A V K T a H UEH006PA30BAHHA-. 12 13

«Essays, on John Maynard KeynesBristol, «-Challenge», M a y — June, 1978, p. 5.

1975, p.

131.

22

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p a c n p e a e J i e H H H npHBOAHT K H3MeHeHHHM H o ö m e f t cyMMbi c 6 e p e > K e H H H . C ^ e a o B a T e j i b H o , p a c n p e ^ e j i e H H e H3UHOH3JibHoro A o x o A a S y A e T B j i n a T b Ha e r o n p H p o c T . B T o p a n HAea — p a c n p e a e j i e H H e A o x o A a HBAHCTCH (JjyHKUHefl HaKonjieHHH K a n H T a j i a . T e M ' n w HaKonjieHHH K a n H T a j i a o n p e A e j i n i c r r H o p M y n p n ÖblJIH H AOJIK) npHÖbIJIH B HaUHOHajIbHOM AOXOAe. AOJIH H (j)OHA 3apaÖOTHOH n j i a T b i o n p e a e j i H i O T C H KaK o c T a T o i H a n B e j i H i H H a , XOTH 6 o p b 6 a paöoiero K J i a c c a M O K e T BHCCTH o n p e A e j i e H H b i e K o p p e K T H B b i B c o o T H o m e H H e Me>KAy npHÖbIJIbK) H 3apaÖOTHOH nJiaTOH. l l p H B e p > K e H U b i nocTKeHHCHaHCKoft TeopHH p a c n p e A e ^ e H H H HepeAKO n o A q e p K H B a r o r «POACTBO» OBoefl TeopHH c M a p K c o B b i M a n a j i H 3 0 M npoueccoB B 0 c n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B a . B lacTHOCTH, B c x e M a x B 0 c n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B a , n p e A J i a r a e M b i x POÖHHCOH B KHHre « H a K o n j i e H H e K a n H T a j i a » , B e e OCHOBHBIE B 3 a H M o c B H 3 H p o c T a H p a e n p e A e J i e H H f l BblBOAHTCH H3 B3aHMOOTHOlIieHHH, B03HHKaK)mHX

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XOTH N0CTKE{iHCHaHu.BI B QEM-T0 6JIH3KH C NPEACTABHTE^HMH ^EBOPAAHKA^BHOFL IKWIHT-

9KOHOMHH, MtXRy HHMH CyLUeCTByeT ÖOJIblliaH pa3HHUa. riepBbie npw Bcex CBOHX KpHTHqeCKHX 3aMenaHHHx B aßpec opTOAOKcajibHOH IIO^HTSKOHOMHH H KanHTajiH3Ma B UE^OM CTpeMHTCH JIHllib K OÖHOB leHHIO TeopHH H pe(})OpMHpOBaHHK) 3KOHOMI«eCKOfi CHCT6MbI, JieBbie » e paaHKajibi oTBepraioT H Teopnio H npaKTHKy KanHrajrH3Ma (CM. K. K o 3 J i o B a , JleBopaAHKAJIBHAA IIOJIHTSKOHOMHH B CLUA — «MnpoBan 3KOHOMHK3 h ME»ÄyHapoÄHbie OTHouie-

HHH» Ms 2, 1978 r.).

15 J . R o b i n s o n , The Accumulation of Capital. London, 1956; N. K a 1 d o r, Alternative Theories of Distribution («Review of Economic Studies» ,Ns 61, 1955—1956)-; L. P a s i n e t t i , Growth and Income Distribution. E s s a y s in Economic Theory. London, 1974; J . A. K r e g e 1, The Theory -rf Economic Growth. London, 1972,

3B0JII0IJHH KEHHCHAHCTBA

23

nHTaJIHCTHieCKHX npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX 0TH0UI6HHH — OTHOUieHHH npOH3BOflCTBa h p a c n p e a e j i e H H a , o c H O B a H H b i x Ha S K c n j i y a T a u H H p a ô o q e r o K A a c c a h npncBoeHHH npHÔaBOHHOH CTOHMOCTH KJiaccoM KartHTajiHCTOB. P o ó h h c o h m e OrpaHHMHBaeTCH paCCMOTpeHHeM TeXHOSKOHOMHHeCKHX HaTypaJIbHblX B 3 3 H MOOTHOineHHH. O H a h ee nocjieAOBaTejiH cTpeMHTcn BOBce H3Ô3BHTbCH o t 3H3AH3a CTpyKTypbl CTOHMOCTH H CTOHMOCTHblX K3TeropHH, HTO AHIliaeT HX TeOpHKD pocTa h pacnpeaeJieHMH noAAHHHO Hay^HOH MeTOAOAorHH. M a p K c HAeT o t BHeiUHeft (|)OpMbI HBJieHHH K HX CyiH,HOCTH, OT HeH — K CTOHMOCTH, OT 3apaSoTHofi njiaTbi — k c t o h m o c t h paôoneft c h a h , o t npnóbiAH — k npnóaBOHHOH CTOHMOCTH H K T3HHe KanHTaJIHCTH^eCKOH SKcriAyaTauHH. PeaJIbHOe JKe 3 H a n e H H e nocTKeHHCHaHCKoft T e o p H H p o c T a h p a c n p e A e A e H H H c o c t o h t j i H u i b B t o m , m t o b Heft n p e A n p H H H T a nonbiTKa yBH33Tb n p o n o p u H H pacnpeaejieHHH C OCHOBHbIMH npOIIOpilHHMH BOCnpOH3BOACTB3, ITO n03B0AHeT paCIIIHpHTb npeacTaBJieHHe o ManposKOHOMH^ecKOM MexaHH3Me SKOHOMHHecKoro pocTa. O a H 3 K O COUHaJIbHO-3KOHOMH«ieCKHe BHBOAH, CAeASHHbie H3 Hee, AaJieKH OT noflJiHHHO HayMHoro t o a k o b 3 h h h npnpoflbi KanHTSAHCTHMecKoro cnocoôa np0H3B0flCTBa h p a c n p e a e j i e H H H , a Ha npaKTHKe o h h c b o a h t c h k 060CH0BaHHK) rOCyflapCTBeHHO-MOHOnO^HCTHieCKOH nOJIHTHKH flOXOflOB, H e H 3 6 e » H 0 npHHHMajomeft b ycAOBHHX k 3 h h t 3 A K 3 M 3 (j)opMy ymeMJieHHH HHTepecoB paôoHero Kjiacca. B OÓJiaCTH T e o p H H CTOHMOCTH H UeH OCOÓeHHOCTb nOCTKeHHCH3HCTBa H a n ô o j i e e npno n p o H B H A a c b b c b h 3 h c AHCKyccHHMH BOKpyr y n o M K H y T o f t p a 6oTbi Cpa(J)a He paccMaTpHBaeT. I l o ero MHeHHio, B03fleftcTBHe noBbimeHHH (noHH>KeHHH) 3apa6oTHoft n j i a T b i Ha H3Aep>KKH npOH3BOACTBa pa3JIHMHbIX TOBapOB npOnOpUHOHaJIbHO «BKJiaAaM» y q a c T B y i o m e r o b h x c o 3 f l a « H H T p y ^ a h KanHTSAa. H 3 S T o r o o h 3 a K j i i o q a e T , ^ t o h 6 b o 3 m o j k h o H a f t r a TaKoft TOBap, u e H a np0H3B0ACTBa k o t o p o r o o c T a B a j i a c b 6 b i 6e3 H3MeHeHHH h He 3aBHcejia 6 b i o t c f l B H r o B b p a c n p e ^ e ^ e H H H A o x o A a . .HpyrHMH CAOBaMH, u e H a n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B 3 He M O « e T c A y >KHTb H 3 M e p H T e A e M MeHOBblX npOHOpUHH TOBapOB (ueHOBbIM aHaJIOrOM CTOHMOCTH). r i 0 3 T 0 M y Cpac{>a CT3BHT CBOeft UeAblO HaHTH A p y r o f i H 3 M e p H T e A b MeHOBbix nponopuHft, He 3aBHcamHH o t AHH3MHKH pacnpeAejieHHH H u e H , — «(j)H3HqeCKHH 3 H a J I 0 r CTOHMOCTH». H m OH 06"bHBJIHeT e A H H H u y n p o A y K T 3 H e KOH «CT3HAapTHOH OTpSCAH». ITIOCAeAHHH npeACTSBJIHeT 3 6 c T p 3 KTHyiO MOA e A b 0 T P 3 C A H , B P 3 M K 3 X KOTOpOH H 3 T y p 3 J I b H a f l C T p y K T V p a n p O A y K T a ( y ) H H a T y p a A b H a H c T p y K T y p a 3 a T p a T ( C ) nocTOHHHbi; n 0 3 T 0 M y n p H a i o ô o m B a p b -

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r i o A x o A h MeTOA pemeHHH npoÓAeM Cpa4>$OH 0 T p a » a K ) T pa3BHTHe o a Horo H3 CaMblX npOTHBOpeHHBblX aCneKTOB CTOHMOCTH Oro 3 H 3 A H 3 3 R. PhKapAo, KOTopbift n 0 A 0 » H A b ocHOBy MeHOBbix n p o n o p u H H 3aTpaTbI TpyAa H OnpeAeAHA CTOHMOCTb paÔOHHM BpeMeHeM. M s p x c OUeHHB3A 3 T 0 K3K BeAH«laftujee AOCTHJKeHHe KAaccH^ecKoft 6 y p » y 3 3 H O H h o a h t s k o h o m h h . OAHaKO PHKapAO He nouieA AaAbrne c y r y S o KOAHqecTBeHHOH h o c t s h o b k h npoÔAeMbi, 16 P. ge, 1960.

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flambine i i o h h t h h m c h o b o h c t o h m o c t h . B o t n o n e M y o h bck> >KH3Hb H C K a j i « 4 ) H 3 H H e c K H H a H a j i o r c t o h m o c t h » , h o He C M o r p e u i H T b A a H H y i o n p o ß j i e M y . P h K a p f l o , He c y M e B B b i A e j i H T b K a T e r o p n i o a ô c r p a K T H o r o T p y a a , He y j i o B H J i Ba>KH e ñ u i e r o pa3JIHHHH Me>KAy MeHOBOH CTOHMOCTblO H CTOHMOCTbK) K a K K p H CTaJiJiH3auHeñ oömecTBeHHO HeoöxOAHMoro a ô c T p a K T H o r o TpyAa. MapKC p e 3 K o KpHTHKOBa^i e r o 3 a T a K y r o nojiOBHHHaTOCTb. O^HaKo P H K a p Ä O 6biji TOJibKo H e n o c j i e ^ o B a T e j i b H b i M . M a p K C cyweji H3HTH H p 3 3 B H T b H a y H H b i e S J i e M e H T b l e r O T e O p H H CTOHMOCTH. ^ A H C p a ( } ) ( } ) b l » e CTOHMOCTb — HHCTO CHeTHaH K 3 T e r O p H H . H e CJiyMaHHO B OTJIHHHe OT MapKca npH aHajiH3e n p o u e c c o B iieHOo6pa30BaHHH o h h c x o a h t h3 HaTyp a j i b H O H , a He c t o h m o c t h o h c r p y K T y p u n p o A y K U H H . 9 t h p a 3 À H H H H o ô y c A O B JieHbl n p H H U H n n a ^ b H b l M H pa3JIHHHHMH MeTOÄOJIOrHH a H a ^ H 3 a , K a p f l H H a j l b HbiMH p a 3 J i H q H H M H b n p e A C T a B . / i e H H H x o n p n p o A e c t o h m o c t h h e e p o j i H b OÔTjflCHeHHH n p n p O A b l H npOTHBOpeHHH KanHTaJIHCTHHeC'KOrO n p O H 3 B O Ä C T B a . npaKTHqecKasi

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riocTKeHHCHaHUbi npHTH3aîOT Ha t o , h t o ö h c c f j o p M y j i n p o B a T b « p a 3 y w Hyio» sKOHOMH'iecKyio nojiHTHKy. O ^ H a K O Ha s t o t cneT cpeAH h h x c y m e c T B y e T AOBOJibHO u i H p o K a H Ä « ( } ) 4 ) e p e H U H a u H H MHeHHÍi. B u e j i o M n p e a c T a B H T e JiH A a H H o r o H a n p a B J i e H H H B b i C T y n a i O T K a K c t o p o h h h k h c û B e p u i e H C T B O B a H H H MexaHH3Ma p e r y j m p o B a H H H KanHTajiHCTHnecKoñ s k o h o m h k h . YnoMHHyTUH S ö x H e p n o Ä H e p K H B a e T , h t o n o c T K e ñ h c h a h u h b OTJiHHHe o t K O H c e p B a T o p o B h vrHÖepajioB BbiCTynaiOT 3 a ô o j i e e y p a B H H T e j i b H o e p a c n p e a e J i e H H e a o x o a o b H O r p a H H H e H H e p a 3 p y i I I H T e j I b H b I X nOCJieflCTBHH pblHOHHOH K O H K y p e H U H H , He T p e ö y n n p H s t o m , K a K j i e B b i e p a ^ H K a ^ b i , ( J j y H A a M e H T a J i b H b j x H3NfeHeHHH b CaMOH HHCTHTyiXHOHajIbHOH C T p y K T y p e O Ô I Û e C T B a . O H He 6 e 3 OCHOB3HHH O T M e n a e T , HTO B e e c y i u e c T B y r o m n e n o j i H T H H e c K H e TeqeHHH — K 0 H C e p B 3 T H B H 0 e , JIHÔepSJIbHOe H p 3 A H K 3 J l b H O e , ÖyAyT p a 3 0 H a p 0 B3HbI n p e A J I O ^ e H H H M H HbIHeilIHHX ITOCTKeHHCHaHUeB. « H a n p H M e p , K O H C e p B 3 T O p b L , — ITHIIieT S Ö X H e p , — Ö y A y T HeflOBOJIbHbl BblBOAOM, COIViaCHO KOTOpOMy p a c n p e a e J i e H H e AOXOA3 MOHteT ö b i T b c y m e c T B e H H O H3MeHeHO 6 e 3 c h h j k c h h h 34>(})eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeMbl. J l H Ô e p a ^ a M He n O H p a B H T C H MHeHHe O TOM, HTO K O H K y p e H U H H BOBCe H e O Ó H 3 3 T e j I b H 3 RJtfl 3yHKUHOHHpOB3HHH CHCTeMbi. A p a A H K a J i O B He y A O B J i e T B O p H T H A e n o TOM, HTO CHCTeMa MO»CeT 6 b I T b CTaÖHJIbHOH A a J K e 6 e 3 ( J ) y H A a M e H T 3 . n b H 0 H T p 3 H C ( J ) O p M a i í H H HHCTHTyTOB» 17. r i p a B A a , ecTb B o n p o c , b h c o ó x o a h m o c t h peuieHHH KOToporo Bce nocTKeÖHCH3HUbi eAHHbi: B o n p o c o K O H T p o j i e H 3 A HHífíJiHUHeH. C HHtJjjiHUHefi, n o HX MHeHHK), He C f i p a B H T b C H , eCJlH H C n 0 J I b 3 0 B a T b TOJIbKO T p a A H U H O H H b i e M e TOAH o r p a H H H e H H H c n p o c a 3 a c n e T y M e H b i u e H H s T e M n o B p o c T a n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B a H 33HHT0CTH. Tp3AHII,HOHHbie MeTOAbI 6lOA>KeTHOH H KpeAHTHO"AeHe>KHOH nojiHTHKH OHH n p e A J i a r a i O T A o n o J i H H T b ü o j i h t h k o h a o x o a o b . « C n p 3 B e A J i H B y i O » nOJIHTHKy AOXOAOB nOCTKeñHCHSHUbl CBH3bIB3IOT C «AOÓpOBOJlbHblM c o r j i a m e H H e M » MOHonojiHH, np0(j)C0K)30B, r o c y A s p c T B a o T e M n s x y B e j i n n e HHH AOXOAOB 3 3 H H T e p e C O B 3 H H b I X CTOpOH, COOTBeTCTByiOUtHX T e M n a M p O C T a np0H3B0AHTejibH'0CTH T p y A a . « n o j i H T H K e a o x o a o b , — nHiueT 3 ñ x H e p , — a o j i ä h o npeAiiiecTBOBSTb K3Koe-To MHHHMaAbHoe o ß i u e c T B e H H o e c o r j i a c H e h 3 t i o j i m t h h c c k o m y p o B H e n o n o B O A y T o r o , K S K a o j i ä h h p a c n p e A e j i H T b c a nJiOAbi S K O H O M H n e c K o r o p o c T 3 . T o t (JjaKT, h t o o a h h pbiHOK H e b c o c t o h h h h p e u i H T b 3 T y n p o ö J i e M y , A e j i a e T noJiHTHKy a o x o a o b c y m e c T B e H H O B a Ä H o i i » 18. O a h 3 k o « o ô m e c T B e H H o e c o r ^ a c n e » , Ha K O T o p o e y n o B a j i n h y n o B a r o T 6 y p « < y 3 3 H b i e n p s B H T e j i b C T B s , Ha Aej i e c B O A H T c a K y c H J i e H H K ) noAHHHeHHH p a ö o n e r o KJiacca K a n H T a ^ y (nyTeM H a B H 3 H B a H H H e M y TOH HJIH HHOH (J)OpMbI KOHTpOJIH H a A 3 a p a ß O T H O H I U i a T O f t ) . 17 18

« C h a l l e n g e » , M a y — J u n e , 1978, p. 8. « C h a l l e n g e » , M a y — J u n e , 1979, p. 51.

3B0JII0UHH KEHHCHAHCTBA

25

3 t h m Ha n p a K T H K e B b i 3 B a H a 6 o p b 6 a T p y A H i U H X c n n p o T H B t 3 k o h i i o j i h t h k h AOXOAOB, qTO C B H A e i e J I b C T B y e T O HeCOCTOHTejIbHOCTH nOCTKÊHHCHaHCKHX p e K O M e H f l a u H H b Ä a H H o f l o ö J i a c T H SKOHOMHKH. OocTKeHHCHa.HUbi BbicTynaiOT h 3a t o , m o ß b i yBH3aTb nojiHTHKy a o x o Ä O B C n O J I H T H K O H 3 K 0 H 0 M H M e C K 0 r 0 p O C T a B U e A O M , B TOM q H C J i e C y q e T O M T e M n O B H C T p y K T y p b l H H B e C T H U H H . B CBH3H C 3 T H M OHH B b I C K 3 3 b I B a i O T C H 3 a «oöiueHaitHOHa^bHoe njiaHHpoBaHHC», npH3BaHHoe npHAaTb rocyAapcTBeHHOMy p e r y j i H p o B a H H K ) HeAOCTaiomne eMy qepTbi — u e H T p a j i H 3 0 B a H H 0 C T b , CKOOpAHHHpOBaHHOCTb H flOJirOCpO^HOCTb. B UeJIOM n O C T K e H H C H â H U b l B H C T y n a i O T c petj)opMHCTÇKOH n p o r p a M M O H , H a n p a B J i e H H o ñ Ha c y m e c T B e H H o e paciiiHpeHHe h «oÔHOfl^eHHe» rocyAapcTBeHHoro BMemaTejibCTBa b skohoMHKy. O r p a j K a n pflA p e a j i b H b i x n o T p e Ô H O C T e H A a A b H e ñ i i i e r o p o c T a n p O H 3 BOAHTejibHbix CHJi b c o B p e M e H H y i o s n o x y , 3 T a n p o r p a M M a Te.M He MeHee He B b l A B H r a e T HHK3KHX T p e ß O B a H H H , B b l X O A H I U H X 3 a p a M K H K a n H T a j l H C T H H e C K O ro c n o c o ö a np0H3B0ACTBa, n p e a j i a r a » jiHWb najiJiHaTHBHbie m c t o a u ero « y j i y t j m e H H H » Ha ocHOBe A a j i b H e n u i e r o b o 3 a c h c t b h h r o c y ^ a p c T B a Ha s k o h o MHiecKHe npoueccbi. *

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B qepHbix MeTa^iJiax y w e B 60-X roAax Hcnojib30Bajica noKa3aTejib BajioBon npOiiyKUHH MaiIJHHOCTpOeHHH, OMHIUeHHblH OT nOBTOpHOrO C^eTa (KO«e*IHaH npoflyKUHH). OaHaKo HCMHCJieHHe 3Toro noKa3aiejiH npoH3BoaHJiocb BecbMa npHÓJiHmeHHO, Ha 0CH0BaHHH yKpynHeHHbix oueHOK njiaHOBbix 0praH0B. Tenepb >Ke B xoAe nepecMOTpa noKa3aTejiefl SKOHOMH^ecKOH AeHTejibHOCTH MauiHHocTpoeHHH, paCMeTa HOpM3THBOB qHCTOH npOAyKUHH yTOMHHTCH H o ó t e M noBTopHoro c^efa CTOHMOCTH n0Jiyt})a6pHKaT0B H KOMnjieKTyromHX H3AeJiHH B COCTaBe MaTepHa^bHblX 3aTpaT no OTAejTbHblM OTpaC^HM MaiUHHOCTpOHTejibHoro np0H3B0ACTBa. 3 T O A a c r B03Mo>KHOCTb noBbiCHTb TOHHOCTB yKpynHeHHoro onpeaejieHHH noTpeÓHoeTH B MeTajuie BawHeñuiHx ero norpe^HTeJieft — OTpacjieñ MauiHHocTpoeHHH H MeTajuioo6pa6oTKH. B ycJioBHHx coBepmeHCTBOBaHHH xo3HHCTBeHHoro MexaHH3Ma oco6oe 3HaqeHHe aJiH cHH>KeHHH MaTepHajioeMKocTH HMeeT yjiyMmeHHe CHCTeMbi HatypajibHbix NOKA3ATEJIEÑ YIERA H njiaHHpoBaHHH BHnycKa MaTepnajibHbix pecypcoB. B nocTaHOBjieHHH npeflycMaTpHBaeTca BHeceHHe Heo6xo^HMbix H3MeHeHHH B CHCTEMY HaTypa«ibHbix H3MEPHTEJIEÑ NP0H3B0AHM0Ñ npojiyKUHH (no MeTajuiyprHH, MauiHHOCTpoeHHK) H flpyrHM OTpacjiHM npoMbiuuieHHOcT H ) , nepexofl K nJiaHHpoBaHHio np0H3B0flCTBa oSopyaoBaHHH no pacuiHpeHHOH HOMeHKJiaType B eflHHHuax H3MepeHHH, nojiHee 0Tpa>KaromHx ero npoH3BOZ[HTeJIbHOCTb H üpyrHe nOTpeÓHTeJlbCKHe CBOHCTB3. P a a noKa3aTejieH, HMEIONIHX 6oJiee orpaHHMeHHoe npHMeHeHHe, qeM HHCTan npoayKUHH, TeM He MeHee MoryT stjj^eKTHBHO BJiHHTb Ha yMeHbmeHHe MATEPHAJIOEMKOETH.

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42

A. nOJIHK

Henna ruiana. YHCT BbinycKa paAa BHAOB MeTaji-ayprHHecKoii npoAyKUHH B MeTpajKe ö y ^ e r CTHMyjinpoBaTb cHH>KeHne HX yAejibHoñ MaTepwajioe.MKOCTH. rtpe^Ae Beerò STO OTHOCHTCH K y q e T y B KBaapaTHbix MeTpax npoH3BOACTBa OTflejIbHblX BHAOB JIHCTOBOrO IipOKaTa, B OCOÔeHHOCTH JKeCTH. BbinycK CTâJibHbix Tpy6 YQHTBIBAETCA cefinac B TOHHax H noroHHbix MeTpax. ITOCJIEAHHH NOKA3ATE^B MOJKCT 6 o j i e e 06"BEKTHBH0 OTPAWATB KOHE^HBIE Hap0flH0X03HHCTBeHHbie pe3yjlbTaTbI H peajIbHbie HTOTH Iip0H3B0ACTBeHH0H fleHTejIbHOCTH KOJIJIGKTHBOB. BoJI>KCKHH TpyÓHblH 33B0A OTHOCHTCH K HHCJIY nepeaoBbix npoMbiiujieHHbix NPE^NPHHTHH CTpaHH. OH BHnycKaeT OÖJRERMEHHbie Tpyöbl CO CHHHÍ6HH00 TOJimHHOH CTeHKH. OflHaKO npH 3TOM HeKOTOpbie BaHtHeñuiHe SKOHOMH^ECKHE noKa3aTeAH npeAnpHHTHa, HanpHMep, (JJOHAOOTa a i a npH yneTe ee nepe3 HaTypajibHbie TOHHH HJIH TOBapHyio npoAyKUHio (npH cymecTByiomeM ypoBHe ueH), yxyAiuajiHCb. H3MepeHHe BbinycKa npoayKUHH B MeTpa>Ke n03B0JiHeT B A3Hhom c j i y ^ a e 6ojiee npaBHJibHo 0Tpa3HTb PE3Y^bTara BO3A6HCTBHH nporpeccHBHbix CABHTOB B copTaMeHTe BbinycKaeMOH npoflyKUHH H MeTäJiAoeMKOCTH npoH3BOflCTBa Hia (jjOHflooTaaqy. B ueJIOM 3a AeBHTyio n a r a j i e T K y KCKOM TpyÖHOM 33B0Ae npH H3MepeHHH ee qepe3 HSTypajibHbie TOHHH H TOBapHyio npoAyKUHio cHH3HJiacb H JiHiiib npH yneTe BbinycKa npoayKUHH B MeTpax noBbicHJiacb, MTO COOTBCTCTByeT peajibHO HMeBuieMy MecTo pocTy 3(})(J)eKTHBH0CTH paôoTbi 3aB0fla. ü p y r a a B03M0>KH0CTb npaBHjibHoro OTpa>KeHHH nporpeccHBHbix CABHTOB B paöoTe 3aB0Aa cBH33Ha c coBepuieHCTBOBSHHeM ueH Ha BbinycKaeMyio HM npoayKUHio. B MeTajiJiyprHHecKOM MauiHHocTpoeHHH njiaHHpoBaHHe H yqeT BbinycKa oSopyaoBaHHH B HaTypajibHbix TO»Hax CNOCOÓCTBOBAJIH 3aBbiiueHHK> Beca, yTHJKejieHHK) np0H3B0AHMbix arperaTOB. ü p H n e p e x o A e no npeAAO>KeHHio B H H H M e T M a u i a H SjieKTpocTajibCKoro 3aBOAa THjKejioro MauiHHocTpoeHHH Ha CHCTeMy y i e T a BbinycKa OÔOPYAOBAHUA oTAejibHbix arperaTOB B ysJiax, KOMnjieKTax, i m y K a x , a npHMeHHTejibHO KO Bceft noAOTpacjiH MeT3JiJiypTHMeCKOrO MauiHHocTpoeHHH — B CTOHMOCTHOM H3MepeHHH, MeTajIJIOeMKOCTb npOH3BOÄHMbIX H3aeJIHH CHH3HJiaCb. CoBepuieHCTBOBaHHe xo3añcTBeHHoro MexaHH3Ma n p e A n o j i a r a e T paccMOTpeHHe npoôjièM CHHÄCHHH MaTepnajioeMKOCTH B paMKax cooTBeTCTByIOUIHX KOMnjieKCOB OTpacjieft: MeTajuiypro-MauiHHOCTpoHTejibHoro, TonjiHBHo-3HepreTHqecKoro, arponpoMbimjieHHoro H AP- B STOH CBH3H, no HarneMy MHeHHK), npeACTaBjineT HHTepec aHajiH3 cymecTByioiuero ypOBHH H HMeiomnxca pe3epBOB noBbiiueHHa K03tj)4)HUHeHT0B HCN0JIB30BAHHH MeTajiJia B paMKax OÄHOrO H3 OCHOBHblX Hap0AH0X03HHCTBeHHblX KOMnjieKCOB—MeTAJIJIYPRO-MANIHHOCTPOHTEJIBHORO. B nocjieAHHe TOAM B qepHoñ MeTaAJiyprHH HaöjiroAajracb TeHAeHUHH noBblineHHH K03(J)4>HH,HeHTa HCn0JIb30BaH'HH MeTaAAa B n p o u e c c a x npOH3BOACTBa. OAHaKO TeMnH s T o r o noBbiiueHHsi 6MJIH He3HaqHTeAbHbiMH. TaK, BHXOA roAHOH npoAyKUHH B MeTaji^iyprHnecKOM np0H3B0ACTBe (BKJiioqaH JiHTefiHoe) 6biA B 1958 r. 70,9%; 1970 r — 71,9; 1975 r — 72,2%. MEAJIEHHO yjiymuajiCH H CKB03H0H K03(J)(})HUHeHT paCXOAa CAHTKOB H JTHTOH 33rOTOBKH Ha 1 T TOTOBoro NPOKATA B npoKaTHbix u.exax: B 1965 r . — 1 , 3 0 T; 1970 r . — 1,29 T; 1975 R.— 1,28 T; 1980 r — 1,27 T ( n j i a H ) . y j i y n m e H H e yKaaaHHoro K03t})(f)HUHeHTa, HecMOTpn na npoBeAeHHe COOTBeTCTByiOIUHX MepOnpHHTHH B HepHOH MeTaAJiyprHH T0pM03HJI0Cb CJieAyiOmiiMH npHiHHaMH: — HeOÔXOAHMOCTbIO IIOCJieAOBaTejIbHOrO noBbiiueHHH AOJ1H JIHCTOBOH CT3AH, B TOM MHCJie X0JI0AH0KaT3H0H, B COpT3MeHTe TOTOBOrO npOKaTa, B HHTepecax MeT3jiAonoTpe6jiHK>mHx oTpscjiefi HapoAHoro xo3HHCTBa. 3 a nePNOA 1965—1980 rr. AOJIH JiHCTa noBbimaeTca c 37 AO 41—42%- B TO JKeBpeMfl CKB03H0H paCXOAHblH K03(j>(jDHUHeHT CJIHTKOB Ha 1 T TOTOBOrO y r A e p O A « CToro COPTOBORO npoKaTa cocTaBjiaeT 1,2—1,24 T, a Ha 1 T TOJICTOTO JIHCTA— 1,3 T, Ha 1 T TOHKoro KOHCTpyKUHOHHoro AHCTa — npHMepHo 1,35—1,38 T;

nyTH CHHJKEHHH MATEPHAJIOEMKOCTH

43

— nocTOHHHbiM noBbimeHHeM d e n e H H JiernpoBaHHocTH copTaMCHTa. n P H 3tom p a c x o A H b i e K03(f)(})HiíHeHTbi npH np0H3B0ACTBe j i e r n p o B S H H o r o n p o K a i a 3H3iHTeJibHo Bbiiue, neM n p n n p o K a T K e y r j i e p o A H C T o r o MeT3Jui3;

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nam/ieran. Bec

TOBapHoñ

JieTKH

OJKHAaeTCH,

16—17%.

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opraHH3auHH

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C 1 8 , 5 AO 3 2 , 6 % .

no

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ee

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116

A. raHHBB

o6ecne»ieHHH bhcokhx h ycTOHHHBHx TeMnoB noBbiuieHHH KaiecTBa Bcex BHÄOB npOAyKUHH. Pa3pa6oTKa chctêm ynpaBJieHHH KanecTBOM npoAyKUHH bcaêtch b njiaHOBOM nopHflKe Ha ocHOBe HayHHbix mctoaob npoeKTHpoB3HHH 6ojibiiiHX opraHH3au,HOHHO-3KOHOMHqecKHX CHCTeM. B 1976—1977 rr. ToccTaHAapTOM H ero rOJIOBHblM HHCTHTyTOM BHHHCoM C ynaCTHeM paÖOTHHKOB npoMuuiJieHHOcTH ñbijia pa3pa6oTaHa cepHH HsynHo-MeTOAHHecKHx petcoMeHaauHH no co3AaHHio h uiHpOKOMy BHeApeHHio Ha npeAnpHHTHHX KOMnjieKCHHx CHCTeM ynpaBJieHHH KaiecTBOM npoAyKUHH. Ha 6a3e 3thx peKOMeHAauHH OTpacjiH pa3pa6oTajiH AOKyMeHTU, ycTaHaBJiHBaiomHe MCTOAH opraHH3auHH paöoT no ynpaBjieHHio KanecTBOM npoAyKUHH c yqeTOM cneUh4>hkh npoAyKUHH, cneuHa^H3au,HH h KoonepHpoBaHHH np0H3B0ACTBa. B 9TOT >Ke nepHOA ToccTaHAapT, ero HHCTHTyTbi h MecTHue opraHU pa3BepHyjiH niHpoKyio nponaraHAy onuTa nepeAOBbix npeAnpHHTHH H oó-beAHHeHHH no pa3pa6oTKe h BHeApeHHio KC Y K n . Cßhiuie 12 000 npoMbiuijieHHbix npeAnpHHTHH 3aperHCTpHpoBajiH aKTH o BHeApeHHH KC Y K n . KC Y K n KaK noACHCTeMa ynpaBJieHHH HMeeT neTKO BHpaHieHHyio líeJib — nocTOHHHoe yjiynuieHHe KaqecTBa npoAyKUHH h noBbiuieHHe Ha 3T0H OCHOBe 3(J)(J)eKTHBH0CTH npOH3BOACTB3. BaJKHOe MeCTO B Heft 33HHM3eT OUeHKa pe3yjIbTaT0B X03HHCTBeHH0H AÊHTeAbHOCTH nOApa3Ae^eHHH H TpyAa Ka>KAoro paóoTaramero c yieTOM KanecTBeBHhix noK333Te;ieH (npoueHT CAaHH npoAyKUHH c nepBoro npeA"bHB;ieHHH, K03(j)c})HUHeHT KanecTBa TpyAa HcnoAHHTe^eñ h AP-)- Ha ypoBHe npeAnpHHTHH b paMKax KC Y K n npoHcxoAHT opraHHiecKoe coeAHHeHHe tskhx sjieMeHTOB xo3HHCTBeHHoro uexaHH3Ma, KaK iwaH noBbiuieHHH Ka^ecTBa npoAyKUHH, cTaHAapTH3auHH, MaTepna^bHoe cTHMyjiHpoB3HHe. B C03A3HHH KC Y K n Ha K3JKAOM npeAnpHHTHH ynacTByiOT MHorne AeCHTKH H COTHH CneUH3JlHCTOB H paÖOHHX. P33p3Ô3TbIB3H CTaHAapTtJ npeAnpHHTHH, ohh bkjiioiisiot b hhx nporpeccHBHHe mctoah yjiynmeHHH K3lecTBa npoAyKUHH c yieTOM nepeAOBoro onhiTa. Tenepb, KorAa HaKonJieH ÖOJIbUIOH OnblT, MOJKHO CKa3aTb, H TO 3Ta UIHpOKO p33BepHyBni3HCH p3Ö0Ta HBJIHeTCH CB0e06p33H0H (JjOpMOH p33BHTHH AeMOKpSTHHeCKHX Ha^ajl B ynpa'BJieHHH COUHaJIHCTHHeCKHM npOH3BOACTBOM, CpeACTBOM nOBHUieHHH TBOpqeCKOH 3KTHBH0CTH TpyAOBblX KOJUieKTHBOB. ripOBeAeHHe OpraHH3aUHO»HbIX, SKOHOMHHeCKHX H COU, H 3 Jib H bIX MeponpHHTHH H3 npeAnpHHTHHX, BHeApHBllIHX KC Y K n , Cn0C06cTB0B3v10 3H34HTejibHOMy yBejiHieHHio BhinycKa npoAyKUHH Bucmen KaTeropHH KanecTBa, yMeHbiueHHK) noTepb ot 6paK3 h incoia peKJiaMauHH, coKpameHHio cpoKOB OCBOeHHH HOBOH npOAyKU,HH. TaK, Ha XI,HenponeTpOBCKOM KOMÖ3HHOBOM 33BOAe HMeHH K. E. BopouiHJioBa, BHeApHBineM KC Y K n b 1978 r., yAejibHhiñ Bee npoAyKUHH Bbicineñ KaTeropHH AocTHr 45,1%. noTepn ot 6p3K3 b ce6eCTOHMOCTH B3JIOBOH npOAyKUHH y MeHblUHJIHCb AO 0,16%. YAeJIbHblH Bee npoAyKUHH Bbicuieft KaTeropHH KanecTBa H3 npeAnpHHTHHX, BHeApHBUiHX KC YKIÌ, b 1,5—2 pa33 Bbiuie, MeM b cpeAHeM no cooTBeTCTByioiuHM pernoHy h OTpac;iH. HanpHMep, Ha npeAnpHHTHHX Tpy3HHCKOH CCP, bhcaphbuihx KC Y K n , yAeJibHhiH Bee npoAyKUHH Bbicuieñ KaTeropHH KanecTBa coCT3BHJI 33%, b irejioM no pecnyÓAHKe—18,7%, b JIstbhhckoh CCP — COOTBeTCTBeHHO 35 H 18,8%. npH M3CC0B0M BHeApeHHH KC YKIl 3H3HHTeJIbH0 nOBblUiaeTCH SlJxjjeKTHBHOCTb np0H3B0ACTB3 He TO^bKO OTAeJIbHblX npeAnpHHTHH, HO H perHOHOB h OTpacjieñ b uejiOM. HanpHMep, no TpeM cokohhm pecny6jiHK3M, b KOTOpblX HaHÖOJiee 3KTHBH0 BHeApHJIHCb KC YKn, yAeJIbHblH Bee npoAyKUHH Bucuieñ KaTeropHH KanecTBa B03poc: b BejiopyccKoñ CCP c 12,6% b 1976 r. AO 22,8% b 1979 r.; b JIstbhhckoh CCP — COOTBeTCTBeHHO c 9,7% AO 18,8%; b JIHTOBCKOH CCP — c 8,8% AO 17,3%. KomhjieKCHaa CHCTeMa ynpaB^eHHH KanecTBOM npoAyKUHH, KaK noKa3a^ aHa^H3, upOBeAeHHbiH BHHHCom, cnocoôcTByeT noBbimeHHio np0H3B0ACTBeHH0H ah-

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117

CUHnJIHHbl. KOJIHHeCTBO HapymeHHH TpefiOBaHHH CTaHAapTOB H TeXHHHeCKHX YCJIOBHH B CPEAHEM Ha OAHO npeAnpHHTHe, BHEAPHBIUEE K C Y K n , YMEHBIIIHJIOCB B 1,5 — 3,5 pa3a. OTAejIbHbie MHHHCTepCTBa, npOAyKUHH KOTOpUX CymeCTBeHHO BJIHHeT Ha TeMnbi TexHHMecKoro n p o r p e c c a , 3a roAbi AecHTOH nHTHjieTKH ( n o npeABapHTejibHoñ oueHKe) AOCTHTJIH BbicoKoro YAEJIBHORO Beca BbinycKa npoAyKUHH-BbicLueíi KaTeropHH KaqecTBa: MHHa^eKTpoTexnpoM ( 4 5 , 1 % ) , MHHHe(J)TexHMnp0M ( 3 5 , 3 % ) , MnHaBTonpoM ( 3 7 , 6 % ) , MHHnpnóop (32,7%) MHHCTaHKonpoM

MHHXHMMam

(32,8%),

(30,0%).

lio

cpaBHeHHio

c

ApyrHMH 3TH MHHHCTepCTBa HMeiOT H HaHMeHbUIHH OÓTACM HeaTTeCTOBaHHOH npOAyKUHH. Fio pHay Ba>KHeHuiHX BHAOB npoAyKUHH AOJIH Bbicuieñ KaTeropHH KanecTBa ÜOCTOHHHO pacTeT. T a n , 3a r o A U AecHTOH nHTHJieTKH BunycK CHjioBbix TpaHccfiopMaTopoB Bucuieñ KaTeropHH KaqecTBa yBe^nqHjicH c 40,8% Ao 5 3 , 2 % , MeTajuiope>KyiuHx CT3HKOB — c 19,2 AO 4 4 , 2 % . Ky3HeqHOnpeccoBbix MaiiiHH — c 16,3 AO 3 9 , 7 % . ynpaB^eHHe KanecTBOM npoAyKUHH Ha ypoBHe npeAnpHHTHH pernaeT A a ^ e K o He Bce npoójieMbi yjiyHiueHHH KaqecTBa npoAyKUHH H noBHiueHHH ee TexHHMecKoro ypoBHH. Yr^yó/ieHHe OTpacjieBOH cneuHa;iH3auHH np0H3B0ACTBa pacq^eHaeT npouecc co3AaHHn H H3r0T0BJieHHH npoAyKUHH, npH STOM OTAejibHbie e r o SJieMeHTbi, 3BeHbH paccpeA0T04HBaí0TCH B npocTpaHCTBe, HX Bce TpyAHee yBH3biBaTb BO BpeMeHH. ycjio>KHHeTCH ocymecTBJieHHe TeXHHHeCKOH, HOpMaTHBHOÍÍ H KajieHAapHOH COrjiaCOB3HHOCTH, 1T0 npHBOAHT K yBejlHHeHHK) pa3pbIBOB B CpOKaX pa3pa6oTKH HOBOH npOAyKUHH B H H H H K B H BbinycKa H3AejiHñ BMcuieñ KaTeropHH KanecTBa Ha npeAnpHHTHHx, HapymeHHio CPOKOB KOonepHpoBaHHHX n0CT3B0K cupbH, MaTepnaJIOB, KOMnJieKTyiOmHX H3ACAHH. OTCyTCTBHe OÓOpOTHblX, CTpaXOBblX 3aAeJIOB B T3KHX CJiyHaHX npHBOAHT K HepHTMHHHOCTH paÓOTbl npeAnpHHTHH H, KAN cjieACTBHe, yxyAmeHHio KanecTBa npoAyKUHH. 3TH H A p y r n e npHHHHu o6"beKTHBH0 noTpefioBajTH pemeHHH BonpocoB ynpaBJieHHH KaqecTBOM npoAyKUHH Ha 6oJiee BHCOKHX ypoBHHX ynpaBJieHHH. 3a yBH3Ke

roAbi

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no

yjiymue-

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rnarn

(})opMy « I l H T H j i e T O K

Ba». TaKHe nHTHJieTKH Ha 0CH0Be PEKOMEHAAUHH y c n e u i H O BbinojiHHiOTCH Ha n p e A n p H H T H H x

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BaJKHbiM 3TanoM HBAHeTCH pa3pa6oTKa pecnyfijiHKaHCKHx CHCTCM ynpaBAeHHH KanecTBOM ( P C Y K Í I ) , KOTOpbie no3BO^HioT coneTaTb o T p a c ^ e Boe H TeppHTopHajibHoe ynpaBAeHHe KaqecTBOM B MacuiTaée COIO3HOH pecnyfijiHKH. TaKHe cHereMbi pa3pa6aTbiBai0TCH B JlaTBHHCKoñ C C P , APMHHCKoñ C C P , BeJiopyccKoñ C C P . HaHÓojiee no^Ho P C Y K n peaJiH3yeTCH B JlaTBHH. B ApMHHCKoñ C C P B pe3yjibTaTe BHeApeHHH nepBoro STana pecny6jIHK3HCKOH CHCTeMbI 3HaHHTe.nbHO B03p0C BbinyCK npoAyKUHH BblCUieñ KaTeropHH KanecTBa H Ha 1 HIOHH 1980 r. COCT3BHJI 15,6%. PecnyÓAHKa npeB30uuia cpeAHHH no cTpaHe ypoBeHb no 3T0My noKa3aTeJiio. B ue^OM pHAe npoMbiuiAeHHUx ueHTpoB pa3pa6aTbiBaioTCH ropoACKHe CHCTeMbi ynpaBJieHHH KanecTBOM npoAyKUHH. f l p o r p a M M a no co3AaHHio roPOACKOH CHCTEMBI ynpaB^EHHH KanecTBOM npoMuui^EHHOÑ NPOAYKUHH pea-

118

A. I7IHHEB

JIH3YETCH B M o c K B e . HAYHHO-MEROÄHMECKOE PYKOBOACTBO STOH paóoToñ ocymecTBJiHKDT r o c c T a H A a p T , e r o Hayrao-HccJieAOBaTejibCKHe HHCTHTyThi, MocropnjiaH H A p y m e opraHH3auHH'ropoAa. H a y p o B H e r o p o A a pa3pa6aTbiBaioTCH H peajiH3yiOTCH nepcneKTHBHbie H T e K y m n e njiaHbi H n p o r p a M M b i noBbimeHHH T e x H H q e c K o r o ypoBHH H K a n e CTBa npOAyKUHH, M06HJlH3âUHH TpyAOBblX KOJIJieKTHBOB Ha BbinOJIHeHHe H nepeBbinojiHeHHe STHX njiaHOB, o ö o ö m e H H H H p a c n p o c T p a H ë H H H n e p e A O B o r o onbiTa B o ö j i a c T H ynpaBJieHHH Ka^ecTBOM, pa3BepTbiBaeTCH cou,Ha;iHCTHHeCKOe C0peBH0B3HH6 3a ÄOCTHÄeHHe BblCOKOrO KaneCTBa H3AeJlHH. OcHOBHblMH paöoHHMH o p r a H a M H y n p a B ^ e H H H KanecTBOM Ha STOM y p o B H e HBJIHIOTCH: r o p o A C K a n nJiaHOBan KOMHCCHH, MOCKOBCKHH ueHTp CTaHAapTH3auHH H MeTPO^ORHH T o c c T a H A a p T a H CTaTHCTHqecKoe ynpaBJieHHe. B c i o p a ö o T y HanpaBJiHeT H KOHTpoJinpyeT oômecTBeHHbiH COBCT no B o n p o c a M noBbimeHHH

KaqecTBa npoMbiianeHHOH npoAynuHH npn M r K KI1CC. Zl-TCH yCHJIÊHHH KOOpAHHaUHH A^HTejIbHOCTH npeAnpHHTHH H OpraHH3aUHH r o p o A a n o noBbiineHHio KAQECTBA KOHGHHOH npOAyKUHH pacmHpneTCH .TBopqecKoe COAPYATECTBO KOAJIEKTHBOB npoMumjieHHbix npeAnpHHTHH, HayHHO-HCCJieAOBaTejlbCKHX H npoeKTHO-KOHCTpyKTOpCKHX OpraHH3aUHH. OHO PA3BHBAETCH Ha OCHOBE B03HHKUIER0 B r o p o A e NOIHHA * « T a p a H T H H K a i e c T B a — OT npoeKTa AO H3AEJIHH». O p r a H H 3 a u H H 3AKJIROQAK)T A o r o B o p u o c o A p y ^ e c T B e , pa3pa6aTbiBaioT coBMecuHbie HOPMATHBHHE AOKYMEHTBI, OCymeCTB^SIOT B3aHMOnOMOIIib H B3aHM0K0HTp0KeCTBO MHorHX npeAnpHHTHH H oôijeAHHeHHH Ha 6 a 3 e pHAa npeAnpHHTHñ, B TOM HHCJIE MoCKOBCKOrO 3 a B 0 A a ABTOMATHHECKHX JIHHHÍÍ HMeHH 50-JieTHH C C C P , CTAHKOCRPOHTEJIBHORO 3ABOAA HMCHH A . H . EKOHHKHA3e H A p . OPHCTYNHJIH K paÖOTe n o (|)OpMHpOBaHHIO TBOp^eCKHX COAPyATECTB KOJIJIEKTHBBI 33BOAOB A T 3 - 1 , « K o M n p e c c o p » , « M a H O M e T p » , OÓ-BE^HHÊHHH « 3 a p n » , «BOJIBUIEBHHKA» H ApB p a ñ o H a x r o p o A a ynpaBjieHHe KaiecTBOM oóecneqHBaeTCH nyTeM pa3paÔOTKH H BHeApeHHH pa&OHHblX CHCTeM ynpaBJIBHHH KaqeCTBOM npOAyKUHH, B KOTOpbix Ha OcHOBe njiaHOB noBbimeHHH KanecTBa npeAnpHHTHH cocTaBjiHiOTCH CBOAHbie paHOHHbie njiaHbi. 3 r y p a ô o T y HanpaBAHJOT H K o o p AHHHpyiOT o ô m e c T B e H H b i e CoBeTbi n o KanecTBy npH P K K X I C G . f l p H c o CTaBJieHHH njiaHOB Hcnojib3yeTCH HaKonjieHHHH onbiT K p y n H w x n e p e A O B b i x npeAnpHHTHH H O&teAHHeHHH, C03Aai0TCH yCJJOBHH Ail H B3aHMOnOMOIliH B 0 6 JiacTH coBepnieHCTBOBaHHH TexHOJTOTHH, opraHH3au,HH NP0H3B0ACTBA H T p y A a , ynpaBJieHHH np0H3B0ACTB0M, noAroTOBKH KaApoB. B pañoHax cosa^hh yHHBepcHTeTbi KanecTBa. B n e p B H e TaKHe yHHBepcHTeTbi H a q a ^ H paôoTaTb B ÛKTHÔpbCKOM H KpaCHOnpeCHeHCKOM p a n O H a x MoCKBbl. PaHOHbl H M o c r o p n j i a H BeAyT p a 3 p a 6 o T K y n,naHOB noBHineHHH KanecTBa npoAyKitHH Ha 1981 r. H OAHHHAAUATYIO NNTH^ETKY. B o j i b u i a n p a ö o T a n o o p n e H T a u H H xo3HHCTBeHHoro MexaHH3Ma Ha n o BHineHHe K a i e c T B a npoAyKUHH no3BcwiH^a y>Ke B ACCHTOH n s T H j i e T K e c y m e CTBEHHO y,nyqiiiHTb KaqecTBO M H o r n x BHAOB NPOAYKUHH, COKPATHTB PA3PHB « I E ^ A Y TEMNAMH p o e r a KA^ECTBA H n o T p e Ö H o c T e ä , p a c u i n p H T b OCBOEHHE KOMnjieKCHHx MeTOAOB y n p a B ^ e H H H KanecTBOM n p o A y K U H H Ha B c e x ypoBHHX H a p o A H o r o X03HHCTBa. OAH3KO, HecMOTpH Ha n p o A e ^ a H H y i o p a ö o T y , e m e HMeiOTCH HeAOCTaTKH, yCTpaHeHHe KOTOpbix yCKOpHT TeMnbl nOBbimeHHfl T e x H H q e c K o r o ypoBHH H K a q e c T B a n p o A y K U H H . r i p o A y K U H K ) c r o c y A a p c T B e H H b i M 3HAKOM K a q e c T B a B w n y c K a e T OKO^O 10 Tbic. npeAnpHHTHH, TO e c T b MeHee 3 0 % B c e x npoMbiui^eHHiJX npeAnpHHTHH. B 1978 r. n o cpaBHeHHio C 1975 r. COKPATHACA YAEJIBHHH Bec Bbicüieií K â T e r o p H H KanecTBa n o TexHOJiorHiecKOMy o ö o p y A O B a H H i o AJIH TCKCTHJIbHOfl, KOJKÊBeHHO-OÔyBHOH npOMblUIJieHHOCTH, KpaHaM Ha ryceHHHHOM

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pa3BHTHa. TaKHM 06pa30M, 03HaK0MaeHHe c MOHorpa-

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npeHMymccTB HOBoro, counaJincraiecKoro rana MeacflyHapo^Hbix SKOHOMHHecKHx oraonieHHH. B n e a o M p a ß o T a y j t a a a c b , o n a HOCHT TBOPnecKHH x a p a K T e p H ß y ^ e T c HHTepecoM n p o i H Tawa NIHPOKHM KpyroM SKOHOMHCTOB.

M., 3aKaAUHCKuü, C.

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KPHTHKA H BHBJIHOrPAOHH

« H c T O p H H COUHajIHCTHHeCKOH 3 K 0 H 0 M H K H C C C P «COBETCKAN BOHHbi.

AKOHOMHKA 1938—1945

HAKAHYHE rr.».

M B

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BE^HKOH

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1 9 7 8 r., 5 6 5

CTp.

KOM MATEPNAFLE AAH AHAJIH3 YCNJIEHHA HHflycTpnajibHoro MorymecTBa H BOEHHO-3KOHOMHHecKoro n o T e H q H a J i a CTpaHbl, y c K o p e H OSOPOHHOH npoMbimjieHHOCTH, Horo P O M npo^yKUHfl KOTOPOH 3A 1 9 3 8 — 1 9 4 0 r r . y B e JIHHHJIACB B 2 , 8 p a 3 a (CTP. 5 5 ) . B KHHre n p H B e ^ e H b i ^aHHbie o n p o H 3 B o j c T B e BoeHHoií TeXHHKH — CaMOJieTOB, TaHKOB, OpyflHH H T. A. P a c x o f l b i Ha ofiopoHy 3a TPH n p e f l B o e H HHX r o j a COCTABHJIH 2 6 , 4 % B c e x PACXOFLOB r o c y j a p c T B e H H o r o Sw^aceTa npoTHB 12,7% BO BTopoS NATHJIETKE (CTP. 1 0 1 ) . B c e 3TO y ó e a H T e j i b H o o n p o B e p r a e T Te3HC 6ypatya3HOH HCT0pH0rpa$HH O HROFIBL nO^HOH HenOflrOTOBJieHHOCTH C C C P K BOHHe H n03B0JIflET aBTopaiw c ^ e j i a T b BbiBoa o TOM, HTO K H a n a j i y 4 0 - x TOJOB B H a r n e a CTPAHE «6BIFL c o 3 flaH MOmHblñ B0eHH0-9K0H0MHHeCKHñ noTeHu n a j i , o n H p a a c b HA KOTOPHH COBETCKHH C o 103 B r o j b i BejiHKoñ OTenecTBeHHOH BOHHH o j i e p a t a . i HaA rHTJiepoBCKoñ TEPMAHHEÑ BOeHHyio H 3K0H0MHHecKyH) node^y» (CTP. 104). BTopaa (ocHüBHaa) nacTb TOMa n o c B a m e n a n e p n o a y OTENECTBEHHOH BOHHH. A B T O P M cymecTBeHHO aonojiHHüH MaTepHajiu, npHBej e H H b i e B KOJIJieKTHBHOH MOHOrpa$HH HHCTHTYTA 3KOHOMHKH A H C C C P «CoBeTCKaa SKOHOMHKa B nepHOfl BejiHKoñ OTenecTBeHHOH BOHHH 1 9 4 1 — 1 9 4 5 r r . » . B pe3yJibTaTe nojiyHHJiacb AOCTATOHHO n o a H a a KapTHHa BoeHHofi 3 K 0 H 0 M H K H C C C P , KOTOPAA npeB30fflJia 3K0H0MHKy THTJiepOBCKOH TepMaHHH. A B T O P H HCXO^AT H3 npHHaTOH B jiHTepaT y p e nepH0flH3auHH, c o r . i a c H O KOTOPOH BIJ-

jejiaiOTca w a n e p n o a a : nepaoji nepecTponKH Hapo^Horo xo3añcTBa C C C P HA BOEHHBIH jiaA (nioHb 1 9 4 1 r . — cepejHHa 1 9 4 2 r.) H nepHOj cjiaateHHoro, 6UCTPO pacTym_ero BOe»Horo xo3flñcTBa, aocTHrmero cBoeñ n y a b MHHAUHH

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1944

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n p e B o c x o s c T B o Hanieü CTpaHbl. B cooTBeTCTBHH C 3THM B KHHre paCKpbIBaiOTCH 0CH0B-

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1

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nepHOA

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145

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1942

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1940

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poHH,

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n p o 6 j i e M b i BOEHHOÑ SKOHOMHKH:

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2

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BbI3BaHHUe BOHHOÍI H3MeHeHHfl B c T p y n Type pacnpeflejieHHfl HaipoHajibHoro aoxoa a (BoeHHbie p a c x o j u B 1 9 4 2 r . cocTaBHJiH 5 5 % Hau,HOHa^bHoro a o x o a a H OKOJIO 6 0 % r o c f i j o f l a t m ) H pe3Koe conpameHHe npoii3BOflCTBa npe«MeTOB noTpeSjieHHa noTpeSoBamh nepecTpoHKH cHCTeMbi cHa6ateHHfl ( r j i a 2

Jl.

H.

B p e x

P e i H h cTarbH, CTP. 490.

H e B,

t . 2.

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KypcoM.

1970 r.,

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noatepTBOBaHHa ABJiajiocb

B

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B

CCCP,

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KPHTHKA H

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30%

147

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ctp.

386.

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