The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe XIII: The Clay Tobacco Pipe Industry in the Parish of Newington, Southwark, London 9780860547730, 9781407318653

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The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe Edited by Peter Davey

XIII The Clay Tobacco Pipe Industry in the Parish of Newington, Southwark, London

Colin Andrew Tatman

BAR British Series 239 1994

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR British Series 239 The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe 13 XIII The Clay Tobacco Pipe Industry in the Parish of Newington, Southwark, London © Colin Andrew Tatman and the Publisher 1994 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860547730 paperback ISBN 9781407318653 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547730 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Tempvs Reparatvm in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1994. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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CONTENTS

L i s t o fi lu s t ra t ion s E d i to r ia l

i i i

1 : 2 :

I n t roduc t ion T he P a r ish o fN ew ing ton : I t s H is to r ic a nd T opog raph ica l B ackg round

1 2

3 : 4 :

I ndu s t r ie s i nS ou thwa rk a nd N ew ing ton I n t roduc t ion t oP ipemak ing i nL ondon

4 5

5 :

R ea sons f o r t h e d eve lopmen t o ft h e N ew ing ton P ipemak ing I ndu s t ry

1 2

6 : 7 :

P ipe C lay Make r s a nd Me rchan t s P ipemak ing Me thod s a nd T oo l s

1 5 2 3

T he P ipe s a nd t h e i r I d en t if iab le Make r s T he Ma in P ipemak ing C en t re s o fN ew ing ton A spec t s o ft h e N ew ing ton P ipemak ing I ndu s t ry C onc lu s ion s

2 9 5 1 7 8 9 1

A cknow ledgemen t s L oca l B ib l iog raphy

9 2 9 3

8 : 9 : 1 0 : 1 :

G ene ra l B ib l iog raphy P r ima ry S ou rce s A bb rev ia t ions

9 4 9 8 1 02

A ppend ice s : I : I : I I : I V : V : V I :

T he L if e H i s to r ie s o ft h e Make r s P ipe C lay Make r s , Wh i t ing Make r s

1 03

a nd P ipe C lay a nd Wh i t ing Me r chan t s P ipe Mou ld Make r s O ccupan t s o fN ew ing ton 's Two mo s t P roduc t ive

1 48 1 49

P ipemak ing c en t re s K i lnmen C ha r t s how ing f am i ly c onnec t ion s b e tween Sw inya rd T PM s a nd o the r p ipemak ing f am i l ie s

1 50 1 52 1 53

I LLUSTRAT IONS

1 . P a r ish m ap o fN ew ing ton 2 . A ve rage p e rcen tage o fC lay T obacco P ipemake r s l i s ted i n 1 9 th c en tu ry L ondon d i rec to r ie s s amp led e ve ry t e n y ea r s f r om 1 822 -1892

3 1 0

3 . F am i ly c onnec t ion s b e tween T homa s D uggan , p ipe c l ay m e rchan t o f S had T hame s , S ou thwa rk ; J ohn J ew s te r T PM a nd W i l l iam W i l l iam s T PM o f K en t S t ree t , N ew ing ton 4 . S ec t ion o f 1 894 O .S . m ap s how ing w ha rve s a l ong t h e S ur rey c ana l

2 0 2 1

5 . P ipe mou ld a nd s t oppe r i nN ewa rke H ouse s mu seum , L e ice s te r

2 5

6 . Sw inya rd ' p ipe mou ld a nd p ipe s tamp 7 . P ipe s f r om A rcad ia B u i ld ing s 8 . P ipe s made b y t h e B lunde l l f am i ly c .1 750 -1820

2 7 3 0 3 3

9 . C omp le te p ipe b y J ohn J ew s te r c .1 810 -50 1 0 . P ipe s b y J ohn J ew s te r c .1 790 -1850

3 4 3 5

1 . K i ln p i ece a nd p ipe s o ft h e W i l l iam s f am i ly c .1 820 -60 1 2 . P ipe s b y t h e W i l l iam s f am i ly c .1 820 -60

3 8 3 9

1 3 . P ipe s b y t h e W i l l iams f am i ly c .1 820 -60 1 4 . P ipe s b y t h e W i l l iam s f am i ly c .1 820 -60

4 0 4 1

1 5 . P ipe s b y W . B oud c .1 870 1905 1 6 . P ipe s b y W . B oud c .1 870 -1905

4 2 4 3

1 7 . P ipe s b y J . Sw inya rd c .1 820 -50

4 6

1 8 . P ipe s b y J .H edge , R . R aby , J .A nd rew s , D . Mor ton , W i l l iam S ho le s a nd B e l lamy

4 7

1 9 . P ipe s f r om e xcava t ions a tC hauce r H ou se , S ou thwa rk 2 0 . P ipe s f r om t h e C um ing Museum , Wa lwo r th

4 8 4 9

2 1 . P ipe s f r om t h e C um ing Mu seum , Wa lwo r th 2 2 . S imp l if ied m ap o fs t ree t s e ncompa s s ing t h e m a in p ipemak ing c en t re s o fN ew ing ton

5 0 5 2

2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 . 2 7 .

P a r t o fH o rwood 's 1 799 m ap s how ing K en t S t ree t K en t S t ree t b y J .C . B uck le r , 1 827 R oya l O ak C our t b y J .C . B uck le r , 1 827 Me t ropo l i tan B oa rd o f Wo rk s p l an o fT aba rd S t ree t 1 883 P a r t o f F aden 's 1 8 13 m ap s how ing Weymou th S t ree t

5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 9

2 8 . 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 1 . 3 2 . 3 3 . 3 4 . 3 5 . 3 6 . 3 7 .

Map o fL ock s F ie ld s 1 8 13 C opy o f ap l an o f Wa lwo r th 1 68 1 B randon S t ree t f r om 1 894 O .S . m ap Map o fE a s t S t ree t 1 799 Map o fJ ohn S t ree t 1 799 Map o fT ra f a lga r S t ree t a r ea 1 884 C ha r t s how ing p opu la t ion s o fp ipemake r s i nN ew ing ton c .1 660 -19 10 E l izabe th A shbey 's a pp ren t ice sh ip i n den tu r e , 1 704 J e s se S tubb s ' a pp ren t ice sh ip i n den tu re , 1 8 11 B i l l f r om Mon tpe l l ie r T ea -Ga rden s , Wa lwo r th ( TPMco )

6 2 6 5 6 7 7 0 7 3 7 5 8 1 8 4 8 5 8 7

3 8 . L e t te r a dd re ssed t oW . W i l l iam s T PM ( e nve lope ) 3 9 . L e t te r a dd re ssed t oW . W i l l iam s T PM ( c on ten t s )

1

8 8 8 9

ED ITOR IAL

T h i si st h es e cond n umbe ro f' T he A r chaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe ' w h ich i sd evo ted t ot h ew o rk o fo ne p e r son . T he f i r s tw a s n umbe r 1 w h ich c on ta ined t h eD u rham U n ive r s i ty MA b yL loyd E dwa rd se n t i t led ' S even teen th a nd E igh teen th C en tu ry T yne s ide P ipe Make r s a nd T obaccon is t s ' . T he a r gumen t s f o r i n c lud ing t h e p re sen t w o rk b y C o l in T a tman —a L ive rpoo l U n ive r s i ty MPh i l —a re s im i la r . I ti s ac ohe ren t s t udy o fp i pemak ing i no ne L ondon p a r ish , N ew ing ton . T he re h ave b een n o o f f e r s o fs im i la r p ape r s w h ich c ou ld e a s i ly b e p u t a l ong s ide i t .I ti sa n o r ig ina l w o rk o f monog raph l e ng th . T he s t udy h a sf ou rm a in c omponen t s . L if eh i s to r ie s h ave b een a s semb led f o ra l lo ft h ek now make r s i nt h e a r ea u s ing aw ide r a nge o fo r ig ina l s ou rce s . T he e v idence f o rp roduc t ion s i te s i se xam ined i nd e ta i l . A l l o ft h e k nown p roduc t s o f make r s w ho w o rked i nN ew ing ton a r e d e sc r ibed a nd i l u s t ra ted . T he re i sa na na ly s i so ft h e s t a tu so fp ipemake r s i nr e la t ion t oo t he r i ndu s t r ie s i nt h e a r ea . T he r e su l t ing t e x t s how s c l ea r ly h ow a d e ta i led s t udy o f t h e d ocumen ta ry s ou rce s i n a r e s t r ic ted g eog raph ica l a r ea , t o ge the r w i th t h e a r t if ac t s w h ich i tp roduced , c an y i e ld m any i n s igh t s i n to t h e p i pemak ing i n du s t ry . I tp rov ide s am ode l f o r s im i la r w o rk i n o t he r p ipemak ing c en t r e s i nL ondon a nd b eyond . Ia m g ra tefu l t oP h i l ippa T om l inson f o re d i to r ia l a s s i s tance a nd f o r t y pe se t t ing t h e t e x t a nd t oS us ie Wh i te f o r h e r h e lp i n moun t ing t h e t e x t f i gu re s .

P e te r D avey L ive rpoo l i s t Ma rch 1 994

1 1

1 .I n troduc t ion i n c lud ing S ou thwa rk , o f w h ich N ew ing ton i s ap a r t ( Sec t ions 1 4 ) . A s r e sea rch p rog re s sed , i t b ecame a ppa ren t t h a t t h e mak ing o f p ipe c l ay a nd s im i la r ma te r ia ls , s uch a s wh i t ing , w e re i mpor tan t t o t h e n e ighbou rhood a nd S ec t ion 6 e xam ine s t h e p robab le me thod s o f p roduc t ion a nd m e rchan t s i n vo lved . T he c o -hab i ta t ion o ft h e se t r ades w i th t h ep o t te ry , g l a ss a nd p ipemak ing i ndus t r ie s , a l ong w i th t h e e nv i ronmen ta l f a c to r s w h ich may h ave g ove rned t h e i r g eog raph ica l p l ac ing a nd g row th s t imu la t ion i n t h e C ap i ta l i sa l so d i scussed . T he a va i lab i l i ty a nd u se o fi nd igenous f ue ls -` b av ins ' a nd t a n tu rve s w h ich w e re b y -p roduc t s o f l o ca l b room a nd l e a the r mak ing f i rms i sn o ted t o ge the r w i th t h e r i s ing i mpo r tance o fc oa l a nd c oke i nL ondon i n dus t r ie s d ur ing t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ( Sec t ion 5 ) .

A s o ne o f t h e ' l ow ly ' o ccupa t ions o f L ondon , c l ay t o bacco -p ipemak ing h a sa t t rac ted l i t t le s t udy i np rev ious c en tu r ie s . C ampbe l l , i n h i s L ondon T radesman ( 1747 , 3 26 ) b eg ins as can t r e sum6 o ft h e t r ade a s f o l low s : ' I n a c oun t ry w he re t h e re a r e s o m any s moake r s a d e scr ip t ion o ft h e T obacco -P ipe i sn eed less ; i ti s made o f f i ne c l ay , w rough t v ery f i ne a nd f o rmed u pon a mou ld t ot h e s hape w e s e e a s d r ied , a nd t h en b aked i n af u rnace ; t h e a r t h a s n o g rea t mys te ry i n i t , a nd i s mo re d i r ty t h an l a bo r ious ' . Mo re r e cen t ly , ar i se i n i n te res t t owa rds i ndus t r ia l a r chaeo logy , u rban d eve lopmen t a nd s oc ia l h i s to ry h a s f ocu sed a mo re e n l igh tened e ye o n p o s t -med ieva l o b jec t s l i ke t h e c l ay t o bacco -p ipe a su sefu l med iums f o rs t ra t ig raph ic d a t ing , i n d ica to r so fs oc io -econom ic s t a tus a nd s ub jec t sw or thy o f s t udy i nt h e ir own r i gh t . I n t h is r e spec t , p ipe b ow l t y po log ie s , make r s ' ma rk s t ud ies - a nd i n t h e l a s t f i f teen y ea r s o r s o , r e g iona l s urvey s o n t h e t r ade h ave b een p ub l ished ( s ee B ib l iog raph ie s ) . Much w o rk i n L ondon , t h e f i r s t c en t re f o r t h e i n du s t ry , r ema ins t ob e c a r r ied o u t b o th f r om a d ocumen ta ry a nd a n a r chaeo log ica l p o in to fv i ew b efo re ac l ea re r p i c tu re o f p i pemak ing i n t h e C i ty a nd i t s o u t -pa r ishe s c an b e d e te rm ined . I tw a s i n tended i n t h is p re sen t s u rvey t o h i gh l igh t a s f a r a s p re sen t e v idence h a s p e rm i t ted , t h e e vo lu t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o f p ipe manufac tur ing i n a s i ng le L ondon p a r ish , N ew ing ton , w i th t h e h ope t h a t a f ounda t ion f o r s im i la r r e sea rch i n to o the r L ondon d i s t r ic t s h a s b een s e t o u t .

I tw a s f e l ti mpo r tan tt oi n c lude as e c t ion o np ipemak ing me thod s a nd t oo ls i n t h e l i gh t o f a va i lab le e v idence p rov ided b y e x is t ing p ipes a nd p ipe mou lds f r om t h e p a r ish ( Sec t ion 7 ) . Many o ft h e p ipe s a r e f r om s u r f ace d epo s i t s i n t h e T hame s mud a nd s o f r om u nda ted c on tex t s . T he d a t ing o f p ipe s p re sen ted i n t h e s u rvey h a s b een b a sed o n t h e b ow l t ypo log ie s o fA tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 , 1 78 -180 a nd t h e k nown w o rk ing l i ves o f t h e m ake r s c omp i led d u r ing t h e w r i t ing o f t h is monog raph . S ec t ion 9 d e ta i ls t h e l o ca t ion o f t h e mo s t i mpor tan t p ipemak ing a r ea s i nt h ep a r ish . T he a r ea s a r e p re sen ted i n as equence mov ing f r om t h e n o r th e a s te r ly t o t h e e a s te r ly c orne r s o f N ew ing ton . T h is p rog re ss ion i s a l igned t oh i s to r ica l a nd s oc io -econom ic p a t te rn s w h ich c an b e s een i n t h e l i gh t o f w o rkfo rce p opu la t ions mov ing o u twa rd s f r om t h e h i n te r land o f t h e T hame s i n to t h e s ubu rbs a nd t h e a ccompany ing b u i ld ing p rog ramme s . S ec t ion 9 a l so t o uche s o n c ond i t ions w i th in e ach p ipemak ing a r ea . T he t op ics d ea l t w i th i n e ach s e c t ion c an b e s umma r ised a sf o l low s : K en t S t ree t -h awke r s , c r ime , f i re r isk ; K en t S t ree t a nd L ock s F ie lds -t h e r e la t ionsh ip o f p ipemak ing t o t h e m e ta l t r ade s ; B randon S t ree t -h awk ing , l o ca l ma rke t s a nd p ipemake r s ' s e rvan t s ; T he T ra fa lga r S t ree t a r ea -t h e r e la t ionsh ip o fp ipemak ing t oo t he r t r ade s .

T he p a r ish i n q ue s t ion . N ew ing ton , w a s c ho sen f o r a n umbe r o f r e a sons , n o t l e a s t t h e f a c t t h a t t od a te l i t t le r e sea rch i n to p ipemak ing h a s b een c a r r ied o u t t h e re . A dd i t iona l ly , a t ten t ion w a s d rawn t owa rd s t h e n e ighbou rhood a f te r ap i ece o f k i ln r e info rced w i th a p ipe s t em e mbo ssed w i th t h e n ame WILL IAMS ( F ig . 1 ) w a s f ound o n t h e S ou thwa rk f o re sho re o f t h e T hame s . N umbe r s o f b ow ls l e t te red W/V V h ad p rev ious ly b een p i cked u p i nt h e v i c in i ty ( F igs 1 -14 ) . I tw a s d ec ided t or e sea rch i n to t h e W i l l iams f am i ly o f K en t S t ree t a nd o the r N ew ing ton p ipemake r s w i th t h e v i ew o fp roduc ing ac omp rehens ive s u rvey o ft h e l o ca l i n du s t ry . T he p ro jec t w a s e s sen t ia l ly o f ad ocumen ta ry n a tu re a s l i t t le a r chaeo log ica l w o rk h ad s o f a r b een c a r r ied o u t i nt h e p a r ish , a pa r t f r om e xcava t ions a tt h e A rcad ia B u i ld ings k i ln s i te j u s tw es to fK en t S t ree ta nd t h e C hauce r H ou se s i te wh ich l i e s o n t h e e a s t s i de o f K en t S t ree t o n t h e b ounda ry b e tween t h e p a r ishe s o f N ew ing ton a nd S t ree t G eo rge . D raw ings o f p ipe s r e cove red f r om b o th t h e se s i te s h ave b een i n c luded ( F ig s 7a nd 1 9 ) .

Many r e levan t a spec t s o f t h e N ew ing ton p ipemak ing i n du s t ry , s uch a s f am i ly i n vo lvemen t , w o rk fo rce c hange s , a pp ren t ice sh ip s a nd t r ade o rgan isa t ion s a r e d i scussed i n S ec t ion 1 0 . I t w a s t h ough t u sefu l t o i n c lude i n t h e s ec t ion ' J ou rneymen a nd Ma s te r s ' f i r s t h and a ccoun t so fw age d i spu te s , w o rke r s ' m ee t ings a nd a n e ven tua l s t r ike i n t h e Maze , S ou thwa rk w he re t h e N ew ing ton p ipemake r D av id Mo r ton s e rved h i s a pp ren t ice sh ip .T he a ccoun t sh e lp t oh i gh l igh tt h ep l igh t o f p ipemak ing f am i l ie s t o ge the r w i th t ho se o f o the r a r t isans i nt h em id to la te G eo rg ian E ng land ,a ga ins tt h e g ene ra l b ackg round o fd i ssen t a nd s oc ia l u nre s t o f t h e t ime . T he S ec t ion i n c lude s as e c t ion o n t h e i n f luence o f t h e T obacco P ipemake r s C ompany i n t h e a r ea a nd i n p a r t icu la r t h e a c t iv i t ie s o f t h e t wo N ew ing ton make r s , J ohn J ews te r a nd W i l l iam W i l l iams .

Wh i le r e sea rch h a s p r ima r i ly b een c once rned w i th N ew ing ton i t w a s t hough t e s sen t ia l t o p re sen t t h e e v idence w i th in a b road c on tex t , s o t h a t t h e f i r s t S ec t ion s d ea l w i th t h e e vo lu t ion o f b o th l o ca l a nd r e g iona l i ndus tr ia l a c t iv i ty . I n t h is r e spec t , N ew ing ton p i pemak ing h a s b een p l aced i n as phe re o fi nve s t iga t ion w h ich s how s i t s d eve lopmen t i n s ide t h e C ap i ta l a s a w ho le w i th a n empha s is o nt h e ma in p roduc t ion c en t re s ,

1

Me thodo logy

O the rp ub l ic a nd p r iva te c o l lec t ion s w e re c on su l ted o n ac oun t ryw ide b a s is t o l o ca te p ipes a nd p ipemak ing e qu ipmen t w i th N ew ing ton c onnec t ions ( s ee A cknow ledgemen t s ) . T he s u rvey i n c luded e xam in ing p ipe s f r om t h e C hauce r House e xcava t ions ( F ig . 2 2 ) s i tua ted o n N ew ing ton 's n or th -ea s te rn b o rde r ( Mus . o f L ondon ) .

T he ma in s ou rces f o r d e term in ing t h e l i f e h i s to r ie s o f t h e m ake r s p roved t ob e t h e N ew ing ton p a r ish r e co rds o fb ap t ism s , d ea th s a nd ma r r iage s , t oge the rw i th c ensus r e tu rns a nd L ondon d i rec to r ie s . T he se w e re v a r iou s ly l o ca ted a tS ou thwa rk L oca l S tud ie sL ib ra ry , t h eG rea te r L ondon R eco rd O ff ice , t h e P ub l ic R eco rd O ff ice a nd t h e G u i ldha l l L ib ra ry . T he r e co rd s w e re s ys tema t ica l ly s ea rched f o r e ve ry r e f e rence t o w o rke r s i n vo lved i n N ew ing ton p ipemak ing a nd t h e i n forma t ion c o l la ted t o p rov ide f am i ly h i s to r ie s .V a luab le g enea log ica le v idence c once rn ing t h e W i l l iams a nd Sw inya rd p ipemak ing f am i l ie s w a s o b ta ined b y c o r re spond ing w i th t h e ir d e scendan t s , Mr . a nd Mr s . A . W i l l iams , t h e ir d augh te r C a ro l ine a nd S he i la J e l ly , ar e la t ive o ft h e Sw inya rds .

I ti s l i ke ly t h a t o the r f i nds a nd r e f e rence s w i l l a r ise p e r iod ica l ly i n t h e f u ture a nd t h e w r i te r w ou ld b e g ra tefu l f o r a ny i n fo rma t ion r ega rd ing t h e se . A t t h e s ame t ime , i ti sh oped t h a t t h is monog raph w i l l make i t e a s ie r f o r a r chaeo log is t s a nd r e sea rche r s t o i d en t ify p ipes a nd k i ln s i te s a s mo re e xcava t ions a r e c a r r ied o u t w i th in t h e p a r ish .

T he a bove s ou rces a l so b rough t a bou t t h e p in -po in t ing o fw o rk shop s i nt h ep a r ish . I tc an b e n o ted t h a t n one o f t h eo r ig ina lb u i ld ing so ccup ied b yp ipemak ing c oncerns w e re f ound t os t i l l e x is t , a l though i th a s b een p o ss ib le t os how t h e g eog raph ica l l o ca t ion o f many p roduc t ion c en t re s w i th t h e a i d o fm ap s a nd p lan s , s ome o f wh ich , l i ke t h o se o f H o rwood a nd F aden ( c .1794 -1813 ) i n c luded h ou se n umbe r s ( s ee F igs 2 3 -33 ) .

2 .

T he P ar i sh o f N ew ing ton : I t s H i s tor ic a nd T opograph ica l B ackground

N ew ing ton , o r S t ree t Ma ry 's N ew ing ton a s i t w a s f o rme r ly k nown a f te r t h e c hu rch , h a s o f ten b een c onfused w i th S toke N ew ing ton , M idd le sex . I tl i es i n S ou thwa rk , b e tween t h e p a r ishe s o f L ambe th o n t h e w e s t , S t ree t G eo rge o n t h e e a s t a nd n or th a nd C ambe rwe l l t o t h e s ou th . I n mo s t e a r ly r e co rd s i ti s c a l led ' New ing ton B u t t s ' p robab ly a f te r t h e B u t t s p l aced t h e re f o r a r che ry p rac t ice . T he p a r ish w a s o r ig ina l ly v e ry ma r shy , ' New ing ton C au seway ' b e ing a r oad n ame s u rv iv ing f r om t h a t t ime .

Wh i le t h e b u lk o f t h e d a ta u sed i n t h e d ocumen ta ry s u rvey o ft h is monog raph c ame f r om t h ea bove s ou rce s , much a dd i t iona l i n fo rma t ion w a s c on t r ibu ted b y o the r mode s o f r e f e rence , f o r e xamp le P oo r L aw b ook s a nd a pp ren t ice sh ip i n den tu re s . T he s cope a nd a va i lab i l i ty o f t h e se a nd o the r d ocumen t s a r e d i scussed i n g rea te r d ep th b e low ( s ee P r ima ry S ou rces ) .

A s e a r ly a s 1 636 p a r t s o f i tw e re o ve rc rowded a nd b ad ly h ou sed , c ond i t ions w h ich a t t rac ted p l ague , a s i n d ica ted b y t h e s ums o f money s pen t i nc omba t ing i t ( SPD 1 636 -7 , 3 47 ) , a l though R ocque 's map o f 1 746 s hows t h a t much o f t h e p a r ish w a s s t i l l r u ra l w i th o r cha rd s , f i e ld s a nd c ommon l a nd , t h e ma in b and s o f h ous ing , i n d ica ted b y b l ack l i nes , a r e i n t h e B o rough H igh S t ree t a r ea a nd a l ong t h e n o r the rn e nd o f K en t S t ree t . T he c ommon a nd w a s te l a nd b egan t o b e e nc lo sed a f te r 1 770 b y a n a c t o fp a r l iamen t a nd t h i s i s ma rked o n H o rwood 's map o f 1 799 b y n ea td iv is ions o f f i e lds a nd p l o t s . I n 1 810 , t h e p a r ish i sd escr ibed a s s ma l l , ' t he l a nd w h ich i s n o t c ove red w i th h ou se s c ons is t s o f l i t t le mo re t h an t wo h und red a c re s ; a bou t f i f ty a c re s a r e o ccup ied b y ma rke t g a rdene r s . T he s o i l i sc h ief ly s and a nd g rave l ' ( Lysons 1 8 10 , 2 84 ) . T he n umbe r o f h ouse s i n N ew ing ton b y t h a t t ime h ad r e ached a bou t 5 000 ( i b id . , 2 88 ) . Mo s t o f t h e b u i ld ing b efo re t h e m idd le o f t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry w a s c onf ined t o t h e n or th a nd e a s te r ly a r ea s o fN ew ing ton . T he w e s te rn d i s t r ic t b ecame mo re p rospe rous a s i n d ica ted b y t h e S ur rey G a rden s a nd Mano r H ouse , s t i l l r ep re sen ted o n t h e 1 870 O .S . m ap . T h is i sc onf i rmed b y B oo th ( 1902c , 5 7 ) w r i t ing i nt h e 1 890 s : ' t he h uge p opu lous d i s t r ic t o f Wa lwor th a nd N ew ing ton i sb i sec ted b y t h e Wa lwo r th r oad a nd f o l low ing t h e c ommon r u le , i sp oo re r t o t h e e a s t a nd n or th t h an t ot h e s ou th a nd w es t . '

T he B r i t ish A rchaeo log ica l R epo r t s ' n a t iona l a nd i n te rna t iona l s e r ie s o fp ub l ica t ions : T he A rchaeo logy o f t h e C lay T obacco P ipe a nd t h e S oc ie ty o f C lay P ipe R e seach n ew s le t ter s ( s ee B ib l iograph ie s ) p roved u sefu l f o rc ompa r ing p ipe t ypo log ie s a nd m e thod s o fr e sea rch i n o the r p roduc t ion c en t re s , l o ca t ing p ipe s f r om N ew ing ton f ound o u t s ide t h e p a r ish a nd o b ta in ing a dd i t iona l d ocumen ta ry f a c t s r e ga rd ing i tne ran t N ew ing ton p ipemake r s . W i th r e ga rd t ot h e e conom ic s t a tu s o ft h e p ipemake r s , t h e f o l low ing b ook s a nd a r t ic le s w e re f ound t ob e mos t h e lpfu l : T he L ondon T radesman ( Campbe l l 1 747 ) ; L if e a nd L abour o f t h e P eop le o f L ondon ( Boo th 1 889 , p as s im ) ; L ondon L abour a nd t h e L ondon P oor ( Mayhew 1 851 ,p as s im ) ; a nd w i th s pec if ic r e f e rence t o t h e S ou thwa rk i n dus t ry : T he G orgon 1 819 ( BL ) w h ich t o ok u p t h e c ause o fp ipemake r s ' g r ievance s a nd ap ay d i spu te i n S ou thwa rk . T he o n ly k nown p ub l ished r e f e rence t o p ipemak ing i n N ew ing ton w a s f ound i n B ygone S ou thwark ( Boge r 1 895 ) w h ich g ive s a p e r t inen t d e scr ip t ion o ft h e p ipe t r ade 's r e la t ionsh ip t o o t he r l o ca l o ccupa t ion s . T he s u rvey o fp ipe s f r om N ew ing ton t ook p l ace o ve r a p e r iod o fa bou t ad ecade a nd w a s b a sed l a rge ly o n t h e w r i te r 's o wn c o l lec t ion o f p ipe s . Many o f t h e f i nds w e re p i cked u p a l ong t h e S ou thwa rk a nd L ambe th f o re sho re s o f t h e T hame s , p a r t icu la r ly f r om a n a r ea s t re tch ing w e s t f r om B lackf r ia r s b r idge ( s ee F ig . 1 ) .

N ew ing ton h a sa lways b een p a r to ft h eh i s to r ica l ( r a the r t h an t h e m e t ropo l i tan ) b o rough o fS ou thwa rk ; b u t o ve r t h e y ea r s , c i v i l a nd e cc le s ia s t ica l b ounda r ies h ave

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A no the r o f t h e mo re u np lea san t t r ade s c a r r ied o u t i n S ou thwa rk , p a r t icu la r ly i n B e rmond sey , w a s l e a the r -mak ing . T anne r s ' y a rd s a r e m a rked o n R oque 's map o f 1 746 ma in ly i n t h e L ong L ane a r ea . T he w o rk ing o fl e a the ra ta l l s t age s f r om t a nn ing t of i n ished p roduc t s n eed s s k i l led c r a f t smen . T he h i gh q ua l i ty o f w o rkman sh ip w h ich t h e l e a the r a nd o t he r i n du s t r ie s i n S ou thwa rk u l t ima te ly o b ta ined , w a s p a r t ly d ue t o t h e i nf lux o fs k i l led f o re ign w o rkmen w ho c ame a nd s e t t led i n t h e a r ea . Many w e re F l em i sh o r H ugueno t P ro te s tan t s w ho e s caped t o E ng land a f te r 1 685 w hen t h e e d ic to fN an te s w a s r e voked . P ipemak ing s u rname s i nN ew ing ton r e co rd so ft h is p e r iod g i ve l i t t le i n d ica t ion t h a t f o re ign p ipemake r s s e t t led t h e re , a l though s ome n ame s m ay h ave b ecome a ng l ic ised . Many o ft h e e a r ly p a r ish r e g i s te r s om i t ted t r ade e n t r ie s , s o t h e p i c tu re i s i n comp le te . A s f a r a s t h e movemen t o f p ipemake r s b e tween S ou thwa rk a nd o the r p a r t s o f E ng land i s c once rned , i t i s i n te re s t ing t o n o te t h e a ppa ren t o cca s iona l i n te rchange b e tween p ipemake r s f r om t h e p a r ish o f S t . O lave 's a nd B r is to l d u r ing t h e 1 7 th a nd 1 8 th c en tu r ie s (Wa lke r 1 981 , 1 79 180 ) .

c hanged . U n t i l t h e p a r ish w a s i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e c oun ty o f L ondon i n 1 888 , i tc an b e s e en i n r e co rd s v a r iou s ly d e sc r ibed a sb e ing p a r to fS u r rey , S ou thwa rk a nd L ondon . F rom 1 832 t o 1 884 , N ew ing ton w a s i n c luded i nt h e o l d p a r l iamen ta ry b o rough o fL ambe th . N ew ing ton 's h i s to ry , p a r t icu la r ly i t s i n du s t r ia l s i de i s e s sen t ia l ly a l igned t o S ou thwa rk a nd i t s p l ac ing i n L ondon o n t h e ' Sur r ey s i de ' o ft h e T hame s . S ou thwa rk i t se lf h a s h ad a l o ng a nd i n vo lved c i v ic r e la t ionsh ip w i th t h e C i ty o fL ondon . I tb ecame i t s f i r s t s ubu rb b u t f a r e nough a way f r om t h e c ap i ta l t o h a rbou r a p opu la t ion o fi n dependen tt r ade smen a nd a r t i san s , s ome h av ing f ound t h e C i ty l aw s a nd c u s tom s t o o r i g id . A s ar e su l t , t h e C i ty a u tho r i t ie s m ade v a r iou s a t temp t s t o g a in c on t ro l w i th in t h e a r ea . T h is w a s e qua l ly t r ue f o r j ud ic ia l r e a sons , a sm a lef ac to r s c omm i t t ing o f f ence s i n L ondon o f ten f l ed t o S ou thwa rk ; a nd f o r c on t ro l o ve r f a i r s , m a rke t s a nd f o r t h e e nfo rcemen t o f G u i ld a nd C i ty c ompany r e gu la t ion s . T h is l a s t a spec t w i l l b e d i scu s sed w i th r e spec t t oN ew ing ton p ipemake r s . T h is monog raph i s c once rned w i th t h e h i s to r ica l ly f o rmed d i s t r ic t k nown a s t h e p a r ish o f N ew ing ton . W i th in t h is a r ea e x is t s as ma l le rp a tchwo rk o fp a r ishe s o rw a rd s( s ee P r ima ry S ou rce s ) w h ich h ave e vo lved o u t o ft h e mo the r p a r ish , S t . Ma ry 's . P ipemake r s w o rk ing i n Wa lwo r th , a n a nc ien t m ano r a s soc ia ted w i th N ew ing ton a s f a r b a ck a s D ome sday h ave a l so b een i n c luded , a sa r e t h o se w ho l i ved i nt h e N ew ing ton p a r t o f t h e d i s t r ic t k nown a s t h e ' Bo rough ' w h ich s p read s o ve rs eve ra l p a r ishe s i nS ou thwa rk , p a r t icu la r ly a r ound t h en e ighbou rhood o fB o rough H igh S t ree t , w h ich i st h e m a in t h o roughf a re l e ad ing t o L ondon B r idge a nd t h e C i ty .

3 .

B rew ing w a s a n i mpo r tan t i n du s t ry i n S ou thwa rk a ccoun t ing f o r t h e l a rge n umbe r s o f i n n s . T he re w e r e h op ma rke t s i n B e rmond sey a nd t h e B o rough w a s e spec ia l ly n o ted a s t h e c en t re o ft h e E ng l i sh h op t r ade ( SNH 1 982 , 2 3 ) . S tow , w r i t ing i nh i s S ur vey o fL ondon o f 1 598 , m en t ion s S ou thwa rk 's f ame f o r ' many f a i r i n ns f o rr e ce ip to ft r ave l le r s ' . Many o ft h e se c ou ld h ave p a s sed t h rough t h eB o rough j ou rney ing t oa nd f r om t h e C i ty , K en t S t ree t b e ing t h e ma in r ou te t o t h e s ou th c oa s t f r om t h e c ap i ta l . A s w i th o t he r S ou thwa rk i n du s t r ie s , b r ew ing a l so t o ok i n f o re ign r e fugee s a nd n ume rou s D u t ch b r ewe r s s e t t led t h e re i nt h e 1 5 th a nd 1 6 th c en tu r ie s . Sma l l c r a f t i n dus t r ie s w e re a l so m uch a ppa ren t i n c lud ing h a t a nd c ap m ak ing , c l o th d ye ing , f l ou r m i l l ing , s oap b o i l ing a nd p i nmak ing . S t ow ( i b id . , 3 59 ) d e sc r ibe s t h e B o rough 's ' d ive r s s t ree t s , w ays , a nd w ind ing l a ne s ' , w he r e m any o f t h e c r a f t s w e re p rac t ised . C u s tom f o r t h ep roduc t s o ft h e se t r ade s m u s t h ave b een f o und l o ca l ly a sw e l l a s i nt h e C i ty .

I ndu s tr ie s i n S ou thwark a nd N ew ing ton

T o r e ach ac l ea re r p e r spec t ive o fh ow t h e c l ay t o ba cco p i pemak ing i n du s t ry e vo lved i n N ew ing ton , i t i s n ece s sa ry f i r s t t o c on s ide r i ti n t h e l i gh t o f o t he r i n du s t r ie s i n S ou thwa rk a nd t h e i r h i s to r ica l a nd g eog raph ica l p l ac ing i nt h e a r ea . As e cond i n t roduc to ry S ec t ion o u t l ine s ,w i th in t h es cope o fp r e sen tk now ledge , t h e d eve lopmen t o f t o ba cco p ipemak ing i n L ondon . R eco rd s s how t h a t s ome t r ade s a nd m anuf a c tu r ing i n du s t r ie so fS ou thwa rk , f r om Med ieva lt ime so nwa rd s , w e re t h o se mo s t u npopu la r i n n a tu re l i ke t a nne r ie s , s l augh te r -house s a nd k i ln s i te s w he re g l a s s m ak ing , p o t te ry m ak ing a nd e ven tua l ly p ipe m ak ing t o ok p l a ce . E a r ly e xpe r imen t s i nt h e u se o fc oa l i nt h e S ou thwa rk l ime -bu rn ing i n du s t ry c aused c omp la in t st ob e m ade b y t h el o ca l g en t ry i nt h e 1 3 th a nd 1 4 th c en tu r ie s ( J ohn son 1 969 , 3 7 ) . T he re w e r e a l so p o ten t ia l ly d ange rou s c once rns s uch a s t imbe r w ha rve s a nd g un -powde r s t o re s . F o r e xamp le , t h e T owe r o f L ondon o rd inance s t o re s w e re c onven ien t ly s upp l ied w i th s a l tpe t re f r om S ou thwa rk w h ich w a s j u s t a c ro s s t h e r i ve r . T he a dvan tage o fk eep ing t h e se i n du s t r ie s s a f e ly o u t o ft h e w ay a c ro s s t h e T hame s a nd y e t w i th in e a sy r e a ch w e re p l a in ly o bv iou s t ot h o se i nt h e C i ty .

T rade n ame s w e re r a re ly n o ted i n N ew ing ton c hu r ch p a r ish r e co rd s e xcep t a f te r 1 8 12 . F rom t h i s t ime o n t h e v a r ie ty o fo ccupa t ions g i ven i sv a s t , t hough s ome w e r e mo re p ro l if ic t h an o the r s . T hus , b y t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , N ew ing ton h ad b ecome a v enue f o r s u ch t r ade s a s b ookb ind ing a nd v e l lum a nd p a r chmen t m ak ing , w h ich w e re c ompan ion s t o t h e l e a the r i n du s t ry o f B e rmond sey . O the r i n du s t r ie s w e re c a rpen t ry , r ope -mak ing ,s me l t ing , i n s t rumen tm ak ing ,p i n -mak ing , c omb m ak ing , s hoemak ing , b a rge a nd b oa t b u i ld ing , g un m ak ing , i v o ry w o rk ing , c ha i r m ak ing , c ha in mak ing , b ru sh m ak ing , t y pe c a s t ing , w ax c hand l ing , mop m ak ing a nd b a ske t m ak ing . A l though H o rwood 's m ap o f 1 799 s how s a r ea s i nN ew ing ton s t i l l g i ven o ve r t of i e ld s a nd p l o t s ,t h em a in c en t re so fp opu la t ion a l ong t h e m a jo r t ho roughfa re s w e re c h ief ly c once rned w i th t h e a bove p u r su i t s . B y t h e 1 870 s , s ome l a rge r f a c to r ie s a nd w a rehouse s h ad d eve lop ed i nt h e a r ea ( S tamfo rd 's m ap S LSL ) n ame ly t a b le c l o th m anuf ac to r ie s , a

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c hem ica l w o rk s , v i nega rw o rk s , b rewe r ie s ,o i l a nd f l oo r c l o th manuf a c to r ie s , a n i r on f ounda ry ,b o i le rw o rk sa nd al emonade a nd s oda m anuf ac to ry . T h is s how s t h e g radua l c hange f r om s ma l l c r a f t w o rk shop s t o l a rge r c once rn sb rough ta bou tb yt h ei n du s t r ia lr e vo lu t ion .T he t r end i sr ef lec ted b y t h e t r ade s g i ven i np a r i sh r e co rd s i n t h e l a t e r 1 9 th c en tu ry . T he re i sa l so f ound a tt h i s t ime ag r ea te re mpha s i s o n ' s e rv ice ' i n du s t r ie s s uch a s t r an spo r t .

a nd c of f ee h ou se , S ho red i tch i n1 756 b u t t h e r e l ic w a s p robab ly ab ogus o ne ( T imb s 1 866 , 4 4 -7 ) . T he c ou r t ie r w a s u ndoub ted ly ag r ea t p opu la r ise r o f t o bacco , f o r a r e f e rence f r om R id er s A lmanac ( 1682 ) s t a te s : ' s ince t obacco w a s b rough t i n to E ng land b y R a le igh 9 9 y ea r s b efo re , t h e c u s tom w he reof i sn ow t h e g r ea te s t o f a l o the r s ' . D e sp i te t h e c onf l ic t o fi n fo rma t ion a s t ot h e o r ig in s o f p ipe smok ing , r e co rd s t od a te p o in t t o L ondon a s t h e e a r l ie s t v enue f o r o rgan i s ing a c l ay p i pemak ing i n du s t ry . A r e po r ted d eba te i n p a r l iamen t o n monopo l ie s i n 1 60 1 r e f e r s t o ap e t i t ion c once rn ing t h e r e pea l o f aP a ten t o f Monopo ly o n T obacco P ipe s (Wa lke r 1 971 , 7 8 ) . T h is s ugge s t s t h a t a n u no f f ic ia l c ompany h ad a l ready e s tab l i shed amonopo ly o n p ipe mak ing , p re sumab ly i nL ondon b ecau se e i gh teen y ea r s l a te r a c ha r te r f o r t h e t o bacco p ipemake r s o f We s tm in s te r i n t h e c oun ty o f M idd le sex w a s g ran ted ( PRO , C 66 /2206 ) . T he c ha r te r c ame a bou t b y r oya l p r iv i lege a nd w a s n o t a l igned t ot h e p owe r s o ft h e C i ty o f L ondon c ompan ie s , p o s s ib ly t h e r e su l t o f f ou r c ou r t ie r s i nve s t ing i nt h e c ompany a nd d i c ta t ing t h e i r o wn c on t ro l o f monopo ly c once rn ing p ipec lay ( A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 , 2 ; Wa lke r 1 971 , 8 0 ) . T he c ompany m ay s oon a f te r h ave b een a bo l i shed a s d ec reed b y ap roc lama t ion o f 1 62 1 ( SPD J a s . 1 )d a ted J u ly 1 0 , Wh i teha l l : ' f o r s u spen s ion , d u r ing i n te r im o f p a r l iamen t , o fc e r ta in g r ievance s t h e r in c omp la ined o f v i z . . . , m ak ing t obacco p ipe s a nd p l ay ing c a rd s e t c . ' H ow l o ng t h e s u spen s ion l a s ted i s n o t c l ea r b u t a s e cond c ha r te r w a s g ran ted i n 1 634 . T he s e cond c ompany , l i ke t h e f i r s t , w a s g ran ted p owe r t oc on t ro l t h e i n du s t ry w i th in t h e K ingdom i n c lud ing t h e C i ty o f L ondon . P roof t h a tt h is p owe rw a s s ome t ime s e x tended t o o t he r t owns i s g i ven b y ag ran t o f 1 638 t o a d epu ta t ion f r om t h ec ompany c omp r i s ing P e te rC o rn i sh , Wa rden a nd S i lv iu s 0 1 l ive , A ss i s tan t i no rde r t h a t t h ey c ou ld e n te r ap rem i se s i n S ou thamp ton a nd m ake a s ea r ch f o ru n lawfu l p rac t i se s a ga in s t t h e c ompany l aw s ( Ande r son 1 934 ,63 -64 ) .

T he e r ec t ion o fB lackf r ia r s b r idge i n 1 756 h ad ag r ea t e f f ec t o n t h e B o rough w i th r e ga rd t o t h e d ra in ing o f ma r shy g round , t r ade , t r a f f ic , i n du s t ry a nd t h e c on s t ruc t ion o fp rope r ty . T h is r e su l ted i nt h ep opu la t ion o ft h eB o rough n ea r ly d oub l ing b e tween 1 80 1 a nd 1 851 ( Ma lden 1 967 I ,1 32 ) .D u r ing t h el a te r 1 9 th c en tu ry ,t h e a r ea w a s a f f ec ted b y t h e movemen t o f w ea l th ie r r e s iden t s t ot h e o u te r ly ing d i s t r ic t s o f L ondon s o t h a t f r om 1 851 t o 1 89 1 , t h e p opu la t ion o f t h e B o rough d ec rea sed c on s ide rab ly . T h is , a ga in , i s i n d ica ted i n N ew ing ton 's p a r ish r e co rd s . I n t h e e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry , t h et e rm ' Gen t ' i sf ound f a i r ly c ommon ly a s ar e f e rence t oo ccupa t ion a nd g radua l ly d im in ishe s a s t h e c en tu ry p rog re s se s . I n ev i tab ly , ad ec l ine i nt h e e conom ic s t a tu s o f t h e a r ea r e su l ted . P o t te ry w a s a no the r i mpo r tan t i n du s t ry d eve lop ing i n 1 7 th c en tu ry S ou thwa rk . T h is w i l l a l so b e d i scus sed w i th r e f e r ence t ol o ca l p ipemak ing .

4 .

I n troduc t ion t o P ipemak ing i n L ondon

AB r ie fH i s tory o ft he I ndu s try I ti sg ene ra l ly a s sumed t h a tc l ay t o bacco p ipemak ing a s a n i n du s t ry b egan i nL ondon d u r ing t h e l a t te r h a lf o f t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry . F o r t h a t p e r iod r e co rd s w e re p oo r ly m a in ta ined g iv ing r i se t o much c on jec tu re o n t h e s ub jec t .S ome s ou r ce sc l a im t h a tB ro se ley i nS h rop sh i r e w a s t h e f i r s t c en t re o f m anuf ac tu re a nd b egan m ak ing p i pe s o f al i t t le ` l ade l l ' s hape a s e a r ly a s t h e 1 570 s ( Dunh i l l 1 969 , 1 67 ;S ea r le 1 930 , 2 89 ) .T he se f i r s tp ipe s a r e a p t ly d e sc r ibed b y t h e R ec to r o fR adw in te r , E s sex , W i l l iam H a r r i son i n 1 573 ( Ha r ley 1 963 , 1 0 ; O swa ld 1 975 , 3 )a s ' l i t t le l a den ' i n s t rumen t s u sed f o r s mok ing t h e I nd ian h e rb c a l led l 'aba co ' . I nf a c t t h e re a r e m any c onf l ic t ing r epo r t s o n t h e o r ig in s o fs mok ing i t se lf b u t i ts e ems c e r ta in t h a t i tw a s i n t roduced t o E ng land t h rough m e rchan t a dven tu re r s l i ke D rake a nd H awk in s r e tu rn ing f r om t h e Ame r ican c o lon ie s f r om t h e m idd le o ft h e 1 6 th c en tu ry . I t s p opu la r isa t ion i nE ng land i s ,o f c ou r se , a t t r ibu ted t oS i r Wa l te rR a le igh w ho a cco rd ing t o o ne t r ad i t ion , s moked h i s f i r s t p ipe o f t o ba cco a t C o rnwood , S ou th D evon i n 1 564 ( Ro l t 1 974 , 2 4 ) . A no the r r epor t c l a im s t h a t i tw a s a t h i s h ou se i n I s l ing ton , L ondon , l a te r t o b ecome t h e O ld P ied B u l l I nn t h a tt h ef i r s tp ipe o ft o bacco w a s s moked ( La rwood 1 900 , 1 84 ; Mackenz ie c . 1890 X I I I ,4 53 ) .R a le igh 's p ipe w a sp u rpo r ted t oh ave b een e x ib i ted a tA dam s mu seum

Ap e t i t ion o f 1 638 ( SPD May 1 ,C ha s . 1 )s how s t h a t t h ec ompany w a s h av ing p rob lem so n i t sh ome g round . I tw a s s ubm i t ted t o ap a r l iamen ta ry c ounc i l b y W i l l iam A n thony a nd J ohn F oo rd a nd c omp la in s t h a t t h e c ompany w a s ' a d i spe r sed f r a te rn i ty w i thou t g ove rnmen t a nd ( mo s t ly ) v e ry p oo r . R icha rd C ox , c omp lo t t ing w i th t wo o r t h ree o ft h e r i che r s o r t , u nde r p re tence o f s e t t l ing t h em i n as e t f o rm o fg ove rnmen t , h a s e ng ro s sed t h e s o le v end ing o f t o bacco p ipe c l ay , t h e reby e nfo r c ing t h ep oo rm embe r s t ob uy c l ay o fh im a th i s o wn p r ice s , p re tend ing t h e a u tho r i ty o f ap a ten t g ran ted t o o ne F oo te , b y K ing J a s . I . ' T he p e t i t ion c on t inue s t h a t C ox a l so e xpo r ted p ipe c l ay c on t ra ry t o t h el aw ' t o t h e u t te rr u in o ft wo h und red p oo rf am i l ie s ' . F rom t h i s w e c an g l imp se a t h ow m uch p owe r t h e monopo l i s t s h ad o ve r t h e c ompany . I ts e em s t h a t C ox p re sumed t oh ave t a ken o ve rt h ep ipe c l ay monopo ly o f o ne , P h i l l ip F oo te , w ho h ad al i cen se g ran ted t oh im o n 2 4 th J u ly 1 618 t o ' p repa re c l ay o r e a r th . . . , f o r t h e u se o f t o ba cco p ipemake r s ' ( SPD ) . I ti si n te re s t ing t on o te t h a t2 00 f am i l ie s a r e m en t ioned a sb e ing i n vo lved w i th t h e t o ba cco p ipemak ing b u s ine s s . T h is s e em s n o t t ob e

5

a n e xagge ra t ion a s as ub sequen t p e t i t ion s t a te s t h a t ' b e fo re t h e l a te A c t o fP a r l iamen t f o r l a y ing ad u ty o n t o bacco p ipe s ( CJ I ID ecembe r 71 643 , 3 33 )n ea r 1 000 p oo r p eop le i n L ondon a nd We s tm in s te r l i ved b y t o bacco p ipemak ing , w ho n ow , f o r w an t o f s uch e mp loymen t , a r eb ecome b egga r s . S eve ra l t hou sand so f o t he r t o bacco p ipemake r s t h roughou t E ng land a nd Wa le s a r e i n l i ke m anne r r e ady t o s t a rve f o r w an t o f e mp loymen t , n o t much mo re t h an a f i f th p a r t o f t h e t o ba cco p ipe s m ade b efo re t h e i mpo s ing o f t h e s a id d u ty n ow m ade , f ou l p ipe s b e ing o f tene r b u rn t t h an f o rme r ly a nd t h e s e a t r ade a lmo s t l o s t b y r e a son o ft h e s a id i mpo s i t ion . T he p oo rne s s o f t h e m anuf a c tu re , t h e g rea t n umbe r s o f p eop le r u ined a nd t h e i n con s ide rab lene s s o f t h e i n come t o H is Ma je s ty a nd t h e g r ea t c ha rge o f c o l lec t ing i tb e ing c on s ide red , p e t i t ione r s i mp lo re y ou t ot a ke o ft h e s ame i mpo s i t ion o f t o ba cco p ipe s ' ( SPD C ha s . Ic . 1643 -B road s ide ) . P rob lem s o fq ua l i ty a nd p ove r ty a pa r t , t h e i mp l ica t ion h e re i st h a tL ondon a s aw ho le w a ss t i l l t h em a in c en t re f o r p i pemak ing .

A l though n umbe r s o f e a r ly p ipe s h ave t u rned u p i n L ondon e xcava t ions a nd o n t h e T hame s f o re sho re ( c f . L e C hem inan t 1 981 , 1 28 ; P r ice 1 900 , 6 -8 ) , l i t t le c an b e d educed f r om r e co rd s a st oh ow t h e c l ay t oba cco p ipe i n du s t ry i n L ondon i n i t ia l ly e vo lved . A ga in , n o k i ln s h ave t od a te b een f ound f r om t h i s e a r ly p e r iod , o r a t l e a s t k now ing ly r e cogn i sed a nd s t ud ied . No mou ld s e x i s t t h a t c an p o s i t ive ly b e i d en t if ied f r om t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry . H oweve r , i t h a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t a n u n s t ra t if ied f i nd i n t h e p o sse s s ion o f t h e Mu seum o f L ondon f r om t h e A lbe r t e mbankmen t , L ambe th r e semb le s ac r ude h a lf -mou ld o fa n e a r ly t obacco p ipe , t hough t h i s c anno t b e v e r if ied a nd a p o s i t ive i d en t if ica t ion o ft h e o b jec t h a s y e t t ob e m ade . E a r ly a t temp t sa ts mok ing t oba cco i nL ondon m ay h ave b een i n t h e f o rm o f t w is t ing t h e l e ave s i n to c r ude ` s ega r s ' ( P r ice 1 900 , 3 ) . A ub rey ( 1898 , 1 8 1) , w r i t ing i n t h e l a te r 1 600 s d ec r ibe s h ow h i s g randf a the r r emembe red p ipe s o f s i lve r s moked b y t h e r i ch a nd t h a t , a tf i r s t , w a lnu t s he l l s w e re a t tached t os t raw s f o r u se b y p oo re r s moke r s ; b u t c l ay p ipe s , p e rhap s b a sed o nt h eo r ig ina l Ame r ican I nd ian v e r s ion mu s th ave s oon b een c omm is ioned o n t h e i n t roduc t ion o f s mok ing t o t h is c oun t ry . P o t te r s w o rk shop s i nL ondon c ou ld h ave s upp l ied t h e f i r s t mode ls . T he se m ay h ave b een m ade b y h and a ss ome o ft h e r a re ' l i t t le l a de l l ' p ipe s k nown h ave s t em s o f i r regu la r t h ickne s s a nd mou ld l i ne s a r e n o t a lway s e v iden t . O ne e xamp le f r om t h e T hame s , T owe rB r idge ( CAT c o l l . C 10 ,3 ,5 ) , t h ough i n comp le te , h a s t h e s t em a c tua l ly t h icken ing a way f r om t h e b ow l e nd o f t h e p ipe . Mo s t L ondon p ipe s o f t h e e a r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry s how c h arac te r i s t ic s o f b e ing mou ld -made , h av ing b een b u rn i shed t o d i sgu ise mou ld l i ne s a nd a d eve lop ing u n ifo rm i ty o f s t y le a nd s hape ( c f . O swa ld 1 975 , 3 5 ) . P ipe s f r om t h is e a r ly p e r iod a r e c ompa r i t ive ly r a re p robab ly f o r an umbe r o f r e a son s , i n c lud ing t h e e xpen se o ft o ba cco -a bou tt h ree s h i l l ing s f o r o ne o unce a tt h e t h e b eg in ing o f t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ( P r ice 1 900 , 4 )a nd t h e p o tency o ft o bacco i t se lf w h ich p e rhap s a ccoun ted f o r t h e f a c t t h a t o f ten s i ng le p ipe s w e re p a s sed a r ound b y mo re t h an o ne s moke r ( R ich 1 622 ; A ub rey 1 898 , 1 81) . A n e a r ly r e f e rence t o s mok ing h oweve r , s how st h a tt h eh e rb h ad f ound af i rm f o l low ing a mong t h e mo re f a sh ion c on sc iou s o f L ondon . P au l H en tzne r , aG e rman l awye r w r i t ing o f E ng land i n 1 598 r e f e r s t ot h e p opu la r i ty o fs mok ing i n p ub l ic p l a ce s . O n v i s i t ing t h e B ea rG a rden , S ou thwa rk , h e r ema rk s : ' a t t h e se s pec ta c le s , a nd e ve rywhe r e e l se , t h e E ng l ish a r e c on s tan t ly s mok ing t o bacco a nd i nt h i s m anne r : t h ey h ave p ipe s o n p u rpo se , m ade o fc l ay , i n to t h e f a r the r e nd o f w h ich t h ey p u t t h e h e rb , s o d ry i t m ay b e r ubbed i n to p owde r , a nd p u t t ing f i r e t oi t ,t h ey d raw t h e s moke i n to t h e i r mou th s , w h ich t h ey p uf fo u t a ga in , t h rough t h e i r n o s t r i ls l i ke f unne l s , a l ong w i th p l en ty o fp l egm a nd d ef lux t ion f r om t h e h ead ' . ( P r ice 1 900 , 3 ;O swa ld 1 975 , 5 ) .

R e turn ing t o t h e c ompany 's h i s to ry , i t s g ran t o f i n co rpo ra t ion w a s a ga in e nded i n 1 639 b y a p roc lama t ion r e f e r r ing t o ' s und ry g ran t s , l i cen se s a nd c omm i s s ion s o b ta ined u pon u n t rue s u rm i se s . . .hav ing b een f ound p re jud ic ia l a nd i n conven ien t ' . G ran t s w e re a l so r e voked f o r h a tband make r s , g u t s t r ing make r s , s pec ta c le m ake r s , c omb m ake r s , b u tche r s a nd h ome r s ( SPD C ha s I , A p r i l 5 ) . H oweve r , s ome s o r t o f o rgan isa t ion o fp ipemake r s mu s th ave b een c on t inu ing , f o ro n O c tobe r 61 662 , aMa t thew Wa rne r a nd aT ho s . L ydda 1 1 i s n o ted a s h av ing p e t i t ioned t h e A t to rney G ene ra l o n b eha lf o f t h e t obacco p i pemake r s , f o r a p a ten to fi n co rpo ra t ion ( SPD ) . A no the rr e f e rence ( SPD C ha s . 1 , Ma rch 7 1 662 ) c i te s ap e t i t ion ' o ft h e Ma s te r s , Wa rden s e t c . o f t h e C o . o f T oba cco P ipemake r s ' c omp la in ing t o a p a r l iamen ta ry c omm i t tee t h a t H o l lande r sw e re c on t r iv ing t oe xpo r tp ipe c l ay a t at ime o f ag r ea te r d emand f o r t o bacco p ipe s . T he D u tch , i t s e em s , w e re m anuf ac tu r ing p ipe s w i th o u r c l ay a nd e xpo r t ing t h em t ot h ep l an ta t ion s . A th ome , m eanwh i le , u n sk i lfu l p e r son s m ade t h em b ad ly a nd i n ju red t h e t r ade . A ga in , t h is p e t i t ion a sk s f o r a c ha r te r o f i n co rpo ra t ion t oe nab le ac l o se rr e gu la t ion o ft h e t r ade . I n 1 663 an ew c ompany w a s g ran ted b y C ha r le s Iw i th i t s t i t le : ' Toba cco P ipe Make r s o ft h e C i t ie s o fL ondon a nd We s tm in s te r a nd t h e K ingdom o fE ng land a nd t h e D om in ion o f Wa le s ' , o n p aymen t o f an om ina l s um o f £ 1 .6 s .8d d ona ted t o t h e E xcheque r a t C h r i s tma s . D e sp i te i t s i mp re s s ive t i t le , t h e p owe r s o f t h e n ew c ompany w e re v e ry l i ke ly l im i ted t ol o ca l e nfo r cemen t o n ly , a sb y t h is t ime t h e re w e re t h r iv ing p ipemake r s i n o t he r a r ea s o ft h ec oun t ry s uch a sB r i s to l , w i th i t s o wn g u i ld . I nt h e s ame y ea r , t h e c ompany w a s g ran ted C i ty C ompany s t a tu s w i thou t L ive ry b y t h e C ou r t o f A lde rmen ( A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 ,3 ) .T h i se nab led t h e c ompany t o e nfo r ce i t s b ye law s a nd b i nd a pp r en t ice s w ho c ou ld b ecome e l l ig ib le f o r f r eedom w i th in t h eC i ty , a l though t h en ew c ompany s uf f e red t h e d i sadvan tage t h a t ap o r t ion o fi t s f r eemen w e re f r ee o f o t he r c ompan ie s a nd t h e i r a pp ren t ice s ' f e e s t h u s w en t e l sewhe r e .

R ecen t e xcava t ion s a t t h e G lobe t h ea t re , S ou thwa rk h ave u nea r thed c on tempo ra ry e xamp le s o f t h e se p ipe s ( i nfo . Mu seum o f L ondon ) . An umbe r o f t h ea t re s a nd b u l l a nd b ea r b a i t ing p i t s w e re o pened a l ong t h e r i ve r a tt h i s t ime e . g . a tN ew ing ton a nd i ti sl i ke ly t h a t h e re t o o , s mok ing w a s p rac t i sed a s ap ub l ic c u s tom a s

6

H en tzne r i mp l ie s . N ume rou s c i ta t ion s c once rn ing s mok ing h ave b een n o ted f r om c on tempo ra ry l i t e ra tu re , f o r e xamp le B en J ohn son i nB ar tho lomew F a ir w r i te s o f t h o se ' who a ccomoda te g en t lemen w i th t obacco a t o u r t h ea t re s ' . T h is c onf i rm s t h e p opu la r i ty o ft h e w eed d u r ing t h e f i r s t d ecade s o f t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . I n J ohnson 's c omedy T he A lchym i s t ( 16 10 ) , h e g i ve s a n i n s igh t i n to t h e d ub iou s c on ten t s o f s ome s moke r s b ow ls a t t h a t t ime : c once rn ing A be l D rugge r , t h e s hopman . ' He l e t s m e h ave g ood t o ba cco , a nd h e d oe s n o t s oph i s t ica te i t ,w i th s a ck lee s , o ro i l , n o r w a she s i t i n mu scade l a nd g ra ins , n o r b u r ie s i t , i n g rave l , u nde rg round , w rapped u p i n g r ea sy l e a the r , o r p i s s 'd c l ou t s : B u t k eep s i ti nf i ne l i l y -po t s , t h a to pen 'd , s me l l l i ke c on se rve o f r o se s , o f F rench b eans . H e h a s h i s m ap le b l o ck , h i s s i lve rt o ng s , W inche s te rp ipe sa nd f i re o fj un ipe r ' .

p l an t inge o f t o bacco , a s i s l i ke t o p rove v e ry p re jud ic ia l l a nd o f i l c on sequence i n l oo se inge t h e g ood a nd u se fu l l f r u i t s w h ich t h o se g round s f o rma l ly p roduced ' . T he m ag is t ra te s w e re u rged t o a c t o n t h e i n fo rma t ion a nd r e s t ra in t h ep l an t ing o ft obacco ' i n a n ie p l a ce n ee re t h e c i t t ie s o f L ondon o r We s tm in s te r ' . A s im i la r l e t te r w a s s e n t t o t h e j u s t ice s o f t h e p ea ce o f S u r rey i mp ly ing t h a t t o ba cco w a s b e ing g rown o n t h e S ou thwa rk s i de o f t h e T hame s t o o ( APC 1 619 P RO ) . A s l a te a s 1 667 , S amue l P epy s w r i te s i nh i s d i a r ie s o f ag ua rd s e n t t oW inchcombe S t . P e te r , G louce s te r sh i re , t os po i l t h e t o ba cco t h e re , ' wh ich , i ts e em s , t h e p eop le t h e re d o p l an t c on t ra ry t ol aw a nd h ave a lway s d one ' . C once rn ing t h e g row ing i mpo r tance o f t h e t obacco i ndu s t ry a s aw ho le , a n e a r l ie r w r i te r a p t ly d e sc r ibe s i t ( D r . E ve ra rd 1 659 ) : ' f o rw e re t h ep l an t ing o rt r a f f ick o f t obacco n ow h i nde red , t hou sand s o f t h i s n a t ion i n a l p robab i l i ty mu s t p e r ish , f o r t h e w an t o f f ood , t h e i r w ho le l i ve l ihood a lmo s t d epend ing o n i t . S o m any d rugg is t s , g roce r s , t o ba cco s hop s , t a ve rn s , i n n s , a l ehou se s , v i c tua l le r s , c a r r ie r s , c u t te r s a nd d rye r s o f t o bacco , p ipemake r s a nd t h e l i ke , t h a t d ea l i n i t , w i l l p rove n o l e s s ' .E ve ra rd a l so c onf i rms t h a ts mok ing h ad g rown t o b e ag ene ra l p rac t ise t h roughou t a l c l a s se s a nd w a s t h e ` p hy s ick , m ea t a nd d r ink o f m any m en , w omen a nd c h i ld ren ' ( quo ted b y G rave s 1 969 , 3 5 ) .

T he m ap le b l ock w a s f o r s h redd ing t h e l e a f , t h e t o ng s f o r l i gh t ing p ipe s . C ha rcoa l f r om J un ipe r w ood w a s a r epu ted l o ng -burne r .I ts e em st h a tr i s ing d emand f o rt h e h e rb l e d t o a du l te ra t ion . I n 1 6 14 , D r . B a rc lay i n N epen the s w r i te s t h a t ' a va r ice a nd g r eed ine s s o fg a ine h ave m oved t h e m e r chan t s t oa ppa re l l s ome E u ropean p l an t s w i th I nd ian c oa t s . . . they s oph i s t ica te ( s ta i l t o ba cco ) i ns und r ie s o r t s , w i th b l a ck s p ice . . .an ise s e ed s a nd s u ch l i ke ' . T he r e f e rence i nJ ohn son 's p l ay a bove t o ' W inche s te r ' p ipe s i mp l ie s t h a t L ondon p i pe s w e re n o tn o ted f o rt h eb e s tq ua l i ty ;b u tp i pemake r sh e re w e r e a t l e a s t s u re o f ar e ady m a rke t . B a rnaby R ich , a l so w r i t ing i n1 614 i nT he H one s t ie o ft h i sA ge s t a te s t h a t o ve r ' s even t hou sand h ou se s . . . l ive b y . . .. t ha t t r ade o f s e l l ing t o bacco i nL ondon ' . A l though t h is c ou ld h ave i n c luded a po theca r ie s , g roce r s a nd c hand le r s ' s hop s , i t s e em s t h a t t obacco h ouse s m u s t h ave b een ag row ing c once rn i n t h e c ap i ta l . O ne o f t h e e a r l ie s t g raph ica l i lu s t ra t ion s i s o ne i n B ra i thwa i t 's S moak ing A ge ( 16 17 ) . H e re , ad rum shaped r a ck c an b e s e en h ang ing i n t h e e n t rance i n w h ich p ipe s a r e h e ld , s ome f l a t -headed , s ome w i th s pu r s . O n s he lve s b eh ind s t and c up s , f l agons ,j ug s a nd b o t t le s . B e fo re t h e se i s af i gu r e o f an a t ive s mok ing ag i gan t ic c i ga r ,w i th a no the ru nde r h i s a rm . Above t h e d oo r i s ap i c tu re o f ap l an ta t ion l a be l led N ico t iana s how ing t wo n a t ive s , o ne r unn ing , t h e o t he r s w imm ing . T h rough t h e o pen d oo r t h ree s moke r s s i t b eh ind a t a b le t o p s uppor ted b y t o bacco k eg s . T hey a r e h ume rou s ly l a be l led : C ap ta in W h if f e , P ipe a nd S nuf f e . O n ar i bbon a bove i si n sc r ibed T he W h i t e Man i sT ransf ormed i n to aN a t ive .

I n t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry , L ondon a s a ma jo r c en t re o f i n du s t ry a nd i mpo r t s , s t rove t ok eep t h e movemen t o f t o bacco w i th in i t so wn j u r isd ic t ion , w h ich t o ge the rw i th a t temp ted r e s t r ic t ion s o n p ipemak ing i n o t he r c en t re s k ep t t h e c ap i ta l t h e m a in o rgan i se r o f t h e t o bacco i n du s t ry d u r ing t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e c en tu ry . A l though , a s p r ev iou s ly n o ted , p ipe s f r om o the r c en t re s l i ke W inche s te r a nd a l so B ro se ley f r om a bou t 1 630 , h ad i n f i l t ra ted t h e m a rke t w i th q ua l i ty p roduc t s . A f a i r ly l a rge p e r cen tage o f t h e se p roduc t s p a r t icu la r ly f r om B ro se ley , w e re s t amped w i th make r s ' m a rk s . Ac e r ta in s t y le o f B ro se ley p ipe w a s l a te r t o g a in a ma rked p opu la r i ty i nt h ec ap i ta l . T h is w a s b rough ta bou tb y t h e B ro se ley m ake r , N oah R oden , w ho p e r f ec ted t h e a r to f mak ing l o ng c hu r chwa rden p ipe s a nd s upp l ied m any o f t h e L ondon c o f f ee h ouse s a nd c l ub s d u r ing t h e l a te r G eo rg ian p e r iod . H ed i ed i n1 829 ( Page 1 908b ,4 4 1) . I n c on t ra s t t o B ro se ley p ipe s , t h o se f r om L ondon w e re mo re r a re ly s t amped , p e rhap s b ecau se o f ag rea te rl o ca l s upp ly a nd d emand a nd c ompe t i t ion . P ipemake r s p robab ly h ad t o p roduce p ipe s h e re q u ick ly a nd i n q uan t i ty t os u rv ive .P ipe si mpo r ted i n to t h ec ap i ta l f r om o t he r p a r t s o fE ng land f o rm t h e s ma l le s t p e rcen tage i n g roup s o ff i nd s f r om e xcava t ions a nd t h e T hame s . T he s ame i s t r ue o f D u tch p ipe s , n o rma l ly o f s upe r io r q ua l i ty , w he re a ga in r e s t r ic t ion s o n i mpo r t s a pp l ied .

S oon a f te ri t si n t roduc t ion i n to E ng land , t o bacco b egan t o b e c u l t iva ted a s as ou rce o f p rof i t , u n t i l l aw s r e s t r ic ted i t s g row th . T he se w e re i n t roduced a tv a r ious t i me s ma in ly w i th t h e i n ten t o f n o t d amag ing i t s p roduc t ion i nt h e c o lon ie s , c h ief ly Amer ica ; b u t t h e re w e re a l so o the r p re jud ice s a ga ins t i t . T h i s i s a p t ly e xamp led i n al e t te r t o t h e j u s t ice s o f t h e p ea ce o f M idd le sex d a ted 1 6 19 : ' I nfo rma t ion h a th b een m ade t o h i s m a je s t ie , t h a t t h e g a rden s , y a rde s i n a nd a bou t t h es k ir te sa nd c onf yne so fL ondon t h a th ave h e re tofo re b een u sed f o r s e t t ing s o f r oo te s , h e rbe s a nd o t he r n ece s sa ry p rov i s ion s o f f oode , t ot h e g r ea te b en if i t o f t h e p oo re r s o r t o f p eop le , d oe s n ow b eg in t o b e s o g ene ra l ly t a ken u p a t h e igh r a te s , a nd i mp loyed f o r

I th a s b een n o ted b efo re t h a t t h e re w a s an a t ionw ide d ec l ine i ns mok ing d u r ing t h e E igh teen th c en tu ry . F o r e xamp le , i n N ewca s t le u nde r L yme , t h is i s v i v id ly r e f lec ted b y t h e p auc i ty o f p ipemake r s b e tween 1 730 a nd c .1 800 ( Ba rke r 1 985 , 2 40 ) . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t o ne r e a son f o r t h i s w a s t h e r i s ing p opu la r i ty o f s nuf f , b rough t t o E ng land b y c ou r t ie r s r e tu rn ing w i th C ha r le s Ii n1 660 a l though t h en ove l so fF i e ld ing s how t h a t s mok ing w a s s t i l l p opu la r w i th p ro f e s s iona l a nd w o rk ing c l a s se s i n t h e E igh teen th c en tu ry ( Dunh i l l

7

1 954 , 1 7 ) . I n H oga r th 's p r in t s , t o o , s nuf f t a ke r s a r e o f ten p o r t rayed c heek b y j ow l t o p ipe s moke r s ( f o r e xamp le , T he C ockp i t 1 759 . BM ) .

r i bbed b ow l s c ou ld b ee f f ec t ive ly d i sgu ised b y r i b s t h a t m e t c l o se ly w he re t h e t wo h a lve s o f t h e b ow l j o ined . Mou ld ing s t h a t b o th d i sgu ised j o in t s a nd s e rved a s d eco ra t ion a r e e v iden t t h roughou t t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry o n b ow ls a sw e l l a so n s t em s . T he d eco ra t ion s u sed s e em t o h ave c ome f r om t h e s t ock in t rade t o o ls o f as ma l l n umbe r o f e ng rav ing o r c a s t ing w o rk shop s s a t i sf y ing t h en eed so f much o ft h eL ondon p i pemak ing f r a te rn i ty . T he re i sm uch s cope f o r f u tu re r e sea rch r ega rd ing t h e i d en t if i ca t ion a nd p o s s ib le d a t ing o f d e s ign m o t if s p reve lan t o n 1 9 th c en tu ry L ondon p i pe s .

L a rge a moun t s o f 1 8 th c en tu ry p ipe b ow ls h ave b een r e cove red f r om C i ty f o re sho re s i te s i nt h e p a s t ( c f L e C hem inan t 1 981 , 1 02 103 ) , e nough t o i n d ica te t h a t m any make r s w e re c on t inu ing t o s a t i sf y at h r iv ing ma rke t f o r p ipe s . S ome o ft h e c ommone s t f i nd s a l ong t h e se r e ache sh ave b een a t t r ibu ted t oS ou thwa rk m ake r s l i ke W . T app in a nd A . A nd rew s . Make r s l i ke H en ry B lunde l lf r om N ew ing ton w e re c ompe t ing i nt h em a rke t f o r d eco ra ted p roduc t s f r om a bou t 1 750 ( s ee F ig . 8 ) . L ike t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry , h oweve r , mo s t 1 8 th c en tu ry p i pe s f r om L ondon w e re l e f t u ndeco ra ted , a pa r t f r om mou ld impa r ted make r s i n i t ia l s o n t h e s pu r s . T h i s s e em s t o i mp ly t h a t w hen l o ca l m a rke t s w e re f a i r ly a s su red , m ake r sc ou ld c ompe te p roduc ing v e ry s im i la r , p l a in b ow ls w h ich t h e ma jo r i ty o fs moke r sc on t inued t o f i nd s a t isf ac to ry f o r e ve ry d ay n eed s .

D eco ra t ion p l ayed a m a jo r p a r t i n t h e ma rke t ing o f p ipe s , e spec ia l ly a f te r c . 1850 . B r ief ly , s ome o f t h e m any t h eme s u sed c an b e c a tego r i sed u nde r t h e f o l low ing s ub jec t s : p o l i t ica l , f l o ra l , p a t r io t ic , h e ra ld ic , s por t ing , f une r ia l , t r an spo r t , z oomo rph ic , m a son ic , a dve r t is ing s l ogan s a nd e r o t ic t h eme s . I nt h e l a s tq ua r te ro ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , ad ec l ine h ad s e t i nf o rt h eL ondon c l ay p i pemak ing i n du s t ry a s aw ho le , r ef lec t ing n a t iona l t r end s . C ompe t i t ion f r om b r ia r s , m ee r schaum s , c i ga r s a nd c i ga re t te s w a s p la in ly t h e m a in c au se f o r t h i s . I n t r y ing t o c ompensa te a ga in s t f a l l ing m a rke t s , s ome o f t h e r ema in ing p ipemake r s b egan t om ou ld i n c rea s ing ly f anc ifu l p roduc t s t oa t t ra c t s moke r s . T he se d e s ign s ( c f . H ammond 1 985 , 3 0 150 ) b ecame t h e c ommon c u r r ency o f m ake r s l i ke C ha r le s C rop a nd W i l l iam B rown f r om c . 1880 u n t i l t h e f i r s t f ew d ecade s o ft h e2 0 th c en tu ry . D i rec to ry r e ad ing s f o r t h is p e r iod s how a ma rked d i f f e rence t o t h o se o f a c en tu ry b e fo re . Many o ft h er e ad ing s a r eo fA u s t r ian o r G e rman f i rm s m ak ing w ooden p ipe s , u sua l ly b r ia rr oo t o r o cca s iona l ly c he r ry w ood . T he m a jo r i ty o f t h e se c once rn s w e re t o b e f ound i nd i s t r ic t s j u s t n or th a nd e a s t o f t h e C i ty . Mee r schaum p ipe m anu f ac tu re r s a r e e v iden t a l ong w i th A sbe s to s a nd p a ten t ' h ea l th ' p ipemake r s . T he f ew r ema in ing c l ay p i pe m ak ing n ame s a r e u sua l ly s u ff ixed b y t h e w o rd ' c lay ' a nd a r e l o ng e s tab l i shed f i rm s l i ke C ha r le s C rop & S on s , E beneze r C hu rch a nd E dwa rd B ack , a l f r om n o r th L ondon .

P ipe s b ea r ing t h e R oya l A rm s w e re a n a p t c u r rency r ef lec t ing t h ep ro spe rou s a nd e mp i re -bu i ld ing r e ign s o f G eo rge I a nd I I . T hey f o rm p a r to f ad eve lop ing t r end f o r c e r ta in 1 8 th c en tu ry s moke r s t o p r ef e r p ipe s t o a dve r t ise t h e i r o wn p a r t icu la r a leg iance , w i th t h eme s s uch a s L ive ry c ompany e mb lem s o r p a t r io t ic a nd m a son ic s ymbo ls . T he e me rgence o f t h e se d eco ra ted p ipe s m ay a l so b e i np a r t d ue t op ipemake r s t r y ing t o m ake t h e i r p i pe s mo re a t t ra c t ive t ot h e t y pe o fp e r son w ho w ou ld b e mo re l i ke ly t ot a ke u p s nuf f . B y t h e e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry , L ondon c l ay p ipe s h ad g ene ra l ly b ecome mo r e s l ende r i ns hape , w i th t h inne r b ow l sa nd s t em s .T he se a d ju s tmen t si nw e igh ta nd s t y le w e re p e rhap s a s much f o rr e a sons o fe xped iency i nt h e a moun t o fc l ay u sed f o r e ach p i pe a nd t h e r ef in ing o f p ipemak ing m ach ine ry , a s f o r c hange s i n f a sh ion . A l though many w e re s t i l l p l a in , ac e r ta in p e r cen tage o f p ipe s c on t inued t ob e e mbo s sed w i th d eco ra t ion . P ipe s w i th r i bbed o r r e eded b ow ls , s ome b ea r ing s wag s o r r i bbon s a r ound t h e i r r im s , w e re m ade b y an umbe r o f L ondon m ake r s . T h i s s t y le , i n sp i red b y t h e n eo -c la s s ic ism o ft h e l a te 1 8 th c en tu ry s e emed t op eak i np opu la r i ty i nL ondon d u r ing R egency t ime s a nd j u s t a f te r . S ou thwa rk p ipemake r s l i ke T homa s Woo t ten o f 1 2 P a rk S t ree t w o rk ing f r om c . 1820 -46 ( A tk inson a nd O swa ld 1 969 ,6 5 ) ,W i l l iam N igh t inga le o fK ing sB ench c . 1828 ( TPM c o MS 3 60 1 , GL ) a nd I .W i ld o f t h e Maze ,T oo ley S t ree t made r i bbed p i pe so fn ea ri d en t ica l d e s ign ( c f L e C hem inan t 1 981 , 1 45 ) . S im i la r p opu la r s t y le s w e re c oncu r ren t ly p roduced b yt h eB rown f am i ly o f m ake r s i n We s tm ins te r ( c f . L e C hem inan t 1 981 , 1 45 ) .

O ne o f t h e l a s t k nown c l ay t o bacco p i pemake r s w a s M r s . E l izabe th S pau l l & C o . wo rk ing a t v a r iou s a dd re s se si nB e rmond sey ,S ou thwa rk f r om c . 1880 -1942 . T ha t t h e f i rm s u s ta ined p roduc t ion o fc l ay p i pe s f o r s o l o ng m ay b e a c coun ted f o r b y i t s e xpan s ion i n to o the r p roduc t s a l ong s ide p ipemak ing . F rom 1 9 16 t o1 978 t h e c ompany i sl i s t ed i nc omme r c ia l P o s tO ff ice d i rec to r ie s a s Who le sa le G la s s a nd B o t t le Me rchan t s a nd L icen sed V ic tua l le r s ' S und r ie smen . I n 1 937 ,c l ay p i pe sw e re s t i l l b e ing m ade b u t a r e l i s ted l a s t i nt h e d i rec to ry r e ad ing , t h e i rc omme rc ia l i mpo r tance o bv ious ly d im in i sh ing . I n 1 943 , c l ay p ipe m anuf ac tu r ing a ppa ren t ly s t op s . F rom 1 978 u n t i l t h e p r e sen t d ay , t h e c ompany h a s c on t inued t o b e l i s ted a s aw ho le sa le c h ina w a re m e r chan t ( Ta tman 1 987 , 2 7 -28 ) . F rom 1 880 t o 1 898 , M r s . E . S pau l l &C o . i sr e co rded a t3 1 We s tco t t S t ree t , T aba rd S t ree t( f o rme r ly K en tS t ree t ) w h ich i sj u s to nt h eb o rde r b e tween t h e p a r i she s o f N ew ing ton a nd S t . G eo rge , S ou thwa rk . T h i s a r ea f o rm s p a r t o f o ne o f t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t p ipemak ing c ommun i t ie s i n N ew ing ton a nd w i l l b e e xam ined i nd e ta i l b e low .

T he mo t if s mo s t f r equen t ly e mbo s sed a l ong p ipe b ow l mou ld seam s t h roughou t al a rge p ropo r t ion o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry w e re o ak l e ave s a nd a co rn s o r s p r ig s o f c o rn . T hey s e rved t wo b a s ic p u rpo se s : t h e f i r s t b e ing f o r r e a sons o fd eco ra t ion a nd t h e s e cond t os ave t ime a nd money , a s d eco ra ted mou ld -seam s d i d n o t r e qu i re s moo th ing b y a p ipe f i n ishe r . T h i s i s p e rhap s a s ymp tom o f t h e s w if tne s s i np roduc t ion u rged b y t h e i n du s t r ia l r e vo lu t ion . I n as im i la rw ay , mou ld seam so n

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D i s tr ibu t ion o fL ondon P ipemaker s

e spec ia l ly f r om L ondon a nd S ou thwa rk i n c lud ing t h o se o fJ ohn G reen a tt h e T obacco R o le , J ohn N e l son a tY e R o l l o fT obacco a nd af a r th ing o fJ ame s T odd b ea r ing t h ree r o l ls o f t o bacco , a l l f r om S ou thwa rk a nd d a ted f r om t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . B e r ry ( 1988 , 6 7 ) s t a te st h a t mo re t h an ah und red m en a nd w omen i s sued t o ken s r e f e r r ing t o s mok ing b e tween 1 648 a nd 1 672 a nd t h is p e r iod c ompa re s w e l l w i th t h e a lmo s t u n ive r sa l p opu la r i ty o f s mok ing n a t iona l ly a tt h is t ime . T h i s p opu la r i ty i sa l so s hown b y t h e f a c tt h a to the rt r ade smen s uch a sg roce r s , m e rce r s ,i r onmonge r s ,i n na nd c of f ee h ou se k eepe r sa nd c hee semonge r sa l so b egan t oi n c lude p ipe sa nd s mok ing t h eme s o n t h e i r t oken s . O ne e xamp le i s at a p s te r o f a c e leb ra ted S ou thwa rk i n n , t h e G eo rge , w ho i s sued a c o in d ep ic t ing t h ree p ipe s a nd f ou rp o t s o fa l e . A no the r i s at oken o f J ohn Ew ing o f S t . G eo rge 's c hu rch , S ou thwa rk , s how ing a n a pe s mok ing ap i pe ( i b id . , 7 0 ) . T oken s t h a t a c tua l ly b ea r t h e w o rd t o baccon i s t a r e r a re t hough , p e rhap s n o t s u rp r i s ing ly mo s t o f t h e se w e re s t ruck f o r s hop s i nL ondon ( i b id . , 6 8 ) .

D u r ing t h e l a s t 2 0 o r 3 0 y ea r s r e sea r ch i n to L ondon p ipemake r s h a sb een p e r iod ica l ly c a r r ied o u t i n af a i r ly r a ndom m anne r ( ma in ly l i s ted i n O swa ld 1 975 a nd A tk inson & O swa ld 1 969 ) . G iven t h is a nd t h e f a c tt h a t r e co rd s v a ry s o much i n c on ten t , q uan t i ty a nd t r ade s s pec if ied , o n ly ap re l im ina ry p i c tu re c an b e s e en a st o t h e t r ue n umbe r s o fp ipemake r s a nd t h e i r w o rk a r ea s . F o r t h e p e r iod c . 1600 -1900 c e r ta in l o ca t ion s b eg in t o e me rge a sm a in p ipemak ing c en t re s a nd a r e d i scus sed b e low .

S i x teen th C en tu ry I ti s o pen t o c en jec tu re w he re o r e xac t ly w hen t h e e a r l ie s t c l ay t o bacco p ipemake r s l i ved a nd w o rked i n L ondon . U n t i l r e cen t ly , t h e f i r s t r e co rded L ondon p ipemake r w a s t hough t t o h ave b e en J ohn S tuckey , ma r r ied a t Wapp ing i n 1 603 ( O swa ld 1 975 , 1 45 ) . T h i s i n fo rma t ion h a s n ow b een c o r rec ted . S tuckey i n f a c t ma r r ied i n 1 693 n o t 1 603 ( L e C he rn inan t & O swa ld 1 985 , 6 ) . A n umbe r o f 1 6 th c en tu ry p o t te ry m anuf a c tu r ing s i te sh ave b een n o ted a round t h eC ap i ta l i n c lud ing t h a t o fJ a cob J ohn son 's f i rm a tA ldga te , t h e C i ty , f l . c . 1 571-93 ( Edwa rd s 1 974 , 2 ) . O ne o f t h e se m ay h ave b een a pp roa ched b y t h o se w ho b egan t o o rgan i se t h e manuf ac tu re o fp ipe s , p o ss ib ly m e rchan t s o r h ope f u l p a ten tee s , a l though i ti sd oub t fu l w he the r t h e re h ad b een much o ff ic ia l o rgan i sa t ion o f t h e i n du s t ry b efo re 1 619 w hen t h e f i r s t c ha r te r o f t h e c ompany c ame a bou t .A tk in son a nd O swa ld ( 1969 ,2 26 ) l i s t 3 8 s i gna to r ie s t ot h i s c ha r te r . O ne o r mo re o ft h e se n ame s m ay h ave b een l i nked t ot h e b eg inn ing s o f t h e i n du s t ry . Mackenz ie ( 1957 ,8 1 ) ,q uo t ing f r om Mona rde s ( 1605 ) r e po r t s t h a t a f te r c .1 585 t o bacco ' p reva i led a l l o ve rE ng land ,e spec ia l ly a mong t h eC ou r t ie r s ,t h a th ave c au sed m any s uch ( p ipe s o fc l ay ) t ob e m ade t od r ink t oba cco w i th ' . T h i s i mp l ie s t h a t r egu la r c omm is s ion s f o r a r t i san s t o make p ipe s b egan i n t h e 1 580 s d u r ing t h e p e r iod when e xpend i tu re t ot h e c o lon ie s s pon so red b y R a le igh h ad r e su l ted i n ap opu la r i sa t ion o ft obacco ( Ma ckenz ie 1 957 , 7 6 -82 ) .

E igh t een th C en tury P ipema l c ing c on t inue st h roughou tt h ee i gh teen th c en tu ry i nt h e e x i s t ing e s tab l ished a r ea s c h ief ly i nd i s t r ic t s e a s t f r om t h ec i ty t h rough t oS t epney ,o nt h eC i ty p e r ime te r s a nd We s tm in s te r . T he l a t te ra r ea w a si n hab i ted b y mo re p i pemake r s a t t h is t ime , p robab ly d ue t o t h e n ew d i s t r ic t s b u i l t t h e re t owa rd s t h e e nd o ft h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ( Geo rge 1 925 , 7 1) . S ou thwa rk a l so m a in ta ined a n i mpo r tan t p ipemak ing s t rongho ld . R eco rd s s how t h a t p ipemake r s w e re l i v ing i np a r t s o f L ambe th a nd a r ea s b e tween We s tm in s te r a nd t h e C i ty l i ke H o lbo rn a nd B ed fo rdbu ry , a l though f r om p r e sen t r e sea r ch i ti st o o e a r ly t o s a y f o r h ow l o ng t h e se p ipemak ing e nc lave s h ad b een e s tab l ished . L i l lywh i te ( 1972 , 5 85 ) i d en t if ie s t wo L ondon a r ea s i mpo r tan tf o rp ipemak ing d u r ing t h e 1 700 s : B rewhou se Y a rd , Wapp ing , w he re T homa s D o rme r t o bacco p i pemake r l i ved i n 1 768 a nd F ea the r s tone S t ree t , Mood ie ld s , t h e s i te o f J ohn S ave 1 1 ( 2 ) 's w o rk shop . B o th u sed s i gnboa rd sb ea r ing t h e T hr ee T obacco P ipes . F u r the r i d en t if ica t ion o fp i pemak ing s i te s a r e g i ven b y a L ondon d i rec to ry ( 1732 , P RO ) w h ich s u rveys ' We s tm ins te r , S ou thwa rk , a nd p a r t s o f M idd le sex a nd S u r rey ' . Two a r ea s a r e r e co rded a s h av ing T obacco P ipe o rs im i la r ly n amed a l leys . T he se a r e We s tm in s te r w h ich h a sf ou r , n ame ly o ne o f ft h eB road Way , a no the r a tB edfo rdbu ry a nd t wo mo re i nG rea t S t . A nn 's L ane a nd L i t t le S t . A nn 's L ane . A p ropo s t h e l a s t , L i l ly w h i te ( op . c i t . , 5 9 1) n o te s ' t he T obacco P ipe s a ppea r s t ob e as i gn h e re b efo re 1 76 1 ' . A t Wapp ing , t h e d i rec to ry l i s t s o ne i nF ive F oo t A l ley , O ld G rave l L ane , w he re L i l lywh i te a l so n o te s aT wo T obacco P ipe s s i gn .

S even t een th C en tu ry T he m a in a r ea s o fp roduc t ion w e re : 1 . S t epney ( i nc lud ing R a tc l if f e , Wapp ing a nd L imehou se ) 2 . S ou thwa rk 3 . We s tm in s te r 4 . C i ty p e r ime te r s( i nc lud ing A ldga te ,C r ipp lega te a nd S p i ta lf ie ld s ) . L i l lywh i te ( 1972 , 5 84 -5 ; 5 91-3 ) r e co rd s an umbe r o f e s tab l i shmen t s w i th s hop s i gn s b ea r ing T hr ee T obacco P ipe s w i th in o r n ea r s ome o f t h e se p ipemak ing a r ea s d u r ing t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . B u r fo rd c i te sa n i n nc a l led T he T hr ee T obacco P ipe s a t C ha r ing C ro s s i n u se a s a t empo ra ry p r ison i n 1 642 ( 1977 , 1 38 ) s o an umbe r o f t h e se s i gns c ou ld h ave a dve r t i sed t o baccon i s t s o r p e rhap s i n nkeepe r s . T rademens ' t oken s t h a t d ep ic ted t o ba cco p ipe s , w e re n o t a l i s su sed b y p ipemake r s . N umbe r s o f t o kens w i th t o bacco r o l l s a r e k nown ,

S ou thwa rk h ad a tl e a s t o ne P ipemaker 's A l ley i n t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry . I tw a sa tt h ec o rne ro f Maze P ond a nd t h e Maze i n t h e B o rough , s hown b y H o rwood 's m ap o f 1 799 . T h i s w o rk shop w a s l a te r t ob e t h e v enue f o r a p ipemake r s ' w age d i spu te a nd s t r ike f u l ly d i scu s sed i n S ec t ion 1 0 b e low .

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F ig . 2 :A verage p ercen tages o fc l ay t obacco p ipe maker s l i s ted i n1 9 th c en tury L ondon D ir ec tor ie sf rom 1 822 -1892 .

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N ine teen th C en tur y Two P ipemaker 's A l ley s a nd o ne P ipe ' s A l ley c an b e p i npo in ted i n 1 9 th c en tu ry L ondon . T he f i r s t ,j u s t e a s t o ft h e C i ty w a s i nC owc ro s s S t ree t , S t . S epu lch re . T he s e cond P ipemaker 's A l ley w a s j u s t o f f K en t S t ree t i n N ew ing ton ,S ou thwa rk .P ipe 's A l ley ,a l so i nS ou thwa rk , w a s r e co rded a t S ta r C o rne r , B ermond sey ( S tr ee t N ame so fL ondon , PRO ) .N oe xamp le so fT obacco P ipe s i gn s a r e l i s ted b y L i l lywh i te ( op . c i t .) f o r t h is c en tu ry a l though t h e d ec l ine o f h ang ing s i gnboa rd s i n u se g ene ra l ly , f o r t h e p rac t ica l r e a son o fb e ing ad ange r t o t h e p ub l ic , i sp robab ly t h e r e a son f o r t h is .

T ab le 1 :P e r cen tage s o f C lay T oba cco P ipemake r s b y L ondon D is t r ic t l i s ted i n 1 9 th C en tu ry L ondon D i rec to r ie s s amp led e ve ry t e n y ea r s f r om 1 822 1892 . D is t r ic t

1 822

1 832

1 842

1 852

1 862

1 872

1 882

1 892

E & NE

4 7 .0

3 9 .0

3 4 .0

4 5 .0

3 8 .0

3 8 .0

3 9 .0

4 5 .0

EC

2 4 .0

2 1 .0

3 1 .0

3 1 .5

1 3 .0

1 6 .0

1 8 .0

2 0 .0

S E &S

1 8 .0

1 9 .0

2 2 .0

8 . 0

1 6 .0

1 6 .0

1 8 .0

1 8 .0

5 . 5

6 . 0

6 . 0

8 . 0

5 . 0

6 . 0

4 . 5

4 .0

2 . 5

1 3 .0

7 . 0

1 .0

9 . 0

8 . 0

6 . 0

4 . 5

2 . 0

2 . 5

3 . 0

6 . 0

2 . 0

2 . 0

2 . 5

4 .0

5 . 0

3 . 0

SW

2 WC

NW

5 . 5

4 . 0

3 . 5

4 . 0

3 . 5

5 , 0

D i scu s s ion T he m a in c oncen t ra t ion s o f p ipemake r s w e re i n t h e p oo re r d i s t r ic t s o u t s ide t h e C i ty c en t re . I th a s b een n o ted t h a ti n 1 695 n op i pemake r s w e re r e co rded l i v ing w i th in t h e C i ty w a l ls ( O swa ld 1 970 , 2 29 ) . A no the r r epo r t n o te s t h a t f o r i n den tu re s f r om 1 689 1734 , h a lf l i ved o n t h e C i ty b ounda r ie s a nd t h e o t he r h a lf o u t s ide i t , t h e l a rge s t c oncen t ra t ion b e ing i n C r ipp lega te ( A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 , 4 ) . I ti si n te re s t ing t on o te t h a t i ns ome o the r c i t ie s , p ipemake r s w e re t ob e f ound mo re c ommon ly l i v ing w i th in c i ty p rec inc t s . F o r e xamp le , i nC he s te rf r om t h e 1 640 -80 s , t h e m a jo r i ty o f make r s s e emed t ob e l i v ing w i th in t h e w a l l s ( Davey & R u t te r 1 980 , 2 25 ) p e rhap s b ecau se t h e se p ipemake r s h ad mo re c i v ic i nf luence i nC he s te rt h an i ns ome o t he r t own s . I n N o rw ich , t h e e a r ly p i pemake r s w e re t o b e f ound i nt h ep oo ra r ea s i n s ide t h ec i ty . I ti sc u r iou s t h a t i nt h is c i ty t h e re w e re n o r e co rded o b jec t ion s t os moke f r om p i pemake r s ' k i ln s , b u t t h e re w e re o b jec t ion s t o t o bacco s mok ing i nt h e s t ree t ! ( Ka r shne r 1 979 , 2 98 ) .

L ondon . L ikew ise i n We s tm ins te r , t h eb r ew ing i n du s t ry c au sed l o ca l p a r l iamen ta r ians a nd n ob le s t o b r ing c omp la in t s a ga in s t p o l lu t ion . J ohn E ve lyn i n F um if ug ium ( 166 1) d e sc r ibe s L ondon c ove red w i th a ' He l l ish d i sma l l c l oud o fs ea -coa l ' . T he b l ame f o r t h i s h e l a id s qua re ly o n t h e o wne r s o f s ome ' f ew f unne ls a nd i s sue s ' b e long ing t o b r ewe r s , d ye r s , l imebu rne r s , s a l t a nd s oap b o i le r s a nd s ome o t he r p r iva te t r ade s . Smoke f r om t h e se t r ade s w a s s a id t o p o l lu te t h e a i r g rea te r t h an ' a l l t h e c h imn ie s o fL ondon p u t t o ge the r ' ( Br imb lecombe 1 987 , 4 9 -50 ) . E ve lyn p ropo sed t h a t t h e s hop s o f a l l s uch a r t isan s s hou ld b e r emoved t o t h e o u t sk ir t s o f L ondon , n e s t led b eh ind h i l ls a nd b end s a l ong t h e T hame s , i n o rde r t o r i d L ondon o f t h e ' c o lumn s a nd c l oud so fs moake w h ich a r eb e lched f o r th f r om t h e s oo ty t h roa te s o f ( t ho se s hop s ) ' ( Nef 1 932 , 1 57 ) . Whe re i n dus t ry h ad t or ema in c l o se t oL ondon , i t c ou ld b ep l aced i n' t he t own o fB owe ' w he re c on t inued w ind s w ou ld p rov ide ap a r t ia l c u re t ot h ep rob lem . T h is p o in te r t oE a s t L ondon c l ea r ly s how s t h e r e la t ion sh ip a nd a t t i tude b e tween i n du s t ry a nd p r eva i l ing w ind s . A t t h is t ime t h e p redom inance o f f i ne h ou se s w a s t o t h e w e s t o f L ondon t oa vo id t h e s t ink o f t h e e a s te rn p a r t s o f t h e C i ty . E ve lyn 's p l an c au sed ab i l l t o b e d ra f ted b efo re P a r l iamen t b u t w a s d e f ea ted , p robab ly b ecau se o fc omme r c ia l i n te re s t s .

D ir ec to r ie s s how t h a t E a s t L ondon c on t inued t ob e t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t c l ay t o bacco p i pemak ing a r ea . I nf a c t , n ea r ly t w ice a s m any m ake r s w e re l i s ted h e re a s t h e n ex t t wo i mpo r tan t d i s t r ic t s , t h e se b e ing t h e a r ea sj u s t n o r th a nd e a s t o f t h e C i ty a nd t h e s ou th e a s t , m a in ly S ou thwa rk .A l though t h e re w e re p ocke t so fp ipemake r s w o rk ing b o th ' i n i n ne r a nd o u t ly ing d i s t r ic t s s u ch a s We s tm in s te r , L ambe th , S oho a nd H ox ton , t h e n i ne teen th c en tu ry s aw a n e ven g r ea te r c oncen t ra t ion e a s t o f t h e C i ty s t re tch ing t h rough f r om t h e Wh i techape l a r ea t o S t epney . I ti sa s sumed t h a t t h e f i gu re sb e low d eno te m a s te rp i pemake r sa st h ey h ad t h e c omme r c ia l i n cen t ive t o a dve r t i se t h e i r a dd re s se s i n d i rec to r ie s . I t s hou ld b e n o ted t h a t t h e n umbe r s o f p i pemake r s i n d i rec to ry r e ad ing s w e re f ound t o v a ry a cco rd ing t o t h e a va i lab le v o lume s c on su l ted . F o r e xamp le , Wa tk in 's d i rec to ry , w h ich w a s u sed f o r t h e 1 852 s amp le , l i s ted 3 8 make r s w h i le K e l ly 's d i rec to ry f o r 1 853 n amed 6 3 .T he se d i sc repanc ie s a r er ef lec ted i n t h e f i gu re s , b u t d o n o t m a rked ly a f f ec t t h e o ve ra l l p a t te rn a s s hown i nF ig . 2a nd T ab le 1 .

T ha t p i pemak ing w a s i n deed c a tego r ised a l ong w i th o the r u n savou ry i n du s t r ie s a nd b u s ine s se s i sc onf irmed b y a n u nda ted a g reemen t w r i t ten o n p a r chmen th ang ing i n t h e P ape r Moon p ub l ic h ou se , B lackf r ia r s R oad S ou thwa rk ( 1989 ) . T h i s s t a te s t h a t ' T rade o f B u s ine s s o f aS l augh te rman B u t che r , Me l te r o f T a l low , T a l low C hand le r , S oap Make ro fT obacco P ipemake r , T oba cco p ipe b ur ne r , C oke B u rne r , S uga r B ake r , F e l lmonge r , D ye r , D is t i l le r , C ommon B rewe r , B lack sm i th , F ur r ie r , S cavenge r o r N igh tman o r a ny o t he r n o i se some o r o f f ens ive t r ade w ha t soeve r n o rd em ise l e t s e t o ra s s ign t h e s ame m e s sage t e nemen t s ha l l ( no t ) e xe rc i se o r c a r ry o n a ny o f s uch t r ade s w i thou t s pec ia l l i cen se o r c on sen t ' . T he a bove i ss im i la r t o ac ovenan t i n al e a se r e f e r red t ob y J . F .V . Woodman ( A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 , 4 )o f ap rem i se s i nC heap s ide ( 1806 ) g ran ted b y t h e C i ty a u tho r i t ie s . R e s t r ic t ion s l i ke t h e se p o s s ib ly r e su l ted i nk i ln s b e ing o pe ra ted o n ac l ande s t ine b a s i s . T h is m ay h ave b een t h e c a se a t ak i ln s i te i nH a r row A l ley , A ldga te , j u s t e a s t o f t h e C i ty b ounda ry . E xcava t ion s d i scove red t h a t i tw a s ' h idden a way i nt h e

T he t e ndancy o f p i pemak ing t ob e s i tua ted m a in ly o n t h e e a s te rn s i de o f L ondon w a s p robab ly d ue t o t h e i n he ren t f o cu s s ing o f u nsavou ry i n du s t r ie s i n t h e se d i s t r ic t s d a t ing f r om Med ieva l a nd p a r t icu la r ly T udo r t i me s . C e r ta in r e s t r ic t ion s c ou ld b e e f f ec ted i n a r ea s w he re i nf luence c ou ld b e s wayed , l i ke i n t h e C i ty o f

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h a s a l ready b een d i scu ssed a bove i n S ec t ion 4 . W i th r e ga rd t ot h e p l ac ing o f N ew ing ton a nd S ou thwa rk , i t c an g ene ra l ly b e s uppo sed t h a t p r eva i l ing s ou th a nd s ou th w e s te r ly w ind sw ou ld h ave c a r r ied p o l lu t ion f r om i n du s t r ie s s uch a s p ipemak ing a l i t t le mo re i n to c i ty a r ea s a c ro s s t h e r i ve r t h an s moke f r om s im i la r t r ade s s i tua ted i ne a s tL ondon . T h is i sv e r i f ied b y E ve lyn w ho d ep ic t s o n am ap o fr e s to ra t ion L ondon t h e s ou r ce s o f a i r p o l lu t ion f r om t h e s ou th i n to t h e c i ty a s c om ing f r om t h e i n du s t r ie s n ea r L ambe th a nd S ou thwa rk , p a r t icu la r ly l ime b u rn ing ( Br imb lecombe 1 987 , 5 0 ) . A l though n o c a se s a ga ins t ' p o l lu t ing ' p ipemake r s o f N ew ing ton a r e k nown f r om l o ca l r e co rd s t o d a te , a p o t te r , N a than ie l O ade f r om n ea rby S t . S av iou r s w a s f i ned i n 1 707 f o r c r ea t ing s moke n u i sance i n G rave l L ane ( Edwa rd s 1 974 , 1 7 ) . P ipemake r s mu s th ave f a ced s im i la r p rob lem s a st h e i r k i lns w e re o fl i ke d e s ign .

b ack r oom o f ab u i ld ing ' i n ag roup o f l a te r 1 7 th c en tu ry t e nemen t s ( Thomp son 1 975 , 3 17 -319 ) . O ne s ugge s t ion ( i b id . ) i st h a t t h e k i ln w a s s i tua ted i n t h i s w ay t o a vo id t h e v a r iou s d ue s a nd r e s t r ic t ions o f t h e T oba cco P ipemake r s C ompany . A n e qua l ly p l aus ib le e xp lana t ion i st h a t t h e b ack room s i tua t ion o f t h e k i ln m ay b e a n i n d ica t ion o fh ow s ma l l s ca le a nd c r amped c ond i t ion s w e re i n t h e t e nemen t s . S im i la r c ond i t ion s w e re c ommonp la ce w i th p ipemak ing a nd o the r c ompa rab le o ccupa t ion s i nt h e c ap i ta l a nd w e re p a r t ly t h e r e su l t o f b u i ld ing r e s t r ic t ions b rough t a bou t b y a nx ie t ie s i n t h e C i ty t owa rd s n ew g row th . T he f i r s t p roc lama t ion , d a t ing f r om 1 580 ( Geo rge 1 925 , 6 8 -69 ) d ef ined ap o l icy w h ich w a s i n te rm i t ten t ly f o l lowed f o r a bou t ac en tu ry . T hey w e re d e s igned t o c heck a ny b u i ld ing o r p roper ty o n n ew f ounda t ions , t h e d i v id ing u p o fh ou se s a nd t oc on t ro l t h e t a k ing i no f ' i nma te s ' o r l o dge r s . T h i s p o l icy w a s a ppa ren t ly i n ef f ec t ive i n c heck ing g row th i n t h e C i ty b u t d id i nf luence t h e p roce s s o fe xpan s ion . I tw a s f e a r ed t h a t l a rge n umbe r s o f f am i l ie s a nd t r ade smen l i v ing i n s ma l l r oom s i n d i v ided h ou se s w ou ld i n c rea se t h e d ange r o f p l ague ( i b id . , 6 8 ) . T he b u i ld ing l aw s r e su l ted i n o wne r s c l ande s t ine ly c hang ing t h e i r d we l l ing s t ruc tu re s o r d i gg ing c e l la r s u nde r t h em t o i n c rea se s pace . R egu la t ion s a l so c ame a bou t i n t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry f o rb idd ing t h e e r ec t ion o f n ew c h imneys ( i b id . , 7 0 ) i n e x is t ing b u i ld ing s .T h i sm ay h ave c au sed p ipemake r st o p l a ce t h e i rk i lns i nd i sc ree tl o ca t ion s w i th in o rn ea rt h e e nv i ron s o ft h e C i ty .

T he P o t tery I ndu s try r e la t ive t o P ipemak ing O ne o f t h e m a te r ia l s s ha red b y b o th p o t te ry a nd p ipemak ing w a s p ipe c l ay i t se lf . I th a s b een s ugge s ted ( Edwa rd s 1 974 , 1 9 ) t h a t p ipe c l ay w a s e s sen t ia l f o r p rov id ing a l i gh t c o lou red b ody f o r t i n -g lazed e a r thenwa r e , a n i ndu s t ry o f g row ing i mpo r tance i n S ou thwa rk f r om t h eb eg inn ing o ft h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . T h i s c l ay w a s s h ipped c h ie f ly f r om P oo le , D o r se t . A s t h e S ou thwa rk p o t te r ie s d epended o n r i ve r t r aff ic f o r c l ay s upp l ie s , t h ey mo s t ly o ccup ied p rem i se s c l o se t o t h e T hame s s ide w he re t h e r i ve r p rov ided a c onven ien t o u t le t f o r p o thou se s w i th y a rd s f o r w a sh ing t h e c l ay ( Edwa rd s 1 974 , 2 0 ) .

I ti sk nown t h a t t e nemen t s l i ke t h o se i nH a r row A l ley , A ldga te , w e re a l so o ccup ied b y p ipemake r s i n S ou thwa rk a nd a r ea s o f N ew ing ton f r om . t he 1 7 th c en tu ry t o a t l e a s t t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . O ne p ipemake r , R icha rd P u rcha se o f ' L e C l ink L ibe r ty ' , S ou thwa rk , w a s c a l led b efo re t h e s e s s ion s a t C roydon i n 1 664 b ecau se h e h ad d i v ided h i s h ou se i n to s epa ra te t e nemen t s a nd h ad ' s o k ep t i t ' ( SQS ) . I n t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry i t w a s c ommon p rac t ice f o r N ew ing ton j ou rneymen p ipemake r sa nd t h e i rf am i l ie st or e n tr oom s a nd w o rk shop s i n' d iv ided ' d we l l ing s . T he p ipemak ing n e ighbou rhood s o f N ew ing ton w i l l b e d i scu s sed i n S ec t ion 9 b e low .

I n t h e p a r i sh o f S t O lave 's , S ou thwa rk , t h e f i r s t r e co rded t o ba cco p ipemake r si n1 624 ,s e em st oc o inc ide w i th t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f a n i mpor t an t p o t te ry a t P i ck lehe r r ing Q uay (Wa lke r 1 981(a ) , 1 75 ) . T he re i sn o r e co rded e v idence o f a ny p o t te ry made i nS ou thwa rk b efo re 1 6 12 a l though t o o l i t t le i n forma t ion s u rv ive s t o s ay w he the r p ipemak ing p receded o r s ucceeded p o tmak ing t h e re . C e r ta in ly t h i sp e r iod w ou ld h ave b een r i pe f o rp ipemak ing t ob ee s tab l ished i nS ou thwa rk w i th t h e i mpo r ta t ion o f p ipe c l ay s upp ly ing p o t te ry w o rk shop s . T he re i s s u rp r i s ing ly l i t t le r e co rded i n fo rma t ion i n L ondon r e la t ing p o t te r s t op ipemake r s a l though s uch a c onnec t ion h a s b een r e co rded i n o t he r a r ea s . I n R a info rd , Me r sey s ide , a n a r ea w he re p o tmak ing a nd p i pemak ing a r ek nown t oh ave c o -ex i s ted , a n i n ven to ry o ft h e c l aypo t te rJ o shua B i l l ing , d a ted 1 709 , w a s f ound t o i n c lude p o t te ry e qu ipmen t l i s ted w i th p i pemak ing mou ld s a nd i mp lemen t s ( K ing 1 982 , 2 57 ) . A tB idefo rd , D evon , p o t te r s m ay h ave h ad p ipemak ing c onnec t ion s i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry . O ne e xamp le e x is t s o f ap i pemake r s t and ing s u re ty f o r ap o t te r ( G ran t & J emme t t 1 985 , 4 77 ) . W i th r ega rd t ot h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , a no the re xamp le i sr e co rded f r om G la sgow w he re W i l l iam G ran tJ n r . i n 1 844 l e a sed t h e ' K ing -F ie ld p o t te ry ' w he re h ep roduced t o ba cco p ipe s a nd o rnamen ta l c h ina ( Ga l laghe r 1 987 , 1 03 ) . A ga in , t h e R ing f am i ly o f p ipemake r s f r om B r i s to l w e re a l so p o t te r s , c oa l m e rchan t s a nd h ad d ea l ing s w i th c l ay i nt h e 1 840 s (Wa lke r 1 983 ,4 ) . O the r

5 . R ea son sf or t he d eve lpmen to ft he N ew ing ton P ipemak ing I ndu s try T he N ew ing ton p ipemak ing i n du s t ry d eve loped f o r s eve ra l r e a son s . T he se a r e r e la ted t o s u i tab i l i ty o f l o ca t ion a nd c ompan ion sh ip t o t r ade s r e qu i r ing l i ke c ond i t ion sa nd m a te r ia l s ,c h ief ly t h ep o t te ry i n du s t ry . I t c an a l so b es ugge s ted t h a ta va i lab i l i ty o ff u e l p l ayed i t s p a r t .

L oca t ion F ac tor s N ew ing ton , a l ong w i th o t he r a r ea s o f S ou thwa rk , h i s to r ica l ly d eve loped a s a n a r ea w he re u npopu la r i n du s t r ie ss uch a sp i pemak ing ,p o tmak ing ,g l a s smak ing , t a nn ing a nd l i n nebu rn ing w e re c a r r ied o u t . T h i s t o p ic

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p ipemake r so fS co t t ish d escen ta nd w o rk ing i nC anada , W i l l iam a nd D av id B e l l , manuf ac tu red p o t te ry , b r ick s , d ra in -p ipe s a nd t o bacco -p ipe s i nt h e l a te r 1 9 th c en tu ry ( i b id . , 2 7 ) .

I t m ay b e s i gn if ican t t h a t f ou r o f t h e k i lnmen a r e r e co rded f r om t h e s ame p a r ish r eg is te r s o f S t . J ohn , b eg inn ing i n t h e 1 860 s . T h is a r ea h e ld a n i mpo r tan t p ipemak ing c ommun i ty wh ich w a s c oncen t ra ted a t v a r ious a dd re sse s i n a nd a round B randon S t ree t . I t i n c luded 2 2 B randon S t ree t t h e a dd re s s o f J ame s S awye rw he re h i s f a the rG eo rge S awye r , k i lnman , may a l so h ave l i ved . T h is wa s a dd i t iona l ly t h e a bode a nd p o s s ib le wo rk shop o fR ober t Ho l land ( 2 ) r e co rded h e re i n 1 878 . I ti s f e a s ib le t h en , t h a t G . S awye r w o rked s e rv ic ing ak i ln a tn o . 2 2 o r a to the r w o rk shop s a l ong B randon S t ree t .

None o ft h e r e co rds r e sea rched i nN ew ing ton s upp l ied a ny d i rec t f am i ly c onnec t ions b e tween p o t te r s a nd p ipemake r s a l though e a r ly r e co rds o f t r ades w e re n o t a va i lab le . Y e tt h e re a r e v e ry c l ea rp a ra l le ls b e tween t he t wo t r ade s .I nf a c t ,D ide ro t ,w ho made ad e ta i led s u rvey o fh and ic raf t s i nt h e 1 8 th c en tury i n c luded p ipemak ing a s as ub sec t ion t o p o t te ry a nd e ven w ro te t h a t e a r ly 1 7 th c en tury p ipe s w e re h andmade a nd ' t h rown l i ke a v a se ' ( D ide ro t -L 'Encyc lopdd ie , ' P ipes A F ume r L e T abac ') . O n t h e c on t inen t , i n B e lg ium f o r i n s tance , i t w a s p r ima r i ly t h e p o t te r s w ho i n i t ia ted t h e c l ay -p ipe i n du s t ry ( F ra ik in 1 981 , 6 4 ) . I nH o l land t oo , i tw a sg ood e conom ic s ense f o rp o t te r s t os imu l taneous ly f i re p ipe s w h ich h ad b een made b y p ipemake r s a t h ome , w i th t h e i r o wn p roduc t s ( Duco 1 981 , 4 31) .

T he b u i ld ing o f k i lns w a s ah i gh ly s k i l led o ccupa t ion . O f ten a n e xpe r ienced k i lnman o r s e t te r w ou ld b e e mp loyed w i th in a n a r ea v i s i t ing d i f f e ren t w o rk shop s . When k i lns w e re b u i l t t h e b r ick s w e re n o t l a id i n t h e s ame w ay a s o rd ina ry b r ickwo rk . F i rec lay s l ip o r r e f rac to ry c emen t w a s o f t en u sed i n s tead o f mor ta r o n t h e i n ne r p a r t s a nd o rd ina ry l ime -mo r ta r u sed f o r t h e e x te r io r w a l ls . R ef rac to ry b r ick s w e re u sed f o r t h e h o t te s t p a r t s a nd o rd ina ry o ne s f o r t h e c oo le s t p a r t s . I mp rope r l a y ing o f b r ick s c ou ld h ave l e d t oe xpens ive r e pa i r s . I tw a s i mpor tan t t h a t t h e f ounda t ion o ft h e k i ln b e w a te rp roof o r i t wou ld n o t f unc t ion p rope r ly n o r c ou ld i tw o rk a tf u l l s peed . S ome t ime s m e ta l b rac ing s w e re u sed t o s t reng then t h e w a l l . K i ln s w e re p rone t o d ef ec t s s ome o f w h ich , a l though a ppa ren t ly o f s ma l l c onsequence , c ou ld i n t ime c ause a g rea t l o s s i n e f f ic iency . S ome o f t h e d ef ec t s a ccoun ted b y k i lnmen w e re c r ack s a ppea r ing i n t h e d raugh t , s agg ing b r ick s e ndange r ing t h e s t ruc ture a nd l oo se b rac ing b a r s d ue t o h ea te xpans ion ,n eed ing t i gh ten ing ( Sea r le 1 930 ,2 34 -7 ) . P ack ing t h e k i ln f o r f i r ing w a s a l so as k i l led o pe ra t ion . T he l c i lnman 's w o rk w a s g ene ra l ly k nown a s ' s e t t ing , b u rn ing a nd d raw ing ' . I ti sa l so r e co rded t h a t h e w a s r e spons ib le f o rk i ln f u rn i tu re ( Edwa rds 1 974 , 2 1) . S ome p i pemake r sd id , h oweve r , c ons t ruc tt h e i ro wn k i lns l i ke t h e H enshe r s ( s ee S ec t ion 7 b e low ) o f E a s t L ondon . T h is k now -how w a s n o d oub t t h e r e su l t o f w o rk ing e xper ience p a ssed f r om g ene ra t ion t og ene ra t ion .

A l though t h e re a r e n o r e co rds o f a n e a r ly p o t te ry i n dus t ry i n N ew ing ton , b y 1 750 t h e re w e re a t l e a s t f i f teen p o thouses s i tua ted a l ong , o r c l o se b y t h e s ou th s i de o f t h e T hame s f r om V auxha l l t o R o the rh i the ( Edwa rd s 1 974 , 2 ) . N oi n d ica t ion o f ap o tmak ing c en t re i n N ew ing ton w a s a ppa ren t u n t i l a f te r c . 1 870 w hen r e f e rence s t op o t te r s w e re f ound i nt h e c hu rch r eg is te r s o fS t . A gne s . I ti si n te re s t ing t h a t ac on t ingen t o fg l a ss w o rke r s a nd p ipemake r s w a s a l so f ound h e re . I ft h e re w a s ad i rec t a s soc ia t ion b e tween e a r ly p ipemake r s a nd p o t te r s i nS ou thwa rk , t h is may p o in t t o as l igh t ly l a te r b eg inn ing t op ipemak ing i nN ew ing ton t h an w i th in t h e n e ighbou r ing p a r ishe s o f S t . S av iou r s o r S t . O lave s , w he re p o t te ry b us ine s ses w e re e s tab l ished b y t h e e a r ly 1 7 th c en tury . Mo re r e sea rch i n to b o th i n du s t r ie s i n S ou thwa rk c ou ld h e lp b r ing t h is c o r re la t ion , i fa ny , t o l i gh t . I ts eems p robab le t h a t i fp ipe c l ay w a s a va i lab le i n n ea rby p o thou se s i t mus t h ave a l so f ound a r e ady m a rke t i nt h e f i r s t N ew ing ton p ipemak ing c once rns . I t s hou ld b e n o ted t h a t t h e S ou thwa rk g l a ssmak ing i n dus t ry , w h ich w a s w e l l e s tab l ished b y t h e e a r ly 1 7 th c en tury ( Nef 1 932 , 2 18 ) may h ave u sed p ipec lay i nt h e p roce ss o f mak ing g l a s s . T obacco p ipe c l ay w a s k nown t oh ave b een u sed i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry E d inbu rgh g l a ss i n dus t ry ( Brown 1 891 , 2 34 ) . S im i la r ly , P a r sons r e co rd s t h a t t h e G a teshead p ipemak ing t r ade may h ave b een s t imu la ted b y t h e e x is tence o fg l a ss make r s i nt h e a r ea b efo re 1 650 ( Pa r son s 1 964 , 2 34 ) .

T he g ene ra l t e rm k i lnman may h ave c ove red an umbe r o f a c t iv i t ie s , f r om s t ok ing t h e f i rebox t o s t ack ing a nd e mp ty ing t h e k i ln a f te r f i r ing . K i ln w o rke r s a s s u ch w e re n o t o bv ious ly l i s ted i n 1 9 th c en tury d i rec to r ie s . I t i sp robab le t h a t f o r t h e l a rge r p ipemak ing c oncer n s i n N ew ing ton , o r f o r t ho se w i thou t t h e k now -how , t h e a c tua l l a y ing o f t h e s t ruc ture a nd r e pa i rwo rk w e re c a r r ied o u t b y l o ca l b r ick laye r s e xpe r ienced i n k i ln w o rk . D uco , w r i t ing o f t h e Goedewaagen f a c to ry i n H o l land , m en t ions t h a t t h e k i ln w a s r e cond i t ioned o nce ay ea r b e tween C h r is tma s a nd N ew Y ea r -t h e l e a s t p roduc t ive t ime -b y ak i ln b r ick laye ra nd h i s a s s is tan t s . T he v i s i t h ad t o b e p re -a r ranged d ue t o o t he r p o t te r s a nd p ipemake r s n eed ing k i ln r epa ir s ( Duco 1 980 , 1 92 ) .

D e sp i te t h e re b e ing n or e co rded e v idence t h a tp o t te r si n t h e a r ea h ad p ipemak ing c onnec t ions , t h e r e co rd s y i e lded a n umbe r o f k i ln w o rke r s ( s ee Append ix V ) . T he se c ou ld h ave w o rked a mong a n umbe r o f t r ade s i n c lud ing p o tmak ing ,p ipemak ing a nd g l a ssmak ing .O ne r e co rd o f a' k i lnman a tG la ss Wo rk s ' w ho b ap t ised a c h i ld i n 1 886 , w a s n o ted i nt h e r eg is te r s o f S t . A gne s ( GLRO ) . A k i lnman c ou ld a l so b e k nown a s a ' f i reman ' , at e rm e s tab l ished b y a t l e a s t t h e 1 840 s ( Evans 1 846 , 3 2 ) a nd s t i l l i n c ur ren t u se i n t h e 2 0 th c en tury ( H MSO 1 927 , 3 4 ) . O ccur rence s o f f i remen a ppea r ing i n N ew ing ton r e co rd s w e re n o t r e co rded o w ing t ot h e a mb igu i ty o ft h e t e rm .

F ue l U se a nd Ava i lab i l i ty I ti sp robab le t h a t at h i rd r e a son w hy t h e p ipemak ing i ndu s t ry e vo lved i nN ew ing ton w a s t h e a va i lab i l i ty o f f ue l . P a r l iamen ta ry a c t s d a t ing f r om H en ry V I I I o nwa rd s r e s t r ic ted t h e u se o f w ood a s af u e l n ea r

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L ondon . T he A c t 3 5 H en ry V I I I . , C .17 , f o r e xamp le , t r i ed t o l im i t t h e c u t t ing o f w ood o f ac er ta in s i ze ( Ma lden 1 905 , 2 70 ) . T he se a c t s w e re t h e r e su l t o f t h e g row ing p rac t ice o fb u rn ing w ood f o rc ha r coa l , m a in ly i nt h e s me l t ing a nd g l a s s i n du s t r ie s a nd t h e d e s t ruc t ion o f l a rge r f o re s t s , a f f ec t ing i n du s t r ie s l i ke s h ipbu i ld ing . I n t h e t o bacco p ipemak ing i n du s t ry t o o , r e gu la t ion s e n su r ing t h a t c oa l w a s u sed a s f u e l f o r k i ln s w e re e n sh r ined i nt h e s e cond a nd s ub sequen t c ha r te r s o ft h e T oba cco P ipemake r 's c ompany . Twen ty y ea r sa f t e rt h e f i r s t c ha r te r o f 1 6 19 , t h e m a in p owe r b eh ind i t s r e gu la t ion s ,t h ec l ay p ipe monopo l is t s ,d ef rayed t h ec o s t o f t h e c ompany 's y ea r ly r e n t t ot h e K ing a nd p a id t h e w age s , £ 40 p e r a nnum , o f ap e r son t o i n s t ruc t t h e m embe r s h ow t of i r e t h e i r k i ln s w i th c oa l . I n t h is w ay a' g rea tq uan t i ty o fw ood w a s p r e se rved ' ( SPD J u ly 1 0 1 639 ) . I n r e tu rn , t h e c ompany b ough t c l ay f r om t h e monopo l i s t s . T he r e gu la t ions g ave p owe rt ot h e m a s te r a nd w a rden s t o' s ea r ch f o r , s e eke , a nd f i nd o u t a l s uch a s s ha l l p re sume t ob urne o r b ake t obacco p i pe s w i th w ood o ra ny o the rf u e l l , b u t s e a -coa le o rp i tc oa le o n ly ' ( Ande r son 1 934 ,64 ) .

P rance w a s p re sen ted t ot h e B o rough c our t o f Q ua r te r S e s s ions i n 1 703 f o r h av ing f u rze r i ck s i n t h e t own . T he f u rze g ave aq u ick f i e r ce h ea t u t i l i sed b y p o t te r s f o r f l a sh ing t h e k i ln n ea r t h e e nd o f af i r ing t ob oo s t t h e t empe ra tu re u p t o t h e c o r rec t l e ve l f o r m e l t ing g l aze s . I n t h is c a se i th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t t h e p ipemake r s w e re i m i ta t ing t h e p o t te r s i nt h e i r m e thod s t o p rov ide t h e r i gh t f i r ing t empe ra tu re f o r t h e i r c l ay s w h ich n eeded c on s ide rab le h ea t ( G ran t a nd J emme t t 1 985 , 4 77 ) . I n as im i la r w ay , t h e p i pemake r W i l l iam F lanagen , i nL e ice s te r c . 1885 -1919 a ch ieved h i gh k i ln t empe ra tu re s b y f i r s t c ove r ing t h e p ipe s w i th t h ickne s se s o f o l d t h ea t re p l ayb i l l s b e fo r e f i r ing ( Dan ie l l 1 964 -5 , 6 1) . B oge r , w r i t ing i n 1 895 i sn o t s pec if ic a s t oh ow l o ng t h e b room m ake r 's f a ggo t s h ad b een u sed l o ca l ly b y p ipemake r s , b u t s he m en t ion s i ti n t h e c on tex t o f t h e b room t r ade f l ou r ish ing ' f i f ty o r s i x ty y ea r s a go ' . I ti s n o tc e r ta in w he the ri tw a s t h ec heape s tf u e l a va i lab le t o t h em a l though c a r r iage c o s t s , a tl e a s t , m u s t h ave b een m in ima l . N o rma l ly t h e p r ice o f w ood d ue t o i t s s ca r c i ty ,e xceeded t h a to fc oa l . F o ri n s tance ,f r om 1 550 , t h e p r ice o f w ood h ad r i sen h i ghe r t h an a ny o t he r c ommod i ty a nd b e tween t h e y ea r s 1 633 a nd 1 642 i t s c o s t r o se w e l l o ve r t w ice t h e a moun t o f o t he r g ood s ( Nef 1 932 , 1 58 ) . D e sp i te t h e n ece s s i ty o f i n du s t r ie s c hang ing o ve rf r om w ood t oc oa l , t h e re w e re p re jud ice s a ga ins t c oa l w h ich m ade t r an s i t ion d i f f icu l t . I tw a s a g ene ra l f e e l ing t h a t c oa l s t a in ted t h e p roduc t s w h ich t h ey h e lped t o p roduce . S ome c oa ls w e re m o re u npopu la r t h an o t he r s d epend ing o n t h e q uan t i t ie s o f g a s g i ven o f . H ough ton , w r i t ing i n t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry n o ted t h a t ' b y l i gh t ing ap i pe w i th s eve ra l c oa l s , av a s t d i f f e rence m ay b e p e rce ived ; t h a t o f s o f t c oa l g i v ing a t a s te o f t h e m ine ra l , t h e o t he r i sp l ea san t a s i fl i gh ted w i th p ape r ' ( Nef 1 932 , 2 17 ) . A t temp t s w e re m ade t o l im i t t h e c omme r c ia l u se o f c oa l . I n 1 623 a b i l l w a s i n t roduced p roh ib i t ing t h e b u rn ing o f s e a -coa l i n b r ewhou se s w i th in am i le o f a ny r oya l r e s idence o r i n a ny s t ree t w e s t o f L ondon b r idge . T he b i l l n eve r b ecame l aw b u t s eve ra l b r ewe r s w e re p ro secu ted a nd f o r ced t oa bandon t h e i r p r em ise s ( i b id . , 1 57 ) .

A s l a te a s 1 8 15 , b ye law 3 8 o ft h e c ompany o rda ined t h a t m embe r s s hou ld s t i l l b u rn ' s ea -coa l o r p i t -coa l , a cco rd ing t o t h e g r an t i n h i s m a je s ty 's mo s t g r ac iou s l e t te r s p a ten t ' ( P igo t t 1 815 , 2 1) . I ti si n te r e s t ing t h a t t h is r e f e rence t oc oa l -bu rn ing h ad b een e choed t h rough n ea r ly t wo h und red y ea r so ft h ec ompany 's p ipemak ing r e gu la t ion s . D e sp i te t h is , i th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t s ub s tan t ia l q uan t i t ie s o f b o th w ood a nd c ha r coa l w e re b e ing c on sumed i nt o bacco p ipemak ing d u r ing t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry , a s w e l l a s i n s t a r ch m ak ing , r ef in ing s uga r , b ak ing b r ead , i nt h e f i r ing o fp o t te ry , t i l e s a nd b r ick s , d ry ing m a l t , h op s a nd b o i l ing s oap ( Nef 1 932 , 1 92 ) . I t s e em s l i ke ly t h a t t h e c hangeove r f r om w ood t o c oa l w a s ag r adua l o ne . I n N ew ing ton i ti sr e co rded ( Boge r 1 895 , 2 83 ) t h a t a no the r s ou r ce o f f u e l w a s u sed b y l o ca l p ipemake r s a nd a l so b ake r s . T h i s f u e l , a cco rd ing t o M r s . B oge r , w e re c a l led ` b av in s ' a nd c ons is ted o f t h e w oody e nd s o fb i r ch s p rays s o ld i nb und le s b y b room m ake r s i nt h e K en tS t ree ta r ea . T h i s m ay n o tb e s t r ic t ly a ccu ra te a si n f a c t ` b av in ' m eans t h eb i r ch b ru sh i t se lf ( i nfo . A . N a sh , b room m ake ro fT ad ley ,B e rk s . ) . H e rd e sc r ip t ion c an b e r e cogn i sed a s t h e f a ggo t s c u t o f f a s w a s te a f te r t h e b ru sh w a s b ound t o ge the r . I ts e em s u n l ike ly t h a t t h e b room m ake r s w ou ld s e l l t h e mo s t u se fu l p a r t o f t h e i r b ru she s t o t h e p i pemake r s . I n s p i te o f c ompany r e gu la t ion s r e ga rd ing t h e b u rn ing o fw ood , N ew ing ton p i pemake r sp robab ly m ade g ood u se o ft h is r e ady m ade f u e l . I t i s p e rhap s n o c o inc idence t h a t t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t p i pemak ing a r ea i nN ew ing ton , K en t S t ree t w a s a l so t h e s t rongho ld o fb rush a nd b room m ak ing i n L ondon .T he b i rch u sed w a so b ta ined m a in ly f r om K en t a nd p i led i n to l a rge s a ck s t o k eep i t ay ea r b efo re i t c ou ld b e u sed . S t rype , w r i t ing i n 1 720 , d e sc r ibe s t h e K en t S t ree t b r ush s t o re s : ' h e re a r e d i ve r s l a rge y a rd s w he re in a r e v a s t s t ock s o fb i rch , h ea th a nd s ome o n ly o f b room s t ave s ' (Whea t ly 1 89 1 , 3 31) .

A l though t h e C ompany o f T obacco P ipemake r s h ad a l aw p roh ib i t ing t h e b u rn ing o f p ipe s w i th f u e l o t he r t h an c oa l , i t s a c tua l i mp lemen ta t ion mu s t h ave b een d i ff icu l ta tf i r s t ,g i ven t h ep r e jud ice .G radua l ly c oa l w a s u n ive r sa l ly a dop ted f o r d ome s t ic a nd i n du s t r ia l u se , b e ing c heape r t h an w ood , a nd t h e o n ly f u e l l i ke ly t o m ee t t h e g row ing d emand s o fp roduc t ion i nw o rk shop s a nd i n dus t r ie s t h roughou t t h e c oun t ry . T he N ew ing ton p i pemake r s , t h e refo re , n o t o n ly h ad t h e a dvan tage o fa l o ca l f u e l b u ta l so c onven ien ts upp l ie s o fc oa l -c heape r i n L ondon t h an m any o t he r p l ace s b ecau se o f t h e a va i lab i l i ty o fr i ve r t r an spo r t . I ti si n te re s t ing t on o te t h a ta l though t h eg row ing u se o f c oa l w a s d i rec t ly c onnec ted t ot h e e xpand ing i n du s t r ia l i mpor tance o f E ng land , i t s i n t roduc t ion m ay h ave a l so b een e ncou raged b y i nf luen t ia l p a ten tee s a nd i n ven to r s t u rn ing t h e i r i n te re s t s t oc oa l b u rn ing k i ln s . O ne s u ch i n ven to r , S imon S tur tevan t , w a s g ran ted a p a ten t i n 1 6 11/ 12 f o r ' c e r ta in i n ven t ions , f u rna ce s a nd

A no the r i n s tance o f t h e u se o f as im i la r l o ca l f u e l i s k nown i n D evon . I n B idefo rd a p i pemake r , Ma ry

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i n s t rumen t s . . .fo r t h e w o rk ing a nd e f f ec t ing w i th s ea c oa l , p i t c oa l , e a r th c oa l a nd b rush f ue l , d ive r s t h ing s a nd w o rk s d one h e re tofo re w i th w ood f u e l ' . S tur tevan t 's b acke r s w e re l a te r d i s sa t isf ied w i th h i s i n ven t ions a nd t h e p a ten t b ecame t h e p rope r ty o fJ ohn R ovenzon . I n 1 6 13 , R ovenzon p ub l ished A T rea t ise o f Me ta l l ica d e scr ib ing c ommod i t ie s s u i tab le f o r f i r ing i n h i s k i ln i n c lud ing ` e a r then v es se ls , s t one -po t s , p o t te r s -wa re , t o bacco p ipe s , p ipe s o fe a r th , man t le t ree s f o r c h imneys , t i l e s a nd a r t if ic ia l l ma rb le ' ( Edwa rd s 1 974 , 1 06 ) . S ome i n dus t r ie s , i ts eemed , w e re mo re s ucce ssfu l a tc hang ing o ve r f r om u s ing t h e t r ad i t iona l f u e l o f wood t o c oa l a nd i n ven t ions a tt h is t ime w e re i n tended t o make t h e c hangeove r e a s ie r . A no the r p a ten tee , S i r W i l l iam S l ing sby , p e t i t ioned f o r ad ev ice i n 1 6 10 t o i n t roduce c oa l a s a f u e l f o r v a r ious p roce sses .H ed i s t ingu ished b e tween t ho se manuf ac tu re s i n w h ich c oa l h ad b een s ucce ssfu l ly t r ied i n p l ace o f w ood a nd t ho se i nw h ich p rev ious a t temp t s h ad f a i led . I nt h i s s e cond g roup h e m en t ions ' Ma l t , B rede , B rycke , T y le sa nd P o t tes ' ( Nef 1 932 ,2 15 ) .T obacco p ipe sm igh t a p t ly h ave b een i n c luded i nt h is c a tego ry . A t l e a s t b y t h e t ime o f t h e f i r s t T obacco P ipemake r 's c ompany c ha r te r o f 1 6 19 , ak i ln s u i tab le f o r f i r ing w i th c oa l w ou ld p robab ly h ave b een a va i lab le . T h is i si mp l ied b y J ohn S tow , w r i t ing i n 1 6 16 r e ga rd ing k i lns a nd f u rnace s . H e r epo r t s t h a t o f ` v ery l a te y ee re s ' d ev ice s h ad b een i n ven ted t o make i r on , g l a s s a nd t h e b urn ing o fb r ick w i th ` S ea c oa le o r p i t -coa l ' ( Sm i th 1 96 1 , 5 ) .

T he m id t ol a te 1 7 th c en tu ry k i ln e xcava ted o n t h e s i te o f A rcad ia B u i ld ings , N ew ing ton , h ad amuf f le wh ich w ou ld h ave i n e f f ec t , p ro tec ted t h e p ipes f r om s moke i mpur i t ies . H e re ac oa l p i t w a s f ound b e ing t h e e a r l ies t e v idence t o d a te o f t h e u se o f c oa l a s af ue l b y N ew ing ton p ipemake r s . B room make r s w e re a l so w o rk ing c l o se b y a nd w e re l i ke ly s upp ly ing f ue l t ot h e p ipemake r s a s B oge r s ugge s t s t h ey w e re d o ing d u r ing t h e 1 9 th c en tury . One b room -man , W i l l iam H ew i t t J un io ro fK en tS t ree t , N ew ing ton w a s f i ned £ 40 t ok eep t h e p eace t owa rd s J oyce H ew i t t , 1 2 O c tobe r 1 664 ( SQS ) . C o inc iden ta l ly , ap ipemake r , J ohn L oxon o fS t . S av iou r , S ou thwa rk w a s f i ned £ 20 t e n d ays l a te r t o k eep t h e p eace t owa rd s E l izabe th h i s w if e ( i b id .) .

T he e xpans ion o f t h e t obacco p ipemak ing i n dus t ry a t t h is t ime w a s a ccompan ied b y t h a t o f o t he r i n du s t r ie s w i th ag row ing d ependence o n c oa l s uch a st h et r ade i n a l um , c oppe ra s , s a l tpe t re , g unpowde r , s oap , g l a ss , b r ew ing a nd s uga r . T he p roduc t ion o f s ome o f t h e se c ommod i t ie s t oo , w a s c on t ro l led b y p a ten t s p rov id ing c oa l -bu rn ing f u rnaces , a sw i th g l a s s . O n t h is b a s is , o ne p a ten tee r e ce ived a g ran t i n 1 615 f o r t h e e xc lus ive m anuf ac tu re o fg l a ss i nE ng land . Ar oya l p roc lama t ion i mmed ia te ly f o l lowed t h is p roh ib i t ing t h e manufac ture o fg l a s s w i th w ood . I n t h is c a se , t h e K ing h imse lf w a s a n i n te re s ted p a r ty , b e ing p rom ised a y ea r ly r e venue f r om i to f£ 1000 ( Ga l loway 1 882 , 3 8 ) . S tu r tevan tw r i te s i nh i s own T rea t ise o f Me ta l l ica o fa ne a r ly c omme rc ia l e n te rp r ise o ft h is k i nd b e ing c a r r ied o u ta t ag l a s s h ouse i nS ou thwa rk ( Nef 1 932 , 2 18 ) .

A no the r l o ca l f u e l s ou rce c a l led t a n tur f , ab ye -p roduc t o f t h e B e rmond sey l e a the r t a nn ing p i t s , w a s s o ld t o b ake r s f o rh ea t ing t h e ir o vens ( Mayhew 1 851 I , 8 7 ) . I t c ons is ted o fo ak b a rk made i n to c ake s a bou t s i x i n che s s qua re . L ike p ipemake r s i nt h e a r ea , b ake r s w e re a l so k nown t o h ave u sed b roomake r 's ` b av ins ' f o r f u e l ( Boge r 1 895 ,2 38 ) . A l though p ipemake r su sed ` b av ins ' , t h e re a r e n o r e co rds t od a te o f t h em b u rn ing t a n tur f s . Mayhew c ommen t s t h a t t a n tur f w a s mo re e conom ica l t h an a ny o the r f u e l .

T he re i s a n i n te re s t ing o ccu r rence o f a1 9 th c en tury L e ice s te r p ipemake r , R obe r t B enne t t a l so w o rk ing a s a b rushmake r . I n t h is c a se p ipemak ing w a s t h e s i de l ine a nd w a s l a te r a bandoned i n f avou r o f h i s mo re i mpo r tan t b rush mak ing b u s ine s s ( Dan ie l l 1 964 -5 , 5 9 ) . T he re i sn o r e co rd t o d a te o f N ew ing ton p ipemake r s a l so r unn ing b ru shmak ing s hop s . T he mo s tu sefu l c l a s s o f r e co rds g iv ing d ua l o ccupa t ions i s t h e c ensus . H oweve r , t h is w a s n o t o f f ic ia l ly c ove red i nt h e r e tu rns u n t i l 1 851 w hen h ouseho lde r s f o l low ing mo re t h an o ne d i s t inc t ive t r ade w e re i n s t ruc ted t o r e vea l t h e ir o ccupa t ions i n o rde r o f i mpo r tance ( H igg s 1 989 , 8 0 ) . U nfor tuna te ly , o the r f o rms o f r e co rd s l i ke p a r ish r e g is te r s d o n o t u sua l ly g i ve s e conda ry o ccupa t ions .

T os um u pt h is s e c t ion ,t h ef o l low ing r e a sons h ave b een p u t f o rwa rd a s t h e m a in f a c to r s i n vo lved i n t h e e s tab l ishmen t o f t h e N ew ing ton p ipemak ing i n du s t ry . T he f i r s t i st h a t o f l o ca t ion : t h e f a c t t h a t t h e re a l ready e x is ted w i th in t h e a r ea a c er ta in a moun t o f t o le rance t owa rds u npopu la r i ndus t r ie s . S econd ly , t h e c omp lemen ta ry e x is tence o f p ipemak ing t o t h e i mpo r tan t p o t te ry i ndus t ry n ea rby w h ich r e qu ired s im i la r c ond i t ions . L a s t ly , t h e re w a s a n a bundance o f l o ca l s upp l ie s o f w ood f o r f ue l . A s a l ready s t a ted , t h e r aw ma te r ia l h e ld i nc ommon b y b o th p ipemake r s a nd p o t te r s w a s p ipe c l ay . T h is m a te r ia l , t o ge the r w i th p i pe c l ay m ake r s a nd m e rchan t s w i l l n ow b e l o oked a t i n g rea te r d e ta i l .

I n many i n dus t r ie s f u rnace s h ea ted b y c oa l w e re f ound t o b e mo re e f f ec t ive . S t i l l , i tc an b e s u rm ised t h a t N ew ing ton p ipemake r s u sed t h e b rushma l ke r 's f a ggo t s a s au sefu l a dd i t ion t oc oa l e spec ia l ly w hen c oa l p r ices w e re h i gh b ecause o ft a xe s o rw a rs ho r tage s , o rp e rhaps a s a n a i d i n i n i t ia l ly f i r ing k i ln s . I ti sk nown t h a t t h e H enshe rf am i ly o f make r s , w o rk ing i nC roydon , S ur rey a nd E a s t L ondon u p t o t h e 1 950 s , s t a r ted f i r ing w i th s of t c oke a nd w ood b efo re c on t inu ing w i th h a rd c oke ( Henshe r 1 987 ) . E a r ly e xpe r imen t s w i th p u r ify ing c oa l i n to c oke w e re e ncou raged t or e duce p o l lu t ion .B e tween 1 660 a nd 1 700 , an umbe ro ft r ade smen i n c lud ing b r ick a nd t o bacco p ipemake r s , l ime b u rne r s , s a l t a nd a l um make r s u sed i t( Nef 1 932 , 2 48 ) . T he p ipemake r Wa l ly H enshe r w ro te o f i t s q ua l i t ie s : ` t he c oke u sed h ad t h e g a s r emoved t oa vo id d i sco lou r ing t h e p ipe s ' ( Hen she r 1 987 ) .

6 .P ipe C lay Maker s a nd Merchan t s T h is S ec t ion d ea ls w i th t h e p ipe c l ay t r ade i n N ew ing ton a nd S ou thwa rk a nd d e sc r ibes t h e p robab le p l ace s o f o r ig in f o r t h e c l ay , t h e m e rchan t s a nd t h e manufac tu re r s c once rned w i th t h e t r ade a nd t h eg ene ra l

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m e thod s u sed i nm in ing a nd t r ea t ing t h e r aw m a te r ia l . F am i ly c onnec t ions b e tween c e r ta in p ipemake r s o f N ew ing ton a nd p ipec lay m e rchan t s w i l l b e d i scu s sed . T he S ec t ion i s d i v ided i n to t wo p a r t s , t h e f i r s t c once rn ing p i pe c l ay m ake r s , t h e s e cond , p ipe c l ay m e r chan t s . T he m e r chand is ing o f w h i t ing a nd p ape r m ake r 's s i ze , b o th b y -p roduc t s o f p ipe c l ay , w i l l b e e xam ined i nt h e s e cond p a r t .

m a t te r , i tw a s w e l l s oaked a nd t empe red b y h amme r ing w i th a h eavy i r on b a r ( A tk in s e ta l 1 906 , 3 10 ) . T he L ondon p ipe rnake rW . H en she r( P /C A . H enshe r 1 987 ) g i ve s ag ood f i r s t h and p i c tu re o f h ow t h e c l ay f r om N ew ton A bbo t , D evon a r r ived i nb lock s r ough ly 1 8 " x 9 " x9 " , i n a' g reen ' s t a te : ' You c ou ldn ' t b r eak i tw i th ah amme r , i th ad t ob e c hopped a nd i tw a s v e ry h a rd w o rk ' . I tt h en h ad t o b e s oaked o ve rn igh t a nd b ea ten o u t o n as t ee l b ench w i th a n i r on b a r ( 36 " x1 " x1 " ) t h e n ex td ay ` t o g e t i tt ot h e r i gh tt e x tu re f o rh and l ing ' . I ti si n te re s t ing t oc on t ra s t t h i s a ccoun t w i th ag ene ra l s t a temen tb y S ea r le a l so w r i t ing o ft h ee a r ly p a r to ft h i s c en tu ry : ' mo s t c l ay s u sed b y p ipemake r s a r e f i ne e nough n o t t or e qu i re w a sh ing . . . I ft h e c l ay i sc oa r se a nd n eed s p re l im ina ry t r ea tmen t i ti ss o r ted b y h and a nd m ade i n to ap a s te , t h is b e ing c a re fu l ly d one s o a s t op roduce a s h omogenou s a ma s s a s p o s s ib le a nd t o a vo id t h e i n c lu s ion o f a i r ' . T h i s p roce s s i ss im i la r t o t h a t o f w edg ing n o ted b e low .

P ipe C lay Maker s I ti sn o tk nown h ow m any o ft h e n i ne p ipe c l ay m ake r s f ound i nN ew ing ton r e co rd s ( s ee A ppend ix I . ) w o rked i ns i tu a tp ipemak ing w o rk shop s o r p roce s sed t h e r aw m a te r ia l a t t h e i r o wn p rem ise s a nd l a te r s o ld i tt o p i pemake r s a nd o t he r u se r s . S ome o f t h e p ipe c l ay m ake r s m ay h ave b een e mp loyee s o f t h e p ipe c l ay m e r chan t ss ub sequen t ly n o ted i nt h es e cond p a r tb e low . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t t h e t e rm ' me rchan t ' s e em s t o h ave v a r ied i n mo re r e cen t t ime s f r om t h e e a r l ie r d e f in i t ion o fo ne w ho t r aded a nd d ea l t i nc ommod i t ie s . Many o f t h e s o -ca l led ' me rchan t s ' o f t r ade s f ound i n t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry d i rec to r ie s w e re p robab ly a l so t h e m ake r s o ft h e p roduc t s . I nt h e C ommer c ia l D ic t iona ry o f T rade P roduc t s ( 1892 , 4 12 ) f o r e xamp le , P . L . S immond s d ef ine s a' Wh i t ing -me rchan t a s o ne w ho g r ind s a nd l e v iga te s c ha lk a nd m ake s i tu p i n to s ma l l o b long c ake s . ' A l though t h is p re sen t d i scu s s ion h a s d i v ided m ake r s a nd m e r chan t s i n to t wo s epa ra te s e c t ion s , t h e l a t te r t e rm c ou ld b e s e en a s i n te r changeab le w i th t h e f i r s t t e rm , e spec ia l ly w hen a pp l ied t o p ipe c l ay m e rchan t s o f t h e 1 9 th a nd 2 0 th c en tu r ie s .

R epo r t s d e sc r ib ing t o o ls u sed i nc l ay p r epa ra t ion d i f f e r a s m uch a s t h e p roce sse s c i ted . F a i rho l t f o r e xamp le ( 1859 , 1 76 ) n o te s as l igh t ly d i f f e ren t b l ung ing t oo l t o H en she r , ' a w ooden h amme r ' f o r b r eak ing a nd p ound ing t h e c l ay . A no the r s ou rce ( Evan s 1 846 , 2 4 ) d e sc r ibe s aw ooden b l unge r i n g r ea te r d e ta i l : ' as t ou t a sh p l ank , s awed b l ade -w ise , t h e u ppe r e nd h av ing a c r o s s -hand le f i rm ly f i xed , a nd t h e b l ade d im in ish ing f r om a bou t e i gh t i n che s b y t wo , t o s i x b y o ne ' . T he b l ade i nt h is c a se w a s p i vo ted o n aw ooden r i dge -p iece o n t h e s i de o f t h e b l ung ing p an . T o m ix t h e c l ay , t h e b l unge r w a s f o r c ib ly s hoved a l ong t h e b o t tom . A m e thod o f s oak ing a nd b ea t ing t h e p i pec lay f o r Wedgewood Q ueen 's w a re i sg iven i n Wh i take r 's T he Y oung T rad e sman 1 839 ( BL ) . T he c l ay i s' much b ea ten i nw a te r . B y t h i s t ime t h e f i ne rp a r t s r ema in s u spended i nw a te r -t h ec oa r se ra nd i mpu r i t ie s f a l l t ot h eb o t tom ' . T h is p ro ce s s t h a tc omb inded b l ung ing a nd s oak ing w a s k nown a s al e v iga t ion . T he f i ne p a r t ic le s w ou ld t h en h ave b een s i eved , d ra ined a nd d r ied u n t i l s u f f ic ien t w a te r w a s r emoved t o e nab le t h e p o t te r t o h and le i t p rope r ly . N ex t , t h e s t i f f b u t s t i l l p l a s t ic c l ay w a s w edged . L a rge p i ece s w e re s l apped o ne o n t o p o f t h e o t he r t o r emove a i r b ubb le s w h ich c ou ld c ause d efo rma t ion d u r ing f i r ing (W i l l iam s e ta l 1 957 , 3 30 ) .

I ti sr e co rded t h a t p i pemake r s s ome t ime s p repa red t h e c l ay t h em se lve s i n t h e ir o wn w o rk shop s w i th ' p ug m i l ls ' , i d en t ica l t oc l ay g r ind ing m i l l s u sed b y p o t te r s . T h i s w a s s o a tT homa s D av ison 's f a c to ry i nG la sgow ( 1862 19 11) . H e re t h e p a r t ia l ly d ry c ube s o fc l ay w e re ' t o r tu red t o a t om s ' i n t h e m i l l w h ich c on s is ted o f a s y s tem o fr e vo lv ing p add le s i n s ide at ub ( Ga l laghe r & P r ice 1 987 , 11 ) . D uco ( 1980 , 1 80 -18 1) w r i te s o f a s im i la rp roce s s i nG ouda , H o l land a nd n o te s t h a te ve ry m ake ro fi mpo r tance p o s se ssed h i so wn m i l l .T ho se t h a t d id n o t , o f ten h ad ac l ay p i t a bou t t h ree m e t re s s qua re b y s i x ty c en t ime t re s d eep w he re t h e c l ay w a s s oaked a nd m ixed . T h is m e thod p roduced al e s s p u re c l ay a nd r e qu i red mo re e f fo r t . A n 1 8 th c en tu ry D u tch p ug m i l l t u rned b y ah o r se i sd ep ic ted i nD ide ro t 's E ncyc lopdd ie . T h is t y pe w a s s a id t o h ave b een u sed i n t h e p o t te ry i n du s t ry f r om t h ee a r ly 1 8 th c en tury ( O swa ld 1 975 , 1 6 ) . T he m i l l a t J ohn Dw igh t 's F u lham p o t te ry L ondon , c on ta ined as t one t og r ind t h e c l ay " much l i ke as yde r m i l l" ( c . 1 687 -8 ) . T he c l ay w a s l a te r p u t i n ap i t a nd m ixed b y t r ead ing ( i b id . , 1 3 ) .

I ti sl i ke ly t h a t o ne o r o t he r , o r ac omb ina t ion o f t h e a bove m e thod s w e re e mp loyed b y t h e N ew ing ton p ipe c l ay m ake r s o r t h e t o bacco p ipemake r s t h em se lve s . A rchaeo log ica l e v idence a tt h e A r cad ia B u i ld ing s p ipe k i ln s i te i n N ew ing ton ( p rov i s iona l ly d a ted c . 1 680 ) s how s t h a t c l ay w a s s t o red c l o se b y t h e k i ln s . Two w ooden t u b s 2 f t 2 i n i n d i ame te r a nd p robab ly m ade f r om b a r r e ls w e re f ound s e t i n to t h e e a r th f o r c l ay s t o rage ( Dean 1 976 , 3 71) . T e s t s o n t h e ' v e ry p a le g r ey ' c l ay r e cove red h e re w e re f ound t om a tch c l o se ly p i pe c l ay t a ken f r om t h e B ag sho t B ed s o f H amp sh i re a nd D o r se t ( Young 1 982 , 3 07 -9 ) . T he se b ed s o f E ocene f o rma t ion y i e lded s ome o f t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t p i pe c l ay s , e spec ia l ly f r om t h e a r ea s o f Wa reham , N o rden , G oa tho rn , C reech G range , C o r f e C a s t le a nd i n t h e n o r the rn p a r t o ft h e I s le o fP u rbeck ( Sea r le 1 930 , 3 96 ) . Mo s t c ame f r om t h e u ppe rf o rma t ion o fp l a s t ic p o t te r 's a nd p i pe c l ay c a l led t h e ' Poo le T rough ' . T he f i r s t t ob e

A no the r m e thod o f p r epa r ing c l ay w a s b l ung ing , b ea t ing w i th i r on b a r s , a ga in i lu s t ra ted b y D ide ro t . O swa ld r e co rd s t h a t b l ung ing p e r s is ted i n to t h e 2 0 th c en tu ry i n I r e land ( O swa ld 1 975 , 1 6 ) . T h is m e thod s e ems t oh ave b een c ommon ly u sed . Ad e sc r ip t ion o f t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry i n du s t ry i n N o r thamp tonsh i re r e la te s t h a t a f te r w a sh ing a nd s i f t ing t o r i d t h e c l ay o f e x t ra

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T aken a s aw ho le , t h e a bove i n fo rma t ion c i ted b y W i l lan s how s t h a t t h e mo s t l i ke ly p l ace o fe xpo r t a nd o r ig in f o r t h e c l ay f ound a t A rcad ia B u i ld ing s w a s D o r se t , n ame ly P oo le . O the r r e f e rence s a l so i n d ica te t h a tD o r se tc l ay w a s i ng ene ra l u se i nt h ec ap i ta l a tt h a t t ime . J ohn Dw igh t , w r i t ing i n t h e l a te 1 7 th c en tu ry s pec i f ica l ly m en t ions t h e u se o f D o r se t c l ay a t h i s F u lham P o t te ry , l o ad s o f w h ich l e f t t h e p or t o f P oo le a lmo s t d a i ly t h roughou t t h e y ea r ( Edwa rd s 1 974 , 1 9 ; O swa ld 1 975 , 1 3 ) . A na ly s i sc a r r ied o u to nc l ay s amp le s a t t wo o the r L ondon k i ln s , a t A ldga te ( 1 7 th / 18 th c en tu ry : s e e T homp son 1 975 , 3 17 -319 ; T homp son 1 981 , 4 11) a nd B ren t fo rd ( 1 8 th c en tu ry : s e e L aw s & O swa ld 1 981 , 1 5 -65 ) a ga in p o in t t o t h e D o r se t / H amp sh i re r e g ion a st h es ou rce o ft h ec l ays . T he n a tu re o ft h e p ipe c l ay t r ade f r om t h is a r ea a nd t h e m e r chan t s i n vo lved c an n ow b e d i scu s sed . T he i d en t i ty o f t h o se w ho p rov ided c l ay f o rt h eA rcad ia B u i ld ing s k i ln s i te i n N ew ing ton c an o n ly b e s ugge s ted ; f o r t h e l a te r p e r iod ( 19 th a nd 2 0 th c en tu r ie s ) p ipe c l ay c once rn s i n t h e N ew ing ton a nd S ou thwa rk a r ea s c an b e p i npo in ted a nd e xam ined i nd e ta i l .

e xpo r ted w a s f r om Wa reham a nd ' e s teemed t h e b e s t i n E ng land ' l a te ri nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ( Page 1 908 ( a ) , 3 63 ) . L ondon i n i t ia l ly c l a imed mo s t o fi tb u t t h e p ropo r t ions u sed b y p ipemake r s a nd p o t te r s a r e n o t k nown . S oon P oo le b ecame Wa reham 's c omme r c ia l r i va l , w i th c l ay i t s m o s t v a luab le c oa s tw i se c a rgo i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry a nd s t one a nd c l ay i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry . I ti sr e co rded t h a t b e tween C h r is tma s 1 632 t oC h r is tma s 1 633 , P oo le e xpo r ted 4 59 t on s o f t o bacco p ipe c l ay t o L ondon , mo s t ly v i a t h e b u s ine s se s o f t h ree m e r chan t s (W i l lan 1 938 , 1 55 ) . I t may b e t h a t n o t a l o f W i l lan 's f i gu re s r ef le c t t h e a c tua l o r ig in o f P oo le p ipec lay , a s n o t a l l c l ay e xpor ted f r om t h e re o r ig ina ted f r om t h a t a r ea . F o r e xamp le ,i n1 629 ( 27 th Ma rch ) ,S ou thamp ton a nd P oo le w e re g i ven n o t ice t h a t 2 00 t o n s o fp ipe c l ay w ou ld b e s h ipped f r om t h e re t oR o t te rdam .T h i sc on s ignmen th ad n o t o n ly b een d ug f r om t h e ' c oun t ie s o f S ou thamp ton a nd D o r se t ' b u t a l so , K en t ( PC 2 / 39 P RO ) . T he s i te o f t h e p i pe c l ay w o rk ing s i n K en t w a s p robab ly H a r t ley ( s ee s e c t ion o n ' P ipec lay Me r chan t s ' b e low ) . T he o t he r ma in p o s s ib le p l ace o f o r ig in f o r t h e c l ay f ound a t A rcad ia B u i ld ing s w a s H amp sh i re , w i th S ou thamp ton l i ke ly b e ing t h e s h ipmen t p l ace . I t i s r e co rded t h a t b e tween C h r is tma s 1 627 a nd C h r is tma s 1 628 , S ou thamp ton s h ipped 1 60 t o n s o f ' c lay f o r t o bacco p ipe s ' t o L ondon . A f u r the r p o s s ib i l i ty i s C owe s , a no the r i mpo r tan t e xpor te r w h ich s h ipped 2 25 t o n s o f t obacco p ipe c l ay t o L ondon i n 1 687 (W i l lan 1 938 , 1 51 ; 1 53 ) .

P ipe C lay Merchan t s I ft h e re w e re p ipemake r s w o rk ing i nN ew ing ton i nt h e f i r s td ecade o ft h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ,o ne m a in c on tende rf o r s upp ly ing t h e i r p ipe c l ay m ay h ave b een o ne n amed P e te r , ap o t te r , f r om t h e n ea rby p a r ish o fL ambe th . H e a nd a no the r , n amed Wa l te r , a d i s t i l le r f r om E a s t Sm i thf ie ld , w e re a ppa ren t ly s upp ly ing a nd u s ing p ipec lay i n a nd b efo re 1 6 12 (Wa lke r 1 971 , 8 5 ) . A p o t te r n amed P e te r ( a ga in , n o o the r n ame g i ven ) w a s w o rk ing a tD uke 's P lace , A ldga te i n 1 62 1 , p e rhap s t h e s ame p e r son ( Edwa rd s 1 974 , 9 4 ) . T he p rovenance o f t h e i r s upp ly i s n o t k nown , b u t t h e m e r chan t s ub sequen t ly o p e ra t ing i nt h e C i ty , o ne P h i l l ipp F oo te , c i t izen a nd c oope r , w a s o b ta in ing h i s c l ay f r om aJ ohn O ve ry o fH a r t ley , K en t . F oo te w a s g ran ted al i cense o n J u ly 2 4 1 6 18 ( SPD ) t ob e s o le p rov ide r t o' t h is R ea lme o f E ng land o r t h e D omyn ion o f Wa le s ' . Mo s t s t a te p ape re n t r ie s mo re u sua l ly m en t ion P oo le i nc onnec t ion w i th t h e e xpo r t o fp ipe c l ay .

R ega rd ing t h e e x t rac t ion o f t h e D o r se t c l ay , J ohn H ough ton , w r i t ing i n 1 694 ( A C o l lec t ion f or t h e I mprovemen to fH u sband ry a nd T rad e )c i te sh ow i tw a s ' g o t ten a to rn i gh P oo l . . .and t h e re d ug i ns qua re p i ece s , o f t h e b i gne s s o f a bou t h a lf a h und redwe igh t e ach ' ( Edwa rd s 1 974 , 1 9 ) . Many o ft h e p i t s w e re c l o se t ot h e s e a , c onven ien t f o r e xpo r t p u rpo se s . O ne 1 7 th / 18 th c en tu ry p i t w a s d e sc r ibed a sh av ing c l ay l y ing s i x f e e t f r om t h es u r f ace ;t h ec o s tf o rd i gg ing i ta nd I h rough ing o u t ' e ach t o n b e ing t wo s h i l l ing s a nd s i x p ence ( Cook sey 1 980 , 3 40 ) . I ti si n te re s t ing t h a t i n S ou th D evon t h e c l aywo rke r 's t o n o r ' t a l ly ' w a s t r ad i t iona l ly o n a ve rage , 7 0 c l ay l ump s o r ' b a l ls ' . T h i s t a l ly w a s a s sumed t o w e igh 2 2 .5 c w t . t h e f i gu re f r om w h ich p i ecewo rk r a te s w e re c a lcu la ted a nd m ine ra l r oya l t ie s p a id ( Ro l t 1 974 , 7 3 ) . T he t e rm ' b a l l ' i ss a id t o h ave b een s o n amed b ecau se o f t h e p rac t ise o ff o rm ing t h e d amp c l ay i n to l a rge b a l ls w h ich c ou ld b er o l led u p o n t ow aggon s f o r t r anspor t ( Rhode s 1 973 , 2 0 ) .

A s a l ready t o uched u pon i nS ec t ion 4 ,t h e a f f a i r s o ft h e T obacco P ipemake r sC ompany w e re i n i t ia l ly i nf luenced b y t h ep i pe c l ay monopo l i s t s . S ta te P ape re n t r ie s ( PRO ) r evea l t h e e x ten t t o w h ich t h e se m e r chan t s v i ed w i th o ne a no the r t oc on t ro l c l ay ma rke t s . O n o cca s ion s t h i s l e d t oc ou r t c a se s a nd e ven v i o lence . I no ne s uch c a se , W i l l iam B a tche lo rT PM ,p e t i t ioned t h eK ing c once rn ing h i s p a ten t f o r s e l l ing p i pe c l ay w h ich o t he rp ipemake r s c ons ide red v o id , i th av ing r ema ined ' d o rman t f o r t e n y ea r s ' . B a tche lo r c omp la ined t h a t ' am e s senge r , w i th many o t he r o ff ice r s c ame t oh i s h ou se , b roke o pen h i s d oo r s , a nd c a r r ied a way s uch s t uf fa st h ey f ound ' ( SPD 1 635? ) . D u r ing t h o se t e n y ea r s , o t he r v endo r s h ad s o ld c l ay t op ipemake r s a nd i ts e em s c e r ta in t h a t i ns p i te o f v a r iou s p a ten tee s c l a im ing s o le r i gh t s t ot h e p roduc t , a k i nd o fb l ack m a rke t h ad e x is ted . A n i n s tance o ft h i s i s r e co rded i n 1 639 , J une 3 0 ( SPD ) w hen W i l l iam Ma r sh p e t i t ioned o n b eha lf o f h im se lf a nd t h e r e s t o f t h e t obacco p ipemake r s t ot h e C ounc i l . Ma r sh c omp la ined

I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t a f te r t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry , much c l ay c om ing i n to L ondon a l so c ame f r om D evon . B e tween 1 726 -1729 , 4 90 t o n s w e re s h ipped t oL ondon f r om T e ignmou th . Much o ft h is t r ade i ti sa s sumed , w a s s t imu la ted b y t h e p o t te ry t r ade i nL ondon ( Ro l t 1 974 , 4 0 ) . D evon c l ay i s much r i che r i n K ao l in i te t h an t h e D o r se t /Han t s . v a r ie t ie s . K ao l in i te w a s n o t a ppa ren t i n t h e s amp le s f r om A rcad ia B u i ld ing s , b u t N ew ing ton p i pemake r s w e r e u n l ike ly t oh ave u sed B ovey T racey c l ay f r om D evon b efo re 1 700 , t h is b e ing t h e f i r s t r e co rded s h ipmen td a te t oL ondon o fD evon c l ay ( i b id . , 3 9 ) .

1 7

m e rchan t W i l l iam C rawfo rd e xpor ted 4 90 t ons . F rom t h en o n t h ee xpor t o fc l ay w a s s ma l l b u tr e gu la ru n t i l c . 1 742 w hen i tb egan s t ead i ly t oi n crea se ( Ro l t 1 974 , 3 9 ) . O bv iou s ly N ew ing ton p ipemake r s c ou ld h ave u sed c l ay f r om D evon a s w e l l a s f r om P oo le a f te r c .1 700 .

t h a t ` c er ta in p e r sons h ad o b ta ined l e t te r s p a ten t s t o uch ing c l ay . . .. g ran ted u pon u n t rue s u rm ise s ' . T hese p e r son s h ad c ons t ra ined t h em t o p ay 6 s p e r h und redwe igh t f o r t h e c l ay w hen f r om o the r s ou rce s t h ey c ou ld o b ta in i t f o r I s a nd I s 6 d p e r h und redwe igh t . E ven t hough l a rge s t o re s o fc l ay w e re s e t u p i n L ondon b y v endo r s s uch a s W i l l iam B a tche lo r , G eo rge K i rk , J ame s Maxwe l l , F ranc is B rudne l a nd R icha rd C ox , s uppo sed ly f o rt h e s upp ly o f t h eC ompany , p ipemake r sp robab ly c i rcumven ted t h e se s ource s w hen i ts u i ted t h em . F u r the r e v idence t h a t t h is w a s s o c ome s f r om ' Cap ta in J o l l if e 's a ccoun t o f t h e C layp i t n ea r Wa reham a nd P oo le ' ( Do r se t R eco rd O f f ice ) a nd d a ted t o t h e 1 7 th / 18 th c en tu r ie s . I n t h is p ape r , h e r e la te s t h a t p ipemake r s a nd p o t te r s b ough t f r om t h e s h ippe r s a nd ' wha t t h ey d on 't b uy o f f i n s i x d ays i sp u t i n to ac e l la ra nd s o ld o u t ' . T he c e l la r s w e re a t tended b y a gen t s ( Cook sey 1 980 , 3 40 ) . T h is i mp l ie s t h a t i n c e r ta in c a se s t h e m idd le -man w a s c u t o u t , b ea r ing i nm ind t h a t s ome p o t te r s a nd p ipemake r s who b ough t d i rec t f r om b oa t s may h ave t h emse lve s b een c l ay p ipe v endo r s .

T he c l ay w a s m ined i n as im i la r w ay t ot h a t o f Do r se t . J e rem iah M i l le s ,P re s iden to ft h eS oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie s i n 1 768 a nd w r i t ing b e tween 1 747 a nd 1 762 , d esc r ibed h ow i t w a s e x t rac ted a t B e l lama r sh , K ings te ign ton s i tua ted a l ong t h e e a s te rn e dge o f t h e B ovey B a s in . ' The re a r e p i t s whe re t h ey d ig g rea t q uan t i t ie s o f y e f i ne s tp ipe c l ay . . . .abou tt we lve f e e td own . I ti so f av e ry s of t g rea sy n a tu re ' . L abou re r s r e ce ived 1s4 d p e r t u n f o r d igg ing i to u t ( Ro l t 1 974 , 4 0 ) . A no the r a u tho r i ty c i te s h ow t h e t opso i l w a s f i r s t r emoved e xpo s ing t h e c l ay w h ich w a s l ong -sco red , t hwa r ted b y c u t t ing a t r i gh t a ng le s ; n i ne i n ch c ube s c a l led b a l l c l ay w e re t h en l i f t ed ' ( G ran t &J emme t t 1 985 , 4 82 ) . T he c l ay w a s n o t o n ly u sed f o r mak ing p i pe s b u t w a s a l so s en t t o t h e p o t te r ies i n S ta f fo rd sh ire . H e re Wedgewood e nsu red a n e xpand ing m a rke t f o r t h e m a te r ia l u n t i l , i n s ome a r ea s , i tb ecame k nown a s p o t te r s c l ay i n s tead o fp ipe c l ay ( Ro l t 1 974 , 2 7 ) .

O ne o f t h e ma in p e r sona l i t ie s i n vo lved w i th f i r s t e xpor t ing c l ay f r om D o r se t t o L ondon i n t h e 1 7 th c en tury w a s Sw i th in B onham , g en t leman o f P oo le ( Cook sey 1 980 , 3 37 ) . H e w a s a l so a s i gna to ry t o t h e T obacco P ipemake r s C ha r te r o f 1 619 ( A tk inson & O swa ld 1 969 , 2 26 ) . A no the r s ou rce d e sc r ibes h im a s t h e f ounde r m embe r o f t h e c ompany ( P /C B a rna rd 1 989 ) . T h is i s a no the r i n s tance w h ich s how s t h e p o ten t ia l s way t h a t p ipec lay me rchan t s c ou ld h ave h ad o ve r t h e a f f a ir s o f t h e T obacco P ipemake r s C ompany . I ti sn o t c l ea r h ow much i nf luence B onham may h ave h ad i nL ondon , a s i t s f i r s t ma s te r i sr e co rded a s b e ing T homa s Wa rw ick , w ho , a l ong w i th R obe r t a nd C ha r les Maxwe l l , w e re e ach t ob e ' Ma s te ro ft h e C ompany ' f o r ay ea r ( No te s te in e ta l . 1 935 , 4 60 -46 1) . I ti sp o ss ib le t h a t t h e p i pe c l ay m e rchan t J ame s Maxwe l l , m en t ioned i np e t i t ions ( SPD Ma rch 1 638 /9 ; J u ly 1 639 ) c once rn ing p i pec lay p a ten t s m ay h ave b een r e la ted t o t h e a bove R ober t a nd C ha r le s Maxwe l l . I n 1 6 19 , B onham s i gned a n a g reemen t a l low ing h im t o ` t ake a ny e a r th o r s ha le f o r t h e m ak ing o f t o bacco p ipe s i n a ny o f t h e w a s te g round o f C anfo rd o r P oo le b e long ing t o T homa s B rudene l l ' f o r s even y ea r s . B y 1 669 c l ay f r om t h is e s ta te w a s s t i l l b e ing e xpor ted t op lace s i n c lud ing H u l l , P lymou th a nd a l so o ve r sea s ( i b id .) .

T he D evon b a l lc l ays c ou ld b ec l a ss if ied i n to d i s t inc t ive t ype s a cco rd ing t o t h e ir b ehav iou r a nd q ua l i t ies . T he t y pe s u i tab le f o r p ipemak ing b ecame k nown a s c u t ty c l ay ( Ro l t 1 974 , 3 3 ) . Mo s tt ype so fb a l lc l ay w e re t a ken s t ra igh t f r om t h ep i t s a nd s t o red i ns pec ia l ly b u i l t s t one c e l la r s . I n c on t ra s t t o t h is , t h e f i ne r w h i te -f i r ing c l ays w h ich p re sumab ly i n c luded p ipe c l ay , w e re p u t i no pen ` b edp lace s ' t o b e b roken d own b y e xpo su re t o t h e w ea the r . T he l e ng th o ft ime t h e se c l ays w e re l e f t t ob e w ea the red d epended o nt h eq ua l i ty r e qu i red .I ti sk nown t h a t i ns ome c a se s p o t te r s a c tua l ly t a s ted o r ' b i t ' t h e i r c l ay t ot e s t i t s b ody . T h is i st o uched u pon b y t h e 1 9 th c en tury p o t te rW i l l iam E vans ( 1865 , 1 2 )c once rn ing t h e q ua l i ty o f p ipe c l ay f r om b o th P u rbeck i nD o r se t a nd B iddefo rd i nD evon : ' t he f r ac tu re i se a r thy t of e e l . T hey a r e g rea sy , a dher ing t o t h e t o ngue ' . T he p rac t ise o f b i t ing w a s a l so e mp loyed b y t h e c l ay p roduce r a s a s imp le m e thod o f s or t ing c l ay i n to t ype s . ( Ro l t 1 974 , 2 9 ) . I ti se v iden t t h a t u n t i l mo re r e cen t t ime s , t h e a c tua l m ake -up a nd q ua l i ty o f t h e c l ay w a s t a i lo red b y t h e i nf luence o f p o t te r s r a the r t h an c l ay p roduce r s . I tw a s t h e l a t te r 's j ob t o s upp ly t h e ma te r ia l t o t h e r e qu iremen t s o f t h e p o t te r 's a gen t . T he se r e qu i remen t s w e re t h e r e su l to fy ea r s o fs u s ta ined e f for to n b eha lf o f t h e p o t te r s i n s t r iv ing t o i mp rove t h e i r w a re s . T he t e chn ica l e xpe r ience o f t h e p o t te r s ome t ime s d i rec t ly b enef i ted t h e c l ay p rov ide r . T h is w a s s o w hen J ohn Dw igh t o f F u lham i n 1 677 , e xpe r imen ted w i th m ak ing s t one b o t t le s u s ing c l ay s im i la r i n a ppea rance t o t o bacco p ipe c l ay w h ich w a s , i n f a c t , u n su i tab le f o r t o bacco p ipe s . T h is i si nc on t ra s t t o Dw igh t 's o rd ina ry t o bacco p ipe c l ay w h ich c ou ld b e u sed t om ake b o t t le s . T he f o rme r m a te r ia l h ad p rev ious ly r ema ined b u r ied a nd u se le ss t o t h e owne r s ; b u t w i th Dw igh t 's n ew p roce ss ' many w o rk ing h and s ' o b ta ined g ood l i ve l ihoods ( Edwa rd s 1 974 , 5 8 ) .

A t l e a s t e i gh t o t he r m e rchan t s a r e k nown t o h ave s h ipped p ipe c l ay t o L ondon f r om t h e P oo le a r ea t h roughou t t h e 1 7 th a nd i n to t h e 1 8 th c en tury ( Cook sey 1 980 , 3 38 -34 1) . I ti sl i ke ly t h a t f o r t h e 1 7 th c en tury a t l e a s t , o ne o r o the r o f t h e se i n i t ia ted t h e p rov is ion o f c l ay t oN ew ing ton P ipemake r s . D ur ing t h e 1 8 th c en tury s upp l ie s o f S ou th D evon c l ay b egan t oc ome i n to t h e c ap i ta l ma in ly f r om t h e B ovey B a s in a r ea . H e re , c l ay b eds w h ich c or re sponded t ot h e b a l l c l ay d epo s i t s o f D o r se t , w e re f ound a t K n igh ton H ea th , N ew C ro ss a nd a tD ecoy . T he f i r s t r e co rd o f a s h ipmen t t o L ondon i si n 1 700 w hen a c er ta in J ohn O s land e xpo r ted t wen ty t o ns o ft o bacco p ipe c l ay f r om T e ignmou th . B e tween 1 726 a nd 1 729 , t h e c l ay

1 8

I t i s o pen t o c on jec tu re w he the r p ipemake r s c ommanded a s much i nf luence o ve rt h e q ua l i ty o ft h e ir c l ay a s u l t ima te ly t h e p o t te ry i ndus t ry s e ems t o h ave d one . P e rhap s i n t h is r e spec t , t h e p ipemake r 's t y p ica l n eed s , a sr e ga rd s r aw ma te r ia l , w e re n o t s o d emand ing . G ene ra t ions o f L ondon p ipemake r s h ad p robab ly u sed t h e s ame s t anda rd p ipec lay t o make t h e i r p roduc t s . P o t te r s , e spec ia l ly t ho se w ho made f i ne e a r thenwa re a nd p o rce la in s , w e re mo re u sua l ly c oncerned w i th c l ay r e c ipe s a nd a dd i t ive s , t h e p ropor t ions o f w h ich w e re o f ten c l o se ly g ua rded s e c re t s . E xpe r imen t s w e re made b y s ome l a te r 1 9 th c en tu ry L ondon p ipemake r s u s ing o the r m ix tu res , l i ke c o lou r ing c l ays . T hese w e re e mp loyed b y t h e make r T homa s W i l l iam B lake , w o rk ing i n Nor th L ondon w ho a l so e xper imen ted w i th m ee r schaum w a she s . M ix ture s u s ing s l ip c l ay a nd t h e c omb ina t ion o fc h ina c l ay , b a l l c l ay a nd f l in t h ave a l so b een t r ied b y p ipemake r s . T he se l a s t i n g red ien t s , u sed b y p o t te r s t o make f i ne e a r thenwa re , p roduced p ipe s o f s upe r io r wh i tene ss ( Sea r le 1 930 , 2 89 ) . Apa r t f r om a s i ng le b l ack c o lou red p ipe s t em a t t r ibu tab le t oW . B oud o f B randon S t ree t ( s ee F ig . 1 6 ) , t h e re i s n o o the r e v idence t od a te t h a tN ew ing ton p ipemak ing w o rk shop s u sed a ny ma te r ia l d i f f e ren t i na ny w ay t ot h e o f f -wh i te t og rey p ipe c l ay c ommon t o mos t L ondon p ipe s . T h is ' u nsoph is t ica ted ' u se o fc l ay b y p ipemake r s c ou ld w e l l b ec ompa red ,p e rhap s ,t os ma l lc oun t ry p o t t ing s hop so f t h e 1 9 th c en tury a nd b efo re . T he se w ou ld t yp ica l ly p roduce u t i l i ta r ian w a re s s uch a sc rock s a nd j ug s f r om as i ng le s t onewa re c l ay w h ich w a s p ugged r e ady f o r u se w i thou t t h e a dd i t ion o f a ny o the r c l ay ( c f . R hode s 1 973 , 2 2 ) .

o f Sm i thf ie ld . C onnec t ions h ave c ome t o l i gh t b e tween o ne o f t h e g ene ra t ion o f T homa s Duggan p ipe c l ay m e rchan t s o f S had T hame s a nd t h e N ew ing ton p ipemake r s , J ohn J ew s te r a nd W i l l iam W i l l iams ( s ee B iog raph ie s ) . F i r s t ly , T homa s D uggan ma r r ied J ews te r 's s i s te r , A nn ( P /C AW ) . A s e cond l i nk c an b e i d en t if ied b y a n a pp ren t ice sh ip i n den tu re t r anscr ibed i n t h e r e co rds o f t h e T obacco P ipemake r s C ompany ( GL ) f o r 2 7 Ma rch 1 804 : ' Geo rge D uggan , s on o fC ha r le s Duggan o fB ow S t ree t We s tm ins te r , C o . M idd le sex , Y eoman , w a s t h is d ay b ound a pp ren t ice t o J ohn J ews te r , c i t izen a nd t o bacco p ipemake r f o r 7y ea r s ' . I ti sa l so r e co rded t ha t w hen J ohn J ews te r ( 1o r2 )d i ed i nc . 1822 , ad eb t ow ing t o h im f r om T homa s D uggan a nd m en t ioned i n J ew s te r 's w i l l ( PRO ) w a s e xcused f r om p aymen t , p re sumab ly b ecause o f f am i ly c onnec t ions . Ano the r b enef ic ia ry n amed i n t h e w i l l , W i l l iam W i l l iams , J ohn J ews te r 's n ephew a nd a l so a N ew ing ton p ipemake r ma r r ied E leano r D uggan , h i s s e cond w if e , s ome t ime b efo re 1 854 . E leano r w a s a ppa ren t ly t h e a bove T homa s D uggan 's d augh te r ( P /C AW ) . E leano r 's w i l l , p roved 2 4 F eb rua ry 1 868 , n ame s h e r t wo n ephews , T homa s Duggan a nd J ohn D uggan , t h es ons o fh e rd ecea sed b ro the rJ ohn C o leman D uggan , a s b enef ic ia r ies ' i n e qua l s ha re s a nd t ot h e s u rv ivo r o f t h em i nc a se e i the r s hou ld d i e i n my l i f e t ime ' f o r t h e s um o f £ 400 . T o h e r o the r b ro the r , H enry D uggan , E leano r W i l l iams b equea thed a n a nnu i ty o f£ 50 . A f te r h i s d ea th , as um o f£ 600 w ou ld b e p a id t oh i s s on a nd d augh te r , H enry , Ma ry A nn a nd E leano r D uggan , ' o r s uch o f t h em a s s ha l l b e l i v ing a tt h e i r f a the r 's d ea th ' ( P /C AW ) .

D u r ing t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry mo s t o f t h e p ipe c l ay manuf ac tu re r s i nS ou th L ondon w e re b a sed a t B e rmond sey , S ou thwa rk a nd L ambe th . I n t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h a t c en tury a nd a l so i n to t h e 2 0 th c en tu ry , Wa lwor th i nN ew ing ton g rew i ni mpor tance a s o ne o f t h e m a in c en t re s i n L ondon f o r d ea l ing w i th a nd p roce ss ing p ipe c l ay a nd r e la ted m a te r ia ls .

I t i s i n te re s t ing t h a t a mong t h e d ocumen t s o f t h e T obacco P ipemake r s C ompany ( GL ) , ap ape r d a ted 1 0 J u ly 1 828 m en t ions a Mr T homa s D uggan a s t h e p rov ide r o f al o an o f £ 500 t o t h e C ompany . T he s um w a s ' l en t b y t h a t g en t leman t oe nab le t h e c ompany t o p ay ( i t s a c t ing ) s o l ic i to r t h e a moun t o f h i s b i l l f o r l aw e xpen ses u p t ot h e y ea r s 1 828 ; t o ge the r w i th af u r the r s um o f£ 25 , b e ing t wo y ea r s i n te re s t a t 5% p e r a nnum , d ue t h e reon u p t o I s t O c tobe r l a s t . . . ' ( P /C AW ) . T he re a l so e x is t s al i s t o f s i gna to r ie s f r om t h e p i pemake r s c ompany , i n c lud ing W i l l iam W i l l iams o f N ew ing ton e ndo r s ing a p rom ise t o p ay Mr . T homa s D uggan o r o rde r t h e s um o f £ 500 t o ge the r w i th i n te re s t . . . ' ( MS 3 60 1 , GL ) . T he T homa s D uggan m en t ioned c ou ld b e J ohn J ews te r 's b ro the ri nl aw , t h ep ipe c l ay m e rchan to f S had T hame s . I ft h is i ss o , i ti sa n i n te res t ing p a ra l le l t ot h ee a r ly y ea r so ft h eT obacco P ipemake r sC ompany , w hen p ipe c l ay m e rchan t s t ook a c en t ra l p o s i t ion o f i nf luence i nt h e C ompany 's a f fa ir s . O n t h e o t he r h and , J . F .V . Woodman ( A tk inson & O swa ld 1 969 , 1 76 ) s ugge s t s t h a t t h e £ 500 w a s l o aned b y a' p a s sed ma s te r o ft h eC ompany ' p re sumab ly m ean ing T homa sD uggan , t h ep ipemake ro f Sm i thf ie ld . A l though T homa sD uggan t h e p ipe c l ay m e rchan t o f S had T hame s i sn amed i n J ews te r 's w i l l o f 1 822 a s ow ing ad eb t t ot h e l a t te r , h e w a s i n p o sse ss ion o f an umbe r o f p roper t ie s a t S had T hame s i n 1 821 a nd 1 822 , n ame ly t wo h ouse s , aw ha r f a nd ag round f l oo r i na no the r b u i ld ing ( SUF I , P oo r R ;

T he f i r s t k nown c l ay m e rchan t r e co rded w o rk ing i n S ou thwa rk w a s T homa s Dugg in o r D uggan , l i s ted a t S had T hames , f r om a t l e a s t 1 779 ( London D ) . T he e a r l ie r d i rec to ry r e ad ings o n ly r e f e r t o h im a s a m e rchan t wh i le 1 9 th c en tury d i rec to r ies ( GL ) l i s t h im , o rh i s s uccesso r so ft h es ame n ame , v a r ious ly a sd ea le r s i nc l ay o r p ipe c l ay m e rchan t s a t4 3 S had T hame s . I n 1 84 1 , t h e f i rm i sn o ted a s ' b a th , b r ick e t c . m e rchan t s ' ( POD ) a nd i n 1 842 a l so a s d ea le r s i n c h ina c l ay . T he f i rm h ad p rem ise sa t1 a nd 1 2T oo ley S t ree t , B o rough , a s w e l l a s a t S had T hame s . D irec to ry l i s t ings f o r T homa s Duggan & C o . c on t inue u n t i l 1 899 . AT homa s D uggan , t obacco p ipemake ri sr e co rded a t 1D a rk E n t ry L ane , E a s t Sm i thf ie ld f r om 1 823 -24 a nd a t6 0 L owe r E a s t Sm i thf ie ld f r om 1 826 t o a t l e a s t 1 829 ( POD ) . O swa ld c i te s aT homa s D uggan wo rk ing f r om 1 805 -25 ( TPM C o . ) a nd e xpor t ing t h rough t h e H ud son B ay C ompany f r om 1 807 -12 a nd a ga in i n 1 815 -25 . H e l i s t s a no the r T homa s D uggen w ho a l so d ea l t w i th t h e H ud son B ay C ompany f r om 1 826 -32 ( 1975 , 1 35 ) . F u tu re r e sea rch may p rov ide ac onnec t ion b e tween t h e D uggan p ipe c l ay m e rchan t s a t S had T hame s , S ou thwa rk a nd t h eT homa sD uggan t obacco p ipemake r s

1 9

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eeg e leee e4 1 1 / 1 4 11 8 g b b t e z f i s s ez ze i se t-. eV : Jr ge m 1 1 : 0 71 1 S. -URN

o ne o f s eve ra l i mpo r tan t c en t re s f o r w h i t ing a nd s i ze mak ing i nt h e a r ea . A n a p t d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e t y pe s o f t r ade s p r eva len th e re c an b e s een i nt h e 1 871 PO S t ree t D i rec to ry e n t ry f o r L oveg rove S t ree t wh ich n ame s D ann a nd P ou l tney , s i ze m anuf ac tu re r s a ss i tua ted n ex t d oo r t o G rego ry B oa rd , w h i t ing m anuf ac tu re r ( f l . c .1 851-82 ) . Af ew p r em i se s a l ong w a st h e wo rk shop o f t oba cco p ipemake r H en ry T ingey ( c f . T ingey f am i ly i n B iog raph ie s b e low ) . N ex t d oo r t oH en ry T ingey w a s a S amue l C la re & C o . , f l oo rc lo th m anuf ac tu re r s . D yo s r ema rk s ( 196 1 , 1 76 ; 1 83 ) ' The re w a s a l so ad i s t ic t ive ly i n du s t r ia l a r ea i n t h e a l leys a nd t u rn ing s a r ound L oveg rove S t ree t . S ince a bou t 1 845 ,t h ei ndu s t r ie st h e re i n c luded t h e manu f ac tu re o fl i no leum ,j appanned g ood s , c o l la r s , l e a the r , b ee r , w oo l len g ood s , w h i t ing , s i ze a nd c hem ica l s . T he re w e re a n umbe r o f s t ree t s i n c lud ing L oveg rove S t ree t i n w h ich t h e i n hab i tan t s w e re i n c h ron ic w an t . '

S LSL ) . I tm ay b e p re sumed f r om t h i s t h a t D uggan 's p i pe c l ay b u s ine s s w a s s u cce s sfu l l e nough t o e nab le h im t ol e nd t h e p i pemake r s c ompany £ 500 . T homa s D uggan 's p rem i se s a t S had T hame s w a s s i tua ted n ex tt o ap ipe k i ln b e long ing t oJ ohn P o t te ra nd s on s , a ts ome t ime p rev iou s t o1 821 . A f te rt h is d a te t h e P o t te r 's p rope r ty i sd e sc r ibed a s a' wa rehou se l a te p ipe k i ln s ' ( SUF I , P oo rR ) . I ts e em s v e ry l i ke ly t h a t D uggan s upp l ied P o t te r 's p ipe b u s ine s s w i th c l ay a nd p robab ly m any o t he rp ipe s hop s i nS ou thwa rk i n c lud ing t h e s hop o f h i s b ro the r in law J ohn J ew s te r o f K en t S t ree t i n N ew ing ton . A no the rl o ng -e s tab l i shed S ou thwa rk p ipe c l ay m e r chan t w a sJ ame sC r i tchf ie ld , a l so l i s ted a s ap ipe m ake rf r om 1 826 t o 1 894 , s o p o s s ib ly a f a the r a nd s on c once rn . C r i tchf ie ld i s r e co rded a s ap ipe c l ay m ake r a nd m e r chan t f r om a tl e a s t 1 836 , w hen h e i sl i s ted a t 3 , S now sf ie ld s , B e rmond sey ( POD ) . T h i s m ay h ave b een ad i rec to ry m is take b ecau se i n1 84 1 h e i se n te red a t3 0 S now sf ie ld s a nd a t2 8 Maze , T oo ley S t ree t . I n 1 851 , d i rec to r ie s l i s t h im a t 3 0 S now sf ie ld s a nd T opp ing s Wha r f ,T oo ley S t ree tw he re a no the rp ipe c l ay m e rchan t , Mr s . H annah J one s i sa l so l i s ted i n 1 840 -4 1 ( POD ) . T h is i sl i ke ly t h ep i pemake ro ft h es ame n ame r e co rded a t F ea the r s tone S t ree t , C i ty R oad f r om 1 840 -68 ( A tk in son & O swa ld 1 969 , 6 1 ) . F rom 1 862 t o 1 871 , C r i tchf ie ld i s r e co rded a t 5 0 S now sf ie ld s . J ame s C r i tchf ie ld w a s am embe r o f al a rge p ipe m ak ing f am i ly -f ou ro the rC r i tchf ie ld p i pemake r sa r ek nown t o h ave w o rked i n t h e n o r thea s t a nd e a s te rn d i s t r ic t s o f L ondon . T he se w e re G eo rge , A lf red , W i l l iam a nd E rne s t C r i tchf ie ld . D i rec to r ie s s how t h a t t h e i r b u s ine s se sf l ou r i shed d u r ing t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . A s i x th C r i tchf ie ld p i pemake r , R icha rd , ma r r ied S u sannah S a rgean t i n 1 850 a t S t . P e te r 's c hu r ch , Wa lwo r th i n N ew ing ton . R icha rd 's f a the r i s n amed a s J ame s C r i tchf ie ld , t o ba cco p ipemake r . I ti s l i ke ly t h a t t h is R icha rd C r i tchf ie ld i st h e s ame , l a te r c i ted a tB lue A ncho r Y a rd , We s tm ins te rf r om 1 854 -55 ( POD ) .

A l a rge p ropor t ion o f t h e p ipe c l ay a nd w h i t ing m anuf ac to r ie s i nt h e Wa lwo r th a nd C ambe rwe l l a r ea s w e re s i tua ted a l ong o r n ea r t h e G rand S ur rey C ana l . T he a dd re s s o f G rego ry B oa rd , w h i t ing m anuf a c tu r e r , f o r e xamp le , i sg i ven a s ' c ana l ' , L oveg rove S t ree t i n 1 871 ( POD ) . A no the rp ipec lay a nd w h i t ing d ea le r ,J ohn J enk in s , i sr e co rded a t' S t . G eo rge 's Wha r f , C ana l ' , i n t h e L ondon PO T rade D i rec to ry f o r 1 862 . B y 1 871 , J enk in s h ad j o ined w i th t wo o the r n ame s , E ag le a nd F raze r a tt h e s ame a dd re s s . I t i s a ppa ren t t h a t t h e G rand S u r rey C ana l a nd i t s t r ibu ta ry , t h e C roydon C ana l , p l ayed a n i mpo r tan t p a r t i n f o cu s s ing i n du s t ry , i n c lud ing p ipec lay a nd r e la ted c once rn s , t ot h e a r ea . T he G rand S u r rey C ana l w a s c u t f r om t h e d ock s a t R o the rh i the t o C ambe rwe l l , a d i s tance o f f ou r m i le s ( s ee F ig . 1a nd F i g . 4 ) . I tw a s o pened i n1 810 w i th as ho r t b ranch t oP eckham a dded i n 1 826 . T imbe r , c o rn a nd c oa l w e r e t h e ma in s tay r e venue e a rne r s f o r t h e c ana l c ompany . W i th t h e se c ommod i t ie sc ana l s ide w ha rve s i n c rea sed a nd t h ec ana l t r ade g rew ( Hadf ie ld 1 969 , 1 06 ) . Many o t he rt y pe s o fg ood s w e re t r an spor ted a l ong b o th c ana l s , i n c lud ing m anu re , l ime s tone , c ha lk , b r ick s a nd c l ay -p re sumab ly i n c lud ing p ipec lay . T he C roydon C ana l A c to f 1 80 1 , l a id d own t h e max imum r a te o ft o l l f o r t h e se c ommod i t ie s ; ' c lay ' -t ype n o t s pec if ied , w a s t r anspo r ted a tt h e c o s t o f 1 . 5d p e r t o n ( Wh i te 1 989 , 1 53 ) . F u l le r 's e a r th , as im i la rr aw ma te r ia l t op ipe c l ay a nd t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t m ine ra l r e sou r ce o fS ur rey w a s s h ipped a t3 d p e r t o n .

T he r e la ted i n du s t r ie so f Wh i t ing a nd S i ze m anuf ac tu re w e re a l so w e l l e s tab l i shed i n Wa lwor th a nd t h e n ea rby d i s t r ic t s o f C ambe rwe l l a nd P eckham b y t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h ec en tu ry . P ipec lay w a s u sed i nt h e m ak ing o f w h i t ing w h ich w a s e mp loyed f o r h ouseho ld p u rpo se s s uch a sw h i ten ing s t one s t ep s a nd w indow s i l l s . I tw a s a l so u sed t o m ake t a i lo r 's c ha lk o r c r ayon ( e n t r ie s i n POD s ) a nd f o r m ak ing d e te rgen t f o r s cou r ing c l o th ( S immond s 1 892 , 2 89 ) . I t m ay b e s i gn if ican t t h a t Wa lwo r th a nd N ew ing ton w e re t h r iv ing c en t re s f o r t h e manuf ac tu re o fa l l k i nd s o ff l oo r c lo th s , mop s , w add ing a nd s im i la r m a te r ia ls . P ipec lay w a s a l so e mp loyed i n c l ean ing a nd w h i ten ing g l ove s , b e l t s a nd l e a the ra nd a s af i l le r o r s i ze f o r p ape r ( Sea r le 1 930 , 3 97 ) . W i th r e spec t t o s i ze , o ne p apermake r 's s i ze make r i s r e co rded i n B randon S t r ee t , Wa lwo r th f r om 1 84 1 t o 1 862 , aG eo rge M ichae l G la s s , w ho i sa l so l i s ted a s ' manuf ac tu r ing C hem i s t ' ( POD ) . E igh ts i ze m ake r s a r e c i ted a s w o rk ing i nL ondon f o r t h e y ea r 1 862 , f ou r o f t h em w o rk ing i n S ou thwa rk . L oveg rove S t ree t , O ld K en t R oad , C ambe rwe l l , j u s t o u t s ide N ew ing ton w a s

An umbe r o f 1 7 th c en tu ry d ocumen t s r e co rd i n s tance s w he re p ipe c l ay a nd p o t te r 's c l ay w e r e m i s taken ly i d en t if ied a sf u l le r 's e a r th o rp u rpo sefu l ly d i sgu i sed a s s uch . T he e a r l ie s t c a se k nown w a s i n 1 620 , a t at ime w hen t h ee xpo r to ff u l le r 's e a r th w a s f o rb idden i no rde r t op ro tec t t h e h ome c l o th i n du s t ry , w h ich r e l ied o n t h e e a r th t oc l ean a nd a b so rb g r ea se f r om c l o th . J ohn R ay , aL ondon m e rchan t w a s f i ned £ 2000 , i mp r i soned a nd p i l lo r ied f o r s e c r e t ly e xpo r t ing a q uan t i ty o f f u l le r 's e a r th t oH o l land ( Page 1 932 , 3 96 -7 ) . As e cond c a se o f 1 622 , i n vo lved ac i t izen f r om S andw ich , K en t ,w ho w a s r e po r ted t o t h e a u tho r i t ie s f o r h av ing s o ld e a r th ,

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s u spec ted t ob e f u l le r 's f r om h i s g a rden t o aD u tchman w ho p rof e ssed ' t o w an t i tf o r mak ing e a r the rn p o t s ' ( i b id . , 3 96 -7 ) . I na no the ri n s tance i n 1 627 , aq uan t i ty o f ' c lay o re a r th ' w a s s upp l ied f r om P oo le t oL ondon w i th t h e i n ten t ion o f e xpor t ing i ta b road u nde r t h e p re tex t t h a t i tw a s u sefu l s o le ly f o r m ak ing t o bacco p ipe s . T he m a te r ia l w a si mpounded b yt h ec u s toms u nde rt h eo rde r o f t h e L o rd s o f t h e P r ivy C ounc i l u n t i l ac a refu l e xam ina t ion c ou ld b e c a r r ied o u t b y t h e C ompany o f C lo th ie r s ( APC 1 627 , PRO ) . I tw a s f i na l ly j udged t h a t t h e e a r th w a s ' no t f i t t o b e t r an spor ted i n to t h e L ow C oun t r ie s ' .I nf a c t , n od ef in i te i d en t if i ca t ion o ft h ee a r th c ou ld b em ade e xcep tt h a t i th ad n o tt h ed enom ina t ion o f f u l le r 's e a r th , b u t i tw o rk s t h e s ame e f f ec t a nd t h e refo re c ome s w i th in t h e c ompa ss o f t h e p roc lama t ion s f o rb idd ing t h e e xpo r t o f f u l le r 's e a r th ' ( SPD N ovembe r 2 6 1 627 , C ha s . I . , PRO ) . A s im i la r e nqu i ry , c a r r ied o u t i n 1 629 , made a p o s i t ive i d en t if i ca t ion o f2 00 t o ns o fc l ay a sb e ing p ipe c l ay a nd n o w ay f i to ru sefu l f o rt h ed re ss ing o fw oo l len c l o th . . . . ' b ecau se i tw i l l n o t f oor thw i th d i s so lve i t se lf e i n to l i qu i r ' ( APC 2 /39 1 629 , P RO ) . I n 1 649 , i tw a s a l so d ec reed t h a t p ipe c l ay s hou ld n o t b e e xpo r ted a b road , t o p ro tec t t h e h ome t obacco i ndus t ry . P ipe c l ay a nd f u l le r 's e a r th a r e men t ioned t o ge the ri nt h is p roh ib i t ion w h ich m ay i mp ly t h a t i tw a s a l so am ea su re t op ro tec t t h e c l o th i n dus t ry d ue t o t h e c onfu s ion c aused i n t h e i d en t if ica t ion o f f u l le r 's e a r th a nd p ipe c l ay ( 1649 -50 S PD , P RO ) . A l though f u l le r 's e a r th h a s t h ep rope r ty o f b e ing r e ad i ly d i sso lved i nw a te r w h ich d i s t ingu ishe s i t f r om s im i la r c l ays , i ti sn o t s urp r is ing t h a t i tc ou ld b e m is taken f o r p ipe c l ay w h ich c ou ld r a nge i n c o lou r f r om w h i te , y e l low ish w h i te a nd g r ey t ob rown , y e l low , g reen , r e d a nd b l ack ( Sea r le 1 930 , 3 96 ) . F u l le r 's e a r th c ou ld v a ry f r om g r een t o b rown a nd b l ue t o g reen ish g r ey a nd d a rk g rey ( Page 1 932 , 3 96 -7 ; Mackenz ie c . 1890 s V I , 1 42 ) .

r aw s uga r s . F u l le r 's e a r th a nd p ipe c l ay a r e n o ted a nd w e re r a ted a tt h ir ty -f ive s h i l l ings p e r t on e ach , f o r t h e d i s tance f r om L ondon t o G louce s te r ( Hadf ie ld 1 969 , 3 31) . I ti sp oss ib le t h a t J ames C r i tchf ie ld a nd T homa s Duggan w hose T oo ley S t ree t a nd S had T hame s p rem ise s w e re c l o se b y t h e r i ve r , a l so e xpor ted p ipe c l ay o u t o f L ondon . A s y e t t h e re i s n o e v idence t o s ubs tan t ia te t h is . T he p ipe c l ay a nd w h i t ing i n dus t r ies w h ich c on t inued t of l ou r ish i n Wa lwor th a nd N ew ing ton t h roughou t mo s t o f t h e 1 9 th c en tury h ad b y i t s c l ose b ecome p o la r ised i n to a f ew s u rv iv ing c once rn s . T h is i s p robab ly a r ef lec t ion o n t h e d ec l in ing s t a te o f t h e p ipemak ing i n du s t ry a s aw ho le . A s t h ed emand f o rp ipe c l ay b egan t o w ane , n ew ma te r ia ls w e re made a va i lab le t o t h e w h i t ing i ndus t ry p roduc ing t h e s ame e f f ec t s . T he se i n c luded C h ina c l ays , ma r ls a nd o the r w h i te s ubs tance s l i ke b lock s o fp l a s te ro fP a r is w h ich w e re o f ten s o ld a s p ipec lay f o rc l ean ing a nd wh i ten ing p urpo se s . Many o f t h e w h i te e a r th s d e sc r ibed a s ' p ipe c l ay ' w e re n o t i n f a c t f i t t o b e e mp loyed f o r c e ram ic p u rpo se s ( Sea r le 1 930 , 3 96 -7 ) . O ne o ft h e s ub s tance s t e rmed a s wh i t ing w a s g round c ha lk . T h is w a s p roces sed b y w a sh ing i n a l um w a te r , t oc l eanse i tf r om s and a nd o t he ri mpu r i t ie s a nd d ry ing i ti n to l umps . I tw a s u sed a s ap o l ish ing ma te r ia l a nd f o r mak ing p u t ty a nd w h i te -wa sh ( S immond s 1 892 , 4 12 ) . An umbe r o fw h i t ing a nd p ipe c l ay m e rchan t sw o rk ing a tt h is t ime i n ev i tab ly b ranched o u t i n to d ea l ing w i th s im i la rp roduc t s . J ame s C ann , f o r e xamp le , wo rk ing i n Ma l t S t ree t , O ld K en t R oad i na c ana ls ide e s tab l ishmen t f r om 1 871-1889 ( POD ) w a s l i s ted a s amanufac tu re ro f ' s upe rf ine a i rd r ied , g i lde r 's w h i t ing ' a s w e l l a s ap la s te r o f P a r is m anufac tu re r . I tc an b e s een f r om d i rec to ry l i s t ings t h a t t h e re w a s a g radua l a ma lgama t ion o ft h et h ree r ema in ing Wa lwo r th p ipe c l ay a nd w h i t ing m e rchan ts , u n t i l , b y 1 940 , t h ey h ad b ecome o ne f i rm . D i rec to ry r e ad ings f o r p ipe c l ay m e rchan t s c ea se a f te r t h is d a te . A cco rd ing t o t h e a va i lab le d i rec to r ie s , Wa lwor th w a s t h e l a s t r ema in ing a r ea f o rp ipec lay a nd w h i t ing manufac tu re r s i nL ondon , s upe rceed ing t h e o the r ma in a r ea s o f p roduc t ion , V auxha l l , B ermondsey a nd E a s t L ondon . A l i s t o f Wa lwor th p ipe c l ay a nd w h i t ing m e rchan t s i si n c luded i n Append ix

B efo re t h e a ge o f c ana ls a nd r a i lways , c oa s ta l a nd i n land w a te rways p roved t o b e t h e mos t c onven ien t m ed ium s f o r t h e t r anspor t o f b u lky c a rgoe s s uch a s f u l le r 's e a r th a nd p ipe c l ay . I n t h e S ou th E a s t o f E ng land , t h e R ive r Medway w a s i mp roved f o r n av iga t ion b y s ucce s s ive A c t s . T he f i r s t , i n 1 665 ( 17 C a r I c . 6 ) l i s ted g ood s t o b e t r anspor ted a l ong i t s w a te r s , i n c lud ing i r on , t imbe r , w ood , c orn , g ra in , c oa ls , l i me s t one a nd ' b a l ls ' wh ich c ou ld f e a s ib ly b eb a l l c l ay . As e cond A c t o f 1 740 ( 14 G eo I C . 2 6 ) i n c luded b a l ls , l ime , s t one w a re s ' a nd a l l o the r n ece ssa r ie s a nd c ommod i t ie s ' ( Hadf ie ld 1 969 , 6 1-63 ) .

7 .

Much o ft h e f u l le r 's e a r th wh ich c ame i n to L ondon v i a t h e G rand S ur rey C ana l w a s s o ld a tw ha rve s i nT oo ley S t ree t ( Ma lden 1 967 , 2 80 ) w h ich w a s t h e s t ree t f r om w h ich J ames C r i tchf ie ld r a n h i s p ipe c l ay b us ine ss ( s ee a bove ) . L ike f u l le r 's e a r th , p ipe c l ay w a s c onveyed t o o t he r p a r t s o f t h e c oun t ry f r om c er ta in T hame s ide w ha rve s i nL ondon . A n e a r ly 1 9 th c en tury n o t ice e x is t s b e long ing t o a n o wne r o f f l y -boa t s w o rk ing b e tween L ondon a nd G louce s te rb y w ay o ft h eW i l t s . a nd B e rk s . c ana l . T h is s e t s d own t h e r a te p e rt on o fg ood s s h ipped o u tf r om B rook 's Wha r f ,T hame s S t ree tw h ich i so n t h e C i ty s i de o f t h e T hame s . T he l i s t i n c lude s t a l lows , w ood , p a ten t b r ick s , o i l , v i nega r , c emen t , p l a s te r a nd

P ipemak ing Me thod s a nd T oo l s

T h is S ec t ion l ook s a t t h e t ype o f m e thods a nd t o o ls mo s tl i ke ly u sed b yN ew ing ton p ipemake r s .I n fo rma t ion h a s b een g l eaned f r om v a r iou s s ou rce s t h a t d e scr ibe mode s o f p rac t ise a mong p ipemake r s . I n p a r t icu la r , s ome n o te s o f Wa l ly H enshe r , w hose f am i ly w e re p ipemake r s i n E a s t L ondon a nd Wood s ide , C roydon , w h ich i sa bou t e i gh t m i le s f r om N ew ing ton , h ave b een i n c luded ( ac opy o f w h ich i sa tL ive rpoo l U n ive r s i ty ) . T he se g i ve af i r s t h and i n s igh t i n to t ot h e mechan ics o f p ipemak ing -ap roce s s t h a t h a s p robab ly c hanged l i t t le s i nce t h e i n t roduc t ion o f t h e G in P re ss i n t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry .

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T he re i s ap auc i ty o fd ocumen ta ry e v idence r e la t ing t o t h e a c tua l p ro ce s se s e mp loyed b y N ew ing ton p i pemake r s , a l though i tc an b e a s sumed t h e i r m e thod s d i f f e red l i t t le f r om t ho se b road ly u sed i nt h e i n du s t ry . A n e xam ina t ion o f l o ca l p i pe s t y le s a nd a p ipemou ld m ade b y t h e J one s f am i ly w ho w o rked i nN ew ing ton a nd D a l s ton ,c e r ta in ly s uppo r t st h i sv i ew .T he f o l low ing e x t ra c t f r om Wa l ly H enshe r 's n o te s ( P /C A . H en she r 1 987 )l a y sd own t h ep roce s so fp ipema l c ing a nd d ef ine s t h e t o o l s u sed . ' Too l s f o rc l ay p ipe mak ing a su sed b y m e u n t i l 1 959 . T he s ame t ype w e re a l so u sed b y my f a the r a nd h i s f a the r , a way b ack i nt h e 1 800 s . T he n ame s a pp l ied t o t h e se t o o ls a r e a s Ih ave k nown t h em , o the r p ipe m ake r sm ay h ave c a l led t h em o the rw i se .G INHANDLE . T h i s i s ad ev ice f o r h o ld ing t h e S TOPPER w h ich p unche s o u t t h e b o re o f t h e p i pe , t h e s u rp lus c l ay s p i l l ing o u tt h rough t h en eck o ft h e MOULD -t ob ec u t o u t b y t h e CUTTER OFF . T he mou ld i sh e ld i n av i ce t y pe CLAMP t i gh tened b y aq u ick t h readed h and le , t h e F LY P IN w h ich s queeze s t h e ROLL w h ich i st h readed o n aWIRE w i th a b u r red e nd a nd l a id i nt h e mou ld . T h i s i sl i gh t ly o i led t op reven t i ts t ick ing . T he r o l l s a r e r o l led t wo a t at ime , o ne i n e a ch h and t o t h e r ough s hape o ft h ep ipe a nd p a cked i nb unche s o fs i x teen a nd p u t o n b oa rd s t o b e d r ied o u t al i t t le s t if f e r t o b e u seab le i n t h e mou ld s . T he b unche s a r e b u i l t u p o n BUNCH BOARDS - t we lve b unche s t o t h e g ro s s . T he se s ame b oa rd s a r e u sed t op u t t h e mou lded p ipe s o na l so ,b u to n ly f o rs ho r tp ipe s ,n o tf o rC hu rchwa rden s w h ich a r e s ome t ime s 1 2 , 1 8 o r 2 4 i n che s . T he se h ave t oh ave s pec ia l GRATES , s haped t og i ve t h e p ipe s t h e s hape t h ey h ave i nt h e s t em s o rs hank . T he ' TR IM MER i s ak n if e u sed t ot a ke o f f s eam s m ade b y t h e mou ld . When t h e p ipe s a r e made a nd r e ady f o r t h e f u rnace t h ey a r e p a cked i n to SAGGERS a nd s t a cked i n t h e f u rnace a nd b aked f o r e i gh t h ou r s o r mo re ' . H enshe rd e sc r ibe st h ek i ln a sb e ing ' a tl e a s t 8f e e t h i gh w i th t h ed oo r -way s u ff ic ien t ly h i gh e nough f o r ap e r son t ow a lk u nde r ' . When t h e f i r e w a s l i t , t h ep ipe s s t a cked f o r h a rden ing w ou ld b e b r icked u p w i th a n o pen ing t owa rd s t h e b a se t oe nab le ar od t oe n te r s o t h a t ap ipe c ou ld b e r emoved t ot e s t a s t ow he the r i th ad r e ached t h e c o r rec th a rden ing s t age . Ah azy m i s to ve rt h ep ipe s ' whe re y ou c ou ld b a re ly d i sce rn t h em ' w ou ld g i ve y ou as i gn t h a t t h e c o r rec t h a rdne ss h ad b een r e ached . H enshe r 's k i ln h ad t h e o u t s ide b r ick s ' b ound t o ge the r w i th am ix tu re o f c l ay a nd h o r se m anu re , m ixed w i th w a te r t of o rm s ome th ing l i ke amo i s t p u t ty t os e a l t h e j o in t s ' . S eve ra l t h ousand p ipe s w ou ld b e p l aced i nt h e k i ln f o r h a rden ing .

s t oppe r i sb rough t d own , t h e p i pemake r 's f o r ef inge r i s u sed t o f o rm t h e i n i t ia l c av i ty o f t h e b ow l . H e a dd s t h a t , a f te r mou ld ing , t h e p ipe w a s s moo thed w i th a n i r on o r c oppe r a nd f i na ly a h o rn i n s t rumen t a nd m ay t h en b e r e tu rned t o t h e mou ld t o r emedy a ny i mpe r f ec t ion s . T he p ipe s w e re t h en l e f t t os uff i c ien t ly h a rden t or e ce ive af i na l p o l ish w i th f l in t s b o red w i th h o le s . S ome h o le s f i t ted t h e s t em d i ame te r , o t he r s t h e b ow l d i ame te r . D eco ra t ive b ow l s w e re o n o cca s ion s r e touched w i th ab odk in . J ew i t t c on t inue s t h a t ac l eve r mou lde r c ou ld p roduce 3 , 500 p i pe s i n aw eek . S ome p ipemake r s d ipped t h e mou thp iece o f e ach p ipe a f te r f i r ing i n to as o lu t ion o fw a te r a nd p ip e -c lay . T he s t em w a s t h en g i ven ap o l i sh . T h i s p reven ted t h e s moke r 's l i p s f r om s t ick ing t o t h e p o rou s c l ay . B e t te r q ua l i ty p ipe s w e re c oa ted w i th am ix tu re o fs oap , w ax a nd g um ( Ay to 1 979 , 2 4 ) a nd s ome t ime s r e s in o r v a rn i sh ( Cha r le s & K n igh t 1 839 ) . O the r p i pemake r s u sed r e d s ea l ing w ax f o rt h es ame e f f ec t ( Dan ie l l 1 964 -5 , 6 1 ) . A p a in t ing b y J o seph H ighmo re e n t i t led ' M rO ldham a nd h i s G ue s t s ' d a ted c . 1750 ( Ta te G a l le ry , L ondon , A c . N o . 5 864 ) d ep ic t s ap ipe a ppa ren t ly w axed a tt h e t i p o f t h e s t em i nt h is m anne r ( c f F ig . 9b e low ) . H en she r 's d e sc r ip t ion o f p ipemak ing e qu ipmen t i s s im i la r t o a n e x t ra c t f r om R and le H o lme 's T he A cad emy o fA rmory ( Che s te r 1 688 , S ec t . i v , C h . 2 2 , B k . 3 ) . I n t h is h e d ef ine s t h e p re s s a s ' a n e ng ine b y w h ich t h e Mo ld sa r es c rewed t oge the ra nd t h e mou th o f t h e p ipe m ade a l l a t at ime , a s i tw e re ' . H e d e sc r ibe s t h e f e a tu re s o ft h e ma ch ine b eg inn ing w i th ' t he B ench w i th i t s f ou r s t rong f e e t . T he G in , t h e G in H and le , t h e S tay o ft h e H and le t h a t w hen i ti sd r awn d own i tw i l l g oe n oe f u r the r . T he S toppe r , i th ang s a tt h eh and le a nd make s t h e h o le i n t h e p ipe e nd . T he B ru sh . T he R umme r , t h e p a r t i t ion i nt h e m idd le o ft h e t r ough . T he T rough . T he s c rew a nd p i n a nd b ox o n t h e o u t s ide o f t h e T rough ' ( O swa ld 1 975 , 1 6 ) . O swa ld s ugge s t s t h a t t h is m a ch ine w a s p robab ly i n ven ted b e tween c . 1 6 10 a nd 1 640 . T he f a c t t h a t n ea ri d en t ica l d ev ice s w e re s t i l l g ene ra l ly e mp loyed w e l li n to t h ep re sen tc en tu ry w ou ld s e em t oc onf i rm t h e i r u n ive r sa l u se b y g ene ra t ions o f N ew ing ton p i pemake r s . As i ng le p ipe mou ld s u rv ive s t h a t w a s e i the r m ade i n N ew ing ton o rD a l s ton a nd i si nt h ec u s tody o fN ewa rke H ou se s Mu seum , L e ice s te r( Acc . No . H 119 1 908 ) . I ti s t h ough t t o h ave b een u sed i n t h e b u s ine s s o f R . W . T ay lo r , 6 0N o r th Q uay , G t . Y a rmou th a nd c an b ed a ted t ot h e m id 1 9 th c en tu ry . T he mou ld h a s ac ompan ion s t oppe r( Ac . N o . H 138 1 990 ) w i th t h e n ame PALMER c u ti n to t h ef l a te nd ,p re sumab ly t h e make r .B o th mou ld a nd s t oppe r a r e m a rked w i th t h e N o . 1 4 c u t i n to t h e m e ta l . T he mou ld i so f i r on a nd s im i la r i na ppea rance t o o t he r e x tan t mou ld s o f t h e p e r iod ( c f t h ree o the r mou ld s i n t h e N ewa rke H ou se s Mu seum c o l lec t ion i lu s t ra ted b y D an ie l l 1 964 -5 , p l a te V a nd f ou r mou ld s i nt h e D a r t fo rd Mu seum , K en t : T a tman 1 988 , 3 6 -41) . A n u nu sua l f e a tu re i st h a t t h e mou ld f r om L e ice s te r i s c u tw i th t h en ame o ft h e make r : J ONES LONDON ( s ee F ig . 5 ) . T he w o rk ing h i s tor y o f t h i s m ou ld m ake r t o ge the r w i th t wo o t he r p i pemou ld m ake r s o f N ew ing ton a r e l i s ted i nA ppend ix I I .

T he a bove p a s sage c ompa re s w e l l w i th d e scr ip t ion s o f p i pema l c ing f r om o the rs ou rce s , a l though f u r the rd e ta i ls m ay b e a dded . W i th r ega rd t o mou ld s , H . J ew i t t , w r i t ing i n P o t ter y a nd G la s swar e ( 1840 ) u nde r a s e c t ion c a l led ' The Manuf a c tu re o f T obacco P ipe s ' n o te s t h a t mou ld s w e re o fc oppe r o r b ra s s . A . O swa ld ( 1985 , 6 -7 ) g i ve s a n e xamp le o f a n 1 8 th c en tu ry i r on mou ld u sed b y t h e f i rm o fP o l lock o f Manche s te r a nd c i te s c a se s o f t i n , l e ad a nd w ood b e ing u sed b y o the r p i pemake r s . J ew i t t ( i b id . ) a l so r e la te s t h a t b efo re t h e

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P ipe mou ld a nd s t opper i nN ewarke Houses museum , L e ices ter .

T h ree o the r mou ld mak ing f i rm s a r e k nown t o h ave t r aded i nL ondon i nt h es e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . T he f i r s t , t h a t o f W i l l iam G rou t , w a s s i tua ted i n S hadwe l la nd P l a te rR a tc l if f ef r om 1 868 t o1 871 . H ea l so o pe ra ted a s a n e ng inee r a nd a v e loc ipede m ake r . W i l l iam G rou t w a s p robab ly r e la ted t o t h e G rou t p ipemak ing f am i ly o f L ondon ( A tk in son & O swa ld 1 969 , 2 19 -220 ) w h ich i n c luded a J o seph G rou t o f N ew ing ton ,a pp ren t iced t oJ ohn F u l le r PM o fU xb r idge , M idd le sex i n 1 860 ( s ee B iog raph ie s , P a r t I ) . T he s e cond f i rm w a s r un b y W i l l iam a nd G eo rge B i shop i n S ho red i tch i n 1 861 a nd l a te r f r om 1 877 -82 ( P r ice & T a tman 1 985 , 2 -7 ) . A t h i rd L ondon mou ld m ake r , H en ry Hopk in s , w a s k nown t oh ave made mou ld s f o r t h e p ipemake r H . W . B ake r i n t h e 1 880 s ( Hammond 1 985 , 4 3 ) .

T he J one s f am i ly w e re p robab ly t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t N ew ing ton mou ld mak ing c once rn a nd a l so m ay h ave s upp l ied mou ld s t oo the rp ipemak ing f i rm s i nL ondon . B oge r , w r i t ing i n 1 895 ( 241) o f t h e manuf a c tu r ing i n du s t r ie s i n K en t S t ree t , i sp robab ly a l lud ing t o t h e J one sf am i ly w hen s he s ays t h a t ' i nt h ee a r ly p a r to ft h e p re sen t c en tu ry w e f i nd b u t o ne p ipe mou ld m ake r ' . T he r epu ted u se o f t h e i r mou ld s b y t h e Y a rmou th p i pemake r R . W . T ay lo r may s ugge s t ac oun t ryw ide f l ow o f b u s ine s s f r om t h e J one s f am i ly . I t i s n o t u nknown f o r mou ld make r s f r om o the r c i t ie s b e s ide s L ondon t oh ave a cqu i red ma rke t sf r om f a ra f ie ld .J ame s S co t t o fN o t t ingham , f o r e xamp le , s upp l ied mou ld s t o p ipemak ing s hop si nB i rm ingham a nd T u rp in & s on so f Ma cc le sf ie ld m ade mou ld sf o rL eed sp ipemake r s . B o th S co t t a nd T u rp in w e re a l so p ipemake r s ( Hammond 1 985 , 1 09 ) . T he se b road b a sed ma rke t s a r e p e rhap s t o b e e xpec ted c on s ide r ing t h e i t ine ran t n a tu re o f p i pemak ing . Mou ld make r sm ay h ave g a ined n ew t r ade s imp ly b y t h e i r mou ld s b e ing t r an spo r ted t o o the r d i s t r ic t s b y m ig ran t p ipemake r s w h ich i n t u rn c ommanded f r e sh f i e ld s o f b u s ine s s . I n 1 927 , a no the r Y a rmou th p ipem a k e r a nd c on tempo ra ry o f R . W . T ay lo r , J ohn H a r r i s j n r . , w a s i n te rv iewed b y t h e Y a rmou th Me rcu ry a nd s t a ted t h a t mou ld so fi r on w e re m ade 6 0 y ea r s b efo re b y ' J one s a nd B ag shaw o f L ondon ' ( A tk in 1 986 , 1 2 -13 ) .I ts e em sp robab le t h a tt h e J one s f am i ly m ade mou ld s f o r b o th t h e H a r r i s a nd T ay lo rf am i l ie s a nd t h a tt h e mou ld a tN ewa rke H ou se s Mu seum w a s m ade f o r e i the r J ame s T ay lo r s n r . ( f t . 1 830 -53 ) o rJ ame s T ay lo rj n r . ( f l . c . 1849+ ) r a the r t h an R . W . T ay lo r w ho w a s n o t b or n u n t i l 1 856 . D an ie l l ( 1964 -5 , 6 0 ) r e la te s t h a t t h e mou ld w a s ' u sed i n t h e b u s ine s s o f R . W . T ay lo r , 6 0 N o r th Q uay , G t . Y a rmou th ' . T ay lo r w a s w o rk ing a t l e a s t u p t o 1 916 ( A tk in , i b id . ) a nd a s t h e mou ld w a s a cce s s ioned i n 1 908 , h e may h ave d i spo sed o fi th av ing n of u r the ru se f o r t h e s t y le o fp ipe . A cco rd ing t oD an ie l l , t h e mou ld w a s c on s ide red a ' mu seum p i ece ' i n 1 908 .

S ign if ican t ly , mo s t o f t h e k nown p ipe mou ld make r s , i n c lud ing o ne f r om N ew ing ton a l so t r aded a s p ipemake r s . T he e xcep t ion s i n N ew ing ton w e re J ohn J one s a nd T homa s S tuckey ( 2 ) , a l though b o th w e re f r om p ipemak ing f am i l ie s . T he re w a s a n o bv iou s a dvan tage i nh av ing amou ld make r w o rk ing a t ap ipe s hop t os upp ly a nd r epa i r mou ld s , a si nt h e i n s tance o f t h es hop a t2 95 K en tS t ree t ,N ew ing ton . I nH o l land t o o , t h e l a rge r 1 9 th c en tu ry p ipe f a c to r ie s w e re k nown t o h ave e mp loyed mou ld make r s o n t h e p rem i se s ( Duco 1 980 , 1 82 ) . I ns ome c a se s , e ng rave r s w o rked i ns i tu t o c u t d e s ign s i n mou ld s w h i le s ma l le r s hop s e mp loyed s m i th s o r t h e l a rge r f a c to r ie s t o e ng rave t h e mou ld s ( i b id . , 1 83 ) . W i th r ega rd t ot h e c o s t o fh av ing amou ld m ade , H ammond , q uo t ing f r om t h e T obacco T rad e R ev iew , i s t Novembe r , 1 894 c i te st h a tS amue l McLa rdy o f Manche s te r p a id £ 6 o r £ 7 f o r an ew f ound ry -made mou ld . T h i s f e e i n c luded t h e c o s t o f r eg is te r ing t h e d e s ign ( Hammond 1 985 , 4 5 ) . A l though i nt h is c a se , t h e £ 6 o r £ 7 f e e w a s f o r al a rge ' c adge r ' p ipe mou ld i t g i ve s s ome i d ea o fh ow much mou ld s c o s t d u r ing t h i s p e r iod .P re sumab ly t h et wo N ew ing ton p ipemake r sw ho r e g i s te red mou ld d e s ign s , p a id s ome th ing a l i t t le l e s s t h an Mc la rdy 's f e e , b o th mou ld s b e ing s ma l le r t h an c adge rp ipe s . T he se w e re J .G a rd ine r , w ho r e g i s te red a ' Ve ined Ma rb le C lay P ipe ' i n 1 859 a nd W i l l iam B oud ( 1 ) w ho r eg i s te red a ` ROAB ' p ipe i n 1 880 ( s ee F ig . 1 6 ) . B o th make r s l i ved i n Wa lwo r th ( Hammond 1 985 , 4 7 ; 6 1) . T he i n i t ia l e xpen se t o t h e p ipemake r o f p ro cu r ing amou ld c ou ld w e l l h ave b een c ompen sa ted b y t h e mou ld 's t a l ly o f p ipe s p roduced o ve r al o ng w o rk ing l i f e . I n t h e c a se o f t h e J one s mou ld f r om L e ice s te r , i t s u sefu lne s s c ou ld h ave p o ten t ia l ly l a s ted n ea r ly 6 0 y ea r s , b ea r ing i n m ind t h e p o s s ib le manuf ac tu re o ft h e mou ld i nt h e 1 840 s . .T h i s s hou ld b e t empe red w i th t h e e s t ima te o f 3 0 y ea r s a nd e xcep t iona l ly 5 0 y ea r s , s ugge s ted b y O swa ld ( 1985 , 5 ) a s t h e a ve rage l i f e o f amou ld . T he re i se v idence t h a t p ipe mou ld s a nd t oo ls w e re s ome t ime s p a s sed o n f r om o ne p ipemak ing c once rn t oa no the r p a r t icu la r ly w i th in f am i l ie s . T he re i sa n i n s tance o f t h i s d ocumen ted i n N ew ing ton w hen J ohn J ews te r o f K en t S t ree t l e f t h i s ' wo rk ing t oo l s , h o r se a nd c a r ta nd o the re f f ec t sr e la t ing t o h i s p ipemak ing b u s ine s s ' t o h i s n ephew s J ohn a nd W i l l iam W i l l iam s i nh i s w i l l d a ted 1 822 .

T he r e f e rence t o B ag shaw i n t h e Y a rmou th Me rcu ry p robab ly r e f e r st oJ ohn Wa l te rB ag shaw o f1 71 E dwa rd S t ree t , N ew C ro s s S .E . H e i sl i s ted i n PO d i rec to r ie s u nde r t h e s e c t ion f o r t obacco p ipemake r s b u t h a s ` (mou ld ) ' a d ja cen t t o h i s n ame f r om 1 895 -19 18 . I ti s n o t c l ea r i ft h e a bove q uo te ' J one s a nd B ag shaw o f L ondon ' a bove m ean s ap a r tne r sh ip o r t wo d i f f e ren t f i rm s . T o d a te t h e re i s n o e v idence f r om d i rec to ry s ou r ce s t h a t t h e t wo mou ld m ake r s w e re i n b u s ine s s t o ge the r . R icha rd J one s i sl a s t l i s ted w o rk ing i n t h e 1 870 si nD a ls ton ,N o r th L ondon , ad a te w h ich d oe s n o t t i e u p w i th t h o se o f B ag shaw , a l though i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t as on o fJ one s c ou ld h ave c on t inued i np a r tne r sh ip w i th B ag shaw . I ti si n te re s t ing t h a tt h e mou ld make r , T homa s S tuckey ( 2 ) i sf i r s t r e co rded w o rk ing a t at ime w hen R icha rd J one s ' mou ld mak ing b u s ine s sw a s a bou tt oc l o se u pa t 8 7 K en t S t ree t a nd move t o D a l s ton . S tuckey i s r e co rded a t2 95 K en t S t ree t i n t h e 1 861 c en su s , t h e a dd re s s o f o ne o f t h e mo s t i mpor tan t p ipemak ing c en t re s i nN ew ing ton . I ti sf e a s ib le t h a t h e w a s , a tt h i s t ime , s upe r sed ing J one s a st h e m a in s upp l ie ro f mou ld s t op ipe w o rk shop s i nt h e i mmed ia te a r ea .

A n i n d ica t ion o f amou ld o wne r sh ip c hange i sw hen t h e

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B

A-

R IGHT HAND S I DE OF SW INYARD M OULD (C ITY OF ABERDEEN MUSEU M)

B - SWINYARD

P IPE -STA MP( I RON) . L ETTER I NG I N L EAD

(THE P I TPE NKAB I NET , LE IDEN . COLL . N0 . 2369) 1 /1 .

F ig . 6 : ` Sw inyard ' p ipe m ou ld a nd p ipe -s tamp

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n ame o f ap i pe b ow l s t amp d i f f e r s f r om t h e i n i t ia l l e t te r so n t h e s pu r . O ne e xamp le o ft h i s i s ap ipe f ound a t B a t te r sea ( A tk in son c o l l . ) m ade b y t h e Sw inya rd f am i ly , ab r anch o f w h ich w o rked i n a nd c l o se b y N ew ing ton . I n t h i s c a se , t h e b ow l s t amp o f SW INYARD d oe s n o t m a tch t h e J /E s pu r i n i t ia l s ( A tk in son & O swa ld 1 969 , 1 88 ) . T he i d en t i ty o f J /E , w ho w a s p re sumab ly t h e f i r s t o wne r o f t h e mou ld , i s u nknown .

A s w e l l a sp ipemake r s , b l ack sm i th s a nd o the r w o rke r s i nm e ta l w e re k nown t oh ave f a sh ioned p ipe mou ld s . A Me r sey s ide b l a ck sm i th a nd n a i lmake r , J ohn P inn ing ton ( 1763 1835 ) m ade ' mou ld s f o r p ipemake r s w ho w e re mo s t ly l o ca ted i n R a info rd , an e ighbou r ing v i l lage ' . P inn ing ton u sed h o r se shoe n a i ls t o f i t t h e mou ld s ' t oge the r v e ry c l o se ' ( Dagna l l 1 984 , 2 4 -5 ) . T he r e i sa n i n te re s t ing c ompa r ison t o t h is n o ted b y D uco ( 1 980 , 1 83 ) w ho r ema rk s t h a th o r se shoe n a i l s w e re c ommon ly h amme r ed i n to t h ec rown o f amou ld . T he se g u ided t h e s t oppe r i n to t h e mou ld s o t h a t t h e p i pe b ow l t h ickne s s w a se ven .A sa l r eady r e co rded a bove ,R icha rd J one st h e p ipemak e r a nd mou ld make r a l so t r aded a s a w h i te sm i th a nd i r onmonge r . I ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a t a n umbe ro fo t he rN ew ing ton p ipemake r s w e re r e la ted t o o r s ha red p r em i se s w i th s m i th s , a mong t h em Emma D av i s o f 1 3B e lg rade P la ce , w ho w a s t h e w if e o fU r iah D av is , b l a ck sm i th a nd i r on ( f ounde r? ) ( 186 1 N /C ) . A s im i la r af in i ty o f t r ade s h a s b een n o ted i n o t he r d i s t r ic t s , a n e xamp le b e ing A lexande r C ogh i l l o f G la sgow , w ho a l so h ad a s i lve r sm i th ing b u s ine s s (Wa lke r 1 983 , 1 9 ) .

A mou ld w i th t h e b ow l m a rked SW INYARD e x i s t s i n t h e A be rdeen A r t G a l le ry C o l lec t ion s , S co t land ( s ee F ig . 6 ) . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t t h is mou ld w a s s o ld t ot h ep ipemake rW i l l iam B eve r idge o fF o r re s , 1 869 -82 a nd A be rdeen , 1 882 1908 b y t h e S w inya rd s w hen t h e i r p i pemak ing b u s ine s s a ppa ren t ly f i n i shed ( Ma r t in 1 987 , 1 70 ) . B ow l f r agmen t s s t amped SW INYARD MAKER LONDON a nd SW INYARD w e re f ound i ne xcava t ion s i nB road S t ree t , A be rdeen t o ge the rw i th b ow l s s t amped BALME M ILE END a nd BALME LONDON ( Davey 1 982 , 2 16 -223 ; D avey 1 987 , 2 52 -262 ) . A no the r , n ea r c omp le te , SW INYARD s t amped b ow l w a s f ound a t E lg in , L aza ru s L ane ( Davey & G a l laghe r 1 987 , 2 72 -278 ) .

Me ta lwo rk ing a nd p ipemak ing w e re a c onven ien t ma r r iage o f t r ade s a s p rob lem s w i th m ou ld d e s ign o r f a u l t s a nd r e pa i r s t o e qu ipmen t c ou ld b e s o lved o n h ome g round , a l though c a se s o f i t i ne ran t mou ld r e pa i re r s a r e k nown . P r ice c i te s a' M r D av is ' , w ho v i s i ted p ipe f a c to r ie s i nt h e Manche s te ra r ea d u r ing t h e l a te 1 9 th /e a r ly 2 0 th c en tu ry r e pa ir ing w o rn a nd b roken mou ld s ( O swa ld 1 984 , 1 8 -19 : ' e d i to r 's n o te ') . O the r c ommon d enom ina to r s b e tween s m i th ing a nd p i pemak ing w e re t h e o bv iou s o nes o fh ea t a nd f ue l . A s r e cen t ly a s t h e 1 970 s as ma l l -sca le p i pemake r i n Ame r ica i sr e co rded a sp roduc ing p ipe s f r om aw ooden mou ld ' a nd f i red i n ab l ack sm i th f o rge ' ( Sudbu ry 1 979 , 1 6 1) a nd i nG ouda , H o l land , D uco r e co rd s ( 1 980 , 1 82 ) t h a t mou ld s w e re n o rma l ly c a s t b y as m i th , s ome w o rk ing o n t h e p i pemake r 's p r em ise s .

I tc ou ld b e t h a t B eve r idge p u rcha sed t h e mou ld f r om t h e S w inya rd s a nd c a r r ied o n p roduc ing p ipe s w i thou t e r a s ing t h e p rev iou s o wne r 's n ame . C onve r se ly , t h e mou ld , w h ich h a s ' S co t t i sh ' a spec t s o f s t y le i n h eav ine s s a nd l a rgene s s o fb ow l ( c f i b id . 2 77 n o s . 2 1 a nd 2 3 ) , c ou ld h ave b e longed t oB eve r idge , w ho m ay s imp ly h ave p l ag ia r ised t h e n ame o f S w inya rd a s a m a rk o f r eknown . I n s uppo r t o f t h i s , i ti sk nown t h a t o t he r S co t t ish p i pemake r s m ade p ipe s m a rked w i th t h e n ame Sw inya rd . T he I r i sh P r ice L i s to fD . McDouga l l &C o . ,c . 1871-88 ( Ga l laghe r 1 987 , 1 39 -141) s how st wo mou ld s , N o s 1 40 a nd 1 4 1 c a l led ` Sw inya rd C u t ty ' a nd ' 1 0 i n ch S w inya rd ' r e spec t ive ly . I n a dd i t ion , a p ipemake r 's s t amp b ea r ing t h en ame o fS w inya rd i nt h e c u s tody o ft h e P i jpenkab ine t i nL e iden , H o l land ( c o l l . n o . 2 369 ) w a s u sed b y aG ouda c l ay p i pe e xpo r t ing f i rm t om a rk p ipe s . T he s t amp i sm ade o fi r on w i th t h e i n se t o f l e t te r ing c a s t i n l e ad a nd a ppa ren t ly d a te s p re 1880 ( F ig . 6 ) ( P /C D on D uco , P i jpenkab ine t ) . P e rhap s t h e s t amp o f Sw inya rd b ecame a g ene ra l s t e reo type s im i la r t o o t he r s t y le s o f p i pe , l i ke ' Bu rn s C u t ty ' a nd t h e ' Wo rke r ' ( c f G a l laghe r 1 987 , 1 63 ) .

L i t t le i n fo rma t ion i sa t h and a s t o t h e e xa c t m e thod e mp loyed b y mou ld make r s . P re sumab ly , i f mou ld s w e re t ob ec a s ti ni r on ,t h et r ad i t iona l p roce s so fc a s t ing i np acked s and b onded w i th f u l le r s ' e a r th o r as im i la r b i nde r w ou ld h ave b een c a r r ied o u t . W i th t h i s m e thod as o l id p a t te rn o r mode l o f t h e f i n ished p i pe w ou ld h ave t o b e m ade a nd p re s sed i n to a b ox o f s and ( A lexande r a nd S t ree t 1 956 , 7 3 ) . I mp re s s ion s o f e a ch s i de o f t h e p a t t e rn w ou ld b e n eeded t o p roduce t h e mou ld . Wood m ay h ave b een u sed t o make p i pe mou ld p a t te rn s . I th a s b een n o ted t h a t t h e mou ld m ake r ' M r D av i s ' o f Manche s te r t ook c omm is s ions f o r n ew mou ld s , w h ich ' h e w ou ld m ake f r om mode l s c a rved i n w ood ' ( O swa ld 1 984 (a ) , 1 8 -19 : ' e d i to r 's n o te ' ) . O the r s u i tab le m a te r ia l s f o r m ak ing p a t ter n s c ou ld h ave b een w ax , m e ta l o r p l a s te r o f P a r i s a nd p o s s ib ly e x is t ing p ipe s .J ame sT u rp in o f Macc le sf ie ld w a sk nown t oh ave made mou ld s f r om p l a s te rc a s t s i nt h e l a te 1 9 th c en tu ry ( O swa ld 1 984 (a ) , 1 8 ) . P a t te rn s may h ave b een f a sh ioned b yp rof e s s iona lp a t te rn -make r se i the rw o rk ing a sp a r to f af ounda ry o ra sa n i n dependen t b u s ine s s , o r m ade b y p ipemake r s a nd p i pe mou ld m ake r s t h em se lve s .

T he S w inya rd s w e re a w ide ly d i spe r sed p ipemak ing f am i ly , w i th b ranche s i n L ondon , S u r rey , S u s sex a nd B uck inghamsh i re , s o i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t o ne o f t h em moved t oF o r re s o rA be rdeen t ow o rk a l though t h e re i s n o d ocumen ta ry e v idence t od a te t h a t t h i s w a s s o . T he l a s tr e co rded S w inya rd w a sJ ame sE rne s tS w inya rd . H is n ame a ppea red i n t h e W i l t sh ir e N ew s , 1 9 S ep tembe r 1 930 ( p age 1 6 ,c o lumn 5 )u nde rt h eh ead ing C lay P ipe s N o t Wan t ed . T he c o lumn r e ad s : ' The d ec l ine i nf a vou r o ft h e o nce p opu la rc l ay p ipe h a s l e d Mr . J ame s E rne s t Sw inya rd , w ho h a s m ade p i pe s a t B o l ton f o r m any y ea r s , t og i ve u p h i s b u s ine s s . M r S w inya rd i s7 5 . H i s f a the r ,g randf a the ra nd g r ea t -g randf a the r ,a l m ade p ipe s i nL ondon ' ( Lewcun 1 990 , 2 1) .

2 8

I tm ay b e a s sumed t h a t at e chno logy s im i la r t o t h a t u sed t op roduce mou ld -made p ipec lay f i gur ine s f r om a t l e a s tt h e 1 7 th c en tury w a s emp loyed i n mak ing t obacco p ipe mou ld s . S uch f i gu r ine s a r e k nown f r om a s i te a t A ldga te , L ondon (We ins te in 1 984 , 1 22 -124 ) . O ne e xamp le d a ted c . 1680 i s mou lded i nt h ei mage o f aman w ea r ing ab adge . We ins te in s ugge s t st h eb adge c ou ld b e t h e s i gn e i the r o f t h e w ea re r o r p e rhap s t h e make r , a s s im i la r ma rk s o ccur red o n c on tempo ra ry c l ay p ipe s . .

s i lve r sm i th ing r a the r t h an p ipemak ing may h ave b een t h e ma jo r s ou rce o fh i s p ro spe r i ty . S im i la r i sp robab ly t r ue o ft h ee n te rp r ise s f o l lowed b yR icha rd J one s w h ich i nt h e ma in t e nded t owa rds mou ld ing a nd i r onmonge ry r a the r t h an p ipemak ing . A s t ot h e n umbe ro fp ipemou ld s owned b y p ipemake r s g ene ra l ly , O swa ld , c i t ing f r om R and le H o lme 's A cademy o fA rmory ( 1688 ) ,s ugge s t st h a te i gh td i f f e ren t s t y le s o f mou ld w e re m en t ioned i nt h et r ea t ice a sb e ing i n c ur ren t u se ( O swa ld 1 985 , 7 -9 ) . O swa ld c onc lude s t h a t f r om o the r d ocumen ta ry s ou rce s , a max imum o f t e n mou lds w e re u sed b y 1 8 th c en tu ry p ipemake r s . F o r t h e l a rge r 1 9 th c en tury f i rms i ti s a ppa ren t t h a t t o c ompe te o n t h e ma rke t s ucce ssfu l ly , d up l ica te s o fe ach c u r ren t mou ld w e re n eeded t o k eep p roduc t ion t o a s a t isfac to ry l e ve l . We a r e t o ld , f o r i n s tance , t h a t a d ozen c op ie s o f o ne p a r t icu la r mou ld n ew ly c omm is s ioned i n 1 894 b y t h e Manche s te r p ipemake r S amue l McLa rdy w ou ld h ave t o b e made b efo re o pe ra t ions c ou ld c ommence ( Hammond 1 985 , 4 5 ) . McLa rdy 's s t ock o fp ipe mou lds r an t oo ve r5 00 s t o red i n r a ck s a nd n umbe red , t o w h ich h e w a s c ons tan t ly a dd ing t ot h e s t ock .

A l though s ome 1 7 th c en tury f i gu r ine s may h ave b een p roduced b y p ipemake r s , t h e u se o fp ipec lay t of a sh ion s t a tue s c ome s f r om amuch o lde rt r ad i t ion a se xamp led b y ap i pec lay h ead f ound i n E xe te r C a thed ra l a nd p robab ly d a t ing t o t h e 1 5 th c en tury ( O swa ld 1 984b , 2 93 ) . T he re i s , h oweve r , o ne d ocumen ta ted c a se o f a t o bacco p ipemake r , R ober t H enshe r o f Moun t S t ree t , B e thna l G reen , / 7 . c . 1897 -99 , ma rke t ing s uch s t a tue s d ur ing ' s lack t imes ' i nt h e l a te 1 9 th c en tu ry . T he s t a tue i nq ue s t ion w a s o f ab oy u r ina t ing a nd w a s t h e s ub jec t o f ar a id o n H enshe r 's h ouse b y t h e p o l ice , w ho w e re t o p r e s s c ha rge s , p re sumab ly o n t h e g round s o f o bscen i ty . T he c a se w a s l a te r d ropped b y t h e Gu i ldha l l J u s t ice s w hen t h e d ef ence f ound o u t t h a t as im i la rc a se h ad b een d i sm issed a tt h e Gu i ldha l l a bou t f i f ty y ea r s b efo re , w hen as t a tue w a s p roved t oh ave b een ac opy o f t h e ` Manneken P i s ' i n B rus se ls , c a s t b y J e rome D uquesnoy i n1 619 ( Henshe r 1 987 ) . T he H enshe r s a l so m ade a n ima ted s t a tue t te s ; o ne o ft h e ir b e s t s e l le r s w a s af a i ry p a in ted a nd d res sed b y o u t s ide w o rke r s .

A n a s se ssmen t o ft h e n umbe r o f mou lds o wned b y t h e W i l l iam s f am i ly o f N ew ing ton , w h ich i sp e rhap s t h e b e s t r ep re sen ted p ipe s hop a s r e ga rd s k nown p roduc t s , s how s t h a t b e tween c . 1822 a nd c . 1864 a t l e a s t 1 8 d i f f e ren t mou lds w e re e mp loyed ( s ee F igs 1 -14 ) . T he se f i gu re s o n ly a pp ly t o p ipe s d ef in i te ly ma rked w i th t h e n ame o f W i l l iams a nd n o t t o p ipes b ea r ing s pu r i n i t ia ls t h a t m ay o r m ay n o t b e a t t r ibu ted t o t h e f am i ly . T h is i sl i ke ly t o b e a n u nde res t ima ted f i gu re c ons ide r ing t h a t i te ncompa s se s s i x k nown W i l l iams make r s i n t h e a r ea . T he p roduc t s o f t h is f am i ly a nd o the r r ep re sen ta t ive f i nd s f r om t h e N ew ing ton i n du s t ry a r e d e sc r ibed b e low . U n le s s o t he rw ise s t a ted , t h e p ipe i lu s t ra t ion s w e re d rawn b y t h e w r i te r a nd a r e d ep ic ted l i f e s i ze .

D eco ra t ions o n mou lds c ou ld e i the r h ave b een c a s t , p unched o r e ng raved . W i th c a s t i r on mou ld s , av e ry f i ne s and w ou ld h ave b een d e s irab le f o r p roduc ing i n t r ica te d eco ra t ions . Mou lds w rough tf r om b ra ss w ou ld h ave t h e a dvan tage o ve r i r on w i th r e ga rd s e ng rav ing , b ra s s b e ing much e a s ie r t oc u t . I t i s p o s s ib le t h a t s ome o f t h e mo re e s tab l ished N ew ing ton p ipemak ing c once rn s l i ke t ho se o f t h e B lunde l ls ,t h eJ ews te r s , t h eW i l l iams o rt h eB oud s , m ay h ave e mp loyed e ng rave r s o rd i e s i nke r s i ns i tu t oc a r ry o u te ng rav ing w o rk o n mou ld s a nd p ipe b ow l s t ampe r s . A s mo s t o ft h e p ipe manufac tu r ing s hop s i nt h e p a r ish w e re s ma l l -sca le ,i ts eems mo re l i ke ly t h a tc omm iss ions o ft h is k i nd w e re t a ken o n b y l o ca l e ng rav ing s hop s . A n umbe r o f s ea l e ng rave r s w e re f ound n amed i n 1 9 th c en tu ry N ew ing ton p a r ish r eg is te r s a nd may h ave b een c apab le o f s uch w o rk . T he e ng rave r T homa s B ew ick ( 1753 -1828 ) w ho l i ved f o r ap e r iod i nL ondon , g ive s i n h i s m emo ir s ap er t inen t d e sc r ip t ion o f j ob s w h ich f o rmed t h e s t ock in t rade o f h i s ma s te r 's b us ine ss i n N ewca s t le d ur ing t h e 1 760 s a nd 7 0 s ; t h e w o rk i n c luded t h e e ng rav ing o f c oa r se s t ee l s t amp s , p ipe mou ld s , m e ta l mou ld s i n to w h ich b o t t le s w e re b lown a nd b ookb inde r s ' l e t te r s a nd s t amp s (Week ley 1 96 1 , 4 7 ; x x ) .

8 . T he P ipe s a nd t he ir I den t if iab le Maker s 1 6 th a nd 1 7 th C en tur ie s A n e xamp le o f ap ipe d a ted t o t h e t ime o f E l izabe th f ound i nN ew ing ton i sn o ted i n ap a r t ly b urn tc a ta logue b e long ing t ot h eC um ing Museum , Wa lwor th .T he e n t ry r e ad s ' C lay P ipe , t emp . E l izabe th . F ound i nt h e S u r rey Z oo log ica l G dns . ( Mano r P lace , Wa lwo r th ) C 5 0 13 , C a se 6 3 ' . U nfor tuna te ly , t h e museum s uf f e red d amage d ur ing t h e l a s t Wa r a nd t h is p i pe c anno t n ow b e i d en t if ied . A s a l ready t o uched u pon i nt h e s e c t ion ' The P o t te ry I ndus t ry r e la t ive t o P ipemak ing ' , t h e re i sn o d ocumen ta ry e v idence a va i lab le t o s how t h a t t h e re e x is ted a n e a r l ie r p ipemak ing i n dus t ry i n N ew ing ton t h an t h e o ne l o ca ted i nt h e n e ighbou r ing p a r ish o f S t . S av iou r s w h ich s e emed t oh ave b egun i nt h e 1 620 s .

I t i s n o t e a sy t o s ay i f R icha rd J one s ' p ipemak ing a c t iv i t ie s t o ok p recedence o ve r h i s o the r t r ade s . I n i n s tances o f p ipemake r s l e ad ing d ua l o ccupa t ions , t h e p i pemak ing s i de w a s o f ten c a r r ied o u t a s as upp lemen t t ot h e o the r . Wa lke r , i n m en t ion ing A . C ogh i l l ( no ted a bove ) s ugge s t s t h a t h i s o the r e n te rp r ise o f

2 9

3 0

1 8 th C en tury

F ig . 1 9 n o s 2 t o 4 p rov ide e xamp le s o f p ipe s t ypo log ica l ly f i t ted t o t h e p e r iod c . 16 10 -40 ( c f A tk in son & O swa ld 1 969 , 1 78 , T ype 4a nd 5 )a nd w e re f ound a tt h e C hauce r H ou se s i te s i tua ted o n t h e p a r ish o u t sk i r t s ( F ig . 2 2 ) . T he w hee l a nd p e l le tb a se s t amp i s w ide ly k nown , t hough t h e b ow l s t y le s t h a t c a r ry t h e ma rk s a r e e s sen t ia l ly o f aL ondon t y pe . S im i la r f r om C a lve r t 's B u i ld ing s i n S ou thwa rk S t ree t ( DGLA , CB 8 3 /5021) ; C he s te r , I p sw ich , L inco ln sh i re , Y o rk sh i re ( Davey a nd R u t te r 1 980 , 1 02 ) ; G oda lm ing ,R e iga te a nd C royon i n S u r rey ( H igg in s 1 981 , 1 98 ) . O ne e xamp le w a s u nea r thed i n a n Ame r ican g rave f i l l ing d a ted t o c . 1622 ( Hume 1 979 , 3 2 ) .

H en ry B lund e l l ( 3 ) L ondon p ipe sf r om t h i sp e r iod ma rked H /B o n t h e s pu r c an r e ad i ly b e i d en t if ied a sp roduc t s o fH en ry B lunde l l ( 3 ) f l . c . 1 745+ . S eve ra l o f h i s p l a in a nd a rmo r ia l ly d eco ra ted b ow l s h ave b een f ound i n e xcava t ions a t C hauce r H ou se , T aba rd S t ree t ( f o rme r ly K en t S t ree t ) c a r r ied o u t b y t h e D epa r tmen t o f G rea te r L ondon A rchaeo logy ( pape rf o r thcom ing ) . T he f o l low ing b ow l s i n i t ia l led H /B a r e t a ken f r om t h e l i s to fp ipe s f ound o n t h e s i te ( i nfo . K ie ron H ea rd , DGLA ) . S i te : CH75 N o . 2U n s t ra t if ied

1 7 th c en tu ry p ipe s a r e a l so l i s ted i n t h e mu seum c a ta logue : ` C 8 676 ' P ipe b ow l ,o fc l ay ,t emp . C ha s . 1 . D eans R ow , Wa lwo r th . D rawe r 3 0 ' a nd ' C lay p ipe , t emp . C ha s . 1 . F ound i n S u r rey Z oo log ica l G dn s . C 5 0 13 , C a se 6 3 ' . Aga in , t h e se f i nd sc ou ld n o tb el o ca ted i nt h e m u seum . P ipe s o ft h i s p e r iod w e re f ound a tt h e k i ln s i te a tA rcad ia B u i ld ing s d a ted t ot h e l a s t q ua r te r o f t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ( c f A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 , L ondon t y pe 1 5 ) .E xamp le sa r ei lu s t ra t ed b y A .P eacey ( 1982 , 6 ;s e e a l so F ig . 7-d raw ing s b yA . P eacey ) a nd a r e a l l s pu r red r a the r t h an f l a t b a sed a nd t yp ica l ly o f t h e t ime , t h e b ow l l i p s a r e r ou le t ted . F u r the r e xamp le s c an b e s e en o n d i sp lay i nt h e Mu seum o fL ondon i na c ab ine t s how ing ar e con s t ruc t ion o ft h e K i ln s i te . T he p o s s ib le o ccup ie r s o f t h e k i ln c ou ld h ave b een t h e B lunde l l f am i ly w ho a r e r e co rded w o rk ing i n N ew ing ton f r om c . 1681/2 u n t i la tl e a s tt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry . H en ry B lunde l l ( 3 )f t . c .1 745+ i sr e co rded s pec if ica l ly a tU n ico rn A l ley , K en t S t ree t ( S IP ) w h ich i sc l o se t o t h e A r cad ia B u i ld ing s k i ln s i te . S a rah B lunde l l , f l . c . 1797 -99 ( N IE ) i sa l so n amed a sl i v ing i nK en t S t ree t ( s ee B iog raph ie s ) .

H . B . O ne L t ype 2 5 b ow l ( c f A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 ,180 ) .

N o . 2 a

H . B . Two e xamp le s o f Lt ype 1 2 ( c f O swa ld 1 975 , 3 9 ) .

N o . 2 b U n s t ra t if ied

H . B . Two e xamp le s o f b ow ls b ea r ing t h e Wa te rman 's A rm s .

N o . 2 c U n s t ra t if ied

H . B . B ow l d eco ra ted w i th t h e Hanovar ian A rms ; p oor mou ld ing . ( s ee F ig . 1 9 , n o . 5 ) .

Two f u r the r e xamp le s w e re f ound a t e xcava t ion s i n We s tm in s te r B r idge R oad , L ambe th ( i nfo . K . H ea rd , DGLA ) : S i te : LAM 1 07 N o . 3 2 H . B . Two L t y pe 1 2 b ow l s ( c f . O swa ld 1 975 , 3 9 ) . S im i la r H /B m a rked b ow ls h ave b een p i cked u p f r om t h e T hame s f o re sho re o n t h e S ou thwa rk b ank ( CAT c o l l . ) -s e e F ig . 8n o . 1 (Wa te rman 's A rm s ) ; n o . 2 ( P r ince o f Wa le s F ea the r s ) ; n o . 3( p la in b ow l ) ; a nd n o . 4( poo r ly mou lded a rmo r ia l w i th L ion a nd D ragon s uppo r te r s ) ; n o . 5w a s f ound i nC i ty e xcava t ions ( M IT 8 6 1 9 , ML ) ; s t amp o f I . B lunde l l o f w hom n o i n fo rma t ion i sk nown . A n a rmo r ia l p ipe b y B lunde l l i s i lu s tra ted b y A tk in son a nd O swa ld ( 1969 , 1 98 ) t h en i n t h e C u s tody o f G u i ldha l l Museum s how ing a c o r rup t v e r s ion o f t h e a rm s o f W i l l iam I I . T he a rm s a r e d e sc r ibed a s ' as h ie ld s u rmoun ted b y ac r own , aC ro s s f l eu r ie i nt h e f i r s tq ua r te r , as a l t i re c ro s s i nt h e s e cond , a h a rp i n t h e t h i rd a nd t h r ee l i on s p a s san t l e f t . I ne scu tcheon o ve ra l l . S uppo r te r s L ion a nd D ragon ' ( c f F ig . 8n o . 4b e low ) . L e C hem inan t ( 1981 , 1 25 -126 ) i n c lude s p ho tog raph s o f o the r H /B ma rked p ipe s w i th o ne b ea r ing a v e r s ion o f t h e Wa te rman 's A rm s , ( No . 3 3 ) a nd a no the r s how ing ' ab e -w igged man i n al oo se s h i r t a nd b reeche s a bou t t oh u r l ac hee se a tn i nep in s ' ( No . 3 5 ) . A l though o n ly af r agmen t o f t h i s b ow l w a s f ound a tP au l 's Wha r f , L e C hem inan t r ema rk s t h a t a n i d en t ica l b ow l w i th a s qua re s pu r m a rked H /B w a s f ound a tW i l l iam H ea th 's k i ln s u r round s a tB ren t fo rd .

I ti sp l au s ib le t h a t s ucce s s ive g ene ra t ion s o fB lunde l l s l i ved a nd wo rked i n t h e v i c in i ty . H en ry a nd J ohn B lunde l l , b o th ' o fS t . Ma ry , N ew ing ton ' w e re w o rk ing c .1 681 /2 ( SQS ) wh ich t i e s i nw e l l w i th t h e e s t ima ted d a te o ft h e k i ln . I ti si n te re s t ing t h a t P ea cey ( 1982 , 3 ) s t a te st h a tt h e re i se v idence o fa ne a r l ie rk i ln o nt h e s i te ' i n t h e f o rm o f af r agmen ta ry f l ue b a se s ea led b enea th t h e k i ln o ne a nd t wo c omp lex ' . F ew t r ade s a r eg i ven i n 1 7 th c en tu ry N ew ing ton r e co rd s a nd a ny p ipemake r s o ccupy ing t h e k i ln p r ev iou s t o t h i s d a te r ema in i n cogn i to . F ig . 1 9 n o . 1i sa n L .T ype 1 5 , c . 1660 -80 ( c f A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 , 1 78 ) .T he s t em ( n ea r ly c omp le te )h a s b een u nu sua l ly s haped b y af i nge r a nd t h umb p inch ing t h e c l ay . T he b o re s e em s t oh ave s u rv ived t h i s p roce s s s ugge s t ing t ha t t h e mou lde r 's w i re w a s i n se r ted a tt h e t ime ( i nfo . K . H ea rd DGLA ) . F rom e xcava t ion s a t C hauce r Hou se , T aba rd S t ree t . A s im i la r s t em i s l u s t ra ted b y D uco ( 1981 , 2 48 ) o n aD u tch p ipe . H e c ommen t st ha tt h e mou ld ing w a sd one b o th h o r izon ta l ly a nd v e r t ica l ly p roduc ing a' t o r tuou s ' e f f ec t , w h ich m ay h ave d e r ived f r om ap a t te rn o nf ur n i tu re l e g sp opu la ri n H o l land d u r ing t h e 1 650 s .

N umbe r s o f p l a in , H /B l e t te red b ow l s h ave b een

3 1

r e co rded f r om v a r iou s e xcava t ions i n S ou thwa rk , n o tab ly , 6 e xamp le s c . 1 740 -1800 f r om a d i g a t 2 0 1-2 11 B o rough H igh S t ree t( Be lche r 1 978 , 1 50 151) .

N o . 1 3 L I .

O ne L t ype 2 7 b ow l ( c f A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 , 1 80 ) ( s i te CH 7 5 ) .

N o . 3 7

J . J .

O ne L t ype 2 8 b ow l ' b ea r ing ab ad ly mou lded e a r s o f w hea t d e s ign o n t h e f r on t a nd b ack ' . ( s i te LAM 1 07 ) .

N o . 5 2

L I .

O ne L t ype 2 5 b ow l ( s i te LAM 4 48 ) .

1 9 th a nd 2 0 th C en tur ie s J ohn J ew s t er ( 1 , 2& 3 ? ) T he c a ta logue a tt h e C um ing Mu seum i n c lude s e n t r ie s r e la t ing t o 1 9 th C en tu ry N ew ing ton p ipemake r s . T he f i r s t o f t h e se i sn umbe red C 8695 a nd r e ad s ' P ipe o f C lay B rew s te r , K en tS t ree t 1 8 18 . D rawe r 3 0 ' . T he p ipe c ou ld n o t b e l o ca ted . T h is i s am is in te rp re ta t ion o ft h e n ame J ew s te r . P o s s ib ly t h ree p i pemake r s o ft h i s n ame w o rked a tR oya l O ak Y a rd a nd l a te r 2 95 K en t S t ree t b e tween c . 1 778 -c .1 862 ( s ee B iog raph ie s ) . Mo s t o f t h ek nown J ew s te rs t amped p ipe st y po log ica l ly r e la te t o t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . Ac omp le te p i pe s t amped J E WSTER LONDON ( F ig . 9 ) w a s f ound i n ab roken c ond i t ion b eh ind ah ea r th a tW i l ley P a rk F a rm , C a te rham a l ong w i th a no the r c omp le te , b roken p ipe m a rked R /C p e rhap s b y R obe r t C orney I o fC roydon ( 1787 -1868 ) . B o th p ipe s p robab ly b e long t ot h e p e r iod c . 1810 1850 ( H igg in s 1 985 , 4 05 ) . T he p i pe b y J ew s te r h a s as t em l e ng th o f 3 64 mm . T he m ou thp iece h ad b een t r ea ted w i th r e d w ax . As im i la r ly s t amped p i pe , t h ough w i th a s t a ro n t h e s pu re x is t s i nt h e Mu seum o fL ondon ( COL 8 1 4 1) .O swa ld ( 1975 , 6 9 )s how sa no the rb ow ls t amped J E WSTER KENT S Ta nd a' s ta rw i th m a son 's c ompa s s a bove ' , d a ted t oc .1 820 -40 i nt h e c u s tody o ft h e W i l ls Mu seum , B r is to l ( Ha r r is C o l l . L ondon ) . O swa ld r ema rk st h a t ' h i sp ipe so ccu ro n m any L ondon s i te s ' . A p ipe w i th a n a ppa ren t ly i d en t ica l s t amp w a s f ound a t e xcava t ion s i n Wa t l ing C ou r t , 4 1-53 C annon S t ree t , L ondon w i th a s pu r ma rked I i , c . 1 805 -25 , C a t . N o . 1 236 ( Na t iona l S t amp C a ta logue , L ive rpoo l U n ive r s i ty -i n fo - D . H igg in s ) . O swa ld i d en t if ie s 5 2 e xamp le s o f 1 / 1 s pu r -ma rked p ipe s , d a ted 1 790 -1820 f r om ac e l la r , N ewcomen S t ree t w i th J ew s te r , a l though n one w e re s t amped o n t h e b ow l ( Re sear ch P aper s o ft h e S urr ey A r chaeo log ica l S oc ie ty 5 ' Excava t ion s i n S ou thwa rk ' K a th leen M . K enyon 1 959 ) . T he f o l low ing p ipe s , d i scove red a t t h e C hauce r H ou se e xcava t ion s , S ou thwa rk , ( CH 7 5 ) a nd t h e s i te s o f 1 29 162 We s tm in s te r B r idge R oad a nd 4 t o 1 0 L owe r Ma r sh , L ambe th ( LAM 1 07 ; LAM 4 48 ) c ou ld b e a t t r ibu ted t o J ohn J ew s te r a l though t h e re a r e an umbe r o f o t he r p o s s ib le m ake r s ( i nfo . K . H ea rd DGLA ) . N o . 1 2

L I .

O the r k nown p ipe s b y J ews te r f o und o u t s ide t h e S ou thwa rk a r ea a r e :o ne s t em f r agmen t , mou ld i mpa r ted w i th J E WSTER / ( KENT ) S TREET o n e ach s i de . T he s pu r i si n i t ia l led I / J ; f r om a s po r t s g round , L ong s tone A ve . , H a r le sden , NW 10 , CAT c o l l . ( F ig . 1 0 n o . 5 ) . A b ow l s t amped ( JE ) WSTER i s r e co rded b y H igg in s , f r om K ing s ton , S u r rey ( 1981 , 2 23 ) . F ig . 1 0 , n o s . 1t o4 a r e e xamp le s o f J ew s te r s t amped p i pe s f r om t h e T hame s , L ondon ( CAT c o l l . ) . No s . 1a nd 2a r e LT ype 2 7 b ow l s t y le s ( c f A tk in son & O swa ld 1 969 , 1 80 ) d a t ing p e rhap s c .1 790 -1830 . No s . 3a nd 4a r e s l igh t ly l a te r , c . 18 10 -50 . T he W i l l iam s F am i ly P ipe s f r om t h i s f am i ly a r e r ep re sen ted i n s eve ra l L ondon c o l lec t ion s . T he re i s as t em f r agmen t a mong s t t h e G u i ldha l l c o l lec t ion , n ow k ep t a tt h e Museum o f L ondon ,m a rked (W I )LL IAMS KENT S T .t o ge the rw i th a W/ W m a rked b ow l f r om S ou thwa rk ( No . 2 3821 , G a rne rC o l l . ) -s e e F ig . 1 , n o . 3 . Wa lke r ( 1981b , 1 85 ) d e sc r ibe s a nd i lu s t ra te s ama rked s t em w i th ' s ty l i sed f l o ra l d e s ign ' b ea r ing t h e i n sc r ip t ion W ILL IAMS KENT S TREET LONDON i nr e l ief , f r om e xcava t ion s a t 1 29 L ambe th R oad ( n ea r L ambe th B r idge ) c a r r ied o u t b y t h e S ou thwa rk A rchaeo log ica l E xcava t ion C omm i t tee . F u r the r e xamp le s a r e r e co rded b y H igg in s ( 1981 , 2 07 ) w ho r ema rk s t h a t a b ow l s t amped WILL ( IAMS ) w i th t h eC i ty o fL ondon a rm s w a s f ound a tG oda lm ing a nd 1 7p i pe s m a rked WILL IAMS KENT S T LONDON a r e k nown f r om Ewe l l , S u r rey ( H igg in s 1 981 , 2 30 ) . H igg ins ( P /C ) a l so n o te s ad up l ica te m a rk t o t h i s f r om e xcava t ion s a t Wa t l ing C ou r t , 4 1-53 C annon S t r ee t (Wa t 7 8 , c on tex t 8 6 ; Museum o f L ondon ) w i th ' l ea f a nd a r row ' d eco ra t ion a l ong t h e s t em . A no the r s t em m a rk f r om I vo r , B uck ingham sh i r e ( A tk inson c o l ! . ) i sd e sc r ibed b y O swa ld ( 1975 , 8 0 ) a s ' W i l l iam W i l l iam s , K en t S t ree t , L ondon ; F u l l n ame o n ap ipe ' .

O ne L t y pe 2 5 b ow l ( c f A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 , 1 80 ) ( s i te CH 7 5 ) .

P e rhap st h em o s ti n te re s t ing p roduc tf r om t h eW i l l iam s ' w o rk shop i s r e f e red t o i n t h e C um ing Mu seum

F ig . 8( oppo s i te ) : P ipe s mad e b y t h e B lund e l lf am i ly , c .1 750 -1820 . S ca le : 1 / 1 . I . A rm s o ft h e Wa te rmen , c .1 750 -80 ( CAT c o l l . C 12 ,4 , 13 ) 2 . P r ince o f Wa le s f e a the r s , c .1 750 -80 ( CAT c o l l . C 12 ,6 ,9 ) 3 . P la in b ow l l e t te red H /B c .1 750 -80 ( CAT c o l l . ; T hame s ) 4 . A rmo r ia l s h ie ld w i th L ion a nd D ragon s uppo r te r s c .1 750 -80 ( CAT c o l l . C 2 ,8 ,5 ) 5 . B ow l s t amp o fB lunde l l ; 1 / B o n s pu r ; c .1 790 1820 ( C i ty e xcava t ion s : M IT 8 6 1 9 , ML ) 6 . P r ince o f Wa le s f e a the r s w i th in c i rcu la r f r ame o r g a r te r c .1 750 -80 ( CAT c o l l . C 2 ,3 , 1)

3 2

C D

5

F ig . 8 :P ipe s made b y t h e B lund e l lf am i ly c .1 750 -1820 .

3 3

F ig . 9 : C omp le te p ipe b y J .J ew s ter c .1 810 -50 f rom C a terham , S urr ey ; d raw ing b y D . H igg ins . S ca le :

3 4

1/ 1.

F ig . 1 0 : P ipes b y J .J ew s ter , c .1 790 -1850 . S ca l e : 1 / 1 . 1 . B ow l s t amp s how ing m a son ic e mb lem ( CAT c o l l . C 12 ,6 ,9 ) 2 . J ew s te r s t amp i nf o l ia ted c i r c le ( CAT c o l l . C 12 ,6 ,10 ) 3 . J ew s te r / K en t S t ; s t a r s o n s pu r ( R .L . C hem inan t c o l l . ) 4 . J ew s te r /London ; s t a r s o n s pu r ( C i ty e xcava t ion s , ML ) 5 . Mou ld impa r ted : J ew s te r /Ken t S t( CAT c o l l . C 12 ,4 ,15 )

3 5

c a ta logue a s ` C8719 t o ba cco p ipe o f c l ay ( kno t ted s t em ) p u rcha sed o fT ur ne r , B eckfo rd R ow , Wa lwo r th , 1 826 . D rawe r 3 0 ' . B oge r ( 1895 , 2 4 1) w r i te s o f t h e m ake r o ft h is p ipe i n ap a rag raph d e sc r ib ing t h e ' p ipe o ven s ' o fK en t S t ree t : ' t wo f i rm s w e re c a r ry ing o n t h e t o bacco p ipe t r ade ( i n t h e e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry ) v i z . Me s s r s . Y ew s te r ( s ic ) a nd J .W i l l iam s . T he l a t te r f i rm w a s f ameou s f o r c o i l ing , k no t t ing a nd c u r iou s ly c on to r t ing t h e d e l ica te s t em s , g roup ing t wo o r mo re p ipe s t o ge the r , o rt y ing t h em i no pen k no t s , o rp l a i t ing t h em i n ag ra ce fu l m anne r ' . B oge r c on t inue s w i th a d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e p ipe i n t h e C um ing Mu seum : ' Among t h e p ipe s i nt h is c o l lec t ion i s aT u rk 's h ead ' , o ne w i th t h e s t em t i ed i n ad oub le k no ta nd b ea r ing t h e m ake r 's n ame WILL IAMS KENT S TREET LONDON . T h i s w a s p u r cha sed a bou t t h e y ea r 1 825 o f a t o baccon i s ti nw ho se w indow i th ad l o ng h ung a s as o r t o fc ur io s i ty ' . I n a l p robab i l i ty , t h is p ipe w a s i d en t ica l t o a no the r k no t ted T u rk 's h ead p ipe f ound i n t h e T hame s a tH amme r sm i th , J a rzembows l c i c o l l . ( F ig . 1 , n o . 2 ) . A no the r w r i te r , K n igh t ( 184 1-44 , 3 95 ) make s a p e r t inen t s t a temen t a bou t t h is s t y le o f p ipe w hen t o uch ing o n t h e ' f ine a nd e l egan t s hop s p r e sen ted t o v i ew i n t h e s t ree t s o f L ondon . T he t o baccon is t , a bandon ing t h e t w i s ted c l ay p ipe s a nd t h e p ig t a i l t o bacco o f f o rme r d ay s , d i sp lay s h i s e l egan t s nuf f -boxe s , c i ga r c a se s , m ee r schaum s a nd h ookah s ' .

p ipe s t a ken a tt h e P .G oedewaagen s t and a tt h e Wo r ld E xh ib i t ion i n P h i lade lph ia i n 1 876 . H e m en t ion s t h a t t h e s t em s o f t h e se p i pe s w e re f a sh ioned b y b end ing t h em a r ound aw ooden b lock o r ag l a s s b o t t le u n t i l t h e r e qu i red n umbe r o f c o i l s w e re m ade . T he b ow l s w e re t h en f e d t h rough t h e c u r ls t op r even t t h em u nw ind ing ( i b id . , 1 85 ) . O ne o t he r e xamp le i sk nown o f ac o i led p ipe ( a bou t 1 5 .25" l o ng ) r e con s t ruc ted i nn ea rc omp le te f o rm f r om b roken f r agmen t s f ound a t a n e xcava t ion i nN ewga te S t ree t , L ondon a nd b ow l s t amped J ONES w i th t h eC i ty o fL ondon s h ie ld . T he p i pe i sc on tempo ra ry o rp o s s ib ly al i t t le e a r l ie r t h an t h e W i l l iam s ' T u rk 's h ead mode l ( i nfo . H igg in s , 1 990 ) . O the r T u rk 's h ead p ipe s w e re m ade b y t h e S ou thwa rk p ipemake r a nd p ipec lay m e rchan t J ame s C r i tchf ie ld , w o rk ing i n t h e B o rough ( s ee F ig . 1 9 n o . 6f r om t h e C hauce r H ou se s i te ; d raw ing f r om DGLA ) . L e C hem inan t s how s a n e xamp le o f o ne o f C r i tchf ie ld 's p ipe s ( 1981 , 1 49 ) . S im i la r d e s ign s w e re m ade b y a b ranch o ft h e S w inya rd f am i ly , w o rk ing i nG u i ldfo rd , S u r rey ( H igg ins 1 981 , 2 50 ) , W i l l iam H ense l l ,f l . c . 1825 -c . 1853 f r om N o rw ich (Woodcock 1 985 , 3 25 -326 ) a nd T homa s E dwa rd s o f N o t t ingham f l . 1 8 14 1834 ( Hammond 1 982 ,3 6 -37 ) . O nt h ea va i lab le d ocumen ta ry e v idence , t h e m a jo r i ty o f T u rk 's h ead -mou lded p i pe s w e re m ade b e tween c . 1810 -1850 . O ne s uch p ipe f ound o nt h eT hame sS ou thwa rk f o resho r ei n1 989 ( Hammond c o l l . ) ,a l though n o tb ea r ing amake r 's n ame ,i si n sc r ibed w i th t h e n ame ' Ome r P acha ' i nr e l ie fo n t h e s t em . A n O t toman s o ld ie r ( 1806 -7 1) w a s k nown b y t h a t n ame a nd m a in ly a c t ive i n t h e p o l i t ic s a nd w a r s o f h i s c oun t ry t owa rd s t h e m idd le o f t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry w h ich m ay h ave b een t o o l a te f o r t h e T u rk o n W i l l iams ' p ipe p u r cha sed f o rt h eC um ing Museum i n1 826 .T he T u rk 's h ead h ad b een ap opu la ri mage s i nce t h eo pen ing o ft h e f i r s t L ondon c o f f ee h ou se i n 1 652 , a ppea r ing o n s i gnboa rd sa nd t r ade t oken s ( La rwood a nd H o t ten 1 900 , 4 26 -428 ;L eC hem inan t 1 98 1 , 1 48 ) .L a rwood c ommen t s t h a t t h e s i gn m ay d a te f r om e a r l ie r t ime s , T u rk s b e ing a' c ommon t o p ic o fc onve r sa t ion ' f r om t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry o nwa rd s a nd b ugbea r o f E u ropean n a t ion s . T h is w a s s t i l l t r ue i n t h e e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry . A n e d i t ion o f a p opu la r m agaz ine o f t h e t ime , T he Q ueen B ee p r in ted b y H . F i she r o fL ondon i n 1 821 , f o r e xamp le , g i ve s a v i v id d e sc r ip t ion o f a ' Tu rk ish I mpe r ia l A rmy o f c on t ingen t s f r om t h e V iz i r s , P a sha s , o r t h e G ove rno r s o f P rov ince s ' ( 1 362 ) a nd i n a no the r s e c t ion ( 1072 ) p r in t s a n a ccoun t o f ' Tu rk ish L og ic ' f o r t h e i n te re s t o f t h e r e ade r . T he T u rk 's h ead d e s ign m ay a l so h ave b een a s soc ia ted w i th t o bacco i mpo r ted f r om t h e L evan t , a l though Ma ckenz ie ( 1957 , 2 75 ) s t a te s t h a t T u rk i sh t o bacco w a s n o t w ide ly a pp rec ia ted i n E ng land . T he s ymbo l , a l ong w i th t h e S a racen , t h e I nd ian p r ince a nd t h e Moo r , w a s a l so e mp loyed a s at o ba ccon i s t 's s i gn ( i b id . , 1 90 ) s ot h ee xamp le b y t h e W i l l iam s f am i ly w a s a p t ly p l a ced i nt h e Wa lwor th s hop w indow .

T he p ra c t ise o f c o i l ing s t em s a nd g roup ing p i pe s t o ge the r w a s e s sen t ia l ly a n E ng l i sh f a sh ion , r oo ted i n t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry p o t te ry i n du s t r ie s o f S t a f fo rd sh i re , B r i s to l a nd S wansea . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t t h e v i n tage p e r iod f o rt h e se p ipe s w a s b e tween 1 775 1860 . T hey w e re a ppa ren t ly m a s te rp iece s o fj ou rneymen w ho s ubm i t ted t h em o n t e rm ina t ing t h e i r a pp ren t ice sh ip s ( Rapapor t 1 979 , 3 1-35 ) . Two 1 9 th c en tu ry a ccoun t s r e f e r r ing t o ap a r t icu la r t r ad i t ion a s soc ia ted w i th c o i led p ipe s c an b e f ound i n N o te s a nd Q uer ie s 5 , J anua ry -Decembe r 1 9 19 , X I I S e r ie s , 2 10 ; 3 03 ( BL ) . T he f i r s t a ccoun t , b y H . T . D av i s i sa sf o l low s : ' Yea r s a go i n H exham , N o r thumbe r land w e r e t o b e s e en e xpo sed f o rs a le i nG i le s -Ga te , c l ay t obacco p ipe s w i th t h ree b ow ls a nd t h ree s t em s . T he t h ree s t em s w e re b rough t i n to a c ommon mou th -p iece l o oped a nd i n te r laced w i th s t em s . A n o l d t own sman t o ld m e t h a t t h ey w e re u sed b y p i tmen o n T r in i ty S unday a nd t h a t t h e re w a s ar e l ig iou ss i gn if icance . B eyond t h a th ek new n o th ing -t h ey h ave n o tb een s e en f o ry ea r s . U sua l ly t h e p ipe s w e re o fw h i te c l ay w i th ab rown g l aze a nd b ow ls a nd s t em s r a the r s ma l le r t h an o rd ina ry p ipe s . T he i r v a lue a nd p r ice w e re s ma l l ' . T he s e cond a ccoun t , w r i t ten b y J .W . F awce t t i nr ep ly t ot h e f i r s t , r e la te s : ' Iu sed t oh ave o ne o ft h e se t r ip le p ipe s w h ich h ad b een m ade i nH exham , s ome t ime i n t h e f i r s t q ua r te r o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry ( 180 1-25 ) . Ig o t i t f r om ar e la t ive w ho b e longed t ot h a t t own b u t b eyond b e ing ac u r io s i ty Ic ou ld l e a rn n o mo re a bou t i t ' . C o i led p i pe s i n as im i la r v e in w e re m ade b y t h e D u t ch i n t h e 1 9 th a nd 2 0 th c en tu r ie s m a in ly f o r d i sp lay p u rpo se s . T hey w e re a l so a va i lab le t o t r ade r s a nd i n d iv idua l s w ho w e re i n te re s ted i nt h em a s d eco ra t ive p i ece s . D uco ( 1980 , 1 52 ) s how s p ho tog raph s o fc o i led

G iven t h eg ene ra lf a sc ina t ion p r eva len ti nt h ee a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry r e ga rd ing t h e T u rk s , i t wou ld b e u nw ise t o a t t r ibu te e ve ry T u rk 's h ead p ipe t o t h e m an Ome r P a sha .A no the rT u rk 's h ead p i pe w a sa cce s s ioned t ot h e

3 6

C ap t ion s f o r F ig s 1 -16 , p age s 3 8 -43 . F ig . 1 : K i ln p i ece a nd p ipe s o ft h e W i l l iam sf am i ly , c .1 820 -60 . S ca le : 1 / 1 . 1 .S t em l e t te red W ILL IAMS e mbedded i nk i ln p i ece ; f r om t h e T hame s ( CAT c o l l . ) 2 .F ragmen t o fc o i led p i pe ; f r om t h e T hame s c .1 8 10 -40 ( J a r zembow sk i c o l l . ) 3 . W/W m a rked b ow l ; Mu seum o fL ondon 4 -7 . V a r iou s s t y le s o f m ou ld impa r ted s t em d eco ra t ion s ; f r om t h e T hame s ( CAT c o l l . ) ; n o . 4 :C 4 ,2 1 , 14 ; n o . 5 :C 12 , 1 , 10 ; n o . 6 :C 11 ,2 ,9 ( We s tm in s te r ) ; n o . 7 :C 4 ,46 ,18 8 .C o rn e a r s o n s e am s ; ( CAT c o l l . C 3 ,4 ,10 -B ank s ide )

F ig . 1 2 : P ipe s b y t h e W i l l iam sf am i ly c .1 820 -60 . S ca l e : 1 / 1 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 .

W i l l iam s s t amp w i th C i ty o fL ondon s h ie ld ( CAT c o l l . C 12 ,6 , 11) S im i la r t oa bove t hough w i th c i rcu la r s h ie ld ( P . H ammond c o l l . ) A no the rC i ty s h ie ld d e s ign ( CAT c o l l . C 9 , 1 ,6 -C us tom H ou se ) W i l l iam s s t amped p i pe f r om C i ty o fL ondon e xcava t ion s ( LBT 8 6 184 /56 1 ,ML ) L a rge c or ne a r s o n f r on t s e am ; W i l l iam s /Ken t S t .s tamp ( CAT c o l l . C 10 ,3 , 1 -T owe r B r idge ) O ak l e ave s a nd f e a the r s d e s ign , c .1 840+ ( CAT c o l l . C 12 ,4 , 12 )

7 . E labo ra te P r ince o f Wa le s f e a the r s d e s ign ; W /W o n s pu r ( CAT c o l l . C 10 ,1 ,18 -T owe r B r idge )

F ig . 1 3 : P ipe s b y t h e W i l l iam sf am i ly c .1 820 -60 . S ca l e : 1 / 1 . 1 . S an s s e r if l e t te r ing ; s h ie ld d e s ign s o n s pu r ; c .1 835+ ( P . H ammond c o l l . ) 2 . S im i la r s t amp ; d i f f e ren t b ow l s hape ( CAT c o l l . C 12 ,7 , 1) 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 .

Mou ld rou le t ted b ow l ; W i l l iam s / L ondon i ns h ie ld ( R . L .C hem inan t c o l l . ) S im i la r m a rk o n d i f f e ren t s t y le o fb ow l ( P . H ammond c o l l . ) C i rcu la r s t amp w i th f l owe r s ymbo l ; s im i la r u sed b y J ew s te r ( P . H ammond c o l l . ) S im i la r s t amp t on o . 5 ,t h ough o n ad i f f e ren t b ow l s t y le ( CAT c o l l . C 8 ,3 ,9 -T r ig L ane S t a ir s )

7 . S im i la r t on o . 5 ,i mpa r ted o n as pu r red b ow l ( R . L .C hem inan t c o l l . ) 8 . S im i la r t on o . 5 ,i mpa r ted o n af o rwa rd s l op ing b ow l ( CAT c o l l . C 4 ,44 ,4 )

F ig . 1 4 : P ipe s a t tr ibu tab le t ot h e W i l l iam sf am i ly c .1 820 -60 . S ca l e : 1 / 1 . 1 . W i l l iam s /K en t S t ree t ; m a son ic t h eme ( c f . F ig . 1 0 , n o . 1 ) 2 . O ak l e ave s o n s eam s ( CAT c o l l . C 4 ,20 ,7 ) 3 . Sma l l W /W b ow l ( CAT c o l l . C 3 ,17 ,5 -F e s t iva l P i e r ) 4 . C rude ly m ou lded c o rn e a r s o n s e am s ( CAT c o l l . C 4 ,22 ,3 ) 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 .

O aken t h eme o n s e am s ( CAT c o l l . C 12 ,7 ,2 ) Mou ld impa r ted r ou le t t ing ( CAT c o l l . C 4 ,30 ,16 ) S im i la r t oa bove , w i th p e l le t s ( CAT c o l l . C 4 ,43 , 14 ) O aken t h eme o n s e am s , c .1 840+ ( CAT c o l l . C 4 ,47 , 10 )

F ig . 1 5 : P ipes m ad e b y W . B oud ( 1o r2 )c .1 870 -1905 . S ca le : 1 / 1 . 1 . F oo tba l l a nd b oo t b enea th b ow l ( R . L .C hem inan t c o l l . ) 2 . P ipe c ommemo ra t ing t h e 1 897 D iamond J ub i le e o fQ ueen V ic to r ia ; a l so s how ing t h e P r ince o f Wa le s ( P . H ammond c o l l . ) . S im i la r i n CAT c o l l . ( C 12 ,7 ,3 ) 3 . F o rwa rd s l op ing b ow l ; m ou ld impa r ted r ou le t t ing ( CAT c o l l . C 3 ,20 ,5 ) 4 . S t em f r om i d en t ica l b ow l ( CAT c o l l . C 4 ,4 1 ,16 )

F ig . 1 6 : P ipe s b y W . B oud ( 1o r2 )c .1 870 -1905 . S ca le : 1 / 1 . 1 . B la ck p i pe s t em ( CAT c o l l . C 3 ,27 ,9 ) 2 . ' A l ly S l ope r ' s t y le p i pe ; m ou ld impa r ted r ou le t t ing ( CAT c o l l . C 12 ,7 ,4 ) 3 . ` RAOB ' d e s ign ( R . L .C hem inan t c o l l . ) 4 . R eg i s te red ' 1 2A0B ' d e s ign ( 1880 ) ; d r aw ing P .H ammond 5 . Ac omp le te ` RAOB ' p i pe ( P . C raze c o l l . ) 6 . F ru i t a nd f o l iage d e s ign ( P . H ammond c o l l . )

3 7

F ig . 1: K i ln p i ece a nd p ipe s o ft h e W i l l iam sf am i ly c .1 820 -60 .

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F ig . 1 2 : P ipes b y t h e W i l l iams f am i ly c .1 820 -60 .

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d i scu s se s t h o se m ade b y J .H a r r i son o f H ighga te a nd s t a te s t h a t i tw a s c ommon ly b e l ieved a nd p robab ly e r roneou s ly , t h a t g raph i te w a s u sed b y H a r r i son t o p roduce t h e ' b lack lead ' f i n ish . H a r ley s ugge s t s t h a t m angane se d i ox ide w a s t h e med ium mo s t l i ke ly u sed . D uco r e co rd s t h a t i nH o l land t oo , b l a ck p ipe s b egan t o b e mo re c ommon ly m ade f r om t h e m id 1 9 th c en tu ry , t h e c o lou r b e ing e f f ec ted b y w o rmwood a nd a l de r s moke o ro ak w ood s hav ing s p l a ced i n s ide t h e s a gge r s d u r ing f i r ing ( 1980 , 1 95 ) .

C um ing Museum i n 1 846 ( C8776 ) a nd i s n o ted a s b e ing a ' Toba cco p ipe , b aked c l ay , g l azed , S t a f fo rd sh i re ' . T he s t em i s c omp le te b u t b ea r s n o i n scr ip t ion ( F ig . 2 0 , n o .1) . F ig s 1 t o 1 4 r e p re sen t t h e k nown p ipe s t y le s a nd s t amp s u sed b y t h e W i l l iams f am i ly c .1 820 -60 , m a in ly b y W i l l iam W i l l iam s . F ig . 1 , n o . 1i s as e c t ion o fk i ln m a te r ia l f ound n ea r Wa te r loo D ock ( CAT c o l l . ) ; w e igh t : 1 40 gms ; b ody : h a r sh , r ough ly -g round c l ay . T he t o p e dge i sd a rk p u rp le -b rown a nd c ongea led t o c . 1-2 mm , a ppa ren t ly f r om d i rec t f u rnace c on tac t . T he o the re dge sa r ed i sco lou red t o al e s se rd eg ree .T he b ody c on ta in sq ua r tz g ra ins , mod if ied p a r t icu la r ly a r ound a nd b e low t h e v i t r if ied l a ye r . S t em w a s te r s h ave b een i mp lan ted a s f ab r ic s t reng thene r s , o ne l e t te red WILL IAMS i n r e l ief . S t em b o re s : 8 @ 2mm ; 1@ 1 . 75mm . F ig . 1 , n o s . 4t o 7s how v a r iou s d eco ra ted s t em s f r om p ipe s b y W i l l iam s w i th mo t if s t y p ica l o f L ondon p ipe s m ade d u r ing t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e n i ne teen th c en tu ry . I n a dd i t ion , F ig . 1 n o . 8p robab ly d a te s f r om t h i s p e r iod a nd , w i th n o s . 2t o8 ,( F ig . 1 4 ) a nd n o s . 6t o 7( F ig . 1 2 ) a r e r e p re sen ta t ive o f as e r ie s o f WfW ma rked b ow ls w h ich h ave b een c ommon ly f ound a l ong t h e S ou thwa rk b ank o f t h e T hame s ( CAT c o l l . ) . T he b ow l s t amp s s hown i nF ig . 1 2 , n o s . 1t o5 ; F ig . 1 3 , n o s . 1t o 8a nd F ig . 1 4 n o . 1a r ea l so t y p ica l o f L ondon m a rk s f o r t h e p e r iod . S ome , l i ke F ig . 1 3 n o s . 5t o 8a nd F ig . 1 4 n o . 1a r e s im i la r i ns t y le t ot h o se o f J ohn J ew s te r ( s ee a bove ) a nd p e rhap s c u t b y t h e s ame e ng rave r .

I tw a s t h ough t w o r thwh i le t e s t ing t h e c hem ica l n a tu re o f t h e B oud p i pe s t em a nd s c rap ing s ( 3 .112mg ) f r om t h e s u r f a ce o f t h e c l ay w e re a na lysed a tt h e S choo l o f C hem i s t ry , P o ly techn ic o f No r th L ondon b y a t om ic a b so rp t ion s pec t ro scopy . T he t e s t w a s n o t a f u l l a na lys i s , w i th o n ly a f ew s e lec ted m e ta ls b e ing d e te rm ined . T he r e su l t s w e re a s f o l low s : c oppe r 0 . 03% m angane se 0 . 10% i r on 1 . 60% l e ad n i l I tc an b e s e en f r om t h e a bove t h a t t h e p e rcen tage o f m e ta l w a s v e ry s ma l l . A l though t h e p re sence o f m angane se w a sd e tec ted , f u r the rt e s t s w i l l b e n ece s sa ry o n o t he r b l ack p ipe s t oe s tab l ish ac l ea re r p i c tu re a st o t h em e thod e mp loyed b y t h ep ipemake r st op roduce t h e c o lou r . I ti sn o tewo r thy t h a t mangane se c omb ined w i th i r on a nd s ome t ime s c oppe r , h a s l o ng b een u sed b y p o t te r s t oc o lou rg l aze s a nd s t a in b od ie s b l a ck ( Hagge r 1 960 , 6 7 ; 2 76 ) . I ti sa l so p o s s ib le t h a t t h e e f f ec t m ay h ave b een p roduced b y c a rbon is ing t h e s u r face o f t h e c l ay w i th s moke , a sr e co rded b y D uco i nH o l land .

W i l l iam B oud ( 1 &2 ) T he C um ing Mu seum c a ta logue c on ta in s o ne e n t ry n o t ing a p i pe m ade b y W i l l iam B oud : ' 1 977 / 1 C lay t obacco p ipe w i th f i gu re s o n b ow l r e p re sen t ing Q ueen V ic to r ia a nd P r ince A lbe r t , i n sc r ibed W . BOUD WAL WORTH /D IAMOND J UB ILEE 1 897 . F ound d u r ing d emo l i t ion o f p ub l ic h ou se , p e rhap s i n t h e f ounda t ion s . B randon S t ree t , d one r M r s . JF a l ls 5 ,S t . E dmund s H ou se . A rn s ide , L ondon S E 17 ' . F ig . 1 5 n o . 2i lu s t ra te s a n i d en t ica l p i pe . Ac omp le te e xamp le i s k nown ( P . H ammond c o l l . ) w i th a f i ve i n ch s t em , t i pped w i th y e l low g l aze . B oud r e g i s te red ap ipe , N o . 3 47463 ,b ea r ing t h ei n s ign ia f o rt h eR oya lA n tede luv iun O rde r o f t h e B uf f a loe s i n 1 880 ( Hammond 1 985 , 6 1) s e e F ig . 1 6 n o . 4 . F ig . 1 6 n o . 3i s as im i la r d e s ign , w i thou t t h e r e g i s t ra t ion m a rk . T h i s s t y le i sa l so k nown w i th t h e a dd re s so f 1 06 B randon S t ree to n t h e s t em ( R . L .C hem inan tc o l l . ) . F ig . 1 6 n o . 5i s ac omp le te ROAB p ipe w i th ay e l low -g lazed m ou thp iece ( P . C raze c o l l . ) . F ig . 1 6 n o . 2d ep ic t s aB oud p i pe w i th t h e s pu r mou lded i nt h e g u ise o f A l ly S lope r , ap opu la r c om ic s t r ip c ha rac te r w ho a ppea red i nm agaz ine s f r om 1 867 t o 1 923 . S im i la r d e s ign s w e re mou lded b y S amue l L ambe r t o f K ing s land , M idd le sex ( f l . c . 1 823 -1888 ) . C ha r le s C rop o fH ome r ton i nN o r th L ondon r e g is te red a b ow l i n 1 892 p o r t ray ing t h e h ead o f S lope r ( Hammond 1 985b , 7 9 ) .

T he S w inyard F am i ly A n ' e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry ' b ow ls t amped SW INYARD S . . . f r om t h e T hame s , B ank s ide ( 1971/4 ) i sn o ted i n t h e C um ing Mu seum c a ta logue , f ound b y Ma rk H ea r son , ` mud la rk ing ' , o f 3 8 C ha r le s ton S t ree t , S E 17 . I t i s u nce r ta in w ha t t h e ' S . .: s t and s f o r . O ne p o s s ib i l i ty i s S ou thwa rk . J ame s Sw inya rd ( 1 ) i s k nown t o h ave w o rked i nS tG eo rge 's , S ou thwa rk i n 1 82 1 a nd l a te r i n N ew ing ton . T he re i s n o e v idence t o d a te t h a t t h e S ou thwa rk a nd L ambe th b a sed Sw inya rd s p roduced b ow l s w i th t h e f am i ly n ame a nd p lace o fm anuf ac tu r e e mbo s sed a r ound t h e r im . T h is s t y le w a s u s ed b y t h e S u r rey b ranch o f t h e f am i ly w o rk ing a tG u i ldfo rd ( c f . A tk in son 1 977 , 3 0 ) . Two o t he r b ow l s t amp s f r om t h e S u r rey Sw inya rd s a r e s hown b y H igg in s ( 1 981 , 2 48 ) . T homa s P h i l ip G er rard Two e xamp le s o f t h is m ake r 's w o rk w e re f ound i n e xcava t ion s a tN ew F re sh Wha r f , L ondon ( F ig . 1 7 , n o . 5 ) ML , NF W 7 4 /26 /671 . G e r ra rd w o rked a t 4a nd 5 Weymou th S t ree t b e tween c .1 86 1-72 . J ame s C o l l ins H edge T h ree i d en t ica l b ow l s made b y H edge a r e k nown : o ne f r om a S i t t ingbou rne d ump , K en t ( F ig . 1 8 , n o . 1 ) ; a no the r f r om a n u nknown d ump i n t h e S . E . ; a nd a t h i rd f r om P au l 's Wha r f , t h e T hame s ( a l l t h ree e xamp le s , CAT c o l l . ) . J ame sC o l l in s H edge , l i ke T .P .

F ig . 1 6 n o . 1s how s aw o rn s t em p i ece o r ig ina l ly f r om ab l ack c o lou red p ipe ( Thame s , CAT c o l l . ) . I ti sk nown t h a t b l ack c l ay p ipe s w e re a l so m ade i n L ondon b y c on tempo ra r ie s o f t h e B oud s . H a r ley ( 1963 , 1 9 )

4 4

C ap t ion s f o r F ig s 1 7 -21 , p age s 4 6 -50 .

F ig . 1 7 : P ipe s b y J .S w inyard c .1 8 10 -50 a nd T .G er rard c .1 860 -70 . S ca le : 1 / 1 . 1 . S pu r red S w inya rd b ow l ; J / S o n s pu r ( CAT c o l l . C 4 ,22 ,12 ) ; s im i la r i lu s t ra ted b y A tk in son ( 1962 , 1 87 ) 2 . S im i la r s t y le m a rk ( CAT c o l l . C 4 ,20 , 19 ) 3 . S an s s e r if l e t te r ing , c .1 835+ ; t h in b ow l ( CAT c o l l . C 3 ,2 ,5 ) ; c f . D avey 1 982 , 2 16 -223 4 . S im i la r m a rk w i th s h ie ld f r ame ( CAT c o l l . C 4 ,20 ,17 ) . 5 . T . G e r ra rd /Weymou th S t ree t ; mou ld impa r ted ; t wo i d en t ica l p i pe s ( ML , NFW 7 4 /26 /67 1)

F ig . 1 8 : P ipe s b y J .H edge ( f l . c .1 836 ) ; R . R aby ( f l . c .1 881 -3 ) ; J .A nd r ew s ( 1&2 )f l . c .1 892 ; D . Mor ton ( f l . c .1 810 -65 ) ; W . S cho l e s ( f l . c .1 854 ) a nd B e l lamy o fL ambe th ( f am i ly w ork ing c .1 838 -90 ) . S ca le : 1 / 1 . 1 . S an s s e r if H edge s t amp ( CAT c o l l . C 12 ,7 ,5 ) 2 . W . T . S i lk /R . R aby o n s t em ; h o r se h ead u nde r b ow l ( R . L . C hem inan t c o l l . ) 3 . C omp le te p i pe b y J .A nd rew s m ade f o r t h e A nc ien t O rde r o fF o r re s te r s ( CAT c o l l . C 12 ,8 , 1) 4 . A no the r AOF p ipe b y A nd rew s ( CAT c o l l . C 4 ,43 ,6 ) 5 . O aken t h eme o n f r on t s eam ; D IM o n s pu r : D av id Mo r ton ; c .1 840+ ( CAT c o l l . C 12 ,2 , 13 ) 6 . S im i la r t oa bove b u t d i f f e ren t b ow l s t y le ( CAT c o l l . C 4 ,20 , 1) 7 . S an s s e r if s t amp o fW . S cho le s ( CAT c o l l . C 12 ,7 ,6 ) 8 . B e l lamy /L ambe th , mou ld impa r ted o n s t em ; ( CAT c o l l . C 9 ,2 ,13 -B a t te r sea

F ig . 1 9 : P ipe sf rom e x cava t ion s a tC haucer H ou se , S ou thwark , c .1 610 -1850 . S ca le : 1 / 1 . 1 . N ea r c omp le te L . T ype 1 5 ( c . 1 660 -80 ) . T he s t em h a s b een s haped b y h and ( CH 7 5 N o . 3 0 , T rench I I ) ML 2 . Whee l m a rk o n t h e b a se o f ab roken , b urn ished b ow l ( CH 7 5 N o . 2 25 , T rench I I ) ML 3 . S im i la r m a rk t oa bove o n aL .T ype 5 b ow l ( CH 7 5 N o . 2 5b , T rench I I ) ML ( c . 1 6 10 -40 ) 4 . S im i la r m a rk t o n o s . 2a nd 3 ,o n aL .T ype 4 b ow l ( CH 7 5 N o . 2 5a , T r ench I I ) ML 5 . H anova r ian A rm s d e s ign ( c . 1 750 -80 ) m ade b y H en ry B lunde l l ( CH 7 5 N o . l c , T rench I I ) ML 6 . T u rk 's h ead p i pe c .1 8 10 -50 b y J .C r i tch f ie ld ( CH 7 5 )

F ig . 2 0 : P ipes f rom t h e C um ing Mu seum , W a lwor th . S ca le : 1 / 1 . 1 .T u rk 's h ead d e s ign . O range -b rown g l aze . S pu r b roken . Wr i t ten o n s t em : ' S ta f fo rd sh i re 1 846 ' C 8776 . S ee c hap te r 9 ,K en t S t ree t s e c t ion . 2 . Wr i t ten o n s t em : ' l a rge b ow l 'd p i pe m ade ( f o r e xpo r ta t ion o n ly ) b y F o rd , S t epney -1 845 ' C 2207 . 3 . L a te 1 9 th c en tu ry p i pe m ade b y C ha r le s C rop o fB rook sby Wa lk , H ome r ton , L ondon . D raw ing P .H ammond . 4 . T h i s o b jec t i sn o ted i nt h e m u seum c a ta logue : ` C87 15 T obacco t ube o fp i pe c l ay , b aked . G ouda H o l land . 1 846 ' . 5 . C 8774 . L abe l w i th 1 867 s t uck o n t h e s hank . H igg in s , L ondon . T he h ead i ss u rmoun ted b y ab ra s s c ap . P o s s ib le m ake r s : W i l l iam H igg in s , w o rk ing a tO ld B r en t fo rd , 1 840 ( POD ) o r J ohn H igg in s l i s ted a t 1 24 A lde r sga te S t ree t f r om 1 862 1880 , t h en a t 1 43 A lde r sga te S t ree t t o 1 882 a nd t h e rea f te r a t 1 0 L ong L ane , We s t Sm i thf ie ld u n t i l 1 89 1 -p a r t ly a s ap i pe m ake r , a gen t a nd a n i mpo r te r ( i nfo . P .H ammond ) .

F ig . 2 1 : P ipes f rom t h e C um ing Mu seum , W a lwor th . S ca l e : 1 / 1 . 1 . We l l s moked L t y pe 1 5 ( c f . A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 , 1 78 ) c .1 660 -80 . F rom L ondon Wa l l . C 87 18 2 . B u rn ished D u tch p i pe c .1 690+ . V IK o n b a se . c f D uco 1 982 , 9 0 n o . 5 32b : J an d e K on ing . F ound i nt h e f ounda t ion s o fS t . T homa s ' H o sp i ta l 3 . S ke le ton p ipe m ade b y G amb ie r . H ammond ( 1985b , 12 ) c ommen t s t h a t t h e J .G . m a rk w a s i n u se f r om 1 794 . D raw ing P . H ammond . T he m u seum c a ta logue n o te s : ` C2205 -1 840 G amb ie r 8 46 A P a r is ' 4 . F igu ra l b ow l m ade b y L ou is Max im i l ien F io le t o f S t . Ome r . D raw ing P .H ammond 5 . T h in -wa l led , b roken p i pe . Wr i t ten o n s t em : ' Gouda H o l land 1 845 ' 6 . U n smoked m ina tu re p i pe w i th r ed g l azed t i p . Wr i t ten o n s t em : ' Tom T humb p i pe 1 846 ' . D raw ing P .H ammond 7 . Ma son ic d e s ign b yT homa s P ayne . A t l e a s t f ou rm ake r s o ft h is n ame w e re w o rk ing i nS ou thwa rk b e tween c .1 800 -c .1 862 ( s ee B iog raph ie s ) . D raw ing P .H ammond . S im i la r i nC he l tenham Museum , A c . N o . 1 950 : 1 9 1L 1 08 J ( i n fo . AP eacey , 1 99 1)

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t h e p redom inan t a mong t h e se b e ing Weymou th S t ree t j u s t e a s t o f N ew ing ton B u t t s , L ock s F ie ld s i n n o r th Wa lwo r th a nd a n a r ea i n c en t ra l Wa lwo r th a r ound B randon S t ree t a nd E a s t S t ree t b e tween t h e Wa lwo r th R oad a nd t h e O ld K en t R oad T he se d i s t r ic t s w i l l n ow b e d e sc r ibed , w i th a n e mpha s i s o n e nv i ronmen ta l f a c to r s a nd t h e s oc ia l s t and ing o f t h e p ipe p roduce r s a nd t h e i r h ou seho ld s .

R ober tR aby F ig . 1 8 , n o . 2s how s t h e o n ly R . R aby p ipe k nown t o d a te ( R . L . C hem inan t c o l l . ) . I t m ay h ave b een a p roduc tf r om as ha red b u s ine s s w i th W . T .S i lk , w ho se n ame a l so a ppea r s o n t h e s t em . T he re i sn o S i lk T PM r e co rded i nN ew ing ton , a l though A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 , 2 23 -4 , l i s t s eve ra l make r s o f t h e s u rname w o rk ing i n E a s t L ondon b e tween 1 862 a nd 1 895 . R . R aby i s k nown t o h ave l i ved i n C amden S t ree t , N ew ing ton f r om 1 881-3 . F ou r o the r R aby T PM s a l so l i ved a nd w o rked i nt h e a r ea ( s ee B iog raph ie s ) .

K en t S tree t a nd T he B orough R epo r t s c once rn ing t h e i n famou s r epu ta t ion o f K en t S t ree t a r e c on s i s ten t t h roughou t i t s h i s to ry . J ohn son ( 1969 , 2 25 ) q uo t ing f r om T he E l i zabe than U nd erwor ld ( A .V . J udge s , 1 939 ) r e la te s t h a t t h e s t ree t h ad m any w o rk shop s a nd y a rd s a l ong i t s l e ng th d a t ing b ack t oa t l e a s t t h e E l izabe than t ime s , w he re t h e c u tpu r se c ou ld t a ke h i sg a ins a nd s t o len g ood s w e re d i spo sed o f . I nt h e 1 720 e d i t ion o fS tow 's S ur vey o fL ondon ( 1598 ) , S t rype d e sc r ibed K en tS t ree ta s' i l l -bu i l t ,w i th a l ley sa nd c our t s o n b o th s i de s r e ached b y d a rk a nd n a r row e n t rance s v e ry m ean ly b u i l t a nd d i r ty a nd i n hab i ted b y b room -men a nd mumpe r s ( s c rounge r s ) ' ( Cod r ing ton 1 915 , 1 49 ) . A s t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry w o re o n t h e ` s o r rey t imbe r h ou se s ' d egene ra ted i n to ' s qua l id r ooke r ie s a nd t h ieve s k i tchen s ' ( Da r l ing ton 1 955 , 1 21) .

J ohn A ndr ews ( 1 &2 ) N o s . 3a nd 4 i nF ig . 1 8 w e re e v iden t ly c omm i ss ioned b y t h e A nc ien t O rde r o f F o r re s te r s ( London b ranch 4 030? ) . N o . 3i s c omp le te ( bo th f r om t h e T hame s , S ou th B ank , CAT c o l l . ) . P o s s ib le m ake r s : J ohn A nd rew s 1o r 2 ,b o th l i s ted i n 1 892 . D av id Mor ton F ig . 1 8n o s 5a nd 6a r e t wo b ow l s a t t r ibu tab le t oD av id Mo r ton , p o s s ib ly made a th i sN o r th S t ree tw o rk shop f l . c . 1 831-65 . T hey a r e f r om t h e T hame s , S ou th B ank ( CAT c o l l . ) . W i l l iam S cho le s F ig . 1 8 n o . 7 .B ow l s t amp o fW i l l iam S cho le s ( s on o f T homa s S cho le s T PM ) l i v ing i nK en t S t ree t i n 1 854 f r om aR a inham d ump , E s sex ( CAT c o l l . ) .

I ti sl i ke ly t h a t aB lunde l l f am i ly p ipe k i ln h ad b een e s tab l i shed i nK en t S t ree t d u r ing t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ( s ee S ec t ion 8 )a l though d ocumen t s r e f e r ing t oB lunde l l s a t t h i s t ime o n ly m en t ion p a r i sh n ame s a nd om i t s t ree t n ame sw hen g i v ing a dd re s se s .D ocumen ta ry s ou rce sd o , h oweve r , i n d ica te t h a tt h em a in p ipemak ing b u s ine s s i n K en t S t ree td ur ing t h e m id 18 th c en tu ry w a s o wned b y H en ry B lunde l l . H i s p rope r ty , i nU n ico rn A l ley ( F ig . 2 3 ) w a s d e sc r ibed i n 1 745 a nd 1 750 a s ' t imbe r b u i l t ' , b e ing ' t wo h ou se s l a id i n to o ne ' ( S IP ) . T he i n su rance v a lue o ft h e se , i n c lud ing h ou seho ld g ood s a nd s t ock i n t r ade w a s £ 60 . B lunde l l a l so i n su red t wo t imbe r s hed s w i th t h e i r s t ock f o r £ 30 a nd £ 10 . T he t o ta l i n su rance v a lue w a s i n c rea sed t o £ 200 i n 1 764 , p e rhap s a n i n d ica t ion o f a p ro spe r i ty b rough t a bou t b y t h e p roduc t ion o f h i s a rmo r ia l a nd d eco ra ted b ow l s ( c f . O swa ld 1 978 , 3 56 -7 ) .

T he B e l lamy F am i ly F ig . 1 8 n o . 8 . A p ipe made b y o ne o f t h e B e l lamy f am i ly o f make r s a c t ive i nt h e Wa lwo r th a r ea f r om t h e 1 830 s t o a t l e a s t t h e 1 880 s . T he b ow l i n i t s o r ig ina l s t a te p robab ly d ep ic ted a s a i l ing s h ip , l e f t h and s i de , w i th a r ope e n tw ined a r ound t h e a ncho r o n t h e o t he r s i de ( f rom t h e T hame s CAT c o l l . ) . P ipe sf rom t h e C um ing Museum , Wa lwor th I tw a s t hough th e lpfu l t oo t he rr e sea rche r s t oi n c lude a s e lec t ion o fp ipe sf r om t h eC um ing mu seum , Wa lwor th . O the re xamp le sa r ep re sen t ly b e ing r e -ca ta logued b yt h e s t a f f . ( F ig s 2 0 &2 1 -s ca le : 1 / 1) .

I n 1 778 i ti sr e co rded t h a t t h e p ipemake rJ ohn J ew s te r ( 1 ) o wned a h ou se i n R oya l O ak Y a rd , w h ich w a s s i tua ted j u s t s ou th o fU n ico rn A l ley ( o rC ou r t ) , b u i l to f b r ick a nd t imbe r w i th a n i n su rab le v a lue o f£ 70 ( S IP ) , s e e F ig . 2 5 . J ew s te r l i ke h i s p redece s so r , H en ry B lunde l l , p roved t ob e ar e la t ive ly s ucce s sf u l m a s te r i n t h e t r ade , t h e t o ta l i n su rab le v a lue o fh i s b u s ine s s a nd p rope r ty b e ing t h e s ame a sB lunde l l 's , a t£ 200 ( Fo rdy a nd H ammond 1 987 , 2 5 -29 ) . E igh teen o t he r c on tempo ra ry L ondon p ipemake r s a l so h ad i n su rance p o l ic ie sw h ich r a nged f r om £ 200 t o£ 3 ,600 .F our teen o f t h e se ma s te r sh ad p o l ic ie so fo ve r£ 200 e ach , i n d ica t ing t h a t J ew s te r a nd B lunde l l w e re o n ly mode ra te ly s ucce s sfu l a nd w e l l e s tab l ished i nc ompa r i son . F ig . 2 4 s how s p a r to ft h e 1 8 th o rp e rhap s 1 7 th c en tu ry t e r race s d ep ic ted i n 1 827 b y J . C . B uck le r ( GLRO ) b eh ind w h ich w e re s i ted t h e k i ln s b e long ing t o B lunde l l , J ew s te r a nd l a te r t h e W i l l iam s ' f am i ly .

9 . T he Ma in P ipemak ing C en tre s o f N ew ing ton J udg ing b y t h ep opu la ted a r ea s d ep ic ted o n e a r ly map s a nd a r chaeo log ica l e v idence p rov ided b y t h e A rcad ia B u i ld ing s k i ln s i te , t h e f i r s t p ipemak ing a c t iv i t ie s i n N ew ing ton b egan i n t h e K en t S t ree t a r ea o f t h e ' Bo rough ' , l y ing i n t h e n o r th e a s te r ly ma rg in o f t h e p a r i sh a ts ome t ime p rev iou s t oc . 1680 . D ocumen ta ry s ou rce s c onf i rm t h a t h e re l a y t h e l o nge s t e s tab l i shed c en t re f o r t h e i ndu s t ry w i th m anuf a c tu r ing c on t inu ing w e l l i n to t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . D u r ing t h a t c en tu ry o the r p i pe p roduc ing d i s t r ic t si nN ew ing ton b egan t od eve lop ,

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D e sc r ip t ion s o ft h e a r ea i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry c on t inue i n t h e s ame v e in a s p rev iou s c en tu r ie s . Whea t ley ( 1891 , 3 31) n o te s i t s p oo r l odg ing -hou se s w h ich ' u n t i l q u i te r e cen t ly p roved t ob e t h e mo s ta wfu l r e cep tac le s o ft h e h ou se le s s i n t h e c oun t ry ' . I n 1 877 , ap e t i t ion o f t h e i n hab i tan t s o f K en t S t ree t s ucce s sf u l ly l o b ied f o r t h e n ame t ob e c hanged t oT aba rd S t ree t w i th ad e s i re t o w ipe o u t a s f a r a s p o ss ib le t h e o ld a s soc ia t ion s o f p over ty a nd c r ime ; b u t c ond i t ion s r ema ined m uch t h e s ame . A l a te 1 9 th -cen tu ry a ccoun t o f a n a r ea w i th in N ew ing ton w h ich i n c luded T aba rd S t ree t b y B oo th ( 1902 , 4 9 ) r e la te s t h a t ' i t i sc rowded a nd p oo r w i th a f ew b e t te r c l a s s s t ree t s c ro s s ing i t . Mo s t o ft h e h ou se s a r e o l d ; i n p a r t r ep la ced b y t e nemen t d we l l ing s . A f r inge o f t h e s em ic r im ina l c l a s s ( l ive ) n ea r T aba rd S t ree t ' B e san tr e co rd s i n 1 9 12 ( 1 14 ) t h a tT aba rd S t ree t w a s a' n a r row d i r ty s t ree t , c l o se ly p acked w i th s ma l l manuf a c to r ie s . I ti sf u l l o fb ru sh , f i rewood a nd b a ske t m ake r sw i th af ew s e cond h and g ene ra l s hop sb e tween . Al a rge e ng inee r ing w o rk s s t and s o n t h e s ou th s i de a nd t h e s pa ce t h rough t oG rea t D ove r S t ree t i sf u l l o fl i t t le c l o se a leys w i th s t ab le s i np rofu s ion ' . B y 1 9 12 t h e re w e re n o p i pemak ing s hop s r e co rded i nT aba rd S t ree t , t h e H o l land f am i ly o f m ake r s b e ing t h e l a s t s u rv iv ing , w i th R obe r tH o l land 's b u s ine s se xp i r ing i n1 907 ( POD ) .

m is read ing o f a s t amp b y J ame s S w inya rd ( s ee B iog raph ie s ) . O ne p ipemake r i sk nown t oh ave l i ved i n Swan Y a rd , J o seph T ingey r e co rded t h e r e i n1 804 . I ti s n o t c l ea r w he the r h e m ade p ipe s i nt h e y a rd . H e c ou ld h ave l o dged t h e re a nd w o rked a tt h e n ea rby k i ln a t2 95 K en t S t ree t . T h i s w a s p robab ly t h e c a se f o r o t he r m ake r s l i s ted n ea rby w ho m ay h ave b een j ou rneymen w o rk ing f o r t h e W i l l iam s f am i ly s ome o f w hom m ay h ave b een r e la t ive s . I ti sn o tewor thy t h a t t h e W i l l iam Sm i th o f 3 Wa r ren P lace ( j us t o f f K en t S t ree t ) m en t ioned a bove w a s t h e f a the r i n l aw o f J ohn W i l l iam s ' s e cond s on , J o seph T PM . T he 1 851 c en su s r e co rd s t h a t a tl e a s t 1 5 p eop le l i v ing b e tween 2 87 a nd 2 95 K en t S t ree t w e re i n vo lved w i th p roduc ing p ipe s . T h is f i gu re i s 9 mo re t h an p e r son s e mp loyed f o r t h e s ame a r ea i n 1 84 1 ( N /C ) a nd o ne mo re t h an t h o se w o rk ing t h e re i n 1 86 1 p o in t ing t ot h e m id c en tu ry a s t h e p eak p e r iod f o r t h e K en t S t ree t i n du s t ry . T he W i l l iam s ' a dd re s s i sn o t r e co rded i nt h e c en su se s a f te r 1 86 1 . I t i s p robab le t h a t a c t iv i t ie s d ec l ined c on s ide rab ly a f te r W i l l iam W i l l iam s ' d ea th i n c .1 864 . T he d ec l ine w a s a l so p rom ted b y n ew h ou s ing p rog ramme s . I n 1 887 t h e v i c in i ty w h ich e ncompa s sed P ipemake r 's A l ley ( t hen r e -named P owe l 's A l ley ) a nd 2 95 K en t S t ree t w a s s wep t a way b y t h e Me t ropo l i tan B oa rd o f Wo rk s ( F ig . 2 6 ) . T he a pp l ica t ion f o r d emo l i t ion h ad b een s ubm i t ted i n 1 883 b y t h e l o ca l m ed ica l o ff i ce r f o r h ea l th o n t h e g round s o f i n san i ta ry c ond i t ions ' i n t h e h i ghe s t d eg ree ' . T he o ff ice r s t a ted t h a t ' t he h ou se s w e re e n te red t h rough n a r row p a ssage s a nd h ad n o t h rough v en t i la t ion ' . T he a leys a nd c our t s w e re ' c onf ined t oh i gh w a l l s , d ep r iv ing t h e i nma te s o f l i gh t a nd a i r . I n o ne o f t h e f ou r c our t s t h e h ou se s h ad as ma l lb ackya rd , b u tt h ef r on t s w e re c l o se t oa nd f a ced ah i gh w a l l . T he c ou r t s w e re t h e r e cep tac le s f o r a l k i nd s o f f i l th . A s ar u le , t h e t e nemen t s w e re o l d , d e lap ida ted , p a tched a nd o u t o f r e pa i r ' . D ea th r a te s c ou ld n o t b e c a lcu la ted f o r t h e a r ea o w ing t o t h e i n va r iab le r emova l o f s i ck p e r son s w h ich a f fo rded n o i n d ica t ion o f mo r ta l i ty f i gu re s ( L .C .C . 1 90 1 , 1 62 163 ) .

T he ' p oo rl o dg ing h ouse s ' o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry d e sc r ibed a bove c on ta ined p ocke t s o fp ipemak ing f am i l ie s . S ome o f t h e se w e re b o rn l o ca l ly l i ke H en ry a nd Ma r ia B rad shaw w ho w e re f r om t h e n ea rby p a r ish o f S t . S av iou r s( 1861 N /C ) ,w h i le o t he r sh ad m ig ra ted i nf r om t h e h ome c oun t ie s l i ke W i l l iam Sm i th w o rk ing a t 3 Wa r r en P lace a nd T homa s S tuckey o f2 87 K en t S t ree t ( 1851 , N /C ) , w ho w e re b o th K en t i sh m en . A f a i r p ropo r t ion h ad moved s ou th f r om p ipemak ing c en t re s o f n o r th L ondon ( N /C 1 84 11881) . O f t h is c a tego ry , H en ry C h ick c an b e m en t ioned , w ho w a s b o rn i n H amp sh i re i n c . 1 815 . B y c . 1 839 h e h ad moved t o C r ipp lega te n ea r t h e C i ty o f L ondon a nd b y 1 851 h e w a s r e s id ing i n P ipemake r 's A l ley , K en t S t ree t . T h i s a dd r e s s w a s p a r t o f ac omp lex w h ich c on ta ined much o ft h el o ca lp i pemak ing a c t iv i ty c omp r i s ing o f2 95 K en t S t ree t a nd t h e a d jacen t p r em i se s o f 1 , 2 , 3a nd 4 P ipemake r 's A l ley , a l l o f w h ich w e re o wned b y J ohn a nd W i l l iam W i l l iam s T PM s . D a ine 's m ap o f N ew ing ton o f 1 840 ( SLSL ) n ame s t h e a l ley a s ' P ipe Make r s C our t ' a nd s hows a n a r row p a s sage w i th b u i ld ing s ( no td we l l ing s ) f a c ing e ach o t he r , mo s tl i ke ly t h e w o rk shop s . B eh ind a nd a d jo in ing o ne r ow o ft h e se s ome d we l l ing s a r e m a rked , i d en t if iab le a st h e N o s 1 4 P ipemake r s A l ley n amed i n t h e c en su se s . T he se f ou r d we l l ing s c an c l ea r ly b e s e en o n t h e Me t ropo l i tan B oa rd o f Wo rk s m ap o f 1 883 ( F ig . 2 6 ) .

T he 1 851 N ew ing ton c ensu s c onf irm s t h e B oa rd o f Wo rk s ' a s se s smen t o f b ad c ond i t ions i n t h e n e ighbou rhood a nd r e vea l s t h a tt h ep ipe m anufac tur ing c en t re w a s p a r t o fm uch o ve rc rowd ing a nd ag ene ra l ly l ow s t anda rd o f l i f e . F o r i n s tance , t h e c ensu s r e co rd s t h a t a t2 45 K en t S t ree t l i ved t e n ' u nfo r tuna te w omen ' w i th a2 5 y ea r o l d m an . Mayhew ( 1 862 , 2 46 ) r e f e r s t o p ro s t i tu t ion i nt h e a r ea : ' i n l ow d i s t r ic t s i nt h e v i c in i ty o f K en t S t ree t p ro s t i tu te s h ave b een c onv ic ted f o r s t ea l ing t h e c l o the s o f t h e u nfo r tuna te s w ho h ave e n te red t h e i rd i sma l a bode s ' . T he p rope r ty n ex td oo rt o 2 95 K en t S t ree t , n o . 2 94 , w a s a l so o wned b y W i l l iam W i l l iam s ( Poo rR , N ew ing ton , 1 853 ) . T he 1 851 c en su s i mp l ie s t h a tW i l l iam s w a s n o to n ly l i v ing i n ad eg raded a nd o ve r c rowded n e ighbou rhood b u t w a s p a r ty t ot h e s y s tem t h a t p roduced s uch c ond i t ion s a s n o . 2 94 c on ta ined n ol e s st h an 4 4l o dge r s . T he i nma te si n c luded ac ab d r ive r , ab onne t make r , 4l a bou re r s , 7h awke r s , a c a rman a nd a s t onema son . Al o dg ing h ouse k eepe r i s a l so n amed .

S wan Y a rd , w h ich w a s s i tua ted al i t t le w ay w e s to ft h e a ley a nd d ep ic ted o n ap l an o f p a r t o f t h e T r in i ty H ou se E s ta te , 1 778 ( Da r l ing ton 1 955 , 1 07 ) a nd o n H o rwood 's m ap , 1 799 ( F ig .2 3 ) may h ave c on ta ined t h e s i te o f a no the r k i ln . Wa lke r ( 1981b , 1 85 ) r e co rd s a n i n cu se s t amp o f SWAN /YARD o n ab ow l w i th s pu r i n i t ia ls J Sc .1 780 -1820 ( c f .A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 , 1 2 )f ound i ne xcava t ion sa t1 29 L ambe th R oad i n1 973 , a l though i ti s p o ss ib le t h a t t h is c ou ld h ave b een a

I n p a r i sh r e co rd s f o r t h e y ea r 1 850 ( GLRO ) t h e

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mo s tc ommon ly i d en t if ied w a st h a to fk i ln so ve rhea t ing ( Hammond 1 987b , 2 6 ) . T he o ve rc rowded p lo t s o f ten o ccup ied b y p i pe m anuf ac tor ie s i n va r iab ly c on ta ined s hed s f o r s t o r ing c l ay , p ipe d ry ing a nd p ack ing . O f ten s t ab le s w e re c l o se a th and t ok eep h o r se s f o r d e l ive ry p u rpo se s ( c f F ig . 2 6 ) o r t o s t o re s t raw f o r t h e u se o f p ack ing t h e f i n ished p roduc t s . B oxe s w e re s ome t ime s m ade o n t h e p r em ise s ( c f McDouga l l &C o . , G la sgow -H ammond 1 987b , 3 3 ) a dd ing t o t h e d ange r o f c onf lag ra t ion . T he f i re a t 2 95 K en t S t ree t w a s a ppa ren t ly n o ta ss e r iou s a so ne r e co rded o n 2 3 A ugu s t 1 870 a tR o the rh i the , a l so i nS ou thwa rk , a tt h e s hop o f J .L ew i s o f 6C hu r ch S t ree t w h ich r e su l t ed i nt h e t o ta l d e s t ruc t ion o ft h e b u i ld ing , t h e d ea th o ft wo p eop le a nd s eve re i n ju ry t oo the r s ( i b id . , 2 7 ) .

o ccupa t ion mo s t c ommon ly f ound i n K en t S t ree t w a s l a bou r ing , w i th h awk ing t h e s e cond mo s t f r equen t . T he t e rm l a bou re r p rev iou s ly c ove red a w ide s pec t r um o f s em i sk i l led o r u n sk i l led a c t iv i t ie s ( Thomp son 1 968 , 2 92 ) a nd t h e re i s ap o s s ib i l i ty t h a t s ome l a bou re r s m ay h ave w o rked i nt h e l o ca l p ipemak ing t r ade . T he s ame c ou ld b e s a id o f h awke r s , a l though i ti sk nown t h a t s ome p ipemake r s s o ld t h e i r o wn p roduc t s , l i ke J ohn J ew s te r o f K en t S t ree t . H e o wned a h o r se a nd c a r t w h ich w ou ld h ave e nab led h im o ra ne mp loyee t oh awk p ipe s l o ca l ly (W ) . T h i s p rac t ice w a s c ommon ly e mp loyed b y p ipemake r s . A p ho tog raph e x is t s o f t h e R a info rd m ake rD av id S wa l low 's h o r se a nd c a r t w h ich s how s p i pe s p acked i nw ooden b oxe s , h a lf c ove red b y at a rpau l in . Swa l low d i ed i n 1 885 ( Lew is e ta l 1 982 , 19 ) .P ipemake r sa l so d e l ive red p ipe sb yc a r ry ing t h em i nb a ske t s o n t h e i r b ack s , ac u s tom s t i l l c a r r ied o u t i n G la sgow , f o r i n s tance , i nt h e 1 890 s ( Hammond 1 988 , 2 2 ) . A f te r J ew s te r 's n ephew s J ohn a nd W i l l iam W i l l iam s t ook o ve r h i s b us ine s s a t2 95 K en t S t ree t i n 1 822 t h ey a r e l i s ted i nd i rec to ry r e ad ing s a s ' who le sa le a nd f o re xpo r ta t ion ' ( 1831 ; 1 836 -38 ) s o n od oub t s ome p ipe s w e re s o ld d i rec t ly t or e ta i le r s a nd t h e p ub l ic f r om t h e i r p r em ise s .

F i re mu s t h ave b een mo re o f ah aza rd i nt ime s w hen d we l l ing s a nd w o rk shop s w e re p r ima r i ly o fw ood . F ig . 2 5 p i c tu re s p a r t o f R oya l O ak C our t i n 1 827 ( by J . C . B uck le r , GLRO ) w he re J ohn J ew s te r 's 1 8 th c en tu ry p ipe -wo rk s w a s s i tua ted . T he t y pe o f c l appe r -boa rd s t ruc tu re s t h en p r eve len t c an c l ea r ly b e s e en . Much o f S ou thwa rk w a s w a s ted b y f i re i n1 676 w hen m any i n n s , ap r i son a nd a bou t 5 00 d we l l ing s w e re ' b u rned d own , b l own u p a nd w ho l ly d e s t royed ' . T he d e s tr uc t ion w a s s e cond o n ly i ns eve r i ty t ot h e G rea tF i re o f 1 666 ( T ra c t 1 0803 AA 16 N o . 1 0 , BL ) . I nt h e B o rough e nd o fK en t S t ree t w he re m any o f t h e a l leys a nd c our t s s t i l l c onfo rmed t o m ed ieva l d imen s ion s , t h e d ange r mu s t h ave b een much a ppa ren t .

W i th r e ga rd t o h awk ing , C ampbe l l r ema rk s i n T he L ondon T rade sman ( 1 747 , 3 26 -327 ) t h a t y oung a pp r en t ice p ipemake r s n eeded t h e i rs t reng th i nc a r ry ing p ipe s t ot h e p ub l ic h ou se s i nt h e C i ty a nd t h e s ubu rb s . H awke r s w e re a l so k nown t oh ave s pec ia l ' p ipe -wa lk s ' o r r e gu la r r ou te s , f o r d e l ive r ing t oh ou seho ld s ( J ob son 1 953 , 1 9 ) .I tm ay b et h a tR icha rd F r in ton ,t h es even teen y ea ro l ds t ep son o fR icha rd J a ck son PM , w a se mp loyed a s ac l ay p i pe d e l ive re r . I n 1 851 ( N /C ) F r in ton i s t e rmed ah awke r . B o th J a ck son a nd F r in ton a r e l i s ted a t 2 P ipemake r 's A l ley a l ong w i th J a ck son 's w if e E l izabe th , at o ba cco p i pe t r imme r . T he s ub jec t o f h awk ing i s f u r the r t o uched o n b e low ( s ee B randon S t ree t ) .

W i l l iam W i l l iam s( 2 ) i sl a s tr e co rded a t2 95 K en tS t ree t i n1 863 , w hen h ep a id £ 1 .3 .4 P oo rR a te ( P /C AW ) . F o r a t l e a s t 1 20 y r s p r ev ious t o t h is d a te , t h e k i ln s e s tab l ished b y t h e f am i l ie s o f B lunde l l , J ew s te r a nd W i l l iam s , a t a nd c l o se b y 2 95 K en t S t ree t w e re u ndoub ted ly o ne o f t h e mo s t p roduc t ive o fN ew ing ton p ipemak ing c en t re s . B oge rw a sp robab ly r e f e r ing t ot h is p a r t icu la rs po t w hen s he w ro te i n1 895 ( 2 4 1) ' b u t t h e re w e re p i pe -make r s i nS ou thwa rk i nf o rme r d ays a nd a r epo r ts ays t h a t K en t S t ree t h ad s eve ra l p i pe o vens . B u t f r om s ome c au se o r o t he r t h e m anuf a c tu re r s h ave d e se r ted t h e l o ca l i ty ' .

K en t S t ree t p ipemake r s o f ten s ha red p r em i se s w i th o t he r t r ade smen . T he a ccomoda t ion a t N o . 2 88 , o ccup ied b yJ o seph W i l l iam sT PM w a s a l so l i ved i nb y ac oachmake r , w h i le a tN o . 2 87 T homa s S tuckey T PM a nd f am i ly c o -hab i ted w i th ab oo t a nd s hoemake r a nd ac apmake r .A tn ea rby C o le S t ree t , S amue lH o l land PM a nd h i s w if e w e r e l o dg ing a t N o . 2w i th a n o ff ice k eepe r , al a bou re r , ah awke r a nd a h ou se k eepe r . W i l l iam Sm i th T PM i sl i s ted a t 3Wa r ren P lace w i th a s hoemake r a nd a ' b inde r ' ( N /C ) . H en ry R e id o f 2 P ipemake r 's A l ley i s n amed a s a ' Ca rpen te r a nd T obacco P ipe Make r ' i n 1 86 1 ( N /C ) a nd i st h e o n ly N ew ing ton p i pemake r e xcep t ing R icha rd J one s w ho a l so m ade mou ld s , o ff ic ia l ly r e co rded a s h av ing d ua l o ccupa t ion s .

D i rec to r ie s a nd c ensu s l i s t s r e vea l t h a t t h e p r em ise s o f 2 95 K en t S t ree t a nd P ipe Make r s A l ley t o ge the r s aw t h e c om ing a nd g o ing o f a tl e a s t 2 3 p eop le p r ac t i s ing t h e t r ade o f p i pemak ing i n c lud ing 9 f ema le t oba cco p ipe t r imme r s a nd f i n i she r s a nd o ne mou ld m ake r ( s ee A ppend ix I I ) . T h i s d a ta r e f e r s t ot h e p e r iod c .1 822 c .1 863 . B efo re t h i s t ime t h e f i gu re s a r e l e s s c l ea r . T he m a s te r p i pemake r s w ho e mp loyed t h ej our neymen a nd t h e i r f am i l ie s a r e i n c luded i n t h e a bove f i gu re o f 2 3 . T he m a s te r s w e r e J ohn J ew s te r ( 2&3 ? )f l . c .1 822 -62 ; J ohn W i l l iam sf l . 1 822 -33 ; W i l l iam W i l l iam s ( 1 )f l . c . 1 822 -58 a nd W i l l iam W i l l iam s ( 2 ) f l . c . 1 841-64 . P r ev iou s t o 1 822 t h e i mmed ia te a r ea c on ta ined t h e k i ln s i te s o f t h e B lunde l l f am i ly : H en ry ( 1 ,2 ,3? ) f l . c . 1 68 11764 ; J ohn f l . c .1 68 1 ; Ma ry f l . c .1 704 ; W i l l iam o b . c .1 732 a nd S a rah B lunde l lf l . c .1 797 -99 , t o ge the r w i th J ohn J ew s te r ( 1 )f l . c .1 788+ .

S ome th ing s hou ld b e s a id o f t h e f i re r i sk w h ich w a s a lway s a th and i ns uch t i gh t ly k n i t w o rk shop u n i t s . I n 1 838 ( 1 3 A p r i l ) af i re b roke o u t a t N o . 2 95 ' i n t h e p rem ise so ccup ied b y Mr .W i l l iam s ' . T he c au se a nd t h e e x ten t o f t h e b l aze i sn o t r e co rded b u t t h ree e ng ine s a t tended a nd t h ef i remen o fe ach e ng ine w e re d u ly p a id £ 1 .10 .0 ,£ 1 .0 .0 a nd £ 0 .10 .0 r e spec t ive ly ( FR , S LSL ) . I n p rev iou s ly r e po r ted c a se s o f p i pe shop f i re s , t h e c au se

N o t u nexpec ted ly t h e i mp re s s ion i n f e r red b y 1 9 th c en tu ry r e co rd s s uch a sc en su se s , P oo rL aw b ook s a nd

5 8

PAR T OF FADE N S 1 8 15 ED I TI O N OF NOR W O OD 'S 1 799 LO ND ON MAP , SH O W I NG NO 'S . 4 AND S WEY M OUTH STREET (MARKED 6 ) , THE W ORKSH OPS OF W .B 1RCH AND OTHERS FRO M C .183 I TO C .1872 .

F ig . 2 7 : P ar to fF ad en 's 1 813 m ap s how ing W eymou th S t r ee t .

5 9

W i l ls i st h a t e s tab l ished ma s te r p ipemake r s w ho l i ved a nd w o rked o n t h i s s i te h ad g a ined ah i ghe r e conom ic s t and ing t h an many o f t h e i t i ne ran t j ou rneymen a nd f am i l ie s i n t h e i r e mp loy . O f t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry m a s te r p ipemake r s , t h ree a r e k nown t o h ave l e f t w i l ls : J ohn J ew s te r , w ho l ef t l e gac ie s i n 1 822 t oh i s n ephew s a nd an i ece a s w e l l a s l e av ing £ 350 t o h i s mo the r ; J ohn W i l l iam sw ho b equea thed £ 600 t oh i s w if ei n1 833 ; a nd W i l l iam W i l l iams , w ho l ef t ac on s ide rab le a moun t o f p rope r ty a nd i n ve s tmen t i n c lud ing al e gacy o f£ 150 t o h i s mo the r ( P /C AW ) . N o w i l l s c ou ld b e f ound f o r a ny o ft h eo t he rp ipemake r sw o rk ing o nt h ep r em i se so wned b y t h e a bove , b u t i ti sp robab le t h a t m any b eque s t s w e re s e t t led o n a n i n fo rma l b a s i s .

a nd n ea rby p a r ishe s w e re c a l led b efo re t h e S ou thwa rk Q ua r te rs e s s ion s d u r ing t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ( CLRO ) . J ohn a nd H en ry B lunde l l , t o ba cco p i pemake r s o f S t . Ma ry N ew ing ton a ppea red a nd w e re e xone ra ted o n 7 t h J anua ry 1 681/2 ( Box 1 . 42 23 .F ) ,w h i le G eo rge B lunde l l a ppea r ed a tt h e s e s s ion s f o rJ anua ry 1 689 . H e i sc a l led ap ipemake r o fS t . O lave 's ( Box 1 . 6 ) . T he S ou thwa rk C omp te r b ook ( CLRO , S C 1 / 8 , 2 2 5 E ) w h ich p rov ide sp e r sona ld e ta i ls o fa ccu sed p e r son sw i th a ge , p hy s ica l c ha rac te r i s t ic s , o ccupa t ion a nd r e s idence , c i te s t wo c a se s i n vo lv ing p ipemake r s w ho l i ved i nt h e B o rough .T he f i r s tr e co rd s aJ ohn D owne s ' a ge 1 9 ,5 ' 6 " h i gh , f a i r c omp lex ion , f a i r h a i r a nd g r ey e ye s , s l ende r m ake , ap ipemake r w ho l i ved w i th h i s Ma s te r , W . M in to o f J o ine r S t ree t , T oo ley S t ree t ' D owne s w a s a r re s ted i nT oo ley S t ree t a nd c omm i ted o n D ecembe r 7 t h 1 814 f o r a s sau l t ing h i s ma s te r . W . M in to w a s a r e la t ive o f J ame s M in to w ho a t tended a T oba cco P ipemake r s C ompany m ee t ing a t t h e G u i ldha l l 1 2 th J anua ry 1 802 ( MS 3 60 1 , GL ) a nd i sl i s ted b y O swa ld a s w o rk ing i n T oo ley S t ree t 1 809 11 ( 1 975 , 1 4 1) . A p ipe ma rked M INTO . J O INERS S TREET /TOOLEY S TREET BORO w i th I M o n t h e h ee l w a s f ound i n e xcava t ion s a t7 6 -80 N ewga te S t ree t . L ondon b y t h e DUA , Mu seum o f L ondon d u r ing t h e p e r iod 1 975 -9 ( i nfo . D . H igg in s ) .

S ome j ou rneymen m ay h ave moved o n t os e t u p t h e i r o wn b u s ine s se s w h ich m ay a ccoun tf o r ap e r cen tage o f t h e w o rk fo rce c hange s i nt h e c en su s r e tu rn s , a l though t h i s w ou ld n o t a lway s h ave b een t h e c a se . R icha rd J a ck son , f o re xamp le ( f t . c .1 84 1-81) w ho i sl i s ted a t2 P ipe Make r s A l ley i n 1 851 ( N /C ) e ven tua l ly m oved a way t o Manche s te r t o l o dge w i th h i s f r iend t h e p ipemake r R obe r t Sm i th a t 1 9 B la ckbu rn S t ree t . J ack son i sr e co rded t h e re i n 1 871 a nd w a s o nce mo r e w o rk ing f o ro the r ma s te r s ,J o seph a nd T homa sH o l land w ho se p ipe m anuf ac to ry w a sn ex td oo ra t1 7B la ckbu rn S t ree t ( P /C PH ) . I n c on t ra s t t o J a ck son 's i t i ne ran t s i tua t ion , W i l l iam W i l l iam s , w ho w a s p robab ly e mp loy ing J a ck son i n 1 851 a nd w a s a l so h i s l a nd lo rd , h ad a cqu i red f ou r h ou se s i n S ou thwa rk a nd a n i n n i n S u s sex b y h i s d ea th i n 1 858 .

T he s e cond c a se n ame s aW i l l iam T uckwe l l w ho w a s u ndoub ted ly r e la ted t o t h e T uckwe l l f am i ly o f p ipemake r s r e co rded i nN ew ing ton p a r ish r e co rd s ( s ee L ock s F ie ld s b e low ) . W i l l iam T uckwe l l i sd e sc r ibed a s ' 1 8 , 5 ' 6 " h i gh , d a rk ish c omp lex t ion e ye s a nd h a i r , r a the r p ockma rked , a nd l i v ing a t 4 Whee le r s P lace , Wh i te S t ree t , B o ro ' , b o rn i n B uk sh i re ( s ic ) , a p i pemake r ' . T uckwe l l 's a dd re s s , Wh i t e S t ree t f o rm s a c on f luence w i th K en t S t ree ta tS t . G eo rge sc hu rch ( F ig . 2 3 . ) . T uckwe l l w a s a r re s ted i n L ondon R oad a nd c ommm i ted o n J u ly 1 6 th 1 834 f o r s t ea l ing a c oa t v a lued a t 1 4 s , t h e p rope r ty o f T homa s A t tenbo rough ( ? ) . H e w a s f ound g u i l ty a nd s en tenced t o 7y ea r s t r an spor ta t ion b e ing r emanded t o N ewga te o n 1 3 th O c tobe r 1 834 . T he C omp te r o b se rved t h a t T uckwe l l ' h ad b een c onv ic ted b efo re ' .

I ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a t t h e c r im ina l e l emen t s o o f ten m en t ioned i n a ccoun t s o f t h e d i s t r ic t , i n c luded l o ca l p ipemake r s w ho e i the r c omm i t ted o f f ence s o r w e re i n vo lved i np roceed ing s . T he f i r s t n amed w a s A n thony P idgeon ' o f N ew ing ton , p ipemake r ' , w ho a ppea red a t t h e S u r rey Q ua r te r S e s s ion s a tC roydon i n1 662 f a c ing c ha rge s ' t ouch ing c e r ta in t r e spa sse s , c on temp t s a nd m isdemeanou r s ' ( f o r f u the r d e ta i l s s e e B iog raph ie s ) . O the r N ew ing ton p ipemake r s a tt h is t ime a r e r e co rded s t and ing s u re ty f o r m isc rean t s , n o tab ly L ew i s B owen ( 1664 ) f o r H umph rey B owen , g a rdene r ; R obe r t F owg la s s ( 1663 ) f o r F rance s , w if e o f T homa s G rove , y eoman a nd T homa sU ph i l l ( 1665 )w ho g ave s u re ty f o r T homa s R eade r , p ack th read s k inne r ( SQS ) . O ne c a se o fv i o len tb ehav iou r( SQS )a l though n o ta s soc ia ted w i th ap ipemake r , i s o f t o p ica l i n te re s t . A v i c tua l le r o f N ew ing ton , M ichae l R i ley w a s b rough t b efo r e t h e C roydon s e s s ion s i n 1 664 ' t o a nswe r f o r h u r t ing J ohn P e t t b y s t abb ing h im w i th at obacco p i pe i nt h e e ye ' . S t a te P ape r s ( PRO ) f o r Ma rch 1 666 , r e la te a s im i la r c a se w he re a J ohn B ubb p e t i t ioned t h e K ing f o r a r e p r ieve o f e xecu t ion -h e w a s a ccu sed o f mo r ta l ly w ound ing G eo rge E dwa rd s i nt h e e ye w i th a t o ba cco p i pe . A n e a r l ie r a s sau l t i sk nown ( 16 15 / 16 ) f r om t h e M idd le sex s e s s ion s ( Ro l l 5 48 /27 , 1 27 , GLRO ) w hen a R obe r tJ ack son o fS t . B o to lph 's -w i thou t -B i shop sga t e s t ruck G eo rge G a le u pon t h e l e f t e ye w i th a t o ba cco p ipe w o r th a f a r th ing . G a le r e ce ived a mo r ta l w ound f i ve i n che s d eep a nd h a lf a n i n ch w ide f r om w h ich h e d i ed .

Weymou th S tree t , N ew ing ton B u t t s F aden 's m ap ( 1 813 ) s how s Weymou th S t ree t r unn ing b e tween P ro spec t R ow a nd a n u nma rked r o ad n ow c a l led t h e N ew K en t R oad ( F ig . 2 7 ) . F aden d ep ic t s a t e r ra ce o f4 4 d we l l ings o n t h e e a s t s i de o f Weymou th S t ree t f a c ing a r ow o f 3 7 o n t h e w e s t s i de , b eh ind w h ich i s a n a r ea o f g a rden s a nd o pen g round . Weymou th S t ree t i sn o t e v iden t o n R oque 's m ap o f 1 746 a nd i tw a s p robab ly b u i l t a t as im i la r t ime t o P ro spec tR ow w h ich w a sl a id o u ti nc . 1780 ( Da r l ing ton 1 955 , 8 4 ) . A l though K en t S t ree t h ad p receeded Weymou th S t ree t a s av enue f o rp i pe p roduc t ion b y a tl e a s t 1 40 y ea r s , t h e l a t te r 's ma in p e r iod o f a c t iv i ty i n t h e t r ade w h ich s t re t ched f r om t h e 1 830 s t o t h e 1 870 s w a s n o l e s s c oncen t ra ted o r v a r ied i nt e rms o f w o rk fo r ce n umbe r s

V a r iou s m embe r s o ft h e B lunde l l f am i ly o fN ew ing ton

6 0

a nd c hange s . T he f o l low ing d a ta f o r t h is p e r iod w a s f ound i nt h ep a r ish r e g is te r so fS t . Ma ry , t h eN ew ing ton c ensu s r e tu rns f o r t h e d ecade s f r om 1 831 t o 1 881 a nd L ondon P o s t O ff i ce d i rec to r ie s . T he se s ou rce s r e vea l t h a t a t l e a s t 1 9 d i f f e ren t p ipemake r s w e re k nown t o h ave l o dged i n Weymou th S t ree t b e tween 1 831 a nd 1 872 . I tc an b e c onf i rmed t h a t mo s t o f t h e w o rkfo rce w a s h ou sed i n No s . 4a nd 5( s ee Append ix I V f o r al i s t o f n ame s ) . F aden 's map c l ea r ly s hows t h e se p rem ises n umbe red a s 4a nd 5 ,w i th t h e ir p lo t s b eh ind a bu t t ing u pt o as haded s qua re w h ich o nl a te r 1 9 th c en tury maps i sn amed a s a' Na t iona l S choo l ' . P re sumab ly , i fk i ln f i r ing s w e re c a r r ied o u t a tn igh t , t h e p up i ls w ou ld n o t h ave s u f f e red t h e h ea l th h aza rd a nd i n conven ience o f s moke . Two o the r p ipemake r s a r e r e co rded i n L ion S t ree t , w h ich r un s a d jacen t a nd p a ra l le l t o Weymou th S t ree t a nd may a l so h ave w o rked a t Nos 4 a nd 5 .

c on t inued t r ad ing u n t i l 1 852 w i th s on , W i l l iam J ame s B i rch ( 2 ) a s h e r a pp ren t ice ( N /C ) . B y 1 861 , i ta ppea r s t h a t B i rch h ad moved a way f r om Weymou th S t ree t ( N /C ) . I n 1 871 h e w a s l odg ing i nN u r se ry R ow w h ich l i e s w i th in t h e t h ird ma in p ipe p roduc ing d i s t r ic t i n Wa lwor th c ove red b e low . H e w a s s ha r ing t h e a bode w i th ab l ack sm i th a nd f am i ly ( N /C ) . I nt h e y ea r 1 851 , Nos 4a nd 5Weymou th S t ree th oused an ew c on t ingen t w i th 8p e r sons l i v ing a nd w o rk ing i n e ach dwe l l ing . A t No . 4l i ved A nn B i rch w i th h e r f am i ly o f 7c h i ld ren i n c lud ing W . J . B irch ( 2 ) . H e r d augh te rA nn , a ged 1 5 , w a s ad re ssmake r , ac ommon ly f ound t r ade i n t h e n e ighbou rhood . Mayhew ( 1862 , 2 46 -247 ) w ro te o f t h e N ew ing ton C auseway l o ca l i ty w h ich w a s c l o se b y t o Weymou th S t ree t a nd d e sc r ibed i t s m i l l ine r s ' a nd d rape r s ' s hop s . H e n o ted t h a t t h e s t ree t w a s ' f i l led w i th i n ce ssan t t i de s o f mechan ics , t r ade smen 's w ives , m i l l ine r s a nd d r essmake r s ' .

I ti sn o t c er ta in w ho owned t h e p rem ise s a t 4a nd 5 Weymou th S t ree t b u t many o f t h e p ipemake r s mus t h ave r e n ted d u r ing t h e ir s t ay . W i l l iam B i rch , w ho l i ved t h e r e f o r t h e l o nge s t t e rm , may n o t h ave o wned t h e p rem ise s f o r h e i sc a l led a n ' o ccup ie r ' i n L and T ax A sses smen t s f o r 1 848 -1851 w hen h e p a id 3 s 6 d a nnua l ly . T he o n ly p ropr ie to r c i ted a s own ing p rope r ty i n Weymou th S t ree t f o r t hose y ea r s w a s o ne ' W in te r ' , b u t n o p a r t icu la r h ouse n umbe r s a r e s ub sc r ibed t o h i s n ame ( LT92 /2 , GLRO ) . Two o ft h e i nhab i tan t s , G eo rge A ther ton a nd C ha r le sG rea to rex a r en o ted a se ach b e ing a' b oa rde r ' b y t h e c ensus e nume ra to r i n 1 86 1 . T hey w e re b o rn i n L ive rpoo l a nd S ta f fo rd r e spec t ive ly a nd w e re e v iden t ly l e ad ing i t ine ran tl i ve s .C ha r le sG rea to rex i sr e co rded i n L e ice s te r i n 1 84 1 a nd No t t ingham i n 1 851 . H e r e turned t od i e i n No t t ingham i n 1 867 , a ged 3 4 , a f te rh i s s t ay a t 4Weymou th S t ree t ( N /C ; P /C PH ) .

Two f am i l ie so ccup ied No . 5Weymou th S t ree ti n1 851 , t h e se b e ing t h e Sw inya rd s a nd t h e P owe l ls . T he se w e re r e la ted b y ma r r iage a s J ame s Sw inya rd 's d augh te r Ma ry , b y h i s f i r s t w if e , w a s ma r r ied t oW i l l iam P owe l l ( P /C S J ) . Sw inya rd 's e a r l ie r c a ree r h ad b een s pen t i n C r ipp lega te ( 1803 ) , L ambe th ( 1808 -19 ) a nd S t ree t G eo rge s , S ou thwa rk ( 1821) ( P /C S J ) . I n 1 844 h e i s r e co rded i nE a s tS t ree t( s ee E a s tS t ree tA rea b e low ) . B y 1 849 h ew a s l i v ing i nN ew ing ton w he re h ef i na l ly d i ed , a ged 7 0 , i n 1 852 . T he c ause o f d ea th i s g iven a s b ronch i t is , a n i lne ss w h ich l a s ted f o r t h ree w eek s . H is s on i n l aw , W i l l iam P owe l l , w a s p re sen t a th i s d ea th ( CD S t .CH ) . T he c ensus o f 1 861 r e co rd s t h a t 1 0p e r sons w e re o n t h e Weymou th S t ree t s i te , i n c lud ing a w h i tesm i th a nd h i s f am i ly . I n t h e 1 861 c ensu s , n o d i s t inc t ion i s made b e tween No s 4a nd 5 . Aga in , af r e sh s e t o f p e r sons i n hab i ted t h e dwe l l ing . F i r s t l i s ted i sT homa s G e r ra rd , a ged 3 0 ( bn . C ha tham , K en t ) a nd h i s w if e a nd t wo c h i ld ren . T he e l de s t o f t h e se , J ohn h ad b een b o rn i n N ew ing ton 7 y ea r s p rev ious ly , p e rhap s t h e t ime w hen t h e f am i ly moved i n to t h e a r ea . T he p rem ise s a l so c on ta ined t h e p ipemake r s C ha r le s G rea to rex , G eo rge A the r ton , J ohn D ench a nd h i s w if e . B e tween t h e d ecade s 1 86 1 a nd 1 871 f l uc tua t ions i n t h e w o rkfo rce c on t inued w i th W i l l iam O gden mov ing i n s ome t ime b e tween 1 861 a nd 1 867 . H e w a s t h e s on o f a no the r p ipemake r , J ohn O gden ( s ee B iog raph ie s ) . W i l l iam O gden ma r r ied a w idowed d augh te r o f al a bou re r i n 1 867 . S he a l so l i ved i n Weymou th S t ree t ( S tMS /M ) .

T he f i r s t w o rke r r e co rded a tt h e Weymou th S t ree t k i ln w a s W i l l iam J ame s B irch (1) l i v ing t h e re f r om a tl e a s t 1 831 t o 1 850 . T he 1 831 c ensu s r evea ls t h a t t wo f am i l ie s r e s ided h e re c a r ry ing o u t t wo t r ade s t h a t o f p i pemak ing a nd s hoemak ing . T he r e tu rns f o r 1 841 l i s t s t h e s hoemake r a s W . J .B ir ch 's f a the r , W i l l iam . B o th f a the r a nd s on w e re b o rn ' o u t s ide ' t h e c oun ty . T he s ame c ensu s n ame s t wo o the r f am i l ie s manuf ac tu r ing p i pe s i n Weymou th S ree t . H enry J ack son a nd J o seph D oub tf ire h eaded t h e se f am i l ie s . H ouse n umbe r sa r en o t p rov ided i n t h e 1 831 a nd 4 1 c en su s l i s t s s o i ti sn o t p o s s ib le t o c onf i rm t h a t a l l t h e se f am i l ie s w e re l i v ing u nde rt h e s ame r oof . D irec to r ie sc onf i rm , h oweve r , t h a t t h eD oub tf i re s w e re a t 4Weymou th S t ree tf r om 1 853 -8 a nd a s n o o the r p i pemak ing w o rk shop s a r e k nown i n Weymou th S t ree t b e s ide s t ho se a t Nos 4 a nd 5 ,i t may b e a s sumed t h a t i n 1 841 n o l e ss t h a t 1 6 p e r son s w e re e s tab l ished h e re , at o ta l w h ich i n c lude s o ne E l izabe th We l le r , p e rhaps a s e rvan t . T h is w ou ld n o t h ave b een o ve r c rowd ing b y t h e s t anda rd s o f t h e d ay a s i n d ica ted b y Mayhew ( 1862 , 2 08 ) w ho e ncoun te red al ow -g rade l o dg ing h ouse i n Wh i techape l c on ta in ing a bou t n i ne ty p eop le i n t h ree r ooms . T he r epor t i n t h e p rev ious S ec t ion o n o ve rpopu la ted b oa rd ing h ouse s i n K en t S t ree t i s as im i la r e xamp le o f l o ca l b ad o ve r c rowd ing .

T homa s G er ra rd a nd h i s f am i ly w e re s t i l l i n Weymou th S t ree t i n 1 871 ( N /C ) t h is t ime l i s ted a t No . 5 .N o o the r p e r sons a r er e co rded a tt h e a dd re ss . Ad i rec to ry r e ad ing c onf i rms t h a tG e r ra rd w a s s t i l l t r ad ing t h e re i n1 872 b u t n o f u r the r e n t r ie s c ou ld b e f ound a f te r t h a t d a te . Weymou th S t ree t i sn o t i n c luded i n t h e 1 88 1 c ensus a nd b y 1 884 t h e n ame h ad c hanged t o S aye r S t ree t (Map o f N ew ing ton 1 884 , S LSL ) . No i n s tance o f p ipemake r s wo rk ing i n t h e s t ree t u nde r i t s n ew n ame c ou ld b e f ound . I t may b e a s sumed t h a t t h e k i ln c ea sed p roduc t ion d ur ing t h e 1 870 s . T he l a s t p ipemake r w o rk ing i nt h e n e ighbou rhood a ppea r s t oh ave b een

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o r ig ina l ly s t ipu la ted t h a tt h e t e rm f o r a n a pp ren t ice sh ip w i th in t h ej u r id ic t ion o ft h e C i ty o fL ondon s hou ld n o t e xp i re b efo re t h e a pp ren t ice h ad r e ached ' 2 4 y ea r s a t t h e l e a s t ' ( c lau se X LX ) . T h is w a s t oa vo id t h e i n c rea se o f p aupe r s a nd d i scou rage u n sk i lf u l p eop le f r om ma r ry ing t o o y oung . A t t h e b eg in ing o f t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry , t h et e rm ina t ion a ge w a s mo re u sua l ly 2 1 y ea r s f o r f ema le a pp ren t ice s a nd 2 4 y ea r s f o r m a le s . I n 1 767 aH ou se o f C ommon s c omm i t tee r e comended t h a t c h i ld ren s hou ld b e b ound f o r as hor te r p e r iod . A g ene ra l A c t i n1 778 ( 18 GEO . I I . c .4 7 . ) d ec la red t h a t n o a pp ren t ice s hou ld b e h e ld b ound a f te r 2 1 y ea r s o l d ( Dun lop 1 9 12 , 2 58 -59 ) . I n c ommon w i th o the r t r ade s l i ke t h e f r amewo rk k n i t te r s , w ho w e re n o ti n co rpo ra ted w hen t h e e na c tmen t o f t h e S ta tu te o f A r t if ice r s t o ok p l a ce , t h e p ipemake r s s ough t t o b e b rough t u nde r t h e A c t a tt h e t ime o f t h e i r c ha r te r o f 1 663 , s o t h a t ' n one m ay f o l low t h e t r ade w ho h ave n o t b een a pp ren t ice s 7 y ea r s ' ( SPD 1 664 ) .

a nd a l l o t he r t h ing s n ece s sa ry a nd f i t f o r a n a pp ren t ice . . .and a tt h ee nd o ft h et e rm s ha l ld e l ive ru n to t h e s a id a pp ren t ice d oub le a ppa re ls o f a l s o r t s , g ood a nd n ew ( t ha t i st o s ay ) as u i t f o r t h e H o ly -day s a nd a no the r f o r w o rk ing d ay s ' ( N /A I ) . E l izabe th A shbey 's a pp ren t ice sh ip w a s m ade b y t h e a u tho r i ty o ft h e ' Chu r chwa rdens a nd O ve r see r s o f t h e P oo r o ft h e P a r ish ' w i th t h e c on sen t o ft h e ' J u s t ice s o f t h eP eace ' . T he P oo rL aw o f 1 60 1 ( 43 & 4 4 E l iz . c .2 . ) g ave t o t h e se b od ie s t h e p owe r t o i n den tu r e o rphan s a nd c h i ld ren o f p oo r p e r son s w ho c ou ld n o t m a in ta in t h e i r f am i l ie s . D e sp i te t h e i mp l ica t ion i nt h e i n den tu re t h a t E l izabe th A shbey w ou ld l e a rn t h e a r t o f p i pemak ing , D un lop h a s s ugge s ted t h a t s uch p h ra s ing w a so f ten ' s e t ' a nd t h a t mo s to ft h eg i r l sa pp ren t iced b y t h e p oo r l aw a u tho r i t ie s w e re p robab ly e mp loyed i n d ome s t ic s e rv ice a nd m ay h ave o n ly h e lped o u t i nt h e w o rk shop ( Dun lop 1 9 12 , 1 52 ) . T h is make s i td i ff icu l t t oe s t ima te t h ee x ten tt ow h ich g i r l s w e r et a ugh tt r ade s . T o d a te , t h e re i sn o e v idence t h a t E l izabe th A shbey e ve r b ecame a p ipemake r i n h e r o wn r i gh t i n N ew ing ton . S he i s t h e o n ly f ema le a pp ren t ice p ipemake rt oh ave b een o ff ic ia l ly r e co rded i nt h ep a r i sh r e co rd s .

Ma s te r s n o rma l ly r e ce ived ap rem ium w hen t a k ing o n a n a pp ren t ice -i nN ew ing ton t h i s p roved t o b e £ 5 i n e ach o ft h e 6c a se s w he re af e e i sk nown . T he f e e f o r t h e e a r l ie s t o f t h e se c a se s , t h a t o f J ohn B ryan t ( 1 ) o f N ew ing ton w ho w a s t u rned -ove r t oA n thony A nd rew C i t izen a nd T PM i n 1 715 , w a s £ 5 ; t h e s ame s um w a s p a id b y t h e o ve r see r s o ft h e p a r i sh t oJ ohn F u l le r w hen h e t ook J o seph G rou t a pp ren t ice i n 1 860 . T he a moun t i sc on s i s tan t w i th t h a t r e co rded b y C ampbe l l C up t o £ 5 ' ) i nT he L ondon T rad esman a sp aymen t f o r b i nd ing a n a pp ren t ice p ipemake r ( 1747 , 3 37 ) .

B e tween 1 704 a nd 1 860 t h e o ve r see r s o f t h e p oo r i n N ew ing ton p roce s sed 1 8 i nden tu re s b e tween p oo r c h i ld ren o f t h e p a r ish a nd p ipemake r s . N o t a l t h e d ocumen t s m ay h ave s u rv ived , s o t h e t o ta l i sl i ke ly t o b e mo re . S even o f t h e c h i ld ren w e re b ound o ve r t o m a s te r p ipemake r s o u t s ide t h e p a r i sh . T he se w e re H en ry S t ru t to fR omfo rd i nE s sex w ho t ook i nW i l l iam a nd E dwa rd A t te r ton i n 1 834 a nd 1 84 1 r e spec t ive ly ; W i l l iam P r ing le o fL ambe th w ho t ook t h ree a pp ren t ice s f r om N ew ing ton : J ohn T e s te r a nd P a t r ick H a cke t t i n 1 853 a nd J o seph G rou t i n 1 860 . S eve ra l o t he r a pp ren t ice sh ip s a r e l i s ted i nA ppend ix I ,p a r t Iw he re t h e h ome a dd re s se s o f ma s te r s a r e n o t k nown .

A ne xam ina t ion o fO swa ld 's L ondon l i s to fp ipemake r s ( 1975 ) c onf i rm s t h a t t h e ma jo r i ty o f t u rn -ove r f e e s a moun ted t o £ 5 e ach ; f e e s f r om £ 2 t o £ 5 f r equen t ly o ccu r red , w h i le f e e s b e tween £ 10 a nd £ 20 a r e l e s s f r equen ti nt h el i s t ing s . I nt e rm so fs t a tu s , t h is c ompa re s w i th o the rt r ade s n o ted b yC ampbe l lw h ich c ommanded t h e s ame f e e s . E xamp le s a r e : p av iou r s , p a rchmen t m ake r s a nd m i l le r s -` u p t o £ 5 ' ; i r on -coope r s , l a s t make r s a nd f a n p a in te r s -£ 5 t o£ 10 ( Campbe l l 1 747 , 3 36 -337 ) . S ta tu s c an a l so b e m ea su red b y c ompa r ing t h e s um s n ece s sa ry t o s e t u p a s m a s te r s . C ampbe l l r e commended £ 20 t o £ 50 f o r p ipemak e r s ; f o r a l l t h e o t he r t r ade s n o ted a bove , e xcep t t h a t o f p av iou r s f o r w h ich n o s um i si n c luded , l a rge r s um s w e re r e qu i red . F o r s ome o f t h e w ea l th ie r o ccupa t ion s l i ke t h o se o f m e rce r s , s c r ivene r s a nd l i nend rape r s , f e e s c ou ld r a nge f r om £ 50 t o £ 200 o r mo re ( i b id . C ampbe l l ; D un lop 1 9 12 , 2 07 ) .

I t i s i n te re s t ing t h a t f ou r o f t h e a bove a pp ren t ice s p o s se s sed r e cogn i sab le p ipemak ing n ame s -A t te r ton , G rou t , B ryan t a nd T e s te r ( c f . B iog raph ie s , P a r t I& I b e low ) . Two r e a son s f o rt h is c an b e s ugge s ted . F i r s t ly , i tw ou ld h ave b een t o ap ipemake r 's a dvan tage t o c hoo se ap aupe rw ho h ad o r ig ina l ly b een b rough t u p i n ap ipemak ing f am i ly a nd w ho w a s a l ready l i ke ly t ob e w e l l g rounded i n t h e t r ade . S econd ly , b ecau se t h e T obacco P ipemake r s C ompany s t ipu la ted al im i t t ot h e n umbe r s o f w o rke r s e mp loyed i n af am i ly a ta ny o ne t ime , i n c lud ing s on s , at r an sf e rence o f a pp r en t ice sh ip l a bou r f r om o ne c once rn t o a no the r w ou ld n a tu ra l ly o ccu r f r om t ime t o t ime . L im i t s o n a pp ren t ice sh ip s i s f u r the r d i scu s sed i ns e c t ion t h ree o ft h i s S ec t ion .

I f h ou r s w o rked i n ad ay c an b e s e en a s a no the r i n d ica t ion o f at r ade sman 's s t a tu s , t h en t h ej ou rneyman p ipemake rw a so n ap a rw i th b ook p r in te r s ,l a s t make r s , p a rchmen t m ake r s , o i l s hopmen a nd l o om m ake r s . T he se w o rke r s , a cco rd ing t o C ampbe l l , s e rved a 1 5 h ou r d ay . A 1 4 h ou r d ay s e em s t o h ave b een mo re u sua l ly s e rved b y c ompa rab le t r ade s s uch a s b r eeche s -make r s , c a rpe t w eave r s , h a rne s s make r s , c oope r s a nd e ng rave r s ( Campbe l l , i b id .) .

T he a ge s o fN ew ing ton p a r i sh a pp ren t ice s r a nged f r om 1 2 t o1 6 y ea r s ; o ne c a se o f 1 2 y ea r s b e ing k nown , 2o f 1 3 y ea r s , 5o f 1 4 y ea r s a nd 3 o f 1 6 y ea r s . O ne o f t h e 1 3 y ea ro ld c h i ld ren , J ohn H ive s o fS t . G eo rge 's p a r i sh -a pp ren t iced t oH en ry B lunde l l o fN ew ing ton i n1 754 , w a s t ob e b ound o ve r u n t i l h e h ad r e a ched t h e a ge o f 2 4 y ea r s ( A l /S tGS ) . I n a l l b u t J ohn H ive 's c a se , t h e a pp r en t ice sh ip s w e re t ol a s t u n t i l t h e c h i ld ren w e re 2 1 y ea r s o ld . T he s t a tu te o fA r t if ice r s ( 1 563 , 5E l iz . C . 4 . )

A pp ren t ice s w e re n o tn o rma l ly p a id f o rt h e i rw o rk u n t i l t h e e me rgence o f t h e ' o u t -doo r ' s y s tem . T h i s w a s i n t roduced a tt h ee nd o ft h e 1 7 th c en tu ry p a r t ly b ecau se

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8 9

m a s te r s w i shed t o f r ee t h em se lve s o f t h e i r r e spon s ib i l i t ie sa nd a tt h es ame t ime , a pp ren t ice s b egan t os e ek mo re i n dependence f r om t h e w o rk shop ( Dun lop 1 9 12 , 1 96 -197 ) . T he re i s e v idence p rov ided b y a n i n den tu re t h a tt h is s y s tem w a s u sed i n ap a r ish c l o se b y t o N ew ing ton . T homa s B e l lamy PM o f S t . Ma ry i n L ambe th , w ho t o ok G eo rge Ma r sh a pp ren t ice i n 1 864 , i n d ica ted o n t h e d ocumen t t h e w age s Ma r sh w a s t o r e ce ive o ve r t h e 7y ea r p e r iod : ' o n t h e t e rm s o f 5 d a g ro ss f o rm ak ing a nd t r imm ing s ho r t p i pe s f o rt h e f i r s t h a lf o ft e rm a nd 6 d t h e r ema inde ro fh i s t ime a nd l o ng p ipe s i n a cco rdance w i th t h e o the r s ' ( A l , H ou se o f P ipe s , B rambe r , S u s sex 1 987 ) . A T homa s B e l lamy , p o s s ib ly t h es ame , i sl a te rr e co rded i nN ew ing ton a t1 0 P en ton P la ce ( 1879 , S t J /M ) . T he T obacco P ipemaker s C ompany I fa pp ren t ice sh ip i n den tu re s w e re n o t d rawn u p b y t h e o ve r see r s o f t h e p oo r , t h ey o ff ic ia l ly h ad t o b e s anc t ioned b y t h e C le rk o f t h e T obacco P ipemake r s C ompany . T h ree s uch c a se s a r e k nown c once rn ing N ew ing ton p ipemake r s n ame ly : D av id Mo r ton , a pp ren t iced t oW i l l iam R eyno ld s f o r 7y ea r s i n 1 800 ; W i l l iam T homp son , c a rman , a pp ren t iced t o J ohn J ew s te r f o r 7y ea r s i n 1 804 ; a nd G eo rge D uggan a pp ren t iced t ot h e s ame i n1 804 f o r 7y ea r s ( MS 3 60 1 , GL ) . T he c ompany b ye l aw s r e qu i red t h a t e ve ry m embe r l i v ing w i th in t wen ty m i le s o f L ondon a nd t a k ing ' a ny p e r son t ob e h i s a pp ren t ice ' s ha l l , a f te r t h e i n den tu re i ss i gned a nd s ea led , b r ing t h e a pp ren t ice b e fo re t h e C ompany a nd e n te r t h e i n den tu re i n t h e b ook s o ft h e c ompany ( P igo t t 1 815 , 9 ) . T he C ompany a l so h ad p owe r s t ol im i t t h e n umbe r s o f a pp ren t ice s ' t o o n ly o ne a t a ny o ne t ime ' t o e ach m a s te r , u n le ss h e h ad h im se lf b een ma s te r , w a rden o r a s i n t h e c a se o f J ohn J ew s te r , a n a s s i s tan t o f t h e c ompany a nd t h en t wo a pp ren t ice sw e re a lowed ( i b id .) . O n t h e s ub jec t o f p rob lem s c au sed b y o ve rpopu la ted w o rk fo rce s , R u le c ommen t s : ' t he c ompu ls ion ( i n t h e l owe r t r ade s ) t o o b ta in c heap s upp lemen ta ry l a bou r t h rough a pp ren t ice sh ip e xpo sed t h em t ot h e d ange r o f o ve r s tock ing w i th h and s , s o t h a t w hen t h e i n den tu red p e r iod w a s u p t h e re w a s l i t t le p ro spec t o f t h e n ew j ourneyman o b ta in ing p roper ly r emunera ted e mp loymen t ' ( Ru le 1 981 , 1 05 ) . I t i s n o t c l ea r w he the r t h e N ew ing ton p ipemake r W i l l iam Ma rkwe l l h ad s pec ia l d i spen sa t ion f r om t h e p ipemake r s c ompany t o e mp loy t wo a pp ren t ice s , C ha r le s D rew a nd J o seph W i l l iam s i n 1 851 ( N /C ) . I n 1 82 1 , t h e c ompany r e -d raugh ted t h e b ye law s o f 1 805 b ecause t h o se l aw s w e re i n suff ic ien t t o p r even t n on -f reemen f r om i n te r f e r ing w i th a nd u s ing t h e r i gh t s a nd p r iv i lege s o f t h e t r ade . T he n ew b ye law 1 5 o rda ined t h a t m embe r s e mp loy ing o ne a pp ren t ice s hou ld p ay 4 s . a nnua l ly ; m a s te r se mp loy ing t wo s hou ld p ay 8 s a nd t h o se r e ta in ing t h ree a pp ren t ice s a ta ny o ne t ime s hou ld p ay £ 2 .10 s a nnua l ly t o t h e c ompany . L a rge rp aymen t s w e re s t ipu la ted f o r n on -f reemen . T he n ew b ye law s w e re r a t if ied b y t h e C ou r t o f K ing 's B ench a nd C ommon P lea s o n A p r i l 91 821 ( pub l i shed b y D rake , L ondon ) .

I t i s c e r ta in t h a t a t t h e t ime w hen Ma rkwe l l w a s e mp loy ing t wo a pp ren t ice s i n 1 851 , t h e r i gh t s o f t h e c ompany t oe nfo rce i t s c ha r te r w e re o pen t oq ue s t ion . I n t h e s ame y ea r t h e c ompany a t temp ted t op ro secu te o ne o fi t sf r eemen f o rn on -paymen to fd ue s d a t ing b a ck t o1 828 , t h ey ea ro ft h em an 's a dm i s s ion . T he c ompany r e cove red o n ly as ma l l p a r t o f w ha t i th ad c l a imed i n t h e c a se ( TPMco v .L ode r , 1 851 , 1 6 Q ueen 's B ench , 7 65 ) . I n t wo c a se s p rev ious t ot h i s c once rn ing R obe r t G a rdne r ( 1 822 ) a nd J ohn Wood ruf f e ( 1825 ) w he re t h e c ompany a ga in t r ied t oi mp lemen tf i ne s , t h ec ounse l f o r e ach d e f ence t ook v a r ious l e ga l o b je c t ions t o t h e v a l id i ty o ft h ec ha r te r( MS 3 60 1 , GL ) . O the rc a se sw e re h ea rd a tt h eB o rough C ou r to fR eque s t s i n1 826 a ga in s t f r eemen a nd n on -f reemen , w h ich i mp l ie s t h a t p i pemake r s f r om S ou thwa rk a nd p o s s ib ly N ew ing ton w e re i n vo lved ( MS 3 60 1 , GL ) . A s Woodman r ema rk s ( A tk in son & O swa ld 1 969 , 1 77 ) i n h i s h i s to ry o f t h e c ompany , o ne o ft h e ma in c au se s f o r i t s d i s so lu t ion ( i n t h e 1 860 s ) w a s ' t he d eb t i ti n cu r red i n a t temp t ing t o e nfo r ce i t s c ha r te red r i gh t s ' . I n t h e s u rv iv ing a ccoun t s o f t h e T oba cco P ipemake r s C ompany ( GL ) wh ich r e la te m a in ly t o t h e p e r iod b e tween 1 799 a nd 1 846 , t wo N ew ing ton p i pemake r s c an r e ad i ly b e i d en t if ied a s b e ing a c t ive ly i n vo lved : J ohn J ew s te r a nd W i l l iam W i l l iam s . U n le s s o t he rw i se s t a ted , t h e f o l low ing i n fo rma t ion h a s b een t a ken f r om MS 3 60 1 ( TPMco , GL ) -f o r f u r the r d e ta i l s s e e B iog raph ie s . J ohn J ew s te ro fK en tS t ree t , a dm i t ted i n to t h ec ompany i nc .1 799 -1 800 , w a s s wo rn a n a s s i s tan t i n 1 803 . A s a na s s i s tan to ft h ec ompany ,J ew s te r 's d u t ie sa l ong w i th o t he r of i c ia ls , i n c luded t h a to f' s ea rch ing ' t h ep r em i se s o f e ach m embe r a t l e a s t o nce a mon th , t o ' v iew t h e s e rvan t s a nd a pp ren t ice s , w o rke r s a nd w o rkman sh ip , e ng ine s , f u rna ce s a nd t o o ls o fw o rkmen a nd b u rne r s o f t o bacco p ipe s ' ( Bye -Law XXV I I , P igo t t 1 8 15 , 1 7 ) . I n 1 809 ( Feb rua ry 1 4 ) , J ew s te r m ade a s ea r ch i n We s tm in s te r . T he b i l l e x is t s f o r e xpen se s i n cur r ed d u r ing t h e d ay , a moun t ing t o 1 7 s 6 d w h ich p a id f o r s t eak s , p i ck le s , b r ead a nd c hee se , b ee r , t o bacco , b r andy a nd n egu s w h ich w a s ap o r t o r s he r ry w i th h o t w a te r , s wee tened a nd s p iced . I ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h ree o t he r s -a w a rden , a n a s s is tan t a nd o ne o t he r , a ccompan ied J ew s te r , a s o rda ined b y b ye law XXV I I o f t h e c ompany . As im i la rb i l l s u rv ive s ( F ig . 3 7 )f o re xpen se s a cc rued b y u nknown p e r son s t o ta l l ing 1 2 s 3 d , c once rn ing am ee t ing o rp e rhap s as ea r ch c a r r ied o u ti n Wa lwo r th , N ew ing ton . T he b i l l , d a ted 5May 1 80 1 o n t h e r e ve r se w a s f o r am ea l e a ten a tt h e ' Mon tpe l l ie r T ea -Ga rden s ' w h ich i s ma rked o nH o rwood 's 1 799 m ap a sl y ing o f ft h e Wa lwo r th r oad ,j u s t s ou th w e s t o fE a s t S t ree t . As e cond r e f e rence t ot h e t e a g a rden s o ccu r s i n t h e c ompany 's n o te s f o r May 3 1 804 w i th r e f e rence t o ' M r . T homa s B a lme , R en te r Wa rden ' w ho : ' p a id s t amp s f o r s t ewa rd 's n o te s 2 / 2 ; p a id c oach h i re a nd t u rnp ike t ot h e Mon tpe l l ie r -w i th b ook s 3 / 3 ' . S ea r che s w e re m ade b y o f f ic ia ls o f t h e c ompany a s l a te a s t h e 1 840 s . T he l a s t t ob e r e co rded w a s t h a t c a r r ied o u t b y T homa s W i l l iam F o rd o n t h e 1 8 th S ep tembe r 1 845 , w hen h e s pen t 3 s 6 d i ne xpen se s d u r ing t h e c ou r se o f t h a t d ay .

9 0

J ohn J ew s te r 's c apac i ty a s a n a s s is tan t g ave h im t h e a u tho r i ty t oc omp la in o ff ic ia l ly i n Ma r ch 1 804 a ga in s t W i l l iam C ooke ( f l . i nG rave send , K en t , 1 803 ) f o r n o t a t tend ing a s ummon s a t t h e c ou r t o f t h e c ompany . Wh i le C ooke w a s f i ned 1 O s f o r t h is t r ansg re s s ion , i ti s i n te re s t ing t h a t J ew s te r h ad h im se lf p a id a ' s tewa rd 's f i ne ' n o tl o ng a f te rh i sa dm i t tance i n to t h ec ompany , f o r a n u n s ta ted o f f ence . T he c ompany 's i n come r e l ied w ho l ly o n a dm is s ion f e e s , q ua r te rage a nd f i ne s a nd t h e l a t te r w e re m en t ioned i ne ve ry b ye law o f t h e c ha r te r a nd f r ee ly i mp lemen ted .

P ipe Make r s S oc ie ty , r eg is te red i n1 903 , m ee t ing a tt h e F ox T ave rn , R u s se l l S qua re a nd d i s so lved i n 1 906 ( Ma r sh & R yan 1 987 , 4 84 ; 4 87 ) . I t i s n o t k nown f o r h ow l o ng W i l l iam W i l l iam s c on t inued t ob e m a s te ro ft h e ' Wo r sh ipfu l C ompany o f T obacco P ipe Make r s o f t h e C i t ie s o f L ondon a nd We s tm in s te r , K ingdom o f E ng land , a nd D om in ion o f Wa le s ' . I tw a s c u s toma ry f o r am a s te rt ob e e l ec ted f o r l i f e , u n le s s t h e re w a s ' a ny r e a sonab le o r l awf u l c ause ' s e r iou s e nough t o e f f ec t a d i sm is sa l f r om o ff ice ( Bye -Law I I , P igo t t 1 815 , 5 ) . W i l l iam s d i ed , a ged 6 3 i n 1 858 h i s W i l l d e sc r ib ing h im a s a' g en t leman ' o f9 U n ion P lace , N ew K en t R oad .

W i l l iam W i l l iam s o f K en t S t ree t N ew ing ton a l so t o ok ap rom inen t p a r t i n t h e c ompany a f f a i r s d u r ing t h e 1 820 s a nd 3 0 s . H e w a s p o ss ib ly a c ompany o ff ic ia l s oon a f te r i n he r i t ing h i s u nc le J ohn J ew s te r 's t o bacco p i pemak ing b u s ine s s i n 1 822 , a s i nt h e f o l low ing y ea r ( 1 5 F eb ) , t h e n ame W i l l iam W i l l iam s w a s e ndo r sed o n t h e b ack o f al e t te r f r om G eo rge B u r s tow t o J ame s R u s se l l -t h e l a t te r a ppa ren t ly t h e m a s te r o f t h e c ompany .B u r s tow p rom i sed i nt h el e t te r ' t op ay £ 5 1 2 s b y mon th ly i n s ta lmen t s o f 6 s e ach b e ing f o r N on F reemans Q ua r te rage d ue t ot h e T oba cco P ipe Make r s C ompany ' . P e rhap s W i l l iam W i l l iam s w a s a c t ing a s R en te r Wa rden a tt h a t t ime .

1 .

C onc lu s ion s

I t i s h oped t h a t t h is monog raph h a s s ucceeded i n p rov id ing ac omp rehen s ive a ccoun t o fN ew ing ton c l ay t o bacco p ipemak ing , t oge the r w i th au sef u l a genda f o r f u tu re r e sea r ch . S ome c onc lu s ion s c an b e d rawn f r om t h e s u rvey :

W i l l iam W i l l iam s ' s i gna tu re a ppea r s ,a l ong w i th o t he r s , o n al e t te rd a ted J u ly 1 0 th 1 828 c on ta in ing a ' p rom i se t op ay Mr . T homa s D uggan . . . . the s um o f£ 500 t o ge the r w i th i n te re s t ' . T h is d eb t , f u r the rd i scu s sed i nS ec t ion 6 , p robab ly r e su l ted f r om p ay ing t h e c ou r t c a se s m en t ioned a bove i n t h e p u r suance o f t h e c ompany 's c ha r te red r i gh t s . W i l l iam W i l l iam s h ad a ppa ren t ly b ecome ma s te r o ft h e c ompany b y 1 830 -ar e ce ip t i n ab und le m a rked ' B i l l sa nd V ouche r s 1 826 -46 ' c on ta in s t h e n o te : ' Rece ived May 3 rd 1 830 o fM r . W . W i l l iam s Ma s te r o f t h e C ompany o f T oba cco P ipe Make r s t h e s um o f£ 3 l O s f o r c oa t f o r B ead le ' ( P /C AW 1 988 ) . O n J une 2 8 th 1 831 , W i l l iam W i l l iam s , i nh i s c apa c i ty a s ma s te r o f t h e c ompany , r e ce ived a l e t te r f r om M ichae l Ma r t in o f Woo lw ich T PM ( F ig s 3 8 a nd 3 9 ) i n w h ich Ma r t in e xcused h im se lf f r om f a i l ing t oa t tend a s ummon s a tH a l l o n a ccoun t o f a' v e ry l o ng i lne s s ' . T he l e t te r i sp o s t s c r ip ted ' p lea se t o g i ve my b e s t w ishe s t o M r . Sw inya rd ' . I ts e em s t h a t Ma r t in h ad p rev iou s ly r e ce ived l e t te r s r e ga rd ing t h e n on -paymen t o f d ue s . I n 1 826 t h e c ompany 's s o l ic i to r , aMr . T a te , c ha rged af e e o f 3 s 6 d f o r w r i t ing l e t te r s t om embe r s , i n c lud ing M ichae l Ma r t in , f o r a r rea r s o f d ue s . Ma r t in t h en o wed t h e c ompany £ 2 1 6 s . I n 1 831 W i l l iam s w a s p r e s id ing o ve r af e l low sh ip o f s ome th ing l i ke 3 16 m embe r s -t h e f i gu re g i ven b y Wa lke r ( 1971 , 8 3 ) f o r t h e y ea r 1 833 . T he Membe r sh ip h ad d ec rea sed f r om at o ta lo f5 28 i n1 80 1 ( i b id .) . Wh i le t h e c ompany w a s e ven tua l ly d i s so lved i n 1 868 ( A tk in son & O swa ld 1 969 , 1 77 ) , o t he r s oc ie t ie s w e re f ounded i nt h e l a t te rp a r t o ft h e c en tu ry . T he e x ten t o f t h e i r p owe r s i nL ondon i sn o t k nown . T h ree s oc ie t ie s c an b en o ted :C lay T obacco P ipe Make r sA s soc ia t ion o f E ng land a nd Wa le s , f o rmed i n 1 874 a nd c l a im ing 1 66 m embe r s ;L ondon T obacco P ipe Make r sw h ich h ad 1 60 m embe r s i n 1 875 a nd L ondon U n i ted C lay T obacco

9 1

1 .

A s as ubu rb o ft h eC i ty o fL ondon , S ou thwa rk w a s c onven ien t ly s i ted a s a n a r ea w he re u npopu la r t r ade s w e re g ene ra l ly a ccep ted . H e re , N ew ing ton 's p i pemak ing i n dus t ry d eve loped a l ong s ide o t he r n ox iou s t r ade s s uch a s l imebu rn ing , s me l t ing , t a nn ing , g l a s smak ing a nd p o tmak ing .

2 .

N ew ing ton 's i n du s t ry s hou ld b es e en i nt h el i gh to f t h a to fS ou thwa rk , t h e m a in c en t re f o rp ipemak ing i n s ou th e a s t L ondon . O n a n o ve ra l l c en tu ry b y c en tu ry b a s i s , s ou th e a s tL ondon w a s t h eC ap i ta l 's t h i rd mo s t p roduc t ive a r ea f o r t h e t r ade , b eh ind t h a t o f n o r th e a s t a nd e a s t L ondon .

3 .

T he i n du s t ry 's r aw m a te r ia l , p ipe c l ay , w a s k nown t o h ave b een u sed b y p o t te r s a nd g l a s smake r s , w h ich m ay h ave h e lped t os t imu la te t h e g row th o f p ipemak ing i n N ew ing ton a nd S ou thwa rk . A r chaeo log ica la nd d ocumen ta ry e v idence c onf i rm s t h a t t h e mo s t l i ke ly p l a ce o f o r ig in f o r c l ay s upp l ied t o N ew ing ton p ipemake r s w a s P oo le , D o r se t .

4 .

Wa lwo r th i n N ew ing ton d eve loped a s o ne o f L ondon 's m a in c en t re s f o r p roce s s ing p ipe c l ay a nd w h i t ing . T he c u t t ing o f t h e G rand S u r rey C ana l t h rough t h e n ea rby d i s t r ic t o f C ambe rwe l l p robab ly e ncou raged t h is i n du s t ry .

5 .

A va i lab i l i ty o f f u e l w a s af a c to r w h ich p l ayed a p a r t i n e s tab l i sh ing p ipe m anuf a c tur ing i n N ew ing ton . T he f u e l c ame i nt h e f o rm o fc oa l a nd p o s s ib ly c oke , i mpor ted i n to L ondon t o s upp ly o t he r i n du s t r ie s . Wh i le t h e b u rn ing o fc oa l i n s tead o f w ood w a s e ncou raged b y p a r l iamen ta ry a c t s , T obacco P ipe C ompany r e gu la t ion s a nd p a ten tee i n ven to r s , w ood c on t inued t o b e u sed b y

q ua l i ty o f p roduc t s t o e n su re t h a t c ompany b ye laws p e r ta in ing t o t h e e mp loymen t o f l a bou r a nd q ua l i ty o fp roduc t s w e re a dhe red t o . T he l a t te r w a s a Ma s te r o f t h e C ompany d u r ing t h e 1 830 s p re s id ing o ve r a membe r sh ip o f s ome t h ree h und red p e r son s w ho l i ved i na nd a r ound L ondon .

N ew ing ton p ipemake r s w ho a cqu i red o f f -cu t s o f ` b av in s ' f r om t h ei nd igenou sb room -mak ing f i rm s . 6 .

A n i mpo r tan t p ipe mou ld mak ing s hop o pe ra ted f r om N ew ing ton d u r ing t h e m id 19 th c en tu ry a nd e v iden t ly a l so s upp l ied f i rm so u t s ide t h eC ap i ta l . I t c an b e a s se s sed f r om s u rv iv ing p roduc t s t h a t o ne o f t h e mo s t p roduc t ive o f N ew ing ton w o rk shop s , t h a t o ft h e W i l l iam s ' f am i ly , e mp loyed a tl e a s t 1 8 d i f f e ren t mou ld s b e tween c .1 822 a nd c .1 863 .

7 .

I tw a s f ound t h a t t h e l ow s t a tu s o ft h e m a jo r i ty o f p ipemake r s w a s c l o se ly r e f lec ted b y t h e p oo r a nd o f ten o ve r c rowded e nv i ronmen t s t h ey l i ved a nd w o rked i n .T he w o rk shop sw e re ma in ly s i ted i nt h e p oo re r ,n o r the rn a nd e a s te rn d iv is ion so ft h ep a r ish , i nK en tS t ree t , Weymou th S t ree t , L ock sF ie ld sa nd i n Wa lwor th , e a s to ft h e Wa lwo r th r oad . T he mo s t p roduc t ive i nt e rm so fw o rk fo rce n umbe r sw e re t h e c en t re s o f2 95 K en t S t ree t a nd P ipemake r 's A l ley w he re 2 3 w o rke r s a r e r e co rded f r om c .1 822 -1864 a nd Weymou th S t ree t , p opu la ted b y 1 9 make r s b e tween 1 831 a nd 1 872 ( s ee A ppend ix I V ) . O nt h e a va i lab le e v idence , t h e p eak p e r iod o fp roduc t ion f o r b o th t h e se w o rk shop s w a s i n t h e m id 1 9 th c en tu ry .

8 .

D e sp i te t h e a ppa ren t o ccupa t iona l s im i la r i te s b e tween p o t te r s a nd p ipemake r s , n o d i rec t f am i ly l i nk sc ou ld b ef ound i nN ew ing ton r e co rd sb e tween t h e t wo t r ade s . T he g roup s mo s t c ommon ly f ound t o b e i n teg ra ted w i th p ipemak ing h ou seho ld s , p r ima r i ly b y ma r r iage , w e re l a bou re r s a nd c a rmen . B o th g roup s w e re f r equen t ly r e co rded i nd i s t r ic t s p opu la ted b y p ipemake r s . F am i ly t i e s d id o ccu r b e tween p ipemake r s a nd p ipec lay make r s a nd m e r chan t s . I tw a s e x t reme ly r a re f o r N ew ing ton p ipemak ing h ou seho ld s t o m a r ry i n to t h e p rof e s s iona l c l a s se s .

9 .

J ou rneymen p ipemake r sw e re p a id o n ap i ece -wo rk b a s i s , b u t w e re f o rb idden , l i ke o the r t r ade smen , t o a g i ta te f o r h i ghe r w age s b e tween 1 799 a nd 1 824 w hen t h e C omb ina t ion A c t s w e re c u r ren t . T h i s r ep re ss ion e nded i n a c onf ron ta t ion b e tween m a s te r sa nd j ou rneymen i nS ou thwa rk , r e su l t ing i n as t r ike a nd t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f aj ou rneymen 's c oope ra t ive f a c to ry i n t h e Maze , w h ich w a s s i tua ted j u s t n or th o f N ew ing ton . O the r t r ade s oc ie t ie s h e lped s uppo r t t h e p ipemake r s .

A cknow ledgemen t s T h i s t h e s i s h a s b een p roduced w i th h e lp a nd a dv ice f r om many p eop le ; i np a r t icu la r Iw ou ld l i ke t ot h ank : P e te r D avey f o r much v a luab le g u idance t h roughou t ; my w if e , S ue T a tman a nd h e r c o l league , S and ra F e ldman f o r t h e i r p a t ien t e f fo r t s i n t yp ing t h e t e x t ; P e te rH ammond f o ra dd i t iona ld ocumen ta ry i n fo rma t ion a nd d raw ing s ; R icha rd L e C hem inan t , P e te r E lk in s , Ad r ian O swa ld , D av id A tk in son , E d a nd B iddy J a rzembow sk i a nd A lan P eacey f o r p o s t ing m e d e ta i l s o r a l low ing m e t o s e e t h e i r c o l lec t ion s ; A lan a nd C a ro l ine W i l l iam s f o r t h e i r h e lp i n c omp i l ing t h e W i l l iam s a nd J ew s te rf am i ly t r ee s ; S he i la J e l ley f o rh e r i n fo rma t ion r e ga rd ing t h e Sw inya rd f am i ly ; D on D uco f o r t h e d raw ing o f t h e Sw inya rd p ipe s t ampe r ; M ike D ey o fA be rdeen C i ty A r t sD epa r tmen tf o rp ho tog raph s o ft h e S co t t i sh Sw inya rd p ipe mou ld ; G a i l R icha rd son f o r h e r d e ta i l s o f t h e T ingey f am i ly ; R on L uckcock ( No r th L ondon P o ly techn ic ) a nd D . B u rge s s ( Hamme r sm i th a nd W .L ondon C o l lege )f o rt h e i ra dv ice c once rn ing b l a ck c o lou red p ipe s ; A lf red H en she r f o r a l low ing m et ou se e x t ra c t sf r om Wa l ly H en she r 's n o te s o n p ipemak ing a nd D av id H igg in s f o r m a te r ia l o n L ondon e xcava t ion s i te s . Iw ou ld a l so l i ke t ot h ank t h e f o l low ing mu seum s t a f f : K ie ron H ea rd o f t h e D epa r tmen t o f G rea te r L ondon A rchaeo logy f o r d raw ing sa nd e xcava t ion i n fo rma t ion r ega rd ing A r cad ia B u i ld ing s a nd C hauce r H ou se ; s t af f a tt h e S ou thwa rk w a rehou se o ft h e DGLA f o r p e rm i t t ing a cce s s t ot h e i r s i te s t o re s ; s t a f fa tt h e C um ing Mu seum , Wa lwo r th f o r s how ing m e p ipe s a nd e xh ib i t c a ta logue s ; Y o landa C ou r tney o fN ewa rke H ou se s Mu seum i nL e ice s te rf o r p rov id ing a cce s s t o s e e t h e J one s p ipe mou ld a nd N ico la Sm i th a nd S t ephan H umph rey o ft h e S ou thwa rk L oca l S tud ie sL ib ra ry f o r much a s s is tance i np roduc ing d ocumen t s a nd a dv ice . T hank s a l so t o P h i l ippa T om l in son f o r t h e t e chn ica l e d i t ing a nd p repa r ing t h e t e x t f o r t h e p r in te r .

1 0 . A pp ren t ice sh ip s i nN ew ing ton a si no t he r L ondon p a r i she s , w e re ma in ly i mp lemen ted t h rough t h e O ve r see r so ft h eP oo ro ri ns ome c a se st h rough t h e a u tho r i ty o ft h e T obacco P ipema l ce r s C ompany . I t i sl i ke ly t h a ts ome a pp ren t ice sh ip sw e re c a r r ied o u t i n fo rma l ly w i th in p ipemak ing f am i l ie s . 1 . T he T obacco P ipemake r s C ompany w a s c h ief ly r e p re sen ted i n N ew ing ton i n t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e n i ne teen th c en tu ry b y t h e u nc le a nd n ephew , J ohn J ew s te ra nd W i l l iam W i l l iam s . T he f o rme rw a s a n a s s i s tan t o f t h e c ompany a nd h ad t h e p owe r t o c a r ry o u t ' s ea r che s ' i n w o rk shop s t o i n spec t t h e

9 2

B ib l iography L oca l B ib l iography ( Ref e rence s c ove r ing N ew ing ton , S ou thwa rk a nd L ondon

C od r ing ton , T . 1 9 15 ' London S ou th o f t h e T hame s ' S ur r ey A r chaeo log ica l C o l lec t ion s 2 8 .

g ene ra l ly ) A tk in son ,D .R . 1 962 ' Make r 's Ma rk so nC lay T obacco P ipe s f ound i n L ondon ' T he A r chaeo log ica l N ew s le t ter 7 , N o . 8 ( Ap r ) , 1 82 188 .

D a r l ing ton , I .1 955 S ur vey o fL ondon XXV . ' The P a r i sh o f

A tk in son , D . a nd O swa ld , A . 1 969 ' London C lay T obacco P ipe s ' J our na l o f t h e B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica l A s soc ia t ion

d ay . L ondon : B . T . B a t sfo rd L td .

XXX I I , 3 rd s e r ie s , 1 71-227 .

D aw son , G . J .a nd E dwa rd s , R . 1 974 ' The Mon tague C lo se

A tk in son , D . R . 1 977 ' 1 9 th C en tu ry Ma rked P ipe s f r om

D e l f twa re F ac to ry p r io r t o 1 969 ' R e sear ch V o lume o f t h e S ur r ey A r chaeo log ica l S oc ie ty 1 ,4 7 -63 .

S t . Ma ry N ew ing ton ' L ondon : L ondon C oun ty C ounc i l . D av ie s ,A . 1 987 T he Map o fL ondon f rom 1 746 t ot h ep r e sen t

Mave r ton R d . , B ow , E a s t L ondon '

T ransac t ion s o f t h e

L ondon a nd M idd le sex A r chaeo log ica l S oc ie ty 2 8 , 2 58 -268 .

D ean ,

B e lche r ,J .1 978 ' C lay P ipe s ' i n ' 2 0 1-2 11 B o rough H igh S t . '

S ou thwa rk . ' T he L ondon A rchaeo log i s t I I N o . 4 , S p r ing , 3 67 -373 .

M .

1 980

' Excava t ion s

a t A rcad ia

B u i ld ing s ,

b y E . F e r r e t t i a nd A . H . G raham . S ou thwark E xcava t ion s 1 972 -4 J o in t P ub l ica t ion N o .

1L ondon a nd M idd le sex

D rake ( p r in te r ) 1 82 1 A nA b s trac to fS evera lB ye -Law s o ft h e

A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty . L ondon : Mu seum o fL ondon .

C ompany o fT obacco -P ipe Mak er s L ondon : D rake .

B e san t , S i r W . 1 912 L ondon S ou th o ft h e T hame s L ondon : A dam a nd C ha r le s B lack .

D yo s , H . J .1 961 V ic tor ian S uburb : as t udy o ft h e g row th o f

B oge r , M r s . E . 1 895 B ygone S ou thwar k L ondon : S impk in ,

E dwa rd s , R . 1 974 ' London P o t te r s c . 1570 17 10 ' J ou rna l o f

Ma r sha l l , H am i l ton , K en t a nd C o . L td .

C eram ic H i s to ry N o . 6S ta f fo rd : G eo rge S t . P r e s s .

C amberwe l l L e ice s te r : Un ive r s i ty P re s s .

B oo th , C . 1 889 ; 1 902 (a ) L if e a nd L abour o ft h e P eop l e o f

E ve lyn ,J .1 66 1 F um if ug ium ; o rt h eI nconven iency o ft h eA er

L ondon F i r s t S e r ie s : P ove r ty 1L ondon : Macm i l lan a nd C o .

a nd S mok eo fL ondon D i s s ipa ted . L ondon : B ede la nd C o l l in s .

L td . G eo rge , D . M . 1 925 L ondon L if e i n t h e XV I I I th C en tu ry B oo th , C . 1 89 1 ; 1 902 (b ) L if e a nd L abour o ft h e P eop l e o f L ondon F i r s t S e r ie s : P ove r ty 2 L ondon : Macm i l lan a nd C o .

L ondon : K egan P au l , T rench , T rubne r a nd C o . L td .

L td .

H ammond ,

P .

1 985

' Fu r the r

I n fo rma t ion

o n

L ondon

P ipemake r s ' SCPR N ew s l e t ter 8 ,2 2 -25 . B oo th , C . 1 902 (c ) L if e a nd L abour o ft h e P eop le o fL ondon T h i rd S e r ie s : 4L ondon : Macm i l lan a nd C o . L td .

H ammond , P . 1 989 ' Mo re N o te s o fE l izabe th S pau l l ' S CPR N ew s le t ter 2 2 , 2 8 -29 .

B oo th , C . 1 895 ; 1 903 L if e a nd L abour o f t h e P eop l e o f L ondon S e cond S e r ie s : I ndu s t ry 2L ondon: Macm i l lan a nd

H en she r , W . S p i ta lf ie ld s " H en sher s" , Manuf ac tur er so fC lay

C o . L td .

P ipes f or T obacco . P /C Manu sc r ip t

B owe r s , R .W . 1 905 S k e tche s o f S ou thwark O ld a nd N ew L ondon : W i l l iam We s ley a nd S on .

A . H en she r 1 987 . U npub l i shed

J ohn son , D .J . 1 969 S ou thwark a nd t h e C i ty O xfo rd : O xfo rd U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

B r imb le combe , P . 1 987 T he B ig S mok e . ( A H i s to ry o fA ir P o l lu t ion i nL ondon s i nce Med ieva lt i me s ) . L ondon a nd N ew Y o rk : R ou t ledge .

K enyon , K .M . 1 959 ' Excava t ion s i n S ou thwa rk 1 945 -1947 ' S ur r ey A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty R e search P aper 5 .

B u r fo rd , E . J . L ib ra ry .

K n igh t , C . 1 84 1-44 K n igh t s L ondon V ( r ev i sed 1 875 1877 ) .

1 977 I n t h e C l ink L ondon : N ew E ng l i sh

L ondon L .C . C . ,T he 1 90 1 T he Hou s ing Q ue s t ion i nL ondon C ampbe l l , R . 1 747 T he L ondon T rad e sman L ondon : T . G a rdne r .

L ondon : p r in ted b yJ a s . T ru sco t ta nd S on f o rL ondon C oun ty C ounc i l .

C a r te r , L .J .1 985 Wa lwor th 1 929 -1939 C a r sha l ton B eeche s : L . J . C a r te r S e rv ice s .

L aw s , A . a nd O swa ld , A . 1 98 1 ' The K i ln o fW i l l iam H ea th , E igh teen th c en tu ry B ren t fo rd P ipemake r ' T he A r chaeo logy o f t h e C lay T obacco P ipe V I , 1 5 -65 ( BAR B S 9 7 ) .

C l inch , G . 1 890 B loom sbu ry a nd S t . G i le s , P a s ta nd P r e sen t L ondon .

L eC henünan t , R . 1 981 ' C lay T obacco P ipe s f r om L ondon

9 3

a nd t h e S ou th E a s t , P a r t I ' T he A r chaeo logy o f t h e C lay

T homp son , A . , G rew , F .a nd S chof ie ld , J .1 984

T obacco P ipe V I , 1 27 -160 ( BAR B S 9 7 ) .

' Excava t ion s a tA ldga te ' P os t -Med ieva lA rchaeo logy 1 8 , 1 148 .

L i l lywh i te , B . 1 972 L ondon S ign s L ondon : G eo rge A l len a nd T imb s , J .1 866 C lub L if e o fL ondon I L ondon : R icha rd B en t ley .

U nw in L td . L ondon B o rough o fS ou thwa rk N e ighbou rhood H is to r ie s N o . 71 982 T he S to ry o f " The B o rough " L ondon : C ounc i l o ft h e

Wa lfo rd , E . 1 878 O ld a nd N ew L ondon L ondon : C a s se l l

L ondon B o rough o fS ou thwa rk

P e t te r a nd G a lp in .

L y son s , R ev . D . 1 8 10 T he E nv iron s o fL ondon 1 ( 'N ew ing ton ' ) L ondon : T . C ade l l a nd W . D av ie s .

Wa lke r , I . C . 1 971 ' Some n o te s o n t h e We s tm in s te r a nd

Ma lden , H .E . 1 900 ; 1 905 A H i s tor y o fS ur r ey L ondon :

7 8 -89 .

L ondon T obacco -P ipe Make r 's G u i ld ' T ran sac t ion s o ft h e L ondon a nd M idd le sex A r chaeo log ica lS oc ie ty 2 3 , P a r t 1 ,

E l l io t S to ck . Ma lden , H .E . 1 967 T he V i c tor ia H i s tor y o fS ur rey Ia nd I

Wa lke r , S . 1 98 1(a ) ' The C lay P ipe I ndu s t ry o ft h e P a r i sh o f S t . O lave s , S ou thwa rk ' T he A rchaeo logy o ft h e C lay

L ondon : D aw son s .

T obacco P ipe V I , 1 73 182 ( BAR B S 9 7 ) .

Mayhew , H . 1 851 ; 1 967 L ondon L abour a nd t h e L ondon

Wa lke r , S . 1 981(b ) ' A G roup o fC lay P i pe s f r om L ambe th ' T he A r chaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe V I , 1 83 188

P oor Ia nd I L ondon : F rank C a s s a nd C o . L td . ( 1967 ) .

( BAR B S 9 7 ) . Mayhew , H . 1 862 L ondon 's U nd erwor ld ( P . Q uenne l l , e d . ) L ondon : S p r ing B ook s .

We in s te in , R . 1 984 ' P ipec lay F igur ine s ' i nT homp son e ta l , 1 984 , 1 22 124 .

O r fo rd , E . J .1 925 T he B ook o f Wa lwor th L ondon . Whea t ley , H .B . 1 89 1 L ondon P a s t a nd P r e sen t L ondon : J . Mu r ray .

O swa ld , A . 1 978 ' New L igh t O n S ome 1 8 th C en tu ry P ipemake r s o f L ondon ' L ondon a nd M idd le sex

Wh i te , K . 1 989 T he C roydon C ana l a nd i t s N e ighbour s T he

A r chaeo log ica l S oc ie ty . S pec ia l P aper N o . 2 ,3 46 -374 .

A u tho r . P igo t t , G . ( p r in te r ) 1 8 15 T he N ew B ye L aw s B e long ing t o t h e W or sh ipf u l C ompany o fT obacco P ipe Maker s L ondon :

W i l l iam s , C . 1 988 T he T obacco C lay -P ipemak ing I ndu s t r y

P igo t t .

i nL ondon w i th p ar t icu lar r e f er ence t o " The B orough"

P r ice , F .G . H i l ton 1 900 N o te s U pon S ome E ar ly C lay

d e scendan t o fJ .W i l l iam s T PM ) .

( unpub l ished m anuscr ip t b y C a ro l ine W i l l iam s , a T obacco P ipe s F ound i nt h e C i ty o fL ondon L andon : H a r r ison a nd S on s .

Wr igh t , D . 1 986 ' London T obaccop ipe Make r s i nt h e

P r ice , R . a nd T a tman , C . 1 985 ' London P ipe Mou ld

G u i ldha l l L ib ra ry T rade D i rec to r ie s , 1 763 1800 ' S CPR N ew s le t ter 1 , 8 11 .

Make r s ' S CPR N ew s le t t er 7 ,2 -7 . Y oung , B .R . 1 982 ' A N o te o n t h e P rovenance o f P ipe -C lay s f r om T h ree A rchaeo log ica l S i te s i nL ondon '

P ro the ro , I .1 979 A r t i sans a nd P o l i t ic s i nE ar ly N ine teen th

T he A r chaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe V I I , 3 07 -3 10

C en tu ry L ondon . F o lke s tone : D aw son .

( BAR B S 1 00 ) . Sm i th , R . 1 96 1 S ea -Coa lf or L ondon ( H i s to ry o ft h e C oa l F ac tor s i nt h e L ondon Marke t ) . L ondon : L ongman s .

Y oung , S . 1 9 13 T he H i s to ry o ft h e Wor sh ipf u l C ompany o f

S tow , J1 598 ; 1 720 S ur vey o fL ondon ( 1956 R epr in t :

G la s s S e l ler s o fL ondon L ondon : G eo . B a rbe r , T he F u rn iva l P re s s .

L ondon : J .M . D en t a nd S on s ) . T a tman , C . A 1 985 ' Add i t iona l L ondon P ipemake r s ' S CPR N ew s le t ter 6 ,2 3 -25 . T a tman , C . A . 1 987 ' M r s . E l izabe th S pau l l a nd C ompany C lay P ipe Make r s c .1 880 -1942 ' SCPR N ew s le t ter 1 4 , 2 7 -28 . T homp son , A . 1 975 ' An E xcava t ion a tA ldga te ' T he L ondon A r chaeo log i s t IN o . 1 2 , 3 17 -319 . T homp son , A . 1 98 1 The A ldga te C lay -P ipe K i ln ' T he A rchaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe V I , 3 13 ( BAR B S 9 7 ) .

9 4

D agna l l , R . 1 984 N ew s le t ter 4 ,2 4 -25 .

G enera l B ib l iography

' B la ck sm i th

Mou ld -Make r s '

S CPR

A dk in s , W . R . D . a nd S er jean t son , R ev . R . M . 1 906 T he V ic tor ia H i s to ry o fN or thamp ton sh ir e V o l I

D an ie l l ,J .A . 1 964 -5 ' The Mak ing o fC lay P ipe si nL e ice s te r '

L ondon : A rch iba ld C on s tab le a nd C ompany L td .

T he L e ice s ter sh ir e A r chaeo log ica l a nd H i s tor ica l S oc ie ty T ran sac t ion s XL , 5 9 -62 .

A lexande r , W . a nd S t re e t , A . 1 956 Me ta l s i n t h e S er v ice o f D avey , P . Ja nd R u t te r , J .A . 1 980 ' C lay P ipe s f r om C he s te r '

Man H a rmond swo r th M idd le sex : P engu in B ook s L td .

T he A r chaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe I I ,4 1-272 ( BAR A lvey , R . C . a nd G au l t , W . R . 1 979 ' Coun ty L i s t s o f C lay

B S 7 8 ) .

.

T obacco -P ipe Make r s ' T he A rchaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco D avey , P . J . 1 982 ' The C lay P ipe s ' i n Mur ray , J .C . ( e d . )

P ipe I ,3 63 -4 11 ( BAR B S 6 3 ) .

E xcava t ions i nt h e Med ieva l B urgh o fA berd een 1 973 -1981 A nde r son , R . C . ( e d . ) 1 934 E xam ina t ion sa nd D epo s i t ion sI I 1 634 -1639 P ub l ica t ion s o f t h e S ou thamp ton R eco rd S oc ie ty

S oc . o f A n t iqua r ie s o f S co t land Monog raph S e r ie s 1 982 2 ,

S ou thamp ton : C ox a nd S ha r land L td .

2 16 -223 .

Ar no ld , C .J . 1 976 ' The C lay T obacco -P ipe I ndu s t ry - A n

D avey ,

E conom ic S tudy ' S tud ie si nA rchaeo log ica lS c ience ,3 13 -336 .

A r chaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe , X , 2 72 -278 ( BAR B S

P . J a nd G a l laghe r ,

D .

B .

1 987

' E lg in ' ,

T he

1 78 ) . A tk in , S . 1 986 ' A P ipe Mou ld u sed i n N o r fo lk ' S CPR D ob son , C . R . 1 980 Ma s t er s a nd J ourneymen . AP r eh i s tory

N ew s le t ter 1 , 1 2 -13 .

o fI ndu s tr ia lR e la t ions , 1 7 17 -1800 L ondon : C room H e lm . A tk in son , D . R . 1 977 S u s sex C lay T obacco P ipes a nd t h e D uco , D . H . 1 980 ' C lay P ipe Manuf ac tu r ing P roce s se s i n

P ipemaker s E a s tbou rne : C ra in S e rv ice s .

G ouda , H o l land ' T he A rchaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe I V ,15 -2 17 ( BAR I S 9 2 ) .

A ub r ey , J . 1 669 -1696 B r ief L ive s A . C la rk ( e d . ) I , 1 898 O xfo rd : C la rendon P re s s .

D uco , D . H . 1 98 1 ' The C lay T obacco P ipe i n 1 7 th C en tury A y to , E . G . 1 979 C lay T obacco P ipe s A y le sbu ry : S h i re

N e the r land s ' T he A r chaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe V,

P ub l ica t ion s L td .

3 68 -468 ( BAR I S 1 06 ( i ) ) .

A y to , E . G . 1 988 ' E ton P ipemake r s ' S CPR N ew s le t ter 1 8 ,

D uco ,

2 11 .

1 660 -1940 P op e r inge : U i tgeve r smaa t schapp i j D e T i jd s t room

D .

H .

1 982 Merk en

v an

G oud se

P i jpenmaker s

L ochem . B a rc lay , W . 1 6 14 N epen the s o r , t h e V er tues o f T obacco E d inbu rgh : A nd ro H a r t .

D unh i l l , A . 1 954 T he G en t le A r t o fS mok ing L ondon : Max R e inha rd t .

B a rke r , D . 1 985 ' The N ewca s t le -Unde r -Lyme C lay T obacco P ipe I ndu s t ry ' T he A r chaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe I X ,2 37 -289 ( BAR B S 1 46 ( i ) ) .

D unh i l l , A . 1 969 T he P ipe B ook L ondon : A r thu r B a rke rL td . D un lop ,0 . J .1 9 12 E ng l i sh A ppr en t icesh ip a nd C h i ld L abour L ondon : T . F i she r U nw in .

B ra i thwa i t , R . 1 6 17 ; 1 703 T he S moak ing A ge o rt h e L if e a nd D ea th o fT obacco . L ondon : J ohn N u t t ( 1 703 ) .

E van s , W . 1 846 A r t a nd H i s to ry o ft h e P o t t ing B u s ine s s M i l l sbank : S he l ton .

B rooke s ,C . 1 969 ( Sep ) ' S e t t ing t h eR e co rd S t ra igh t ' T obacco ( A J ourna l ) L ondon : ( Copy i n t h e BL S c ience R ef e rence L ib ra ry , L ondon ) .

F a i rho l t , F . W . 1 859 T obacco : I t s H i s to ry a nd A s soc ia t ion s L ondon : C hapman a nd H a l l .

B rown , P .H . 1 89 1 E ar ly T rave l ler s i nS co t land . E d inbu rgh

F re sco -Co rbu ,

R .

1 982

E uropean

P ipe s

G u i ld fo rd :

L u t te rwo r th P re s s . C ha r le s a nd K n igh t ( pub . ) 1 839 184 1 T he P enny Magaz ine L ondon .

F o rdy , M . a nd H ammond P . 1 987 ' An I ndex o f 1 8 th C en tu ry F i re I n su rance R eg is te r s ' S CPR N ew s le t ter 1 6 , 2 5 -29 .

C la rk , A . 1 968 Wor k ing L if e o f Women i n t h e S even teen th C en tu ry L ondon : F rank C a ss a nd C o . L td .

F ra ik in , J .1 981 ' The P ipe i n Wa l lon ia ' T he A r chaeo logy o f t h e C lay T obacco P ipe V , 3 -82 ( BAR I S 1 06 ( i ) ) .

C o le , G .D .H . a nd P o s tga te , R . 1 96 1 T he C ommon P eop le 1 746 t o 1 946 L ondon : Me thuen a nd C o . L td .

G a l laghe r , D . B . 1 987 ' Tobacco P ipemak ing i nG la sgow ' T he A rchaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe X , 3 5 -109 ( BAR B S

C ook sey , A . J .A . 1 980 ' The C lay T obacco P ipe i nt h e P oo le

1 78 ) ; ' The I r i sh P r ice L i s t o f D . McDouga l l a nd C o . ' , i b id . , 1 39 -14 1 .

a r ea ' T he A r chaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe I I ,3 37 -347 ( BAR B S 7 8 ) .

G a l laghe r , D . a nd P r ice , R . 1 987 ' Thoma s D av id son a nd C o . , 9 5

G la sgow ' T he A rchaeo logy o f t h e C lay T obacco P ipe X ,

H ume ,A .N . 1 979 ' C lay P ipe se xcava ted a t Ma r t in 's H und red ,

10 138 ( BAR B S 1 78 ) .

V irg in ia , 1 976 -1978 T he A rchaeo logy o f t h e C lay T obacco P ipe I , 3 -36 ( BAR I S 6 0 ) .

G a l loway , R . L . 1 882 A H i s to ry o f C oa lm in ing i n G rea t J ew i t t , H . 1 840 ' The Manuf ac tu re o f T obacco P ipe s ' i n

B r i ta in L ondon : Macm i l lan a nd C o . L td .

P o t tery a nd G lassware ( quo ted b y M . S to tha rd i n CPCC 8 , 1 984 , 3 -6 ) .

G ran t , A . a nd J emme t t , D . 1 985 ' P ipe s a nd P ipemak ing i n B arn s tap le , D evon ' T he A rchaeo logy o f t h e C lay T obacco

J ob son , A . 1 953 Househo ld a nd C oun t ry C raf t sL ondon : E lek

P ipe I X , 4 39 -553 ( BAR B S 1 46 ( i ) ) .

B ooks L td . G rave s , C . 1 969 A P ipe Smoker s G u ide L ondon : I con B ook s K a r shne r , M . 1 979 ' The T obacco P ipe Mak ing I ndus t ry i n

L td .

N o rw ich ' T he A rchaeo logy o f t h e C lay T obacco P ipe I , 2 95 -352 ( BAR B S 6 3 ) .

G reen , M . 1 984 C lay T obacco P ipe s a nd P ipemaker s o f L e ices ter L e ices te r : M .J . G reen .

K idd ie r , W . 1 931 T he O ld T rade U n ions ( f rom u npr in ted H adf ie ld , C .

r e cord s o f t h e B rushmaker s ) L ondon : G eo rge A l len a nd

1 969 T he C ana l s o f S ou th a nd S ou th E as t

E ng land N ew ton A bbo t : D av id a nd C ha r le s .

U nw in L td .

H agga r , R . 1 960 T he C onc i se E ncyc lopaed ia o fC on t inen ta l

K ing , A . 1 982 ' A L i s t o f R a info rd P ipemake r s ' i n ' The

P o t te ry a nd P orce la in .

R a info rd C lay P ipe I ndus t ry : s ome A rchaeo log ica l e v idence '

H ammond , P . 1 982 ` P ipemak ing i n N o t t ingham a f te r 1 800 '

B S 1 00 ) .

T he A rchaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe V I I ,9 1-306 ( BAR T he A rchaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe V I I , 1 9 -89 ( BAR B S 1 00 ) .

L a rwood ,J .a nd H o t ten ,J .C . 1 900 T he H i s to ry o fS ignboard s L ondon : C ha t to a nd W indus .

H ammond , P . 1 987 (a ) ' Fu r the r R eg is te red D e s ign s f o r C lay P ipe s ' S CPR N ews le t ter 1 6 , 2 3 -25 .

L e C hem inan t , R . a nd O swa ld , A .

1 985

' Some F u r the r

O bserva t ion s o n E a r ly P ipe s ' S CPR N ew s le t ter 6 ,2 -6 . H ammond , P . 1 987 (b ) ' F ire : T he P ipemake r 's N igh tma re ' SCPR N ew le t ter 1 3 , 2 6 -33 .

L eeson , R . A . 1 979 T rave l l ing B ro ther s L ondon : G eo rge A l len a nd U nw in L td .

H ammond , P . 1 988 (a )

' App ren t ice T obacco P ipemake r s '

SCPR N ew s le t ter 1 9 , 1 3 -16 .

L ewcun , M . 1 990 ' C lay P ipe s N o t Wan ted ' S CPR N ews le t ter 2 7 , 2 1 .

H ammond , P . 1 988 (b ) ' S t r ike s a nd Wage D ispu te s w i th in t h e B r i t ish C lay T obacco P ipemak ing I ndu s try ' ,

C lay P ipe

L ew is , J . , R icha rd son , H . a nd D agna l l R . 1 982 ' A S urvey o f C lay

R esearch I ,1 5 -24 .

P ipe

P roduc t ion

S i te s

i n t h e

R a in fo rd

A rea

o f

Me r seys ide ' i n ' The R a info rd C lay P ipe I ndu s try : s ome H ammond , P .1 985 (b ) ' Reg is te red a nd P a ten ted C lay T obacco

A rchaeo log ica l e v idence '

P ipe s ' T he A rchaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe I X , 2 9 -156

T obacco P ipe V I I , 9 7 -128 ( BAR B S 1 00 ) .

T he A rchaeo logy o f t h e

C lay

( BAR B S 1 46 ( i ) ) . Mackenz ie , C . 1 957 S ub l ime T obacco L ondon : C ha t to a nd H a r ley , L . S . 1 963 T he C lay T obacco -P ipe i n B r i ta in w i th

W indus .

s pec ia l r ef erence t oE ssex a nd E as t A ng l ia S t ra tfo rd : E s sex F ie ld C lub S pec ia l Memo ir s V I I I .

Mackenz ie ,

W .

( Pub . )

c . 1890 s

N a t iona l

E ncyc lopaed ia

L ondon : Mackenz ie . H igg in s ,

D .

1 98 1

' Sur rey

C lay

T obacco

P ipe s '

T he

A rchaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe V I , 1 89 -293 ( BAR B S

Ma r sh , A . a nd R yan , V 1 987 H i s tor ica l D irec tor y o fT rad e

9 7 ) .

U n ions 3 A lde r sho t : G owe r P ub l ish ing C o . L td .

H igg in s , D . 1 985 ' C lay T obacco P ipe s f r om t h e D o rk ing a r ea

Mar t in , P .F .d eC1 987 ' P ipe Make r s i nt h e r e s to fS co t land '

o f S ur rey ' T he A rchaeo logy o f t h e C lay T obacco P ipe I X ,

T he A rchaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe X , 1 67 -182 ( BAR

4 05 -433 ( BAR B S 1 46 ( i i ) ) .

B S 1 78 ) .

H igg s , E . 1 989 Mak ing S ense o ft h e C ensus . T he Manuscr ip t

Moo re ,

R e turn s o fE ng land a nd Wa les 1 801 -1901 . P RO H andbooks

N ew spape r ' S CPR N ew s le t ter 1 5 , 2 5 -29 .

R .

1 987

` P ipemake r s

f r om

a n

1 8 th

C en tury

N o . 2 3 HMSO . Moo re ,W . R .G . 1 980 N or thamp ton sh ir e C lay T obacco -P ipe s HMSO 1 927 A D ic t iona ry o fO ccupa t iona l T erms b ased o n

a nd P ipemaker s N o r thamp ton : N or thamp ton Museum s a nd

t h e c l ass if ica t ion o f O ccupa t ions u sed i n t h e C ensus o f

A r t G a l le ry .

P opu la t ion , 1 921 L ondon : HMSO N ef , J . U . H o lme , R . 1 688 T he A cadamy o fA rmo ry C hes te r : f o r t h e

1 932 T he R i se o f t h e B r i t i sh C oa l I ndus t ry

L ondon : G eo rge R ou t ledge a nd S on s L td .

a u tho r . 9 6

N o te s te in , W . , R e i f , H . F . a nd S imp son , H . 1 935 C ommon s

S udbu ry , B . 1 979 ' H i s to r ic C lay T obacco P ipema l ce r s i nt h e

D eba te s , 1 621 . L ondon : H umph rey M i lfo rd .

U n i ted S t a te s o f Ame r ica ' T he A r chaeo logy o f t h e C lay T obacco P ipe I , 1 5 1-34 1 ( BAR I S 6 0 ) .

O swa ld , A . 1 960 The A rchaeo logy a nd E conom ic H is to ry o f E ng l i sh C lay T obacco P ipe s ' J ourna l A rchaeo log ica lA s soc ia t ion XX I I I , 4 0 102 .

o f t h e

B r i t i sh

T a tman , C . A . 1 988 ' C lay P ipe Mou ld s f r om D a r t fo rd Mu seum , K en t ' C lay P ipe R esear ch I ,3 3 -4 1 .

O swa ld , A . 1 970 ' The C lay T obacco P ipe : i t s p l ace i n

T homp son , E . P . 1 968 T he Mak ing o ft h e E ng l i sh Work ing C la s s H a rmond swo r th , M idd le sex : P engu in B ook s L td .

E ng l ish C e ram ic s ' T ran sac t ions o ft h eE ng l i sh C eram ic C ir c le 7 ,P a r t 3 ,2 22 -245 .

Wa lke r , I .C . 1 983 ' N ine te en th C en tu ry C lay T obacco P ipe s O swa ld , A . 1 975 C lay P ipe sf or t h eA r chaeo log i s t ( BAR B S

i nC anada ' T he A r chaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe V I I I ,

1 4 ) .

1 87 ( BAR I S 1 75 ) .

O swa ld , A . 1 984 (a ) ' P ipe Mou ld Make r s ' S CPR N ew s le t ter

Wa tk in s ,G . 1 979 ' Hu l l P ip e s : AT ypo logy ' T he A r chaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe I ,8 5 -12 1 ( BAR B S 6 3 ) .

3 , 1 7 19 . O swa ld ,

A .

1 984 (b )

` The

C lay

P ipe s '

Med i eva l

a nd

Wea the r i l l , L . 1 97 1 T he P o t te ry a nd N or th S t af f ord sh ir e 1 660 t o 1 760 Manche s te r : Manche s te r U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

P o s t -M ed ieva l F ind sf rom E xe t er 1 97 1 -1980 b y J . P . A l lan . O swa ld , A . 1 985 ' On t h e L if e o f C lay P ipe Mou ld s ' T he

Week ly ( e d . ) 1 96 1 A Memo ir o fT homa s B ew ick w r i t ten b y

A r ch aeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe I X , 5 -23 ( BAR B S

H im se lf L ondon : T he C re s se t P re s s .

1 46 ( i ) ) . W i l lan , T . S . 1 938 T he E ng l i sh C oa s t ing T rad e 1 600 -1750 P age , W . 1 908 ( a ) T he V i c tor ia C oun ty H i s tory o fD or se t I

Manche s te r : Manche s te r Un ive r s i ty P re s s .

L ondon : A r ch iba ld C on s tab le a nd C ompany L td . W i l l iam s , D . E . 1 979 -80 ' C lay T obacco P ipe s f r om C ha tham ' P age , W . 1 908 ( b ) T he V i c tor ia C oun ty H i s to ry o fS hrop sh ir e

A r chaeo log ia C an t iana XCV 1 979 , 2 31-240 ; XCV I 1 980 ,

IL ondon : A rch iba ld C on s tab le a nd C ompany L td .

3 68 -369 .

P age , W . 1 932 T he V i c tor ia C oun ty H i s to ry o f K en t I I

W i l l iam s , T . I . ,e ta l 1 957 A H i s to ry o fT echno logy I V

L ondon .

O xf o rd : C la rendon P re s s . C lay

Wh i take ra nd C o . ( Pub . ) 1 839 T he Y oung T rad e sman L ondon :

T oba cco -P ipe i n N or th -Ea s t E ng land ' A r chaeo log ia A e l iana F ou r th S e r ie s XL I I , 2 3 1-254 .

P a r son s ,

J . E .

1 964

The

A rchaeo logy

o f

t h e

Woodco ck , D . J .1 985 ' P ip e s a t t r ibu ted t o W i l l iam H en se l l C lay T obacco -P ip e Make r o f N orw ich N o r fo lk c . 1825 -

P inchbe ck ,

I . 1 969

Women

Wor ker s

i n t h e

I ndu s t r ia l

c . 1853 T he A r chaeo logy o f t h e C lay T obacco P ipe I X , 3 25 -336 ( BAR B S 1 46 ( i ) ) .

R evo lu t ion 1 750 t o1 850 L ondon : F rank C a s s a nd C o . L td . P r ice , R . , J ack son R . a nd J a ck son P . 1 979 B r i t i sh C lay P ipe Maker s , Ar ev i sed a nd e n larged e d i t ion B r is to l : P r ice ,J a ck son a nd J a ck son . R apapo r t , B . 1 979 A C omp le t e G u id e t o C o l lec t ing A n t ique P ipe s P enn sy lvan ia : S ch if f e r p ub l i sh ing L td . R hode s ,

D .

1 973

C lay

a nd

G la zes

f or

t h e

P o t ter

P enn sy lvan ia : C h i l ton B ook C ompany . R ich , B . 1 6 14 T he H one s t ie o ft h i sA ge L ondon : T . A dam s . R ich , B . 1 622 I r i sh H ubbub L ondon : J . Ma r r io t . R o l t , L .T . C . 1 974 T he P o t ter s 'F ie ld . AH i s to ry o ft h eS ou th D evon B a l lC lay I ndu s t ry N ew ton A bbo t : D av id a nd C ha r le s . R u le ,

J .

1 981

T he

E xper ience

o f

L abour

i n

E igh teen th -C en tu ry I ndus t ry L ondon : C room H e lm . S ea r le , A . B . 1 930 A nE ncyc lopaed ia o ft h e C eram ic I ndu s t ry L ondon : E rne s t B enn L td . S immond s , P .L . 1 892 T he C ommerc ia l D ic t iona ry o fT rad e P roduc t s L ondon : R ou t ledge a nd S on s L td . 9 7

P r imary S ource s N ew ing ton P a r i sh R eg is te r s A l l t h e a va i lab le p a roch ia l r e co rd s f o r N ew ing ton w e re

Mar r iage s

c hecked ( Bap t i sm s , Ma r r iage s a nd B u r ia l s ) a t t h e G rea te r

N ov 1 877 -1 9 10 F i lm X 15 / 168

L ondon R eco rd O f f ice . T he o r ig ina l c hu rch o ft h e p a r ish , S t . 6 .S t . Au s t in 's Chape l , 1 38 N ew K en t Rd .

Ma ry 's w a s t h e m a in s ou rce o f e a r ly r e co rd s . O ccupa t ion s w e re n o t s hown i n B ap t ism e n t r ie s u n t i l 1 8 13 a nd n o t i n

B ap t i sm s May 1 876 -Ma r 1 895 F i lm X 15 / 173

Ma r r iage s u n t i l 1 837 w hen c i v i l r eg is t ra t ion w a s i n t roduced . B u r ia l r eg is te r s w e re f ound t o g ive l i t t le a dd i t iona l i n fo rma t ion r e ga rd ing t r ade s a nd o n ly n o ted a ge s a nd a bode s

7 .S t . J ohn 's , L arcum S tree t , Wa lwor th

a f te r 1 8 12 .

B ap t i sm s I n g ene ra l , r eg is te r s w e re c he cked u p t o t h e y ea r 1 9 10 , a s d i rec to ry e n t r ie ss howed t h a tN ew ing ton P ipemak ing c once rn s

J u l 1 870 -A ug 1 9 11

F i lm s X 15 / 170 , 1 7 1 , 1 72 & 1 73

d i d n o tt h r ive b eyond t h is d a te . S ome r eg is te r s w e re c hecked

A p r 1 86 1 -May 1 9 14 F i lm s X 15 / 174 , 1 75 , 1 76 , 1 77 , 1 78 ,

f o r af u r the r f i ve y ea r s o r s o w hen t hough t a pp rop r ia te .

1 79 , 1 80 , 1 8 1 & 1 82

Mar r iage s

T he I G I i n dex ( GL )p roved t ob eu se fu l a s ad oub le c he ck f o r s ome P a r ish r eg is te re n t r ie so rf o rc onf i rm ing t h eB ap t i sm so f

8 .S t . Mark , E as t S tree t , Wa lwor th

p i pema l ce r s b o rn o u t s ide t h e a r ea .

B ap t i sm s J an 1 867 -F eb 1 90 1

F i lm X 87 / 166

T he f o l low ing i sa n a l phabe t ica l l i s t o f t h e v a r iou s P a r ish

F eb 1 90 1 -N ov 1 909 R eg is te r s P 92 /MRK /5 & 6

r e co rd s s e a r ched .

Mar r iages F eb 1 874 -N ov 1 911

F i lm s X 87 / 166 & 1 68

1 .A l l S a in t s , S urrey S quare , Wa lwor th B ap t i sm s

9 .S t . Mary 's , N ew ing ton

J u l 1 870 -O c t 1 9 14 F i lm X 15 / 110

B ap t i sm s

Mar r iage s

May 1 707 -D ec 1 770 F i lm X 24 / 127

J u l 1 870 -1 9 10 F i lm s X 15 / 132 -139 ;

J an 1 777 -D ec 1 8 12 F i lm X 39 / 11

F o r

t h e

y ea r s

1 866 -8

R eg i s te r

P 92 /ALL / 1/67 -68

w a s

J an 1 813 -J un 1 837

F i lm s X 14 / 109 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ,

c on su l ted

14 , 15 & 16

B ann s o f Mar r iage

J un 1 837 -O c t 1 902 F i lm s X 39 / 15 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 1 9 &2 0

J un 1 879 -S ep 1 882 F i lm X 15 /40

Mar r iage s J u l 1 56 1 -S ep 1 653

R eg is te r s P 92 /MRY / 1 , 2& 4 ( a l so

B ap t i sm s ) 2 .A l l S ou l 's , G ro svenor P ark

May 1 631 -O c t 1 656 u nf i t f o r v i ew ing

B ap t i sm s

May 1 707 -D ec 1 776 F i lm X 24 / 127

A p r 1 869 -J un 1 9 10 R eg is te r s P 92 /ALS / 1 , 2 , 3& 4

May 1 754 -Ma r 1 790 F i lm s X 39 /9 , 1 0 , 1

Mar r iages

Ma r 1 790 -S ep 1 798 R 228 ( pho to copy )

J an 1 872 -A ug 1 9 19 R eg is te r s P 92 /ALS /9 , 1 0 , 1 , 1 2 & 1 3

O c t 1 798 -S ep 1 809 F i lm s X 39 / 10 & 1 S ep 1 809 -D ec 8 12 R 2 13 ( pho tocopy ) J an 1 8 13 -J u ly 1 837

F i lm s X 14 / 109 , 10 , 1 1 , 12 , 13 ,

3 . Ho ly T r in i ty , T r in i ty Church S quare

14 , 15 , 16 & 17

B ap t i sm s

J u l 1 837 -J u l 1 838 F i lm X 39 /2 1

J an 1 825 -1 9 10 F i lm s X 15 / 159 & 1 60

J u l 1 838 -O c t 1 900 F i lm s X 87 / 189 , 1 90 , 1 9 1 , 1 92 , 1 93 , 1 94 ,

Mar r iage s

1 95 , 1 96 , 1 97 & 1 98

J un 1 825 -1 9 11

F i lm s X 15 / 159 , 1 60 , 1 6 1 , 1 62 , 1 63 , 1 64 ,

1 65 & 1 66 1 0 . S t . Ma t thew ' s , N ew K en t R oad B ap t i sms 4 .S t . A gne s , K enn ing ton P ark

O c t 1 864 -O c t 1 902 F i lm X 15 / 187

B ap t i sm s

Mar r iage s

J u l 1 874 -May 1 907 F i lm X 81/36

J un 1 868 -1 908 F i lm s X 15 / 188 & 1 89

May 1 907 -Ma r 1 9 15 R eg is te r P 92 /AGN /4 Mar r iage s J un 1 877 -1 9 10 F i lm X 81 /36

1 . S t . P au l , L orr imer S quare , Wa lwor th B ap t i sm s

5 .S t . Andrew 's , N ew K en t R oad

D ec 1 856 -Ma r 1 907 F i lm s X 87 / 173 & 1 74 Mar r iage s

B ap t i sm s

A p r 1 857 -S ep 1 900 F i lm s X 8 7/17 5 , 1 76 , 1 77 & 1 78

N ov 1 876 -J un 1 9 11

F i lm X 15 / 167

S ep 1 900 -D e c 1 908 R eg is te r s P 92 /PAU 1 / 27 , 2 8 &2 9 9 8

1 2 . S t . P e ter 's , L iverpoo l G rove , Wa lwor th B ap t i sm s

N ew ing ton P ar ish C en su se s 1 831 1 84 1

Ma r 1 825 -A p r 1 897 F i lm s X 14 / 117 , 18 & 19 ; X 87 / 179 , 1 80 , 1 8 1 , 1 82 & 1 83 A p r 1 897 -J u l 1 9 11 R eg is te r s P 92 /PET 1 / 18 , 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 1 & 2 2 Mar r iages 1 837 -1 900 F i lm s X 87 / 184 , 1 85 , 1 86 , 1 87 & 1 88 1 900 -1 9 10 R eg is te r s P 92 /PET 1 / 48 & 4 9 B anns o f Mar r iage 1 892 -1 897 R eg is te r P 92 /PET 1 / 73 B ur ia l s 1 842 -1 896 R eg i s te r s P 92 /PET 1 / 63 , 6 4 , 6 5 , 6 6 , 6 7 &6 8

1 851

1 86 1

1 871

1 881 1 3 . S t . S tephen 's , V i l la S tree t , Wa lwor th C ommon B ap t i sm s J u l 1 866 -A ug 1 9 13 F i lm X 15 / 145 Mar r iages J u l 1 87 1 -J un 1 9 11

F i lm s X 15 / 192 , 1 93 & 1 94

S t . Ma ry 's N ew ing ton ( o r ig ina l r e g i s te r ) S t . Ma ry HO 1 07 1 063 S t . P e te r HO 1 07 1 064 T r in i ty HO 1 07 1 065 T r in i ty HO 1 07 1 566 S t . P e te r HO 1 07 1 567 S t . Ma ry HO 1 07 1 568 T r in i ty RG9 3 35 -337 S t . P e te r RG9 3 38 -343 S t . Ma ry RG9 3 44 -345 T r in i ty RG 10 6 10 -6 13 S t . P e te r RG 10 6 14 -620 S t . Ma ry RG 10 6 2 1-623 T r in i ty RG 11 5 32 -537 S t . P e te r RG 11 5 38 -550 S t . Ma ry RG 11 5 51-554

T obacco P ipemaker 's C ompany R ecords T h is a r ch ive ( MS 3 60 1) , l o ca ted a t t h e G u i ldha l l l i b ra ry , c on s is t s o f ab ox c on ta in ing b und le s o f p ape r , h andw r i t ten w i th n o te s , b i l l s a nd s ome i n den tu r e s . S ome o f t h e e n t r ie s r e la te t oN ew ing ton p i pemake r s a nd g i ve f a sc ina t ing i n s igh t s i n to t h e i r w o rk ing l i ve s . I ti sh oped t h a t ac omp rehen s ive t r an sc r ip t ion o ft h e se d ocumen t s c an b e m ade i nt h e f u tu re .

1 4 . Wa lwor th Me thod i s t R eg i s ter ( i nc lude s e n t r ie s f o r s eve ra l c ong rega t ion s ) 1 850 1897 R eg is te r NM /42 /26 T he f o l low ing i s al i s to fs ma l le rc hape l s a nd c hu r che s i nt h e P a r ish , t h e r e co rd s o fw h ich c ou ld n o t b e t r aced . S t . G ab r ie l B ap t i s t & Me t ropo l i tan T abanac le ( E lephan t &C a s t le )

Quar ter S ess ion s

B ap t is t C hape l s : Wa lwo r th R d . & Wa lwo r th , E a s t S t ree t J ew i sh S ynagogue , H eyga te S t ree t S u r rey T abanac le , Wan sey S t ree t

S urrey Quar ter S e s s ion s T he se w e re r e ad f r om t r an sc r ip t s i n t h e P RO l i b ra ry . P ub l ished b y t h e S u r rey R eco rd S oc ie ty , t h ey d ea l w i th t h e e a r l ie s t S QS r e co rd s k nown , J u ly 1 659 t o 1 668 , h e ld m a in ly a tK ing s ton , C roydon a nd G u i ldfo rd c ou r t s .

C en su s R e turn s T he e a r l ie s t c en sus f o r S t . Ma ry 's N ew ing ton ( 1 83 1) g i v ing s u rname s , t r ade s a nd a bode s w a s c on su l ted a tt h e S ou thwa rk L oca l S t ud ie s L ib ra ry . T he o t he r y ea r s , 1 84 1 , 1 851 , 1 86 1 , 1 871 a nd 1 88 1 w e re e i the rr e ad h e re o ra tt h eC en su s R oom , P ub l ic R eco rd O f f ice o n m ic rof i lm . N ew ing ton w a s s ub -d iv ided i n to t h ree d i s t r ic t s f o r t h e p u rpo se o f r e co rd ing t h e c en sus : T r in i ty , S t . Ma ry 's a nd S t . P e te r 's . F i lm s f o r a l l t h e se d i s t r ic t s w e re c on su l ted f o re a ch c en su s .

S ou thwark Quar ter S e s s ion s T he se w e re s e en i n m anu sc r ip t f o rm a tt h e CLRO a nd t h e BL .T rade sa r eg i ven i n te rm i t ten t ly ,c ommon e xamp le sb e ing : f e l tmake r s ,w a te rmen ,c a rpen te r s ,p ew te re r s ,l a bou re r s ,b u t ton m ake r s , l e a the rd re s se r s a nd p i pemake r s , w ho f o rm a s ma l l p ropo r t ion o ft h e w ho le .

D isc repan t i n fo rma t ion i n N ew ing ton r e co rd s w a s o f ten e ncoun te red e spec ia l ly i n t h e c en su se s w he re a ge s w e re c ommon ly f ound t o b e a pp rox ima t ion s . T he se a mb igu i t ie s w e re p a r t ly a s ymp tom o f at ime w hen m any p eop le w e re u n ce r ta in o ft h e i r e xac t a ge r e su l t ing i ng ue s se s b e ing m ade .

S e s s ion s w e re h e ld a tS t . Ma rga re t 's , S ou thwa rk , u n t i l an ew s e s s ion s h ou se w a s b u i l t a tN ew ing ton i n1 79 1 . Many o ft h e c a se s r e la te t oc r ime s i nt h e S t . O lave s a nd S t . S av iou r s a r ea . R ef e rence s ( CLRO ) :

H igg s s ugge s t s o t he r r e a son s : f i r s t ly , t h a t c onf u s ion r e su l ted i n 1 84 1 w hen e nume ra to r s w e r e i n s t ruc ted t or o und u p a ge s t ot h e n ea re s t f i ve a nd s e cond ly , t h a t t h e re m ay h ave b een a t e ndancy t of a l s if y s ome a ge s , p a r t icu la r ly o f c h i ld ren w ho , u nde r t h e F ac to ry A c t s o f 1 831 , w e re n o t a l lowed t ow o rk b e low t h e a ge o f t h ir teen . S ome w omen , o n t h e o t he r h and , l owe red t h e ir a ge s a f te r t h e e a r ly t wen t ie s b ecau se ' t ha t w a s t h e a ge a tw h ich w omen i n E ng land u sua l ly g o t m a r r ied ' , w h i le t h e e l de r ly w e re k nown t o e xagge ra te t h e i r a ge s . E v iden t ly w o rk ing c l a s s m en i n t h e ir f i f t ie s s ome t ime s d e sc r ibed t h em se lve s a so ve r s i x ty t oo b ta in P oo r L aw r e l ie f ( H igg s 1 989 , 6 7 -69 ) .

2 23F B ox 1 ,V o l s 1 13 f o r 1 J an 1 666 /7 -4 O c t 1 745 ; 3V o l s . f o r 1 0 J an 1 745 /6 -3 0 J un 1 79 1 ; 5V o l s . f o r 1 2 J an 1 787 -4J an 1 929 . R ef e rence s ( BL ) : P r is ione r l i s t s f o r C roydon a s s ize , 1 8 A ug 1 783 ; f o r K ing s ton 2 7 Ma r 1 8 17 , ( MS 1 89 1 .d .1 , 4 0 , 4 1) a nd S t . Ma ry N ew ing ton , 4S ep 1 876 -2S ep 1 878 ( MS 1 891 .F .4 . )

9 9

a nd a dd re s se s . B e fo re t h i s d a te t h ey w e re d ec rea s ing ly a va i lab le a nd h e lpfu l , o f t en o n ly l i s t ing t r ade smen a l phabe t ica l ly a nd n o t u nde r s e pa ra te t r ade h ead ing s . T h i s m ade as y s tema t ic s e a rch f o r p i p emake r s i mp rac t ica l , a pa r t f r om t h o se w i th f am i l ia r n ame s . D i rec to ry e n t r ie s c anno t b e c on s ide red o ne h und red p e rcen t a c cu ra te .S ome t ime sp ipemake r sl i ke J ohn W i ll iam sc on t inued t ob e l i s ted a f te r t h e i r d ea th . Mo s t a r e u sef u l i np o in t ing t o t h em a s te rp i pemake r so ft h ea r ea a nd ,t h e refo re ,p r e sumab ly , t ot h e s i t e s o fk i ln s .

S ou thwark C omp ter B ook T h i sd e sc r ibe si ng r ea td e ta i l ,p eop le c omm i t ted t oS ou thwa rk s e s s ion s ,g i v ing a ge s ,p hy s ica lc ha rac te r is t ic s ,o ccupa t ion sa nd a bode s o f a ccu sed . A f ew p i pemake r s w e re f ound i n t h e e n t r ie s ( s ee K en t S t ree t , c hap te r 9 ) . R ef : S C 1 / 8 , 1 8 14 -1842

P oor L aw E xam ina t ion B ook s

D i rec to r ie s c on su l ted ( GLRO )

Twen ty v o lume s w e re c hecked a t S LSL f o r S t . Ma ry 's N ew ing ton : V o l s . 8 44 -8 59 ,8 74 -8 75 a nd 8 86 ,t o ge the rw i th ' An i n dex o f S e t t lemen t E xam ina t ion s f o r t h e P a r i sh o f S t . G eo rge t h e Ma r ty r , S ou thwa rk , 1 698 -1 831 ' . P repa r ed b yC . P owe l l ( SLSL ) .

1 677 1 744 1 755 1 758 1 763 1 765 1 768 1 770 1 772 1 774 1 80 1-3 1 805 -7

N ame s o f Me rchan t s C omp le te G u ide C omp le te G u ide C omp le te G u ide C omp le te G u ide C omp le te G u ide L ondon D B a ldw in 's D K en t 's D C omp le te G u ide P O A nnua l D H o lden 's T r ienn ia l D C r i tche t a nd Wood s D 1 82 1-27 1 828 -29 B . C r i tche t D R ob son 's L ondon D 1 830 -38 1 840 P igo t 's R oya l N a t iona l &C omme r c ia l D R ob son 's D 1 84 1 1 842 K e l ly 's L ondon P OD 1 843 R ob son 's D 1 844 -19 18 K e l ly 's L ondon P OD

T he e xam ina t ion s c on s i s t o f a c coun t s , g i ven o n o a th , o f p aupe r s ,i n c lud ing p i pemake r so rw ive so fp i pemake r sb e fo re t wo j u s t ice so ft h ep eace t od e te rm ine t h ep l ace o fs e t t lemen t .

F ir e R eward B ook s Two v o lume s s e en a tS LSL : V o l s 9 73 ( f o r 1 835 -55 ) a nd 9 74 ( 1 855 -65 ) , c on ta in ing ' r ewa rd s ' p a id o u t t of i re b r igade s t a f f a f te r f i re s -' a l lowed b y t h e C hu rchwa rden s o f S t . Ma ry N ew ing ton ' a nd a pp roved b yt h em ag is t ra te .O ne c a se r e la t ing t o aN ew ing ton p i pe k i ln w a s f o und ( s ee K en tS t ree t , c hap te r 9 ) .

Appren t ice sh ip I nden ture s R a te B ook s ( a t S LSL )

N ew ing ton I nden ture s T he S LSL p roved t ob e av a luab le r e po s i to ry f o r N ew ing ton I nden tu re s , m a in ly o fn i ne teen th c en tu ry d a te . S ome c ou ld b e e xam ined i n o r ig ina l f o rm , t h ough n o t a l l w e re c u r ren t ly

T he re w a sn om en t ion o ft r ade s ,s oo n ly f am i l ia rn ame sc ou ld b e s e a rched f o r . S t . Ma ry N ew ing ton :

a va i lab le . O the r s w e re f i r s t s e en a s t r an sc r ip t s a nd l a te r c hecked i nt h e i r o r ig ina l f o rm . R ef e rence s : S t MS /N A pp . I nd . 1 833 -66 , B ox 3 7 , 3 8 &3 9 T ran sc r ip t ion s : ' Ana ly s i s o f A pp . I nd . f o r 1 675 -1847 ' b y H u tch ing s .

1 803 -7 1 802 -4 1 853 ; 1 858 1 860 1 860 ; 1 863

S t MS /N

M i l i t ia R a te P oo r R a te P oo r R a te ( P /C , AW ) G ene ra l R a te ( P /C , AW ) P oo r R a te ( P /C , AW )

L and T axe s S urrey I nden ture s T aken f r om t r an sc r ip t s m ade b y t h e S u r rey R e co rd S oc ie ty , X ( 1 929 ) , t h e se l i s t S u r rey i n den tu re s f r om 1 7 11 - 1 731 a b s t ra c ted f r om r e g i s te r s a tt h e P RO . As e a rch o f r eg is te r s d a t ing f r om a f te r t h i s p e r iod h a s n o t b een a t temp ted a nd c ou ld p rove t o b e o f v a lue f o r f u tu re r e sea r ch r e la t ive t o

A ga in , t h e re w a s n o m en t ion o ft r ade s . T h ree v o lume s w e re c on su l ted ( GLRO ) a nd o n ly s e a r ched f o r f am i l ia r n ame s . L T 9 2 /2 / 1 ( 1 815 ) L T 9 2 /2 /29 ( 1 852 ) L T9 2 /2 / 148 / 1-2 ( 1 848 )

L ondon p i pemake r s . T he a u tho r 's c ommen t : ' A s pe c ia l m od ify ing c i rcum s tance i nt h ec a se o fS u r rey i st h ee no rmou s b u lk i nt h e se r e co rd s , o fS ou thwa rk a nd R o the rh i the e n t r ie s ' ( i b id . , x i i i ) .

W i l l s T he i n dex t ot h e ' T e s tamen ta ry R eco rd s o f t h e P e cu l ia r s o f C roydon a nd S ho r eham ' w a s c he cked f o r t r ade s ( LPL ) . T h i s e cc le s ia s t ica l c ou r t h e ld j u r isd ic t ion o ve r N ew ing ton w i l l s p r io rt o1 858 w hen t h eP r inc ipa l P roba te R eg i s t ry w a s s e tu p . O n ly o ne p i pemake r w a s f o und , W . B lunda l a nd o ne o t he r p o s s ib le r e f e rence t o a no the r , H . B lunda l l ( 1 o r 2 -s e e B iog raph ie s ) .

D irec tor ie s F o r t h e n i ne teen th c en tu ry , an ea r c omp le te s equence e x is t s g i v ing v a luab le i n fo rma t ion a bou tp ipemake r s ' w o rk ing s pan s 1 00

L icensed V ic tua l ler s ' R ecords T he se w e re f o und i nv o lume s c on ta in ing S ou thwa rk Q ua r te r S e ss ion s u nde r ' V ic tua l le r s ' L icenses ' 1 745 -53 . ' V ic tua l le r s ' R ecogn izance s ' f o r 1 787 -90 w e re a l so c hecked i n t h e s ame s e r ie s o f v o lume s . T hese w e re i n p oo r c ond i t ion a nd g ave l i t t le e v idence o ft r ades ( CLRO ) . V ic tua l le r s ' L icen se s w e re a l so s een i n t h e G ene ra l Q ua r te r S e ss ion s . N o p ipemake r s w e re f ound .

T he Webb T rade Un ion C o l lec t ion ( LSE ) C omp i led b y S ydney a nd B ea t r ice Webb , t h es oc ia l h i s to r ian s a nd r e forme r s , i tw a s u sefu l f o r g a in ing k now ledge a bou t a r t isan s a nd l a bou re r s o f t h e 1 9 th c en tury . Af ew r e f e rence s t op ipemak ing i nL ondon a nd S co t land w e re f ound p l u s s ome v e s try n o te s f r om N ew ing ton a nd S ou thwa rk .

R eg is ter s o ft he B r it i sh L y ing in Ho sp i ta l , Ho lborn R eco rds g i v ing d e ta i ls o f b i r ths a nd b ap t ism s o f c h i ld ren d e l ive red

a t t h e

h o sp i ta l

w e re

c on su l ted

a t t h e

P RO

( RG8 /52 -66 ) . T he e n t r ie s g ive t h e n ame o f t h e p a t ien t , h e r h usband a nd h i s t r ade a nd t h e p l ace o f s e t t lemen t . S ome o f t h e h u sband s p roved t o b e p ipemake r s , af ew o f t h em w i th N ew ing ton c onnec t ion s . T he r eg is te r s a r e i n t wo s e r ie s a nd r un f r om 1 749 t o 1 868 .

Map s a nd P lans T he f o l low ing w e re f ound t ob e mo s t u sefu l : 1 .O g i lvy a nd Mo rgan 's m ap 1 676 ( GL ) 2 .P lan o f Wa lwor th Mano r 1 681 ( be long ing t ot h e D ean a nd C hap te r

o f

C hr is t

C hu rch ,

C an te rbury .

P ub l ished

i n

D a r l ing ton 1 955 , p l a te 4 9 ) 3 .R ocque 's 1 746 m ap ( pub l ished i nT he Map o fL ondon f rom 1 746 t ot h e P resen t Day A . D av ie s 1 987 ) 4 . R icha rd H orwood 's map 1 799 ( PRO ; GL ) . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t H o rwood 's m ap s how s h ouse n umbe rp rog re ss ion s i nb a tche s o f 1 10 5 . W i l l iam F aden 's 1 8 13 e d i t ion o f H o rwood 's 1 799 m ap ( pub l i shed i n T he A t o Zo fR egency L ondon 1 985 , c omp i led b y J .W isdom . K en t : H a r ry Ma rga ry ) 6 .P a r ish m ap o f N ew ing ton 1 822 ( 20 th c en tury c opy S LSL ) 7 . Map o f N ew ing ton 1 840 ( SLSL , R o l l 3 3 ) 8 .N ew ing ton Wa rd map 1 884 ( SLSL ) 9 . Map o fO ld K en t R oad , 1 894 ( Pub l ished b y A lan Godf rey , G a te shead ) 1 0 . P l an o ft h e S ur rey C ana l ( pub l ished i nT he T imber T rad es J ourna l F eb . 11 896 , S LSL ) 1 . P lan o fT aba rd S t ree t S cheme n o . 1 6 , 1 883 ( pub l ished i n T he Hous ing Q ues t ion i nL ondon 1 901 L .C .C . ) 1 0 1

Abbrev ia t ion s

A I ALS A PC A pp . A S AW b ap td . BAR B S BAR I S BL BLH BM b n . B S CAT c o l l .

CD C J CLRO C PCC CW DC DGLA DUA

A pp ren t ice sh ip I nden tu re s A l l S ou l s N ew ing ton A c t s o ft h e P r ivy C ounc i l A pp ren t ice A l l S a in t s N ew ing ton I n fo rma t ion f r om A lan W i l l iam s B ap t i sm s B ap t ised B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica l R epo r t s -B r i t ish S e r ie s B r i t ish A rchaeo log ica l R epo r t s -I n te rna t iona l

N /C o b . P /C PH POD P P P R P RO

S e r ie s B r i t ish L ib ra ry B r i t ish L y ing -i nH o sp i ta l

R PC S A

B r i t ish Museum B o rn B u r ia l s C en su s R eco rd s A u tho r 's p i pe c o l lec t ion -t h ec a ta logue o fw h ich i si nt h e a u tho r 's p o s se s s ion w i th af u r the rc opy

S CPR S IP S J S LSL S NH

a tt h e U n ive r s i ty o f L ive rpoo l . P ipe s f r om t h e c o l lec t ion 's c a ta logue s r e f e r red t oi nt h e t e x t a r e i t em i sed b y t h e l e t te r ' C ' f o l lowed b y t h r ee n umbe r s . T he se r e f e r t o ap a r t icu la r c a ta logue ,

S PD S QS S RS S YQS S tA S tAG S tAS S tCH S tD S tG S tGS S t J S t J&C S t JH S tMK S tMS S tM W S tP S tPL

f i gu re a nd i l u s t ra t ion n umbe r . C er t if ica te o fD ea th H ou se o fC ommon 's J our na l s C o rpo ra t ion o fL ondon R e co rd O ff ice C lay P ipe C o l lec to r 's C lub N ew s le t te r I n fo rma t ion f r om C a ro l ine W i l l iam s D i rec to ry D ea th C e r t if ica te ( S t . C a the r ine 's H ou se , L ondon ) D epa r tmen t o fG rea te r L ondon A rchaeo logy D epa r tmen t o fU rban A rchaeo logy ( London ) E xam ina t ion B ook s ( Poo r L aw )

f l .

F loru i t ( f lou r i sh ing ) F i re R ewa rd B ook s

GL GLRO H IH HT

G u i ldha l l L ib ra ry G rea te r L ondon R eco rd O ff ice H and i nH and I n su rance P o l ic ie s ( GL ) H o ly T r in i ty N ew ing ton I n te rna t iona l G enea log ica l I ndex

F R

L PL L SE

ML

L ondon B ow lT ype ( A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 ) L ambe th P a lace L ib ra ry L ondon S choo l o fE conom ic s

S tS S tSA ( T )PF ( T )PM ( T )PT T PM c o TWC

Ma r r iage

1 02

Museum o fL ondon N ew ing ton N ew ing ton C en su s O b i i t ( d a te o fd ea th ) P e r sona l C ommun ica t ion I n fo rma t ion f r om P e te r H ammond P o s t O f f ice D i rec to ry ( London ) P a r l iamen ta ry P ape r s P a r ish R eg i s te r s P ub l ic R e co rd O ff ice R a te s R eco rd s o ft h e P ecu l ia r s o fC roydon ( c ou r t o f ) S u r rey A pp ren t ice sh ip s S oc ie ty f o r C lay P ipe R e sea r ch S un I n su rance P o l icy I n fo rma t ion f r om S he i la J e l ley S ou thwa rk L oca l S tud ie s L ib r a ry L ondon B o rough o f S ou thwa rk N e ighbou rhood H is to r ie s ( s ee L oca l B ib l iog raphy ) S t a te P ape r s D ome s t ic ( PRO C a lenda r s ) S ou thwa rk Q ua r te r S e s s ion s S u r rey R eco rd S oc ie ty S u r rey Q ua r te r S e s s ion s S t . A nd rew s N ew ing ton S t . A gne s N ew ing ton S t . A u s t in s N ew ing ton S t . C a the r ine 's H ou se , L ondon S t . D un s tan S t epney S t . G ab r ie l N ew ing ton S t . G eo rge s S ou thwa rk S t . J ohn s N ew ing ton S t . J ame s a nd C h r i s tchu rch S ou thwa rk S t . J ohn H o r s leydown S ou thwa rk S t . Ma rk N ew ing ton S t . S t . S t . S t .

Ma ry N ew ing ton Ma t thew N ew ing ton P e te r N ew ing ton P au l N ew ing ton

S t . S t ephen N ew ing ton S t . S av iou r S ou thwa rk ( Tobacco ) P ipe F in i she r ( Tobacco ) P ipe Make r ( Tobacco ) P ipe T r imme r T obacco P ipe Make r 's C ompany T he Webb C o l lec t ion ( s ee P r ima ry S ou rce s ) W i l l s

Append ix I : T he L if e H is tor ie s o ft he Maker s

T he f o l low ing 3 05 n ame sw h ich i n c lude t o bacco p i pe m ake r s ,

JOHN ANDRE WS ( 2 )

f i n ishe r s a nd m ou ld -make r s w e re g l eaned f r om t h e p r ima ry d ocumen ta ry a nd s e conda ry b i bl iog raph ic s ou rce sc i ted a bove .

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

c .1 892

I tc an b e c onc luded f r om t h e d a ta t h a t t h e m a jo r i ty o ft h o se l i s ted b e low l i ved a nd w o rked w i th in t h e p a r i sh e i the r o n a

1 892 ( 3D ec ) : L iv ing a t3 9O lney S t . ab ache lo r ,a ged 2 7 , s on

p e rmanen t o r t empo ra ry b a s is . N ew ing ton c i t izen sh ip c ou ld n o tb ec onf irmed i ne ve ry c a se . F o ri n s tance , r e g is te r s d on o t

o fJ ohn A nd rew s ( s ee a bove ) a nd ma r r ied A nn ie J one s , a ged 1 8 , s p in s te r , o f 2 9 O lney S t . ( h e r f a the r , W i l l iam Wa rw ick J one s , c e l la rman ) . ( S tPL /M ) GLRO

a lway sp rov ide a dd re s se so ff a the r sn amed a sp i pemake r sw ho a t tended m a r r iage s o f o f f sp r ing l i v ing i nN ew ing ton . R oad s o cca s iona l ly f o rmed b ounda r ie s b e tween N ew ing ton a nd

C ommen t s :

n e ighbou r ing p a r ishe s ,K en tS t .b e ing o ne e xamp le . I tw a sn o t

b o th J ohn A nd rew s s i gned r e g i s te r . C u t ty p i pe s m a rked I

a lway s p o s s ib le t o c onf irm w he the r p i pemake r s a t t h e se a dd re s se s l i ved i no ne p a r ish o r a no the r .

ANDRE WS A .O .F . k nown f r om S ou thwa rk s i de o fT hame s -s e e f i g . 1 8 .

T he a bb r ev ia t ion s A& 0a nd BAR 1 4 w h ich a ppea r i nt h e B iog raph ie s r e f e r t o t h e l i s t s o f p i pemake r s i n A tk in son &

ELIZABETH ASHBEY

A pp . 1 704

O swa ld 1 969 , 2 10 -227 a nd O swa ld 1 975 , 1 30 -149 . R eco rded a sa n ' App . P ipemake r ' T h ree d o t s ` . ' i nd ica te t e x t w h ich h a s b een a bb r ev ia ted o r t e x t t h a t w a s m is s ing o r i l eg ib le . Ap l u s ( + ) b e fo re a d a te i nd ica t e s t h a tt h e p ipemake rc ou ld h ave b een w o rk ing e a r l ie r

1 704 ( 18 A ug ) : A pp . t o Ma ry B lunde l l , S t . Ma ry N ew ing ton . ( s ee b e low ) . ( N /A I ) S LSL

t han t h e y ea r g iven a nd ap l u s a f te r ad a te i nd ica te s t h a t t h e p ipemake c ou ld h ave b een w o rk ing l a te rt h an t h e y ea rg i ven . GEORGE ATHERTON

c .1 86 1

T he re w a so f ten f ound t ob ed i sc repanc ie sb e tween a ge sg i ven i n c en su s r e tu rn s ( s ee ' Cen su s R e tur n s ' , P r ima ry S ou rce s ) .

R eco rded a s a‘ P ipemake r '

A cco rd ing ly , s ome a ge sr epo r ted i nt h ef o l low ing l i s t s a ppea r i ni n ve r ted c omma s . I ts hou ld b en o ted t h a ti tw a so f ten a tt h e

1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 4 Weymou th S t . , a b oa rde r , u nma r r ied , a ged 2 6 ( bn . L ive rpoo l ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

w h im o ft h er eg is t ra rt oa dd t o am a r r iage c er t if ica te w he the r ab r ide o r g room 's f a the r w a s d ecea sed o r n o t . Q ue s t ion ma rk s h ave b een a dded t od a te s i nt h e se c a se s .

C ommen t s : P o s s ib ly t h e s ame o rr e la ted t ot h e G eo rge A the r ton w o rk ing

T he s e cond

p a r t o f A ppend ix

I( s ee

p age

1 46 )

l i s t s

a pp r en t ice s f r om N ew ing ton w ho w e re i nden tu red t om a s te r s

i n L ive rpoo l 1 874 -84 ( BAR 1 4 ) . F o r o t he r 1 8 th a nd 1 9 th c en tu ry A the r ton m ake r s l i v ing i nL anca sh i r e , s e e BAR 1 4 ;

l i v ing o u t s ide t h e p a r i sh o r w he re t h e a dd re s s i su nknown .

c f a l so J .A the r ton r e co rded o n a n E ton T i the Map , B uck s . 1 839 ( Ay to 1 988 , 7 ) .

ROBERT ALLEN

p r e 1 893

JOHN ATTERTON

c . 182 1

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

R eco rded a s a` P ip emake r '

1 893 ( 24 D ec ) : N amed a sf a the r ( d ecea sed ) a th i s d augh te r 's m a r r iage ( Lucy E l izabe th G a s ton , a ged 3 2 , aw idow o f 1 5

W i l l iam ( bn .Oc t 2 8 , 1 8 17 )

Mann S t . ) t o J ohn Wa l te r B a te , a ged 3 1 , b a che lo r , ' P lay

a nd A nn ( bn .Dec 5 , 1 82 1) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

1 82 1 ( 2 5 D ec ) : L iv ing i nK en t S t . w i th w if e L yd ia . B ap t ised L yd ia E l iza ( bn .Sep t 3 0 , 1 8 19 )

L aye r ' , o f 1 5 Mann S t . ; h i s f a the r : J ohn Wa t son B a te , c on t rac to r . ( AS /M ) GLRO

C ommen t s : AW i l l iam A t te r ton i sr e co rded t a ken A pp . b y H en ry E dwa rd

C ommen t s :

S t ru t t o f R om fo rd ( E s sex ) PM . H e i sd e sc r ibed a s ap oo r

c f . A l len , Wr igh t & C o . P i ccad i l ly 1 884 -92 ( BAR 14 ) a nd

c h i ld ,a ged ' a bou t 1 6 ' f r om S t . Ma ry ,N ew ing ton . H ei sl i ke ly

o t he r A l len m ake r s w o rk ing i n Y o rk sh i r e , D e rby , S u f fo lk ,

J ohn A t te r ton 's s on a bove . I n 1 84 1 , H en ry S t ru t ta l so t o ok a n

B uck s , a nd l i s ted t h roughou t t h e N ine teen th C en tu ry ( i b id . ) .

E dwa rd A t te r ton , 1 5y r s . a no the rp oo rc h i ld f r om N ew ing ton . P e rhap s h e i sa l so as on o fJ ohn A t te r ton . ( N /A I ) S LSL .

JOHN ANDRE WS ( 1 )

c .1 892 CHARLES BA ILEY

c .1 851

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' R eco rded a s a` P ip emake r ' 1 892 ( 3D ec ) : N amed a sf a the ra th i ss on J ohn 's w edd ing ( s ee b e low ) . ( S tPL /M ) GLRO

1 851 ( 7J une ) : L i s ted a s a' v is i to r ' , a ged 2 1 f r om M idd le sex 1 03

( ? ) s t ay ing w i th at i nman a nd h i s f am i ly a t5 , Ewhu r s t S t . ( Wa lwo r th ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

J A MES BELLA MY

c .1 869

R eco rded a s a' P ipe m ake r ' JOHN BAKER

c .1 870

R eco rded a s a` P ipemake r ' . S on o fJ ame s B ake rd e cea sed

1 869 ( 2 8 N ov ) : N amed a sf a the r a th i s d augh te r Ma ry A nn 's w edd ing ( s p in s te r , o f f u l l a ge , l i v ing i n H amp ton S t . ) . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

1 870 ( 20 J an ) : H e w a s aw idowe r , o f f u l l a ge , l i v ing i n

C ommen t s :

N ew ing ton G rove a nd m a r r ied H a r r ie tA l len , aw idow o ff u l l a ge , l i v ing a tt h e s ame a dd re s s . H e rf a the r w a s as hoemake r . ( HT /M ) GLRO .

c f . J ame s B e l lamy , b n . c .1 824 , L ambe th ( 1 851 B irm ingham C en su s ( A lvey & G au l t 1 979 , 3 93 ) .

C ommen t s : c f H en ry B ake r o f L i t t le C la rendon S t . 1 854 ( BAR 14 ) . ( p robab ly L i t t le C la rendon S t . i nS ome r s T own ) .

JOHN ED WARD BELLA MY

1 876 -o b . b y 1 890

R eco rded a s a' P ipe m ake r ' JOHN BAXTER

1 876 ( 30 S ep ) : N amed a s f a the r a t d augh te r 's m a r r iage ( Em i ly B e l lamy , a ged 1 8 , s p in s te r o f 4P a ragon R ow ) t o T homa s Mew , o f f u l l a ge , b a che lo r , w hee lw r igh t , o f 4 P a ragon R ow ( h is f a the r : E dwa rd Mew , f r u i ts a le sman ) . J ohn E dwa rd B e l lamy s i gn s a s aw i tne s s . ( S t J /M ) GLRO .

c .1 862 1883?

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 862 ( 2 7 A p r ) : L iv ing i n P a rk P l ace w i th w if e , Emma ; b ap t ised A lf red ( bn . A p r 2 ,1 962 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

1 890 ( 2 5 D ec ) : N amed a s f a the r d e cea sed a t h i s s on 's 1 883 ( 22 D ec ) : N amed a sf a the ra th i ss on 's w edd ing ( A l f red , a ged 2 1 , b ache lo r , w a rehou seman , o f S wan H ou se , S wan P lace , O ld K en t R d . ) . A l f red m a r r ied E l len H o l loway , a ged 2 4 , s p in s te r , o f 6A y le sbu ry S t . ; f a the r : J ohn H o l loway , c a rman ( d ecea sed ) . ( A S /M ) GLRO .

w edd ing ( J ame s G eo rge B e l lamy , c apma l ce r , o f 1 8 D eve re l l S t . ) . ( S tM W /M ) GLRO . 1 894 ( 4N ov ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's m a r r iage (W i l l iam J ame s B e l lamy , a ged 3 1 , b ache lo r , w a rehou seman o f 8 , T u rquand S t )t oR ebe cca S imp son , 3 0 , s p in s te r , s t a t ione r ; h e r f a the r : F rede r ick S imp son , l a bou re r . ( S t J /M ) GLRO .

C ommen t s : E l len H o l loway 's a dd re s s i s t h e s ame g i ven f o r J ohn B rad shaw 's s p in s te r d augh te r ( s ee b e low ) a nd p e rhap s t h e a dd re s s o fJ ohn B rad shaw h im se lf .

MARY BELLA MY

ED W IN BAYNES

W if e o f W i l l iam B e l lamy ( s e e b e low ) . R eco rded a s a ' Toba cco P ipe m ake r ' .

c .1 894

R eco rded a s a` P ipe m ake r '

1 839 : L iv ing i nE a s t S t . , L ambe th ( A &0 )

1 894 ( 9 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 5 1 Me r row S t . ; w i th w if e K a te J enny . B ap t i sed : A nne Ma r ia ; M . . K a te F anny ; E dw in W i l l iam . ( S tP /B ) GLRO .

1 840 : A t 1 28 E a s t S t . , L ambe th ( P igo t 's D ) GLRO

THO MAS BELLA MY ED WARD BELLA MY ( 1 )

1 839 -40

1 879

c .1 881 R eco rded a s a' P ipe m ake r '

F a the r o f E dwa rd B e l lamy ( 2 ) ( s ee b e low ) . R e co rded a s a ' P ipe m ake r ' .

1 879 ( 1 3 S ep ) : L iv ing a t1 0 P en ton P l ace , a ged 4 5 , b ache lo r ( h i s f a the rW i ll iam B e l lamy , d ecea sed ) ; m a r r ied A nn H a t te r , 4 9 , w idow o f 1 0 P en ton P l ace ( h e r f a the r W i ll iam P a rke r , d e cea sed ) . T homa s B e l lamy s i gn s . Ma ry Ann B e l lamy s i gn s a sw i tne s s . ( S t J /M ) GLRO .

1 881 ( 14 A ug ) : N amed a s f a the r a t h i s s on 's m a r r iage . ( S tPL /M ) GLRO .

ED WARD BELLA MY ( 2 )

c .1 881

C ommen t s :

S on o fE dwa rd B e l lamy ( 1 ) ( s e e a bove ) . R eco rded a s a' P ipe m ake r ' .

P e rhap st h es on o fW i l l iam B e l lamy ( s e eb e low ) .P o s s ib ly t h e T homa s B e l lamy w ho t o ok G eo rge Ma rch A pp . 4A p r 1 864 , S t . Ma ry 's L ambe th f o r 7y ea r s C on t h e t e rm s o f5 d ag r o s s

1 88 1 ( 14 A ug ) : A ged 2 6 , ab ache lo r , l i v ing a t 7P en ro se S t . , Wa lwo r th . Ma r r ied L yd ia B a rne s , 2 5 , as p in s te r o ft h e s ame a dd re s s . ( S tP UM ) GLRO

f o rm ak ing a nd t r imm ing s ho r tp i pe sf o rf i r s th a l fo ft e rm a nd 6 d t h e r ema inde r o f h i s t ime a nd l o ng p ipe s i na c co rdance w i th t h e o t he r s ' ) . ( A I f o rme r ly i n t h e H ou se o f P i pe s , B rambe r , S u s sex ) . 1 04

WILL IA M BELLA MY

1 838 -1 84 1 o b . ( ? )

( Thoma s , ab ache lo r , a ged 3 2 , al a bou re r , o f 1 8 C r ick R oad )

H u sband o f Ma ry B e l lamy ( s ee a bove ) . R e co rded a s a' P ipe

t oS a rah A nn E van s ,4 0 , aw idow , o f 2D igg le S t . , h e rf a the r : W i l l iam Woodwa rd ( decea sed ) l a bou re r . ( AS /M ) GLRO .

Make r ' . ANN B IRCH

1 838 ( 19 A ug ) : L iv ing i nE a s t S t . , w i th w if e Ma ry , b ap t ised W i l l iam H en ry ( bn . J u l 2 8 , 1 838 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

1 851-2

W if e o fW i l l iam J ame s B i rch ( 1 ) ( s ee b e low ) . R eco rded a sa ' P ipe m ake r ' .

1 844 ( 28 A ug ) : N amed a s f a the r ( decea sed ) a th i s d augh te r A nn H annah P a rke r 's w edd ing ( s p in s te r , f u l l a ge , o f We l l ing ton S t ) t oW i l l iam C rane r , l a bou re r . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

1 851 : L iv ing a t 4 Weymou th S t , aw idow , a ged 4 4 . H e r s on W i l l iam J ame s B irch ( 2 ) ( s ee b e low ) i s h e r a pp ren t ice .

C ommen t s : P e rhap s t h e s ame o r r e la ted t oo the r W i l l iam B e l lamy PMs

( S tMS /C ) GLRO .

l i s ted a tC he s te r a nd B irm ingham d u r ing t h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e n i ne teen th c en tu ry ( Davey & R u t te r 1 980 , 2 30 ; A lvey &

1 852 : L iv ing a t 4 Weymou th S t , N ew K en t R oad ( A &0 ) .

G au l t 1 979 , 3 93 ) a nd a tS now H i l l Wo lve rhamp ton 1 8 16 -23 ( BAR 1 4 ; B a rke r 1 985 , 2 52 ) . A W i l l iam B e l lamy PM o f

R ICHARD SA MUEL BURCH

1 886

N ewca s t le -unde r -Lyme a ppea red i nc ou r t ( 18 16 & 1 8 17 ) f o r R eco rded a s a ' Tobacco P ipe make r ' . S on o f W i l l iam

' c au s ing a n u isance w i th s moke a nd s t ench ' f r om b u rn ing c l ay p ip e s n ea r ac hu rch y a rd . ( Ba rke r 1 985 , 2 52 ) . A no the r

W i lk in son B u rch . ( s ee b e low ) .

W i l l iam B e l lamy i sl i s ted a tB e lg rave G a te , L e ice s te r( G re en 1 886 ( 18 J an : A ged 3 7 , ab ache lo r o f 6 H o r s ley S t . ,

1 984 , 4 5 ) .

Wa lwor th . Ma r r ied A l ice D av ie , s p in s te r ( o f 1 2 H o r s ley S t . ) a ged 3 0 . ( AS /M ) GLRO . J A MES WILL IA M BENNETT

1 90 1?

R eco rded a s a' C lay P ipe m ake r '

WILL IA M J A MES B IRCH ( 1 )

1 828 -1 850

1 90 1 ( 22 D ec ) : N amed a s f a the r a th i s d augh te r 's w edd ing ( Ame l ia B enne t t ,a ged 2 1 ,s p in s te r ,o f1 3S top fo rd R oad )w ho

R eco rded a s a` Tobacco P ipe make r ' . S on o fW i l l iam B i r ch , s hoemake r( 1776 -1850 o b . ) . N e i the rb or ni na r ea . ( N /C 1 84 1) .

ma r r ied F rank T hu r lby R icha rd s , 2 1 , b ache lo r , b ox c u t te r , o f 1 S top fo rd R oad ( h i s f a the r : mu s ic ian ) . ( S tPL /M ) GLRO .

1 828 ( 26 May? ) : P o s s ib ly t h e W i l l iam B i r ch l i s ted , a mong

J ohn F rede r ick R icha rd s ,

s even o t he r s , r e ga rd ing a n a ppea rance ( ? ) a tM idd le sex C our t o fR eque s t s , V ine S t . , C i ty o fL ondon ( TPM c o /GL ) . 1 84 1

JOHN B ILLINGER

1 831 ( 30 May ) : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t . w i th h i s f a the r a nd f ou r ' f ema le s ' . ( S tMS /C ) S LSL .

R eco rded a s a` P ipe m ake r ' . 1 834 ( 1 3 A p r ) : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t . , w i th w if e A nn , 1 84 1 ( 7J une ) : L iv ing i nF o rd ( ? ) S t . , a ged 4 0 w i th h i s w if e

b ap t ised : R ebecca Ann ( bn . J an 1 7 1 831) ;W i l l iam J ame s( bn .

A nn ,a ged 3 0 , s on G eo rge ,a ged 1 4a nd d augh te r Emma , a ged

Ma r 41 834 ) . ( S tMS /B ) ; GLRO .

3 .T he f am i ly w e re b o rn o u t s ide N ew ing ton . ( N /C ) S LSL . 1 836 ( 29 May ) : B ap t ised A nn E l izabe th ( bn . F eb 4 , 1 836 ) . ( S tMS /B ) ; GLRO . ED WARD BELL IS ( 1 )

1 820 -28 1 839 ( 2 J un ) : B ap t ised May ( bn . A p r 2 6 1 839 ) . ( S tMS /B ) ;

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe m ake r ' .

GLRO .

1 820 -28 : L iv ing i nE lephan t L ane , R o the rh i the ( A &0 ) .

1 840 -48 : A t 4 Weymou th S t , N ew K en t R oad . ( D )

C ommen t s :

1 848 -51 : T he ` o ccup ie r ' o f 4 Weymou th S t . ; p a id 3 s 6 d a nnua l L and T ax A s se s smen t ( GLRO ) .

c f . H ugh & P ene lope B e l l i s , b ap t i sed E l iza A do lphu s 9J an 1 825 ,M i le E nd O ld T own ( P /C P e te rH ammond 1 989 ) ; H ugh B e l l is 1 845 , B a rk ing , E s sex ( BAR 1 4 )

Mr s PB e l l i s 1 851 ,

1 850 ( 17 Ma r ) : D a te o fb ur ia l , Weymou th S t . , a ged 7 4y ea r s . ( S tMS /BS ) GLRO

R om fo rd , E s sex ( BAR 1 4 )

1 849 -51 : L i s ted a t 4 Weymou th S t . , O ld K en t R oad . ( D ) . ED WARD BELL IS ( 2 )

f l . . p r e 1 89 1 C ommen t s :

R eco rded a s a' P ipe m ake r ' .

T he 1 85 1 C en su s l i s t s h i s w if e a s aw idow . H e i sn amed

1 89 1 ( 14 D ec ) : N amed a s f a the r a th i s s on 's m a r r iage

W i l l iam J ame s B i r ch ( de cea sed ) a th i s d augh te r , R ebecca 's ma r r iage i n 1 855 . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

1 05

WILL IA M J A MES B IRCH ( 2 )

1 851 -c .1 87 1

t h e Wm . B ircha l lp re sen ta t ame e t ing o ft h eT PM 's c o . , 1 800 ( 4 N ov ) a nd G eo rge B ircha l l p r e sen t a t t h e s ame m ee t ing

S on o fW i l l iam J ame s B i rch ( 1 ) ( s ee b e low ) . R eco rded a s a

( TPM c o /GL ) .

' P ipe m ake r ' . 1 851 : L i s ted a sa n a pp ren t ice t oh i s mo the r , A nn ( s ee a bove ) a t 4 Weymou th S t . ( S tMS /C ) S LSL .

HENRY BLUNDELL ( 1 )

1 68 1/2

1 871 : R e co rded a s W i l l iam B u r ch , a ged 3 6 , u nma r r ied ,

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco p i pemake r ' .

l odg ing a t 15 N u r se ry R ow ; s ha r ing p r em i se s w i th a 1 681 /2 ( 7 J an ) : ' o f S t . Ma ry , N ew ing ton . A ppea red a nd

b l a ck sm i th a nd f am i ly . ( S tMS /C ) S LSL .

e xone ra ted . '

( SQS , 1 . 4 2 23 .F ) CLRO .

C ommen t s : WILL IA M WILK INSON B IRCH ( BURCH )

1 886

T he re i sn o s ho r tage o fr e f e rence s t o 1 7 th c en tu ry B lunde l l s i nC ou r t ! c f .J ohn B lunde l lb e low . A l so , aG eo rge B lunde l lo f

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe make r ' . F a the r o f R icha rd

S t . O lave s , PM , a ppea red a t SQS 1 689 , J an , r e a son n o t c l ea r

S amue l B u rch ( s ee a bove ) .

( SQS 1 . 6 2 23F ) CLRO . T he re i s ap o s s ib le r e f e rence t ot h e H en ry B lunde l l a bove o r p e rhap s H . B lunde l l ( 2 ) s e e b e low

1 886 ( 18 J an ) : N amed a sf a the ra th i ss on 's w edd ing . ( AS /M )

( RPC ;

GLRO .

N ew ing ton

VH

8 2 /2 11)LPL w h ich

C ommen t s :

e xcep t t h a t a ' Ma r ia '

c f J ohn B i r ch ( 1&2 )w o rk ing a tM i le E nd R d , Wh i te chape l i n 1 823 a nd 1 857 -99 r e spe c t ive ly ( BAR 1 4 ) . A l so p o s s ib ly

m en t ioned .

S u r rey '

( no

t r ade )

m en t ion s 1 70 1 .

t h e s ame ,

' o f

I t c once rn s

t h e

r enunc ia t ion o f h i s w i l l . N o o the r d e ta i l s c ou ld b e g l eaned a nd

' Lou i sa '

B lunde l l

a r e a l so

r e la ted t oS amue l G eo rge B u rch ( s on o fR icha rd B u rch ' l a te HENRY BLUNDELL ( 2 )

o f w app ing ' c oun ty M idd le sex , w a te rman ) a pp ren t iced t o

1 696

J ohn J a rman ,T PM . f o r 7y ea r s i n 1 0J an 1 804 ( TPM c o /GL ) . R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' . P ipe s s t amped I . BURCH LONDON E o f t h e p e r iod c . 1 865 -80 a r e k nown f r om t h e E a s t L ondon b ranch o f t h e

c . 1 696 :

f am i ly ( A tk in son 1 977 , 2 62 ) b u t n one f r om t h e N ew ing ton

p ipemake r ( BAR 1 4 ) .

S igned O a th o f A l leg iance a s aj our n eyman

b ranch . Many W/B s pu r le t te red p ipe s h ave b een f ound l o ca l ly w h ich c ou ld b e a t t r ibu ted t o e i the r o f t h e.W . B i rch make r s ( Thame s , CAT c o l l . ) . HENRY BLUNDELL ( 3 ) JA MES B IRCHALL

1 898?

1 745 -1764

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' . 1 745 ( 12 N ov ) : I n U n icor nA l ley , K en t S t . . S un I n su rance

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' . 1 898 ( 6N ov ) : N amed a sf a the ra td augh te r 's m a r r iage ( E s te r

1 750 ( 25 D ec ) : P o l icy g i ve s t h e f o l low ing d e ta i l s :

B i rcha l l , a ged 3 7 , s p in s te r o f 6 5 Mann S t . ) t oH en ry G la s s , a ged 5 7 , w idowe r , l a bou re r o f 1 67 A lbany R d . ( h is f a the r :

' On h ouseho ld g ood s a nd s t ock i n t r ade i n h i s d we l l ing h ou se , b e ing t wo h ou se s l a id i n to o ne . T imbe r b u i l t £ 60 ; o n

H en ry G la s s , l i gh te rman ) . ( S tS /M ) GLRO .

h i s s t ock i n as hed , t imbe r£ 30 ; o n h i s s t ock i na no the r s hed n ea r h i s h ou se , t imbe r , £ 10 . ( O swa ld 1 978 , 3 56 -7 ) .

JOSEPH B IRCHALL

1 754 ( 1 3 J un ) : T ook J ohn H ive s ( a ged 1 3 ) A pp . ; t e rm : u n t i l 2 4 y ea r s o ld? ( A l ; S tGS ) S LSL .

1 889

R eco rded a s a' P ipe m ake r ' .

1 763 : I n K en t S t . ( Mo r t ime r 's D )GL .

1 889 ( 16 N ov ) : N amed a s f a the r a tm a r r iage o fs on , J o seph ,

1 764 ( 7 J an ) : S IP d e ta i l s s how v a lue s i n c rea sed t o £ 200 :

( a ged 2 9 , b ache lo r , l a bou re r ) o f 6D a te S t . , t oE s the r E l l io t t ,

' h ou seho ld g ood s a nd s t ock i n d we l l ing h ou se £ 80 ; p l a te

2 6y ea r s , s p in s te ro f2 5 T ra f a lga rS t . H e rf a the rw a s as awye r ( de cea sed ) . ( S tPL /M ) GLRO .

t h e re in £ 50 ; h ou seho ld g ood s i n as ma l l h ou se a d jo in ing h i s o wn o ccupa t ion £ 10 ; s t ock i nt wo s hed s £ 60 . ( O swa ld 1 978 , 3 57 ) .

C ommen t s : P o s s ib le r e la t ive s o f J ame s a nd J o seph B i rcha l l a r e : J o seph

C ommen t s :

B i r cha l l , 1 851 , Go lbo rne ; J ohn B i rcha l l , 1 851 , L ive rpoo l ;

A . O swa ld s ugge s t s h i s p ro spe r i ty m ay l i e i nt h e p roduc t ion

T homa sB i r cha l l , 1 817 -45 ,L ive rpoo l ;W i l l iam B i rcha l l , 1 845 ,

o f p ipe s d e co ra ted w i th t h e R oya l A rm s a nd A rm s o f t h e

C an te rbu ry ( O swa ld 1 960 , 5 7 -63 ) ; G eo rge B i rcha l l c . 1 800 -40 ; C ha r le s B i rcha l l c . 1 822 -55 & I .B i r cha l l c . 1 840 ,

Wa te rmen ( O swa ld 1 978 , 3 57 ) . I tc ou ld w e l l b e t h a t t h e se p ipe s w e re a p roduc t o f h i s w o rk shop a s n o c on tempo ra ry HB m ake r i sk nown ( s ee BAR 1 4 ) .

a l l o f C ha tham , K en t . (W i l l iam s 1 979 -80 ) . c f a l so Wm . B i rcha l l o f E lephan t L ane , R o the rh i the , 1 836 ( A & 0 ) a nd 1 06

o t he r

JOHN BLUNDELL

1 68 1/2

CHARLES BORD ( 1 )

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipemake r ' .

1 84 1

R eco rded a s a` P ipema l ce r '

1 68 1/2 ( 7 J an ) : ' Of S t . Ma ry , N ew ing ton . A ppea red a nd

1 84 1 ( 7 J un ) : L iv ing i n C o le s P l ace N o r th w i th T homa s

e xone ra ted . ' ( SQS 1 . 4 2 23 .F ) CLRO .

S tuckey 's h ouseho ld ( s ee b e low ) , a ged 5 0 . A no the r C ha r le s B o rd ( s on? ) a ged 2 0 , p ip ema l ce r a l so l i v ing t h e re a nd a s e rvan t , Ma r tha . .n e i the r B o rd s w e re b o rn i nc oun ty . ( N /C )

MARY BLUNDELL

P RO .

1 704

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' . CHARLES BORD ( 2 )

1 84 1

1 704 ( 18 A ug ) : T ook E l izabe th A shbey A pp . ' ap oo r c h i ld ' R eco rded a s a` P ipema l ce r '

o fN ew ing ton P a r i sh u n t i l s he ' s ha l l a ccomp l ish h e r f u l l a ge o ft wen ty o ne y ea r s ' . Ma ry B lunde l ls i gn st h ei nden tu re w i th

1 84 1 ( 7J un ) : L iv ing i nC o le s P lace N o r th ( s ee C ha r le s B o rd

ac ro ss . ( N /A I ; B ox 5 987 ) S LSL .

( 1 ) ) . ( N /C ) P RO . SARAH BLUNDELL

? + 1797 -99 ARTHUR BOUD

1 90 1-2

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' R eco rded a s a` P ipema l ce r ' 1 799 ( 1 5 F eb ) :

N amed i n t h e

' Exam ina t ion '

o f Ma ry

Woodwa rd o fS t . Ma ry ,N ew ing ton : ' h i red a s ay ea r ly s e rvan t

1 90 1 ( 4 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 1 00 B randon S t , a ged 2 7 , b ache lo r

w i th S a rah B lunde l l o fK en t S t . ( PM ) a tt h e y ea r ly w age s o f

( f a the r W i ll iam B oud ( 1 ) , s e e b e low ) ; ma r r ied E l iza R u le ,

£ 5 i nw h ich s e rv ice s he c on t inued f o r o ne y ea r a nd u pwa rd s

a ged 2 8 , w idow , m ine ra l w a te r m ake r ( h e r f a the r : E dwa rd

a nd h ad n o t d one a ny th ing t o g a in a s e t t lemen t e l sewhe re ' .

W i l l iam s , m ap moun te r ) . A r thu r B oud s i gn s n ame . ( S t J /M )

( N IE ) S LSL .

GLRO .

C ommen t s :

1 902 ( 3D ec ) : A t 10 F a rme r 's R d , w i th w if eE l iza , b ap t i sed

A p robab le c on tempo ra ry r e la t ion o f S a rah B lunde l l w a s

N e ll ie E l iza . ( S tAG /B ) GLRO .

Wa l te r B lunde l l o f D ru ry L ane , e l ec ted a s as t ewa rd f o r t h e TPMco 1 800 ( 25 Ma r ) . I n J u ly o f t h e s ame y ea r h e p a id a f i ne t ot h e s t ewa rd s . ( MS 3 60 1) GL .

J A ME S ROPER BOUD

1 892 -5

R eco rded a s a` P ipemake r /manuf ac tu ree WILLIA M BLUNDAL ( s ic )

o b . c .1 732 1 892 ( 3 1 J u l ) : L iv ing a t1 06 B randon S t . , a ged 2 2 , b ache lo r ( f a the r : W i l l iam B oud ( 1 ) , s e e b e low ) ; ma r r ied A nn ie

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

E l izabe th O l iphan t , a ged 2 0 , s p in s te r o f4 5 B randon S t . ( h e r 1 732 ( 2 1 F eb ) : O fS t . Ma ry N ew ing ton B u t t s ,S u r rey . D a te o f

f a the r : G eo rge O l iphan t , t r ave l le r ) . J .R . B oud s i gn s n ame .

W i l l ( a b r idged e x t ra c t ) : -

( S t J /M ) GLRO .

IW i l l iam B lunda l . .b e ing w eak o f b ody b u t o f s ound m ind a nd memo ry d o d ec la re m y l a s t w i l l a nd t e s tamen t v i s :

1 895 ( 6 S ep ) : L iv ing a t 1 2 H u r lba l l P la ce , w i th w if e A nn

Ib equea th u n to my l o v ing w if e E l izab th B lunde l l ( s ic )a l l my

E l izabe th ; b ap t i sed Ma ry ( bn . A ug 1 7 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

r e ady money a nd a l l my p l a te r i ng s g ood s c ha t te l s . .d eb t s b i l l sm o r tgage sa nd o t he r. .a nd ( h e r ) Ia ppo in ts o le e xecu t ive o ft h i s my l a s t w i l l a nd t e s tamen t . . . '( RPC ;VH96 /279 ) L PL .

MARY BOUD

C ommen t s :

W if e o fW i l l iam B oud ( 1 ) ( s ee b e low )

A c tua l d a te a ppea r ing i nw i l l t e x ti s2 8 D ec , d a te t r an sc r ibed

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe m ake r '

1 88 1

i nL PL c a lenda ri s2 1 F eb 1 732 ( d a te w i l l p roved? ) . T he re i s n o d i rec t men t ion o f p ipemak ing e qu ipmen t . T he w i l l w a s

1 88 1 ( 4 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1 06 B randon S t , a ged 4 0 , b n .

s i gned b y W . B lunda l a nd w i tne s sed b y B en j . C oo l ing a nd

T he tfo rd . ( N /C ) S LSL .

H ugh B ough ton . PH IL IP JOHN BOUD JOHN JA MES BOOTH

1 88 1-6

1 871 S on o fW i l l iam B oud ( 1 ) ( s ee b e low )

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

1 87 1 ( 8O c t ) : N amed a sf a the ra ts on 's ma r r iage ( J ohn B oo th ,

1 881 ( 4 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1 06 B randon S t , a ged 1 9 . ( N /C )

o ff u l la ge ,b ache lo r , s a lvage o ff ice r ,o fQ ueenh i the )t o Em i ly

S LSL .

K a te D rew , 2 0 , o f 1Y o rk S t . ( h e r f a the r : G eo rge D rew , 1 883 ( 25 D e c ) : D e sc r ibed a s ab a che lo r , a ged 2 2 o f 9 2

p o r te r ) . ( S t J /M ) GLRO . 1 07

T ra f a lga rS t . ; m a r r ied F rance sA nne T ucke r ,a ged 2 0 , s p in s te r o f 1 43 T ra f a lga r S t ; h e r f a the r : H en ry T homa s T ucke r , a r t i s t i n . .P h i l ip J ohn B oud s i gn s w i th ac ro s s . ( S t P /M ) GLRO .

1 885 ( 2 5 D ec ) : D a te o fm a r r iage ( s e e W B oud ( 1 ) a bove ) . 1 887 ( 2 3 J an ) : A t 4 9 Y o rk S t . , w i th w if e R o sa ; b ap t ised W i l l iam J ohn . ( S t J /B ) GLRO .

1 884 ( 2N ov ) : L iv ing a t1 24 P o r t land S t . , w i th w if e F rance s ; 1 888 ( 1A p r ) : A t 5. .R d . , w i th w if eR o se ; b ap t ised E l izabe th

b ap t ised d augh te r F lo ra E l izabe th . ( S t J /B ) GLRO .

R o se . ( S t J /B ) GLRO . 1 886 ( 28 F eb ) : A t 1 54 E a s t S t .? w i th w if e F rance s ; b ap t ised 1 889 ( 1 1 A ug ) : A t 5 ? S u r rey S qua re , w i th w if e R o se ;

d augh te r E l len R o se . ( i b id .) .

b ap t ised H a r ry . ( i b id . ) . WILL IA M BOUD ( BO WD ) ( 1 )

1 86 11904

1 89 1 ( J u l 2 6 ) : A t4 1 D a te S t . , w i th w if eR o se ; b ap t i sed R o se Ma ry A nn S u sanna . ( i b id . ) .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' C ommen t s : 1 86 1 ( 29 S ep ) : L iv ing i n C la rence S t . , w i th w if e Ma ry

O the r p i pemake r s w e r e w o rk ing i n t h e a r ea w ho w e re a l so

S u sannah . B ap td . P h i l ip J ohn ( s ee a bove ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

f r om T he t f o rd : Wa l te rH o l l ing ton ( s e eb e low )a t1 7C la rendon S t . ,W i l l iam H o l l ing ton ( s ee b e low ) a t 1L an sdown P l a ce a nd

1 864 ( 2 1 F eb ) : L iv ing i n S un S t . , w i th w if e Ma ry . B ap td .

H en ry ( b n . N o rw ich ) a nd E l izabe th S pau l l ( bn . T he t fo rd ) .

E l len Ame l ia ( i b id . ) . 1 87 1 ( 3 A p r ) : L iv ing i n B randon S t . , a ged 3 2 , w i th w if e

CHARLES BOUND (S )

1 851-6 1

Ma ry , a ged 3 0 , s on s W i l l iam , a ged 1 , P h i l ip ( ? ) , H en ry , a ged 5 ,G eo rge , a ged 4 a nd d augh te r E l i . .a ged 5 ; a l l t h e c h i ld ren b o rn i nN ew ing ton . ( N /C ) S LSL .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

1 878 ( 8 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1 06 B randon S t . , w i th w if e Ma ry ;

M idd le sex , C i ty ) w i th w if e S a rah , a ged 2 6 , l a und re s s ( bn .

b ap t ised G eo rge A l len . ( S tMK /B ) GLRO .

S u r rey , N ew ing ton ) . ( N /C ) P RO .

1 880 ( 1 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing i n 1 06 B randon S t . , Wa lwo r th . R eg i s te red ad e s ign f o r a` RAOB ' b ow l ( Roya l A n tede luv ian

W i l l iam s ( s ee b e low ) . 1 5 s h i l l ing s p a id f o r g ene ra l r a te .

O rde ro ft h e B u f f a loe s ) , n o . 3 47463 ( s e e f i g . 1 6 ) . ( Hammond

( SLSL ) P /C A . W i l l iam s .

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 2V io le t P l ace , a ged 3 3 ( bn .

1 860 ( 29 Ma r ) : A tP ipemake r 's A l ley . P rem i se s owned b yW .

1 985 , 6 1) . 1 860 ( " 1s t p oo r r a te f o r y ea r e nd ing L ady D ay " ) : C ha r le s 1 88 1 ( 4 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1 06 B randon S t . , a ged 4 2 ( bn .

R ound ( s ic ) a t 3P ipemake r 's A l ley . 1 3 s h i l l ing s , 4 d p a id f o r

T he t fo rd , N o r fo lk ) w i th w if e Ma ry ( TPM ) , a ged 4 0 ( bn .

p rem ise s n o s . 1 4 . ( i b id . ) .

T he t fo rd ,s e ea bove )s on sW i l l iam T PM ,a ged 2 1 ( s ee b e low ) , P h i l ip T PM , a ged 1 9 ( s e e a bove ) , H en ry , a ged 1 5 , p l umbe r ,

1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : A t 4P ipemake r 's A l ley w i th w if e S a rah ( s e e

G eo rge ,a ged 1 3 ,J ame sR . , a ged 1 ( s ee a bove ) , A r thu r , a ged

b e low ) ; b n . S t . G eo rge s , S u r rey ( c f . b i r thp la ce o f 1 851 C

7a nd d augh te r s E leana ( ? ) a ged 1 7 , E l izabe th , a ged 9 , a l l

a bove ) w i th f i ve c h i ld ren t wo o ft h e s ame n ame : Ma ry A nn

b o rn i n N ew ing ton . Emma P a rk ing s , a ged 1 6 , ag ene ra l

( 1 ) a ged 1 0 , a nd ( 2 ) 8 ,b o th b n . N ew ing ton ; J emm ima , 6( b n .

s e rvan t w a s l i v ing w i th t h em . ( i b id .) .

B e rmond sey ) C ha r le s , 2a nd G eo rge 9 m on th s ( bo th b n . N ew ing ton ) . ( N /C ) P RO .

1 885 ( 25 D ec ) : N amed a s f a the r a t h i s s on 's m a r r iage (W i l l iam B oud ,a ged 2 5 , ab ache lo r ' T rave l le r ' o f4 9Y o rk S t . ( s ee b e low ) t oR o sa G a rd ine r , a ged 2 4 , s p in s te r o f4 9 Y o rk S t . ; h e r f a the r : J ohn G a rd ine r , c a rpen te r . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

C ommen t s : B ound ( s ) i sp o s s ib ly a m isp ronunc ia t ion o fB oud . T he o n ly k nown p ipemake r w i th as im i la r n ame i nt h e L ondon a r ea i s R icha rd B ound s PM ( ob . o f d augh te r S u san 1 7 J u l 1 7 13 ,

1 887 ( 2 5 S ep ) : N amed a sf a the ra th i ss on 's m a r r iage ( Geo rge A l len B oud , a ged 2 0 ,b ache lo r , w hee l r igh to f2 7 P o r t land S t . )

H amp ton ) . ( New B ren t fo rd P R ) GLRO .

t oE l izabe th S a rah Mu r re l l , a ged 1 9 , s p in s te r , o f4 8 P o r t land S t . ; h e r f a the r : F rede r ick Mu r re l l , c abman . ( w i tne s sed b y

SARAH BOUND

1 86 1

E l izabe th B oud ) . ( S tP /M ) GLRO . R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe T r imme r ' 1 888 -1904 : A t 1 06 B randon S t . ( POD ) GLRO . 1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 4P ip e Make r s A l ley . ( See C ha r le s B ound a bove ) . ( N /C ) P RO . WILLIA M BOUD ( 2 )

1 88 1-189 1+?

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

ANN ( A MY ) BOUZZEN (E )

1 871 ( 3 A p r ) : L iv ing i nB randon S t . , a ged 1 . ( N /C ) S LSL .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

1 881 ( 4 A p r ) : A t 1 06 B randon S t . , a ged 2 1 . ( i b id . ) .

W if e o fM ichae l B ouzzen ( s ee b e low )

1 08

? + 188 1

1 88 1 ( 4 A p r ) : A t 3 6 C amden S t . ( N /C ) S LSL .

( Em i ly ,a ged 2 1 , s p in s te r ,o f 8E l s ted S t . ) . S he m a r r ied J o seph R and le ,b ache lo r ,a ged 2 7 , w a lk ing -s t ick d re s se r ,o f2 6E l s ted S t . ; f a the r : H if f (? ) R and le , l a bou re r . ( A S /M ) GLRO .

MICHAEL BOUZZEN (E )

1 87 1-8 1 C ommen t s :

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

P e rhap s ar e la t ive o f H .J . B rad shaw ( s ee a bove ) .

1 871 ( 3A p r ) : L iv ing i nB randon S t . ,a ged ' 5 1 ' w i th w if eA nn ( a ged ' 5 1 ') ( b o th b n . D ub l in ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

MAR IA BRADSHA W

1 881 ( 4A p r ) : A t 3 6 C amden S t . a ged 7 0 w i th w if e Amy ( ? ) .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe T r imme r '

1 86 1

( N /C ) S LSL . 1 86 1 ( 8A p r ) : L iv ing a t2 95 K en t S t . , w if e o fH .J . B rad shaw ( s ee a bove ) . ( N /C ) P RO . LE WIS BO WEN

1 664 THO MAS G ILBERT BRO WN

1 896

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 664 ( 22 F eb ) : O f N ew ing ton . G ave ' s u re ty f o r H umph rey £ 40 . .t o a n swe r

1 896 ( 20 D ec ) : N amed a s f a the r a t d augh te r 's m a r r iage

c once rn ing ab a s ta rd c h i ld o fE l izabe th Maye , s i ng le w oman '

( Hannah E s the r B rown , a ged 4 2 , s p in s te r , c o l la r d r e s se r ) t o

( Re iga te S e s s ion s R o l l s X I I I ) . ( SYQS ,SRS ) P RO .

A r thu r J ame s F rank l in H ear n e , a ged 5 5 , w idowe r , c a rman o f

B owen o f L e C l inke L ibe r ty , g a rd ine r

2 02 T ra f a lga r S t . ( h i s f a the r H en ry H ea rne , p r in te r ) . ( S t J /M GLRO ) . HENRY J . BRADSHA W

C ommen t s :

1 86 1ob . b y 1 89 1

R e la t ive t oT .H . B rown b e low? R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 86 1 ( 8A p r ) : L iv ing a t2 95 K en t S t . , a ged 3 8 ( bn . S u r rey S t . S av iou r s ) w i th w if e Ma r ia , a ged 4 1 , a ' Tobacco P ipe

THO MAS HENRY BRO WN

T r imme r ' , s ee b e low ( bn . S t . S av iou r s ) , d augh te r s S a rah M . ,

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

1 887

a ged 1 0 , s cho la r ( bn . S t . S av iou r s ) C a the r ine A . , a ged 7 , s cho la r , Em i ly , a ged 6a nd T homa s , a ged 5 ,s cho la r , a l l b or n

1 887 ( 19 Ma r ) : H e w a s aw idowe r ( s on o f T homa s B rown ,

i nN ew ing ton . ( N /C ) P RO .

t a i lo r , d ecea sed ) , o f f u l l a ge , l i v ing a t 1 Mann S t . , a nd m a r r ied Ma r tha B uck o f f u l l a ge , w idow , l i v ing a tt h e s ame

1 89 1 ( 1 7 Ma r ) : N amed a s f a the r , d ecea sed , a t d augh te r 's

a dd re s s . H e r f a the r w a s ac oachman ( d ecea sed ) . ( S tP /M )

ma r r iage ( Ka the r ine Ame l ia H a r r ison , a ged 3 6 , w idow , o ft h e A lbany ) t o W i l l iam G eo rge P acke r , a ged 3 3 , b ache lo r o f

GLRO . C ommen t s :

s ame a dd re ss . ( S tS /M ) GLRO .

c f T homa s B rown / 7 . i nP e te rbo rough 1 850 -67 . ( BAR 1 4 ) . C ommen t s : c f H en ry B rad shaw , E a r l s C ou r t 1 86 1-66 ( BAR 1 4 ) . WILL IA M BRO WN 1 87 11887?

JOHN BRADSHA W

1 826 -7

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

R eco rded a s a` P ipemake r '

1 826 -7 : L iv ing i n T raf a lga r P l ace , L ock sf ie ld s . ( P igo t 's D ) GLRO .

1 87 1

( 28 May ) : N amed a s f a the r a t s on 's m a r r iage BENJA MIN BURRIDGE

1 88 1

( W i l l iam B rad shaw , o f f u l l a ge , b ache lo r , j apanne r , o f 2 4 B randon S t . ) t o C a ther ine C o rbu t t , a ged 1 9 , s p in s te r o f 9

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

B randon S t . ( h e r f a the r : C ha r le s C o rbu t t , l e a the r d r e s se r ) . ( S t J /M ) GLRO .

1 88 1 ( 14 A ug ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's m a r r iage ( Robe r t B ur r idge , o f f u l l a ge , b ache lo r , m ine ra l w a te r b o t t le r o f 1 23

1 882 ( 23 J an ) : N amed a s f a the r a t h i s d augh te r 's w edd ing

P en ton P l ace ) t oS a rah Wo r ley , o ff u l l a ge , s p in s te r o f 1 27?

( Geo rg ina ,a ged 1 9 , s p in s te r ,o f 6A y le sbu ry S t . ) . S he m a r r ied

P en ton P l ace ( h e rf a the r : W i l l iam Wo r ley ,c ab d r ive r ) . ( S t J /M

A r thu rA nd rew s D odd , a ged 2 0 ,b a che lo r , as t oke r ,o f 6E a r ls

GLRO .

R d . ,

B e rmond sey ;

f a the r :

W i l l iam

D odd

( d ecea sed ) ,

c owkeepe r . ( A S /M ) GLRO .

C ommen t s : P o s s ib ly t h e B . B u r rage ( s ic ) o f P a rad ise S t . G ray s I nn .

1 887 ( 10 A p r ) : N amed a s f a the r a th i s d augh te r 's w edd ing

1 856 -62 ( A&O ) . 1 09

1 854

JOSEPH BURRELL

HARRIET CANLETT

R eco rded a s a' P ipe m ake r ' .

1 86 1

R eco rded a s a' P ipe F in ishe r ' .

1 854 ( 2 1 S ep t ) : N amed a s f a the r a th i s d augh te r 's w edd ing

1 86 1 ( 8A p r ) : D augh te r o fJ o seph C an le t t ( s e e b e low ) l i v ing

( Ma ry A nn ,o ff u l la ge , s p in s te r ,o f1 4 Swan S t . ) . S he m a r r ied

a t 1P r ince s P lace , a ged 1 9 . ( N /C ) P RO .

J ohn A l len B u r re l l , o f f u l l a ge , b ache lo r , m a thema t ica l i n s t rumen t m ake r , o f 8D ove r S t . ( HT /M ) GLRO . JOSEPH CANLETT ( CANDLETT )

c f . J ohn B u r re l l , 1 828 , T PMco . ( BAR 1 4 ) .

1 845 -8 1

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' . 1 890?

ED WARD CHARLES BURSTO W

1 845 ( 14 O c t ) : L iv ing i n C l if fo rd S t . , w i th w if e H a r r ie t t A ugu s ta . B ap t i sed Ma ry A nn ( bn . O c t 4 ) . ( S tP /B ) GLRO .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 847 ( 1 1 J an ) : A ts ame a dd re s s . B ap t i sed J o seph ( bn . 2 6 D e c 1 846 ) .

1 890 ( 7 O c t ) : N amed a s f a the r a t s on 's w edd ing . ( A S /M ) GLRO .

1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1P r ince s P l a ce , a ged 4 3 ( bn . L ew i sham ?K en t ) w i th w if eH a r r ie t , a ged 4 5 ( bn . G r eenw ich

C ommen t s :

?K en t ) a nd d augh te r s H a r r ie t , a ged 1 9 , p i pe f i n ishe r ( bn .

P o s s ib ly r e la ted t ot h e f o l low ing make r s : -

G reenw ich , K en t ) a nd A nn , a ged 1 , p i pe f i n ishe r . ( N /C ) P RO .

J ame sB u r s ton ( Bu r s tow ) 1 80 1T PMco /GL p re sen ta tm ee t ing ; 1 805 -11 , L imek i ln s , G reenw ich ( A&O 1 969 ) .

1 88 1 ( 30 J u ly ) : L iv ing a t3 1 L oveg rove S t . ,C ambe rwe l l ,a ged C ha r le s B u r s tow ( s on o fJ ame s ) a dm i t ted 1 802 ( TPMco /GL ) ;

6 3 , aw idowe r . H is f a the r i sd e sc r ibed a s J o seph C and le t t

a l so C ha r le s B u r s tow , 1 851 , B a s ing s toke ( BAR 1 4 ) .

( d ecea sed ) c a rpen te r ; ma r r ied J ane S eab rook , a ged 4 4 , a w idow

W i l l iam

B u r s tow

( Bu s ton )

1 800 -3

p r e sen t

a t m ee t ing s

o f 6 A y le sbu ry

S t . ,

h e r f a the r :

D av id J enk in s

( d ecea sed ) w eave r . ( AS /M ) GLRO .

( TPMco /GL ) ; 1 805 -51 , G reenw ich ; L ew isham 1 839 ( BAR 1 4 ) ; a l so W i l l iam B u r s tow 1 84 1 , B r igh ton ( i b id .) . R ICHARD WILL IA M CASEY

G eo rge B u r s tow 1 823 , l e t te r t o Wm . W i l l iam s ( s ee b e low )

1 87 11890

T PMco /GL . R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r . T obacco ' . ERNES tROBERT BURSTO W

1 890 1 87 1

( 3 A p r ) :

L iv ing

a t 2 4

O rb

S t . ,

a ged

2 6

( b n .

S on o fE dwa rd C ha r le s B u r s tow ( s ee a bove )

B irm ingham ) w i th w if e Ma r tha , a ged 3 0 , as e am s t re s s ( bn .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' .

M idd le sex , S t . L uke s ) b ro the r G eo rge , a ged 1 6 , a n o i l c l o th m ake r a nd s on R ob e r t , a ged 1 2 . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 890 ( 7 O c t ) : L iv ing a t 1 06 B randon S t . , Wa lwo r th , a b ache lo r a ged 2 5 ; m a r r ied ' T h i rza Ma r ia B rook s , a ged 2 2 , a

1 88 1 ( 4 A p r ) : L iv ing a t5 2 B edfo rd S t . , a ged 3 4 w i th w if e

s p in s te r o f t h e

Ma r tha , a ged 4 3 a nd s on R obe r t , a ged 2 1 ( s ee b e low ) . A

s ame

a dd re s s ;

h e r f a the r :

a ( d ecea sed

r e la t ive , W i l l iam Mu l ley , a ged 5 , as cho la r w a s a l so l i v ing

p o l iceman ) . ( A S /M ) GLRO .

t h e re . ( N /C ) S LSL . J A MES CALLEN

1 860 1 1 886 ( 24 Ma r ) : D a te o f s e cond ma r r iage . D e sc r ibed a s a w idowe r , a ged 3 9 , l i v ing a t3 1 D a te S t . , Wa lwo r th ( h i s f a the r

R eco rded a s a' C lay P ipe Make r ' .

i sH en ry C a sey , ab ra s s f i n ishe r ) ; m a r r ied S a rah H o l ix , a ged 1 86 1 ( 1 5 O c t ) : L iv ing i nP o r t land S t . , w i th w if e J ane E l iza ;

3 0 , s p in s te r o f 3 1 D a te S t . ( h e r f a the r , W i l l iam H o l ix ,

b ap t i sed Ame l ia A gne s ( bn . O c t 1 0 , 1 860 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

b r ick laye r ) . ( AS /M ) GLRO . 1 886 ( 24 O c t ) : L iv ing a t 3 1 D a te S t . , w i th w if e S a rah ; b ap t ised R icha rd H en ry . ( S t J /B ) GLRO .

ANN CANLETT

1 86 1 1 890 ( 2A p r ) : L iv ing a t2 9 D a te S t . , w i th w if e S a rah ;b ap t ised L i ly . ( i b id . ) .

R eco rded a s a' P ipe F in ishe r ' . 1 86 1 ( 8A p r ) : D augh te r o fJ o seph C an le t t ( s ee b e low ) l i v ing

C ommen t s :

a t 1P r ince s P l ace , a ged 1 . ( N /C ) P RO .

N o te d i sc repan t a ge s g i ven , 1 87 1/8 1 c en suse s .

10

ROBERT J A MES R ICHARDSON CASEY

J A MES JACKSON CLARK

1 88 1-2

1 854 -65 ( Ho lbo rn , S t . G i le s ) R eco rded a s a' P ip e Make r . T obacco ' . R eco rded a s a' P ipe Manuf ac tu re r ' . 1 88 1 ( 4A p r ) : T he s on o fR icha rd C a sey ( s ee a bove ) l i v ing a t 5 2 B ed fo rd S t . , a ged 2 1 , a b ache lo r ( bn . M idd le sex ,

1 886 ( 9 May ) : N amed a s f a the r a th i s d augh te r 's m a r r iage

I s l ing ton ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

( Agne s L ou isa C la rk , a ged 2 9 , s p in s te r o f 4A lbany R d . ) t o L ind say C h i le s , a ged 2 9 , b ache lo r , g roce r , o f 4A lbany R d .

1 882 ( 2 3 O c t ) : A t s ame a dd re s s , ab ache lo r , a ged 2 2 ; f a the r

( h is f a the r : J ohn J ame s C a lv in C h i le s , i r onmonge r ) . ( AS /M )

n amed a s J ame s R icha rd son C a sey ( d ecea sed ) b r ick laye r , '

GLRO .

m a r r ied Ma r tha W i l t sh i re , a ged 1 8 , s p in s te r o f t h e s ame a dd re s s ; h e r f a the r : J ame s W i l t sh i re , mu s ic ian . ( AS /M )

C ommen t s : P robab ly t h e J ame s J ack son C la rk w o rk ing i nQ ueen s C ou r t ,

GLRO .

H o lbo rn c . 1 854 -65 ( A&O ) ; a l though h i s d augh te r l i ved i n N ew ing ton h em ay n o th ave w o rked t h e re . R e co rd ss how t h a t

C ommen t s : I ti s p o s s ib le t h a t R ob e r t C a sey w a s t h e a dop ted s on o f

t h e C la rk f am i ly o fm ake r s o ccup ied aw o rk shop i nH o lbo rn

R icha rd W i l l iam C a sey a f te rh i st r ue f a the r ,J ame sR icha rd son

f r om a t l e a s t t h e E igh teen th C en tu ry . T he f i r s t r e co rded i s

C a sey , h ad d i ed .

W i l l iam C la rk , 1 768 , S un A s su rance P o l icy ( £ 100 ) P /C . A . O swa ld . A G eo rge C la rk* i sl i s ted a t 1Q ueen s C our t , 2 46 H igh H o lbo rn f r om 1 789 1833 ( BAR 1 4 ; R ob son 's D . ) A l so

CHARLES CASTLED INE

w o rk ing i nQ ueen 's C ou r tw e re H annah C la rk , 1 832 ; Mr sJ . E .

1 847

C la rk 1 866 -79 ; S idney C la rk 1 880 ( A&O ) . J ame s C la rk , a ge 2 6 , w a s l i v ing n ex t d oo r a tN o .2 ( bn . S t . G i le s ) . T he 1 86 1 C

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' .

l i s t s h im a t N o .1 , t h e f a the r o f S idney C la rk , a ge 7 ( s ee 1 847 ( 3 1 J an ) : L iv ing i n P eacock P l ace w i th w if e J ane ;

a bove ) a nd A gne s , 4t h e d augh te r n amed i n t h e 1 886 A S Ma r r iage . T he J . E . C la rk n o ted a bove m ay b e t h e w idow o f

b ap t ised E l iza ( bn . J an 7 , 1 847 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

J ame s . S he c ou ld h ave c on t inued t h e b u s ine s s a f te r h i s d ea th i n 1 865 ( ? ) . ALFRED CHETTLE

1 851 *A t r ade c a rd e x is t s i nt h e G u i ldha l l L ib ra ry , L ondon ( MS 3 60 1) l e t te red : ' Geo rge C la rk , p i pe -make r ( No 1 ) Q ueen s

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' .

C ou r t , n ea r L i t t le T u rn s t i le , H o lbo rn ' . 1 851 ( 14 D ec ) : L iv ing i nP eacock S t . , o f f u l l a ge , b ache lo r ; f a the r : W i l l iam C he t t le , j ewe l le r ; m a r r ied C a the r ine T ay lo r , o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r o f C rof t S t . , h e r f a the r : J ame s T ay lo r , c oa chman . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

HANNAH GERTRUDE CLARK

1 908

R eco rded a s a' P ipe T r imme r ' HENRY T . CH ICK

1 851 1 908 ( 17 May ) : S p in s te r , a ged 2 0 , ( h e r f a the r W i l l iam J ohn

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' .

C la rk , c a rpen te r ) ; m a r r ied L evy D av is , a ged 2 1 , b ache lo r , p un te r , o f 4V ic to ry P l ace ( h i s f a the r : I s aac D av is , g ene ra l

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 4P ipemake r s A l ley , a ged 3 6 ( bn .

d ea le r ) . H annah G . C la rk s i gn s r e g is te r . ( S t J /M GLRO ) .

H amp sh i re ) w i th w if e J ane? ( s ee b e low ) d augh te r s Ma ry , a ged 1 2 , s cho la r ( bn . M idd le sex , C r ipp lega te ) Emma , 1( bn .

C ommen t s :

M i le E nd , S t epney ) a nd s on s G eo rge , a ged 9 ,s cho la r , H a r ry ,

c f . J . J . C la rk a bove . I ti sn o tewo r thy t h a t A l ice Em i ly C o l l in s

a ged 6 ,T homa s , a ged 4 ,a l l b o rn i nC r ipp lega te . ( N /C ) P RO .

PM ( s ee b e low ) m a r r ied a g ene ra l d ea le r , W . Noden o f 4 V ic to ry P l ace -t h es ame a dd re s sa st h a to ft h ea bove h u sband

C ommen t s :

o fH .G . C la rk , L evy D av is . B o th w omen ma r r ied i nt h e s ame y ea r .

P o s s ib le r e la t ive s : S pence r C h ick 1 856 -76 , 3 9 S ewa rd S t . , G o swe l l R oad . EC . ( BAR 1 4 /POD ) ; J . S pence r C h ick 1 6 R eyno ld sC our t ,T ype S t . EC 1 859 -70 ( POD ) . I ti si n te re s t ing t h a t

a J ame s

C h ick

h a s

b een

r e co rded

w o rk ing

i n

J EFFERY CLA MTREE

1 852 -3

N o r thamp ton a tP ipemake r sY a rd ' 1 837 -73 . H et o ow a sb o rn i n H amp sh i re ( Po r t sea ) l i ke H en ry T . C h ick a nd m ay b e

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

r e la ted . ( Moo r e 1 980 , 2 0 ) . 1 852 ( 8 Ma r ) : N amed a s f a the r a t s on 's w edd ing ( J ef f e ry J ame s C lam t ree ) -s e e b e low . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO . J ANE? CH ICK

1 851 C ommen t s :

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe F in ishe r ' .

P o ss ib ly t h e J e f f e ry C lam t ra ( s ic ) w ho a t tended T PMCo m ee t ing s Ma r -S ep t 1 800 a nd r e co rded a sw a rden 8J an 1 805

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : T he w if e o f H en ry T . C h ick ( s ee a bove ) .

( G UMS 3 60 1) ; o r t h e J e f f rey C lam t ree w o rk ing 1 837 -40 , H e r efo rd S t . ( BAR 1 4 ) .

L iv ing a t 4 P ipemake r s A l ley , a ged 3 6 ( bn . M idd le sex , H ackney ) . ( N /C ) P RO . 11

T he f i r s t k nown C lam t ree m ake r s r e co rded i n L ondon a r e

WILL IA M COLL INS

J ohn ( 1 & 2 ) 1 696 w ho s i gned t h e O a th o f A l leg iance a s J ou rneymen P ipemake r s . A no the r J ohn C lam t re e i sn o ted i n

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

1 878

1 765 ( a t T he H and a nd P ipe i n L iquo r , P ond S t . £00 S un A s su rance P o l icy ) a nd i nt h e s ame y ea r aJ ohn a nd T homa s

1 878 ( 16 J un ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's ma r r iage ( W i l l iam

C lam t ree a r e r e co rded a tB e l l w ha r f , L owe r S hadwe l l , £ 100

C o l l in 's o f f u l l a ge , b ache lo r , p r iva t e o f t h e C o ld s t ream G ua rd s o f 1 9 Y o rk S t . ) t o S a rah S hawe o ff u l l a ge , s p in s te r

S un A s su rance P o l icy ( BAR 1 4 ) .

o f 1 9 Y o rk S t . ( h e r f a the r : W i l l iam S hawe , b r ick m ake r ) . ( S t J /M GLRO ) .

O the r C lam t ree s p ipemake r s a r e : J ohn C lam t ree , 1 800 T PMco ( G UMS 3 60 1) .

THO MAS ( DAVID ) COOK T homa s C lan t ree ( s ic ) o f R a t c l if f e a nd Ma ry w ho b ap t ised Ma ry H annah , 1 2 N ov 1 809 ( bn . 5O c t

1 836 -( ob . b y 1 883 )

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

1 809 ) P /C . P .H ammond . ( The re w a s a tl e a s to ne p i pemake rw i th t h i s n ame w o rk ing i n t h e a r ea )

J o seph C lam t ree ( 1 ) 1 805 -11 T PMco ; B r ick S t . P i ccad i l ly

( BAR

1 4 )

( 2 )

1 856 -65

L yon

S t . 1 836 -5 0 : L iv ing i nJ acob s S t . D ockhead . ( A&O ) .

C a ledon ian R d . ( A&O ) . W i l l iam C lam t ree

1 805 -7 B r ick S t . P i ccad i l ly .

1 85 1 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 3J acob S t , a ged 2 2 ( bn . D ep t fo rd )

( A&O ) .

w i th w if e Emma , a ged 2 1 ; s on T homa s , a ged 3( bo th b or ni n S ou thwa rk )d augh te r Emma L ou isa , a ged 2m on th s ; s on J ohn

C lam t ree & F i t t , B r igh ton S t . B run sw ick S q . 1 854 .

G eo rge ,a ged 2mon th s? ( bo th b n . i nB e rmond sey ) .( S t J&C /C )

( A&O ) .

S LSL .

AJ ohn C lam t ree w a s m a r r ied a tS udbu ry , S uf fo lk i n 1 743 ( BAR 1 4 ) a nd c ou ld b e al i nk w i th t h e

1 874 ( 3 A ug ) : N amed a s f a the r a t s on 's m a r r iage ( J ame s

L ondon C lam t ree s .

C ook ,o ff u l l a ge , b ache lo r , w oodcu t te ro f 9Sm i th 's p l a ce )t o A l ice A tk in s , a ged 1 9 , s p in s te r o f 9G ed l in S t ; h e r f a the r :

J EFFERY J A MES CLA MTREE

W i l l iam A tk in s , b r ewe r ) . ( S t J /M GLRO ) .

1 852 188 1

1 883 ( 1 8 J u l ) : N amed a s f a the r ( decea sed ) o fL ou isa G ay le r

R eco rded a s a` P ipemake r '

a ged 5 8 , w idow o f 8 4 E a s t S t . a t h e r m a r r iage t o C ha r le s

1 852 ( 8 Ma r ) : L iv ing i nE la in S t . o ff u l l a ge , b ache lo r ; f a the r

T uppe r , a ged 5 9 w idowe r , l a bou re r ,o f5 6 E a s t S t . ( h is f a the r :

J e f f e ry C lam t ree ( s ee a bove ) ; m a r r ied J ane B ay l is , m ino r , s p in s te ro ft h es ame s t ree t ; h e rf a the rC ha r le s B ay l is ,t i nm an .

T homa s T uppe r , d ecea sed , h oop make r ) . ( AS /M ) GLRO .

( J e f f e ry

J ame s

C lam t ree

s i gn s

r e g is te r

w i th

a c r o s s ) .

1 894 ( 18 Ma r ) : N amed a s f a the r ( d ecea sed ) o fJ ohn G eo rge

( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

C ook ( s ee 1 85 1 Ca bove ) a ged 4 0 , w idowe r , w oodcu t te r , o f 4 5 F enda l l S t . a th i s m a r r iage t oS a rah A nn Wha r f , a ged 2 7 ,

1 853 ( 14 A ug ) : I n E la in ?S t . B e rmond sey w i th w if e J ane ;

w idow o f4 5 F enda l l S t . ( h e r f a the r : J ame s J o shua A y lwa rd ,

b ap t ised C ha r lo t te ( bn . Ma r 2 9 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

l a bou re r ) . ( AS /M ) GLRO .

1 871 ( 3A p r ) : L iv ing a tP addock R d . B u shey , H e f t s ; a ged 4 0 ( o r 4 6? ) T P manuf ac tu re r ( bn . P add ing ton , M idd le sex ) w i th w if eJ ane ,a ged 3 6( bn . C he l sea )d augh t e r sC ha r lo t te ,a ged 1 8

T he c en su s o f 1 851 ( S t J&C ) s how s o t he r m embe r s o f t h e

( emp loyed i np i pe m anuf ac tu r ing ) b n . B e rmond sey a nd J ane ,

C ook f am i ly l i v ing i nt h e a r ea : H en ry C ook T PM , a ged 2 9

C ommen t s :

a ged 5mon th s( bn . B ushey , H en s ) . ( RG 1 0 / 1380 )C ; P /C P H .

.

( bn . Ma id s tone ) l i v ing a t 5J a cob S t . w i th G eo rge , ab ro the r , T PM a ged 2 0 ( bn . C amden T own ) Ma r ia a s i s te r , a ged 1 7 ,

1 88 1 ( 4 A p r ) : A t S lade s , n ea r H igh S t . , B u shey , H en s , a ged

t o ba cco p i pe t r imme r ( bn . S ou thwa rk ) a nd A lf red , ab ro the r ,

5 2 T PM ( b n . Ma ry lebone ) w i th w if e J ane , a ged 4 1 ( b n . C he l sea ) a nd d augh te r J ane , a ged 1 0 , s cho la r ( bn . B u shey ) .

a ged 9 ( bn . B e rmond sey ) . A t 4 Ma r igo ld S t . l i ved W i l l iam

( RG 1 / 1434 ) C ; P /C P H .

C ook , T PM , a ged 4 1 ( bn . C ha tham ) E l iza h i s w if e , a ged 3 9 , p i pe t r imme r ( b n . S t . J ohn 's S u r rey ) a nd a n i ece , Ma t i lda , a ged 2 5 ( bn . S ho red i tch ) . D irec tor ie s s how t h a t aW i l l iam

AL ICE EMILY COLL INS

1 908

( Geo rge ) C ook (e ) w a s l i v ing a t t h is a dd re s s f r om a t l e a s t 1 840 t o 1 853 a nd t h en a t 6 Ma r igo ld S t .

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' 1 908 ( 5 J u l ) : S p in s te r , a ged 2 4 ( h e r f a the r : G eo rge J ame s C o l l in s ,

f i sh

c u re r )

m a r r ied W i l l iam

1 857 1878

( POD /Rob son 's D /P igo t 's D ) .

N oden ,

a ged

O the r p o s s ib le r e la t ive s w o rk ing i n L ondon w e re : W i l l iam

2 2 ,

b ache lo r , g ene ra l d ea le r o f 4V ic to ry P lace ( h is f a the r : J ohn

C ook o f R a tc l if f , b ap t ised

N oden , l a bou re r ) . A l ice E . C o l l in s s i gn s r e g is te r . ( S t J /M

d augh te r s Ma ry A nn , 7A ug 1 808 ; F rance s , 6A ug 1 8 15 ; s on

GLRO ) . 12

s on W i l l iam

5 May

1 805 ;

J ame s , 3 0 Ma r 1 8 17 ( w i th w if e E l izabe th ) . ( S tD /B ) GLRO

JOSEPH COOPER

1 851 -c .1 866?

( P /C . P .H ammond ) . R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' T he re w a s aG eo rge W i l l iam C ook l i v ing a t 6 Ma r igo ld S t . B e rmond sey 1 839 -78 ( A&O /POD ) a nd c ou ld b e t h e G eo rge

1 851 ( 10 J un ) : D e sc r ibed a s ab ache lo r o f f u l l a ge , o f

C ook r e co rded i nt h e 1 851 C a bove . AF rede r ick C ook l i ved

C landon S t .

i n S h ip A l ley , S t . G eo rge i n t h e E a s t , 1 840 -8 ( BAR 1 4 ) a

E l izabe th P r ice , o ff u l l a ge , s p in s te r , o fs ame a dd re s s ( f a the r

J ohn C ook a tB a rne s 1 832 -52 ( i b id . ) a nd aR obe r t C ook w a s

J ohn J ame s P r ice , l a bou re r ) . ( HT /M ) GLRO .

( f a the r C ha r le s C oope r , p ew te re r ) ; m a r r ied

p re sen t a t aT PMco m ee t ing i n 1 802 , 2Ma r . ( G UMS 3 60 1) . H e i sn o ted ( BAR 1 4 ) a s w o rk ing 1 806 -50 , B e thna l G reen ;

1 852 ( 9 May ) : L iv ing i n A nn S t . w i th w if e E l izabe th .

Ma id s tone P o l l s . T o s um u p , i ts e em s t h e f am i ly m ay h ave

B ap t i sed J o seph ( bn . A p r 1 8 ) . ( S tP /B ) GLRO .

K en t ish /Ea s t L ondon o r ig in s . 1 854 ( 5 F eb ) : L iv ing i n C landon C ou r t . B ap t i sed S a rah E leano r ( bn . J an 1 6 ) . ( S tP /B ) GLRO . ALFRED COOPER

1 86 1 1 856 ( 27 J an ) : L iv ing a t 2C landon C our t . B ap t i sed Emma

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

E l izabe th ( bn . J an 7 ) . ( S tP /B ) GLRO .

1 86 1 ( 8A p r ) ; L iv ing a t1 3B ake r s ?C o t tage , ab ache lo r ,a ged

1 858 ( 10 J an ) : L iv ing i nC landon S t . B ap t i sed Ma r ia A nn ( bn .

2 8 ( bn . B e rmond sey ) . ( N /C ) P RO .

D ec 2 0 1 857 ) . ( S tP /B ) GLRO .

C ommen t s :

c .1 859 : B i r th o fs on J ohn J ame s C oope r l a te rd e sc r ibed a sa

P o s s ib ly t h e b ro the r o fT homa s J ame s C oope r ( s e e b e low ) .

c a rman , a ged 1 8 , b ache lo r o f 5 2 C landon S t . a tt h e t ime o f h i s m a r r iage t o Ma ry E l izabe th I ng le t t , a ged 1 8 , ab ake r 's d augh te r , 1 0 D ec , 1 877 . ( S tP /B ) GLRO .

J A MES COOPER ( 1 )

1 851 1 862 ( 30 J u l ) : L iv ing a t2 11 2 C / landon S t . B ap t ised E leano r

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

( bn . J u l 1 0 ) . ( S tP /B ) GLRO .

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : D e sc r ibed a s l i v ing a t 3Wood s B u i ld ing s , a

1 864 ( 29 J un ) : A ts ame a dd re s s .B ap t ised F ranc is C ha r le s( bn .

b ache lo r a ged 2 4 , s on o f J o seph C oop e r , a ged 4 7 , a

J un 8 ) . ( S tP /B ) GLRO .

l amp l igh te r a nd Ma ry a ged 4 5 ; h i s b ro the r s a nd s i s te r s : E l izabe th , a ged 1 5 , A nn , a ged 1 2 , C ha r lo t te , a ged 1 0 , Ma r ia ,

1 866 ( 9 D ec ) : B ap t ised C ha r le s H en ry ( bn . N ov 4 ) . J o seph

a ged 7 ,F anny ?a ged 5 ,J e f f e ry , a ged 2 1 a nd J ohn , a ged 1 9 ,

C oope r i sd e sc r ibed a s ' d ecea sed ' . T he a dd re s s i ss t i l l 2 11 2 /

b o th h awke r s ; a l l b o rn i nN ew ing ton . ( N /C ) S LSL .

C landon S t . ( S tP /B ) GLRO . 1 876 ( 4 N ov ) : N amed a s f a the r a t h i s d augh te r 's w edd ing

J A MES COOPER ( 2 )

1 86 1

( Ma r ie A nn ie , a ged 1 8 , s p in s te ro f 6L o r r ime r S t . ) t oR icha rd B o l ton , a ged 2 1 , b ache lo r , l a bou re r , o f 6C landon S t . ( h i s

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

f a the r , C ha r le s B o l ton , w eave r ) . ( S tPL /M ) GLRO .

1 86 1 ( 8A p r ) : L iv ing a t4 0J ohn S t . , E a s t S t . ab ache lo r , a ged

1 889 ( 22 D ec ) : D e scr ibed a s d ecea sed a t h i s s on F ranc i s

3 1 ( bn . Wa lwo r th ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

C ha r le s ' w edd ing ( a b ache lo r b r ick laye r , a ged 2 4 , o f 5 2 C landon S t . ) . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

C ommen t s : c f J ame sC oope r( 1 ) . P o s s ib ly t h e s ame b u tt h ea ge s g i ven i n t h e 1 851 a nd 1 86 1 c en sus d o n o t q u i te c ompa re . THO MAS J A MES COOPER J EFFERY COOPER

1 851

1 86 1

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

1 86 1 ( 8A p r ) : L iv ing a t1 3 B ake r s? C o t tage , ab ache lo r , a ged 3 0 ( bn . B e rmond sey ) , t oge the r w i th A l f red C oope r ( s ee

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 4 Wood s B u i ld ing s , a ged 5 3 ( b n .

a bove ) a nd Ma rk T uckwe l l a nd f am i ly ( s ee b e low ) . ( N /C )

S u r rey , N ew ing ton ) w i th w if e A nn , a ged 5 1 ( bn . S u r rey S t . ,

S LSL .

G eo rge s ) . ( N /C ) P RO .

13

JA MES COURT

1 856

1 854 : B lue A ncho r Y a rd . We s tm in s te r ( A&O ) . C ommen t s :

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

H is f a the r , J ame s ' f am i ly f i rm i s l i s ted f r om 1 828 -94 a t 1 856 ( 14 D ec ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's w edd ing (W i l l iam

S now s F i e ld s , B e rmond sey ( A&O ) . F o r ad i scu s s ion o n

C ou r t , b a che lo r , l a bou re r , o f f u l l a ge , o f P a rk P lace ) w ho

C r i tchf ie ld m ake r s s e e A tk in son 1 977 , 2 58 -268 .

ma r r ied : S a rah A nn B a i ley , o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r , o f P a rk P lace ; h e r f a the r : J ame s B a i ley , b rewe r . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO . ROBERT DAG WELL

1 874?

C ommen t s : R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

c f . J ohn C ou r t 1 839 -48 F o lke s tone , K en t . ( BAR 1 4 ) .

1 874 ( 1F eb ) : N amed a sf a the ra td augh te r 's m a r r iage ( Ma r tha S a rah D agwe l l , a ged 2 0 , s p in s te r o f 2 1 E a s t S t . ) t o H a r ry THO MAS CR ISFORD

L eona rd C o l le t t , o f f u l l a ge , b ache lo r , t a i lo r o f 2 1 E a s t S t .

p o s t 1 851 -c .1 871

( h is f a the r : H a r ry C o l le t t , t a i lo r . ( S t J /M GLRO ) . R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing i nW i l l iam W i l l iam 's h ou seho ld ( s ee DAV ID DALEY

b e low ) a t 2 95 K en t S t . , a ged 1 4 , e r rand b oy ( bn . S u r r ey ,

1 874

S ou thwa rk ) . ( N /C ) GLRO . R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 871 ( 17 S ep t ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's ma r r iage ( Robe r t C r isfo rd , o ff u l l a ge , b ache lo r , l a bou re ro f2 0 B ed fo rd S t . ) t o

1 874 ( 2 A ug ) : L iv ing w i th w if e E l izabe th a t 4C la rendon

C a ro l ine B a rw ise ,m ino r , s p in s te ro f 6B edfo rd S t . ( h e rf a the r :

P lace ; b ap t ised d au . E l izabe th ( bn . 5J u ly 1 874 ) . ( S tMS /B )

G eo rge B a rw ise , w a rehou seman ) . ( S t J /M GLRO ) .

GLRO .

C ommen t s :

C ommen t s :

P e rhap s r e la ted t ot h e T . C h r isfo rd ( s ic ) n o ted i nt h e T PMco

c f . P e te r D a ley ( s ee b e low ) .

r e co rd s f o r 8J an 1 828 , w ho p rom i sed t o p ay ' M r J ame s R u s se l l o r t h e Ma s te r f o r t h e t ime b e ing o f t h e T PMco t h e

PETER DALEY

1 87 1

s um o ff ou r p ound s f i f teen s h i l l ing s b y n i ne e qua l p aymen t s o f f i ve s h i l l ing s o n e ach c ou r t d ay o f t h e s a id c ompany t h e

R eco rded a s a' P ip e Make r '

f i r s t p aymen t t o b e m ade o n t h e n ex t c ou r t d ay a nd t h e r ema inde r o n e ach s ucce s s ive c ou r t d ay ' . ( MS 3 60 1) GL .

1 871 ( 3A p r ) : L iv ing a t2 2 D a le S t . , al o dge r , u nma r r ied , a ge

H e i sn o ted a ga in w i th s pe l l ing T homa s C r isfo rd , 2 6 May ,

( N /C ) S LSL .

1 7 ( bn . H o lbo rn ) t o ge the r w i th H a r ry? H o l land . ( See b e low ) . 1 828 ,o np ape rh eaded ' M idd le sex C ou r to fR eque s t sV ine S t . C i ty o f L ondon . T he s ame s um o f f ou r p ound s f i f teen s h i l l ing s i s w r i t ten n ex t t o h i s n ame . I ti sn o t k nown f o r

WILL IA M DART

1 889

w h ich o f f ence t h is p aymen t w a s m ade . ( MS 3 60 1) GL . R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' R ICHARD CRITCHF IELD

1 850

1 889 ( 2 1 J an ) : L iv ing a t6 0B a r low S t . ,b ache lo r ,a ged 2 1 ;h i s f a the r : F rede r ick D a r t , d ecea sed ; m a r r ied C a the r ine O 'Br ien ,

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

a ged 2 0 , s p in s te ro f5 0B a r low S t . ( h e rf a the r : J ame sO 'Br ien , g ene ra l d ea le r ) . W i l l iam D a r t s i gn s . ( S t JTM GLRO ) .

S on o f J ame s C r i tch f ie ld ( bn . 1 799 ) w ho m a r r ied S a rah Ma t i lda S w inya rd a t S ho red i tch i n 1 82 1 Sw inya rd f am i ly b e low .

( P /C S i ) . S ee WALTER DAVEY

1 828 ( 2 Ma r ) : D a te o fb i r th . B ap td . 2 3 Ma r 1 828 , S t . Ma ry ,

R eco rded a s a` P ipemake r '

B e rmond sey . ( P /C S i ) . 1 850 ( 27 O c t ) :

A pp . 1 839 -1 872?

1 839 ( 16 A p r ) : A ged 1 4 y ea r s ap oo r c h i ld o f N ew ing ton ,

L iv ing a t 3A lf red P la ce , a ged 2 2 ( f a the r :

A pp . t oW i l l iam Ma rkwe l l ( s ee b e low ) .

J ame sC r i tchf ie ld T PM ) ; m a r r ied S u sannah S a rgean t ,a ged 2 0 , s p in s te r o f s ame a dd re s s ( f a the r : J ohn S a rgean t , d ecea sed , a

1 872 ( 6 O c t ) : N amed a s f a the r a t d augh te r 's m a r r iage

c oope r ) . ( S tP /M ) GLRO . 14

( Rebecca D avey , a ged 1 9 , s p in s te r , o f T r a f a lga r S t . ) t o

C ommen t s :

W i l l iam B a lman , a ged 2 1 ,b a che lo r ,c a rman ,o fT ra f a lga rS t . ;

P o s s ib ly t h e H .T . D oub tf i re w o rk ing a tB u t le r s B u i ld ing s , E .

h i s f a the r : W i ll iam F rede r ick B a lman , c a rman . ( S t . P /M )

Sm i thf ie ld , 1 855 ( A&O ) . A n H .T . D oub t f i re i sn amed a s

GLRO .

f a the r o f J ohn D oub tf i re T PM o f 1 4 R edman 's R ow w ho m a r r ied S a rah A nn Wa rd o f 8O xfo rd S t . ( f a the r W i l l iam Wa rd , c a rpen te r ) , S t . D un s tan s , S t epney . Ma r r iage s . ( P /C . P .

CHARLES DAVIS

1 826

H ammond 1 986 ) . T h i s c ou ld b e t h e J ohn D oub t f i re ;

R eco rded a s a' P ipe m ake r '

( Boa r shead

Y a rd )

P e t t icoa t

' s on o f H en ry ' , o f

L ane ,

M idd le sex ,

T PM ,

1 826 ( 26 J u ly ) : L iv ing i n K en t S t . w i th w if e E l izabe th ;

a pp ren t iced t oE l izabe th J one s( w if eo fH en ry J one s )f o rme r ly

b ap t ised E dwa rd T homa s ( bn . D e c 1 6 , 1 825 ) . ( S t . MS /B )

E l izabe th Webb , T PM , f o r 7y ea r s , 7O c t 1 803 ( GL MS

GLRO .

3 60 1) . AT homa s H en ry D oub t f i re a nd aT homa sW i l l iam D oub t f i re 1 86 1

EM MA DAV IS

a t tended am ee t ing o ft h eT PMco , May 1 800 ( GL MS 3 60 1) . 1 7 th a nd 1 8 th c en tu ry D oub t f i r e p i pe m ake r s a r e a l so k nown ( BAR 1 4 ) .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 861 ( 8 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1 3 B e lg rade P l ace , a ged 2 1 ( bn .

JOSEPH DOUBTF IRE

C ambe rwe l l )w if eo fU r iah G . D av is ,a ged 2 3 ,b l ack sm i th a nd

1 84 1 -5 8

i r on ( f ounde r? ) ( bn . S u r rey , N ew ing ton ) . ( N /C ) GLRO . R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' 1 84 1 ( 7 J une ) : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t . , a ged 2 5 w i th JOHN DENCH

1 86 1 -8 1

W i l l iam D oub t f i re ( s ee b e low ) , Emma D oub f i re ( s ee a bove ) a nd E l izabe th We l le r ; a l n o t b o rn i nc oun ty . ( N /C ) P RO .

R eco rded a s a' P ipe m ake r ' 1 853 -8 : L iv ing a t 4Weymou th S t . ( A&O ; P OD ) 1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 4 Weymou th S t . a ged 5 (0? ) ( b n . A lde r sga te ) w i th w if e H a r r ie t , a ged ( ? ) . ( N /C ) GLRO . WILL IA M DOUBTF IRE

1 84 1 -c .1 871

1 88 1 ( 4A p r ) : L iv ing a t6 7 L ion S t . aw idowe r . ( N /C ) GLRO . R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P i pe Make r ' C ommen t s : A l so l i v ing a t 4Weymou th S t . i n1 86 1 w e re T homa sG e r ra rd

1 84 1 ( 7J une ) : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t . , a ged 2 0 w i th J o seph

a nd f am i ly ( s e e b e low ) ; C ha r le s G rea to rex ( s ee b e low ) ;

D oub tf i re ( s ee a bove ) , Emma D oub t f i re ( s ee a bove ) a nd

G eo rge A the r ton ( s ee a bove ) a nd aw h i te sm i th a nd h i s w if e .

E l izabe th We l le r . ( N /C ) P RO .

EM MA DOUBTF IRE

S t . G eo rge i n t h e E a s t ) w i th w if e J ane , a ged 5 8 ( b n .

1 871 ( 3A p r ) : A t 7C ow land G rove , a ged 5 0 ( bn . M idd le sex , 1 84 1

M idd le sex , S t . G eo rge t h e Ma r ty r? ) ; E l izabe th L ick fo ld , R eco rded a s a' P ipe T u rne r ' ( T r imme r? )

l o dge r ,

s p in s te r ,

a ged

2 5 ,

T .P .

T r imme r

( b n .

K en t ,

G reenh i the ) ; t o ge the r w i th a n e ng ine f i t te r a nd f am i ly a nd a 1 84 1 ( 7 J une ) : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t . ( s ee u nde r J o seph

d ome s t ic s e rvan t . ( C lapham , L ambe th /C ) P RO .

D oub t f i re ) . ( N /C ) P RO . C ommen t s : A W i l l iam T homa s D oub t f i re a t tended a m ee t ing o f t h e HENRY THO MAS DOUBTF IRE

T PMco 2 5 Ma r 1 800 ( GL MS 3 60 1) . P e rhap s f a the r o f t h e

p r e 1 874

a bove W i l l iam . R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' J A MES S AUNDERS DRAY

1 874 ( 3 May ) : N amed a sf a the r ( d ecea sed ) a ts on 's m a r r iage

1 84 1 -1 871

( Hen ry T homa s D oub tf i re , o ff u l l a ge , w idowe r , w i re w o rke r R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

o fI nv i l le? R d . ) w ho m a r r ied L av in ia H a l l B lackmo re , o ff u l l a ge , w idow , o f s ame a dd re s s ( h e r f a the r : T homa s G ab r ie l B o t tom ley , d ecea sed , s e a l e ng rave r ) . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

1 84 1 ( 1 7 Ma r ) : L iv ing i nJ ohn S t . , Wa lwo r th C ommon w i th

15

GEORGE JOHN ENGLAND

w if e Ma ry A nn ; b ap t ised S a rah ( bn . 9D e c 1 840 ) . ( S tP /B )

1 875 -1 9 10?

GLRO . R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' 1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 1J ohn S t . , a ged 4 0 , w i th w if e Ma ry A nn , a ged 3 6 ( bo th b n . i nG re enw ich , K en t ) ; d augh te r s Ma ry

1 879 ( 30 J u l ) : L iv ing a t 7F a rme r 's R d . w i th w if e G race

A nn , a ged 1 5 ; S a rah , a ged 1 , s cho la r ; H annah , a ged 5 ;V oda

C ha r lo t te ; b ap t i sed H en ry G eo rge ( b n . D ec 1 5 , 1 875 ) a nd

( ? ) , a ged 2 ( a l l b o rn i nN ew ing ton ) .

L av in ia ( bn . J u ly 1 8 , 1 879 ) . ( S tAG /B ) GLRO .

T he c en su s n o te s t h a t J ame s D ray emp loy s 1 man . ( N /C )

1 904 ( 1 7 O c t ) : N amed a s f a the r a t d augh te r 's m a r r iage

P RO .

( Ma r ion E l iza E ng land , a ged 2 0 , s p in s te r , b o t t le m ake r ) t o J ohn L yon s , a ged 2 2 , b ache lo r , c a rman , o f2 3 E l s tead S t . , h i s f a the r : W i l l iam L yon s , g ene ra l d ea le r . ( S t J /M GLRO ) .

1 854 ( 27 A ug ) : N amed a sf a the ra td augh te r 's m a r r iage ( Ma ry A nn D ray -s e e W i l l iam S cho le s , b e low ) . ( HT /M ) GLRO .

1 9 10 ( 2O c t ) : N amed a sf a the ra td augh te r 's m a r r iage ( Ma r ion 1 871 ( 3A p r ) : A t9 4C l if ton S t . ,w idowe r ,a ged 6 0 . ( C lapham ,

E l iza L yon s , a ged 2 7 , w idow o f 9 4 We s tmo re land R d ) t o

L ambe th /C ) P RO .

R obe r t B rown ing , a ged 2 7 , b ache lo r , s m i th 's m a te , o f s ame a dd re s s ( f a the r : R obe r t B rown ing , b r ewe r ) . ( S tS /M ) GLRO .

C ommen t s : SOPH IA FEA

D ray 's a dd re s si n1 871 w a st h es ame a st h a to fE dwa rd G rou t

1 87 1

( bn . Wh i techape l , M idd le sex ) , w ho w a s emp loy ing e i gh tm en R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

a nd t wo b oys . W i th G rou t l i ved J ane t h i s w if e , a ged 4 0 ( bn . R a t c l if f , M idd le sex ) ; R obe r t , a ged 1 4 , PM ( bn . M idd le sex ) ; E dwa rd , a ged 1 0 ; Ma t i lda S a rah , a ged 7 ; G eo rge , a ged 5 ;

1 871 ( 3 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1 2 C amden S t . , a ged 2 5 ( bn .

A lf red , a ged 3 a nd K a te a ged 7 mon th s ( a l l b n . S u r rey ,

M idd le sex ,C le rkenwe l l )w i th h u sband H en ry ,a ne ng ine f i t te r ,

C lapham ) . B en jam in W i l l iam s , a ged 1 8 i sn o ted a sh i s A pp .

a ged 2 6 ( bn . S u r rey , B lack f r ia r s R d . ) s on s A ugu s tu s , a ged 6

PM ( b n . S u r r ey , L ambe th ) . T he re i sa tp re sen t n oe v idence t o

( bn . S u r rey ,C ambe rwe l l ) a nd A lf red , a ged 4( b n . N ew ing ton ,

l i nk t h i s W i l l iam s w i th t h e W i l l iam s f am i ly o fN ew ing ton .

S u r rey ) . ( N /C ) GLRO .

CHARLES DRE W

JOHN FELLO WS

A pp . 1 850 -5 1

1 826

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

R eco rded a sa n ' App ren t ice P ipemake r ' 1 850 ( 7 May ) : 1 4 y ea r s o fa ge , ' ap oo r c h i ld ' o f N ew ing ton

1 826 ( 28 J un ) : L iv ing i n L ion S t . w i th w if e C ha r lo t te ;

A pp . t oW i l l iam Ma rkwe l l ( s ee b e low ) o fJ ohn S t . , E a s tL ane

b ap t ised E l izabe th C ha r lo t te ( bn . Ap r 2 6 , 1 826 ) . ( S tM /B )

N ew ing ton . ( N /A I ) S LSL .

GLRO .

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : A t 6J ohn S t . A pp . t oW . Ma rkwe l l . ( N /C ) ROBERT FO WGLASS

S LSL .

1 663

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipemake r ' GEORGE DUGGAN

A pp . 1 804 1 663 ( 8 J u l ) : O f S t . Ma ry N ew ing ton . G ave ' S u re ty f o r D uggan o f B ow S t . ,

F rance s , w if e o fT homa s G rove , L e C lynk L ibe r ty , y eoman ,

We s tm in s te r , M idd le sex , Y eoman , b ound a pp ren t ice t oJ ohn

t ok eep t h e p ea ce . .t owa rd J o seph B oyce o ft h e s ame , s i lk

J ew s te r ( s ee b e low ) c i t izen a nd T PM , f o r 7y ea r s . ( TPMco ,

w eave r ' . ( Gu i ld fo rd S e s s ion s , R o l l X ) . ( SYQS ,SRS ) P RO .

1 804 ( 2 7 Ma r ) :

S on o f C ha r le s

MS 3 60 1) GL . C ommen t s : c f . W i l l iam L ocke r son , b e low . FRANC IS ED MONDS

1 88 1

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

GEORGE WILLIA M FOX

1 881 ( 4A p r ) : L iv ing a t 8S edan S t . , a ged 5 1 ( bn . B ranca s t e r ,

R eco rded a s a' P ip e Make r '

f / . c .1 895

N o r fo lk ) w i th w if e H annah , a ged 5 2 ( bn . L ynn , N o r fo lk ) a nd s on E dmund , a ged 1 0 , s cho la r ( bn . R edh i l l , S u r rey ) . ( N /C )

1 895 ( 16 N ov ) : L iv ing a t 1 4 Wan sey S t . , b ache lo r , a ged 2 9

S LSL .

( f a the r : G eo rge J ohn L ew is F ox , m echan ic ) m a r r ied K a te

16

B e r tha D avenpo r t , a ged 2 4 , s p in s te r , d ome s t ic s e rvan t ( h e r

1 864 -8 : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t . , N ew K en t R d . ( A&O ) .

f a the r : J ame s D avenpo r t , i n su rance a gen t ) . G eo rge W . F ox 1 869 -71 : A t 4 Weymou th S t . , N ew K en t R d . ( POD ) .

s i gn s r eg is te r . ( S t J /M GLRO ) .

1 871 ( 3A p r ) : L i s ted a t 5Weymou th S t . , a ged 3 9 , w i th w if e J GARDINER

A nn , d augh te r E l iza , a ged 1 2 , s cho la r a nd s on J ohn 1 (? )

1 859 -?

s cho la r . ( N /C ) S LSL . 1 859 ( 2 1

May ) : L iv ing i n R o se C o t tage , P o r t land S t . , 1 869 -72 : L i s ted a t 4Weymou th S t . ( POD ) GLRO .

Wa lwo r th . R eg i s te red a ' v e ined m a rb le c l ay p i pe ' ( 120390 ) . ( Hammond 1 985 , 4 7 ) .

c .1 829 -3 1

JOHN S TOVEY ( ? ) GO WLAND

C ommen t s : P robab ly t h e s ame a sJ .G a rd ine r l i v ing i n3 9 G i l l ingham S t .

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

S .W . w ho p rov i s iona l ly r e g i s te red ap ipe ( 6 20 ) w i th u pwa rd c u rved

s t em , t h e

g l azed type

b ow l

d e co ra t ion .

b e ing o rnamen ted b y O n

t h e

s t em

w a s

a w avy

t h e

1 829 ( 1 8 J an ) : L iv ing i n K en t S t . w i th w if e A nn ; b ap t ised

w o rd

CR INOL INE . ( 1862 , 2 1 J un ) . ( Hammond 1 987 , 2 4 -25 ) .

E l iza ( bn . D ec 2 6 , 1 828 ) . ( S tM /B ) GLRO .

GEORGE GERRARD ( 1&2 ? ) :

J an 2 7 , 1 831) . ( i b id .)

1 831 ( 22 May ) : L iv ing i nK en t S t . B ap t ised E l iza K ipp s ( bn . c .1 816 -8 6

C ommen t s :

R eco rded a s a` P ipemake r '

c f R obe r t G ow land , H u l l ,f l . 1 790+ (Wa tk in s 1 979 , 11) . 1 816 17 : L iv ing i nO ld S t . P e te rS t . We s tm in s te r . C ha rged b y E l iza T ucke r as e rvan t f r om Wa lwo r th , w i th h av ing ' g o t ten h e r w i th c h i ld o r c h i ld ren ' . ( N IE J an 1 8 17 V o l . 8 49 ) S LSL . R ICHARD GRANT

1 851

1 857 ( 14 J un ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's w edd ing ( s ee T .P . G e r ra rd , b e low ) .

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

1 886 ( 8 A ug ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's w edd ing ( Thoma s

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 5P r ince s C r t . , a ged 2 5 ( bn . S t .

G e r ra rd , a ged 4 4 , b ache lo r , s e aman o f 1 2 S i lve r S t . ) w ho

P anc ra s , M idd le sex ) w i th w if eE l iza , a ged 2 5 ( bn . B ren t fo rd?

ma r r ied Ma ry Ann C row , a ged 4 0 , s p in s te r o f 4U ppe r

M idd le sex ) . . as on a ged 7 ;d augh te r A nn , a ged 4 a nd s on s

G range S t . ( he r f a the r : J ame s C row , d ecea sed , g a rdene r ) .

H en ry a ged 2 a nd R icha rd 1m on th ( a l l b or n i n Wa lwo r th ,

( AS /M ) GLRO .

S u r rey ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

C ommen t s :

CHARLES GREATOREX

f c .1 86 1 -o b . 1 867 N o t t s .

J udg ing b y t h e d e ta i l s g i ven , t h is T homa s G e r ra rd , s eaman , d i f f e r s f r om t h e T PM T . P . G e r ra rd ( s ee b e low ) . S o i ti s

R eco rded a s a` P ipemake r '

p robab le t h e re w e re t wo G eo rge G e r ra rd p i pe m ake r s . 1 84 1 ( 7 J un ) : L iv ing a t ' Ya rd ' , S ou th B ond S t . , L e ice s te r . A ged 8 ,s on o fW i l l iam G rea to rex , a ged 2 9 , PM . ( C ) P /C P H . THO MAS PHIL IP GERRARD

1 857 -7 2 1 851

( 3 1

Ma r ) :

A t 9 S hake spea re

P la ce ,

M i l ton

S t . ,

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipemake r '

N o t t ingham , a ged 1 8 , PM , s on o f W i l l iam G rea to rex . H i s

1 857 ( 14 J une ) : L iv ing i nG ra sby R ow , o ff u l l a ge , b ache lo r

d i ed i n 1 856 . H i s w idow , Ma ry m a r r ied C ha r le s S hoeb r idge ,

( f a the r : G eo rge G e r ra rd , s e ea bove ) ; m a r r ied A nn R owe th , o f

PM i n 1 859 ) . ( HO 1 0 /2 132 ) C ; P /C P H .

s i s te r Ma ry , a ged 3 9 , i sg i ven a s a' P ipe D re s se r ' . ( W i l l iam

f u l l a ge , s p in s te r o f K en t S t . ( h e r f a the r : J ohn R owe th , l a bou re r ) . ( HT /M ) GLRO .

1 86 1 ( 8A p r ) : A t 4Weymou th S t . , ab oa rde r , b ache lo r , a ged 2 7 ( bn . S t a f fo rd ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 4 Weymou th S t . , a ged 3 0 ( bn . C ha tham , K en t ) w i th w if e A nne , a ged 3 1 ( bn . C amb r idge ) ;

1 867 : ' o fG o lden L ane , N o t t ingham , PM ,d ied 1 2D ec ,b u r ied

d augh te r E l iza , a ged 2 ;s on J ohn 7 ( mon th s? ) . B o th b or n i n

a t N o t t ingham G ene ra l C eme te ry 1 6 D ec , a ged 3 4 y ea r s ' .

N ew ing ton . ( N /C ) S LSL .

( P /C P H ) .

17

C ommen t s :

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : N amed a s W i l l iam H a l l . L iv ing i nE a s t S t . ,

c f . J o seph G rea to rex , M i lk S t . , 1 868 -75 B irm ingham . ( POD ;

u nma r r ied , a ged 2 0 ( b n . N ew ing ton , S u r rey ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

BAR 1 4 ) ; G . G rea to r ix 1 839 , B irm ingham ( BAR 1 4 ) . S ee a l so T .P . G e r ra rd , G . A the r ton a nd J ohn D ench ( a bove ) w ho

1 856 ( 22 J une ) : N amed a s H en ry W i ll iam H a l l , b a che lo r .

w e re b oa rd ing a tt h e s ame a dd re s s .

L iv ing a t1 2 C ro s s S t . a ged ' 2 6 ' ( f a the rn amed a sJ ohn H a l l , c oa ld ea le r ,d e cea sed ) m a r r ied L au ra L ou i sa Mackenz ie ,a ged 2 5 , w idow , o f 5Weymou th S t . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

THO MAS WILL IA M GREEN WOOD

1 862 C ommen t s : c f D an ie l H a l l l i v ing a t 3C la rence P l a ce i n 1 87 1 ( j u s t

R eco rded a s a' P ipe m ake r '

o u t s ide N ew ing ton i nS t .G eo rge 's P a r i sh ) .T h is h a l lw a sb o rn 1 862 ( 2 8 D ec ) : L iv ing i nA y l if f e S tw i th w if e E l iza ; b ap t i sed

i n B r i s to l ( Hammond 1 989 ,28 ) . W i ll iam H a l l 's w if e L au ra

H a r r ie t T ryph ina ( ? ) ( b n . S ep 3 0 , 1 862 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

Mackenz ie , w a s p r ev iou s ly m a r r ied t o t h e p ipemake r J ohn Ma ckenz ie ( s ee b e low ) .

C ommen t s : c f T homa s G reenwood , f r ee 1 709 ( BAR

1 4 ) ; T homa s 1 84 1

THO MAS HARD ING

G reenwood p r e sen t a tT PMco m ee t ing s May 1 800 ; 1 3 J an 1 80 1 . ( MS 3 60 1) GL .

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' J A MES HALIFAX

1 84 1 ( 7 J une ) : L iv ing i n K en t S t . a ged 2 0 ( no t b o rn i n

1 851-6 1

C oun ty ) . ( N /C ) P RO . R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' GEORGE HAR MER ( HAR MEN )

1 851 ( 7 J une ) : L iv ing a t 1P ipemake r s A l ley a ged 4 1 ( bn .

c .1 855

H e r t fo rd sh i re , c h . . . )w i th w if e S a rah , 3 6 ( s ee b e low ) R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

d augh te r s S a rah , a ged 1 3 , s cho la r ( b n . K en t , Ma id s tone ) Ame l ia , a ged 1 , s cho la r ( bn . M idd le sex , I s l ing ton ) L ou isa , a ged 9 ,s cho la r ( bn . I s l ing ton ) I s abe l la , a ged 4 ( b n . S u r rey ,

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t1 6N o r th S t . , a ged 1 9( b n . S t . Ma ry ,

B e rmond sey ) a nd s on s J o sepheh , a ged 7 , s c ho la r ( bn .

N ew ing ton )a pp ren t ice T PM t oD av id Mo r ton ( s ee b e low )a nd

I s l ing ton )a nd J ame s ,a ged 7mon th s( b n . S u r rey ,S ou thwa rk ) .

n amed a s' s on i nl aw ' . A l so l i v ing h e re w a sW i l l iam H a rme r ,

( N /C ) P RO .

a ged 1 7 ,A pp .C oope r( b n . K en t ,B ex ley )a nd s im i la r ly n amed a s ' s on i nl aw ' . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 86 1 ( 8A p r ) : L iv ing a t 3P ipemake r s A l ley a ged ' 5 2 ' . ( N /C ) 1 853 ( 2 5 D ec ) : L iv ing i n N o r th S t . o f f u l l a ge , b ache lo r

P RO .

( f a the r G eo rge H a rme r , c a rpen te r ) m a r r ied S a r ah Mann , o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r o f Wa te r loo S t . ( h e r f a the r : J ame s Mann , l a bou re r . ( S tM /M ) GLRO . S ARAH HAL IFAX

1 851-6 1 1 855 ( 1 8 Ma r ) : L iv ing i n B randon S t . w i th w if e S a rah ; b ap t ised S a rah E l izabe th ( bn . J a n 1 , 1 855 ) . ( S tP /B ) GLRO .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe T r imme r ' 1 851 ( 7 J une ) : L iv ing a t 1P ipemake r s A l ley , a ged 3 6 ( bn .

C ommen t s :

M idd le sex , S tPanc ra s ) . W if e o f J ame s H a l if ax ( s ee a bove ) .

T ha t G eo rge H a rmen i sr e co rded a s ' s on i nl aw ' i n D av id

( N /C ) P RO .

Mo r ton 's h ou seho ld i sp uzz l ing a s H a rnen m a r r ied J ame s Mann 's d augh te r i n1 853 , u n le s s S a rah Mann w a s H a rmen 's

1 86 1

( 8

A p r ) :

L iv ing

a t 3 P ipemake r s

A l ley

s e cond w if e .

( bn .

' P add ing ton ' ) . ( N /C ) P RO . JOHN HATFIELD ( HENRY ) WILL IA M HALL

1 876 -81

1 843 -56 R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 876 : B i r th o fs on , G eo rge , i nN ew ing ton ( s ee b e low ) . 1 843 ( 3O c t ) : R eco rded a s ap oo rb oy o fN ew ing ton , a ged 1 4 y ea r s , ' o rt h e reabou t s ' A pp .t oW i l l iam Ma rkwe l l( s ee b e low ) .

1 881 ( 4A p r ) : L iv ing a t 3Ma r s ton 's C o t tages? a ged 3 , w i th

( A I ) S LSL .

w if e E l izabe th , a ged 3 4 ; s on T homa s , b ache lo r , a ged 1 6 ( a l l

18

b n . S ou thwa rk , S u r rey ) ; s on s J ohn , a ged 1 3 ; W i l l iam , a ged 7

JOHN H IVES

A pp . 1 754

( bo th b n . L ambe th , S u r rey ) ; G eo rge , a ged 5( bn . N ew ing ton ) a nd d augh te rS oph ia , a ged 2 mon th s ( bn . C lapham ) ; R icha rd

1 754 ( 1 3 J un ) : A pp ren t iced t oH . B lunde l l ( s ee a bove ) a tt h e

K een s ,

a ge o f 1 3 ( A l ; S tGS ) S LSL .

w idowe r

T PM

a l so

l i ved

h e re

( bn .

S t epney ) .

( C lapham , L ambe th /C ) PRO . JOHN HOARES JOHN HEATHER

1 882

1 867 R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe r Make r '

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' 1 882 ( 19 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 2 4 F u rne s s? R d . , a ged 2 0 , a b a che lo r ( f a the r : J ohn J ame s H oa re s , s t onema son f o reman )

1 867 ( 19 O c t ) : N amed a sf a the ra td augh te r 's m a r r iage ( E l iza H ea the r ,m ino r , s p in s te ro fC o le S t . )t oJ ame s Wa te rhou se ,o f

m a r r ied A l ice H ook , a ged 1 8 , s p in s te ro f 1 3 H ie ron? S t . , h e r

f u l l a ge , b ache lo r , Sm i th o f C o le S t . ( h i s f a the r : W i l l iam

f a the r : H en ry Hook , s t oke r . ( S t . P L/M ) GLRO .

Wa te rhou se , s t one m a son ) . ( S tM /M ) GLRO . C ommen t s : c f E l izabe th H oa re 1 850 D evonpo r t , D evon ( BAR 1 4 ) . HENRY HEATH : HELD

1 899

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

CHARLOTTE HOLLAND

1 899 ( 3A ug ) : N amed a sf a the ra td augh te r 's ma r r iage ( Ann ie

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

1 851

E l izabe th H ea th f ie ld , a ged 2 2 , s p in s te r , c i ga re t te m ake r ) t o G eo rge T ay lo r , a ged 2 6 , b ache lo r , b ake r , o f 6 0 L a r com S t .

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 3C rown S qua r e , w if e o f W i l l iam

H en ry H ea thf ie ld s i gn s r eg is te r . ( SLUM GLRO ) .

H o l land ( s ee b e low ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 836

J A MES COLL INS HEDGE

HARRY HOLLAND

1 871

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' 1 836 ( 5 J un ) : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t . w i th w if e J une ;

1 871 ( 3A p r ) : L iv ing a t2 2 D a le S t . , al o dge r , w idowe r , a ged

b ap t i sed L u i sa Ma ry ( bn . 6 May 1 836 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

3 3 ( bn . S t . G eo rge s , S ou thwa rk ) a l ong w i th P e te r D a ley ( s e e a bove ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

THO MAS H ILLYARD ( H ILL IARD )

c .1 88 1 HENRY HOLLAND

1 862+ ( ob . b y 1 888 )

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' R eco rded a s a' P ipe m ake r ' 1 880 ( 16 May ) : L iv ing a t 1C ha tham P l ace , b ache lo r o ff u l l a ge ( f a the r :

R icha rd H i l l ia rd , t imbe r m e r chan t ) m a r r ied

1 864 ( 7F eb ) : L iv ing i nK en tS t . w i th w if eE l izabe th ;b ap t ised

A de la ide A nd rew s , o ff u l l a ge , s p in s te r o f 1C ha tham P lace

H en ry ( bn . 1 9 J an , 1 864 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

( f a the r :T homa sA nd rew s , l i gh te rman ) .T homa sH i l l ia rd s i gn s w i th ac r o s s . ( SLUM GLRO ) .

1 888 ( 6 A ug ) : N amed a s f a the r , d ecea sed , a t d augh te r 's ma r r iage ( Ma ry A nn H o l land , a ged

1 9 , s p in s te r o f 3 2

1 88 1 ( 5 J un ) : L iv ing a t ' Oak C o t tage ' w i th w if e A de la ide ;

B randon S t . ) t o T homa s A lf red J ame s , a ged 1 9 , b ache lo r ,

b ap t ised d augh te r A de la ide . ( S t J /B ) GLRO .

c a rman , o f

1 B randon

S t .

( h is

f a the r E dwa rd J ame s ,

b oo tmake r ) . ( AS /M ) GLRO . C ommen t s : c f . R icha rd H i l l ia rd 1 8 18 , b i r th o f d augh te r C ha r lo t te , E ton ,

C ommen t s :

B uck s . ( Ay to 1 988 ,7 ) ; J ame s H i l l ia rd , C owc ro s s S t . W .

P e rhap s t h e s ame a s ' Ha r ry ' H o l land? ( s ee a bove ) ; c f . H en ry

Sm i thf ie ld 1 850 -68 ( A&O ) ; T homa s J o seph H i l l ia rd , C ro sby

J ohn H o l land , s on o fW i l l iam H o l land ( s e e b e low ) .

R ow , B ow 1 899 ( A&O ) .

19

JOHN HOLLAND

1 839 -51

1 864 ( 24 J u ly ) : L iv ing i n L an sdowne P l ace w i th w if e I s ab e l la ; b ap t ised S amue l ( bn . 2J u l 1 864 ) . ( i b id . )

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 875 ( 2 7 J un ) : L iv ing a t 1 5 B land S t . , w i th w if e I s ab e l la ; 1 839 ( 3 A p r ) : L iv ing i n K ing S t . Wa lwo r th C ommon w i th

b ap t i sed E l izabe th Ann ( bn . 1J un 1 875 ) . ( i b id . )

w if e Ma ry A nn ; b ap t ised H en ry ( bn . 2 1 F eb 1 839 ) . ( S tP /B ) 1 878 ( 22 A p r ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's w edd ing ( p robab ly

GLRO .

R . H o l land ( 2 ) s e e b e low ) . H e s i gn s r e g is te r a s w i tne s s . 1 851

( 3 1

Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 2 9 1

K en t S t . a ged 4 4 ( bn .

( S t J /M GLRO ) .

M idd le sex , Wh i techape l ) w i th w if e Ma ry A nn H o l land , a ged 4 8 ( s ee b e low ) ; d augh te r s Ma ry Ann , a ged 1 5 ( s ee b e low ) ;

C ommen t s :

J ane , a ged 3 ,s cho la r ; s on s R obe r t , a ged 1 4 ( s ee b e low ) a nd

AR obe r t H o l land PM i sr e co rded i n 1 878 ( 26 D ec ) a sf a the r

H en ry , a ged 1 ( a l l b n . S u r rey , S ou thwa rk ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

a th i s d augh te r 's w edd ing ( Mar y A nn H o l land , a ged 1 8 , s p in s te ro f2 4B randon S t . ) w ho m a r r ied P e te rK ing , a ged

MARY ANN HOLLAND ( 1 )

1 851

1 9 , b ache lo r , c a rman o f 2 6 B randon S t ; h i s f a the r : R icha rd K ing , h awke r ( S tJ /M GLRO ) . H oweve r , t h e y ea r o f Ma ry

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe T r imme r '

A nn 's b i r th ( 1860 ) i sa l so t h a t o f R obe r t ( 2 ) s o u n le s s t h ey

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t2 9 1 K en t S t . , w if e o fJ ohn H o l land

p e rhap s ( 3 ) , s e e b e low .

w e re t w in s a no the r R obe r t H o l land i si nd ica ted a st h e f a the r , ( s ee a bove ) b n . S u r rey , C roydon . ( N /C ) S LSL . ROBERT HOLLAND ( 2 )

C ommen t s :

c .1 878 -( o b . b y 1 90 1)

P o ss ib ly t h e s ame Ma ry Ann H o l land a s t h a t l i v ing a t 5 8 R eco rded a s a` P ipemake r '

C amden S t . i n1 87 1 , a l though t h e a ge s g i ven a r e i n con s i s ten t ( s ee Ma ry A nn H o l land ( 2 ) b e low ) .

1 878 ( 22 A ug ) : O f f u l l a ge , b ache lo r , o f 2 2 B randon S t ; m a r r ied J ane R eeve s , a ged 1 9 , s p in s te r o fs ame a dd re s s ; h e r MARY ANN HOLLAND (2 )

1 871

f a the r J ohn R eeve s , b r ick laye r . R . H o l land ( 2 ) s i gn s w i th a c ro s s . ( S t J /M GLRO ) .

R eco rded a s a' C lay P ipe Make r ' 1 879 ( 3 A ug ) : L iv ing a t2 2 C la rendon S t . , w i th w if e J ane ; b ap t i sed I s abe l la J ane . ( SU B ) GLRO .

1 871 ( 3 A p r ) : S tay ing a t5 8 C amden S t . , a ged 3 5 , v i s i to r , u nma r r ied ( bn . M idd le sex ,C i ty o fL ondon )w i th mo the r Ma ry A nn H o l land , w idow , a ged 7 0 , w a rd robe d ea le rb n . C roydon ,

1 881 ( 18 S ep ) : L iv ing a t 2 5 C la rence S t . , w i th w if e J ane ;

S u r rey ( s ee a bove )a nd B e t sy H o l land ,a dop ted d augh te r ,a ged

b ap t ised J ane . ( i b id . )

9 .( N /C ) GLRO . 1 883 ( 16 S ep ) : L iv ing a t 2 5 T aba rd S t . , w i th w if e J ane ; C ommen t s :

b ap t ised Ma ry A nn . ( i b id . )

P robab ly t h e s ame Ma ry A nn a s J ohn H o l land 's d augh te r a l though p l ace o fb i r th g i ven d i f f e r s . ( 1851 C ) .

1 885 ( 27 S ep ) : L iv ing a t2 5 C la rendon S t . , w i th w if e J ane ; b ap t ised E l izabe th . ( i b id . )

ROBERT HOLLAND ( 1 )

1 8511878?

1 888 ( 20 May ) : L iv ing a t2 5 C la rendon S t . , w i th w if e J ane ; b ap t ised R obe r t . ( i b id . )

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe make r ' 1 890 ( 28 S ep ) : L iv ing a t2 5 C la rendon S t . , w i th w if e J ane ; T he re w e re a tl e a s tt h ree R ob e r tH o l land p i pemake r sw o rk ing i nN ew ing ton .

b ap t i sed E dwa rd . ( i b id ) .

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t2 9 1 K en t S t . , s on o fJ ohn H o l land

( I sabe l la a ged 2 0? , s p in s te r o f 2 4 C la rendon S t ) t oJ o seph

( s ee a bove ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

S amue l Sm i th , a ged 2 3 , b ache lo r , w a rehou seman , o f s ame

1 857 ( 1 1 O c t ) : L iv ing i nK en tS t . ,w i th w if eI s abe l la ;b ap t i sed

GLRO ) .

1 892 ( 18 A p r ) : N amed a s f a the r a t d augh te r 's m a r r iage

a dd re s s ; h i s f a the r : H en ry Sm i th , c ab ine t m ake r . ( S t J /M E l iza ( bn . 1 8 S ep 1 857 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO . 1 897 ( 2 5 D ec ) : N amed a s f a the r a t d augh te r 's m a r r iage 1 860 ( 20 May ) : L iv ing i n C a s t le S t . , w i th w if e I s abe l la ;

( I sabe l la , a ged 1 9 , s p in s te r , p r in te r 's l a bou re r ) t o H en ry

b ap t ised R obe r t ( bn . 2 9 A p r 1 860 ) . ( i b id . ) 1 20

R eeve s , a ged 2 1 , b ache lo r , n ew svendo ro f 1 6B randon S t ; h i s

b ap t ised E l izabe th Ma r tha ( bn . 4O c t 1 849 ) .( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

f a the rJ o seph R eeve s , b ee r c an m ake r . ( i b id . ) 1 851 1 888 -99 : L iv ing i nC la rendon S t . , T aba rd S t . ( A&O ) .

( 3 1

Ma r ) :

A t

3 C rown

S qua re ,

a ged

3 4

( bn .

Wh i techape l ) w i th w if e C ha r lo t te , a ged 3 4 b n . We s tm in s te r ( s ee b e low ) ; d augh te r s S a rah , a ged 1 4 , s e rvan t ; Ma ry , a ged

1 90 1 ( 7 A p r ) : N amed a s f a the r ( de cea sed ) a t d augh te r 's

1 3 , ' a t h ome ' ; s on W i l l iam , a ged 1 , e r rand b oy ( a l l b n . S t .

m a r r iage ( Ma ry H o l land , a ged 1 8 , s p in s te r , h ou sema id o f9 6

G eo rge i nt h eE a s t ) a nd d augh te r s C ha r lo t te , a ged 6 ,s cho la r ;

S ou th S t . ) t o F rede r ick J ohn Ma rk s , a ged 2 1 , b ache lo r ,

B e t sy , a ged 1( bo th b n . S u r rey , N ew ing ton ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

b u tche r o f s ame a dd re ss ; h i s f a the r : A r thu r J ohn Ma rk s ; b u tche r . ( S t J /M GLRO ) .

1 852 ( 14 F eb ) : L iv ing i nC rown S qua re w i th w if e C ha r lo t te ; b ap t i sed H en ry J ohn ( bn . 1 7 O c t 1 851) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

C ommen t s : I tc anno t b e c e r ta in w i th w h ich R . H o l land t h e t wo I s abe l la

1 852 ( 14 Ma r ) : B ap t ised C ha r lo t te ( bn . 2 1 J an 1 845 ) . ( i b id . )

ma r r iage s a bove a r e a s soc ia ted . P e rhap s t h e f i r s t , m a r r ied i n 1 892 , w a s t h e d augh te r o f R . H o l land ( 2 ) a s b o th l i ved i n C la rendon S t .

WALTER BENJA MIN HOLLINGTON c .1 874 -( ob . b y 1 895 )

ROBERT HOLLAND ( 3 )

1 88 11907?

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

1 87 1 ( 3 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1 7 C la rendon S t . a ged 2 8 ( bn . T he t fo rd , N o r fo lk ) . ( SCPR , N /L 2 2 ) .

1 881 ( 2O c t ) : L iv ing a t2 1 C amden S t . , w i th w if e E l izabe th ; b ap t i sed s on , A lbe r t . ( S WF) GLRO .

1 874 ( 4 O c t ) : L iv ing a t 1 4 C la rence R d . w i th w if e H a r r ie t ; b ap t ised C ha r le s W i l l iam ( bn . 1 4 S ep ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

1 886 -93 : A R obe r t H o l land i s l i s ted a t 2 4 C la rendon S t . , T aba rd S t . S .E . ( POD ) GLRO .

1 878 ( 9 J une ) : L iv ing a t 1 7 C la rence S t . w i th w if e H a r r ie t ; b ap t i sed H a r r ie t S a rah A nn . ( S t . 1 / 1 3 ) GLRO .

1 894 1907 : A t 2 4 L aw S t . , T aba rd S t . SE . ( i b id . ) 1 882 ( Feb 1 9 ) : A t 1 7 C la rendon S t . w i th w if e H a r r ie t ; b ap t ised A nn . ( i b id .) C ommen t s : I ti sn o t c e r ta in i ft h e l i s t ing s f o r 1 886 1907 r e f e r t o R .

1 895 ( 3 Ma r ) : N amed a s f a the r ( d ecea sed ) a ts on 's ma r r iage

H o l land ( 3 ) b u t i t s e em s l i ke ly a s R . H o l land ( 2 ) w a s

( Cha r le s H o l l ing ton , a ged 2 1 , b ache lo r , b ru shmake r o f 1 9

d ecea sed b y 1 90 1 . C la rendon S t . h ad b een c hanged t o t h e

Ma r igo ld C our t , S ta r C o rne r ) t o C a ro l ine L u sh , a ged 2 0 ,

n ame o f L aw S t . c . 1 893 . T h i s i si n s ide t h e p a r i sh o f S t .

s p in s te r o f s ame a dd re s s ( h e r f a the r : C ha r le s L u sh ( g re en? )

G eo rge , a l though c l o se t ot h e b ounda ry w i th N ew ing ton .

g roce r ) . ( AS /M ) GLRO .

SA MUEL HOLLAND

WILL IA M HOLLL INGTON

1 85 1

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

1 87 1-89

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

1 85 1 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 4C o le S t . , a ged 2 1 ( bn . E s sex ,

1 87 1 ( 3 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1L an sdowne P la ce , a ged 2 7 , ( b n .

R a inf o rd ) w i th w if e E l iza , a ged 1 9 ( bn . M idd le sex , P im l ico ) .

T he t fo rd , N o r fo lk ) . ( SCPR , N /L 2 2 ) .

( N /C ) S LSL . 1 872 ( 25 D e c ) : L iv ing i n Q ue en S t . , ab a che lo r , a ged 2 0 C ommen t s :

( f a the r :B en jam in 0 1 1 ing ton ( s ic ) ,l i gh te rman ) ;m a r r ied Ame l ia

T he p r em ise s w a s s ha red w i th a n o ff ice k eep e r , l a bou re r ,

P a ske l l , a ged 2 0 , s p in s te ro fs ame a dd re s s ( h e rf a the r : G eo rge

h awke r a nd h ou sekeepe r .

P a ske l l ,d ecea sed ,p o r te r ) .W . H o l l ing ton s i gn sn ame .( S tP /M ) GLRO .

WILL IA M HOLLAND

1 849 -1852

1 874 ( 8 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 4 1 H en ry S t . w i th w if e Ame l ia ; b ap t ised Amel ia Ma rga re t( bn . 1 0F eb , 1 874 ) . ( S tP /B ) GLRO .

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' 1 887 ( 2 3 O c t ) : L iv ing a t 9C landon S t . w i th w if e Ame l ia ; 1 849 ( 18 N ov ) : L iv ing i nC rown S qua re w i th w if e C ha r lo t te ;

b ap t ised B en jam in Wa l te r ( bn . 4O c t 1 887 ) . ( i b id .) .

1 2 1

1 889 ( 4 A ug ) : L iv ing a t 3( H )e r r ing S t . w i th w if e Ame l ia ;

2 1 . O n ab u i ld ing 1 / 2b r ick 1 / 2t imbe ro f 2t e nemen t sl e tt o Wm

b ap t ised A lbe r t J ohn ( bn . 1 2 J u l , 1 899 ) . ( i b id .) .

Ma thew s a nd E l iz R ob in s b e tween t h em a nd Wm T racey f o r 7y ea r s . £ 75 . ( P /C A . O swa ld ) .

MICHAEL WILL IA M HOR ICKS ( ? )

1 729 ( 2 1 J u ly ) : P o s s ib ly t h e s ame J ohn H umph rey s d e c la red

1 888

b ank rup t a nd ' l a te o ft h e P a r ish o fS t . O lave 's S ou thwa rk , i n t h e

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

c oun ty

o f

S u r rey ,

p ipemake r

a nd

f r u i t -mee te r '

( No r thamp ton Me r cu ry ) ; i n fo rma t ion t a ken f r om t h e L ondon 1 888 ( 2 3 May ) : L iv ing a t 7 Webb S t . w i th w if e S a rah ;

G aze t te : ' P ipemake r s f r om a n 1 8 th C en tu ry N ew spape r ' .

b ap t ised E l izabe th S a r ah . ( S t J /B ) GLRO .

( Moo re 1 987 , 2 5 ) .

AL ICE MAY HOTHA M

A . O swa ld c ommen t s ( P /C ) ' The p o l icy m e re ly r e co rd s h im

C ommen t s : 1 909

a s ag en t b u t h i s t e nan t s a l l h ave s u rname s o f p ipemake r s R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

E dwa rd R ob in s 1 663 -8 s i gned C ha r te r 1 663 , 1 668 m a inpe rno r

1 909 ( I A ug ) : A s p in s te r , a ged 2 7 ( f a the r J ame s H o tham ,

C oope r s C o . R ob in s ' w idow Ma ry t o ok J ohn B e l l A pp . b y

a nd T PM b y t r ade o n t r an s la t ion o f N a t Moo re f r om t h e o p t ic ian ) m a r r ied H en ry J ohn R ow Ian , a ged 2 7 , b ache lo r ,

t u rnove r 1 686 a nd s he a l so w a s aMe r chan t T ay lo r . AJ ohn

s t ab leman o f 1 P he lp S t . ( h is f a the r : N a than ie l R ow Ian ,

T racey o fS t . B o to lph s A ldga te w a s m a r r ied 1 662 a nd aWm

l a bou re r ) . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

Ma thew ss i gned t h e 1 634 c ha r te r . A l lm ay b ec o inc idence b u t Ip a s s i to n f o r w ha t i ti sw o r th ' .

E STHER HUGHES

1 851

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe T r imme r '

CHARLES J A MES HUNT

1 887 -1905?

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 3P ipemake r s A l ley , a ged 3 4 ( bn .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r /Manuf ac tu re r '

M idd le sex , Wh i techape l ) w if e o fH en ry H ughe s ( s ee b e low ) . 1 88 1 ( 4 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1 2 , P l ea san t R ow , a ged 2 4 ( b n .

( N /C ) S LSL .

M idd le sex , S ho red i tch , w i th w if e E l iza , a ged 2 3 ( bo rn . . S u r rey ) C ha r le sJ . , s on , a ged 3 ;E l iza , d augh t e r , a ged 2( bo th HENRY HUGHES

b n . S u r rey , N ew ing ton ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 851

1 887 ( 2 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 2 1 J ame s S t . w i th w if e E l iza ;

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipemake r '

b ap t ised W i l l iam ( bn . J an 2 1 , 1 887 ) . ( S tMK /B ) GLRO . 1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 3P ipemake r s A l ley , a ged 3 2 ( bn . K en t , Ma rga te ) w i th w if e E s the r ( s ee a bove ) a nd s on H en ry

1 905 ( 1 1 J une ) : N amed a sf a the ra td augh te r 's m a r r iage ( Ka te

T . H ughe s , a ged 5 ,s cho la r ( bn . M idd le sex , B e thna l G reen ) .

K a the r ine H un t , a ged 2 2 , s p in s te r o f 1 5 Me r row S t . ) t o

( N /C ) S LSL .

C ha r le s H en ry P a r son s , a ged 2 2 , b ache lo r , l a bou re r o f 1 5 Me r row S t . ( h i s f a the r : C ha r le s W i l l iam P a r son s . l a bou re r ) . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

JOHN HUMPHREYS

1 69 11729?

P o s s ib ly t h eT obacco P ipe Make rA pp . t oR icha rd H umphr ie s 1 684 ( A&O ) .

THO MAS HUNT

c .1 696 : S igned O a th o fA l leg iance a s a' f u l l m embe r o ft h e

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Manuf ac tu re r '

1 895?

T PMco . a nd p e rhap s a s a n A s s is tan t ' ( P /C A . O swa ld ) . 1 895 ( 4 A ug ) : N amed a s f a the r a t d augh te r 's m a r r iage 1 708 ( 7 A p r ) : T he f o l low ing i n fo rma t ion i sa b s t rac ted f r om

( E l izabe th A l ice H un t , a ged 2 3 , s p in s te ro f 1 0H u r lbu t tP lace )

H IH I n su rance P o l ic ie s ( GL ) N o s . 1 58 19 , 2 0 & 2 1 .

t oF rede r ick J ame s Ma son , a ged 2 2 , b ache lo r , c a rman o f 1 0

1 9 . O n ab r ick h ouse E s i de o fr oad a ga in s tt h e c hu rch . £ 125

GLRO .

H u r lbu t t P l a ce ( h i s f a the r : E zek ie l Ma son , p a in te r ) . ( S tM /M ) ( S t . Ma ry 's ) . C ommen t s : c f . C ha r le s J .H un t a bove .

2 0 . O n ab r ick b u i ld ing o f 2t e nemen t s l e t t o Wm E d in a nd S a rah G ran tham f o r 7y ea r s . £ 75 .

1 22

ED WARD J ACKSON ( 1&2 )

HENRY J ACKSON

1 839 -190 1

R eco rded v a r iou s ly a s a' Tobacco P ipe Manuf ac tu re r ' a nd

1 84 1 -1851

R eco rded a s a' Ma s te r P ipe Make r '

' TP Make r ' 1 84 1 ( 7 J un ) : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t , a ged 2 5 w i th w if e S a rah , a ged 2 5 ; s on W i l l iam , a ged 7 ;d augh te rS a rah , a ged 5 ;

1 839 : L iv ing a tG eo rge s R d . L ockf ie ld s ( BAR 1 4 ) .

R obe r t , s on , a ged 1( a l l b n . i nC oun ty ) . ( S tMS /C ) P RO . 1 840 ( 8J un ) : N amed a s f a the r a td augh te r 's ma r r iage ( Ma ry J ack son , o ff u l l a ge , s p in s te r , o f 5G eo rge 's R ow ) t oG eo rge

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : A t 5P l ea san t R ow a ged ' 3 8 ' a' Ma s te r

F le tche r o ff u l l a ge , b ache lo r , w he e lw r igh t o f s ame a dd re s s ,

T obacco P ipe Make r ' ( bn . M idd le sex , A ldga te ) w i th w if e

h i s f a the r : S amue l F le tche r , c a rman . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

S a rah , ' 3 7 ' ( bn . M idd le sex , S t . L uke s ) ;W i l l iam , s on ,a ged 1 6

1 840 : A t 5G eo rge s R ow , L ock f ie ld s . ( P igo t 's T rade D )

T rade ' ; R obe r t , s on , a ged 1 0 ; J ane , d augh te r , a ged 8 ;H en ry ,

GLRO .

s on , a ged 3 ;E dwa rd ,s on ,a ged 1( a l lb n . S u r rey ,N ew ing ton ) .

' A ss i s tan t i nT rade ' ; S a rah , d augh te r , a ged 1 4 , ' A s s i s tan t i n

( N /C ) S LSL . 1 84 1 ( 4 May ) : N amed a s f a the r a t s on 's ma r r iage ( s ee R icha rd J ohn J ack son b e low ) . ( i b id . ) .

C ommen t s : A . O swa ld n o te s ( BAR 1 4 ) : H J ack son c . 1 840 ( ma rk o n

1 84 1 ( 7J un ) : L iv ing i nG eo rge R ow , a ged 6 5 ( no t b or n i n

p ipe ) . A no the r H . J a ck son T PM , o r t h e s ame , i sr e co rded

C oun ty ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

w o rk ing a t9 1 , Mee t ing H ou se L ane , P e ckham , c .1 872 1896 ( POD ) GLRO .

1 877 ; 1 884 : A t 5 3 D evon sh i re S t . ( POD ) . 1 884 1887 : A t 1 9 D evon sh i re S t . ( POD ) . R ICHARD JOHN J ACKSON

1 84 1-188 1

1 887 ( 2 9 May ) : N amed a s f a the r a t d augh te r 's ma r r iage ( E l izabe th J ack son , a ged 2 3 , s p in s te r , o f 1 9 D evon sh i re S t . )

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

t o A r thu r H oga r th , a ged 2 2 , b ache lo r , l a bou re r o f s ame a dd re s s ; h i s f a the r : T homa s H oga r th , d ecea sed . E . J ack son

1 84 1 ( 4 May ) : L iv ing a t 5 , G eo rge 's R ow , o f f u l l a ge ,

s i gn s a sw i tne s s , a l so A l ice J a ck son . ( S t J /M GLRO ) .

b a che lo r ; h i s f a the r : E dwa rd J a ck son ( s ee a bove ) m a r r ied : E l izabe th H a l l , o ff u l l a ge , s p in s te r , o f 6G eo rge 's R ow ; h e r

1 888 ( 7 May ) : N amed a sf a the ra td augh te r 's m a r r iage ( A l ice

f a the r : J ame s H a l l , l e a the r -d re s se r . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

J a ck son ,a ged 2 1 ,s p in s te r ,o f3 3 Y o rk S t . )t oA lbe r tW i lcock , a ged 2 2 , b ache lo r , c oach p a in te r , o fs ame a dd re s s ; h i s f a the r :

1 851

J ohn W i lcock , d ecea sed . ( S t J /M GLRO ) .

M idd le sex ,A ldga te )w i th w if eE l izabe th ,a ged 3 1 ,b n . S u r rey ,

( 3 1

Ma r ) : A t 2 P ipema l ce r s A l ley , a ged 3 2 ( bn .

B e rmond sey ( s ee a bove ) s on Ma t thew , a ged 1 2 , s cho la r ( bn . 1 888 -93 : A t 1 9 D evon sh i re S t . ( POD ) .

S u r rey , N ew ing ton ) a nd R icha rd F r in ton , s t ep son , h awke r , a ged 1 7 ( bn . N ew ing ton ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 894 190 1 : A t 1 9 C ou r tenay S t . S .E . ( POD ) . 1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : A t 1 3 Y o rk S t . , P i t t S t . , a ged 4 1 , w i th w if e E l izabe th , a ged 4 1 . P rem ise s s ha red w i th ab ed s tead m ake r .

1 857 -99 : A t 2 0 N ew S t . L ambe th ( A&O ; POD ) .

( N /C ) S LSL . C ommen t s : T he a bove l o ng w o rk ing h i s to ry i su ndoub ted ly a ccoun ted f o r

1 87 1 ( 3A p r ) : A t 1 9B lackbu rn S t . , Manche s te r ,a ged 5 2 , PM ,

b y a tl e a s t t wo E dwa rd J ack son s w o rk ing i n t h e a r ea . T he

w i th w if e E l izabe th , 5 0 P F in i she r a nd R icha rd J a ck son

e a r l ie r l i s t ing s c ou ld b e a s c r ibed t o e i the r o f t h em b u t t h e

( n ephew ) ,

l a te ro ne s s how t h a t t wo w e r e w o rk ing c oncu r ren t ly , i nN ew

1 0 /4052 )C ; P /C PH .

S t . L ambe th a nd D evon sh i re S t .

a ged

1 ,

a t s choo l

( a l l

b n .

L ondon ) .

( RG

( ' fr iend ' o f R obe r t Sm i th , PM a nd f am i ly w i th w hom t h e J a ck son s w e re l o dg ing . Wo rk ing f o r J o seph a nd T homa s H o l land w ho se p ipe m anuf ac to ry w a s n ex t d oo r a t 1 7

EL IZABETH J ACKSON

1 851

B lackbur n S t . ) . ( P /C PH ) .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe T r imme r '

1 88 1 ( 4 A p r ) : A t s ame a dd re s s , a ged 6 3 T PM w i th w if e E l izabe th , 6 1 T PF , s on R icha rd , a ged 2 1 , T PM a nd d augh te r

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 2P ipemake r s A l ley , w if e o f

E l izabe th , a ged 1 7 , T PM ( a l l b n . L ondon ) . ( RG 1 /4004 ) C ;

R icha rd J ohn J ack son ( s ee b e low ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

P /C PH .

1 23

1 858?

R ICHARD J ACKSON

1 778 ( 15 S ep ) : L iv ing i nR oya l O ak Y a rd , K en t S t . I n su red w i th S un I n su rance C o . n o 4 02580 : H ou se , £ 70 ( b r ick a nd t imbe r ) ; ' u ten s i l s a nd l o ck ' ,£ 100 ; w ea r ing a ppa re l ,£ 30 . ( MS

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

1936 :268 ,69 ) GL . 1 858 ( 2 5 D e c ) : N amed a s f a the r a t s on 's m a r r iage ( s ee c .1 799 ( 2 5 Ma r ) -1 800 ( 1A p r ) : J .J ew s te ri si n c luded i na n

R icha rd Ma t thew J ack son b e low ) . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

' Accoun t o f money a nd n o te s r e ce ived b y Mr W i l l iam G reen land , R en te r Wa rden o f t h e T PMco o f t h e C i t ie s o f R ICHARD MATTHE W J ACKSON

c .1 858 -71

L ondon a nd We s tm in s te r ' . J ew s te r p a id t h e r e s idue o f A dm is s ion ( 26 s -2d ) a nd a l so p a id as t ewa rd sf i ne . ( MS 3 60 1 ) GL .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 858 ( 25 D ec ) : L iv ing i n Y o rk S t . , am ino r , b ache lo r ; h i s

1 800 ( 25 Ma r ) : P re sen t a t TPMco m ee t ing : ' J ohn J ew i s te r

f a the r R icha rd J ack son T PM ( s ee a bove ) , m a r r ied I s abe l la

( s ic ) o fK en t S t ' . ( i b id . )

P a r son s o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r , o f Y o rk S t . ; h e r f a the r : Amo s P a r son s , s we ep . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

1 800 ( May ) : A t T PMco m ee t ing . P a id £ 3 19 s ( f ee s? ) . ( i b id . )

1 871 ( 3A p r ) : A t 9B lackbu rn S t . , Manche s te r ,a g ed 3 2T PM ,

1 803 ( 3 May ) : A tT PMco m ee t ing . Swor na nA s s i s tan t .£ 3 -6 s

w i th w if e I s abe l la , a ged 3 3 , d augh te r E l izabe th , a ged 5 ( a l l

p a id . ( i b id . )

b n . S u r rey ) , s on s W i ll iam , a ged 3( bn . M i le E nd ) a nd Amo s , 1 803 ( 7J un ) : A s s is ted a tT PMco m ee t ing . ( i b id . )

a ged 1 0 mon th s ( bn . Manche s te r ) . ( RG 1 0 /4052 ) C ; P /C P H . C ommen t s :

1 803 ( 28 J un ) : A ss is ted a tT PMco m ee t ing . Q ua r te rage p a id ,

1 903 ( 5 A p r ) : AR icha rd J ack son PM , d ecea sed i sr e co rded

£ 3 .00 . ( i b id . )

a sf a the rt oR icha rd J ohn J ack son ,a ged 2 1 ,h amme rman o f1 3 B ag sho t S t . o n h i s m a r r iage t o A nn ie W i l lgo s s , a ged 1 9 ,

1 803 ( 1 5 J u l ) : L iv ing i n K en t S t . P a id 1 0 s -6d M i l i t ia R a te .

s p in s te r

( S tMS /R ) S LSL .

( s ame

a dd re s s ) ;

h e r f a the r :

W i l l iam

W i l lgo s s ,

l a bou re r . ( AS /M ) GLRO . I t i s n o t c l ea r w he the r t h i s R . 1 803 ( 4O c t ) : A ga in a tm ee t ing . ( MS 3 60 1) GL .

J ack son , PM , i s r e la ted t o o r t h e s ame a s o ne o f t h e R . J a ck son s a bove .

1 804 ( J an ) : A t m ee t ing ; n o ted a s ' C i t izen a nd T PM ' ; t o ok W i l l iam T homp son ( s ee b e low ) App . f o r s even y ea r s . ( i b id . ) SARAH J ACKSON

1 851 1 804 ( 25 Ma r ) : A s s i s ted a tm ee t ing ( i b id . ) .

R eco rded a sa n ' A s s i s tan t ' T obacco P ipe Make r . 1 804 ( 27 Ma r ) : A t me e t ing ; t o ok G eo rge D uggan , s on o f 1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 5P l ea san t R ow , d augh te ro fH en ry

C ha s . D uggan o f B ow S t . We s tm in s te r , C o . M idd le sex ,

J ack son ( s ee a bove ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

y eoman , A pp . f o r s even y ea r s . A t t h e s ame m e e t ing J ew s te r ' c omp la ined a ga in s t W i l l iam C ooke f o r n o t a tend ing o n a s ummon s t o . . ac omp la in t i n tended t o b e a. .l a id a ga in s t

WILL IA M J ACKSON

h im a tt h i s c ou r t w he reupon i tw a s o rde red t h a t . .W i l l iam

1 8511902?

C ooke b e f i ned l O s ' ( i b id .) . R eco rded a sa n ` A s s is tan tT obacco P ipe Make r ' a nd ' Tobacco P ip e Make r ' .

1 805 ( 1O c t ) : Wr i t ten o n MS ( TPMco ) : ' Re ce ived ( t h i s d ay ) o f Mr J ew s te r R en te r Wa rden t h e s um o f£ 110 s f o r t h e t wo

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 5P l ea san t R ow , s on o f H en ry

w a i te r s (? ) s a la ry a t M ichae lma s l a s t . H en . P h ipp s . C le rk '

J ack son ( s ee a bove ) ( N /C ) S LSL .

( i b id .) .

1 902 : A t 1 9 C ou r tenay S t . S E . T PM . ( POD ) GLRO .

1 805 ( 8 O c t ) : Wr i t ten o n ap ape r ( TPMco ) : ' M r P h ipp s i n d ep t . ( s ic ) t oJ ew s te r

C ommen t s :

1 2 s p a id D uggan . .6 s o ft h e money

f o r J ame s C a l l ing ton ' ; w r i t ten i n s ide o f MS : ' Re cd . t h i s d ay

A . O swa ld ( BAR 1 4 ) n o te s : W . J a ck son c . 1 870 ( ma rked

. . Mr J ew s te r o ne p ound f ou r s h i l l ing s f o r f e e s r e cd . b y m e i n t h e f i r s t i n s tance w hen h e k ind ly o ff ic ia t ed a t t h e c on sequence . .o f my n o t b e ing a b le t oa t tend . H en . P h ipp s .

JOHN J E WSTER ( 1 , 2& 3 ? )

C le rk ' ( i b id .)

1 778 - c .1 862

1 805 ( Nov ) ; 1 806 ( J an ) ;

R eco rded a s ` Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 24

1 806 ( 4F eb ) : Wr i t ten o n t h ree p ape r s ( TPMco ) : ' Re cd . ( t h is

b equea thed t o ' my s i s te r Ann D uggan w if e o f T homa s

d ay ) t h e s um o f £ 1-1s t owa rd s aq ua r te r w age s d ue a tn ex t

D uggan o fS had T hame si nt h ep a r ish o fS t .J ohn S ou thwa rk ' .

L ady D ay n ex t o f Mr J ew s te r . M r T ho s . C lue r . B ead le ' . T hen J ew s te rn o t if ie st h a th i st r u s tee s s hou ld p ay t h e ' r en t s . .

( i b id .)

a nd p rof i t s o fn o . 2 5 i n to t h e h and s . .o f Ma rga re t P oo l w if e 1 808 ( 2 May ) : Wr i t ten o n p ape r ( TPMco ) : ' M r J ew s te r t o

o f E van P oo l . .o u t o f a f fe c t ion f o r h e r l a te s i s te r m y l a te

T .H . B iddu lph . b ook t o o rde r . R ough C a l f L ea the r ( s ic )

d ea r w if e . .a nd u pon h e r d ecea se . .u n to E van P oo l . .a nd a f te r h i s d ecea se t o E l izabe th W i l l iam s d augh te r o f Mo r r is

1 3 s -6d r e ce ived f o rT .H . B iddu lph . L ew i s Mo r r is ' . ( i b id .)

W i l l iam s o f We s ton M i l l , p a r ish o f S t . Ma r t in s , C o . S a lop , 1 809 ( 14 F eb ) : J ohn J ew s te rp a id t h ef o l low ing b i l l ,e xpen se s

M i l le r ' . A l e gacy o f £ 350 i n t h e S ou thwa rk S av ing s B ank

i n cu r r ed w h i le c a r ry ing o u t a' s ea r ch ' i n We s tm in s te r : -

u nde r t h e n ame o f J ew s te r a nd h i s w if e w a s t o b e l e f t t o

S take s

6 -6

P ick le s

1 -0

B read & C hee se B ee r

J ew s te r 's mo the r , Ma ry o fS ta rA l ley , F enchu rch S t . , C i ty o f L ondon , w idow ' f o r h e r p e r sona l m a in tenance a nd s uppo r t d u r ing t h e t e rm o fh e r n a tu ra l l i f e ' . O n h e r d ea th , t h e l e gacy

1 2

w ou ld g o t o I s ama l i (? ) C a r r o f S t a r A l ley ; w i th h e r d ecea se

1 3

E l izabe th W i l l iam s w ou ld i n he r i t£ 50 ' i nc on s ide ra t ion o fh e r

T obacco 0 -9 B randy & Wa te r * Negu s

a f f ec t ion f o r h e r l a te a un t ' . T he r ema in ing money w ou ld b e

2 -0

d iv ided b e twe en t h ed augh te r so fT homa sW ind so ra nd t h o se

2 -9

c h i ld ren o f Mo r r is W i l l iam s n o t a l ready p rov ided f o r . £ 0 .15 -5

( P roved ,

2 -0

C an te rbu ry W i l l s . P rob . 1 1 654 ) P RO /P /C A . W i l l iam s .

e x t ra s

L ondon

2 Ma r

1 822 ,

P re roga t ive

C ou r t

o f

1 805 -62 : J .J ews te r i sl i s ted i nv a r iou s d i rec to r ie s : a lway s a t

1 7 -6

2 95 K en t S t . : 1 805 -7 ( Ho lden 's D . ) ; 1 836 , 1 84 1 , l i s ted w i th * por to rs he r ry w i th h o t w a te r , s wee tened

W & JW i l l iam s a t s ame a dd re s s ( Rob son 's D . ) ; f r om 1 848 -58 , t h e w o rd ' Expo r t ' i s a dded t o t h e e n t ry u nde r

a nd s p iced . ( i b id ) .

J ew s te r ( Ke l ly 's D . ) . T he e n t r ie s f o rJ ew s te r s t op a f te r 1 862 . 1 809 ( 4 A p r ) : J ew s te r p a id q ua r te rage a tT PMco m ee t ing . C ommen t s :

( i b id ) .

R eco rd s s how t h a t a tl e a s t t wo J ohn J ew s te r s w e re w o rk ing 1 8 11 ( 2 7 A ug ) : T ook J e sse S tubb s A pp . ( s ee b e low ) , a ged 1 2

i nt h ea r ea . Un fo r tuna te ly n one a r el i s ted i na ny o ft h ec en su s

' o rt h e reabou t s ' , p oo r c h i ld o fN ew ing ton P a r ish , f o r t wen ty

r e tur n s f o r N ew ing ton w h ich i ss u rp r is ing c on s ide r ing t h e l o ng e s tab l ishmen to ft h e f i rm i nK en t S t . O n ly d e ta i l s o ft h e

o ne y ea r s . J .J ew s te r s i gn s i nden tu re ( N /A I ) S LSL .

W i l l iam s ' f am i ly a r e g i ven ( a l so r e s id ing a t2 95 K en t S t . s e e 1 8 14 ( Ap r i l ) : L is ted i n C a s t le S t . ; p a id p oo r l aw r a te s o n

b e low ) . I ti sc e r ta in t h a t o ne J ohn J ew s te r m a r r ied a s i s te r

b eha l fo fh im se lf a nd 3t e nnan t s ( S tGS , P oo r R ) S LSL .

( Ma ry o r S a rah? ) o f W i l l iam W i l l iam 's mo the r ( P /C . AW ) .

1 822 ( 2 Ma r ) : A pp rox . o b . J .J ew s te r( 1o r2 ? ) . D a te o fW i l l ,

J ew s te r 's W i l l i n 1 822 , a l so l i ved i nK en t S t . AJ ohn J a r s te r

i nw h ich h eb equea th s t oW i l l iam a nd J ohn W i l l iam so fK en t

( J ew s te r? ) o f K en t S t . i sr e co rded b u r ied J an 1 5 1 837 , a ged

S t . ( s ee b e low ) a l l h i s

6 7 ( HT /B ) GLRO w h ich m ay r e f e r t oJ .J ew s te r ( 2 ) .

H e rb ro the r ,T homa sW ind so r , ac a rpen te ra nd a ne xecu to rt o

' l ea seho ld d we l l ing h ou se a nd

( p rem ise s? ) i n K en t S t . , h ou seho ld f u rn i tu re , p l a te , l i nen , w o rk ing t o o l s , h o r se a nd c a r t ' a nd o t he re f f e c t sr e la t ing t oh i s ALFRED JOHNSON

p i pemak ing b u s ine s sa tt h et ime o fh i sd ea th ; a nd ' a l l . .d eb t s

1 86 1

.d ue t om e e xcep t t h a t d ue f r om T homa s D uggan ' . T o h i s R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

E xe cu to r s a nd f r iend s , E dwa rd J one s o fK en t S t . O i lman a nd T homa s W ind so r o f Wh i te S t . S ou thwa rk , C a rpen te r , h e b equea th s £ 25 ' a s as ma l l r emune ra t ion f o r t h e t r oub le t h ey

1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 4 N e l son P lace , a ged 4 0 ( bn .

w i l l h ave i nt h e e xecu t ion o ft h is my W i l l ' . A l so t ot h em , o r

S heff ie ld ) w i th w if e S a rah , a ged 3 4 , n eed lewoman ( bn .

t h e i r s u rv ivo r s , h e l e ave s ( c on t ro l? ) o f a l l ' my l e a seho ld

R ead ing ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

( me s suage s? )o r( t enemen t s? )a nd p r em ise si nC a s t le S t . ,K en t S t . ,i nS t . Geo rge 's P a r ish , S ou thwa rk : N o s2 4 ,25 a nd 2 6t h en JOHN JONES

o ccup ied b y Mr s B a rf ie ld , Mr s B eavo r a nd Mr s O foy . T he

1 843

f i r s ty ea r 's r e n tf r om t h e se w ou ld b e p a id o nt r u s tt oW i l l iam R eco rded a s a" I? Mou ld Make r '

a nd J ohn W i l l iam s a nd Ma rga re t P oo l , w if e o fE van P oo l o f t h e ( s towage? ) S t . N icho la s , D ep t fo rd , K en t . A f te r t h a t y ea r , n o . 2 4 C a s t le S t . i sb equea thed t o T homa s W ind so r ' a s a

1 843 : L iv ing a t 1 9 1 K en t S t . , p e rhap s t h e f a the r o f R icha rd

t o ken o fr e spe c t f o r h i s l a te d ea r s i s te r my l a te w if e ' ; n o . 2 6

J ame s ( s e e b e low ) . ( POD )

1 25

R ICHARD JONES

ANDRE W KEEHN

1 844 -1865 ( Da l s ton c .1 865 -72 )

1 9 10

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Ma l ce r ' /TP Mou ld Make r ' 1 844 -1851 : L i s ted a s aT P Mou ld Make r u nde r t h e n ame :

1 9 10 ( 24 J u l ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's m a r r iage ( Edwa rd

' R icha rd J one s & S on ' a t 1 91 K en t S t . , f r om 1 845 . ( POD ) .

K eehn , a ged 2 4 , b ache lo r , c a rman , o f 5 3 R odney S t . ) t o C a ro l ine Ma r ia H un te r , a ged 2 5 , s p in s te r , i c e -d ippe r o f 2 3

1 848 ( 7 Ma r ) : P o s s ib ly t h eR icha rd J one s , w h i te sm i th ,n amed

R odney R d . ( h e r f a the r : T homa s H un te r , c a rman ) . ( SL I /M

a sf a the ro fT homa sJ one s ( s ee b e low ) w ho l i ved i nK en t S t .

GLRO ) .

( S tMS /M ) GLRO . ED WARD KE MP ( 1 )

1 852 -65 : L i s ted a t8 7 K en t S t . , a t as hop f o rme r ly o ccup ied

1 851

b y ab ru shma l ce r . T he ' & S on ' w a s d ropped f r om t h e l i s t ing R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

a f te r 1 852 . ( POD /A&O ) . c . 1 865 -72 : L iv ing a t 2C o t ton R ow , Ma r lbo rough R d . ,

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 1J ohn S t . , a ged 1 7 , w i th mo the r

D a l s ton ( N . L ondon ) , t r ad ing a s a n i r onmonge r , p ipe mou ld

S a rah K emp , w idow , a ged 4 7 , l a und re s s ( bn . Manche s te r ) ; s i s te r Ma ry , a ged 1 6 ( s ee b e low ) ; b ro the r P h i l ip , a ged 9 ' a t

m ake r . ( POD ) .

h ome ' . ( N /C ) S LSL . THO MAS JONES

1 848 -1852 ED WARD KE MP ( 2 )

1 861

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' 1 848 ( 7 Ma r ) : L iv ing i n K en t S t . , o f f u l l a ge , b ache lo r ; h i s f a the r : R icha rd J one s ,w h i te sm i th ;m a r r ied H a r r ie tH agge t t ,o f

1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : L iv ing i n P r ince s P la ce , a ged 3 5 w i th w if e

f u l l a ge , s p in s te r , o f B land S t ; h e r f a the r : W i l l iam H agge t t ,

Ma ry A nn K emp , a ged 3 2 ( bo th b n . L ondon , C i ty ) ; s on

d e cea sed . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

E dwa rd , a ged 9 ;d augh te r s . .a ged 6 ; Ma ry A nn ,a ged 4 ;s on s P h i l ip ( Hen ry? ) a ged 3 ;J ame s Wa l te r , a ged 1( a l lb n . S u r rey , N ew ing ton ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 852 ( 24 O c t ) : I n C a s t le S t . , w i th w if e H a r r ie t : , b ap t ised H a r r ie t Em i ly ( bn . O c t 1 1 850 ) a nd J ohn W i ll iam ( bn . S ep 2 2? ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

MARY KE MP

1 851

C ommen t s : O ccupa t ion r e co rded a s ' P ipe B u s ine s s '

J one s ' f a the r w a s p robab ly t h e R icha rd J one s d i scu s sed a bove .

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 1J ohn S t . ( s ee E . K emp a bove ) . ( N /C ) S LSL . J ANE JORDON

-? CHARLES WINSTANBY KENT

1 87 1

1 790 ( 1 3 A ug ) : I n te rv iewed b yt wo j u s t ice so ft h ep eace f r om R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

N ew ing ton w i th av i ew f o r as e t t lemen t t h e re . ` . . u pon h e r O a th , s he i st h e w if e o f Ma t thew J o rdon l a te as o ld ie r i nt h e Q ueen sR eg imen t .w ho w a s an a t ive o fG ue rn sey a nd t ot h e

1 871 ( 8 F eb ) : L iv ing a t 7O rb S t . , w i th w if e Ma ry Ann ;

b e s t o fh e r k now ledge n eve r g a ined as e t t lemen t i nE ng land

b ap t i sed : A rn ie E l izabe th . ( S t J /B ) GLRO .

-b u t t h a t s he s e rved h e r a pp ren t ice sh ip w i th H ow G reen a p i pe m ake r i nt h e p a r i sh o f S t . N icho la s i nR oche s te r , K en t

1 873 ( 3 Ma r ) : A t 7O rb S t . , w i th w if e Ma ry A nne ; b ap t ised :

a nd h a s n o t s i nce g a ined a s ub sequen t s e t t lemen t , s ay s s he

Em i ly J ane . ( i b id .) .

h a s t wo c h i ld ren b y h e r s a id h u sband , R icha rd , t e n y ea r s o ld a nd u pwa rd a nd Ma rga re t s i x y ea r s o ld a nd u pwa rd ' . ( N IE ) S LSL .

JOSEPH KENT

C ommen t s :

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

1 86 1-71

I t i s n o t k nown i f J ane J o rdon p rac t ised h e r t r ade o f p ip emak ing i n N ew ing ton . H e r Ma s te r w a s p robab ly H owe

1 86 1

G reen ( 2 ) 1 76 1-80 R oche s te r . P o l l s ( BAR 1 4 ) .

M idd le sex , S t . G eo rge ) w i th w if e S a rah K en t , a ged 4 8 ( bn .

1 26

( 8 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 5 B ed fo rd S t . , a ged 5 5 ( bn .

M idd le sex , C le rkenwe l l ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

SA MUEL LE W IS

1 871 ( 3 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1C ha tham S t . , a ged ' 6 3 ' ( bn .

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

1 86 1

M idd le sex , S t . G eo rge ) w i th w if e A l ice K en t , a ged 4 7 ( bn . S u r rey , B e rmond sey ) ; S av iou r )

s cho la r ;

s on B en jam in , a ged

d augh te r

E l izabe th ,

1 2 , ( bn .

a ged

1 0

S t .

1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1P ipe Make r s A l ley , a ged 3 9 ( bn .

( bn .

S u r rey , S t . J ohn ) w i th w if e Emma ( s ee a bove ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

N ew ing ton ) , s cho la r . ( N /C ) S LSL . C ommen t s : P rev iou s r e sea r ch ( s e e T a tman 1 985 , 2 4 ) h a s r e vea led t h a t a

C ommen t s : P e rhap s t h e J o seph K en t w o rk ing a t 1 9 B lue A ncho r A l ley ,

n umbe ro fL ew i s m ake r s , i n c lud ing a tl e a s to ne o t he rS amue l

B unh i l l R ow

L ew i s , l i ved i n S t . J ohn , H o r s leydown , S ou thwa rk a nd t h is

1 845 -50 a nd a t 1 0 B roadwa l l , B lack f r ia r s

1 850 -8 . I n 1 858 h e i sa l so l i s ted a t1 4F a rnham P lace ,G rave l

m ay p rove t ob e t h e b i r thp lace o ft h e a bove S .L ew is r a the r

L ane S .E . ( BAR 1 4 /A & 0 /POD ) . c f . a l so G eo rge K en t

t h an t h e P a r ish o f S t . J ohn i n N ew ing ton . T he o t he r k nown

w o rk ing a t 1 0 B roadwa l l , B lack f r ia r s 1 852 -3 ( BAR 1 4 /A &

L ew i s m ake r s w o rk ing i nt h e a r ea a r e n o ted b e low .

0 ) a nd C ha r le s K en t ( a bove ) . S amue l L ew i s T PM o f 1 4 N ew S t . , 1 799 (W r igh t 1 986 , 1 0 ) , s wo rn a n A s s is tan t o fT PMco S ep 1 800 ; t ook D an ie l C o l l in s JOSHUA K IPPS

s on o f J ohn C o l l in s l a te o f B ishop 's G a te S t . , L ondon ,

o b . b y 1 892

Weave r , A pp . i n 1 802 f o r 7y ea r s ( MS 3 60 1) GL a nd l i v ing R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

i nN ew S t . , 1 805 ( A&O ) .T h i sc ou ld b et h eS .L ew is r e co rded b u r ied a ged 6 4 , H o r s leydown i n 1 808 ( PR /SUH ) GLRO . P rev ious t ol i v ing i nL ondon S .L ew is r e s ided i nB r i s to l , t h e

1 892 ( 2 5 D ec ) : N amed a sf a the r , d e cea sed a ts on 's m a r r iage ( J o shua K ipp s , a ged 2 4 , b ache lo r , c ook o f 4R unham ( ? ) S t . )

h ome o fm any o t he rL ew is m ake r s ( s ee BAR 1 4a nd P r ice &

t oE l izabe th C hand le r , a ged 2 6 , s p in s te ro fs ame a dd re s s ( h e r

J a ck son 1 979 ) .

f a the r : S amue l C hand le r , d e cea sed , t r ave l le r . ( S tM W /M ) A S amue l T homa s L ew is w a s b ap t ised 1 8 16 2 J un ( bn . 2 1

GLRO .

F eb ) b y J ohn a nd Ma ry A nn L ew is T PM o f F re e schoo l S t . ( PR /S t JH ) ; b u t t h is d oe s n o t q u i te m a tch t h e a ge o f t h e ARTHUR KOLL INS

N ew ing ton S .L ew is .

1 883

O the rn i ne teen th c en tu ry L ew is T PMs w o rk ing i nS ou thwa rk

R eco rded a s a' P ip e Make r '

w e re J ame s L ew is o f N ew S t . , w ho b ap t ised Ma r tha 3 N ov 1 883 ( 26 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 1H i l le ry S t . , o ff u l l a ge , b ache lo r

1 8 13 ( bn . 1 8 10 ) ; J u l ia 2 5 Ma r 1 8 18 ( bn . 3 0 J an ) w i th w if e

( h is f a the r : J ame s K o l l in s , l e a the r d r e s se r ) m a r r ied F anny

A nn ( SOH ) ; c on t inu ing i nN ew S t . , 1 823 -32 ( A&O ) . A l so i n

V i r ian ( ? ) , a ged 1 9 , s p in s te r o f s ame a dd re s s ( h e r f a the r :

N ew S t . , l i ved aT homa s L ew is 1 823 -32 ( A&O ) a nd a f te r a t

W i l l iam V i r ian , d ecea sed ) . A r thu rK o l l in s s i gn s w i th ac r o s s .

H o r s leydown L ane , b ap t i s ing Ma ry A nn , 1J un 1 834 w i th

( S t J /M GLRO ) .

w if e E l izab e th ( SUF I ) GLRO . T he

CHARLES JOHN LANCASTER

s ame , o r a no the r T . L ew is

l i ved i n R u s se l l

S t . ,

B e rmond sey 1 850 -4 ( A&O ) .

1 883 1899

R eco rded a s a' P ip e Make r ' 1 883 ( 18 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t2 33 E a s t S t . , a ged 2 5 ( h is f a the r

WILL IA M LE W IS

1 88 1

C ha r le s L anca s te r , d ecea sed , c ab ine t m ake r ) m a r r ied Ma t i lda P u l ley , a ged 2 0 , s p in s te r , o fs ame a dd r e s s ( h e r f a the r : H en ry

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

B a r t le t t P u l ley , c a rpen t e r ) . ( AS /M ) GLRO . 1 88 1

( 8 Ma r ) : N amed a s f a the r a t d augh te r 's m a r r iage

( E l izabe th P eace L ew i s , o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r , o f R ock inham

1 898 -9 : A t L aw S t . , T aba rd S t . ( A&O )

S t . ( s ic ) ) t oJ ohn H en ry R edf e rn o ff u l l a ge ,b ache lo ro fs ame a dd re s s( h is f a the r : C ha r le sR edf er n ,b u i lde r ) . ( HT /M ) GLRO . EM MA LE WIS

1 86 1 C ommen t s : W i l l iam L ew is s i gn sr e g is te ra s aw i tne s s . AW i l l iam I .L ew is

R eco rded a s a' P ipe T r imme r '

T PM i s a l so r e co rded l i v ing i n S ou thamp ton B u i ld ing s , E u s ton S q . 1 88 1-94 ( A&O ) .

1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1P ipe Make r s A l ley , a ged 3 8 ( bn . Ma ry lebone ) w if eo fS amue lL ew is ( s ee b e low ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 27

JOHN L ITTEN

1 86 1

1 853 ( 29 May ) : I n Weymou th S t . w i th w if e L au ra ; b ap t i sed L au ra L ew isa ( bn . A p r 2 9 1 853 ) . ( i b id . )

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Manuf ac tu re r ' C ommen t s : 1 86 1 ( 8A p r ) : L iv ing a t1 7 Wood 's B u i ld ing s ( Co t tage ) , a ged

c f N a than ia l Mackenz ie PM , b ap t i sed Ma ry A nn 1 828 ( bn .

3 0 ( bn . T owe r H am le t s ) w i th w if e C ha r lo t te , a ged 3 2 ( bn .

2 5 Ma r ) w i th w if e Ma ry , F a i rS t . H o r s ley D own , S ou thwa rk .

We s tm in s te r ) d augh te r C ha r lo t te , a ged

( S t JH ) GLRO .

1 0 , s cho la r ( bn .

Ma ry lebone ) ; s on J ame s , a ged 6 ( bn . B e rmond sey , S u r rey ) ; d augh te r s R o s ina , a ged 5 a nd E l izabe th , a ged 3 ; s on J ohn ,

I n 1 856 Mackenz ie 's w if e L au ra , t h en d e sc r ibed a s aw idow

a ged 1( a l l b n . N ew ing ton , S u r rey ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

o f 5Weymou th S t . ma r r ied t h e p ipemake rW i l l iam H a l l ( s ee a bove ) .

1 825 -o b . 1 84 1?

JOHN LOCKE

WILL IA M

R . MARK WELL

( R ICHARD WILL IA M

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

MARK WELL )

1 822 ( 27 O c t ) : L iv ing i nN e l son sP lace , L ock sf ie ld w i th w if e

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

1 839 -51

Ma ry ;b ap t ised C ha r lo t te ( bn . S ep 2 8 1 822 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO . 1 839 ( 16 A p r ) : T ook Wa l te r D avey A pp . ( s ee a bove ) . 1 831 ( 20 May ) : L iv ing i n T ra f a lga r S t . , ' To ta l n umbe r o f f am i l ie s( i nL ocke 's h ou seho ld ) 1 ; 1m a le ; 5f ema le s ; 1T PM ;

1 84 1 ( 7J un ) : L iv ing i nS udb rook P la ce , a ged 4 6 ; n o t b o rn i n

1m a le o ve r 2 0 y ea r s ' . ( N /C ) S LSL .

c oun ty . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 84 1 ( 24 O c t ) : AJ ohn L ock o f Wa lwo r th V i l la , a ged 4 8 w a s

1 843 ( 14 May ) : I n J ohn S t . , Wa lwo r th w i th w if e Ma r tha ;

b u r ied . L ike ly t h e s ame . ( S tP /BS ) GLRO .

b ap t ised C ha r lo t te ( bn . Ma r 2 8 , 1 843 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

1 847 ( 20 Ma r ) : N amed a s f a the r ( d ecea sed ) a t d augh te r 's

1 843 ( 3O c t ) : T ook W i l l iam H en ry H a l l A pp . ( s ee a bove ) .

ma r r iage ( Ma ry A nn L o cke , o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r o f 4 1 850 ( 7 May ) : T ook C ha r le s D rew App . ( s e e a bove ) .

Wa lwo r th V i l la ) t o J ame s S aunde r s , o f f u l l a ge , b ache lo r , b oo tmake r o f s ame a dd re s s

( h i s

f a the r J ohn

S aunde r s

( d ecea sed ) s hephe rd . ( S tP /M ) GLRO . 1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : A t 6J ohn S t . , a ged 5 6 ( b n . S uf fo lk S . . Ma rke t ) a nd w if e Ma r tha , a ged 4 6 ( bn . Y o rk , W i tby ) ; WILL IA M LOCKERSON

1 663

d augh te r s Ma ry , a ged 1 4 ;C ha r lo t te , a ged 8 ;E l iza ,a ged 1( a l l b n . S ur r ey , N ew ing ton ) ; w i th t wo a pp ren t ice s : C ha r le s D rew

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipemake r '

( s ee a bove ) a nd J o seph W i l l iam s ( s e e b e low ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 663 ( 8 J u l ) : O f S t . Ma ry N ew ing ton . S tood ' S u re ty f o r F rance s , w if e o fT homa s G rove , L e C lynk L ibe r ty , y eoman ,

JOHN MASTER

t o k eep t h e p eace . . t owa rd s J o seph B oyce o f t h e s ame , s i lkweave r ( f rom G u i ldfo rd S e s s ion s , R o l l X ) . ( SYQS ,SRS )

R eco rded a s a` . Tobacco P ipe Make r '

P RO .

1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1 Wood 's B u i ld ing s , a ged 2 9 w i th

C ommen t s :

w if e Emma , a ged 2 7 ; d augh te r s Emma , a ged 6 ? a nd S a rah ,

( c f R . F owg la s s , a bove )

JOHN MACKENZIE

a ged 3( a l l b n . N ew ing ton , S u r rey ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 851 -o b . b y 1 856

. . MILLER

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 851

( 3 1

1 86 1

Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 3 C ha r le s S t . a ged 2 1

1 831

R eco rded a s a` P ipemake r ' ( bn .

1 831 ( 30 May ) : L iv ing i n G eo rge R ow . ' To ta l n umbe r o f

B e rmond sey ) w i th w if e L au ra , a ged 1 9 ( bn . L ambe th ) . ( N /C )

f am i l ie s : 1 ; 1m a le ; 1f ema le ; 1m a le o ve r 2 0 y ea r s ; 1

S LSL .

p ipemake r ' . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 851 ( 6J u l ) : I nC ha r le s S t . w i th w if e L au ra L ou isa ; b ap t ised

C ommen t s :

J ohn N a than ie l ( bn . J un 1 1 851) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

c f W i l l iam M i l le ro fS ewa rd S t . , G o swe l l S t . 1 848 -9 ( A&O )

1 28

a nd W i l l iam M i l le r o f f u l l a ge , w idowe r T PM o f 4E dwa rd

1 839 ( 9O c t ) : I n N o r th S t . o ff u l l a ge w idowe r ( f a the r : J ohn

S t . ( f a the r J ohn R obe r t M i l le r , T a i lo r ) m a r r ied Ma ry A nn

Mo r ton ,d ecea sed ) ; m a r r ied H a r r ie tB ake r ,o ff u l la ge , w idow

H ughe s o f f u l l a ge , w idow o f s ame a dd r e s s ( f a the r T homa s

o f2 0N e l son P lace ( h e rf a the rW i l l iam H umph rey ,d ecea sed ) .

Ma r s ton ,

( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

f u dge

make r

( ? )

S ep .

1 840 ) .

( S t .

D un s tan ,

S t epney /M ) P /C PH . 1 840 : A t 1 6 N o r th S t . , L ock sf ie ld s . ( P igo t 's D ) GLRO . 1 831

MILLETT

1 84 1 ( 7J un ) : I nN o r th S t . a ged 5 0( wa sb n .i nC oun ty ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' 1 84 1 ( 5 S ep ) : I n N o r th S t . , E a s t S t . w i th w if e H a r r ie t ; 1 831 ( 30 May ) : L iv ing i nR oche s te r P l ace . ' To ta l n umbe ro f

b ap t ised H a r r ie t ( bn . A ug 1 5 ) . ( S tP /B ) GLRO .

f am i l ie s : 1 ; 1m a le ; 1f ema le ; 1 ma le o ve r 2 0 y ea r s o l d ; 1 p ipemake r ' . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 843 : A t 1 6 N o r th S t . Wa lwo r th . ( Rob son 's D ) GLRO . 1 844 -65 : A t 1 6 N o r th S t . Wa lwo r th . ( Ke l ly 's D ) GLRO .

CHARLES MOORE

1 884 1892 1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : A t 1 6 N o r th S t . a ged 6 0 ( bn . S t . Ma ry

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

N ew ing ton ) w i th w if e H a r r ie t , a ged 4 5 ( bn . K en t , C ape l ) ; d augh te r H a r r ie t , a ged 1 0 , s cho la r ; G eo rge H a rmen ( s ee

1 884 ( 10 A ug ) : O f f u l l a ge b ache lo r , l i v ing a t2 1 Ma son S t .

a bove ) s on in law , a ged 1 9 , A pp . T PM ( bo th b n . S t . Ma ry ,

( f a the r C ha r le s F rede r ick Moo re , d ecea sed ) , m a r r ied Amy

N ew ing ton ) ; W i l l iam H a rmen , s on in law , a ged 1 7 , A pp .

N ob le ,a ged 1 9 , s p in s te ro f2 2 Ma son S t . ( h e rf a the r : E dwa rd

C oope r ( bn . K en t , B ex ley ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

N ob le , d e cea sed ) . ( S t J /M GLRO ) . C ommen t s : 1 886 ( 1 0O c t ) : L iv ing a t2 2L an sdowne P l ace w i th w if e Amy ;

W i l l iam R eyno ld s , Mo r ton 's Ma s te rc ou ld b et h es ame a st h a t

b ap t ised S a rah . ( S t J /B ) GLRO .

r e co rded i nH o r s ley D own , S ou thwa rk ( 18 10 , 1 5 Ma r ) w ho b ap t ised E l izabe th S a rah w i th w if e A nn . ( S t JH /B ) GLRO .

1 892 ( 5 J un ) : A t 3 2 L an sdowne P l ace w i th w if e Amy ; b ap t i sed R ober t . ( i b id .) . HARRY HENRY NASH

1 897?

1 892 ( 2 3 O c t ) : A t 3 4 L an sdowne P l ace w i th w if e Amy ; b ap t i sed C ha r le s F rede r ick . ( i b id . ) .

R eco rded a s a` P ipemake r ' 1 897 ( 18 J u l ) : N amed a s f a the r a t d augh te r 's m a r r iage

GEORGE M ORR IS

1 799 1800

( Rebecca N a sh , a ged 2 2 , s p in s te r o f 4B rock ley T e r race ) t o B en jam in T im son , a ged 2 0 , b ache lo r , l a bou re r o f s ame

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

a dd re s s ( h i s f a the r B en jam in T im son , l i gh te rman ) . ( AS /M ) GLRO .

1 799 1800 : A t2 95 K en tS t . B o rough . ( BAR 1 4 ; Wr igh t 1 986 , 1 0 ) . WILL IA M HENRY NORR IS DAV ID M ORTON

1 800 ( App . ) -1 865

1 874?

R eco rded a s a' P ip e Manuf a c tu re r '

R eco rded a s ' Toba cco P ipe Make r '

1 874 ( 2 5 A ug ) : N amed a s f a the r a t d augh te r 's m a r r iage ( Ame l ia N o r r i s , o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r o f 3 2 Mano r R oad ) t o

1 800 ( Dec ) : D a te o fA pp . ' Dav id Mor ton ,s on o fJ ohn Mo r ton

E dwa rd

o f S t ee l Y a rd i n t h e P a r ish o f S t . T homa s , S u r rey , A pp . t o

K enn ing ton R oad ; h i s f a the r : J ohn H oa re , b u i lde r . ( S tMS /M )

H oa re ,

o f f u l l

a ge ,

b ache lo r ,

b u i lde r

o f

1 59

Wm . R eyno ld s o ft h e Maze , a ged 7y ea r s ' . ( £ 5 p a id b yT ho s . Mo r ton , b ro the r o fD .M ) . ( MS 3 60 1) GL .

C ommen t s : N o o t he r N o r r i s T PMs a r e k nown i n L ondon a l though J .

1 823 -4 : I n 2 37 K en t S t . , B o rough ( P igo t 's D ) .

N o r r is , 1 828 -48 a nd W . N o r r is , 1 854 -64 b o th w o rked i n R ead ing ; aJ ohn N o r r i s i s r e co rded w o rk ing a t G a te shead

1 831 ( 30 May ) : I nN o r th S t . , ' t o ta l n umbe r o ff am i l ie s : 1 ;1

1 804 -4 1 . ( BAR 1 4 ) . I t i s p o s s ib le t h a t W .H . N o r r is w a s

t r ade ; 1 ma le ; 1f ema le ; 1m a le a ged 2 0 y ea r s , o r o ve r ; 1

r e la ted t o S .E . N o r r is a l e a the r P ipe Make r w o rk ing c .

p i p emake r ' . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 862 -7 1 i nS hadwe l l ( POD ) .

1 29

1 867?

JOHN OGDEN

THO MAS PAINE ( 2 )

1 839

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 867 ( 10 J un ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's ma r r iage . (W i l l iam

1 839 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 1P i t t s C r t . ( ? ) o ff u l l a ge ,b ache lo r

O gden , s e e b e low ) . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

( h i s f a the r : T homa s P a ine - s ee a bove ) ; m a r r ied E l izabe th May ton Mo r t ley , o ff u l l a ge , s p in s te r , o f 1Ma son s B u i ld ing s ( he r f a the r : J ohn Mo r t ley , b r ick laye r ) . ( H 'T /M ) GLRO .

C ommen t s : c f J ohn O gden 1 837 -53 a nd Ma ry O gden 1 842 ,L eed s . ( BAR

C ommen t s :

1 4 ) .

Among s t t h er e co rd s o ft h e TPMco ( GL ) i s ap ape rd a ted 1 8 N ov 1 828 , l i s t ing t h ef o l low ing ` Thoma sP ayne t h eE lde rE x ' WILL IA M OGDEN

a nd ' Thoma s P ayne t h e Y ounge r E x ' . T he s i gn if icance o f

1 867

' Ex ' i sn o tk nown . T he o t he rp ipemake r so nt h e l i s ta r e : J ohn R o t tenbough , ' Ex ' , T homa s T odd , W i l l iam Monk s , ' Ex ' ,

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

W i l l iam B u r ch a nd J o seph G ooda l l . N o o t he r i n fo rma t ion i s a ppa ren t w i th t h e l i s t .

1 867 ( 10 J un ) : Aw idowe r , a ge -f u l l , o f Weymou th S t . ; h i s f a the r : J ohn O gden ( s ee a bove ) ; ma r r ied Ma ry A nn K ingwe l l o ff u l la ge ,w idow o f Weymou th S t . ,h e rf a the r : J ohn Ma rney , l a bou re r . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

THO MAS GEORGE PAINE R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

1 876 -82

JOSEPH ORE

1 862

1 862 ( 3N ov ) : D a te o fm a r r iage ( s ee T homa s W i l l iam P a ine

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

b e low ) . ( S tP /M ) GLRO . 1 876 -78 : A t 7 4 K en t S t . , B o ro ' S .E . ( POD ) GLRO . 1 879 -1882 : L iv ing a t 1 4 1 T aba rd S t . , B o rough . ( BAR 1 4 ; POD ) .

THO MAS WILL IA M PA IN

C ommen t s :

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

1 845 1862

P robab ly r e la ted t o J ohn O re o f 2 6 Ewe r S t . , U n ion S t . , S t .

1 845 ( 28 May ) : L iv ing i nT ra f a lga r S t . w i th w if e A nn E l iza ;

B lack f r ia r s R oad . 1 877 1902 ( POD ) . c f a l so Mr s D iana O re

b ap t ised T homa sG eo rge ( bn . N ov 6 ,1 843 ) .( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

B o rough

1 847 1875

( POD )

a nd

a t 1 2 ,

B run sw ick

o f2 6 Ewe r S t . , 1 872 -5 ( POD ) GLRO . 1 845 ( 10 S ep ) : I nT raf a lga rS t . w i th w if e Ann E l iza ; b ap t ised A nn Ma ry ( bn . 1 8 A ug ) . ( S tP /B ) GLRO . JOSEPH OUTRA M

1 859 1 862 ( 3 N ov ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's m a r r iage ( Thoma s G eo rge P a ine , a ged 2 1 , b ache lo ro f2 3 E l izabe th S t ) t oS a rah

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

Sm i th , a ged 2 1 , s p in s te r o f 1 4 A nn s T e r race , E l izabe th S t . ( h e r f a the r : W i l l iam H en ry Sm i th , t a i lo r ) . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

1 859 ( 16 J an ) : A b ache lo r , a ged 2 5 , o f 6S ha f te sbu ry S t . ( f a the r J ohn O u t ram , c a rpen te r ) ; m a r r ied Ma ry A nn C a r te r ,

C ommen t s :

a ged 2 0 , s p in s te r o f s ame a dd re s s ( he r f a the r : I s aac C a r te r , d e cea sed , f a rme r ) J . O u t ram s i gned t h e r e g is te r . ( S tP /M )

P o s s ib ly t h e s ame o r r e la ted t o aT homa s P ayne p r e sen t a t

GLRO .

T PMco m ee t ing N ov 1 800 ( TPMco /GL ) ; l i v ing i n H o r s ley D own , S ou thwa rk ( w i th w if e A nn ) b ap t ised s on s , J ohn , J u l 1 809 a nd W i l l iam J ame s 1 0 May 1 811 ; i n S had T hame s ,

THO MAS PAINE ( 1 )

1 839

b ap t ised E dwa rd 1 2 S ep 1 813 ( S t JH /B ) GLRO . I ts e em s t h a t f r om c . 1800 -c . 1862 a t l e a s t f o u r , v a r iou s ly

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

n amed T homa s P a in s w e re w o rk ing i nt h e S ou thwa rk a r ea . 1 839 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's m a r r iage ( Thoma s P a ine ( 2 ) -s e e b e low ) . ( HT /M ) GLRO .

1 30

GEORGE PAYNE

1 899?

THO MAS PH IL IPS

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

1 865 -7

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

1 899 ( 24 D ec ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's m a r r iage ( Geo rge

1 865 ( 24 S ep ) : L iv ing i nK en t S t . w i th w if e Ma r ia , b ap t i sed

P ayne , a ged 2 6 , b ache lo r , l a bou re r o f 6B o r re t t R oad ) t o

A nn Ma r ia ( bn . A ug 3 1 1 865 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

F rance s S u san Ma ry A sh , a ged 1 9 , s p in s te r o fs ame a dd re s s ( h e r f a the r : J ohn A sh , l i cen sed v i c tua l le r ) . ( S tPL /M ) GLRO .

1 867 ( 17 F eb ) : L iv ing a t 2 07 K en t S t . w i th w if e Ma r ia , b ap t ised s on T homa s J ame s . ( HT /B ) GLRO .

C ommen t s : P o ss ib ly t h e s ame o r r e la ted t oG eo rge P ayne o fC a s t le S t . , S a f f ron H i l l , 1 852 -87 ( A&O ) . A no the rG eo rge P ayne i sl i s ted a t 4O ld R oche s te r R ow S .W . 1 874 -87 ( POD ) .

ANTHONY P IDGEON

1 662

R eco rded a s a` P ipemake r ' R ICHARD PAYNE

o b . p re -1893

1 662 : O f N ew ing ton ( PM ) . A ppea red ` t o a n swe r t o uch ing c e r ta in t r e spa s se s , c on temp t s a nd m isdemeanou r s ' ( C roydon ,

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

S e s s . ) s im i la rw r i t ss e rved a tR e iga te ,G u i ld fo rd a nd K ing s ton S e s s ion s , 1 662 . ( SYQS , S RS ) P RO .

1 893 ( 2 5 D ec ) : N amed a sf a the r , d ecea sed , a ts on 's m a r r iage ( Hen ry P ayne , a ged 2 5 , b a che lo r , l a bou re r o f 1 6 B o r re t t

C ommen t s :

R oad ) t oA da B rown , a ged 1 9 , s p in s te ro fs ame a dd re s s ( he r

P o s s ib ly t h e s ame a s A n thony P idgeon , " Pynmake r " w ho

f a the r : J ame s B rown , d ecea sed , g a rdene r ) . ( S tPL /M ) GLRO .

m ade a s sau l t a nd a f f ray o n J ohn S a lve t t i E sq . Two o t he r p inmake r s g ave s u re t ie s o f £ 10 e ach ( SQS 1 66 1) . S a lve t t i a ppea r s t o h ave b een " Re s iden t o f t h e G rea te D uke o f T uskeney " . A n tony P ig ion ( s ic ) p i nmake r o f S t . G eo rge i s

WILL IA M PAYNE

p r e 1842

a l so m en t ioned i nt h e S e s s ion s o ft h e P eace 1 669 . ( SQS 2 23 F1 . 2 CLRO ) .

R eco rded a s a` P ipemake r ' Ar e f e rence t oa n ' And rew ' P idgeon i n BAR 1 4 m is taken ly 1 842 ( 27 A ug ) : N amed a s f a the r , d ecea sed , a t d augh te r 's

g i ve s t h e p l ace o f a bode a s S toke N ew ing ton i n N o r th

m a r r iage ( Sa rah P ayne , o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r o f C ha tham

L ondon .

P la ce ) t o F ranc is Moodey , o f f u l l a ge , b ache lo r , g ene ra l d ea le r o f E a s t S t . ( h is f a the r : J ame s Moodey , c a rman ,

T he o n ly o t he r k nown r e f e rence t o ap i pemake r i n L ondon

d ecea sed ) . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

w i th t h is s u rname i s aT homa s P idgeon w ho p a id p a r t o fh i s q ua r te rage f e e o wed t o t h e T PMco o n 6 Ma r , 1 804 . ( MS

C ommen t s :

3 60 1) GL .

AW i l l iam P ayne ( t he s ame? ) o f B r idge C o t t . , C a r te r S t . i s r e co rded b u r ied Ma r 6 1 842 , a ged 4 1 y ea r s ( r ef : i b id . ) . A no the r W i l l iam P ayne i sr e co rded w o rk ing 1 869 -8 1 i n 3 1 J ohn S t . , R egen t S t . , L ambe th . ( A&O /POD ) .

CHARLES P IKE

o b . b y 1 88 1

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' THO MAS PETERS

1 831-186 1

1 851

( 3 1

Ma r ) :

A t

7 P r ince s

C r t .

( bn .

C le rknewe l l ,

M idd le sex ) a ged 2 5 , w i th w if e E l iza , a ged 2 4 ( b n . S u r rey , R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipemake r '

S ou thwa rk )s e eb e low ; s on sC ha r le s ,a ged 2( bn . C ambe rwe l l ,

1 831 ( 30 May ) : L iv ing i nN o r th S t . , ' t o ta l n umbe ro ff am i l ie s

e r rand b oy . ( N /C ) GLRO .

S u r rey ) a nd A lbe r t B ake r , a ged 1 4 ( bn . Wa lwo r th , S u r rey ) 4 ; 3t r ade s ; 5m a le s , 8f ema le s ; 3m a le s o f2 0 y ea r s o ro ve r ; 1s hoemake r ; 1b ox m ake r , 1p i pema l ce r ' . ( S tMS /C ) S LSL .

1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : A t 3a nd 4 P r ince s P lace , ' a ge 3 4 ' ( bn . M idd le sex ) w i th w if e E l iza , a ged ' 3 2 ' ( bn . S t . G eo rge 's ,

1 86 1 ( 8 Ap r ) : A t 1 9 N o r th S t . , a ged 5 2 ( bn . S t . G eo rge s ,

S u r r ey ) ; s on s W i l l iam , a ged 9 ;R icha rd , a ged 7 ;A lf red , a ged

S u r rey ) w i th w if e S a rah , a ged 5 0 ( bn . N ew ing ton ) . ( N /C )

4a nd d augh te r E l iza , a ged 2 ( a l l b n . N ew ing ton ) . ( N /C )

S LSL .

S LSL .

1 31

1 873 ( 1 J un ) : N amed a s f a the r a t s on 's ma r r iage (W i l l iam

o fs ame a dd re s s ( h is f a the r : W i l l iam F idde rman ) . ( S tMK /M )

P ike s e e b e low ) . ( HT /M ) GLRO .

GLRO .

1 881 ( 17 A p r ) : N amed a sf a the r , d ecea sed , a ts on 's ma r r iage

C ommen t s :

( A lf red P ike , a ged 2 4 ,b ache lo r , l a bou re r , o f 1 7 B e ckway S t . )

P o s s ib ly t h e s ame o r r e la ted t oJ ohn P o t te r ( a nd s on s ) l i s ted

t o K a te K a ley , a ged 2 0 , s p in s te r , o f 2 0 B eckway S t . ( he r

a sh av ing aw a rehou se ( l a te p ipe k i ln s )i nS had T hame s 1 82 1 , 2 8J un a nd 1 822 ,2 1 N ov . ( S t JH /Poo rR ) GLRO . I n te re s t ing ly

f a the r : W i ll iam K a ley , g a rdene r ) . ( AS /M ) GLRO .

t h i s i sn ex t d oo r t oT homa s D uggan 's p r em ise s ( ' hou se , l a te 1 884 ( 28 S ep ) : N amed a s f a the r , d ecea sed , a t d augh te r 's

R eadon ' ) w ho w a s l i ke ly t h e p ipe c l ay

ma r r iage ( Emma P ike ,a ged 2 0 , s p in s te r ,o f1 5L oveg rove S t . ,

b ro the r in law t oJ ohn J ew s te r ( s ee a bove ) .

m e r chan t a nd

O ld K en tR oad )t oH ebe r Me r r i t t ,a ged 2 3 ,b ache lo r ,l a bou re r , o f4 4 H a s l ing S t . ( o r H a r l ing S t ? ) ; h i s f a the r : J ame s Me r r i t t , MARY PO WELL

w h i t ing m ake r . ( i b id . ) .

1 851

R eco rded a s a' P ip e Make r ' EL IZABETH P IKE (MRS )

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 5Weymou th S t . , a ged 4 3 PM ( bn .

1 880 -98

S u r rey , L ambe th ) w i th h u sband W i l l iam ( s ee b e low ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 880 -9 8 : L ike ly t h e w idow o fC ha r le s P ike ( s ee a bove ) a nd

C ommen t s :

c on t inu ing t h ef am i ly b u s ine s sl i v ing a t1 5L oveg rove S t . ,O ld

Ma ry P owe l l w a s ad augh te r o fJ ame s S w inya rd ( 1 ) a nd h i s

K en t R oad . ( A&O /POD -1 882 ) .

f i r s t w if e H a r r ie t ( s ee b e low ) . S he w a s b n . 1 5 May 1 808 . ( P /C S J ) .

JOHN P IKE

o b . b y 1 879 WILL IA M PO WELL

1 834 -52

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' 1 879 ( 2 5 D ec ) : N amed a s f a the r , d ecea sed , a t h i s s on 's m a r r iage ( J ohn P ike , a ged 2 1 , b ache lo r , w h i t ing m ake r , o f 1 7

1 834 ( 27 O c t ) : Ma r r ied Ma ry S w inya rd , S t . G eo . H anove r

B eckway S t . ) t o A l ice Maud R o se , a ged 1 9 , s p in s te r o f 1 5

S qua re , We s tm in s te r . ( P /C S J ) .

B eckway S t . ( h e r f a the r : S amue l R o se , b l ack sm i th ) . ( AS /M ) 1 840 : B ap t ised d augh te r , Ma ry ( i b id .) .

GLRO .

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 5 Weymou th S t . a ged 4 1 ( bn . M idd le sex ) w i th w if e Ma ry ( s ee a bove ) a nd d augh te r Ma ry , WILL IA M P IKE

1 873

a ged 1 , s cho la r ( bn . S u r rey , L ambe th ) . ( N /C ) S LSL . 1 852 ( 28 J an ) : P re sen t a tJ . Sw inya rd T PM 's d ea th b ed ( s ee

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

J .S w inya rd ( 1 ) b e low ) . 1 873 ( 1J un ) : O ff u l l a ge , b ache lo r , l i v ing i nN ew K en t R d . ( h is f a the r : C ha r le s P ike , s e e a bove ) ; ma r r ied H a r r ie t S oph ia

C ommen t s :

L ew i s , o f f u l l a ge , s p in s t e r , o f s ame a dd re s s ( h e r f a the r :

S ha red p r em ise s w i th J ame s S w inya rd a nd f am i ly . Ano the r

S amue l L ew i s , l a bou re r ) . W i l l iam P ike , s i gned w i th ac ro s s .

P owe l l ,

( HT /M ) GLRO .

We s tm in s te r 1 820 -8 ( A&O ) a nd c ou ld b e r e la ted .

H en ry ,

i s r e co rded

w o rk ing

J A MES PRICE JOHN POTTER

i n G t .

P e te r

S t . ,

1 844

o b . p r e 1 880 R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' 1 844 ( 2 5 D ec ) : L iv ing i n H o l land S t . , o f f u l l a ge , b ache lo r 1 880 ( 20 S ep ) : N amed a s f a the r , d ecea sed , a t d augh te r 's

( h is f a the r : J ame s P r ice , d ecea sed ) ; m a r r ied Ma r tha L aw son ,

ma r r iage ( Em i ly F lo rence P o t te r , a ged 2 3 , s p in s t e r o f 1 26

o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r o f H o l land S t . ( he r f a the r : W i l l iam

S ou th S t . ) t oR obe r t F idde r rnan , a ged 2 9 , b ache lo r , l a bou re r

L awson , f u r r ie r ) . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

1 32

ROBERT RABY

C ommen t s :

1 881 -8 3

P e rhap s ar e la t ive o f ' W il iam P r ice s on o fJ o seph P r ice l a te R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

i nt h e Me r chan t S er v ice i nt h e A f r ican T rade d ecea sed ' w ho w a s b ound a pp ren t ice i n 1 804 t oT homa s R u scoe T PM f o r7

1 881 ( 4A p r ) : A t4 8 C amden S t . , ab oa rde r , u nma r r ied , a ged

y ea r s , f e e £ . 5 . ( TPMco /GL ) .

2 1 ( bn . S t epney ) w i th W i l l iam R aby ,b oa rde r , a ged 1 ; B e t sy R aby , a ged 1 3 ( bo th b n . S t epney ) a nd Ma ry A nn R aby , GEORGE RABY

m a r r ied a ged 4 4 ( bn . B o rough , L ondon ) . T hey w e re s ha r ing

1 89 1

t h e se p r em i se s w i th a h a i rd re s se r ( h ead o f h ou se ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

R eco rded a s a` P ipemake r ' 1 891 ( 1 7 May ) : L iv ing a t5 9? E l tham S t . , a ged 3 , aw idowe r

1 883 ( 1 5 J an ) : D a te o f m a r r iage . R eco rded l i v ing a t 4 8

( h i s f a the r : J ohn R aby , d e cea sed ) m a r r ied E l len E l izabe th

C amden S t . o ff u l l a ge , b ache lo r , h i s f a the r : J ohn R aby ( s ee

K nox , a ged 4 0 , w idow o f 3( ? ) C amden S t . ( h e r f a the r :

J ohn R aby ( 2 ) a bove ) . ( S t J /M GLRO ) .

W i l l iam E dwa rd W i l l iam s , d e cea sed ) . ( S t J /M GLRO ) . C ommen t s : WILL IA M RABY

P e rhap s t h e s on o fJ ohn R aby a bove .

o b . b y 1 893

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' JOHN RABY ( 1 )

1 893 ( 14 May ) : N amed a sf a the r ,d ecea sed , a ts on 's m a r r iage

c .1 879 - c .1 885

( W i l l iam R aby , a ged 2 1 , b ache lo r , h awke r o f2 8 H i l l S t . ) t o F ranc is A tk in s , a ged 2 1 , s p in s te r o f 9H i l l S t . ( h e r f a the r

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

A a ron A tk in s , d e cea sed , f a r r ie r ) . ( S tPL /M ) GLRO . 1 879 ( 1D ec ) : A t 4 8 C amden S t . , a ged 2 1 , b a che lo r ( f a the r J ohn R aby ,c ha irma l ce r ) ; m a r r ied J ane P i ck , a ged 1 9 , s p in s te r o f s ame a dd re s s ( h e r f a the r : J ohn P i ck , c oope r ) . J ohn R aby s i gn s w i th ac r o s s . ( S t J /M GLRO ) .

J A MES RAUS WELL ( RANS WELL? )

1 880 ( 1 6 May ) : A t 4 8 C amden S t . , w i th w if e J ane S a rah ;

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

c .1 88 1

b ap t ised J ane S a rah . ( S t J /B ) GLRO . 1 881 ( 1 2 J un ) : A t 1 7 P eppe r S t . w i th w if e S a rah A nn ; b ap t i sed S a rah A nn E l iza . ( S t J /B ) GLRO .

1 883 ( 2 2J u l ) : A t 6B edfo rd S t . , w i th w if eJ ane ;b ap t ised J ohn W i l l iam . ( i b id . ) . 1 885 ( 2 5 J an ) : A t 6B ed fo rd S t . w i th w if e J ane ; b ap t i sed ( a no the r ) J ohn W i l l iam s ( i b id .) .

JOHN RAYNER

C ommen t s :

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

1 874

R e la ted ? : - J u l 6 ,1 890 , T homa s H o l iday , a ged 2 1 , b ache lo r , c oa lpo r te r o f 2 4 E a s t S t . ( h is f a the r : T homa s H o l iday , c oa l

1 874 ( 2 5 D ec ) : N amed a sf a the ra td augh te r 's m a r r iage ( Be t ty

p o r t e r ) m a r r ied E l izabe th R aby , a ged 2 1 , s p in s te r o f 3

R ayne r , a ged 2 5 , s p in s te ro f 7N o r th S t . )t oG eo rge H i tchen s ,

C amden S t . ( h e r f a the r : J ohn R aby , d e cea sed ) . ( S t J /M

a ged 2 5 , b ache lo r , b ru sh m ake r , o f 3F l in t S t . ( h is f a the r :

GLRO ) .

H en ry H i tchen s , b ru shmake r ) . ( AS /M ) GLRO .

J OHN RABY ( 2 )

1 883

ANN REID

1 86 1

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P i pe t r imme r '

1 883 ( 1 5 J an ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's m a r r iage ( Robe r t

1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : A t 2P ipe Make r s A l ley w i th h e r h u sband

R aby , s e e b e low ) t o S a rah E l izabe th Wh i tehead , a ged 1 9 ,

H en ry R e id ( s ee b e low ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

s p in s te r o f 4 4 C amden S t . ( h e r f a the r : G eo rge Wh i tehead , d e cea sed ) . ( SU M GLRO ) .

1 33

HENRY WASH INGTON REED ( HARRY RE ID )

. .R ICHARDSON

1 831

1 851-1882? R eco rded a s a` P ipemake r '

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' a nd ' Ca rpen te r & T oba cco P ipe Make r '

1 831 ( 30 May ) : L iv ing a tR o che s te r P l ace : ' To ta l n umbe ro f f am i l ie s : 1 ; 4 ma le s ; 2f ema le s ; 2m a le s o fo ve r 2 0 y ea r s ; 1

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 6J ohn S t . , u nma r r ied , a ged 2 1 ; d e sc r ibed a s a ' J ourneyman T obacco P ip e Make r '

p ipemake r ' . ( S tMS /C ) S LSL .

( bn .

M idd le sex , S t . P anc ra s? ) . A l so l i v ing i nt h e se p r em i se s w e re W i l l iam R . Ma rkwe l l . T PM a nd f am i ly ( s ee a bove ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

ROBERT J A MES R ICHARDSON ( 1 )

1 86 1 ( 8A p r ) : A t 2P ipe Make r s A l ley , a ged 3 0 , a' Ca rpen te r

R eco rded a s a' P ip e Make r '

1 882 1908?

a nd T PM ' ( bn . H amp s tead ) w i th w if e A nn , a ged 2 7 T P T r imme r ( bn . S u r rey , Wa lwo r th ) ; d augh te r s L ou isa , a ged 9 ,

1 882 ( 8 D ec ) : A t 5 2 B edfo rd S t . w i th w if e E l iza ; b ap t i sed

s cho la ra nd H a r r ie t t , a ged 4 ;s on s H en ry , a ged 7 ,a nd F ranc is ,

R obe r t J ame s . ( SL I /B ) GLRO .

a ged 3 mon th s? ( a l l b n . S u r rey , Wa lwo r th ) . 1 908 ( 25 D ec ) : N amed a s f a the r a t s on 's ma r r iage ( Robe r t 1 875 ( 6J un ) : N amed a sf a the r a td augh te r 's ma r r iage ( Lo isa

J ame s R icha rd son , a ged 2 6 , b ache lo r , p i pe? t r imme r o f 1 7

R e id , a ged 2 2 , s p in s te r o f 1 48 T ra fa lga r S t . ) t o W i l l iam

D a le S t . , s e e b e low ) t o L uc ina A nn ie T ap s te r , a ged 2 5 ,

J enk in s , a ged 2 2 , b ache lo r , c a rman , o f 6B eckway S t . ( h is

s p in s te r ,p acke r ,o fs ame a dd re s s ( h e rf a the r : C on rad W i l l iam

f a the r : W i ll iam J enk in s , c a rman . ( AS /M ) GLRO .

T ap s te r s t ewa rd ) . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

1 882 ( 24 J u ly ) : N amed a s f a the r ( Hen ry ) a t d augh te r 's

C ommen t s :

m a r r iage ( Em i ly R e id , a ged 1 9 , s p in s te r o f 6A y le sbu ry , S t . )

I n 1 882 R obe r t J ame s R icha rd son l i ved a t5 2 B edfo rd S t .

t oH en ry E dwa rd B oxa l l , a ged 2 1 ,b ache lo r ,g ene ra l d ea le ro f

w he re R obe r tJ ob R icha rd son r e s ided i n 1 884 . U n fo r tuna te ly

2 1 Wha le land R d . ( h i s f a the r : H en ry B oxa l l , g ene ra l d ea le r ) .

n o r e f e rence c ou ld b e f ound i n t h e N ew ing ton c en su s f o r

( i b id .) .

1 881 t oe s tab l i sh af am i ly c onnec t ion b e tween t h em .

C ommen t s : P e rhap s r e la ted t o , o rt h e s ame a s H en ry R e id , 3 1 P ayne S t . , C openhagen S t . N . 1 883 -9 . ( POD ) .

ROBERT J A MES R ICHARDSON ( 2 )

1 908

R eco rded a s a( P ipe? ) ' T r imme r ' GEORGE REYNOLDS

1 853

1 882 ( 8 D ec ) : D a te o fB ap t ism . ( S t J /B ) GLRO .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

1 908 ( 2 5 D ec ) : D a te o f Ma r r iage . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

1 853 ( 28 D ec ) : L iv ing i n V io le t P lace w i th w if e S a rah ;

C ommen t s :

b ap t ised J o seph T homa s . ( HT /B ) GLRO .

S on o fR .J . R icha rd son ( 1 ) , s e e a bove .

C ommen t s : Ac ommon p i pemak ing s u rname i n L ondon b u t t o d a te , n o o t he r r e f e rence t o t h e a bove m ake r h a s c ome t o l i gh t . A

ROBERT JOB R ICHARDSON

1 884 -97

W i l l iam R eyno ld s i s r e co rded w o rk ing n ea rby a t 2 4 T he Ma ze ( Bo rough ) c .1 80 1-2 ( MS 3 60 1) GL .

1 884 ( 24 J u l ) : A t 5 2 B ed fo rd S t . w i th w if e Ma r tha ; b ap t ised Ma r tha Emma . ( S t J /B ) GLRO .

JOHN RHODES

1 896

1 885 ( 2 A ug ) : A t 3 1 D a te S t . , w i th w if e Ma r tha ; b ap t i sed R icha rd W i l l iam . ( i b id .) .

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' 1 887 ( 2 1 A ug ) : A t 1 08 B randon S t . w i th w if e Ma r tha ; 1 896 ( 3 A ug ) : L iv ing a t7 7A B a r low S t . , a ged 2 0 , b ache lo r

b ap t ised F rede r ick J ohn . ( i b id . ) .

( f a the r : J ohn R hode s , c a rman ) ; ma r r ied Emma E l izabe th H ammond , a ged 2 0 , s p in s te r o f s ame a dd re s s ( h e r f a the r

1 897 ( 12 D ec ) : A t 3 D ean 's C our t , w i th w if e Ma r tha ;

D av id F rede r ick H ammond , b a r f i t te r ) . ( AS /M ) GLRO .

b ap t ised Em i ly L ou isa . ( S tMK /B ) GLRO .

1 34

ROBERT R ICKETTS

1 845

C ommen t s : P e rhap s r e la ted t ot h e R u s se l l f am i ly o f make r s w o rk ing i n

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

E a s t L ondon c . 1780 's -1 880 's ( s e e A&O ) .

1 845 ( 2 J un ) : L iv ing i n R o se C ou r t , o f f u l l a ge , b ache lo r ( f a the r : J ohn R icke t t s ,c ha irmake r ) , ma r r ied E l izabe th B owen ,

PH IL IP SAUNDERS

1 831

o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r o f F e r ry S t . ( h e r f a the r : J ame s B owen , R eco rded a s ' P ipe Make r '

d e cea sed ) . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

1 831 ( 29 Ma r ) : L iv ing i n H igh S t . w i th w if e J ane ; b ap t i sed E l izabe th ( bn . F eb 1 8 , 1 8 13 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO . THO MAS R ISLEY

1 891

R eco rded a s a` P ipemake r '

THO MAS SCHOLES

1 89 1 ( 1 Ma r ) : A t 2 32 S t . G eo rge R d . , a ged 2 2 , b ache lo r

R eco rded a s ' P ip e Make r '

1 854?

( f a the r : T homa s R is ley , d e cea sed ) ; m a r r ied E l iza J ane B a t ty , a ged 2 0 , s p in s te r ( o f Wa lwo r th ) f a the r : B en jam in B a t ty ,

1 854 ( 27 A ug ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's m a r r iage (W i l l iam

d ecea sed . T . R is ley s i gn s n ame . ( S tS /M ) GLRO .

S cho le s , s e e b e low ) . ( HT /M ) GLRO .

WILL IA M S CHOLES ED WARD RUSSELL

1 854

1 812? -1825 R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' 1 854 ( 27 A ug ) : L iv ing i nK en t S t . , o ff u l l a ge , b ache lo r ( h i s 1 825 ( 6 J u l ) : L iv ing i n ' S t . G eo rge s ' w i th w if e S a rah ,

f a the rT homa s S cho le s , s e e a bove ) ; m a r r ied Ma ry A nn D ray ,

b ap t ised E dwa rd J ohn ( bn . S ep t 6 , 1 8 12 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

am ino r , s p in s te r o f s ame a dd re s s ( h e r f a the r : J ame s D ray ( PM ) s e e a bove ) . ( HT /M ) GLRO .

WILLIA M RUSSELL

1 84 1-51 JOHN SH IELDS

1 860 -6 1

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipemake r ' R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 841 ( 7J un ) : L iv ing i nN e l son P la ce , a ged 2 2 . Wa s b o rn i n C oun ty ( Su r rey ) . ( N /C ) P RO .

1 860 ( 26 D ec ) : L iv ing a t 2 8 B u rde t t S t . w i th w if e S a rah L ou isa ; b ap t ised T homa s ( bn . O c t 2 4 , 1 860 ) . ( S tP /B ) GLRO .

1 846 ( 30 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t , 7N o r thamp ton P lace , o ff u l l a ge , b ache lo r ( h i s f a the r : R icha rd R u s se l l , c u r r ie r , d ecea sed ) ;

1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : A t 2 8 B u rde t t S t . , a ged 4 . . . ( bn . . . ) w i th w if e

m a r r ied E l izabe th A dam s , o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r o f s ame

S a rah L ou i sa , a ged 3 . . ( bn . . . ) s on C ha r le s , a ged 6 ,d augh te r

a dd r e s s ( he r f a the r : J ohn A dam s , d e cea sed , e ng inee r ) . W .

L ou i sa May ,a ged 2( bo th b n . C he l sea ) a nd s on T homa s? ( bn .

R u s se l l s i gn s w i th ac r o s s . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

Wa lwo r th ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 847

( 29

S ep ) :

L iv ing i n D ean s B u i ld ing s

w i th

w if e

E l izabe th , b ap t ised J ohn ( bn . 1 3 May 1 846 ) . ( S tP /B ) GLRO .

THO MAS SHIP WAY

1 847?

1 849 ( 2 1 Ma r ) : I n D ean s B u i ld ing s w i th w if e E l izabe th ;

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

b ap t ised Ma ry Ann ( bn . F eb 2 6 , 1 849 ) . ( i b id . ) 1 847 ( 2 3 J u l ) : N amed a s f a the r a t d augh te r 's ma r r iage 1 851 ( 5 F eb ) : I n D ean s B u i ld ing s w i th w if e E l izabe th ;

( Ma r tha S h ipway , o f f u l l

b ap t ised E l izabe th H a r r ie t t ( bn . J an 1 5 , 1 851) . ( i b id . )

B u i ld ing s ) t oJ ame sT ay le r ,c a rpen te r ,o ff u l la ge ,b ache lo ro f

a ge ,

s p in s te r , o f P rov idence

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 1 3 D ean s B u i ld ing s , a ged 3 1 ( bn .

GLRO .

s ame a dd re s s ( h i s f a the rT homa s T ay lo r , c a rpen te r ) . ( HT /M ) M idd le sex ) w i th w if e E l izabe th , a ged 2 9 ( bn . M idd le sex . . w o r th ; s on J ohn , a ged 4 a nd d augh te r E l izabe th , a ged 2

C ommen t s :

m on th s ( bo th b n . S t . Ma ry , N ew ing ton ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

P o s s ib ly t h eT homa sS h ipway w o rk ing i nJ ohn S t . , D ockhead

1 35

1 832 -40 . Mr s C a th . S h ipway i sa l so l i s ted h e re v a r ious ly a t

C ommen t s :

2 7 a nd 3 1 1 844 -58 . ( A&O /POD ) .

c f . A no the r J ame s Sm i th ( o r t h e s ame? ) r e co rded a t L t . C la rendon S t . , S ome r s T own 1 832 -54 ( A&O ) .

T homa s S h ipway p i pe s b ea r ing t h e a dd re s s o f 2 7 J ohn S t . P a rke r s

R ow ,

D ockhead

a r e

i n t h e

C um ing

Museum , MARY SMITH

Wa lwor th .

1 896

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' HENRY SK INNER

1 835 -? 1 896 : L iv ing a t 1 9 L aw S t . , T aba rd S t . , S .E . ( POD ) GLRO .

R eco rded a s a` P ipemake r ' 1 835 ( 6D ec ) : ' Of S t . G eo rge s ' w i th w if e E l izabe th ; b ap t ised

C ommen t s :

H en ry T homa s ( bn . N ov 5 , 1 835 ) .

P robab ly t h e w idow o f I s aac Sm i th ( s ee a bove ) l i s ted a tt h e s ame a dd re s s u n t i l 1 895 .

C ommen t s : P e rhap s r e la ted t o( o r t h e s ame? ) a s H enry S k inne r , S amfo rd S t . , Ma ry lebone , 1 856 -76 ( A&O ) . ROBERT SM ITH 1 890

GEORGE ED WARD SMITH

1 863 -o b . b y 1 882

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' 1 863 ( 28 D ec ) : N amed a sf a the ra td augh te r 's m a r r iage ( E l iza

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

Sm i th , a ged 1 9 , s p ins te r , o f 1 4 K ing S t . , ) t oT homa s H i l lman , 1 890 ( 2 5 D ec ) : L iv ing a t 6 Mano r P lace , a ged 2 4 , b ache lo r

a ged 2 3 , b ache lo r , s awye r o f 3 0 N ew S t . ( h is f a the r : J ame s

( f a the r C ha r le s Sm i th , h awke r ) ; m a r r ied Em i ly C rabb , a ged

H i l lman , s awye r ) . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

2 0 , s p in s te r , o f s ame a dd re s s ( h e r f a the r : C hr is tophe r C rabb , c onf ec t ione r ) . G eo rge E dwa rd Sm i th s i gn s r e g is te r . ( SLUM

1 882 ( 29 Ma r ) : N amed a s f a the r , d ecea sed , a t d augh te r 's

GLRO ) .

ma r r iage ( El iza H i l lman , a ged 3 5 , w idow o f5 0 C amden S t . , Wa lwor th ) t o E dwa rd Wr igh t , a ged 3 6 , b ache lo r , g ene ra l d ea le r o fs ame a dd re s s ( h is f a the r : G eo rge Wr igh t , d ecea sed ,

I SAAC SMITH ( 1&2? )

e ng inee r ) . ( AS /M ) GLRO .

1 853 -1 895?

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

C ommen t s : P o ss ib ly t h e s ame o r r e la ted t o R obe r t Sm i th T PM o f

1 853 ( 4 S ep t ) : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t . , o f f u l l a ge ( f a the r :

S ou thamp ton S t . , C ambe rwe l l , 1 836 ( Robson 's L ondon D . )

J ame s Sm i th , s e e b e low ) ; m a r r ied S a rah S cho lf ie ld o f f u l l

GLRO .

a ge , s p in s te r o fs ame a dd re s s ( he r f a the r : T homa s S cho lf ie ld , s o l ic i to r ) . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO . 1 869 -76 : A t 7 8 A ub in S t . , Wa te r loo R d . ( POD ) GLRO .

WILLIA M SMITH

1 849 -51

1 880 -93 : A t 1 9 C la rendon S t . , T aba rd S t . S .E . ( i b id .) .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

1 894 -5 : A t 1 9 L aw S t . , T aba rd S t . , S .E . ( i b id .) .

1 849 ( 2 S ep ) : O f K en t S t . , T PM . N amed a s f a the r a t d augh te r 's m a r r iage ( Emma Ma ry Sm i th ) t oJ o seph W i l l iam s ( 1 ) T PM ( s ee b e low ) . ( P /C AW ) .

C ommen t s : c f . t h e I s aac Sm i th w o rk ing 1 868 -95 , G ranby S t . , Wa te r loo R d . ( A&O ) .

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 3Wa r ren P lace , a ged 4 6 ( bn . K en t , G rave send ) w i th w if e C ha r lo t te , a ged 4 5 ( bn . D evon sh i re ) . S ha r ing h ouse w i th as hoemake r .

JA MES SMITH

1 853? C ommen t s :

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

c f . W i l l iam Sm i th , O ld R oches te r R ow , 1 865 a nd W i l l iam Sm i th , G reek S t . , S oho , 1 892 -9 ( A&O ) .

1 853 ( 4 S ep t ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's m a r r iage ( s ee I s aac Sm i th , a bove ) . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

1 36

S A MUEL S PARRO W

1 851

C ommen t s : c f H en ry S tubb s l i v ing i n P r ince s R d , P lum s tead , i n 1 9 10 ,

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

( P /C A . O swa ld ) a nd T ho s . S tubb s 2 0P r ince sR d ,P lum s tead ,

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 1N e l son s C ou r t , a ged 2 5 , ( bn . S t .

R d . 1 894 -96 a nd a t2 3 P r ince s R d . 1 898 190 1 ( POD ) GLRO .

1 876 ; 1 3a P r ince s R d . , P lum s tead , 1 880 -1892 ; 1 3b P r ince s Ma ry N ew ing ton ) w i th mo the r Ma ry S pa r row , w idow , a ged 6 0 , c ha rwoman ( bn . K en t ,C ha tham ) . A l so l i v ing i nt h eh ou se GEORGE S TUCKEY

w e re R icha rd L ee , a ged 3 9 c a rman a nd h i s w if e H annah L e e ,

1 84 1 -1 871

a ged 4 9 b a ske t m ake r . ( N /C ) S LSL . R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' JOHN THO MAS STRATFORD

1 84 1 ( 1 1 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1 3 Wycombe P lace , o f f u l l a ge ,

1 847 -o b . b y 1 895

b a che lo r ( f a the r : T homa s S tuckey , d e cea sed ) ; ma r r ied Ma ry R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

E l izabe th We s te rbe ry o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r o f 1 6 S a l isbu ry C re scen t ( h e r f a the r : J ohn We s te rbe ry , d ecea sed ) . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

1 847 ( 2 1 A p r ) : L iv ing i n P o r t land S t . , w i th w if e H annah ; b ap t ised Ma ry Ann ( bn . D e c 1 3 1 846 ) . ( S tP /B ) GLRO .

1 84 1 ( 7J un ) : I n S a l isbu ry C re scen t , a ged 2 0 . ( N /C ) S LSL . 1 848 ( 2 2 Ma r ) : L iv ing i n Gu i ld fo rd S t . , w i th w if e H annah ; b ap t i sed S u sannah ( bn . F eb 2 2 1 848 ) . S t ra t fo rd 's c h r is t ian

1 842 ( 10 A p r ) : L iv ing i nS a l isbu ry C re scen t w i th w if e Ma ry

n ame s a r e h e re g iven a s ' Thoma s J ohn ' . ( i b id .)

E l izabe th ; b ap t ised G eo rge T homa s ( bn . Ma r 1 4 , 1 842 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

1 895 ( 2 3 J une ) : N amed a s f a the r ( de cea sed ) a t d augh te r 's ma r r iage ( Hannah S he r re t t , a ged 4 7 , w idow o f 3S unwe l l S t . )

1 844 ( 14 F eb ) : I nG eo rge 's P lace , L ock s f ie ld w i th w if e Ma ry

t oW i l l iam S amue l H a r ley ,a ged 5 7 , w idowe r , wood c hoppe r ,

E l izabe th ; b ap t i sed Ma ry J ane ( bn . J an 2 1 , 1 844 ) . ( i b id . )

o f 2R egen t 's P lace , S ou thamp ton S t . ( h i s f a the r : S amue l 1 848 ( 2 3 J an ) : I nG eo rge 's P lace , L ock sf ie ld w i th w if e Ma ry

( d ecea sed ) s e aman ) . ( AS /M ) GLRO .

E l izabe th ; b ap t ised Em i ly ( bn . D ec 3 1? 1 847 ) . ( i b id .) 1 850 ( 20 J an ) : I n C o t tage R ow , L ock s f ie ld s w i th w if e Ma ry WILLIA M S TR INGER

E l izabe th ; b ap t i sed E l iza Ann ( bn . D ec 1 9 , 1 849 ) . ( i b id .) .

1 881

1 851 ( 12 O c t ) : I n G eo rge . . w i th w if e Ma ry E l izabe th ;

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Moun te r '

b ap t ised C ha r lo t te Ma t i lda ( bn . S ep t 2 3 , 1 851) . 1 88 1 ( 4A p r ) : L iv ing a t3 8 E l tham S t . , a ged 1 5 ( bn . S u r rey , Wa lwo r th )w i th f a the r ,C ha r le sS t r inge r ,a ged 4 3 ,b ru shmake r

1 854 & 1 855 : P ayed r a te s o n t h e t h e p rope r ty o f 1 8 Mee t ing

( bn . N ewbu ry ; mo the r , L ou i sa S t r inge r , a ged 4 3 ( bn . E s sex ) ;

H ou se L ane , P eckham . N umbe r 1 9 i sl i s ted a s ak i ln . ( P /C

b ro the r ,A r the r , a ged 1 6 , b ookb inde r( bn . B ra in t ree ) ; a nd f ou r

AW ) .

o t he r b ro the r s a nd o ne s i s te r a l l b n . S u r rey , Wa lwo r th ( a l l 1 86 1 ( 1 5 J an ) : I n We l l ing ton S t . w i th w if e Ma ry E l izabe th ;

` s cho la r s ' ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

b ap t ised

H en ry

J ohn

( bn .

D e c

1 7 ,

1 855 )

a nd

A lf red

' Hezek ia l ' ( bn . J an 4 , 1 860 ) . ( i b id .)

C ommen t s : P e rhap s aw o rke r i nt h e B r ia r -P ipe i ndu s t ry?

1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : A t 1 4 , B e lg rade P l ace , a ged ' 4 4 ' ( bn . K en t , C ha tham ) w i th w if e Ma ry , a ged 4 2 ; s on G eo rge , b ache lo r , J ESSE STUBBS

a ged 1 9 , e r rand b oy ; d augh te r s Ma ry , s p in s te r , a ged 1 7 ;

A pp . 1 8 11

Em i ly , a ged 1 3 (? ) s cho la r ; E l iza , a ged 1 , s cho la r ; C ha r lo t te , 1 8 11 ( 27 Aug ) : A pp ren t iced ( a ged 1 2 ) t o J ohn J ew s te r ( s ee

a ged 9 ,s cho la r a nd s on H en ry , a ged 6 ( a l l b n . N ew ing ton ) .

a bove ) . ( A I /N ) S LSL .

( N /C ) S LSL . 1 862 ( 8J un ) : N amed a sf a the r a td augh te r 's ma r r iage ( Ma ry

J EPTHA STUBBS

1 831

J ane S tuckey , m ino r , s p in s t e r , o f B e lg rave P lace ) t o H en ry J o seph Wh i tf ie ld o f f u l l a ge , b ache lo r , t i n sm i th o f s ame a dd re s s ( h i s f a the r : H en ry Wh i t f ie ld , g a rdene r ) . ( S tMS /M )

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

GLRO . 1 831 ( 22 May ) : ( ` . . . o f Wh i techape l , M idd le sex ' ) w i th w if e E l len ; b ap t ised Ma t i lda E l len ( bn . A ug 4 , 1 830 ) . ( S tMS / I 3 )

1 867 ( 9J un ) : N amed a sf a the ra td augh te r 's m a r r iage ( Em i ly

GLRO .

A nn S tuckey , o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r o f T raf a lga r S t . ) t o

1 37

THOMAS STUCKEY ( 2 )

A ugu s tu s G rey , o ff u l l a ge , b ache lo r , r e l ief s t ampe r o fs ame

1 86 1

a dd re s s ( h is f a the r : W i l l iam G rey , b u t le r ) . ( i b id .) R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Mou ld Make r ' 1 871 ( 3 A p r ) : I n B e lg rade P l ace , a ged ' 5 3 ' ( b n . K en t , C ha tham ) ; d augh te r , C ha r lo t te , a ged 1 9 ; s on , H en ry , a ged 1 5 ,

1 86 1 ( 8A p r ) : L iv ing a t2 95 K en t S t . , a ged 2 2 ( b n . S u r rey ,

t i n p l a te w o rke r ( b o th b n . L ambe th , N ew ing ton ) . ( N /C ) .

L ambe th ) w i th f a the r , T homa s S t uckey ( s ee a bove ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

MARY ANNE S TUCKEY

J ANE S U M MER

1 851 -6 1

1 88 1

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P i pe Make r '

R e co rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe T r imme r ' 1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t2 87 K en t S t . w i th h u sband T homa s

1 881 ( 4 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 3O rb S t . , a ged 2 3 w i th h u sband

S t uckey ( 1 ) ( s ee b e low ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

W i l l iam S umme r , a ged 3 5? d rove r? ; s on W i l l iam , a ged 4 , s cho la r a nd d augh te r J ane , a ged 2 ( a l l b n . N ew ing ton , S u r rey ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 86 1 ( 8A p r ) : A t 2 95 K en t S t . , a ged 4 9 ( b n . H amp sh i r e , I s le o fW igh t ) w i th h u sband T homa s S t uckey ( s ee b e low ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

THO MAS SURREY

? 1843 -1 859

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' THO MAS S TUCKEY ( 1 )

1 803 -6 1 1 859 ( 30 O c t ) : L iv ing i nP rov idence S t . , a ged 4 6 , w idowe r ( h is f a the r : T homa s S u r rey , c ha i r m ake r , d e cea sed ) ; m a r r ied

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

E l iza G a rdne r T enb ruggenka te , a ged 4 8 , w idow o f s ame a dd re s s ( h e r f a the r : W i l l iam S immond s , d e cea sed , b u i lde r ) .

1 803 ( 8F eb ) : A t tended T PMco m ee t ing . ( MS 3 60 1) GL .

T homa s S u r rey s i gn s n ame . ( S tP /M ) GLRO . 1 803 ( 1 Ma r ) : A t T PMco m ee t ing . ( i b id . ) C ommen t s : AT homa s S u r rey i sr e co rded w o rk ing a t5 4L i t t le S u t ton S t . ,

1 803 ( 2 9 Ma r ) : P a id p a r t o fh i s a dm i s s ion t oT PMco . ( i b id . )

C le rkenwe l l , 1 843 -1 844 ( Rob son 's D ) GLRO . 1 803 ( 3 May ) : A t T PMco m ee t ing . ( i b id .) CHARLOTTE MAT ILDA SW INYARD

1 84 1 ( 7J un ) : L iv ing i nC o le sP l ace N o r th , a ged 2 9 w i th w if e

1 8 51

Ma ry , a ged 2 9 ( b o th n o tb n . i nc oun ty ) ; s on , T homa s , a ged 2 R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

a nd d augh te r sJ am ima , a ged 4 ; Ma ry , a ged 9m on th s? ( a l lb n . i n c oun ty ) s ha r ing t h e p r em i se s w i th C ha r le s B o rd ( s ee

1 851 .( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 5 Weymou th S t . , a ged 3 7 ( b n .

a bove ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

H e r t s ) w i th h u sband , J ame s S w inya rd ( s e e b e low ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : A t2 87 K en tS t . , a ged 3 9 ( bn . K en tC ha tham ) w i th w if e Ma ry A . , a ged 3 9 , s e e a bove ( bn . I s le o f W igh t , H amp sh i re )d augh te r ,J emma ,a ged 1 4 ,s c ho la r ; s on sT homa s ,

J A MES SW INYARD ( 1 )

a ged 1 2 , s c ho la r a nd C ha r le s , a ged 7 ,s c ho la r( a l l b n . S u r rey ,

? 180 3 -o b . 1 852

S ou thwa rk ) , s ha r ing h ou se w i th ab oo t a nd s hoe m ake ra nd a c ap m ake r . ( N /C ) S LSL .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

1 86 1 ( 8A p r ) : A t 2 95 K en t S t . , a ged 4 9 ( bn . K en t , C ha tham )

1 782 ( 2 1 F eb ) : D a te o f B ap t ism ; b n 1 6 F eb a t B r i t i sh

w i th w if e Ma ry A nne S t uckey ( s ee a bove ) ; s on T homa s

L y ing in H o sp i ta l , L ondon ; d ay o f o rde r o f a dm i s s ion t o

S t uckey ( s ee b e low ) t o ge the r w i th W i l l iam W i l l iam s ( s ee

H o sp i ta l : D ec 1 78 1 ;p a ren t s :T homa sS w inya rd T PM a nd w if e

a bove ) a nd H en ry J .B rad shaw ( s ee a bove ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

A nn ( a ged 2 9 ) ; s e t t lemen t a f te r d i scha rge ( 6 Ma r ) w a s C h r is tchu rch ( Su r r ey? ) . ( RG 8 / 58 n o . 1 6283 ) P RO .

C ommen t s : P o s s ib ly r e la ted t o W i l l iam S tuckey PM , w ho 's w if e A nn

1 803 ( 2 9J u l ) : B ap t ised T homa sJ ohn a tS t . G i le sC r ipp lega te

g ave b i r th t o ad augh te r , A nn 1 2 D ec 1 775 a nd a s e cond

w i th w if e ( 1 ) H a r r ie t . H e r m a iden n ame w a s N ee l s ( bo rn c .

d augh te r , A nn 2 6 O c t 1 779 a tt h e B r i t ish L y ing in H o sp i ta l ,

1 794 ) . S he d i ed a ged 4 2 , L ambe th , S t . Ma ry 4 F eb 1 827 -

L ondon . ( RG 8 / 58 ) .

H oope r S t . ( P /C S i ) .

1 38

1 808 ( 1 5 May ) : B ap t ised Ma ry , p l a ce n o t k nown . S he l a te r

JOSEPH TARRANT

1 664

m a r r ied Wi ll iam P owe l l PM ( s e e a bove ) 2 7 O c t 1 834 , We s tm in s te r , S t . G eo . H anove r S qua re . ( i b id .) .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

1 8 11 ( 2 O c t ) : B ap t ised H a r r ie t S a rah , L ambe th , S t . Ma ry ,

1 664 ( 24 N ov ) : O f S t . Ma ry N ew ing ton . G ave ' Su re ty f o r

w ho l a te r ma r r ied C ha r le s H a ske t t , 2F eb 1 832 , K enn ing ton ,

Ma ry R a t c l if f e o fS t . S av iou r , w idow . .£ 20 . .t ob e o fg ood b ehav iou r ' . A l so , 1 0 D e c g ave ' S u re ty f o rK a the r ine , w if e o f

S t . Ma rk . ( i b id .) .

J ohn H i l l o fS t . G eo rge , B rooman , t ob e o fg ood b ehav iou r ' . 1 8 19 ( 19 S ep ) : B ap t ised C a ro l ine J em ima , L ambe th , S t .

( C roydon S e s s ion s R o l l X I I ) . ( SYQS ) P RO .

Ma ry . ( i b id .) . 1 82 1 ( 2 S ep ) : B ap t ised S u sannah Ma rga re t , S t . G eo . t h e Ma r ty r , S ou thwa rk . ( i b id . ) .

THO MAS TEBBS

1 872

1 828 : Membe r o fT PMco . ( A&O ) .

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

1 844 ( 7 D ec ) : O f f u l l a ge , w idowe r , l i v ing i n E a s t S t . ( h is

( f a the r : J ohn G eo rge T ebb s , d ecea sed ) ; m a r r ied Ma r tha

1 872 ( 1A p r ) : L iv ing a t1 4B randon S t . , o ff u l l a ge , w idowe r f a the r :

C ha r lo t te

Y eoman s , o f f u l l a ge , w idow , o f 2 0 B randon S t . ( h e r f a the r

Ma t i lda S co t t , o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r o f E a s t S t . ( h e r f a the r :

T homa s

Sw inya rd ,

d e cea sed ) ;

m a r r ied

J ame s C a rpen te r , d e cea sed ) . T homa s T ebb s s i gn s r eg is te r .

W i l l iam S co t t , l a bou re r ) . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

( SLUM GLRO ) .

1 847 ( 2 J an ) : A t H oope r S t . , L amb e th . B ap t ised Ame l ia JOSHUA THO MAS

( ma r r ied J ame s L ong foo t , 2 7 J u l 1 868 , B e thna l G reen ) . ( P /C

1 851

S J ) . R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 849 ( Ma r ) : I nN ew ing ton , S u r rey ; b ap t ised J ame s , ( ma r r ied a tB e thna l G re en 1 875 ( Ap r ) t o? ) . ( i b id . ) .

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 8N o r thamp ton P l ace , a ged 2 2 , ( bn . C ambe rwe l l ) w i th w if e Ma ry T homa s ( s ee b e low ) a nd s on ,

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : A t 5 Weymou th S t . , a ged 6 9 ( bn . S tG i le s , M idd le sex? )

w i th

J o shua T homa s , a ged 1( bn . N ew ing ton ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

w if e C ha r lo t te ( s e e a bove ) ; d augh te r

Ame l ia , a ged 4 , ' a t h ome ' ( bn . L ambe th , S u r rey ) a nd J ame s , a ged 1( bn . S u r rey , N ew ing ton ) . A l so o n p r em ise s : W i l l iam

MARY THO MAS

1 851

P owe l l ( s ee a bove ) . ( N /C ) S LSL . R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe F in ishe r ' 1 852 ( 28 J an ) : D a te o f d ea th , a ged 7 0 ; c au se -B ronch i tu s . T h ree w eeks o fi lne s s . W i l l iam P owe l l ( s e ea bove )p re sen ta t

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 8N or thamp ton P la ce , a ged 2 2 ( bn .

d ea th . 5 Weymou th S t . ( CD ) S t . CH .

N ew ing ton ) w i th h usband J o shua T homa s ( s e e a bove ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 852 ( 8F eb ) : ' O f Weymou th S t . ' D a te o fb ur ia l . ( S tMS /BS ) GLRO . WILL IA M THO MPSON

A pp . 1 804

1 852 ( Ma r ) : B ap t ism o f d augh te r C ha r lo t te M . , N ew ing ton , S u r rey . ( P /C S J ) .

1 804 ( J an ? ) : ' O f S t . Ma ry , N ew ing ton i n t h e c oun ty o f

C ommen t s :

c i t izen a nd T PM f o r 7y ea r s ' . ( MS 3 60 1 , T PMco ) GL .

S u r rey , c a rman , a pp ren t iced t o J ohn J ew s te r ( s ee a bove ) AJ ame s S w inya rd ( 2 ) PM ( b ap t ised 3Ma r 1 8 19 a tS ha l fo rd ) n ephew o ft h e a bove J .S w inya rd a l so r e s ided i nH oop e r S t . f o r at ime ( P /C S i ) . O n3 1 O c t 1 84 1 , a s ab a che lo ro ff u l la ge

FREDERICK T INGEY

1 851-58

o f2 1 R edman sR ow , S t epney ,J .S w inya rd ( 2 ) m a r r ied aJ ane Sw inya rd ' ( Hammond 1 985 , 2 3 )o r aJ ane ' Leach ' ( P /C S J ) .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipemake r '

J . Sw inya rd ( 2 ) w a s k nown t o b e aPM /L icen sed V ic tua l le r

1 851 ( 5 D ec ) : ` T ingey F rede r ick a nd f am i ly . S t . G eo rge

a nd d ied 1 3 May 1 858 a t1 S t . A lban s S t . , a ged 3 9 , ' l a te o f

M idd le sex ; A pp r en t ice sh ip . D a te o f s e rv ice ' . ( No d e ta i l s o f

H oope rS t . ' ( P /C S J ) . T he A&O r e f e r ence t o aJ . Sw inya rd i n

t r ade g i ven ) . ( N /E . V o l 8 74 N o . 1 48 ) S LSL .

H oope rS t . We s tm in s te rR oad 1 828 -54 c ou ld r e f e rt oe i the ro f t h e se make r s .

1 856 ( 14 May ) : ' o f w o rkhou se ' w i th w if e Emma ; b ap t ised

1 39

1 800 ( J u ly /Dec ) : A ppea red a to the r mee t ing sa tt h eG u i ldha l l ,

L yd ia ( bn . A p r 2 4 , 1 856 ) . ( S tMS / I 3 ) GLRO .

L ondon . ( i b id . ) . 1 858 ( 1 J an ) : ' o f w o rkhou se ' w i th w if e Emma ; b ap t i sed 1 804 ( 2 5 Ma r ) : A t a no the r m ee t ing a nd n o ted a s ' J o seph

W i l l iam F rede r ick ( bn . D ec 2 1 857 ) . ( i b id .)

T ingey o f Swan Y d ' . ( i b id .) . C ommen t s :

1 827 ( 12 D ec ) : I nN e l son P lace , L ock sf ie ld sw i th w if e S a rah ;

F rede r ick T ingey i sl i ke ly t h e s on o fW i l l iam T ingey T PM : -

b ap t ised G eo rge T homp son ( bn . J un 1 ,1 8 10 ; b u r ied J u l 2 6

' W i l l iam T ingey , o ne o ft h e p oo rb oy s o ft h e C hu r ch S choo l

1 849 , K en t S t . , a ged 3 9 y ea r s ) . ( S tMS /B ;BS ) GLRO .

o ft h e H am le t o f R a tc l if f , P a r ish o f S t . D un s tan , S t epney i n 1 831 ( 30 May ) : I n N e l son P lace : ' To ta l n umbe r o ff am i l ie s :

. A pp . t o T ho s . R u scoe b y I nden tu re , 6D e c 1 797 f o r 7 y ea r s , w a s t h is d ay ( J une 1 802 ) b ound o ve r b y . .t oG eo rge

1 ; 2m a le s ; 1f ema le ; 2m a le s o fu pwa rd s o ft wen ty y ea r s ; 1

L i s te r? R ob in son f o r 4 ? y ea r s ' . ( TPMco ) GL .

p ipe m ake r . ( N /C ) S LSL .

A S e t t lemen t E xam ina t ion f o r 1 8 19 , N o . 2 37 ( S tGS /SE )

1 837 ( 18 F eb ) : I n ' S t . G eo rge s ' w i th w if e S a rah ; b ap t i sed

S LSL , r e la te st h a tW i l l iam T ingey ( a ged 3 4 ) w a s ' b rough tu p

C ha r le s T homp son ( bn . May 1 1 803 ) a nd H e len T hom son

i n S t epney

( bn . A p r i l 1 3 1 805 ) ( bo th n o ted a s ' a du l t ') . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

a nd

w a s. a t S t epney

S choo l ,

moved

f r om

L imehou se t o S t . G eo rge t h e Ma r ty r a nd ( s ic ) a pp ren t iced p ip emake r , t h en moved t o H ighga te , R ichmond , P e ckham

1 851

w he re h e h a s l i ved e ve r s i nce w i th h i s w if e a nd mo the r . F o r

L eona rd . We s tm in s te r , S t . Ma r t in s i nt h e F ie ld s . ( IG I ) .

( 20 J an ) : J o seph T ingey ( a no the r? ) m a r r ied E l len

t h e p a s t 5y ea r s h a s l i ved a tM r s D un s te r s a tt h e b o t tom o f Mee t ing H ouse L ane , P eckham ; w if e : E l izabe th . S ix c h i ld ren :

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : A t 9P i t t S t . a ged 2 2 ( bn . P e ckham ) w i th w if e

W i l l iam 1 31 2 ,G / eo rge 1 , E l izabe th 9 ,C a ro l ine 7 ,H en ry 5 ,

E l len , a ged 2 2 , i r one r ( bn . We s tm in s te r ) . ( S tGS /C ) S LSL .

F rede r ick 3 ' . W i l l iam T ingey i sl i s ted a t P a rk R ow , N ew P e ckham , 1 845 -5 1 ( POD ) . AW i l l iam T ingey i sa l so r e co rded

C ommen t s :

f r om 1 855 -72 a tJ ohn son 's C r t . , H igh S t . , H amp s tead N .W .

c f . J o seph T ingey o f 5L oveg rove S t . , O ld K en tR d . , 1 856 -88

( POD ) S LSL . A p ip e s t em i s k nown f r om B u shey H ea th

( POD ; BAR 1 4 ) . AJ o seph T ingey i sr e co rded b u r ied S ep 2 1

l e t te red T INGEY /HAMPSTEAD ( P /C G a i lR icha rd son 1 987 ) .

1 836 , a ged 5 9 y r s . o fN e l son P l ace . ( S tMS /BS ) GLRO , t r ade u nknown . T h is m ay a pp ly t oJ o seph T ingey ( 1 ) .

O the r T ingey p i pemake r s w e re H en ry T ingey 1 856 -6 1 , 4 L oveg rove S t . , O ld K en t R d . , S .E . ; 1 862 -80 , 5L oveg rove S t . ( POD ) GLRO . H e i sp robab ly a b ro the r o f F rede r ick ( s ee FREDER ICK TO MK INS

a bove S e t t lemen t E xam ina t ion ) ; M r s E l izabe th T ingey a t5

1 875

L oveg rove S t . 1 889 -90 ( i b id .) . S ee a l so J .T ingey b e low . R eco rded a s a' P ip e Manuf ac tu re r ' JOSEPH T INGEY

1 842 -47

1 875 ( 19 J u l ) : L iv ing i n B e re sfo rd S t . , Wa lwo r th ( f a the r : S amue l T omk in s , m a s te r b oo t make r ) ; ma r r ied E l izabe th

1 842 : A` T ingay ' p a id 3 s4 d L and T ax A s se s smen ti nN e l son

H aye s W i l l iam s , o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r ( he r f a the r : J ohn

P l ace . ( GLRO ) .

W i l l iam s , d ecea sed , b u i lde r ) . F . T homk in s s i gn s r eg is te r . ( AS /M ) GLRO .

1 843 -44 : A ` T ingay ' p a id 2 s 9 d L and T ax A s se s smen t i n N e l son P lace . ( i b id . ) . THO MAS N ICHOLAS TRESHATTON ( TR ISHADDEN )

1 845 -47 : A ` T ingay ' p a id 3 s 6 d L and T ax A s se s smen t i n

?1 864 -77

N e l son P lace . ( i b id . ) . R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' JOSEPH T INGEY ( 1 , 2& 3 ? )

1 800 -88?

1 864 ( 1 1 J u ly ) : N amed a sf a the ra td augh te r 's ma r r iage ( Ma ry A nn T r ishadden , o ff u l l a ge , s p in s te ro fL an sdowne T e r ra ce )

A t l e a s t t wo J o seph T ingey s w e re w o rk ing i n a nd a r ound

t oC ha r le s B u l l ivan t , o ff u l l a ge , b ache lo r , g ene ra l d ea le r o f

N ew ing ton P a r ish b e tween t h e se d a te s . T he i r c omb ined

s ame a dd re s s ( h is f a the r : J ohn B u l l ivan t , c ab ine t m ake r ) .

h i s to r ie s a r e l i s ted b e low .

( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

R eco rded a s ' Tobacco P ipemake r s '

1 877 ( 17 J un ) : N amed a sf a the ra td augh te r 's ma r r iage ( E l iza J ane T re sha t ton , o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r , o f 2 1 S ou th S t . ) t o

1 800 ( May ) : J o seph T ingey p a id h i s ' d ue s ' . .i nf u l l . .5 ? . .

G eo rge

a t aT PMco m ee t ing . ( TPMco ) GL . 1 40

R icka rd ,

o f f u l l

a ge ,

b ache lo r ,

g room , o f

1 6

B eckway? S t . ( h is f a the r : W i l l iam C a leb R icka rd ,c oachman ) .

1 87 1 ( 3 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1 5 A lf red P lace , b ache lo r , a ged 2 1

( S t J /M GLRO ) .

( bn . S u r rey , Wa lwo r th ) . A l so o nt h ep rem ise sh i s mo the rA nn S . T uckwe l l ( s ee a bove ) ; J o seph T uckwe l l ( b ro the r ) , s ee b e low a nd J ohn T uckwe l l ( b ro the r ) a ged 1 . ( N /C ) S LSL .

EL IZABETH TRO WELL

1 903 1 88 1 ( 6 Ma r ) : A t 7H en ry P la ce w i th w if eE l izabe th ;b ap t ised

R eco rded a s a' P ipe T r imme r '

E d i th . ( S tS /B ) GLRO .

1 903 ( 1 J un ) : L iv ing a t 5 6 Wan sey S t . , a ged 2 8 , s p in s te r ( f a the r : R icha rd T rowe l l , c of f e e h se . a s s i s tan t ) ; ma r r ied J A MES TUCK WELL

R icha rd W i l l iam B ake r , a ged 4 0 , b ache lo r , l a bou re r , o f

1 851

Swan scombe ,K en t( h is f a the r : R icha rd W i l l iam B ake r( d ead ) l a bou re r ) . E l izabe th T rowe l l s i gn s . ( S LUM GLRO ) .

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' 1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 6C landon S t . , s on o f Ma rk

ANN SUSANNAH TUCK WELL

1 871

T uckwe l l ( s e e b e low ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

( A l so c aled S u san T uckwe l l -1 86 1 N /C ) R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' ( w if e o f Ma rk T uckwe l l , s e e b e low ) .

JOHN TUCK WELL ( 1 )

1 852 -o b . b y 1 872

1 871 ( 3A p r ) : L iv ing a t1 5A lf red P l ace , w idow , a ged 4 9( bn .

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

S u r rey , S ou thwa rk ) a nd s on s G eo rge T uckwe l l ( s ee b e low ) ; J o seph T uckwe l l ( s e e b e low ) a nd J ohn T uckwe l l , a ged 1 ,

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t2 4 Wycombe P lace , a ged 5 7 ( bn .

s cho la r ( bn . S u r rey , Wa lwo r th ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

Wa l l ingfo rd ,

B e rk sh i re )

w i th

w if e

A nn ,

a ged

5 6

( bn .

C ho l l sey , B e rk sh i r e ) ; s on s T homa s , a ged 1 6 ( s ee b e low ) ; A lf red , a ged 1 3 ( bo th b n . S ou thwa rk ) a nd d augh te r H annah , CHARLES HENRY TUCK WELL

a ged 3 9? ( bn . Wa l l ing fo rd , B e rk sh i re ) . ( S tGS /C ) S LSL . 1 852 -o b . b y 1 887 1 852 ( 9 D e c ) : N amed a s f a the r a t s on 's ma r r iage : C ha r le s

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Manuf ac tu re '

H en ry T uckwe l l ( s ee a bove ) . ( HT /M ) GLRO .

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 1 5 A lf red P lace , a ged 2 5 ( bn .

1 858 ( 24 May ) : N amed a s f a the r a t d augh te r 's m a r r iage

S ou thwa rk ) . ( S tGS /C ) S LSL .

( Hannah T uckwe l l , o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r o f H igh S t . ) t o C ha r le s Moo re , o f f u l l a ge , w idowe r , t a rpau l ine m ake r o f

1 852 ( 9D ec ) : L iv ing a t1 5 A lf red P l ace ,o ff u l la ge ,b ache lo r

s ame a dd re s s ( h i s f a the r : J ohn Moo re , p ou l te re r ) . H annah

( h i s f a the r J ohn T uckwe l l , s e e b e low ) ; m a r r ied S a rah R ome ,

s i gn s w i th a c ro s s . A C ha r le s T uckwe l l s i gn s a s aw i tne s s .

o ff u l la ge ,s p in s te ro fs ame a dd re s s ( h e rf a the r : H en ry R ome ,

( i b id . ) .

f e l low sh ip p o r te r . ( HT /M ) GLRO . 1 872 ( 2 5 A p r ) : N amed a s f a the r , d ecea sed a ts on 's m a r r iage 1 878 ( 2 7O c t ) : N amed a sf a the ra td augh te r 's ma r r iage ( Sa rah

( Thoma s T uckwe l l , a ged 2 9 , b ache lo r , w a i te r o f . . S t . ) t o

A nn T uckwe l l , a ged 1 9 , s p in s te r , o f 1 6 Y o rk S t . ) t o H en ry

'E l len Wh i te , a ged 3 4 , w idow o f s ame a dd re s s ( h e r f a the r : S t ephen C hoppen , g roce r ) . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

G eo rge D avey ,o ff u l la ge ,b ache lo r ,b ru sh m ake r ,o f 1 2Y o rk S t . ( h i s f a the r : J o seph D avey , h ou sekeepe r ) . S a rah T uckwe l l s i gn s ; aT homa sT uckwe l ls i gn s a s aw i tne s s . ( S t J /M GLRO ) .

C ommen t s : A J ohn T uckwe l l

w a s c h r is tened a t L ong W i t tenham ,

1 887 ( 1 3 N ov ) : N amed a s f a the r a ts on 's m a r r iage ( J ame s

B e rk sh i re , J an 1 794 b y aJ ohn a nd S a rah T uckwe l l ( IG I ) a nd

R icha rd T uckwe l l , a ged 2 2 , b a che lo r , c a rman o f 6D a te S t . )

i sl i ke ly t ob e t h e a bove m ake r .

t oE l izabe th Ma rga re t N ea rn , a ged 2 2 , s p in s te r , o f 4D a te S t . ( h e r f a the r : J o seph N ea rn , b r ick laye r ) . ( S tP /M ) GLRO . JOHN TUCK WELL ( 2 ) GEORGE TUCK WELL

1 8711881

1 851

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

R eco rded a s a' P ip e Make r ' . ( Son o f Ma rk T uckwe l l , s ee

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 2S t . S t ephen s S t . , a ged 3 6 ( bn .

b e low )

S ou thwa rk ) . ( S tGS /C ) S LSL .

1 4 1

1 871

( J ohn T uckwe l l , a ged 2 3 , b ache lo r , l a bou re r o f 2 7 A lf red

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' ( s on o f Ma rk T uckwe l l , s e e

o f2 8 A lf red P lace , O ld K en t R d . ( h e r f a the r : J ohn D onegan ,

b e low )

h un te r? ) . ( AS /M ) GLRO .

JOSEPH TUCK WELL

P la ce ,O ld K en tR d . )t oE l iza Ann D onegan , a ged 2 1 ,s p in s te r

1 871 ( 3 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1 5 A l f red P lace , b ache lo r , a ged 1 4 THO MAS TUCK WELL

( bn . S u r rey , Wa lwo r th ) w i th m o the r , A nn S .T uckwe l l ( s ee

1 881

a bove ) ; b ro the r s G eo rge T uckwe l l ( s e e a bove ) a nd J ohn R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

T uckwe l l , a ged 1 . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 881 ( 4A p r ) : L iv ing a t1 9 E l tham S t . , a ged 4 9 ( bn . S u r rey , MARK TUCK WELL

S ou thwa rk ) w i th w if e Ar n ie , a ged 4 8 ( bn . N o r thamp ton ) a nd

1 846ob . b y 1 87 1

d augh te r E l len , a ged 7 , s cho la r ( bn . S u r rey , Wa lwo r th ) . S ha r ing p r em ise s w i th a n u pho l s te r -ma t t re ss make r . ( N /C )

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

S LSL . 1 846 ( 15 F eb ) : L iv ing i n C landon S t . , w i th w if e A nn S u sannah ; b ap t ised Ann S u sannah ( bn . J an 2 4 ) . ( S tP /B )

C ommen t s :

GLRO .

P o s s ib ly t h es on o fJ ohn T uckwe l l( 1 ) s e ea bove a nd l i v ing a t 2 4 Wycombe P lace , a ged

1 6 ( bn . S ou thwa rk ) i n 1 851

( S tGS /C ) S LSL . B u t t h e v a r ious a ge s g i ven d o n o t t a l ly .

1 848 ( J an 3 0 ) : I n C landon S t . , w i th w if e A nn S u sannah ; b ap t ised C ha r le s ( bn . J an 9 1 848 ) . ( i b id .) .

WILL IA M TURNER

1 849 ( 18 N ov ) : I n C landon S t . , w i th w if e A nn S u sannah ;

1 879

b ap t i sed G eo rge ( bn . O c t 2 9 , 1 849 ) . ( i b id . ) . R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' 1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : A t 6C landon S t . , a ged 3 0 ( bn . B e rk s , Wa l l ingfo rd ) w i th w if e A nn , a ged 2 9 ; s on Ma rk , a ged 1 ,

1 879 ( 5 May ) : L iv ing a t 4R ooney R d . , o ff u l l a ge , b ache lo r

s cho la r ; d augh te r , A nn , a ged 5 , s cho la r ( a l l b n . S u r rey ,

( f a the r W i ll iam T u rne r , c a rpen te r ) ; m a r r ied Amy N ob le , o f

B e rmond sey ) ; s on s G eo rge , a ged 1 ( bn . S u r r ey , Wa lwo r th )

f u l la ge , s p in s te r ,o fs ame a dd re s s ( he rf a the r : W i l l iam N ob le ,

a nd J ame s , a ged 1 9 , s e e a bove ( bn . S u r rey , S ou thwa rk ) ; a nd

b r ick laye r ) . W i l l iam T ur n e r ( J n r . ) s i gn s r eg i s te r . ( S t J /M

F anny D av is , a ged 1 4 , s e rvan t . ( N /C ) S LSL .

GLRO ) .

1 851 ( 2 5 May ) : I n C landon S t . , w i th w if e A nn S u sannah ;

C ommen t s :

b ap t ised C ha r le s H en ry ( bn . May 3 , 1 851 ; o b . J an 1 6 1 853 ,

AW i l l iam T u rne r i sl i s ted w o rk ing 1 856 -78 a t 6F le e t S t . ,

a ged 1 y r 8mon th s . ( S tP /B ;BS ) GLRO .

B e thna l G re en ( A&O ) a nd a tB ea le R d . , O ld F o rd E . 1 870 -6 ( POD ) a l though t h is c ou ld b e a no the r m ake r .

1 853 ( 26 J un ) : I n A lf red P lace w i th w if e A nn S u sannah ; b ap t ised S a rah E l izabe th ( bn . J un 6 1 853 ) . ( i b id . ) . HENRY TYLEE

1 855 ( 1 1 Ma r ) : I n A l f red P lace w i th w if e Ann S u sannah ;

1 851

b ap t ised Ma ry A nn ( bn . 1 6 F eb 1 855 ) . ( i b id .) . R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r ' 1 857 ( 12 A p r ) : I n A lf red P lace w i th w if e A nn S u sannah ; b ap t ised J o seph ( bn . Ma r 2 4 , 1 857 ) . ( i b id .) .

1 851 ( 29 J un ) : L iv ing i n K ing S t . , S u r rey G rove w i th w if e Ma ry A nne ; b ap t ised Ma ry A nn C ha r lo t te ( bn . J un 9 , 1 851) . ( S tP /B ) GLRO .

1 859 ( 17 J u l ) : A t 1 3 A lf red P lace w i th w if e Ann ; b ap t i sed J ohn T homa s ( bn . J u l 21 859 ) . 1 86 1

( 8 A p r ) : A t

1 3 B ak (e r s? ) C o t tage , a ged 4 0 ( bn . THO MAS UPH ILL

Wa l l ing fo rd , B e rk sh i re ) w i th w if e ' Su san ' , a ged 4 0 ( bn .

1 665

R o the rh i the , S u r rey ) ; s on s Ma rk , a ged 1 7 ( bn . B e rmond sey , S u r rey ) ; G eo rge , a ged 1 ; d augh te r , S a rah , a ged 7 ; s on s

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

J o seph , a ged 6a nd J ohn , a ged 1( a l l b n . N ew ing ton , S u r rey ) . A lf red a nd T homa sJ ame sC oope rT PM 's a l so l i v ing h e re ( s ee

1 665 ( 1 A ug ) : O f S t . Ma ry N ew ing ton B u t t s . s t ood ' S u re ty

a bove ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

f o rT homa s R eade r , o fS t . G eo rge p ack th read s k inne r . .£ 20

1 883 ( 12 Ma r ) : N amed a sf a the r( d ecea sed ) a ts on 's m a r r iage

Wa tk in s ( Do rk ing S e s s ion s R o l l X IX ) . ( SYQS , S RS ) P RO .

. . f o r b r eak ing t h e p eace u pon c omp la in t o f A b raham

1 42

ED WARD V IN ING

1 843

WILLIA M WACKETT

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

1 866?

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Mou lde r '

1 843 ( 3 1 O c t ) : N amed a sf a the ra ts on 's w edd ing ( s ee J ame s

1 866 ( 2 5 D e c ) : N amed a sf a the ra ts on 's w edd ing ( s ee R obe r t

V in ing ( 1 ) b e low ) . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

Wacke t t a bove ) . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

J A MES V IN ING ( 1 )

1 836 -82

CHARLOTTE WADD INGTON

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

1 8 16 ( 1 9 J u l ) : P robab le d a te o fb ap t ism ; s on o fE dwa rd a nd

1 836 : I nE a s t S t . , Wa lwo r th . ( A&O ) .

1 836

S u sanna V in ing ( S t . Ma ry lebone ) I G I . 1 836 : L iv ing i nS tamfo rd S t . , P o r tman Ma rke t ( A&O ) .

J ANE WALLAS?

1 843 ( 3 1 O c t ) : I n T ra f a lga r S t . , Wa lwo r th , o f f u l l a ge ,

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

1 881

b a che lo r ( f a the r : E dwa rd V in ing , s e e a bove ) ; m a r r ied E l iza D ubo i s , o f f u l l a ge , s p in s te r , o f T ra f a lga r S t . ( h e r f a the r :

1 88 1

J ame s D ubo i s , d ecea sed ) . ( S tMS /M ) GLRO .

h ou seho ld , a ged 3 0 ( b n . S u r rey . .) .A l so o n t h e p r em i se s : a

( 4 A p r ) : L iv ing a t 1 34 T ra f a lga r C ou r t , h ead o f

w a i te r a nd t wo c ook s . ( N /C ) S LSL . 1 862 : A t 2P a rk R d . , K ing s ton , S u r rey . ( Su r rey P OD ) . 1 871 ( 3A p r ) : I nP a rk R d , a ged 5 3 ( b n . L ondon M idd le sex ) S A MUEL WATTS

w i th w if e E l iza , a ged 5 2 ( bn . C he l sea , M idd le sex ) s on 's

1 84 1

T homa s , a ged 2 3 ( PM ) b n . C he l sea ; W i ll iam , a ged 1 9 ( PM ) ; R obe r t , a ged 1 7( PM ) b o th b n . B a t te r sea ,S u r rey a nd T homa s

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

C la r idge ( b oa rde r ) a ged 1 7 ( PM ) b n . K ing s ton , S u r rey . 1 84 1 ( 7J une ) : L iv ing i nE l tham S t . , a ged 2 0 , m a le ( wa s b n .

( K ing s ton c en su s ) P /C , P H .

i nc oun ty ) . ( N /C ) S LSL . 1 878 : I nP a rk R d , ` No rb i ton ' , S u r rey . ( Su r rey P OD ) . C ommen t s : 1 881 ( 4A p r ) : A t 2" Bo rough A rm s " ,P a rk R d . ,a ged ' 6 5 ' ( bn .

P o s s ib le r e la t ive s :J ohn Wa t t s ,P a rke rS t . ,D ru ry L ane ( A&O ) .

M idd le sex ) w i th w if eE l iza , a ged ' 6 4 ' ( b n . C he l sea ) ; C ha r le s

I n1 802 ( 2 5 Ma r ) aW i l l iam Wa t t sw a sn om ina ted f o rt h ep o s t

V in ing ( s on ) ,a ged 3 5 ,( TPM )b n . K en s ing ton a nd s on ,R obe r t

o f R en te r w a rden f o r t h e T PMco . H e a nd T homa s B a lme

V in ing , a ged 2 7 , t r ave l le r ( bn . B a t te r sea ) ( K ing s ton c en su s )

r e ce ived 3v o te s e ach , J ame s J one s w a s e l e c ted w i th 5v o te s .

P /C , P H .

T he o r ig ina l v o t ing s l ip s s t i l l e x is t i n t h e T PMco r e co rd s . ( MS 3 60 1) GL .

1 882 : I nP a rk R d . , N o rb i ton , S u r rey . ( Su r rey POD ) . GEORGE WELLSTEAD ( 2 )

C ommen t s :

1 86 1-7

I n 1 87 1 t h e a bove 's s on , J ame s V in ing ( 2 ) w a s at o baccon i s t i nA r thu rR d . ,K ing s ton a nd i n1 881 aT PM o fP a rk R d . P ipe s

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P i pe Make r '

a nd p i pema l c ing e qu ipmen t b e long ing t ot h e V in ing s c an b e s e en i nK ing s ton Mu seum , S u r rey .

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing i nL i t t le G louce s te rC ou r t , Wh i te c ro s s S t . ,C le rkenwe l l ,a ged 1 2( b n . H ox ton ,M idd le sex ) , t h es on o f G eo rge We l l s tead ( TPM ) a ged 4 5 ( b n . T en te rden , K en t ) a nd

ROBERT WACKETT

E l izabe th We l l s ted , a ged 4 5 ( TPT ) b n . S i t t ingbou rne , K en t ;

1 866?

b ro the r o f W i l l iam , a ged 4 a nd E l izabe th We l l s ted , a ged 5 R eco rded a s a' P ipe Mou lde r '

( bo th b n . H ox ton , M idd le sex ) . ( Hammond 1 988 ( a ) , 1 5 ) .

1 866 ( 2 5 D e c ) : L iv ing a t1 0 P o r t land S t . , a ged 2 0 , b ache lo r

1 86 1 ( 8A p r ) : L iv ing a t2 2C umbe r land R ow , b ache lo r , a ged

( f a the r W i l l iam Wa cke t t -s e e b e low ) ; m a r r ied P hoebe S oa r ,

2 2 ( bn . M idd le sex , H ox ton ) ' Nephew ' t oG eo rge L ake , h ead

a ged 2 0 , s p in s te r o f s ame a dd re s s ( h e r f a the r S amue l S oa r ,

o f h ou seho ld , h e rba l is t . G . L ake 's f am i ly w e re a l so o n t h e

c a rman ) . R . Wacke t t s i gn s n ame . ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

p r em ise s . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 43

T he

1 864 -7 : I nG range R d . , B e rmond sey . ( A&O ) .

f o l low ing

i s a n

e x t r ac t

c oncer n ing h i s p rope r ty :

f r om

a n

A dm in is t ra t ion

T 600 . .t h e g ood s , c ha t te l s a nd

C ommen t s :

c r ed i t s o fJ ohn W i l l iam s f o rme r ly o fK en t S t . , B o rough , b u t

I n 1 849 , G eo rge We l l s ted ( 1 ) , l i v ing i nG louce s te r C r t , t o ok

l a te o f G eo rge S t . , N ew ing ton , S u r rey T PM d ecea sed w a s

W i l l iam H en ry H ea rd son ,a ged 1 9 ,f a the rd ead ,a pp ren t ice f o r

g ran ted t o( h i s w if e ) . . ' . ( P /C CW ; AW ) .

t wo y ea r s . ' No te xecu ted . N o f e e p a id ' . ( Hammond 1 988 ( a ) , 1 4 ) . 1 851

JOSEPH WILL IA MS ( 1 ) CHARLES WILL IA MS

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

1 875

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe make r '

S on o fJ ohn W i l l iam s ( s ee a bove ) .

1 875 ( 3 1 J an ) : L iv ing a t2 4 Mann S t . w i th w if e E l izabe th ;

1 830 ( 28 Ma r ) : D a te o fb ap t i sm . ( HT /B ) GLRO .

b ap t ised C ha r le s J ame s . ( Si n ) GLRO . 1 849 ( 2 S ep ) : Ma r r ied Emma Ma ry Sm i th a tS t . L eona rd s , S ho red i tch ( P /C AW ) .

1 877 ( 30 S ep ) : A t 1S and fo rd R ow , w i th w if e E l izabe th ; b ap t i sed E l iza E l izabe th . ( i b id .) .

1 851

( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 2 88 K en t S t . , a ged 2 1 ( bn .

1 880 ( 1 1 A p r ) : A t 1 44 N ew K en t R d . , w i th w if e E l izabe th ;

N ew ing ton )w i th w if e Emma ,a ged 2 1 ( bn . S t . J ame s )a nd s on

b ap t i sed J o seph H a r ry . ( i b id . ) .

J o seph , a ged 8 m th s . ( bn . S u r rey , B e rmond sey ) . P rem i se s s ha red w i th ac oachmake r . ( N /C ) S LSL .

C ommen t s : I t i s n o t k nown i f C ha r le s W i l l iam s w a s r e la ted t o t h e

C ommen t s :

W i l l iam s ' f am i ly o fK en t S t .

J o seph W i l l iam s ' w if e Emma w a s d augh te r o f W i l l iam a nd C ha r lo t te Sm i th PM ( s ee a bove ) .

JOHN WILL IA MS

JOSEPH WILL IA MS ( 2 )

1 822 -o b . 1 833

1 851

R eco rded a sa n ' App ren t ice ' ( P ipe Make r )

R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : L iv ing a t 6J ohn S t . a ged 1 3( bn . N ew ing ton ,

1 802 : D a te o fb i r th , S e l la tyn , S h rop sh i re .

S u r rey )a pp r en t ice t oW i l l iam R . Ma rkwe l l( s ee a bove ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 822 : N amed a s aPM o fK en t S t . i nJ ohn J ew s te r 's W i l l ( h i s u nc le ) s e e a bove .

C ommen t s : 1 827 ( 8 Ma r ) : Ma r r ied C ha r lo t te C on s tan t ina C ox o fS t . Ma ry

I ti sn o t c l ea r w he the r t h e re i sa ny r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e

N ew ing ton . W i tne s sed b y J o seph W i l l iam s a nd Ma rga re t

a bove a nd t h e W i l l iam s ' f am i ly o f K en t S t re e t .

W i l l iam s . ( P /C AW ) . WILL IA M WILL IA MS ( 1 )

1 828 ( 27 A p r ) : L iv ing i n G eo rge S t . , w i th w if e C ha r lo t te ;

1 822 -1 858 o b .

b ap t ised s on J ohn J ew s te r ( bn . 2 7 Ma r ) w ho s ub sequen t ly R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r '

ma r r ied S a rah H a re so fC ro s scomb ,S ome r se ta tS t . L eona rd s , S ho red i t ch a nd d i ed D ec 1 893 , aw a te r c o lou r a r t i s t . ( HT /B )

1 795 ( 17 A p r ) : D a te o fb i r th ( b ap t i sed 2 0A p r ) , s on o f Mo r r i s

GLRO ; ( P /C AW ) .

a nd E l izabe th W i l l iam s . Mo r r i sW i l l iam s ' o ccupa t ion : m i l le r . ( Se la t tyn P R , S a lop ) S h rop sh i re C o . R eco rd O ff ice .

1 830 ( 28 Ma r ) : I nG eo rge S t . , D ove rR d . , w i th w if eC ha r lo t te ( s ee b e low ) b ap t ised s on J o seph W i l l iam s . ( HT /B ) GLRO .

1 822 ( 4 Ma r ) : D a te o fJ ohn J ew s te r 's W i l lp r oved i nL ondon . 1 831 ( 30 May ) : I n G eo rge S t . , S ou thwa rk ' To ta l n umbe r o f

H e l e f t h i s l e a sho ld p rem ise s a nd h i s T obacco P ipemak ing

f am i l ie s 1 ; 1t r ade ; 3m a le s ; 2f ema le s ; 1m a le o f 2 0 y r s o r

b u s ine s st oh i sn ephew sW i l l iam W i l l iam sa nd J ohn W i ll iam s

u pwa rd s ; 1p i pemake r ( on ly s ur name g i ven ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

( s ee a bove ) . I nt h e W i l l , W i ll iam W i l l iam s i sn o ted a sb e ing a' P ipe Make r ' . ( PCC W i l l s ) P RO .

1 833 : D ied o fc on sump t ion ; b u r ied i nS t . G eo rge s , a l though l i s ted i nd i re c to r ie s t oge the r w i th h i s b ro the r W i l l iam a t2 95

1 823 ( 15 F eb ) : W i l l iam W i l l iam s ' n ame w r i t ten o n b a ck o f

K en t S t . u n t i l c .1 844 .

l e t te r c once rn ing p aymen t s f r om G eo rge B u r s tow t oJ ame s

1 44

R u s se l l , m a s te r ?o ft h e T PMco . ( MS 3 60 1 , GL ) .

o f Wa l l ing S t . ( f a the rT homa sB a r t le t t , d ecea sed ) . ( S tMS /M )

1 823 -51 : L i s ted a t2 95 K en t S t ree t . H is b ro the r J ohn i sa l so

W i l l iam s , m ino r , s p in s te r o f K en t S t . ) t oJ ohn G a te s , o f f u l l

1 847 ( 8J u l ) : N amed a sf a the r a td augh te r 's ma r r iage ( Em i ly l i s ted h e re f r om 1 823 ( s ee a bove ) . I n 1 831 a nd 1 836 -38 t h e

a ge , b ache lo r , w a rehou seman o f S t . Ma ry , I s l ing ton ( f a the r

r e ad ing i s ' W i l l iam s W & JT PM 's , w ho l sa le , a nd f o r

W i l l iam G a te s , d ecea sed ) . ( i b id .) .

e xpo r ta t ion ' . J ohn J ew s te r , T PM a nd u nc le o f W i l l iam a nd J ohn a l so w o rked a tt h is a dd re s s ( s ee a bove ) . 1 832 P igo t 's D l i s t s W i l l iam W i l l iam s a nd J ohn a t7 4 K en t S t . a s w e l l a s

1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : A t 2 95 K en t S t . , w idowe r , a ged 5 5 w i th

2 95 .

H a r r ie t Wa t son , w idow , a ged 5 0 , h ou sekeepe r ( bn . C roydon , S u r rey )a nd T homa sC r isfo rd e r rand b oy ,a ged 1 4( bn . S u r rey ,

1 823 ( 6 J an ) : I n K en t S t . w i th w if e Ma ry E l izabe th ; b ap .

S ou thwa rk ) .

d augh t e r Ma ry A nn ( bn . D ec 2 6 1 8 19 ) ; s on W i l l iam Mo r r is ( s ee b e low )b n . Ma r 1 4 1 82 1) ;d augh te rE l izabe th F rance s( bn

c . 1851-4 : Ma r r ied s e cond w if e , E leano r D uggan ( h e r W i l l ,

S ep 2 6 1 822 ) . ( S tMS /B ) GLRO .

p roved , 2 4 th F eb 1 868 ) . ( P /C AW ) . ( N /C ) S LSL .

1 824 ( 8A ug ) : B ir th o fs on , J o seph J ohn J ew s te r , S t . G eo rge

1 853 : Owne r o f P ipe Make r 's A l ley a nd 2 95 K en t S t . , p a id

t h e Ma r ty r , S ou thwa rk . ( P /C AW ) .

1 6 s 8 p a nd £ 1 .34 p oo r r a te r e spe c t ive ly . H e i sa l so n o ted a s o wne r o f2 94 K en t S t . ( P R a te N ew ing ton ; P /C AW ) S LSL .

1 827 ( J an ) : I n K en t S t . , w i th w if e Ma ry E l izabe th ; b ap . Em i ly . ( ob . b e tween 1 851-4 ) ( P /C AW ) ; HT /B ) GLRO .

1 854 ( 16 A ug ) : W i l l w r i t ten ; 9U n ion P lace , N ew K en t R d . ; d e sc r ibed a s a' Gen t leman ' . ( P /C AW ) .

1 828 ( 10 J u l ) : W i l l iam W i l l iam s w a s a mong s i gna to r ie s w ho 1 858 ( 14 Ma r ) : D a te o fd ea th .

p rom ised ` t o p ay M r T homa s D uggan t h e s um o f £ 500 t o ge the r w i th i n te re s t ' . ( TPMco ) MS 3 60 1/GL .

1 858 ( Ap r ) : W i l l p roved . I ni tW i l l iam W i l l iam s g ave t oh i s 1 830 ( 3 May ) : W i l l iam W i l l iam s Ma s te r o f t h e T PMco . A

w if e , E leano r , a l l h i s h ou seho ld f u rn i tu re , p l a te , l i nen , c h ina ,

r e ce ip t w i th t h is d a te i nt h e c o . r e co rd s r e ad s : ' Rece ived o f

g l a s s , b ook s , w ine a nd o t he r l i quo r s , f u e l a nd h ou sekeep ing

M r W i l l iam s ( Ma s te r o ft h e C o . ) t h e s um o f£ 3 l O s f o r c oa t

p rov is ion s . H is l e a seho ld p r em ise s a t 9& 6U n ion P l ace h e l e f t r e spec t ive ly t o h i s w if e a nd J ohn G a te s o f L ee , K en t ,

f o r B ead le ' . ( P /C AW ) .

G en t leman ( h is s on in law ) ; h i s f r eeho ld h ou se s , 1 8 a nd 1 9 1 83 1 ( 3 0 May ) : L iv ing i nK en t S t . ` To ta l n umbe ro ff am i le s :

Mee t ing H ou se L ane P eckham , c oun ty S ur rey a nd t h e l a nd

1 ; 1t r ade ; 4m a le s ; 4f ema le s ; 2m a le s o fu pwa rd s o f2 0 y r s ;

a d jo in ing h e l e f t t oh i s s on W i l l iam Maur ice W i l l iam s ( s ee

2P ipemake r s . ( N /C ) S LSL .

b e low ) . W i l l iam s W i l l iam s a l so o wned t h e ' P i lo t I nn ' a t H a s t ing s , S u s sex , t h is h e l e f t t o h i s a bove s on , J ohn G a te s a nd ' h is f r iend ' T homa s W ind so r t h e Y ounge r o f 2 84 K en t

1 83 1 ( 2 8 J un ) : D a te o f al e t te r f r om Woo lw ich ( s tamped 1 2 n oon ) a dd re s sed t o M r W i l l iam s T oba cco P ipe Make r K en t

S t . , c a rpen te r . T homa s w a s am embe r o ft h e W ind so r f am i ly

S t . ,B o rough . ' S i r , i nc on sequence o f av e ry l o ng i lne s s Ia m

o f Wh i t t ing ton , n e ighbou r ing P a r ish t oS e l la tyn , S a lop , w he re

. i n capab le o f a t tend ing H a l l a cco rd ing t o t h e s ummon s

t h e W i l l iam s f am i ly c ame f r om . H e w a s s on o f T homa s

r e ce ived , i ft h e C o . w i l l s end m e w o rd w ha t m y a r rea r s a r e

W ind so r ( 1 ) , a l so ac a rpen te r , a nd b ro the r , o fE l izabe th , w if e

a nd . ad ay , Iw i l l s end w ha t money Ic an . Iw i l l r ema in t h e

o f Mo r r is W i l l iam s a nd mo the r o f W i l l iam s W i l l iam s ( 1 ) .

c ompan ie s m os t o bed ien t ' M ick Ma r t in ' . NB . S i r p l ea se t o

T homa s W ind so r ( 1 ) w a s b ro the r in law t oJ ohn J ew s te r ( s ee

g i ve m y b e s t w ishe s t oM r S w inya rd . ( TPMco ) GL .

a bove ) .

1 838 ( 1 3 A p r ) : D a te o f af i re a t2 95 K en t S t . ' i n t h e p r em i se s o ccup ied b y Mr W i l l iam s ' -s um s a lowed t o f i remen a f te r WILL IA M (MAUR ICE ) WILL IA MS ( 2 )

f i re b y t h e c hu rchwa rden o f S t . Ma ry N ew ing ton . F i r s t E ng ine : £ 110 .0 ;

s e cond e ng ine : £ 1-0 .0 ; t h i rd :

1 84 1 -6 4

£ 0 10 .0 ; R eco rded a s a' Tobacco P ipe Make r /T rave l le r '

T u rncock : £ 0 10 -0 . ( FR /N V o l . 9 73 ) S LSL .

S on o fW i l l iam W i l l iam s ( 1 ) 1 84 1 ( 7 J un ) : I n K en t S t . , a ged 4 6 w i th s on W i l l iam ( M ) W i l l iam s ( s ee b e low ) a ged 2 0 ( bn . i nc oun ty ) ; . .W i l l iam s ,

1 82 1 ( 14 Ma r ) : D a te o fb i r th ( b ap t ised J an 1 823 ) . ( S tMS /B )

a ged 1 8 , f ema le ; H a r r ie t Wa t son , a ged 4 0 , s e rvan t ; T homa s

GLRO .

C r i sfo rd , s e rvan t ( a l l b n . i nc oun ty ) . ( N /C ) S LSL . 1 84 1 ( 7J un ) : I n K en t S t . ( 295 ) a ged 2 0 , T PM . ( N /C ) S LSL . 1 844 ( 18 A p r ) : N amed a s f a the r a t d augh te r 's m a r r iage ( E l izabe th F rance sW i l l iam s ,o ff u l la ge , s p in s te r ,o fK en tS t . )

1 844 ( 8 N ov ) : O f f u l l a ge , b ache lo r ; ma r r ied A nn E l izabe th

t oR obe r tT homa s B a r t le t t o ff u l l a ge , b ache lo r , c a l ico p o r te r

T imm ing s am ino r o f S h ip T aver n P a s sage ( f a the r : W i l l iam

1 45

J o seph T im rn ing s , p ou l te re r ) A l l H alow s , L omba rd S t . ( by

WILL IA M WIL MER

o b . b y 1 878

L icence ) . A nn d i ed b e fo re 1 851 . ( P /C , CW ) . R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r ' 1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) : A t 2S t . G eo rge s R d . , a ged 3 0 , w idowe r , ` TPM , T rave l le r ' ( bn . S ou thwa rk , S t . G eo rge s ) w i th h i s s on

1 878 ( 9J un ) : N amed a sf a the ra td augh t e r 's m a r r iage ( C la ra

i n l aw J ohn G a te s , h ead o f h ou seho ld , a ged 3 2 , c l e rk ( bn .

E l izabe th W i lme r , o f f u l l a ge , s p in s t e r o f 1G ro sveno r

M idd le sex , F in sbu ry ) a nd h i s w if e Em i ly G a te s , a ged 2 4 ( bn .

T e r race ) t oG eo rge A p ted , o f f u l l a ge , b ache lo r , p l a s te re r o f

N ew ing ton ) d augh te r Em i ly F . , a ged 3 ;s on J ohn W . , a ged 1

s ame a dd re s s ( f a the r : G eo rge Ap ted , c oachman ) . ( AS /M )

( bo th b n . M idd le sex , F in sbu ry ) a nd s e rvan tS u san B u t te rway ,

GLRO .

s p in s te r , a ged 5 5 ( bn . C i ty o fL ondon ) . ( N /C ) S LSL . C ommen t s : c f .W i lme r&P a i l tho rpe , L i t t le W indm i l l S t . 1 853 -4 . ( A&O ) .

1 851 : P a id r a te s a t1 8 a nd 1 9 Me e t ing H ou se L ane , P eckham ( h is f a the r 's f r eeho ld p rope r ty ) . ( P /C AW ) . 1 853 -64 : L i s ted a t2 95 K en t S t . B o rough ;T PM a nd ' Expo r t ' . ( Ke l ly 's POD ) GLRO .

JA MES W OODROFFE

1 854 ( 16 A ug ) : N amed a s aPM o f 2 95 K en t S t . i nf a the r 's

R eco rded a s a' P ipe Make r '

1 906?

W i l l . ( s ee W . W i l l iam s ( 1 ) a bove ) . 1 906 ( 1 O c t ) : N amed a s f a the r a t h i s d augh te r 's ma r r iage 1 858 : Owne r o f P ipe Make r 's A l ley a nd l i v ing a t2 95 K en t

( Ma ry Wood rof f e , a ged 2 4 , s p in s te r , o ff ice c l eane r , o f 4 0

S t . w he r e h e p a id £ 1 .1 .0 r a te s . ( Poo r R /N ; P /C AW ) .

P o r t land? S t . ) t o W i l l iam J o seph S hea , a ged 2 4 , b ache lo r , l a bou re r o f s ame a dd re s s ( h is f a the r : W i l l iam J o seph S hea , l a bou r e r ) . ( S tS /M ) GLRO .

1 859 -60 : P a id 5 s 4 d L and T ax A s se s smen t ( GLRO ) . 1 860 ( 29 Ma r ) : Owne r o f 1 ,2 ,3 , 4P ipe Make r 's A l ley a nd

C ommen t s :

l i v ing a t2 95 K en t S t . w he r e h e p a id 11 s8 d G ene ra l R a te s

P o s s ib le r e la t ive s : J ame s Wood rof f e , O ld S t . , S t . L uke s 1 800 17 ; J ane Wood rof f e , A r t ichoke R ow , M i le E nd R d .

a nd 1 8 s 8 d P oo r R a te s . ( R /N ; P /C AW ) .

1 856 -7 ; J ohn Wood rof f e , V inega r Y a rd , S t . G i le s 1 832 -7 ( A&O ) .

1 86 1 : T h is c en su s l i s t ing f o r2 95 K en tS t . s e em st oh ave b een am i s take a sW i l l iam W i l l iam s i sd e sc r ibed aT PM , ' l odge r ' , a ged 2 2 , b n . S ur rey , L ambe th a nd ma r r ied . L i t t le o ft h is f i t s i n w i th t h e a bove f a c t s . A l so l i s ted a t 2 95 a r e T homa s S tuckey a nd H . B rad shaw a nd f am i l ie s ( s e e a bove ) . ( N /C ) P RO . 1 863 : P a id £ 1 .3 .4 r a te so n2 95 K en tS t . ( Poo rR /N ; P /C AW ) . 1 864 : N o l o nge r l i s ted i nd i re c to r ie s . D a te o fd ea th? C ommen t s : I ti sn o tewo r thy t h a t W i l l iam M . W i l l iam s p a id r a te s i n 1 851 a t1 8a nd 1 9 Mee t ing H ou se L ane ,P eckham .T he se p rope r t ie s w e re l e f t t o h im i n h i s f a the r 's W i l l . I n 1 854 a nd 1 855 , G eo rge S tuckey ( s ee a bove ) w a s r e spon s ib le f o r p ay ing t h e r a te s a tt h e se a dd re s se s . N umbe r 1 9 i sl i s ted i nt h e r a te s a sa k i ln . G eo rge S t uckey w a s ar e la t ive t oT homa s S tuckey -a c ompan ion w o rke r , o r e mp loyee o fW i l l iam M . W i l l iam s i n 1 86 1 ( N /C ) . I ti si n te re s t ing t h a tJ ohn Sm i th T PM i sl i s ted a t Mee t ing H ou se L ane f r om 1 809 11 . ( A&O ) . P e rhap s t h e re i s ac onne c t ion b e tween Sm i th 's k i ln a nd t h a t a t n umbe r 1 9 . T he re m ay a l so b e ac onne c t ion b e twe en J ohn Sm i th a nd W i l l iam Sm i th ( s ee a bove ) w ho w a s f a the r i nl aw t oJ o seph W i l l iam s ( 1 ) , s on o f J ohn W i l l iam s o f K en t S t . a nd G eo rge S t . ( s ee a bove ) .

1 46

Append ix IP ar t2 :N ew ing ton b oys a ppren t iced t op ipemaker so u ts ide t he p ar ish o r where t he p ar ish i sn o t k nown

T h i s l i s t i n c lude s Ma s te r P ipemake r s w ho m ay h ave b een w o rk ing i nN ew ing ton .

J A MES BRYANT

A pp . 1 7 16

JOHN TESTER

A pp . 1 853

' s on o fJ ohn B ryan t o fN ew ing ton a pp . t oT homa s C o rde roy

' a n o rphan ' a ged 1 4 ( o rt h e reabou t s ) ' c ha rgeab le t oS t . Ma ry

J un r . ,c i t izen a nd T PM : 2 0N ov 1 716 . C ommon i n den tu re a nd

N ew ing ton ' a pp . t o J ohn F u l le r ( a dd re s s a s a bove ) 9J un

c oun te rpa r t £ 5 . ( 2 1

1 853 . £ 5 . B o th s i gn i nden tu re . ( i b id .) .

N ov

1 7 16 ) t ur ned o ve r t o T homa s

C o rde roy S en r . t h e s ame d ay o n t h e s ame i n den tu re s ' . ( SRS , V o l X , S A ) P RO . GEORGE WAGER JOHN BRYANT ( 1 )

A pp . 1 7 15

( o fS t . Ma ry N ew ing ton? ) a pp . t oR ow land J enn ing sT PM f o r 7y r s . ( S tGS /A I ) S LSL .

' s on o fJ ohn B ryan t o fN ew ing ton a pp . t oA n thony A nd r ew , c i t izen a nd T PM : 6 D ec 1 715 . C ommon i nden tu re a nd

C ommen t s :

c oun te rpa r t £ 5 ' . ( i b id .) .

c f . R . J enn ing s 1 820 B ermond sey ( BAR 1 4 ) .

JOHN BRYANT ( 2 )

A pp . 1 847

' ap oo r c h i ld o f t h e a ge o f s i x teen o r t h e reabou t s ' ( o f S t . Ma ry , N ew ing ton ) a pp . t oW i l l iam P r ing le T PM o f 1P i t t S t . W indm i l l L ane , S t . Ma ry , L ambe th 2 7 S ep 1 847 , f o r s even y ea r s . J ohn B ryan t s i gn s i nden tu re . ( N /A I , B ox 3 7 ) S LSL .

JOSEPH GROUT

A pp . 1 860

' ap oo r c h i ld o ft h e a ge o f 1 4 y r s ( o r t h e reabou t s ) w ho c an r e ad a nd w r i te h i s own n ame w ho i sn ow c ha rgeab le t o S t . Ma ry N ew ing ton ' a pp . t oJ ohn F u l le r PM o fU xb r idge Moo r i n t h e p a r ish o f H i l l ingdon M idd le sex , 2 0 D e c 1 860 £ 5 . ( N /A I , B ox 3 9 ) S LSL . C ommen t s : AJ o seph G rou tT PM i sl i s ted b y O swa ld ( BAR 1 4 ) w o rk ing a tS hadwe l l i n 1 849 -p o s s ib ly ar e la t ive o ft h e a bove .

PATR ICK HACKETT

-?

A pp . 1 853

' ap oo r b oy o f t h e a ge o f 1 6 y r s ( o r t h e reabou t s ) w ho c an r e ad a nd w r i te h i s o wn n ame , n ow c ha rgeab le t o S t . Ma ry N ew ing ton ' a pp . t o J ohn F u l le r ( a dd re s s a s a bove ) . 2 0 O c t 1 853 . B o th s i gn i n den tu re . An o te o nt h ei n den tu re s t a te st h a t t h eb oy 's f a the rh ad d e se r ted h i s f am i ly , r e s idence u nknown . ( N /A I ) S LSL .

1 47

Append ix

P ipe C lay Maker s , Wh i t ing Maker s a nd P ipec lay a nd Wh i t ing Merchan t s

I n a dd i t ion t ot h e a bove p i pe c l ay make r s , r e f e rence s t ot wo ' wh i t ing ' m ake r s a l so c ame t o l i gh t , b o th o f w hom w e re

N ew ing ton p a r i sh r e co rd s r e vea led t h e f o l low ing p e r son s n amed a s ' p ipe c l ay m ake r s ' :

c onne c ted t o t h e P ike f am i ly o f p ipema l ce r s o f L oveg rove S t ree t ( s ee A ppend ix I ) . JOHN GOULDING l i v ing a t 4T hu r low P la ce ,a ged 3 3 ,w i th w if e Ma ry , 4 0 i n 1 851 ( 3 1 Ma r ) ; b n . L ambe th , B o rough . Wh i t ing Maker s

( N /C ) S LSL .

J A MES MERR ITT S ep 2 8 1 884 n amed a sf a the r o fH ebe r Me r r i t t a ged 2 3 , b a che lo r , l a bou re r o f 4 4 H a s l ing ( o r

THO MAS COURTNEY ( 1 ) l i v ing i n K en t S t . , w i th w if e Ma rga re t ; b ap t i sed s on , G eo rge o n D e c 8 , 1 86 1 ( S tM /B )

H a r l ing? ) S t re e t w ho ma r r ied Emma P ike , a ged 2 0 , s p in s te r

GLRO .

o f 1 5 L oveg rove S t . , O ld K en tR oad ( h e rf a the r : C ha r le sP ike ( d ecea sed ) t o bacco p ipema l ce r ) ( AS /M ) GLRO .

J an 2 8 1 889 n amed a s f a the r a ts on 's m a r r iage ( S tPL /M ) GLRO .

JOHN P IKE D e c 2 5

1 879 l i v ing a t 1 7 B e ckway S t . ,

THO MAS COURTNEY ( 2 ) J an 2 8 1 889 L iv ing a t2 8 D e

b a che lo r , a ged 2 1 ( h i s f a the r : J ohn P ike t o bacco p i pe m ake r ) m a r r ied A l ice Maud R o se , a ged 1 9 , s p in s te r o f 1 5 B eckway

L aune S t . ; d a te o f ma r r iage ( S tPL /M ) GLRO .

S t ree t ( h e r f a the r : S amue l R o se , b l ack sm i th ) ( AS /M ) GLRO .

ED WARD THO MAS l i v ing a t 2J ame s P lace w i th w if e C a ro l ine ;b ap t ised J ane C ha r lo t te J an 2 3 1 884 ( S t J /B ) GLRO .

P ipe C lay a nd Wh i t ing Merchan t s

N amed a s f a the r o f s on W i l l iam , a t h i s ma r r iage c . 1900

T he f o l low ing n ame sw e re f ound t oh ave b een i n vo lved i nt h e

( AS /M ) GLRO .

m e rchand is ing

o f

p ipe

c l ay

a nd

r e la t ed

p roduc t s

i n

N ew ing ton , m any o ft h em b a sed i nt h e Wa lwo r th a r ea . BENJA MIN WEST l i v ing a t 3B a th T e r race w i th w if e ,A l ice GEORGE MART IN 7 A lvey S t . , E a s t S t . , Wa lwo r th ( p ipe

J ane J an 2 4 1 892 ; b ap t ised s on A r thu r ( N /PR ) GLRO .

c l ay ) 1 871 POD . J un 9 1 895 b ap t ised c h i ld ( S tS / I 3 ) GLRO . GEORGE MART IN ( JNR . ) B ow le s R d . , O ld K en t R d . ( wh i t ing ) 1 882 POD .

CHARLES N ICHOLLS ( Decea sed ) Ma r 81 896 n amed a s f a the ra td augh te rA da 's ma r r iage t oW i l l iam A rno ld ( S tP /M ) GLRO .

EBENEZER MART IN 7 A lvey S t . , Wa lwo r th R d . ( p ipe c l ay ) 1 882 POD ; 5a nd 7A lvey S t ree t ( p ipe c l ay ) 1 889 1907 POD .

THO MAS FREDER ICK JOHN MERRITT l i v ing a t 2 3 V i l la S t . , a ge 2 1 , b ache lo r ; d a te o f m a r r iage J u l 2 6 1 903 ( S tS /M ) GLRO .

EBENEZER MART IN , PERREN & CO . 7a nd 1 3 A lvey S t ree t ( p ipec lay ) 1 9 13 POD ; ( wh i t ing ) 1 9 18 -35 POD .

O c t 11 9 11 l i v ing a t 4T hom son 's Man s ion s . B ap t ised c h i ld ( S tS /B ) GLRO .

GEORGE BLANCHARD 2 37 Wa lwo r th R d . ' c on t rac to r t o HM G ove rnmen t ' ( p ipec lay ) 1 882 POD . THO MAS JOHN MERR ICK ( s ic ) N ov 5 1 899 , f a the r o f

' S team Wo rk s ' 2 37 Wa lwo r th R d . ( p ipec lay a nd w h i t ing )

Ma r tha a th e r m a r r iage ( h e r a dd re s s P o r t land S t . )

1 889 1930 POD .

( S tS /M )

GLRO . HENRY S I M MONDS B eddonne S t . , Wa lwo r th S E 17 ( p ipe c l ay ) 1 92 1-1930 POD .

1 903 N amed a s f a the r a ts on T homa s ' m a r r iage ( s ee a bove ) ( i b id . ) . J an 1 7 1 909 l i v ing a t1 7 R unham S t . ; b ap t ised c h i ld ( S tS / 1 3 )

BLANCHARD S IM MONDS L td . 2 37 Wa lwo r th R d . ( p ipe

GLRO .

c l ay a nd w h i t ing ) 1 935 POD .

ALBERT JOHN MERR ITT l i v ing a t 1 69 S ou th S t ree t

BLANCHARD MART IN & S I M MONDS Wa lwo r th R d . S E 17 ( p ipe c l ay ) 1 940 POD .

B ap t ised c h i ld D ec 9 1 906 ( S tS /B ) GLRO . 1 48

L td .

2 37

Append ix H I : P ipe Mou ld Maker s

JOHN JONES t obacco p ipe mou ld m ake r 1 843 : L iv ing a t 1 91

K en t S t ree t p robab ly t h e f a the r o f

R icha rd J one s ( s ee b e low ) ( POD ) .

R ICHARD JONES t obacco p ipe m ake r /t obacco p ipe mou ld make r 1 844 -51 : L i s ted a st obacco p ipe mou ld m ake ru nde rt h e n ame ' R icha rd J one s & S on ' a t 1 91 K en t S t ree t ( POD ) . 1 848 ( 7 Ma r ) : P robab ly t h eR icha rd J one s , w h i te sm i th , n amed a sf a the ro fT homa sJ one sT PM ( s ee B iog raph ie s b e low ) w ho l i ved i n K en t S t ree t ( S tMS /M ) GLRO . 1 852 -65 : L i s ted a t8 7 K en t S t ree ta t as hop f o rme r ly o ccup ied b y a b rushmake r . T he

' & s on '

w a s d ropped f r om t h e

d i rec tory l i s t ing s a f te r 1 852 ( POD ; A tk inson a nd O swa ld 1 969 , 2 2 1) . c . 1865 -72 :

L iv ing a t 2 C o t ton R ow , Ma r lbo rough R d . ,

D a ls ton ( N . L ondon ) , t r ad ing a s a n i r onmonge r a nd p ipe mou ld m ake r ( POD ) .

THO MAS S TUC KEY ( 2 ) t obacco p i pe mou ld make r . 1 86 1 ( 8 A p r ) : L iv ing a t2 95 K en t S t . , a ged 2 2 . ( bn . S u r rey , L ambe th ) w i th f a the r , T homa s S tuckey , TPM t oge the r w i th W i l l iam W i l l iam s TPM a nd H en ry J .B radshaw T PM ( s ee A ppend ix I )( N /C ) S LSL .

1 49

Append ix I V : O ccupan t s o fN ew ing ton 's t wo mos t p roduc t ive p ipemak ing c en tre s

P ipemaker s A l ley a nd 2 95 K en t S tre e t

CHARLES BOUND (S ) T PM 1 860 : A t 3P ipemake r s A l ley ( R )

SA MUEL LE W IS PM 1 86 1 :A t 1P ipemake r s A l ley , a ged 3 9 b n . S u r rey , S t . J ohn

1 861 : A t 4P ipemake r s A l ley , a ged 4 3 b n . M idd le sex ( N /C ) .

( N /C ) .

SARAH BOUND (S ) T V 1 86 1 : A t 4P ipemake r s A l ley , a ged 3 5 ( N /C ) .

rEM MA

LE WIS P T 1 86 1 : A t 1P ipemake r sA l ley ,a ged 3 8b n . Ma ry lebone ( N /C ) .

HENRY J . BRADSHA W T PM

HENRY W . REID

1 86 1 : A t 2 95 K en t S t re e t , a ged 3 8 b n . S u r rey S t . S av iou r s

1 86 1 : A t 2P ipemake r s A l ley , a ged 3 0T PM & C a rpen te rb n .

( N /C ) .

H amp s tead ( N /C ) .

MAR IA BRADSHA W TPT 1 861 : A t 2 95 K en t S t ree t , a ged 4 1 b n . S u r rey S t . S av iou r s

ANN REID T PT 1 86 1 : A t 2P ipemake r s A l ley , a ged 2 7 b n . Wa lwo r th

( N /C ) .

HENRY T . CH ICK T PM

MARY ANN STUCKEY T FT

1 851 : A t 4P ipemake r s A l ley , a ged 3 6 b n . H an t s . ( N /C ) .

1 86 1 : A t 2 95 K en t S t ree t , a ged 4 9 b n . H an t s .

JANE CH ICK T PF

THO MAS S TUCKEY ( 1 ) T PM

1 851 : A t 4P ip emake r s A l ley , a ged 3 6 b n . M idd le sex ( N /C ) .

1 86 1 : A t 2 95 K en t S t ree t , a ged 4 9 b n . K en t .

JA MES HAL IFAX T PM

THO MAS S TUCKEY ( 2 )

1 851 : A t 1P ipemake r s A l ley , a ged 4 1 b n . H er t s . ( N /C ) .

1 86 1 : 2 95 K en t S t ree t , a ged 2 2 . T P Mou ld Make r b n . L ambe th .

1 86 1 : A t 3P ipemake r s A l ley ( N /C ) . JOHN WILL IA MS T PM SARAH HALIFAX T PT

1 823 1833 : l i s ted w o rk ing a t 2 95 K en t S t ree t b u t l i v ing i n

1 851 : A t 1P ipemake r s A l ley , a ged 3 6 b n . M idd le sex ( N /C ) .

G eo rge S t r ee t ( POD ;P /C AW ) .

1 86 1 : A t 3P ipemake r s A l ley ( N /C ) . WILLIA M WILL IA MS T PM 1 822 -1858 : A t 2 95 K en t S t ree t ( W ; POD ; N /C ) . HENRY HUGHES T PM 1 851 : A t 3P ipemake r s A l ley , a ged 3 2 b n . K en t ( N /C ) . WILLIA M MAUR ICE WILL IAMS 1 853 1864 : A t 2 95 K en t S t ree t ( POD ) . T PM /T rave l le r E STHER HUGHES T PT 1 851 : A t 3P ipemake r s A l ley , a ged 3 4 b n . M idd le sex ( N /C ) .

R ICHARD JOHN J ACKSON T PM 1 851 : A t 2P ipemake r s A l ley , a ged 3 2 b n . M idd le sex ( N /C ) .

EL IZABETH JACKSON TPT 1 851 : A t 2P ipemake r sA l ley ,a ged 3 1 b n . B e rmond sey ( N /C ) .

JOHN J E WSTER T PM 1 778 1862 : A t R oya l O ak Y a rd a nd 2 95 K en t S t ree t ( S IP ; POD ; W) . 1 50

N o s . 4a nd 5 Weymou th S tree t

JOHN MACKENZIE 1 853 : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t ree t ( S tMS /B ) ; w if e L au ra d e sc r ib ed a s aw idow o f 5 Weymou th S t ree t i n 1 856 .

GEORGE ATHERTON PM 1 86 1 : A ' b oa rde r ' a t 4 Weymou th S t ree t , a ged 2 6 b n . L ive rpoo l ( N /C ) .

WILL IA M OGDEN 1 867 : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t ree t ( S tMS /M ) .

ANN B IRCH PM 1 851-2 : A t 4 Weymou th S t ree t , a ged 4 4 w i th h e r s on W . J .

MARY PO WELL

B i r ch a sh e r a pp ren t ice ( N /C ) .

1 851 : A t 5 Weymou th S t . , a ged 4 3 , b n . S u r rey , L ambe th ( N /C ) .

WILL IA M J A MES B IRCH ( 1 ) T PM 1 831-50 : L iv ing a t 4Weymou th S t re e t( N /C ; S tMS /B ; POD ) .

WILL IA M PO WELL 1 851 : A t 5Weymou th S t ree t , a ged 4 1 , b n . M idd le sex ( N /C ) .

WILL IA M J A MES B IRCH ( 2 ) PM 1 85 1 : A pp . t oA nn B i rch ( s ee a bove ) .

I SSAC SMITH 1 853 : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t ree t ( N /C ) .

JOHN DENCH PM 1 86 1 : A t 4 Weymou th S t ree t , a ged 5 0 (? ) b n . A lde r sga te

CHARLOTTE MAT ILDA SWINYARD

( N /C ) . 1 88 1 : A t 6 7 L ion S t ree t ( N /C ) .

1 851 : A t 5 Weymou th S t . , a ged 3 7 , b n . H e r t s . ( N /C ) .

JA MES SW INYARD EM MA DOUBTF IRE P T urne r 1 84 1 : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t ree t -n o tb o rn i nC oun ty ( N /C ) .

1 851 : A t 5Weymou th S t . , a ged 6 9 , b n . S t . G i le s , M idd le sex? ( N /C ) .

JOSEPH DOUBTF IRE PM 1 84 1 : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t ree t , a ged 2 5 ; n o t b o rn i n c oun ty ( N /C ) . 1 853 -8 : A t 4 Weymou th S t ree t ( POD ) .

WILL IA M DOUBTF IRE T PM 1 84 1 : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t re e t , a ged 2 0 ; n o t b o rn i n c oun ty ( N /C ) .

THO MAS PH IL IP GERRARD 1 86 1-72 : A t 4 Weymou th S t ree t T PM . b n . C ha tham , K en t ( N /C ; POD ) . 1 871 : A t 5 Weymou th S t ree t ( N /C ) .

CHARLES GREATOREX 1 86 1 : A' b oa rde r ' a t 4 Weymou th S t . , a ged 2 7 , b n . S t a f fo rd ( N /C ) .

J A MES COLL INS HEDGE 1 836 : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t ree t ( S tMS /B ) .

HENRY J ACKSON 1 84 1 : L iv ing i n Weymou th S t . , a ged 2 5 ( N /C ) .

1 5 1

Append ix V : K i lnmen F o r ad i scu s s ion o n k i lnmen w i th p o s s ib le p ipemak ing c onne c t ion s , s e e s e c t ion 5 ( p age 1 2 ) .

JOHN BOORER , k i ln b u rne r , n amed a s f a the r o f Wa l te r B oo re r ,2 2 ,b ache lo ro f1 7 Ame l ia S t ree ta th i s ma r r iage ,A ug 31 890 . ( S t J /M ) GLRO .

FRANCES HENRY HATTON ( s ic ) , k i ln b u rne r , n amed a s f a the ro fF rance s H en ry H a t ton , g room , a th i s ma r r iage . Ma r 3 1 1 907 . ( i b id . ) .

FREDER ICK JOHN BUTTERY ,k i ln -man ,n amed a sf a the r a tw edd ing o fd augh te r L yd ia o f 1 0 S al i sbu ry R ow . D ec 1 0 1 899 . ( i b id . ) .

GEORGE WILL IA M SA WYER ,k i lnman , n amed a sf a the r o fJ ame s o f2 2 B randon S t ree t , O c t 11 907 . ( i b id . ) .

ED WARD BERRY , k i ln s e t te r . B ap t ism o f s on J ohn . 5 2 S u l tan S t ree t ( c . 1 90 1-5 ) . ( S tM lUB -P 92 /MRK J5 ) GLRO .

Append ix V I : T he c ha r t o n t h e f o l low ing p age s how s l i nk s b e tween t h e S w inya rd s

a nd

o the r

p i pemak ing

f am i l ie s ,

s ome

w i th

N ew ing ton c onnec t ion s , f ound d ur ing t h e c ou r se o f t h i s r e sea rch .

1 52

emakers : Ja mes Sw in

a nd R ichard C r itch f ie ld

Known p ipe makers a re i n bo ld . m . = marr iage ; L . = L ondon

M Q

C c p

1 5 3

b n .1 835 ,B e rmondsey ,L

(

(

Append ix V I