The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe: Pipes and kilns in the London region 9780860541547, 9781407323732

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The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe VI. Pipes and kilns in the London region

edited by Peter Davey

B A R British Series 97 1981

B.A.R ..,

B.A.R.

122

Banbury Ro ad, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands , B . Sc • , '.\ I. A . , D . Phil. D. R. Walker, �I. A.

��---� :.. 97. 1 981: "The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe VI" © The Individual Authors, 1981

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860541547 paperback ISBN 9781407323732 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541547 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS Page Editorial

1

The Aldgate Clay-Pipe Kiln by Alan Thompson

3

The Kiln of William Heath, Eighteenth Centur.v Brentford Pipemaker by Alison Laws and Adrian Oswald

15

An 18th Century Pipe Group from Bedford Square, London W Cl by Adrian Oswald and Deirdre le Faye

67

Complete Restoration Pipes from London (�- 1660-1680) by E. & B. Jarzembowski

79

A Note on the Vernon Bowl by Richard Le Cheminant

87

A London Pipemaker's Stamper by Richard Le Cheminant

90

Clay Pipes Bearing the Prince of Wales' Feathers by Richard Le Cheminant

92

Armorials from Paul's Wharf by Richard Le Cheminant

102

Clay Tobacco Pipes From London and the South East by Richard Le Cheminant

127

The Clay Pipe Industry of the Parish of St. Olave's Southwark by stephen Walker

173

A Group of Clay Pipes from Lambeth by Stephen Walker

183

Surrey Clay Tobacco Pipes by David Higgins

189

L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS F igure

P age

THO MPSON 1

A ldga te 1 974 .

2

A ldga te P er iod 3 T erraced B ui ldings

S i te L ocat ion Map

4 5

D e ta i l f ro m Og i lby a nd Morgan 1 676

6

4

P ipe b ow ls f ound i n a ssoc iat ion w i th B ui lding 2

8

5

A ldga te 1 971 .

9

6 7

P ipe maker 's K i ln

Type n u mber o f b ow ls f ro m Oswa ld ( 1975 ) :

t otal

n u mber o fb ow ls r ecovered

1 0

S uggested makers

1

LA WS & OS WALD 1

Brentford :

2

Bren tford K i ln :

3

Brentford i n 1 741-45 , J . R ocque

4

T he Bren tford K i ln :

S i te P lan

2 0

5

T he Brentford K i ln :

S ec t ion Draw ings

2 2

6

G enera l L oca t ion Map S i te L oca t ion Map

R e ma ins o f t he K i ln S truc ture :

1 8

F rag ments o f

fle C Muf ha mber 7

1 6 1 6

2 4

R e mains o f t he K i ln S tructure :

fle S Muf uppor ts a nd

P ack ing Ma ter ia l

2 6

8

P ipes s igned W/H

4 3

9

P ipes p robab ly f ired i n t he k i ln

4 5

10

l — No Wasters P ipes f ro m t he F il

4 7

1 1

l — No Was P ipes f ro m t he F il ters

4 9

1 2

P ipes s igned W/H— Not f ro m t he K i ln

5 1

1 3

l aneous i l Miscel t e ms f ro m t he K i ln f i l

5 3

1 4

l F T he Smal inds

5 5

1 5

t ery T he P os t- Med ieva l P ot

5 8

1 6

T he K i ln l ook ing E ast

6 1

1 7

l o l ar The N or thern Wal f t he K i ln s how ing t he C oa l C el

6 1

1 8

T he K i ln l ook ing West

6 2

1 9

De ta i l o f t he s teps a nd p edesta l

6 2

OS WALD & LE FA YE 1

B edford S quare :

Apr i l 1 972, F ebruary 1 973 ,

March/Apr i l 1 975

6 8

2

Bedford S quare p ipes n os .

3

Bedford S quare p ipes n os . 6 -14

1 -5

7 5 7 7

F igure

P age

J ARZE MBO WSK I 1 -5

The mouthpar ts o f R es torat ion P ipes

6 -1( )

8 0

Res tora t ion P ipes f ro m L ondon —s ide v iews

8 2

1-15

Restora t ion p ipes f ro m L ondon —top v iews

8 3

1 6-20

to m v Restorat ion p ipes f ro m L ondon —bot iews

8 4

I C IE MINA NT T he V ernon B ow l 1 A

8 8

F our v iews o f t he V ernon B ow l

L ondon P ipe maker 's S ta mper 1

A L ondon P ipemaker 's S ta mper

9 1

Clay P ipes Bear ing t he Pr ince o f Wa les F ea thers 1

N os . 1 -6

9 5

2

N os . 7 -17

9 6

3

N os . 1 8-29

9 7

4

N os . 3 0-39

9 8

5

N os . 4 0-45

9 9

A rmor ia ls f ro m P au l 's Wharf 1

N os . 1 -3

1 05

2

N os . 4 -6

1 06

3

N os . 6 -8

1 07

4

N os . 8 -9

1 08

5

N os . 1 0-12

1 09

6

N os . 1 2-14

1 10

7

N os . 1 5-17

1 11

8

N os . 1 8-19

1 12

N os . 2 0-22

1 13

1 0

N os . 2 3-24

1 14

1

N os . 2 4-26

1 15

9

1 2

N os . 2 7-29

1 16

1 3

N os . 3 0-32

1 17

1 4

N os . 3 2-33

1 18

1 5

N os .34-35

1 19

1 6

N os . 3 5-37

1 20

1 7

N o . 3 7

1 21

London a nd t he S outh E as t 1

l ect L e C he minan t C ol ion N os .

1 -13

1 28

2

l ect L e C he minan t C ol ion N os .

1 4-23

1 30

3

L e C he minan t C o llec t ion N os . 2 4-34

1 32

4

L e C he minan t C o llec t ion N os . 3 5-45

1 33

5

l ect L e C he minan t C ol ion N os . 4 6-56

1 34

6

L e C he minan t C o llect ion N os . 5 7-66

1 37

7

l ec L e C he minan t C ol t ion N os . 6 7-77

1 39

Page

F igure 8

l ec L e C he minan t C ol t ion N os . 7 8-86

1 41

l ec L e C he minant C ol t ion N os . 8 7-96

1 43

1 0

l ect L e C he minant C ol ion N os . 9 7-105

1 45

1 1

l ec L e C he minan t C ol t ion N os .

1 06-111

1 47

1 2

l ect L e C he minant C ol ion N os .

1 12-119

1 49

1 3

L e C he minant C o llec t ion N os . 1 20-131

1 51 1 53

9

1 4

l ec L e C he minan t C ol t ion N os .

1 32-140

1 5

l ect L e C he minant C ol ion N os .

1 41-149

1 55

1 6

L e C he minan t C o llec t ion N os . 1 50-159

1 57

1 7

l ect L e C he minant C ol ion N os . 1 60-163 ;

1 8

l ec L e C he minan t C ol t ion N os . 1 64-165

1 59

1 9

l ec P . J . E lkins C ol t ion N os . 1 -10

1 61

2 0

l ec P . J . E lkins C ol t ion N os . 1 1-18

1 63

1 66-167

1 58

2 1

l ec P . J . E lkins C ol t ion N os . 1 9-26

1 65

2 2

l ect P . J . E lkins C ol ion N os . 2 7-34

1 66

2 3

P . J . E lkins C ol l ec t ion N os . 3 5-43

1 67

2 4

P . J . E lkins C ol t ion N os . 4 4-48 l ec

1 69

2 5

P . J . E lkins C ol t ion N os . 4 9-52 l ec

1 70

WA LKER 1

P ipes f ro m L a mbe th N os . 1 -6;

2

P ipes f ro m L a mbeth N os . 2 9-36;

1 6-20; 3 8

2 3-27

1 85 1 87

EDITORIAL

Numbers V I a nd V II o f t he Archaeo logy o f t he C lay Tobacco P ipe, wh ich w il ow b e pub l ished o ne f ol ing t he o ther, s hou ld b e t aken l n l ow t ogether . The o r ig ina l i ntent ion was t ha t t he t h ird Br i t ish v o lume s hou ld d ea l w i th k i lns a nd o ther t echn ica l ma tters t ogether w i th a n umber o f p apers o n ma ter ia l f rom t he L ondon a rea . I n t he e vent t he a r t ic les s ubm itted p roved t oo bu lky t o b e i nc luded i n a s ing le v o lume a nd t he ir a ppearance a s o ne number i n t wo v o lumes wou ld h ave meant t he ir s a le a t t oo h igh a p r ice. I n p ract ise i t h as p roved d iff icu lt t o d iv ide t he ma ter ia l i n al og ica l way. Ih ave i nc luded i n t h is Number V I a r tic les d ea l ing w i th p ipes a nd k i lns i n t he L ondon a rea, wh i le Number V II i s made u p o f t he r ema in ing k i ln s tud ies, p ipe c lay a na lyses a nd p apers o n w ig c ur lers a nd t rade t okens. I nev itab ly t h is h as m eant s ome a wkward d iv is ions. Many o f t he t rade t okens a nd w ig c ur lers, f or e xamp le, a re f rom t he L ondon a rea, wh ich i s a lso t he s ub ject o f o ne o f t he c lay a na lys is p apers. A lan P eacey ' s g enera l l p aper on k i lns i n Number V II d ea ls w ith s ome o f t he L ondon e v idence a s we l a s w ith s i tes e lsewhere. l The L ondon p apers i n t h is v o lume p rov ide b oth a m icrocosm o f t he t ypes o f r esearch b e ing c arr ied o ut i n t he r eg ion a nd a ma jor b ody o f n ew e vidence. The k i ln e xcava t ions a t The A ldga te a nd i n Brentf ord i lustra te how much c an b e l earned f rom t he s c ient if ic i nvest igal t i on o f s uch s i tes a nd emphas ise o ur i gnorance o f t he p ipe p roduct ion p rocesses i n t he e ar l ier p art o f t he 1 7th c entury. The t wo s ma l but l s ign if icant g roups o f e xcava ted p ipes f rom Bedford Square a nd L ambeth i nd icate t he r ange o f e v idence s t il va i lab le a nd g ive f urther p o inters l a t o t he v ar iety a nd c omp lex ity o f t he L ondon i ndustry. The s u ite o f p apers by R ichard L e Chem inant i s a f urther p roof o f t he g rea t c ont r ibut ion t o know ledge made i n Eng land a s i n Hol er ious c o ll and by s l ectors o f p ipes. He i ntroduces many n ew s tamp t ypes a nd v ar iet ies a nd p resents t he f i rst a ssessment o f p ipes w ith t he P r ince o f Wa les ' F ea thers. The i mportance o f d ocumentary r esearch, p art icu lar ly d et a i led work o n t he r ecords o f i nd iv idua l p ar ishes, i s under l ined by S tephen Wa lker ' sp aper o n t he P ar ish o f S t. O lave ' si n S outhwark. The v o lume c onc ludes w ith a master ly s urvey o f t he a va i lab le e v idence f or t he County o f S urrey by Dav id H igg ins. I n t h is h e s hows t he v a lue o f r ecord ing e xtant museum c o lections a nd t he p resentation o f l r eg iona l s yntheses wh ich c omb ine a rt ifactua l a nd d ocumentary s ources . The v o lume a lso b r ings t o t he f ore t wo p rob lems i n t he p resent s tate o f p ipe r esearch i n Br ita in. The f irst i s t he l ack o f p roper ly e xcavated p ipe s equences . The s econd i s t he l ack o f a greed r ec ord ing a nd p ub l ica t ion p rocedure, e spec ia ly f or maker ' s marks. A ll t hough p ipes f rom r ecent e xcava tions a re l i ke ly t o b e pub l ished w i th t he e xcavation r eports, i t i s c lear t hat many w i l b e f rom v irtua ly l l u nstrat if ied d epos its a nd t ha t t he number o f s i tes o n wh ich c lay p ipes o ccur i n d eta i led s equences a ssociated w ith a rchaeo log ica l s tructures i s s t i l d istress ing ly r are. I t i s s ad t o h ave t o a dm it t ha t i t i s t he l p o l icy makers among p rofess iona l a rchaeo log ists who a re f a i l ing u s a t t he moment. Unt i l p os t-med ieva l a rchaeo logy i s r egarded a s ap roper

1

s ub ject o f r esearch a nd r escue work i n i t s own r ight a nd p ostmed ieva l s i tes o f c r i tica l t ypes a re i nvest iga ted f or t hemse lves a nd n ot a s unavo idab le o bstac les t o e ar l ier h or izons, i t i s un l ike ly t ha t t he s i tua t ion w i l i mprove a g reat d ea l. The l ocat ion o f ak i ln c omp lex l i n t he L ondon a rea, e spec ia ly o f t he e ar ly t o m id-17th c entury wou ld l c lear ly b e o ne e xamp le o f s uch a c r i tica l c lass o f s i te. The maker ' s marks, p articu lar ly t hose f rom t he L ondon a rea p ose a d ifferent s ort o f p rob lem. The p apers i nc luded i n t h is v o lume i ow many n ew s tamps a nd v ar iants o f o ld o nes a re s t i l lustrate h l l i ke ly t o o ccur a nd s uggest t hat, d esp ite t he monumenta l e fforts o f A tkinson a nd Oswa ld, t he s tudy a nd r ecord ing o f t hese i s s t i l i n i ts l i nfancy. A s er ious d iff icu lty t hroughout B r ita in i s t he a pparent l ack o f s tandard isa t ion, a nd t herefore o f c omparab i l i ty, b etween r epresent at ions o f i dent ica l o r s im i lar s tamps. Th is makes t he i dent if ica t ion o f n ew f i nds u s ing pub lished d raw ings a h azardous p rocess. Wha t s eems t o b e n eeded i s a n a greed f ormat a nd s tandard o f r ecording . Th is m igh t b e l i nked w ith a r eference s er ies h oused, p erhaps f or L ondon, i n t he Museum o f L ondon. Ih ave s uggested s uch a f orma t e lsewhere ( Davey 1 981) a nd h ope t ha t t he g enera l p r inc ip les m ight b e a dopted more w ide ly. I n a ny e vent f or f urther p rogress t o b e made s ome k ind o f pub l ic, c ons istent a nd upc ia tab le s ystem i s r equired. Reference Davey, P . J . 1 981. ' Gu ide l ines f or t he P rocess ing a nd Pub l ica t ion o f C lay-p ipes f rom Excavat ions ' , Med ieva l a nd L a ter P ottery i n Wa les, 4 , 6 9-88 ; ( Cop ies o bta inab le f rom D . Evans, We lsh M ed ieva l P ottery Research Group, Dept. o f Archaeo logy, Un ivers i ty C o lege, C ardiff ; . pr ice: l 7 0p, i nc lud ing p ostage a nd p ack ing .)

October 2 0th 1 981 I nstitute o f Extens ion S tud ies, Un ivers ity o f L iverpoo l, P . O. Box 1 47, L IVERPOOL L 69 3 BX

2

THE ALDGATE CLAY-P IPE K ILN A lan Tho mpson

C lay-p ipe k i lns , a s o pposed t o c lay-p ipes , a re n ot a frequent ly e xcava ted i n dus tr ia l f eature , a nd t he f o l low ing a ccount o f t he f i rs t t o b e l oca ted i n t he C i ty o f L ondon d if fers f ro m t he f ew p ub l ished c ases i n t ha t i te xh ib i ts s igns o f h av ing b een c landes t ine ly o pera ted . T h is L ondon k i ln c ame t o l i gh t i n a n e xcava t ion c arr ied o ut f ro m J u ly t o Oc tober 1 974 b y t he Museu m o f L ondon 's D epar t ment o f U rban A rchaeo logy , o n as i te w h ich l ay s outh o f A ldgate H igh S tree t , b ounded b y t he M inor ies t o t he west a nd Mansel tree t t o t he e as t l S he e xcava t ion c o m menced w i th t he r e mova l b y mechan ica l ( F ig . 1 ) . 1 T e xcava tor o f t he v ar ious l evel ayers a ssoc ia ted w i th t he c onstruc t ion o f ling l w arehouses a nd a goods r a i lway .

Th is ma ter ia l was f ound a bove t he r ema ins

o f s ix b r ick b u i lt t ene men ts ( F ig . 2 ) , t he o ccupat ion l ayers o f wh ich a re p rov isional a ted t o t he l a ter 1 7th c entury , w h ich o r ig inal ronted o nto ly d ly f H arrow A ley t o t he e as t ( F ig . 3 ; a rea o f s i te h as b een s uper imposed o n l O g i lby a nd Morgan 1 676 ) . 2 T he e astern l im i t o f t he e xcava t ion b isec ted t he t enemen ts , s o t ha t o n ly t he b ack r oo ms were a va i lab le f or e xamina t ion ( F igs . 2 and 3 ) . B u i ld ing 2 and t he k i ln B enea th d emo li t ion l eve ls o fb r ick a nd t i le i n B ui lding 2 w as a s pread o f w h ite-grey c lay c . 0 .0 6 m t h ick , wh ich c overed t he f l oor a nd c onta ined many c lay-p ipe f ragments ( F ig . 4 , t ypes 6 , 7 , 9 , 1 7 a nd 1 8) . T h is c lay was p robab ly u nused o r u nusab le ma ter ia l , a ssocia ted w i th t he k i ln l oca ted i n t h is b u i lding .

B e low t he wh i te-grey c lay was t he f l oor l eve l c ons ist ing o f c o mpac ted

b lack s o i l a nd c inders , a nd wh ich was c on temporary w i th t he k i ln .

T he

r ema ins o f t h is f ea ture ( F ig . 5 ) were v ery f ragmentary a nd c ons is ted o f a r ough ly c ircu lar s tokeho le/p i t c . 0 .89 m i n d iame ter a nd C .0 .14 m d eep i n t he c entre , w h ich c onta ined t wo ma in l ayers .

T he u ppermos t ( l ayer 1 )o f

t hese was o fg rey c layey s oi l w i th o ccas iona l c inders a nd b r ick f l ecks mixed w i th c lay-p ipe f rag ments ( F ig . 4 , t ypes 6 and 1 7 ) , wh i ls t t he l ower ( l ayer 2 ) c ons isted o f b lack c inders a nd c layey s o i l w ith a l ense o f b urn t s andy s oi l , a lso mixed w i th f rag men ts o f c lay-p ipe ( F ig . 4 , t ypes 1 0 a nd 1 2 ) , a l o f wh ich l r epresent r ak ings .

T hese l ayers c ont inued a long t he who le l eng th o f ah or izonta l

b r ick f l ue , w h ich l ed f ro m t he e as tern s ide o f t he s tokeho le/p it , a nd r ose s l igh t ly , t erm ina t ing a ga ins t as ing le b r ick .

T his may h ave r epresented t he

f ar e nd o f t he f l ue , b ut c ould h ave b een d isp laced b y t he mach ine d amage wh ich a lso d es troyed a ny p oss ib le r e la t ionsh ip b etween t he k i ln a nd t he e ast w al f t he b u i lding . T he b r ick f l ue wh ich r an p aral l t o t he ma in west/east l o le a x is o f t he b u i lding , s urv ived f or t wo c ourses o f i t s b r ick s truc ture , a nd measured c .0 .24 m i n w idth o ver a l eng th o f c .0 .80 m ( see F ig . 5 ) .

T he

l owes t c ourse o fb r icks h ad b een s e t o n t he ir s tre tchers , wh i lst t he s econd

3

F ig . 1

4

. . . ...... ..

A L D G A T E

I

D R A I N S V N I P

B U I L D I N G I

I

I

u :

9

0

• . 1, 1

. B U I L D I N G S

B U I L D I N G

B U I L D I N G I V

B U I L D I N G V

B U I L D I N G V I

. . . . .

T E R A C E D

B U I L D I N G

r d . . . . . .

. . . .

. . •

5

•. . . . . . .

S • S•

MN ,

Mi i; Zi r -Pra • O.

L o

-

c o

s e . * s t e %

4 %** '4• * % * e • • / •

% 1 . 0

°S A Idga te

1 00

E xcava t ion

0 2 5

C i ty B oundary

0

1 00

2 0D

3 00 f t

5 0

D e t a i l f r om OG ILBY a nd MORGAN 1 6 76 GAT . ABL

F ig . 3

6

1 00m

to m h c ourse h ad b een s e t w i th t he ir b ot or izonta l s ur face ( bed) r est ing o n t he to m c u pper s tre tcher s urface o f t he b ot ourse .

F orm ing t he f l oor o f t he f l ue

w as a s ing le c ourse o fb r icks l a id o n t he ir b eds , a nd a l igned n or th/sou th . S o me b r icks a ssoc ia ted w i th t he f l ue h ad s urfaces d arkened b y h ea t ing , w h ich s uggests c ontac t w i th h o ta shes o n ly a nd n o t d irec t ly w i th a ny s ource o f f i re . l A lthough n o p os i t ive i n d ica t ion o f mor tar was o bserved , i t may we l b e t ha t l q smal uant i t ies o f f i ne r ed-brown c lay , f ound b e tween s ome o f t he b r icks , may r epresent p oor mor tar ing . nd t he v ar ious d epos its w i th in t he f l ue a nd T he s pread o f wh i te-grey c lay 8 a s t okeho le/p i t h ave p roduced a bout s ix p ieces o f h igh ly f i red k i ln s uperstruc ture ( wh ich i s c er ta in ly n o t c ons isten t w i th t he l arge amount o f s im i lar ma ter ia l f r om o ther k nown e xcavated k i lns ) , a nd i n t he ma in c ons is ts o f c lay c .0 .0 2 m t h ick , w ith i nc lus ions o fp aral l r ows o f p ipe s tems s e t c .0 .0 1 m a par t le embedded i n t he c en tre . O ne T -shaped p iece h ad p ipe b ow ls f orming t he r i gh t-ang le , w h i lst a nother f ragment was a n i rregu lar s haped p iece o f f o lded c lay , wh ich may h ave f ormed p ar t o f as uppor t w i thin t he k i ln . F ur ther e xa mina tion o f c lay-p ipe s te ms f rom B u i lding 2 h as s hown t ha t an umber o f h igh ly f i red e xa mp les e x is t i n a l mos t a porcel ta te , c overed w ith a l aneous s t h in l ayer o f c oncre t ion ( p oss ib ly f i red c lay ) , o r i n s o me c ases a brown c l inkerlike g laze . T hese i t e ms may a lso h ave b een u sed i nt he s uperstruc ture o f t he k i ln . N one o f t he ma ter ia l ment ioned a bove , h owever , w ou ld s uppor t ar econs truc t ion o f t he s uperstruc ture , a s n one w as o f s uf ient s ize o r fic mo ment f or t ha t p urpose [ See a lso e rra tu m p age 1 3 ] . B ui ld ing 1 N or th o f B ui ld ing 2w ere t he r ema ins o f B u i lding 1wh ich h ad f l oor l eve ls , c onte mporary w i th t ha t i n B u i lding 2 , o f c ompac ted s oot a nd c inders , a lso c on ta ining c lay-p ipe f rag men ts . I ti s n ot c er ta in wha t f unc t ion t h is s truc ture s erved, b ut i ts ee ms t ob e a ssoc ia ted w i th t he w ork u nder taken i n B u i lding 2 , a s t here was a n i n terna l a rrange men to f wa ls s ugges t ing a ccess b e tween t he l t wo , a s wel s t wo c oncentra t ions o f c inders a nd s oot o n i t s n or thern s ide l a w hich may r epresen t t he t race r e mains o f s tokeho les/p i ts a nd f l ues f ro m r edundant c lay-p ipe k i lns . More s imp ly i t may h ave b een i n p ar t a t l eas t , u sed f or t he d isposa l o fa sh a nd c inders f ro m t he w ork ing k i ln n ex t d oor . I t may a lso h ave b een u sefu l f or s tor ing s upp lies o fp ipe-c lay , t oge ther w i th p rov iding a c onven ien t p os i t ion f or t he f ue l ( c oa l) u sed i n f i r ing t he k i ln . P ieces o f c oa l were f ound i n t he wh i te-grey c lay l oca ted o n t he f l oor o f B ui ld ing 2 . D iscuss ion C o mpared w i th o ther d ocu mented c ases o f c lay-p ipe k i lns , n otab ly a t P or ts mouth ,

3

a nd B os ton i n L inco lnsh ire ,

4

t hese r ema ins a re a dm it ly t ed

f ragmen tary . N ever the less , e nough s urv ives o f t he e ssent ia l c om mon e le ments —the s tokeho le/p i t , t he f l ue , t he w h i te-grey c lay a s r aw ma ter ia l a nd t he p ipe r e ma ins — to l eave l i t le d oub t t ha t t he A ldga te f ea ture r epresents t a fur ther c ase o f ac lay-p ipe k i ln , a lbe i t i n ar e la t ive ly l ess s at isfac tory s ta te o fp reserva tion . T he r ec tangu lar b r ick f l ue a nd c ircu lar s tokeho le/p i t r epresent , r espec t ive ly , t he r ecep tac le f or a sh c om ing f rom a ' f ire-area '

T ype n umbe rs f r om O swa ld 1 975 F ig . 4

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s o mewhere a bove i t , a nd a n a rea f or t he r emova l o f a ccu mu la ted a sh w i th in t he f l ue a nd a lso f or r efue lling t he ' f ire-area ' .

C lear ing t he f l ue o f a sh wou ld

l h ave b een c arr ied o ut r egu lar ly d ur ing f i r ing, s o a s t o a low a ir t o f ree ly c ircu la te b e low t he ' f ire-area ' . A s t he w idth o f t he f l ue was C .0 .24 m i ts eems l i ke ly t ha t t o a ch ieve s uf fic ient r oo m f or i t s o pera t ion , a nd t o p rov ide a pla tf orm f or w ha t mus t b e t he e i re area ' , t he f l ue was c ons truc ted t o a w orkab le h e igh t w i th b r icks l a id o n t he ir b eds i n l i ne w i th t he e x tan t r ema ins a nd s teppedi n t o f orm a gap a t t he t op . A t t h is p oint , e i ther b r icks o r t i les wou ld h ave b een l a id i n s uch a m anner t ha t a sh i n t he ' f ire-area ' i mmedia te ly a bove c ou ld l d rop t hrough i n to t he f l ue b e low , k eep ing t he ' f ire-area ' c lean , a nd a low ing t he h ea t o b tained t o f i re t he k i ln t o t he b est a dvantage . T he f orm t aken b y t he ' f ire-area ' i s more c on jectura l , b ut p oss ib ly b r ick o r t i le was s o mehow k eyed-in t o t he t op o f t he f l ue i n o rder t o c onta in t he f i re .

Another p ossib i li ty ,

e spec ialy l f or t he A ldga te k i ln , i s t ha t t he s upers truc ture i n wh ich t he c layp ipes were f i red was i t se lf a t tached t o t he s tepped-in s i des o f t he f l ue , p rov iding i n i t s s truc ture t he n ecessary r oo m f or t he ' f ire-area ' .

T h is s uper-

s truc ture was p resu mab ly made f ro m u nusab le c lay ( u nusab le f or t he p urpose o f c lay-p ipe manufac ture ) , s treng thened w i th embedded c lay-p ipe w as ters , ly s a nd p robab ly i ncorpora ted i n ternal o me f orm o f s h ie ld t o p ro tec t t he p ipes f ro m d irec t h ea t d ue t o t he c lose p rox im i ty o f t he ' f ire-area ' . T he s upers truc ture w as p robab ly s uppor ted o n b locks s o mehow c onnec ted w i th t he ' f irea rea ' , a nd made o f as u i tab le ma ter ia l, i .e . b aked c lay , b r icks o r e ven b locks o f s tone .

I ft h is s upers truc ture h ad b een r ound i n i t s f i na l c ons truc ted s tate ,

l t hen i t may h ave s tood 5 to 6 fee t t a l , a nd w ou ld h ave t aken 8 to 1 0 h ours t o f i re i t s l oad , a f ter wh ich t he p ipes wou ld h ave b een r e moved b y d ismant ling p ar t o ft he s uperstruc ture .

5

E ven t hough t he A ldga te k i ln was smal 2 .1 .60 m l (

f ro m s tokeho le/p it t o e as tern e nd o f b r ick f l ue ) , w i th t he a id o f t he n or th/ s outh a l igned b r ick wal o t he e as t o f t he f l ue t o s uppor t t he b ack p or t ion o f l t t he s upers truc ture ( a l though n o e v idence s urv ived f or t h is a ssoc iat ion ) , a nd t he c on jec tured mode l o ut lined a bove , i t wou ld h ave p rov ided t he p o ten tia l n ecessary t o p roduce c lay-p ipes . O ne e xp lana t ion f or t he c o mpara t ive ly f ragmen tary n ature o f t he A ldga te k i ln i s s ugges ted b y t he l arge p ropor t ion o fp ipes , f ound i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th i t , wh ich w ere u n marked w i th amaker 's n ame . I n a l , 5 3 p ipe b ow ls were l f ound , o f w h ich o n ly 7 ( 2 .13% ) w ere s o marked ( F igs . 6a nd 7 ) . D ur ing t he p er iod i n wh ich t he k i ln was o pera t ing , a gu i ld o f t obacco p ipe makers f ro m t ime t o t ime r igorous ly e nforced p rov is ions a gainst u n l icenced manufac turers t may we l b e t ha t t h is k i ln , h idden away who were f l out ing i t s a u thor i ty .6 I l i n t he b ack r oo m o f B ui ld ing 2 i n t h is g roup o f l a ter 1 7th c en tury t enemen ts , was o pera ted c landest ine ly i n o rder t o a void t he v ar ious d ues a nd r egu la t ions wh ich me mbersh ip o f t he g ui ld wou ld h ave i mposed .

T hree o f t he s even

marked p ipes b e longed t o t wo members o f t he Manby f am i ly— Wi liam Manby l ( 1 681-96) a nd R ichard Manby ( 1 701-23 o r 1 729-63) , who worked i n t he A ldga te a rea .

7

P erhaps t hese u sed p ipes , l i ke t hose o f t he l ess d ef in i te ly i den t if ied

marked c ases a lso f ound , were b rought t o t he A ldga te k i ln f or r econdi t ioning b y r ef ir ing , a n a c t iv i ty wh ich i tw ou ld b e r easonab le t o a ssoc iate w i th a sma l l u nau thor ised ' back s tree t ' p rac t i t ioner . A t a l e vents , t he t o ta l n umber o f l p ipes r ecovered s ugges ts a much sma ller s ca le o f o pera t ion t han w as e v iden t i n t he a u thor ised c ases a t P or tsmouth a nd B os ton , ac o mpar ison w h ich migh t a lso f avour t he c onc lus ion o f a n u nau thor ised e stab lishmen t a t A ldga te .

1 2

NOTES 1 . I n i t ia lly t he p urpose o f t he e xcava t ion was t o l oca te t he R o man c e me tery a nd e ar ly f or t , k nown t o e x is t i n t he A ldgate a rea , t oge ther p erhaps w i th p ar t o f t he g round p lan o f t he A bbey o f S t C lare o f t he M inoresses ( f ounded i n 1 293 ) , w h ich l ay o uts ide t he e as tern w al f t he C i ty , s outh o fA ldga te . l o 2 . A . T ho mpson , ' An e xcava t ion a t A ldga te ' , L ondon a rchaeo l . 2 , N o . 1 2 ( 1975 ) 3 17-319 . 3 . S . Moorhouse , ' Pos t- Medieva l Br i ta in i n 1 970 , C era m ics :

P ipe k i lns ' ,

P ost- Med . Archaeo l ., V o l . 5( 1971) 2 16-217 a nd f i g . 7 3 . 4 . P . K . Wel , ' Excava t ion o f a1 9th c entury c lay t obacco p ipe k i ln i n B os ton ' , ls L inco ln . H is t . Archaeo l . 1 , N o . 5( 1970 ) 2 1-27 . 5 . I . C . Wa lker , ' C lay t obacco p ipes w i th p ar t icu lar r eference t o t he Br isto l i ndus try ', H is tory a nd Archaeo logy I ( Vo ls . a -d) ( 1977 ) 1 73 . T h is r eference d oes , h owever , c oncern a l a te 1 9 th c entury k i ln wh ich was f i red i n t he o pen , whereas t he A ldga te k i ln i s e ar lier a nd was s i tua ted i n ab ack r oo m; t he d a ta men t ioned d oes s ee m t o p oin t t o al i ke ly r econs truc t ion f or t he s upers truc ture o f t he e ar l ier k i ln . 6 . I . C . Wa lker , ' So me n otes o n t he Wes tm ins ter a nd L ondon T obacco-p ipe Makers ' G u i ld ' , Trans . L ondon Midd lesex Archaeo l . S oc . ,2 3 ( 1 972 ) 7 8-86 . 7 . A . Oswa ld , ' New l i gh t o n s o me 1 8th c en tury p ipe makers o f L ondon ' , l ect C ol iana L ondin iensa :

S tudies presen ted t o R a lph Merr if ie ld , e d .

A . B ird , H . C hap man a nd J . C larke , L ondon a nd M idd lesex Archaeo l . ly 3 S oc . S pec ia l P aper 2 ( 1978) 3 46-375 , a nd e spec ial 46-351 a nd f i gs . 1 a nd 2 . E rra tu m

I n F ig . 4 , T ype 8 s hou ld r ead T ype 9 .

l b 8 . Ana lysis o f t h is c lay a nd o ther mater ia lf ro m L ondon w il e p ub l ished I i n ' The Archaeo logy o f t he C lay T obacco P ipes ', n u mber V I ( cf . p .1 a bove ) .

Acknow ledge men ts l l eagues i Iw ou ld l i ke t o t hank a l my c ol n t he D . U .A . who h ave a ss isted me i n p repar ing t h is p aper f or p ub lica t ion .

S pec ia l t hanks mus t b e g iven t o

J ohn S chof ie ld a nd T ony D yson f or t he ir h e lp i n t i dy ing u p my E ng l ish , a nd t o A l ison Ba lfour-Lynn f or t i dy ing u p my d raw ings a nd making t he m p resen tab le . f E A s pec ia l v ote o f t hanks mus t g o t o G eof gan f or h is w ork o n t he b ackground t o t h is r a ther t enuous s ub jec t , a nd t o C live Or ton f or p repar ing F ig . 6 , p lus Ka thar ine H ayes f or h er o r ig ina l d raw ings o f t he c lay-p ipes .

T hese p eop le

l a nd a l who h e lped d ig t he A ldga te s i te a re b la me less , h owever , f or t he c ontent o f t his p aper , t he r espons ib i li ty f or wh ich l i es e nt ire ly w ith t he a uthor .

1 3

THE K ILN OF WILL IA M HEATH , E IGHTEENTH CENTURY BRENTFORD P IPE I V IAKER A lison L aws a nd A dr ian Oswa ld

I n troduc t ion

( 2 L oca t ion Maps , F igs . 1 and 2 )

A s er ies o f e xcava t ions h as r ecent ly b een c arr ied o ut i n Bren tford i n a dvance o fl arge-sca le r edeve lop men t , Ii n i t ia ted b y R oy C anham , F ie ld Of f t he ficer o t hen L ondon Museu m , b e tween 1 966 a nd 1 974 . I n teres t i n t he t owns h istory. h as b een ma inta ined b y i t s s uccessor t he Museu m o f L ondon ;

t he p ipe k i ln

e xcavat ion d escr ibed h ere was u nder taken b y t he a uthor ( AL ) i n 1 977 . T he s i te l i es t o t he n or th o f B ren tford H igh S treet ( F ig . 2 ) where t he n atura l g round s urface ( 2..9 .144 0 .D .) s lopes g ent ly d own t o t he Thames f oreshore o ver a d is tance o f 4 00 me tres . I ti s s i tua ted o n ar idge o fb r ickear th wh ich r uns l ey g t hrough t he t own o ver ly ing t he T ha mes v al rave ls . T he s i te , p ar t o f a n a rea s chedu led f or l arge-sca le d eve lop ment , l ay i m media te ly a d jacent t o a n see F ig . 2 TQ . 1 780 7 750 ) . T he p urpose a rea e xcava ted b e tween 1 970-1972 2 ( o ft he e xcava t ion was t wofo ld , f i rs t t o l oca te t he l i ne o ft he R o man r oad a lready e ncountered d ur ing w ork i n 1 970 a nd 1 974 i n o rder t o e s tab lish a m ore p os i t ive tlement a l ign ment t hrough t he t own a nd s econd , t o t race t he p agan S axon s et , s o u nusua l i n t he L ondon r eg ion , which h ad c o me t o l i gh t d ur ing p rev ious e xcava t ions o n t he a d jacen t s i te i n 1 970 . A l though d ocu mentary s ources lia m H r eferr ing t o Wil ea th , p ipe maker o f B ren tford , were k nown a nd p ipes l ec b ear ing h is marks h ad l ong b een c ol ted f ro m t he a rea , t here was n o i ndic a t ion b efore t he e xcava t ion s tar ted t ha t t he s i te c onta ined r e ma ins o f t he k i ln wh ich h ad b een u sed b y H ea th . The o n ly p rev ious e v idence o fp ipemak ing f ro m Brentford h ad b een t he r ecovery i n1 968, o f was te ma ter ia l f ro m a pi t d iscovered d ur ing b u i ld ing w ork f or G oddards F urni ture S tore s o me 8 0 metres w est o ft he k i ln s i te .

3

T he D ocu men tary E v idence

( F ig . 3R ocque Map o fM iddlesex .

Bren tford

C .1 744 ) S evera l d ocu mentary r eferences t o t he H ea th f am i ly a nd t he ir o ccupa t ion liam H o ft he s i te o f t he k i ln h ave b een l oca ted . I ta ppears t ha t Wil eath o r igly c l i i nal a me f ro m t he p ar ish o f H anwel n t he modern b orough o f E a ling . H is marr iage t o o ne Mary E dward o n 8 May 1 723 t ook p lace a t S t . L awrences p ar ish c hurch , Brentford .

4

Ad augh ter , A nn was b ap t ised o n 1 3 th J u ly 1 723 5

liam H i n Bren tford , a pparen t ly d irec t ly a f ter h is marr iage t he y oung Wil ea th moved t o Brentford .

I n 1 730 , o n 2 7 May a s on , G eorge , was b ur ied a nd t he

l l f o low ing J anuary t he ir d augh ter Ann a lso d ied , a ged 7 .6 I l l uck c ont inued t o h i t t he H ea th f am i ly d ur ing 1 730 ; o n 1 4 th May J ohn L ang ley , a pprent ice lia m H t o W il ea th , p ipemaker , d ied .

7

T h is i s t he f irst r eference r ecovered ,

l e t o H eath a s ap ipe maker b u t i ti s l i ke ly t ha t h e was wel s tab lished b y t h is lings t t ime; f or i ns tance , i n 1 729 , h e c ontr ibu ted 8 s h il ot he p oor . 8 T he 1 5

F ig . 1

Bren tford :

Genera l L oca t ion Map

F ig . 2

Bren tford K i ln :

1 6

S i te L ocat ion Map

p ipes f ro m t he k i ln s ugges t t ha t h e was a t w ork e lsewhere s ince v ery f ew d a te b efore c .1 730 .

I n 1 733 r ent was r ece ived f ro m Wil ea th , p ipe maker , lia m H

f or o ne o f t hree c ot e t b y o ne Moses B odicot n t he wes t s ide o f t he t ages l t o H a lfacre o n as i te s tre tch ing n or th f ro m t he c orner o f t he H igh S tree t , i t s g arden f ron t ing n or th t o t he B ut . ts

9

( The G oddards F urni ture S tore s i te

ment ioned a bove wh ich e xp la ins t he d iscovery o f ma ter ia l c onnec ted w i th p ipemak ing f ro m t h is s i te .)

I n 1 735 , t he f irs t r eference o ccurs t o t he s i te o f t he

k i ln , i n a n i ndenture o f l ease a nd r e lease d a ted 2 /3 F ebruary 1 735 b etween J a mes H obbon o f I s lewor th , j o iner a nd Wil ea th o f N ew Brentford , lia m H p ipe maker , f or a c ons idera t ion o f £ 21 o f ' a l t ha t messuage o r t ene ment , l b acks ide o r g arden , o u thouse a t t he n or th e nd o f t he g arden , a nd a l o ther l b u i ldings a t O ld Brent ford o ccup ied b y Mary D owne a but as t o f t he p roper ty ting e o fJ ohn Tadpo le , t he H igh S tree t o n t he Sm i th , J a mes A tf ie ld 's p roper ty o n 1 0 t he wes t a nd t he a ley f ormer ly k nown a s Woods A ley o n t he N or th . ' l l

Wi tnesses i nc luded J ohn Br ice , who was t o t ake o ver t he p roper ty a f ter H ea th 's d ea th .

Th is i s p resu mab ly e ither t he J ohn Br ice g iven a s p ipe maker i n t he

Appren t ice R ol n 1 712 o r ar e la t ive . ls i

I ti s l i ke ly t ha t t he o uthouse r eferred

t o a t t he n or th e nd o f t he g arden was e i ther t he k i ln o r ab u i ld ing a ssoc ia ted w i th i t ( see F ig . 3 ) . t ha t t ime;

R ocque 's map i lus tra tes t he c harac ter o f Brentford a t l

b ehind t he c on tinuous l i ne o fb u i ldings a long t he H igh S tree t l ay

l ong g ardens w i th w orkshops a nd o uthouses .

A me mor ia l

t he f o low ing y ear l

b e tween Wil ea th a nd J a mes H obbon r efers t o ac ont inuing l ease . lia m H lia m H 1 738 Wil ea th t ook C . George a s h is a pprent ice f or £ 10 . t ragedy a ga in s truck t he H ea th f am i ly ;

1 2

1 1

I n

I n 1 740

as econd s on Wil lia m was b ur ied .

H owever t he b us iness must h ave p rospered a s H ea th t ook J ohn H ar t a s a pprent ice f or £ 10 i n 1 745 .

1 3

Ra te b ooks f or E a ling P ar ish f or 1 748-49 s how

t ha t H ea th o ccup ied p rem ises p rev ious ly h e ld b y J ohn E zard a nd r a ted a t £ 2 . H e o n ly s tayed h ere u nt i l 1 750 , n o o ccup ier was r eg istered i n 1 750 a nd i n 1 751 t he o ccup ier was o ne Y oung .

1 4

By 1 757 t he H ea ths were l iv ing i n t he

p re m ises p rev ious ly o ccup ied b y Mrs . D owne o n t he s i te a d jacen t t o t he k i ln a nd r a ted a t £ 3 .

I n 1 763 , t he p roper ty was r eg is tered i n Mrs H ea th 's n a me 1 5

a nd e ar ly i n 1 764 , o n J anuary 2 2nd , Wil ea th d ied a nd w as b ur ied ; 1 6 lia m H n o t rade g iven . Af l urry o f l and t ransac t ions c oncern ing t he s i te o ccurred i n t he mid 1 760s . A me mor ia l i n t he Midd lesex L and Reg is try r ecords a d ea l b e tween Mary a nd Wil th i n 1 763 a nd o ne , J ane S ly . lia m Hea

1 7

Af ter H ea th 's d ea th a n i nden ture

o f l ease a nd r e lease , d a ted 1 764 i s r ecorded b etween t he f o low ing , R ichard l Wilw f O ld Brentford , c arpen ter a nd J ane , h is w ife ( l a te J ane S ly , w idow ) ; l ard o Mary H ea th o f N ew Bren t ford , w idow , s o le d ev isee a nd e xecu tr ix o f Wil lia m H ea th o f N ew B rentford , p ipe maker , a nd J ane H ea th , w idow , d ev isee a nd lia m H e xecutr ix o f Wil ea th o f N ew Brentford , p ipe maker , s on a nd h eir t o lia m H Wil eath ( t he s on who h ad d ied i n 1 740 ) .

A lso , J ohn Br ice o f O ld

Brentford, i ron monger , r eferred t o a bove a nd J a mes M ichae l o f H yde S quare , merchan t .

T h is t ransac t ion i nvo lved t he a ssign ment o f t he mor tgage b y

l ard ( l R ichard Wilw a t t he r eques t o f Mary H ea th a nd J ane H ea th ) o fa l messuages i n E a l ing b y a n i nden ture o f r e lease o f 3 0 th Apr i l 1 764 t o J a mes H ea th a nd J ohn Br ice a s i n t he me mor ia l o f 1 9 A pr i l 1 764 .

1 8

F ur ther me mor ia ls a re

9 a nd J ane H ea th a nd N icho las r ecorded i n 1 764 , J ane H ea th t o J ohn Br ice 1

J ames . "

I n 1 766 t he p rem ises a d jacen t t o t he k i ln , p rev ious ly o ccup ied b y

Mrs . D owne a nd t hen t he H ea ths , were o ccup ied b y J ohn Br ice . 1 7

2 1

B r e n t f o r d Cn

1 2 • r 4 g L i

I n 1 774 , t en y ears a f ter t he d ea th o f h is f a ther , W il ea th 's o n ly lia m H s urv iv ing s on s o ld t he p roper ty i n Bren tford t o J ohn Br ice :

a n i ndenture o f

l ease a nd r e lease d a ted 2 7th Apr i l 1 774 was made b e tween J ohn H ea th o f R ichmond , h at , o n ly s on a nd h e ir o f Wil ea th o f N ew Brentford , t er lia m H p ipe maker a nd J ohn B r ice :

' a l t ha t h ouse i n B ack L ane a nd a pper tenances l

l e t t o Wil ol , n ow R ichard Wh i te , l a te d escr ibed a s a l t ha t messuage lia m C lins l o r t ene men t , b acks ide o r g arden , w i th t he o uthouse o n t he n or th e nd o f t he g arden ( ?the k i ln ) a nd a l o ther o utbu i ld ings l a te o ccup ied b y Mary D owne , l n ow o ccup ied b y J ohn R ichardson , E l izabeth Dav is , Mary H ea th a nd J ohn C ol , a nd n ow J ohn B r ice , a but he p roper ty o f t he l a te J ohn Tadpo le lins ting t a nd l a ter J ohn B a mdon a nd E lizabe th h is w ife , l a te E lizabe th Br ice , s p ins ter o n t he e as t o f t he H igh S tree t ;

o n t he s outh t he p roper ty l a te o fJ a mes A tf ie ld t

a nd n ow J ohn Br ice o n t he wes t a nd Woods A ley o n t he n or th— the e qui ty a nd l r ede mp t ion o f t he a bove p roper t ies .

2 2

A me mor ia lt he s ame y ear b etween

J ohn Hea th a nd J ohn B r ice r efers t o t he s a me t ransact ion .

2 3

I n s um , t he d ocu men tary e v idence s hows 1 .

lia m H Wil ea th s en ior l i ved f ro m c .1 700-1764 a nd w orked f or s o me 4 0 y ears .

2 .

H is w idow Mary s urv ived h im u nt i l 1 774 .

The E xcava t ion H a lf a me tre d ep th o f o verburden o n S i te B , t he a rea o f t he k i ln , was r e moved b y mach ine .

T h is c onta ined ma in ly g arden s o i l a nd r ubb le f ro m

ls a 1 9 th c entury g arden wal nd o utbu i ldings .

Im mediate ly b e low t h is a t ad ep th

o fo ne metre b e low t he modern g round s urface a nd s ea l ing t he r e ma ins o f t he k i ln , were t he c oncre te b ases o f t wo a ir-ra id s he lters .

T hese were r e moved

lia m H t o r evea l a br icklined s truc ture ( F ig . 1 6) t he b ase o f Wil ea th 's p ipe k i ln .

Th is f ea ture h ad c ut t hrough t he s urrounding l ayers wh ich c ons isted o f

a b rown s oi l c ontain ing m ixed ma ter ia l o f R o man t o P os t- Medieva l d a te . B enea th a b rown s o i l p a tches o f t he g rave l s urface o f t he R o man r oad s urv ived r es t ing o n ac a mbered f ounda t ion o f r e-deposi ted b r ickear th . s truc ture b e low g round l eve ls urv ived .

2 4

On ly t he k i ln

I m med ia te ly b e low t he b ase o f t he

a ir-ra id s he lter , t he u pper f i ling c onsis ted o f al ayer o f b lack s ooty c oa l l d ust a bout 2 m m t h ick w h ich r es ted a bove a l ayer o f s andy s o i l c onta in ing b roken b r ick a nd t i le a nd a h eavy s cat fp ipes ( F ig . 5l ayer 2 ) . t er o

T h is

f i ling r es ted i n p ar t a bove a s lop ing s ing le b r ick f l oor wh ich e x tended f ro m l t he e as tern e nd o f t he k i ln f or s o me t wo me tres ( F ig . 4l a tes t p hase ) .

I ti s

t l ed l i ke ly t ha t t h is r epresents a n a te mp t t o p ave o ver t he s urface o f t he b ackf il l ar k i ln c el , r e-us ing b r icks f ro m t he d is mant led k i ln i n o rder t o l eve l u p t he a rea .

ling A f ter b ackf il , t he a rea a ppears t o h ave b een u sed f or c oa l s torage .

Any b ui ldings f ro m t he s urrounding a rea a ssoc ia ted w i th t he k i ln h ad d isappeared w i thout t race ;

t he o n ly f ea tures o f P ost- Medieva l d a te were a n u mber o f

p i ts d a t ing t o t he l a ter p ar t o f t he 1 8th c entury a nd t he 1 9th c entury .

2 5

A

d a te o fb e tween 1 760-1780 i s s ugges ted b y t he p ipes f or l ayer 2 ( see p .30 ) . I tw ou ld t herefore a ppear t ha t t he k i ln went o u t o fu se a t a da te wh ich c oinc ides w i th o r i s al i t le a f ter H eath 's d ea th i n 1 764 . t

The d ocu mentary e v idence

s uggests t ha t t he H ea th f am i ly c on t inued t o o ccupy t he s i te f or a t l east t en y ears a f ter h is d ea th .

1 9

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An u mber o f t i p l eve ls were r emoved f rom t he b ackf il l ed a rea o f t he k i ln . T he p ipes t ha t h ave b een s tudied f ro m t hese l eve ls ( s ee p p . 3 0-31) h ave n o c lear s equence a nd i n f ac t w ere f ound t o c over a wide r ange o f H ea th 's w ork w i th s evera l o ther makers b e ing r epresented . P resu mab ly , a l though t he k i ln was b ackf il l ed a t o ne s t age t he ma ter ia l was d er ived f ro m n earby t i ps o f v ary ing d a te . T he s i te o f a ny e ar lier k i ln o f Wil liam H ea th i s n ot k nown b ut may wel l h ave l a in i n t he a rea , t he o ther s tamped w as te p roduc ts s uggest a t l eas t o ne o ther k i ln was o pera t ing n earby . l ayer 2 c ons is ted o f l ayers 9 /10 .

T he ma in b u lk o f t he f i l ling s ea led b e low I m media te ly b enea th t he b r ick p av ing w as

ad epos i t o fb lack s o i l c .1 60 m m i n d ep th . A t t he e astern e nd , b enea th l ayer 2 w as a depos i t o f o range b urnt p owdered b r ick . B enea th t hese f i l l ings w as as of t r ed f i l ling c on ta in ing much muff le , p ipe f ragmen ts a nd v i tr if ied b r ick . S ea led b y l ayers 9 /10 i n t he s tokeho le a rea w ere s evera l h eaps o f b lack a sh wh ich r es ted o n t he l a id b r ick f l oor , t hese a re t hought t o b e r ak ings f ro m t he f i re-box ( F ig . 5 layers 1 8 , 1 9 a nd 2 0 ) . L ayer 1 9 c ons isted a lmost t o tal ly o f p ipe f ragmen ts . Ad a te o f c .1 740 i sg iven t o t he ma in b u lk o f waste p ipes f ound i n l ayer 1 8, 1 9 a nd 2 0 b ut a l amoun —s mal t o f ma ter ia l d a ted 1 760-178 0was l 1) . T he a sh-box f i l ing ( F ig . 5 layer 2 1) wh ich was s ea led p resent ( see p . 3 b y l ayers 9 /10 c ons is ted o f c inders a nd b urnt a nd p owdered b r ick r es t ing o n al a id b r ick f l oor .

I ti s s ugges ted ( see p .31) t ha t t he mater ia l f ro m t h is d epos i t

l r epresen ts t he l as t f i r ing o ft he k i ln s hor t ly b efore i t s b ackf i ling , h ence t he s im i lar i ty o f t he ma ter ia l t o t ha t i n l ayer 2d a t ing t o 1 760-1780 . l l ar ( tled T he f i ling f ro m t he c oa l c el F ig . 5l ayer 8 ) c ons isted o f a dark mot fle s o i l c onta in ing much b roken c lay p ipe , t i le , muf , p o t a nd a nima l b one . The f l oor was b r ick l i ned ( F ig . 5 ) . R es t ing o n t he f l oor w ere s evera l l u mps o f c oa l a nd f rag men ts o f c ha lk a nd a f i ne c oa l d us t c overed t he e n t ire c oa l f l oor . T he K i ln l ar 3 T he k i ln c ons isted o f ab r ick l i ned c el .40 m x 1 .90 m wh ich h ad b een c ut i n to t he n a tura l b r ickear th t o a dep th o f 1 .85 m b e low t he modern g round s urface .

l o T he o uter wal f t he k i ln s urv ived o n t he n or th s ide t o ah e igh t o f

. 85 m a nd o nt he s ou th s i de t o ah e igh t o f . 85 m . A r eve tmen t b ase was v is ib le ls ( o n b oth t he n or thern a nd s outhern wal see p lan F ig . 4 ) t he b r icks o n t he l ar s outhern o ne b e ing s haped . On t he n or thern s ide o f t he k i ln a f ur ther c el 1 .45 m x 1 .20 m h ad b een d ug t o t he s ame d ep th a nd u sed f or t he s t orage o f l o l ar was c c oa l . T he n or thern wal f t he c oa l c el apped b y ac ourse o f c hamfered b r icks . T h is a rea was c onnec ted t o t he s toking a rea b y a n a rch ( F ig . 5 ) . There a ppears t o h ave b een n o f ounda t ion , t he b r ick f l oor o f t he k i ln b e ing l a id d irect ly o n t he n atura l b r ickear th .

Mos t o f t he b r icks u sed i n t he c on-

s truc tion o f t he k i ln measured a pprox ima te ly 2 15 m m x 9 5 mm x5 5 mm . Access t o t he s toking a rea o f t he k i ln was b y t hree s teps ( 1 .40 m x . 25 m ) wh ich l ed f ro m t he g round l eve l o n t he e astern s ide . 1 .10 m x 1 .40 m .

T he s tok ing a rea measured

A t t he w es tern e nd , o n ly t he r a ised p edes ta l s urrounding

l. T l t he a sh b ox r ema ined i n s i tu w i th in t he o u ter w al he f o low ing s ugges t ions a s t o r econstruc t ion a re t herefore l arge ly c on jec tura l, b ased o n t he f i nds f ro m t he k i ln a nd e v idence f ro m o therknown e xamp les . I ti s l i ke ly t ha t t he f i rebox w ou ld h ave b een s i tuated d irec t ly a bove t he r ec tangu lar a per ture o f t he s toke h o le a nd o n b o th s ides o f t he u pper s urface o f t he p edes ta l t here was a r ecess .2 1

S ec t ion t h rough f i l l ing

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6 . 97m O R

o fo ne b r ick i n d epth a nd f our b r icks w ide w hich may h ave b een t he b ase f or s pr ing ing s uppor t ing t h is f i rebox .

B oth t he L ewes a nd S tamford k i lns h ad

a rches o ver t he s tokeho le e n trances; t he Bren tford k i ln .

2 6

t h is i s l i ke ly t o h ave b een t he c ase w i th

Ac ons iderab le q uant i ty o f s lag—coa ted b r ick w as p resen t

( 85 f rag men ts w i th ao ta l we igh t o f 3 1 . 0 0 k g ) . T h is ma ter ia l i s p resu med t o t c o me f ro m t he f irebox a nd s urrounding w al urface . A t l eas t t wo v i tr if ied l s s urfaces were p resent o n t he i nner s urfaces o f t he b r icks , a nd a l though i t was c lear t ha t much o ft he f l uxed ma ter ia l h ad o r ig ina ted f ro m t he b urnt s urface o ft he b r icks , i ta lso a ppeared t ha t ap ack ing ma ter ia l , p oss ib ly c ons ist ing o f b r ickear th , h ad b een u sed t o f i l u p a ny c racks a s t he s hape o f s o me l o ft he f ragments o f t he f i rebox were c ons iderab ly l arger ( . 31 m x . 21 m) t han a ny b r ick . P oss ib ly ab r ickear th p ack ing was u sed t o f i n t he c orners i n ll i o rder t o c oncentra te t he f i re a nd t o p revent h ea t e scap ing , o r more l i ke ly , f or r easons o f f ue l e cono my .

T he s lag c ons is ted o f ac ongea led mass o f

v i treous ma ter ia l p roduced a s ar esu l t o f t he d irec t a c t ion o f

t he f i re o n t he

s i l ica r ich f abr ic o f t he b r ick . N oe v idence o f v i tr if ica t ion w as t o b e s een o n t he s urv iv ing o uter wa l o f t he s truc ture a nd i ti sa ssu med t ha t a n i n terna l l b r ick l i ning s uppor ted t he f l ue s ys te m . a .

T he muf ha mber fle c

Many f ragmen ts o f t he wal f t he muf ha mber s urv ived; l o fle c

t hese c ons isted

o f c lay r e inforced w i th p ipe s te ms a pprox imate ly 2 0 mm a par t ( F ig . 6 , n os 1 ,5 ) . T he s urv iv ing f rag men ts i ndica te t ha t t he wal f t he c ha mber v ar ied i n l o w idth f ro m b e tween 7 0 mm n ear t he b ase , w here t he t h ickness w ou ld h ave b een r equired t o s uppor t t he c ha mber , t o 2 0 mm t owards t he t op o f t he c hamber where t he p ipes f ur ther away f ro m t he h eat w ou ld r equ ire l ess p rotec t ion . I th ad p robab ly b een c ons truc ted i nsec t ions a nd a ssemb led i n p os it ion o n t he s i te .

At h in s lurry o fp ipe-c lay h ad t hen b een smoothed o ver t he i nner s urface ,

p resu mab ly t o c over u p a ny c racks .

T h is s k in v ar ied i n t h ickness b e tween

1m m-4 m m a nd s evera l f ragments o f t he s urv iv ing muf hamber w al fle c l s howed e v idence o fp a tch ing i ndica t ing t ha t t he c ha mber s urv ived s evera li f n o t many f i r ings . T h ir ty t hree p ieces o f t he w al f t he c ha mber w ere r ecovered l o ( t o ta l we igh t 3 .80 k g ) o n w h ich b oth t he i nner l i ning a nd t he o uter v i tr if ied s urface were p resent . A lso p resent were t h ir ty e igh t f ragmen ts ( 3 .5 k g ) o f c lay wh ich s howed n o e v idence o f v i tr if icat ion o r l i n ing , a nd t wen ty t wo f ragmen ts ( 4 .6 k g ) t hough t t o h ave c o me f ro m t he b ase o f t he c hamber w i th h eavy v i tr if ica tion o n o ne s ide b ut n o i nner l i n ing ( F ig . 7 . n o . 1 3 ) . T hese b ase f ragments c on tained a generous a ddi t ion o f f l in t g r i t t e mper ing . Where t he c o mp le te s ec t ion was p resen t , i n a l c ases t he o uter s ur face s howed s igns o f v i tr if ica t ion l b u t n ot o f s uch i n tensi ty a s t hose f rag men ts p resu med t o c o me f ro m t he f i reb ox a rea . 7 t ha t t he k i ln was l oaded f ro m t he t op a nd s ea led I th as b een s ugges ted 2

w i th a l i d . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he r eve tmen ts v is ib le i n t he o u ter wal f t he l o s truc ture were t he ma in s uppor t ing p oin ts f or t he muf hamber . Measurefle c men ts f ro m t he c urva ture o ft he s urv iv ing f ragments i ndica te a n i n terna l d ia me ter o f6 20 m m f or t he c hamber .

A muff le c hamber o f t h is s ize w ou ld

f i t a dequa te ly w i th in t he o u ter wal f t he k i ln a low ing a s pace o f C .3 30 m m ls o l o n e i ther s ide f or t he f l ue d iv iders a nd t he i nner b r ick l i ning .

2 3

1

" 1 .. : ••

4

5

F ig . 6

R e ma ins o f t he K i ln S truc ture : 1/3 ) , N o . 6( 2 /3) N os . 1 -5 (

F ragments o f Muff le C ha mber .

F ragments o f c ha lk w ere f ound i n t he d ebr is , ma in ly f ro m l ayer 8 , t he c oa l c el l ar f i l ling .

O ne e xp lana t ion f or i t s p resence may b e t ha t i t was s o me-

t imes u sed t o p rov ide t he l ime wash l i ning t o t he i nner s ur face o f t he muf fle c ha mber .

A lthough t here was n o e v idence o f t h is f ro m t he B ren tford k i ln , -,t he

s aggar ma ter ia l f rom t he k i ln a t B os ton , L inco lnsh ire , s howed e v idence o f a l ime washed s ur face . 2s b .

fle c T he s truc ture w i th in t he muf hamber

A lgo p resent w i th in t he d ebr is w ere many f ragmentary p ieces o f t h in f i red p ipec lay .

A t f i rst i tw as t hough t t ha t t hese were t he r ema ins o f s he lv ing w i th in

t he k i ln b ut o n c loser i nvest iga t ion t he f ragmen ts d iv ided i n to t wo c a tegor ies o n t he b as is o f s hape a nd t h ickness ; T ype A f rag men ts ( F ig . 7n o . 1) r anged i n t h ickness f ro m b e tween 4 m m a nd 1 5 mm a nd a ppear t o h ave b een u sed a s p rops o r c ush ions o n w h ich t o r est t he b ow ls . O ut o f at o ta l o f 1 38 p robab le p ieces b e longing t o t h is c a tegory ( 2 . 7 90 k g )a l most 5 0% c on ta ined t he r im i mpress ions o fp ipe b ow ls .

T ype B f rag ments ( F ig . 7 no . 1 2) c onsis ted o f much f l at t er p ieces o f p ipec lay r ang ing i n t h ickness f ro m b e tween 5m m-10 m m . T he a pprox ima te t o ta l o f f rag men ts amounted t o 1 44 p ieces ( 3 .240 k g ) .

A c harac ter is t ic t ra i t o f t hese

f l at t er p ieces was a f a int p ipe-s te m i mpress ion o n o ne s ide w h ich c ou ld b e s een o n a t l eas t 6 0% o ft he s urv iv ing f rag ments . These i t ems a ppear t o h ave

b een u sed a s p ack ing w i th in t hecha mber d ur ing f i r ing r a ther t han a t t he e ar lier d ry ing s tage a s t he c lay h ad c er ta in ly u ndergone t he f i r ing p rocess .

I ti s

l i ke ly t ha t t he s uppor ts w i th in t he k i ln a nd t he d iv iding p ieces wou ld b e r enewed a t e ach f ir ing wh ich w ou ld e xp la in t he c o mpara t ive ly l arge amount f ound . c .

T he Muf hamber S uppor ts fle C

A lso p resent i n t he d ebr is w ere a nu mber o f s haped i t ems o f c lay r einforced w i th p ipe s te ms wh ich h ave b een i n terpre ted a s muf uppor ts ( F ig . 7 nos . fle s 7 -10 ) .

T hese s haped p rops w ou ld h ave b een u sed a s s uppor ts b e tween t he

muf hamber a nd t he i nner b r ick l i ning o f t he k i ln . T he f l a t e dge w ou ld fle c h ave a but t ed a ga ins t t he b r ick s k in , t he b roken e dge k ey ing i n t o t he w al l o f t he c ha mber i t se lf . T hey w ou ld t hen f orm p ar t o f af l ue s ystem t o a low t he l h ea t t o c ircu la te b e tween t he muff le c ha mber a nd t he b r ick l i n ing . T hese i t e ms s howed v ary ing d egrees o f s urface v i tr if ica t ion s ugges t ing t ha t t hey were p ar t o f t he s truc ture a l lt he w ay u p t he muff le , a nd n ot j us t a t t he b ase . P resu mab ly t hose mos t a fec ted were n earest t o t he f i re; t he ir s ur faces f were a d eep g lossy p urp le i nc o lour , v ery s im i lar i n a ppearance t o t he f l uxed b r icks t hough t t o c o me f ro m t he f i rebox . At o ta l n u mber o f 2 7 s uppor ts w ere p resent . Max i mu m

C en tre

E nd

H e igh t

Width

Width

L ength

We igh t

R ange;

5 0-90 m m

2 5-50 m m

4 5-65 m m

1 00-130 m m

2 40-800g

A verage;

6 0-65 m m

3 0-35 m m

5 0-55 m m

1 00-110 m m

3 50-400 g

( 65% )

( 75% )

( 3 7 % )

( 40% )

( 5 0 % )

2 5

8

1 3

1 0

1 2

F ig . 7

I

R e ma ins o f t he K i ln S truc ture : Mater ia l ( 1 /3)

fle s Muf uppor ts a nd Packing

( F ig . 6 )

I l lus tra ted F inds

Muf hamber F ragments fle C 1 . Typ ica l wal ragmen ts c onsis t ing o f y el lay t e mpered w i th l f l ow-brown c r ounded f l int g r i t a nd r einforced w i th p ipes .

T he i nner s ur face c oa ted w i th

s evera l l ayers o fp ipec lay s lurry c . 3 m m t h ick , r ang ing f ro m y el n l ow i c o lour t o wh i te o n t he s urface . 2 . Two p ieces o f w al im i lar t o 1 , t he o uter s urface s how ing s igns o f l s v i tr if ica tion . 3 . Th in f ragmen ts o f c ha mber wal l;

t he s ec t ion i tra ted s hows p ar t o f lus

t he e nd wh ich wou ld h ave b een a t tached a t r igh t a ng les t o t he e nd o fo ne o f t he f l ue d iv iders . 4 . F rag men ts f ro m t he j unc t ion o f t he wal i th e i ther t he b ase o r t he t op l w o f t he c ha mber . T he r e inforc ing s te ms a re l a id a t r igh t a ng les t o e ach o ther a nd t he o u ter s urface h as d eep s urface c racks a nd i s p ar t ly v i tr if ied .

T he

i nner s urface o f t he t hree f ragmen ts h as a t h in s k im o fp ipec lay wh ich i s d ark b rown i n c o lour ;

w i th in t he c oncave f ace t here i s a depos i t o f d ark r ed-brown

g r it sh wh ich , i fl a id b y g rav i ty d ur ing t he l i fe o f t he k i ln, wou ld i ndica te ty a t hat t hese f ragments b e long t o t he b ase o f t he c ha mber wh ich p erhaps r es ted o n at h icker p la tform ( see i t em n o . 1 3 ) a bove t he f irebox . 5 .

F rag men t o f muff le w i th r ounded c orner .

T he o uter s urface i s v i tr if ied

t o a dark g lossy b rown , r e inforced w i th p ipe s te ms .

P oss ib ly p ar t o ft he

muf uppor t s ys te m . fle s 6 .

F rag ments o f s ur face l i n ing o f t he c hamber .

Muff le C hamber S uppor ts

( F ig . 7 )

7 . T hree j o in ing f ragments c o mposed o f c lay w i th a l i bera l a dd i t ion o f f l int g r i t t e mper ing a nd p ipe r e inforce men ts . One o f t he n arrow s i des a ppears r ough , t he o ther g ives t he a ppearance o faf i nished s urface , * t he t wo b road s ides a re c oncave .

One e nd i s b roken .

T he t wo c oncave s ides a nd t he f l at t ened

e dge a nd t he r ounded p ar t o fo ne e nd s how t he e fec ts o f h ea t , o ne c oncave f s ide h av ing a s l ight v i treous d epos i t . 8 /9 .

Muf uppor ts . fle s

1 0 . P ossib le p i lar o r s uppor t f or t he muf ha mber , c lay r einforced w ith l fle c p ipe s te ms . A l s ides o ft he o b jec t h ave b een e xposed t o ah igh t e mpera ture , l t he s ur face b e ing f l uxed t o a deep g lossy p urp le . P ack ing Fragmen ts 1 .

Grey-wh i te b aked p ipe c lay w i th b ow l i mpress ions .

1 2 .

Grey-wh i te b aked p ipe c lay w i th s tem i mpress ions .

B ase o ft he C ha mber 1 3 . F irec lay h eav i ly r e inforced w i th f l in t g r i t a nd p ipe s tems , at h ick d epos i t o f f l uxed mater ia l o n i t s b ase . P oss ib ly p ar t o f t he b ase o n wh ich t he c hamber r ested .

2 7

PART I :

THE F INDS

A dr ian Oswa ld

T he C lay P ipes D escr ip t ion o f t he ma ter ia l ( Tab le 1 ) T here were 5 92 p ipe b ow ls , marked o n t he s ides o f t he s pur w i th t he i n i t ia ls W/H i n v ary ing f orms .

Al arge p ropor t ion o f t hese were was ters o r r e jects ,

o verf ired , c racked o r warped .

Addi t ional here was a s cat f o ther ly t t er o

marked b ow ls i nc luding was ters i n t he f o low ing n u mbers : l

VW ,

3 2 , C /S , 8 ,

I /A , 2 , a nd b ow ls w i th s ymbo ls , F leur d e u s , 7 , C rown/Roset , 2 , R oset te t e/ r oset , 2 . Af ur ther 3 06 u n marked b ow ls , o ft ypes 9 a nd 1 5 ( F ig . 9 ) a ga in te w i th was ters c o mp le ted t he c oun t o f b ow ls e i ther f ired i n t h is k i ln o r i n o ne c lose b y .

B ow ls w i th a v ar ie ty o f i n i t ia l mark ings ( Tab le 2 ) , n e i ther wasters

n or r e jec ts a nd o f ten smoked c o mp le ted t he t a ly ( F igs . 1 0 a nd 1) a par t f ro m l af rac t ion o f a l ien ma ter ia l ( F ig . 1 3) . D ocu mentary E v idence ( see P ar t 1 ) T he o n ly maker o f p ipes a t Bren tford w i th t he i n i t ia ls W/H was Wil lia m 9 w hose n a me i s f ound i n t he r eg is ter o f a pprent ices a nd t he p ar ish H ea th 2

r egis ters o f Brentford a nd H anwel l. 1 723 .

8 th May .

3 0

Wil ea th o f t he p ar ish d f H anwel nd Mary E dwards lia m H l a

were marr ied ( P . R egs . H anwel . l)

N o t rade f or Heath.

1 723 .

J u ly 1 3th .

1 729 .

lings t C on tr ibuted 8 s h il o t he p oor .

H ea th d escr ibed a s

1 730 .

May 2 7th .

p ipe maker .

1 730/31. 1 731 .

The ir d augh ter Ann b ap t ised . T he ir s on G eorge b ur ied .

( P . Regs . B ren tford)

J anuary 2 nd . The ir d augh ter Ann b ur ied . liam Hea 1 4 th May . J ohn L ang ley , a pprent ice t o Wil th , p ipe maker

1 738 .

b ur ied ( P . R egs . Bren tford ) . lia m H ls Wil ea th t ook C . George a ppren t ice f or £ 10 ( App R ol ) .

1 740 .

lia m s lia m H J une 5 th Wil on o f Wil ea th b ur ied ( no t rade f or H ea th ) .

1 745 . 1 764 .

lia m H ls Wil ea th t ook J ohn H ar t a ppren t ice f or 00 ( App R ol ) . lia m H l) n J anuary 2 2nd . Wil ea th b ur ied ( P . Regs . H anwel o t rade f or H ea th .

I ft he Wil eath o f Hanwel s t he s ame man a s a t Brentford a nd t he lia m H l i n a me o f t he d augh ter a nd t he a bsence f ro m t he r ecord o fh is marr iage o r b ur ia l a t Bren tford makes t h is p oss ib le o r e ven l i ke ly , t hen h is work ing l i fe e xtended o ver f or ty y ears .

I tw il e s een ( be low ) t ha t t he e v idence f ro m t he p ipes l b

make t h is p er iod o f t ime p robab le .

2 8

T he p ipes o f Wil ea th lia m H T he p ipes f ro m t he k i ln s igned W/H a re s hown i n F ig . 8 . P ipes f ro m t he s urrounding e xcava ted a reas h ave a lso b een s tud ied a nd a dd o ther s igned t ypes ( F ig . 1 2 ) .

T hese l a ter c o me f ro m p i ts a nd a rea s preads ma in ly d a teab le t o t

t he p er iod 1 750-1800 . G eneral peaking t hey p rov ide i n forma t ion o n p ipes ly s l a ter t han t hose f ro m t he k i ln . S ince t hey w il e r epor ted s epara te ly t hey a re l b o n ly d iscussed h ere w here t hey h ave a bear ing o n t he k i ln ma ter ia l .

3 1

H ea th 's l i nes c ons is t o fp ipes w i th a pla in W/H mark ( F ig . 8 , n o . 5 ) w i th as quare b ase .

T hese f ro m t he k i ln h ave a t l eas t f our d if ferent c o mb ina t ions

o f i n i t ia ls d if fer ing i n s i ze .

F ro m o u ts ide t he k i ln af ur ther t ype w i th d o ts

a bove a nd b e low ( F ig . 1 2 , n o . 4 1 ( G) was d iscovered . T o t hese p la in W/H p ipes mus t b ea dded a v ery f ew w i th r ou let t ed s tems ( Nos . 6 , 7 , 8 ) . I n a l mos t e qua l n u mbers H ea th p roduced p ipes w i th h is i n i t ia ls b e low a c rown ( Fig . 8 nos . 1 -4 , F ig . 1 2 , n os . 3 9 , 4 0( Cß zD ) . T here a re a t l eas t 4 d if feren t d ies o f t hese , t wo w i th in t he k i ln a nd t wo w i thout . Among t he l a ter t was a c o mp le te p ipe c l ose ly c o mparab le t o t ha t s hown i n a por tra i t o f Mr O ldha m a nd h is F r iends b y J oseph H igh more 1 741 ( Br i t . A rch . R epor ts N o . 1 4 1 975 P 1 .1 1 ) ( F ig . 1 2 , n o . 3 9 ) . A s w i th t he p la in marks t here was av ery smal u mber w i th r ou let te ms , a ga in t hese d o n ot a ppear i n t he p ipes l n t ed s f ro m o utside t he k i ln a nd p resu mab ly a re e ar lier a nd r epresent s pec ia l o rders . T he r e la t ive a bsence o fd ies C a nd D ( F ig . 1 2 , n o . 4 0 )fro m t he k i ln mater ia l i mp lies t ha t t hese a re s l igh t ly l a ter t han A a nd B a l though t here i s n o a pparent d if ference i n b ow l s ty le .

T he r eason f or t he c rown i s s t il bscure . l o

T hese

p ipes h ave a s l igh t p o l ish p erhaps a l i t le more t han t he p la in v ar ie t ies . T he t mouth p iece i s s l igh t ly c urved , p ossib ly t he s tra igh t mouthp ieces w h ich were f ound i n a t l eas t e qua l q uant i t ies march w i th t he p la in W/H . b ear a ny v arn ish o rg laze .

N o mouthpieces

I ft hese c rowns a re meant t o mark a s uper ior

p roduct t he d if ference w as v ery s l igh t .

3 2

A ddi t iona l t o t he marked l i nes w ere l arge n u mbers o fp la in p ipes i n v ary ing s izes ( F ig . 9 , n o . 9 ) , a lso w i th wasters a nd t herefore f i red i n t he k i ln . Most o ft hese were p robab ly H ea th 's p roduc t ion . A lso w i th was ters w ere a f ew s purred p ipes ( F ig . 9 , n o . 1 5 ) . T hese s howed a c en tra l s outhern i n f luence i n s ty le a nd were f orerunners o f t he p la in s purred a nd a rmor ia l p ipes f ro m o uts ide t he k i ln ( F ig . 1 2 , n os . 4 2-5 ) . T he t ype i s c lear ly s hown i na pr int o f1737 o f B en Brad ley , T obacconis t p ub lished i n t he Transac t ions o f t he _ Eng lish C eram ic C irc le , V o l . 7 . P t . 3 . P l . 2 09 . • P ipes s igned W/H f ro m o uts ide t he l k i ln , a par t f ro m t hese men t ioned a bove , c ompr ised t he s purred p ipes ( F ig . 1 2 , n o . 4 2 ) a nd t he a rmor ia l p ipes ( F ig . 1 2 , n os . 4 3-45 ) .

T hese mus t r epresent t he o u tpu t o f H ea th 's l a ter y ears f or

t hese f orward s pur a nd a rmor ia l t ypes a re h ard ly k nown b efore 1 750 a nd o n ly o ccur f requen t ly i n d epos i ts a f ter c .1 755-60 .

3 3

I n s ump t he p ipes i ndica te t ha t Wil lia m H ea th u sed a t l eas t t h ir teen mou lds f or p ipes b ear ing h is i n i t ia ls i n a ddi t ion t o p robab ly n o tl ess t han t hree u nmarked mou lds .

2 9

T he Da t ing o f t he K i ln A .

P ipes f ro m b eh ind a nd i ncorpora ted i n t he s teps d own ( F ig . 1 3 n os . 4 6-55 )

T ypo log ical h is g roup w i th v ery t h ick b ow ls a nd s te ms w ou ld f a l c o mfor tly t l a b ly i n t he p er iod 1 710-40 .

N os . 4 6 a nd 4 7 w i th t a l h eavy b ow ls a re t ypes l

wh ich n ormal ccur i n d epos i ts 1 700-30 i n t he L ondon a rea . ly o a nd 4 9 h ave a g rea ter a f in i ty w i th t hose i nt he k i ln f i ll . f 4 8-54 a re r epresen ted i nt ha t f i l w ith was ters . l

T he N os . 4 8

T he r e ma in ing N os .

I n t he c ase o f t he I / W maker

n u mbers s uggest t ha t h e migh t wel ave b een mak ing p ipes i n t he a rea i fn ot l h i n t he k i ln p r ior t o Wil ea th a nd t h is migh t h ave b een c .1 730 . lia m H B .

P ipes f ro m t he K i ln f i ll ( F igs 1 0 a nd 1)

Ma ter ia l f ro m l ayer 2 above t he b r ick p av ing c over ing t he ma in f i l o f t he l k i ln s hou ld b e c lear ly s ubsequent t o t he f i l o f t he k i ln b e low . l

Tab le 1 shows

f ewer H ea th p ipes t han f ro m t he o ther l ayers w i th t he e xcep t ion o f l ayer 2 1, t he f i rebox v ent l ayer , b ut p ipes marked C /S a nd I /W a re a lso f ound i n l ayer 1 2 as

wel st he o ther l ayers . l a

T ab le 2 s hows marked p ipes a s f o lows . l D/C .

T h is maker made , a par t f ro m p la in p ipes , o thers d ecora ted o n t he

b ack w i th t he f i gure o f Bacchus s ea ted o n ab arre l f ro m t he s a me mou ld , a par t f ro m t he i n it ia ls , a s t ha t s hown o n F ig . 1 0 , n o . 2 5 where t he maker i s nd o n E ng l ish W/S . T he mo t if o ccurs o n D utch p ipes f ro m 1 710 o nwards 34 a s a ltg laze p ot ro m c .1 750 . t ery f

I t was u sed b y Wil ea th i n ad if ferent lia m H

he t h ickness o fb ow l a nd t he f ront mou ld l eaf mot if d ie ( F ig . 1 2 , n o . 4 5 ) ;b y— t p erhaps a lso a s e ar ly a s 1 750 .

3 3

H ea th 's B acchus p ipes l ook a l i t t le e ar l ier

t han t hose o f D/C a nd W/S , a s t he l a t ter h ave t h inner b ow ls a nd t he f l or id f l ower p at t erns o n t he f ront mou ld a re c harac ter is t ic o f t hose o n a rmor ia l p ipes c .1 770-80 .

T he i dent if ica t ion o f D/C mus t b e d oub tfu l ( Tab le 3 ) .

H /P . T h is maker , o fu ncer ta in i den t i ty , emp loyed a c harac ter ist ic s p layed b ase ( F ig . 1, n o . 3 7 ) . T he s a me t ype o fb ase w as u sed b y E dward Webb , F l . 1 745-75 , whose p ipes a re f ound i n a depos i t f ro m Bedford S q . c .1780 . H /P was a p ro lif ic maker o f a rmor ia l p ipes .

s t he P rev ious ly p ub l ishe—d35 i

t ype s hown o n F ig . 1, n o . 3 7 w i th a l i on r ampan t w i th in a s h ie ld a nd a unicorn ( prev ious ly g iven a s al i on ) a bove h o lding a wisp .

T hese p ipes , a s a l d ecorated l

p ipes o f H /P , h ave a c harac ter ist ic f ron t mou ld d ecora t ion .

H e a lso made

p ipes w i th t he Hanover ian Arms a nd P r ince o f Wa les f ea thers ( F ig . 1, N o .38) . Apar t f ro m t he k i ln e igh te xa mp les o f h is a rmor ia lp ipes o ccur i n t he e xcava ted a reas , t he ma jor i ty o f wh ich a re t he l i on r a mpan t t ype . L it an b e s a id a bou t t he o ther marked p ipes f ro m l ayer 2 . tle c

C /S ( F ig .

9 ,no . 1 2 ) made p la in p ipes wh ich i n s ty le ma tch w i th t hose o f H ea th a nd mus t d a te C .1 730-60 .

I f C har les S tewar t ( Tab le 3 ) h is work ing l i fe was , l i ke H ea th 's ,

al ong o ne . I /W p ipes mus t p re-da te t he k i ln ( above ) b u t s o me s p lendid a rmor ia l p ipes marked I /W w i th t he P r ince o f Wa les f ea thers were f ound i n P i t B4 ( see ma in e xcava t ion r epor t ) whose c on ten ts c over a da te c .1 760-80 . i s i nvo lved , a ga in , l ongev ity i s i ndica ted .

3 0

I ft he s a me maker

R/T ( F ig . 1 1, n o . 3 1) .

N o i dent if ica t ion i s p oss ib le b ut t he mark w i thout

t he d ot b es ide t he T a nd w i th t h inner b ow l a nd s te m i s f ound i n t he B edford S q . d epos i t o f c .1 780 . I n s um t he ma ter ia l f ro m l ayer 2 s ugges ts a da te n o t e ar l ier t han c .1 760 a nd n ot l a ter t han 1 780 ' .

The s im i lar i ty o f t he p ipes w i th l ayer 2 1 s ugges ts

t he s a me d a te f or t he l a ter . t

I n t h is c ase t he c onc lus ion must b e t ha t l ayer

2 1 r epresen ts t he l as t f i r ing o f t he k i ln b efore d e mo l it ion p resu mab ly s hor t ly b efore o r o n H eath 's d ea th . T he i n termedia te l ayers o f f i l w i th t heir wasters , k i ln f urni ture a nd muf l fle f rag men ts s ugges t a depos i to f was te f ro m a s hraf i p . I tw il e s een f ro m f t l b ac o mpar ison o f t ab les 1a nd 2 t ha t most o f t h is ma ter ia l mus t b e a ssoc ia ted w i th H ea th 's a c t iv i t ies .

E ven t he n on H ea th marks i n t ab le 1may w el ave l h

b een t he p roduc ts o f makers u s ing h is k i ln .

O f t he marks i n t ab le 2o f wh ich

3 6

n o wasters were r ecorded v ery f ew i den t if icat ions a re p robab le .

T he most

3 a nd Wil liam T appin work ing a s l a te p robab le a re B en ja m in T urner 1 750-80 3 a s 1 763 a lthough h is p ipes a nd mark s ty le r e la te t o t he 1 720s . I n T ab le 3

t he mos t l i ke ly makers a re u nder lined . T he l a tes t p ipes f ro m t h is t i p f i l l w ou ld s ee m t o b e t he a rmor ia l T/A ( F ig . 1 0 , n o . 2 1) a n u nident if ied maker .

T he mark o ccurs a t B edford S q . o n a m uch

t h inner b ow l a nd t h inner s te m s o t h is e xa mp le may wel l d a te t o p os t 1 760 . T he p ipes marked W/S ( F ig . 1 0 , n os . 2 4 a nd 2 5 ) , t h inner i n b ow l a nd s te m t han n o . 2 1, may wel l b e al i t t le l a ter .

T hey o ccur i n ap i t i nt he a rea e xca-

v a t ions , B ,5 5 w i th a c los ing d a te , o n p ipe e v idence o f c .1 770-80 .

T his s a me

p i t y ie lded p ipes marked M/H a m aker p roduc ing R oya l Arms p ipes v ery s im i lar t o t hose o f H ea th ( F ig . 1 2 , n o . 4 3) .

S o s im i lar i n f ac t t ha t i t may

l b wel et ha t M/H was a m e mber o f t he H ea th f a mi ly o r more l i ke ly h is w idow . l I n s um t he f i l b e tween l ayers 2 and 2 1 r epresents r ubb ish ma ter ia l f ro m l a t he k i ln t ip h eaps w i th a v ery smal dm ixture o fp ipes r e la t ing t o C .1 760-80 . T he f ac t t ha t n one o f t he l a ter H ea th p ipes , a s r epresen ted f ro m t he s urrounding l a rea e xcava t ions ( F ig . 1 2 ) was f ound i n t h is f i l s ugges ts t ha t t he r ubb ish u sed c ame f ro m a t i p o f h is e ar lier p roduc ts . l w T he t ypo logy o f t h is p ipe r ubb ish f i ts wel i th t he d epos i t f ro m T om 's fee H C of ouse i n Wood S t . wh ich went o ut o fb us iness i n o r j us t b efore 1 740 . ( p .195 ) . S ta t is t ica l Da t ing

3 5

( Tab le 4 )

A l though t ypo logy , marks a nd d ocu mentary e v idence s ee med t o p rov ide f a ir ly c lose d a t ing i t was d ec ided t o a pp ly s te m b ore d a t ing t o t he v ar ious g roups u sing b oth B inford a nd H anson f ormu lae ( Br i t . Arch . R epor ts N o . 1 4 1 975 .

C hap . 6 ) .

f erence T ab le 4 s hows t he r esu lts w i th ac ons isten t 1 0 y ear d if

b e tween t he f ormu lae .

O n ly l ayers 9 and 1 0 a nd 1 8 a nd 1 9 p rov ided s a mp les

a bove A . N oe l H u me 's c r i ter ion o f 1 000 s a mp les a s n ecessary f or r e liab i li ty . B oth f or mu lae w ou ld n o t b e i ncons istent w i th amedian d a te o f 1 735 f or t he l g enera l f i l .

l S ince a l t hese f ormu lae s hou ld b e r egarded a s h av ing a plus ,

minus e rror o f a t l eas t 1 5 i tc anno t b e s a id t ha t s ta t ist ics h ere a dd a ny th ing t o t he e v idence g iven a bove b y n or ma l me thods .

3 1

3 7

S equence o f W il ea th 's p ipes lia m H I ft he a bove a na lys is i s c orrec t t hen t he p ipes f ro m t he k i ln f i ll mus t b e e ar lier t han t hose n ot s o r epresen ted a nd which c o me f ro m t he s urrounding a reas . Da te e v idence f ro m p i ts o uts ide t he k i ln h e lps t o s o me e x tent , f or i nstance c rowned W/ 1 , d ie B , o ccurs b y i t se lf i n p i t C 3 c los ing c .1 760 . O n 1 t he o ther h and d ies A a nd B a re f ound t ogether i n p i t B56 C .1 740-60 . Ca nd D d o n o t s ee m t o h ave b een u sed b efore c .1 750 .

D ies

T he b est t ha t c an b e

s a id i s t ha t Aa nd B a re e ar l ier t han C a nd D a nd p robab ly b efore 1 750 .

T he

r ou let te ms w i th t h is mark a re a l mos t c er tain ly e ar ly i n t hesequence . t ed s P lain W/H marks o ccur i n a l l eve ls a nd most p i ts b ut d ies D a nd E o n ly w ere l f ound i np i t B 17 c los ing c .1740-50 . i s p resu mab ly l a te i n t he s er ies .

D ie G d oes n o t a ppear i n t he k i ln f i l a nd l Ten ta t ive ly a s equence o f D a nd E , f o lowed l

b y Ca nd F a nd l as t ly G s ee ms p ossib le .

T he r ou let te ms a ga in a ppear t ed s

t o b e e ar ly i n t he d eve lop ment . I t was n ot c ons idered p oss ib le t o d isti ngu ish t he s equence o fp la in p ipes . T he n on-k i ln H ea th p ipes o f F ig . 1 2 were f ound i n most p i ts c .1 760-80 b ut t he ir s equence i s d oub tfu l .

T he p la in s purred p ipes N o . 4 2 a re c lear ly d er iva-

t i ves o f t he s purred v ar ie t ies n o . 1 5 f ound i n t he k i ln .

T he l eaf mo t if o n t he

B acchus p ipes n o . 4 5 s ugges ts p erhaps a n e ar l ier d a te t han t he R oya l a rms n os . 4 3 a nd 4 4 a s d oes t he b ow l s hape .

T he c orrec t ion o f t he l et ter N i n t he

mot f N o . 4 4 a s c o mpared w i th n o . 4 3 a nd t he u se o f Ui ns tead o f Vp erhaps to o i ndica tes a l a ter d ie . E x terna l a nd c ur ious p ipes I n t h is c a tegory f a l t he t wo a ltered marks n o . 1 7 ( F ig . 1 0 ) a nd 2 8 ( F ig . 1 1) . l On n o . 1 7 t he l e ters E /H h ave b een r e-cut i n t he mou ld t o p robab ly D/C w i th t t he D r eversed . F our e xa mp les o f t h is c hanged mark w ere r ecovered f ro m t he a rea e xcava t ions .

8 T here i s a smal ross 3 l c

t he p ipe ( cp F ig . 1 3 . n os 4 8 a nd 4 9 ) .

a t t he f oo t o f t he b ow l i ns ide

T hese a l tera t ions o f mark a re r are b u t

u nderstandab le i ft he mou ld i n q ues t ion was s t il n g ood o rder . E /H i s n ot l i i den t if iab le a nd D/C i s d iscussed a bove . ( A p hotograph o f s uch a m ark i s g iven i n B .A . R . 1 4 ( note 2 9 ) P l . I V n o . 1 5 .) N o . 2 8 F ig . 4s hows a nother a ltera t ion f ro m ? C/D t o W/P . e xa mp le c ame f ro m t he a rea e xcava t ions .

Ano ther

N o i dent if ica t ion e x is ts f or C /D

a nd p oss ib i li t ies f or W/P a re g iven i n T ab le 3 . Two e xamp les o f h eel ipes o ccurred i n t he f i l , n o . 5 6 F ig . 1 3 . T hese l ess p l h ad b oth b een t r i m med, wh i le i n t he l ea ther s ta te , w i th a k nife r e mov ing t he b ase , t he r esu ltant p ipe b e ing t he t ype e xpor ted t o t he c o lonies i n q uan t i ty , ma inly f ro m B r is to l . T hree 1 7th c entur ,yp ipes c 1640-60 were a lso r ecovered f ro m t he f i l , l u n marked , t hey a re n ot i tra ted . lus One h igh ly p o l ished smoked : Dutch p ipe w i th t he mark o f ac of ot o n t he f ee p b ase was f ound , n o . 5 7 F ig . 6 . Midde l mee l .

3 9

T h is mark i n G ouda i n 1 746 was t ha t o f T o mas

H owever t he p ipe i s e ar l ier i n t ype . c .1 660-1700 .

4 0

Two t w isted r ou let te ms , n os . 5 8 a nd 5 9 ( F ig . 1 3 ) a lso f ro m t he f i l t ed s l a re p robab ly D utch a l though t h is t ype o f s tem i s f ound a t C hes ter i n t he

3 2

f i rst h a lf o f t he 1 8th c entury . N o . 5 9 , r edd ish w i th r ough s ur face , a ppears t o h ave b een u sed i n t he k i ln p ack ing o r muf fle . Two s tems ( nos .60and 6 1 ( F ig . 1 3 ) b oth c ut w i th a s aw were n oted , ( a ) p erhaps u seab le a s a wig c ur ler b u t ( b ) c er ta in ly a t oo l . D istr ibu t ion o f H ea th p ipes T h is s eems t o h ave b een p ure ly l oca l .

T hey h ave b een f ound a t K ew ,

Mor t lake C h isw ick E yot t a nd v ar ious u nspec if ied p laces i n t he T hames .

3 3

f : 4

r 1 C l

a ) 7 2 ) ! c I

I

C e 0 I

C Z I

C M I

c i

C O c z

C l I

c e

C l 0-3 C l C r ) C l

I I I

i I C l

e f I

C ) 0 0 0 0 0

e

C e e 1 1 D C l

I

•

I

C l

e i C l I

C l

z ` 3

. C D

1 1 r 4

C O

g 1 . 4

C l

A

C l

" c t, r i

O D

C r o w n / R o s e t e

C l

D i f e r n t s i z e s

8 C . D . E . F .

0 0

2 d i e s , A & B

D e s c r i p t i o n

W a t s o v f r d i p e s W s e r o r e r i e p

C l

U n m a r k e d

P p s f r d i n t h e i e i e

S u n d r y w a s t e r s i n c o m p l e t

f e w r o u l e t e d s t e m s .

N u m b e r s o f w a s t e r s t e m s .

o f b o t h d i e s a s h o w n i n F i g . 8 .

T h e r a r e a f e w r o u l e t e d s t e m s

D s r b u t i n f b o w l t y p e s i t i o o

a )

I

C l C l

r 1

c o c o

I

r 1

r 1

r i

1 4 C D

r I

C l

C l

r 1

P a l

C a 1 4

C r )

1 1

r 1

C M

I

O D

CJl

c...,

30

22

35-38

28

29

24

11

10

11

11

10

1 ()--

11

W/I

G/P

H/P

W /P previously perhaps C/D

R/R

W/S

B/T

27

32

11

I/G

16

10

D/C

26

17

lO

D/C--previously EH

11

21

10

T/A

M/D

No.

Fig.

Pipes in fill but no wasters.

Mark

Table 2

1

3

1

1

21 20

·

1

1

l_

1(?)

18/19

..2

1

14

1

1

9/10 8

Pipes not fired in the kiln

BRENTFORD KILN

2

3

1

2

£· 176 0-80 Bedford Sq.

c. 1750-70

_£.1740, £· 1760

c.1750-80

c. 1740-70

c.1740-50

Post 1760

£· 1770-80 Bedford Sq.

Probabl€ Date

Benjamin Turner 17-50-70 17 49 Westminster

Armorial Pipes

Perhaps Wm. Pearce 1754Bristol Polls

Armorial Pipes

Mark altered from EH in mouldpossibly D/C (reversed D)

Armorial pipe

Comment

Distribution of marked pipes

23

19

20

10

]O

10

10

W/T

H/W

Larg-e Rosette both sides

Dot both sides

18

31

11

R/T

No.

Fig.

contd.

Mark

Table 2

1

21

1

20

2

1

18/19

14

3

1

9/] 0

4

1

1

8

1

1

2

William Tappin 1763 Blackfriars

Comment

1750-70

Probable Date

o l a T y p o g i c l D a t e d D a t e F i n d s

0

r i L CD

rn

C D 0 0

C Z > L I Z N

I

r -1

E 4

3 7

( = >

L C D

' 7 1. 1

rI

C D C V 1 --

I

rI

r1

U ) •0 O5 c . )

C . ) e t t -

H

C Z )

V D

7 1

7 1 ' t -

CD

C Z ) Cl

n J o h A n d r e w s .

d J o h n A s .

n a J o t h e n A d a m s .

J o h n A d a m s .

e 7 F r 1 0

t t t a t s o l S r a n d . O u v o e r M a i d t n e P o s

T y p o l g i c a l D a t e

N w F e s W h a r f e r h

W d S t . 1 7 4 5 0 o 0

D a t e d F i n d s

W i l i a m J o n e s 1 7 3 2 C h e s t e r P o l s o u t v o t e r .

J o h n G i l m a n 1 7 5 0 7 3 S t . G e o r g e i n t h e E a s t ( b a p t . P . R e g s )

J o h n G u y 7 1 2 a r n i c e t W m . G o l d i n g , 1 p e t o

P i n k a r d 1 6 9 6

1 7 3

P o s i b l e M a k e r s

V o t e d

W m i n t e r P o s . e s t s l

t —

0 0

I a a ) )

L t D

t —

t o

H 0 e N r I

P = A

N C 9

4— )

3 8

I L C D

; . 1

C 3I

ON t —

dI

c . 7 1 )1 L ' r I

o

0 0 I 0 0 0 u z • t • c 31 , ,

o o

0 0 c l

C . )

P o l s . o u t v o t e r .

• •

n B r i s t o l 1 4 . i 7

S e n .

r n

0 C l ) " C 3 Tu l g : 1 4

o l a T y p o g i c l D a t e

B e d f o r d

d D a t e F i n d s

S q . 1 7 0 8 0

a )

C• 1

W i l i a m S t e l e . F r e 1 7 2 1 .

R i c h a r d R o m a i n e

R o b e r t R o b e I 1 7 3 7 a p r e n t7 i c e t o T . B u s h e y 1 3 7 £ 2 .

s e P o i b l M a k e r s

1 7 6 3 O l d S t . M o r t i m e r ' s D i r e c t o r y .

e 2 F r 1 7

C l

C h a r l e s S t e w a r t F r e 1 7 8 .

a )

0

S t . G e o r g e i n t h e E a s t

W i l i a m S t u a r t F r e 1 7 2 9 .

C • 1

•Z IZ

C + 1

W i l i a m S m i t h 1 7 8 1 O u t v o t e r B r i s t o l P o l s . B r i s t o l 1 7 5 6 .

0 ) 0 0 1

8—

C )

( 2 . )

S A u r a n c e u n s

c d

T 4 4 c d

O D

C e D , t

c d • 0 . 0 _ 0 E -s

6 1

› , O D

e

c d

E

u )

C l ) c d

— . , c d

( I ) " C f

a

C i D

C r )

c d C . )

C )

>> >

n o f P u d l e D o c k H i l .

P o s i b l e M a k e r s

; 4 .

' C Y Z t -

C d

C f ) c d

H o r a t i o W i l i a m s 1 7 5 8 6 3 O x f o r d S t . S u n A s u r a n c e . c \ 1 >

O D

n

t -

C)

a ) t— P

o

C D

c l )

0

E c d

-P p

a ) 1 : 5

C 41

c d

cd

. E 0 1

•

I -0

a o

4 >

.

O D ; . 4 C D

te

O D

g ? ,

>r . T . 4

" C3

5 : 24

CZ

CZ

O D

o l a T y p o g i c l D a t e

4 .. )

C Y D Cl

T 4

M o s t l i k e l y m a k e r u n d e r l i n e d ;

4 1

T a b l e 3 c o n t .

4 4 c ' e D

4 0

T ab le 4

S te m B ore A na lys is o f p ipes f ro m d if f erent l ayers

T op

N u mbers o f S a mp le

Da te

L ayer

B inford

H anson

F ormu la

F or mu la

1 0

( 2 )

Br ick f ea ture o ver k i ln f i l l

1 741.17

1 73 0 -69

2 11

( 8 )

C oa l C el fk i ln l ar o

1 741 .17

1 730.69

7 15

( 9 )

Red f i l s ea led b y ( 2 ) l

1 739.79

1 729.33

1 512

( 10 )

As a bove .

( 14 )

S ea led b y p urp lesoi l , f i l a s 1 741.17 l

1 730.69

1 30

( 9 ) ( 18)

Muff le p ipe c lay

Muf f le

B lack Ash s ea led b y(9 )

1 740.55

1 731

1 452

K i ln f urni ture ( 19 ) ( 20 )

B lack a sh f i ll ing o f s tokeho le 1740 .59

1 730.10

2 98

1 728.67

2 21

o n b r ick f l oor ( 21)

Red f i rebox v en t l ayer .

1 739

fle o Muf n b r ick f l oor

4 1

F ig . 8 l L P ipes marked W/H—Al ayers 1 . C rowned W/H .

T h ick B ow ls , mediu m s tems .

Smoo th wh i te f i n ish a t t imes

s em i-po lished . D ie A— W . i m media te ly b e low C rown . l er W w D ie B—Smal i th ma lformed r igh t a rm a t ad is tance f ro m t he c rown . t ed s 2 . R ou let te ms —D ie A . t ed s 3 . R ou let te ms —D ie B . 4 . S cored s te ms —D ie B .

T he n u mber o f t hese s te ms i s v ery l r smal e la t ive t o t he who le a nd t hese a re t he o n ly e xa mp les w i th t he b ow l a t tached .

N one o ccurred o u tside t he

k i ln . 5 . P la in W/H .

T h ick b ow ls , Mediu m s tems , smooth w h i te f i nish .

A t l eas t 4 dies . D ie C—Smal nd H l W a D ie D—Smal large H l W — D ie E—Lgrge M T-s mal , l H D ie F—Large W u pr igh t l imb-s mal i th p ro jec t ing r igh t f oot . l Hw , 6 . W/H d ie D—Rou let te m . 1 exa mp le o n ly . t ed s 7 . W/H d ie E—four e xa mp les . 8 . W/H d ie D—so le e xa mp le . N . B .

S ee F ig .

1 2 f or o ther d ies o f t he marks o n p ipes f ro m a reas o u ts ide

t he k i ln . N ote

T h ickness o fb ow l T h in

1 -1. 5m m

Mediu m = 1 .5 -2 . 5m m T h ick = a bove 2 .5 m m

4 2

7

F ig.

8

P ipes s igned W M

4 3

F ig . 9 P ipes o ther t han W/H w i thw as ter e xa mp les 9 .

U n marked .

3 ma in s izes a s s hown . t o t h in .

B ow ls t h ick t o mediu m . Stems t h ick

B aseswide a nd n arrow w i th r ound a nd o va l s urface ,

a s s hown .

S te ms s tra igh t a nd s l igh t ly c urved .

An ot iceab ly

g reater n u mber o f was ters t han among marked e xamp les . N o p o lished o r s e mi p o l ished e xa mp les . 1 0 .

I /W .

l A l l ayers .

l a s B . - B ow ls t h ick S izes f ro m smal s At o med iu mlarge a t o mediu m .

1, 2 0 , 9 /10 . S te ms t hick t o t h in . L ayers 2

2 . A t l eas t 3 dies . A . Mediu m I , l arge W . l W. B . L arge I , ma lformed smal l Ib l W C . Smal ut p erfec t med iu m/s mal . 1 1 .

1 2 .

N arrow b ow l , t h ick t o med iu m .

C /S

Mediu m s te m .

a . F leur d e u s e ach s ide .

L ayers 1 4 , 9 /10 , 2 .

b . I /A o n s a me t ype b ow l .

L ayer 9 /10 .

t Mediu m t o l arge b ow ls , f ormer t h ick , l a ter mediu m/th in . S tem o f f ormer t h ick , l at ter t h in .

L arge b ow l —sem i-po lished .

L ayers 2 1, 9/10 , 2 . Two d ies . D . l arge C . l C E . Smal . 1 3 .

t e/Crown R oset .

T h ick mediu m s ized b ow l .

Medi t im t h ick s te rn ' .

L ayer 9 /10 . 1 4 .

t e/Roset te R oset .

1 5 .

S purred b ow ls .

T h ick mediu m s ize b ow l — mediu m s te in .

L ayer 9 /10

T hese v ary i n s hape f ro mwa isted a s ( C ) t of l ared a s ( d ) w i th a n i n ter media te t ype w i th s tra igh t s ides . mediu m t h ick .

B ow ls

F ine wh i te f i n ish o f ten s em i-pol ished .

T he t ype i s more c o m mon i n t he C en tra l S outh a nd Br is to l c .1720-50 .

4 4

l A l L ayers .

9

F ig.

9

P ipes p robably f ired i n t he k iln

4 5

F ig . 1 0 P ipes w i th n o was ters 1 6 . 1 7 .

D/C

T h ick/ Mediu m s em i-po lished g rey/wh i te b ow ls .

1. / C o r C /C a ltered f ro m E /1

L ayer 2

T h ick/mediu m , s emi-po lished g rey/b lack

b ow l . ting t T he a ltera t ion o f t he mark b y r ecut he mou ld i s q ui te c lear c p . F ig . 1 1 . n o . 2 8 . 1 8 .

WT o n t he b ase .

h ick b ow l s l ight ly r eddish i n c o lour . l parrowit Tal

Mark o n b ase i ncuse . T h is i s t he o n ly b ase mark f rom t he e xcavat ions . 1 9 .

L arge R oset . t e/Roset te

N arrow b ow l , t h ick/mediu m , t h ick s te m .

Smooth wh i te f i nish . 2 0 .

D ot e ach s ide .

L ayer 8 .

L ayer 8 .

Th ick/mediu m b ow l , n arrow b ase w i th mediu m t h ick s tem .

One d o t e ach s ide o f S pur .

T here a re many p ipes f ro m t he

E xe ter e xcava t ions w i th s uch d o ts u p t o 5a s ide .

I th as b een

s ugges ted t ha t t hey i dent ify t he mou ld o f a journeyman p rov iding at a ly f or h is o utput . l L ayers 2 , 8 , 9 /10 , 1 8/19 , 2 3 . 2 1 .

TJA

Very t h ick g rey ish wh i te b ow l , mediu m t h ick s te m , b roken p ointed s pur . t o; Mot

l a Arms o f H anover wel nd p roper ly e ngraved .

D ieu e t mon Droit w i th a r eversed N i n Mon a nd t he

T miss ing o f Droi t .

N o d ecora t ion o n f ron t mou ld .

to s o f mot tra igh t w i th n o p lu mes . 2 2 .

G/P

R ibbon

L ayer 9 /10 .

S em i-po lished mediu m/ th ick s te m .

Smooth wh i te f i n ish .

L ayer 9 /10 . 2 3 .

1/ W

T al arrow t h ick r ed b ow l . l n 1 8.

2 4 .

W/S

L ayer 9 /10 .

T h in s em i-po lished b ow l w i th p o inted s pur . s l igh t ly c rude .

Pr ince o f Wa les f eathers .

l eaves o n f ront mou ld . 2 5 .

W/S

T h ick/mediu m s tem . c p . N o .

Very p la in S pread h igh r e lief

L ayer 1 4 .

T h in s em i-po lished b ow l .

T h in s te m .

G rey/b lack c o lour .

B acchus h o lding a glass i n l e f t h and . C o mp lica ted f l ora l p at n f ront mou ld . t ern o

4 6

L ayer 1 4 .

1 7

1 6

2 5 2 4 F ig.

1 0

P ipes

f rom t he f ill — ' ; o w asters

4 7

F ig . 1 P ipes w i th n o wasters 2 6 .

M/D

T h ick s em i-po l ished b ow l .

2 7 .

B/T

Mediu m/ thin b ow l .

2 8 .

W/P a l tered f ro m ?C/D .

2 9 .

R /R

Med iu m t h ick s te m .

Mediu m t h ick s te m .

T h ick b ow l .

L ayer 1 8/ 19 .

Mediu m t h ick s te m .

Mediu m/ th ick s em i-po lished b ow l .

L ayer 1 8/19 .

L ayer 1 8/ 19 .

Mediu m t hick s tem .

L ayer 2 1 . 3 0 .

W/ I

l l t T h in b ow l a nd s te m smal e ters .

3 1 .

R/T

T h ick s em i-po lished b ow l .

Smoked .

L ayer 2 1 .

Mediu m t h ick s te m .

L ayers

2 , 1 8/ 19 , 2 1 . 3 2 .

I /G

3 3 .

Mediu m/ th in s em i-po lished b ow l . L ayer 2 1 . F rag men t o f Armor ia l p ipe . l mou V ery wel lded l i on .

3 4 .

3 5 .

T h ick smooth b ow l .

Smoked .

T h in s em i-po lished b ow l .

L ayer 2 1.

F rag ment o f Armor ia l p ipe . L ayer 2 1. H /P

T h in s te m .

T h in s em i-po lished b ow l .

Mediu m/ th in s te m .

t L arge l e ters .

L ayers 2 , 2 1 . 3 6 .

H /P

Mediu m t h ick s em i-po lished f l ared b ow l . f ron t makes t he b ow l a ppear s l igh t ly o va l . a nd o va l . L ayer 2 1.

3 7 .

H /P

T h in s em i-po lished b ow l . o va l f oot .

S l igh t ly o va l a s 3 6 . Smoked .

H/P ( probab ly ) T h in s em i-po lished r ound b ow l . p oss ib ly T /P Armor ia l .

F lared a n

Th in s te m .

P ointed s pur .

E labora te P r ince o f Wa les F ea thers .

4 8

A bove

L ayer 1 4 .

l ops o I CH D IEN ,scal n f ron t mou ld . L ayer 2 1 .

F lared

F oot a lso f l ared

Armor ia l d ev ice o f l i on r a mpant i n s h ie ld .

l i on t o l ef t h o lding a s l ip . 3 8 .

T h in s te m .

to Mot

l e V ery wel ngraved .

3 6

3 5

„ I f , e t i 4 4 , " " \ . . C.) _ / 7

X‘el

3 8 F ig.

Z : \ f

1 1 P ipes f rom t he f ill -N o w asters

F ig . 1 2 P ipes o f Wil lia m H ea th f ro m a reas o u ts ide t he k i ln 3 9 .

rowned W/H . S ca le 1/2 . C ) . ( 13 3/4 "

Smoked .

D ie C ( no . 4 0 ) .

C o mp le te l ength 1 78 m m

S o me d egree o f p o lish .

C urved mouthpiece .

C orresponds wel i th s im i lar c o mp le te p ipes f ro m T om 's C of ouse , l w fee H Wood S t . 4 0 .

3 5

P .

C rowned W/H .

1 95

c .1 740-50 .

D ie C .

T he c rown i s c o mpressed a nd smal ies l erthan d

A a nd B ( no . 1F ig . 9 ) w i th a smal nd t he H c lose b e low t he c rown . l W a Med iu m-th ick b ow l a nd s te m . D ie D .

Smal o mpressed c rown , l arge W a nd smal lose b e low . l c l Hc Mediu m-th ick b ow l a nd s te m .

4 1 .

W/H .

D o t a bove a nd b e low .

D ie G ( v .n o . 5F ig . 8 ) .

Mediu m-th ick

b ow l a nd s te m . 4 2 .

W/H .

o n p ointed s pur .

Th in b ow l a nd s tem .

4 3 .. W/H .

o n p o inted s pur .

Arms o f H anover .

N o d ecora t ion o n f ront mou ld .

L arge l e ters o n mot n D IEV , Nr eversed i n MON . t t o-V i

Mediu m t h in

b ow l a nd s te m . 4 . 4

W/H . mou ld .

o n p ointed s pur .

Arms o fH anover .

Smal e ters o n mot mn D IEU . l l t to U

N o d ecora t ion o n f ron t Nn orma l .

Mediu m-th in

b ow l s l igh t ly o va l . 4 5 .

W/H . n o . 2 5 ) .

Bacchus s ea ted o n a b arre l h o lding a wide mouthed g lass ' , ( cp . L arge r e lief l eaves o n f ron t mou ld .

s te m .

5 0

Mediu m-th in b ow l a nd

e t

•r 4

0 4 4 0

" C )

•

C U •r 1 P . 4

7 » :

LC D I

2 :3 1 '

L . )

5 1

F ig . 1 3 P ipes f ro m b eh ind t he k i ln s teps a nd o dd e le men ts N os . 4 6-55 f ro m t he f i l l b eh ind t he s teps d own t o t he k i ln .

N one a ppear t o

h ave b een smoked . N os . 5 2 a nd 5 5w i th ma lformed b ow ls a re r e jec ts . A l l e xcep t 4 7 f ro m t wo l owest l ayers o fb r icks . 4 7 f rom l ayers 7 -8 f ro m b ot to m . 4 6 .

T al l u pr igh t .

4 7 .

Wider t h ick b ow l .

4 8 .

V ery t h ick b ow l s l igh t ly o va l .

4 9 .

Mediu m b ow l a nd s tem . C ross i n r e l ief o n i n ter ior b ase o f b ow l .

5 0 .

T h ick u pr igh t b ow l w i th l onges t s urv iv ing s tem , q ui te s tra igh t .

5 1-53 .

T h ick b ow l a nd s tem .

C ross i n r e lief o n i n ter ior b ase o fb ow l .

Marked I /W ( cp . n o . 1 0 F ig .9) .

5 1 .

D ie A .

5 2 .

D ie D .

L arge Ia s D ie B b u t w i th l arger W .

5 3 .

D ie D .

F orward l ean ing t h ick b ow l .

5 4 .

F leur d e l i s/F leur d e u s ( cp . n o . ha

5 5 .

D ot/Dot ( cp . n o . 2 0 F ig . 1 0 ) .

T h ick d istor ted b ow l .

S l igh t ly p o lished . F ig . 9 ) .

Th ick b ow l a nd s tem .

T h ick d istor ted b ow l .

O dd p ieces f ro m f i l l o fk i ln . 5 6 .

T he h ee l h as b een t r i m med o f fb y ak n ife b efore f ir ing .

As a r esu lt t he

p ipe b eco mes a t yp ica l Br is to l e xpor t t ype 2 9 p .4 0 5 7 .

H igh ly p o l ished D utch p ipe w i th t h ick s tem a nd b ase mark o f ac of fee p ot . 2 nd h a lf o f 1 7th c en tury . Mark l a ter u sed b y T o mas M idde l mee l o f G ouda i n 1 746 .3 9

5 8 .

H igh ly p o lished t w is ted s te m p oss ib ly D utch w i th s em i-c ircu lar r ou let ting o n t he t w ists .

5 9 .

Tw isted s te m r eddish i n c o lour w i th r ough s urface a nd a dhesions p oss ib ly ting u sed i n a m uff le . S quare i ndented r ou let . ? Du tch .

6 0 .

S te m c ut w i th a s aw f or u se a s at oo l .

6 1 .

S tem c ut a t b oth e nd w i th a s aw .

? a w ig c ur ler .

5 2

5 9

5 8

/

6 1 6 1

6 0 F ig.

1 3

M iscellaneous

i tems

f rom t he K iln f ill

f

Smal inds l F 1 .

Mushroo m s haped o b jec t

( F ig . 1 4)

On ly o ne p iece o fp oss ib le k i ln f urn i tureas s uch was f ound ( Layer B 1 9 ) a mushroo m s haped o b jec t made o fp ipe-c lay .

T he c entra l ' s ta lk ' i s f ormed

a round 3 pipe s tems w hich e x tend t hrough t he b ase a nd h ead o f t he o b jec t , t he smal nds o ft he s te ms b e ing a t t he ' s ta lk ' b ase . l er e i fp ro jec ted , f orm a t r ipod .

T hese p ipe s tems ,

T he r im o f t he mushroo m h ead h as 8 i ndenta t ions

made b y t he i mpr in t o f f i ngers , o ne s ide o f t he i n den ta t ion h av ing a fi nger p r int , t he o ther a na i l i mpress ion . F ro m t he s wel y t he d isp laced ma ter ia l , lings made b t he i ndenta t ions w ere made a f ter a smoo th r ound h ead h ad b een f ormed . T he f i nger i mpress ions a re smal l, t hose o f a w o man o r c h i ld , a nd t he e nt ire s urface i s c overed w i th f i nger p r ints . I ti sp oss ib le t ha t t h is o b jec t may h ave b een u sed a s p ar t o f ac en tra l s uppor t f or t he p ipes s tacked w ith in t he k i ln . 2 .

T he c lay r ings

( F ig . 1 4 )

An u mber o f smal ings , made o fp ipe c lay , a lso c ame f ro m l ayer B 1 9 . l r T hey c ons is ted o f sma l c oi ls o f c lay f l at n o ne s i de t o s tand v er t ica ly . l t ened o l I ne ach c ase , o ne s ide h ad a groove c ross ing i t , h igher a nd d eeper o n o ne s ide t han t he o ther .

T he o n ly smooth ing t ha t i s a pparent i s o n t he v er t ica l s ur faces .

O ne p oss ib le , b ut u n like ly , e xp lana t ion i s t ha t t hese r ings a re t he r esu lt o ft he s urp lus ma ter ia l b e ing c u t o f f t he e nd o ft he mou ld . T he r ings h ave • h owever , u ndergone t he f i r ing p rocess a nd may h ave b een d e libera te ly f ormed t o e i ther s uppor t t he p ipes d ur ing t he ir d ry ing p rocess o r t o h e lp s tack t he m i ns ide t he k i ln . 3 .

F errous r od ( F ig . 1 4 ) R ound i n s ec t ion a nd t hough t t o b e a ssoc ia ted w i th t he k i ln i n s o me w ay a s

t he o b jec t i s c overed f or most o f i t s l eng th i np ipe c lay . 4 .

K n ife w i th b one h and le .

5 .

D oub le c o mb f ragmen t o fb one , f i ne t ee th o ne s ide , c oarse t ee th o n

o ppos i te s ide ( B 2 1) . 6 .

Wig c ur ler , p ipe c lay w i th makers mark N V : B , b roken c .1 740 .

l u 7 . Whe ts tone , wel sed; lust ( B21) ( n ot i . ) . 8 .

4 1

r eddish b rown c oarse g ra ined s ands tone , b roken

P iece o fw orked b one w i th h o le d r il l ed t hrough c entre ( B 2 1) ( not i lus t . ) .

5 4

5

2 F ig . 1 4

T he Smal inds . l F

( 2/ 3 )e xcept f or N o . 3 wh ich i s ( 1 /3)

THE COAL S A MPLES Dr . A . H . V . Sm i th

P ieces o f c oa l f ound i n t he c lay p ipe k i ln d ur ing e xcava t ions i n Bren tford i n 1 977 were s ub m it t ed t o t he Y orksh ire R eg iona l L abora tory o f t he N a t iona l C oa l B oard f or t he d eterm ina t ion o f t he ir r ank ( degree o f c oa l if ica t ion ) a nd t he irapprox ima te g eo log ica l a ge . s ugges t t he c oa lf ie ld o fo r ig in .

Wi th t h is i n forma t ion i ti s o f ten p oss ib le t o

B oth d e term ina t ions d epend o n me thods o f a na lys is u sing t he microscope . R ank i s d e termined b y mak ing measure men ts o f r ef lec tance i n o i l o n s u i tab ly p repared s urfaces a nd t he a ge b y i so la t ing t he p lant s pores f ro m t he c oa l a nd i den t ify ing s pores w i th k nown s tra t igraph ic r anges . S amp les T he c oa l s amp les w ere d esigna ted a s f o l lows :BRE 7 7 B ( 20 ) BRE 7 7 B ( 8 )

Smal l p ieces f rom f l oor o fk i ln . L arge f rag ments f ro m f l oor o f c oa l c el l ar .

T he smal l p ieces ( ca 6 ) were a pprox ima te ly c ubes o f 2 .5 cm s ides .

T he

o ther s amp le c o mpr ised t wo p ieces o f c oa l , t he l arger b e ing 2 50 cm i n l eng th a nd c o mpr is ing b anded d ul l a nd b r igh t c oa l . R esu lts C o mpos i te s amp les r epresen t ing a l l t he c oa ls f ound a t e ach s i te were p repared f or a na lys is .

T he a verage max imum r ef lec tance o f e ach c o mposi te

s amp le a nd t he v o la t i le mat t er c on ten t ( d .a .f . b as is ) e st imated f ro m t he r ef lec tance a re s hown i n T ab lel t oge ther w i th t he a ge o f t he c oa l b ased o n t he e v idence o f t he s pores . T ab le 1 R ank a nd a ge o f c oa l s a mp les

S amp le N o . BRE 7 7 B ( 20 )

A v . Max Ro % 1 .12

V o l . mat t er % ( daf b as is e s t ima ted

A ge o f c oa ls f rom

f ro m Ro )

s pores

3 1 .5 r ange 3 0-33

M idd le C oa l Measures . I n D urham c oa lf ie ld b etween h or izons o f R yhope a nd H arvey mar ine b ands . P rob . a t o r b e low h or izon o f ma in s eam . c ont .

5 6

Tab le I . con t .

S amp le N o . BRE 7 7 B ( 8 )

Av . Max 10 % 0 .93

t er % ( V o l . mat daf b as is e s t ima ted

Age o fc oa ls f ro m

f ro m Ro )

s pores

3 6 .5 r ange 3 5-38

M id . C oa l Measures , b e tween R yhope a nd H arvey MB 's o r e quiv . h or izons i n o ther c oa lf i e lds .

S ource o f c oa ls T he mean r ef lec tance v a lues o f t he t wo s a mp les a re s ign if icant ly d if ferent s how ing t ha t t he c oa ls f ro m t he f l oor o f t he k i ln a nd f rom t he c oa l c el re l ar a f ro m d if t s ea ms a nd p robab ly f ro m d if ferent l oca l it ies . f eren H owever t he r ange o f r ef lec tance v a lues f ro m e ach c o mpos ite s amp le i s smal nd s ugges ts t ha t t he i ndiv idua l p ieces o f c oa lc o mpr is ing e ach s a mp le l a a re f ro m t he s a me s eam a l though t hey c ou ld b e f ro m d if ferent s eams wh ich d o n o t d iffer s ign if ican t ly i n r ank . T he s pore e v idence s hows t ha t t he c oa ls a re o f M idd le C oa l Measures a ge . The a bundance o f a par t icu lar s pore wh ich c harac ter ises d ense d ul oa l i n l c t he s a mp le f ro m t he k i ln f l oor s ugges ts a n o r ig in f ro m a s eam i n t he l ower p ar t o f t he M idd le C oa l Measures . C oa ls o f t he a ppropr ia te a ge a nd r ank o ccur n ear t he s urface a nd o utcrop i n t he western p ar t o ft he Durham C oa lf ie ld a nd p robab ly a lso i n t he S outh Wa les C oa lf ie ld f ro m t he a rea o f t he e as t c rops n ear P ontypoo l . C oa ls c o mparab le i n r ank t o t hose h av ing t he l ower r ef lec tance o ccur i n t he Y orksh ire c oa lf ie ld i n t he v ic in i ty o f B arns ley , where t hey a re s hal nough t o h ave l ow e b een worked . I n v iew o f t he k nown e xpor t o f c oa ls f ro m t he Tyne a rea t o L ondon f ro m medieva l t imes ,4 2 a nd t he f ac t t ha t t he h igher r ef lec t ing c oa ls o f M idd le C oa l Measures a ge d o n o t o ccur i n t he Y orksh ire c oa lf ie ld i ts eems r easona b le t o s ugges t t ha t t he D urha m c oa lf ie ld was t he s ource o f t he c oa ls f ound

a tt he p ipe k i ln a l though t he p oss ib i li ty t ha t t he l ower r ank c oa ls c ou ld h ave o r ig ina ted e lsewhere mus t n ot b e e xc luded . I ti s i n terest ing t o n ote t ha t many o ft he c oa ls f ro m a rchaeo log ica l s i tes i ns ou th e as t Br i ta in h ave h ad a n a ge a nd r ank wh ich s ugges ts t he D urham c oa lf ie ld a s t he p robab le s ource .

5 7

4 1 0 1i 1 0

1 3

1 9

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 4 1

F ig . 1 5

\

m m ia

1 7-

mon

The P ost- Medieva l P ot t ery ( 1/4 )

5 8

( F ig . 1 5 .

T he p os t- medieva l p ot tery

N os . 1 /19)

B y R . F . S heppard . T in g lazed e ar thenware 1 . N orfo lk H ouse-type b ow l ,

p ink ish wh i te g laze w i th b lue f l ecks .

4 3

B lue

b otan ica l d ecora t ion ( 1 2 ) 2 . R im o fb ow l , b luish wh i te g laze ( 14 ) . 3 . A lbarel on ta iner , N orfo lk H ouse-type . l o-type c

4 3

Decora ted w i th b lue

h or izonta l b ands a nd c ha in p at 11) . t ern ( N ot i tra ted . lus 3 p la te p ink ish g laze w i th b lue b otan ica l 1 3 s herds o f N orfo lk H ouse-type 4 d ecora t ion . 2s herds o fb ow l w i th p la in i nden ted r im , t h in b lue g laze w i th

b lue d ecora t ion .

3 pla te r im s herds 6 bow l r im s herds a nd 2 5 b ody s herds .

S toneware , w h i te s a lt-g lazed 4 . Mug w i th b rown i ron wash b and a round t he r im ( 10 ) . 5 .

Smal ow l w ith f oo t r im ( 5 ) . l b

Wh i teware 6 . R im s herd o fb ow l o r j ar .

Gr it i te f abr ic w i th l i gh t y el laze o n t y wh l ow g

i n ter ior ( 4 ) . 7 . V ery smal ipk in? C rea my wh i te smooth f abr ic w ith mot rown l p tled b g laze i n terna l a nd e x terna l ( 6 ) . 8 . P la te , p ink ish f abr ic w i th y el laze , i n terna l , a nddecora ted w i th l ow g b rown s l ip ( 1 ) R edware 9 . R im s herd o fp la te , o range r ed f abr ic , l i gh t b rown g laze w i th y el l ow s l ip d ecora t ion ( 2 ) . 1 0 . R im s herd o f p la te r ed f abr ic , l i gh t b rown g laze w i th y el l ip l ow s d ecorat ion a nd t wo c oncen tr ic g rooves a round t he c ircumference ( 3 ) . ha mber p ot , p ink ish r ed f abr ic w i th mot ark b rown g laze w i th 1. C tled d p a tches o fg reen i n terna l a nd e x terna l ( 1 8) . 1 2 .

C ha mber p ot f orm w i th h and le b ut r im d es igned t o t ake l i d .

Orange r ed

f abr ic w i th i n terna l a nd e x terna l mot rown g laze ( 1 5 ) tled b 1 3 .

J ar w i th p our ing l i p a nd s car o f h and le , r ed f abr ic w i th mot rown tled b

g laze i n terna l a nd e x terna l ( 15 ) . 1 4 .

J ar , r ed f abr ic w i th d ark b rown g laze i n terna l ( 1 3) .

1 5 .

B ow l o r j ar , r ed f abr ic w i th l i gh t b rown g laze i n terna l ( 7 ) .

1 6 .

J ar w ith o ne h and le r ed f abr ic d ark b rown g laze t he s ame a s n o . 6( 19 ) .

5 9

1 7 .

L arge d ish , r ed f abr ic w i th o range b rown g laze i n terna l . ( 1 6) .

1 8 .

N eck o f j ug , t h in r ed f abr ic w i th d ark b rown mot laze ( 8 ) . tled g

1 9 .

R im s herd o f l arge j ar u ng lazed, r ed f abr ic w i th g rey c ore ( 9 ) .

S u m mary T he p ot ro m t h is f ea ture c overs a wide r ange o f d a tes . t ery f

T he t i n-g lazed

e ar thenware ( 1 -3 ) c ou ld d a te f ro m l a te 1 7th c en tury t o mid 1 8th c en tury . T he a lbarel onta iners a re more t yp ica l o f t he l a te 1 7th c entury b u t h ave l o-type c b een f ound i n 1 8th c entury g roups f ro m B rentford .

The b ow l ( 1 ) c ould b e

mid 1 8th c entury b ut n o p aral l h as b een f ound f or t he r a ther c rude d ecorat ion . le Wh i te s a lt-g lazed e ar thenwares h ave a f a ir ly s hor t l i fe , f ro m 1 710 t o 1 770 . T he mug ( 4 ) i s at ype d a ted t o 1 720 b y Mountford . 4 4 T he wh itewares ( 6-8) a re u sual a ted t o t he 1 7th c en tury a nd a re t hough t t o d isappear a tt he ly d b eg inning o f t he 1 8th c entury .

T he r edwares a re n ot c lose ly d a teab le b ut

s l ip-decora ted wares a re more t yp ica l o f t he 1 7th c entury t han o f t he 1 8th . T he p orce la in i s o f t he C h inese e xpor t t ype , c .1 740-1780 .

T he o ne smal l

f ragmen t o f t ransfer-pr in ted ware i s l a te 1 8th c entury , t h is p ar t icu lar s herd c ou ld wel e 1 9th c entury , t he f abr ic b e ing v ery h ard a nd t he g laze v ery l b wh i te . T h is g roup o fp ot s n ot t yp ica l o f mid-18th c enturygroups f ro m t he t ery i a rea o f t he k i ln ,if p rev ious B rentford d at ing c onc lus ions a re c orrec t s o me o ft he p ot as q ui te o ld when d eposi ted i n t he k i ln o r was r edepos i ted t ery w when t he k i ln was f i led i n . l

T he A nima l B ones B y Margare t S ut . ton A smal fb one was r ecovered f ro m t he k i ln . l amount o

T he 4 0 f ragmen ts

a nd 2 3 t ee th t ha t were a na lysed r epresen ted a m inimu m o f 5c at tle a nd 5 s heep t oge ther w i th 2 c hicken b ones . O f t he a n i ma ls t ha t c ou ld b e a ged , mos t were ma ture . T here was a lso c lear e v idence o f c hop marks o n an u mber o fb ones . T he mos t n otab le a spec t o f t he a ssemb lage w as t he p reponderance o f mandib les ( 20 o ut o f 4 0 f ragments ) a nd t he smal l n u mber o f l ong b ones wh ich may i ndica te b u tcher ing a c t iv i t ies i n t he a rea . Acknow ledge men ts We a re i ndeb ted t o t he L ondon B orough o f H ouns low f or p erm iss ion t o e xcava te t he s i te .

T he e xcava t ion was f i nanced j o int ly b y t he Museum o f

L ondon a nd t he D epar tmen t o f t he E nv iron men t .

The w ork was d irec ted b y

t he a uthor o n b eha lf o ft he Museu m o f L ondon a nd Iam p ar t icu lar ly i ndebted t o G eorge C hambers a nd G ordon K ing who s uperv ised t he work o n S i te B a nd t o Margare t Woo ldr idge who was r espons ib le f or t he s i te r ecording . Much o f o ft he w or k was c arr ied o ut b y v o lunteer members o f t he Wes t L ondon Archaeo log ica l F ie ld Group a nd Iam g ra tefu l t o t he many me mbers who g ave t he ir t ime t o p rov ide h e lp b o th d ur ing t he e xcava t ion a nd i n t he p reparat ion o f t his

6 0

F ig . 1 6

T he K i ln L ook ing E as t

F ig . 1 7

l o l ar a T he N or thern Wal f t he K i ln s how ing t he C oa l c el nd t he l apsed a l c ol per ture i n t he d iv iding wal

F ig . 1 8

F ig . 1 9

T he K i ln l ook ing Wes t

D eta i l o f t he s teps a nd p edes ta l s how ing t he p oss ib le r eve tments f or s pr ing ing f or t he muf fle c hamber

lian C r epor t , p ar t icu lar ly G il legg , Dav id C ook , B arbara E as top , Myr t le lo a nd Mar t in K yl , T ony L ew is , C aro l Mann ing , D ick S heppard , K e i th S udu l , t on a Margare t S ut nd D av id T ay lor .

G ordon K ing was r espons ib le f or t he

f i na l s i te p lans a nd s ec t ion d raw ings a nd P h i l ip A shby d rew t he l oca t ion maps . l f t ery T he smal i nds a nd muff le f rag men ts were d rawn b y P e ter R oe a nd t he p ot b y T ony L ew is .

t ed s T hanks a re a lso d ue t o t hose who s ub m it pec ia l is t r epor ts ;

t ery a t o D ick S heppard f or h is r epor t o n t he p os t- medieva l p ot nd t o Margare t t on f S ut or h er r epor t o n t he a n i ma l b ones .

We a re i ndebted t o Dr . A . H . V .

Sm i th o f t he Y orksh ire R eg iona l L abora tory o f t he C oa l B oard f or h is r epor t o n t he c oa l s a mp les , a nd t o t he Depar t men to f S c ient if ic C ontro l a t H arrow f or a rrang ing t he a na lysis .

T he P e trograph ic Depar t men t o f t he G eo log ica l

Musue m c arr ied o ut t he a na lys is o n t he p ipe c lay a nd Iam i ndeb ted t o Mr . .5 F or d ocu mentary i nformat ion , Iam g ra tefu l B . R . Y oung f or h is r epor t4 t o t he V ic tor ia C oun ty H is tory f or u npub l ished r eferences a nd a lso t o Barbara E astop , T ony L ew is a nd A dr ian Oswa ld .

F inaly ave p rof e lpfu l l , many h fered h

a dv ice o n t he i n terpreta t ion o f t he r e ma ins o f t he k i ln .

Iam p ar t icu lar ly

g ra tefu l t o A dr ian O swa ld who v is i ted t he s i te d ur ing the e xcava t ion a nd h as g iven much h e lp t hroughout , a lso t o D av id A tk inson a nd A lan P eacey . l

J ust ine

Bay ley o f t he Anc ien t Monu ments L abora tory h as g iven much v a luab le a ss ista nce d ur ing t he p rocess ing o f t he f i nds a nd h as h e lped i n p roduc ing t he f i na l t ex t .

Ph i lippa G lanv il as k ind ly a dv ised o n t he manuscr ip t . le h

NOTES 1 .

C anha m . 1 978 . HMSO

R . A .

C anham ' Two T housand Y ears o f Brentford '

1 978 .

L aws . 1 976 . Brentford .

aws ' Excava t ions a t N or thu mber land Wharf . A . J . L Trans . L ondon & Midd lesex . Archaeo l . S oc . V o l 2 7 ( 1976)

1 79-205 . 2 . I bid .

C anha m 1 978 , 2 4-31 .

3 . Waste ma ter ia l f rom Bren tford c ons is t ing o f muf rag men ts a nd p ack ing fle f s tr ips w i th p ipes marked W/H , W/S , i nc lud ing a rmor ia l p ipes a nd Bacchus c .1 760-80 .

P ipes i n t he p ossess ion o f R . G . L ancas ter

( i nfor ma t ion A . O swa ld) .

T h is mater ia l c a me f ro m t he s i te o f t he c ot t age

o nce o ccup ied b y H ea th ( see n o te 7 be low ) . D ocu mentary r eferences . 4 .

P ar ish R eg isters

H anwel l.

5 .

P ar ish R eg isters

B ren tford .

6 .

P ar ish R eg is ters

B ren tford .

7 .

P ar ish R eg isters

B rentford .

8 .

P ar ish R eg is ters

B ren tford .

9 .

C h isw ick L ibrary B oston Manor C our t B ook 1 692-1842 .

1 0 .

Grea ter L ondon R ecord Of . fice

Midd lesex L and R eg is try . 1 735/5/295 .

6 3

1 . 1

G . L . R . O .

M . L . R . 1 736/3/473/4 .

1 2 .

Appren t ice R ol ls

1 3 .

Apprent ice R ol ls

1 4 .

G . L . R . O .

M idd lesex S ec t ion D/R/O 3 7/B2/3 .

1 5 .

I bid .

D . R .O . 3 7/B2/4 .

1 6 .

E a ling P ar ish R eg isters .

1 7 .

G . L . R .O .

1 763/2/56 .

1 8 .

G . L . R . O .

M . L .R . 1 764/5/17 .

1 9 .

G . L . R .O .

M . L . R . 1 764 2 /252-3 .

2 0 .

G . L . R . O .

M . L . R . 1 764 5 /17 .

2 1 .

G . L . R . O .

E a ling P ar ish R a te B ooks .

2 . 2

G . L . R . O .

M . L . R . 1 774/3/265-6 .

2 3 .

G . L . R . O .

M . L . R . 1 774/3/265-6 .

2 4 .

Af u l r epor t o n t he e xcava t ion i s t o b e p ub lished i n the Trans . L ondon l

D /R/O .

3 7/B2/4 .

&M idd lesex Archaeo l . S oc . ( f or thco m ing ) . 2 5 .

I bid .

2 6 .

N orr is , N . E . S . ' A V ic tor ian P ipe K i ln i nL ewes ' P os t Med ieva l Archaeo l . v o l . 4 . 1 970 p p . 1 68/70 a nd T i l , G . M . ' A n ote o n t he e xcava t ion l o f G eorge L ongs taf ipe K i ln i n S ta mford ' P os t Medieva l Archaeo l . fs P v o l . 7 . 1 973 p . 1 4 .

2 7 .

P ersona l c o m mun ica t ion f ro m A la in P eacey . l

2 8 .

Wel , P . K ., ' The e xcava t ion o f a1 9th c en turyC lay T obacco P ipe K i ln ls i n B os ton L incs .

L inco lnsh ire H ist . & Archaeo l . 1 970 V o l . 5 21-27 .

2 9 .

Adr ian Oswa ld , ' C lay T obacco P ipes f or t he Archaeo logist ' B .A . R . 1 4 . 1 975 .184 .

3 0 .

P ar ish R ecords o f H anwel D . R . C . 3 7 A l 6a nd 8 ) s earched b y t he Wes t l ( L ondon Archaeo log ica l F ie ld Group .

3 1 .

There i s a mass o f ma ter ia l f ro m t hese a reas i nc luding o ver 1 00 a r mor ia l p ipes . T he a na lys is o f t hese p ipes w il cco mpany t he ma in r epor t o n l a t he e xcava t ions .

3 2 .

The p lac ing o f c rowns a bove i n it ia ls o ccurs ma in ly o n L ondon p ipes f ro m c .1 700-1760 . a bove , p age 7 1) .

3 . 3

T he p urpose i s s t il bscure v . B . A . R . l o

( note 1

E v idence o n t he d a t ing o f t hese f orward s pur a rmor ia l p ipes w il e l b g iven i n d e ta i l i n t he p aper o n a rmor ia l p ipes b y D . R . A tk inson a nd A dr ian Oswa ld ,

3 4 .

D on D uco ' Goudse P i jp merken t P i jpenkamer I con 1 976 p . 1 1 . n o . 8 2 .

3 5 .

D . R . A tk inson a nd A . H . Oswa ld ' L ondon C lay T obacco P ipes ' J . Br i t . Archaeo l .A ss . XXXI er . 1 969 F ig . 1 2 n o . 2 . I 3s 6 4

3 6 .

T here i s s o me e v idence f ro m t he S un A ssurance p o l ic ies t ha t g roups o f makers u sed t he s a me k i ln v . A dr ian Oswa ld ' New L igh t o n s o me 1 8th l ec C en tury P ipe makers o f L ondon ' C ol tanea L ondin iens ia . L ondon 8 / Midd lesex Archaeo l . S oc . S pec ia l P aper n o . 2 . 1 978 , 3 56 .

3 7 .

A . N oe l H u me ' C lay T obacco P ipe d a t ing i n t he l igh t o f r ecent e xcava t ion ' . B u l . Archaeo l . S oc . V irg in ia . 1 963 V o l . 1 8 . n o . 2 .

3 8 .

t e marks o T hese c ross a nd r oset n t he i ns ide o f b ow ls h ave b een n oted a nd p hotographed b y H . Oak R h ind a nd D . R . A tkinson a nd A . N oe l H u me ( note

) . T hey a re f ound o n 1 8th c en tury p ipes f ro m c .1 720-60 a nd

were c aused b y a n i nc is ion a t t he h ead o f t he s topper u sed f or p ress ing o ut t he b ow l . 3 9 .

S . L aans ma ' P i jpmakers e n P i jp merken ' Mss . c opy o f maker 's l i sts i n t he G ouda a rch ives .

4 0 .

l ec D on D uco ' 57 1 7 th c entury p ipes f ro m t he c ol t ion o f D on D uco , Amsterda m , 1 974 , F igs . 1a nd 5 .

4 1 .

' The D eve lop ment o f t he P ipec lay H a ir C ur ler ' R . l e . C he minan t . 1 978 . L ondon Archaeo l . V o l . 3 no . 7 . 1 90 . F ig . 2( B 2 1) .

4 2 .

Gal , R . l oway

L .,

A H istory o f C oa lm ining i n B r i ta in

D av id 8 /C har les

1 969 . 4 3 .

B . B lo ice .

1 971 .

' Norfo lk H ouse , L a mbe th;

E xcava t ions o f aDe lf tware

K i ln S i te . 1 968 ' P ost Medieva l Archaeo l . V o l . 5( 1971) 9 9-159 . 4 . 4

A . Mountford, 1 971 .

S taf ire s a lt-g lazed s toneware . fordsh

4 5 .

T ob e p ub l ished a long w i th a na lys is o f o ther c lays f ro m L ondon i n ' The Archaeo logy o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe , n umber V I I( c f . p . 1a bove ) .

6 5

AN 1 8TH CENTURY P IPE GROUP FRO M BEDFO RD S QUARE , LONDON WC1 b y Adr ian Oswa ld , F .S .A., a nd D e irdre L e F aye

S U MMARY I n A pr i l 1 972 , 5 6 f ragmen tary c lay p ipes were c ol l ec ted f ro m t he s poi l h eaps o f ad eep g as- ma in e xcava t ion a t t he j unc t ion o f Bayley a nd Morwel tree ts , a d jacen t t o B ed ford S quare , L ondon W. C .1. l S ( NGR :

TQ 2 9728163 ).

D ocumen tary e v idence f or t he d eve lop men t

o f t he s i te p o in ts t o a ter m ina l d a te o f 1 775 f or t he c ol l ect ion .

H ISTORY AND LOCAT ION OF THE S ITE b y De irdre L e Faye t enham C A t t he midd le o f t he 1 8 th c en tury T ot our t R oad a nd G rea t Rusl S s el tree t marked t he l im i ts o f d eve lop men t o f t he B loo msbury d is tr ic t o f t enham C L ondon . The a rea t o t he e as t o f Tot our t R oad a nd t o t he n or th o f l S l S G rea t Russel treet , u pon wh ich Bay ley a nd Morwel tree ts , B ed ford S quare a nd many o ther s tree ts a nd s quares were l a id o u t a t t he e nd o f t he 1 8 th c en tury , was t hen r ough was te land , we t e nough t o h arbour s n ipe ( Bags ter , 1 972 , 1 7) .

f 1 746 s hows a l arge p ond v ery c lose t o t he f ind-spo t o f t he R ocque ts map o p ipes .

I n t he 1 760s d eve lop men t n or thwards s tar ted o n t he wes t s ide o f

T ot our t R oad ( LCC S urvey o f L ondon , XX I , 1 949 , 1 -7; t enham C

R ocque ,

1 769 ) , a nd t he a rea n or th o f G rea t Russel tree t was g radual i led i n t o l S ly f l l i nk u p l eve l o n t he e as t s ide ( K i tch in , 1 783 ; H orwood , 1 792-99 ) .

F aden 1 785 ;

C ary , 1 787 ;

Bay ley S tree t ( or ig inal al ed ford S tree t b u t r ely c l ed B

n amed i n 1 878 ) h ad b een c rea ted b y 1 776 , when p lo ts o f g round i n t he p ro jec ted B ed ford S quare were i den t i f ied i n t heir l eases b y r e la t ion t o t h is n ew a pproach ling a ling r oad ( LCC S urvey o f L ondon , V , 1 914 , 1 68-171 ) . S i te l evel nd i n f il o f p onds , t here fore , o ccurred p resu mably n o t l a ter t han 1 775 .

Do mes t ic

r ubbish s ee ms t o h ave b een u sed f or t h is p urpose , p erhaps t ha t emana t ing f ro m l S t enham C t he h ouses a lready s tand ing i n G rea t Russel tree t a nd Tot our t R oad , o r p erhaps b rough t i n f ro m r ubb ish h eaps f ur ther a f ie ld . I n t he e ar ly y ears o f t he 1 9 th c en tury

c oa l-gas made i t s f irs t a ppearance

i n L ondon s tree t l a mps , a nd t he r ap id ly-grow ing p r iva te g as c o mpan ies v ied w i th e ach o ther i n l aying ma ins a s f as t a s p oss ib le .

The B loo msbury d is tr ic t

was d ispu ted t err i tory b etween t he C har tered a nd t he Imper ia l g as c o mpan ies , a nd u n for tuna te ly t he s urv iv ing r ecords o f b o th c o mpan ies a re i ncons is ten t i n t he amoun t o f i n forma t ion m inu ted a t d irec tors ' mee t ings .

G as ma ins h ad

l S c er ta in ly b een l a id i n G rea t R ussel treet b y 1 818 , when i t was r epor ted t ha t 6 7

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2 38

APPEND IX 2 PROV IS IONAL L IST OF SURREY P IPE- MAKERS

Th is i s al i st o f S urrey P ipe- makers f ro m t he p resen t C oun ty o n ly .

I t

f i s f ar f ro m c o mp lete b u t r e med ies t he s ad s ta te o fa fa irs when i n 1 975 t he N at iona l L ist ( Oswa ld p . 1 30-207 ) s p l i t S urrey b etween L ondon , H a mpsh ire a nd S ussex .

Th is l i st i s l arge ly b ased o n t he work o f Miss E . D ance d one

when s he was C urator o f t he G u i ldford Museu m wh ich h as f or s o l ong p roved i nva luab le t o t hose i n terested i n t he s tudy o f S urrey p ipes .

Add i t iona l r ef-

e rances h ave b een a dded f ro m t he N at iona l L ist a nd p r ivate i nd iv idua ls ly t amongst who m Imust e spec ial hank Mr . D . B arker , Mr . R . K ingsfordC urra m a nd f or r esearch o n t he Thorn tons M iss E . D . Mercer . t ( O ther impor tan t l i sts r e levan t t o S urrey a re g iven b y D rewet 1974 , p . 1 1 ) f or t he C roydon makers a nd A tk inson ( 1977 , p . 9 -17 ) f or S ussex makers . l ows T he a bbrev ia t ions u sed h ere a re a s f ol : B D

-Born -D ied

F -T ook h is f reedo m f l -w ork ing

App

A ppren t ice

* -P oss ib le p ipe maker

WA

lia m ARRO W Wil

Marr ied 1 726 , f l1 753 , D1 784

GU ILDFORD

HB

BAKER H enry I

B1723?, App 1 735 , F1 747 ,f l1 782

GU ILDFORD

HB

BA KER Henry I

F1 795

GU ILDFORD*

MB

BAKER Moses

App 1 751 , F1762 , D1794

GU ILDFORD

FC

COATES F ranc is

App 1 768

GU ILDFORD

J C

CRO WDER J ohn

App 1 790 , f l1 835

GU ILDFORD

JD

DENYER J ohn

App 1 717 , f 11 745

FARNHA M

TD

DURRANT Tho mas

App 1 712

GU ILDFORD

WF

lia m FORD Wil

c . 1 715-20

GU ILDFORD

AG

GEORGE An thony

f i1 717 , D1 734

FARNHA M

JG

GOODYEAR J ohn

f l1 717 , Mayor 1 718 , 1 728

GU ILDFORD

TG

GARRARD Tho mas

App 1 712 , F1 727

GU ILDFORD

•TG

GLAZIER Tho mas

f l1 827

GU ILDFORD

LG

GEA LE L awrence

B1 671 App 1 689 F 1 700 f 11730 D1731 GU ILDFORD

JH

HAINES J ohn

Do f S on 1 704/5 , D1 740

GU ILDFORD

JH

HYDE J ohn

f l1 859-93

GU ILDFORD

TH

HYDE Tho mas

f l1 862

GU ILDFORD

JK

KEEN J ohn

App 1 731 , F1 738 , f l1 749

GU ILDFORD

f l1 668

TL

LA MBERT Thomas

WL

lia m f LOVELAND Wil l1 704 , D1 731

GU ILDFORD

CH IDD INGFOLD*

HM

MILLS H enry

GU ILDFORD

JM

MUSGRAVE J ohn

A pp 1 770

GU ILDFORD

EN

NEAVE E dward

f l1 676 , F1 700 , D1 718

GU ILDFORD

EP

PRICE E dward

App 1 717

GU ILDFORD

F1 716 , D1 726

2 39

RP

PRICE R ichard

F1 700 , f l1 740 , D1 716

GU ILDFORD

WP wp

PE MERTON Wil f s on 1 678 , D1 697 lia m D o PE MERTON W c . 1 710 ( p ipes )

GUILDFORD* GUILDFORD?

TR

ROBERTS Tho mas

F1 700

GUILDFORD

RR

RUTLAND R ichard

F1 706

GUILDFORD

CS

SW INYARD C

C . 1 810-20 ( p ipe )

GU ILDFORD

J S

STONER J ohn

App 1 677 , F1 688

GU ILDFORD

J S

SW INYARD J a mes

f l 1 839 , f 11851

PS

STREET P h i l ip

B1 693 , f l1 721 , D1 749

RS

S ANDS R ichard

App 1 721 ( i n L ondon )

WS

SW INYARD Wil lia m

B1790 , f l 1 815-58, D 1 864 c . 1 850

GU ILD FO RD GU ILDFORD GU ILD FO RD

WS

SURNAY Wil lia m

GT

THORNTON George

GT

THORNTON G eorge I f l1 762-1823

DORK ING

HT

TYLER Henry

f l 1 856

GU ILDFORD

JT

THETCHER J ohn

App 1 759

GU ILDFORD

WT

TURNER Wil lia m

App 1 749

GU ILDFORD

CW

WATTLETON Char les

7App

GU ILDFORD

1 731, D 1 768

f l1 699 , D1 755

2 40

DORK ING

GU ILDFORD

APPEND IX 3 I LLUSTRATIONS

F ig . 1 is a l ocat ion map o f t he p laces men t ioned i n t he t ex t most o f wh ich h ave a lso p roduced p ipes . wh ich r e ma in u nexp lored .

I tg ives a n i mpress ion o f t he l arge a reas

T he r est o f t he i lustrat ions a re d raw ings o f l

p ipes t aken f ro m e very p lace where a s izeab le c ol l ect ion h as b een made . T hey a re a rranged i n ar ough ly a n t i-c lockw ise r o tat ion o f S urrey s tar t ing a t F arnha m a s t h is k eeps a d jacen t g roups t ogether . T he d raw ings s how a ny p ipe wh ich i s p ar t icu lar ly c o m mon i n t hat a rea , t he p redo m inan t makers ' marks a nd a l t he i n terest ing d ecorated o r s ta mped p ipes . E ach g roup i s l d iscussed b r ief ly i n t he t ex t b ut a l a re i n tended t o b e u sed f or r eg iona l s tud ies l a nd r esearch .

T he l i st o f makers ' marks ( Append ix 1 ) g ives t he f i gure

n u mber f or a l t he marked p ipes d rawn . l

W i th t he e xcep t ion o f t he 3 4 .9 d eta i l

a l l t he p ipes a re d rawn a t 1 : 1. F ig . 4 9 s hows t he s tem l eng ths o f v ar ious S urrey p ipes measured i n mm ( f ro m t he b ack o f t he s pur ) . The E pso m p i t g roup o f c . 1 710 i s s hown i n t he f i rst c o lu mn a nd o ther p ipes o f v ar ious d ates i n t he s econd ( see p . 2 23 ) . A l though f ew a re c o mparab le i ti s wor th n o t ing t he s im i lar l eng th o f t he e igh teen th c en tury p ipes w i th mou lded marks ( i .e . t he GT , LG a nd c rowned s un p ipes) .

T he s ymbo ls u sed i n t he d iagram a re a s f o l lows :-

1 9 Atk inson & Oswa ld

t ype n u mber .

1 8c Da te b y c en tury . B lank s quare U n marked t ype 2 5 . LG -Moulded mark . 1 -3 G ea le s ta mp t ypes ( p . 2 02 ) . D iagona l b ar 6.14 B ow l t ypes . +C rowned s un mark .

2 41

X 0 0

c l ) -

0

0 0 0 4 . ) e t l

c d

L . 7 0

C d P 2 1

0 0 0w

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0

1 -, 0M • 1 ▪ -1

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0

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0

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r

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r • ▪ 40 ( ; ) O 4 4 r 4 ‘ 4 4 c l < • •

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• i

2 42

7

1 2 c = 3

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1

F ARNHAM

2 43

0 , 1 c n

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9

1 0

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F ARNHAM 1 — 6

2 44

G UILDFORD 7 — I I

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2

4

3

5

6

8

9

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4

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3

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2 46

1

3

4

A ge ke v

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8

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1 2

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c e 3

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SWIN W A RD 5

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5

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Atkinson D., 1962. Makers' Marks on Clay Tobacco Pipes Found in London: The Archaeological Newsletter, Vol. 7 No. 8 (April) p. 182-88. Atkinson D., 1965a. Makers' Marks on Clay Tobacco Pipes Found in London: Part II: The Archaeological Newsletter, Vol. 7 No. 11 (Jan/ Feb) p. 249-56. Atkinson D., 1965b. Clay Tobacco Pipes and Pipe-makers of Marlborough: Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, Vol. 60 p. 85-95. Atkinson D., 1969. Clay Tobacco Pipes Found in Shaftesbury: Proceedings of the Dorset Natural Histor & Archaeolo ·cal Societ : Vol. 91, p. 208-15. Atkinson D., 1970. ·clay Tobacco Pipes and Pipemakers of Salisbury, Wiltshire: The Wiltshire Archaeological & Natural History Magazine: Vol. 65, p. 177-89. Atkinson D., 1971. Clay Tobacco Pipes from Basing House, Ha.mpshire: Post Medieval Archaeology: Vol. 5, p. 72-76. Atkinson D., 1972a. Further Notes on Clay Tobacco Pipes & Pipemakers from the M arlborough & Salisbury Districts: Wiltshire Archaeological & Natural History Magazine: Vol. 67, p. 149-56. Atkinson D., 1972b. A Brief Guide for the Identification of Dutch Clay Tobacco Pipes found in England: Post Medieval Archaeology: Vol. 6, p. 175-82. Atkinson D., 1974. Clay Tobacco Pipes from Nonsuch Palace: unpublished. Atkinson D., 1975a. Clay Tobacco Pipes from Excavations at the Royal Dockyard, Woolwich 1972-3: Post Medieval Archaeology, Vol. 9, p. 94-102. Atkinson D., 1975b. Saffron Waiden.

Clay Pipes of Brosely Shropshire: Hart-Talbot,

Atkinson D., 1976. Clay Tobacc o Pipes from Oatlands Palace, Weybridge 1968-75: unpublished. Atkinson D., 1977. Sussex Clay Tobacco Pipes & the Pipemakers: Crain Services, Eastbourne. Atkinson D. & Oswald A., 1969. London Clay Tobacco Pipes: Journal of the Archaeological Association: Third Series Vol. 32, p. 171-227. Barker D., 1976. The Archaeology of Staines and the Excavation· at Elmsleigh House (by K. Crouch): The Clay Tobacco Pipes: Transactions of the London & Middlesex Archaeological Society; Vol. 27, p. 129-31. 291

B arker D ., 1 979 . Bul le t in o f t he S urrey Archaeo log ica l S oc iety : ( Sep te mber ) p . 5 . B ax ter E ., 1 971 .

S urrey Archaeo log ica l C ol l ect ions :

No . 1 60

C ast le Arch , G u i ldford :

Vo l . 6 8 , p . 1 87 . D rewet t P ., 1 974.

Excava t ions i n O ld T own , C roydon 1 968-70 :

Vo lu me o f t he S urrey Archaeo log ica l S oc iety N o . 1 :

Research

C ast le Arch ,

Gu i ldford : p . 1 -45. D uco D ., 1 978 .

G oudse P i jpen :

Amsterda m :

D uco D ., 1 980 .

E igh teen th C en tury C lay P ipes f ro m S choonhoven :

The Archaeo logy o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe :

P r ivate ly P ub l ished .

E d . P . Davey , Br i t ish

Archaeo log ica l R epor ts I nternat iona l S er ies N o . 9 2 , p . 1 09-114. H u me A ., 1 970.

Eng l ish C lay T obacco P ipes B ear ing t he R oya l Ar ms f ro m

lia msburg Wil , V irg in ia : J ackson R . & P r ice R ., 1 974. The ir Marks :

P ost Med ieva l Archaeo logy , V o l . 4 , p . 1 41-6 . B r isto l C lay P ipes , A S tudy o f Makers &

B r isto l C ity Museu m R esearch Monograph N o . 1 .

K ingsford-Cur r am I t ., 1 968 .

I nd icat ions o f aP ipe K i ln a t G u i ldford :

. . l ec S urrey Ar %aeo .og ica l C ol t ions :

C ast le Arch , Gu i ldford , V o l . 6 5 ,

p . 8 7-90 . L e C he m inan t R ., 1 978 . P re l im inary S tudy :

T he D eve lop men t o f t he P ipec lay W ig C ur ler-a T he L ondon Archaeo log ist , Vo l . 3 , N o . 7S u m mer

1 978 , p . 1 87-191. Mann J ., 1 977.

C lay T obacco P ipes f ro m Excavat ions i n L inco ln 1 970-4 :

. c haea log ica l T rust Monograph S er ies : L inco ln A . McCash ion J .

1 979 .

Vo l . XV-1.

A P re l im inary C hrono logy a nd D iscuss ion o f S even teen th

a nd E ar ly E igh teen th C entury C lay T obacco P ipes f ro m N ew York S tate S i tes : The Archaeo logy o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe : v o l . I e d . P . D avey , Br i t ish Archaeo log ica l R epor ts , I n ternat iona l S er ies No . 6 0. O swa ld A ., 1 960 . Eng l ish C lay T obacco P ipes : Archaeo log ica l A ssoc iat ion , Vo l . 2 3. O swa ld A ., 1 969 . Archaeo logy :

J ourna l o f t he Br it ish

Marked C lay P ipes f ro m P ly mouth , D evon :

P ost Med ieva l

Vo l . 3 , p . 1 22-42 .

O swa ld A ., 1 975 .

C lay P ipes f or t he Archaeo log ist , Br it ish Archaeo log ica l

Repor ts , Br i t ish S er ies N o . 1 4. R ut , & D avey P ., 1 980 . t er J

C lay P ipes f ro m C hester :

The Archaeo logy o f

t he C lay Tobacco P ipe , V o l . I I , e d . P . D avey , Br i t ish A rchaeo log ical R epor ts , Br it ish S er ies N o . 7 8 . S heppard T ., 1 912 .

E ar ly H ul obacco P ipes a nd The ir Makers : l T

Hul l Museu m

P ub l icat ion No . 6( second e d i t ion ). Wa lker I , & Wel ., 1 979 . ls P i n E astern Eng land :

R eg iona l V ar iet ies o f C lay T obacco P ipe Mark ings

The Archaeo logy o f t he C lay Tobacco P ipe :

V o l . 1

e d . P . D avey , Br it ish A rchaeo log ica l R epor ts , Br it ish S er ies N o . 6 3 , p . 3 -66 . 2 92

Wa tk ins , G ., 1 979 . T obacco P ipe :

H ul l P ipes :

A T ypo logy :

V o l . I . e d . P . D avey :

T he Archaeo logy o f t he C lay

B r i t ish Archaeo log ica l R epor ts :

Br i t ish S er ies n o . 6 3 , p . 8 5-122 . Wh ite , A ., 1 979 .

C lay P ipes A ssoc iated w i th a S even teen th C en tury P ot t ery

K i ln a t B oston , L inco lnsh ire :

T he Archaeo logy o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe ,

V o l . 1 , e d . P . D avey , B r i t ish Archaeo log ica l R epor ts , B r it ish S er ies N o . 6 3 , p . 1 79-84 .

2 93