The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe II. The United States of America 9780860540595, 9781407349145

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The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe II. The United States of America edited by Peter Davey

B A R International Series 60 1 979

B.A.R.

B.A.R., 122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GE :N""ERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., :\I.A., D .Phil. D. R. \\T alker, :\I.A. B. A.R. -S60, 1979: "The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe, II" . © The Individual Authors 1979.

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540595 paperback ISBN 9781407349145 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540595 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTEN:�

Page List of Illustrations EDITORIAL

P. J. Davey

1

Clay Tobacco Pipes Excavated at Martin's Hundred, Virginia, 1976-1978

Audrey NolH Hume

3

Clay Pipes from the Buck Site in Maryland

L. T. Alexander

A Preliminary Chronology and Discussion of Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Century Clay Tobacco Pipes from New York State Sites

John H. McCashion 63

Historic Clay Tobacco Pipemakers in the United States of America

Byron Sudbury

37

151

L IST OF I LLUSTRAT IONS

P age Audrey No e Hu me L oca tion map o f Mar t in ' s Hundred s i tes

4

F igure 1 .

P ipes f ro m s i te "A", P i t n o . 1

9

2 .

P ipes f ro m S i te "A ", P i t n o . 2

1 2

3 .

P ipes f ro m S i te "A", P i t n o . 3

1 5

4 .

P ipes f ro m S i te "A " ,P i ts n o . 5a nd 1 0

1 7

5 .

P ipes f ro m S i te "A" ,P i t n o . 9

2 0

l ar Ho ,C el le

6 .

P ipes f ro m S i te "

7 .

P ipes f ro m S i te "B", P i t A

2 4 2 6

8 . 9 .

P ipes f ro m S i te "B", v ar ious f eatures P ipes f ro m S i te "C"

3 0 3 2

L . T . A lexander 1 .

P i t p rof i le-typ ica l s ection

3 8

2 .

Harr ing ton b ar-char t

4 0

3 .

Buck s i te s te m-bore d ia me ter c har t

4 2

4 .

Three h ee less, s pur less p ipes f ro m t he Buck s i te

4 4

5 .

lia m Evans Wil ' p ipes

4 6

6 .

lin ( lin L lewel L luel ) Evans ' p ipes

4 8

7 .

Hee led p ipes

5 0

8 .

" IS" -" A " -S moker ' sc o mpan ion

5 2

9 .

Decora ted s te ms

5 4

1 7 th c entury "American e xpor t s ty le" p rof i les

5 6

1 0.

Byron S udbury 1 .

Map o ft he U n i ted S ta tes

2 33

2 .

Nor th Caro l ina .

1 8 th c entury p ipes made a t B e thabara

2 34

3 .

North Caro l ina .

K i ln f urni ture f ro m B e thabara

2 35

4 .

O hio a nd Pennsy lvan ia

2 37

5 .

Ohio .

2 38

P lan o f The Akron Smok ing P ipe Co . f actory

6 .

V irg in ia .

P ipes f ro mthe No m iny P lan ta tion

2 39

7 .

V irg in ia .

"De tai led c ost o f mak ing 1 00 ,000 p ipes"

2 41

8 .

V irg in ia .

Adver t ising p a mph le t f ro m Pa mp l in

2 42

9 .

V irg in ia .

Pub l ici ty f or Pa mp l in p ipes, 1 939

2 43

1 0 . 1 1.

V irg in ia . V irg in ia .

Publici ty f or Pa mp l in p ipes, 1 940 Publ ici ty f or Pa mp lin p ipes, 1 940

2 44 2 45

1 2 .

V irg in ia .

P ubl ici ty f or Pa mp l in p ipes, 1 940

2 46

Page

F igure 1 3 . Virg in ia .

P ublici ty f or Pa mp l in p ipes, 1 94 1

2 47

1 4 .

V irg inia .

P ub lici ty f or Pamp l in p ipes, 1 94 1

2 48

1 5 .

V irg inia .

Publ ici ty f or Pa mp l in p ipes, 1 94 1

2 49

J ohn H . McCashion P la te 1 .

l y-bow Du tch Bel l

7 5

2 .

Hee l mark o f Du tch b e lly-bow l

7 7

3 .

Du tch t hist le h ee l mark

7 9

4 .

l y-bow Par t ia l Du tch b el l , p ar t ia l EB h eel mark

7 9

5 .

D u tch b e lly-bow l w i th o bscured h ee l mark

8 1

6 .

l y-bow Du tch b el l a nd s te m , H I h ee l mark

8 3

7 ,

L arge Du tch p ipe b ow l a nd s te m , t u lip h ee l mark

8 5

8 .

l y-bow Three u n marked Du tch b el ls

8 7

9 .

Du tch f l eur-del is s ta mp

8 7

1 0 .

ly-bow Ear ly Du tch b el l

8 9

1 1 ,

MTS h ee l mark

9 1

1 2 .

PG h ee l mark

9 1

1 3.

l y-bow Du tch b el l " trade

9 3

1 4.

EB h ee l mark

9 3

1 5.

l y-bow Du tch b el l " trade" p ipe , EB h ee l mark

1 6 .

Du tch f unnel e lbow a ng le " trade" p ipe , EB h eel mark

9 5 9 7

1 7 .

EB h ee l mark

9 9

1 8 .

EB h ee l mark

9 9

P ipe

1 9 .

EB h ee l mark

1 00

2 0 .

EB h ee l mark

1 00

2 1.

EB h ee l mark

1 01

2 2 .

l y-bow Dutch b el l , Du tch r ose- mark o n h ee l

1 03

2 3 .

Du tch r ose- mark

1 05

2 4.

WT W h ee l mark

1 07

2 5.

l y-bow Eng l ish b el l , PE h ee l mark

1 09

2 6.

PE h ee l mark

1 11

2 7 .

l y-bow Three t ypes o f Du tch EB b el ls

1 13

2 8 .

Cross a nd Orb h ee l mark

1 15

2 9.

Trade p ipe , p robab ly Eng lish

1 17

3 0 .

l y-bow B el l w i th Mu lberry s ide mark

1 19

3 1 .

D utch b e lly-bow l , HG h ee l mark

1 21

3 2 .

Du tch b e lly-bow l , Wapen v an Z ee land h ee l mark

1 23

3 3 .

Wapen v an Z ee land h ee l mark

1 23

3 4.

D u tch f unnel e lbow a ng le "t rade" p ipe , EB h ee l mark

1 25

3 5 .

l y-bow l h Du tch b el l , b el ee l mark

1 27

3 6.

l h B el ee l mark

1 27

3 7 .

rade" p ipe , H :G h eel mark Du tch f unne l e lbow a ng le "t

1 29

3 8 .

H :G h ee l mark

1 31

3 9 .

HG h ee l mark

1 31

4 0 .

HG h ee l mark

1 33

4 1.

Du tch b e lly-bow l w i th h and o r g love h ee l mark

1 35

P la te

Page

4 2 .

Hand o r g love h ee l mark

1 35

4 3 . 4. 4

AI-0 h ee l mark A lcan tara c ross o r mustard f l ower h ee l mark

1 39

4 5 .

Du tch f l eur-delis s te m mark

1 41 1 43

1 37

4 6 .

t ed s Du tch r ou let te m mark

4 7 .

l y-bow Du tch b el l "t rade" p ipe , D u tch ma id h ee l mark

1 43

4 8 . 4 9.

Eng l ish b e lly-bow l e xpor t p ipe l y-bow Eng l ish b el l e xpor t p ipe , RC o ver PW s ide mark

1 45

5 0.

RC o ver PW h ee l mark

1 47

Eng l ish p ipe-bow l , TO s ta mp

1 49

5 1.

1 47

Byron S udbury 1 .

l I linois.

S toneware p ipes b y t he K irkpa tr icks

2 50

2 .

l I linois a nd Ma ine .

3 . 4 .

Ma ine . P ipe mak ing e quip men t 2 52 Ma ine , Mich igan , Canada a nd N ew H a mpshire : p ipes a nd s te ms 2 53

5 .

New York .

6 .

New York a nd U nknown :

7 .

Nor th Caro l ina a nd U nknown .

R edware a nd wh i te c lay p ipes

P ipes b y Amer ican C lay P ipe Works p ipe b ow ls

2 51

2 54 2 55

A ust , Michae ls a nd Moravian-

s ty le p ipes

2 56

8 .

Ohio .

P ipes f ro m Po in t P leasan t

2 57

9 .

O hio .

P ipes f ro m Po in t P leasan t

2 58

1 0 .

Oh io .

P ipes f ro m P o in t P leasan t

2 59

1 1 .

O hio .

P ipes f ro m P oin t P leasan t

2 60

1 2 .

Oh io .

P ipes f ro m P o in t P leasan t

2 61

1 3.

O hio .

P ipes f ro m P oin t P leasan t

2 62

1 4 .

Ohio .

t ery p C ler mon t P ot ipe mach ine

2 63

1 5.

Ohio .

P ipes f ro m t he Akron- Mogadore a rea

2 65

1 6 .

Oh io .

Waster d u mp i n Mogadore

2 67

1 7 .

Oh io.

P ipes f ro m 3 3SU37

2 68

1 8 .

Ohio .

C lay o b je cts f ro m 3 3 -S U -37

2 69

1 9 . 2 0 .

Oh io . Oh io .

Ma ter ia ls f ro m 3 3SU 37 Aer ia l p ho tographs o f The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o . s i te

2 70 2 72

2 1 .

Ohio .

V iews o f T he Akron Smok ing P ipe C o . s i te

2 73

2 2 .

Oh io .

2 3 .

Ohio .

2 4 .

Ohio a nd P ennsy lvan ia : p ipe b ow ls

2 78

2 5.

Oh io .

P ipes f ro m Mogadore

2 79

P ipes b y J ohn F . R ist S r .

V iews o f The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o . s i te P ipes f ro m The Akron Smok ing P ipe Co . s i te

2 75 2 76

2 6 .

Oh io .

2 7 .

New York , Oh io a nd P ennsy lvan ia .

2 81

2 8 .

r ack Pennsy lvan ia ( ?) .

2 9.

Tennessee .

3 0 .

Texas a nd U nknown : p ipes a nd s te m

2 86

3 1 .

V irg in ia .

V iews o ft he P a mp l in f actory

2 87

P ipe b ow ls a nd g lazing

Gang p ipe mo ld

G lazed p ipe b ow ls

2 83 2 84 2 85

3 2 .

V irginia .

V iews o ft he P a mp l in f actory

2 88

3 3 .

V irg in ia .

l I lustra tions f ro m t he P a mp l in p ipe i ndustry

2 89

P la te

Page

3 4.

V irg inia .

Aeria l p ho tographs o ft he P a mp l in p ipe f actory

3 5.

V irg inia .

Pa mp l in f actory 's

3 6 .

V irg inia .

P ipe mach inery f ro m t he Pa mp l in f actory

2 94

3 7 .

V irg in ia .

P ipe mach ine f ro m t he P a mp l in f actory

2 95

3 8 .

V irg inia .

Mo ld-ha lf a nd p ipe b ow ls f ro m Pamp l in

2 96

3 9 .

V irg in ia .

Dobb ins, s agger a nd p ipe b ow ls f ro m Pa mp l in .

2 97

4 0 .

V irg in ia .

S tenci ls f ro m Pa mp l in

2 98

4 1 .

V irg in ia .

S tenci ls a nd c heck b lank f ro m Pa mp l in

3 00

c onveyer-cut ine" t er mach

2 91 2 93

4 2 .

V irg inia .

P ipes p roduced i n t he Pamp l in a rea

3 01

4 3 .

V irg inia .

P ipes p roduced i n t he Pa mp l in a rea

3 02

4 4.

V irg in ia .

P ipes p roduced i n t he Pa mp l in a rea

3 03

4 5.

V irg in ia .

P ipes p roduced i n t he Pamp l in a rea

3 05

4 6.

V irg inia .

P ipes f ro m t he Pa mp lin a rea

3 06

4 7 .

V irg inia .

P ipes f ro m t he P a mp lin a rea

3 08

4 8 .

V irg in ia .

P ipes f ro m t he Pa mp l in a rea

3 09

4 9 .

V irg in ia .

P ipes f ro m t he Pa mp l in a rea

3 10

5 0 .

V irg in ia .

P ipes f ro m t he Pa mp l in a rea

3 11

5 1 .

V irg inia .

P ipes f ro m t he Pa mp l in a rea

3 12

5 2 .

V irg inia .

P ipes f ro m t he Pa mp l in a rea

3 13

5 3 .

V irg inia .

P ipes f ro m t he P a mp l in a rea

3 15

5 4 .

V irg inia .

P ipes f ro m t he Pa mp l in a rea

3 16

5 . 5

V irg in ia .

P ipes f ro m t he Pa mp l in a rea

3 18

5 6.

V irg in ia .

P ipes f ro m t he Pa mp l in a rea

3 19

5 7 .

V irg inia .

P ipe b ow ls a nd d obbins f ro m P a mp l in

3 21

5 8 .

V irg in ia .

P ipe mold

3 22

5 9 .

V irg inia .

Ho me i ndustry p ipe mo ld a nd t oo ls.

3 24

6 0 .

V irg inia .

P ipe mo ld

3 25

6 1 .

V irg in ia .

P ipe mo ld

3 26

6 2 .

V irg inia .

P ipe mo ld a nd b ow l s te m t ools

3 27

6 3 .

V irg inia .

P ipe mold a nd s te m t oo l

3 28

6 4 .

V irg in ia .

P ipe mo lds f ro m t he Pa mp l in a rea

3 29

6 5 .

V irg in ia .

P ipes b y Mr . J ones o f Appo ma tox

3 31

6 6 .

V irg in ia .

P ipes a nd p laster mo ld u sed b y Mr . J ones

3 33

6 7 .

Modern d ay p ipes a nd mo lds

3 35

6 8 .

Modern d ay p ipe mo lds

3 36

6 9 .

O hio a nd U nknown : p ipes a nd s te m

3 38

7 0 .

P ipes o fu nknown o r ig in

3 39

7 1 .

P ipes o fu nknown o r ig in

3 40

7 2 .

P ipes o f u nknown o r ig in

3 41 .

EDITOR IAL

P ipe s tudies i n t he U SA a re o f s pecia l i n terest t o workers i n t he r est o f t he wor ld , b o th b ecause t he Western E uropean i ndustry a l most c er ta in ly owes i t s o r ig ins t o Amer ican I nd ian p ro to types a nd b ecause t he e astern s eaboard p rovides o ne o f t he b est a reas f or s tudy o f t he f i rst e xpor ts f ro m Br i ta in a nd Hol l and d uring t he e ar ly y ears o f t he s even teen th c en tury .

No t o n ly c an

a na lysis o f c lay t obacco p ipe f rag men ts f ro m o f ten wel l d a ted Amer ican s i tes t er u t erns, b t er c g ive ab et nderstand ing o f p r imary t rad ing p at u t a lso b et hrono log ies c an b e e stab lished f or t he p roduct ion c en tres t he mse lves.

F or

Amer ican h i storica l a rchaeo log ists a nd s ocia l a nd e cono m ic h istor ians t he s tudy o f h o me p roduct ion i s a lso o f c onsiderab le i mpor tance .

P ipe f rag men ts

a re c o m mon f i nds o n most t ypes o f s i te f ro m t he s even teen th c en tury o nwards a nd i n many c ases c an b e d a ted more c lose ly t han most o ther k inds o f a r tef act .

Thus, where d ocu men ta tion i s p oor , t he a bso lu te d a t ing o f a rchaeologi-

c a l s equences i s l ike ly t o d epend o n t his c lass o f e vidence a lone.

F inds o f

p ipes o n s et t s i tes o fn a tive I ndian g roups c an b e u sed b o th t o d ocu men t tle men t heir c on tacts w i th European t raders a nd t o e stablish g ood c hrono log ies f or t he s i tes t he mse lves.

Apar t f ro m t hese u ti li tarian c onsidera t ions, t he s tudy

o ft he c lay t obacco p ipe i ndustry w i th in Amer ica s hou ld b e t aken s er iously a s a n a rea o f r esearch i n i t s own r igh t .

A l though f or t he most p ar t a minor i ndus-

t ry , i tp rovides a n e xcel t o ppor tuni ty t o d ocu men t t he t echno logica l , s ocia l l en a nd e cono m ic e fects o ft he I ndustria l R evo lu tion f ro m e ar liest t imes t o t he f p resen t d ay . Th is s econd v olu me o f t he BAR s er ies The A rchaeology o f t he C lay Tobacco P ipe c onsists o f f our p apers wh ich i lustrate many o f t hese p o in ts i n p rac t ise i n l t he U SA .

The r epor t o n t he e xcava tions a t Mar t in ' s Hundred

b y

A udrey NoAl

H u me p resen ts t he e vidence f ro m o ne o f t he f ew t horough ly e xcavated s i tes o f t he e ar ly s even teen th c entury .

I tp rovides i mpor tan t e vidence f or t he n a ture o f

t rade w i th Europe a nd i nc ludes s o me o ft he e ar liest e vidence f or i nd igenous p ipe p roduction . Ad iscussion o f s te m-bore d a t ing r esu l ts f or t he s i te emphas ises t he p ri macy o f a rchaeo logica l me thod i n t he a ssess men t o f s uch d a ta . F ur ther e ar ly s even teen th c en tury ma teria l i s p rovided b y J ohn McCash ion ' s p aper o n f i nds f ro m New York S ta te .

H ere s tudy o f p ipes f ro m I roquois I ndian

s i tes a l lows a d etai led p icture o ft he p ene tra tion o f Du tch p ipe makers t o b e d rawn .

The c hrono logies a re d e tai led a nd i n s o me c ases i ti s p ossib le t o

d ocu men t t he a ctivi ty o f a par t icu lar maker a nd t rader.

L . T . A lexander 's

work o n t he Buck S i te i n Mary land d ea ls w i th r ubb ish p i t ma teria l a t t he e nd o f t he s even teen th a nd b eg inn ing o ft he e igh teen th c en tury .

F ur ther q ua li f ica-

t ion o ft he s te m-bore me thod i s p rovided , t ogether w i th a n i mpressive s ta temen t o ft he d om inance o ft he Bri sto l makers i n t ha t a rea d ur ing t he p eriod . Whi le t hese f i rst t hree p apers d ea l w i th t he r esu lts o f f i e ld work , t he f our th a t te mp ts t o s urvey a l l k nown h istoric t obacco p ipe makers i n t he U SA .

This

was a massive t ask a nd t he r esu lt , t hough f or midable , must b e c onsidered a s t he s tar t ing p oin t f or d e tai led work i n many p ar ts o f t he c oun try . 1

A s a n o u tsider r ead ing t hese p apers f ro m a Br it ish s tandpo in t an u mber o f p aral l els w ith t he s ta te o f o ur own r esearch c o me t o m ind . l an i s s t il eed f or much more d eta iled d ocu men tary w ork .

F irst , t here

C overage o f t he

c oun try i s p a tchy , wh ich makes c o mparat ive s tudy d if f icu l t.

S econd ly , a

g rea t d eal more e f fort n eeds t o b e p u t i n to r esearch i n to t he e igh teenth c ent ury i ndustry . I n many a reas d eta i led s tudy o f s even teen th c en tury p ipes, b ased o n e xcavated ma ter ial , i s s epara ted b y a gap ing d iv ide f ro m w ork c arr ied o u t o n t he w el l -docu men ted n ineteen th a nd t wen t ieth c entury makes a nd t heir p roduc ts.

Th ird ly , many more s even teen th c en tury s i tes n eed t o b e

p rop erly e xcava ted b efore a r eal ly r epresen ta t ive p ic ture o f t he p roduc t ion a nd u se o f c lay t obacco

p ipes c an b e

e stab l ished.

I n p ar t icu lar , i n t he U SA

a s i n B ri ta in , e arly k i lns must b e l oca ted a nd f u l ly e xcava ted b efore a p roper u nderstand ing o f t he d evelop men t o f p ipe t echnology c an b e g a ined .

Un t i l

c ons iderab ly more h eadway i s made o n a l l t hese f ron ts i tw il l r e ma in i mposs ible t o c onstruc t t he r eg ional s oc io-econo m ic f ra mework t owards wh ich much p ipe s tudy i s n ow d irec ted. A cknow ledge men ts Once a gain Imust e xpress my g ra ti tude t o Adrian O swa ld a nd l a in Wa lker f or a dvice i nt he c ol f p ipe ma teria l f ro m t he Amer icas. l ection o

I n p art icu lar

Is hou ld l ike t o t hank K ay L ancaster f or a grea t d ea l o f h e lp w i th t he i lustral t ions , b o th i n r e-draw ing a nd p ast ing-up a nd P enny Brown who h as t aken o n t he b run t o fb o th e d i t ing a nd o rgani sing t h is i ncreasing ly o verwhe lm ing p ro ject .

P . J . D avey , I nst i tu t ion o f Ex tens;on S tud ies, Un ivers i ty o f L iverpool . J u ly 3 0 th 1 979

2

CLAY TOBACCO P IPES EXCAVATED AT MARTIN 'S HUNDRED , V IRGIN IA , 1 976-1978 b y Audrey Noe l Hume

S um mary Excavat ion d ur ing 1 976 a nd 1 977 o f t hree c losely r elated s i tes lia msburg a t Mart in 's Hundred n ear Wil , V irg in ia y ielded a n umber o fg roups o f Engl ish a nd Du tch c lay t obacco p ipes i n u se b etween 1 619 a nd 1 650.

I n a dd it ion t o t hrow ing n ew l i ght o n Europe-V irg in ia t rade

i nt h is p er iod , many o f t he d eposits p rov ided a va luab le o ppor tun i ty t o t est t he a ccuracy o f t he B in ford p ipe-ste m d a t ing f or mu la.

1

H istory o f Mart in 's Hundred I n 1 617 a jo in t-stock c ompany n a med t he S oc iety o f Mart in 's Hundred was g ran ted a pprox i ma tely t wen ty t housand a cres o f l and o n t he n or th b ank o f t he J a mes R iver i nt he V irg in ia C o lony .

The f irst s et rr ived i n t he s pr ing o f tlers a

1 619 a nd e stabl ished t heir c ompany t own o f Wo lstenho lme o n l and n ow k nown b y t he e igh teen th-cen tury n a me o f Car ter 's Grove. The Hundred s uf evere fered s s etbacks i n t he I nd ian Massacre o f 1 622 a nd a s t he r esu l t o f t he s ubsequen t p lague , a nd y et managed t o s urv ive t o b eco me p ar t o f t he r oya l d om in ion o f V irg in ia i n 1 624.

A l though most o f t he d ocumen tary e v idence f or t he Hundred

i s c oncen tra ted i n t he p er iod 1 619-1625, a rchaeo log ica l e v idence h as p roved t ha t t here was o ccupat ion o n s evera l s i tes u n t il t he m idd le y ears o f t he c en tury . S i te " A" , P eriod o f o ccupat ion c . 1 620-1645 I nt he f irst h a l f o f t he s even teen th c en tury , ad i tch h ad b een u sed t o e nc lose e ight a cres o f r easonab ly f l a t l and o n t hree s ides , t he r e ma in ing s ide b eing b ounded b y a deep r av ine.

With in t h is e nc losure a rchaeo log ists f ound

t races o f n ine s truc tures, t he l argest a d wel ing 1 8 f eet b y 4 0 f eet ling measur a nd t he smal i ve b y s ix f eet , t hese l ast p robably s heds o r o ther d ependenlest f c ies. P low ing a nd e rosion h ad d estroyed most o f t he s tra t igraphy a nd a r t ifacts w ere r ecovered e i ther f ro m p i ts , t ree h o les , o r p ost h o les a nd mo lds. S i te " B" , P er iod o f o ccupa t ion c . 1 620-1640 The s econd Mart in 's Hundred s i te l ay o n a pro mon tory f lanked o n t hree s ides b y d eep r av in es t o t he s ou theast o f S i te " A." A l though t here was o nly a s ingle s truc ture a t o ne e nd o f t he o va l a rea , i t was, f or i t s p er iod , ar ela t ively l arge dwel , 2 0 f eet w ide a nd 3 6 f eet l ong. ling

The u nusua l q uan t i t ies o f d o m-

e st ic t rash s cat ver t he s urround ing a rea s uggested a n i n tensive i f t ered o s qua l id o ccupa t ion . N o th ing c an b e s a id o f t he o ccupan ts o ther t han t ha t t hey smoked a r easonable amoun t , d rank much l ess t han t he p eop le o nS i te " A," 3

»

Me l

1 8 th C en . M ans ion

Map s how ing l oca t ion o f t he s even teen th c en tury s i tes e xcava ted a t Mart in 's Hundred .

4

w ere w el qu ipped t o d efend t he mselves, a nd b ur ied ab aby l ess t han a year l e o ld c lose t o t heir h ouse.

U n l ike t heir c on te mporar ies o nS ite " A" ( t here i s

r eason t o s uppose a dat ing o verlap o f o ccupa t ion o f t hese s i tes ) t he g roup o n S ite " B" r el ied l ess o n impor ted c on t inen tal c era m ics t han o n l oca l wares a nd t he v ar ious p roduc ts o f N or th Devon k ilns. S ite " C" , Period o fo ccupa t ion c . 1 61 9 -1622 A l though S i te " C" h as n o t y et b een f ul xcava ted a t t he t ime o f w ri t ing , ly e i ta ppears t o c o mpr ise t hree e le men ts. To t he n or th was a p al isaded f ort p rot ec t ing t he l andward s ide o f a do mest ic e nclosure c on ta in ing t wo b u i ld ings , o ne measured 6 0 b y 1 5 f eet , t he o ther 2 5 b y 1 5 f ee t.

C lose t o o ne o f t hese

s truc tures was a grave c on ta in ing t he b ones o f a man who h ad a pparen t ly d ied f ro m b lows t o t he h ead , p resu mably i n t he 1 622 massacre. I nd ica t ions w ere o fh asty a nd u ncere mon ious b ur ia l w i thou t c of r s hroud i n a n a rea where fin o b urn t w ood was s ca ttered o nt he l and s urface.

Documen tary e v idence i nd icates

t ha t "Wo lstenho lme Towne" , t he t own b u i l t a bou t 1 61 9 -1620 b y t he f irst s et tlers i n Mart in 's Hundred , was d estroyed a nd many o f i t s i nhab itan ts k i led i n t he l I nd ian u pr is ing o f March 2 2, 1 622.

There s ee ms e very p ossib i l i ty t ha t t he

p ipes r ecovered f ro m t he g rave f i l ing ( Fig. 9 ) w ere i n u se b efore t ha t d ate. l To t he w est o f t he g rave a nd t he s truc tures l i es a no ther f enced dwel ing a nd l e leven b ur ia ls , b u t p ipe f inds were l im ited t o o ne b ow l . C lay-Tobacco p ipe d at ing u s ing t he B in ford f or mu la Twen ty y ears o f r esearch i n to t he a ccuracy o f d at ing t obacco-p ipe d eposits o n t he e v idence o f s te m-ho le d ia meters h as s hown t ha t l arge g roups o f f ragmen ts a re n ecessary t o o bta in r elat ively c onsisten t r esu lts wh ich , i n t he p er iod c . 1 680-1 7 60 , h ave p rov ided d ates g eneral ndorsed b y a ssoc iated c era m ic ly e a nd o ther e v idence, b o th a rchaeo log ica l a nd h istor ica l .

I n c on tex ts d a t ing o n

e ither s ide o f t hose b racke ts , s te m-ho le d a t ing f or mu lae h ave p roved i ncreasingly s uspect . The i dea t ha t t he s ize o f a tobacco p ipe 's s te m-ho le c ou ld b e o f u se i n d eter m in ing i t s d a te was f i rs t p ropounded b y Mr. J . C . Harr ington a bou t 1 954. By e xa m in ing a n umber o f r eported ly w el l-dated Engl ish e xa mp les , h e d eveloped t he c har t o n wh ich a l l s ubsequen t r esearch o n t he s ub ject h as b een b ased . Dr. L ew is B in ford u sed i tt o p roduce a s tra igh tl ine r egress ion f or mu la l ead ing t o a mean d a te w ith in a s i te 's o ccupa t ions s pan , af or mu la t ha t i nher i ted weakness es wh ich a re t oo o f ten i gnored b y t hose whose k now ledge o f p ipeo logy i s p er ip hera l. The f i rst r equ ire men t o f t he B in ford f or mu la i s t o a rr ive a t a mean h o le d ia meter f or t he a rchaeo log ica l g roup , i nd iv idua l s te ms b eing measured b y t he i nser t ion o f wood d r il ls g radua ted i n s ixty-four ths o f a n i nch.

The n umber

o f f rag men ts i s mu l t ip l ied b y t he n umber o f s ix ty-fourths , t h is t o tal b eing d iv ided b y t he n umber o f f rag men ts. The r esu l t ing f igure i s t he mean h o le d iameter f or t he g roup . The B in ford f or mu la i s 19 31.85 —( the mean h o le d ia meter x3 8.26 ).

1 931.85 i s t he t heoret ica l d ate a t w h ich t he s te m h o le wou ld d isap-

p ear i ft he p rogression was c arried t o i t s e nd , a nd 3 8.26 t he n umber o f y ears b etween e ach s ix ty-fourth-o f-aninch d ecrease.

5

The a rchaeo log ica l s tudy o f t he 17 th c en tury i s s t il l a young d isc ip l ine , a nd c era m ic a nd o ther d a t ing c r iter ia a re b y n o means a s w el l e stabl ished a nd a ccep ted a s a re t hose f or t he 1 8 th a nd 19 th c en tur ies. For t ha t r eason , p ipes te m d a t ing h as b een s eized o nb y most e xcavators a s a n a nchor t o wh ich t he d a t ing o f o ther a rt ifac t c a tegor ies c an b e moored . Test ing t he s treng th o f t he a nchor , h owever , c an o n ly b e a ch ieved b y c areful ly e xam in ing t he v al id i ty o f t he a ccumu la t ive e v idence r id ing o n i t .

Bu t b ecause t he l a t ter i sb ased o n

s uch i nsecure a nd a ssa ilab le c r i ter ia a s " exper ience" a nd e vo lu t ionary s tud ies o f s uch c a tegor ies a s c era m ics a nd g lass e stab l ished w i thou t t he b enef it o f a rchaeo log ica l e v idence , o ne i s f aced t ime a nd a ga in w ith " ch icken o r e gg" q uest ions. Consequen t ly , i ti s o n ly when i nd ispu table t er m in i e i ther a n te o r p ost q ue m , c an b e e stabl ished t ha t a ccep table t ests f o r e x ist ing t heor ies a nd t he e stabl ish ing o f n ew d a t ing c r iter ia a re p oss ible.

U n for tuna tely , t er m in i

p ost q ue m u sual ly d epend o nt he p resence a t t he b ot tom o f t he d epos it o fe ither c o ins o r o ther p hysical ly d a ted a r t i fac ts , a nd b o th a re r are i n 1 7 th-cen tury d epos its. A t S i te " B" i n Mart in 's Hundred , h owever , as ingle r ubb ish p it w as f ound , a nd i n i t , s evera l c learly d ef ined s tra ta t ha t p rec luded a ny i n trus ions f ro m r each ing t he p r i mary f i l l ing.

B ecause t he p it was r ich i n a r t ifacts , t he

s tra ta w ere f requen t ly s ub-d iv ided i n to h or izon ta l u n i ts , t he p ipe-ste m f ragmen ts f ro m e ach o f wh ich w ere t reated a s a measurab le g roup u s ing t he B inf ord f or mu la. The l ayer ing f ro m t op t o b ot t om o f t he Mar t in 's Hundred p i t g ave B in ford mean d a tes o f 1 621, 1 621, 1 61 7 , 1 616 , a nd 1 616, a nd a n a ccumu lat ed mean d a te o f 1 619. A t t he p i t 's b ot to m l ay a l arge f rag men t f ro m a l ocal ly made s l ipware d ish b ear ing t he d a te 1 631. Thu s, t he med ian u se d a te p rov ided b y t he B inford f or mu la f a l ls 1 2 y ears b efore t he p i t 's f i l l ing a ctual ly b egan . B eing i naccurate b y t en o r f i f teen y ears i n on e d at ing may b e c onsidered b y p reh istor ians t ob e o f l i t t le c onsequence , b u t i nh istor ical o r p ost- med ieval a rchaeo logy , t he e xcava tor i s g eneral ly f aced w ith t he n eed t o c on f ir m , r efu te o r a ug men t e x ist ing h istor ica l d ocumen tat ion , a nd t hus ai f f teen y ear o r t wen ty y ear b racket i s l ess t han a dequa te. A t Mart in 's Hundred , t he n eed h as c onst an t ly b een t o i so la te d eposi ts p reda t ing t he I nd ian massacre o f 1 622 a nd t he d isso lu t ion o f t he V irg in ia Co mpany i n 1 624 f rom t he r e ma ins o f s i tes o ccup ied i n t he s ubsequen t Crown Co lony e ra . C learly , p ipe-ste m d a t ing c anno t d o t ha t. One must n ex t a sk , "wha t c an i td o?" The s evera l s ea led d eposi ts o nS ite " A" p rov ided a n o pportun i ty t o c omp are o ne w i th a no ther i nt he k now ledge t ha t c ross- mend ing c eram ic f rag men ts l ef t n o d oubt t ha t s evera l p its w ere i n u se c on te mporaneously .

The l argest

was a s i l ted a nd t rash-f il el o le b el ieved t o b elong t o ab u i ld ing c onsled c l ar h t ructed i n t he f i rst p hase o f d evelop men t o n t he s i te ( 2 . 1 625-1630 ) , a nd f ro m i tc a me 1 61 p ipe-ste m f rag men ts t ha t p rov ided aB in ford d a te o f 1 647 , more t han t wen ty y ears l a ter t han t he d a te f avoured o n t he b asis o f t he o ther a rchaeo log ica l r ela t ionsh ips.

l ar h As herd f ro m t he c el o le c ross- mended w ith a no ther

f ro m a n earby p it ( Pit 8 ) wh ich c on ta ined o n ly f our p ipe-ste m f rag men ts ( f ar t oo f ew t ob e u sefu l ), b u t y ielded a no ther c eram ic c ross- mend , t h is t ime t o a more d istan t p i t ( Pi t 9 ) wh ich c on ta ined 1 54 s te m f ragmen ts , p rov id ing a B in ford d a te o f 1 629.

At h ird p i t ( Pit 3 ) a lso c ross- mended t o P it 9 ( and t hus ,

l ar h b y e x tension , t o t he c el o le ), a nd c on ta in ing , a s i td id , 3 6 p ipe-ste m f ragmen ts g iv ing a Bin ford d a te o f 1 626.

l l ar Thus, a l though t he f i l ing o f t he c el

h o le a nd o fP its 3 , 8 a nd 9 m ust h ave o ccurred c on te mporaneously , t heir B in ford d a tes r ange f ro m 1 62 6t o 1 647 . 6

The B in ford f or mu la w hen a pp l ied c ol l ect ively t o a l l d eposi ts

p rov ides

a med ian d a te f or t he s i te 's o ccupa t ion o f 1 631, y et i fS ite " A" h ad y ielded o n ly t he c on ten ts o f t he t wo " early" p i ts , t he mean d ate would h ave b een 1 622.

I t

i s t rue t ha t , b y a nd l arge, t he B in ford mean d a t ing g ives a pparen t c redence t o r eason ing e vo lved f ro m t he c ol l ec t ive s tudy o f a l l t he e xcava ted s i tes a t Mart in 's Hundred , s uggest ing t ha t S ite " A 's" o ccupa t ion may w el l h ave s tar ted i n t he m id 1 620s. U n fortuna tely , t here i s i nsuf f ic ien t a r t ifactua l e v idence o n wh ich t ob u i ld t ha t t hesis. One i s t e mp ted , t herefore, t o u se t he B in ford 1 626 mean d a te t o s trengthen i t ; b u t t he e v idence o f t he f or mu la 's f a l l ib il ity d e monst ra ted b yt he p ost-1631 p i t o nS i te " B ," makes t ha t i nadm issible.

Thus, t he

B in ford a nchor i s p ul l ed , a nd t he c onven t iona l d at ing c r iter ia f or e arly 1 7thc en tury s i tes a re c ast a dr i f t. The Harr ing ton a nd B in ford methods o f d a t ing a re b o th b ased o n t he r easonab le a ssu mp t ion t ha t t he l i fe o f ac lay t obacco p ipe wou ld h ave b een r el a t ively b r ief .

There c erta in ly i s l i t t le d oubt t ha t i den t ical ly s haped a nd marked

p ipes s hou ld h ave b een d iscarded w ith in r ela t ively s hor t p er iods o f t ime , a nd s uch p ipe-derived e v idence a s t h is c an s t il l b e av a luable a id t o t he a rchaeo log ist i n d eter m in ing t he s equence o f as i te 's o ccupa t ion .

Even e f for ts t o e x tend

a pipe 's u sefu l l i fe b y f ash ion ing a s econdary mou thp iece ( as s ome o f t he Mart in 's Hundred s et tlers d id ), wou ld h ave b een u n l ikely t o p ro long i tb y more t han a few mon ths. The t obacco p ipe 's c on tribu t ion t o s oc io-econo m ic h istor ic s tud ies The f ind ing o f p ipes i nw el l -da ted a rchaeo log ica l c on tex ts s uch a s t he g rave o f t he massacre v ict im a nd t he t rash p i t c on ta in ing t he 1 631 d ish , w il l e nable o ther a rchaeo log ists t o d a te t he ir d eposi ts more c losely , f or a s y et f ew s i tes o f t he e ar ly 1 7 th c en tury h ave b een c areful ly e xcava ted . A t t he s a me t ime , t he Mar t in 's Hundred m a ter ia l w il l b e av a luable f oundat ion s tone f or r eassess ing t he d a t ing o f p ipes f ro m t h is e ar ly p er iod . Con tact w i th e xperts i n Eng land a nd e lsewhere h as s hown t ha t p rev iously p ubl ished ma ter ia l was of ten b ased o n m isin terpre ted e v idence g a thered when a rchaeo log ica l t echn iques w ere l ess r el iab le t han t hey a re t oday . Tobacco p ipes, a s w el s p rov id ing s oc io-h istor ica l d ata n o t n ecessar ily l a a va ilable f ro m o ther s ources , c an b e o f h elp t o t he e cono m ic h istor ian . A t Mar t in 's Hundred , f or e xa mp le, o f t he marked a nd d ecorated p ipes , t wen ty f i ve p er c en t w ere o f Du tch o r ig in , a far h igher p roport ion t han e xpected . On a t l east o ne o ccas ion , a Virg in ia s h ip t ook i t s c argo o f t obacco t o Midd leburg i n Z eeland where i tp robab ly o b ta ined b o th c ash a nd Du tch g oods i n e xchange. U n fortuna tely , r eferences t o t obacco p ipes a re a bsen t f ro m s urv iv ing d eta iled l i sts o f s upp l ies s en t t o V irg in ia p r ior t o 1 625.

I n f act , t he o n ly r eference t o

p ipes p r ior t o 1 630 i s t he e n try " 2 g roce o f Tobacco p ipes" i n a n i nven tory o f p ersona l efects b rough t t oV irg in ia i n May 1 626 b y Tho mas C larke who d ied e n r ou te. 2 A s t he u n for tunate Mr. C lark e h ad s a iled f ro m L ondon , i ti s l ikely t ha t h is p ipes w ere made t here. A l though many o f t he Mart in 's Hundred s et tlers em igra ted f ro m t he s ou theastern c oun t ies o f Eng land , as ubstan t ia l n umber w ere f ro m t he West Coun try c oun t ies o f Devon , S o merset a nd Cornwal l.

Br isto l was a ma jor p or t

o f d eparture f or s h ips b ear ing s upp l ies f or t he p r iva te p lan ta t ions a nd a n

7

impor tan t c en ter o f p ipe mak ing f ro m 1 619 o nwards.

Many Br isto l p ipes h ave

b een e xcava ted i t Mar t in 's Hundred ( e .g. F ig. 2 , n o . 1 , F ig. 7 , n o. 3 ) , a nd a t o ther c on te mporary s ites i n t he J a mestown a rea. West o f England p ipe mak ing was n o t l im i ted t o Br isto l ; d ocumen tary s ources s how t ha t s evera l makers w ere work ing i n t he Barnstap le-B ideford a reas wh ich w ere t he s ources f or s ubstan t ia l amoun ts o f p ot t ery i n u se i nV irg in ia.

N o p ipes f ro m t hese

t owns h ave s o f ar b een i den t if ied w i th a ny d egree o f c er ta in ty , h owever ; s o i t i s impossible t o k now i ft hey w ere a lso e xpor ted t o t he Hundred . Most o f t he d eposits i ncluded a n umber o f t obacco p ipes made e i ther f ro m f c ac rude , r edd ish-f ir ing c lay o r f ro m ab lend o f t h is a nd ab uf olored c lay. There i s c ons iderable e v idence t o i nd ica te t ha t s uch p ipes w ere made i n V irg in ia , b u t where a nd b y who m r e ma ins a mystery . I ti s h ighly improbable, h owever , l t ha t a l were t he p roducts o f as ing le maker. The p oss ib il ity e x ists , t oo , t ha t s o me may b e o f p rov inc ia l Engl ish o r e ven I r ish o r ig in .

Two b asic t ypes a re

r epresen ted i nt he Mart in 's Hundred g roups. The f i rs t a re t h icker a nd c ruder c op ies o f European f or ms ( F ig. 4 , n os. 1 a nd 1 2, F ig. 6 , n os. 8 and 9 ) , wh i le t he s econd c lass i s d ist inc tly I nd ian i n c harac ter.

Examp les a re o f ten d ecora-

t ed w ith s ta mps a nd r ou let ting wheels ( Fig. 3 , n o. 8 , F ig. 4 , n os. 5 , 7 , 8 ) . Three r ed s te ms f ro m Mart in 's Hundred b ore a l arge i nc ised E ( Fig. 3 , n os. 9 A a nd 9 B , F ig. 6 , n o . 1 0 ), a nd o ne e laborate e xa mp le h ad a n o rnate c ross a s i t s c en tra l mo t if ( Fig. 4 , n o. 5 ). Y et a no ther s te m ( F ig. 4 , n o . 7 ) was d ecorat ed w i th a r ou let nd was p aral y af rag men t e xcavated a t ting wheel a leled b Ma thews Manor , ap lan ta t ion c on te mporary w i th t he l a ter Mar t in 's Hundred s i tes a nd l oca ted a bou t t en miles f ur ther d own t he J a mes R iver. Ad ef in i t ive s tudy o f t hese n on-European p ipes h as y et t o b e wr it , b u t t en c er ta in ly t he Mar t in 's Hundred e xa mp les w il ign if ican t c on tr ibu t ion l make a s t o i t . A s f or t he Engl ish p ipes, h istor ica l a rchaeo log ists a re r ea l iz ing t ha t a l though t obacco p ipes c an s t il e o f g rea t a ssistance i n d a t ing a s i te , t he lb who le s tructure o n wh ich p resen t p ipe-da t ing " know ledge" r ests n eeds t o b e r ebu i l t . Thus, o ur d iscover ies o nS ites " A," " B ," a nd " C" a t Mar t in 's Hundred c an p rov ide t he k ind o f w el ted a rchaeo log ica l a ssoc ia t ions o n wh ich s uch l -da r esearch must b e b ased . N o mencla ture I n t h is p aper t he b ack o f t he b ow l i s t he p ar t f ac ing t he smoker a nd t he f ron t i s t he a rea f arther most f ro m h i m. P ipes l i sted u nder t he h ead ing o f " Engl ish a nd Du tch" a re a l o f k ao l in wh i le t hose g rouped a s " Virg in ian Relal t ed Red C lay P ipes" a re o f r ed c lay u n less o therw ise d escr ibed .

P ipe b owls

h ave b een d rawn f ul ize wh ile t he marks h ave b een d rawn t w ice t heir s ize t o l s f ac il i ta te c o mpar ison . F IGURE 1 S i te A , P i t 1 , C .G.E.R. 1 735 Ah o le c aused b y t he r e mova l o f at ree s tump was f i led w ith b o th d o mest ic a nd l a gr icu l tura l r efuse , i nclud ing d el f tware , G er man s toneware, s quare g lass b ot l o f t ypes c o m mon ly i nu se i n t he s econd q uar ter o f t he s even teen th tles, a l c en tury .

8

6

5

7 . F ig . 1

8 .

S ite " A ," P it n o . 1 : Engl ish 1 -2, 4 -9 ; Marks 2 " =1 ".

9

9 . Du tch 3 .

P ipes 1 " =1 " :

Engl ish a nd Du tch "Wh i te" C lay P ipes 1 .

P ipe w i th h eel , b ow l s l ight ly swol l en a tb ack , r ou let ted b and c lose t o mou th. C ircu lar mark o nh eel c o mpr is ing t he r el ief i n i t ia ls RC w i th a s pray a bove a nd b elow. Th is p ipe d oes n o t h ave t he e xcessive f orward p o in t ing c onf igura t ion w i th Adr ian O swa ld b el ieves t yp if ies t he Br isto l p ipes o ft h is p er iod . 3 Four s im ilar ly s haped a nd marked p ipes w ere f ound a t t he Ma thews Manor s i te a t D enb igh . 4 L ike t he Mart in 's Hundred e xa mp le, t hey w ere a ssoc ia ted w i th p ipes marked WC ( s ee n o . 2 ). S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 /64".

2 .

O swa ld , c . 1 640-1660. 5

P ipe w i th s hal eel , p ronounced s wel nb ack o fb ow l , r ou let l ow h ling o t ed b and c lose t o mou th. On t he h eel t he r a ised i n i t ia ls WC, t he f i rst l e t ter f or med b y t wo i n ter lock ing V ' sw ith a do t o n e ach o f t he s ix e x tre m i t ies. Twen ty-one e xa mp les o f p ipes w i th v ersions o f t h is mark were e xcava ted a t Mart in 's Hundred , f i fteen b eing f ound a t S i te " A" a nd s ix a t S ite " B." One s im i lar ly marked h eel was f ound i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th t he i l lustra ted e xa mp le. One b ow l a nd t hree h eels w i th t he WC mark w ere e xcava ted o nS ite " B ," o ne e xa mp le c om ing f rom a trash p i t h av ing at er m inus p ost q ue m o f 1 631.

N ine e xa mp les w ere f ound a t Ma thews Manor , most o f

t he m i n a di tch i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th a r t ifacts o f t he l a te s econd q uarter o f t he s even teen th c en tury . S im i lar ly marked a nd s haped p ipes h ave b een f ound a t L it tletown Quarter ( t us P . 2 . 1 630-50 ) , t he P et lan ta t ion ( . 2 . 1 640l Tene men l 9 0 ), a nd t he K ings m il t ( c . 1 630-50 ), a l s i tes i n t he a rea b etween Mar t in 's Hundred a nd J a mestown .6 7 S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 /64". Probably B r isto l , 1 640-1660. 3 .

t ed c P ipe w ith h eel , t he f ron t o f t he b ow l m iss ing , r ou let lose t o mou th. On t he c rudely- made h eel a re t he r a ised i n it ia ls HF s ur moun ted b y at r ip art ite c rown a nd w i th a f i ve p etal l ed f l ower b elow.

Un l ik e most o f t he

o ther p ipes f ro m Mart in 's Hundred , t h is s pec i men h as ah igh ly p o l ished e x ter ior. A b ow l o f s im i lar s hape a nd w ith a n i den t ica l mark was f ound a t Ma thews Manor i n a large r ubb ish p i t c on ta in ing p ipeg , marked RC a nd WC ( as w ere n os. 1 a nd 2 i nt h is p i t ). S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 /64". 4 .

Probably Du tch , C . 1 640.

8

P ipe w ith b u lbous f ron t a nd b ack , r ou let ted b and c lose t o mou th a nd h eel w i th r a ised , t h in l e t ters RG a nd a c irc le a bove a nd b elow. A s im i lar ly s haped a nd marked p ipe was f ound a t Mathews Manor i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th b ow ls marked RC a nd HF, b o th marks p resen t i n t h is d epos it .

Ano ther

RG p ipe was f ound i nP i t 5 , s ee F ig. 4 , n o. 1 . S te m-ho le d ia meter c anno tb e d eter m ined , C . 1 640-1660. 9 5 .

P ipe w i th c urvaceous b ow l , i ncurv ing mou th a nd d eep ly i ncuse r ou let ted b and . S te m-ho le d ia meter c anno t b e d eter m ined , C . 1 620-1660. 1 0

6 .

P ipe w ith b u lbous b ow l , r ou let ted b and c lose t o mou th , r ound h eel . S te m-ho le d ia meter c anno t b e d eter m ined , c . 1 645-1665. 1 1 1 0

7 .

lH eel o n ly o f p ipe w i th t he i ncuse i n i t ia ls AN a nd a s crol l ike d ev ice a bove a nd b elow.

l ect Ap ipe w ith a n i den t ical mark i s i n t he c ol ions o f

2 t he Br isto l Museum , t hough n o f indspo t i s r ecorded .1

S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 .

H eel a nd s te m p or t ion o f p ipe, o n t he h eel i s ar a ised f i ve p etal glanl ed e t ine s im ilar t o t wo e xamp les f ound i n Winchester. 1 3 S te m-ho le d ia meter

9 .

7/ 64 ".

7/ 64 ".

P ipe f ragmen t c onsis t ing o f a smal ar t o f t he b ow l a nd t he h eel o n w h ich l p i s impressed a C ather ine wheel o r e glan t ine. S te m-ho le d ia meter c anno t b e d eter m ined.

Probably Br isto 1 .1 4

A t l east f our o f t he n ine p ipes i lustra ted f ro m t h is g roup h ave a W est l Coun try o rig in , wh i le o ne i s l ikely t o b e Du tch. The p i t a lso c on ta ined s even u nmarked a nd f rag men tary b ow ls, a nd a n i leg ibly marked h eel . l P ipe S te m Da t ing F if ty s te m f rag men ts , u sing t he B in ford f or mu la , p rov ided a mean d a te o f 1 631. V irg in ian a nd Rela ted Red C lay P ipes O ne mou thp iece was f ound t ogether w ith t hree s te m f rag men ts, o ne o f t he m w i th a pronounced c urve. F IGURE 2 P it 2 , C .G.E.R. 1 736 I ts ee ms p robable t ha t t h is o c tagona l , r ound-bot ea ture was d ug a s a t o med f s torage p i t , b u t t ha t i te nded i t s l i fe a s t he r ec ip ien t o f d o mes t ic r ubb ish f ro m an earby dwel ling.

C era m ic c ross- mends b etween t he p i t 's f our s tra ta i nd icate

t ha t t he f i l ing o ccurred w i th in a r ela t ively s hor t t ime. l

Thus t he p ipes c an b e

t rea ted a s as ingle g roup . Engl ish a nd Du tch "Wh ite" C lay P ipes 1 .

P ipe w i th r a ther p ronounced swel t f ron t o fb ow l a nd r ou let and ling a t ed b c lose t o t he mou th.

O nt he h eel i s a n i ncuse mark c o mpr ising t he i n it ials

RB d iv ided b y t he b lade o f ad own-po in t ing d agger , a nd w i th a hear t b elow. l a in Wa lk er a tr ibu ted p ipes w ith t h is mark t o t he f ac tory o f R ichard t B erry man , B r isto l 's f i rst r ecorded p ipe maker who was i nb usiness f ro m 1 619 t o 1 652. 1 5

O ne o ther p ipe w i th a n i den t ica l mark was f ound i n t h is

d eposi t , a nd f ive more e xa mp les c a me f ro m S ite " A ," t wo f ro m S i te " B ," a nd o ne f ro m t he f or t a t S i te " C" ( see p age 5 ). S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 / 64". 2 .

Br isto l , 1 61 9 -1652.

Bow l o f p ipe , s te m m issing ; t he smal ow l f ro m S ite " A." l est marked b On t he h eel a re t he r a ised i n it ia ls BC w ith a s ty l ized f rond a bove a nd

1 1

5

6

8

9

1 0. F ig. 2 P

S ite " A ," P it n o. 2 : Engl ish 1 -6; Du tch 7 ; V irg in ian 8 -11. P ipes 1 " =1 " : Marks 2 " =1 ".

1 2

b elow.

As im i larly s haped p ipe b ow l ,

b u t w i th a larger h eel a nd t he

s a me mark , was f ound a t Ma thews Manor , b u t u n for tuna tely n ot i n aw el l s tra t i f ied d epos it .

Two p ipes o f i den t ica l s hape a nd mark t o t h is e xa mp le

h ave b een f ound a t t he Mngs m il t ( occupa t ion c . 1 630-1650 ) , l Tene men t ion . a nd a t L it tletown Quarter w i th a s im ilar p eriod o f o ccup—a S te m-ho le d ia meter c anno tb e d eter m ined . 3 .

c . 1 620-1750.

1 6

1 7

Bow l a nd h eel f rag men t , r ou letted a t t he mou th a nd s tamp o nh eel w i th r a ised i n it ia ls TG.

N o o ther p ipe w ith t h is mark h as y et b een f ound

e i ther a t Mar t in 's Hundred o r Ma thews Manor , b u t o ne was r ecovered f ro m e xcava t ions a t t he Mngs m il t wh ich was o ccup ied c . 1 630l Tene men 1 650. 1 8 Ap ipe o f s im ilar s hape a nd mark was f ound i n L ondon a ssoc iat ed w i th a r t ifac ts o f 1 620-1660.

The B in ford f or mu la when a pp l ied t o

t he p ipes f ro m t ha t d eposi t o fered a mean d a te o f 1 646. 19 f S te m-ho le d ia meter c anno t b e d eter m ined . 4 .

c . 1 640-1660.

P ipe w i th f orward t hrust ing b ow l c haracterist ic o f t hose made i n t he s ou th o f England , a nd a c ircu lar h eel o n w h ich i s impressed a gaun t let. The mark a ppears t o h ave b een made b y t he s a me t oo l a s t ha t o n as im il arly s haped p ipe f ound a t Ma thews Manor.

Bo th h ave t he r ou let t ed

b and a t t he e dge o f t he mou th r a ther t han t he c ustomary p osi t ion a bou t 1 / 16" l ower. Two h eel f rag men ts f ro m S ite " B" ( Fig. 7 , n o. 7 , F ig. 8 , n o. 8 ) a ppear t o h ave a s im i lar g aun t let mark b u t t he w eak ness o f t hese i mpressions makes a p os it ive c o mpar ison impossible. S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 /64". 5 .

Bow l w i th g en t ly c urving s ides, t he r ou let t t he mou th p oorly a nd ting a u neven ly a pp l ied a nd t he r ound , u nmark ed h eel i s c onsiderably l arger t han o nn os. 1 -4. S te m-ho le d ia meter c anno t b e d eter m ined .

6 .

c . 1 640-1670. 20

S te m a nd h eel o n wh ich i s a n impressed mark i den t if ied b y O swa ld a s a n o ak l eaf . P ipes w i th t h is mark h ave b een f ound a t P ly mou th a nd o ther West Coun try s i tes. S o me e xa mp les e xcava ted i n Cast le S treet , P ly mou th i n 1 964 were i n a ssoc iat ion w ith s im i lar c eram ics t o t hose f ound w i th t h is p ipe a t Mart in 's Hundred . The P ly mou th d e s i t was s a id t oh ave a " late 1 6th a nd e arly 1 7 th c en tury c harac ter."

1

For

s im ilar marks s ee F ig. 8 , n os. 9 A &9 B. S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 /64". 7 .

S te m f rag men t d ecora ted i n r el ief w i th f i ve-petal l owers a nd l eaves led f b elow a c ol ith p endan t , s h ield-l ike o b jects d ecora ted w ith l i nes l ar w a nd d o ts.

Th is f rag men t s ee ms t o s hare many b asic f ea tures w i th a

g roup o f s te ms f ound a t P ly mou th a nd a tribu ted b y O swa ld t o Hol . t l and The a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t o f t he P ly mou th s te ms s uggested t ha t t hey w ere i mported i n t he s econd q uarter o f t he s even teen th c en tury , a date c ons isten t w i th t he a ssoc ia ted a rt i fac ts f ro m t he p i t i n wh ich t he Mart in 's Hundred p ipe was f ound .2 1 1 3

S te m-ho le d ia meter 6 /64".

Du tch.

Th is g roup c on ta ined a n a dd it iona l s ix u nmarked b ow ls , t hree o f t he m p robab ly o f Du tch o r ig in .

T hus, o ft he t h ir teen p ipes f rom t h is p i t , f our may

b e Du tch a nd t wo a re o f West C oun try o r B r isto l manufacture . P ipe S te m Da t ing The f act t ha t a l l f our s tra ta o f t h is d eposi t w ere l a id d own w i th in a n e xt re mely s hort t ime was p roved b y t he e x istence o f c era m ic c ross- mends b etween t he m.

App ly irg t he B in ford f or mu la t o t he 1 84 s te ms p roduced t he

f ol ing r esu l ts : l ow S tra ta C .G.E.R. 1 736A : S trata C .G .E.R. 1 736B :

4 7 s te ms 6 5 s te ms

Da te = 1 619 Da te = 1 617

S tra ta C .G .E.R. 1 736C:

3 2 s te ms

Da te = 1 619

S tra ta C .G.E.R. 1 736D :

4 0 s te ms

Date = 1 618

1 84 s te ms

Da te = 1 618

To ta l C .G .E.R. 1 736A-D :

Thus t he B in ford d a te f al ls ay ear b efore Mart in 's Hundred was s et tled . V irg in ian a nd Rela ted Red C lay P ipes One European-sty le b ow l w i th a n e x tre mely smal eel o r s pur was f ound l h ( Fig. 2 , n o. 8 ) t ogether w i th a s mal rag men t o f a no ther b ow l o f t h is t ype. l f On e s herd o f a more g lobu lar b ow l w i th a punched d ecora t ion was r ecovered t ogether w ith a s mal ec t ion o f af la t o r mu l t i-s ided s te m . Two mou thp ieces l s w ere f ound , o ne s how ing s igns o fb e ing a s econdary mou th u sed when t he d ist ance b etween i ta nd t he h eel was a pprox i ma tely t wo i nches ( Fig. 2 , n o . 9 ) . One t aper ing s ect ion o f s te m h ad b een c rudely c u t w i th a k n ife t o c rea te mu l t if acets ( Fig. 2 , n o . 1) w h i le a no ther o c tagona l s te m h ad a s quare ( or r ectang u lar ) h eel ( Fig. 2 , n o. 1 0 ). Fourteen p la in s te m f rag men ts w ere f ound , o ne o f t he m r inged b y mu l t ip le i nc ised b ands. F IGURE 3 P i t 3 , C .G.E. R . 1 737 Th is p i t c onsisted o f t wo i n tersec t ing h o les wh ich t ogether measured 1 3'9" l ong a nd a pprox i ma tely 9 ' w ide. A s w i th t he p i ts p rev iously d iscussed , f i l l ing o ccurred i n ar ela t ively s hort p er iod , a fac t c on f ir med b y s evera l s ign if ican t c era m ic c ross- mends. Engl ish Marked "Wh ite" C lay P ipes ( No t i l lustra ted ) P ipe o f i den t ica l s ize , s hape a nd ma rk t o t ha t f ound i n P i t 2a nd s hown i nF ig. 1 , n o. 1 . H eels o f t wo p ipes, b o th b ear ing t he WC mark a s s een o n t he p ipes f ro m P i t 1 and s hown i n F ig . 1 , n o. 2 . Unmarked Engl ish a nd Du tch "Wh i te" C lay P ipes 1 .

Bow l w ith p ronounced f orward p ro f i le, g en t ly c urv ing a nd w ith r ou let t ed b and c lose t o mou th. I rregu larly s haped h eel . 1 4

2

3

4 .

6

7 .

98 .

1 0 . F ig. 3

S ite " A ," P it n o. 3 : Marks 2 " =

Engl ish 1 -3; V irg in ian 4 -11.

1 5

P ipes 1 " =1 " :

S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 / 64". c . 1 6201650 .2 3 2 .

ted b l B ow l w i th o n ly s l igh tb u lge i nf ron t , r ou let and a t mou th a nd smal h eel , p oss ib ly h eart-shaped , w hose f ron t merges i n to t he s te m . S te m-ho le d iameter

3 .

7/ 64 ".

C . 1 600-1640. 2 4

ling a t ed mou Bow l w i th p ronounced s wel nd i ncurv ing s harp ly a t r ou let th . P la in r ound h eel.

5 P ossibly a L ondon p roduct .2

S te m-ho le d iameter 8 /64".

c . 1 640-1660.

P ipe S te m Da t ing O n ly 3 6 s te ms w ere a va i lable f or u se w i th t he B in ford f or mu la , p rov id ing a m ean d a te o f 1 626.92. V irg in ian a nd R ela ted Red C lay P ipes 4 .

l ow-p l ow h Mo ld- made p ipe , y el ink ish c lay , s hal eel , a nd o f European ting c s hape. A b and o f r ou let lose t o t he mou th b u t v isible o n ly o n o ne s ide o f t he b ow l , c ons ists o f d iagona l c rosses a nd o ther mo t i fs wh ich c anno tb e i den t if ied w ith c er ta in ty .

5 .

fish c Funnel s haped b ow l o fb uf lay , t he u pper p or t ion c ha m fered w i th a k n i fe; a ngu lar j unct ion w i th s te m , n oh eel . As im i lar b ow l was f ound a t N ewport N ews b u t u n for tuna tely w i thou t d a tab le a ssoc ia t ions . 2 6

6 .

f c L ong c on ica lb ow l , o range-buf lay , a ngu lar b ow l-ste m j unc t ion .

7 .

ly s L ong c on ica lb ow l o ctagonal haped , h eel m iss ing .

8 .

l, c f c l ow h Tal on ica l , c rudely s haped b ow l o f p ink-buf o lor , t he s hal ee l h as b een c u t i n to a square , t he s te m p ierced t w ice , t he w ire f a i l ing t o t p en etra te t he b ow l o nt he f i rst a te mp t . The b ack o ft he b ow l i s d ecorat ed w i th ap r icked d es ign o f g eometr ic c harac ter.

9 .

Two s te m f ragmen ts , b o th e xh ib it ing t he a ngu lar b ow l-ste m j unct ion s een

A &B i n n os. 5 a nd 8 . Each s te m h as a n i nc ised , a n te-coc tura m c ap i ta l Eo n l "-l t he u nders ide , w i th a "du mbbel ik e e nd t o e ach s troke. F or a s im il ar ly mark ed s te m s ee F ig. 6 , n o . 1 0 1 0.

S te m a nd p or t ion o f i t s j unc t ion w i th t he b ow l , g ray-p ink c o lor , b lack i nt he c ore , a nd d ecora ted w i th n ine i nc ised b ands.

1.

f. S te m f ragmen t , c urv ing mark ed ly , t he c lay p a le b uf

F IGURE 4 P i t 5 , C .G .E.R . 1 738 Approx i ma tely s even f eet i nd ia meter , t h is p i th ad f our a pparen t ly s epara te l l ayers , a l o ft he m c on ta ined r ed c lay p ipe f rag men ts w h i le t he w h i te c lay p ipes w ere c on f ined t o t he t wo u pper d epos i ts.

1 6

2

o 5

7 .

8 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

F ig. 4 S ite " A ," P i t n o. 5 : Engl ish 1 ; V irg in ian 2 -8. Du tch 1 0 ; V irg in ian 1 1-13.

P i t n o . 1 0 : Engl ish 9 ;

P ipes 1 " =1 " : Marks 2 " =1 ".

1 7

Engl ish a nd Du tch "Wh i te" C lay P ipes 1 .

Bow l s im i lar i n s ize , s hape a nd mark ( r el ief RG o nh eel ) t o a n e xa mp le f ound i n P it 1 ( Fig. 1 , n o . 4 ). S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 /64".

c . 1 640-1660. 26

P ipe S te m Da t ing The t h irteen s te m f rag men ts w ere t oo f ew f or a pp l ica t ion o f t he B in ford f or mu la . V irg in ian a nd R ela ted Red C lay P ipes I nt he s a me s tra ta a s t he European p ipe f rag men ts was t he most i n teresti ng g roup o f r ed c lay p ipes y et f ound a t Mart in 's Hundred. 2 .

Egg-shaped b ow l , p la in mou th a nd w i th s te m s quared o n t hree s ides , r ounded o n t he u pper s urface o n ly ; t he c lay o range.

3 .

I nco mp lete f unnel-shaped b ow l , c ar ina ted n ear mou th , s igns o fb urn ishi ng , a ngu lar b ow l-ste m j unct ion .

4 .

Con ica lb ow l , ac ar ina ted a rea a t t he mou th i s d ecora ted w ith t hree i nc ised b ands . ,

The b ow l s hows c onsiderable s igns o f p ar ing w ith a kn ife ,

a ngu lar b ow l-ste m j unct ion . 5 .

S te m f rag men t w i th a pp l ied , a pprox imately r ec tangu lar h eel p ad o n wh ich l ed w i s a n i nc ised c ross, i nf il ith d o ts , t he e dges o f t he p ad c hamfered ted d a nd d ecora ted o nt hree s ides w i th d ot iagona l c rosses.

On t he o ther

ted b s hort s ide t here i s ad ot and a nd a zone o f t hree d o t-ended , i nc ised l i nes r unn ing t owards t he e dge o f t he p ad . On t he u pper s ide o f t he s te m o pposi te t o t he p ad i s ad esign o f p r icked c irc les t ogether w i th o n e i nc ised c irc le. 6 .

S te m f rag men t c rudely c ha m fered e xcep t a t t he mou th wh ich i s smoo th ly f. Th t apered ; t he c lay p a le b uf is i s t he s hortest s te m med p ipe f ound o n a ny o f t he Mart in 's Hundred o r Ma thews Manor s ites, b eing o n ly o ne a nd ah a l f i nches i n l ength.

7 .

t ed b F rag men t o fb u ff-co loured s te m w i th r ou let and o f d iagona l c rosses ted b l ed e nc losed b y r ou let ands , a bove wh ich i s as ta mped mu l t i-petal t e. r oset

Two s te ms w ith i den t ica l d esigns f ro m Ma thews Manor w ere

made o fb lended c lays p roduc ing a n " aga te" efec t wh ich i n o ne c ase h ad b een a ccen tua ted b y b urn ish ing ( s ee n o . 8 ) . 8 .

S harp ly t aper ing s te m f rag men t w i th p ossible mou thp iece, d ecora ted t ed b t owards t he b ow l w ith t hree r ou let ands.

The impression i s v ery

l ow s hal , b u t t he c en tre b and a ppears t o i nc lude d iagona l c rosses.

Th is

s te m a nd o ne u ndecora ted e xa mp le f rom t h is p i t w ere made o f t wo d i ff eren t c lays wh ich , when f i red , p roduce a n a ga te a ppearance.

1 8

P it 1 0 , C .G.E.R. 1 761 Th is s hal l ow h o le, s ix f eet i n d ia meter , was f i l led w ith d o mest ic r ubbish , i nc lud ing a pprox i ma tely a s many r ed c lay a s European wh ite p ipe f rag men ts. Marked European Bow ls a nd S te ms 9 .

G lobu lar b ow l , r ou let t ed l ine n ear mou th , s hal l ow h eel w ith i nc ised i n it i a ls EL , b u t n ot f ro m s a me s ta mp a s t he p ipe f ro m P i t 9( Fig. 5 , n o . 6 ) .

Wa lker a t tribu tes t hese p ipes t o t he B risto l f actory o f e ither Edward

L ew is I (work ing b etween 1 631 a nd 1 641), o r t o h is w idow o r mo ther , E l izabeth L ew is, who was i nb usiness a d ecade l a ter.

S i te " A" y ielded

s even teen EL b ow ls a nd o ne s im ilar ly marked h eel . S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 /64", 1 0.

c . 1 630-1650 . 28

S te m marked w i th aq uadrup le f l eur-de-l is w ith a b arred b order .

P ipes

w i th f l eur-de-l is mark ings , o f wh ich t here a re o ver t wen ty r ecorded v ers ions , r eported ly a re o f Du tch o r ig in . 29 For o ther e xamp les f ro m t h is s ite s ee F ig. 5 , n o . 7 , a nd F ig. 6 , n os. 2 a nd 7 . S te m-ho le d iameter 6 /64". P ipe S te m Da t ing There were i nsuf ien t s te ms i nt h is d eposi t t o u se t he B in ford f or mu la. fic V irg in ian a nd Rela ted Red C lay P ipes 1, 1

A mo ld- made b ow l o f European f or m , p ink-buf n c o lour a nd e x tre mely f i s andy i n t ex ture. There i s ar ou let and c lose t o t he mou th a nd a t ed b s ing le f l eur-del is s tamped o nt he c ircu lar h eel .

1 2.

V irg in ian?

A mo ld- made b ow l o f European f or m , b u t o f a pa le s andy-co lored c lay . There i s ar ou letted b and c lose t o t he mou th c o mposed o f a l terna te g roups o ft wo d iagona l c rosses a nd o f f ive v ert ica l b ars d iv ided f ro m e ach o ther b y t hree d o ts.

1 3.

V irg in ian?

Por t ion o f s te m o fb uf lay p inched a s t he European e xa mp les s hown f c i n F ig. 6 , n o . 6 , a nd F ig. 8 , n o . 1 3.

V irg in ian?

F ive mou thp ieces f rom r ed c lay p ipes w ere f ound i n t h is p i t , o n ly o ne b eing a secondary mou thp iece. F IGURE 5 P it 9 , C .G.E.R. 1 773 Th is l arge h o le , f ive f eet b y s even f eet a nd a bou t t hree f eet d eep , was t he o n ly p i t t o h ave b een d el ibera tely c apped s oon a f ter u se , b eing s ea led b y a foo t o f c lay.

B elow t h is w ere s evera l l ayers p roved b y c era m ic c ross-

mends t o h ave b een d epos i ted w i th in a r ela t ively s hor t t ime.

Co mpared t o

o thers, t h is p i t y ielded ah igh n umber o f European t obacco p ipes ( 4 1 b ow ls a nd 1 54 s te ms ) , b u t n o t as ing le r ed c lay p ipe. O ver 4 0% o f t he European p ipe b ow ls i n t h is p i t were marked , a n u nusual arge p ropor t ion f or V irg in ia ly l s i tes. 1 9

9 . F ig. 5

1 0 .

S i te " A ," P i t n o. 9 : Engl ish 1 -4, 6 , 9 -11; P ipes 1 " =1 " :

Marks 2 " =

2 0

Du tch 5 , 7 -8.

Engl ish a nd Du tch "Wh i te" C lay P ipes 1 .

Bow l w i th g rea ter s wel tb ack t han a t f ron t , a nd r ou let ear t he ling a ting n mou th.

On t he s hal eel a re t he r a ised i n i t ia ls T B w i th s o me i nd isl ow h

t inct mo t ifs b etween , t ha t a t t he t op i s p ossibly a c rown o r t hree p o in ted d ev ice. S te m-ho le d ia meter 2 .

7/64 ".

c . 1 620-1650. 3°

Bow l s l ight ly s wol tb ack , r ou let and c lose t o b ow l mou th ; l en a t ed b

i ncuse

mark o nt he s hal eel c o mpr ising t he i n i t ia ls RC w i th a spray a bove l ow h a nd b elow. A s im ilar b u t n o t i den t ica l mark a ppears o n t he p ipe s hown i nF ig. 1 , n o. 1 . Four c o mparably s haped a nd marked p ipes w ere f ound a tt he Ma thews Manor s i te.

Three o ft hese were e xcava ted f ro m at rash

d eposit wh ich a lso c on ta ined p ipes w ith t he i n it ia ls WC a nd EL , a s d id t he Mart in 's Hundred e xa mp le f ro m P it 1 ( Fig. 1 , n o . 1 ) . The o ther Ma thews Manor e xa mp le was f ound w i th p ipes marked WC a nd H I , marks a lso a ssoc ia ted w i th Mart in 's Hundred RC p ipe i ted h ere. lustra S te m-ho le d iameter 8 / 64". 3 .

c . 1 640-1660. 3 1

Bow l w ith p ronounced s wel nb ack , r ou let and c lose t o mou th , ling o t ed b marked o n t he s hal eel w i th r a ised i n it ia ls WC, t he f i rst l e ter l ow h t f or med b y t wo i n terlock ing Vs w ith a do t o ne ach o f t he s ix e x tre m i t ies. Twen ty-one e xa mp les o f p ipes w ith v ers ions o f t h is mark w ere e xcava ted a t Mar t in 's Hundred , f i f teen b eing f ound a t S ite " A" ( e ight f ro m t h is d ep osi t ), a nd s ix a t S i te " B" . One b ow l w ith t he WC mark was e xcava ted o nS ite " B" f ro m t he t rash p i t h av ing at er m inus p ost q ue m o f 1 631 ( see p ages 3 -5 . Another h ee l f rag men t f ound a t S ite " B" was i den t ical l y marked t o t he e xa mp le i lustra ted h ere. l

N ine s pec i mens w ere f ound a t Ma thews

Manor , most o f t he m i n a di tch whose f i l c on ta ined a r t ifacts a tribu ted l t t o t he l a te s econd q uar ter o f t he s even teen th c en tury. S im ilarly marked a nd s haped p ipes h ave b een f ound a t L it t letown Quar ter ( 2 . 1 630-1650 ) , t he Pet lan ta t ion ( 2 . . 1 640-1690 ) , a nd t he l üngs m il t t us P l Tene men

1 630-

1 650 ). 3 2 S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 /64". 4 .

c . 1 640-1660. 3 3

Bow l o f r ela t ively s lender f or m , g roove n ear mou th a nd l ow h eel o n wh ich a re s ta mped t he r a ised l e ters H I. The " H" h as a do t a t e ach e xt t re m i ty a nd t he " I" i s c o mposed o ft hree j o ined d o ts. S te m-ho le d ia meter c anno tb e d eter m ined .

5 .

C . 1 620-1650. 3 4

Bow l w i th p ronounced s wel ling o nb ack , t he mou th s omewha t c ha mfered o n i t s e x ter ior s urface. The r ou let th b and i s i rregu larly a pp l ied ted mou a nd i n p laces h as b een smoo thed o u t .

The s a me r ou let ting t oo l was u sed

t o a pp ly ab and a cross t he j unct ion o fb owl a nd s te m.

The smal l h eel

b ears a s i t s r el ief mark a five p etal l ed f l ower f l anked o n e ach s ide b y t he l e t ter I , t he who le t opped b y a crown .

On t he s te m i s a smal l p ort ion o f

a n impressed d ia mond mark c on ta in ing af l eur-de-l is. S te m-ho le d ia meter

7/ 64 ".

Du tch , c . 1 620-1630. 35 2 1

6 .

Bow l w ith p ronounced b ack s wel ling a nd a s trong h eel o n wh ich a re t he i ncuse l e t ters EL . Four teen o f t hese p ipes w ere e xcava ted f ro m t h is p i t , a l l h av ing t h is v ersion o f t he mark . E igh t o f t he m h ad t he r ou let ted mou th-band a pp l ied b y t he s a me p erson .

I n e ach c ase t he t oo l was a l lowed

t o r un d own t he b ow l f or a short d istance a f ter t he c ircui t h ad b een c o mp leted , a charac ter ist ic n o t p resen t o n a ny o f t he o ther EL p ipes f rom Mar t in 's Hundred. S ite " B" y ielded n o EL p ipes , b u t t hree p aral lels f or t he i l lustra ted e xa mp le w ere f ound , o ne a t Ma thews Manor , o ne a t t he l üngs m il l Tene men t ( 2..1 t us s 630-1650 ) , a nd a no ther a t t he P et i te ( 2 . 1 640-1690 ). 3 6 S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 /64". 7 .

tern o S te m f rag men t w i th c o mposi te p at f s ingle f l eur-de-l is s ta mps. S te m-ho le d ia meter

8 .

c . 1 630-1650. 37

7/ 64 ".

Du tch. 3 8

S te m f rag men t w i th s ing le , s ta mped , d iamond-shaped d es ign , o ne e nd s harpened t o f or m a secondary mou thp iece. S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 /64".

9 .

Du tch . 39

lest b ted b The smal ow l f ound i nt h is d eposi t , a rou let and a t i t s mou th , t he h eel u nmarked . S te m-ho le d ia meter c anno t b e d eter m ined .

1 0.

c . 1 620-1650. "

ted mou Bow l s o mewha t b u lbous, i ncurv ing a t i t s r ou let th a nd w ith h eel merg ing i n to t he s te m . S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 / 64".

1 1.

ted b l L arge b u lbous b ow l w i th r ound h eel , t he r ou let and h as b een a lowed t o o ver lap a t o ne p o in t , a fea ture s een i n F ig. 5 , n o . 6 . S te m-ho le d iameter 9 /64".

P ipe S te m Da t ing Too f ew f rag men ts w ere f ound i n t he c lay c app ing l ayer , b u t f rom t he ly c ma in g roup o f v ir tual on te mporary d eposi ts , 1 54 s te m f rag men ts w ere emp loyed t o o bta in aB in ford mean d a te o f 1 627. V irg in ian a nd Rela ted Red C lay P ipes Th is was t he o n ly ma jor t rash d eposi t o n t h is s ite t ha t y ielded n o r ed c lay p ipe f rag men ts. F IGURE 6 l ar Ho The " Cel le" l ar-l l measure men Th is w as a c el ike s truc ture, h av ing o veral ts o f e ighteen f eet b y s ix teen f eet , a nd d ug f our f eet i n to t he n a tura l c lay w i th s ix ma jor p osts s unk b elow t he f l oor l evel .

ly b The i n ter ior h ad o r ig inal een l ined w i th w ide 2 2

b oards w hose r e mova l o r d ecay c aused a layer o f s i l t t o a ccumu la te o n t he f l oor. Thereaf ter t he h o le was u sed f or d o mest ic r ubb ish r epresen t ing ah igher s tanda rd o f l iv ing t han t ha t r evea led b y t he c on ten ts o f t he t en r ubb ish p i ts. Engl ish a nd Du tch "Wh ite" C lay P ipes On ly o ne i n i t ial l ed h eel was f ound among t he d o mest ic t rash i n t h is h o le , i tb ore t he l e t ters RC a nd may b e f ro m t he s a me mo ld a s ap ipe f ro m P it 1 ( Fig. 1 , n o. 1 ) . 1 .

B ow l w i th s wan-l ik e f ron t p rof ile , r ou let t ed b and a t mou th a nd t wo i n ters ect ing r oule tted l ines o n t he h eel .

Ab ow l f rag men t w ith a si m ilarly

marked h eel was f ound a t t he s i te o f aN ewpor t N ews s et tle men t c on te mp orary w ith t he Mar t in 's Hundred s i tes b u t u n for tuna tely n ot i n a da table 1 c on tex t .4

Another p ipe w ith t h is mark was f ound i n P ly mou th a l though

i t s b ow l s hape d ifers f ro m t he Mar t in 's Hundred e xa mp le. 42 S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 /64". 2 .

L arge b ow l w i th c en tra l swel ling , r ou let t ed b and c lose t o r im , r ound , u nmarked h eel , t he u pper s ide o f t he s te m s ta mped w ith aq uadrup le f l eur-del is wh ich h as ab arred b order u n l ike t he f l eur-de-l is mark o n t he s te m f ro m P it 1 0 , F ig. 5 , n o . 7 , a nd t h is p i t , n o . 7 . S te m-ho le d ia meter

3 .

7/ 64 ".

Du tch .

The smal les t b ow l r ecovered f ro m t h is d eposit. S l im b ow l i ncurv ing a t t he mou th wh ich i s e nc irc led b y ag roove r a ther t han t he c usto mary r ou let t ed b and. Smal l r ound h eel . The s ides o f t he u pper s ec t ion o f t he ly t b ow l a re e xcep t ional h ick b u t c lose t o t he h eel o n t he l ef t s ide t here i s ah o le p roduced b y a brasion o n aUAL a rea , p robably d ur ing t he l i fe o f t he p ipe. S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 /64".

4 .

C . 1 620-1650. 43

Bow l w i th e longa ted b u lbous wal ls , wa isted b elow mou th b y r ou let t ed b and a nd t hen f lared a nd t r i m med a bove t he r ound h eel . S te m-ho le d ia meter 6 /64".

5 .

c . 1 630. 44

Bowl w ith t al l c urv ing s ides , r ou let t ed b and i rregu larly a pp l ied , r ound h eel . S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 / 64".

6 .

Possibly Du tch.

c . 1 640-1670. 45

P inched s te m s im ilar t o o ne f ound o n S i te " B" ( Fig. 8 , n o . 1 3 ) a nd t o a no ther f ro m t he Ma thews Manor s i te. I n t he c ase o f t he l a t ter t he p inchi ng s ee ms t o h ave b een made w i th awooden t oo l wh ile t he Mart in 's Hundred e xa mp les s how n o i mpress ions o f a ny k ind .

A s im i lar p ipe

f ound i n Hol l and i ss a id t ob e o f e ar ly s even teen th c en tury d a te . 4 6 a sim ilar s te m made i n ac oarse b uf f c lay s ee F ig. 4 , n o. 1 3. S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 /64".

Du tch?

2 3

For

2

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 . 7 8 .

r 7 3 , t o .

9 .

1 2 . F ig. 6

1 3 .

S i te " A ," Cel l ar h o le: Eng l ish 1 , 3 , 5 ; Du tch 2 , 4 , 6 , 7 ; V irg in ian 8 -13.

P ipes 1 " =1 " : Marks 2 " =1 ".

2 4

7 .

S te m f rag men t w i th q uadrup le f l eur-del is s tamp s im ilar t o n o . 2 , b u t w i thou t t he b arred b order. S te m-ho le d iameter

7/ 64 ".

Du tch.

P ipe S te m Da t ing At o ta l o f 1 61 s te m f rag men ts was f ound i nt he ma in f i l ing o f t h is p i t . l U sing t he B inford f ormu la a m ean d a te o f 1 647 was o b ta ined wh ich i s r ela t ively c lose t o t he e st i ma te o b ta ined f ro m t he s tudy o f t he p ipe b ow ls a s w el s t he l a c eram ics a nd g lass f ro m t he s ame d epos i t . V irg in ian a nd Rela ted Red C lay P ipes 8 .

Mo lded b ow l , o f s em i-European f or m w i th r ou let and i rregu lar ly t ed b a pp l ied n ear mou th , b uf lay w i th d ark i nc lus ions. f c

9 .

Mo lded b ow l o f s em i-European f or m a nd b uf o lour w i th f l ar ing mou th f c a nd p oor ly a pp l ied r ou let and . As eam i s c lear ly v i sib le o nt he f ron t t ed b o f t he b ow l .

1 0.

S te m f rag men t w i th a n i nc ised , a n te-coc turam " E," t he c lay f i red a pinkb uf , t he c ore b lacken ed b y r educt ion . F or t wo p ipes d ecora ted w i th f s im i lar l e ters s ee F ig . 3 , n os. 9 A &9 B. t

1. 1

C on ica l b ow l o f o range c lay , t he l i p c ha m fered . C lose t o t he l a ter i s t at r ip le b and o f p r ick ed d o ts , b elow t h is ap la in z one a nd t hen a z one o f i rregu lar ly s paced p r icked d o ts , a no ther p la in z on e , a nd f i nal no ther ly a b and o f u neven ly s paced d o ts. A t o ppos ing s ides o ft he b ow l a tr iangu lar r eserve h as b een c rea ted i nt he l ower s ec t ion o ft he m idd le d ot and ted b a nd c orrespond ing w i th a si m i lar r eserve i nt he u pper s ec t ion o ft he l ower d ot and . ted b b ow l-ste m j o in t .

1 2.

The d ot ecora t ion c on t inues t owards t he a ngu lar ted d

C ar inated b ow l , h eav i ly b urn t w i th t wo r ou let ands c lose t o t he mou th ted b a nd f ive a t t he p o in t o f c ar ina t ion .

1 3.

C on ica l b ow l wh ich h as b een s ep tup ly c ham fered , i rregu lar ly d one , p oss ibly w i th a kn ife. Th is b ow l s hows s igns o f e xcess ive b urn ing a nd t he c ore a round t he s te m h o le i sb lack .

F IGURE 7 P ipes Excava ted a tS ite " B" 47 P i t A , C .G .E.R . 2 115 , t er m inus p os t q ue m 1 631 Th is p i t was a pprox ima tely n ine f ee t l ong , f our f eet w ide a nd t wo f ee t d eep . C eram ic c ross- mends i nd ica ted t ha t i t s f i ve s tra ta w ere v ir tual only c t e mporary a nd t herefore t he p ipes h ave b een t rea ted a s as ing le g roup . Eng l ish a nd Du tch "Wh i te" C lay P ipes 1 .

B ow l w i th p ronounced b ack swel , i t s s hal eel w i th r a ised i n it ia ls ling l ow h S H a nd d o ts a bove a nd b elow ; a rou let and a round t he mou th . O swa ld t ed b 2 5

7

6 .

5

9 .

1 0 .

1 3 ,

1 2. F ig. 7

8 .

1 4 .

S i te " B ," P i t A : Engl ish 3 , 5 -7 , 9 -14; Du tch 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 . P ipes 1 " =1 " : Marks 2 " =1 ".

7 .R

r ecords t h is mark o nt he h eel o f a" Sir Wa l ter Ra leigh" p ipe f ound a t P ly mou th wh ich h e b el ieves t ob e Du tch . He a lso wr ites t ha t " SH i s g iven a s a Du tch mark i n Wm . Bragges ' l i sts i n t he Br i t ish Museum."48 S te m-ho le d ia meter 2 .

7/ 64 ".

Du tch.

ling o ted B ow l w ith p ronounced s wel nb oth f ron t a nd b ack , as ingle r ou let b and a round i t s mou th a nd t wo o r more s im i lar b ands a round t he s te m . l b I ti s mar led o nt he smal u t p ronounced h eel w ith a crowned " Tudor" r ose w i th s epa ls. The mou th h as t he c hamfered a ppearance n o ted o n t he p ipe marked I ( Fig. 5 , n o. 5 ) a nd o n a n u nmarked e xamp le ( Fig. 6 , n o. 4 ), b o th f ound o nS i te " A ," a nd b el ieved t o b e o f Du tch manu fac ture.

S evera l

p ipes f ound a t P ly mou th w i th v ers ions o f t h is mark a re i den t if ied b y O swa ld a s Du tch. " A p ipe w i th a s im ilar c rowned r ose mark was f ound a t Ma thews Manor. S te m-ho le d iameter 3 .

7/ 64 ".

Du tch .

ted a P ipe w i th b u lbous b ow l , r ou let t t he mou th a nd wa isted a bove t he h eel . On t he r ound h eel i s t he i mpressed mark o f a down-po in ted d agger p ar t ing t he i n i t ia ls RB. F or more d eta i ls o f p ipes b y t h is maker f ro m S i te " A" s ee F ig. 2 , n o. 1 . S te m-ho le d iameter 8 /64".

4 .

Br isto l , c , 1 619-1652. 50

ting B ow lb u lbous, c onstr icted a t t he r ou let , s l ight ly c hamfered a t mou th , l t he r ound h eel w i th r el ief f l eur-del is p oss ibly d iv id ing t wo i leg ible i n it i a ls. S te m-ho le d ia meter c anno tb e d e ter m ined .

5 .

Probably Du tch.

H eel a nd s te m f rag men t o n ly , t he f or mer impressed w i th a l i ga tured LP. Ap ipe w ith a s im ilar mark was f ound a t P ly mou th i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th c era m ics o ft he l a te s ix teen th a nd e arly s even teen th c en tur ies. 5 1 S te m-ho le d ia meter

6 .

l p S te m , h eel , a nd smal or t ion o fb ow l , t he h eel marked w ith a n i mpress ed h ear t. S te m-ho le d ia meter

7 .

7/ 64 ".

7/ 64 ",

I nco mp le te h eel w i th p ar t o f s te m.

An e x tre mely s hal l ow h eel , s quared

f o f a tb ack a nd marked w ith a n i mpressed g aun t let .

O swa ld c onsiders

t he g aun t let mark , o f wh ich t here a re many v ar ia t ions, t o i nd ica te a S o merset o r ig in a t t h is p er iod .5 2 Another p ipe w ith a si m ilar mark was e xcava ted o n t h is s i te; f or f ur ther d e ta i ls s ee F ig. 2 , n o. 4 . S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 /64" . 8 .

F rag men t o f h eel a nd s te m , t he f or mer marked w ith a r a ised f l eur-det ed c l i s i n a dot irc le. S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 /64".

Possibly Du tch. 2 7

9 .

I nco mp lete b ow l o f smal l s ize , h eel i n l i ne w i th s te m . S te m-ho le d ia meter

1 0.

7/ 64 ".

P robab ly West Coun try. 5 3

Bu lbou s b ow l r ou let ted v ery c lose t o t he mou th .

Round , s hal l ow h eel ,

n o mark . S te m-ho le d ia meter 1 1.

7/ 64 ".

Bow l s l igh t ly b u lbous , c rudely a pp l ied a nd h eel i n l i ne w ith t he s te m . S te m-ho le d ia meter 9 /64".

1 2.

Bow l w ith f ron ta l wal l s im ilar t o n o. 1 0 , i ncurv ing t o a rou let t ed b and b elow mou th , t he h eel smal l a nd o va l . S te m-ho le d ia meter

1 3.

7/ 64 ".

L ondon , c . 1 640-1660. 5 4

Bu lbous b ow l i ncurv ing t o ah eavy r ou letted b and c lose t o mou th.

Round

h ee l . S te m-ho le d iameter 1 4.

7/ 64 ".

G lobu lar b ow l , t he v ert ica l r ou let ear t he mou th b isec ted b y ac enting n t ra l h or izon ta l l ine a nd s hal eel . l ow h S te m-ho le d iameter 9 /64".

N o t I lustra ted l ( a )

Two p ipes i den t ica l i n s hape a nd i n mark ( RB , d agger a nd h ear t ) t o t ha t s hown i n F ig. 2 , n o. 1 w ere a lso f ound i n t h is p i t.

( b )

A s ing le h eel f rag men t w i th t he i den t ica l WC mark t o F ig. 1 , n o . 2 . O f t he 4 3 b ow ls f ound i n t h is p i t , s ix o r 1 3% w ere marked , i nclud ing t wo

a pparen t ly o f Du tch o r ig in . V irg in ian a nd Rela ted Red C lay P ipes N ob ow ls o r s te ms w ere f ound i n t h is p i t. P ipe S te m Da t ing App ly ing t he B inford f or mu la t o t he 1 85 p ipe s te ms f ro m t h is d eposi t p rov ided a m ean d a te o f 1 619 , t welve y ears b efore t he p i t 's f i l ing a ctual l ly b egan . F IGURE 8 P ipes Fro m Var ious Fea tures a t S i te " B ," P er iod o f O ccupa t ion c . 1 625-1640 Engl ish a nd Du tch "Wh i te" C lay P ipes 1 .

Smal l, f orwardthrust ing b ow l , s o mewha t c onstr ic ted a t t he r ou let ted b and c lose t o t he mou th .

On t he h eel a re t he i nc ised i n it ia ls TG w ith a n

i nc ised t r ipar t ite f rond a bove a nd b elow. 2 8

Another s im i lar ly marked

h eel was e xcava ted a t t h is s i te.

Ah eel f rag men t w ith a n a pparen t ly i den-

t i ca l mark was r ecovered d ur ing e xcava t ions a t P ly mou th a nd O swa ld t a tr ibu ted t he s ty le o f mark t o b o th "London a nd Br isto l."

5 4

However ,

t he f orward t hrust o f t he b ow l i s g eneral ccep ted a s a charac ter ist ic ly a o f West Coun try p ipes.

Al arger p ipe w ith t he s im i lar i n i t ia ls i n r el ief

was f ound o nS i te " A" ( Fig. 2 , n o. 3 ). S te m-ho le d iameter 2 .

7/ 64 ".

L arger a nd more b u lbous b ow l t han n umber 1 .

On t he h eel i n a dot ted

r oundel a re t he r a ised i n i t ia ls WP w i th a fi ve-po in ted s tar a bove a nd b el ow . Found i nt he s a me d eposit a s n os. 1 1 a nd 1 2. S te m-ho le d ia meter c anno t b e d eter m ined . 3 8 7 .4. Two b ow ls f ro m a mu l t i-bow led p ipe p ossibly a ssoc ia ted w i th t he q u int up le s te m s hown i nn o. 5 . N e ither b ow l h as ah eel ; i nstead , a t t he p o in t where i ts hou ld b e, t he s te m h as b een s l iced i n h a lf , t he c u t e dges s cored a nd at h in s tr ip o f c lay a pp l ied o ver t he s cor ing b efore a no ther s im i larly s cored s te m was a tached . t

A t r ip le b owl p ipe f ound a t a m id-

s even teen th c en tury s i te t o t he west o f J amestown h ad t hree c o mp lete p ipes j o ined o n ly a t t he s te m a pprox i ma tely o ne i nch f ro m t he h eels .56 S te m-ho le d ia meters 5 .

7/ 64 "

a nd 6 /64" r espec t ively.

Frag men t o f s te m o f q u in tup le p ipe. A c en tra l s te m h as h ad f our o ther s te ms l u ted t o i tb y means o f s cor ing a nd smal ads o f c lay. Two o f l p t he e x ter ior s te ms a re m issing , o n ly t he c lay l ink ing p ads r e ma in . D iameter o f c en tra l s te m a nd o ne a tached s te m 6 /64" ; t

d ia meter o f o ther

a tached s te m £ 5 /64" , t hus c lear p roof o f c on te mporary s te m-ho le t v ar ia t ion . 6 .

H eel a nd s te m f rag men t , t he f or mer impressed w i th a g aun t let , i t s t humb t o r igh t . Th is p ipe i s made o f a coarse , p ink ish c lay , t he s ta mp i s s i mp le i n d esign , t he h eel s hal ipe w i th a si m ilar mark l ow. 57 A p was f ound i nS ou thamp ton a nd i s d escr ibed a s p robably t he p roduct o f " a l oca l Ha mpsh ire mak er." 58 S ee F ig. 7 , n o . 7 for c o m men ts o n o r ig ins o fg aun t let- marked p ipe. S te m-ho le d iameter

7 .

7/ 64 ".

H eel a nd s te m p or t ion , t he f or mer impressed w i th a righ tthumbed g aun t let ( see F ig. 7 , n o . 7f or more i n for ma t ion o n t h is t ype o f mark ). S te m-ho le d ia meter

8 .

7/ 64 ".

S te m p or t ion a nd h eel , t he l a ter w i th a n i mpressed g aun t let mark ( t humb t t o l e f t ) s im ilar , b u t n o t i den t ica l t o a pipe f ound o nS ite " A" ( Fig. 2 , n o. 4 )• S te m-ho le d ia meter 8 /64".

2 9

3 .

5

9A .

4

6

9B .

7 .

8 .

1 0 .

1 3 . F ig. 8 S ite " B ," Var ious f ea tures : Eng l ish 1 -12; Du tch 1 3. Marks 2 " =1 ",

3 0

P ipes 1 " =1 " :

9 . A&B

Two h eel f rag men ts o f p ipes , o ne a coarse p ink ish c lay s im ilar t o n o. 6 , t he o ther wh ite c lay.

The d ev ice o nb o th i s d escr ibed b y O swa ld a s a n

o ak l ea f a nd o ther p ipes w i th t h is mark h ave b een f ound i n t he West Coun try ( s ee F ig. 2 , n o . 6 ) . a ) S te m-ho le d ia meter 1 0.

7/ 64 " .

b ) S te m-ho le d iameter

7/ 64 ".

t Bow l f rag men t w ith h eel a tached , o n wh ich i s a n impressed c irc le d iv ided i n to f our s eg men ts. S te m-ho le d ia meter c anno t b e d eter m ined .

1 1.

l b l ed F rag men t o f smal ow l w ith h eel o n wh ich i s s tamped a f i ve-petal e glan t ine s im ilar t o marks o n s evera l p ipes f ound a t P ly mou th , a nd a ss oc ia ted w ith a rt ifac ts o f t he l a te s ix teen th a nd e arly s even teen th c ent ury. 6 ° Found i nt he s a me d eposi t a s n os. 8 and 1. S te m-ho le d ia meter c anno tb e d eter m ined .

1 2.

H eel o f p ipe w i th p ost-coc turam c arved i n it ia ls M. t i on w ith n o . 8 and 1 1.

Found i n a ssoc ia-

As earch o f t he e x ist ing r ecords f a iled t o i den t ify

a nyone w ith t hese i n i t ia ls i n Mar t in 's Hundred. S te m-ho le d iameter c anno tb e d eter m ined. 1 3.

P inched s te m s im ilar t o t ha t o n a n e arly s even teen th-cen tury p ipe f ound l and i n Hol ,6 1 a nd t o o ne f ound o nS i te " A" ( Fig. 6 , n o. 6 ) , a nd t o a nother f c b uf lay e xa mp le ( Fig. 4 , n o. 1 3). S te m-ho le d iameter c anno t b e d e ter m ined .

l N o t I lustra ted ( a )

One b ow l a nd f our h eels w ith v ersions o f t he WC mark s een o n F ig. 1 , l y marked t n o . 3w ere a lso f ound . An a dd it iona l WC p ipe i s i den t ical o o ne f ound a t Ma thews Manor.

( b )

On e h eel marked RB w ith d agger a nd h ear t s im ilar t o F ig. 2 , n o. 1 .

F IGURE 9 ling o P ipes Found i nt he F il f t he Grave o f t he Probable V ict im o f t he 1 622 Massacre .6 2 1 .

l b ting c F rag men tary smal ow l , r ound u nmarked h eel , r oulet lose t o mou th . S te m-ho le d ia meter c anno t b e d eter m ined .

2 .

C . 1 600-1630. 6 3

F rag men tary b ow l s how ing s igns o fb urn ing , g lobu lar b u t c onstr icted t ed b a t a rou let and n ear t he mou th , a n i ncuse mark i n t he f or m o f a s poked wheel s ta mped o nt he h eel . " S te m-ho le d ia meter c anno tb e d eter m ined .

3 1

c . 1 600-1630. 6 5

i

3

4 .

F ig. 9 S i te " C," Engl ish p ipes f ro m g rave.

3 2

P ipes 1 " =1 " : Marks 2 " =1 ".

3 .

l, g ting a l ow Very smal lobu lar b ow l w i th f i ne r ou let t mou th , t he s hal h eel r ound a nd u nmarked. S te m-ho le d ia meter 6 /64".

4 .

c . 1 600-1620. 66

Bow l , t he b ack wal l p ronounced ly b u lbous , r ou let ting a t t he mou th , a nd t he s hal l ow h ee l r ound a nd u nmarked. S te m-ho le d ia meter

7/64 ".

c . 1 600-1630. 67

AC KNOW L E DGE ME NTS My d ebt t o Adr ian O swa ld f or p ast p ubl ica t ions, t wen ty-eight y ears o f p ersona lh elp a nd s pec if ic i n for ma t ion s upp l ied f or t h is p aper , i s b eyond meas ure.

Thanks a re d ue t o Pa tr ic ia l üdd f or h er s p lend id d raw ings a nd t o Ru th

Anne C lark e f or t he map .

Pr i mary s i te i n for ma t ion was s upp l ied b y a rchaeo-

lia m Henry. l og ist Er ic K l inge lho fer a nd h is a ss istan t a rchaeo log ist Wil NOTES 1 .

L ew is R . B in ford , " A N ew Method o f Ca lcu la t ing Da tes f ro m K ao l ine P ipe S te m F rag men ts," S ou theastern Archaeo log ica l Con ference N ewst ts l e ter ( Cambr idge , Massachuset ) , Vo l . 9 , N o. 1 ( Jun e 19 62 ), 1 9-21.

2 .

H . R . Mc I lwa ine , e d . M inu tes o f t he Counc i l a nd G enera l Cour t o f Co lon ia l V irg in ia ( R ich mond , 1 924 ), 7 7.

3 .

Adr ian O swa ld , C lay P ipes f or t he Archaeo log ist , B r it ish Archaeo log ica l Repor ts, N o . 1 4 ( Ox ford , 19 75 ), 5 2. P ipes.

4 .

H ereaf ter c i ted a s O swa ld , C lay

liamsburg Founda Th is e xcava t ion was u nder taken b y t he Co lon ia l Wil t ion i n 1 963-4 a nd i s s chedu led t o b e p ubl ished a s Vo lume 4 o f i t s "Occas iona l Papers i n Archaeo logy" s er ies.

5 .

O swa ld , C lay P ipes, F ig. 3 , G , n o . 5 .

6 .

These e xcava t ions o n s i tes t o t he w est o f J amestown I s land were c onducted b y t he V irg in ia H istor ic L andmarks C omm ission i n 19 75-1 9 77. I n for mat t ion ( i nclud ing d a t ing a tr ibu t ions ) k ind ly s upp l ied b y Mrs. A . Ou t law , l abora tory c ura tor f or t he V . H . L .C. i n a let t er o f May 3 1, 1 978.

Th is

c o m mun ica t ion w il l h erea f ter b e c i ted a s Ou t law , l üngs m il l, Ou t law , tle t t us. L it own , o r Ou t law , P et , 7

Adr ian O swa ld t o a u thor , O c tober 7 , 19 78.

8 .

I b id .

9 .

l a in C . Walker , C lay Tobacco-Pipes , w ith Par t icu lar Reference t o t he Br isto l I ndustry ( O ttawa , 19 77 ) , D , F ig. 4 a , n o. 1O . H ereaf ter c i ted a s Br isto l P ipes. Most r eferences t o Vo lume D o f t h is work a re , i n l en ly p f ac t , t o t he e xcel t t ypo logy o r ig inal ubl ished b y Dav id A tk inson a nd Adr ian O swa ld J ourna l o f t he Archaeo log ica l Assoc ia t ion , Th ird S er ies , Vo lume XXXI I 1 969.

Th is l a t ter p ubl ica t ion i s n o t a s r ead ily 3 3

o bta inable a s t he Wa lker work a nd f or t h is r eason i t was d ec ided t o c i te t he r epub l ished v ersion . 1 0.

I b id ., E , F ig. 6 b-1 , n o . 8 .

1. 1

I b id., D , F ig. 6 b-1 , n o . 4 .

1 2.

I bid ., C , 1 225.

1 3.

Adr ian O swa ld , " Index o f Mark s o n C lay Tobacco P ipes , 1 947-1977 , MS i nt he l i brary o f t he Depar t men t o f Archaeo logy , Co lon ia l Wil lia msburg Founda t ion , Wil , V irg in ia. lia msburg P ipes.

H ereaf ter c i ted a s O swa ld , Marked

1 4.

O swa ld t o a u thor , O ctober 7 , 1 978.

1 5.

Wa lker , Br isto l P ipes , C , 1 408 , F ig. B .

1 6.

Ou t law , K ings m il nd Ou t law , L it . l a tletown

1 7.

Wa lker , Br isto l P ipes , D , F ig . l a , n o . 4 a .

1 8.

Ou t law , l üngs m il l.

1 9.

Dav id A tk inson a nd Adr ian O swa ld , L ondon C lay Tobacco P ipes, J ourna l o f t he Archaeo log ica l A ssoc ia t ion , Th ird S er ies , XXXI 1969 ) , F ig. 9 , I ( Group C .

H ereaf ter c ited a s A tk inson a nd O swa ld , L ondon P ipes.

2 0.

Walker , Br isto l P ipes, D , F ig. l b , n o . 5 b.

2 1.

Adr ian O swa ld , "Marked C lay P ipes f ro m P ly mou th , D evon ," PostMed ieva l Archaeo logy , I I ( 1969 ) , 1 28.

H ereaf ter c i ted a s O swa ld

P ly mou th P ipes. 2. 2

I b id ., 1 38.

2 3.

Wa lker , Br isto l P ipes , D , F ig. l a , n o . 4 a .

2 4.

I b id., n o. 3 b.

2 5.

A tk inson a nd O swa ld , L ondon P ipes , F ig. 1 , n o . 1 0.

2 6.

Michael Pawson , " Clay Tobacco P ipes i n t he Know les Col ion ." l ect Quar ter ly Bul in o f t he Archeo log ica l S oc ie ty o fV irg in ia ( March , 1 969 ), l et Vo l . 2 3, n o. 3 , F ig. 1 0 , n o . 2 9 ( herea f ter c i ted a s Pawson , Know les Col t ion ). l ec

2 7.

Wa lker , Br isto l P ipes, D , F ig. 4 2, n o. 1 0.

2 8.

Wa lker , Br isto l P ipes , C , 1 456.

2 9.

O swa ld , P ly mou th P ipes, 1 38.

3 0.

Wa lker , Br isto l P ipes , D , F ig. l a , n o. 4 a .

3 1.

O swa ld , C lay P ipes , F ig. 3 , G , n o . 5 .

3 2.

Ou t law ,

3. 3

O swa ld , C lay P ipes, F ig. 3 , G , n o . 5 .

3 4.

Wa lker , Br isto l P ipes , D , 1 515.

L i t letown , P et nd l üngs m il t t us a l.

3 4

3 5.

D . R . A tk inson , " A Br ief Gu ide f or t he I den t if ica t ion o f Du tch C lay Tobacc o P ipes Found i n England ," Post- Med ieva l Archaeo logy , V I ( 1972 ) , F ig. 7 8 , n o . 1 7.

H ereaf ter c i ted a s A tk inson , Du tch P ipes.

3 6.

Ou t law , K ings m il nd P et l a t us.

3 7.

Wa lker , Br isto l P ipes, C , 1 456-1457.

3 8.

O swa ld , P ly mou th P ipes, 1 38.

3 9.

I b id .

4 0.

Wa lker , Br isto l P ipes, D , F ig. l a , n o . 4 a .

4 1.

Pawson , Know les Col ion , 1 15. l ect

4 2.

O swa ld , Marked P ipes , Rou letted Marks, 2 g.

4 3.

Wa lker , Br isto l P ipes, D , F ig. l a , n o . 4 a .

4. 4

A tk inson , Du tch P ipes , 1 7b , n o. 7 .

4 5.

Wa lker , Br isto l P ipes, D , F ig. l b , n o . 5 b.

4 6.

G eorg A . Brongers , N ico t iana Tabacu m ( A msterda m , 1 964 ), 4 5.

4 7.

For f urther i n for ma t ion o n t h is s i te s ee p age 3 .

4 8.

O swa ld , P ly mou th P ipes, 1 38.

4 9.

I b id .

5 0.

Wa lker , Br isto l P ipes, D , 1 409.

5 1.

O swa ld , P ly mou th P ipes , F ig. 5 7.

5 2.

O swa ld , C lay P ipes, 6 3.

5 3.

O swa ld , P ly mou th P ipes, F ig. 5 3, n o. 3 .

5 4.

Wa lker , Br isto l P ipes, D , F ig. 4 a , n o . 9 .

5. 5

O swa ld , P ly mou th P ipes , F ig. 5 7 , n o. 6 2.

5 6.

A la in C . Ou t law , An I n ter i m Repor t Governor 's L and Archaeo log ica l D istr ict Excava t ions: The 1 976 S eason ( Virg in ia Research C en ter f or Archaeo logy , May 1 978 ), F ig. 4 3.

5 7.

O swa ld i s o f t he o p in ion t ha t t he g aun t let p ipes s hare a W est Coun try o r ig in b u t t he c lay o f n o . 1 0 s uggests t ha t i t may b e aV irg in ia p roduct .

5 8.

D . R . A tk inson , " The C lay Tobacco-Pipes" i n Co l in P lat nd R ichard t a Co le man-S m ith Excava t ions i n Med ieva l S ou tha mp ton 1 953-1969 ( Le icester , 1 975 ) I , 3 74.

5 9.

O swa ld , Marks

Do ts a nd Oak L eaves , n os. 3 -5.

6 0.

O swa ld , P ly mou th P ipes , F ig. 5 3, n o . 1 1.

6 1.

Brongers , N ico t iana Tabacum , 4 5.

6 2.

For f urther d eta ils s ee p age 5 .

6 3.

O swa ld l et ter t o I vor N oV l Hu me, J u ly 1 4, 1 978.

3 5

6 4.

I b id.

6 5.

I b id.

6 6.

i b id.

6 7.

I b id.

3 6

CLAY P IPES FRO M THE BUCK S ITE I N MARYLAND b y L . T . A lexander .

The B uck s i te i s l oca ted i n K en t C oun ty , Mary land i n a n a rea k nown a s Q uaker Neck .

I ts tands o n a bluf f o n t he East s ide o f t he Nor theast Branch o f

L ang ford ' s B ay wh ich f l ows i n to t he Chester R iver a nd t hence i n to C hesapeake Bay . No th ing was k nown a bou t i t s e ar ly h istory a nd n one o f t he b u ild ings p red a ted t he t wen t ie th c en tury . T he n a mes o f n earby e sta tes, s uch a s Br istol l ( ) , B a tche lor ' s H ope a nd Mannour o f S tra t ford s uggested t he a rea migh t o r ig inal ly h ave b een c o mposed o f Eng l ish p aten ts .

The t ract o f 6 00 a cres,

n a med "T ul ly ' sF ancy" was g ran ted b y t he L ords Ba l t i more t o C apta in J ohn Tul ly o f L ondon , o n F ebruary 1 2 , 1 663 i n c ons idera t ion f or h is "t ranspor t ing t we lve p ersons i n to t he p rov ince o f Mary land". The p resen t owner o f t he s i te , Mr . C . Doug lass Buck , Jr . ,h ad f or s ever a l y ears c ol l ected s ur face f i nds, amongst wh ich c lay p ipe f ragmen ts p red om ina ted .

He s uggested t ha t Iv is it t he s i te a nd e xa m ine t he ma ter ia l .

Th is c onsisted o f d ozens o fp ot t ery s herds a nd p erhaps a hundred p ipe s te m a nd b ow l f rag men ts .

One o f t he l a t ter was impressed w i th t he i n i t ia ls "WE"

a nd a nother "LE" wh ich were r ecogn ized a s p roducts o f t he Wil lia m Evanses a nd L lewel lin ( Luel lin ) E vans, wel l -known p ipe makers o f Br istol d ur ing t he l ast h a lf o f t he s even teen th c en tury .

The c era m ic ma ter ia l c onsisted most ly

o f Nor th Devon s graf fi to s l ipware a nd t he c oarser N or th Devon g rave l t e mpered , l ead-g lazed e ar thenware . L it tle h as b een p ub l ished i n t he S ta tes a bou t t he e as i ly r ecogn ized s graf fi to ware b eing f ound i n Mary land a nd b ecause o ne r ep or t ( Wa tk ins, 1 960 , p . 5 3 ) s ta ted "The s graf fi to t ab lewares f ound a rchaeo log ical ly i n t h is c oun try must d a te f ro m b efore 1 700" ,t he wr iter ' si n terest i n t he s i te was i n tensi f ied . Hav ing e xa m ined t he s ur face ma ter ia l , we v isi ted t he s i te a nd r ecovered n a i ls, p ot t ery s herds a nd p ipe f rag men ts s cat tered among many o yster s hel l s. The s hel l s were s pread o ver a n a rea a pprox i ma te ly 4 0 f ee t x1 80 f eet . These f inds s uggested a nu nder ly ing r efuse p i t , wh ich , w i th t he a gree men t o f Mr . B uck , t he a u thor u nder took t o i nvestiga te . Excava t ion p roceeded i n ter m it t an t ly d ur ing t he s pr ing a nd f al l mon ths f or s ix y ears, f ro m May 1 972 t o J une 1 978 . The s cat t ered s hel l s were n ear t he midd le o f t he f i e ld w i th n o p er manen t b u i ld ings t o u se a s a bench mark .

L ack ing i n s urvey ing i nstru men ts i t was

d ecided t o l ay o ut t he a rea i n t wofoot s quares o n a Nor th-South a x is s tar t ing w ith a n i ron r od d r iven i n to t he c en ter o f t he s hel ls a s t hey l ay o n t he s ur face o f t he f i e ld . At est t rench was t hen d ug t en f ee t e ast a nd west a nd f our f ee t n or th a nd s ou th f ro m t he c en ter s take . Th is a rea was e xcava ted e n t ire ly b y t rowe l t o d e term ine t he n a ture o ft he a rea . A s t he d ig p rogressed i tb eca me a pparen t t ha t t he p low z one was a bout 1 0 i nches d eep a nd c on ta ined most ly 3 7

3 8

P i t p rof i le -t yp ica l s ect ion

s even teen th c en tury ma ter ia l a nd a few s trange ly d iverse o b jects Ind ian p ro ject i le p o in ts d a t ing c . 2 00 A .D . ,f or e xa mp le .

O f i n terest i st he r eve la t ion

t ha t K ing G eorge Ir equ ired L ord Ba l t i more t o p ay e ach y ear f or h is g ran t i n t he New Wor ld t wo a rrow h eads i n t oken o f h o mage , a nd a s r en t , o ne f i f th o f l a l g old a nd s i lver mined . S urpr is ing ly , t he t est t rench r evea led t he n or thern l im i t o f t he p i t , n ot t he c en ter a s o r ig inal ly s urm ised . to m o b ot ft he p low z one

A lso, i ts oon b eca me a pparen t t ha t a t t he

l s wh t here was a n u nd isturbed l ayer o f o yster s hel ich

t urned o u t t o b e af ea ture , w i th r are e xcep t ions, o f t he e n t ire p i t . e stab l ished t h is, i t was d ec ided t o r e move t he r est o f t he s hove l a nd s creen i t .

l A l e xcava t ing b e low t he

p low

p low

Hav ing

z one s oi l b y

ly z one was d one c areful

b y t rowe l a nd b rush . O ther t han t he u nd isturbed c o mpacted l ayer o f o yster ls s to m o s hel tar t ing a t t he b ot f t he p low z one t here was n o d iscernab le s tra t if ica t ion i n t he p i t wh ich when c o mp le te ly e xcava ted measured 1 6 f ee t w ide a nd 2 0 f ee t l ong .

The d epth o f most o f t he p it v ar ied f ro m 1 0 t o 2 2 i nches

w i th a n o ccassiona l s quare 3 4 i nches d eep .

t ered t l S cat hroughout a l l eve ls

l s, c were more s hel harcoa l a nd a shes w ith a few l u mps o f u n f ired c lay . The t l a ter p ose a nu nanswered e n ig ma a s n o a r t ifacts made o f l oca l c lay were to m o r ecovered . The s ter i le s o i l a t t he b ot f t he p i t was r e la t ive ly f ine b rown s and ( see F ig . 1f or a p rof i le o f ar epresen ta t ive s ect ion . ) A l though t h is p aper c oncerns i t se l f w ith t he p ipe ma ter ia l f ro m t he p i t , l b o ther a rt i facts f ound i n s itu w i th t he m w il e men t ioned i n o rder t o s ubstan t ia te d a tes a scr ibed t o t he p ipes .

l O f a l o ther i t e ms f ound w i th t he p ipes b y f ar t he

most n u mberab le a nd r e l iab le a s f ar a s s uppor t ing d a tes a nd c oncerned were fi s herds o f Nor th Devon s graf to s l ipware men t ioned p reviously . These s herds, l b w ith r are e xcep t ions, wh ich w il e n oted , were r ecovered w ith e ach o f t he l i lustra ted b ow ls a nd s te ms. I n t he New Wor ld , s te m h ole d ia me ters a re f requen t ly a nd l abor iously l ect measured a nd c har ts p repared t o a id i n d a t ing a c ol ion o f s te ms. A lso , s o me a rchaeolog ists emp loy a s tra igh t l i ne r egression f ormu la p urpor ted ly t o d a te p ipes, e rgo s i tes. Perhaps a r eview o ft hese t wo s ta tist ica l me thods o f d a t ing p ipes wou ld b e i n o rder b efore d iscussing t he Buck S ite r ecover ies. S o me t i me p r ior t o 1 954, Adr ian O swa ld o bserved t ha t s te m h ole d ia me ters d ecreased s tead i ly f ro m 1 620 t o c . 1 800 a nd h e s uggested t o J . C . Harr ing ton , t hen a ssoc ia ted w ith t he Un i ted S ta tes Na t iona l Park S erv ice , a m e thod b y wh ich a n a ssor t men t o f c lay p ipe s te ms migh t b e d a ted b ased o n t he s ize o f s te m h oles ( Oswa ld , 1 975, p . 9 2 ) . Harr ing ton p roceeded t o measure 3 30 s te m f ragmen ts u sing t he b lun t e nds ls i o f as e t o f o rd inary s teel d r il n i ncre men ts o f o ne s ix tyfour th o f a n i nch , r ang ing f ro m 4 /64 " t o 9 /64". The p ipe s te m f rag men ts u sed i n h is s tudy c a me f ro m c lose ly d a ted c on tex ts, l arge ly f ro m t he J a mestown , V irgin ia c ol l ect ion ( 17 th c en tury ) , C o lon ia l Wil lia msburg a nd F or t Freder ic Na t iona l Monu men t ( 18 th c en tury ) .

H is e for ts, f requen t ly r e ferred t o a s t he Harr ing ton t heory, f

r esu l ted i n ab ar-graph ( Fig . 2 ) s how ing f i ve s uccessive t ime p er iods f ro m 1 620 t o 1 800 a nd t he p ercen t o f t he t hree s izes o f s te m h oles h e f ound i n e ach o f t hese p er iods.

3 9

1 750-1800

7 10-1750 1

1 680-1710

a ) 0

1 2

C C )

a .

5 7 1 650-1680

2 5

5 9 2 1 4

5

6

2 0111 7

8

9

1 620-1650

6 4t hs o fa n i nch

S te m h ole d ia me ters

LT. F ig . 2 . H arr ing ton b ar-char t 1n

There a re l im i ta t ions i n h is t heory wh ich h e h i mse lf men t ioned i n h is o r ig ina l a r t icle ( Harr ing ton , 1 954) .

F or i nstance , h e n oted t he s amp le u sed

was c o mposed o f Eng l ish p ipe s te ms a nd t ha t many Du tch s te ms d ur ing c o mp arab le p er iods wou ld h ave smal te m h o les t han Eng l ish s tems . l er s

Fur ther

when Eng l ish a nd Du tch s te ms a re f ound i n t he s a me c on tex t i ti s q ui te d if f ic u l t , i fn ot i mposs ib le , t o t e l l o ne f ro m t he o ther u n less t hey a re d ecora ted . H e f ur ther c aut ioned t ha t h is me thod was n ot i n tended t o b e u sed f or a s ing le f ragmen t a nd , a s O swa ld n oted , t he t heory b reaks d own t oward t he e nd o f t he 1 8 th c entury . Ab ar-char t was p repared f or t he 1 188 p ipe s te m f ragmen ts r ecovered f ro m t he Buck s i te ( F ig . 3 ) .

T he c har t s hows a l s ix d iame ters a re r epresenl

t ed i n t he c ol ion , a nd , when l oose ly i n terpre ted , wou ld i nd ica te t he s i te l ect was o ccup ied f ro m 1 620 t o 1 800 .

These d a tes a re n ot r ea l ist ic a s t he l and

was n o t g ran ted u n t il 1 663 , a s men t ioned p rev iously , a nd i ti s most i mprob ab le t ha t a trash p it was u sed b e fore t he s i te was o ccup ied .

F ur ther , a rch-

a eolog ica l e v idence d oes n o t s uppor t ad a te l a ter t han c . 1 700 . I n a pp ly ing t he c har t o ne u sual e l ies o n t he t hree h ighest p ercen tages ly r t o o b ta in t he d a te o f o ccupa t ion , a ssu m ing t he o thers, p erhaps, r epresen t t ransien t o ccupa t ion .

On t he B uck s i te b ar-char t , t he t hree ma jor s izes o f

s tem h o le d ia me ters a re 6 /64" ,7 /64" a nd 8 /64" t hus i nd ica t ing , a ccord ing t o Harr ing ton ' st heory , a nd b y e x trapo la t ion , t he p r i mary d a te o f o ccupa t ion was f ro m c . 1 640 t o c . 1 710 . I n 1 961, Dr . L ew is R . B in ford , u s ing Harr ing ton ' sb ar-graph f igures, d eve loped a s tra igh t l i ne r egression f ormula b ased o n t he h ypothes is t ha t i f s te m h o le d ia me ters g ot p rogressive ly smal hey wou ld u l t i ma te ly d isappear l er t b y t he y ear 1 931 .85 . Theore t ical , b y u sing h is f ormula , o ne c an d e term ine ly t he mean d a te o f a ny n u mber o f s te ms . H is e qua t ion r eads: Y = 1 931 . 8 5 3 8 .26 X . Th is f ormu la c ou ld b e e xpressed more s i mp ly , a nd w ith n o l oss o f a ccuracy , a s Y =1 932 38 .3 ( Oswa ld 1 975, p . 9 2 ) . Y i s t he d a te t o b e d e term ined . r e t ical eco mes n on-ex istan t ; ly b

1 931 .85 i s t he d a te a t wh ich t he h o le t heo-

3 8 .26 r epresen ts t he d ecrease i n t he n u mber

o f y ears b etween e ach s ix ty-fourth o f a n i nch a nd X t he mean b ore d ia me ter o f t he s te ms b e ing d a ted . At abu la t ion i s p repared s how ing t he n u mber o ff r ag men ts i n e ach 6 4" s ize . Each s ize , f or e xa mp le 7 /64", i s mul t ip l ied b y e ach n u mber o f f ragmen ts, y ie ld ing "p roducts" . B o th a re t hen a dded a nd t he t o ta l o f p roducts d iv ided b y t he t ota l n u mber o f f rag men ts, e x tend ing t he a nswer t o t hree d ec i ma l p laces, t he r esu l t b e ing t he mean b ore d ia me ter o f t he c ol ion b e ing s tud ied . Th is l ect i s t hen mu l t ip l ied b y 3 8 .26 a nd t he a nswer s ubtracted f ro m 1 931.85 t o o b ta in t he t heore t ica l mean d ate o f t he c ol ion o f s te ms . l ect The 188 s te m f ragmen ts f ro m t he B uck s i te were s e lected t o u se a s a n e xa mp le o f h ow t he B in ford f ormula i s a pp l ied :

4 1

50

4/ ' 64

0

2/ 64

. 64

7 / '64

8 / . ' 64

5/ 64

4 5

40

3 7%

3 5

30

2 5

2 3%

2 0

1 9%

1 5

1 3%

1 0

5

N u mbe ro f s tems

F ig . 3 .

5%

3%

2 9

1 50

2 23

4 39

B uck s i te s te m-bore d ia me ter c har t

2 84

6 3

T o ta l 18 8

S te m h o le d ia me ter

No . o f f rag men ts 2 9

Product

4 /64"

X

„

16 1

5 /64"

X

1 50

„

7 50

6 /64"

X

23 2

=

1 338

7 /64"

X

4 39

,

3 073

8 /64"

X

2 84

=

272 2

9 /64"

X

6 3

=

5 67

188 8 116

8 116

, 8 31 188 = 6

6 .831 X 3 8 .26 = 2 61 .354 1 931 .85 261 . 3 5 1 670 .50 T he mean d a te o f t he p ipe s te ms f ro m t he e xcava t ion . The mean d a te o f 1 670 ( dec i ma l u n i ts e l im ina ted ) a rr ived a t b y t he B in ford f or mula i s r e markab ly c lose t o 1 675, t he mid-poin t b etween 1 640 a nd 1 710 , t he Harr ing ton b ar-char t d a tes men t ioned p rev iously .

A l though t hese s ta t is-

t i ca l r esu l ts p roved a ccep tab le , t he u se o f t he Harr ing ton a nd B in ford t heor ies d oes n o t a lways work .

Harr ington , h i msel f , c au t ioned t ha t "c o m mon s ense

l a w il lways h ave t o b e u sed i n a pp ly ing t h is d a t ing d ev ice t o as er ies o f s te m f rag men ts ."

Fur ther , t he H arr ing ton b ar-graph "r ange o f a ccep tab le a ccur-

a cy s ee ms t o b e r estr icted t o t he p er iod c . 1 680-1760 , w i th t he p robab i l i ty o f e rror i ncreasing r apid ly a s o ne moves away f ro m t ha t b racket i n e i ther d irect ion ."

( I . N oe l Hu me 1 970 ,

P .

3 00) .

I f ac ol ion o f p ipe s te ms b u t n o b ow ls i s b e ing s tud ied , a most u n l ike ly l ect s itua t ion , a nd t he a rchaeolog ist e lects t o u se t he b ar-graph o r f or mu la , t he f ol ing p i tfal hou ld b e k ep t i n mind : l ow ls s 1 .

The o ccurrence o f s te ms w i th t wo b ore d ia me ters i s n o t a t a l u nusua l l S uch was t he c ase a t t he Buck s i te where 2 5 s te ms ( 2 ,1% ) were l arg er a t o ne e nd t han a t t he o ther ;

o f t he 1 709 s te m f rag men ts e xcava-

t ed a t t he Ca leb Pusey House ( No te n u mber 1 ) 4 9 ( 2 .6%) were n o t o f t he s a me b ore d ia me ter t hroughou t .

I fo ne i ns ists o n u s ing t he

Harr ing ton c har t a nd B in ford f or mu la i t migh t b e a dv isab le t o om i t t hose f rag men ts w i th d if t s te m b ore d ia me ters a ltoge ther b ut f eren p erhaps a dd ing t he i nfor ma t ion a s af ootno te , 2 . Roulet an a fect t he s ize o f t he s te m h ole . ting c f

S o me t i mes t he

p iercing w ire was n o t l e f t i n t he s te m when t he r oulet pp l ied ting was a t hus c ausing a s l igh t c onstr ict ion o n t he i nside r esu lt ing i n af a lse r ead ing , 3 . The n u mber o f s te ms b e ing d a ted i s impor tan t .

A .Noe l Hu me ( 1963 ,

p . 2 2) r epor ts "i tt akes a min i mu m o f 9 00 t o 1 000 f rag men ts t o p rov ide a c onsistan t ly r e l iab le d a te" .

4 3

64

A

64

B

C

. 1 « 7 .A . F ig . 4 .

Three h ee less a nd s pur less t ypes f ound a t t he Buck s i te . 4 4

( S ca le 1 : 1) .

4 . We k now t ha t d if feren t s ized p iercers were u sed i n t he s ame e stabl i sh men t s uch a s t he t hree g enera t ions o f t he Rober t T ippe t f am ily o f Br isto l k nown t o h ave b een work ing f ro m 1 660 t o 1 720 .

The Pusey

H ouse e xcava t ion p roduced T ippe t p ipes w ith b ore d ia me ters o f 5 /64" ,6 /64" ,7 / 64" a nd 8 /64" . I f3 8 .26 r epresen ts t he n u mber o f y ears b e tween e ach 6 4"

( see B in ford f ormula a bove ) t hen t he T ippe ts

s hou ld h ave u sed o n ly t wo s izes o f s te m h oles d ur ing t he s ix ty y ears t hey were mak ing p ipes. The f act t ha t t hey u sed f our d if feren t s ized p iercers s o mewha t n ega tes t he B in ford f ormula . 5 . C au t ion i s n eeded i n measur ing e ven s l igh t ly c urved s tems.

Fre-

q uen t ly t hese d o n ot r ead i ly a ccep t a measur ing t ool f ar e nough t o o bta in a n a ccura te r ead ing . 6 . I ts hould b e r e me mbered t ha t , a s Harr ington p o in ted o u t , "i t wou ld s ee m t ha t f or c o mparab le p er iods, many o f t he Du tch p ipes h ad smal l er s te ms a nd smal l er s te m h oles t han Eng l ish p ipes."

I fb oth

Eng l ish a nd Du tch u ndecora ted s te ms a re i n t he s a me c ol l ect ion i t w ou ld b e most d if f icu l t , i fn ot impossib le , t o s epara te t hem i n o rder t o p roduce a ccura te

s ta t ist ics .

7 . T here i s a lso t he mat t er o f a ssu m ing t ha t a p redo m inance o f o ne h ole d ia me ter c an b e u sed i n d a t ing a s i te a s B in ford p o in ted o u t . I nstead o f r evea l ing a te mpora l p er iod , s te m h o le d ia me ter s ta t ist ics migh t mere ly r ef lect t he n u mber o f p ipe smokers l i v ing o n t he s i te . A c o mp le te d escr ip t ion o f t he v ar ious b ow ls a nd s te ms i s n o t n eeded s ince t he i lustra t ions s peak f or t hemse lves. O n ly a word o r t wo where t hey a ppear l t o b e h e lpfu l , a nd t he s te m b ore d ia me ters a re p rov ided . H owever , t he r el a t ionsh ip b e tween t he p ipes a nd t he a r t i facts r ecovered i n t he s a me c on tex t i s o f p r i me impor tance .

H ence t he n otes p rov ided f or e ach i l lustra t ion i nclude

i t e ms o f k nown d a te t hus s uppor t ing t he d a tes a ssigned t o t he p ipes. F ig . 4 — Amer ican Expor t T ype 3sty les A s t he e xcava t ion p roceeded , i ts oon b eca me a pparen t t he p ipe b ow ls were o f s l igh t ly d i feren t s ize a nd s hape, most o f t he m w i thout h ee ls o r s purs. f T h is was n o t u nexpected a s t he s ty le , r eferred t o a s t he "Amer ican e xpor t t ype" i s f requen t ly f ound i n Amer ica b ut c o mpara t ive ly s carce i n E urope . O ne e xp lana t ion o f t h is h ee less-spur less t ype i s t ha t t hey were p robab ly f acsi m i l ies o f I nd ian mode ls s upp l ied t o e ar ly e xp lorers ( Onwake 1 967 , p . 1 3 ) . Ano ther i n terpre ta tion i s t ha t t he s pur a nd h ee l were om it t ed j n o rder t o m in im ize b reakage i n s h ip men t ( Oswa ld 1 955, p . 2 46) . C er ta in ly t h is s i mp l if i ed f orm was e asier t o mold , r equ ired l ess c arefu l t r i mm ing a nd f i n ish ing , was l ess c ost ly t o manufacture a nd t herefore more p rof itab le t o t he E ng l ish e xport ing p ipe makers . A ten t ion i s c al o t he u nders ide o f t he b ow l-ste m j uncture o n t he t hree t l ed t p ipes i lustra ted i n F ig . 4 . T ype A h as a r ounded b ase ; t ype B a n a ng led l b ase a nd t ype C a n u nusua l d roop ing o n t he u nderside o f t he s te m where i t mee ts t he b ow l .

4 5

F ig . 5 .

Wil lia m Evans ' p ipes ( Sca le 1 :1) 4 6

The t hree t ypes were c on te mporary a nd would d a te c . 1 660 -c . 1 700 , t ype C p robab ly b e ing t he e ar l iest . Type A a nd t ype B b ow ls v ar ied f ro m 2 1 mm t o 2 4 mm i n w id th whereas t he t ype C s peci mens were c ons istan t ly 2 2 mm w ide . Wal h ickness o f a l l t l t hree t ypes r anged f ro m 1 1 mm t o 4mm . T ype A :

The s te ms o f t ype A b ow ls h ave b ore d ia me ters o f 7 /64" a nd

9 /64" a nd were r ecovered i n c on tex ts o f Westerwa ld s a l t-g lazed s toneware s herds d ecora ted w ith manganese p urp le wh ich c o lor was i n troduced i n t he d ecora t ion o f c era m ics b eg inn ing i n t he 1 660s ( Noe l Hu me 1 970 , p . 2 81) . A s w i th p ract ical ly a l l p ipe r ecover ies, t hey were e xcava ted i n c on tex ts o f N or th D evon s graf fi to s l ipware a nd o ther c era mics o ft he s even teen th c en tury . N ote : Nor th D evon s graf to s l ipwares, a ccord ing t o Wa tk ins ( 1960 , p . 5 3) fi must d a te b efore 1 700 i ff ound a rchaeo log ical n t he U .S . ly i f ound w i th t he m must a lso d a te p r ior t o 1 700 .

O bv iously , p ipes

T ype B : B ow ls o f t h is t ype were t he most p opu lar o f t he h ee less-spur less v ar ie ty a t t he B uck s i te . They r esemb le t he f orm o f t he Wil ipe lia m Evans p i lustra ted b y Wa lker ( 1977 , Vo l . C , p . 1 433 ) . l

Wa lker t e ls u s t h is s hape l

s ee ms c haracter ist ic o f e i ther Wil r Wil nd s uggests lia m Evans Io lia m Evans I a a da te i nt he 1 670s f or i t . S te m h o le d ia me ters r ange f ro m 6 /64" t o 9 /64" w i th t he 7 /64 1 , b ore a ccoun t ing f or o ne h al f o f t he m . Type B b ow ls were f ound w ith p ipes marked w i th b oth "WE" a nd "LE" ( q .V .) .

One was e xcava ted

l y ing o n al a t ten s poon c arry ing t he t ouch mark" 3 spoons-SN" wh ich w ou ld d a te c . 1 665-1700 ( Pr ice 1 908 , p . 4 5) . Type C :

The d ist ingu ish ing f eature o f t h is t ype i s t he u nusua l d roop ing

o n t he u nders ide o f t he b ow l where i t mee ts t he s te m . C o mpared w ith t he f orego ing t wo t ypes, t hese a re o f i n fer ior q ua l i ty c lay a nd more p oor ly f i n ished . O swa ld ( corres. O ctober 8 , 1 976) i n forms u s a pipe w i th a s im i lar b ase , marked "IW 1 666" was f ound a t Q ueenh ithe, L ondon .

Bore d ia me ters a re

7 /64", 8 /64" a nd 9 /64" . F ound i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th N or th Devon s graf to , fi Eng l ish d e l ftware ( 1 650-1675 ) a nd a s te m o f e i ther Wil lia m Evans Io r Wil lia m Evans I . F ig . 5— P ipes o f Wil lia m E vans ( I ) a nd Wil lia m Evans ( I I ) Wil lia m Evans ( I ) g a ined h is f reedo m i n 1 660 a nd W il lia m Evans ( I) i n 1 667 .

A l though t he r ecords a re n ot c onclusive , we k now w ith s o me a ssurance

t hey were b o th w ork ing i n 1 682 a nd i ti s b e l ieved t ha t o ne was a ct ive a s l a te a s 1 697 . A t p resen t , t here i sn o way o f s epara t ing t h ,i r p roducts ( Wa lker 1 971, p . 1 8 ) b u t b o th a re k nown t o h ave b een e xporters ( Oswa ld 1 975, p p . 1 52-153 ) . F ig . 5 -1:

At ype A b ow l impressed w ith t he l e t ters "WE"

The r a ther

b u lbous s hape a nd t he s ty le o f l e t ters a re s tr ik ing ly s im i lar t o t he "WE" p ipe i l lustra ted b y J ackson a nd Pr ice ( 1974, p . 9 7 , No . 1 01) . 2 1 t o 3m m . B ore d i me ter 8 /64". Recovered f ro m l eve l C .

B ow l t h ickness: C on tex t :

N or th Devon s graf fi to s herds a nd a n "LE" b ow l ( q .v . F ig . 6 -1) . F ig . 5 -2 :

At ype B b ow l s im i lar i n s hape a nd s ty le o f l e t ters t o t he

Wil ow l i lustra ted b y Wa lker ( 1977 Vo l . C , p . 1 433 -f ig . d ) . liam Evans b l P ipes o fb oth o f t he Wil lia m E vanses h ave b een r ecovered f ro m s i tes i n t he 4 7

r c ht i

t „ , i l‘ a

F ig . 6 .

lin ( lin L lewel L luel . ) Evans ' p ipes ( Sca le 1 :1) 4 8

,

O

M

,

b.-

iu

New Wor ld , r ang ing f ro m C anada t o V irg in ia a nd J a ma ica , West I nd ies ( Oswa ld 1 969) . s l ipware .

Recovered f ro m l eve l D C on tex t : Nor th Devon s graf fito

B ore d ia me ter 7 /64".

F ig . 5 -3 :

Apparen t ly n o t ac o m mon mark .

F irst p ubl ished b y Wa lker

( 1977 Vo l . C , p . 1 435) i n wh ich h e i lustra tes t h is mark b ased o n ad raw ing l s upp l ied b y t h is wr iter . F our o f t h is s ty le r ecovered , o ne f ro m l eve l Ca nd t hree f ro m l eve l D . F ound i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th N or th Devon s graf fi to s l ipware a nd L ondon d el f tware ( . 1 650-1675) .

B ore d iame ters : t wo w i th 7 /64" b ore

a nd t wo w i th 8 /64" b ore . F ig . 5 -4 :

E igh t s te ms w i th t h is mark .

A lso f irst i l lustra ted b y Wa lker ,

b ased o n d raw ing s upp l ied b y t h is wr i ter ( see a bove ) .

Recovered f ro m l eve ls

C , Da nd E i n c on tex ts w ith Westerwa ld s toneware ( Kob lenz d istr ict ) c . 1 6601 680 , t i n-ena mel ar thenware seven teen th c en tury , a Car los I o f S pa in l ed e c ut c o in , as i lver r ea l-1661-1700 a nd Eng lish d e lf tware o f t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he s even teen th c entury . F ig . 5 -5 : D ia monds w i th l arge d o ts.

Three o f t h is s ty le r ecovered ; t wo

f ro m t he s ur face o f t he f i e ld a nd o ne f ro m l eve l D , t he l ast i n a ssoc ia t ion w ith Westerwa ld s toneware c . 1 660-1680 . S te m h ole d ia me ters: o ne w i th 6 /64" ore , b ore a nd t wo w ith 7 /64 7 b F ig . 5 -6:

D ia monds w i th smal o ts . l d

f ro m l eve l Ca nd o ne f ro m l eve l D .

Two o f t h is s ty le e xcava ted ;

o ne

A ssoc ia ted a r t i facts i nclude Westerwa ld

s a l t-g lazed s toneware C . 1 660-1680 , L ondon d el f tware c . 1 650-1675 . The s pec i men f ro m l eve l D was l y ing o n s ter i le s o il a long s ide o f as poon h and le w ith a n a corn f i n ia l c . 1 670 . S te m b ores b oth 7 /64". F ig . 5 -7 :

D ia monds w i th n o d ots.

S even o f t h is t ype r ecovered ; t wo

f ro m l eve l Ca nd f i ve f ro m l eve l D . A ssoc ia ted a r t ifacts: P ort ion o f "LE" b ow l ; f rag men ts o f B el ine b ot 640-1670 ; Westerwa ld s a l t-g lazed l ar m tle 1 s toneware s herds 1 660-1680 a nd a b rass sword-be l t b uck le second h al f o f s even teen th c en tury . 8 /64" b ore .

S te m h o le d ia me ters : t hree 7 /64" b ore , a nd f our w i th

F ig . 6— P ipes o f L lewel lin ( L luel lin ) Evans. L lewel lin Evans, who t ook h is f reedo m 1 661 a nd d ied 1 688/89, was p robably t he b rother o f Wil lia m E vans ( I ) ( Wa lker 1 977 , Vo l . C , p . 132 ) . L isted a s a n e xpor ter ( Oswa ld 1 975 , p . 1 52 ) h is p roducts a lso h ave b een f ound f ro m Canada t o V irg in ia a nd J a ma ica , West I nd ies ( Oswa ld 1 969 ) .

A l l "LE" b ow ls

f ound a t t he Buck s i te a re t ype B . F ig . 6 -1 : Th is i s t he l ongest o f t he t hree "LE" b ow ls i lustra ted a nd , l a s v iewed b y t he smoker , f l a irs o utward n ear t he r im an u nusua l t ra i t t he o n ly o ne i n t he e n t ire Buck c ol l ect ion , I ti s s uggested t h is p erspect ive b e r eported a nd i l lustra ted more f requen t ly i n a dd i t ion t o t he b ow l s i lhouet te u sua lly d ep icted . Th is u nusua l s hape migh t b e u seful i n i den t ifying t he s ty le lin Evans when n o f L lewel o i n i t ia ls a re i mpressed o n t he b ack o f t he b ow l . A lthough t he q ua l i ty o f t he c lay i s v ery g ood , t he f in ish ing l eaves s o me th ing ls v t o b e d es ired . The wal ary i n t h ickness f ro m 2m m t o 4m m . I nstead o f r oulet ting , s o me o ther t ool was u sed t o f orm , p ar t ial l y, a d epressed l i ne n ear 4 9

.i . : =7.! 7. • . " . . : 17 -. ..: : . : :, : . . 1 • ,! ,; . . ,t r j .-A ).7 f. ., . • : . -23. , . 6 • • 64

6 ' • 64

7 " 64

7 64

1 . . « TP 1 , F ig . 7 .

H ee led p ipes.

( Sca le 1 :1) 5 0

t he r im . Recovered f ro m l eve l Cw i th Nor th Devon s graf herds. fito s d iame ter : 7 /64". F ig . 6 -2 :

B ore

A more t yp ica l Br istol s hape o f t he p er iod embrac ing t he t h ird

a nd f our th q uar ters o f t he s even teen th c en tury .

The i n i t ia ls o n t he b ack o f

t he b ow l d if fer s l igh t ly f ro m F ig . 6 -i w i th wh ich i ti s c o mparab le i n q ua l i ty o f c lay a nd f i n ish ing .

A ssoc ia ted a r t ifacts i nc lude Nor th Devon s graf , fito

L ondon d e lf tware ( 1 675-1700 ) , Westerwa ld s la t-g lazed s toneware s herds a nd as te m f rag men t marked "WE". d ia me ter 9 /64". F ig . 6 -3 :

Wal h ickness, f ro m 2m m t o 3r am . l t

B ore

T h is b ow l s i lhouet if fers s l igh t ly f ro m F ig . 6 -2 . Not ice t he te d

c o mpara t ive ly s tra igh t l i ne o f t he b ack o f t he b ow l , f ac ing smoker a nd t he more p ronounced c urve a t t he f ron t .

The i n i t ia ls a re d i feren t i n s ty le f ro m f

t hose o n t he o ther L lewel vans b ow ls a nd were i mpressed much l ower o n lin E t he b ow l .

No a r t i facts c an b e a ssoc ia ted w ith t h is e xamp le b ecause i t was

washed o u t o f t he p i t wal n t he a bsence o f t he a uthor . l i

Wal h ickness 2 1 mm . l t

B ore d ia me ter 7 /64". F ig . 6 -4 : The i mpression o n t h is b ow l f ragmen t i s u n ique . The t wo d iamonds, b e tween t he i n it ia ls a nd t he i nd ist ingu ishable marks u nder t he m a pp aren t ly were a pp l ied i n e rror , p erhaps b y ac are less a ppren t ice . I t was r ecovered f ro m l eve l Cw i th N or th D evon s graf , Westerwa ld s a l t-g lazed fito s toneware a nd d el f tware s herds, a l p ossib ly o f t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he l s even teen th c en tury . F ig . 6 -5 & 6 :

S te m f ragmen ts w i th "LE" a nd d ia monds w ith l arge d ots.

At t ion i s d irected t o t he s l igh t d if ferences i n t he s ty le o f t he i n it ia ls, N o . ten 5b e ing h eav ier a nd No . 6 m ore d e l ica te . B o th s pecimens were r ecovered f ro m t he s ur face o f t he p i t h ence t o r ecord o ther a r t ifacts f ound n ear t he m wou ld c on tr ibute n oth ing i n t he way o f s uppor t ing i n forma t ion . w ith t h is t ype o f d ecora t ion were r ecovered .

O n ly t wo s te ms

S te m b ore : No . 5 , 7 /64" a t

o ne e nd a nd 8 /64" a t t he o ther e nd , -No . 6 , 7 /64". F ig . 6 -7 :

"LE" s te m w i th n arrow d ia monds, n ot d o ts.

were r ecovered .

S ix o f t h is s ty le

A l though t hey c a me f ro m f our d if t s quares a l were f eren l

f ound i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th Nor th Devon s graf l ish d el f tware a nd t in fito. Eng e namel arthenware o f t he s even teen th c en tury . One was e xcavated, j ux tal ed e p osed w ith a "smoker ' sc o mpan ion" ( see F ig . 8 -6) . F ig . 7 —

P ipes w ith h ee ls

O f t he t wo h undred p ipe b ow l f ragmen ts e xcava ted a t t he Buck s i te , o n ly e leven h ave h ee ls . S even f rag men ts a re h ee ls o n ly li t le o r n o b ow ls o r t s tems, c er ta in ly n ot e nough t o p erm i t r e l iab le i den t if ica t ion . F our , h owever , were c o mp le te e nough t o f orm o n o p in ion o f t he ir o r ig in a nd d a te a nd a re i lustra ted i n F ig . 7 . l F ig . 7 -1 : Th is s ty le o f s tra igh t-sided b ow l , p ossibly o f L ondon o r ig in , f o lowed t he more b ulbous s hape s tar t ing c . 1 660-70 a nd "t ends t o b eco me l e longa ted a nd n arrower i n t he b ow l w ith t he p assage o f t ime"

( Oswa ld 1 951,

p . 1 56) . The s te m i s n o t p aral le l t o t he b ow l r i m wh ich i s p ar t ial ly r ou let ted . The Buck e xa mp le a pproaches O swa ld ' s type 1 8 w i thou t t he h ee l ( Oswa ld 1 969,

5 1

* , r i nu t v v7 1 4 , 1 ) 1

MN /V W , WV\A (Z 2 ) W W1 , i t t ti t1 it i ti t l it ( 10 10 '

2 6 4

7" 4 4

F ig . 8 .

"I S"

" AA" " Smoker ' sc o mpan ion" 5 2

( Sca le 1 :1)

p . 1 78 ) wh ich h e d a tes 1 660-1680 .

A l though t he q ua l i ty o f t he c lay i s o n ly

a verage , i ti s more p ol ished t han most p ipes f ro m t he p it .

Recovered f ro m

l eve l Cw ith o ther r oulet ted b ow l f rag men ts a nd Nor th Devon s graf fito s l ipware s herds . Wal l t h ickness 2 1 mm t o 3m m a nd s te m b ore d ia me ter 6 /64". F ig . 7 -2 :

A med iu m s i ze b ow l .

h ee l i s mouldi mpar ted .

The maker ' s m ark o n t he b ot to m o f t he

I tp robab ly c o me f ro m Br istol where r e l ief mark ing

was much l ess c o m mon t han i ncuse b ut d oes o ccur f ro m c . 1 650-1700 ( Oswa ld 1 975 , p . 6 3 ) .

T he t ra its o ft h is p ipe p oin t t o al a te s even teen th c en tury d a te .

B ow l t h ickness, 2m m , s tem h ole d ia me ter 6 /64" . Recovered f ro m l eve l D i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th Nor th D evon s graf fi to s l ipware a nd s even teen th c entury Westerwa ld s a l t-g lazed s toneware b ot tle s herds . F ig . 7 -3 :

A wel l - made p ipe o f g ood q ual i ty c lay , r oulet t ed n ear t he r im

wh ich i s a t as l igh t a ng le t o t he s te m .

Typo log ical l y, t h is s pec i men f al ls i n

t he p er iod o f t he l ast q uar ter o f t he s even teen th c en tury .

No a ssoc ia ted a r t i-

f acts c an b e r epor ted d ue t o i t s b e ing e xcava ted when t he wr i ter was a bsen t a nd n o r ecords made c oncern ing i t s r ecovery .

l Wal l t h ickness, 2m m t o 2 -ü

mm , b ore d ia me ter 7 /64". F ig . 7 -4 :

The b ow l o f t h is p ipe i s more a ng led a nd h as a l arger h ee l t han

F ig . 7 -3 . A s i s e v iden t f ro m t he i lustra t ion , t he r im i s miss ing a nd t here fore l impossib le t o measure t he w al h ickness. I t was r ecovered f ro m l evel D l t w ith Nor th Devon s graf to s l ipware s herds . I t , a lso, p robably c a me f ro m fi Br isto l a nd wou ld d ate i n t he l ast q uar ter o f t he s even teen th c en tury . S te m b ore :

7 /64".

F ig . 8— "I S" " AA" marks a nd " S moker ' sC o mpan ion" F ig . 8 -1 :

Th is s te m i s marked w ith t he t yp ica l Br istol d ia mond p at t ern

a nd t he i n i t ia ls "I S" . Two s te ms w i th t h is mark a re i n t he Buck c ol ion . l ect Wa lker ( 1 977 Vo l . B , p . 6 08 ) men t ions t hree Br istol p ipe makers w i th t he n i t ia ls " IS" whose work ing y ears c orrespond w i th t he d a tes o f t he o ther c u li t ura l ma ter ia l c o ming f ro m t he s a me a rea i n t he Buck p i t .

The makers a re :

J ohn S inder l ing , a ppren t iced 1 653 , f ree 1 668 , work ing 1 698 a nd d ead b y 1 699 . J ohn S i lcocks, a ppren t iced 1 670 , f ree 1 679/80 . J oseph S tan ford , s r ., a ppren t iced 1 683 , f ree 1 691 a nd work ing 1 722 . Wa lker s ta tes t ha t S inder l ing was a n a ct ive p ipe maker b ased o n t he n u mber o f a ppren t ices h e t ook a nd t ha t t he o ther t wo "may h ave s pen t most o r a l o f l t he ir c areers a s j ourney men " .I tt here fore a ppears r easonab le t o a tr ibute t t h is Buck "I S" s pec i men t o J ohn S inder l ing a nd d a te i tc . 1 668-1698 . A l though n o Br isto l p ipe makers w ith t he i n i t ia ls "I S ' a re s hown a s e xpor ters ( Oswa ld 1 975, p . 1 58) , Wa lker men t ions t ha t "I S" -d ecora ted p ipes h ave b een f ound i n Rhode I s land a nd Ma ine t o wh ich we c an n ow a dd t he S ta te o f Mary land , s o me t hree t o f our h undred m i les f ar ther s ou th . O ther t han Nor th D evon s herds n o c era m ics c a me f ro m t h is a rea i n L eve l D . S te m h o le d ia me ter : 7/64 ". F ig . 8 -2 :

Th is i s a no ther J ohn S inder l ing p ipe s te m a l though t he "I " i s

b are ly d iscernab le .

Recovered f ro m l eve l Di n t he s quare n ex t t o t he F ig . 8 -1

s te m i n a ssocia t ion w i th L ondon d e l f tware C . 1 650-1675 a nd Westerwa ld s a l tg lazed s toneware C . 1 660-1680, s te m b ore : 7 /64". 5 3

X II110,01(01gigt itig t 1 10 0 101•1 u did#1, 0 • •

I I

F ig . 9 .

z \ a V I0g li tg oi

' HOW

Decora ted s te ms ( Sca le 1 :1) 5 4

F ig . 8 -3 :

Th is "AA" mark h as a r emo te l i keness t o t ha t a t tr ibu ted ,

w i th r eserva t ions, t o J a mes F ox o f Br istol , w ork ing 1 651-1669 o r p oss ib ly a s l a te a s c . 1 696 ( Wa lker 1 971, F ig . 7 )b ut t here a re n o k nown p ipe makers w i th t he i n it ia ls "AA" f ro m Br isto l s o i ta ppears l i ke ly i to r ig ina ted e lsewhere , p ossibly t he p roduct o f a n u nknown me mber o f t he Andrews f am ily o f L ondon , 1 694-1716 ( Oswa ld , c orres . F eb . 1 0 , 1 974 ) .

I fs o , i ts hou ld b e o ne o f t he

e ar l ier e xa mp les o f Andrews i nas much a s t he a ssoc ia ted a r t ifacts s uggest a d a te p r ior t o 1 700 . The d e ta i l b etween t he "A ' s " a ppears t o b e e i ther a c ross o f a figure o f aC hr ist a s a lso s uggested b y O swa ld .

T he mark i s a pparen t ly

u nknown i n Eng land a nd p rev ious ly u nrepor ted . Two o ft h is s ty le were r ec overed , o ne f ro m l eve l Ca nd t he o ther f ro m l eve l D . I n s i tu w i th i t were Westerwa ld s a l t-g lazed s toneware c . 1 660-1680 , s l ipware p osse t c up s herds c . 1 675-1700 a nd p ort ions o f ad e l f tware b ot tle , l ast h al f o f s even teen th c ent ury . S te m h o le d ia me ters: b oth 6 /64". F ig . 8 -4 :

Another "AA" mark b u t w i th d ots b e fore , b etween a nd a f ter

t he t wo "A ' s " . I ti s p robab ly a p roduct o f t he s a me p ipe maker who p roduced t he e xamp le s hown a s F ig . 8 -3 .

There a re t wo o f t h is s ty le i n t he Buck

c ol t ion . Excava ted f ro m l eve l Cw ith s l ipware p osse t c up c , 1 675-1700 l ec a nd Eng l ish d e lf tware s herds o f t he l ast h a l f o f t he s even teen th c en tury . S te m h ole d ia me ter : 6 /64". F ig . 8 -5 :

At ype B b ow l w ith i n i t ia ls "AA" o n t he s te m .

A l though i t

u ndoubted ly i s t he p roduct o f t he s a me p ipemaker who p roduced t he F ig . 8 -3 a nd F ig . 8 -4 s pec i mens, t he s te m d ecora t ion i s s l igh t ly d if feren t . Recovered f rom l eve l Dw i th N or th D evon s graf fi to a nd Westerwa ld s a l t-g lazed s toneware s herds a nd a s tem f ragmen t marked "WE" a nd must t herefore b e c on te mporary w ith o ne o f t he Wil lia m E vanses, i .e ., 1 660-1697 . F ig . 8 -6:

" S moker ' sc o mpan ion".

S te m h ole d ia me ter :

6 /64" .

Th is i s t he most c o mp le te o f t hree

o f t h is k ind o f t oo l c om ing o u t o f t he p i t . Th is d ev ice , r are ly i l lustra ted , c onsists o f s pr ing o pera ted t ongs ( i l lustra ted a s r ecovered i .e ., o u t o f p osi tion ) a nd a ta mper u sed i n f orcing a shes d own i n to t he b ow l .

The t ongs were em-

p loyed i n p ick ing u p ac oa l f ro m a b raz ier i n o rder t o l i gh t a pipe .

I t was

r ecovered f ro m l eve l Dw i th Nor th Devon s graf fito, Eng l ish d e l f tware , t in e na mel l ed e ar thenware s herds a nd a s te m f ragmen t o f L lewe ll in Evans, a l l d a t ing d ur ing t he l ast h a l f o f t he s even teen th c en tury . s hould t herefore b e o f t he s a me p er iod .

The "c o mpan ion"

F ig . 9— S te ms w i th v ar ious s tyles o f marks F ig . 9 -1 : Th is mark i su n fa m i liar t o t he wr iter .

I nas much a s i t was e xca-

v a ted f ro m t he s a me a rea a nd l eve l ( C) a s t he "AA" s te m ( Fig . 8 -4) t hey must b e c on te mporary .

I tp robab ly a lso c ame f ro m Br istol .

A ssociated

a r t ifacts i nclude N or th Devon s graf fi to , Eng l ish d el f tware a nd c o mbed s l ipware , e i ther f ro m S taf f ordsh ire o r B r isto l b u t a l l p robab ly d a t ing d ur ing t he l ast q uar ter o f t he s even teen th c en tury . F ig . 9 -2 :

S te m h o le d iame ter :

D iamonds w i th l arge d ots ( no i n i t ia ls ) .

r ecovered f ro m l eve l D .

A ssocia ted a r t i facts :

7 /64".

At yp ica l Br istol p at t ern ,

a n "LE" -marked b ow l f rag-

men t a nd h a l f o f as ixpenny c oin o f E l izabe th Is how ing d a te o f 1 573 . No c era m ics . B ore d ia me ter : e ., 1 661-1688/9 .

7 /64". Da te :

5 5

t he s ame a s t he ' 'LE" f rag men t ,

F ig . 1 0 .

1 7 th c en tury "Amer ican e xport s ty le" p rof i les f ound a t t he Buck s i te ( S ca le 1 : 1) 5 6

F ig . 9 -3 :

Ano ther d ecora t ive s ty le u nknown t o t h is wr i ter .

o f marks e nc ircle t h is s tem . t l e ter "R".

Three s e ts

I n t wo o f t he p at t erns t here a ppears t o b e a

A l though t he d esign o ver laps c onsiderab ly, t he t yp ica l Br istol

d iamonds w ith l arge d ots a re r ead i ly r ecogn ized . f i c p ipemaker wou ld b e mere c on jecture .

I den t if ica t ion w i th a s pec i-

Recovered f ro m l eve l Cw i th o n ly

Nor th D evon s graf fi to s herds cer ta in ly o f s even teen th c en tury d a te . h o le d ia me ters: F ig . 9 -4:

S te m

7 /64" a t o ne e nd a nd 8 /64" a t t he o ther e nd . A Br istoltype mark o f d ia monds w ithout d o ts.

Recovered

f ro m l eve l Dw i th Westerwa ld s a l t-g lazed s toneware , 1 660-1680 , Eng l ish d el f tware , l ast h a lf o f s even teen th c en tury a nd a n i ron b lade o f a tab le k n ife la te s even teen th c entury .

S te m h ole d ia me ter :

8 /64".

F ig . 9 -5 : Two s e ts o f d ia monds w i th n o d ots r ecovered f ro m l eve l C . A ssoc ia ted a r t ifacts: Westerwa ld s a lt-g lazed s toneware o f l a te s even teen th c en tury .

S te m h o le d ia me ter :

F ig . 9 -6:

8 /64".

ting F our l i nes o f r oulet .

Recovered f ro m l eve l Dw ith Wester-

wa ld g lazed s toneware s herds la te s even teen th c en tury . 7 /64" a t o ne e nd a nd 8 /64 ' F ig . 9 -7 :

S te m h o le d ia me ter :

a t t he o ther e nd .

Th is i s t he o n ly b rown f ragmen t a nd t he o n ly s te m w i th a s pur

r ecovered f ro m t he Buck s i te . Recovered f ro m l eve l Dw ith L ondon d el f tware c . 1 650-1675 a nd a "WE" s te m s uggests a d a te c . 1 675.

S te m h ole d ia me ters:

7 /64" a t o ne e nd a nd 6 /64” where t he missing b ow l j oined t he s te m . F ig . 1 0 — S ix b ow l p rof i les The b ow ls i n F ig . 1 0 v ary s l igh t ly i np rof i le a nd r epresen t t he d if feren t s izes a nd s hapes o f t he "Amer ican e xpor t s ty le" f ound a t t he Buck s i te . l They a l p robab ly c a me f ro m Br istol a nd h ave o ne o r more d iagnost ic t ra i ts s uggest ing a s even teen th c en tury d a te , i .e ., t he r i ms o f t he b ow ls a re le ting was a l n ot p aral l t o t he s tems, r ou let pp l ied n ear t he b ow l r im a nd a l b ow ls f orm a n a ng le w i th t he s te ms.

A l l a re t ype B b ow ls e xcep t F ig . 1 0-5

l wh ich i st ype A . A s n oted o n t he i lustra t ions, s te m h ole d iame ters r ange f ro m 6 /64" t o 9 /64". l l s men A l were r ecovered b e low t he l ayer o fu nd isturbed o yster s hel t ioned fi p rev iously a nd were t here fore "s ea led" i n c on tex ts o f Nor th Devon s graf to , Westerwa ld s toneware s herds a nd p ipe f rag men ts marked w ith e i ther "AA" , "WE" o r l t Wal h ickness v ar ies f ro m 1 m m t o 3m m ( Fig . 1 0-3 ) , 1 1 t o 2m m ( Fig . 1 0-5) , t he r e ma in ing f our 2m m t o 2 mm . SU M MARY A l though t he e xcava t ion p roduced a r t ifacts wh ich migh t d a te a s e ar ly a s 1 650 a nd a s l a te a s 1 710 , t he b ulk o f t he e v idence p o in ts t o a n o ccupa t ion ly i s tar t ing s hor t ly a f ter t he l and was g ran ted t o Capta in J ohn Tul n 1 663 a nd c on t inu ing u n t il c . 1 690 .

Af ew s ur face f inds o f t he n ine teen th a nd t wen t ie th

c en tur ies i nd ica te t he s i te was o ccup ied o r v isi ted f or s hor t p er iods i n l a ter y ears . N o p ipes, h owever , k nown t o d a te af ter c . 1 700 were r ecovered e i ther o n t he s ur face o r i n t he p it . 5 7

The p ipe r ecover ies, w i th t he p ossib le e xcep t ion o f af ew h ee led v ar ie t ies t ery most men t ioned e lsewhere , a ppear t o h ave c o me f ro m Br istol a nd t he p ot ly f ro m B ideford a nd Barnstap le , t he s ources o f t he Nor th Devon wares. B e ing c lose t o Br isto l , t he c era m ics migh t wel l h ave b een s h ipped i n t he s a me v esse ls c arry ing t he p ipes.

The r eturn c argo must h ave b een t obacco a s Mary land

was a n i mpor tan t e xpor ter o f t ha t c o mmod i ty a t t he t ime o f t he B uck s i te o ccupa t ion . I ti s o f i n terest t o n ote t ha t n o D u tch p ipes were r ecovered . The a ccu mu la t ion i n t he p it must h ave b een c on t inuous a s t here was n o e v id ence o f s tra t if ica t ion o ther t han t he l ayer o f o yster s he lls men t ioned p rev io usly . Th is h ypothesis i s s uppor ted b y t he p resence i n a l l l eve ls o f t he s a me s or t o f a r t ifacts . S o f ar , h istor ica l r esearch h as n o t p roduced a ny r ecords r evea l i n g t he n a ture o f t he s i te .

I ti s c er ta in t ha t t he r efuse p i t d id n ot y ie ld a ny o b jec ts

wh ich wou ld i nd ica te t he p resence o f a m anor h ouse .

T o t he c on trary , a l l

ling o r ecover ies p o in t t o a m ore modest a nd i so la ted dwel f a tenan t .

Wi th

o ne e xcep t ion , n o i t e ms w i th i n i t ia ls o r monogra ms t o s how t he o ccupan ts t o b e p ersons o f wea l th o r s ta t ion were e xcava ted .

The e xcep t ion i s a meda l-

l i on o f C oun t F r ider ich Emich , p ar t o f a mug o r j ug f ro m t he K oblenz d istrict i n t he Westerwa ld o f G er many , w i th a d a te o f 1 660-1680 c on f irmed b y t he V ictor ia a nd A lber t Museu m o f L ondon . The r e la t ionsh ip o f t he C oun t a nd t he o r ig ina l owner o f t he B uck s i te p a ten t r ema ins u nde term ined . I nas much a s b roken a nd d iscarded o b jects g eneral ly r ef lect t hose i n d a i ly u se ( I . N oe l Hu me , 1 962 , p . 1 69) t he b u lk o f t he h ousehold wares o f "T ul ly ' s Fancy" c er ta in ly o r ig ina ted i n B ideford a nd B arnstap le a nd were o f t wo t ypes, Nor th D evon s graf fito s l ipware a nd Nor th D evon g rave l t e mpered l ead-g lazed e ar thenware . A lthough t he l at ter h as n o t b een men t ioned a s a n "a ssoc ia ted a r t ifact" ,s herds o f t h is ware were b y f ar t he most n u merous o f a l l a r t ifacts . I t was s h ipped t o t he C o lon ies c er ta in ly b y 1 675, a nd p oss ibly t en y ears e ar l ier , b ut n o a ssoc ia t ion w ith t he p ipes h as b een men t ioned b ecause i t was a lso u sed i n Amer ica a s l a te a s C . 1 760— much t oo l a te t o f i t i n w i th t he o ther a r t i facts r ecovered f ro m t he p i t . Apparen t ly t hose s herds f ound a t t he B uck s i te r epr esen t e ar l ier t ypes a nd migh t b e u sefu l i n a study o f c era m ics b ut t ha t must wa i t f or a no ther p aper . B ecause t h is a rt ic le c oncerns i t sel f p r imar i ly w i th p ipes, l i t t le men t ion h as b een made o f a r t ifacts o ther t han t hose w h ich s uppor t t he d ates o f t he i l lustra ted s peci mens a nd wh ich were a ctual ly f ound i n s i tu w ith t he m . H owever , i ts ee ms d es irab le t o men t ion t he m b r ie f ly : p ins, n a i ls, g lass f rag men ts, g un f l in ts, I nd ian s tone a r t ifacts, b ones ( f ish , c ow , d eer , h og , h orse ) , t h im l es, b one k n ife a nd f ork h and les, t wot ined f orks, sword-be l t b uck le , h arness b uck les, l ock e scutcheon , p ar ts o f f i rearms ‚ s i lver r ea l o f Car los I o f S pa in ( 1661-1700 ) , Char les I o f Eng land h a lf-penny d a ted 1 673 , a nd t he E lizabe th I s ixpenny p iece d a ted 1 573 , men t ioned p rev iously . No te : a l l o f t hese "c o ins o f t he r ea l m" were c urren t i n Mary land a t l east a s l a te a s 1 683 ( Arch ives o f Mary land Vo l . X , O ctober-Nove mber 1 683 ) . B y 1 681 C o lon ia l p lan ters h ad p roduced s o much t obacco t ha t a glu t d eve lo ped i n Eng land a nd i t was c o m mon ly s a id t here was e nough t obacco i n L ondon t o l ast a l l Eng land f or f i ve y ears ( Brooks, 1 953 , p . 1 12 ) .

Perhaps t h is e xp la ins

why t he e v idence p o in ts t o a ter m ina l d a te f or t he Buck s i te p i t a t a round 1 690 . 5 8

AC KNO W I ,EDGE MENTS Iam d eep ly i ndebted t o C . Doug lass Buck , J r . f or p er m ission t o e xcava te o n h is p roper ty a nd f or h is g enerosity i n mak ing h is s u m mer h o me my h eadq uar ters d ur ing t he many d ays s pen t e xcava t ing t he p i t . Iam i ndeed g ra tefu l t o Adr ian O swa ld , who f or o ver t wen ty-f ive y ears h as s hared h is v ast k now ledge o f c lay p ipes a nd t augh t me much o f wha t Ik now . T o l a in C . Wa lker , a no ther k now ledgeab le p ipeo log ist , my s incere t hanks f or a nswer ing i nnu merab le q uer ies a nd f or e ncourag ing me i n my p ipe s tud ies. S pec ia l men t ion s hould b e made o f Mr . a nd Mrs. I . Noe l Hu me f or t he i den t i f ica t ion a nd d a t ing o f many o f t he a ssoc ia ted a r t ifacts r eferred t o i n t he manuscr ip t . Iam a lso i ndeb ted t o Nor man A . N ie lsen f or h is a na ly t ica l r epor ts a nd x -rad iographs o f s evera l o f t he meta l s pec i mens r ecovered w ith t he p ipes. A lso a pprec ia ted i s t he a ssistance r ece ived f ro m t he s taf f E leuther ian fs o Mil l s-Hag ley F ounda t ion H istor ica l L ibrary , The Henry Francis d uPon t Win ter thur Museu m L ibrar ies a nd t he S ta te o f Mary land Hal f Records, l o Annapo l is. l ow Ah igh v a lue i s p laced o n t he a ssistance a nd c o mpan ionsh ip o f t he f ol ing f r iends who p ar t ic ipa ted i n t he e xcava t ion : t he l a te J ohn D ick a nd h is w i fe Mar ian , Harvey S . Farrow , J r . a nd Edgar Hare , J r . l y my p t F inal a t ien t a nd u nderstand ing w ife , Em i ly , who c ares l i t le a bout p ipes b u t much a bou t my i n terests. N ote n u mber 1 -T he C a leb P usey H ouse , l oca ted a t Up land , De laware C oun ty , P ennsy lvan ia , was b u i l t o f s tone a nd b r ick i n 1 683 a nd i s b e l ieved t o b e t he o ldest i n tact Eng l ish-bu i l t h ouse i n Pennsy lvan ia .

I t was e xcavated

b y me mbers o f t he Archaeo log ica l S oc ie ty o f De laware u nder t he d irect ion o f t he l a te Dr . A llen G . S ch iek .

5 9

B IBL IOGRAPHY B in ford , L ew is R ., 1 962 .

"N ew Me thod o f C a lcu la t ing Da tes f ro m K aol in

outheastern Archaeolog ica l C on ference N ews P ipe S te m S a mp les" ,S ., Vol. 9 , No . 1 . t er L et , Ca mbr idge , Mass t L ea f , A lv in R edman L im i ted , L ondon Brooks, J ero me E ., 1 953 . The Migh a nd S ydney . C aywood , L ou is R ., 1 955 .

Green S pr ing P lan ta t ion , C o lon ia l H istor ic Park

York town . Harr ing ton , J . C ., 1 954 .

"Da t ing S te m Fragmen ts o f S even teen th a nd

le E igh teen th C en tury C lay T obacco P ipes" ,Q uar ter ly B ul t in o f t he Archaeolog ica l S oc ie ty o f V irg in ia , Vo l . 9 , No . 1 . J ackson , R . G . a nd Pr ice ,R . H ., 1 974 .

Br istol C lay P ipes, Br istol C i ty

Museu m , Research Monograph No . 1 . Noe l Hu me , A ., 1 963 . "Clay T obacco P ipe Da t ing i n The L igh t O f Recen t le Excava t ions" ,Q uar ter ly B ul t in o f t he Archaeolog ica l S oc ie ty o f V irg in ia , Vo l . 1 8 , No . 2 . l, Un Excava t ion a t R osewel i ted S ta tes N at iona l Museu m

Noe l , Hu me , I ., 1962 .

le B ul t in 2 25, Wash ing ton , D .C . Noe l Hu me , I . , 1 963 . H ere L ies V irg in ia , A l fred A . K nopf , New Y ork . Noe l Hu me , I ., 1 970 .

A G u ide t o Ar t i facts o f C o lon ia l Amer ica , A l fred A .

K nopf , New York . Omwake , H . G e iger , 1 967 .

"An Eva luat ion o f a n A ssor tmen t o f Wh i te K aol in

l ected f P ipe B ow l a nd S te m Frag men ts S ur face C ol ro m a n Apparen t Co lon ia l P er iod Refuse D isposa l Area Near Chester town , Mary land", le B ul t in o f t he Archaeo log ica l S oc ie ty o f De laware , Nu mbers F ive a nd S ix , New S er ies. O swa ld , Adr ian , 1 951 . "Eng l ish C lay Tobacco P ipes", The Archaeo log ica l t er News L et , Vo l . 3 , No . 1 0 . O swa ld , Adr ian , 1 969 .

C lay Smok ing P ipes Recovered Fro m t he S unken C i ty

o f P ort Roya l , V o l . I -R . F . Marx , J a ma ica Na t iona l Trust C o m miss ion , K ingston . O swa ld , Adr ian , 1 975 .

C lay P ipes F or t he Archaeolog ist , Br i t ish Archaeo l-

o g ica l Repor ts 1 4, Ox ford , Eng land . Pr ice , F . G . H i l ton , 1 908 .

O ld Base Me ta l S poons, B . T . B a tsford , 9 4,

H igh H olborn , L ondon . Wa lker , L ain C ., 1 971 .

"An Archaeolog ica l S tudy o f C lay P ipes F ro m The

K ing ' s B ast ion , F or tress o f L ouisbourg", O ccasiona l Papers i n fa Archaeo logy a nd H istory , N o . 2 D epar tmen t o f I nd ian Af irs a nd t N or thern Deve lop men t , O tawa , C anada . Wa lker , l a in , 1 971. Br istol .

The Br istol C lay Tobacco P ipe I ndustry , C i ty Museu m

6 0

Wa lker , l a in , 1 977 .

C lay T obacco P ipes, Wi th Par t icu lar Reference To The

B r isto l I ndustry , N u mber 1 1, H istory a nd Archaeo logy Parks Canada , O t tawa . Wa tk ins, C . Ma lco m , 1 960 .

"Nor th Devon P ot t ery a nd i t s Expor t t o Amer ica

i n t he 1 7 th C en tury" ,Un i ted S ta tes Na t iona l Museu m Bul l et in 2 25 , Sm i thson ian I nst i tu t ion , Wash ington , D .C .

6 1

A PREL IM INARY CHRONOLOGY AND D ISCUSSION OF S EVENTEENTH AND EARLY E IGHTEENTH CENTURY CLAY TOBACCO P IPES FRO M NE W YORK STATE S ITES b y J ohn H . McCash ion

I n A pr i l, 1 977 , t he N ew York S ta te Archaeo log ica l A ssoc ia t ion g a thered f or a n I roquo is A ccu ltura t ion S y mpos iu m , o ne o f t he p urposes o f wh ich was t o s yn thes ize a rb i trary d a tes f or t he a rr iva l o f E uropean ma ter ia l o n s i tes o f t he f i ve I nd ian t r ibes c o mpr ising t he I roquo is n at ion r esiden t w i th in t he p o l it ica l b oundar ies o f t he p resen t S ta te o f New York i n t he Un i ted S ta tes o f Amer ica . H istor ica l Background There was e v idence p resen ted a t t he S y mposiu m which s uggested t ha t t E uropean t rade ma ter ia l b egan i n f i l tra ting N ew York S ta te d ur ing t he l a ter h a lf o f t he s ix teen th c en tury .

D oubt less i t was t hrough French s ources a nd a s

t here was n o l arge s ca le French t obacco p ipe i ndustry e ven i n t he s even teen th c en tury , t he a rr iva l o f t he f i rst wh i te c lay t obacco p ipes must h ave o r ig ina ted w ith t he Du tch . I n 1 609 , Eng lishman H enry Hudson , s a i l ing u nder Du tch a usp ices d iscovered l. t he r iver n ow b ear ing h is n ame a nd a va luab le f ur t rade a s wel

I n 1 614,

t he D u tch e stab l ished a f or t n ear A lbany , New York s tr ict ly f or t he e xp loi ta t ion o f t h is t rade .

Washed away b y as pr ing f lood i n 1 618 , i t was r ebui lt h igher

l c u p i n t he s a me g enera l a rea n ear t he c onf luence o f t he Nor mansk il reek a nd t he Hudson r iver .

I t r e ma ined u n t i l t he Du tch West I nd ia c o mpany b u i lt a more

p ermanen t f or t w i th in t he p resen t C i ty o f A lbany .

For t Orange ( 1624-1675) ,

a s i t was n a med , b eca me a ga teway o f t rade t o I roquoia . t an I Meanwh i le , i n 1 626, F or t Amsterda m was c onstructed o n Manhat s land w i th in t he p resen t C ity o f N ew York , r e main ing i n v ar ious s tages o f o ccupa t ion l ed i u n t i l l evel n 1 790 . Thus t he s tage was s e t f or t he b eg inn ings o f al ucra t ive f ur t rade . Around ly c F or t Orange, t rade was e ven tual on tro lled b y t he Mohawk I nd ians f ro m w ithout a nd t he s ervan ts o f t he D utch West I nd ia C o mpany f ro m w i th in . When , t herefore , d id t he E uropean c lay t obacco p ipes a rrive? O n Mohawk S ites The o pen ing o f t he s even teen th c en tury f inds t he Mohawk I nd ians p redo min an t ly o n t he n or th s ide o f t he Mohawk R iver a bout f i f ty t o s ix ty mi les west ly r l ages r o f F or t Orange a nd g eneral esiden t w ith in s tockaded v il eferred t o a s "c ast les" b y t he Du tch .

l Be tween 1 630 a nd 1 640 , b ut p erhaps n ot a l a t

t t he s a me t ime , e co log ica l n ecessi ty o r f ear o f a tack p ro mp ted t he m t o r e move t he ir "c ast les" t o t he s ou th s ide o f t he r iver .

With t h is move c a me a s l igh t

s h if t t o t he e ast b r ing ing t he m ab i t c loser t o For t Orange . 6 3

H ere t hey r e ma ined

w i th minor s hif ts w i thin a smal rea c aused b y d isease c o mbined w i th o ther l a e co log ica l f actors u n ti l t hey were b urned o u t b y t he F rench i n 1 666 .

This u n-

e xpected r ou t c aused t heir r e mova l t o t he n or th s ide o ft he Mohawk R iver a gain w i th a n e aster ly s hi f t t owards F or t O range .

H ere t he ma jori ty o f t he m r eset tled

i n 1 667 b u t p erhaps n o t a l f or o n t he F ranque lin map o f 1 688 ( Grass man , 1 969 ; l map p . 3 01 ) o ne "c ast le" i s s hown o n t he s ou th s ide o f t he Mohawk r iver whi le t he r e mainder a re s i tua ted o n t he n or th s ide .

Perhaps t heir p revious e xper ience

w i th t he F rench t augh t t he m t o l eave o ne r efuge f or s afe ty . map was r eprin ted i n 1 699 ( Grass man , 1 969 ;

U nfor tuna te ly , t he

map p . 5 01 ) wh ich s howed t he

p osi t ion o f t he "c ast les" r e la tive ly u nchanged .

The c ap tion b enea th t he e n larged

s eg men t o f t he F ranque l in map r ead "f our Mohawk v il n t he n or th s ide ." l ages o This was i n e rror a s s een f ro m t he s tudy o ft he e n larged s eg men t .

F ranque lin

was e viden t ly n o t aware t ha t i n 1 693 t he F rench o nce a ga in d estroyed a l t he l "c ast les" o n t he n or th s ide. The map o f 1 700 ( Ro mer map : B r i tish Museu m CXX I-10 ) n ow s hows t he Mohawks o ccupy ing o ne "c ast le" o n t he n or th s ide o f t he r iver a nd t wo o n t he s ou th s ide a gain s h if t ing e astwards a nd n ow o n ly f or ty mi les f ro m F or t O range , n ow A lbany . Hav ing b y t his t ime b eco me q ui te a ccu lt ura ted , t hey p robab ly s o ld o f t heir l ands b e tween 1 720-22 r e moving t o t he a rea f a round F or t H un ter a nd t he S chohar ie c reek a gain h aving moved e astwards t owards A lbany .

Thus we h ave a p re liminary i dea o f Mohawk v il t , l age move men

h istor ical , t hroughou t t he s even teen th a nd e ar ly e igh teen th c en tury . ly

An a te mp t t

w il e made t o emp loy t he u se o f t he c lay t obacco p ipe a s ad a t ing g uide t o l b s o lidi fy f ur ther t his westto-east v i lage move men t o ft he Mohawk I ndians. l The e ar liest c lay t obacco p ipes t o r each I roquoi s s i tes were o n a n i nd ividu a l b asis a nd n o t a s p ar t o f al arge s ca le t obacco p ipe t rade .

Wi th r egard t o

t he Mohawk I nd ians, Dona ld L en ig s ta ted a t t he s y mposiu m t ha t n o p ipes were f ound a t Wagoner ' s Hol C NJ 4 ) s i tua ted o n t he n or th s ide o f t he Mohawk l ow ( R iver a nd d a ted b y h im b etween 1 600-1620 ( Len ig , 1 977 ; map , p . 7 2 ) . L en ig s ta ted t ha t t he e ar liest p ipes were f ound o n t he Oak H il i te ( C NJ 2 ) l Mohawk s l oca ted o n t he s ou th s ide o f t he Mohawk r iver .

This s i te c an b e t en tative ly

d a ted b e tween 1 630-1650 b y e vidence b ased o n t he c lay t obacco p ipes f ro m t he G i lber t H ager ty c ol ion . l ect

( Pla tes 1 -6.) A s t here were more " cast les" c on-

t e mporary w i th Wagoner ' s Hol nd O ak H i l , i t was n ecessary t o a cquire l ow a l more d a ta b y e xa m in ing o ther r e liab le c ol l ections.

As tudy o f t he c ol l ection

o fJ ohn J ackowsk i , r esiden t i n t he Mohawk a rea , r evea led a u nique s even teen th c en tury Du tch c lay p ipe ( Pla te 7 ) which must b e t he l argest , most c o mp le te s pec imen e ver f ound o n t his c on t inen t w i th i t s who le b ow l a nd most o f i t s f l eur-del i s s te m b e ing p reserved . a ssured ly Du tch .

This p ipe , o r ig inal hough t t o b e F rench , i s most ly t

I t was p urchased b y Mr . J ackowsk i a t t he f a mous Pa in ted

Post a uction o f I ndian a r ti facts.

Mr . J ackowsk i was t o ld , a nd t his was l a ter

s ubstan tia ted b y Mr . Hager ty , t ha t t he p ipe w as d ug f ro m a Mohawk g rave o n O ak H il C NJ 2 ) . J ohn S til ft he Chenango Chap ter o f t he N ew York S ta te l ( l man o Archaeo log ica l a ssocia tion s en t t he a u thor a par tia l s peci men wh ich h e h ad r ec overed f ro m t he s urface o f Wagoner ' sH ol C NJ 4 ) —a d up lica te o f t he l ow ( J ackowsk i p ipe w i th t he s a me t u lip h ee l mark .

The a gen ts o f t he Du tch West I ndia

Co mpany o r p r iva te t raders, i n o rder t o c o mpe te w i th t he n a tive made p roduct , wh ich was l arger , wel nd s ui tab le t o t he p urpose , may h ave o fered a f ew l made a f o f t hese l arge p ipes i n o rder t o s ecure more f urs i n t he c o mpe ti tive marke t .

6 4

A ccording t o L enig ( 1977 ,

P .

7 ) a smal e me tery was e xcava ted b y Audrey 7 l c

S ub let n 1 968 a ssocia ted w i th t he Wagoner ' s Hol i te . t i l ow Mohawk s

H owever ,

o thers e xcava ted b ur ia ls f ro m t his s i te p rior t o t he 1 968 e xcava tion a nd h av ing s tudied a ssocia ted a r ti facts f ro m o ther s i tes i n t he c o mparable p eriod s uggested e i ther t ha t t here migh t b e as econd n earby s i te ( no t Wagoner ' s Hol ) w i th wh ich l ow t he c eme tery was a ssocia ted , o r , t ha t t he t er m ina l d a te f or Wagoner ' s Hol l ow b e e x tended t o 1 630 . T o r e in force t h is s uggest ion , o ther f rag men ts a nd s te ms o f a t l east t wo more l arge s im i lar p ipes were r ecovered f ro m Oak H il ne h av ing a l arge l, o f our-on-d ia mond h ee l mark ( P la te 2 , Col ion o f G . Hager ty ) . l ect

Ano ther l arge

s te m a lso w i th t he f our-on-d ia mond mark c a me f ro m t he Thurston Oned ia s i te d a ted b y Prat e tween 1 625-1637 ( Prat 961 , p . 9 ) a nd i lustra ted a s n u mber t b t, 1 l 5 by Prat Prat 976, p . 2 26 p la te 2 5) . t ( t, 1

These l arge t obacco p ipes were a lso

f ound i n Amsterda m , d a ted t o t he s econd q uar ter o f t he s even teen th c en tury ( Baar t , e t a l ., 1 977 , p . 3 63 ) , a nd F riederich ( i n l i t . 1Apri l , 1 973 ) wh i le a nt o ther i s i lustra ted i n Brongers ( Brongers, 1 964 , p . 4 6 ) which h e s uggests l c a me f ro m G ouda a nd we s uggest c a me f ro m Amsterda m . Every l arge Du tch t obacco p ipe b rough t t o t he a u thor ' sa ten tion i s e i ther d a ted t o t he s econd t q uar ter o f t he s even teen th c en tury , o r s peci f ical o t he 1 630s. A s a mat ly t t er o f f ur ther o bserva tion a l o ft hese h uge p ipes n o ted b y t he a u thor h ave t he f l eurl d elis s ta mped o n t he b ow l , t he s te m , t he h ee l o r i n c o mb ina t ions. Therefore , i ti s s uspected t ha t t he Mohawks moved t heir v i llages a cross t he r iver s hor t ly af ter t he e rect ion o f F or t O range i n 1 624. Ano ther s i te f ro m wh ich e ar ly Du tch b ow ls a re f ound i s t he Bauder Mohawk s ite ( FDA 1 3 ) ( P late 8 ) .

The s ite i s s i tua ted o n t he s outh s ide o f t he Mohawk

r iver a nd a ga in d a ted b y L en ig b etween 1 600-1620 . ( Len ig , 1 977 ; map , p . 7 2 ) . Fro m t he ma ter ia l o bserved i t must h ave b een o ne o f t he f irst t o c ross t he Mohawk r iver f ro m t he n or th s ide , p erhaps, a s L enig s uggests, i n 1 600 .

U n less

i t was o ccup ied a tt wo d if t t imes, t he s pan s hou ld b e i ncreased t o 1 625-1640 feren b ased o n t he p ipes ( Pla te 8 ) whose b ore s te ms measure 7 /64th i nch a nd a lso c on ta ins t he f our-on-dia mond f l eur-delis ( Pla te 9 ) , a nd o ther s te ms which r ange f ro m o ver 6 /64th i nch t o o ver 7 /64th i nch . A ssocia ted w i th t hese a re a v arie ty o f b eads ( Col ion o f Mohawk-Caughnawaga museu m i n F onda ) a nd g un p ar ts l ect ( Col t ion o f G . H ager ty ) . l ec On O ne ida S i tes Dr . P e ter Prat ided b y me mbers o ft he Chenango Chap ter o f t he New t, a York S ta te Archaeo log ica l A ssoc ia t ion e stab l ished a c hrono logy f or One ida I roquo is s i tes b ased c h ief ly o n t he f requency o f b eads wh ich a ppeared i n v ar io us q uan t i t ies o n t hese s ites ( Prat 961) , a s wel s s upport ive h istor ica l t, 1 l a d a ta , c o mpara t ive a na lys is o f c o mparab le p er iod t rade g oods, measure men ts o f r efuse i n p ropor t ion t o t he a rea o f e ach s i te a nd d a ted o b jects f ound o n t hese s i tes. ( Prat t, 1 961: p . 4 ) . A s t he y ears p rogressed , t he i nput o f n ew d a ta r equ ired a r ev is ion ( Prat t i n l if t . 2 9 Nove mber 1 972 ) wh ich was p ar t ial ly a cco mp l ished .

The s i tes wh ich

h ad t rade ma ter ia l r anged f ro m OND 1 9-3 ( da ted a t 1 530 ) t o One ida Cast le ( da ted a t 1 767 ) . o ne a t at ime .

The s even teen th c en tury s ites a ppear t o h ave b een o ccup ied

6 5

Dr . Prat t s ta ted a t t he a bove- men t ioned s ymposiu m t ha t t he O ned ia "c ast le" Thurston ( MSV 1 ) wh ich h e d a ted f rom 1 625-1637 , was t he f irst r ecipien t o f t he European- made c lay p ipe i n One ida t err itory .

I n t he mean t i me , h owever ,

Mon te Bennet t, a m e mber o f t he C henango C hap ter was c onduct ing e xcava t ions o n t he B lowers One ida s i te wh ich h ad b een d a ted b y Prat t b e tween 1 595-1625 . Near t he d oor o f t he h ouse p at t ern , a most u nusua l D u tch p ipe w as r ecovered ( P la te 1 0) .

The h ee l mark o n t h is p ipe r ead f ro m l e f t t o r igh t MTS .

Presu m ing

t he p ipe c a me f ro m ,A msterda m , a s t he ma jor i ty d id , t he p oss ib le maker c ou ld h ave b een Mat th ias S taf ford , Eng l ishman , t obacco p ipe maker f ro m Amsterda m who was work ing b etween 1 622 a nd 1 625, c er ta in ly b efore a nd a f ter t hese d a tes ( Arch ief v an Amsterda m : i n l i t t . n o . I7 8 .1544, 2 6 S ep te mber 1 978 ) .

T o d a te,

i ti s t he e ar l iest p ipe f ound o n O ne ida v i l lage s i tes . O n O nondaga S ites F ur ther n or th a nd west o f t he O neida I roquo is were t he O nondaga I roquo is. G ordon d e Ange lo a nd J a mes Brad ley ( Brad ley , 1 976) a ided b y me mbers o ft he B eaucha mp c hap ter o ft he N ew York S ta te Archaeo log ica l S ocie ty c onstructed a P re lim inary S equence Char t f or Onondaga v i l lage move men t . C oncern ing t he a rr iva l o ft he wh i te c lay t obacco p ipe , Mr . B rad ley s ta ted t ha t t he S hur lef f s i te , al arge Onondaga v il l age d a ted b y h im b e tween 1 630-1640 r eceived t he f i rst c lay p ipes. G . Hager ty e xa m ined a n i n teresting p ipe b ow l f ro m t h is s i te i n t he c o ll ect ion o f B il l Enn is ( Enn is n o . SH 3 0N15 W ) . T he mark was PG a nd t he b ow l s ty le t yp ical ly D u tch f ro m t he s econd q uar ter o f t he s even teen th c en tury . A s i mi lar h ee l mark was f ound i n e ar ly c on tex ts a t S chuy ler F lat ts ( 1 642-1662 ) a s i l lustra ted h ere , ( P la te 1 2) b u t n one o f t he b ow l r e ma ined .

The PG mark

w i th in a d ia mond e x isted a s a n impressed s tem mark b o th a t F or t Orange lo a ( 1 624-1675) a nd i n t he v icin i ty , n ear F or t C ral cross t he Hudson r iver ( Huey , F e ister , McEvoy , 1 977 , p . 3 5) .

l and I n H ol , PG o ccurs o n t he s te m

a nd a lso o n t he h ee l o fp ipes b ear ing t he d ia mond mark o f t he f l eur-del is o n s te ms a nd d a ted b y Fr ieder ich b e tween 1 625-1630 ( Fr ieder ich , 1 975, p . 6 9) . O n C ayuga S i tes West a nd s ou th o f t he Onondaga I roquo is w ere t he C ayuga I roquois .

R ober t

De O r b, j ust b eg inn ing t o s tudy t he ir move men ts s ta tes, "The t rad it iona l a rea o f t he h istor ic C ayuga was o n t he e ast s ide o f C ayuga Lake f ro m t he s outhern most e x tre mes o f C ayuga C oun ty , n or th t o t he Mon tezu ma a rea . A l l o f t he k nown h istor ic s i tes i nc luded i n t h is c hrono logy l i st ing h ave b een p laced i n to s ix t ime p er iods w i th , a s i n t hree c ases, t he ma jor c o mponen t o r s i te o f o ne p er iod e x tend ing i n to o r c o-eva l w ith a s ubsequen t p er iod ." ( De Or b, 1 978 , p . 1 ) . A t t he s y mposiu m h e s ta ted t ha t t he S a lmon Val l ey n u mber 2 si te was p rob ab ly t he f irst t o r ece ive European wh i te c lay t obacco p ipes. t he S a l mon Val l ey n u mber 2 si te was 1 620-1640 .

T he d a te f or

( De Or b, 1 978 , p . 2 ) .

O n S eneca S i tes The l argest a nd p robab ly most p ower fu l I roquo is who i nhabi ted t he a rea west o f t he C ayuga were t he S eneca .

M igra t ing s low ly n orthward t wo o r t hree

mi les e very f i f teen o r t wen ty y ears, t he Western S eneca , c o mposed o f o ne l age a li l l arge v il nd i t s s a tel te, f o lowed t he c ourse o f S pr ing Brook t o i t s 6 6

c on f luence w ith Honeoye Creek n ear Rush , New York .

The o ther l arge v i lage l

o f t he Eastern S eneca a long w i th i t s smal atel te migra ted n or th a nd l er s li e astward f ro m t he Western S eneca v i llages t o t he Honeoye v al nd t hen l ey a l a ter t o t he v al f Mud C reek , n ear p resen t d ay V ictor , New York ( Wray , l ey o 1 973 ,

P .

2 ) .

A sked a t t he s y mposiu m when t he f irst European wh i te c lay t ob c co p ipes r eached S eneca s i tes, Char les Wray i n for med u s t ha twh i le t here were n one f ound o n Factory Hol eneca s i te ( 1590-1615) a nd Dutch H ol eneca l ow S l ow S s i te ( 1600-1625) , t he f irst p ipes a nd r ecorded p ipe mark o f t he VO s ur moun ted b y ah orse a nd r ider were r ecovered f ro m t he Warren S eneca s i te ( 16151 635 ) .

The mark i s a lso r ecorded f ro m F or t Orange ( 1624-1675) ( Huey ,

p ers . c o mm . 2 3 March 1 972 ) . I n c onc lus ion , f ro m a g enera l d a ta b ase, s o me e v idence h as b een p resent ed wh ich i nd ica tes t he a rr iva l o f European wh ite c lay t obacco p ipes o f D utch o r ig in , f ro m Du tch s ources, o n a v ery l im i ted b as is, a nd a f ter t he e rect ion o f F or t Orange i n 1 624 . The I ncrease o f t he T obacco P ipe Trade The i ncrease o f t he t obacco p ipe t rade a s r ef lected f ro m c o mparab ly d a ted ma ter ia l f ro m New York S ta te I nd ian s i tes r e ma ins n eg lig ib le, d esp i te t he e rec t ion o f For t Orange b y t he Du tch West I nd ia C o mpany i n 1 624 , t he e stabl i shmen t o f t he Du tch c o lony a round F or t Orange i n t he 1 630s b y t he Pa troon K il an Rensse laer , t he s ubsequen t o pen ing o f t he f ur t rade t o p r iva te lian v i nd iv idua ls, a nd t he f irst r ecorded l o t s h ip men t o f t obacco p ipes a board t he P a troon ' s vesse l, "The Rensse laerwyck" i n 1 644 ( 0 ' Cal , 1 848 , Vo l . l aghan I , p . 3 40 ) .

Do mest ic s i tes, s uch a s F or t Orange, wou ld r eta in a h igher r a te

o fp ipe d ebr is s uggest ing , among o ther t h ings, p ersona l Du tch u sage was g rea ter t han t ha t o f t he I nd ians f or t he p er iod 1 630-1650 . lian T he t obacco p ipe t rade i ncreases s ign if ican t ly af ter t he d ea th o f K il v an Rensse laer i n 1 646, w i th t he a rr iva l o f J ere mias v an Rensse laer f ro m l and t l Hol o o versee t he Dutch c o lony i n 1 654, a nd h is a liance w i th t he Vaster ick b ro thers, p ar t icu lar ly Rober t who was a n a ct ive merchan t a nd t rader b o th h ere a nd i n Amsterda m . T he d o mest ic a nd I nd ian s i tes i n New York S ta te s how a g radua l i ncrease a nd v ar ie ty o f t obacco p ipes r ecovered , t he p redo m ina te mark b e ing EB . Th is maker was p robab ly a n Eng l ish man who c a me o ver f ro m S urrey , Eng land t o f igh t f or t he Du tch i n 1 624 , n a med Edward B ird .

I n Amsterda m , i n 1 630 ,

t obacco-p ipe maker Edward B ird marr ied Aae l t ie G ovaer t a nd t hey h ad n ine o r t en c h i ldren most o f who m d ied r a ther y oung b etween 1 632 a nd 1 654 ( Har t , t i n l i t , n u mber I7 5 .468 1 6 Apr i l 1 975) .

Aae l t ie G ovaer t d ied s o met i me b e-

t ween 1 654 a nd 1 660 a nd Edward B ird t hen marr ied A nna Mar ia v an d er He i jde i n 1 661 .

They h ad n o c hi ldren a nd Edward B ird d ied i n 1 665.

EB p ipes b eg in

l ( o n t he Mohawk s i te O ak H il 1 630-1650 ) , c on t inu ing o n F ree man Mohawk ( 1650l Mohawk ( 1 666) , Ya tes Mohawk ( 1650-1666) , a nd Mi tchel 1650-1666) , a nd b eg in o n t he O neida I ndian s i tes S tone Q uarry ( 1640-1650 ) a nd c on t inue o n Dungey/ livan/Moo L e mery ( 1650-1660 ) , a nd S ul t ( 1660-1677 ). They b egin o n t he S a l mon l ey n Val u mber 3 si te ( 1640-1660 ) , a nd c on t inue o n t he Cayuga s i te Young F ar m

6 7

l They a re f ound o n t he S eneca s ites P ower House ( 1630-1650 ) , Bough ton H il ( 1645-1687 ) , Bea l ( 1645-1687 ) , Marsh ( 1645-1687 ) , Dann ( 1650-1675) a nd Rochester J unct ion ( 1675-1687 ) , a lso o ccur ing o n t he Onondaga s i tes I nd ian Cast le ( 1655-1663 ) ,

l ( l I/Weston ( I nd ian H il 1663-1682 ) , B loody H il 1675-1685)

le ( a nd J a mesv il 1682-1696) , a nd o n t he d o mest ic s i tes For t Orange ( 1624ts d 1 675) , SDY-40 d o mest ic ( 1660 p lus) , S chuy ler F lat o mest ic ( 1642 p lus) a nd F or t Amsterda m ( 1626-1790 ) .

The ir d istr ibu t ion i s n ot l im i ted t o New York

S ta te, b u t t he d istr ibut iona l a pex w i th in t he s ta te a ppears b e tween 1 655-1675, p robably i n 1 658-1660 where in R ober t Vasterick , merchan t a nd t rader o f Amst erda m p lays h is r o le .

On Dece mber 1 9 , 1 657 , f our c ases o f t obacco p ipes

were c onsigned t o J ere mias v an Rensse laer i n t he Du tch c o lony R ensse laerwyck f ro m Rober t Vaster ick ( Van L aer , 1 932 , p ps. 8 0-81) .

Each c ase c on ta ined

t h ir ty g ross o r a pprox i ma te ly 4 320 p ipes o r a bou t 1 7 ,280 t ota l, b y f ar t he l argest r ecorded s h ip men t t o A lbany ( Rensse laerwyck ) .

By J une 1 4, 1 658 ,

t t hree o f t he f our c ases h ad b een s o ld a nd t he l a ter c ase wou ld h ave b een h ad i tc on ta ined s o me o f "t hose c urved Eng l ish p ipes" . ( Van L aer , 1 932 , p . 1 02) . T h is s h ip men t , must h ave c on ta ined EB p ipes .

To r ein force t h is, e very

l fic l s ite f a l ing i n to t he 1 658-1660 t ime p er iod f ro m wh ich s uf ien t a nd o veral p ipe d a ta h as b een r epor ted r ef lec ts a h igh i nc idence o f EB marked p ipes ( McCash ion , 1 975, p . 1 2 ) ( McCash ion , EB p ipes 1h e ir P lace i n H istory , n .d .) . livan/ I ti s i n terest ing t o n ote t ha t t he S ul I V .00 t Oned ia s i te ( 1660-1677 ) a nd t he Dungey/Le mery Oned ia s i te ( 1650-1660 ) h ave Ph i l ip Edwards p roducts i n c on tex t w ith EB p ipes.

Th is was a n i n terest ing o bserva t ion a nd t o c on fuse

t he i ssue e ven f ur ther i th as b een s uggested t ha t EB i s t he s ta mp o f Edward tle Bat , o f Br isto l , who h appened t o b e a ppren t iced t o S arah a nd Ph i l ip Edwards o n 4 Apr i l 1 651, b eco m ing f ree 2 0 August 1 660 , a nd a pparen t ly work ing t o 1 685, However , h is p roducts were f ound i n Mar lborough b y A tk inson ( Jackson a nd Pr ice , 1 974 , p . 2 8 ) wh ich p ro mp ted t he a u thor t o i nqu ire o f A tk inson a bou t t he New York EB p ipes . e ver r eached Amer ica .

tle A tk inson d oubted whe ther a ny o f Bat ' s p roducts t ( Atk inson , i n l i t . 2 4 F ebruary , 1 973 ) .

A ss ign ing Edward B ird a s t he p ipe maker r esponsib le f or t he New York s a mp les, wh i le t he e v idence i s o verwhe lm ing , i s n ot c onc lusive E el :s e c ons itle d er ing t he i n forma t ion o n Bat . Ap iece o f h istor ica l d a tä was n eeded t o c on f irm Edward B ird a s t he p ipe maker . T urn ing b ack t o Amsterda m , we l ea r ned t hat a f ter Edward B ird d ied i n 1 665, h is s econd w ife , Anna Mar ia v an d er H e i jde b eca me e ngaged t o a nother man , a th ir ty-six y ear o ld c on fect ioner a nd b urger , Hendr ick G erdes, who a f ter t hey were marr ied 6 Ju ly 1 668 , l i sted h is o ccupa t ion a s t obacco p ipemaker .

t ( P ie terse , i n l i t . n u mber I . 7 8-1387 2 7 S ep te mber 1 978 ) .

a pparen t ly c hi ld less o n 2 9 F ebruary 1 684 ;

He d ied ,

h is w i fe d ied f our y earsJaf ter .

The S ou th s ide Mohawk s i tes were b urned b y t he French i n 1 666 c ausing t he ma jor i ty o f t he m t o r e move t o t he Nor th s ide o f t he Mohawk r iver .

They

p robab ly c arr ied s o me o f t he ir b e long ings w i th t he m i nc lud ing t he EB p ipes . The t wo Mohawk s i tes, FDA-20 ( 1667-1693 ) a nd Caughnawaga ( 1667-1693 ) s how l a s o me o ft he o ld s ty les a s wel s s o me o ft he s ty les a pp licab le t o t he p eriod 1 665-1675. However , ad ecl ine i n t he EB p ipes i s n o ted d uring t he t wen ty-six y ears o f e xistence .

6 8

C aughnawaga s hows t he r ise o f a nother marked p ipe , t he HG .

On t he

t a One ida s i te U pper H ogan d a ted b y Prat t 1 677-1685 b ut w i th a B in ford d a te o f 1 691, we f ind t he ma jor i ty o f p ipes marked w i th HG w i th o ne EB r epor ted a s o f t h is wr i t ing .

Ne ither a re HG ' sf ound o n t he Mohawk s i te M i l ton-S m i th

( FDA 6 -2 ) d a ted a t 1 694-1720 i nd ica t ing t ha t t he HG e p isode was o ver b y 1 693 . l ow The HG p ipe mark a ppears o n t he f ol ing s i tes: Mohawk Caughnawaga ( 1667-1693 ) where i tp redo m ina tes a s i td oes o n Upper Hogan Oned ia ( 1677-1685) l I Onondaga d a nd B loody H il a ted b y Brad ley ( 1675-1685) .

I to ccurs o n t he

livan/Moot a One ida s i te S ul s o ne s pec i men ( 1660-1677 ) , o n t he S eneca s i te Marsh ( 1645-1687 ) a nd S nyder- McClure ( 1687-1710 ) .

I ti s r epor ted f ro m t he

d o mest ic s i tes F or t Orange ( 1624-1675) where i ti s f ound i n t he u pper l eve ls, ts ( a nd o n S chuy ler F lat 1642 p lus) , SDY-40 ( 1660 p lus ) where i tp recedes t he Eng l ish p ipes , K ingston ( S tockade ) a f ter 1 660 , a nd S outh Beach , S ta ten I s land i n c on tex ts o f 1 675-1700 .

I to ccurs w i th EB p ipes, h as t he s a me g enera l s hapes

t a s s o me o ft he EB s ty les, which v ary l i t le i n s ize a nd i s n o t c onf ined t o New York S ta te .

B y t he r ecorded d a ta i ti s q ui te e viden t t ha t t he d istr ibu tiona l a pex

c ou ld e asi ly f i t b e tween 1 670-1685 f or t he HG e pisode . We s uggest t here fore t ha t Edward B ird made t he New York S ta te EB p ipes a nd Hendr ick G erdes made t he HG p ipes a nd t he Amsterda m t rad i t ion i n p ipemak ing ma in ta ined t he ma jor i ty o f t he marke t i n New York S ta te much a s d id t he Br isto l t rad i t ion i n V irg in ia . The Arr iva l o f t he Eng l ish P ipes Eng l ish p ipes n ever p redo mina ted t he Dutch marke t i n s even teen th c entury N ew York S ta te b ut t hey were q u ick t o t ake o ver af ter 1 700 .

I nroads h ad b een

livan/Moot One made , h owever , a s t he Ph i l ip Edward ' s pipes a ppear o n S ul ida ( 1660-1677 ) a nd I hngey/Le mery ( 1650-1660 ) b ut o n ly i n t he minor ity .

They

a ga in a ppear o n t he Mohawk s i tes Caughnawaga ( 1667-1693 ) a nd FDA-20 Mohawk ( 1667-1693 ) where t hey a ppear t o t ake t he f or m o f t he L ondon s ty le . On t he Mohawk s i te Mi l ton-S m i th ( 1694-1720 ) t he e ar ly Br isto l f or ms o ccur i n t he middens w ith Du tch p ipes a nd s o me o f t he L ondon t ypes were r epor ted l ect f ro m t he s ur face ( Col ion o f J . J ackowsk i ) .

l p The d o mest ic s i tes w il ro-

b ab ly r e f lect a h igher i nc idence o f Eng l ish p ipes a f ter 1 690 b ut t he d a ta i s min i ma l a nd n o t c onclusive .

H owever , o n t he d o mest ic s i te n ear A lbany ,

SDY-40 , t he Br isto l s ty les a re n o t iced i m med ia te ly a f ter t he HG p ipes c ert a in ly i n t i ma t ing t he e nd o f t he Amsterda m t rad i t ion b y 1 700 . Af ter c . 1 700, v ar iet ies o f Eng lish p ipes make t heir way i n to New York S ta te I ndian s i tes a nd b y c . 1 710 o r l a ter , t he Bri sto l p roducts o f t he Rober t ts a T ippet re f ound o n b o th I nd ian a nd d o mest ic s i tes where t hey p redo m ina te. Thus e nded a u n ique e pi sode i nthe Du tch p ipe mak ing t radi t ion which d o ml i na ted N ew York S ta te f ro m c . 1 630 t o 1 700 a low ing o n ly a f ew Eng lish p ipes t o p reva i l a s minor t ypes u n ti l c . 1 690 where t hey i ncrease o n t he d o mestic ly r l s i tes a nd g radual ep lace t he Du tch p ipes o n a l s i tes C . 1 700.

6 9

AC KNO WLEDGE MENTS O ur d eepest a pprecia t ion g oes h ence t o : R . Ba tche lder , D . G il , a nd l et te B . L ev ine f or p hotograph ic c ons iderat ions ; a nd t o t hose f ro m t he Chenango Chap ter v iz . J . S t il l man , M . Bennet t, R . B ennet t, R . C o le , R . K upr is, D . C lark , G . Hager ty , R . B ig ford , T . Wh i tney , H . We mp le , S . G ibson , Dr . P e ter Prat nd t o t hose f ro m t he Van Epps-Har t ley c hap ter , v iz. Mr . a nd t a Mrs. C . G il , Dr . K . L an ier , E . C as ler , P . Huey , D . L en ig , t he l a te l et te J . Swar t a nd e spec ial o t he Rev . R . S chu l tz, D irector o f Mohawk-Caughly t n awaga , F onda , N ew York , a nd t o t hose who made i nd iv idua l c on tr ibu t ions v iz. C . J . McAu l if , R . H . C lark , A . Wil . S ch mah l , C . Wray , fe lia ms, G Mr . a nd Mrs . J . L ehner , R . De Or io, T . Rob inson , D . M c°, P ipe museu m i n Amsterda m , G . A . Brongers, N ie meyer Neder lands Tobacco Museu m , G . De Ange lo, J . Brad ley , D . v an d er Wan t , Z en i th P i jpen fabr ieken G ouda , Mr . a nd Mrs. M . Sm i th , D . R . A tk inson , Dr . I . Wa lker , Dr . W . C . P ieterse a nd s taf ic ipa l Arch ives o f Amsterda m , C . I . I nge l man-Sundberg , Ma l mo f, Mun Museu m i n Sweden , t he l a te F . H . W. Fre ider ich o f Haar le m , N eder land , J . J ackowsk i, C . Re i man , SUNY , A lbany , R . J . Anderson , S ta ten I sland H istor ica l S oc ie ty a nd J . T . Rank in , Cura tor o f t he Aren ts T obacco C ol ions l ect i n t he New York C i ty Pub l ic L ibrary . F inal o my w i fe Fran , my p aren ts, a nd t o t he r e markable c oup le t o ly t who m t h is work i s d ed ica ted , t he Honorab le Mayor a nd Mrs. B . P . Tyrwh it tDrake , o f Ef , S urrey . fingha m

REFERENCES A lexander , L . I ., 1 967 .

Eng l ish C lay Tobacco P ipes.

le Q uar ter ly Bul t in o f

t he Archaeolog ica l S oc ie ty o f V irg in ia , V o l . 2 1, No .3 ( March ) . A tk inson , D . R ., 1 962 . L ondon .

Makers ' Marks o n C lay T obacco P ipes F ound i n

ter ( Archaeolog ica l News L et London ) , Vo l . 7 , N o . 8( Apr i l) .

A tk inson , D . R ., 1 965 . L ondon ( Par t I ) .

Makers ' Marks o n C lay Tobacco P ipes F ound i n

ter ( Archaeo log ica l N ews L et London ) , Vo l . 7 , N o . 1 1

( January-February ) . Baar t , J . e t a l ., 1 977 . o nderzoek ) .

Opgrav ingen i n Amsterda m .

( Tw in t ig jaar s tadskern-

l and Bussu m , Hol .

t, M Bennet . a nd C o le , R ., 1 973 .

livan/Moot S The S ul i te UND 3 -4 .

le Bul t in

o f t he C henango Chap ter NYSAA, Vo l . 1 4, No . 1( June ) . t, M Bennet . a nd C o le , R ., 1 974 .

The Upper Hogan S i te ( UND 5 -4) .

le Bul t in

o f t he Chenango Chap ter NYSAA, Vo l . 1 5, No . 2( October ) . Brad ley , J ., 1 976 .

A Pre l im inary Repor t o n t he H istor ic Onondaga S equence .

le lia m M Bul t in o f t he Wil . Beaucha mp C hap ter o f t he New York S ta te Archaeolog ica l Associat ion , Vol . 1 , n o . 1 (Spr ing ) . Brongers, G . A ., 1 964 .

N ico t iana Tabacu m .

7 0

l and Gron ingen , Hol .

C lark , D . a nd Owen , A ., 1 976. UND 5 -4 .

Excava tions o n t he Cody/Upper Hogan S i te

B ul t in o f t he Chenango Chap ter NYSAA, le

De O r io , R . N ., 1 978 .

A P re l im inary S equence o f t he H istor ic Cayuga Na t ion

Wi th in t he Trad i t iona l Area 1 600-1740 . D t ico , D ., 1 974 .

Vo l . 1 6, No . 3( March ) .

Beaucha mp Chap ter Newslet . t er

F if ty S even teen th Century C layp ipes f ro m t he Col ion o f l ect

Don D i Ico . I CON a r t P ub l ishers, Amsterda m , Hol August ) . l and ( D t ico , D ., 1 975 .

N ieuwsbul t in P i jpenka mer I con , Vo l . I , No . 2( Nove mberle

Dece mber ) . D t i .co , D ., 1 976 .

G ouda P ipe maker ' s Marks.

o f wh i te c lay p ipes made i n G ouda , Hol . l and Fow ler , W. S ., 1 965 .

A Gu ide t o t he I den t if ica t ion Amsterda m , Hol . l and

C hronology o f S o me K aol in P ipe Types .

Bul t in o f le

t he Massachuset log ica l S oc ie ty , Vo l . 2 7 , N o . 1( October ) . ts Archaeo Fr ieder ich , F . H . W., 1 975 . H ol le ip i jp ) . l andse K

P i jpo log ie ( Voor Versier ing e n Da ter ing v an d e

A . W . N . Monography N o . 2 , V oorburg , Hol . l and

Gese lschap , J . E . J ., 1 961 . t e G ouda .

I n .ven tar is v an d e Arch ieven v an d e P i lpner ing

G ouda , Hol . l and

Grass man , T ., 1 969 .

The Mohawk I nd ians a nd The ir Val . l ey

l og ica l Docu men tary Record t o t he End o f 1 693 ) .

( Being a Chrono-

J . S . L ischynsky , New

York . L en ig , D ., 1 977 .

O f Du tch men , Beaver Ha ts a nd I roquois .

P erspect ives i n N or theastern Archaeo logy .

I n :

C urren t

Researches a nd Transact ions

o f t he N ew York S ta te Archaeo log ica l Associa t ion , V o l . XVI o . I . I, N McCash ion , J . H ., 1 975 .

The C lay Tobacco P ipes o f New York S tate , ( Par t

I : Caughn .awaga 1 667-1693 ) . Bul t in o f t he New York S ta te Archaeo log ica l le A ssoc ia t ion , No . 6 5 ( Nove mber ) . McCash ion , J . H . a nd Rob inson , T ., 1 977 . ( Par t I :

York S ta te .

The C lay T obacco P ipes o f New

U nder t he S idewa lks o f New York ;

Archaeo logica l

tan I I nvest iga t ions n ear t he U .S . Custo ms House o n Manhat sland , New le York ) . Bul t in o f t he N ew York S ta te Archaeolog ica l A ssoc ia t ion , No . 7 1 ( Nove mber ) . McCash ion , J . H ., n o d a te . l aghan 0 ' Cal , E . B ., 1 848 . t he Du tch .

H istory o f New Ne ther land : o r , New York Under

Vo l . I . D . App le ton a nd Co mpany , New York , New York .

O swa ld , A ., 1 975 . Repor ts 1 4 .

EB P ipes —Their P lace i n H istory .

C lay P ipes f or t he Archaeo log ist .

Br it ish Archaeo log ica l

Ox ford , Eng land .

t, P Prat . P ., 1 961 .

One ida I roquo is G lass Trade Bead S equence 1 585-1745 .

S yracuse , N ew York . t, P Prat . P ., 1 976 .

Archaeo logy o f t he One ida I roquo is.

Vo l . I . O ccasiona l

Pub l ica t ions i n N or theastern An thropology , No . I . Man i n t he Nor theast , l s, New Ha mpsh Georges Mil ire .

7 1

Van L aer , A . J . F ., 1 932 . 1 651-1674 .

Correspondence o f J ere m ias v an Rensse laer

Un iversi ty o f t he S ta te o f N ew York :

Wa lker , I . C ., 1 971 .

A lbany , N ew York .

The Br isto l C lay T obacco-P ipe I ndustry .

C i ty Museu m ,

Br isto l , Eng land . Wa lker , I . C ., 1 977 . Br isto l I ndustry .

C lay Tobacco P ipes, With Par t icu lar Reference t o t he t P arks Canada , O tawa .

F our v olu mes .

Wa tk ins, E ., 1 967 .

C lay Tobacco P ipes F ound i n Dorse t .

Dorse t Natura l

H istory a nd Archaeo log ica l S oc ie ty Proceed ings, Vo l . 8 8 , ( Apr i l ) . Wray , C . a nd S chof f, H . L . , 1 953 .

A Pre l im inary Repor t o n t he S eneca

S equence i n Western N ew York , 1 550-1687 . Wray , C ., 1 973 .

A Manua l f or S eneca I roquois Archeo logy .

C u ltures Pr im i-

t i ve , N ew York . PERSONAL CO M MUN ICATIONS B ig ford , R ., 1 973 .

l ect One ida Col ion o f c lay p ipes l oaned t o a u thor .

Brad ley , J ., 1 975 .

t er a L et nd i n forma t ion d a ted

Br idges, S ., 1 972 .

I n for ma t ion c oncern ing e xcava t ions a t K ingston , New York .

Casler , E ., 1 975 .

2 /8/ 75 .

I n for ma t ion s upp l ied f or C aughnawaga 6 /6/75 .

De Ange lo , G ., 1 973-4 .

t ers a L et nd i n forma t ion d a ted 1 0/20/73 a nd

2/ 3/ 74 .

. Manuscr ip t o n Young F ar m S i te s en t 4 / 1/75

De Or io , R ., 1 975 .

t er a L et nd i n forma t ion d a ted 5 /19/76 .

l a t ico , D ., 1 976 .

Hager ty , G ., 1 978 .

Var ious c o m mun ica t ions a nd g enerous u se o f h is Mohawk

l ect p ipe c ol ion . Har t , S ., 1 975 .

t er d L et a ted 1 0 Apr il 1 975 n u mber 1 78 .465 f ro m t he Mun ic ipa l

l and Arch ives o f Amsterda m , Hol . Huey , P ., 1 972 .

I n for ma t ion s upp l ied o n c lay p ipes f ro m F or t Orange

L am er , K ., 1 975 .

I nforma t ion o n t he Free man Mohawk s i te

Mohawk-Caughn .awaga Museu m , 1 973-78 .

3 /23/72 .

4/ 5/ 75 .

I n for mat ion a nd g enerous u se o f

FDA-13 ma ter ia l , Caughn .awaga ma ter ia l b y Fa ther R ona ld S chu ltz, D irector Onondaga H istor ica l S oc ie ty , 1 974 .

I nfor ma t ion o n Onondaga ma ter ia l, c our tesy

o f J a mes Brad ley . P ie terse , W. C ., 1 978 .

t ers d L et a ted 2 7 S ep te mber 1 978 n u mber 1 78 ,1387

t a nd l e ter d a ted 2 N ove mber 1 978 n u mbers 1 78 .1544 a nd 1 635 . t, P Prat . P ., 1 972 .

/72 w i th Oned ia r ev ision Persona l Co m mun ica t ion 11/29

d a ted 3 /15/69 . Rob inson , T ., 1 976 .

Generous u se a nd g if ts o f h is Custo ms House mater ia l

S ta ten I s land H istorica l S oc ie ty , 1 974 .

L et nd p ipe i n for ma t ion f ro m t ers a

Rober t J . Anderson , S taf ist , d a ted f Archaeolog 7 2

2/ 4/ 74 .

S t il l man , J ., 1 975-8 .

Var ious l e t ters a nd g enerous u se o f h is One ida a nd

Mohawk ma ter ia l . We mp le , H ., 1 971 .

Persona l c o m mun ica t ions a nd p ipe i nforma t ion s upp l ied

2 /25/71 . Wray , C ., 1 975 .

P ersona l c o m mun ica t ions d a ted May 1 , 1 975 w i th i n for ma t ion

s upp l ied o n t he S eneca p ipes .

7 3

P la te 1 Type :

Who le Du tch b el ly b ow l .

Col l ec t ion :

G . Hager ty.

Proven ience :

S ur face o f

Marks :

N one.

At ibu tes : tr

Heav i ly smoked , 1mm c rust i n i n ter ior o fb ow l , b ow l e xter ior

CNJ-2 O ak H il . l Mohawk

s ta ined , r ou lett ing a round r im , h eel mark s l iced o ff b y s harp o b ject , n o k nur l ing o f l i p . Measure men ts :

Bore d ia meter

7/ 64

p lus i nch.

Fr ieder ich measure men ts

. 7 7 l ine 2 " Ear ly Du tch P ipes" H-34.5; f ro m Fr ieder ich , 1 976. p B-18.6 ;

0 -13.5 e qua ls 1 640 p lus o r m inus f ive y ears.

Co mpar isons : N o d up lica te f ro m N ew York S ta te b u t b ow l s ty le r epresen ta tive o f l and a t hose d a ted i n Hol bou t 1 630-1640 . P ipe d a te :

1 635-1645.

S ite d a te :

l ect Based o n s urface c ol ions a nd c o mpara t ive ma ter ia l

7 4

1 630-1650+ .

P la te 2 Type :

ly b Par t ia l b ow l , s te m , a nd h ee l mark o f a very l arge Du tch b el ow l

l ec Col t ion ;

p ipe . G . Hagerty T 3 95g.

Proven ience :

S ur face o f CNJ-2 O ak H il l Mohawk .

Heel mark :

Four-on-d ia mond f l eur-de-l is.

tr At ibu tes :

F a ir f in ish a l though s l ight ly w ea thered ;

s o me p o l ish ing p reva len t.

Bore d iameter e xpands a s h o le n ears b ow l . ia meter 8 /64th p lus i nch ; Measure men ts : Bore d a t s te m-bow l j unct ion 1 5.6 m m. 1 5 mm w ide ;

max i mum t h ickness o f s te m

Ova l h eel i s 1 7 mm l ong a nd

mark i s 1 5 mm l ong a nd 1 1 mm w ide; e ach f l eur-

d el is measures 7 m m l ong a nd 5 m m w ide. Maker :

Mark i s i mpressed.

Unknown b u t p robably f ro m Amsterdam.

ieder ich , 1 975 p . 6 9 where i ta ppears a s as te m mark d a ted Co mpar isons : Fr 1 640;

a nd o n p . 9 8 where s ingle f l eurs-de-l is a ppear a s a heel-

mark w ith c losest c o mpar ison s n os. 3 1 a nd 3 2 b o th d a ted 1 640 a nd a l f ro m Hol . l l and

I n N ew York S ta te Brad ley r epor ts h av ing

r ecovered " a p ipe w ith t he f l eur-del is h eel mark" f ro m B loody l I Onondaga s H il i te wh ich h e h as d a ted 1 655-1665 ( Brad ley , i n t l i t . 8 F ebruary 1 975 ). P ipe d a te :

1 635-1645.

S ite d a te :

1 630-1650+ .

7 6

P la te 3 Type :

Par t ia l b ow l , s te m a nd h eel mark o f Du tch B el ow l . ly b

Col ion : l ect

G . Hager ty.

Proven ience :

S ur face o f CNJ-2 O ak H il i te. l Mohawk s

Heel mark :

Du tch t h ist le.

At ibu tes : tr

I n ter ior g ray-black i nb ow l a nd s te m ;

n o i n ter ior b ead ing s ur-

r ounds mark . Measure men ts :

H eel measures 1 0 x1 0 mm ;

d eep ly i mpressed t h ist le mark

h as s ix p ro trusions a nd f our l eaves a nd i s7 m m l ong b y 6mm w ide.

Bore d ia meter i s

7/ 64 th

p lus i nch; m ax i mu m t h ickness

o f s te m a t s te m b ow l j unct ion i s 1 0 mm . Maker :

Unknown b u t p robably f ro m Amsterda m.

Co mpar ison :

F r ieder ich , 1 975 p p . 1 00-1 where v ar ian ts n os. 13, 1 14 a nd 1 15 d a te b etween 1 615-1690wi th mark 14 t he c losestin c o mp ar ison d a t ing b etween 1 635-1645.

i A lso , D ico , 1 974 p . 5 where

i ta ppears o n a pipe f ro m Amsterda m w i th s te m d ecora t ions d a t ing 1 660-1700.

I th as n o t b een r epor ted e lsewhere f ro m N ew

York . P ipe Da te :

1 635-1645

S ite Da te :

1 630-1650+ .

P la te 4 Type :

l y Bow Ear ly Du tch B el l .

l ect Col ion :

G . Hager ty.

P roven ience :

l Mohawk S ur face o f CN J-2 O ak H il .

H eel mark :

Part ia l EB.

A ttribu tes :

l f Dul in ish , h eel d a maged a nd worn d own .

Measure men ts : Hee l was p robab ly 1.2 m m b y 1 1 .0 w ide w i th a mark 5 x 5 mm ;

t er E i L et s 2 m m i n h e igh t a nd 1 .5 m m i n w id th ;

a

b eaded r ing s urrounds t he mark wh ich i s d eep ly i mpressed . Thickness o f t he s te m a t s te m-bow l j unction i s 1 1.5 m m . Bore d ia me ter i s 7 /64th p lus i nch . Maker :

Edward B ird , who c a me f ro m S urrey , i n 1 624, t o r eside i n Amsterda m where h e marr ied i n 1 630 a nd d ied i n 1 665. ( Mun it c ipa l Arch ives o f Amsterdam , i n l i t. n o. 1 78.465 d a ted 1 0 Apr il 1 975.)

Co mpar ison :

N one :

e ar l iest t ype a nd c on tex t f or EB p ipes.

c a te r eported f ro m N ew York S ta te. P ipe Da te :

1 635-1645

S ite Da te :

1 630-1650+ . 7 8

N o e xact d up l i-

P la te 5 Type :

Ear ly Du tch b el l. l y-bow

Col ion : l ect

G . Hager ty n u mber T 154G.

Provenience .

S urface o f CNJ-2 O ak H il i te. l Mohawk s

H eel mark :

O bscured b y t r i m mer.

At ibu tes : tr

Smooth f in ish ; p o l ished b y a ga te wheel .

Mark i s e nc irc led b ya dot ing. t ed r R im r ou let ar ies ting v

f ro m 1 to 2 m m a nd i s d eep ly i mpressed.

N o t h eav i ly smoked .

S o me g ray i nb o th b ow l a nd s te m i n ter ior. Measure men ts:

F r ieder ich , 1 975 p . 7 7 : H-36 m m x B-20 m m x 0 -12.5 m m

e qua ls 9 000.

L ine 2 " Ear ly Du tch p ipes" e qua ls 1 640 p lus o r

m inus f ive y ears. H eel i s 7 m m l ong b y 6mm w ide ; mark i s 7 m m l ong b y 5mm w ide.

o bscure

Maker :

Unknown b u t p robably f ro m Amsterda m.

Co mpar ison :

Ma tches b ow l f ro m Fr ieder ich c ol l ec t ion o f Du tch p ipes , d a te o f t he p ipe i s 1 637 p lus o r m inus f ive y ears. p or ted f ro mN ew York S ta te.

P ipe d a te :

1 635-1645 .

S ite d a te :

1 630-1650+ .

8 0

N o d up l ica te r e-

P la te 6 Type :

Med iu m s ize Du tch b el l a nd p ar t ia l s te m. l y-bow

Col t ion ! l ec

G . Hagerty T-7A.

P roven ience :

S urface o f CNJ-2 O ak H il i te. l Mohawk s

Heel mark :

H I e nc irc led b y ab eaded r ing.

At ibu tes : tr

F ire s carred ; r im r ou let t e;

smoo th f in ish ;

s troke b urn ish ing e v iden t .

n o t h eav i ly smoked.

1mm

4 0 mm f ro m b ow l a long t op

o f s te m t oward smoker b eg in o ne o f t wo 6 m m b y 9mm r ando m i mpressed s ing le f l eur-de-l is. Measure men ts :

F r ieder ich , 1 975 p . 7 7 H -37.5 x B-19.0 x 0 -18.0 e qua ls

1 2,825 wh ich a pp l ied t o l ine 2 " early Du tch p ipes" e qua ls 1 690 p lus o r m inus f ive y ears, much t oo l ate f or t h is s i te.

However ,

f fic t wo f acts a fec t h is f or mu la , h e d id n o t h ave s uf ien t i nfor mafic t i on t o i npu t f ro m Amsterdam a nd h e d id n o t h ave s uf ien t i nf or ma t ion f ro m t he U S wh ich c erta in ly s uggests t ha t s pec ia l p ipes w ere made f or t he t rade a nd t hese h ad l arger b ow ls a s i t s ee ms t hose d id f ro m Amsterda m. mark measures 6 x 6 m m.

H eel measures 8x 9 m m ;

Max i mu m t h ickness o f t he s te m a t

s te m-bow l j unct ion i s 1 1 mm . Maker :

Unknown . Too l a te f or H endr ick J ansz., 1 9 y ears o ld , Amsterd am p ipe maker o pera t ing i n 1 672 (Mc° , 1 975 ).

Co mpar ison :

Mark h as b een r ecorded f ro m For t O range ( 1624-1675 );

a lso

l f ro m Amsterda m wh ich i ti s i lustra ted a s n u mber 2 5 b y D t ico (Mk° , 1 974 n u mber 2 5 ) where i ti s a l most i den t ica l w i th T-7A i n t he b ow l s tyle b u t u nda ted b y h i m. P ipe d a te :

1 640-1650

S ite d a te :

1 630-1650+ .

8 2

P la te 7 The l argest Du tch who le p ipe b ow l a nd p ar t ia l s te m f ro m N or th

Type :

Amer ica. l ec Col t ion :

J . J ackowsk i.

H eelmark :

Var iety o f Du tch t u l ip.

Proven ience :

l Probably r ecovered f ro m a n I nd ian g rave o n CNJ-2 Oak H il Mohawk .

t A tr ibu tes :

ly p S uperbly made , f inal o l ished b y s troke b urn ish ing. smoked .

ting a Deep 2 m m r ou let round t he r im .

P ipe was

A lso c on ta ins

ting a d eep r ou let t s elec ted i n terva ls a long t he s uperbly p o l ished s te m.

S te m was p robably l onger b u t b roke a nd was r ounded of

b y i t s owner.

A long t he t op o f t he s te m i s impressed o ne f our -

o n-d ia mond 1 6 mm b y 1 1 mm f l eur-de-l is mark b etween e ach te r ou let .

t es which r Rou let un a round t he s te m a re n o t p erfect ly

c en tred. Measure men ts :

Tu l ip mark i s 1 5 mm l ong b y 1 3 mm w ide o n a heel 1 7 mm

b y 1 7 m m.

Fr ieder ich HBO f or mu la n o t a pp l icab le.

ameter i s 8 /64th p lus i nch.

Bore d i-

Th ickness o f s te m a t s te m-bow l

j unct ion i s 1 5 m m. Maker :

U nknown b u t p robably f ro m Amsterda m.

Co mpar ison :

Dup l ica te was r ecovered f ro m t he s urface o f CN J-4 Wagoner 's l ow Mohawk s l man Hol i te b y J . S t il . 1 620 ( see t ex t ).

S ite d a ted b y L en ig a t 1 600-

S im ilar l arge s te ms w i th f our-on-d ia mond

l Mohawk f leur-de-l is h ave b een r ecovered f ro m CNJ-2 O ak H il t en ta t ively d a ted b etween 1 630-1650 ; f ro m For t O range ( 1 624t a 1 675 ) a nd f ro m Thurston One ida d ated b y Prat t 1 635-1637. L arge p ipes h ave a lso b een r ecovered f ro m Amsterda m ( s ee t ex t ). P ipe d a te :

1 635-1645

S ite d a te :

1 630-1650+ .

8 4

P la te 8 Type :

l u ly b Three smal n marked Du tch b el ow ls.

l ect Col ion :

Mohawk-Caughnawaga Museum a t Fonda , N ew York .

Proven ience :

Recovered f ro m t he Bauder Mohawk s ite ( FDA-13 ) b y W. N aylon .

Heel marks:

N one.

tr At ibu tes :

l w Three d ist inct ive s tyles o f e ar ly smal ea thered Du tch p ipe b ow ls.

ting a Each b ow l h as 1 m m r ou let round t he r im a nd n o

o ther o u tstand ing marks. Measure men ts : F r ieder ich , 1 975 p . 7 7. Bowl o n l ef t i mmeasurable. C en ter b ow l measures H-33 B -19 0 -11.5 e qua ls 7 210.5 u s ing l i ne t wo t er med b y F riederich "e ar ly D u tch p ipes" d a tes 1 631 p lus o r minus f i ve y ears.

R igh t b ow l measures H-32.8 B .190-

1.5 a nd u sing s a me l i ne d a tes 1 632 p lus o r minus f i ve y ears. l A l b ore d ia me ters measure 7 /64th i nch .

Maximu m t hickness

l o f s te m a t s te m-bow l j unct ion o n a l t hree s peci mens i s 1 1.5 m m . Makers :

Du tch b u t u nknown .

Co mpar isons : N o e xac t d up l ica tes f ro m N ew York S ta te. There a re c lose l ect c o mpar isons i n t he a u thors s hare o f t he F r ieder ich c ol ion l w i th a l c o mpara t ive ma ter ia l d a ted b etween 1 630-1635. P ipe d a te :

l t Al hree r ange f ro m 1 630-1635 .

S ite d a te:

1 600-1620 b y L en ig ( see d iscussion i n t ex t ).

P la te 9 Type:

Four-on-d ia mond Du tch f leur-del is.

l ec Col t ion :

Mohawk-Caughnawaga Museum a t Fonda , N ew York .

Proven ience :

Recovered f ro m t he s ur face o f FDA-13 Bauder Mohawk s i te b y W. N aylon .

tr At ibu tes :

Two i mpressed f our-on-d iamond f l eur-del is s ta mps o verlapp ing.

Measure men ts :

On a ste m 6 3.5 m m i n l ength wh ich h as ag radua l i ncrease i n

t h ickness f ro m 1 0 mm t o 1 1 m m.

N o measure men ts r ecorded o n

s ta mp . Maker :

U nknown b u t a re f ound o n p ipes f ro m Amsterda m.

Co mpar ison :

l Mohawk ( Thurston Oneida ( 1 625-1637 ) , Oak H il 1 640-1650 ) , For t O range ( 1 624-1675 ) , I nd ian Cast le Onondaga ( 1 655-1663 ), I nd ian l Onondaga ( H il 1663-1682 ) .

S ingle impressed f l eur-del is a lso

l a o ccur o n t h is s i te a s w el s t he r est. S te m d a te :

F r ieder ich , 1 975 , p . 6 9 s uggests1640 a s c losest c o mpara tive s a mp le b u t t hisis f e l t t o b e r a ther l a te f or t his s i te. O bviously t his mark h as a l ong t ime s pan b ut we wou ld d a te t h is p ar ticu lar s peci men b e tween 1 630-1635.

S i te d a te :

FDA-13 h as b een d a ted 1 600-1620 b y L en ig ( see t ex t ) b u t g un p arts a nd p ipes s uggest t he d a te b e e x tended t o a t l east 1 640 wh ich i s p robably c loser t o t he a c tua l t er m ina t ion d ate.

1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1I 1 1 11 11 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 2

3

4

6

7

MILL I M ETE R A N D CE NT I METE R R ULE

P la te 1 0 Type :

l y-bow Ear ly Du tch B el l.

l ection Col :

Rosa lind K upr is.

Proven ience :

t o R ecovered d uring e xcava t ionsconducted b y M . B ennet n B lowers O neida s i te ( OND-1 ) .

Hee l mark :

( See P la te 1.)

tr At ibu tes:

l o t e. S i ts wel n h ee l , s ligh t ly w ea thered , 1m m r im r ou let S te m h as a tendency t o s lope u pwards, a f ea ture i n Du tch p ipes. P ipe s hows s o me smok ing a cco mp lished .

S te m h as f inger-

p r in ts. Measuremen ts:

L eng th o f t he s peci men i s 1 58 m m .

S te m measures 9 m m a t

b reak a nd i ncreases t o 1 1 .5 m m a t s te m-bow l j unction .

B ore

ly 7 d ia me ter i s g eneral /64 p lus i nch b u t v aries t o 8 /64 .

H ee l

measures 1 0 mm b y 1 0 mm ; mark measures 6 m m b y 6m m ; e st i ma ted l eng th 1 21 i nches t o 1 34 i nches. Maker :

N one f ro m New York S ta te .

O n ly p ipe f ound o n t h is s i te . Close

s imi lar i ties a re n o ted f ro m Amsterda m ( Deco , 1 975 ) . P ipe d a te :

1 620-1630 .

S i te d a te :

t ( t, 1 1 595-1625 d a ted b y Prat Prat 961 p . 8 ) .

8 8

P la te 1 Type :

Impressed h eel mark o f p ipe o n P la te t en .

Heel mark :

Read l ef t t o r ight , MTS w i th t hreedots b elow.

Mark i s n o t s ur-

r ounded b y ab eaded r ing. Maker :

t Th Probably Mat ias S ta fford , Engl ish man , t obaccop ipe maker work ing i n Amsterda m 1 622-1625 a nd p robablysevera l y ears b efore a nd a f ter.

Measure men ts :

H eel measures 1 0 mm b y 1 0 mm ;

6mm ;

mark measures 6 m m b y

t l e ters a re 3 m m i n h eight a nd 2 m m i n w idth .

Co mpar isons : MS mark i s r ecorded i n F r ieder ich , 1 975 p . 1 02 where i ti s d a ted b y h im a t 1 615. A lso , s ee n u mber 1 3 i n D t ico , 1 975 where t he MS mark i s i lustra ted o n ab ow l t o wh ich a da te o f 1 625 p lus l o r m inus f ive y ears wou ld b e a pp l ied u s ing t he Fr ieder ich HBO f or mu la a nd a pp ly ing i tt o t he c hart o n p age 7 7. P la te 1 2 Type :

Impressed h eel mark o f Du tch p ipe maker o n e arly s even teen th l y-bow c en tury b el l p ipes.

Heel mark :

t ed r PG a pparen t ly s urrounded b y a dot ing wh ich was d efaced b y t he t r i m mer o r smoo ther.

l ect Col ion :

Au thor.

Proven ience :

ts Recovered i n ac on tex t o f 1 642-1650 f ro m t he S chuy ler F lat d o mest ic s i te im med ia tely a f ter t he f ire o f 19 62.

t ribu At tes :

N o b ow l o r b ore d ia meter r e ma in ing.

Measure men ts :

Heel measures 9x 9 m m a nd t he mark measures 8 m m i n

l ength b y 7 m m i n w id th.

ters a L et re 3 m m i n l eng th b y 2mm

i n w id th. f Onondaga s Co mpar isons: Dup l ica te f ound o n t he S hur t lef i te b y W. Enn is ( ca ta logue n o. SH3ON15 W )

t l where i ti s a tached t o a s mal

ly b l smok Du tch b el ow l w i th a smal ing c hamber. ted d eep ly r ou let .

The r im i s

f i S hurt lef s d a ted b y B rad ley b etween 1 630-

1 640 ( Brad ley , 19 76 ). PG mark o ccurs i n a dia mond w i th l i l ies a s as te m mark o n p ipes f ound i n Amsterda m ( Dt ico , 19 74 t ex t ). The s a me s tyle o f s te m mark i s d a ted b y Fr ieder ich b e tween 1 625-1630 ( Fr ieder ich , 1 975 p . 6 9 ).

And wha t p robably i s t he

s a me s te m mark h as b een r ecorded a t Fort O range ( 1624-1675 ) a nd i n t he n earby v ic in i ty a cross t he r iver a lso i n ac on tex t o f a pprox i ma tely 1 630-1645.

( Huey , F eister , McAvoy , 1 977 p .

3 5.) Maker :

lis, I f Amsterda m i s t he o r ig in t he o n ly p oss ibi l ity i s P eter G il ( G iles ) Engl ish p ipe ma ler , t wen ty y ears o ld work ing i n 1 658. The PG mark s hows u p much e arl ier a s i nd icated.

P ipe d ate :

1 630-1650

S ite d a te :

c . 1 642-1 9 62 _ 9 0

P la te 1 3 Type :

L arge Du tch b el l y-bow l " trade" p ipe b ow l .

l ec Col t ion :

J . Swar t.

Proven ience :

l Mohawk s Recovered f ro m t he Mi tchel i te CNJ-49.

Heel mark :

Impressed EB ( see P la te 1 4 ) .

At tr ibu tes :

L argest i n t he EB b el l y-bow l s er ies. r im r ou let t e.

Exh ib its a n u neven 2 m m

S hows s o me p o l ish o n t he b ow l .

Tr i m marks

f ron t a nd b ack c learly s how mu l t ip le s tr ia ted l i nes. d a maged b y t r i m mer o r smoo ther. A lso s hows s topper r o ta t ion .

Heel was

S hows smok ing i n b ow l .

O range i nc lus ions ( gr it ) i n b ow l .

C lay i s n ot a s h ard a nd d ead wh ite a s S ul livan EB f unnels wh ich a re o f ac o mparable d ate. Measure men ts : Bore d ia meter measures 7/64 th p lus i nch. F r ieder ich , 1 975 p . 7 7 H-45 B-24 0 -15.5=16,740 o r u sing l ine t wo t er med tE ar ly Du tch p ipes" 1 720 , i nconsisten t f or t he b ow l s tyle a nd t he s i te. Max i mu m t h ickness o f t he s te m a t s te m-bow l j unc t ion i s 1 2 m m. l er b Co mparisons: With in N ew York S ta te s l igh t ly smal ow ls o f t he s a me s ty le h ave b een r ecorded f ro m t he S tone Quarry Oneida I nd ian s i te t b l er t d a ted b y Prat etween 1 640 a nd 1 650 a nd s l igh t ly smal han livan ( b o th h ave b een f ound o n t he Oneida I nd ian s i te S ul Moo t ) t a a ga in d a ted b y Prat t 1 660-1677 ( see P la te 1 5) . Maker :

Edward B ird , Engl ish p ipe mak er l iv ing i n Amsterda m a nd work ing b etween 1 630-1665 ( see t ex t ).

P ipe d a te :

1 655-1665

S ite d a te:

1 650-1666

P la te 1 4 Type :

Impressed EB h eel mark o f p ipe o n P la te 1 3 .

Heel mark :

EB wou ld h ave b een a deep i mpress ion h ad n o t t he t r i m mer o r smoo ther d ecreased t he s ize o ft he p ro trud ing h ee l.

tr At ibu tes :

E a nd B a re s ligh t ly a skew a nd t he mark i s r eversed o n t he p ipe , p ecu liar o n ly t o EB p ipes wh ich s imp ly i nd ica tes t ha t E dward B ird may h ave h ad s o me o f h is c hi ldren w ork ing f or l h im , o r h e emp loyed u nski led l abor , o r h e h ad t o h urry t o mee t s hipp ing o rders.

f The h ee l i s s truck o f c en ter a nd more

t ed r t han l ike ly l ost i t s e ncirc ling d ot ing . Measure men ts :

Th is h eel measures r ough ly 1 1 mm i n l ength b y 8m m i n

w id th w ith a mark 5 x 5 m m. b y 2mm i n w id th.

9 2

t ers measure 3 m m i L et n l ength

2

3

4

5

6

7

MILL I METE R A N D CE NT I METE R RULE

8

I

P la te 1 5 Type:

l y-bow L arge Du tch b el l " trade" p ipe.

Col ion : l ect

R . B igford.

Provenience :

livan ( Recovered f ro m t he Oneida s i te S ul Moo t ) OND 3 -4.

Heel mark :

t ed r t ened b Impressed EB e nc irc led b y a dot ing wh ich was f l at y t he t r i m mer o r smoo ther.

At ibu tes : tr

Wea thered s pec i men ;

ting a r ou let round r im ;

r im e xh ib its

f o ld ing i n to b owl i n ter ior; b ow l s hows s topper r o ta t ion .

Corn-

l er mak p ares t o Gandagaro b u t smal ing i tt h ird l argest i n t he l y-bow EB b el l s eries. Measure men ts

Heel measures 8 x

8mm a nd t he mark measures 5 x 5 m m.

t The EB l e ters measure 3 m m i n l ength b y 2 mm i n w id th a nd a re t he s a me f or t he s im ilar s pec i men , r ecovered a t C M 4 9 , l Mohawk s Mitchel i te.

Frieder ich , 1 975 p . 7 7 H-42.5 B-22.9

0 -14 m m = 1 3,625 o r u sing h is l ine t wo t er med " early Du tch p ipes" c o mes o u t t o 1 700 , wh ich i s i nconsisten t w ith t he s tyle o r t he s i te.

Bore d ia meter measures

7/ 64 th

p lus i nch .

Max i-

mun t h ickness o f t he s te m a t s te m-bow l j unct ion i s 1 1.5 m m. Co mparisons: I n N ew York S ta te o ccurs i n as l ight ly l arger b owl a t CN , T-4 9 , Mi tchel . l Mohawk

( 1 650-1666.)

Ano ther s l ight ly l arger b ow l

o ccurs ( H-43 B-23 0 -14.9) a t S tone Q uarry Oneida s i te d a ted 1 3 Prat e tween 1 640-1650 w i th a B inford f or mu la d a te t b o f 1 649. Maker :

( McCashion , 1 975 p . 1 2 .)

Edward B ird , Engl ish p ipe maker l iv ing i n Amsterda m work ing b etween 1 630-1665.

P ipe d ate:

1 655-1665.

S ite d a te:

1 660-16 7 7 ( Prat 69 r ev ised ) B in ford d a te: t, 19 ( McCash ion , 19 75 p . 1 2).

9 4

1 654.515

P la te 1 6 Type :

Du tch Funnel e lbow a ng le " trade" p ipe.

l ect Col ion :

l man J . S t il .

Proven ience :

livan ( R ecovered f ro m t he Oneida I nd ian s i te S ul Moo t ) OND3-4.

H eel mark :

Impressed EB l oca ted o n t he l ower e nd o f t he s te m a t s te m b ow l j unct ion .

tr At ibu tes :

( See P la te 1 7 .)

Most o f t he s pec i mens r ecovered f ro m t h is s i te a re made f ro m h ard , d ead wh i te c lay a nd o ne o f t he p urposes o f t h is, b esides a va ilable c lay s upp l ies, was t o r educe b reakage i n t ransi t.

I t

i s c erta in ly a fac t t ha t Eng l ish c lay was u sed b y Du tch p ipe makers. ( Cf . D U° , 1 974.) Ano ther p rel im inary o bserva t ion i s t he l ack ting a o f s te m d ecora t ions s uch a s t he f l eur-de-l is a nd r ou let round t he s te m o nb o th t ypes o f EB p ipes i n N ew York S ta te. Measure men ts:

F r ieder ich , 1 975 p . 7 7 ( l ack o f d a ta i npu t i n to h is f or mu lae

f or t hese t ypes ).

Bore d ia me ter o f t his s pec i men i s

7/ 64 th

i nch.

Max i mum t h ickness o f s te m a t s te m-bow l j unc t ion i s 1 2.5 m m. Co mpar isons : The f unnel e lbow a ngle t rade p ipe f i rst a ppears i n N ew York S ta te o n t he f ol ing s i tes : l ow S eneca S i tes :

Maker :

Marsh 1 650-1670

Cayuga S ites :

d a ta i nco mp lete

Onondaga S i tes :

d a ta i nco mp lete

Oneida S ites :

S ton e Quarry ( 1640-1650 )

Mohawk S i tes :

Free man 1 650-1666 , Ya tes ( 1 650-1666 )

Edward B ird , Engl ish p ipe maker , l iv ing i n Amsterda m work ing b etween 1 630-1665.

P ipe d a te :

1 655-1665

S ite d a te :

1 660-1677 ( Prat 969 r ev ised d a te ) B in ford d a te : t, 1 ( McCash ion , 1 975 p . 1 2).

9 6

1 654.515

P la te 1 7 Type :

Impressed EB h eel mark o f p ipe i n P la te 16.

Heel mark :

EB e nc irc led b y a do tted r ing.

Measure men ts :

Mark measurs 5 x 5 mm w i th l et ters measur ing 2 .5 m m

i n l eng th a nd 1 .5 m m i n w id th .

E a nd B a re s l ight ly o u t o f

l ine. Co mpar isons: ( See t ex t.)

P la tes 1 8 , 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 1 Type :

Four v ar iet ies o f t he EB mark a ppear ing o n f unnel e lbow a ng le " trade" p ipes f ro m t he One ida I nd ian s i te S ul livan

( Moo t ) UND

3 -4 d a ted b y P eter P ra tt b etween 1 660-1677. At tr ibu tes :

EB l et ters o n P la te 1 8 r an ge f ro m 3 m m i n l ength t o 2mm i n w id th .

A d ecrease o ccurs o n P la te 2 1 w i th t he l e t ters 2 .5 m m

i n l eng th a nd 1 .5 m m i n w id th.

The impressed mark i s 5 x 5

l mm o n a l s pec i mens s hown h ere.

t These m inor a tribu te d if-

f erences a re c aused b y many d if feren t h ands n o t many d iferen t c oun tr ies o f o r ig in .

l EB p Al ipes f ro m N ew York S ta te a re

p robab ly Du tch i n o r ig in .

9 8

P la te 1 9

P late 1 8 c ap

P la te 2 0 ( see P late 1 8 c ap t ion )

P la te 2 1 ( see P la te 1 8 c ap t ion )

P la te 2 2 Type:

L arge Du tch b el l y-bow l .

Col l ect ion :

J . S t il , a lso R . B igford , a lso S . G ibson . l man

Proven ience :

Recovered f ro m t he One ida I nd ian s i te S ul livan ( Moo t )

OND3-4

( 1660-1677 ). H eel mark :

A v ar ian t o f t he Du tch r ose- mark ( see P la te 2 3 ) .

tribu At tes :

l -s moked tled t Wel ; t he owner wh it he s te m , a rela t ively c o m mon p ract ice o bserved o n 1 7 th c en tury s pec i mens r ecovered f ro m I nd ian s i tes.

B lu ish c lay i nclusions i nb ow l .

t e. 2 mm r im r ou let

L ip f o lded i n to i n ter ior. Measure men ts:

F r ieder ich , 1 975 p . 7 7 :

H-43 B-22 0 -17=16 ,082 o r 1 740

u sing l ine t wo "Ear ly Du tch p ipes" .N o te:

F r ieder ich r e marked

l and t t ha t h e h ad n ever s een b ow ls t h is l arge i n Hol hough t hey w ere c erta in ly Du tch b ow ls.

Max i mum t h ickness o f s te m a t

l s te m-bow l j unc t ion o n a l f our s pec i mens i s 1 2.5 m m . d ia meters r ange f ro m Maker :

7/ 64 th

Bore

i nch t o 8 /64th p lus i nch.

Unknown , b u t p robably f ro m Amsterda m.

Compar isons : On livan Oneida s ly o ccurs o n t he S ul i te. P ipe d a te :

1 650-1660.

S ite l a te :

t, 1 1 660-1677 ( Prat 969 r ev ised d ates ). B inford d a te 1 654 .515.

1 02

P la te 2 3 Type :

Impressed h eel mark o f Du tch p ipe i n P la te 2 2.

H eel mark :

Varian t o f t he Du tch r ose mark p robably s urrounded b y ap la in r ing a s s uggested i n a four mark c o mpar ison . The r ose mark h as a c en ter d o t s urrounded b y f ive f lower d o ts a nd f ive d ia mond s haped l eaves b etween .

Measure men ts :

l H eel o n a l f our s pec i mens i s 9x 9 m m a nd t he mark i s

6 x 6 m m. Co mparisons : To d a te , t h is p art icu lar mark o n ly o ccurs o n t he Oneida I nd ian livan ( t 1 s ite, S ul Moo t ) OND 3 da ted b y Prat 660-1677. F r ieder ich , l 1 975 p . 9 6 n umber 1 57 i lustrates a n a l most i den t ica l mark wh ich h e h as d a ted b etween 1 615-1635. v ersion d a ted a t 1 635.

ler Number 1 58 i s a smal

Bo th d a tes a re t oo e arly f or t h is c on tex t.

l and Aga in , t he mark may h ave h ad a l ong t ime-span i n Hol . I nd ica t ions o f t h is may b e f ound i n Dl ico , 1 975 p . 1 2, f igure 2 7. l er p A s im i lar mark i s f ound o n a smal ipe o f s im i lar s hape f ro m Amsterda m wh ich i ft he d raw ings a re 1 / 1 d a tes a bou t 1 630 p lu s o r m inus f ive u sing t he HBO f ormu la o f F r ieder ich . Maker :

Unknown , b u t p robably f ro m Amsterda m.

P ipe d a te :

1 650-1660.

S i te d a te :

t, 1 1 660-1677 ( Prat 969 r ev ised d a t ing ). B inford d a te 1 654 :515

1 04

P la te 2 4 Type :

Impressed Du tch h eel mark o n l arge Du tch b el ls. l y-bow

Col ion : l ect

R . B igford a nd S . G ibson .

Proven ience :

R ecovered f ro m S ul Moo t ) Oneida s i te ( 1660-1677 ) OND3-4. livan (

H eel mark :

nc irc led b y a dot ing. WT W e ted r

At ibu tes : tr

Mark o ccurs o n l arge Du tch b el l"trade" p ipes. l y-bow

This

s pec i men h as s cra tches o n t he l e f t s ideof t he p art ia l b ow l p oss ibly f ro m t he mo ld.

The b ot f t heste m f ro m h eel t o b reak to m o

e xh ib its l arge f la t t r i m marks. Measure men ts :

The h eel measures 9x 9 m m a nd t he mark measures 6 x

6 m m.

The T i s 4 mm i n l ength.

l eng th b y 1 .5 m m i n w id th. r anged

7/64 th

The l e tters a re 1 m m i n

Bore d iameters o n t wo s pec i mens

p lus i nch a nd 8 /64th i nch r espec t ively.

Max i mum

t h ickness o f s te m a t s te m-bow l j unct ion i s 1 2.1 m m. Co mparison :

livan ( Two s a mp les a re r eported f ro m t he Oneida s i tes S ul Moo t ) t a t a d a ted 1 660-1677 b y Prat nd Dungey/Le mery d a ted b y Prat t 1 650-1660.

l el f Th is p art icu lar mark h as n o p aral ro m England

l and o r Hol . Maker :

lia m Wyat t, Eng The most r e mo te p ossib il i ty wou ld b e Wil l ish l and who was o p ipe maker f ro m Amsterda m , Hol n ly 2 2 i n 1 614 when h e was marr ied.

H e wou ld h ave t o b e 5 8 a t t he m in i mum

t o h ave made t h is p ipe. P ipe d a te : S ite d a tes:

( Frieder ich , 1 975 l i sts o n p . 6 2.)

1 650-1660 livan ( S ul Moo t )

1 660-1677.

Dungey/Le mery 1 650-1660.

1 06

P la te 2 5 Type:

L arge Eng l ish b el l f ro m B risto l . l y-bow

Col t ions : l ec

R . B ig ford a nd a lso S . G ibson .

Proven ience :

livan ( Recovered f ro m t he Oneida s i tes S ul Moo t ) ( OND-3) a nd S tone Quarry ( MSV 4 -2 ).

Heel mark :

PE ( see P la te 2 6) .

A ttribu tes :

livans a Two p art ia l s pec i mens w ere r ecovered f ro m S ul nd a ntled s o ther who le b ow l w ith wh it te m was r ecovered f ro m S tone Q uarry .

B o th h ave d ark g ray i nc lusions o f c lay , a nd t he t ypica l

l arge f la t h ee ls u pon wh ich t he p ipe r ests c o mfor tably .

Deep

r im r ou let ting c auses a l i p l edge a s s een i n t he u pper s pecimen o n P la te 2 5. Measure men ts : i nch ,

The b ore d iameters o n t hree s pec i mens r ange f ro m 7 /64th 7/64 th

p lus i nch a nd 8 /64th i nch r espec t ively.

Max i mum

t h ickness o f s te m a t s te m-bow l h unct ion r anges f ro m 1 3 mm t o 1 4 m m. livan ( t, 1 Co mpar isons : S ul Moot ) Oneida ( 1660-1677 ) 9( Prat 969 ).

S tone Quarry

t, 1 Oneida ( 1640-1650 ) ( Prat 969 ) , S augus I ron Works i n Massats ( c huset Fow ler , 19 65 p age 1 6, f igure e igh t , n os. 5 a nd 6 ) a nd a lso , i n Ma ine, V irg in ia , a nd J a ma ica ( Wa lker , 1 971 p . 8 ) .

F or

b ow l c o mpar isons, s ee Wa lker , 1 971, p . 2 9 , f i gure 1 0 p late B . A lso , s ee J ackson a nd P rice , 19 74 p . 9 6 wh ich h as s im i lar c o mpar isons o fb ow l a nd s te m s izes.

( Also s ee : Wa lker , 1 977

o p .c it . f or d iscussion ). Maker :

Ph i l ip Edwards, t he f i rst , work ing b e tween 1 649-1680 , o f B r isto l , Eng land.

P ipe d a te :

1 650-1660.

S ite d ates :

livan One S ul ida ( 1660-1677 ) , S tone Quarry Oneida ( 1 640-1650 ) , ts ( S augus I ron Works i n Massachuset 1646-1680 ).

1 08

P la te 2 6 Type :

C rudely i nc ised h eel mark o f P la te 2 5.

Col l ec t ion :

R . B ig ford .

Heel mark :

C rudely i nc ised PE.

At t ribu tes :

The " spartan s i mp l ic i ty" o f i nc ising t he h eel mark may b e d ue t o t he s ta te men t t ha t Edwards ' c ond it ion u pon b eing f ree i n 1 654 was " tha t h e was t o t ake n o a ppren t ices b u t s uch a s p oor men 's c h i ldren b orne a nd b red i n B r isto l"

( Jackson a nd P r ice , 1 974

P . 4 2 ). Measure men ts :

H eel measures 1 2 b y 1 2 mm a nd t he l e t ters measure 6 .5 m m

i n l ength b y 3mm i n w id th a s s hown i n P la te 2 6.

Ano ther s peci-

men r ecovered f ro m S tone Quarry Oneida ( 1640-1650 ) d a ted b y t e Prat xh ibi ts a heel wh ich measures 1 3 mm i n w id th b y 1 4 mm i n l ength.

The a u thor f eels S tone Quarry d a tes s hou ld b e e x tended

t o a t l east 1 660 b ased o n o ther c o mpara t ive e v idence. No te :

O n Oneida s i tes, Eng l ish a nd Dutch p ipes b egin t o a ppear t oge ther i n l N c on tex ts s hor t ly af ter t he Cro mwel aviga tion A cts o f 1 651 .

1 10

P la te 2 7 Types :

l y-bowls. Three t ypes o f Du tch EB b el

l ect Col ion :

J . Swart.

Provenience :

Recovered f ro m t he Mohawk S i te ( 1667-1693) FDA-20 .

Heel mark :

L ef t

C en tre

EB

At t ribu tes :

R igh t

EB

EB

smoothed

Wel l p o l ished

-

s troke b urn ished

-

smoo thed -

1m m r im r ou lette

s a me

s a me

l ip :

l ip c urled i n

l ip c urled i n

n o r ota t ion

r o ta t ion o f s topper

i nside s craped

r o ta t ion o f s topper

smoked

t ri m marks s a me a s P la te 1 3

Measure men ts:

7 HBO F riederich , 1 975 p . 7

1340 1

1 2375

1 6192

L ine 2 =1660

L ine 2 =1672

L ine 8 =1690

Max.th ickness o f s te m 1 1.5

1 1.0

1 1.5

Bore d ia meter i n 6 4th" 7/ 64 th

6 /64th p lus

8 /64th p lus

7x 7 m m

8 x 8m m

8 x

8m m

Mark : 6 x 6mm

6x 6 m m

6 x

6m m

L trs :

3x 2 m m

3x 2 m m

Cen ter

R ight

S ta ten I sland , P it I I

Custo m House

CNJ-49 Mitchel l

( 1675-1700 )

( 1665-1685)

(. 1 650 i n al arger

Heel :

Co mparisons :

p lus

3x2 m m

L ef t

v ersion ) P ipe d a tes:

1 665-1675

1 665-1675

1 655-1665

S ite d a te :

1 667-1693

1 667-1693

1 667-1693

Maker :

Edward B ird , h is w idow , o r H endr ick Gerdes b etween 1 655-1675.

12 1

1 1 1 1 1 3

4

5

6

7

MIL L I ME TE R A N D CE N T I M E TE R R U L E

i l! 8

P la te 2 8 Type:

ly b Impressed h eel mark o ccurr ing o n med iu m s ize Du tch b el ow ls.

l ec Col t ion :

J . Swart .

Proven ience :

R ecovered f ro m t he Mohawk s i te ( 1667-1693 ) FDA-20 .

Heel mark :

Cross a nd O rb e nc irc led b y a do tted r ing.

At ibu tes : tr

N o who le b ow l r ecovered ; s te m a nd b ow l ;

p ipes a re o f ap oor q ua l i ty; g ray i n

a l w ire i nsert ions a re i n t he u pper r igh t q uadl

r an t when v iewed w ith t he p ipe i n t he smoker 's mou th.

Every

s pec i men o ccurs w i th t he f our-on-d ia mond f l eur-del is a nd t he r un-o f-do ts s te m r ou let ting. Measure men ts:

Bow l :

mm .

n one.

H eel measures 8x 8 m m ;

mark measures 6 x

c i mens e xcep t o ne wh ich i s

7/ 64 th

p lus i nch.

Max i mu m t h ickn ess

o f s te m a t s te m-bow l j unct ion i s 1 1.5 m m. Co mpar isons : B loody H il Weston ) O nondaga ( 1675-1685) . l I ( O neida ( 1677-1685) .

U pper Hogan

S chuy ler F lat 1670-1680 ts Do mestic (

c on tex t ) .

Wel ic ( 1 670-1680 c on tex t ) . l ing Do mest

Hol : l and

( D i tco ,

1 974 , f i gure n o . 4 ) .

Amsterda m ,

G ouda G ui ldboard where

t he mark i s r eg istered t o p ipe makers work ing i n t he e igh teen th

2.. c i t .) . c en tury ( Laans ma , 1 962 2 Maker :

6

S te m b ore d ia meters measure 6 /64th p lus i nch o n a l s pel

Unknown , b u t p robab ly f ro m Amsterda m a f ter wh ich t he mark may h ave b een t ransferred o r c op ied i n Gouda a f ter t he f or mat ion o f t he g u ild c . 1 665.

P ipe d a te :

1 670-1680.

S ite d a te :

1 667-1693.

1 14

P la te 2 9 Type :

Probably Engl ish , L ondon t ype o f t rade p ipe.

Col ion : l ect

J . Swart.

Proven ience :

R ecovered f ro m t he Mohawk s i te ( 1667-1693 ) FDA-20 .

H eel mark :

N one.

t ribu At tes:

ting. D Un f in ished a nd u neven . 5mm r im r ou let ef in itely o va l of-cen terheel ; s te m i s more o va l t han Du tch s pec i mens; c lay l wh l s i s d ul i te a nd t he o veral pec i men i s p oor ly f in ished .

Measure men ts :

F r ieder ich , 1 975 p . 7 7 H-46.5 m m B-21 m m 0 -14 m m=13 ,671

o r 1 672 u sing F r ieder ich Ts l ine e igh t.

A c lose c o mpar ison i n

b ow l s tyle m igh t b e f ound i n L ondon ( Atk inson , 1 962 p . 1 83, f i gure o ne, Type C .

Bore d ia meter o f t he s te m measures 7 /64th

l o f-cen p lus i nch a nd t he smal va l o ter-w i ththe-prof ile h eel measures 9 m m i n l eng th a nd 7 m m i n w idth. Co mpar isons : L ondon t ype C ( A tk inson , 1 962, p . 1 83, f i gure o ne ) wh ich h e d a tes b etween 1 680-1690.

Caughnawaga ( 1667-1693 ) where a t

ly l east t wo f rag men tary s a mp les w ere r ecovered w ith b asical t he s a me b ow l s tyle.

livan Oneida ( t, 1 S ul 1660-1677 ) ( Prat 969 )

l ect l man Col ion o f J . S t il , R . B ig ford where a no ther was r ecorded. l er v Mi l ton-S m ith Mohawk s ite FDA 6 -2 where a smal ers ion was l. o f ound d a t ing b etween 1 690-1700 ( Col f J . J ackowsk i ). Maker :

Unknown , b u t p robab ly L ondon . N o . 3 4.)

( See a lso , A tk inson , 1 965 :254,

( See a lso : A lexander , 1 967 p . 6 3 n o . 1 9.)

( See a lso :

McCash ion 1 975 p . 5 ) Where " so me t obacco a nd t obacco p ipes w ere g iven t o e ach I nd ian n a t ion" b y t he Eng l ish men Coursey a nd L loyd o n August 5 , 1 682. P ipe d a te :

1 680-1690.

S i te d a te :

1 667-1693.

16

P la te 3 0 Type:

Eng l ish o r Du tch b el l y-bow l .

Col l ec t ion :

T . Rob inson .

Provenience :

Excava ted f ro m a 1 665-1685 c on tex t n ear t he Custo msH ouse a nd t an I For t Amsterda m o n Manhat s land , N ew York C i ty , N ew York . ( McCash ion a nd Rob inson , 1 977 p . 6 P la te 1 , n o. 6 .)

H eel mark :

P la in , n o mark .

S ide mark :

On b oth s ides o f t he b ow l a re f ound c lusters o f r a ised d o ts i n a tern t r a ther i rregu lar t r iangu lo id p at ; e ach c luster i s a tached t o t ed b ak not ow , s te m o r t runk .

t ribu At tes :

Crudely e xecu ted ; u neven 1 m m r ou lett ing a round r im . Lip i s s l igh t ly f o lded i n to t he i n ter ior.

Upper i n ter ior i s t obacco s ta ined ;

s evere c rude t r i m marks v isible o n f ron t a nd b ack . Measure men ts:

Bore s te m d ia meter i s 6 /64th p lus i nch ;

o f s te m a t s te m-bow l j unct ion i s 1 2 m m.

max i mum t h ickness

F r ieder ich , 1 975 p . 7 7

H-45 B-23 0 -16.5 e qua ls 1 7077.5 o n L ine 3 a nd 5 equa tes t o 1 740 , t oo l a te f or t he p ipe a nd t he s ite.

Heel measures 7 .5 m m

b y 7 .5 m m. t ed b Co mpar isons : A v ariety o f d ot ow l s ide marks i n r el ief a ppear o n many d iff eren t Du tch b ow l s ty les t hroughou t t he e n t ire p er iod o f Du tch p ipe mak ing a nd t hey a re d escr ibed a s v ar ian ts o nt he Tudor r ose t he me, g rapes o r o range t rees.

I n Eng land , t h is mou lded d e-

c ora t ion i s k nown a s t he Mu lberry t ree a nd p ipes o n wh ich t hey o ccur a re k nown a s Mu lberry p ipes.

Accord ing t o O swa ld , t hey

a re d istr ibu ted most ly o ver t he Mid lands , East Ang l ia a nd a long t he S ou th Coast ( Oswa ld , 1 975, p . 9 0 ) a nd d epend ing u pon t he b owl s tyle c ou ld d a te a nywhere f ro m 1 650-1700.

O swa ld a ssigns n o

maker t o a ny o f t he s pec i mens b u t d oes s ta te t ha t t here i s a f t ern w c oastald istr ibu t ion a nd a n a f in ity i n p at i th Du tch b ow ls ( Oswa ld , 1 975 p . 9 6 ).

Ano ther b ow l s ty le w i th s im i lar "Mu lberry"

l d esign i s i lustra ted b y A tk inson ( Atk inson 1 965 p . 2 51 f ig. 5 ) who s ta tes, " I h ave a lso i ncluded i n F igure 5 a n e xa mp le o f t he s even teen th c en tury t ype w i th mu lberry d ecora t ion .

Th is o ne

t ersea Park ( d a tes f ro m c . 1 670 a nd was f ound i n Bat London )." ( Atk inson , 7 965, p . 2 5 2 .)

ference i Excep t f or a dif n h eel d es ign ,

a very s im ilar b owl s tyle w ith t he s a me mou lded d ecora t ion i s l l ect i lustra ted f ro m a col ion o f p ipes i n Dorchester , Dorset , l England ( Wa tk ins , 1 967 p . 2 20 , i lustra t ion n o . 1 ) .

S he d escr ibes

t ern o h er s pec i men a s " p ipe w i th ap at f r a ised d o ts i n a tr iangu lar s hape w i th a pr im it ive s te m , k nown a s aMu lberry p ipe, f ro m a l g roup o r ig ina t ing a t I psw ich , a nd f cund a l o ver t he Mid lands , 1 650-1670 ( Wa tk ins , 1 967 p . 2 19 )." However , when t he s ource was c hecked f or v er if ica t ion ( JBAA , Vo l . 2 3, p . 5 0 ) w e c ou ld n o t l oca te t he s pec i men a nd c an o n ly a ssu me a source p r in t ing e rror a nd t ha t Wa tk ins was q uo t ing O swa ld . Maker :

Unknown Engl ish o r Du tch maker.

P ipe d a te :

1 670-1680.

S i te d a te :

Con tex t d a tes n o e arl ier t han 1 665 n or l a ter t han 1 685.

P la te 3 1 Type:

L arge Du tch b el l y-bow l.

l ect Col ion :

T . Rob inson n o. 4 2.

ro m a 1 665-1685 c on tex t n ear t he U .S. Custo ms House Proven ience : Recovered f a nd For t Amsterda m o n Manha ttan I sland , N ew York C ity , N ew York ( McCash ion a nd Rob inson , 1 977 ). H eel mark :

P la in HG e nc irc led b y a n a pparen t p la in r ing.

t ribu At tes :

l f te a Dul in ish , 1m m r ou let round r im ; s o me l ip f o ld ing i n to tom o b ow l i n ter ior ; 3 .5 m m a bove t he b ot f t he s l igh t ly o va l h eel o n t he l ef t s ide i s t he c harac ter ist ic " do t" o r p oss ib ly q ua l ity c on tro l mark o f t he Du tch p ipe ma ler wh ich u nder most c ircumsly f t ances i s u sual ound o n t he r igh t s ide o f t he p ipe when i to ccurs. Bo th HG a nd EB p ipes h av ing t he d o ts a re n ow k nown t o f a ll i n to ac on tex t a f ter 1 668 .

Measure men ts :

F r ieder ich 1 975 p . 7 7 H-41.5 B-21.5 0 -17.5 m m= 15 ,614 o r

1 715, a da te wh ich i s o bv iously u naccep table f or t h is c on tex t b ecause o f t he l arge b ow l s ize o r ig inal ly i n tended f or t he I nd ian t rade.

However , t he s a me t ypes o f p ipes i n tended f or t he I nd ian

t rade a re a lso f ound o n t he d o mest ic s i tes t hus e xpand ing t he d ef in i t ion o f t rade t o i nc lude Europeans a s wel s I nd ians. l a d ia meter measures 8 /64th i nch.

Bore

Max i mu m t h ickn ess o f t he s te m

a t s te m-bow l j unct ion i s u nmeasurable d ue t o f rac ture. measures 8 m m l ong b y 7 m m w ide.

The h eel

The mark measures 5 x 5m m

a nd t he l et ters a re 2 m m i n l ength b y 2mm i n w id th . Co mpar isons: SDY-40 Do mest ic i n ac on tex t a f ter 1 660.

Upper Hogan One ida

t, 1 ( 1677-1685) ( Prat 969 , B enne t a nd Co le , 1 974) .

This b ow l t ype

i s merely a larger v ersion o f P la te 2 7 , m idd le EB p ipe, t he t er i l at s a lso a d up l ica te o f o ne r ecovered f ro m CH-1 Custo m House ( 1665-1685 ). Maker :

Hendr ick G erdes o f Amsterda m b etween 1 668-1685.

P ipe d a te :

1 670-1680.

Con tex t d a te:

1 665;1685.

1 20

.

P la te 3 2 Type:

Med ium s ize Du tch b el l . l y-bow

Col ion : l ect

T . Rob inson n o. 4 4.

Proven ience :

Recovered f ro m a 1 665-1685 c on tex t n ear t he U .S. Custo ms House a nd Fort Amsterda m ( 1 626-1790 ) o n Manhat sland , t an I N ew York C i ty , N ew York .

Heel mark :

Wapen v an Z eeland ( see P la te 3 3 ).

At tes : t ribu

S uperbly p o l ished a id s troke b urn ished ; s te m ; f o ld ing o f l i p i n to b ow l i n ter ior ; r im r ou let ting.

r ed i nclu sions ( gr it ) i n smoked ;

l ess t han 1 m m

Gray c o mpos i t ion n o t iceable i nb ow l .

Measure men ts : F r iederich , 1 975 p . 7 7 H-38.5 B-18 0 -13 m m = 9 009 o r 1 635 o n l ine t wo t er med b y h i m "E ar ly Du tch p ipes." Aga in , t h is i s t oo e arly f or o ur c on tex t .

By c o mpar isons o fb ow l s ty les i n

l ec h is ma m mo th c ol t ion , D t ico d a tes t he p ipe b etween 1 670-1680 w i thou t k now ing t he c on tex t f ro m wh ich i tc a me. 1 9 May 1 976.)

t ( D t ico , i n l i t.

Max i mum t h ickness o f t he s te m a t s te m-bow l

j unct ion i s 1 1.5 m m.

Bore d ia meter measures 6 /64th p lus i nch .

Co mpar isons : N o o ther r epor ted. P ipe d a te :

1 670-1680.

Con tex t d a te :

1 665-1685.

P la te 3 3 Type :

Heel mark o f Du tch p ipe i n P la te 3 3 ) .

H eel mark :

Wapen v an Z eeland ( Ar ms o f t he D istric t o f S eeland , a S ou thern l and Prov ince i n Hol ) Ar ms e xpress ion : s trugg le a nd s urv ive.)

( D t ico , i n l i tt .

L uc tor e t Emergo , I 1 9 May 1 976 ).

The mark

i s e nc irc led b y ab eaded r ing. Measure men ts :

The mark measures 7x 7 m m o n a heel 9 m m l ong a nd 8 m m

w ide. Co mparisons : N one f ro m t he Un ited S ta tes t o d a te.

A v ar ian t o n t h is mark a p-

p ears i n n umber 3 9 , p age 9 9 i n Fr ieder ich , 1 975 where i ti s d a ted b y h im a t 1 632 wh ich i s t oo e arly f or o ur c on tex t.

Aga in ,

l and a t he mark p robably h ad a l ong l i fe i n Hol s t he mark a ppears i n t he Laans ma l i sts o f Gouda p ipe makers u nder t he y ear 1 730 a s t he Z eeuse Wapen owned b y t he Du tch p ipe maker Peter W. Dav idse. Maker :

Unknown , b u t p robably f ro m Gouda a s D t ico s uggests.

1 22

P la te 3 4 Type :

F rag men tary Du tch f unnel e lbow a ngle " trade" p ipe.

Col t ion : l ec

Mohawk-Caughnawaga Museu m a t Fonda , N ew York .

Proven ience :

Recovered i n t he e xcava t ions o f t he Mohawk I nd ian " cast le" Caughnawaga ( 1667-1693).

H eel mark :

Poorly s truck EB p art ial nc irc led b y a dot ing. ly e ted r

Mark i s

o va l measur ing 6 x 6mm w ith l e ters measur ing 2 x 2 m m. t

Al l

measure men ts o f l eng th a re t aken i n t he d irec t ion o f t he p ipe a nd measure men ts o f w id th u n less o therw ise n o ted a re t aken a cross. At tr ibu tes :

F a ir f in ish w ith t r i m marks a pparen t.

The p ipe i s n o t o f t he

b est q ua l i ty. th i nch. Measure men ts : Bore d iameter v aries f ro m 6 /64th p lus i nch t o 7/64 Th ickness o f t he s te m a t s te m-bow l j unc t ion i s 1 2 mm . Fr iede rich , 1 975 p . 7 7 ( unmeasurable ). Co mpar isons : S ul Moo t ) Oneida ( 1660-1677 ). livan ( SDY 4 0 ( 1 660+ ). ( 1624-1675 ). Maker :

Winn ie 's I sland ( unknown ).

Custo m House ( CH-1) ( 1665-1685 ).

Fort O range

S chuyler F lat 1642-1962 ). ts (

Edward B ird , o f Amsterda m b etween 1 660-1665; h is w idow , t herea f ter , t o 1 668 , H endr ick G erdes , t herea f ter t o a t l east 1 685.

P ipe d a te :

1 660-1685.

S ite d a te :

1 667-1693.

1 24

P la te 3 5 Type:

l y-bow F rag men tary med iu m s ize Du tch b el l .

l ec Col t ion :

Mohawk-Caughnawaga Museum a t Fonda , N ew York .

Proven ience :

Recovered i n e xcava t ions o ft he Mohawk I nd ian " castle" Caughnawaga ( 1667-1693).

H eel mark :

l w Impressed b el ith s uppor t r ing a nd c lapper e nc irc led b y a do tt ed r ing ( see P la te 3 6) .

tr At ibu tes :

l ed p F inely made t h in wal ipe w ith o n ly m inu te v ar ia t ions when f ound i n o ther c on tex ts. Exposed g ray c o mpos i t ion . S o me s pec i mens s how s topper r o ta t ion marks i nb ow l i n ter ior. L ess t han ting 1m m f ine r im r ou let ;

t er. l i p f in ished b y b ot

Wire i nsert ion

l i s l oca ted i n t he u pper r ight q uadran t o n a l o bserved s pec i mens f ro m N ew York S ta te. Measure men ts:

F r ieder ich , 1 975 p . 7 7 H -38 B-19 0 -15 = 1 0 ,830 o r 1 662 p lus

o r m inus f ive y ears f ro m t he l ine t wo r eadou t nEar ly Du tch p ipes" B ore d ia me ter o n a l s pec i mens i s l

7/ 64 th

i nch.

Th ickness o f

s te m a t s te m-bow l j unc t ion i s 1 0 mm o n t h is s pec i men b u t v ar ies t o 1 0.5 m m o n o thers. Co mpar isons : Dup lica tes h ave b een f ound o n : Custo m House Do mestic ( 16651 685) , FDA-20 Mohawk ( 1667-1693 ) , B loody H il l I Onondaga ( 1675-1685) , S ou th B each , S ta ten I s land Maker :

Unknown , b u t p robably f ro m Amsterdam.

P ipe d a te :

1 670-1680.

S ite d a te :

1 667-1693.

1 665-1700 ) P it I . t I

P la te 3 6 Type :

Impressed b el eel mark o f Du tch p ipe i n P la te 3 5 . l h

Heel mark :

Bel ith s uppor t r ing a nd c lapper. l w

The mark i s e nc ircled b y

ad ot ing. t ed r Measure men ts :

The b el s 5mm i n l eng th o n a mark t ha t r anges f ro m 5 x 5 l i

mm t o 6 x 6m m o n h eels t ha t r ange f ro m 8 m m i n l ength t o 7 m m i n w id th. Co mpar isons : F r ieder ich i lustra tes t he Hol . l l and mark 1 00 n o . 8 3.)

( Fr ieder ich , 1 975 p .

H e d a tes i ta t 1 645 , t oo e arly f or o ur c on tex t .

However , t he mark wh ich h ad a long t imespan i n Hol , most l and a ssured ly h ad a s hor t o ne i n N ew York S ta te.

To e xpand u pon

t h is, t he mark i s r eg istered o n t he Gouda p ipe makers g u i ldboard a nd b e tween 1 730 a nd 1 746 t he mark was owned b y Cornel is S ou t ( Geselschap 1 961 a nd L aans ma , 1 960 ).

1 26

- MILLIMETER AND CENTIMETER RULE

Plate 37 Type:

Funnel elbow angle Dutch "trade" pipe.

Collection:

Mohawk-Caughnawaga Museum at Fonda, New York.

Provenience: Recovered in excavations of the Mohawk Indian "castle" Caughna­ waga 1667-1693. Heelmark:

H:G surmounted by a five point crown; the letters are separated by two vertical dots (see Plate 38).

Attributes:

Finely made and polished thin walled pipe. The stem has been broken towards the smoker's end the bowl shows a slight eversion and the interior shows smoking. Rim rouletting is uneven. The unique feature of this pipe is the raised "dot" seen at the junction of stem and bowl on the right side of the pipe. All fifteen speci­ mens recorded at Caughnawaga have this feature, as does one belly-bowl with an HG impressed heelmark and some of the later belly-bowl pipes impressed with the EB heelmark. Also, see Plate 41 and the hand marked belly-bowl. This "dot" is unique to seventeenth century Dutch pipemaking and may represent an earlier attempt in Amsterdam to differentiate classes of pipes according to quality. (See Walker, 1971 p. 62 for a discussion of this.)

Measurements: Friederich, 1975 p. 77 H-40 mm B-13 mm 0-16.5 mm or C. 21,000 or mid-eighteenth century which is too late for this con­ text. Bore diameter measures range from 6/64th inch to 6/64th plus inch on thirteen measurable specimens. Minimum thickness of stem at stem-bo�1l!inction is 10.5 mm; maximum is 11.8 mm. �' t')!

Comparisons: This particular mar�}Vas thought to be unique to Caughnawaga (McCashion 1975 p. 12) but it appears to have been recorded at the Seneca site Snyder-McClure dated by Wray between 1687-1710 r:,,lray, 1973 p. 8) and now at the Upper Hogan Oneida site dated by Pratt between 1677 and 1685, though the Binford date for this site with predominantly HGs is 1691.621. This is suspect for it seems now that Dutch bore stem diameters decrease rapidly after the influx of HG pipes. Caughnawaga showed the same problem and no median date was established using the Binford formula on pipes which were predominantly HG in volume com­ pared to the EBs which may have been carried over from the previous destruction by the French in 1666. There was only one on Upper Hogan reported. Maker:

Hendrick Gerdes, of Amsterdam probably between 1668-1684 (see text).

Pipe date:

1668-1684 plus ten years (see text).

Site date:

1667-1693. 128

P la te 3 8 Type :

H :G h eel mark o f Du tch p ipe i nP la te 3 7 .

Heel mark :

H :G s ur moun ted b y a five p o in t c rown .

The l et ters HG a re

s epara ted b y t wo v er t ica l d o ts a nd t he mark i s e ncircled b y a t ed r d ot ing .

t The l e ters a re more o rna te t han t he ir c oun ter-

p ar ts. Measure men ts :

The mark r anges i n measure men t f ro m 5 x 5mm t o 7x 7 m m

ly 2 m m i a nd t he o rna te l et ters a re g eneral n l eng th b y 1 .5 m m i n w id th f or t h is t ype . 1667-1693 ) , U pper Hogan Oneida ( 1677Co mpar isons : Mohawk-Caughnawaga ( 1 685) , S nyder- McClure S eneca ( 1 687-1710 ) . S a me s tyle o f l et ters tle s a ppear o n w ine b ot ea ls e xcava ted a t J a mestown a nd p robably made f or H enry G aw ler who l i ved t here i n 1 683 ( Hudson 1 961 p p . 8 2-3 ) . P la te 3 9 Type :

HG h eel mark s ur moun ted b y at hree p o in t c rown wh ich o ccurs l y-bow o n a var iety o f Du tch b el l p ipes a nd f unnel e lbow a ng le " trade" p ipes.

l ec Col t ion :

Mohawk-Caughnawaga Museum a t Fonda , N ew York .

Proven ience :

Recovered i n t he e xcava t ions o f t he Mohawk I nd ian " cast le" Caughnawaga ( 1667-1693 ).

A ttr ibu tes :

Mark a ppears o n t wo ma jor t ypes o f Du tch wh i te c lay t obacco l y-bow p ipes, f unnels a nd b el ls.

P ipes a re n o t o f a co mparable

t er c c lass a s t hose i n P la te 3 7 b u t t hey a ppear t o b e o f ab et lass t han t hose o f P la te 4 0. The s te ms o f t he f unne l t ypes s how warpi ng o r b ow ing a pprox i ma tely 1 8 mm f ro m t he s te m-bow l j unct ion . The mark i s e nc irc led b y a pla in o r b eaded r ing. Measure men ts :

t ly 2 m m i The l ess o rna te l e ters HG a re g eneral n l eng th b y

1 .5 t o 2mm i n w id th. t o 7x 7 m m.

l mark r The o veral anges f ro m 6 x

6mm

S te m b ore d iameters o f e igh t measurable s pec i-

mens r ecovered a t Caughnawaga r anged f ro m 6 /64th t o 6 /64th p lus i nch.

O f t he e igh t , f i ve w ere f unnel t ypes a nd t hree w ere

ly b b el ow ls.

Min i mu m t h ickn ess o f s te m a t s te m-bow l j unc t ion

i s 1 1.5 m m ;

max i mum i s 1 1.9 m m.

Co mpar isons: Th is p ar t icu lar mark o ccurs o nb o th b ow l s tyles a t :

Caughnawaga

livan ( ( 1667-1693 ) Mohawk , S ul Moo t ) Oneida ( 1660-1677 ), SDY-40 ly s Do mest ic ( 1670-1910 ) o nb el tyle o n ly. I sland ( 1 675-1700 ) o nb o th s ty les.

S ou th B each , S ta ten

Upper Hogan One ida ( 1667-

1 685 ) where t he HG p ipes p redo m ina te a nd a ppear o nb o th s tyles. l I ( B loody H il Weston ) Onondaga ( 1675-1685 ). Maker :

H endr ick G erdes, o f Amsterda m b etween 1 668-1685, h is w idow t o 1 68

P ipe d a te :

1 670-1685.

S ite d a te :

1 667-1693. 1 30

P la te 4 0 Type :

Impressed p la in HG h eel mark o n a funnel e lbow a ng led " trade" p ipe.

Col l ec t ion :

Mohawk-Caughnawaga Museum a t Fonda , N ew York .

Proven iance :

R ecovered i n t he e xcava t ions o f t he Mohawk I nd ian " cast le" Caughnawaga ( 1667-1693).

At tr ibu tes :

Impressed h eel mark e nc ircled b y a pla in o r d o tted r ing a nd o cc urr ing o n Du tch b el l y-bow l a nd f unne l e lbow a ng le " trade" p ipes. The mark o ccurs o nb oth I nd ian a nd d o mest ic s ites.

Toward

t he e nd o f t he s even teen th c en tury t h is mark improves i n q ua l ity a nd e xecu t ion .

N o f l eur-del is o r s te m r ou let ting a ppears o n

a ny o f t he EB o r HG p ipes f ro m N ew York s ta te t hough t h is c ou ld c hange a s more d a ta a ppears. The p ipes o n wh ich t h is mark o ccurs a re g eneral o t a s wel s t hose p ictured i n P la tes ly n l made a 3 7 , 3 8 o r 3 9 a nd t hey may b e wha t was l a ter k nown i n Gouda a s " ord inary" p ipes.

The mark a ppears most f requen t ly a nd r anks

s econd o n ly t o t hose p ipes impressed w ith t he EB mark . Measure men ts :

ly 2 m m i L e tters HG a re g eneral n l ength t o 1 .5 t o 2mm i n

w id th o n a mark wh ich v ar ies f ro m 5 x 5 m m t o 6x 6 m m .

S te m

b ore d ia meters measure 6 /64th p lus i nch o n s even o f e igh t r ec overed s pec i mens a nd p ears o n t h is p la te.

7/ 64 th

i nch o n t he p ipe whose mark a p-

Ab ore d iameter o f 9 /64th a ppears o n a

s uspected f unnel a ng led HG p ipe r epor ted f ro m S ta ten I s land ( Hagerty , 1 975 p age 9 fi gure A ). Co mpar isons : F or t O range ( 1624-1675 ) h ad f unnels o n ly. 1 693 ) h ad f unnels o n ly. f unnels o n ly.

Upper Hogan One ida ( 1677-1685 ) h ad b o th f unnels

a nd b el ls. l y-bow b ow l o n ly.

Custo m House Do mest ic ( 1665-1685 ) h ad b el l y-

SDY-40 Do mest ic ( 1670-1 9 10 ) h ad b o th f unnels a nd

b el ls. l y-bow t o d a te.

Caughnawaga ( 166 7 -

S ul Moo t ) One ida ( 1660-1677 ) h ad livan (

S chuyler F lat ic ( 1642-1 9 62 ) f unnels o n ly t s Do mest

B loody H il Weston ) Onondaga ( 1675-1685 ) b o th s tyles. l I (

J a mesv il 1 682-1696 ) b oth s tyles. l e Onondaga (

Marsh S eneca

( 1650-1670 ) f unnels o n ly. Maker :

H endr ick Gerdes, o f Amsterdam b etween 1 668 a nd 1 685, h is w idow t o 1 688 .

P ipe d a te :

1 670-1685.

S ite d a te :

1 667-1693.

1 32

P la te 4 1 Type :

Frag men tary Du tch b el l y-bow l w i th p ro trud ing h eel a nd p ar t ia l s te m.

Col ion : l ect

Mohawk-Caughnawaga Museum a t Fonda , N ew York .

Proven ience :

Recov ered i n e xcava t ions o f t he Mohawk I nd ian " cast le" Caughn awaga ( 1667-16 9 3 ).

Heel mark :

The h and o r g love ( see P la te 4 2).

A ttr ibu tes :

Part ia l b ow l a nd s te m w ith h eel e xh ib i t ing a fine f in ish w ith p o l ish marks l engthw ise a long s te m . S topper r o ta t ion p resen t a s s hown i nb ow l i n ter ior.

The u n ique f ea ture o f t he Du tch p ipe maker , a

d o t , c an b e s een b elow t he G i n P la te 4 1. Measure men ts :

S te m b ore d ia me ter measures 6 /64th p lus i nch o n a l f our l

r ecovered s pec i mens.

Max i mu m t h ickness o f s te m a t s te m-

b ow l j unc t ion r anges f ro m 1 0.5 m m t o 1 1.0 m m .

Fr ieder ich ,

19 75 p . 7 7 ( unmeasurable ). Co mpar isons : U pper Hogan Oneida I nd ian s i te ( 16 7 7-1685 ) ( Clark i n l i t. ). t B loody H il ite ( 1 675-1685 ) ( Brad ley , 19 75 ). l I Weston Onondaga s Maker :

Unknown b u t p robab ly f ro m Amsterdam.

I fH endr ick Gerdes

p ipes h ave t he " do t" a s h as t h is o ne a lso , Gerdes m igh t h ave a cqu ired o ther marks s uch a s t h is o ne. P ipe d a te :

1 67 0-1680 .

S ite d a te :

1 667-1693.

P la te 4 2 Type :

Impressed h and o r g love h eelmark o ccurr ing o n Du tch b el l l y-bow p ipes w ith p ro trud ing h eels.

tr At ibu tes :

The h and o r g love mark i s e nc ircled b y ap la in r ing o n t he b ase o f t he p ro trud ing h eel .

Measure men ts :

Heel measures r ange f ro m 6 .5 m m b y 7m m t o 7 m m b y 8 m m.

The mark i s g eneral b y 5 m m. ly 5 Co mpar isons : F r ieder ich , 19 75 p . 9 9 mark n u mber 6 4 wh ich i s a n e ar ly v ar ian t a nd d a ted b y h im b etween 1 615-1640.

Th is mark o ccurs o n a

v ar iety o f s even teen th c en tury Engl ish p ipes where i ti s c al l ed t he " gaun t le t" bu t d i ffers c ons iderably f ro m Du tch s a mp les i n b o th mark a nd b ow l s tyle ( A tk inson 1 962 p . 1 83 f i gure 1 2 ).

The

mark i s r eg istered o n t he Gouda g u i ldboard o f p ipe makers f or t he e ighteen th c en tury b u t t he s i te a nd t he b ow l s tyle a re t oo e arly f or t hese r espec t ive makers.

1 34

; i 11111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111 1111111111111111 1 2 . 3 4 S 6 MILLIMETER AND CENTIMETER RULE

I

7

P la te 4 3 Type :

Impressed h eel mark f oundon med iu m s ized Du tch b ow ls w ith p ro trud ing h eels.

Col l ec t ion :

Mohawk-Caughnawaga Museum a t Fonda , N ew York .

Proven ience :

Recovered i n t he e xcava t ionsof t he Mohawk I nd ian " cast le" Caughnawaga ( 1667-1693 ).

Heel mark :

Read l e f t t o r igh t AI-0 e nc irc led b y a do tted r ing.

At tr ibu tes :

Par t ia l s te m w i th smoo th f in ish a nd p ro trud ing h eel ; 3 0m m f ro m t he s te m-bow l j unc t ion e nc irc l ing t he s te m i s t he r ou lett ed r un-o f-do ts s im i lar t o P la te 4 6.

Measure men ts : The l ess o rnate i n it ia ls AI-0 measure 2 m m i n l ength o n a mark measur ing 6 m m i n l eng th b y 5mm i n w id th. The h eel measures 7 m m i n l eng th b y 6m m i n w id th.

S te m b ore d ia me-

t er o f t h is s pec i men measures 6 /64th i nch.

Max i mum t h ickness

o f s te m a t s te m-bow l j unct ion i s 1 0.1 m m. Maker :

Unknown b u t p robably f ro m Amsterda m where t he b est c and ida te m ight b e Andr ies J ackobsz who was work ing t here i n 1 686.

P ipe d a te :

1 680-1690.

S i te d a te :

1 667-1693.

1 36

P la te 4 4 Type :

Impressed Du tch h eel mark o ccurr ing o n l a te s even teen th c en tury Du tch b el l " trade" p ipes o f med ium s ize. l y-bow

Col t ion : l ec

Mohawk-Caughnawaga Museum a t Fonda , N ew York .

Proven ience :

Recovered i n t he e xcava t ions o f t he Mohawk I nd ian " cast le" Caughnawaga ( 1667-1693 ).

H eelmark :

Cal styl ized a lcan tara c ross o r mustard f l ower b y F r iedl ed a e r ich.

Cal ouble-kno t b y Deco . l ed d

The mark i s s ur moun ted

l ef t t o r igh t b y t he i n i t ia ls B I o r BJ r espect ively. a re l ess o rna te.

The l e ters t

Ano ther s pec i men wh ich was r ecovered s i mp ly

h as t he mark b u t n o t t he i n i t ia ls. At tr ibu tes :

I n N ew York S ta te o n ly o ccurs o n Du tch p ipes w ith p ro trud ing h eels.

General ly h as a smoo th f in ish w i th g ray c o mposi t ion

s how ing o ccas ional l y.

4 2 mm f ro m t he s te m-bow l j unc t ion i s

ar un o f d o ts r ou let ound t he s te m s im i lar t o P la te 4 6. t ed r

N o-

t able i s t he b ow ing o r warp ing o f t he s te m a s i n HG f unnels. Measure men ts :

Fr ieder ich , 1 975 p . 7 7.

U nmeasurable.

5 x 5mm o n a hee l measur ing 6 x 6 m m.

Mark i s g eneral ly

Max i mu m t h ickness

o f s te m a t s te m-bow l j unc t ion i s 1 0.5 m m.

Bore d ia meter

measures 6 /64th i nch. Maker :

Unknown , b u t p robab ly f ro m Amsterda m where t he s tyle was l a ter c arr ied o r u sed i n Gouda .

Co mpar isons :

U pper Hogan O ne ida ( 1677-1685) .

The mark i s r eg istered o n

t he g ui ldboard o f G ouda p ipe makers ( Cour tesy D . v an d er Wan t ) l a nd i lustra ted o n p age 1 5, n u mber 2 09 ( Deco , 1 976 ) where i t was u sed b e tween 1 759 a nd 1 768 . s i te a nd b ow l s ty le . P ipe d a te :

1 680-1690.

S ite d a te :

1 667-1693.

1 38

Again i ti s t oo l a te f or o ur

P la te 4 5 Type :

Typ ica l Du tch s te m mark , t he f l eur-del is.

l ec Col t ion :

Mohawk-Caughnawaga Museu m a t Fonda , N ew York .

Proven ience :

Recovered i n e xcava t ionsof t he Mohawk I nd ian " cast le" Caughn awaga ( 1 667-1693).

A ttr ibu tes :

l F if teen marked s te ms w ere r ecovered a l b ear ing t h isp art icu lar mark .

ly f The mark i s g eneral ound o n t he t op o f t he s te m.

I t

i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a part ia l b ow l a nd s te m r ecovered w ith a prol t rud ing h eel mark I W s ur moun ted b y a seven p o in t s tar(no t i lust ra ted ) ( McCash ion 1 975 p . 1 3 , f i gure 5 b ). Measure men ts :

Mark r anges f ro m 6 m m l ong b y 4mm w ide t o 7m m i n '

l eng th a nd w id th. Co mpar isons : N o o ther v ar ia t ions r ecorded f ro m t h is s ite b u t t here a re many v ar ia t ions a nd t he c o mp lete s tud ies h ave n o tb een f in ished . ( See F r ieder ich , 1 975 p p . 6 9-71 where s o me o f t he i lustra t ions l a re f ound o n N ew York s ta te s i tes.) S i te d a te :

1 667-1693.

P la te 4 6 Type :

Typ ica l r ou let te m mark o f Du tch p ipe maker. t ed s

Col t ion : l ec

Mohawk-Caughnawaga Museu m a t Fonda , N ew York .

Provenance :

Recovered i n e xcava t ions o f t he Mohawk I nd ian " cas t le" Caughn awaga ( 1 667-1693).

At ibu tes : tr

Rou let un-of-do ts o f t h is v ar iety o ccurs o n f i f ty s pec i mens t ed r r ecovered a l b ear ing t h is p ar t icu lar mark a nd o ccurr ing o n t he l s te ms o f t he p ipes d escr ibed i n P la te 4 3 a nd 4 4.

Co mpar isons : O ccurs f requen t ly o n s even teen th a nd e igh teen th c en tury s ites a nd d iagnost ic s tud ies h ave n o t b een c o mp leted. S ite d a te :

1 667-1693.

1 40

P la te 4 7 Type :

l y-bow L a te s even teen th c en tury Du tch b el l " trade" p ipe.

l ec Col t ion :

Au thor.

Proven ience :

Excava ted f ro m t he East Midden o f t he M il ton Sm i th Mohawk s i te ( 1694-1720 ).

Heel mark : tr At ibu tes :

t Du tch ma id i n c en ter w i th l e ter S o n l ef t , H o n r igh t. Bowl a nd ma tch ing s te m w ere f ound i n s epara te s ect ions. l smoked. was wel

P ipe

Bow l was p o l ished a nd s troke b urn ished .

S te m h as o verlapp ing r ou le ttes a nd r uns o f d o ts r ound t he s te m ting i R im r ou let s l ess t han 1 m m n ea tly n ear t he t op o f t he e xt er ior l ip a nd t he l i p s hows i n ter ior f o ld ing. Measure men ts :

9 ..1 645 Fr ieder ich , 1 975 p . 7 7 H -36 B-18 0 -14 = 9 072 o r .

u sing l ine 2 , "Ear ly Du tch p ipes". a nd t he s i te.

This i S t oo l a te f or t h is p ipe

Bore d ia meter i s 5 /64 t h p lus i nch.

Max i mum

t h ickness o f s te m a t s te m-bow l j unc t ion i s 9 .5 m m. measures 7 m m i n l eng th a nd 6 .5 m m i n w id th.

Heel

Mark measures

6 x 6mm a nd t he l et ters a re 2 m m l ong a nd 1 m m w ide. Co mpar isons : F rieder ich , 1 975 p . 1 01 n umber 1 21 where t he mark i s d a ted b y h im a t 1 640 p lus o r m inus f i ve y ears o n a si m i lar p ipe f ro m a n a pparen t ly u ndated c on tex t .

Dup l ica te o ccurs f ro m Bur ia l

P 4A d ug b y Prat n t he J a mesv il Pen ) s ite d a ted b y t o l e Onondaga ( Brad ley b etween 1 682-1696.

( Brad ley , 1 976 c har t ), a lso , Hager ty

1 2 l i t. a lso De Angelo , i n l i t . 2 5 N ove mber 1 975.) t t Maker :

P ossib ly o ne o f De J ong f a mi l ies o f G ouda .

P ipe d a te :

1 690-1710 .

S ite d a te :

1 694-1720 .

1 42

P la te 4 8 Type :

l y-bow F rag men tary Engl ish b el l e xpor t p ipe.

l ec Col t ion ;

Au thor.

Proven ience

Excava ted f ro m t he East M idden o f t he Milton Sm i th Mohawk I nd ian s ite ( 1696-1720 ).

Marks :

N one.

tr At ibu tes :

t ed R im d ecora t ion a ppears t o b e i nc ised r a ther t hanrou let . Hard wh i te c lay w i th g ray i nc lus ions i nb o th s te m a nd b ow l . D ef in ite o va l s te m a s c o mpared t o t he Du tch p ipes. l made o w el r f in ished.

Measure men ts :

Heav i ly smoked .

Bore d iame ter measure men t v ar ies f ro m

6 /64th p lus i nch.

P ipeno t

7/64 th

i nch t o

Max i mu m t h ickness o f t he s te m a t s te m-bow l

j unct ion 1 2 m m. Co mpar isons : ( Jackson a nd Pr ice , p . 1 05 n umber 2 04 ) s hows a s l ight r ese mb lance i nb ow l s tyle w ithou t t he p ro trud ing h eel .

Found i n t he

e xcava t ions o f SDY-40 d o mest ic s i te i n a con tex t o f n ot e ar l ier t han 1 690 n or l a ter t han 1 755. Maker :

Unknown Engl ish maker p robably f ro m B risto l .

P ipe d a te :

1 690-1710.

S ite d a te :

1 694-1720.

1 44

P la te 4 9 Type :

ly b Unusua l Eng l ish b el ow l e xpor t p ipe.

l ec Col t ion :

Au thor.

Provenience :

Excava ted f ro m t hedo mest ic s i te SDY-40 i n ac on tex t a f ter 1 690 a nd p r ior t o 1 755.

H eel mark :

N one.

S ide mark :

A c ar touchein wh ich i s e xh ib i ted t he i n i t ia ls RC o ver PW ( see P la te 5 0 ) .

At tr ibu tes :

S l ight b ow l e xpansion p u ts t hese p ipes i nt he b el l y-bow l c lass. Smoked ; g ray i nc lus ions t hroughou t b ow l a nd i n ter ior o f t he s te m.

Rou let t es a re more s quare t han Du tch r ou let t es , a re

w idely s paced , 1 m m , a nd n o t e ven ly n or c o mp letely s et r ound t he r i m.

S te ms o n t hese Engl ish p ipes a re more o va l t han Du tch.

Measure men ts : Bore d ia meter measures 5 /64th i nch . Max i mum t h ickness o f s te m a t s te m-bow l j unc t ion i s 1 2 m m. Max i mum l eng th o f t he p ipe was p robab ly a bou t e igh t a nd o ne h a lf i nches . Co mpar isons : Pr i mes H il ida s i te d a ted b y Prat etween 1 696-1720 where l One t b a w ho le p ipe was r ecovered ( Hager ty , 1 975 P la te 1 2 ) b ear ing ac ar touche w i th t he s a me d oub le i n i tia ls.

No o ther s peci mens

h ave b een r ecorded f ro m N ew York S ta te , t he Un ited S ta tes , Canada o r Eng land. Maker :

Unknown , b u t p robably f ro m Br isto l .

P ipe d a te :

1 690-1710.

S ite c on tex t :

1 690-1755.

P la te 5 0 Type :

S ide mark o f Engl ish p ipe i n P la te 4 9 .

S ide mark :

Ra ised p la in c ircu lar c ar touche o n r ight s ide o f t he p ipe e xh ib it ing t he i n it ia ls RC o n ab isec t ing l ine u nder wh ich a re t he n it ia ls PW . i

Measure men ts :

C ircu lar c ar touche measures 1 1 x1 1 mm a nd t he l et ters

measure a bou t 3 x 3 m m. Co mpar isons : A s imi lar p ipe was r ecovered a t Pr i mes H il neida s i te d a ted l O b y Prat t 1 696-1720 ( Hager ty , 1 975 p la te 1 2 ) . t a

N o e xact ma tch

o f t he t wo p ipe makers ' i n i t ia ls f ro m e i ther Br isto l o r L ondon s a tisfy t he a u thor .

The RC/P W mark i lustra ted o n P la te 5 0 l

a lludes p osi tive i den ti f ica t ion t hough t he b ow l s ty le c er ta in ly a ppears t o b e f ro m B risto l .

1 46

P la te 5 1 Type :

F rag men tary Eng l ish b ow l w i th TO impressed i n to t he b ow l f ac ing smoker.

Col l ec t ion :

Au thor.

Proven ience :

Excava ted f ro m a con tex t n o e arl ier t han 1 690 n or l a ter t han 1 755.

At ibu tes : tr

Mark impressed a f ter f ir ing.

Measure men ts:

Th ickness, 2 m m.

Co mpar isons : Ou tside o f N ew York S ta te s ee :

( Wa lker , 1 977 I l b p . 6 65 ).

J a mesv il Pen ) I nd ian s i te d a ted b y B rad ley ( 1682l e Onondaga ( 1 696 p lus ) ( Brad ley , 1 975 ) a nd i lustra ted i n Hagerty ( Hager ty , l i n l i t. 1 975 ). t Maker :

Possib ly Tho mas Owens I( 1 668-1725) o f Bristo l , Eng land .

P ipe d a te :

1 690-1710.

S i te c on tex t :

1 690-1755.

1 48

H ISTOR IC CLAY TOBACCO P IPE MAKERS I N THE UN ITED S TATES OF AMER ICA b y B yron S udbury

I n troduct ion ly I n i t ial , t he a u thor i n tended t o p repare s evera l d e ta i led s tud ies o f h is tor ic Un i ted S ta tes o f Amer ica c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus tr ies f or t h is p ubl ica t ion .

H ow-

e ver , a f ter r e f lec t ing o n t he f l edg l ing s ta tus o f U SA c lay t obacco p ipe s tud ies , o n t he i n ten t o f t h is p ar t icu lar BAR v o lu me , a nd o n t he a ud ience f or who m t h is v o lume was d es igna ted , p resen ta t ion o f d e ta i led a r t ic les o f r e la t ive ly n arrow s cope was d ee med i nappropr ia te .

N ex t , as urvey a r t ic le o n USA c lay t obacco

p ipe manu fac ture was c ons idered , b u t t h is c oncep t was a lso s e t a s ide a s s o t ly b l i t le h as a c tual een p ubl ished o n t he h is tor ic U SA c lay t obacco p ipe mak ing i ndus try .

ly d I t was f inal eter m ined t ha t ar ev iew-survey a r t ic le wou ld b e p re-

l h p ared o n t he o veral is tor ic U SA c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try .

H owever , i ns tead

o f r e lying s o le ly o n p ub l ished s ources o f i n for ma t ion , i t was d ecided t o i nc lude l l a l i n for ma t ion a va i lable t o t h is a u thor : p ub l ica t ions a nd manuscr ip ts a s wel t ery a s ma ter ia ls l oca ted i n t he f i les o f v ar ious o ther c lay t obacco p ipe a nd p ot r esearchers .

l Thus , t h is a r t ic le i s c o mpr ised o f a l t he i n for ma t ion t ha t t he

a u thor was a b le t o o bta in t hrough p ersona l r esearch a nd t hrough t he g eneros i ty l ow-researchers o f f el .

Th is i s c er ta in ly n o t t o c la im t ha t t he work i s c o mp le te ,

l o r t ha t a l p ubl ished a r tic les a nd manuscr ip t s ources h ave b een i nc luded . Th is a r t ic le d oes , h owever , c on ta in t he b as ic i n for ma t ion t h is a u thor h as b een a ble t o a sse mb le i n s evera l y ears s pen t r esearch ing h is tor ic c lay t obacco p ipe p roduc t ion i n t he U SA .

S cope a nd p urpose l T he ma jor g oa l o f t h is a r t ic le i s t o a sse mble a l k nown r eferences t o h isl t or ic c lay t obacco p ipe p roduc t ion i n t he USA , a nd t o i lus tra te t h is p roduc t a s ly a f ul s p oss ib le .

I t was d ec ided t ha t e x tens ive d e ta i l —such a s p ipe d i-

mens ions , d is tr ibu tion , f requency o f v ar ious mo ld marks, e tc. — is b eyond t he s cope o f t h is p aper , s ince i ti s more o f ac o mpi la t ion o f c urren t r esearch a nd e x tan t p ubl ica t ions t han a s tudy o f t he o r ig ins o f t he h is tor ic c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try . i ndus try ;

N or i s t h is a r t ic le a d e ta i led e xam ina t ion o f a ny o ne p ar t icu lar

i ti s s i mply d es igned t o a cqua in t t he r eader w i th k nown USA p ipe-

makers v ia c i ta t ion o f p ubl ished r eferences , c o m mun ica t ions f ro m t he a pprol p r ia te r esearchers , a nd/or i lus tra t ions o f t he p ipe maker 's t oo ls a nd/or p roduc t . A s t he BAR s er ies h as a n i n terna t iona l a ud ience , t here i s a dua l p urpose t o t h is a r t ic le .

T o t he d o mes t ic USA r esearcher , i ti s f e l t t ha t t h is a r t ic le

l c w il o mp le men t l a in C . Wa lker 's " The C en tra l European Or ig ins o f t he Be thabara , N or th Caro l ina , C lay T obacco-P ipe I ndus try" wh ich i s t o a ppear 1 51

i n t h is s er ies .

l p Wa lker 's a r t ic le w il resumab ly b e a n e xpans ion o f h is

e ar l ier work ( Wa lker 1 975 ) a long t h is s ame l ine .

l d Whereas Wa lker w il e lve

t er k i n to t he o r ig in a nd r e la t ionsh ip o f s o me o f t he b et nown USA p ipe makers , l t h is c urren t a r t ic le mere ly s eeks t o d e l inea te a l USA p ipe makers k nown t o l i d a te . Th is o f c ourse w il nc lude a n umber o f l ong-s te m med p ipe makers wh ich a re b eyond t he s cope o f Wa lker 's c urren t w ork . I ti s a lso h oped t ha t t h is l p a r t ic le w il u t i n teres ted p ar t ies i n t ouch w i th t he p er t inen t l i tera ture , a nd g ive a fa ir ly c o mp lete v iew o f wha t i s c urren t ly k nown a bou t t he h is tor ic USA c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try .

l H owever , b eyond b e ing a n i lus tra ted a nno ta ted

b ib l iography a bou t USA t obacco p ipe manu fac ture , i ti s h oped t ha t t he e x tens ive l l n ew d a ta r epor ted h ere —coup led w i th a l o f t he o bv ious h o les i n t he d a ta --wil t mo t iva te o ther USA r esearchers t o p ay a dd i t iona l a ten t ion t o t he c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try , a nd t o s tudy a nd r epor t f ind ings f ro m t he ir own p ar t icu lar a reas . l i T o t he n on-USA r esearchers , i ti s h oped t ha t t h is r epor t w il nd ica te h ow t ly k much i n for ma t ion i s a va i lab le i n t h is f i e ld , a nd h ow l i t le i s a c tual nown . C o mpared t o Eng land w i th t he e x tens ive p ipe d a ta r epor ted b y A tk inson , Oswa ld , Wa lker , a nd o thers o ver t he p as t d ecades , h is tor ic c lay t obacco p ipe s tud ies i n t he USA a re i ndeed i n t he ir i n fancy .

l p l Th is r epor t w il resen t a n i lus tra ted

i dea o f where USA c lay t obacco p ipe r esearch s tands a t t he p resen t t ime .

Th is

l a a r t ic le w il lso p resen t a n o verv iew o f t he USA p ipe mak ing i ndus try w i thou t n ecess i ta t ing i nves t men t i n n umerous o ther p ubl ica t ions ( a n umber o f wh ich a re o u t o f p r in t ).

l a ly a The r esearcher w il lso b eco me v isual cqua in ted w i th

t he USA c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try 's p roduc t . l r lP ipe makers l i s ted a nd/or d iscussed i n t he t ex t w il ange f ro m v ery wel k nown i ndus tr ies t o p ipe makers k nown o n ly b y a fl ee t ing r e ference i n ad iary , ad irec tory , an ewspaper a dver t ise men t , o r a tabu lar l i s t ing o f i ndus tr ies . l b Ma jor p ub l ica t ions w il e c i ted , a nd t he h igh p o in ts o f t he i ndus try —e i ther l b f ro m t he p ubl ica t ions o r f ro m t he a u thor 's r esearch—w il e n o ted .

H owever ,

l b p ro tracted d iscuss ion o f a ny o ne p ar t icu lar p ipe maker o r i ndus try w il e f a vo ided a s s uch i s b eyond t he s cope o f t h is e for t .

P rev ious ly u npubl ished

l b i n for ma t ion p er ta in ing t o p ipe makers w il e a ccorded s o mewha t more s pace l s a nd c o m men t t han wel tud ied i ndus tr ies ;

l ac h owever , b y n o means w il o m-

t p le te d iscuss ion o f a ny p ipe maker b e a te mp ted .

Th is p aper i s i n tended t o b e

a fa ir ly c o mple te s ta tus r epor t a bou t wha t i s c urren t ly k nown a bou t t he USA c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try . l I lus tra t ions f l An e for t was made t o i lus tra te t h is a r t ic le a s c o mp le te ly a s p oss ib le . Th is was d one t o g ive t he g enera l r eader a b as ic v isua l b ackground o f t he p roduc t o f t he USA c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try w i thou t t he n eed t o c onsu l t a n umber o f a dd i t iona l r e ferences .

P er t inen t p ubl ished r epor ts a re n o ted , a nd

i nd iv idua ls i n t i ma te ly i nvo lved w i th p ar t icu lar r esearch p roble ms a re e ncoura ged t o c onsu l t t hese r e ferences .

I n a ddi t ion t o c i t ing l i tera ture s ources , a

s ign i f ican t amoun t o f i n for ma t ion i s c on ta ined i n t h is p aper t ha t h as n o t p rev ious ly b een p ubl ished .

l I n n ear ly a l c ases , t h is p rev ious ly u npub l ished i n for-

l b ma t ion w il e p resen ted i n more d e ta i l i n t he f u ture .

D e ta i ls s uch a s p ipe

l a d i mens ions , d is tr ibu t ion , e tc ., w il ppear i n f u ture U SA j ourna ls .

1 52

ly Un less n oted o therwise ( s peci f ical , P la tes 2 :1 ; a nd 2 9 ;

4 :12-15 ;

1 5 :3-5 ; 2 7:1-2 ;

l a nd F igures 2 , 1 0 , 1 3 , a nd 1 4 ) , t he p ipes a re i lus tra ted a c tua l s ize .

l Except where n o ted o therw ise , i lus tra ted ma ter ia ls a re i n t he a u thor 's r e fl ect e rence c ol ion .

ly r Cap t ions a re g eneral es tr icted t o t he s ource o f t he s pec-

imens u nder c onsidera t ion , s ca le , a nd ( when p resen t ) wr i t ing a ppear ing o n t he p ipe . F requen t ly , s pec i mens a re b r ief ly men tioned i n t he t ex t . P ipes f ro m P o in t P leasan t , Oh io , a nd Pamp l in , V irg in ia , h ave p rev ious ly b een d escr ibed a nd a ss igned t ype n ames o r d es igna t ions ; t hese a re i nd ica ted where l t he p ipes a re i lus tra ted t o h e lp t hose i n teres ted i n c orre la t ing t he s peci mens l i n t h is p resen t r epor t w i th t hose i lus tra ted i n e ar l ier p ubl ica t ions . l I t s hou ld b e k ept i n mind t ha t many o f t he i lus tra ted p ipes a re was ter s pec i mens .

Fro m t ime t o t ime , ap ipe 's s o mewha t p ecu l iar s hape may b e d ue

t o d amage t o t he p ipe .

S o me p ipes a re b roken ( such a s t he s pec i mens i n

P la tes 1 2 :7 a nd 1 9 :3 ) , s o me h ave d e for med b ow ls ( see P la tes 8 :6 , 9 ;

9 :12 ;

1 1 :12 ;

1 2 :3 , 1 1;

1 2 :3 ) .

l T he p ipes a re i lus tra ted t o c o m mun ica te wha t p ipe s tyles were p ro-

1 3 :7) , a nd s o me h ave d efor med s te ms ( see P la tes 1 0 :1 a nd

d uced b y v ar ious USA p ipe makers .

l o I n e xam in ing t he P la tes , o ne w il ccas ion-

l a ly n o te t ha t s evera l p ipe makers p roduced t he s a me s ty le o f p ipe ( f or i ns tance , c o mpare P la tes 1 :3-6 ;

1 0 :7 ;

1 5 :5 ;

2 3 :7;

t he p ipe maker o f o r ig in c an b e i den t i f ied .

a nd 5 5 :1-2 ) .

l I n n ear ly a l s uch c ases ,

H owever , i ti s c ons idered o u ts ide

f eren t he s cope o f t h is a r t ic le t o e ngage i n f ine p o in ts a bou t h ow t o d if t ia te b etween t he p roduc ts o f v ar ious p ipe makers .

l b Th is i n for ma t ion w il e p resen ted

i n f u ture d o mes t ic p ubl ica t ions . Organ iza t ion ficu I fd e ter m in ing t he c on ten t o f t h is a r t ic le was d if l t , t he a rrange men t l eng o f t h is r a ther e x tens ive b ody o f ma ter ia l was e ven more c hal ing . modes o f o rgan iza t ion were c ons idered :

F our

manu fac tur ing t echno logy , p roduc t

s tyle , g eograph ic a rea , a nd c hrono log ica l o rder .

t T oo l i t le i s k nown a bou t

t he manu fac tur ing t echno log ies o f t he i ndus try t o employ t h is p ar t icu lar o rg an iza t ion . P roduc t s ty le i s ar a ther u nre l iable way t o l ump i ndus tr ies t og e ther , p ar t icu lar ly t hose t ha t e x is ted f or d ecades a nd f requen t ly modi f ied t he ir p roduc t l ine .

A c hrono log ica l p resen ta t ion , s uch a s t ha t r ecen t ly p ub-

l i shed a bou t USA s toneware ( Myers 1 978 ) , wou ld b e mos t v a luable t o t hose s tudying t he o r ig in , e vo lu t ion , d eve lop men t , a nd r e f ine men t o f t he c lay t obacc o p ipe i ndus try i n t he USA .

H owever , w i th t he l arge amoun t o f d a ta t o b e

p resen ted i n t h is p aper , ac hrono log ica l p resen ta t ion wou ld make i tv ery d i ff icu l t t o l oca te p ipe makers f ro m a ny p ar t icu lar g eograph ica l r eg ion .

A g eo-

ficu g raph ica l b reakdown i s o f n ecess i ty a rb i trary , a nd wou ld make i td if l t t o c onven ien t ly l oca te i n for ma t ion o n a ny p ar t icu lar e ra . n o t a ny g ood s ing le means o f o rgan iza t ion .

Thus , t here i s s i mply

T o o rgan ize t h is ma ter ia l c onven ien t ly , a nd make t he i n for ma t ion r ead i ly l l b a ccess ib le t o i n teres ted r esearchers , t he f o low ing o rgan iza t ion w il e emp loyed .

l b I nd iv idua l p ipe makers w il e l i s ted u nder t he ir s ta te o f o pera t ion .

l b Wi th in e ach s ta te l i s t ing , t he v ar ious p ipe makers w il e p resen ted i n c hronol og ica l o rder . The o n ly e xcep t ion t o t h is c hrono log ica l o rder i s when ap art icu lar s ta te h ad a n e x tens ive p ipe p roducing c en ter where a n umber o f p ipemakers were a c t ive ( such a s S a le m a nd B e thabara , N or th Caro l ina ; a nd P o in t P leasan t , Oh io ;

P ampl in , V irg in ia ).

1 53

Akron

I n t hese f ew i ns tances , t he

p ipe p roducers f or ap ar t icu lar c en ter a re p resen ted i n c hrono log ica l o rder f or t ha t c en ter i ndependen t o f t he s ta te 's c hrono log ica l l i s t ing . g roup ings w il e p resen ted i n a lphabe t ica l o rder b y s ta te . l b

The s ta te

The r e la t ive l oca-

t ion o f e ach s ta te c ons idered i n t h is a r t ic le may b e f ound o n t he a cco mpany ing map o f t he U SA ( Figure 1 ) .

The t wen ty-four s ta tes f ro m wh ich d a ta i s r epor ted

i n t h is p aper , i n t he o rder p resen ted a re : A labama

N ew Hampsh ire

De laware

N ew J ersey

G eorg ia

N ew Y ork

l I l ino is

N or th C aro l ina

I nd iana

Oh io

Ken tucky

P ennsy lvan ia

L ou is iana

S ou th Caro l ina

Ma ine

Tennessee

Maryland

T exas

ts Massachuset

V irg in ia

Mich igan

Wes t V irg in ia

Missour i

Wiscons in

Varying amoun ts o f e v idence a re g iven f or c lay t obacco p ipe manu fac ture i n ly r A rchaeo log ica l s i tes t ha t h ave b een f ormal epor ted

e ach o f t hese s ta tes .

t o t he a ppropr ia te s ta te a gency h ave b een a ss igned p er manen t s i te d es igna t ions . When k nown , t hese a lphanu mer ic s i te d es igna t ions a re i nc luded i n t h is a r t ic le . t I n t h is s ys te m , t he i n i t ia l n u mber r e fers t o t he s ta te , t he l e ters a re t he c oun ty o r p ar ish a bbrev ia t ion , a nd t he l as t n umber i s t he s peci f ic s i te n umber d es ignat i on f or t he c oun ty .

4 F or e xa mple , 4 4-AP-1 r e fers t o V irg in ia ( 4th s ta te ) ,

t ox C A ppo mat oun ty ( AP ) , s i te n umber 1 ; i n t he s ta te 's a rchaeo log ica l r esource f i les , t h is s i te i s l oca ted a nd i den t i f ied a s t he smok ing p ipe f ac tory p roper ty t ox C i n Pamp l in , A ppo mat oun ty , V irg in ia .

( The n umer ica l d es igna t ions f or

t he s ta tes a re a ss igned t o t he s ta tes i n a lphabe tica l o rder , w i th t he t wo s ta tes t ed t i —being a dm it o t he USA a f ter t he s ys te m was e s tab lished —A laska a nd Häwai n umbers 4 9 a nd 5 0 . ) l ow F ol ing t he i n for ma t ion o n c lay t obacco p ipe manu fac ture i n t he t wen tyl b f our s ta tes , t here w il e b r ie f s ec t ions o np resen t-day c lay t obacco p ipe p rod uct ion , a dd i t iona l c ensus i nfor ma t ion o n p ipe p roduction , Canad ian c lay t obacl c o p ipe p roduct ion , a nd p a ten t i n for ma t ion , f o lowed b y as hort d iscussion o f t he i nfor ma t ion p resen ted i n t his a r tic le .

1 54

USA

HISTORIC CLAY TOBACCO PIPEMAKERS (BY STATE)

Alabama To date, no conclusive evidence pertaining to clay tobacco pipe manu­ facture in Alabama has come to the author' s attention. However, this is pre­ sumably due to a lack of research, and not to a lack of pipe production. Greer (1978c) feels certain that clay tobacco pipes were produced in Alabama, particularly in the Randolph County area where many potters worked during the 1840-1880 period. She examined (ibid.) the Census Schedules for Industry and Manufacture for Alabama for 1850, 1860, 1870 and 1880, which listed "manufacturers whose annual product was valued at above $500. 00/annum". No pipe factories were listed on these particular census schedules, but many of the potteries known to be present also were not listed (Greer 1978b, 1978c). Thus, Alabama is presumably a state where evidence of clay tobacco pipe production is waiting to be uncovered. To date, the historic Alabama pottery industry has received relatively little attention (Greer 1978b, 1978c).

Delaware The author has not obtained any specific evidence of clay tobacco pipe manufacture in Delaware. However, Barber (1901 :342) did relate that· "Excellent pipe clays are found at Hockessin, Delaware, . " suitable for white pipes,

Georgia Nothing has yet been published on historic clay tobacco pipe manufacture in Georgia. John Burrison has been studying the Georgia pottery industry, and intends to complete a book on Georgia' s Folk Potters within the next several years (Burrison 1978a, 1978d). Burrison has photographed some examples of clay tobacco pipes manufactured in Georgia, and intends to use these illustrations in his book. He has, however, most generously provided information about a number of Georgia pipemakers. The pertinent information from two of Burrison' s letters follows: " .••. a number of Georgia potters produced tobacco pipes. To my knowledge, this was always a sideline, not a specialty. These potters were mostly farmers who operated on a small scale. The pipes consisted of bowls and collars, to which a cane stem would be fitted. Normally these were molded, but in one case the bowls were actually turned on the potter' s wheel. The earliest known Georgia pipe maker was John F. Holland, a Moravian potter from Salem, North Carolina, 155

who v isited t he C reek I nd ian Agency o n t he F l in t R iver ( i n wha t i s n ow western C raw ford C o . )i n 1 810, where f or s evera l mon ths h e o pera ted a pot t ery , a t wh ich , i ti s r ecorded , h e p roduced a l arge q uan t i ty o f p ipes. The Morav ians u sed a r a ther e labora te s crewmo ld f or t he ir p ipes, wh ich i s n ice ly d ocu men ted i n [ B iv ins 1 972 ] t ery i . . . .P ipes were made a t t he S l igh p ot n n or thern P au ld ing Co . i n t he l ast h a l f o f t he 1 9 th a nd t he f i rst q uar ter o f t he 2 0th c entur ies. The mo ld was a s i mp le , t wo-p iece l ead b lock i n t he s hape o f a le p aral logra m , w i th t he b asic v er t ica l l i ne mot i f f or d ecora t ion . T he Dorsey p ot t ery o f s outhern Wh ite C o . made s im i lar p ipes d ur ing t he s ame t ime p er iod .

ly And f inal , Mrs. C heever Meaders o f Wh i te

C oun ty , i nsp ired b y t he molded p ipes o f t he Dorseys wh ich s he h ad t ery p s een , d ur ing h er a ct ive p ot er iod i n t he e ar ly 1 960s, made p ipes w i th t urned b ow ls o f s toneware c lay , s ome t imes i nc ised w i th g eo me tr ic d esigns o r e ven s i mp le f aces.

F it t ed w ith a c ane s tem,

l en t t hese made e xcel t smok ing p ipes, a s Ic an a test b y e xper ience . t er C H er h usband , f a med f o lk p ot heever Meaders, smoked o ne o f t hese, a s d id Wh i te C o . c ha irmaker J oe N e lms. I ' m s ure t here t ers who made p were o ther G eorg ia p ot ipes, b ut d o n o t h ave a ny i n forma t ion o n s uch ." ( Burr ison 1 978a ) t I n r esponse t o q uest ions p romp ted b y t h is l e ter , B urr ison e labora ted o n s evera l p o in ts: l and d " Apparen t ly , J .F . H ol id u se a s crew- mold d ur ing h is s hor t s t in ti n G eorg ia ; K arsten P etersen , a no ther Morav ian c raf ts man s tay ing a t t he F l in t R iver Agency , men t ions b ui ld ing 'a m ach ine f or f abr ica t ing p ipe b ow ls a ccord ing t o l and B r . H ol ' ss pec if ica t ions, wh ich was q u i te s uccessfu l ' t ( t h is i s i n a n u npub l ished l e ter i n t he Morav ian Arch ives, W instonS a le m , N .C . ) . Iwould g uess i t was s o mewha t more makesh if t t han t hose u sed a t S a le m i n N or th C aro l ina , g iven t he r a ther p r imi t ive c ond it ions a t t he Agency . And , Iam f a ir ly c er ta in t he S ligh mo ld was h and-he ld . The s i te o f t he C reek Agency i n western Craw ford t ery s C o . h as b een i den t if ied b ut n o t e xcava ted , n or h as t he p ot i te t ery s t here b een l oca ted . T he S l igh p ot i te h as b een f ound . . . in n or thern P au ld ing C o , , S evera l o f t he Dorsey s i tes i n s outhern ly e Wh i te C o . h ave b een l oca ted , b ut o n ly o ne s uper f ic ial xcava ted ( no p ipe r e ma ins) ." ( Burr ison 1 978b)

l I l ino is l The e ar l iest e v idence o f h istor ic c lay t obacco p ipe p roduct ion i n I lino is l was f or Mound C i ty , I l ino is, b etween 1 857 a nd 1 859. Mound C ity i s i n e xl l K t re me s ou thern I l ino is, a nd i n 1 857 , Cornwal irkpa tr ick e stabl ished a t ery t l ace a p ot here , a nd was s oon j oined b y h is b ro ther Wal nd h is f a ther t ery a t a Works, Andrew a t af i rm v ar iously k nown a s t he S tea m P ot nd Terra C ot a nd C . K irkpa tr ick & C o mpany ( Fe l ts n .d .: 5 -7 ; Denker 1 978b : 1 2-13 ) . l K F e l ts ( 1 975a , 1 975b) a lso n o ted t ha t C ornwal irkpa tr ick a n t ic ipa ted h is 1 857 p roduct ion t o b e 2 ,000 ,000 p ipes .

T h is f irm f o lded i n 1 859 a t wh ich t ime t he 1 56

K irkpa tr icks r e loca ted i n Anna, I l l ino is ( Fe lts n .d .: 5 -7 ; Denker 1 978b : 1 21 3 ) .

J a mes K . F e l ts, S r ., h as r ecovered s o me f ragmen tary c lay t obacco

p ipes f ro m t he s i te o f t he Mound C i ty p ot t ery i n a ssocia t ion w i th a s herd w ith "K irkpa tr i" wr it t en o n i ti n c oba l t b lue ( Fe l ts n .d . :1 0-11) . On ly o ne p ipe s ty le was f ound a t t he s i te , a nd t wo f ragmen tary s pec imens o f t h is s ty le a re s hown i n P la te 1 : 1-2 .

Ab r ie f a r t icle r epor t ing Mound C ity p ipe p roduct ion

h as b een p repared ( S udbury MS 7 ) . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t i n t he l a te 1 830s C ornwal l' s fa ther Andrew moved f ro m h is p ot t ery s hop i n Urbana, Oh io, t o t ake o ver a n e stab l ished p ot t ery s hop i n Vermi l ionv il le , L aSal le C oun ty , I l l ino is ( Denker 1 978b : 9 ) . Andrew a nd Wal l ace r e jo ined C ornwal l i n 1 857 i n Mound C i ty , l eav ing t he Verm i l ionv i l le p ot t ery t o b e o pera ted b y Murray K irkpa tr ick ( Denker 1 978b : 1 2 , 1 7) . T o d a te , n o e v idence o f t obacco p ipe manufacture h as b een r epor ted f ro m t he Vermi l ionv il le p ot t ery . I n 1 859, t he K irkpa tr icks moved n or th t o Anna , I l l ino is, where t hey o pened a pot t ery s hop , f ir ing t he ir f i rst k i ln o f ware i n N ove mber , 1 859 ( Denker 1 978b : 1 7-18) . F e l ts i l lustra ted o ne p ipe made i n A nna ( Fe l ts 1 974 : 4 3) , a nd Denker r e la ted t ha t " p ipes were i ndeed ab ig p ar t i n t he ir p roduct ion a nd a re men t ioned o f ten i n t he n ewspapers o f t he p er iod ." ( Denker 1 977a ) . S he p rovided t he a u thor w i th a l i st o f p er t inen t n ewspaper e xcerp ts p er ta in ing t o Anna c lay t obacco p ipe p roduct ion ( Denker 1 978a ) . T he e ar l iest men t ion o f Anna p ipe p roduct ion was i nc luded i n an ewspaper d escr ip t ion o f t he p ot t ery a nd p roduct ion me thods o n N ove mber 2 4, 1 866 ( obta ined v ia Denker 1 978a ; 1 978b :

1 9) .

T h is a r t icle r e la ted t ha t t he p ot t ery was:

" a l arge t wo-story f ra me b u i ld ing , s i tua ted o n t he e ast s ide o f r a i lr oad t rack n ear t he D epo t . I n t he b asemen t , o r l ower s tory , i s t he mach inery f or g r ind ing c lay , b y h orsepower , t wo h orses b e ing u sed . Ad jo in ing i s al arge r oo m c on ta in ing a h o t-a ir f urnace , wh ich warms t he who le b ui ld ing , a nd d r ies t he ware b efore g o ing i n to t he k i ln . T o t he n or th o f t h is r oo m i s a nother a par tmen t i n wh ich a re t wo k i lns f or burn ing ware ; t hese k i lns h o ld 2 ,000 g al f ware l ons o e ach , a nd a re f i l led a nd b urn t t w ice d ur ing e ach week .

I n t he s econd

a nd t h ird s tor ies a re a l o f t he l a test a nd most i mproved mach inery l f or mou ld ing c lay i n t he h ands o f t he p ot ,' a nd f or d ry ing a nd ter s tor ing ware . There i s a lso amach ine f or mould ing c lay p ipes, wh ich t urns o ut t housands o f p ipes p er d ay . E very th ing i n t he l i ne o f c hurns, c rocks, j ugs, p la tes, p ipes f or d ra in ing , & c, a re manuf actured , a nd a re p ronounced b y a l l who h ave u sed t he m, e qua l i n e very r espect , t o t he c e lebra ted Oh io s toneware ." G azet 866) te 1

( Jonesboro Week ly

The J onesboro Week ly G azet ' sl ast men t ion o f c lay t obacco p ipe p roduct ion te a t Anna was o n F ebruary 2 4, 1 894, when i t was r e la ted t ha t " The Anna p ot ece ived a c ar l oad o f c lay f ro m New Grand C hain t ery r S a turday . T h is c lay i su sed f or mak ing p ipes ." ( Denker 1 978a)

1 57

Excerp ts f ro m n ine teen a r t icles p er ta in ing t o c lay t obacco p ipe p roduct ion i n Anna were p rov ided t o t he a uthor b y D enker ( 1978a) . I n t hese a r t icles, p ipe s h ipmen ts were r ecorded ( year g iven i n p aren theses) a s h av ing b een made t o C inc inna t i ( 1867 ) , N ew York C i ty ( 1869 ) , N ew Or leans ( 1869) , a nd S t . L ou is ( 1875, 1 880 , 1 883) , ( Denker 1 978a ) , a s wel s p ipes h av ing b een s o ld " t o l a i ssue t o r eserva t ion I nd ians." ( Fe l ts 1 975a : 6 7 ) .

A t l east a por t ion o f t he S t .

L ou is s h ipmen ts were s o ld t o S a mue l Cupp les Co . o f S t . L ou is, wh ich i s d isc ussed u nder t he s ect ion o n M issour i . I ti s a lso o f i n terest t ha t p ipes were s h ipped i n b arre ls o r b oxes, a nd t ha t t here were 4 ,000-5,000 p ipes p er b arre l a nd 1 00 p ipes p er b ox . ( Denker 1 978ä . ) An ar ticle o n A nna p ipe p rod uc t ion—includ ing a l n ine teen n ewspaper q uotat ions—has b een p repared ( Sudl b ury MS 6 ) . C ornwal irkpa tr ick d ied i n 1 890 , a nd t he p ot on t inued o pera t ion l K t ery c u nder t he n ame "C . a nd W. K irkpa tr ick , nb e ing o pera ted b y C ornwal sw idow l ' a nd Wal , w i th J a mes I . To ler a s s uper in tenden t a nd s a les man . I n 1 893 , l ace To ler b ough t o u t Mrs. C . K irkpa tr ick ' si n terest i n t he p ot , a nd t he f irm t ery b ecame k nown a s K irkpa tr ick a nd To ler . I n 1 896, T o ler s o ld o u t a nd t he f irm b eca me k nown a s W . K irkpa tr ick . Wal ied i n 1 896, l eav ing h is s on a nd l ace d w idow t o c on t inue t he o pera t ion . I n 1 900 , T o ler p urchased t he p ot , a nd t ery s o ld o ut i n 1 903 wh ich e nded t he Anna p ot ' s p roduct ion . ( Fe l ts 1 974 : 4 3tery 4) . 4

F our s pec i mens o f o ne p ipe s ty le p roduced a t t he Anna p ot re i lust ery a l

t ra ted i n P la te 1 :3-6 .

F e l ts ( 1976) a lso i nd ica ted t ha t a pla in p ipe s ty le made

i n Anna i s p resen t i n t he C obden Museu m c ol ions. A l though p la in a s i s l ect t he Mound C i ty s ty le ( P la te 1 :1-2 ) t he Anna p ipes a ctual lose ly r el y more c s e mble t he p la in s ty les p roduced a t Mogadore , Oh io ( see P la te 2 3 :8 ) , a nd a t P a mp l in , V irg in ia ( see P la te 5 2 :5-6) . The c lay t obacco p ipe i ndustry i n F u l ton , I l l ino is, i s t he f ina l p ipe i ndust ry i den t if ied i n I l l ino is t o d a te . Ap re l im inary r epor t o n t h is i ndustry h as b een p repared ( Sudbury MS 5 ) . One p ub l ished r e ference r e lat ing t o t h is i ndustry r eads a s f o l lows: " Back i n 1 868 , N ick G er ten , who h ad b een l i ving i n F u l ton f or a bou t a year , p acked s o me s a mp les o f c lay a nd r eturned t o G ermany . There , u nder t ests, t he c lay p roved t o b e e xcel l en t p ipe ma ter ia l . I n 1 869, h e r eturned t o F u l ton , a cco mpan ied b y h is p aren ts, b ro thers a nd s isters.

T hey moved i n to a h ouse e ast o f t he Wa ter Works a nd

s tar ted t o manufacture c lay p ipes.

The G er tens were a ccompan ied

b y Char les S tarck who worked w i th t hem f or a time a nd t hen wen t i n to b usiness f or h i mse lf . " About 1 884, P e ter S tarck , J r ., a rr ived i n Fu l ton . f actory i n 1 896.

H e s tar ted a

By 1 897 , t here were f our manufactor ies i n t he c i ty .

T hey were r un b y J ohn G er ten a nd H enry G er ten , N ick G er ten , P e ter S tarck , J r ., a nd N ick S tarck . " At p eak p roduct ion a s many a s 7 2,000 c lay p ipes were s h ipped mon th ly . Most o f t he m wen t b y s tea mboat t o r ivertowns. They were s h ipped i n b arre ls a nd p acked i n s traw . Three o f t he f actor ies c losed i n t he e ar ly 1 900s b ut P e ter S tarck ' sl asted u n t i l t he 1 930s. l eries I n l a te y ears, most o f t he c lay p ipes were u sed i n s hoot ing g al

1 58

o r f or s ouven irs .

S o me o f t he p ipes a nd c igar h o lders were c overed

w ith a yel l ow ish g laze , v er i tab le p oor- men ' s m eerschau ms." ( Bast ian , 1 968 : 2 26 ) . I n t he s ect ion t i t led "M inera ls o f Wh i tes ide C oun ty ," Bast ian ( 1968 : 1 5) a lso r e la ted t ha t : " Red , y el l ow , b lue a nd wh i te c lays a re f ound i n many p laces i n Wh i tes ide C oun ty . They h ave h ad v ary ing i mpor tance i n t he f i ct i le f i e ld .

S of t b r icks, f ire b r icks a nd p ressed b r icks were made a t

many l oca t ions.

T he wh i te c lay i s a kao l in-type e ar th a nd was u sed

t o manufacture c lay p ipes i n l arge q uan ti ties." l P ipes p roduced , p resu mab ly i n t he 1 930s, b y P e ter S tarck a re i lustra ted i n P la te 2 :2-5 .

The p ipes

" were made b y P e ter S tarck .

My h usband k new h im a nd s a id a t

f i rst t hey were made f rom a s i mp le mold h e made h i mse l f a nd l a ter h e a nd h is s on c onstructed s o me s or t o f s i mp le mach ine t o make t hem f aster .

They h ad a smal l s tone o r b r ick b u i ld ing where t hey

made t hem ." ( Consid ine 1 977a ) " The p ipe mo ld t ha t P e ter S tarck u sed was made o f s tee l o r c ast i ron .

I t was t wo p ieces- mak ing a s ing le p ipe a t a time ,

f am ily a f fa ir .

I t was a

[ t he i l lustra ted p ipes ] were t he o n ly t ypes p ro-

d uced b y S tarck t ha t h e [ my h usband ] k nows a bou t .

Each [ f irm ]

p roduced t he ir own c lay a nd marke ted t he m i ndependen t ly .

.

l f T he p ipe f actor ies were smal am i ly r un e n terpr ises where o n ly t he i m med ia te f am i ly worked— most o f wh ich were l oca ted o n p ar t o f t he l o t where t he ir h o mes were ." ( Consid ine 1 977b ) B arber ( 1901: 3 41-342 ) i nd ica ted t ha t t he Fu lton c lay t obacco p ipe i ndustry was o ne o f t he ma jor p ipe p roducers i n t he c oun try .

I nd iana L it tle i s c urren t ly k nown a bout t he c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try i n I nd iana . O ne Anna , I l l ino is, p ipe maker moved t o I ndiana a ccord ing t o t he f o l low ing a r t ic le f ro m t he Far mer a nd Fru i t G rower , Apr i l 1 0, 1 878 , p rov ided b y Denker ( 1 978a ) : " Mayor W m . M . Brown b ough t t he J ohn F o lks p roper ty a t p ub lic s a le o n l ast S a t . Mr . F o lks c on te mp la tes mov ing t o I nd iana i n c o mpany o f h is b rother , where h e p roposes t o s tar t a pot t ery a t a n I nd iana t own .

F or y ears Mr . F o lks h as b een emp loyed a t t he

p ot t ery o f C . & W. K irkpa tr ick , i n t h is p lace , a nd h as made a l arge c ir cle o f f r iends who w il l r egre t t o l ose h im ." An e ar l ier a r t ic le f ro m t he J onesboro Week ly G azet te d a ted J une 2 0 , 1 867 , ( prov ided b y Denker 1 978a) r e la tes t ha t p ipe mak ing a t Anna .. i s d one b y means o f a m old o r p unch , a nd t hey a re made more r ap id ly t han a n o rd inary p erson c ou ld s e t t he m u p , a f ter t hey were made . Mr . J . F o lks, who a t tends t h is d epar tmen t , makes f i ve t housand o ft hese p ipes d ai ly " 1 59

Denker ( 1978a ) a lso r e la tes t ha t "( Mr . F o lks i s l i sted i n t he 1 870 P opu la t ion Census f or Anna a s a p ipe maker , b orn i n Mary land, a ge 3 6 y ears, h is r ea l e sta te i s l i sted a t $ 1000 a nd p ersona l e s ta te a t $ 50 . ) " D enker ( 1978c) f ur ther n oted t ha t Me l Dav ies h ad r e la ted t ha t t he "1 880 I nd iana c ensus s howed J ohn H . F o lks a nd h is b rother Char les t ers i P . a s p ot n L oogoo tee , Mar t in C oun ty , I nd iana ." T he p ossib i l i ty o fJ ohn F o lks h av ing p roduced p ipes i n I nd iana c er ta in ly e x ists. t ery s D av ies ( 1978 ) h as f ound s a l tg lazed s toneware a t F o lks ' I nd iana p ot i te , b ut t o d a te n o e v idence o fp ipe p roduct ion h as b een e ncoun tered . Dav ies ( 1978 ) d id i n form t he a uthor a bout o ne p ipe p roduc ing s i te i n I nd ia na : t ery was f " The Uh l P ot ounded i n 1 849 . a n e x tensive l i ne o f j ars, .

•

.

Here t hey manufactured

a nd c lay smok ing p ipes.' "( Mar lock

1 974 : 7 9) . Barber ( 1901 : 3 42 ) r e la tes t ha t l en " Excel t p ipe c lays a re f ound. s ui tab le f or wh i te p ipes . .

a t p o in ts i n I nd iana

.

. "

Ca lver p resen ts i n forma t ion a bout a n o lder p ipe maker who was a pparen t ly p roducing p ipes i n t he 1 890s f ro m s o me o f h is o ld mo lds ( Ca lver 1 931 : 1 00-101) . The i nd iv idua l i n q uest ion was " Barney S pr ing , a picturesque c haracter i n t he p ipe manufactur ing b usiness, who made B uchanan p ipes . . in 1 856," l The f o low ing i n for ma t ion r e la tes t o B arney S pr ing ' sI nd iana t obacco p ipe p roduct ion : t "I n t he l a te 1 890s h e l i ved i n al i t le c abin n ear New A lbany , I nd . , a nd t here , p ar t ly f or amuse men t a nd p ar t ly a s 'p o t b oi lers, h e t made f ro m c lay f ound o n h is l i t le p a tch o fg round , c lay p ipes, u sing t he o ld mo lds, o r d ies, t ha t h e h ad u sed t hree-quar ters o f a cen tury b efore . I n t he l a te 9 0 ' s we h ad a n e x tended c orrespondence w i th Barney who h ad r ecen t ly made f or t he Na t iona l Museu m s o me p ipes o f a n h istor ica l c haracter . Among t he m were s pecimens o f t he B uchanan ( Buck-Cannon ) p ipe , a nd o thers wh ich h ad b een p opu lar i n t he 1 860 's .

There was t he L inco ln c ampa ign p ipe b ear ing o n o ne

s ide o ft he b ow l al i ber ty c ap a nd c rossed f lags, a nd o n t he o ther , a n e ag le w i th w ings o u tspread . B arney was g ood e nough t o s end u s s peci mens o ft hese p ipes, a nd w i th t he m c ame s evera l o ft he T om Thu mb ' p ipes, min iature s pecimens b ear ing o n b o th s ides o f t he b ow l t he t hree f ea thers o ft he P r ince o f Wa les, p opu lar d ur ing t he Pr ince ' s visi t t o t hese s hores i n 1 860 .

O thers r ece ived were

p lug-

u g ly ' p or tra i t p ipes o f T om S ayers, c o mme mora t ing h is v ictory o ver H eenan i n t he p r ize r ing a t F arnborough , Eng land , o n Apr i l 1 7 , 1 860 ," ( Ca lver 1 931 : 1 00-101)

1 60

Ca lver i l lustra tes s evera l o f t he p ipes r ece ived f ro m S pr ing ( Ca lver 1 931 : 1 00-101) .

K en tucky The e ar l iest e v idence p rev iously r epor ted p er ta in ing t o c lay t obacco p ipe manu facture i n K en tucky was c onveyed b y G u il l and ( 1971 : 1 86) who i l lustra ted ac lay p ipe w ith a l ong r eed s tem i n af igure c ap t ioned : " Clay P ipe marked

S hakers, P leasan t H il l, K y .' f ound i n t he East

f am i ly r esidence e rected i n 1 817 .

S haker p ipe b ow ls were made o f

b o th r ed a nd wh i te c lay b od ies a nd t he s tems were c ut i n t wo l eng ths: t en a nd f i f teen i nches.

I n 1 814 p ipe b ow ls, s ome t i mes l i sted a s

' boa ls./ s o ld f or a penny e ach i n q uan t i ty ; t he s te ms s old f or t hree c en ts e ach ." Murphy ( 1 978b :48 ) p ursued t h is r eference w i th t he d irector o f t he S haker Museu m a t P leasan t H il l who i n for med h im " tha t t here h ad n ever b een a pot t ery a ssoc ia ted w i th t he P leasan t H il l s et tlemen t a nd t ha t t here was n o s u itab le c lay i n t he v icin i ty ." G u il l and ' s source o f i n forma t ion was a pparen t ly c o mp i led i n t he l a te 1 930s ( Gu il l and 1 971 : x i-xi i) . I ti s c urren t ly u ncer ta in whe ther o r n o t t he p ipe was p roduced a t P leasan t H il l. C ornwal l K irkpa tr ick l e f t h is Urbana , Oh io , p ot t ery i n 1 839, a nd e stabl i shed ap ot t ery i n C ov ing ton , Ca mpbel l Coun ty , K en tucky , wh ich h e o pera ted u n t i l 1 848 ( Denker 1 978b ; 9 ) . Fe l ts ( n .d .: 2 -3 ) s ucceeded i n l oca t ing wha t h e t hough t t o b e Cornwal l' s r edware p ot t ery i n t ha t t own , wh ich r ecords i nd icate was c al l ed t he C ov ing ton P ot t ery . H owever , F e l ts was u nab le t o o bta in p ermission t o e xcava te a t t h is s i te . Thus, i tr e ma ins u ncer tain where C ornwal l' s p ot t ery was l oca ted , a nd whe ther o r n ot h e p roduced p ipes i n Cov ing ton . I t i s k nown t ha t Cornwal l p roduced p ipes i n I l l inois f ro m t he l a te 1 850s o n , a nd p ipe p roduct ion a t P o in t P leasan t , O h io i n t he e ar ly 1 850s i s s uspected . C lay t obacco p ipes h ave r ecen t ly b een p roduced i n Greenup Coun ty, K ent ucky , b y Russ Car tee ( R ist 1 978b) .

Mr . Car tee was a n e lder ly g en t le man

" who s upported h is f a mi ly w ith wha t h e c ou ld p roduce o r make w i th h is f arm . Many i t e ms were h and made c raf ts . • . The p ipes were made i n a w ood mo ld a nd f ired i n a blacks m i th f orge . H e d id n o t p roduce many o f t he m . An i l lness i n 1 975 t ook most o f t hese a r t icles f ro m t he marke t ." ( R ist 1 978b ) These c rude r eed s te m p ipes a re made o f o range c lay ; t he g ra in o f t he wood o f t he mo ld i s v isib le o n t he p ipe b ow l b ase a nd wal l s. n oted t ha t t he p ipes " are d ist inct ive ly c rude ."

1 61

R ist ( 1978 1 3 ) c orrect ly

L ou isiana H irste in ( 1975: 9 5-96) r e la tes t ha t C . C anada o f t he Pamp l in , V irg in ia , p ipe i ndustry , r e me mbers t hree l eng ths o f r eed s tems c om ing f ro m L ou isiana ; t h is was c . 1 940 ( Sudbury 1 977d : 1 8 ) .

Ma ine " The S hakers made c lay p ipes a nd t hey may h ave manufactured s o me when t hey were a t A l fred [ Ma ine ] e ar ly i n t he 1 9th c en tury b efore t hey moved t o S abba thday L ake i n Ma ine . Mr . [ Henry ] S ayward f e lt r easonab ly s ure t ha t t he S hakers d id make t hem when t hey were i n A lfred , b u t i th as n ot b een p ossib le t o d ocu men t i t ." ( Bran in 1 979) B ran in r e la tes t ha t h e r ecovered l p t ery s " s mal ipel ike s hards a t t he A lber t Webber p ot i te," i n A l fred , Ma ine ( Bran in 1 979) . The "o pen ing o f t he b ow l measured a bout 3 /4 o f a n i nch" wh ic h c aused Bran in t o s uspect t ha t t he p ipes may h ave b een u sed a s " soap b ubb le-p ipes." ( Branin 1 979) .

These p ipes were made o f r ed

c lay , a nd may n o t h ave b een u sed w i th a r eed s tem .

T he A lber t Webber

p ot t ery was a pparen t ly b u i l t i n 1 835 b y P au l Webber ( Bran in 1 978a : 3 4) who e v iden t ly c on t inued t here u n t i l c . 1 867 ( Bran in 1 978a : 2 40, 2 46) . A lber t Webber a lso worked a t t he s i te , t he d a tes b e ing v ar iously c i ted a s c . 1 8401 890 a nd c . 1 850-1890 ( Bran in 1 978a : 2 40 , 2 46) . p ipes were p roduced i s a t p resen t u nknown .

ich T he p er iod d ur ing-wh

An a ccoun t o f e ar ly p ipe manufacture i n Ma ine r eads a s f o lows: l " An e stab l ishmen t d evoted whol o t he p roduct ion o f r edware p ipes ly t was i n e x istence i n Wel e fore 1 861. A t l east t he f r iend who t o ld ls b me a bout i t was b orn i n t ha t y ear a nd i t was n o t r unning d ur ing h is l i fe time , a l though h is f a ther c ou ld r emember i t . If irst l earned o f t he p ot t ery when Is ecured f ro m h im o ne o f t he p ipes h e h ad p icked u p o n t he r efuse p i le n ear t he r uined b u i ld ings when h e was a boy . H e t o ld me t hat a m an n a med T aber o pera ted t he works.

I ts tood

o n t he r oad f ro m Wel o S anford a t Tabers C orner , a bou t o nels t h al f mi le e ast o ft he B oston & Ma ine Ra i lroad t racks. We h ave t r ied i n v a in t o l oca te t he e xact s i te o f t h is p ot . t ery

T he l oca l i ty

h as b een c hanged b y modern r oad c onstruct ion . " The Wel ipes were o f a type t ha t may h ave b een made e lsewhere . ls p I fs o , n o t many h ave s urvived .

The b ow ls were d esigned t o a cco m-

moda te a h ol w ig f or a s te m ... l ow t " A p ipe f actory i n A l ton , New Hampsh ire, b egun i n 1 864 , b y J ohn Taber , may h ave b een a s econd v en ture b y t he s a me p ot r h is t er o s on ." ( Wa tk ins 1 950 : 1 66-167 ) . The i l lustra t ion o f t he p ipe f ound a t t he Wel ls p ot t ery s i te i s r eproduced i n P la te 2 :1.

I th as b een n o ted e lsewhere t ha t J ohn Taber a nd J ohn H urd , o f

Ma ine , were p roducing p ipes i n P a mp l in , V irg in ia , i n 1 860 ( Sudbury 1 977d :26-28 ) , 1 62

The i l lustra ted Wel l s, Ma ine , p ipe ( P la te 2 :1) i s s i mi lar t o ac o mmon e ar ly Pa mp lin s ty le ( see S udbury 1 979b , a nd P la tes 3 8 :3 , 4 2 :1-2, 5 5:5-8 a nd 5 7 :2 ) . Wa tk ins a lso r epor ts a s l igh t ly l a ter Ma ine t obacco p ipe p roducer : " How o r when G eorge Brooks [ Orr ing ton , Ma ine ] b eca me a pot t er i s n o t r e la ted .

H is n a me a ppears i n t h is c apac ity i n b usiness d irecto-

r ies o f t he [ e igh teen ] f if t ies a nd s ix t ies . l as a nd s t il uccessfu l manufacturer .

I n 1 882, h e was a farmer

A t t ha t t ime h e was mak ing

e ar thenware , l and t i les, a nd t obacco p ipes .

The l and t i les were

made i n q uan t i t ies t o s a t isfy l oca l d emand a nd f or s h ipmen ts t o B oston a s wel l. T he manufacture o f c lay p ipes was a n ew e n terpr ise f or Ma ine , f or Brook 's p ipes were n o t t he c rude r edwa .re v ar ie ty, b ut were o f i mpor ted wh i te c lay f ro m t he v ery b ed u sed b y G lasgow p ipe- makers.

H is o ther e ar thenware was d oubt less o f t he c onven-

t i ona l k ind ." ( Wa tk ins 1 950 : 1 66) . Bran in ( 1978a : 1 85, 2 17 ) s ucceeded i n l oca t ing o ne o f Wa tk ins ' p r i mary r eferences, a c on temporary 1 882 a ccoun t wh ich i ncluded t he f o l low ing s ent ences: " 'The p ipe manufacture i s a new i ndustry i n Ma ine , i fn ot i n New E ng land . T he c lay f or t he p ipes c o mes f ro m Eng land , f ro m t he s a me b ed where t he G lasgow manufacturers g e t t he ir c lay . 'r H e a lso i l lustra tes a pipe mach ine ( possib ly t he o n ly o ne ) u sed a t t he Brooks P ot t ery i n Orr ing ton , Ma ine ( 1 978a : i l lustra t ion p r ior t o p age 3 6) . Th is was a h and o pera ted l ever t ype wooden p ipe p ress; a c lose-up o f h a lf o f t he mo ld i s a lso i l lustra ted i n Bran in ( 1 978a : i l lustra t ion p r ior t o p age 3 6) a nd i n P la te 3 .

T he f o l low ing c o m men ts were made a bou t t he p ipe mach ine : " Harr ison N ash Brooks [ born S ep te mber 1 0, 1 867 , t o G eorge Brooks ] h ad i n i t ia t ive a nd a n i nquisi t ive a nd i nven t ive mind , . .. . [ A ] mac h ine , d eve loped e i ther b y h im o r h is f a ther , was u sed b y G eorge Brooks i n h is p ot t ery f or making wh i te c lay p ipes. The p ipe- mak ing p ress c ons isted o f a two-par t i ron mold , i n wh ich t he b ody o f t he p ipe was f ormed , a nd a plunger w ith a n a ct iva t ing mechan is m , i nc lud ing a h and le a bou t t h ir ty i nches i n l eng th , wh ich f ormed t he b ow l o f t he p ipe .

The h ole c onnect ing t he b ow l w ith t he s tem was made b y

a smal l, p o in ted r od a t tached t o a m uch l arger t hreaded r od .

A s t he

t hreaded r od was r evo lved , i tf orced t he p o in ted r od t hrough t he s te m a nd i n to t he b ow l , t hus f or m ing a passageway f or t he smoke ." ( Bran in 1 978a : 1 86) . T h is p ipemak ing mach ine a ppears s i mi lar t o a m ach ine l oca ted i n t he B irmingh am Museu m , Eng land ( Oswa ld 1 975: 1 4-15; Wa lker 1 977 : 1 644-1645) . The Ma ine e xa mp le s eems t o e xh ibi t e v idence o f European o r ig in o r i n f luence a s a n u mber o f v ery s im i lar p ipemak ing mach ines were i n u se i n Europe ( see f Wa lker 1 977 : F igures 6 2 , 6 3 , 6 8-71 , 8 0 , 8 3 , 8 5-88 ) ; t he p r i mary d i ference b e ing t ha t Brook ' s m o ld was f or r eed s tem p ipes . t ery G eorge Brooks, b orn J une 2 1, 1 835, was a pparen t ly o pera t ing t he p ot i n q uest ion b y 1 855, a nd d ied i n a bou t 1 898 ( Bran in 1 978a : 1 83 , 1 86) , a l though

1 63

t he p ot t ery a pparen t ly c on t inued t o o pera te f or a no ther d ecade o r s o .

The

e xact p er iod d ur ing wh ich p ipes were p roduced a t t he Brooks P ot t ery r ema ins t o b e d e termined . An i n terest ing s a mp le o f mid-seven teen th c en tury p ipes f rom Ma ine h as b een b rough t t o t h is a u thor ' s at ten t ion b y H arold E . . Brown , a nd i fn oth ing e lse , s erves t o emphasize h ow i nco mp lete o ur k now ledge -i s o n s o me a reas o f U SA c lay t obacco p ipe u se a nd manufacture .

The p ipes i n q uest ion a re

f ro m t he "C lark a nd L ake S et t" s i te wh ich was o ccup ied f ro m c . 1 650 tle men t o 1 676 ( Brown 1 977b) .

Pre l im inary a na lysis o f t he a r t ifacts r ecovered

d ur ing t he f irst f ew s easons o f work a t t he s i te r evea led t hat 132 c lay t obacco p ipe f rag men ts h ad b een f ound ( Brown 1 977a) . O f p ar t icu lar i n terest i s t hat 6 9 o f t hese p ipe f rag men ts ( 6% o f t ota l ) were made f rom r ed c lay ( Brown 1 977a) . S evera l o f t hese p ipes a re i l lustra ted i n P la te 4 :1-9 . Very l i t t le i s k nown a bou t s even teen th c en tury l ong s te m r ed c lay p ipes i n t he p ipes o f U SA

U SA . Brown

.manufacture h ave b een r epor ted—par t icu lar ly f ro m V irg in ia

( q .v . ) -bu t a re g eneral e l t t o b e o f a bor ig ina l manufacture . T he f ew wh i te ly f c lay p ipes e xa m ined f ro m t he C lark a nd L ake S et t s i te h e ld n o s urpr ises: tlemen t he s a mp le i nc ludes p ipes w i th t he t yp ica l s even teen th c entury B r istol h ee l a s wel s s o me p ipes w i thou t s purs o r h ee ls, a nd a lso i ncludes p ipe b ow ls l a w ith t he i n i t ia ls LE i n ac ircle [ presu mab ly t he p roduct o f L lewel lin Evans, s ee Wa lker 1 977 :657-658 , 1 750-1751 ] a nd t he i n i t ia ls I C ( or EC) i n ac irc le . A lso s evera l o f t he s tems h ave b and t ype d ecora t ions r e min iscen t o f t he 1 6601 700 d ecora t ions r epor ted b y alco f ro m s o me p ipes made i n H ol D t ico l and ( 1 974) .

C a mp n o ted s i mi lar p ipes f rom P e maqu id , Maine , i nc lud ing p ipes

marked LE a nd I C, a s wel s d ecorated s tems; a lso i nc luded i n t he P emaqu id l a r epor t i lustra t ions i s o ne d ecora ted p ipe s tem i den t if ied a s a "r ed s tem" l ( Ca mp 1 975:57-60 , 7 8 ) . The manufacturer o f t hese c . 1 650-1676 l ong s te m med p ipes o f r ed c lay i s c urren t ly u nknown .

A U SA manufacturing s ource r e mains t o b e i den ti f ied .

Co lor p r in ts o ft he p ipes were s ub m it o D . R . A tk inson f or c o mmen t , a nd t ed t h e made t he f o low ing o bserva t ions a bou t t he r ed c lay p ipes: l "They s e ldo m o ccur i n t h is c oun try [ Eng land ] i n a ny p er iod a nd I s hou ld t h ink i tu n l ike ly t herefore t ha t Eng l ish makers e xpor ted c o loured p ipes a t t he t ime , s o l oca l manufacture would s eem more p robab ly t he a nswer , p erhaps l oca l c lay b e ing u sed a nd c opy ing t he s ty le o f t he i mported p ipes i n t he s uper ior wh i te c lay .

The a pparen t ly

c ruder mil ling o f 1 I (6) [ P la te 4 :1 ] w ould s eem t o r einforce t h is p oss ib i l i ty .

H owever , t h is s upposi t ion d oes n ot a l low f or t he p ossib i l i ty

t hat p ipes may h ave b een i mpor ted i n e ar ly c o lon ia l d ays f rom c ount r ies o ther t han Eng land ( or H ol l and ) ." ( Atk inson 1 977 ) Thus, a l though t hese s even teen th c en tury r ed c lay p ipes f ro m Ma ine c er ta in ly r equ ire a dd i t iona l d o mest ic r esearch , f ur ther s tudy o n t he u se o f r ed c lay i n European t obacco p ipe p roduct ion i s a lso n eeded .

16/ 1

Maryland T o d a te , t wo p ipe makers i n Maryland h ave b een i den ti fied .

Bo th a re l i s-

t ed i nt he s ect ion t i t led " Tobacco Manu facturers ' Mach inery a nd S upp lies" , u nder t he s peci f ic h eading o f " Clay P ipe Manu facturers" , i n C onnor ton 's Tobacco Brand D irec tory o f t he Un i ted S ta tes f or 1 887 ( Connor ton 1 887:275 ). The t wo manu fac turers l is ted a re : "Ken t , J os , W.

2 5 S tockho lm , Ba l t i more , Md ."

" Vic tor & Lang

Hauber t n r F or t Ave ., Ba l ti more , Md ."

No a ddi t iona l i n for ma t ion a bou t t hese p ipe makers h as b een l oca ted . ts Massachuset lia m Ben I n J u ly , 1 795 , The Reverend Wil t ley v isi ted t he S haker c o m muni ty o f S h ir ley , Massachuse tts .

I n r ecoun t ing t h is v is i t , h e r e la ted :

"We were i nvi ted t o smoak , & s o me p ipes o f t heir own c as ting were b rough t .

l ed s They were made o f c lay , &t he s te ms c al ta i ls , were

o f o sier ....

F or a d ozen o f t heir p ipes t hey wou ld r eceive n oth ing ."

( The S haker Quar ter ly 1 964 :8 ) Th is r eference , c a lled t o my

t a ten t ion b y Bran in ( 1 978b) ,

t ha t t he p ipes were made b y S hakers i n t ha t a rea .

s ee m ing ly i nd ica tes

Add i t iona l r esearch o n

t h is p o in t i s n eeded . On a l is t o f Mon trea l p ipe makers c over ing a p er iod f ro m 1 847 t o 1 878 ( Mon trea l 1 978 ) , o ne " John Dwyer" a ppears a s a pipe maker i n 1 872 a nd 1 873 . I n 1 880 , J ohn O 'Dwyer a ppears a s aD e troi t , M ich igan , p ipe maker , a nd i s n o l onger l is ted a s ap ipe maker a f ter 1 904 ( Green MS :11-12 ). "Margare t O 'Dwyer , d augh ter o f M ichae l O 'Dwyer a nd t he n iece o f J ohn O 'Dwyer was c on tacted b y

t he wr i ter a nd i t was l earned t ha t

J ohn a nd M ichael c a me t o Detro i t f ro m Mon trea l , Canada , a nd were ly f o r ig inal ro m Bos ton ."

( Green MS :12 )

l p Thus , t here i s t he p oss ibi l i ty t ha t r esearch i n t he Bos ton a rea w il rov ide i n for ma t ion a bou t t he O 'Dwyers a s p ipe p roducers a nd c onceivably f urn ish l. i n for ma t ion a bou t o ther Mon trea l/Bos ton p ipe makers a s wel

An e xa mple

o f O 'Dwyer 's Detroi t , Mich igan , p roduc t i s s hown i n P la te 4 :10 ( see a lso t he s ec t ion o n M ich igan ) . Ca lver ( 1931:100-101 ) r e la ted t ha t s o met i me d ur ing t he 1 856 t o 1 890 p er iod , Barney S pr ing "made p ipes ...in Tre mon t S treet , Bos ton" .

I n a

q ues t ionable s ta te men t , Ca lver ( 1931:93 ) a lso n o tes t ha t c lay t obacco p ipes ts may h ave b een p roduced i n Danvers , Massachuset . ts p H irs te in ( 1979 ) p rov ided i n for ma t ion a bou t a no ther Massachuset ipemaker :

J oseph Pu tna m o f S a le m ( Pa ten ts 1 852 :68 ).

J oseph Pu tna m f i led a

l owing i p a ten t p er ta in ing t o p ipe p roduction , a nd f ol s wha t was p r in ted a bou t h is p a ten t ( Pa ten ts 1 852:250 ). "No . 8 403 - Improve men t i n t he manu fac ture o f C lay P ipes . " Hav ing t hus d escr ibed my improve men ts i n a ppara tus f or mou ld ing l s l ows c lay p ipes , I shal ta te my c la im a s f ol : 1 65

Wha t Ic la im a s my

invention, and desire to have secured to me by letters of patent, is the use of the wire gauge frame constructed substantially as above described, in moulding clay or earthen pipes, in the manner and for the purpose above specified. "I also claim the improvement above specified in the sack in which said pipes are suspended to be dried, said improvement consisting in confining said sack to two rails, kept parallel by means of cross bars, forming with them -a rectangular frame as hereinabove des­ cribed. " Michigan In the listing that provided the names of two Maryland pipemakers, the names and addresses of three Detroit pipemakers were also listed (Connorton 1887:275): "Conway & Hamlyn "Deffley, Christopher "O'Dwyer, John

95 Jos. Campau Ave., Detroit, Mich. 239 Franklin, Detroit, Mich. 23 Wight, Detroit, Mich. 11

The inclusion of pipemakers in this particular tobacco brand directory suggests that the pipemakers were advertising to the various tobacco manufacturers. Presumably, this advertising pitch was made in order to provide tobacco manufacturers with tobacco pipes to distribute with their tobacco. This point will be covered in Sudbury l\'.IS 8. During the final decades of the 19th century, some tobacco manufacturers distributed clay pipes with their smoking tobacco. In a number of instances , pipemakers placed the name of the tobacco brand or of the tobacco manufacturer on the pipe (Sudbury 19771; l\'.IS 1; l\'.IS 8). One reference in particular indicates the significance of this practice: "In addition to what is generally understood by the term pottery, stoneware clay enters into other lines of manufacture, among which is the common clay smoking pipe. This industry has been prominent in Akron [Ohio]° and vicinity for a number of years, several potteries at one time engaged in it. The capacity of one alone reached 60, 000 pipes per day, and when it burned out in 1875, had unfilled orders on hand br 3,000,000. The greatest development was from 1885 to 1890, when certain tobacco manufacturers adopted the plan of putting a stone [stoneware] pipe in each package of smoking tobacco. For a while it was found almost impossible to keep pace with the orders for pipes, but finally a construction of the revenue laws put a stop to the custom and the stone pipe business suffered a serious blow.11 (Ohio 1896:46) The appearance of pipemakers names in Connorton' s Directory in 1887 occur­ red during the height of the various pipemakers competition to s ell pipes to the tobacco companies to place in their packages of tobacco.

166

I n a dd i t ion t o t he t hree De troi t p ipe p roducers n amed i n C onnor ton 's Tobacco Brand D irectory , G reen ( MS : 1 1-12 ) n ames s o me a dd i t iona l p ipe p roducers .

I ti s a pparen t t ha t mos t o f t he Detro i t p ipe makers a t o ne t i me

o r a nother were a c tive i n t he Mon trea l t obacco p ipe i ndus try .

R . Banner man

o f Mon trea l i s k nown t o h ave e s tabl ished a b ranch t obacco p ipe manu fac tory i n 1 875 i n Rouses P oin t , N ew York ,

ly t s peci f ical o a void p aying d u t ies o n h is

p roduct s o ld i n t he U SA ( Sudbury 1 978a ) .

l Perhaps s o me i fn ot a l o f t he Detroi t

ly t e n terpr ises were e stab lished f or e ssen tial he s a me r eason — to s ervice t he ly U SA marke t e cono mical .

Green , af ter a n e x tensive s earch o f t he Detroi t C i ty

t eers, r D irector ies a nd The Michigan Gazet e la tes t ha t c lay t obacco p ipes were manufactured i n De troi t f ro m 1 878 t o 1 909 ( Green 1E:

1 1-12 ).

The i ndividual

ly f p ipe makers c o mpr ising t he Detroi t i ndustry s ee med t o b e c on tinual or ming a nd b reak ing a lliances w i th e ach o ther —be ing p ar tners o ne y ear a nd c o mpeti tors t he n ex t . I nd iv idua l Detroi t p ipe maker 's n ames r epor ted f ro m c i ty d irec tor ies b y l G reen ( MS : 1 1-12 ) a re a s f o lows ( t he p ipe maker 's t en ta t ive p er iod o f a ct ive p roduct ion a s d er ived f ro m t he d a tes G reen n o ted a re g iven i n p aren theses ): J ames J . C onway ( 187 8 -1887) , P eter C onway ( 187 8 -1887) , J ohn Ha m lyn ( 187 8 liam H 1 887) , J a mes Ham lyn ( 187 8 -1882?) , Wil enderson ( 187 8 ) , J ohn P . fley ( S pooner ( 1878 ) , J ames S pooner ( 187 8 ) , Chr is topher Def 187 8 -1909 ) , J ohn fley ( O 'Dwyer ( 1880-1903 ) , M ichae l O 'Dwyer ( 1880-1903 ), Tho mas J . Def 1891?) , lie Def fley ( t ( N el 1897?) , a nd S tarrat 1900?). ( MS : 1 1-12 ) a re a s f ol lows :

F ir m n ames r epor ted b y G reen

J ames J . C onway C o mpany , Henderson a nd

S pooner , Mich igan P ipe Works , O 'Dwyer a nd Ham lyn C o ., O 'Dwyer Bros , t a C onway a nd Ham lyn , P en insu lar C lay Tobacco P ipe C o ., a nd S tarrat nd D i ff ley .

For a dd i t iona l c o m men ts o n t he Detroi t a nd Mon trea l c lay t obacco

p ipe i ndus tr ies , s ee Wa lker ( 1 977:354-362 ). The Detroi t- manu fac tured p ipes s een b y t h is a u thor a re o f t he l ong-s te m med , wh i te c lay s tyle .

An 1 891 a dver t ise men t i nd ica ted t ha t " TD a nd f ancy c lay

p ipes" were b eing p roduced ( Green MS : 1 1-12 ).

One p ipe o f u nknown p ro-

l ect v en ience i n t he a u thor 's c ol ion h as " O 'D WYER BROS/DETRO IT" marked o n t he s te m ( P la te 4 :10 ) .

Th is p ipe h as a flag w i th s tars a nd s tr ipes o n o ne s ide

o f t he b ow l , a nd ab ird w i th o u ts tretched w ings ( an e ag le?) o n t he o ther s ide o f t he b owl .

C onnor ton ( 1887:262 ) r e la tes t ha t t he Amer ican Eag le Tobacco C o .

l i o f De troi t , Mich igan , was i n o pera t ion i n 1 887, a nd t ha t i t was s t il n o perat ion a s l a te a s 1 898 ( Connor ton 1 898 :640 ) .

I td oes n o t t ake much imag ina t ion

t o s uspect t ha t t he f lag a nd t he b ird o n t h is p ar ticu lar p ipe b ow l may h ave s tood f or Amer ican Eag le T obacco , t hus mak ing t h is a s pecia l o rder a dver t is ing p ipe f or t he Amer ican Eag le T obacco C o .

The Amer ican Eag le Tobacco Co .

i s n ot l is ted i n t he 1 899 C onnor ton 's D irectory ( Connor ton 1 899:643 ) , a nd t he n ame O 'D WYER BROS was a pparen t ly n o t u sed p r ior t o 1 888 .

Thus , i ft h is

p ipe i s t ru ly a n a dver t is ing p roduct o f t he Amer ican Eag le Tobacco C o ., i t was p robably p roduced b etween 1 888 a nd 1 898 . Missour i One p ubl ished s ource o f i n for ma tion a bou t c lay t obacco p ipe p roduct ion i n M issour i h as b een l oca ted t o d a te .

Th is s ource r ela tes t ha t :

1 67

"At present there are numerous tobacco- pipe manufactories scattered throughout the United States, of which one in St. Louis, Mo., another at Fulton, Ill., and several in Virginia, are probably the most impor­ tant. 11 (Barber 1901 :341-342). "Excellent pipe clays are found at Hockessin, Delaware, and at other points in Indiana and Missouri, suitable for white pipes, while in the latter State a red clay occurs which is used extensively in the manu­ facture of red bowls." (Barber 1901:342) This is good evidence that there was at least one manufacturer of clay tobacco pipes in St. Louis, but at this time, the particular manufacturer in question has not been identified. To date, the author has not been able to study the clay tobacco pipe indus­ try that was apparently present in St. Louis at the turn of the century. How­ ever, an inquiry as to which tobacco pipe manufacturers were present in St. Louis during the period covered by two editions (1893, 1901) of Barber's book entitled The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States received the following response: "I checked the St. Louis city directories from 1889 through 1903 for tobacco pipe manufacturers , as you re quested, and came up with quite an assortment. Most of the directories did not have headings for 'clay pipes , ' 'clay tobacco pipes , ' 'smoking pipes , ' or even 'tobacco pipes. ' Most just had ' pipes , ' although most did separate the industrial sewer type pipes from the others. Consequently, I do not know what types of pipes these companies manufactured, or if they were manufacturing smoking pipes. I did, however, elimi­ nate those which obviously manufactured corn cob pipes, and we have had several of those in Missouri. "The directory entries, arranged chronologically by first appearance, are as follows: - Ruth Pipe Co., 115 Valentine St., 1889-1896 - Stickfort, Herman, 2112 College, 1889-1896 - Kaldenberg, F. J., 114 N. 2nd, 1890-1893 - Vegetable Meerschaum Co., 616 N. Commercial, 1890-1895 - Prost, George, and Co., 619 Pine, 1892-1896 - St. Louis Pipe Co., 3531 Gratiot, 1894 - New Haven Pipe Works, 707 Olive, 1895 - Albers, Henry, 712 N. 12th, 1897 - at least 1930s - Meyer, M. J. and Co., 121 Market, 1899 - Ruge and Eulenstein, 3204 N. 19th, 1899-1903 - Twin Tobacco Smoking Pipe Co., 3204 N. 19th, 1900-1903 - Star Patent Tobacco Pipe Co., 1483 Stevert, 1900." (Schoene 1979) Although it is uncertain which individuals and firms in the above list produced clay tobacco pipes, first appearances suggest that there was a significant clay tobacco pipe industry in St. Louis during the last decade of the 19th cen­ tury. Earlier and later entries in the directories were not checked, and it is likely that the industry continued beyond the confines of the period reported 168

a bove . S t . L ou is i s a n e xamp le o f a n a pparen t ly s ign i f ican t c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try l oca ted i n a m a jor U SA c i ty t ha t h as n o t y e t b een s tudied . I n t he s ec t ion o n I l l ino is , i t was n o ted t ha t t he K irkpa tr icks s h ipped p ipes t o S t . L ou is .

D enker ( 1 978a ) p rov ided t he a u thor w i th s evera l n ewspaper

a r t ic les r e ferr ing t o s h ip men ts o f p ipes t o S t . L ou is : " Jan .16 , 1 875 ( JG ) :

' The K irkpa tr ic 's

s upp ly t he S t .

LO WS

marke t w i th s toneware a nd p ipes . ‚ " " Ju ly 2 1 , 1 880 ( FFG ) :

' .. Messrs . K ., a re f urn ish ing Cupp les & . C o . w i th 2 ,000 ,000 p ipes ...?"

" June 1 3 , 1 883 ( FFG ) :

s h ipped t o aS t . L ou is f ir m ... 4 , 0 00 b oxes o f s tone smok ing p ipes , c on ta in ing 4 00 ,000 p ipes .

I ta ppears t ha t C upp les & C o . were ma jor b uyers o f t he K irkpa tr icks ' Anna c lay t obacco p ipes . I n 1 851 , S amue l C upples w en t f ro m C inc inna t i , Oh io , t o S t . L ou is a nd e s tab l ished awoodenware h ouse u nder t he f ir m n ame S amue l C upp les & C o mpany ;

t h is was a new b ranch o f h is C incinna t i emp loyer 's o pera t ion

( S tevens 1 909 :18 ;

R eav is 1 874 :122 ) .

I n 1 852 , S amue l C upp les e s tab l ished :

" a f ac tory f or t he manu fac ture o f wooden ware , w il , a nd l ow ware b roo ms ."

( Reav is 1 874 :122 )

S amue l C upp les ' f ir m o pera ted u nder t he f o low ing n ames f or t he i nd ica ted l p er iod o f t ime : S a mue l C upp les & Co mpany ( 1851-1858 , 1 870-1883 ) , Cupp les & Marston ( 1858-1870 ) , S a mue l Cupp les Woodenware Co mpany ( 1883-1917 ) , a nd Cupp les Co mpany , Manufacturers ( 1917-post-1951) ( S tevens 1 909 :18 ; Reavis 1 874 :122-123 ; S k inner a nd Messick 1 951 ;

F aher ty 1 978 :203-204) .

S amue l Cupp les d ied i n 1 912 ( Faher ty , i b id . : 204) a l though Cupp les Co mpany o fS t . L ouis i s s ti l i n o pera t ion ( Schoene 1 978 ; l

Mewes 1 978 ) .

Throughou t h is c areer i n S t . L ou is, S a mue l Cupp les c on t inued t o b e i nvo lved w i th woodenware .

H owever , i n 1 874 , i t was n o ted t ha t

" Th is i s ab us iness wh ich i ti s i mposs ible t o f ind a ny n ame , o r c o mb ina t ion o f n a mes s uf ien t ly c o mprehens ive t o d ef ine . fic

O r ig inal ly

i t was t he w ooden ware b us iness , b u t c on t inuous a ccre t ions h ave n ow made i tt oo e x tens ive f or a ny th ing s hor t o f ac a ta logue t o c onvey a n i dea o f i t s s cope .

I t embraces a g rea t v ar ie ty o f g oods.

_ f t

( Reav is 1 874 :122 ) "By a bou t 1 880 ,... [ t he Cupp les f ir m was e stab lished ] a s t he l ead ing c oncern o f i t s k ind one b u i l t u p o n as ys te m o f t ak ing t he p roduc ts o f many manu fac turers a nd marke t ing t he m t hrough a l arge s a les f orce o f j obbers a nd wholesa lers ."

( Sk inner a nd Mess ick 1 951 )

I t was b e tween 1 875 a nd 1 883 t ha t t he K irkpa tr icks o f Anna , I l ino is , were l s h ipp ing t he ir p ipes i n q uan t i ty t o S t . L ou is ; d es t ined f or S amue l Cupp les a nd Co mpany .

mos t if n o t a l w ere p robab ly l

P os i t ive e v idence o f a no ther c lay t obacco p ipe manu fac turer s upp ly ing S amue l C upp les Woodenware C o ., S t . L ou is , Mo ., h as b een f ound ( Ha lco mb 1 978 ) .

A wooden b ox ( manu fac tured b y Cupp les ? ) , 1 69

1 measur ing 1 3 x8 4 -x 7 -4 -

i nches , t ha t h ad a l i d s ecured w i th l ea ther h inges was f ound i n a n o ld s tore i n a smal i t own . l Missour

On o ne s ide o f t h is b ox was a p r in ted c olor l abe l

i lus tra t ing s evera l r eed s te m p ipes o f t he s ty le s hown o n P la te 4 4 :1-2. l

The

l abe l was c apt ioned " Powhat ipes a nd S te ms ," a nd a lso i nc luded t he t an P s ta te men t : "MANUFACTURED BY THE PA MPLIN C ITY CLAY P IPE CO MPANY FOR S ALE BY S A MUEL CUPPLES WOODEN WARE CO . S T. LOUIS , MO."

( Ha lco mb 1 978 )

These p ipes were made i n Pamp lin C i ty , V irg in ia , a nd were b e ing r esold b y t he S amue l C upples Woodenware C o.

Based o n t he S t . L ou is f ir m n a me , t h is

b ox o f p ipes was p robably p roduced b etween 1 883 a nd 1 917.

Th is i s t he f irs t

t ime t he n a me " The Pampl in C i ty C lay P ipe C o mpany" h as b een e ncoun tered , l -known a l though t he p ipe i ndus try i n Pamp l in C i ty , V irg in ia , i s wel .

On o ne

e nd o f t he b ox was a s tenci led "C," s ugges t ing t ha t t he b ox h e ld 1 00 p ipes . Ano ther b ox d es igned f or 1 00 Pampl in p ipes h as b een r epor ted ( Sudbury 1 977d : 1 5 ).

Th is b ox p resumab ly manu fac tured i n Pamp l in m easured 1 21 x 5 4 x

5i nches .

l S evera l s tenc i ls u sed a t Pamp lin a re i lus tra ted o n P la tes 4 0 a nd 4 1.

Another p oin t p er ta in ing t o t he S t . L ou is p ipe marke t i s t ha t p ipes w i th "CATL IN 'S" embossed o n t he b ow l were made i n Pa mp l in , V irgin ia ( see P la te l I n a l l ike lihood , t he Pa mp l in "CATL IN 'S" p ipes were p robably manu-

5 0 :5-6) .

f ac tured f or s a le t o t he Ca t l in Tobacco C o mpany , wh ich " was f ounded i n N or th S t . Lou is a s e ar ly a s 1 840 ," a nd wh ich was s o ld i n 1 898 ( Hyde 1 899:333 ). To d a te , t here i s n o c onc lus ive e v idence t ha t S a muel Cupp les was midd le man b e tween t he Pampl in t obacco p ipe i ndus try , a nd t he Ca t lin T obacco C o mpany . I n 1 896 , i t was n o ted t ha t t he Akron , Oh io , c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try was s upplying t he S t . L ou is market ( Oh io 1 896:46).

l -known Ca Two wel t l in Tobacco

Co mpany p roducts o f t he l a te 1 800s were smok ing t obaccos n amed Hun tress a nd O ld S tyle ( or 0 .5 .) ( Hyde 1 899:333 ;

L eonard 1 887:90 ).

P ipes marked

" Ca tl in 's 0 .S ."have b een f ound a t ad ump a pparen t ly u sed b y t he Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany ( see P la tes 1 7:3 a nd 2 4:5) .

A u sed p ipe marked

" CATLIN 'S

l HUNTRESS" was f ound i n I lino is ( P la te 2 4 :3) , a nd i s as uspected p roduct o f t he Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany . Ad e f in i te l ink b e tween t he Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany a nd S amuel C upples Woodenware C o mpany h as n o t y et b een d e mons tra ted , a l though s o me r e la t ionsh ip i s p robable . N ew Ha mpsh ire t ery i J ohn T aber o pera ted ap ot n Eas t A l ton , N ew Hampsh ire , f ro m 1 864 t o 1 872 " tha t made n o th ing b u t r edware t obacco p ipes . "( Wa tk ins 1 950 :134 ) I n 1 872 , Taber moved h is p ipe works t o Wol feboro where i to n ly o pera ted f or s evera l y ears .

The i n for ma t ion t ha t Wa tk ins r ela ted a bou t J ohn T aber 's N ew

Hampsh ire c lay t obacco p ipe p roduct ion f ol lows : 1

.. . t h e r e

was i n Eas t A l ton n ear t he Wol feboro l ine a factory t ha t

made n o th ing b u t r edware t obacco p ipes .

Th is e s tabl ishmen t was

b egun i n 1 864 b y o ne J ohn Taber , who was n o t an a t ive o f t he t own . I ti s q u i te l ikely t ha t h e was t he s ame Taber who was mak ing p ipes

1 70

ls i n Wel , Ma ine , a few y ears e ar l ier .

T aber b ough t l and o f Enos

lins a R ol nd p u t u p as izeable b u i ld ing n ear Lake Winn ipesaukee . The s i te may b e s een o n t he n or th b ank o f ar unn ing s tream t ha t e n ters t he l ake b e tween Camp K ehonka a nd t he Brook a nd B r id le I nn . T aber b rough t w i th h im a c rew o f a bou t t h ir ty work men .

An e lder ly

l r es iden t o f t he v i lage , Mrs . C arr ie B . C arpen ter , b orn i n 1 858 , c an r e me mber h ow t hey were b oarded a bou t among t he f ar mers u n t i l q uar ters were b u i l t f or t he m .

ls t S he r ecal he c ons truc t ion o f t he

b u i ld ing a nd i nc iden ts a bou t i t s o pera t ion .

When s he was f our teen

-t ha t i s , a f ter Taber h ad r un t he works f or e igh t y ears he moved i tt o S ou th Wol feboro o n M ink Brook . I n Wo lf e boro i t was n o t t he s uccess fu l e n terpr ise i th ad b een i n A l ton a nd was a bandoned af ter af ew y ears . ly " One r eason why we d o n o t r un a cross many o f t hese p ipes l ocal i s t ha t T aber s h ipped h is p roduc t o u t o f t he s ta te , s end ing i td own t he l ake b y b oa t a nd t hence t o N ew York b y t ra in .

There a re , h ow-

t ery s e ver , e nough was ters a t t he p ot i te t o s how c lear ly wha t t he p ipes were l i ke ...

l A l were c as t i n mo lds t ha t were a g ood s tep

ls p b eyond t he c rude o nes o f t he Wel ipe f ac tory .

We f ound t hree

d is t inc t t ypes : t he f i rs t , c as t i n s evera l s izes a nd i n a n u mber o f f t s l igh t ly d i feren t mo lds , i s c overed w i th l i t le n ubs t o make i tl ook l i ke a c orncob p ipe ;

t he s econd , a nd r ares t , d isp lays a claw o r t a lon

g r ipping ap la in b ow l ;

t he t h ird i s t he h ead o f ab earded man , who ,

we were a ssured b y Mrs . Carpen ter , was n o t Z eus , b u t G enera l G ran t . A l o f t hese d es igns a ppear i n t he b iscui t s tage a nd a lso l w i th ab rown g laze . I ti s o bv ious t ha t t hey were g iven t wo f ir ings . l The s te m i n o ne o f t he p ipes i lus tra ted was o b ta ined f ro m t he f act ory b y Mrs . Carpen ter when s he was a c h i ld . p ipe s te ms ."

l I ti s l ike a l c orncob

( Wa tk ins 1 950 :134-135 ) .

l The T aber p ipes a re i lus tra ted i n P la te 4 :12-15 ;

t he o rder o f t he f our p ipes

a s d escr ibed i n t he a bove q uo ta t ion a re P la te 4 : 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 a nd 1 2 .

I t s hou ld

l b e n o ted t ha t C aywood ( 1 955 :F ig . 1 6 ) i lus tra ted a s peci men l ike t ha t p ic tured i n P la te 4 :13 f ro m F or t Vancouver . Wh i le s tudying t he S haker c lay t obacco p ipe t rad i t ion i n N ew Y ork , Murphy l ( 1978b :49-51 ) o bta ined t he f o low ing s ta te men t f ro m R ober t F . W. Meader i n 1 976: " In Wo l feboro , N ew Hampsh ire , my h o me t own , t here was t he T aber P ipe Factory ; i t s p roduc ts a nd mo lds were , f or many mode ls , a pparen t ly i den t ica l t o t hese p la in S haker p ipes ." t ery i ls AT aber o pera ted ap ot n Wel , • Ma ine , i n t he 1 850s ( Wa tk ins 1 950 : 1 34 , 1 66-167 ) , a nd i th as a lso b een n o ted t ha t aJ ohn T aber a nd a J ohn Hurd ( bo th b orn i n Ma ine ) were p roducing c lay t obacco p ipes i n Pa mp l in , V irg inia , i n 1 860 ( Sudbury 1 977d :26-28 ) .

A dd i t iona l s tud ies o f J ohn T aber 's p roduc ts

a nd move men ts a re n eeded . Ano ther p oss ible r e ference t o N ew Hampsh ire p ipe p roduc t ion o ccurs i n l ec a discuss ion o f ac ol t ion o f p ipes f ro m F or t Lara m ie , Wyo m ing ( W i lson 1 961:131 , 1 33 ;

1 971 :21 , 6 4 ) .

Wi lson r e la tes t ha t F or t Laram ie was :

1 71

" A f ur t rad ing p os t f ro m 1 834 t o 1 849 , a mi l i tary p os t u n ti l 1 890 , a nd a c iv i lian-owned s ocia l a nd b us iness c en ter u n t i l 1 938 , t he s i te was c on t inuous ly o ccupied f or more t han a c en tury , mak ing i t most ficu d if l t t o a ss ign p recise d a tes t o mos t o f t he p ipe s peci mens ." ( W i lson 1 961:121) Af ragmen tary b owl a nd s te m f ro m a l ong-s te m med wh i te c lay p ipe was f ound wh ich r ead "W. H . P IERCE & C 9/ MANCHESTER" o n t he s te m ( W i lson 1 961: 1 31 , 1 33 ).

Wi lson s ta ted t ha t t h is p ipe

"may h ave o r ig ina ted i n Manches ter , Lancash ire , Eng land , b u t more l ike ly was made i n Manches ter , N ew Ha mpsh ire ." ( W i lson 1 971:21 ) Ear l ier , Wi lson ( 1961:133 ) h ad n o ted t he p oss ibi l i ty o f N ew Hampsh ire manuf ac ture , b u t f e l t a n Eng lish o r ig in more l ikely.

As Oswa ld d oes n o t l is t a

Manches ter , Eng land , p ipe maker w i th t he n ame o f P ierce ( Oswa ld 1 975 :180 ) , t he q ues t ion o f t he o r ig in o f t h is p ar ticu lar F or t Lara m ie p ipe r e ma ins u na nswered . H irs tein ( 1979 ) h as p rov ided i n for ma t ion a bou t a no ther p ipe maker i n N ew Ha mpsh ire.

The i n for ma t ion i s a s f ol lows :

l, o l age "No . 1 7,125 . C har les P . S . Wardwel f Lake V il , N ew Hampsh ire. - Improve men t i n Mach ines f or F or ming C lay P ipes . Pa ten t d a ted A pr i l 2 1 , 1 857. " A d e ta i led d escr ipt ion o f t h is i nven tion s pace t o b e g iven h ere .

wou ld t ake u p t oo much

l b The p r inc ipa l f ea tures t hereof w il e u nder-

s tood b y r e ference t o t he c la im a nd e ngrav ings . " Cla im . T he a rrange men t a nd c o mbina tion o f t he r espective d evices d escr ibed , b y wh ich t he n ecessary a nd s uccess ive s toppings a nd f s tar t ings o f t he p is ton G a re e fec ted , b y wh ich t he d ies IIa re o pened a nd a ga in c losed a t t he p roper mo men ts , a nd b y wh ich t he k n ives U Ua re b rough t i n to a ct ion when r equ ired ;

l a l b y s i mply mov ing t he

l ever n u p a nd b ack a ga in i n c onnex ion w i th t he p ressure o f t he c lay a ga ins t t he p is ton M ,

ly a s ubs tan t ial s s e t f or th ."

( Pa ten ts 1 858a :

3 38 ) The e ngravings ( Pa ten ts 1 858b:698 ) a nd t he d escr iption a re s o a bbrev ia ted , i t i s n o t c er ta in wha t t ype o f p ipes were b eing p roduced . I t may h ave b een c lay t obacco p ipes . N ew J ersey T o d a te , i n for ma t ion a bou t o ne c lay t obacco p ipe maker h as b een o bta ined f or N ew J ersey ( v ia B ran in 1 978b).

Th is i nd iv idua l was :

" John W. Sm ith o f Un ion ( presu mably o f Un ion C i ty) i n H udson C oun ty , N ew J ersey .

H is n ame i s i nc luded i n t he 1 880 U . S . C ensus o f

Hudson C oun ty."

( Bran in 1 978b )

The f ol lowing i n for ma t ion a ppeared i n t he P roduc ts o f I ndus try s ect ion o f t he 1 880 C ensus :

1 72

" Sm i th , J ohn W . C lay P ipes ( smok ing ) Capi ta l $ 3000 1 5 emp loyees 1 0 h r/day $ 1 p er d ay $ 2 ,500 p er y ear ( 1 2 mon ths ) Va lue o f P roduc ts $ 6000 ."

( Bran in 1 978b )

T o d a te , n o e xamp les o f J ohn Sm i th 's p roduc t , a nd n o e v idence o f t he l eng th o f h is o pera t ion , h ave b een f ound . L en i t ( 1 972 ) r epor ted a n i ron t wo-piece mo ld t ha t was u sed t o p roduce l ong-s te m med a n thropo morph ic p ipes . T he mo ld , o f p resumed 1 9th c en tury o r ig in , " was s ecured f ro m a f ar mer i n S ussex C oun ty , N ew J ersey who h as n o k now ledge o f i t s o r ig in ."

( Len ik 1 972 )

Wi lson ( 1 972 :29-30 ) i lus tra tes ap ipe t ha t was a pparen t ly t hough t t o h ave l b een p roduced a t t he Ba ts to w indow l igh t f ac tory , Ba ts to V il . l age N ew Y ork An e ar ly r e ference t o c lay t obacco p ipe manu fac ture i n N ew Y ork h as b een r epor ted b y Ca lver : " P ipes w ere a pparen t ly made o n L ong I s land p r ior t o 1 735 .

We a re

t o ld t ha t t he w idow o f Tho mas Par myn ter a dver t ised h er f ar m a t Wh i tes tone , o ppos i te F rogs P o in t , f or s a le u nder t he d a te o f March 3 1 , 1 735 , a s h av ing t wen ty a cres o f g round f i t f or mak ing t obacco p ipes .

T here were i nc luded a lso i n t he s a le t wo n egroes ,..."

( Ca lver 1 931 :98-99 ) A more r ecen t c i ta t ion o f wha t a ppears t o b e t he s ame s a le o f p roper ty h as r evea led t he s ource o f t h is i n for ma t ion : " The N ew Y ork G azet , March 2 4 , 1 735 , c arr ied a n a dver t ise men t te o f ah ouse f or s a le i n F lush ing w i th ' abou t Twen ty A cres o f C lay g round f i t f or mak ing t obacco P ipes , w i th t wo N egro s laves , u tens i ls a nd o ther c onven iences t o c arry o n t ha t b us iness ." ( McC l in ton 1 967:120 ) E dward Andrews p resen ted wha t i s k nown a bou t S haker p roduc tion o f c lay t obacco p ipes a t t he c o m mun i t ies o f N ew L ebanon a nd Wa terv l ie t , N ew Y ork ; t he i n for ma t ion r ecorded i s a s f o lows : l " A t t he E as t f am i ly i n N ew L ebanon t here were n a tura l d epos i ts o f r ed c lay wh ich were e ar ly u t i l ized f or mak ing b r icks , a nd t h is s ect ion o f t he c o m mun i ty b ecame c o m mon ly k nown a s ' t he b r ickyard '. I t may h ave b een d ue t o t he r eady s upp ly o f s uch c lay t ha t t he S hakers b ecame e ngaged i n t he manu fac ture o f p ipe b owls a nd s te ms s oon a f ter t he b eg inn ing o f t he l as t c en tury .

Smok ing was a co m mon h abi t ,

e ven among t he B e l ievers t he mse lves i n t hese e ar ly d ays , a nd t here was n o mora l o r h yg ien ic r eason why t he manu facture o f p ipes s hou ld 1 73

n ot h ave b een c arr ied o n .

l en The M il ia l Laws , r ev ised i n 1 845 ,

c on ta in many s pec if ica t ions c over ing t he c arefu l u se o f p ipes t o p reven t f ires , a nd i t was n ot u n t i l a f ter t he C iv i l War t ha t smok ing was d efi ni te ly r epud ia ted a s a n o bnoxious h abi t . " The b owls were made o f b o th r ed a n c i wh i te c lay .

The wooden s te ms

were o rd inar i ly made i n t wo l eng ths , 1 0 a nd 1 5 i nches .

The f irs t

r ecord a ppears i n 1 809 ( MS . N o . 9 ) , when ' so me p ipes ' were s o ld f or $ 1.62 .

I n 1 810 s uch i t e ms a ppear a s ' 2 1 /2 d oz. p ipes .

$ 1.40 , "30 d oz. p ipes ....$18 .73 ,

a nd ' 80 d oz. p ipes ....$40 .00.'

I n 1 814 p ipe ' boa ls ' were s o ld i n q uan t i ty f or a p enny a piece , a nd t he s te ms f or t hree c en ts e ach . a s l a te a s 1 853 ; N ove mber 2 3 ,

P ipes were b e ing s old b y t he C hurch

i n ag ardner 's d iary ( MS . N o . 1 9 ) , u nder d a te o f

1 843 , i s t he e n try ; ' B. M. a f ter p ipe s te m t imber

b elow t he s ap woods .'

I ti s p robab le , h owever , t ha t t he Wa terv l iet

c olony was t he c h ief s ource o f s upply a t t h is l a ter p er iod .

B y 1 835

p ipe b owls were b eing p urchased i n l arge o rders f ro m Freder ick Wicker , t he Wa terv liet t rus tee , a nd a l though t he s te ms may h ave l made a b een a nd p robably were s t il t N ew L ebanon , t he c en ter o f tle men t he i ndus try h ad s h if ted t o t he o ther s et t .

Wicker r ece ived

$ 8 at housand f or b oth r ed a nd wh i te b ow ls ." ( Andrews 1 933 : 1 661 67) l Andrews ( 1933 : 1 67) i lus tra tes t hree N ew Y ork S haker p ipes w i th s te ms . Murphy ( 1978b : 4 8-52 ) h as r ecen t ly p ublished a n a r t icle o n S haker t obacco p ipe p roduct ion i n t hese c o m mun i t ies , a nd s evera l e xa mples o f t heir p roduct l were i lus tra ted . p ipe mo lds .

Murphy ( i bid . :4 9 ) a lso n oted t he l oca t ion o f s evera l S haker

E v idence o f S haker p ipe p roduct ion i n K en tucky , Ma ine , a nd

ts h Massachuset as b een n oted i n t he s ect ions o n t hose s ta tes . Caywood ( 1955 : 6 0 ) r e la tes t ha t i n 1 846, t he Hudson 's Bay C o mpany p urchased i t s t obacco s uppl ies f ro m J . Wi lson & C o . o f N ew Y ork .

I ti s

t en ta t ive ly a ssu med t ha t J . Wi lson was a s uppl ier a nd n o t a manu facturer . Caywood ( i bid . ) d oes n ote t ha t " J . a nd T . F ord o f t he b orough o f S tepney i n L ondon" were s upp lying c lay p ipes i n 1 846. K e tchu m ( 1979 ) h as p rov ided i n for ma t ion a bou t s evera l N ew Y ork p ipemakers .

A

' pipe manu factory e x is ted a t Wes tpor t i n E ssex C oun ty.

A t p . 4 77 o f

B essboro 's H is tory o f Westpor t ( 1902 ) t here a ppears a n a ccoun t o f a p ipe maker 's s hop i n Wes tpor t a t t he mou th o f Ray mond 's Brook . ly k p ropr ietor was o ne J ames A . Sm i th l ocal nown a s

‚P ipe maker

The Smi th '.

H is c lay c a me f ro m N ew J ersey a nd was c as t i n Eng l ish molds i ncorp ora t ing t he r ose a nd t h is t le .

Smi th 's s ons G abr ie l a nd P eter a re s a id

t o h ave c on t inued t he b us iness i n to t he 1 880s . Another r eference i n t he b ook f ixes t he d a te o f Sm i th 's a rr iva l i n Wes tp or t a s 1 859 a nd h is p lace o f o r ig in a s Brook lyn ( a l ike ly p oss ibi l i ty s ince Smi ths h ave worked t here a s p ot ince t he 1 9 th c en tury ). t ers s

As

t o more s ol id i n for ma tion , t he 1 859 N .Y. S ta te Bus iness D irec tory l i s ts ipe makers , Wes tpor t ' ; J a mes A . Smi th & S on a s ‚p

wh i le t he 1 860

c ensus l i s ts h im a s ap ipe maker , a ged 6 6, b orn i n Eng land a nd w i th 1 74

r ea l p roper ty v a lued a t 8 400 . i s a lso l i s ted .

H is s on J a mes A . Sm i th , J r . a ged 3 2

B y 1 870 t he S en ior Sm i th i s n o l onger l i s ted , a nd

J ames Sm i th , J r . i s l is ted a s t p ipe maker t w i th $ 1 ,000 r ea l p roper ty a nd $ 1 ,000 p ersona l . a s a pipe maker .

H is b rother G abr ie l Sm i th , 2 8 , i s a lso l is ted

There i s n o l i s t ing f or t he f am i ly i n 1 880 ."

( Ke tchu m 1 979 ) Wi lson ( 1 961 : 1 26-127) c i tes a n Encyc loped ia Amer icana r e ference which r e la ted t ha t , i n 1 847 , o ne Tho mas Sm i th o f N ew York "made t obacco p ipes , p resumably c lays ."

H e a lso n o tes t ha t :

" Pr ior t o t he war , t he o n ly p ipe impor ter o f n o te was E dward H en , whose n ame , more t han a ny o ther , was a ssocia ted w i th t obacco p ipes i n t he Un i ted S ta tes b e fore 1 860 .... ap up i l o f H en , o ne Wil lia m De mu th , b egan mak ing p ipes i n 1 861 a nd a pparen t ly made a s ubs tant ia l s uccess o f t he b usiness ." ( W i lson 1 961 : 1 27 ) Wa lker c i tes a 1 924 s ource wh ich c la i med t ha t t he D e mu th " co mpany manuf ac tured p ipes f ro m 1 862 ." ( Wa lker 1 977: 7 82 )

I t r e ma ins u ncer ta in whe ther

De mu th manu factured o r mere ly impor ted p ipes ;

f or a dd i t iona l d iscuss ion o f

t h is p oin t , s ee Wa lker ( 1977: 7 82 ) . P ipe p roduct ion b y B arney S pr ing h as b een p rev ious ly n o ted i n I nd iana , a nd i n B os ton , Massachuset . ts

C a lver ( 1931: 1 00 ) a lsc i nd ica tes t hat Barney

S pr ing p roduced p ipes i n New Y ork C i ty a nd R oches ter , N ew Y ork .

A l though

s peci f ic d a tes o f o pera t ion i n e ach l oca t ion a re n o t g iven , t h is p roduc t ion a pparen t ly o ccurred b etween 1 850 a nd 1 890 . I n a n a na lys is o f f lu ted l ong-s te m med wh i te c lay p ipes , Omwake r epor ted ap ipe k i ln s i te o n Long I s land . t

The f o low ing i n for ma t ion was r ecorded : l

. .a l though n umerous Amer ican k i lns a re k nown a nd t he ir p roducts

a re o n r ecord , o n ly o ne e xcava ted Amer ican k i ln i s k nown t o h ave p roduced f lu ted p ipes o f wh i te c lay .

Th is k i ln was l oca ted a t Maspe th ,

Long I s land , N ew Y ork a nd was e xcava ted i n 1 955 ( Lopez ).

I t was

ro m C o 1 920 a s a f al arge bi rck manuo perae td f . 1 870 t b ranch o f actur ing c o mpany . F ro m t he k i ln a nd a n a ssoc ia ted was ter d ump l c c a me wh i te c lay smal ubes wh ich may h ave b een c onver ted i n to t on b d ice , marb les, a nd b o th p ierced a nd u np ierced t h ick b ut lanks l y were c wh ich e ven tual overed w i th c lo th a nd s ewn o f f abr ic . Bu t o f max i mu m i n teres t t o as tuden t o f wh ite c lay p ipes were many f ragmen ts o f l arge b ow ls a nd t h ick s te ms c o mp lete ly c overed w i th c lean a nd s harply mou lded d iagona l f lu t ing . S o me e xh ibi ted t he i n i t ia ls TD i n r e l ie f o n t he b ack o f t he b ow l .

These p ipes . .. es tab-

ly a l ish t he f act t ha t wh i te c lay p ipes wh ich c arry a techno log ical dv anced f or m o f f lu t ing were made i n Amer ica , ... " ( O mwake 1 967 : 2 4 R ober t Bannerman , a n e s tab l ished 1 9 th c en tury Mon trea l c lay t obacco p ipe manu fac turer , o pera ted a c lay t obacco p ipe f ac tory i n R ouses P o in t , N ew Y ork , n a med t he Eag le T obacco P ipe Manu factory ( Sudbury 1 978a ). A pparen t ly , t he p r i mary r eason f or t h is N ew York o pera t ion was t o e nable Bannerman t o s upp ly t he U SA t obacco p ipe marke t w i thou t p ay ing d u ties

1 75

o n t he f in ished p roduc t .

Th is f actory o pera ted b e tween 1 875 a nd 1 884 , wh ich

i s a bou t t he t ime t ha t t he Mon trea l p ipe i ndus try b egan t o d ec line a nd t he De tro i t i ndus try was e s tabl ished b y p ipe makers f ro m Mon trea l . ( Sudbury 1 978a ; s ee a lso Wa lker 1 977: 3 54-362 )

Two p ipe s ty les p roduced a t R ouses P oin t b y

l t he Banner man e n terprise a re i lus tra ted i n P la te 6 :2-4. l Banner man i n Mon trea l i s i lus tra ted i n P la te 4 :11 ;

Ap ipe p roduced b y

t h is s pec i men was p re-

l v ious ly i lus tra ted a s al ine d rawing ( Sudbury 1 978a :8 ) . l Wa lker h as r eproduced a n i lus tra t ion f ro m a n u nda ted c a ta logue o f t he Amer ican C lay P ipe Works , I nc., o f N ew Y ork C i ty ( Wa lker 1 977 :1554-1555) . l Th is i lus tra tion s hows s even n amed p ipe s ty les p roduced b y t he Amer ican C lay P ipe Works , I nc .

E lsewhere , Wa lker ( 1 977: 8 30 ) n o tes t h is c a ta logue

a s " poss . d a ting t o b eg inn ing o f C 20 ."

Wa lker h ad e ar l ier n o ted t ha t

" the Amer ican C lay P ipe Works , N ew York , . . .manu factured c lay p ipes u n t i l 1 959 a nd a t p resen t h as i t s f ew r e ma in ing t ypes made b y l L C .B . & McDougal td ., i n t he Amer ican f ir m 's mou lds ." ( Wa lker 1 966: 8 8 ; s ee a lso Wa lker 1 977: 7 83 ) Wa lker a lso o bta ined a 1 965 p r ice-lis t f ro m t h is f ir m ( Wa lker 1 977: 8 04-805 ). The a u thor h as o bta ined s evera l wh i te c lay p ipes w i th p aper l abe ls o n t he m l wh ich a re q u i te s im i lar t o t hose i lus tra ted b y Wa lker a s n oted a bove. l s peci mens a re i lus tra ted o n P la te 5 : 1 -4 a nd P la te 6 :1.

These

f Two d i feren t r ed

p aper l abels were n oted ; o ne r ead " PR IZE MEDAL/MEERSCHAU M/CLAY P IPE" [ P late 5 :112 ], a nd t he o ther r ead " CASH PR IZE/ MEERSCHAU M/CLAY P IPE"

[ P la tes 5 :3-4 , 6 :1 ]. The s peci men i n P la te 5 :2 a ppears t o b e t he

l " Pres iden t" s tyle i lus tra ted b y Wa lker ( 1977:1555 ) , a nd t he s peci men i n l P la te 5 :3 a ppears t o b e t he " Spider" s tyle i lus tra ted b y Wa lker ( 1977:1555 ). The p r in ted p aper l abe ls a nd t he s im i lar i ty i n s ty le o f t hese t wo p ipes s trongl l y s ugges t t ha t t he f ive i lus tra ted p ipes a re p roduc ts o f t he Amer ican C lay P ipe Works , I nc. l Barber p rov ides t he f o lowing i n for ma t ion a bou t a Brook lyn p ipe maker : " Shor t-s te m med

wh i te c lay p ipes were made f or t he P res iden t ia l

c a mpa igns o f 1 888 a nd 1 892 , w i th p or tra i t b ow ls r epresen ting Harr is on a nd C leve land , b y Char les Kur th , o f Brook lyn , N .Y ."

( Barber

1 901: 3 42 ) Barber a lso r ecords i n for ma tion a bou t a no ther l a te 1 9 th c en tury N ew York p ipe maker : " Ten y ears a go , Mr . A . P eyrau , a French man , was mak ing i n New ta p York C i ty , l igh t r ed , u ng lazed t erra-cot ipe h eads .

These were

c ar ica tures o f p ro minen t Amer icans a nd c haracter s cu lptures .

The

ling was d model one w i th b o ldness a nd r e markable f ide li ty t o n a ture . The p roduct ion o f t hese p or trai t h eads was d iscon tinued s evera l y ears a go o n a ccoun t o f t he e xpense o f manu facture a nd t he l im i ted d e mand f or a h igh-pr iced a r t icle o f t h is n a ture ." ( Barber 1 901 : 34 1) l Barber 's i lus tra t ion o f f our o f A . P eyrau ts p ipes ( Barber 1 901 :341 ) i s r eproduced o n P la te 2 7 :1. A manuscr ipt p rov ided b y S usan Myers ( 1979 ) a nd p repared b y P ogue ( 1978 ) i nd ica tes t ha t s o me A . P eyrau p ipes a re i n t he l ect Na t iona l Museum o f H is tory a nd T echno logy c ol ions .

1 76

I ncluded among t hese

s peci mens a re t hose i n t he l i keness o f " Boss" Tweed , H orace G ree ley , a nd l a p oss ibly P res iden t C leve land , a s wel s a n thropo morph ic p ipes t ha t a re marked " NY TR IBUNE ‘" , " N .Y. S UN DANA" , " HERALD NE W YORK" , a nd " THE WORLD" ( Pogue 1 978 : 1 1-12 ) .

N or th Caro l ina The e ar ly p ipe mak ing i ndus try i n N or th Caro l ina was c en tered i n t he tle men Morav ian l and t rac t k nown a s Wachov ia , p ar t icu lar ly t he s et ts o f Be thabara a nd S a le m .

The e ar l ies t

U SA-produced

c lay t obacco p ipes

t a tr ibu tab le t o ak nown p ipe maker h ave b een d escr ibed f ro m B e thabara , N or th Carol ina .

l ow F ol ing ab r ie f l ook a t t h is Morav ian i ndus try—in e x is tence f ro m

l 1 755-c. 1 900—o ther p ipe makers k nown t o h ave o pera ted i n N or th Caro l ina w il b r ie f ly b e n oted . The Un i tas F ra trum , r e ferred t o a s t he Morav ians , were a r e l ig ious s ec t wh ich b e lieved : l " tha t a l ma ter ia l p ossess ions , t owns , f unds , c rops , e tc . were o n ly o f v a lue i nso far a s t hey s erv .ed t he p r i mary a i m" ( Fo ley 1 965 :61 ) wh ich was : " the C hr is t ian iza t ion a nd e duca t ion o f t he a bor ig ina l p opu la t ions ." ( Fo ley 1 967:66 ) tle men ly a s The Morav ian s et t i n N or th Caro l ina was e ssen t ial el ffic s uf ien t miss ionary o u tpos t d es igned a nd a ct iva ted w i th t h is p lan i n mind . S ou th n o tes t ha t t hey c a me " to N or th Caro l ina t o e s tabl ish a type o f c o m mun i ty l i v ing k nown a s t he l O econo m ie . The f ar m was t i led f or t he c o m mon g ood a nd t he i nco me f ro m t he v ar ious i ndus tr ies t hey e s tab l ished wen t i n to t he c o m mon p urse , w i th h ous ing , c lo thing a nd f ood b e ing s upp l ied t o e ach me mber ." ( Sou th 1 965a :45 ) tlers a The f irs t Morav ian s et rr ived i n Wachov ia i n 1 753 , a nd e s tabl ished a tle men i) " te mporary" s et t n amed B ethabara ( B iv ins 1 972 :xi . N ove mber 4 , tfr 1 755 , G ot ied Augs t ( "Aus t" ) a rr ived i n B ethabara , h av ing l e f t B e th lehe m , P ennsylvan ia , Oc tober 2 , 1 755 ( Fr ies 1 922 ;146 , 1 40 ) . t he

U SA i n Nove mber , 1 754 ( Biv ins 1 972 :17 ) .

H e h ad a rr ived i n

Nove mber 1 5 , 1 755,

t er " Aus t [ a p ot ] wen t o u t t o l ook f or f l in t wh ich h e c ou ld u se i n mak ing g lazing ." ( Fr ies 1 922 :148 ) On N ove mber 2 8 , f l in t f or g lazing was g round , a nd s o me t i me d ur ing t he f irs t t wo weeks o f Dece mber , 1 755 , t ery " Br . Augs t d ug c lay a nd made p ot , f or wh ich t he p eop le were e ager ; h e a lso b egan t o make c lay p ipes ." ( Fr ies 1 922 :149 ) The p o tter 's s hop was b u i l t F ebruary- March , 1 756 , a nd t he k i ln was a pparen t ly c ons truc ted t ha t s u m mer i t was n o ted t ha t

( Fr ies 1 922 :157-159 , 1 72 ) .

1 77

On S ep te mber 1 0 , 1 756 ,

" Br . Aus t b urned p ot oday f or t he s econd t ime , — the g lazing t ery t d id wel o t he g rea t n eed i s a t l as t r e l ieved . l, —and s

Each l i v ing

r oo m n ow h as t he ware i tn eeds , a nd t he k i tchen i s f urn ished ." ( Fr ies 1 922 :172 ) Thus, i n l ess t han a year , G ot o B e thabara , l oca ted s ui tab le tfried Aust moved t r aw ma ter ia ls, h ad a p ot hop a nd k i ln c onstructed , a nd p roduced e nough t ery s ware t o s a t isfy t he n eeds o f t he c o m mun i ty . P roduc t ion o f c lay t obacco p ipes a t B e thabara h as b een e x tensive ly s tud ied b y S ou th ( 1965b , 1 967) who e xcava ted A us t 's p ot hop a nd was ter t ery s d umps .

Wa lker ( 1971 , 1 975, 1 977 ) h as a lso c o m men ted e x tens ively o n

l U Aust ' sp roduct a nd i t s r e la t ion t o t he o veral SA c lay t obacco p ipe i ndustry . B ivins ( 1972 ) h as a lso r epor ted o n t his i ndustry .

A lbr igh t p repared a br ief

l i lustra ted s tudy o f c lay t obacco p ipes, p ipe mo lds, a nd p ipe p resses, l oca ted l ect i n t he c ol ions o f The Wachovia H istor ica l S ocie ty ( 1958 ) .

The i nven tory

l n a nd p r ice d e ta i l r e la ted i n t hese v ar ious a ccoun ts w il o t b e r epea ted a t t his l t ime a l though t he h igh l igh ts o f t he i ndustry a nd i t s p ipe makers w i l b e n o ted .

tfr t ery i G ot ied Aus t o pera ted t he p ot n B e thabara f ro m 1 756 u n t i l 1 771 t ery t when h e moved t o S a le m t o e s tabl ish t he p ot here . B e thabara was t orn d own i n 1 779 ( Sou th 1 965b : 5 7 ) . r ecovered a nd r epor ted Aus t 's B e thabara p roduc t .

The p o ttery s hop i n

S ou th ( 1965b , 1 967 ) h as l Ac opy o f a figure i lus-

t ra t ing Aus t 's s even r ecovered p ipe s ty les i s r eproduced i n F igure 2 ( t aken f ro m S ou th 1 967 : F igure 1 0 ) .

F igure 3 il tra tes t he k i ln f urn i ture u sed b y lus

Aus t ( reproduced f ro m S ou th 1 967 : F igure 9 ) . P ho tographs o f Aus t 's B ethal a b ara p roduc t ( p ipes a nd s aggers ) a s wel s i n for ma t ion a bou t t he p ipe s ty les f requency o f o ccurrence h as b een r epor ted ( Sou th 1 965b ). Aus t 's s aggers a lso a ppear i n B iv ins ( 1972 :103 ).

Pho tographs o f

I ti s k nown t ha t i n 1 766 ,

t h is maker h ad e igh t p ipe molds a nd o ne t obacco p ipe f or m ( Sou th 1 965b :57 ) . t er i H e moved t o t he p er manen t c o m mun i ty o f S a le m a s mas ter p ot n 1 771 , a nd c on t inued t here u n t i l h is d ea th i n 1 788 . d ur ing t h is S a le m p er iod ;

Aus t 's p ipe p roduc t ion c on t inued

l B iv ins i lus tra ted t wo p ipe p resses u sed i n S a le m

l ( B iv ins 1 972 : 9 7 ) a nd A lbr igh t i lus tra tes f i ve p ipe p resses , t wo o f wh ich were i den t i f ied a s 1 8 th c en tury ( A lbr igh t 1 958 : 2 0 ). f or m ( p ipe p ress ) o f t h is s ty le .

Aus t p resu mably u sed ap ipe

B iv ins ( 1 972 :175 ) a nd A lbr igh t ( 1958 : 1 8 ) a lso

l i lus tra te p ipe mo lds made o f c as t i ron , b rass , l ead , a nd p las ter . Wa lker h as p ub l ished a s tudy i nc lud ing c i ta t ions o f where p ipes a pparen tl y made b y Aus t h ave b een f ound ( Wa lker 1 975:110-111 ) .

S ince t ha t t ime

a dd i t iona l s pec i mens a pparen t ly p roduced b y Aus t h ave b een r epor ted f ro m F or t Laurens i n O h io ( Gram ly 1 978a : 3 2 , 7 5 ;

1 978b ) , F or t McIn tosh i n

t en i wes tern P ennsy lvan ia ( Sudbury MS 4 ) ( see P la te 7 :1-3 ) , F r iedensh t it n l ece as tern P ennsy lvan ia ( De laney 1 973 : 4 3 ) , a nd t hey a lso a ppear i n t he c ol t ions a t Hanna 's T own i n wes tern P ennsy lvan ia ( persona l o bserva t ion ).

I t

s hou ld b e n o ted t ha t a s t hese f our s i tes s l igh t ly p os tda te h is B e thabara p er iod , t hese p ipes p resumab ly r epresen t Aus t 's S a le m p roduc t . P la te 7 :4 & 6 a re p ipes o f u nknown p roven ience ;

t hese a re f e l t t o b e

e xamp les o f t he s ty les Aus t was p roduc ing a t B ethabara a nd S a le m .

P la te

7 :4 i s t he f lu ted v ar ie ty ( co mpare w i th F igure 2 :3 ) , a nd P la te 7 :6 i s av ery

1 78

wea thered a n thropo morph ic s pec i men ( co mpare w i th F igure 2 :2 ) .

P la te 7 :5

ly s & 7a re p ipes g eneral im i lar i n s ty le t o Aus t 's p roduc t , b u t t he ir p lace o f manu fac ture i s u nknown . P or tsmou th , V irg in ia ;

l The s pec i men i lus tra ted i n P la te 7 :7 was f ound i n

S tan ley S ou th r ecen t ly i nd ica ted t ha t as im i lar p ipe

was f ound i n t he 1 760 Macha l t wreck ( Greer 1 979 ). l ed f The Morav ian c o m mun i ty 's s ys te m o f p roduct ion c al or t he master c ra f ts man o f ap ar t icu lar t rade t o e ngage a nd t ra in a ppren t ices , a nd a lso t o emp loy j ourney men when t hey were a va i lab le f or h ire .

I n 1 786 , Rudo lph

C hr is t— journey man a nd f or mer a ppren t ice t o Aus t— moved t o B ethabara t o t ery s o pera te a new p ot hop

t h ere ( B iv ins 1 972 : 3 4 ).

l owing I n e ar ly 1 78 9 , f ol

t ery ( Aus t 's d ea th , C hr is t moved t o S a le m t o t ake o ver t ha t p ot Sou th 1 965b : 5 8 ).

t er a t ery u Chr is t c on t inued a s mas ter p ot t t he S a le m p ot n t i l 1 821 when

h e was r ep laced b y J ohn F : H ol l and ( B iv ins 1 972 : 3 7 ) ;

t h is i s t he s ame J ohn

H ol l and who was p roducing p ipes i n G eorg ia i n 1 810 . U pon l eav ing B e thatlob Krause ( b ara i n 1 789 , Chr is t s o ld t he B e thabara p o ery t o G ot ano ther ) who c t ery Aus t a ppren t ice ( B iv ins 1 972 : 5 7-60) on t inued t o o pera te t he p ot t ner ( u n t i l 1 802 when J ohn But an a ppren t ice a nd a journey man u nder C hr is t ) p ( B iv ins 1 972 : 6 5-66) urchased i t ( Sou th 1 965b : 5 9 ) .

t ner c But on t inued p ro-

d uc t ion u n t i l a t l eas t 1 819 , a nd p erhaps a s l a te a s 1 850 ( B iv ins 1 972 : 6 5-66 ). S ou th h as d escr ibed p ipes r ecovered f ro m t h is s i te , a nd a scr ibed t he m t o a C hr is t-Krause o r ig in ( Sou th 1 965b : 5 4 , 5 9-60 ).

F igure 2 :8 i s a line d rawing

o f t he p ipe s ty le r ecovered f ro m t h is s i te b y S tan ley S ou th ( reproduced f ro m S ou th 1 967: F ig . 1 0 ) . l and c t er i J ohn H ol on t inued a s mas ter p ot n S a le m u n t i l 1 843 ;

t h is e ra

t ery a s aw t he d egenera t ion o f t he S a le m p ot s f inancia l l osses were i ncurred . l eg t ery I n 1 829 , t he Morav ian C ol ium h ad t er m ina ted t he p ot 's o pera t ion a s a l and d H ol ied i n 1 843 , a nd t ha t

c ongrega t iona l b us iness ( B iv ins 1 972 :38-42 ) .

t er m ina ted u se o f t ha t p ar t icu lar manu factory ( B iv ins 1 972 :38-42 ) . H enry S chaf ad s et u p a no ther p ot n S a le m . f ner h t ery i

I n 1 834 ,

S o me t i me p r ior t o

S chaf 's d ea th i n 1 877 , Dan ie l Krause ( Schaf 's a ppren t ice a nd j ourneyf ner f ner man ) t ook o ver t he b us iness ;

Krause 's d ea th i n 1 903 t er m ina ted p ot rot ery p

d uc t ion i n S a le m ( B iv ins 1 972 :42-44 ) . The t wen tyfour p ipe s ty les i lus tra ted b y A lbr igh t ( 1 958 ) c er ta in ly i nl d ica te t ha t t he i ndus try h ad e xpanded b eyond t he e igh t mo lds t ha t Aus t h ad i n 1 766.

B eyond t he p roducts o f Aus t a nd C hr is t-Krause r epor ted a bove , a nd

aC . 1 910 p roduct b y Wil . J ames ( A lbr igh t 1 958 : 19 ) , l i t le i s k nown liam F t a bou t who p roduced p ar t icu lar p ipe s ty les .

E ven t he p ipes p roduced u nder

a m as ter p ot uch a s Aus t c ou ld q u i te c once ivab ly b e made b y a journeyt er s man , a nd t here i s n o e v idence t ha t mo lds were n o t r eta ined i n u se when a p ot hop c hanged h ands . P ipe p roduc t ion was i n i t ia ted i n 1 755 . I n 1 78 1 , t ery s " pipe h eads" were b eingproduced a t t he S a le m p ot B iv ins 1 972:33 ) , a nd t ery ( i nven tor ies o f 1 78 8 , 1 78 9 , 1 808 , a nd 1 828 n o te t ha t l arge n u mbers o f p ipes were o n h and ( B iv ins 1 972 : 1 74 ) .

An 1 882 p ho tograph o f t he Dan ie l Krause

manu fac tory ( B iv ins 1 972: 9 8 , 1 11 ) s hows a m an p roducing p ipes , a n umber o f p ipes d rying i n t he s un , a nd a m an h o ld ing wha t a ppears t o b e as agger f ul f p ipes , wh i le a 1 905 p os tcard o f t he Krause p ot hows t he p ipe p ress l o t ery s l oca ted o n t he p ot 's b ench ( B iv ins 1 972:111 ) . t er

1 79

B iv ins a lso r e la tes t ha t

" Krause 's l as t y ears i n t he p ot t ery were c oncerned l arge ly w i th t he manufacture o f c lay p ipe h eads , ab us iness n o l onger l ucra t ive a f ter t he c igaret te c ame i n to f avor l a te i n t he n ine teen th c en tury." ( B iv ins 1 972 :72 ) C lay t obacco p ipe p roduct ion a pparen t ly c on t inued i n Wachov ia f ro m 1 755-c . 1 900. t ers work I n a dd i t ion t o t he v ar ious mas ter p ot ing i n B e thabara a nd S a le m , i ti s s uspected t ha t v ar ious a ppren t ices a nd j ourney men a lso p roduced p ipes i n Wachov ia .

t er A lso , a s t hese i nd iv idua ls moved t o o ther p ot ies o r

t er e s tabl ished t he ir own p ot ies , i t wou ld b e e xpec ted t ha t p ipe p roduc t ion l and i wou ld b e e s tab l ished a t t hese n ew e n terpr ises—such a s H ol n G eorg ia . A dd i t iona l d e ta i ls o f s uch r e la t ionsh ips a nd move men ts r e ma in t o b e d e lint eries a e a ted a l though o ne wou ld e xpect t ha t n eighbor ing p ot nd t hose i n r e la ted l e r e l ig ious c o m mun i t ies m igh t wel xh ibi t e v idence o f t he i n f luence o f t he Wachov ia p ipe makers .

t er i A t l eas t o ne n on-pot n S a le m p roduced p ipes ;

A lbr igh t ( 1 958 : 1 8 ) r e la tes t ha t i n 1 789 , o ne wagon maker n amed T ycho N issen t ed t " was p er m it o c on t inue t he manu fac ture o f p ipe h eads" a s " N issen , r eq u ired t he e x tra i nco me f or s us tenance ." A lbr igh t ( 1 958 : 2 4 ) a lso r e la ted t ha t t er r 'When t he l as t S a le m p ot e t ired l a te i n t he 1 9th c en tury , much t ery e l ec o f t he p ot qu ip men t i nc lud ing t he p resen t c ol t ion o f p ipe mak ing mach inery f ound i t s way i n to t he Wachov ia Museu m ;

o ther

t oo ls were g iven t o j ourney men who t r ied t o c arry o n t he b us iness f or a no ther g enera t ion ." lia m F Th is s ugges ts t ha t i nd iv idua ls i n t he a rea—such a s Wil . J ames n o ted a bove— may h ave c on t inued p ipe p roduc t ion a f ter Krause 's d ea th . t Ou t law ( 1 975 ) e xcava ted a ki ln a t t he Moun t S hepherd Po tery s i te . The e xcava t ion " revea led t he p lan o f a fi ve-f lued c ircu lar k i ln a nd ap robab le b r ick c h i mney b ase .

t ery o Al arge q uan t i ty a nd w ide v ar ie ty o f p ot b j e c ts

were r ecovered , i nd ica t ing s tove t i le , smok ing p ipe , u t i l i tar ian e ar thenware , a nd d ecora ted s l ipware p roduct ion ." ( Ou t law 1 975 :2 ) t er a A l though d ocumen tary e v idence f or ap ot t t he s i te was n o t f ound , i ti s s uspec ted t ha t t he s i te was a c t ive i n t he l as t q uar ter o f t he e igh teen th c en tury ( Ou t law 1 975 :2 , 5 ) . " The Moun t S hepherd s i te i s e x tre me ly impor tan t s ince n o s ubs tan t ia l e igh teen th c en tury k i ln r e ma ins h ave b een u near thed a t e i ther n earby t ery manu B e thabara o r S a le m , b o th Morav ian p ot fac tur ing c en ters i n t ery t he s econd h a l f o f t he 1 700s . D irec t i n f luence f ro m t hese p ot manu factur ing c en ters i s s trong ly s ugges ted b y t he p redo m inance o f Morav ian d es ign e le men ts i n t he c eram ics ." ( Ou t law 1 975 : 10 ) . Ou t law ( 1 975 :5 ) a lso n o ted t ha t : " An thropo morph ic smok ing p ipe f or ms e xcava ted a t Moun t S hepherd a re s im i lar t o t hose t ha t were f ound b y S tan ley S ou th a t B ethabara , T I

1 80

Ou t law ( 1 978 ) f ur ther r e la tes t ha t : " The p ipes a t Moun t S hepherd were o f t wo t ypes : a nd f lu ted .

a n thropo morph ic

B o th v ers ions were r eed p ipes a nd were t an i n c o lor .

Ih ave n o t b een a b le t o f ind e xac t p aral ls ; le

h owever , s im i lar e xam-

p les h ave b een f ound a t B e thabara , N or th Caro l ina a nd o n t he wreck o f t he Macha l t . .. Th is s i te i s p resumab ly a n e igh teen th c en tury p ot ich was o pera ted b y t ery wh s o meone d irec t ly o r i nd irec t ly i n f luenced b y t he Wachov ia a c t iv i t ies o f G ot tf r ied Aus t a nd/or h is a ppren t ices . C har les G . Z ug , I I ( 1 978 ) , wh i le p ursu ing i n for ma t ion a bou t N or th Caro l ina f olk p ot t ers , c ame a cross i n forma t ion i den t i fy ing s evera l p ot t ers who h ad p roduced c lay t obacco p ipes : " In my f i e ld r esearch h ere o n t he f o lk p ot t ers o f N . C ., Ih ave c o me a cross s o me e v idence o f p ipe- mak ing .

Mos t o f t he p ot t ers h ere made

u t i l i tar ian wares s uch a s j ars , j ugs , c rocks , c hurns a nd p i tchers , b u t a few made p ipes a s a kind o f as ide l ine , i nc lud ing : N .H . D ixon , S i ler C i ty , C ha tham C oun ty

1 827-1863

B .N . Welch , Harper 's C rossroads , C ha tham

1 868-1947 ( g _ .1900 )

I .F. C raven , Whyno t , Rando lph C oun ty

e ar ly 2 0 th

S . L. Har tsoe , J ug town ( Banoak ) , C a tawba C oun ty

1 850-1926

Ih ave s een Har tsoe 's p ipe mo ld . . .i ti s c arved o u t o f wood a nd t he mo ld i s l ined w i th l ead .

T hey a lso h ave t he p lungers f or t he

l a b ow l a nd s te m , a s wel s awooden s crew p ress .

I ns ide t he mo ld

a re t he i n i t ia ls ' SH ' b u t o u ts ide i s al arger ' DH ' b urned i n to t he wood— these a re p robab ly t he i n i t ia ls o f h is f a ther Dav id ( 1808-1883 ) . Ih ave a lso s een ap ipe r epu ted ly made b y t he w i fe o f N .H . D ixon ( E lizabeth ) wh ich i s wh i te a nd i n t he f orm o f a n I nd ian 's h ead ( Har tsoe 's mo ld i s c yl indr ica l a nd n o t a n thropo morph ic , a s Ir ecal l) —she l i ved u n t i l 1 908 .

F inal , o ne o f We lch 's s ons h as ab ench ly

t ha t l ooks j us t l i ke a s awhorse o n wh ich h is p ress was moun ted . Mos t o f t he p ot pparen t ly u sed awh i te c lay f or p ipes , e xcep t t ers a f or C raven who s ee ms t o h ave u sed a nearby r ed ' d ir t ' ( t he s ame a s f or p ie d ishes o r f l ower p o ts ) f or h is ." S al ichae ls , B urke C oun ty , N or th Caro l ina , p roduced c lay t obacco ly M p ipes f or a n umber o f y ears p r ior t o h er d ea th i n 1 872 ( Bu t ler 1 947) .

The

d a te o f i n i t ia l p ipe p roduc t ion was n o t r epor ted , b u t S al ichae ls was s el ly M ling p ipes p r ior t o a nd d ur ing t he C iv i l War .

An e xample o f h er wh i te c lay r eed

s te m a n thropo morph ic p ipe i s i lus tra ted i n P la te 7 :8. l

Bu t ler ( 1947) r e la tes

t ha t s he d ug h er o wn wh i te c lay a nd u sed s oaps tone mo lds t ha t were s quare i n o u t l ine .

The f in ished p ipes were f ired i n h er f ireplace u s ing h ickory wood .

Th is p ipe maker marketed h er own p roduc t , Morgan ton n o ted a s b eing h er ma jor o u t le t .

ling Iam p ar t icu lar ly i ndebted t o J ohn A . Burr ison f or c al

l a l t t h is r e ference ( as wel s t he f o low ing o ne ) t o my a ten t ion . t ery i t eJ ohnson ( 1977 ) h as r epor ted i n for ma t ion o n t he P oe P ot n Fayet l v i le .

t ery a t ev le E .A . P oe o pera ted ap ot nd b r ick c ompany i n Fayet il .

H e

ly e i n i t ial s tabl ished h is b r ick c o mpany i n 1 880 a nd h ad s evera l s uccess ive p ar tners .

P oe l a ter p urchased a no ther a rea b r ick c o mpany , a nd o pera ted i t 1 81

u n t i l h is d ea th i n 1 934 , a f ter wh ich h is s on o pera ted i tu n t i l i tc losed i n 1 943 . t ery i The p ot n q ues t ion was a pparen t ly o pera ted f ro m C . 1 880-1890 ( Johnson 1 977;

J ohns ton 1 978 ) .

l I nc luded w i th t he i lus tra t ions o f E .A . P oe 's p roduc ts

( Johnson 1 977 ) a re f ive c lay p ipes , a nd a " p iece o f e qu ip men t u sed i n mak ing c lay p ipes ." T he e qu ip men t i n q ues t ion a ppears t o b e a w ooden f ra me p ipe p ress wh ich h e ld t wo p ipe mo lds a t o ne t ime .

De ta i l o f t he p ipes ( one l igh t

l i n c o lor , f our d ark ) c anno t b e a scer ta ined f ro m t he i lus tra t ion .

Oh io t ered a I n a dd i t ion t o an umber o f p ipe makers s cat cross Oh io , t here were t wo ma jor p ipe p roduc t ion c en ters : Mogadore a rea .

P o in t P leasan t , a nd t he Akron-

l I n t h is d iscuss ion o f Oh io p ipe makers , t he i n for ma t ion w il

l b e p resen ted i n t he f o low ing o rder :

P o in t P leasan t , A kron- Mogadore , a nd

o ther Oh io p ipe makers . The c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try a t P o in t P leasan t , Oh io , a pparen t ly f f eren c ons is ted o f t hree d i feren t manu fac turers l oca ted a t t hree d if t s i tes t 1 ( Tho mas a nd Burnet 972 :7-8 ;

Murphy 1 976 :12 ;

R is t 1 977a ;

R is t MS ) .

The p roducts o f t he e ar l ies t a nd b es t k nown o f t he t hree manu fac turers h ave t 1 p rev ious ly b een d escr ibed ( Tho mas a nd B urnet 972 ; 1 976;

Tho mas 1 977) .

R is t 1 974 ;

Murphy

t ery s Th is p ot hop , 3 3-CT-256 , was s uccess ive ly

t ers o t ers ( owned a nd o pera ted b y f our p ot r g roups o f p ot Lak in , K irkpa tr ick, Dav is , a nd P e tersons ) f ro m t he 1 840s u n ti l c .1890 .

T o d a te , i tr e ma ins u n-

c er ta in when t obacco p ipes were p roduced d ur ing t h is p er iod o f o pera t ion a s o ther i t e ms ( such a s c rocks , p reserve j ars , s tove f lues , d ra in t i les , e tc .) t ery were a lso p roduced a t t he p ot .

P ipes w ere d e f in i te ly p roduced i n t he

d ecade p reced ing 1 880 a l though t he d a te o f i n i t ia l p ipe p roduc t ion a t t he s i te— p robab ly c . 1 850—re ma ins u ncer ta in .

S o me e igh tytwo d is t inct ive c lay t o-

t ery b acco p ipe s ty les h ave b een f ound a t t h is p ot .

S even ty-four o f t hese s ty les

t ( h ave p rev ious ly b een r epor ted f ro m t he s i te b y Tho mas a nd Burnet 1 972 ) a nd l Murphy ( 1 976 ) ; a n umber o f t hese p rev ious ly r epor ted s ty les a re i lus tra ted i n P la tes 8 :1-13 :3 . F or t hese p rev ious ly r epor ted s ty les , t he s ty le i den ti f ily a t ( c a t ion d es igna t ions o r ig inal ss igned b y e i ther Tho mas a nd Burnet 2p .ci t ) o r Murphy ( 2E .c i t ) i s g iven i n p aren theses i nt he p la te c ap tion f or e ach p ipe l i lustra ted . I n a ddi t ion , t h is a u thor h as l oca ted e igh t n ew p ipe s tyle v ar ian ts f ro m t he s i te ;

l t hese a re i lus tra ted i n P la te 1 3 :4-11 .

P ipes p roduced a t t h is

t ery s p ot i te h ave b een f ound a t an umber o f s i tes a cross t he U SA . t ery was The s econd P o in t P leasan t c lay t obacco p ipe manu fac turer 's p ot l oca ted a cross a nd s l igh t ly u p B ig I nd ian C reek f ro m 3 3-CT-256.

When t h is

t ery was f p ot irs t men t ioned i n 1 870 , i t was o wned b y T om P eterson ( no t o ne t ery t 2 o f t he P e tersons who owned t he f irs t p ot ) , ( Tho mas a nd Burnet 2 .ci t :7 ) . F ortuna te ly ,

R is t was a b le t o i n terv iew s evera l e lder ly P oin t P leasan t r es i-

d en ts , a nd t he i n for ma t ion o b ta ined c on tr ibu tes g rea t ly t o o ur u nders tand ing t ery a o f t he s econd a nd t h ird P o in t P leasan t p ot nd p ipe manu fac tur ing o pera-

o R. c i t .) ,Murphy ( 2E .c i t . : 1 2 ) , t ( t ions ( R is t MS ) . A l though Tho mas a nd Burnet a nd Murphy a nd R e ich ( 1974 :53 ) n o te t ha t T he Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany b ough t t h is f ac tory i n t he 1 890s , t he Akron C i ty D irec tor ies d o n o t g ive a ny e v idence o f Akron o wnersh ip o f aP o in t P leasan t p ipe f ac tory , a l though t hey 1 82

d o d eno te The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany 's o wnersh ip o f t he Pamp l in C i ty , V irg in ia , p lan t i n t he Akron c o mpany 's 1 892 a nd 1 896 a dver t ise men ts ( s ee S udbury 1 977d :5 , 1 0 ;

a nd S udbury 1 978b: 6 6) .

R is t ( 1977c ;

MS : 6 ) s ugges ts

t ha t t he p roduct o f t he p ot t ery may h ave b een s o ld t o The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany , b u t t ha t ownersh ip o f t he P o in t P leasan t p lan t r e ma ined l oca l .

The

t ery was r t ery l as t o pera tor o f t h is p ot epu ted ly H enry Bushman , a nd t he p ot c losed i n a bou t 1 901 ( R is t i b id .) . Tho mas a nd Burnet t ( .ci t . : 7 ) d id n o te t ha t " Henry H . Bushman ( 1843-1917) , "t he s on-inlaw o f Na than Dav is , was a P oin t P leasan t "P ipe Manu fac turer ?" i n 1 896.

Murphy ( .ci t . : 23-26) i lustra tes t wo l

p ipe s ty les f ound a t t h is s i te . Two f ragmen tary s peci mens o f o ne o f t hese p ipe s ty les a re s hown o n P la te 1 3 :12 , 1 3 . Ac o mple te s pec i men o f t he o ther l s ty le i s i lus tra ted b y Murphy a nd R e ich ( 1 974 : 5 5 , 5 7 ) . The t h ird P o in t P leasan t p ipe f ac tory was l oca ted im med ia te ly u ps tream f ro m t he P eterson-Bush man o pera t ion .

t ery Th is p ot , l oca ted

" a t t he p resen t s i te o f t he G ran t Me mor ia l Church , was n amed t he C ler mon t P o ttery , a nd was o pera ted b y J ohn Ba inum a nd Tho mas B . P e terson ," f or mer employees o f t he f irs t P oin t P leasan t p ipe f ac tory ( R is t MS : 6 -7) . t ( t ery was p Tho mas a nd Burnet 22 .ci t . : 8 ) n o ted t ha t ap icture o f t h is p ot ub lished i n 1 900 .

Murphy l oca ted a copy o f a n Oh io f ac tory i nspec tor 's r epor t d a ted

t ery C 1 898 , a t wh ich t ime t he C ler mon t P ot o ., i n P o in t P leasan t , Oh io , was i nspected—the i nspector f ound e igh t workers o ver e igh teen y ears o f a ge e ng aged i np ipe manu fac ture i n a two s tory s tone b u i ld ing ( Murphy 1 978e ).

Thus ,

t ery o b y 1 898 , t he C ler mon t P ot pera ted b y Ba inum a nd P e terson was a pparen tl y d o ing a sign if ican t amoun t o f b us iness .

The d a te o f i n i t ia l o pera t ion r e ma ins

u ncer ta in . R is t ( 1977c ; MS :7) s ugges ts i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he p roduct o f t he Ba inum P e terson o pera t ion may h ave g one t o T he Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany , b u t t here i s n o e v idence o f ownersh ip b y t he Akron c o mpany .

t Tho mas a nd B urnet

(.ci t . 8 ) a nd Murphy (.ci t . 1 2 ) s uggest a 1 907 c los ing d a te f orthis o pera t ion , b u t R is t ( MS :7) h as a n e nve lope f ro m The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany t o "Messrs . Ba inum a nd P eterson" d a ted J an . 2 8 , 1 913 , t en ta t ive ly s ugges t ing c on t inued o pera t ion u n t i l t h is t ime .

l ow R is t a lso n o tes t ha t f ol ing t he d iscon-

t inua t ion o f t he p urchase o f Ba inum a nd P e terson p ipes b y t he Akron c o mpany , t Ba inu m a nd Pe terson a te mp ted " to marke t a nd d is tr ibu te t he p ipes t he mse lves .

Th is l e f t ar e la-

t ive ly l oca l marke t , a nd t he f ac tory f ro m t hen o n o n ly o pera ted p ar t t ime." ( R is t 1 977c ) On J u ly 4 , 1 944 , J ohn F . R is t o f I ron ton , Oh io , p urchased ap ipe mach ine f ro m Tho mas B . P eterson wh ich h ad b een u sed t o p roduce p ipes i n t he C ler mon t t ery ( Pot R ist MS : 1 ) , a nd Don R ist ( 1977a ) s uspects t ha t t he p ipe mach ine was t ery u sed i n a n e ar lier p ot .

This p ipe mach ine , w i th Don E . R ist i n t he o pera-

l t or 's posi t ion , i s i lustra ted i n P la te 1 4 .

This wood p ipe mach ine h ad mor t ise

a nd t enon j o in ts, a nd was o pera ted b y ac o mb ina t ion o f h and a nd f oo t p ower ( R ist MS) .

R ist (M S) h as p repared c u t away i so metric d raw ings a nd a d etai led

d escr ip t ion o ft he s tep-by-step o pera t ion o ft his mach ine.

1 83

I n a ddi t ion t o t he p ipe mach ine , J ohn R ist a lso o b ta ined a c igar b ox o f p ipes f ro m Pe terson , o ne o f wh ich was marked a s h aving b een made i n 1 913 ( R ist 1 977a , 1 977 1 3 ) .

R ist ( 1977c) g enerously g ave t he a u thor o ne o f t hese p ipes which

l i s i lustra ted o n P la te 6 9 :3 .

The mo ld f or t his p ar t icu lar p ipe s ty le was i n t he

p ipe mach ine when p urchased f ro m Pe terson ( Rist 1 977a ;

1 977 1 3 ) .

I n h is f i les,

J ohn F . R ist n o tes t ha t Ba in .u m a nd P e terson p roduced t wo s ty les o f p ipes:

a

" Stra igh t S te m P ipe [ i .e ., t he b ow l a t r igh t a ng le t o t he s te m ] S haker P ipe" a nd a "Crooked S te m P ipe [ acu te a ng le ] Ha mburg P ipe ."

( 1977c) .

I ts hou ld b e

n o ted t ha t t he d ef in i t ion o ft he t er ms S haker a nd Ha mburg i n t h is 1 944 r eference feren a re d if t t han t ha t wh ich Wa lker ( 1975 :102 ) n o ted f or t he P a mp l in , V irg in ia , i ndustry f ro m t he s a me e ra .

The P e terson machine t ha t R ist p urchased c ou ld

o n ly b e u sed t o p roduce "s tra igh t s te m"

p ipes ( 1977c ) .

Product ion o ft he d ia mo m

t ery ( s tamped e lbow v arie ty b y t he C lermon t P ot Pla te 6 9:3 ) makes o ne wonder i fi ti s p ossib le t ha t t he d ia mond s ta mped e lbow v arie ty r epor ted b y Murphy ( 1976: 2 5-26 ;

ly f s ee a lso Murphy a nd Re ich 1 974:55, 5 7 ) was a ctual ro m t he C ler mon t

t ery a P ot nd n o t t he n e ighbour ing P e terson-Bush man o pera tion . I n c on junct ion w i th t he 1 913 P e terson- made p ipe , a nd t he 1 913 e nve lope f ro m The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany t o B a inum a nd P e terson , R is t ( 1977c ) a lso n o ted t ha t : " Po in t P leasan t b e ing a r iver t own , was s ub merged b y t he r ecord f lood o f t ha t y ear [ 1913 ] ,wh ich wou ld h ave b een a n a ppropr ia te t ime t o c ease a fa l ter ing i ndus try ." A tp resen t , t he b es t e s t i ma te f or t he c los ing d a te o f t he P o in t P leasan t c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try i s 1 913 . A lthough t he Akron- Mogadore a rea ( Sum m i t C oun ty ) i ndus try d id n o t l as t a s l ong a s t he P o in t P leasan t i ndus try , many more p ipe makers were a c t ive i n l Akron a t he Akron a rea a nd t he o veral rea o u tpu t was p robab ly much g rea ter t han t he o u tpu t o f t he P o in t P leasan t c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try . i ly p n i t ial roduced i n S umm i t C oun ty i n 1 828 ( B la ir 1 965 :2 ).

t ery was P ot

I ti s u ncer ta in

when c lay t obacco p ipe p roduc t ion was i n i t ia ted , b u t t he f irs t s ign i f ican t r el's i c orded s tep was Ca lv in J . a nd E dw in H . Merr il nven t ion o f a m ach ine t o mou ld c lay t obacco p ipes s o me t i me p r ior t o 1 847.

B y 1 850 , t he C ensus o f

l" p Manu fac tures r e la tes t ha t i n o ne y ear , " E. H . &J . C . Merr il roduced l a tles a " 280 ,000 P ipes" v a lued a t $ 700 , a s wel s b eer b ot nd s tone p umps ( Murphy 1 978d ) .

l f Me mbers o f t he Merr il am i ly r e ma ined i nvo lved i n A kron 's

p ipe p roduc t ion u n t i l t he i ndus try f aded a way n ear t he e nd o f t he c en tury . ls B la ir ( 1965 ) s um mar izes many o f t he s ources p er ta in ing t o t he Merr il , a nd ly e l's p S udbury ( 1977d :4-9 ) h as s peci f ical xam ined t he Merr il ipe p roduc t ion . These t wo s ources c on ta in i n for ma tion a bou t t he f am i ly 's move men ts i n Akron , f a nd t he d i feren t f ir m n ames u sed o ver t he y ears . I n t he Akron a rea t hey e v iden t ly p roduced c lay t obacco p ipes f ro m b e fore 1 847 u n t i l a bou t 1 890 .

I n

l C 1 890 , t he Merr il o mpany e n tered i n to a c o mbina t ion w i th t hree o ther c o mp an ies t o p roduce p ipes a nd t o i ncrease t he p r ice o f c lay t obacco p ipes ( Murphy 1 978e ) ;

t h is f i rm b ecame k nown a s The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany .

Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany i s d iscussed l a ter i n t h is s ec t ion .

The

A l though

ls c t he Merr il er ta in ly p roduced many p ipes , t o d a te n o e xamp les o f p ipes t a tr ibu tab le t o t he ir c . 1 847-1890 p roduc t ion f ro m a ny l oca t ion h ave b een f ound .

1 84

l ( liam G l) o A s on o f E dwin Merr il W il . Merr il pera ted t he Pamp l in , V irg in ia c lay t obacco p ipe f actory b eg inn ing i n 1 879 , a nd c on t inu ing f or s evera l d ecades . l -known a P roduc ts f ro m t he Pampl in p ipe f ac tory a re wel l though t he ir o r ig in a nd/or r e la t ionsh ip t o t he A kron p roduc t r e ma ins u ncer ta in . l I n forma t ion o n t he f o low ing p ipe makers was f ound i n t he a u thor 's s earch o f t he A kron C i ty D irec tor ies , a nd i s a lso t aken f ro m B la ir ( 1965 ) .

As ide

f ro m t he Merr i lPs e ar ly o pera t ion , t he f irs t p oss ib le manu fac turer i n Akron i s G . D reu t lein , n o ted t o b e p resen t i n 1 871 when l is ted a s a "Manufac turer a nd D ea ler i n C igars , T obacco , P ipes , & c ." ( Akron 1 871 :51 ) .

As t h is a dver-

t i se men tno tes t ha t i ti s a" New York S tore" a nd t ha t meerschaum p ipes were a va i lab le , i ti s c ons idered u n l ikely t ha t Dreu t lein manu factured c lay p ipes l l oca ly . H . J . A yres & C o . was p roducing p ipes b y 1 875 when t hey were n o ted t o b e "mn frs o f smok ing p ipes" ( Akron 1 875 :229 ) .

l B la ir ( 1965 :30 ) i lus tra ted

t al e terhead f ro m t h is f ir m wh ich i s r eproduced i n F igure 4 :1 .

The p ipe

l t i lus tra ted o n t h is l e terhead a ppears v ery s im i lar t o t he g rey u ng lazed p ipes l i lus tra ted o n P la te 1 5 :1 , 2wh ich were f ound a t a Mogadore a n t ique s tore . S te ms o f t h is s ty le o f p ipe h ave b een f ound a t a Mogadore d ump , 3 3S U37 l ( see P la te 1 9 :7, 8 ) . Murphy ( 1978b :50 ) i lus tra ted ap ipe o f t h is s ty le w i th s te m i n tac t t ha t i s as uspec ted A yres & C o . p roduc t . l is ted i n t he c i ty d irectory f or 1 877-1878 ( 1877:26 ).

A yres & C o . i s l as t B la ir ( 1975 ) r e la tes t ha t

t he H . J . Ayres & Co .: " was d es troyed b y f ire s hor t ly a f ter c o m menc ing t he p roduc t ion o f g lazed t i les a nd a rch i tectura l o rnamen ts .

I t was s i tua ted i n t he t own

l v l age o o f Barber ton , a smal il n t he o u tsk ir ts o f Akron a nd was p ar t ly o wned b y t he ma tch ' k ing ' Mr . Barber ." l I n t he 1 875 d irec tory ( Akron 1 875 :229 ) , t he f ir m o f A l ison a nd Har t a ppears i n t he l i s t ing o f " Smok ing P ipe Manu fac turers" a l though t hey were n o t p roduclison a i ng p ipes i n 1 877 ( Akron 1 877 :22 , 4 3 ) . I n 1 871 , Al nd Har t were l i sted s epara te ly a s s toneware p roducers ( Akron 1 871 :119 ) , a nd t he n ex t d irec tory l ( 1873 :13 , 1 70 ) n o ted t ha t t he f ir m A l ison a nd Har t was p roducing s toneware . S tou t ( 1923 :53 ) r e la tes t ha t : " the c apaci ty o f o ne p lan t a lone r eached 6 0 ,000 p ipes p er d ay , a nd l ed o when i t was b urned i n 1 875 i th ad u n f il rders o n h and f or 3 ,0 00 , 0 00 p ipes . " l Whe ther t h is n o te r e fers t o H . J . A yres & C o ., t o A l ison a nd Har t , o r t o s o me o ther Akron a rea p ipe p roducer h as n o t b een p os i t ive ly d e ter m ined . l madge The Akron C i ty D irec tor ies l is t T . H . F en ton a nd C o mpany o f Tal [ j ust n or theast o f Akron- Mogadore ] a s p roducers o f smok ing p ipes f or t he 1 877-1882 p er iod .

The 1 881 d irec tory n o tes t ha t Tho mas H . a nd Cur t is

F en ton were i n t h is o pera t ion ;

a f ter 1 890 , C . F en ton i s l is ted a s V ice P res i-

d en t o f The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany .

B la ir ( 1965 :27 ) s ta tes t ha t F en ton

C o . p roduced smok ing p ipes i n Mogadore f ro m 1 883-1885 . n o ted t ha t : &

I t was a lso

" in 1 883 C ur t is F en ton , a t t he n or theas t c orner o f Mogadore R oad a nd G i lchr is t R oads , where f or mer ly t he o ld Mar t in a nd Purdy 1 85

t er p ot ies h ad s tood , b egan t he manu facture o f c lay smok ing p ipes , l ed t i n wha t was l a ter c al he Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany." ( Mogadore 1 957:13 ) T his p ar t icu lar s i te ( 33 SU86 ) w il e d iscussed w i th The Akron Smok ing l b P ipe C o mpany l a ter i n t h is s ec t ion . The Hopk ins a nd Robinson Manu factur ing Co mpany a dver t ise men ts i n t he 1 875 , 1 877 a nd 1 879 Akron C i ty D irector ies n o te t ha t t h is c o mpany manuf actured " An i ma l Pokes , S haker , Ha mburg , P eer less , G lobe a nd Crea m P ipes ." I n d irec tor ies o f t h is s ame p er iod , t he Barber Ma tch C o mpany ( o f wh ich J ohn K . Robinson was " genera l a gen t" )e n tries d o n ot g ive a ny e vidence t ha t c lay t obacco p ipes were manu fac tured .

B la ir ( 1 965 :7) s ta tes t ha t t he Barber Ma tch

Co . p roduced p ipes , b u t h is s ource o f i n for ma t ion i n u nknown .

I n 1 881 , t he

D iamond Ma tch C o mpany was f or med b y t he c onso l ida t ion o f t he Barber Ma tch Co mpany " wi th 2 8 o ther s i mi lar e s tablish men ts . " ( Lane 1 892 :533 ).

The

1 879 Akron C i ty D irectory ( Akron 1 879:223 ) r e la tes t ha t J ohn K . R obinson was : " pres iden t Barber Ma tch C o . a nd H opk ins & Robinson Manu factur ing Co . a nd t ha t G eorge Hopk ins was " fore man , H opk ins a nd Robinson Manufac tur ing Co ." ( Akron 1 879 :153 ).

The n ex t d irectory r ela tes t ha t G eorge H opk ins i s

" fore man An i ma l Poke a nd P ipe Works , D iamond Ma tch Co ." ( Akron 1 881: 1 86) , a nd t ha t J ohn K . Robinson i s i n Ch icago a s "manager , D iamond Ma tch Co."

( Akron 1 881:290 ) .

I n t h is s a me d irectory ( 1881 :421 , 1 08 , o ppos i te

p age 3 3 ) , t he D ia mond Ma tch C o mpany i s l i s ted a s a" S mok ing P ipe Manuf acturer ," n oted t o b e p roduc ing " clay a nd wood p ipes ," a nd " Shaker a nd H a mburg P ipes ."

The D iamond Ma tch C o mpany , a pparen t ly h av ing t aken o ver

t he p ipe p roduc t ion f or mer ly o pera ted b y H opk ins a nd Robinson , was l as t l is ted a s ap ipe manu facturer i n 1 891 ( Akron 1 891:245 ).

No p roduc ts o f t he

D ia mond Ma tch C o mpany o r o f Hopk ins a nd Robinson Manu factur ing Co mpany a re k nown .

Perhaps Mr . Barber a lso i ncluded t he p ipe l ine f or mer ly p ro-

d uced b y H . J . A yres & C o . w i th t he p roduct o f t he D ia mond Ma tch Co mpany . l en i Baker a nd Mc M il s a nother f ir m t ha t p roduced c lay p ipes ( see S udbury 1 977d :5 , 8 -9 ). I n t he f irs t Akron C i ty D irec tory ( Akron 1 868 :41 ) , J ohn Baker i s n oted t o b e ac abinet maker .

A pparen t ly , b y 1 877 , t he f ir m Baker a nd

l en was p Mc M il roducing c lay t obacco p ipes , a nd c on t inued p roduc tion u n t i l 1 892.

Murphy ( MS ) r ecen t ly c o mple ted a s tudy o f t h is f ir m , a nd r epor ts

l en s evera l p ipes t ha t a re t hough t t o b e t he p roduc t o f Baker a nd Mc M il . Murphy ( 1 979) h as p rov ided t he a u thor w i th p r in ts o f t hese p ipes , wh ich a re i n P la te 1 5:3-5 . Mor ton a nd Es tey were p roducing s toneware i n 1 888 ( Akron 1 888 :401 ) ; t obacco p ipes were n o t a dver t ised a t t h is t ime .

I n 1 889 ( Akron 1 889:508 ) ,

t he f ir m was n o ted t o b e p roducing : " s toneware n ovel t ies , s tone t obacco p ipes , l i t t le b rown j ugs , e tc .

1 86

1

Th is s ame d irectory r e la tes t ha t V ic tor I . Mor ton o f Mor ton a nd E s tey was a "mo ld maker"

( Akron 1 889 :367 ) .

Ano ther s ource n o ted t ha t i n 1 892 ,

Oscar Mor ton l p t ery where h " bu i l t a smal ot e made c lay n ove l t ies s mok ing p ipes , c rocks , j ugs , e tc . i n min ia ture ."

( Mogadore 1 957:53 )

N o e xamp les o f t hese p ipes a re k nown . Murphy ( 1979 ) p rov ided t he a u thor w i th a c opy o f a n a r t ic le f ro m t he J u ly 1 5 , 1 890 Akron Da i ly B eacon ;

t h is a r t ic le , e n t i t led "A COMB INAT ION FORMED .

l G The P r ice o f C lay P ipes Wil o U p A

N ew C o mpany ," r eads

a s f ol lows :

l en & C l's " The D iamond Ma tch C o ., Baker , Mc M il o ., Merr il t ery a l er P ot nd t he M il

&

F ord C o ., o f Pa mph l in , Va ., h ave o rgan ized

o ne c o mpany f or t he p urpose o f manu factur ing c lay p ipes a nd a c har ter h as b een a ppl ied f or w i th a c ap i ta l s tock o f $ 70 ,000 .

The

o rgan iza t ion h as n o t a s y e t b een p er fec ted , a s aB eacon r epor ter was i n for med t h is a f ternoon b y Mr . Mc M il , b u t w il e a s s oon l en l b a s t he c har ter c an b e o b ta ined .

The o b jec t o f t he n ew c o mpany i s

t o r a ise t he p r ice o f t obacco p ipes .

Baker , Mc M il o . ' s l en & C

works a t Mogadore h ave b een d ec ided u pon a s t he p lace o f l oca t ing t he n ew c orpora t ion . " Capi ta l I ncreased . " The Baker Mc M il o . h as b een f or med i n to a new s tock c o ml en & C p any a nd a new c har ter h as b een o bta ined f or a c ap i ta l o f $ 120 ,000 . The a dd i t ions made t o t he o ld c o mpany a re J ohn N ob le , Harry Paugburn a nd C har les McGovern .

The n ew c o mpany w il on t inue l c

b us iness i n t he o ld c o mpany 's s tand ." Three o f t he c o mpan ies i n t h is n ew v en ture la ter k nown a s The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany w ere n o ted a bove a s h av ing p roduced c lay t obacco p ipes . The f our th f ir m n amed , M il ord C o ., o f Pa mph l in , Va , u ndoubted ly l er & F r e fers t o t he f ir m o f Merr il nd F ord o f Pamp l in , V irg in ia . Wil . l a liam G Merr il he s en ior p ar tner o f t h is f ir m . S tou t ( 1923 :54 ) r e la tes t ha t a l was t f irm n amed Merr il l &F ord h ad ap ipe " fac tory i n Mogadore a nd a no ther l, Ear i n V irg in ia ." A f ir m o f t h is n ame h as n o t b een l oca ted i n t he Akron C i ty D irec tor ies .

S ep te mber 2 , 1 879 , Merr il nd F ord b ough t p roper ty i n l a

P a mp l in , V irg in ia ;

b y 1 880 , ap ipe f ac tory a t t h is p roper ty was emp loying

3 0 i nd iv idua ls manu factur ing c lay p ipes u nder t he n ame Merr il nd F ord l a ( Sudbu r y 1 977d :6-8 ). An 1 892 d eed t o t he s ame p roper ty r ela tes t ha t : "W il . Merr il nd G . T . F ord p ar tners u nder t he s ty le a nd liam G l a f ir m o f Merr il nd F ord e ngaged i n t he manufacture o f Smok ing l a p ipes a t Pa mpl in C i ty , A ppo mat oun ty i n t he s ta te o f V irg in ia" t ox C s o ld t h is p ipe f ac tory t o t he A kron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany ( Sudbury 1 97 8 b : 6 5-66 ) .

A l though a fir m n amed Merr il nd F ord i s n o t i n t he Akron C i ty l a

D irec tor ies , G . T . ( George T od ) F ord i s l is ted f ro m 1 873-1875 a s ap ar tner i n t he f ir m U pson a nd F ord ( Akron 1 873 :56 , 1 875 :87) , a nd f ro m 1 877 t o 1 882 a s a n A torney-a t-law i n t he f ir m U pson , F ord a nd Ba ird ( Akron 1 877:90 , t 1 879:112 , 1 881 :134 ).

Fro m 1 885-1886 , a torney-a t-law G . T . F ord t

1 87

was s en ior p ar tner i n " Ford & E berhard ," "manu fac turers o f s team e ng ines;" F ord c on t inues t o a ppear i n t he c i ty d irec tor ies a s a n a torney u n t i l 1 893 t when h e i s n o l onger l is ted .

Thus , t he t eam o f Merr il nd F ord a pparen t ly l a

was c o mpr ised o f a n e xper ienced p ipe manu fac turer a nd a l awyer ; F ord was a n i nves tor a nd l ega l a dv iser i n t h is e n terpr ise .

p erhaps

J ohn F . Ear l i s

n o ted t o b e a" P ipe Manu fac turer" i n P amp l in ( Sudbury 1 977d :6-9 , 2 9 ) ; p resumab ly , "Merr il l a nd F ord" ( S tou t 1 923 :54 ) was t he work ing n ame l, Ear o f t he o rgan iza t ion wh i le "Merr il nd F ord" was t he f ir m 's l ega l n ame . l a The h is tory o f t he Akron p ipe i ndus try i s v ery c on fus ing , p ar t icu lar ly when o ne b eg ins t o l ook a t t he o f icers o f t he v ar ious p ipe manu fac turers , f a nd n o tes t ha t f requen t ly t hey a re t he s ame i nd iv idua ls .

The s i tua t ion i s

i ndeed ap erp lex ing o ne , a nd r equ ires a g rea t d ea l o f a dd i t iona l s tudy .

I n

1 890 , The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany was f or med b y c onso l ida t ion o f f our a rea f ir ms :

l C l a E . H . Merr il o ., Merr il nd F ord , The D iamond Ma tch C o .,

l en Co. a nd The Baker , Mc M il

l owing a Doy le ( 1 908 :621 ) r e la tes t he f ol bou t

Cur t is F en ton : l en " He was a m e mber o f t he f ir m Baker a nd Mc M il , wh ich a cqu ired l p t he smal ipe f actory , wh ich b ecame t he n uc leus o f t he Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany ." The 1 892 Akron C i ty D irec tory ( Akron 1 892 :132 , 2 00 , 2 84 , 4 63 ) r e la tes l C t ha t Freder ick W. Bu t ler ( secre tary o f The E . H . Merr il o .) was p res iden t o f The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany , t ha t C ur t is C . F en ton was v ice p res id en t , a nd C har les H . Pa l mer ( genera l s uper in tendan t , The D iamond Ma tch C o mpany ) was t reasurer a nd g enera l manager o f The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany .

I n 1 889 ( Akron 1 889 :767) t hree p ipe makers were l is ted :

Baker ,

l en & C l C Mc M il o ., The D ia mond Ma tch C o ., a nd The E . H . Merr il o . p ipe makers were l is ted i n 1 891 ( Akron 1 891 :634 ) :

F our

The Akron Smok ing P ipe

f l en C C o mpany ( o f ice Fa lor wes t o f Ma in ) , The B aker , Mc M il o ., The D iamond f l C Ma tch C o . ( o f ice Fa lor S t . wes t o f Ma in ) , a nd The E . H . Merr il o .

T he

1 892 d irec tory ( Akron 1 892 :656 ) l is ts t wo smok ing p ipe manu fac turers :

The

l en Co Akron Smok ing P ipe C o ., a nd The Baker , Mc M il ., a nd t he 1 893 d irect ory ( Akron 1 893 :710 ) o n ly l i s ts o ne p ipe manu fac turer : The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany . The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany i s l as t l i s ted a s a smok ing p ipe manu fac turer i n t he d irec tory f or 1 896 ( Akron 1 896 :762 ). An 1 895 r e fe rence ( Oh io 1 896 :46) wh ich a pparen t ly a pp l ies t o The Akron Smok ing P ipe l ows C o mpany r eads a s f ol : " The i ndus try i s n ow c onso l ida ted u nder o ne c o mpany , a t Mogadore , where t he b es t c lays a re f ound . A bou t 3 0 , 0 00 p ipes p er d ay a re n ow made , o ne work man b eing a ble t o t urn o u t 7 , 0 00 i n t en h ours . The me thod emp loyed i s t o p ress t he c lay i n to s tee l mou lds a nd a f terwards t The g oods a re f i ted o u t w i th s te ms b efore b e ing

b urn t he m i n a ki ln . p laced o n t he marke t . w i ld i n T ennessee .

t er a The l at re made f ro m a r eed wh ich g rows

l make f One r eed w il ro m f ive t o s ix s te ms .

Wi th

l s t he a ss is tance o f a smal aw , 4 0 ,000 s te ms c an b e made i n a d ay .. One g rade [ of p ipe ] i s s o ld t o t he t rade a s l ow a s f our teen c en ts p er h undred , d e l ivered i n S t . L ou is .... The manu facture o f a n e ar thenware p ipe o u t o f r ed c lay h as j us t b egan a t Mogadore ."

1 88

In addition to being an interesting account of production methods, one immedi­ ately wonders if Cupples Co. of St. Louis, Missouri, was purchasing pipes from The Akron Smoking Pipe Company at this time. The Akron Smoking Pipe Company operated a tobacco pipe factory in Pamplin, Virginia, and apparently continued to market pipes from that source until it sold the Pamplin plant in 1919 (Sudbury 1977d:ll). There is also limited evidence that The Akron Smoking Pipe Company purchased and mar­ keted pipes from several potteries in Point Pleasant, Ohio. Doyle (1908:621) indicates that the Akron firm had a branch factory in Point Pleasant, Ohio, although there is currently no firm evidence of actual ownership. Following termination of smoking pipe production in Akron in 1896, the Mogadore plant of The Akron Smoking Pipe Company produced electrical insulators, and was renamed The Mogadore Insulator Co. in 1920 (Stout 1923:54). In 1927, this firm moved to an Akron site (Mogadore 1957 :13). Following is a brief pre­ sentation about what is known about the Mogadore factory. Murphy and Reich (1974) reported a sample of pipe wasters recovered from an old dump located several blocks east of The Akron Smoking Pipe Company factory site at the edge of a former mill pond. Pictures of this dump are shown on Plate 16. An 1874 map of Mogadore (Mogadore 1957 :67), reproduced in Figure 4:3, has the location of this dump labeled "A ." This site, official site designation 33-SU-37, produced the styles of pipes illustrated in Plate 17. Additional pipe styles found at the site, but not reported by Murphy and Reich (1974) are illustrated in Plates 15:7-8, and 19:3-8. Murphy and Reich (2E_.cit.: 59) state that these pipes "are believed to be products of the Akron Smoking Pipe Co. or its forerunner, Fenton & Co." Kiln furniture used in pipe production was also found at this site (see Plates 16, 18 and 19:1-2) although the source of the waster material has not yet been positively determined. Murphy and Reich (1972) have also reported the various pipe mold marks noted on pipes from 33-SU-37. A second dump site in the area has been located by area residents (marked "B" in Figure 4:3). This site, designated 33-SU-85, produced pipes similar to those from 33-SU-37. However, one additional pipe style was recovered from this dump site. Although the specimen found at the dump is not available for study, a specimen of this same style was found by a bottle collector in a dump in Memphis, Tennessee (Plate 24:2). Most pipe styles present at 33-SU-37 were also present at 33-SU-85. However, as the frequency of occurrence of the various pipe styles was different at these two dumps, it is assumed that the deposits were not made by the pipe company at the same time. The Akron Smoking Pipe Company's Mogadore plant was located on the site of two former potteries. These potteries are shown on lots 62-65 of the 1874 map of Mogadore; "C" on Figure 4:3 is the location of this s ite, 33-S U-86. In 1883, Curtis Fenton began the manufacture of clay smoking pipes where the two potteries "had stood" (Mogadore 1957:13), suggesting that a new struc­ ture was erected on the site. This Akron Smoking Pipe Co. factory site is designated 33-SU-86. A pre-1927 photograph of The Akron S moking Pipe Com­ pany' s Mogadore plant is reproduced from Mogadore (1957:57) in Plate 21:1; the 189

s choo l b u i ld ing i s l oca ted i n t he f oreground o f t h is p ic ture .

P la te 2 0 :1 , a

1 938 a er ia l p ho tograph ( Na t iona l Arch ives a nd Records S erv ice P hoto I den t if ica t ion QB-29-2293 ) s hows t he p ipe f ac tory b u i ld ing w i th t hree c ircu lar k i lns a t t he r ear ( nor th ) o f t he b ui ld ing .

The e as t p ar t o f t he b u i ld ing c ons is t ing o f

ag able t ha t i s p resen t i n t he f oreground o f P la te 2 1 :1 was a pparen t ly r e moved b y 1 938 .

As t he o r ig ina l f actory b u i ld ing a ppears t o h ave a pproached t he p rop-

e r ty l ine

c lose ly ( see P la te 2 1 :1 ) , i ti s c once ivab le t ha t more o f t he b u i ld ing

was r e moved t han j us t t he g abled s ec t ion .

An a er ia l p ho tograph t aken A pr i l

1 6 , 1 952 ( NCIC P ho to I den t i f ica t ion 1 DH0000000005 ) s hows wha t a ppears t o b e t he s a me b u i ld ing a s o pera ted b y a n a u to mob i le d ea ler ( P la te 2 0 :2 ) ; a re n o l onger v is ib le .

t he k i lns

An a u to mob i le d ea ler n a med G len Wes t , h av ing moved

t o t he s i te i n 1 934 , b u i l t h is n ew b u i ld ing i n 1 953 ( Mogadore 1 957 :21 ) .

An

a er ia l p ho tograph t aken N ove mber 2 7 , 1 957 , i s s hown i n P la te 2 0 :3 . S evera l v iews o f t he f ac tory s i te t aken i n 1 978 a re s hown i n P la tes 2 1:2 , 3a nd 2 2 :1 , 2 .

Mr . R eeser , b orn O ctober 2 5 , 1 889 , r e me mbers b e ing i n t he

p ipe s hop , a nd wa tch ing t he mach ines a nd o pera tors work wh i le h e was ab oy ( Reeser 1 978a ) .

Ac opy o f t he p ipe f ac tory f loor p lan d rawn b y R eeser ( 1978b )

i s r eproduced i n F igure 5 .

A l though The A kron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany 's

Mogadore f ac tory b u i ld ing was r ec tangu lar wh i le t he Pa mp l in , V irg in ia , s hop was more n ear ly s quare , t he f loor p lan a nd o rgan iza t ion o f t he Akron p lan t i s s im i lar t o t ha t r epor ted f or t he Pa mp l in p lan t ( see H irs tein 1 975 :70 ) . Ap o tho le p resen t a long t he i ns ide f ounda t ion o f t he b ox b u i ld ing a t t he f ac tory s i te ( Figure 5K , P la te 2 2 :1 , 2 ) was i nves t iga ted i n J u ly , 1 978 , a nd l p roduced s agger f ragmen ts , a nd t he p ipes i lus tra ted o n P la te 2 3 . A s t he l k h is tory o f t h is s i te 's u t i l iza t ion i s n o t wel nown , i ti s u ncer ta in whe ther t hese s peci mens were p roduced b y F en ton & C o ., o r b y The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany . These s pec i mens d o c on f ir m t ha t Murphy a nd R eich ( 1974 : 5 9 ) c orrec t ly s ur mised t he s ource o f t heir 3 3SU 37 waster ma ter ia ls . f R eeser ( 1 978a ) a lso r e la ted t ha t t he o f ice o f The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany h ad b een l oca ted a cross t he s tree t t o t he s ou thwes t o f t he p ipe f ac tory .

Th is s tructure , c urren t ly o ccup ied b y t he Amer ican L eg ion , i s

s hown i n P la te 2 2 :3 , 4 .

One o f t he 1 978 p ho tographs o f t he f actory s i te

f ( P la te 2 1 :2 ) was t aken f ro m t he f ron t o f t h is o f ice b u i ld ing .

t Al e terhead o f

The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany i s r eproduced i n F igure 4 . :2 ( t aken f ro m B la ir 1 965 :36) .

l The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany d is tr ibu ted a n i lus tra ted

c a ta logue/pr ice l i s t , b u t n o e xamples o f t hese d ocumen ts h ave b een l oca ted a t t h is t ime . I n a dd i tion t o t he p ipe s ty les f ound i n Mogadore , s evera l p ipes h ave b een f ound e lsewhere t ha t a re t hough t t o h ave b een p roduced b y The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany .

These s peci mens ( P la te 2 4 :3 , 4 ) a re marked " CATL IN 'S

HUNTRESS" a nd " SADDLE BAG , na nd a re t hough t t o h ave b een p roduced b y The Akron Smok ing

P ipe C o mpany f or s a le t o a tobacco c o mpany .

" CATLIN 'S

0 . S ." p ipes ( P la tes 1 7:3 , a nd 2 4 :5 ) a nd " CATL IN 'S HUNTRESS" p ipes ( P la te 2 4 :3 ) a re t hough t t o h ave b een p roduced f or s a le t o t he C a t l in T obacco C o mpany o f S t . L ou is , M issour i ( Connor ton 1 890 :370 , 3 48 ) ;

i ti s n o t k nown i f S amuel

Cupp les o f S t . Lou is a c ted a s midd le man i n t hese t ransac t ions .

" SADDLE

l e Tobacco BAG" ( P la te 2 4:4 )p ipes were p robab ly made f or s a le t o t he L ou isv il le T t a C o ., L ou isv il obacco Works , o r t he S her it nd Bark ley Tobacco C o . o f 1 90

le Lou isv il , K en tucky ( Vonnor ton 1 894 :476;

1 895 :481 ;

1 890 :384 ) .

P ipes

marked " FINZER" ( P la tes 1 7 :4 a nd 2 3 :3 , 4 ) were p resu mab ly made f or s a le le ( t o t he J ohn F inzer & Bros . c o mpany o f L ou isv il Connor ton 1 890 :336). P ipes marked " HELP ING HAND TOBACCO" ( P la te 1 7:5 ) were p roduced f or t he K en tucky Ra i lroad T obacco C o . o f Coving ton , Ken tucky ( Connor ton 1 890 : 3 47) , a nd p ipes marked "REDLETTER" ( P la te 1 9 :6) were p roduced f or The , Whee ling , Wes t V irg in ia ( Connor ton 1 894 : Wes t V irg in ia T obacco Csompany ) 4 71.

I , The A, u .on Smok ing P ipe C o mpany a c tual oi l ct ied od r ers n 1 895 ls ly s

f ro m t he t obacco c o mpan ies f or p ipes w i th t he n ames o f t obacco b rands o n t he m ( Connor ton 1 895 :367) .

Th is s ame a dver t ise men t a lso n o ted t ha t smok ing

p ipes ." are b eing u sed l arge ly b y t he d if t TOBACCO MANUFACTURERS , f eren wh ich t hey g ive a way w i th t he ir SMOK ING TOBACCO a s a n a dver t is ing s che me ." ( Connor ton 1 895 :367) Th is p rac t ice i s d iscussed i n more d e ta i l i n S udbury (M S 8 ) .

The p ipe i lus tra ted i n P la te 2 4 :1 was a lso f ound i n Mogadore , a nd i s l t hough t t o b e ap roduc t o f The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany .

Un l ike mos t

o f t he Akron- Mogadore p ipes wh ich a re s a l tg lazed , t he t hree p ipes i n P la te 1 5 :6-9 h ave b een d ipped i n a brown s l ip p r ior t o f ir ing . o n t he s peci men i n P la te 1 5 :8 .

Th is i s q u i te o bv ious

These t hree s pec i mens a re a l o f l oca l o r ig in , l

a nd P la te 1 5 :7-8 was f ound a t 3 3SU 37.

The ir u l t i ma te o r ig in a nd p lace i n

t he h is tory o f t he Akron- Mogadore c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try r e ma ins t o b e e luc ida ted .

Two p ipes o f Mogadore o r ig i nw i th t heir o r ig ina l s te ms i n tac t

a re s hown i n P la te 2 5 :1 , 2 ;

t hese a re t he s te m s tyles r e ferred t o i n t he

Pamp l in , V irg in ia , i ndus try a s b en t a nd s tra igh t s te ms . I n t he p reced ing d iscuss ion , t he f ol ipe mak ing c o mpan ies were l owing p n oted t o b e p resen t i n t he Akron- Mogadore a rea : E .H . Merr il o ., a t a l &C n umber o f s i tes , H .J . A yres & C o ., A lison a nd Har t , F en ton & C o . a t a t l l eas t t wo s i tes , H opk ins a nd R obinson Manu fac tur ing C o mpany a pparen t ly c ont inued b y The D iamond Ma tch C o ., Baker & Mc M il , Mor ton a nd E s tey , l en Merr il nd F ord , a nd f inal he c ong lo mera te k nown a s The Akron Smok ing l a ly t P ipe C o mpany. c on t inu ing .

S tudy o f t he Akron- Mogadore a rea t obacco p ipe i ndus try i s

P roceeding t o t he t h ird p hase o f t h is e xam ina t ion o f t he Oh io p ipe mak ing i ndus try , t he p ipe makers n o t a ssoc ia ted w i th t he P o in t P leasan t o r AkronMogadore p roduc t ion c en ters w il e n o ted . l b

I n for ma t ion a bou t t he e ar l ies t

Oh io p ipe maker k nown t o d a te was f ound i n a March 1 817 a dver t ise men t i n t he Lancas ter O h io Eag le ( v ia Murphy 1 978c ) : " Two Dol eward . l ars R " STOLEN , f ro m t he P ot f t he s ubscr iber , f or mer ly o ccupied t ery o b y E dward Tho mas , i n L ancaster , o n t he n igh t o f t he f irs t i ns tan t , AP ipe- Mou ld , Made o f l ead a nd p la ted w i th c opper .

Whoever

b r ings b ack s a id mou ld , a nd i n for ms t he s ubscr iber who t he p erson was t ha t s to le i t , s hal ave t he a bove r eward , o r o ne D ol or l h l ar f t he mou ld o n ly . " Jacob E . Kr ide lbaugh .

March 1 7 , 1 817 ." 1 91

P resumab ly , E dward Tho mas h ad p roduced p ipes i n Lancas ter , a nd J acob E . Kr ide lbaugh wan ted t o . A s wel l a s o pera t ing t he f irs t P oin t P leasan t , Oh io , p ot t ery f ro m 1 849 t o 1 853 ( and l a ter p roduc ing p ipes a t t wo s i tes i n I l ino is ) , me mbers o f t he l K irkpa tr ick f am i ly a lso h ad p ot ies i n C inc inna t i , F reder ick town , a nd U rt er b ana ( Denker 1 978b :6-13 ) .

N o thing i s k nown a bou t p ipe p roduc t ion a t t hese

p laces . T owards t he e nd o f t he 1 9th c en tury , t he p ot t ery i ndus try c en tered i n Eas t L iverpoo l was c ons idered o ne o f t he more impor tan t p ot t ery p roduc t ion c en ters i n t he c oun try .

S tou t ( 1923 :54 , 7 8 ) l i s ts t wo p roducers o f c lay p ipes

who h ad o pera ted i n Eas t L iverpoo l .

These a re Wil o lc lough ( 1865?liam C

1 895 ) a nd J acob Mor ton ( 1867?. 1 870?) .

Vodrey ( 1978 ) r ela tes t ha t :

" Un t i l a bou t 1 870 t he c lay p ipes made a t t he p ot ies i n t he Eas t t er L iverpoo l d is tr ic t were y el ince we h ad n o wh i te c lay h ere . l ow ware s There a re e xa mples o f t h is t ype o f p ipe i n o ur museum ." A l though The East L iverpoo lH is tor ica l S oc ie ty 's p ipes a re c urren t ly i n s torage , t hey w il e a va i lable f or s tudy i n t he f u ture ( Vodrey 1 978 ). l b The f ina l Oh io p ipe makers t o b e c ons idered a re t k ree me mbers o f t he J ohn F . R is t f am i ly o f I ron ton , Oh io . p ipes i n t he 1 940s a nd e ar ly 1 950s .

J ohn F . R is t p roduced c lay t obacco On O c tober 5 , 1 943 , J ohn F . R is t v is i ted

t he c lay t obacco p ipe f ac tory i n Pamp l in , V irg in ia ( R is t 1 977b ) .

Dur ing t h is

v is i t , h e o b ta ined a fac tory p ipe s h ipping b ox [ i lus tra ted i n S udbury 1 977d :15] l a nd e igh t s ty les o f p ipes—presu mab ly t he t ypes e i ther c urren t ly i n p roduc t ion o r s t il l i n s tock ( R is t 1 977b ) .

R is t a lso v is i ted P e terson , f or mer o pera tor o f

aP o in t P leasan t p ipe f ac tory i n 1 944 , a nd o b ta ined ap ipe mach ine a nd s o me p ipes f ro m P e terson ( R is t 1 977c ).

A pparen t ly , t hese v is i ts were s pec if ical ly

p ro mp ted b y ad es ire t o l earn a bou t t he v ar ious t echn iques i nvo lved i n p ipemak ing . mak ing .

Dur ing t h is s ame t ime , J ohn F . R is t was e xper i men t ing w i th p ipeH is f irs t mo lds were o f wood , a nd t he p ipe mo lds u sed i n a c tua l

p roduc t ion were o f h is o wn d es ign , a nd were made o f s tee l ( R is t 1 977e ) .

R is t

a lso e xper i men ted w i th a v ar ie ty o f c lays a nd g lazes b e fore s e lect ing wha t h e wou ld u se i n a c tua l c o m mercia l p roduct ion .

Th is e xper imen ta t ion o ccurred

o ver ap er iod o f af ew y ears ( R is t 1 977c , e ) . D on E . R is t v ery c lear ly s um mar izes h is f a ther J ohn F . R is t 's p ipe l p roduc t ion a s f o lows : "My f a ther , J ohn F . R is t , o pera ted a drug s tore . men t , h e b egan mak ing c lay p ipes a s a hobby .

A f ter h is r e t ire-

H e d id t h is b ecause

i n t he f ina l y ears o f t he o pera t ion o f t he d rug s tore , h e n o t iced t ha t c lay p ipes were t aken f ro m t he marke t a nd n o l onger p roduced .

H e

h ad mo lds mach ined f ro m s tee l , a nd improv ised ap ipe p ress f ro m a l p d r il ress t o wh ich h e a dded af oo t l ever t o s i mu la te t he o pera t ion o f o ther p ipe mach ines .

H e o bta ined t he s terns f ro m The Cu lpepper

P ipe S te m C o . o f S u ffo lk , Va ., t he s upp l ier o f p ipe s te ms t o t he Pamp l in f ac tory .

The h obby was s o s uccess fu l t ha t h e wen t i n to

p roduc t ion , s h ipp ing p ipes t hroughou t t he s ta tes o f Oh io , K en tucky a nd Wes t V irg in ia .

l The p ipes were v ery p opu lar among t he h i l

1 92

p eople .

The p roduc t ion t urned i n to a n o u t land ish b us iness , o u tgrowing

t he p ursu i t o f ah obby .

One d ay i n 1 952 , t ir ing o f t he d e mand which

h ad h i m working s even d ays a w eek , h e q u i t .

Tha t a s f ar a s Ik now

was t he l as t c o m merc ia l a te mp t t o p roduce c lay p ipes ." ( R is t 1 977a ). t J ohn F . R is t 's f irs t c o m merc ia l s a le o f p ipes was t o t he S ta ley Drug S tore , I ron ton , May 9 , 1 945 ( R is t 1 979 ) .

Two b as ic s ty les were p roduced , o ne h av ing

r a ised d o ts o n t he o u ts ide o f t he b ow l c al O ld T i mer" ( P la te 2 6: 4 -6 ) , a nd l ed " o ne w i th a smoo th e x ter ior c al Souven ir" ( P la te 2 6:1-3 ) ( R is t 1 977a ). l ed "

The

S ouven ir p ipes f requen t ly h ad t he n ame o f ac oncess ion a pp l ied t o t he e x ter ior o f t he b ow l w i th a r ubber s tamp a nd i nk p ad ( P la te 2 6 :1 ,2 ) ( R is t 1 977b , e ) . There were t wo minor v ar ian ts o f e ach s tyle a ccoun t ing f or t he f our s tee l mo lds u sed .

Don E . R is t g enerous ly p rov ided t h is a u thor w i th a s amp le o f

h is f a ther 's p ipes ( R is t 1 977c ) ( P la te 2 6: 1 -6 ) .

F our s te ms f ro m The Cu l-

p epper P ipe S te m C o . o f S uf fo lk , Va . a re a lso i l lus tra ted ( P la tes 2 5 :3 , 4 , a nd 2 6 :7 , 8 ) . I n h is f a ther 's workshop , Don R is t fo und a n a lum inu m mo ld f or a f i f th l a p ipe s ty le , a s wel s s evera l p ipes o f t h is s ty le made o f wh i te c lay .

Th is

a lu m inum mo ld was c as t f ro m ab r ier p ipe , b y J ohn F . R is t , J r .; t h is t ype was n ever p u t i n to c o m merc ia l p roduc t icn ( R is t 1 977c , d ) . t o t h is s ty le a s t he " Hobby p ipe ."

Don R is t r e fers

An e xamp le o f t h is p ipe s ty le p rovided b y

l Don R is t ( R is t 1 978c ) i s i lus tra ted i n P la te 2 7 :3 . I n t he p as t f ew y ears , Don E . R is t h as a lso p roduced s o me p ipes u s ing h is f a ther 's mach inery ( P la te 6 7:1 ) . The f or mer 's s ta te men t o f h is p ipe p rol d uc ing p lans f o lows : " I h ave [my f a ther 's ] * .. pipe mak ing e qu ip men t i n t he g arage , a nd r ecen t ly made s evera l b a tches o f p ipes , p robab ly t o p rove t o mysel f t ha t t he e qu ip men t d oes work a nd t ha t Ic ou ld make ap ipe .

Id o n o t

l a low t he p ipes t ha t Imake t o b e d is tr ibu ted , a s Id o n o t wan t t o d i lu te t he v a lue o f t he o r ig ina ls .

Ih ave i n ten t ions o f mak ing p ipes

l h when Ir e t ire , b u t Iw il ave mo lds made wh ich a re o f a des ign o f my o wn , u n ique a nd n o t ar eproduc t ion o f a ny o f t he o lder p ipes ." ( R is t 1 977a )

P ennsy lvan ia Barber ( 1 901 :338 ) r e la tes t ha t : " As e ar ly a s 1 690 t obacco p ipes were made i n P h i lade lph ia a s s ta ted t's H i n S char f a nd Wescot is tory o f P h i lade lph ia .

An a dver t ise men t

a ppeared i n Andrew B rad ford 's Amer ican Week ly Mercury , p r in ted l i n P h i lade lph ia May 1 2 , 1 720 , worded a s f o lows : ' Good l ong Tavern Tobacco P ipes S o ld a t 4 s . p er G ross b y as ing le G ross , a nd 3 s . f or al arger Quant i ty b y R ichard Warder T obacco P ipe Maker l iv ing lip S u nder t he s a me r oo f w i th P h il yng G o ld Sm i th , n ear t he Marke t P lace , where a lso a ny t ha t h ave o ccas ion may h ave t he ir f ou l P ipes b urn t f or 8 d . p er G ross ."

1 93

Wilson (1971:12), regarding early clay tobacco pipe manuf�cture, states that: "To my knowledge, the earliest known pipemaker active in this country may have been a Philadelphian named John Warder. In his will dated November 3, 1711, he calls himself a pipemaker, and leaves his tools and implements to his brother Richard ... . (Robert J. Colborn, personal communication). " As noted in the Scharf and Wescott citation, Richard Warder did indeed produce pipes in Philadelphia. The Moravian religious community of Bethlehem was establis hed inl 1741 (Nelson 1978). Apparently, the pottery in Bethlehem was built in 1749 (Foley 1967:66). Gill (1978) related that a small£· 1760-1765 waster dump was excavated at the site of a Bethlehem pottery; Gill also noted that no clay tobacco pipes were found in this waster dump. After the period of this dump, the pottery shop was relocated (Gill 1978). Gottfried Aust, a potter, left Bethlehem on October 2, 1755, and arrived in Bethabara, North Carolina, on November 4, 1755 (Fries 1922 :140, 146). On November 15, 1755, he ·was searching for "flint which he could use in making glazing ;" on November 28, 17 55, Aust ground flint at the mill for glazing, and during the first two weeks of December, 1755, "Br. Augst dug clay and made pottery, for which the people were eager; he also began to make clay pipes." (Fries 1922:148, 149) Within several months of leaving B_ethlehem, Aust had initiated clay tobacco pipe production in Bethabara. Although in Bethlehem less than one year, the rapid establishment of pipe production in Bethabara would seem to imply that pipes were produced in Bethlehem ; definitive evidence has yet to be demonstrated. "Aust was born April 5, 1722, at Heidersdorf in Silesia in the prin­ cipality of Brieg. He apprenticed under Andr. Dober in Herrnhut in 1743." (Walker 1971:26) "Gottfried Aust. . . had come from Herrnhut \\here he had lived since 1732, and it is reasonable to suppose he brought with him [to Bethabara] the type of pipe favoured there [Herrnhut]. " (Walker 1971:26) There is currently no archaeological evidence of clay tobacco pipe production occurring in Bethlehem although Moravian style pipes have been excavated from other parts of the settlement (Gill 1978). Barber (1901:338) states that: "The Moravians of Bethlehem, Pa., made clay smoking pipes in the last century. 11 It is likely that "last century" in this particular reference (first edition, 1893) refers to the 1700s. Barber (1901:339) goes on to relate that "Mr. Robert Rau, of that place [Bethlehem], is my authority for the statement that plain pipe-bowls, some white and some green, made without stems, were produced by these people probably within the first decade of this century." 194

Pipes produced in Bethlehem remain to be positively identified. Pertaining to Moravian pipe production in Pennsylvania, it is of interest that in 1788, Johann Gottlob Krause of Salem, North Carolina, "was called down for his intention . . . to make pipe he ads , for which he had already ordered forms from Christiansbrunn," (Bivins 1972:59) Pennsylvania (Bivins 1972:69). It is also of interest that in 1806, pipes pro­ duced in Salem, North Carolina-as well as reed stems-were being sold to a Philadelphia firm (Bivins 1972: 174). Hannas Town was established early in the 1770s and was the county seat of Westmoreland County until Greensburg became the county seat in 1787, after which Hannas Town was rapidly abandoned (Richardson and Wilson 1976: 153-154). Grimm (1976) related that several very crude stub stemmed pipes -apparently formed by hand without benefit of a mould-were recovered in the excavations at Hannas Town. These were presumably of local manufacture. Apparently, in the first decade of the 19th century, there was a clay tobacco pipe factory in operation in the young town of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Cuming (1810:222-223) relates that: "An account of the manufactories and tradesmen was taken in the fall of 1807, the result of which was-[a lengthy list of businesses , includ­ ing] ... one factory for clay smoking pi pes." A Pittsburgh City Directory (Harris 1841:124-126) amends an 1808 listing entitled "The Manufacturing interest of Pittsburgh-1808" in 1809 by noting several additional manufactories and tradesmen not present in the 1808 listing, including "1 Pipe manufactory, by Mr. Price." The first Pittsburgh City Directory (Riddle 1815:68, 83, 142) lists a Queensware Manufactory, but does not list a pipe factory or a Mr. Price. Franklin Ellis (1882:471) lists one "Pipe-maker" who was working in Bridgeport, Pennsylvania in 1816: Joshua Bergen. Barber, writing from Pennsylvania, recorded a number of 19th century Pennsylvania pipemakers (Barber 1901: 339-341): "Long-stemmed pipes seem to have been superseded by bowls about [" the first decade of" the 19tg century] . ., and during the ensuing thirty years or so numerous local potteries throughout Pennsylvania and other sections took up this branch of manufacture. "About the year 1810 Adam Maize, of New Berlin, Union County (then Northumberland), Pa., was making pipe-bowls in the form of a man's head, and prior to 1825, when he quit the business to enter politics, Philip Seebold, who had learned his trade with Maize, made the same style bowl. The manufacture, however, was continued at both potteries until about 1845, when outside competition caused it to cease. "Previous to 1830 Christian Evil and Charles Zorn had potteries in Berlin, Somerset County, Pa., where they made pipe-bowls in the form of a man's head. Jacob Swope owned a pottery one mile north 195

o f B ird-in-Hand , Lancas ter C oun ty , P a ., a bou t 1 820 .

H is s on ,

Z ur ie l S wope , h appened o ne d ay when a l ad , a s h e was p ass ing a long as tree t i n L ancas ter , t o s ee o ne o f t he b lack-g lazed p ipe-bowls f ro m B er l in i n t he w indow o f aj ewel 's s hop , a nd , a trac ted b y l er t i ts n ove l ty , wen t i n a nd p urchased i tf or t hree c en ts .

H e t hen

t ery. c o m menced mak ing s im i lar b ow ls a t h is f a ther 's p ot

H is f irs t

mou ld was c ons truc ted o f l ead , wh ich , p rov ing t oo s o f t , was r ep laced b y o ne made o f b lock t in .

H e manu fac tured , w i thou t a ss is tance , a s

many a s t hree h undred p ipe-bow ls i n ad ay , wh ich h e t ook t o Lancas ter a nd s o ld f or a c en t e ach . " Abou t 1 840 S a mue l S turg is was mak ing q u i te e x tens ive ly , a t L i t i tz , i n t he s ame c oun ty , s im i lar p ipe-heads , wh ich h e s o ld l arge ly t o t obaccon is ts i n P h i lade lph ia a nd o ther p laces .

These were made i n

h a l f a dozen d i feren t d es igns , a nd , b eing wel urned a nd c overed f l b w i th g reen , b rown , o r y el laze , were v ery p opu lar w i th t he l ow g smokers o f t ha t d ay . b een

A t a n e ar l ier d a te e ar then a nd s toneware h ad

made t here b y Mr . S turg is a nd b y J oseph S turg is , h is f a ther .

The b us iness was d iscon t inued i n 1 843 , o n t he d ea th o f t he f or mer . Mr . C .W . S turg is , h is s on , r es id ing i n Lancas ter , i n for med me t ha t s evera l o f t he o ld p ipe- mou lds a re s t il n p ossess ion o f t he l i f am i ly . " So me y ears a f ter t he d iscon t inuance o f t he L i t i tz p ot , a bou t t ery 1 856 , J ohn G ibb le , o f Manhe im , c o m menced t o make p ipes o f r ed c lay , c overed w i th ab rown g laze , i n t he s hape o f a n I nd ian 's h ead . Mr . G ibb le , s on o f t he o r ig ina l o wner , i s s t il n t he b us iness , a nd l i h as s en t me s evera l s amples o f t h is f or m , t oge ther w i th o ne o f t he h and- made c lay r acks , f urn ished w i th n u merous h ooked a r ms , o n wh ich t he p ipe b ow ls were h ung t o d ry a f ter b e ing g lazed . .. . [ Barber 's i lustra tion o f t he "G lazing Rack f or P ipes. l i s r eproduced i n P la te 2 7 :2 .1

G ibble Pot t ery."

" In 1 858 , Mr . J . R ichards manu fac tured wh i te c lay smok ing-pipes o f d i feren t l eng ths a nd o f g ood q ua l i ty , i n O x ford S tree t , a bove f Frank ford R oad , K ens ing ton , P h i lade lph ia .

H e s en t t o Eng land f or

p ot ad l earned t h is b ranch o f t he a r t ." t ers who h Barber ( 1901 : i ) c la i med h is b ook was " based a l mos t e n t irely u pon i i t horough p ersona l i nves t iga t ions ." The a u thor h as b een u nsuccess fu l i n l oca ting p roducts o f a ny o f t hese 1 9 th c en tury P ennsy lvan ia c lay t obacco p ipe makers . ma t ion h as b een l earned a bou t t hese p ipe makers .

L it dd i t iona l i n fortle a

A dam Ma ize was b orn

March 4 , 1 783 , a nd d ied O ctober 2 1 , 1 866 ; h is s on J acob was b orn J une 4 , 1 807 , a nd d ied Augus t 3 0 , 1 870 ( Ma ize 1 975 ) .

S evera l p ieces o f Ma ize p ot t ery

a re k nown h av ing b een h anded d own i n t he f am i ly ; t hey " are a l t he s ame c o lor ( orange-brown ) [ redware ] a nd t ex ture ." l ( Ma ize 1 975 ) Ph i l ip S eebo ld l i ved t wo mi les wes t o f N ew B er l in ; 1 789 , a nd d ied J u ly 2 5 , 1 875 ( Ma ize 1 975 ).

h e was b orn J anuary 1 9 ,

S o meone w i th k nowledge o f t he

t ery i S turg is p ot n L i t i tz h as b een l oca ted , a ga in w i th l im i ted s uccess : 1 96

"Samuel Sturgis (1781-1844) was the son of Joseph sturgis (1738-1817). Both father and son operated a pottery in Lititz and made clay pipes. "Unfortunately, as far as is known locally, there are no clay pipes in existence that were made by these men. When a sanitary sewer system was installed in Lititz, I looked for evidence of broken pipes in the trenches that passed the site of the former pottery. I could not find as much as part of a stem. " (Horne 1975). Bivins (1972 :69) relates that in 1 795, a ''young" journeyman potter named Joseph Sturges "'returned today to Pennsylvania, after working some months as a potter. "' sturges' destination in Pennsylvania is unknown. The age of the Bethabara Sturges indicates this was not the sturgis in Lititz. Bivins (1972 :54) relates that in 1771, Peter stotz left Salem, North Carolina, "'to take charge of the pottery at Lititz. 1" Vera Jane Hoffman (197 Sa) and Margaret Fields (1977) have been study­ ing the historic pottery industry in Somerset and Westmoreland Counties, but have not yet located any historic clay tobacco pipemakers (Hoffman 197 Sb; Fields 1976). Two tobacco pipe fragments were surface collected at a pottery site (36-WM-206) in Ligonier in 1960, and were placed in Fort Ligonier Memo­ rial Foundation's collections (Figure 4 :4, and Plate 27 :4, 5). Construction activities at this site in 1973 resulted in salvage excavations of the affected area (Fields 1977); no clay pipes were found in the waster materials recovered. Examination of tax records and deeds (Fields 1978) revealed that John Harr and later Huston Cochran had owned "this pottery which operated between 1818 and 1876 (?) in the town of Ligonier. " (Fields 1977) However, an earlier'reference (Ho�kins 1897:29) related that "There was a small pottery in operation for many years at Ligonier , that was started in 1840. The name of the founder could not be ascertained but Mr. John Ware o perated it from 1857, until after the war. Mr. Houston Cochran, now living in Cleveland, Ohio, took possession of the works in 1866, and operated them for a number of years. Just when the pottery was abandoned could not be ascertained. The only ware made was crocks, or as the more modern potter would say, jars. The material used it is said was a blue clay, hauled by wagon from the Denny estate at the old toll gate, about a mile north of Ligonie r. " This author's October 23, 1976, recom1aissance of the site yielded several sherds of stoneware and of redware. Hawks (1975) made arrangements for the author to examine the two pipe fragments in question, describing them as "a redware, leadglazed, human-effigy bowl fragment, and an un­ glazed redware . . . . "

197

s te m . 4 :4 .

These t wo s pec i mens a re i l lus tra ted o n P la te 2 7:4 , 5 , a nd i n F igure These p ipes a re t en ta t ive ly c ons idered a s e v idence o f t obacco p ipe manu-

f ac ture a t t he s i te w i th a dd i tiona l i nves t iga t ion n eeded t o c on f ir m p ipe manuf ac ture ( Sudbury 1 979a ) . P a in ter ( 1 969:47) s ta tes t ha t t he a n thropo morph ic p ipe o f P res iden t M il l ard F il l more ( see P la te 3 0 :6 ) was "made s o mewhere i n P ennsy lvan ia i n 1 856 , maker u nknown ." S uppor t ive e v idence f or t h is s ta te men t r e ma ins t o b e p resen ted . Ag ang mo ld o f u nknown p roven ience was u sed t o p roduce s ix l ong-ste m med p ipes a t at ime ( P la te 2 8 ) .

The e nd o f t he s te m i s b u lbous, a b and o f c lay i s

p resen t a bou t o nethird o ft he way d own t he s te m , a nd t he r eg ion f ro m t he b ase o ft he b ow l t o t he e ncirc ling b and h as a f l u ted d esign .

O f p ar ticu lar i n terest

a re t he n ota tions " S & BRO" a nd "PH IL" f a in t ly s ta mped o n t he e x ter ior f ace o ft he mo ld n ear t he b ow l o pen ing . The p ipes a re d esigna ted "1 2 1 2 1 2" a cross t he u pper f ace o ft he mo ld , a nd t he mo ld was e viden t ly i den ti f ied a s n u mber "8 8" . N o th ing i s c urren t ly k nown a bou t t he h istory o ft he mo ld ; t he n o ta t ions s ta mped o n t he t op may i nd ica te t ha t i t was made i n Ph i lade lph ia . l a A smal n thropo morph ic r edware p ipe p urchased i n t he L ancas ter a rea i s s hown i n P la te 2 7:6.

Th is s pec i men i s p resumed t o h ave b een manu fac tured

i n t h u Lancas ter a rea . Wa lker ( 1 971 :29 , 3 2 ) n o ted t ha t s tub-s te m med p ipes were o n d isplay a t t he Bucks C oun ty H is tor ica l Museu m i n J anuary , 1 970 , a nd r epor ted t ha t t hey were t hough t t o b e o f l oca l manu fac ture . A r ecen t c o m mun ica t ion r egarding l ec t he Bucks C oun ty H is tor ica l Museum c ol t ion r e la tes t ha t l o " Al f o ur smok ing i mple men ts a re i n s torage a nd a re u nca ta logued . We h ave a l arge n umber o f c lay p ipes , b u t , t o my k now ledge , t here i s, n o i n for ma t ion o n t he ir manu fac ture o r o r ig in . . . .A c ursory e xam ina t ion s hows t ha t . .t he ma jor i ty o f t he p ipes . . .were n o t ly u n u mbered a nd t herefore v ir tual n tracable ." ( Hu lber t 1 978 ). Thus , Bucks C oun ty p ipe p roduc t ion—a l though l ike ly—re ma ins t o b e p os i t ive ly d e mons tra ted . The f ina l c o m men t o n P ennsy lvan ia p ipe makers was o bta ined f ro m a t l e ter r egard ing t he p ipe mak ing i ndus try i n D e tro i t , M ich igan ( Green 1 977 ) . G reen r ela ted t ha t t "Margare t O 'Dwyer h ad a li t le n o te b ook l i ke t he o nes we u sed t o b uy f or mak ing n o tes o r u s ing a s a n a ddress b ook .

The f am i ly b ir th

r ecords a re r ecorded i n t ha t b ook wh ich h as t he words P h i lade lph ia P ipe Makers Un ion p r in ted o n t he c over ." ( Green 1 977 ) N o i n for ma t ion p er ta in ing t o t h is P h i lade lph ia Un ion h as b een l oca ted .

1 98

S ou th Caro l ina Tho mas a nd B urnet 1972 :10-11 ) b r ie f ly r epor ted h av ing t wo p ipe mo lds t ( f ro m S ou th Caro l ina ;

t he p roven ience o f t hese mo lds was n o t d isc losed .

G reer ( 1 97 8 b ) f ound a " no te i n t he C har les ton Museum t ha t af am i ly n amed H orn made p ipes i n S ou th C arol ina a t o ne t ime ." G reer ( 197 8 c ) a lso s ta ted t ha t " the n o te i n t he C har les ton Museum was i n a fi le made b y al ady who was c ura tor i n t he 1 930 's a nd c ol l ec ted a g ood b i t o f i n for ma t ion o n p ot t er ies i n S ou th C aro lina .

Ir ead t h is f i le n ear ly t en y ears a go

a nd t ook n o tes f ro m i t ." G reer ( 197 8 c ) wen t o n t o r e la te t ha t a m ore r ecen t s earch o f t he Museum f i les b y a no ther p ot esearcher f a i led t o t urn u p t h is f i le . C orrespondence t o t ery r o ther i nd iv idua ls a bou t S ou th Carol ina p ipe makers h as n o t b een p roduc t ive .

Tennessee L it fa ny th ing h as b een p ub l ished o n t he c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try i n tle i T ennessee .

S amue l D . Sm i th a nd S tephen T . R ogers a re c urren t ly p repar ing

ar epor t e n t i t led " A S urvey o f H is tor ic P ot ing i n T ennessee" ( Sm i th t ery Mak 1 97 8 c ) .

Sm i th h as g enerous ly p rov ided t he f o low ing a dvance i n for ma t ion o n l

e v idence o f c lay t obacco p ipe manu fac ture i n T ennessee r esu l t ing f ro m t heir r ecen t s urvey .

I n i t ial , Sm i th ( 197 8 a ) r e la ted : ly

" Two y ears a go we k new n ex t t o n o th ing a bou t p ipe p roduc t ion i n T enne s see . . . "We a re n ow i n t he f ina l s tages o f a n i n tens ive s urvey c oncern ing t ery mak p ot ing i n t he S ta te .

We h ave r ecorded j us t u nder 1 00 s i tes ,

t ered a d a t ing f ro m t he e ar ly 1 800s t o t he e ar ly 1 900s , s cat cross t he S ta te , b u t t end ing t o c lus ter i n to f ive r eg iona l g roupings .

Iwou ld

e s t i ma te t ha t o np erhaps a s many a s a th ird o f t hese s i tes we h ave f ound e vidence f or t obacco p ipe mak ing . " In o ne u pper E as t T ennessee c oun ty ( Hancock ) we h ave a lso f ound e v idence f or p ipe mak ing a s a n i ndependen t f o lk c ra f t d a t ing b ack t o a t l eas t t he midd le o f t he n ine teen th c en tury .

Th is a ppears t o h ave

b een c arr ied o u t mos t ly b y o lder wo men , who mo lded a nd b aked p ipes f or l oca l d is tr ibu t ion , b u t were n o t i nvo lved w i th t he mak ing o f t ery v p ot essels . " Dur ing t he c ourse o f t he s urvey we h ave f ound a nd p ho tographed t wo p ipe mo lds which h ave s urv ived .

One i s i n Hancock C oun ty , t he

o ther i n P u tna m C oun ty i n M idd le T ennessee .

1 99

" The o n ly marked T ennessee p ipe we h ave k now ledge o f i s a fragmen t f ro m l ower Wes t T ennessee . s te m .

Th is b ears t he i n i t ia ls B . F . U . o n t he

T he s i te i n q ues t ion was o pera ted b y B . F . U ssery d ur ing t he

l a te 1 850s a nd 1 860s ." F ol ing c o mp le t ion o f t he T ennessee p ot urvey , Sm i th ( 1978c) r e la tes : l ow t ery s " In t er ms o f n umer ica l d is tr ibu t ion , we e nded t he s urvey w i th i nt er f orma t ion o n 1 63 p robab le T ennessee p ot ies ( Pre-1940 ). O f t hese 1 ly f 10 were a c tual ound a nd r ecorded .

Twen ty-s ix o f t hese s a me

s i tes p roduced e v idence o f p ipe mak ing , a nd e igh teen o f t hese l ocat ions a re i n M idd le T ennessee .

We a lso k now t ha t t h is f igure i s l ow ,

l ec b ecause p ipes a re t he ma in i t e ms s ough t b y t he f ew l oca l c ol tors who v is i t k i ln s i tes ." Sm i th ( 1978b ) k ind ly p rov ided t wo p ho tographs o f p ipes f ound "a t t wo Midd le t ery k Tennessee p ot i ln s i tes ." p ipes a re

( P la te 2 9 ).

Sm i th a lso r e la tes t ha t t hese

" the g enera l t ypes o f p ipes made i n t h is a rea , f ro m t he N ine teen th C en tury u n t i l a s l a te a s t he 1 930 's ." As c an b e s een , b o th a n thropo morph ic a nd g eo me tr ic f or ms o f r eed s te m p ipes were b e ing p roduced .

l The i lus tra ted p ipes a re f ro m t wo s i tes , 4 0-P M-

5 0 a nd 4 0-P M-55 , P u tna m C oun ty , M idd le T ennessee .

The f ina l s urvey

l b t ed f r epor t b y Sm i th a nd R ogers w il e s ub m it or p ub l ica t ion i n t he Tennessee D iv is ion o f Archaeo logy R esearch S er ies . I n t he s ec t ion o n O h io , i t was n o ted i n 1 895 t ha t r eeds f or mak ing p ipe s te ms g rew " w i ld i n T ennessee" ( Oh io 1 896 :46 ).

T exas

The f irs t p ub l ished r e ference t o c lay t obacco p ipe manu fac ture i n T exas a pparen t ly a ppeared i n Wa lker ( 1971 :29 , 3 4 ) wh ' ere h e r e ferred t o p ipes ment ery p t ioned i n a ta lk o n aT exas p ot resen ted b y S andra L . Myres ( Myres 1 970 ) . I nc luded i n t h is p resen ta t ion was a s l ide o f t wo r eed s te m c lay p ipes f ound a t t ery s t he C rans ton p ot i te i n T exas .

S andra Myres g enerous ly p rov ided a

l t ranscr ip t o f t he p aper a nd a c opy o f t he s l ide i lus tra t ing t he p ipes ( 1977b ) . A l though Wa lker c i tes t he t wo C rans ton p ipes a s h av ing d e f in i te ly b een made a t t he s i te ( Wa lker 1 971 :29 ) , Myres ( 1977a ) n o tes t ha t " we f ound f ragmen ts o f o n ly t wo c lay p ipes a t t he s i te , a nd t here i s l y made t s o me q ues t ion a s t o whe ther t hey were a c tual here ." B lack a nd wh i te p r in ts o f t he t wo f ragmen tary p ipes i n q ues t ion ( P la te 3 0 :1 , 2 ) f me mbers o were p rov ided b y s taf f t he T exas H is tor ica l C omm iss ion ( Kes ler f t ery s 1 978 ) . The o f ic ia l s i te d es igna t ion f or t he C rans ton p ot i te i s 4 1-DN-16. A l though t hese t wo p ipes a re o f q ues t ionab le o r ig in , Myres ( 1977b ) d oes t ery r e la te t ha t c lay t obacco p ipes were i ndeed p roduced a t t he C rans ton p ot s i te .

ly r As r egards ma ter ia ls a ctual ecovered , Myres ( 1977b ) n o tes t ha t :

2 00

" The e v idence f or ' manu fac ture ' [ "o f p ipes a t t he Cranston p ot t ery" ] i s i nconc lus ive , h owever .

We f ound o n ly t he t wo f ragmen ts p ic tured

a t t he s i te a nd b o th w ere h i a n a rea w i th a no ther p iece n o t p ar t icul ar ly t yp ica l o f t he C rans ton s tyle . . N o e v idence o f p ipe f rag men ts were f ound i n t he l arge was ter p i le . A ccord ing t o al oca l i n for man t , t ery d t ers t he C rans ton p ot id make p ipes b u t o n ly f or t he u se o f t he p ot a nd t he ir a ss is tan ts—no t f or s a le .

O f c ourse , t hey p robab ly d id make

a n o ccas iona l o ne f or a fr iend o r a s a favor , b u t t here i s n o e v idence l s a t t he s i te o f e ven a smal ca le , r egu lar p roduc t ion o f p ipes .

The

p r incipa l p roduc ts , t o j udge f ro m t he was ter p i le a nd k i ln e xcava t ions , were c hurns , c rocks , p i tchers , j ugs , a nd s im i lar i t e ms f or h ouseh o ld u se ." G eorgeanna H . G reer , i n a dd i t ion t o p rov id ing i n for ma t ion a bou t p ipet ery r makers a nd c on tac ts w i th a n umber o f p ot esearchers i n o ther s ta tes , h as p rov ided i n forma t ion o n a n umber o f T exas p ipe makers .

The i n for ma t ion

p rov ided i n t he r e ma inder o f t h is s ect ion o n T exas was g enerous ly p rov ided b y G reer i n as er ies o f s ix c o m mun ica t ions ( Greer 1 977 , 1 978a , b , c , d , e ) . t ery s I n a dd i t ion t o t he C rans ton p ot i te i n D en ton C oun ty , G reer r a ises t he p oss ib i l i ty o f p ipes h av ing b een p roduced i n a no ther Den ton C oun ty t ery p ot : " Sandra Myres . .. rece ived r epor ts t ha t p ipes were made a t a no ther t ery i l a te p ot n t ha t [ Den ton ] c oun ty , b u t t h is h as n o t , t o my k now ledge , b een c on f ir med b y a ny e xamp les o f t he p ipes ." ( Greer 1 977) G reer ( 1977) a lso e ncoun tered i n for ma t ion a bou t p ipe p roduc t ion i n Rusk C oun ty a t 4 1 -RK54: t ery " One o r t wo p ipes h ave b een f ound n ear t he s i te o f av ery e ar ly p ot i n R usk C oun ty , T exas .

Ih ave s een p ho tographs o f t hese p ipes .

t ery o t er T he p ot pera ted b e fore 1 850 a nd we a re n o t s ure o f t he p ot 's i den t i f ica t ion ." l The s i te o wner f ound a pipe " yea l es a go a t t he k i ln s i te" ( Greer 1 978c) , a nd h is f a ther f ound a n a n thropo morph ic p ip 'e " a t a n o ld h ouse s i te a bou t ah a l f- m i le s ou th o f t he k i ln s i te ." P resumab ly , a t l eas t t he p ipe f ound a t t he k i ln s i te was made a t t he p o ttery . S herds o f o ther wares f ound a t t he s i te were o f p oor ly made s a l tg lazed s toneware . G reer ( 1 978b ) a lso r e la ted t he f ol lowing i n for ma t ion a bou t t he A lberry t ery s J ohnson p ot i te , 4 1-LT-122 : t ery i " Th is p as t week Iv is i ted a s i te o f a pot n L i mes tone C oun ty , T exas wh ich was i n o pera t ion c . 1 860 .

The man who t ook me h ad

l s een many p ipes t here i n h is y ou th , b u t a l t ha t we c ame u p w i th were t wo s te m f ragmen ts .

The ware was s a l t g lazed w i thou t i n ter ior

t ery was mak l l in ing a nd t he p ot ing c ups , s aucers , a nd p la tes a s wel a s t he u sua l u t i l i tar ian b ow ls , j ars , a nd j ugs . . . .The man who t ook me t here d id n o t r e me mber a ny ' f aces ' o n t he p ipes . was o pera ted b y A lberry J ohnson f ro m C . 1 859 t o C . 1 866.

Th is s i te The

c oun ty d eeds b urned a nd we h ave o n ly t he s tory o f t he r e la t ives a nd t he C ensus p opu la t ion s chedu le t o d a te t h is s i te ."

2 01

l One o f t he p ipe s te ms f ro m t he A lberry J ohnson s i te i s i lus tra ted i n P la te 3 0 :3. The s te m i s d ef in i te ly awas ter a s t he b roken s ur face h as b een g lazed .

There

a re c rude r ibs r unn ing t he l eng th o f t he s te m , a nd t here i s s o me e vidence o f w ide ly s paced t h in v er t ica l r ibs o n t he b ow l .

The p ipe was made w i th a two-

p iece mo ld , a nd a fissure i n t he c lay n ear t he e nd o f t he s te m may b e i nd icat ive o f t he mo ld b eco m ing e x tre me ly worn a nd h av ing t he d is ta l p ar t o f t he me ta l mo ld r ep laced . G reer ( 1978c ) h as r ead t he S pec ia l C ensus S chedu les o f I ndus try a nd Manu fac ture f or T exas

c over ing t he y ears :

" 1850 , 1 860 , 1 870 , a nd 1 880 .

T hese l is t manu fac turers whose

a nnua l p roduct was v a lued a t a bove $ 500 .00/annum .

Id id n o t n o t ice

t er a ny p ipe f ac tor ies i n a ny o f t hese l i s ts , b u t was l ook ing f or p ot ies . t er Many o f t he p ot ies a re n o t l i s ted .

I n T exas Ih ave r ead t he c o m-

p lete p opu la t ion s chedu les . .. .O ne P IPE MAKER i s l i s ted . l 1 T exas 1 870- M icrof i lm R ol 707 V ictor ia C oun ty Res. 2 53-

' Pa te , F erd inand W M 7 5 P ipe Maker B . P russ ia .'

t er As n o p ot ies a re l i s ted f or t h is c oun ty ( Greer 1 978c ) , i ti s u ncer ta in wha t t ype o f p ipes F erd inand Pa te p roduced . t hew Duncan o t ery f " In Bas trop C oun ty , Mat pera ted h is p ot ro m 1 856 t o 1 880 .

The e ar l ier d ecades were t he mos t a c t ive , a nd a man

n a med C lark was work ing o n Duncan 's s i te i n 1 880 a nd p roducing t erns s a l t a nd s l ip g lazed wares . [" Shor t s te m med p ipes o f t wo p at t ery s h ave b een f ound a t t he Duncan P ot i te ." ( Greer 1 977) ]If ee l t ha t t he p ipes were p robab ly p roduced ma in ly d ur ing t he 1 860 's t hew Duncan d s ince Mat oes n o t a ppear t o b e r es id ing i n t he c oun ty i n 1 870 .

G eorge Duncan , h is s on , d ied a bou t 1 865 ."

( Greer 1 978b )

t ery s G reer p rov ided f our p ipes f ound a t Duncan 's Bas trop C oun ty p ot i te . t er q A l though o f s o mewha t b et ua l i ty manu fac ture t han t he A lberry J ohnson p ipe , t hey a re o f c ruder q ua l i ty t han t he p ipes o f t h is e ra p roduced i n t he e as tern U SA .

Two r eed s te m p ipe s tyles were f ound .

One s ty le h as r ibs

a long t he s te m , a nd ab road c rossha tched b and o n t he b ow l ( P la te 3 0 :4 ) .

The

b ow l a nd s te m c av i t ies o f t h is s pec i men d id n ot c onnec t , s ugges t ing t ha t t h is s peci men i s p robab ly awas ter .

The s econd p ipe s tyle i s r epresen ted b y

t hree s pec i mens ( P la te 3 0 :5 , 7 , a nd 8 ) .

Th is a n thropo morph ic p ipe s ty le i s

o f a m a le , a nd a l aure l wrea th e nc irc les t he h ead .

T h is s pec i men i s s im i la r

l ed " t o t he s o-cal pres iden t ia l c ampa ign p ipes" r epor ted f ro m a n u mber o f 1 9th c en tury a rchaeo log ica l s i tes a cross t he U SA.

S evera l f igura l p ipes

h ave b een r epor ted f ro m n earby B exar C oun ty , T exas , i nc lud ing o ne marked L ew is Cass ( Hudson e t a l . 1 974 :66 a nd F igure 1 9 ) . p ipes d o n o t h ave a n ame o n t he s te m .

Un for tuna te ly , t he Duncan

F or c o mpara t ive p urposes , s evera l

l c . 1 856 f igura l p ipes w i th l aure l wrea ths a re i lus tra ted i n P la te 3 0 :6 , 9 ; ly h t hese p ipes a re o f e xcep t ional igh q ua l i ty , b u t t he ir p lace o f manu fac ture i s u ncer ta in . The s pec i men i n P la te 3 0 :6 i s marked " PRES IDENT/FILL MORE" o n t he s te m .

2 02

t hew Duncan I n c los ing , i ti s a lso k nown t ha t Mat 's l t ery] s " son-inlaw , J ames W. A lan h ad o ne [ pot i te i n t he n or thern p ar t o f t he [Bas trop] c oun ty i n 1 859-60 a nd t hen a no ther d ur ing t he 1 870 's where i ti s k nown t ha t h is w i fe made p ipes . B y 1 886 o r 1 888 t er i h e was work ing f or a no ther p ot n t he a rea a nd p robab ly n o l onger made a ny p ipes .

We d id n o t f ind p ipes a t t he e ar ly s i te , a nd h is

l a ter s i te i s c overed b y ab r iar p a tch , b u t t he g randdaugh ters t o ld o f a pipe o r t wo f ound t here when i t was a fi e ld a nd p lowed ." ( Greer 1 978 4

V irg in ia l b The c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try i n V irg in ia w il e d iscussed i n t wo p ar ts : t he v ar ious p ipe makers i n V irg in ia , a nd t he p ipe i ndus try c en tered a round t he Pamp l in a rea . L ong-s te m p ipes made o f b rown c lay h ave b een r epor ted f ro m a n umber o f s i tes i n V irg in ia .

The t wo ma jor r e ferences o n l ong-s te m b rown c lay p ipes

l ( a re H e i te ( 1972b ) a nd M i tchel 1976 ) ;

t hese t wo a r t ic les r eference mos t o f

t he b rown c lay p ipes t ha t h ave b een r epor ted f ro m V irg in ia . r epor ted a s a mple o f p ipes f ro m N om iny P lan ta t ion ; a re t hough t t o b e o f a bor ig ina l manu fac ture . l N o miny P lan ta t ion i s i lus tra ted i n F igure 6 .

l ( Mi tchel 1976)

t hese b rown c lay p ipes

A s ample o f t he p ipes f ro m l ( Mi tchel 1976:84 ) c oncluded :

" Ev idence o f was ters a nd men t ion o f a' P ipe maker 's f i e ld ' i n t he r ecords l ead t he e xcava tors t o c onc lude t ha t a loca l p ipe mak ing i ndus try was i n p rogress d ur ing t he s econd h a l f o f t he 1 7th c en tury , a nd t ha t i t was i n t he v ic in i ty o f N om iny P lan ta t ion . l " I t s ee ms r easonab le a lso t o c onc lude t ha t t he ma jor i ty o r a l o f t hese p ipes a re f ro m t h is l oca l i ndus try .

The ir d es igns a ppear t o

b e o f I nd ian o r ig in , a nd t he p ipes d a te i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he 1 7th c en tury ." A lso ,

l ( Mi tchel 1977 ) " found d ocumen ta t ion o f a n I nd ian b e ing b rough t t o t he Wes t more land C oun ty C our thouse i n 1 686 t o h ave h im ' ad judged t i thab le ' ( sub jec t l, who wan t o t ax ) . H e was b rough t b y a m an t he n a me o f T idwel ted h im f or a s awyer 's h e lper . T h is h as n o th ing t o d o w i th p ipes b u t d oes s how t ha t t he I nd ians were work ing i n v ar ious c apac i t ies f or t he wh i te p eop le , a nd c er ta in ly c ou ld h ave b een mak ing t hese p ipes ."

l H e i te ( 1 972b :95 ) p roposed t he f o low ing : " Ev idence f ro m Camden a nd o ther c on tac t s i tes s uppor ts t he i dea t ha t t here were s evera l c oncurren t V irg in ia p ipe mak ing i ndus tr ies : p ure a bor ig ina l , c arry ing o n t he p recon tac t t rad i t ion ;

a ccu l tura t ing

l f l a bor ig ina l , s t il o low ing t he p recon tact t rad i t ion b u t u s ing me ta l t oo ls ; a bor ig ina l-European , c onsc ious ly c opying i mpor ted f or ms ; a nd a p ure E uropean i ndus try t ha t c an b e d is t ingu ished f ro m i mpor ted p ipes o n ly b y t he c lay , i ft hen .

2 03

l owes S A t t he Hal i te , t here were

l y wh s evera l v ir tual i te c lay p ipes t ha t p robab ly were made i n Amer ica .

We may n ever b e a b le t o i den ti fy t hese p ipe makers a nd

t heir b ackground , u n less we f ind t he ir k i ln s i tes ;

t er h C ot as s ug-

g es ted t ha t p ipes were made i n b r ick k i lns , b u t t he l eve l o f t echno lideo gy s ee ms t o r u le o u t c a tegor ies 2a nd 3 as a b rick maker ,s s l ine b us iness . T he maker , o r makers , o f p ipes i n c a tegory 2 a nd c a tegory 3 w ere f am i l iar w i th European t echn iques , b u t we c anno t k now i ft hey t he mse lves were I nd ians , N egroes , o r Europeans . I ta ppears t ha t i n 1 7th c en tury V irg in ia , I nd ians were p roducing l ongs te m b rown c lay p ipes i n s tyl is t ic im i t ia t ion o f t he E uropean p roduc t o f t he p er iod .

Na t ive d ecora t ive e le men ts a ppear t o h ave r e ma ined d is t inc t ive

f ro m E uropean o nes ;

h owever , whe ther E uropeans i n V irg in ia a lso p roduced

t h is s ty le o f b rown c lay p ipe i n t he 1 7th c en tury r e ma ins a moo t q ues t ion . The l ong-s te m b rown c lay p ipes r epor ted f ro m Ma ine ( P la te 4 :1-9 ) a ppear much more European i n t he ir d ecora t ive e le men t t han t he N om iny P lan ta t ion p ipes.

The Ma ine p ipes were p roduced i n t wo-piece mo lds, a nd t he d ecora t ive

d esign o n t he Ma ine s peci mens i s r estricted t o r ou let round t he u pper p orting a t ion o f t he b ow l .

However , i tr e ma ins u ncer ta in whe ther t he Ma ine s pecimens —

a l though o bviously a n i m i ta t ion o f t he c on te mporary European i mpor t —are a ctual ly o f Euro-A mer ican o r n a t ive Amer ican manufacture. F ol ing a re s evera l r e ferences t ha t h in t a t e ar ly Euro-A mer ican p ipe l ow manu facture : " In 1 589 i t was n o ted t ha t F lor ida I nd ians h ad b een o bserved u s ing p ipes c ons is t ing o f c lay b ow ls a nd r eed s te ms ( Wa lker 1 975 : 1 14-115 ) . A lso , i n 1 588 , a n e ar ly V irg in ia c o lon is t n oted ' t ha t t he c o lon is ts a dop ted t he l oca l I nd ian c us to m o f smok ing w i th c lay p ipes ; ' were p resu mably o ne p iece p ipes ( i b id .) .

t hese

Wa lker s ugges ted t ha t t he

l a ter p roduct ion o f Ang lo-A mer ican s tub s te m p ipes was ' a n a tura l a dap ta t ion b y ar esource fu l l oca l maker ' c ons ider ing t he d if f icu l ty e ncoun tered i n mak ing l ong s te m med p ipes e qu iva len t t o t he Eng l ish impor ts 0 . 975 :115 ) . N oe l H ume n o tes a w ork b y Cap ta in J ohn Sm i th wh ich men t ions t obacco p ipe makers b eing p resen t i n J ames town ( Noe l Hume 1 963 :212 ) .

N oe l Hume a lso c i tes a no ther wr it ecord t en r

wh ich i nd ica tes p ipe c lay h ad b een r ecogn ized i n V irg in ia b y 1 705 ( i bid . : 210 ). A lso , N oe l Hume r e la tes t ha t p ot roduced i n t ery was p T idewa ter V irg in ia b y t he mid-seven teen th c en tury ( i b id .: 2 12-213 ). A more r ecen t s tudy o f s even teen th c en tury V irg in ia p ot ies h as t er b een p ub l ished ( Hudson 1 975 ) . When p ipe c lay was i n i tial isly d c overed a nd when h is tor ic Ang lo-A mer ican t obacco p ipe p roduc t ion was i n i t ia ted i n V irg in ia c urren t ly r e ma ins u nknown a l though t he t echno logy was a pparen t ly p resen t d ur ing t he e ar l ies t p hases o f s et t ." tle men

( Sudbury 1 977d :2 )

S evera l e ar ly 1 9th c en tury V irg in ia p ipe makers h ave b een i den ti f ied a l though n o th ing i s k nown a bou t t he ir o pera t ion o r p roduct .

N icho las Woo l-

w ine was p roducing p ipes i n 1 800 i n Rando lph C oun ty , a no ther p ipe maker ( name n o t l eg ib le ) was p roducing p ipes i n Wash ing ton C oun ty , a nd i n 1 820 , S amue l Wi lson , H enr ico C oun ty , was p roduc ing p ipes ( Sudbury 1 977d :2 ) .

2 04

H irs tein ( 1 978 ) h as l oca ted b r ie f r e ferences t o s evera l l a te 1 9 th c en tury c lay t obacco p ipe p roducers i n V irg in ia .

I n for ma t ion r egard ing manu fac tur ing

t echn ique was l oca ted f or o ne o f t hese f actor ies ( R ies a nd S o mers 1 917:50 , c i ted i n H irs te in 1 978 :11 ) : f erson " Jef .

Th is i s t he o n ly l oca l i ty i n V irg in ia where l oca l c lay i s

u sed e xc lus ive ly f or smok ing p ipe manu fac ture .

The d epos i t , wh ich

i s p robab ly o f r es idua l n ature . l i es n ear a s tream a bou t 1 4 -m i les f erson e as t o f J ef .

l ow a The c lay i s y el nd p las t ic .

I ti s s tra ined

l tle t hrough c lo th i n to wooden t anks a nd a lowed t o s et .

A f ter d ra in ing

f o f t he e xcess o f wa ter , i ti s mixed i n ab lunger , a nd t e mpered i n a l. v er t ica l p ugm il

l, p A s t he b ar o f c lay i ssues f ro m t he mil ieces

f a re b roken o f a nd f or med i n to p ipes i n t he p ress .

t The l a ter a re

l k b urned i n a smal i ln ." P roduc tion a t t h is f ac Lory was a pparen t ly t er m ina ted p r ior t o 1 915 ( H irs tein 1 978 :9 , 1 5 ).

Th is P owha tan C oun ty , V irg in ia , smok ing p ipe o pera t ion may b e

r ela ted t o t he " pipe f ac tory" l i s ted i n t he 1 870 C ensus o f Manu fac tures a t f erson P f J ef os t O f ice ( H irs te in 1 97 8 :4-5 ) o pera ted b y Ha tcher Dav id wh ich h ad s o me 3 3 emp loyees [ 3 a du l ts J , o ne p ipe mach ine , a nd wh ich p roduced 5 0 , 0 00 p ipes wor th $ 2 , 0 00 .

N e i ther t h is f actory o r i t s p roduc t h ave b een l oca ted .

The s econd V irg in ia p ipe p roducer r epor ted b y H irs te in ( 197 8 :10 . 1 5 ) was k nown a s t he " Powha tan P ipe C o ." i n "M ichaux" i n 1 911 o r 1 912 ( Wa tson 1 913 :18 ) .

The 1 889 C ensus o f Manu fac ture i nd ica ted t ha t o ne V irg in ia f ir m

was p roduc ing t obacco p ipes , a nd t he 1 899 c ensus i nd ica ted t ha t t here were t hree f irms p roduc ing c lay t obacco p ipes ( H irs te in 1 978 :3 ) .

Thus , i ti s p ro-

b ab le t ha t t he P owha tan P ipe C o . c o m menced o pera t ion b etween 1 889 a nd 1 899. Barber ( 1 901 :342 ) n o ted t ha t t here were " severa l" s ign i f ican t p ipe manufac tor ies i n V irg in ia ;

P a mpl in was p robab ly o ne o f t hese , a nd o ne ( or b o th ) o f t he

p reced ing p ipe p roducers may h ave a lso b een k nown t o Barber . fo O pera t ion o f t he C u lpepper P ipe S te m C o mpany , S uf lk , V irg in ia , was a pparen t ly c on f ined t o t he 2 0 th c en tury . 6: 7 , 8 ; l b een i lus tra ted ( P la tes 2 5 :3 , 4 ; 62

E xa mp les o f t hese p ipe s te ms h ave S udbury 1 977d : 1 7).

The C u lpepper

P ipe S te m C o mpany h arves ted a r eed , Arund inar ia g igan tea , f ro m t he n earby D is ma l S wamp , a nd p rocessed t he m i n to r eed s te ms f or p ipes .

The d eta i ls

o f t h is p rocess h ave b een r ecorded b y H irs tein ( 1 976 ) who a lso p resen ted s o me i n for ma t ion i n h is t hes is ( H irs te in 1 975 : 9 5-97 ) . The 0 1pepper P ipe 1 S te m C o mpany was i n o pera t ion f ro m C . 1 920 u n t i l O ctober , 1 951 . The p ipe f ac tory i n Pamp l in , V irg in ia , p urchased r eed s te ms f ro m t h is s ource . J ohn F . R is t , I ron ton , Oh io , a lso p urchased s te ms f ro m t h is S uf lk f ir m , f ro m fo t he mid-1940s t hrough 1 951 . Ano ther k nown V irg in ia p ipe maker was Mr . J ones o f A ppo mat . t ox A l though h e p resumab ly l earned h is p ipe mak ing t echn iques f ro m p ersons a ssoc ia ted w i th t he P a mpl in i ndus try , J ones ' p roduc t i s s o d is t inc t t ha t i ti s c ons idered s epara te ly . 6. 6

E xamp les o f h is p roduc t a re s hown i n P la tes 6 5 a nd

J ones a pparen t ly moved t o Appo mat n t he 1 940s a nd d ied i n 1 969 . t ox i

The d a tes 1 949-1951 were mos t o f ten f ound w i th h is p ipe mak ing r e la ted i t e ms . Af ew b r ie f c o m men ts w il e made a bou t t h is i lus tra ted s amp le o f J ones ' l b l p roduc t.

Three b as ic s ty les were p roduced :

a corn p ipes ( P la te 6 5 : 1 , 2 , 4 ) ,

a ngu lar p ipes ( P la te 6 5 :3 , 7 , 8 ) , a nd smal ounded p ipes ( P la te 6 5 : 5 , 6 ) . l r 2 05

Three mo ld v ar ie t ies o f t he a corn p ipe were n o ted ( P la te 6 5 :1 , 2 , 4 ) . Angu lar p ipes were p roduced u ndecora ted ( P la te 6 5 :7) , o r w i th o ne o f s evera l d es igns o n t he m . P la te 6 6 :4 .

las ter mold f or o ne d es ign v ar ian t i s s hown i n Ha l f o f ap

P la te 6 5 :3 d epic ts a g eo log ica l f or ma t ion i n V irg in ia , a nd h as

t he n ame " NATURAL BR IDGE V IRG IN IA" s tamped o n t he b ase . r epresen ts t he s ta lac t i tes a nd s ta lagm i tes o f ac ave ;

P la te 6 5 :8

t h is p ar t icu lar p ipe h as

" JE WEL/CAVE/TENN ." impressed a t t he l ower e dge o f t he b ow l o n t hree s ides .

F our teen d if t n a mes o f c aves were f ound s tamped o n J ones ' f eren

a ngu lar p roduc t .

A lso , i den ti f ied c lay s amp les were f ound f ro m s o me o f t he

c aves n amed o n t he p ipes , a s wel s s a les d isp lay c ards wh ich r ead " Smok ing l a P leasure FROM THE CAVERNS ." J ones was a pparen t ly a te mp ting t o c rea te t a marke t f or h is p roduc t b y s el ove l ty/g i f t i t e ms t o v ar ious c o m mercia l ling n c ave o pera tors-so me t i mes made f ro m c lay f ro m t he ir own c ave . The r ounded p ipes were p r i mar i ly a va i lab le i n r edware , b u t a n a te mp t t was made t o d ecora te s o me p ipes ( P la te 6 5 :5 , 6 ) . t o p roduce p ipes :

J ones u sed t wo p ipe mach ines

o ne was a s i mp le l ever t ype p ress wh ich p roduced o ne p ipe

a t a time f ol ing manua l i nser t ion o f c lay i n to t he mo ld ; l ow

J ones ' more c o mplex

h o me made p ipe mach ine e x truded c lay i n to t he mo ld a nd p roduced t wo p ipes a t a time .

P roduc tion mode l mo lds were made o f a lu m inu m wh i le e xper i men ta l

mo lds were made o f p laster . The c arved wood a corn ( P la te 6 6:1) was p resu ma b ly p repared t o c ast a mo ld f or a n a corn p ipe . The t wo s te ms i n P la te 6 5:3 &4a re made o f p las t ic .

P las t ic s te ms were a lso u sed b y t he P amp l in i ndus try

( see l e terhead , F igure 7 ) . t

The r eason t h is s amp le o f p ipes was p reserved i s

e v iden t ly b ecause J ones smoked s amples o f e ach s ty le o f p ipe h e p roduced : Three s l igh t ly d if t s ty les o f "TD" p ipes w i th s tars o rna men t ing f eren t he ir b ow ls were f ound b y a b ot ol n a mid-19th c en tury t rash d u mp tle c l ector i i n Freder icksburg , V irg in ia ( P la te 6 :5-7 ) .

These s peci mens a re o f s o mewha t

c ruder manu facture t han impor ted p ipes f ro m Eng land a nd S co t land o f t he p er iod , a nd a re s uspected t o b e o f U SA manu facture .

Wa lker ( 1966 :89, 9 1)

h as p rev iously s uggested t ha t s o me TD p ipes w i th a cco mpanying s tars c ou ld c onceivab ly b e o f U SA o r ig in .

I nvest iga tors a t o ther s i tes — for i nstance , i n

Pennsy lvan ia ( Alexander 1 978 :5) a nd i n M ich igan ( Brose 1 967 :66) —have f ound TD p ipes t ha t t hey f e l t were o f USA manu facture , b u t t he ir o r ig in was n ever d e ter m ined .

I ti s n ow k nown t ha t TD p ipes were p roduced b y s evera l f irms

i n New York , b y o ne i n Mich igan , a nd b y o ne i n I l ino is; l

h owever , t hese

k nown p roduct ion c en ters d o n o t a ccoun t f or t hese a pparen t L I SA manufactured TD p ipes i n e ar lier c on tex ts. n eeded .

O bviously , a ddi tiona l r esearch o n t his p o in t i s

The c lay t obacco p ipe i ndustry i n t he P a mp l in a rea was b y f ar t he most s ign i f ican t p ipe p roduct ion c en tre i n 1 9th c en tury V irg in ia . c onsisted o f t wo c o mponen ts :

The i ndustry

a mechan ized p ipe f actory i n Pa mp l in , a nd a

c raf t o r c ot ndustry c en tered i n t he P a mp l in a rea . These t wo e le men ts t age i a re most c o m mon ly r eferred t o a s t he "f actory" a nd "h o me" i ndustr ies. A 7 0 p age manuscr ip t d ea l ing s o le ly w i th t he h istory o f t h is a rea i ndustry h as r ecen t ly b een p ub l ished ( Sudbury 1 977d ) .

An u mber o f o ther p ub l ica t ions a re

a va i lab le wh ich s tudy v ar ious a spects o f t h is i ndustry , o f wh ich t he ma jor a r t icles a re :

H am i l ton a nd Ha m i l ton ( 1972) , Tho mpson ( 1969) , He i te ( 1969,

1 971 , 1 972a ) , S udbury ( 1975, 1 977a , 1 977b , 1 978b, 1 979b) , Apschn ika t ( n .d .) , 2 06

Murphy ( 1975) , a nd D ickerson ( 1977 ) .

Wa lker ( 1975, 1 977 ) a lso d iscusses

t h is i ndustry i n h is s tudy o f t he U SA s tub-ste m med p ipe i ndustry, a nd H irstein h as p repared s evera l manuscr ip ts o n t h is i ndustry ( 1975, 1 978 ) . a rea i ndustry h as b een e x tensive ly s tud ied .

The Pa mp lin

H owever , i t s o r ig in , e ar ly d eve l-

l u o p men t , p roduct ion , a nd i n terac t ion w i th o ther p ipe makers i s n ot wel nders tood .

A s e x tensive i n for ma t ion h as p rev iously b een p ub l ished o n t h is i ndustry ,

l b t t h is c urren t p resen ta t ion w il e mere ly a n a te mp t t o a sse mble p hotographs wh ich d escr ibe v isual ly t he P a mp l in a rea i ndustry a nd i t s p roduct .

Those

i n terested i n a dd i t iona l d e ta i l a re a dv ised t o c onsu l t t he a bove r eferences. l S evera l p ho tographs o f t he p ipe f actory t aken i n 1 975 a re i lustra ted i n P la te 3 1 .

H irstein ( 1978 :10 , 1 2 ) a lso l oca ted s evera l e ar ly p ho tographs o f t he

Pa mp l in p ipe f actory b u i ld ing . P la te 3 2 :1 s hows t he p ipe f actory i n 1 915 ( f ro m R ies a nd S o mers 1 917 ) . P la tes 3 2 :2 , 3 and 3 3 :1, 4 , a re c . 1 929 p ho tog raphs o f t he Pa mp l in p ipe f actory a nd i t s p roduct ( f ro m V irgin ia S ta te Cha mber o f C o m merce 1 929 :23 ) .

H e i te ( 1968 ) r e la tes t ha t t he modern p lan t i s b ui l t o n

t he "o ld f ounda t ions" o f t he p ipe f actory wh ich was d estroyed b y f ire ; t h is was c . 1 928 ( Dickerson 1 976 , 1 977 :9) .

P la te 3 4 i s as er ies o f f i ve a er ia l

p ho tographs o f t he p ipe f actory s i te, s pann ing t he y ears 1 937 t o 1 964. P ipe mach inery u sed i n t he P a mp l in f actory h as b een l oca ted : ac onveyerc ut ine i s i lustra ted i n P la te 3 5. t er mach l

Cy linders o f c lay were t aken f ro m

t he c lay e x truder a nd c ut i n to s ect ions u t i l izing t h is mach ine . s ect ions o f c lay were c al obbins" l ed "d

( P la te 3 9 :1-6) .

The r esu l ting

The d obbins were

p laced i n t he mo ld o f ap ipe mach ine ( P la tes 3 6-37 ) , a nd b y h and a nd f oot movemen t o f l evers, a p ipe was f ormed . s hown i n P la te 3 8 :1 . s ea ms were t r i m med .

H a lf o f af actory p ipe mach ine mold i s

l The mo lded p ipes were a lowed t o d ry , a nd t he mo ld The p ipes were t hen p laced i n s aggers ( Pla te 3 9 :7 ) .

wh ich were s tacked i n t he k i ln , a nd t he k i ln o f p ipes was f ired .

F or s a l t

g lazed p ipes, s a lt was a dded t o t he k i ln s evera l d ays i n to t he f ir ing .

Once t he

k i ln h ad c oo led , t he p ipes were r e moved , a nd p ackaged ( w i th o r w i thou t s te ms) f or s h ip men t .

A t s o me s tage , s te ms were a pparen t ly made a t t he f ac tory ;

a t

o ther t imes, t hey were p urchased : fro m t he Cu lpepper P ipe S te m C o ., o f fo S uf lk , V irg in ia, o r f ro m a L oUi siana f ir m . o r i n b oxes. a nd 4 1.

P ipes were s h ipped i n b arre ls

S tenci ls u sed i n l abe l ing s h ipp ing b oxes a re s hown i n P la tes 4 0

An u mber o f mo ld marks h ave b een n oted i n p ipes p roduced b y t he Pa mp lin f actory ( Sudbury 1 977d :1) .

The most c o m mon , a "r a ised d o t" l oca ted o n t he

to m o l i n ter ior b ot f t he b ow l , i s i lustra ted i n P la te 3 9 :8 , 9 . The Pa mp lin p ipe f actory , i n u se f ro m c . 1 879 t o 1 944, was o perated u nder a s uccession o f owners.

The p er iod f ro m 1 879 t o 1 900 i s t hough t t o

h ave b een t he most p roduct ive e ra — th is p er iod e nco mpassed t wo d i f feren t owners: Wil lia m G . Merr il l, a nd The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany .

L a ter

o pera tors b egan t o e xpand t he r ange o f p roducts a nd a t te mp ted t o d iversi fy t he b usiness, p resu mab ly t o e nhance p rof i tab i li ty ( see P la te 4 1 :3 ) . The l ast p er iod o f a ct ive p roduct ion , 1 938-1944, s aw t he d istr ibu t ion o f an u mber o f c a ta logues/adver t ising b rochures ( see F igures 9 -15) .

H owever , i n 1 938 , a t

t he b eg inn ing o f t h is f ina l ownersh ip , ad e tai led l i st o f t he e xpenses i nvo lved i n p roducing 1 00 ,000 p ipes ( Figure 7 ) , i nd ica tes t ha t t he f actory was l osing money .

The c ost o f l abor , l ack o f a vai labi l i ty o f s te ms, a nd c o mpe ti t ion

f ro m t he c igaret te f inal ly d rove t he f actory o u t o f b usiness. 2 07

860 ) Pa mp l in p ipe f actory ; There i s s o me e v idence o f a n e ar l ier ( 2.. 1 p resen t , t h is was e n t ire ly a l oca l e n terpr ise .

i f

The Pa mp lin f actory e stab l ished

b y Wil . Merr il f Akron , Oh io, i n 1 879 , was p resu mab ly a tracted t o liam G l o t t he Pa mp l in a rea b y t he g ood q ua l i ty c lay a nd t he s uper ior p roduct p roduced b y t he "h o me" i ndustry p ipe makers.

I ti s u nknown when t he h o me i ndustry

s tar ted ; t he e ar liest f ir m d a te i s 1 860 when 2 3 i nd iv idua l p ipe makers a re l i sted i n t he Pa mp l in a rea p opu lat ion c ensus ( Sudbury 1 977d :26-30 ) .

The 1 940

f actory a dver t ising l i tera ture ( F igure 1 2 ) c la ims a s tar t ing d a te o f 1 739 f or t he P a mp l in a rea i ndustry , b ut t h is e ar ly d a te h as n o t b een s ubstan t ia ted . B ased o n c urren t e v idence, a mid-19th c en tury d ate o f o r ig in i s c onsidered more p robab le .

I n c on trast t o t he h igh ly mechan ized f actory , t he h o me i n-

d ustry p roduced r edware p ipes i nh andhe ld mo lds, t l es o ver o pen f ires.

a nd f ired t he p ipes i n k e t-

Mo lds a nd a cco mpanying t oo ls u sed b y s evera l h o me

i ndustry p ipe makers a re s hown i n P la tes 5 8-64.

R ecen t d obb ins o f t he t ype

u sed b y t he h o me i ndustry a re s hown i n P la te 5 7 :3-5. l Most o f t he Pa mp l in p ipe s ty les i lustra ted i n t he a cco mpanying s er ies o f l P la tes ( 33 , 3 8 , 4 2-57 ) h ave p rev iously b een i lustra ted b y H am i l ton a nd H am i l ton ( 1972 ) o r D ickerson ( 1977 ) .

These t wo r eferences a lso i nd ica te

whe ther t he p ipes were t hough t t o b e o f h o me o r f actory manufacture .

F or t he

c onven ience o f t hose i n terested i n i den t i fy ing t he s peci mens i n t h is p resen t r epor t w i th t hose p rev iously r epor ted i n t he l i terature , t he t ype a ssign men ts l f ro m t hese t wo p ub l ica t ions a re g iven f or e ach i lustra ted p ipe .

The Ha m i l tons '

ly r p ub l ished d a ta i s b asical e l iab le, a l though D ickerson h as d ef in i te ly i ncorr ect ly i den t i f ied t wo p ipes a s Pa mp l in p roducts ( D ickerson ' s "F .56" ( 1977 : 2 6) was p roduced b y J ohn F . R ist i n Oh io ( see P la te 2 6 :1-3) , a nd "F ig . 6 0" t ox ( D ickerson 1 977 :27 ) was p roduced b y Mr . J ones i n Appo mat , V irg in ia ( see l P la te 6 5 :2 o r 4 ) ) . Where p ossib le , t he P a mp lin p ipes i n t he P la tes a re i lust ra ted i n d up l ica te t o g ive a n i dea o f v ar ia t ions i n p ipe s ize, s hape , o r c o lor , t ha t migh t e x ist w i th in a s ing le t ype .

l l A s f ar a s i s k nown , a l t he p ipes i lus-

t ra ted were p roduced i n Pa mp l in ; t he o n ly s peci men o f q uest ionab le o r ig in i s l i lustra ted i n P la te 5 7 :1. The Ha m i l ton '

1 972 a r t icle i nc ludes p ho tographs o f 3 9 Pa mp lin p ipe s ty les,

a nd D ickerson 's 1 977 a rt icle h as l i ne d raw ings o f 6 3 p ipe s ty les.

H owever ,

ficu o ne u n fa m i l iar w i th t he Pa mp l in p roduct wou ld e xper ience d if l ty v isua l izing ag iven p ipe b ased o n D ickerson ' s ou t l ine d rawings.

A l though s o me Pa mp lin

p ipes c ou ld n ot b e p hotographed f or t h is c urren t s tudy , t he ma jor i ty o f t he m a re r epresen ted .

A more d eta i led s tudy a nd r epor t o f t he Pa mp l in i ndustry ,

a nd i t s p lace i n h istor ic U SA c lay t obacco p ipe manufacture, i s p lanned .

A s

w i th P oin t P leasan t , Oh io , p ipes, P a mp lin p ipes h ave b een f ound a cross much o f t he USA .

There a re a lso s o me i nd ica t ions t ha t Pa mp lin p ipe s h ip men ts

were made o verseas, a l though n o c onf irma t ion o f t hese r epor ts h as b een o bt ained . T he n a mes s ta mped o n Pa mp lin p ipe b ow ls o r s te ms ( w i th t he e xcep t ion o f t he s peci mens i n P la tes 4 7 :3-8 ;

5 3 ;

5 4 :3 ;

5 5 :7-8 ;

a nd 5 6:4) a re f ound i n

v ar ious i ssues o f C onnor ton i s D irector ies, s uggest ing t ha t many o f t he marked p ipes were p roduced f or d istr ibut ion b y t obacco c o mpan ies w i th t he ir t obacco . There c an b e n o d oub t t ha t t he s pec i mens i n P la tes 3 3 :3 ; 4 6 :1-2 ; 5 0 :5-6 ; 5 2 :8 ; a nd 5 4 :1-2 , were p roduced f or t h is p urpose . A s im i lar p hen o menon was n o ted f or t he p roduct o f The Akron Smok ing P ipe Co mpany i n t he 2 08

s ec t ion o n Oh io ;

i n 1 892 , The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o mpany b ough t t he Pa mp lin

p ipe f actory a nd c on t inued p roduct ion t here . a ccoun ts f or t he p ipes w i th n a mes o n t he m .

I t i s p ossib le t ha t t h is ownersh ip I t was n oted i n t he s ect ion o n

Missour i t ha t t he P a mp l in f actory s o ld p ipes t o t he S a mue l Cupp les Woodenware C o mpany f or r esa le .

More p rob le ma t ic a re t he Pa mp lin p ipes marked

w i th s o me c o mb ina t ion o f t he n a mes Genu ine , Or ig ina l , a nd P owha tan .

These

n a mes —wh ich b y c . 1 940 were p ar t o f t he t rade mark ( Pla te 3 8 :3 , F igure 1 1) — c ou ld r efer t o t rade n a mes, t obacco b rands, o r s i mp ly b e ac laim t o b eing t he o r ig ina l manufacturer o nce t he V irg in ia f i r ms i n J ef f erson a nd i n Michaux b eg an p roducing p ipes a nd c o mpe t ing w i th t he P a mp l in p ipe f actory .

Addi tiona l

r esearch o n t h is p ar ticu lar p o in t i s n eeded . West V irg in ia O ne b r ief r eference t o c lay t obacco p ipe manufacture i n West V irgin ia was l oca ted b y H arr ison i n t he C ensus o f Manu factures r ecords, a nd was r epor ted l a s f o lows: "Fro m western V irg in ia , Mononga l ia C oun ty ( now i s West V irgin ia) , l ow-ware was a n 1 820 e n try f or J onah J ackson who s pecia l ized i n h ol l a nd e ar thenware o f a l t ypes ( h is l i st o f p roducts i nc luded p ipes ) ." ( Sudbury 1 977d :2) l ary t An a ct ivi ty a ncil o c lay t obacco p ipe p roduct ion was c onducted i n a l ed P p lace c al ipeste m i n S u m mers C oun ty , West V irg in ia ( Rogers 1 952 :64) . Th is c o m mun i ty was a pparen t ly n a med f or a s hrub i nd igenous t o t he a rea wh ich was u sed f or mak ing p ipeste ms.

R ogers i den t i f ied t he s hrub a s S p iraea a lba .

A l oca l r esiden t i n formed R ogers t ha t i n a bout 1 870 , v isi tors i n P ipeste m "h ad g a thered a l arge s upp ly o f t he s hrub t o t ake b ack west [ I nd iana ] w i th t he m t o b e u sed b y t he mse lves a nd n e ighbors a s p ipeste ms." ( Rogers 1 952 :65) Ano ther i n for man t r e la ted t ha t he s hrub was u sed e x tensive ly f or s te ms f or t he c lay p ipes t ha t .. t were u sed a l most e xclusive ly a t t ha t e ar ly d a te . were a lso u sed f or s te ms f or c orncob p ipes."

They s a id t he c anes ( Rogers 1 952 :64)

Thus, a t l east t hose i n t he a rea p roduced p ipeste ms f ro m S p iraea a lba f or u se w i th b o th c lay a nd c orncob p ipes.

No e v idence o f c lay t obacco p ipe p roduct ion

i n t he a rea h as b een u ncovered . • Wisconsin A l though n o e for t h as b een e xpended t o s tudy t he c lay t obacco p ipe i ndustry f i n Wisconsin , o ne r eference t o p ipe p roduct ion was e ncoun tered : "L arge C lay P ipe marked 'Pau l B unyan 1 862 ' made a t L adys m i th , Wisconsin ... W.2" H . 2P S te m L . 5 4 ' 1. "

l and 1 ( Gu il 971 :185)

l and r The i n forma t ion a nd d raw ings G u il epor ts i n h is b ook were c o mp i led u nder s ponsorsh ip o f t he F edera l g overn men t a s t he I ndex o f Amer ican Design 2 09

l and 1 i) b e tween 1 935 a nd 1 939 ( Gu il 971 :x i-xi .

l and The a ccuracy o f G u il 's

l i n for ma t ion i s u ncer ta in a l though t he p ipe i s i lus tra ted i n h is b ook .

" Pau l

Bunyan 1 862" a ppears t o h ave b een c arved o n t he b ow l o f t h is l ong-s te m med s purred wh i te c lay p ipe , a nd t he p ipe h as b een smoked . P resen t-day c lay t obacco p ipe p roduct ion I n a dd i t ion t o t he h is tor ic p ipe makers n oted i n t h is a r t ic le , t here a re s evling c e ra l i ndividua ls a nd e stab lish men ts p resen t ly p roducing a nd/or s el lay t obacco p ipes .

I n 1 977 i n P a mp l in , V irg in ia , Ray mond C . D ickerson i nd ica ted

t ha t h e was u nder tak ing l im i ted p roduct ion o f s o me o f t he l ess c o m mon P amp lin p ipe s ty les [ such a s t ypes F .37 a nd F .53 ( Dickerson 1 977 :22 , 2 5)] f or s a le a s r eproduct ions t o i n teres ted p ar t ies . A lso i n 1 977 , Haze l H arvey o f A ppot ox mat , V irg in ia , was p roducing d im inu t ive p ipes made o f b rown c lay ; a s t he t op o f t hese p ipe b ow ls a re d iamond-shaped i n o u t l ine , t h is d is t inc t p ipe s tyle l n w il o t b e c on fused w i th e ar l ier p ipes o f P amp l in manu fac ture .

S evera l o ther

i ndiv idua ls i n t he Pamp l in , V irg in ia , a rea h ave a ccess t o mo lds a nd a lso h ave t he t echno log ica l k now-how t o manu facture p ipes ;

h owever , a t t h is t ime , t hey

a re n o t k nown t o b e p roduc ing p ipes . liamsburg P t ery j liamsburg The Wil ot us t n or th o f Wil , V irg in ia , i s p rod uc ing l ong-s te m med " co lon ia l-s ty le" p ipes f or s a le t o t our is ts a t C o lon ia l liamsburg Wil .

l The b ow l o u t l ine i s s im i lar t o t hose i lus tra ted b y Wa lker ( 1 977:

F igure 6 a-3 , 1 720-80 ) .

The s peci men p urchased b y t he a u thor h as a s tra igh t

s te m a nd i s 4 2 .5 cm l ong .

The p ipes a re b eing p roduced o f p oured p las ter o f

t ery i p ar is a s t he p ot s u nab le t o p roduce p ipes made o f mo lded c lay e cono m ily c al . 6 7:5 ;

l ec S evera l r ecen t mo lds i n The Sm i thson ian I ns t i tu t ion c ol t ion ( P la tes 6 8 ) a re t hough t t o b e f ro m t h is s ource .

Wa lker r e la ted t ha t p ipes h ad b een p roduced i n t he l a te 1 960s a nd e ar ly 1 970s a t S a le m , N or th C aro l ina ( Wa lker 1 971:28 ;

Wa lker 1 975 :98-99 ).

S p ivey

l a ( 1977) h as r ecen t ly n o ted t ha t p ipes a re s t il va i lab le f ro m S a le m . ly p l q R is t ( see s ec t ion o n Oh io ) o ccas ional roduces smal uan t i t ies o f p ipes f ro m h is f a ther 's mo lds ( P la te 6 7:1-2 ) , a nd i n t he f u ture i n tends t o d esign h is own mold a nd u se i tt o p roduce p ipes . Russ Car tee , G reenup C oun ty , K en tucky , marke ted p ipes o f h is o wn manuf ac ture a s c ra f t i t e ms t hrough t he K en tucky S ta te P arks s ys te m .

I ti s t hough t

t ha t t hese p ipes h ave n o t b een p roduced s ince 1 975 . l T he G reen R iver F orge , S pr ing f ie ld , Oregon , i lus tra ted f our r eed s te m p ipe s tyles f or s a le i n ar ecen t 1 977 ) c a ta logue ( Green R iver F orge n .d .) . l vue P r ior t o t he c urren t O regon a ddress , t hey were o pera t ing f ro m B el , Wash ing ton .

l The c a ta logue n o ted t he f o low ing a bou t t hese p ipes :

" Taken f ro m o ur o wn o r ig ina ls , t hese h andso me p ipes a re g lazed a d eep I nd ian t obacco b rown ."

( Green R iver F orge n .d .)

C orrespondence r e la ted t ha t t he f our p ipes i n q ues t ion " were mo lded f ro m o r ig ina ls" ( Jones 1 978 ) , p resu mab ly b y G reen R iver F orge . ling D ix ie G un Works , I nc., o pera t ing f ro m Un ion C i ty , T ennessee , i s s el ly s t wo s ty les o f " Au then t ical ty led c lay p ipes w i th r eed s te ms ." ( D ix ie G un 2 10

Works , I nc . 1 976:320 )

B o th s tyles h ave " USA" s tamped o n t he l e f t s ide o f t he

s te m ( see P la te 6 7:3-4 ) .

One s tyle b e ing p roduced i s c opied f ro m t he Pampl in

l s ty le i lus tra ted i n P la te 5 0 :5-6 , a nd t he o ther i s c opied f ro m a s ty le p roduced i n b o th Mogadore a nd Pamp l in ( P la tes 1 7:1 ;

2 3 :1;

5 0 :1-4 ) .

Bo th D ix ie G un

Works p ipes a re made o f r ed c lay , h ave a g lazed o r v arn ished e x ter ior s ur face , l er t a nd a re smal han t he o r ig ina l s pec i mens . T he s ame work a lso a dver t ises f our s tyles o f p ipes made b y t he J ohn l ock C P ol o mpany ( D ix ie G un Works , I nc . 1 976:511 ). These p ipes a re marked "MADE I N ENGLAND" i n i nk o n t he u nders ide o f t he s te m . The s a me c a ta logue a lso i lus tra tes a l onger wh i te c lay p ipe o f u nknown manu fac ture ( Dix ie G un • l Works , I nc . 1 976:319 ).

I n a ppearance , t h is p ipe i s s im i lar t o t he Wil liams-

b urg p ipe n o ted a bove . I n 1 977 , a t t he F or t N ecess i ty Bat f ie ld i n Pennsy lvania , t he a u thor tle b ough t t wo modern p roduc t ion l ong-s te m med wh i te c lay " TD" ( a ctual l y marked " CD" ) p ipes wh ich h ad " GERMANY" s tamped o n t he s te m .

A l though t he a u thor

was u nab le t o l earn t he s peci f ic maker o f t hese p ipes , Wa lker ( 1977:276 ) r e la tes t ha t t hree p ipe mak ing f ir ms a re s t il l a c t ive i n t he Wes terwa ld r eg ion o f G ermany .

Modern E uropean l ong-s te m med c lay p ipes c on t inue t o b ea va i lab le f ro m

a number o f s ources—includ ing t obacco s hops — in t he USA . A dd i t iona l c ensus i n for ma t ion o np ipe p roduc t ion C ensus i n for ma t ion was u sed r a ther s par ing ly i n t h is r epor t .

Pub l ica t ion

o f c o mp i led p opu la t ion c ensus d a ta o ccurs f o lowing e ach c ensus y ear ( curren t ly , l a decenn ia l s ys te m ). r ecords .

The f edera l g overnmen t h as p reserved t he o r ig ina l c ensus

F or t he s ta ted r eason , o f p r ivacy , c ensus i n for ma t ion f ro m 1 900 t o

p resen t i s c ons idered c on f iden t ia l .

H owever , c ensus r ecords p r ior t o 1 900

a re a va i lab le f or u se b y i n teres ted r esearchers .

I n t he p opu la t ion c ensus , t he

c ensus t aker r ecorded i n forma t ion f or e ach h ouseho ld i nc lud ing n ame , a ge , s ex , r ace , r e la t ionsh ip t o h ead o f h ouseho ld , o ccupa t ion , e s ta te v a lues , a nd p lace o f b ir th .

D epend ing o n a va i labi l i ty , o ne may e i ther e xam ine t he o r ig ina l

c ensus d ocu men ts , o r micro f i lm c op ies .

A l though t horough e xam ina t ion o f s uch

t en r f h andwr it ecords i s a ted ious t ask , s uch e for t c an y ie ld u se fu l i n for ma t ion o np ipe makers s uch a s t ha t r epor ted i n t h is a r t ic le f or T exas , o r t he l i s t o f p ipe makers r epor ted f ro m P ampl in , V irg in ia b y S udbury ( 1 977d :26-30 ) .

The

I ndus tr ia l C ensus , o r C ensus o f Manu factures , was c onduc ted b y h av ing t he manu facturers t ha t p roduced o ver a c er ta in min i mum p roduc t v a lue i n t he a w ea l th l c ensus y ear f i l o u t q ues t ionna ires a bou t t he ir b us iness . H ere a ga in , « o f i n for ma t ion e x is ts t o t hose who p ers is t i n s earch ing i to u t . B o th t ypes o f c ensus r ecords a re o rgan ized b y s ta te a nd b y c oun ty .

I ti s c ons idered l i ke ly

t ha t much i n for ma t ion r e ma ins t o b e g leaned f ro m t hese s ources ;

t h is i s t o

s ay t ha t s i mply b ecause s o me i n forma t ion h as b een r epor ted f ro m t hese t wo s ources d oes n o t mean t ha t t hese s ources h ave b een t apped t o a nywhere n ear t he ir f ul o ten t ia l . l p An a dd i t iona l c ensus s ource n o t f ul sed i n t h is s tudy i s t he a c tua l c ensus ly u c o mpi la t ions .

F or e xa mp le , i n 1 860 ( U.S . C ensus 1 864 :670-671 ) , i n as ec t ion

i t led " Occupa t ions i n t he U n i ted S ta tes , "t he f ol low ing n umbers o f p ipe makers t a re g iven f or e ach s ta te ( un l is ted s ta tes p resu mab ly d id n ot h ave p ipe makers ) :

2 11 .

7 -Connect icu t 1 6- Massachuset ts 1 6-New J ersey 2 5-New Y ork 1 0-Oh io 3 0-Pennsylvan ia 6 -Rhode I s land 2 -Sou th Carol ina 3 1-V irg in ia . Fro m wha t i s k nown o f t he a rchaeo log ica l c lay t obacco p ipe r ecord , i th as ly b g eneral een a ssu med t ha t a t a bou t t he t ime o f t he 1 860 c ensus , t he c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try i n Oh io was o ne o f t he more impor tan t p ipe i ndus tr ies i n t he USA .

H owever , i n 1 860 , o f t he n ine s ta tes l i s t ing p ipe makers , Oh io

c o mes i n s ix th i n t ota l n u mber o f p ipe makers .

O f c ourse , t here a re many

p oten t ia l p roble ms w i th t h is d a ta—and t ha t i s t he ma in r eason t ha t i t was n ot u sed e x tens ive ly i n t h is a r t icle .

The mos t s ign i f ican t p rob le m i s u ncer ta in ty

a s t o wha t ma ter ia ls were u sed t o p roduce t hese p ipes .

A t t h is t ime i n h is-

t ory -1860 —one wou ld p robab ly b e s a fe i n a ssu ming mos t o f t hese p ipe makers p roduced c lay p ipes .

ly c H owever , a s t h is d a ta was p er iod ical o mpi led , a t

wha t d a te d oes o ne d ecide t ha t t he d a ta i s n o t t rus twor thy d ue t o c o mpet i t ion f ro m o ther ma ter ia ls u sed t o make p ipes? The 1 933 C ensus o f Manu factures ( U.S . C ensus 1 936:632 , 6 51) l i s ts t he l ow f ol ing n u mber o f manufac tur ing e s tabl ish men ts u nder " P IPES ( TOBACCO )" : 1 933-22 1 931-24 1 929-24 1 927-23. I n t h is c ase , t here i s n o way t o k now wha t ma ter ia ls were emp loyed b y t hese v ar ious manu facturers .

The 1 931 " B ienn ia l C ensus o f Manu factures" ( U.S .

Census 1 935 :1138 ) l i s ts t he n umber o f e s tablish men ts i n o pera t ion i n e ar l ier y ears : 1 925-28 1 923-30 1 921-36 1 919-56 1 914-47 1 909-62 1 90 4-6 8 1 899-98 . Th is r eference a lso i nd ica tes t he p rob le m i n l earn ing wha t ma ter ia ls were employed i n manu facture i n t he " PIPES ( TOBACCO )" s ect ion : " Descr ipt ion o f t he i ndus try .-The e s tabl ish men ts c lass i f ied i n t h is i ndus try a re e ngaged p r i mar i ly i n t he manu facture o f t obacco p ipes f ro m b r ier , meerschaum , c o mpos i t ion , c orncobs , a nd c lay , w i th

2 12

lu mou thp ieces o f amber , r ubber , c el lo id , i vory , a nd o ther ma ter ia ls ." ( U.S . C ensus 1 935 :1138 ) l owing n Th is s ource l i s ts t he f ol u mber o f p ipe mak ing e s tabl ish men ts i n o perat i on i n 1 931 ( U.S . C ensus 1 935 :1138 ) : 1 -Arkansas lino 1 -Il is ts 2 - Massachuset » 8 -M issour i 2 -New J ersey 1 0- New Y ork I n 1 933 ( U .S . C ensus 1 936 :651 ) , Ca l i forn ia a nd Oh io were e ach n o ted t o h ave o ne p ipe mak ing e s tabl ishmen t .

A s V irg in ia was n o t l i s ted i n e i ther o f t hese

y ears [ t he p ipe p ic tured i n P la te 5 3 :1-2 was p roduced f or t he 1 933 Ch icago Wor ld 's F air ], , e i ther t he c ensus , i n e rror , o ver looked t he Pamp l in , V irg in ia , p lan t 's p roduct ion , o r t he p lan t was i d le d ur ing t he c ensus p er iods i n q ues t ion . l H irs tein ( 1 979 ) r e la tes t he f o lowing n u mber o f p ipe manu fac tur ing e s tab l ishmen ts f ro m e ar l ier c ensus y ears : 1 890-69 1 880-37 1 870-31 . These e n tr ies o ccur a s t obacco p ipes ,a nd a re n o t b roken d own b y ma ter ia ls u sed i n t he manu fac ture .

T hus , t he u sefu lness o f t h is c o mp i led i n for ma t ion

i s o bv ious ly l im i ted . I ti s a pparen t f ro m t h is b r ief p resen ta t ion t ha t s evera l s ta tes a re l i s ted a s h av ing p ipe manu factur ing e s tabl ish men ts wh ich a re n o t c overed i n t h is a r t ic le .

f To d a te —due t o i nsu f icien t r esearch—c lay t obacco p ipe p roducers

i n t hese s ta tes h ave n o t b een i den ti f ied . The p urpose o f t h is b r ie f s ec t ion o n a va i lab le c ensus r ecords i s t o d e mons tra te t he t ypes o f i n for ma t ion p resen t , a nd t o e ncourage i t s u se i n f u ture r esearch .

A wea l th o f i n for ma t ion a bou t

c lay t obacco p ipe p roduc t ion p resumably r e ma ins t o b e g leaned f ro m t he c ensus r ecords . Canad ian c lay t obacco p ipe p roduc t ion Ad e ta i led s tudy o f t he C anad ian c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try i s b eyond t he s cope o f t h is p aper a l though b r ie f men t ion o f t h is i ndus try i s r e levan t . Wa lker h as b een s tudy ing t he Canad ian i ndus try a s i nd ica ted b y s evera l e ar ly s o l ic i tat ions f or i n for ma t ion f ro m Mon trea l ( Wa lker 1 966a ) a nd Quebec ( Wa lker 1 967) . L im i ted i n for ma t ion a bou t s o me Canad ian p ipe makers was p resen ted b y Wa lker i n h is i n i t ia l s tudy o f N ine teen th C en tury c lay p ipes i n C anada ( Wa lker 1 971: 2 5 , 2 8-30 ) .

More r ecen t ly , Wa lker ( 1977 :3 54-362 ) h as p ubl ished wha t h e c on-

s iders t o b e " a b r ief o u t l in?" o f h is g rea t ly e x tended r esearches i n to t he Mont rea l p ipe mak ing i ndus try .

I n t h is s tudy , Wa lker n o ted t he ma jor p ipe makers ,

t he ir p robab le o r ig ins , a nd c i ted t he k nown d is tr ibu t ion o f t heir p roduc t . l l t iona l i n for ma t ion a bou t t he Quebec i ndus try i s s t il ack ing . l 7 0 ) i lus tra ted a 2 13

Add i-

t ( S acket 1943 :68 ,

l l/ 7 0 ) i lus tra ted a m eta l p ipe mo ld wh ich h as t he i nscr ip t ion W. a nd D . B el Quebec o n t he i nner mo ld s ur face . I n a ddi tion t o h aving p roduced p ipes f or t he U SA marke t , t he Canad ian ly s c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try i s men t ioned h ere b ecause i t s pec i f ical pawned a t l eas t t wo USA p ipe manu fac tur ing c en tres —De tro i t , M ich igan , a nd R ouses P o in t , N ew York .

T hese t wo l oca t ions were d iscussed e ar l ier i n t h is p aper ,

l a nd s evera l o f t he ir p roduc ts h ave b een i lus tra ted ( P la tes 4 :10 ;

a nd 6 :2-4 ) .

F or c o mpara t ive p urposes , as pec i men p roduced b y Banner man i n Mon trea l l h as a lso b een i lus tra ted ( P la te 4 :11 ) .

I ti s q u i te p robab le t ha t f ur ther r esearch

l t i n to t he USA c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try w il urn u p a dd i t iona l t i es a nd i n tera c t ions w i th t he Canad ian c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try . USA p a ten t i n for ma t ion The USA p a ten t f i les

r epresen t a n e x tens ive , r e la t ive ly u n tapped i n for-

l a ma t ion s ource c on ta in ing d a ta p er ta in ing t o c lay t obacco p ipes a s wel s many o ther a reas o f i n teres t t o h is tor ica l a rchaeo log is ts .

A s ynops is o f t he USA

p a ten t s ys te m o ccurs i n n u merous r e ference works , s uch a s t he Encycloped ia Amer icana ( 1974 :380-386) . The U SA p a ten t s ys te m i s b ased o n t he Eng l ish p a ten t s ys te m , a nd was p rov ided f or i n A r t ic le 1 , s ec t ion 8 of t he Un i ted S ta tes C ons t i tu t ion , w i th t he f irs t p a ten t l aw o f t he USA b e ing e nac ted i n 1 790 ( i bid .:381 ).

The e xam ina t ion s ys te m o f g ran t ing p a ten ts was e s tabl ished b y

f t he Pa ten t A ct o f J u ly 4 , 1 836 , w i th t h is b as ic s ys te m r e ma in ing i n e fec t t oday ( i bid . : 381 ).

B y 1 848 , 1 6 , 0 00 p a ten ts h ad b een g ran ted , a nd 1 31 , 0 00 p a ten ts

were g ran ted b y 1 871 ( We lsh 1 965 :111 ) . h ave b een g ran ted .

T oday , more t han 4 , 0 00 , 0 00 p a ten ts

l f C opies o f a l p a ten ts g ran ted s ince 1 836 a re o n f i le a t t he Pa ten t O f ice , a nd c opies o f t he p a ten ts a re a va i lab le t o r esearchers a t c er ta in l i brar ies . Ear ly p a ten ts a re h oused a t t he Na t iona l A rch ives .

The Pa ten t C lassi f ica t ions ,

f te t he Repor ts o f t he C omm iss ioner o f Pa ten ts , t he O f icia l G azet , a nd t he re i nva luab le a ids i n s earch ing t he f te 7 a G enera l I ndex t o t he O f icia l G azet p a ten t f i les .

T he R epor ts a nd t he G azet on ta in i n for ma t ion a bs tracted t es c

f ro m t he p a ten t a s wel s s o me p a ten t i lus tra t ions . l a l We lsh —wh i le n o t ing t ha t p a ten t i n for ma t ion h as r are ly b een c onsu l ted b y t he " cu l tura l h is tor ian"—po in ts o u t t he p o ten t ia l u se fu lness o f t he p a ten t r ec ords ( We lsh 1 965 ) . Two p a ten ts t hough t t o p er ta in t o c lay t obacco p ipe manu facture a re c i ted i n t h is c urren t s urvey ( see s ect ions o n Massachuset ts a nd N ew Ha mpsh ire [ i nfor ma tion f ro m H irstein ( 1979 ) ]; e xam ina t ion o f t he o r ig ina l p a ten ts wou ld g ive a dd i t iona l i n for ma t ion a bou t t hese t wo e n tr ies . H owever , l im i ted t ime t e mporar i ly p rec luded e x tens ive p a ten t r esearch i n to t he h is tory a nd d eve lop men t o f t he c lay t obacco p ipe i n t he USA . The a u thor h as s pen t al im i ted amoun t o f t ime e xam in ing p a ten t r ecords a s t hey p er ta in t o c lay t obacco p ipes .

C ursory e xam ina t ion o f t he O f ic ia l f

G azet ro m 1 872-1879 r evea led t hree i nven t ions p a ten ted b y me mbers o f t es f t he Merr il Akron , Oh io ) f am i ly . l (

Th is d a ta i s p resen ted b e low t o g ive t he

r eader a n i dea a s t o wha t t ype o f d a ta i s a va i lable ( add i t iona l t ex tua l i n for mat ion a s wel s i lus tra t ions a re c on ta ined i n t hese G azet n tr ies ) . l a l te e Merril ere i nvo lved w i th p a ten t n umbers : ls w

2 14

The

" 141 ,2 30 .- Mach ine f or Mo ld ing C lay Smok ing P ipes .-Henry E . Merr il l, Akron , Oh io .

A pp l ica t ion f i led J u ly 3 , 1 873."

( Pa ten ts

1 874 :112 ) , l. " 145 ,373 .--Clay- M il -Tames A . Vaughn a nd H orace B . Camp , ls l, Akron C uyahoga Fal , H enry E . Merr il , Oh io , a nd Ca lv in J . l, A l Merr il l ton , I l ., a ssignors t o Turner , Parks & Co ., Cuyahoga F a lls, O h io .

App lica tion f i led May 3 , 1 873." ( Pa ten ts 1 874 :622 ) ,

a nd " 218 ,780 .

ls C lay- M il .

liam G l, Akron Wil . Merr il , Oh io .

F i led

May 1 2 , 1 879" ( Pa ten ts 1 880 :342 ) . l s were employed i Whe ther t hese p ar t icu lar c lay mil n c o m mercia l p ipe p rod uct ion a t Akron- Mogadore o r Pamp l in h as n o t y e t b een d e ter m ined .

The

l 1 873 "Mach ine f or Mo lding C lay Smok ing P ipes" i s n o t t he s ame a s t he Merr il l p ipe mach ine i lus tra ted i n P la tes 3 6 a nd 3 7.

T he p a ten t r ecords a bound i n

e n tr ies o f t h is t ype t ha t h ave d irect r e levance t o c lay t obacco p ipe s tud ies . A dd i t iona l e n tr ies p er ta in ing t o smok ing p ipes a nd/or c lay work ing a re c on ta ined i n t he p a ten t f i les ( i nc lud ing t he y ears 1 872-1879 ).

An umber o f

t hese p a ten ts were g ran ted t o i nd iv idua ls who h ave n o t b een p rev ious ly r epor ted l I n d ep th s tudy o f p a ten t r ecords w il

a s b e ing i nvo lved i n t he p ipe i ndus try .

d oubt less c on tr ibu te t o o ur k now ledge o f t he USA c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try — b o th i n i den ti f ica t ion o f i nd iv idua ls a c t ive i n t he i ndus try , a nd i n o ur a wareness a nd u nders tand ing o f t echno log ica l i nnova t ion i n t h is f ie ld . D iscuss ion ly H ope ful , i ti s o bv ious f ro m t h is a bbrev ia ted p resen ta t ion t ha t t here were many h is tor ic c lay t obacco p ipe makers y ears .

a c t ive i n t he USA i n t he p as t 3 00-400

A s an umber o f t he p ipe makers r epor ted h ere in h ave o n ly b een i den t i-

f i ed i n t he p as t f ew y ears , i ti s q u i te p robab le t ha t many more USA p ipe makers r e ma in t o b e l oca ted a nd r ecogn ized .

A lthough p ipes h ave b een p roduced i n

t he USA s ince t he 1 600s , t he b es t k nown a nd mos t p ubl ic ized e ra o f t h is i ndust ry r e ma ins t ha t wh ich f l our ished p r i mar i ly d ur ing t he s econd h a l f o f t he 1 9 th c en tury.

Th is p ar t icu lar e ra s aw e x tens ive mechan iza t ion a nd i ndus tr ia l iza t ion

l wh ich a lowed im mense i ncreases i n p ipe o u tpu t , e ncouraged s pec ia l iza t ion i n p roduc tion o f as ing le i t em , a nd b ene f i ted f ro m c on t inu ing improve men ts i n methods o f d is tr ibu t ion . H owever , t he ma jor p or t ion o f t he p ipe makers k nown t o d a te a ppear t o l s h ave o pera ted o n a smal ca le , a nd t he ir p roduc ts a pparen t ly r ece ived a l oca l— o r a t b es t r eg iona l —d is tr ibu t ion .

E v iden t ly , more o f ten t han n o t , p ipes were

t ery s mere ly o ne a r t ic le t urned o u t b y l oca l p ot hops .

Thus , t obacco p ipes

were s eldo m p roduced i n g rea t q uan t i ty , a nd were mere ly o ne more p roduc t t l i ne ( f requen t ly o f l i t le impor tance ) . This of ten l ead t o p ipes b e ing r ecorded a s a minor l p roduc t —i f p ipe p roduct ion was n o ted a t a l . S evera l o f t he p rev ious ly r epor ted ma jor p ipe p roducers a re k nown b ecause t ery s o f t he l arge n umber o f p ipes f ound a t p ot i tes o r i n was ter d umps b y p o th o lers ( "p ipeho lers"?). A l though t hese ma jor p ipe p roducers may h ave b egun t ery s ly b a s p ot hops w i th p ipes a s " jus t o ne more p roduc t ," t hey e ven tual egan t o p roduce p r i mar i ly p ipes .

P rev ious ly , P o in t P leasan t , Oh io , A kron- Mogadore , 2 15

l Oh io , a nd Pamp l in , V irg in ia , f e l i n to t h is c a tegory o f b e ing c ons idered a s " p ipe f ac tor ies"—and t h is d es igna t ion i s c orrec t .

l s A l though t heir f ul ign i f i-

c ance i n t he n a t iona l p ic ture i s n o t c urren t ly k nown , o ther p ipe p roducers — l s uch a s t hose i n F u l ton , I l ino is ;

D e tro i t , M ich igan ;

A l ton , N ew Hampsh ire ;

Rouses P oin t , N ew Y ork , e tc . —a lso a ppear t o h ave b een t o c lay t obacco p ipe manu fac ture .

d ed ica ted e xc lus ive ly

The v o lume o f p roduc t ion a nd t he e x ten t o f

t he p roduct ' s dis tr ibu t ion f or t hese p ar t icu lar i ndus tr ies h as n o t b een e va lua ted . l b And , t here a re p robably o ther p ipe makers t ha t w il e a dded t o t h is l i s t o f "ma jor ," " pr i mary ," o r " on ly o ne p roduc t" p ipe manu fac turers—ver i table p ipe f ac tor ies .

l h H owever , t hroughou t t he o veral is tory o f t h is i ndus try , t he ma jor i ty

t ery o f p ipe makers k nown t o d a te p roduced p ipes a s o ne p ar t o f ap ot 's o u tpu t , a nd s o ld t he p ipes a long w i th o ther wares t o s a t is fy l oca l o r r eg iona l d e mand . lTh is p or t ion o f t he i ndus try — tha t w i th t he mos t p ipe makers , b u t w i th t he smal l p e st o veral roduct ion a nd t he most r estr ic ted d istr ibu t ion —re ma ins t he l east s tud ied e le men t o f t he USA c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try . An umber o f p ipe makers h ave b een i den t i f ied i n t h is r epor t , a nd where l p oss ib le , t he ir p roduc t h as b een i lus tra ted .

H owever , n u merous p ipe s ty les

a re k nown f or wh ich n o p ipe maker h as y e t b een i den ti f ied .

E xamp les o f s o me

l l o f t hese " un iden t i f ied" p ipes ( a l t hough t t o b e o f 1 9 th c en tury o r ig in ) a re i lust ra ted i n P la tes 6 9-72 ( except ing 6 9 :3 , a nd 7 2 :8 ) . P la tes 4 :1-9 ;

6 :5-7;

7 :5 , 7 ;

1 5 :1-2 , 6 -9 ; 2 4 :6 ;

I n a dd i t ion , t he p ipes i n 2 7:6 ;

a nd 3 0 :6 , 9 ; were

n o ted t o b e t he p roduc t o f c urren t ly u n iden t i f ied USA p ipe makers .

These s pec-

l imens o f u nknown manufacture a re i lustra ted t o emphasize f ur ther h ow much a dd i t iona l work i s n eeded i n t h is f i eld . I ti s h oped t ha t t he g oa ls s peci f ied i n t he S cope a nd Purpose s ec t ion o f t h is a r t ic le h ave b een a cco mp l ished .

Th is p aper i s t he f irs t t ime a n umber o f

l p ipes f ro m v ar ious k nown USA p roducers h ave b een i lus tra ted i n t he s ame p ubl ica t ion ;

l a i ti s h oped t ha t t h is v isua l c onven ience w il id t hose wres t l ing

w i th s pec i f ic p ipe i den ti f ica t ion p rob le ms .

l A lso , i ti s h oped t ha t t he i lus tra-

l f t ion o ft he p roducts o f a n u mber o f p reviously u nrepor ted p ipe makers w il ur ther b ene f i t t he a rchaeo log ica l c o m mun i ty .

A s p o in ted o u t i n t he t ex t , s evera l

a pparen t ly ma jor p ipe p roduc t ion c en ters ( par t icu lar ly B os ton , P h i lade lph ia , a nd S t . L ou is ) h ave b een i den ti f ied wh ich n eed a g rea t d ea l o f s tudy t o d e l inea te a nd u nders tand p roper ly .

I ti s t he a u thor 's h ope t ha t r esearchers i n a reas

l c w i th u ns tud ied o r u nder-s tud ied p ipe makers w il o m mence o n s uch s tud ies . I n a dd i t ion t o t he v ar ious s hor tco m ings o f U SA p ipe r esearch p o in ted o u t i n ly s t h is s tudy , a po ten t ial ign i f ican t i n for ma t ion s ource —USA Pa ten ts — h as b een p o in ted o u t a s a n i mpor tan t r e ference f or f u ture a rchaeolog ica l ma ter ia l a nd t echno log ica l s tud ies .

The a va i lab i l i ty o f C onnor ton 's D irec tory o f t obacco

l a b rands w il lso p rove b ene f ic ia l i n f u ture c lay t obacco p ipe s tud ies . A s n o ted e ar l ier i n t h is a r t ic le , i ti s h oped t ha t t h is p aper p rov ided l f ore ign r esearchers w i th a n i lus tra ted o verview o f t he U SA c lay t obacco p ipe i ndus try , a nd p rov ided USA r esearchers w i th ab ase l ine —an u pto-da te s ta tus l a r epor t—as w el s i ncen t ive t o i n i t ia te , c on t inue , o r e xpand t he ir r esearch f e for ts .

t E very a te mpt h as b een made t o make t h is p aper a s a ccura te a nd a s

c o mple te a s p oss ib le . A po log ies a re d ue t o t hose who h ave r ead t h is p aper d es irous o f a dd i t iona l d e ta i led i n for ma t ion ( such a s measure men ts , r ange o f p as te c o lors, d istr ibu t ion , e tc . ) ; o f t h is d a ta .

l t ime a nd s pace s i mp ly d id n o t a low i nc lus ion

2 16

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS

f The p repara t ion o f a ny a rchaeo log ica l r epor t i nvo lves t he e for ts o f many f i nd ividua ls who c on tr ibu te t o i t s e ven tua l c o mp le t ion , a nd t h is p resen t e for t i s n o e xcep t ion .

ly i Th is a r t ic le was o r ig inal n tended t o b e ar ev iew a r t icle ,

ly b u t i t was a pparen t t ha t o n ly a l im i ted n umber o f USA p ipe makers h ad a ctual b een r epor ted i n t he a rchaeo log ica l l i tera ture .

Thus , t h is a r t ic le 's d a ta b ase

was e n larged t o make i t as urvey a r t ic le w i th t he i n ten t t o l oca te a s many p ipe p roducers a nd p roducing c en ters a s p oss ib le .

f Th is e for t h as r e l ied o n p er-

t s ona l c o m mun ica t ions , l e ters , a nd manuscr ip t s ources f ro m many i nd iv idua ls l t o a l o f who m Iam d eep ly i ndeb ted .

lingness o I n p ar t icu lar , t he w il f i nd iv id-

u a ls t o s hare o f ten u npub l ished i n for ma t ion h as b een h e lp fu l a nd mos t h ear teni ng .

A pprec ia t ion i s e xpressed t o t hose i nd iv idua ls who c on tr ibu ted t o t h is

f e for t . P ipes f ro m p rev ious ly u nrepor ted p ipe makers were p rov ided b y an umber o f i nd iv idua ls : G eorgeanna H . G reer , Don E . R is t , J a mes K . F e l ts , S r ., L ee liam J McBee , N o la B urke , Mrs . Wil . C ons id ine , R ober t C . C ra in , Mrs . M. Abraham , Haro ld L . Brown , J ames B rennan , Doug D iez , C a thar ine A . Hawks , Pa t J ohns ton , J ames L . Murphy , a nd J erry Lang . t sburgh Dr . P e ter O ve , Un ivers i ty o f P it , g enerous ly p rov ided t he d arkr oo m f ac i l i t ies i n wh ich mos t o f t he p r in ts i n t h is a r t ic le were p repared . l ace E Wal . C over t a nd E ar l S . B rewer g enerous ly p repared t he PMTs i n F igures 7 -16 , a nd R ober t J . L ow ther a b ly p repared t he e x tre me e n large men ts l a o f t he a er ia l p ho tographs i n P la tes 2 0 a nd 3 4 a s wel s t he p r in ts i n F igure 4 :3 a nd P la tes 2 8 , 3 2 :2-3 , a nd 3 3 :1 , 4 .

l ace E Wal . C over t p repared t he s t ipp le

d raw ing i n F igure 4 :4 , a nd f ur ther a ss is ted t he a u thor b y a pp lying i nd ia i nk l ines i n F igure 9 and o n s evera l p la tes . S amuel D . Sm i th p rov ided c o lor s l ides t aken b y S tephen T . R ogers ;

t hese s l ides were u sed t o p roduce P la te 2 9 .

p r in t i n P la te 7 :7 was p rov ided b y G eorgeanna H . G reer .

The

N ega t ives f or t he

ly p r in ts i n P la tes 3 6 :2-3 , 3 7, 6 7 :5 , a nd 6 8 were p rov ided b y Tho mas N . Tul o f t he Sm i thson ian I ns t i tu t ion . p r in ts i n P la te 1 5 :3-5 .

J ames L . Murphy g enerous ly p rov ided t he

N ega t ives f or t he p r in ts a ppear ing i n P la tes 3 1 , 3 5 ,

a nd 3 6 :1 , were p rov ided b y J ames S . H irs te in .

The Pamp l in f ac tory p ho to-

g raphs w ere t aken b y J ames S . H irs te in w i th p er m iss ion o f 1 975 f ac tory o wner C har les S . Ranson ;

P la te 3 5 a nd 3 6 p ho tographs were t aken b y L yle

Rosbo tham , w i th t he n ega t ives b eing p rov ided t o t he a u thor b y J ames S . H irs tein . The T exas H is tor ica l C omm iss ion p rov ided t he p ho tographs a ppear ing i n P la te 3 0 :1-2 . The l ine d raw ing i n F igure 5was i nked b y Ray mond A . Wash lask i f ro m t he o r ig ina l b y Roy C . R eeser . The p r in t i n P la te 1 4 was g enerous ly p rov ided b y Don . E . R is t . P er m iss ion t o u se t he d rawings i n F igure 6 ( t aken f ro m t he Quar ter ly le Bul t in , Archeo log ica l S oc ie ty o f V irg in ia ) , was g enerous ly p rov ided b y l a V iv ienne M i tchel nd J ane t C ur ts . Harvard Un ivers i ty P ress a nd L ura Woodl s ide Wa tk ins g ran ted t he a u thor p er m iss ion t o r eproduce t he i lustra tions i n 2 17

P la tes 2 :1 a nd 4 :12-15 f ro m E ar ly N ew E ng land P ot t ers a nd The ir Wares ( Wa tk ins 1 950 ).

S tan ley S ou th g enerous ly p rov ided a c opy o f t he d raw ings wh ich

a ppear i n F igures 2 -3 ;

t hese f igures a re r eproduced f ro m T he C on ference o n

H is tor ic S i te Archaeo logy Papers 1 965-1966 ( Sou th 1 967) . g enerously p rov ided t he p r in ts u sed i n P la te 3 ;

M . L e lyn B ran in

Bran in , a nd t he Wes leyan

Un ivers i ty P ress k ind ly p ermit t ed r eproduc t ion o f t hese p r in ts f ro m The Ear ly P ot t ers a nd P ot t er ies o f Ma ine ( Bran in 1 978a ) . Manuscr ip ts r e la ting t o h is tor ic c lay t obacco p ipe p roduc t ion were p rov ided t o t he a u thor b y J ames S . H irs te in , D on E . R is t , J ames K . F e l ts , S r ., l E len P . Denker , a nd S usan H . Myers . O ther r e ference ma ter ia l a nd i n for ma t ion a bou t h is tor ic c lay t obacco p ipe l manu fac ture was g enerous ly p rov ided b y t he f o low ing i nd iv idua ls :

D . R . A t-

t y Ba k inson , Bet ldw in , David G . Banks, P eg Barco mb , C . D ean B lair , M . L e lyn lia m J Bran in , Haro ld E . Brown , J ohn A . B urri son , Chris Ca lk ins, Mrs. Wil . l Consid in .e , Me l Davies, E len P . Denker , Ray mond C . D ickerson , J ohn C . Ewers , t s, S l, R J a mes K . F et r ., Margare t L . F ie lds, Bruce G il ichard Michae l Gra m ly, lia m F E dward B . Green , G eorgeanna H . Greer , Wil . Ha lco mb , Ca thar ine A . f an Hawks, J a mes H irste in , V era J ane H ofm , B yron K . Horne , J ohn W. Hulber t , l J lia m C Pa t H . J ohnston , B il ones, V irg in ia W . K esler , Wil . K e tchu m , J r ., G lor ia J . Maize , L ee McBee , Mary Mewes, J a mes L . Murphy , S usan H . Myers, S andra Myres, A lain C . O u t law , Michae l A . P feif , Roy C . R eeser , Don E . f er R ist , K a th leen S . S choene , S a mue l D . Smi th , Towana S pivey , Em m i t To lber t , ly lia m H lerste Tho mas N . Tul , Wil . Vodrey , l a in C . Wa lker , Mor ton L . Wal in , Ray mond A . Wash lask i , C . Ma lco mb Wa tk ins, He len Wi lson , a nd Char les G . Z ug , I I . l My d eepes t t hanks a nd a pprec ia t ion t o a l who h ave c on tr ibu ted t o t h is f e for t , a nd my s incere a po log ies t o a ny who w ere i nadver ten t ly o ver looked i n t h is a cknow ledge men t .

I n s pi te o f t h is a b le a ss is tance , s o me e rrors o f s ub-

s tance o r c on tex t may h ave c rep t i n to t he t ex t . F or a ny s uch e rrors, t he a u thor l a ccep ts f u l r esponsibi l i ty . The l et ters a nd manuscr ip ts r eferenced i n t h is a r t ic le a re l oca ted i n t he a u thor ' sf i les. we lco me .

2 18

C o m men ts o n t h is p aper wou ld b e

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t er t Let o t he a u thor , i nc luding p r in ts o f Baker &

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" Add i tiona l Reed S te m Smok ing P ipes f ro m S u m mi t

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" Supple men ta l R epor t o n Add i tiona l Wh i te C lay

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Volume I I .

J a mes B . S teed-

O f icia l G azet f t he Un i ted S ta tes Pa ten t O ice. f te o ff

J u ly 1t o Dece mber 3 0 , I nc lus ive , 1 873 . Wash ing ton . 26 2

Vo lu me I V .

G overnmen t Pr in ting O f ice , f

Pa ten ts ,1880 . XV I .

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G overn men t Pr in t ing

O f f ice , Wash ing ton . P e tsche , J ero me E ., 1 974. a nd Arch i tecture .

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U .S . G overn men t Pr in t ing O ff ice ,

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Manuscr ipt a bou t p ipes a nd r e la ted ma ter ia ls i n t he

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2 6 p ages .

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N ew York . Reav is , L . U ., 1 874. s ippi Va lley.

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"Hannas Town a nd

The H is tor ica l a nd Archeolog ica l Record , 1 770-1806."

The Wes tern Pennsy lvan ia H is tory Magazine .

Vo l . 5 9 , No . 2( Apr i l ) ,

1 53-184. R idd le , J a mes M., 1 815.

t sburgh D The P it irectory f or 1 815 , Con ta in ing t he

N a mes , Profess ions a nd Res idence o f t he Heads o f Fa m i l ies a nd Persons t sburgh i n Business , i n t he Borough o f P it , w i th a n A ppendix C on ta in ing aVar iety o f Usefu l I n for ma t ion .

t sburgh J a mes M. R idd le , P it .

( Re-

p ubl ished b y The C o lon ia l Trus t Co mpany , 1 905 ). R ies , H einr ich , a nd S o mers , R . E ., 1 917.

" The C lays o f t he P ied mon t

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t er t L et o t he a u thor , S ep te mber 2 5.

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t er t Let o t he a u thor , w i th a cco mpanying p ackage ,

Oc tober 6 . R is t , Don E ., 1 977d .

t er t Let o t he a u thor , October 2 4.

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t er t Let o t he a u thor , Nove mber 2 5 .

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t er t L et o t he a u thor , J anuary 1 5 .

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t er t L et o t he a u thor , J anuary 2 9.

R is t , Don E ., 1 978c .

P ersona l c o m mun ica t ion , October 1 0.

2 27

t er t Let o t he a u thor , J anuary 8 .

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" On t he Or ig in o f t he Name

‚P ipes te m i."

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t

Vo l . 4 , N o . 1( Spr ing ).

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" CO M MERCE AND

CO M MUN ITY , The 1 00-Year H is tory o f S t . Lou is ' Cupp les C o ."

S t . L ou is

Dece mber 1 1 .

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The

1 97 8 a .

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t er t Let o t he a u thor , Dece mber 1 1.

S ou th , S tan ley , 1 96 5 a .

" Excava t ing t he 1 8 th C en tury Moravian Town o f

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I II Vo l . XV ,

The F lor ida An thropo log is t .

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" An thropo morph ic P ipes f ro m t he K i ln Waster Du mp

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II Vo l . XVI ,

No . 3 , Par t 2( Septe mber ) , 4 9-60 . t er G tfr " The C era m ic For ms o f t he P ot ot ied Aus t a t

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The Con ference o n H is tor ic S i te

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7 -102. S udbury , B yron , 1 975 .

" A Descr ip t ion a nd Co mparison o f Pa mp l in a nd

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Quar ter ly

l etin Bul , Archeo log ica l S ocie ty o f V irg in ia . Vo l . 3 0 , No . 1( Septe mber ) , 1 8-25 . S udbury , Byron , 1 976. 3 6 Fa 1 40 ."

l sv l e Du mp "Wh i te C lay P ipes f ro m t he O ld Connel il ,

S PAAC SPEAKS .

l etin o l Bul f A legheny Chap ter No . 1 of t he

S ocie ty f or P ennsy lvan ia Archaeo logy , i nc., Vo l . XL I , No . 1( Nove mber ) , 2 3 -46.

2 28

S udbury , B yron , 1 977a . The Trowe l .

" Co m men ts o n t he C lay T obacco P ipe I ndus try."

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" Ano ther Pampl in C lay Tobacco P ipe Mo ld ." Quar ter ly

Bul t in , A rcheo log ica l S oc ie ty o f V irg in ia . le

V o l . 3 1 , N o . 3 . ( March ) ,

1 33-135 . S udbury , B yron , 1 977c .

" Co m men ts o n t he ' C. M. WATK INS ' P ipe , Ar t i fac t

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Manuscr ip t t rans m it o Haro ld F . t ed t

Four p ages .

" H is tory o f t he Pamp l in Area Tobacco P ipe I ndus try ."

Quar ter ly B ul in , A rcheo log ica l S oc ie ty o f V irg in ia . l et

Vo l . 3 2 , N o . 2

( Dece mber ) , 1 -35 . S udbury , B yron , 1 978a .

" A Prel im inary R epor t o n t he R . Banner man Eag le

T obacco P ipe Manu fac tory , Rouses P o in t , N ew York ."

S PAAC SPEAKS .

Bul t in o f A legheny C hap ter N o . 1 of t he S ocie ty f or P ennsy lvan ia le l Archaeo logy , I nc . S udbury , B yron , 1 978b.

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t er N ews let

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" A Da ted Pamp l in , V irg in ia , P ipe ."

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P ipes a nd T obacco P ipe F ragmen ts ."

H is tor ica l Archaeo logy .

I n P ress . ( Vo l. 1 2

S udbury , Byron , MS 2 . " A Marked 1 9 th C en tu ry Decora ted S toneware S herd f ro m P o in t P leasan t , Oh io ." P ennsy lvan ia A rchaeo log is t . I n P ress . S udbury , B yron , MS 3 . " Add i t iona l C o m men ts o n 1 9th C en tury C lay R eed S te m T obacco P ipes f ro m Mogadore , Oh io ." S udbury , B yron , MS 4 .

l ec " A C ol t ion o f 1 8 th C en tury ' Aus t ' P ipes f ro m F or t

McIn tosh ( 3 6-BV-147 ) , Wes tern P ennsy lvan ia ." S udbury , B yron , MS 5 . l I l ino is ."

" The H is tor ic C lay T obacco P ipe I ndus try i n Fu l ton ,

S udbury , Byron , MS 6 .

" 19th C en tury C lay T obacco P ipes Manu factured a t

t ery l t he K irkpa tr ick P ot , Anna , I l ino is ." S udbury , B yron , MS 7 . " A N o te o n C lay T obacco P ipe P roduc t ion a t Mound l C i ty , I l ino is , 1 857-1859 ." S udbury , B yron , MS 8 . " Use o f C lay T obacco P ipes i n t he Un i ted S ta tes o f Amer ica a s a n A dver t is ing Med iu m ." 2 29

Tho mas , B . B . ( Ted ) , a nd Burnet ichard M., 1 972. t, R

" A S tudy o f C lay

Smok ing P ipes P roduced a t aN ineteen th Cen tury K i ln a t Po in t P leasan t , Oh io ."

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6 , 1 -31. Tho mas , B . B ., 1 977. Oh io ."

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S pinn ing Whee l .

( Apr i l ) , 1 3-16.

Tho mpson , Wil ., J r ., 1 969. liam A C lay P ipes ."

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P opu la t ion o f t he Un i ted S ta tes i n 1 860 ;

t he Or ig ina l Returns o f t he E igh th C ensus .

C o mpi led f ro m

G overn men t P r in ting O f f ice ,

Wash ing ton . G overn men t

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G overnmen t

B ienn ia l C ensus o f Manu factures 1 933 .

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[ Quebec C i ty C lay P ipes.]

Quebec Chron ic le -

Apr i l 3 , p . 4 . "Note o n t he Be thabara , Nor th Carol ina , Tobacco

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1 9-35 .

" The Amer ican S tub-S te m med C lay T obacco-P ipe :

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t he Bristol I ndus try .

The Con ference

Vol . 9 , 9 4-128 .

C lay Tobacco-Pipes, w i th Par t icu lar Reference t o H is tory a nd Archaeo logy , N o . 1 1.

Na t iona l H is tor ic

Parks a nd S i tes Branch , Parks Canada , Ot t awa . Wal tein , Mor ton L ., f i le . l ers

F i le o f Pa mpl in Smok ing P ipe a nd Manu fac tur ing

Co mpany , I nc ., Docu men ts , Papers , a nd Correspondence.

Co mpi led a s

b oth a S tockho lder a nd t he Lawyer f or t he Co mpany . Wa tk ins , Lura Woods ide , 1 950 .

t ers a Ear ly N ew Eng land P ot nd Their Wares .

Harvard Un ivers i ty Press , Ca mbr idge . Watson , Tho mas Leonard , 1 913.

"B ienn ia l Repor t o n t he Minera l Produc t ion

o f V irg in ia d uring t he Ca lendar Years 1 911 a nd 1 912." V irg in ia G eo log ica l S urvey .

l et I II Bul in N o . V .

t esvil le Un ivers i ty o f V irg in ia , Char lot . 2 30

Welsh , P eter C ., 1 965. I deas . 4 8 .

Un i ted S ta tes Pa ten ts 1 790 t o 1 870

N ew Uses f or O ld

C on tr ibu t ions f ro m The Museu m o f H istory a nd Techno logy :

Paper

Sm i thson ian I ns ti tu t ion , Washing ton .

Wi lson , Budd , 1 972.

" The Ba ts to Window L igh t Factory Ar ti facts ."

o f t he N ew J ersey Archeolog ica l S oc ie ty. Wi lson , R ex L ., 1 961. Wyo ming .

" C lay T obacco P ipes f ro m For t Lara m ie."

Anna ls o f

Vo l . 3 3 , N o . 2 . 1 20-134.

Wi lson , Rex L ., 1 966. E l Pa lacio .

le Bul tin

N o . 2 9 , 2 8-31.

" Tobacco P ipes f ro m F or t Un ion , N ew Mex ico."

Vo l . 7 3 , N o . 1( Spr ing ) , 32-40 .

Wi lson , R ex L ., 1 971.

C lay Tobacco P ipes f ro m For t Lara mie Na t iona l

H is tor ic S i te a nd Re la ted Loca tions . Zug , C har les G ., I I , 1 978 .

Na t iona l Park S ervice, Wash ing ton .

t er t L et o t he a u thor , J une 6 .

2 31

S o me e v idence o f h istor ic c lay t obacco p ipe manufacture

1 8th

C ENTURY

Made a t S tan ley

C LAY

B ethabara

T OBACCO S ca le

P IPES

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7 . A ust 's P la in T ypes

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F ig . 2

Nor th Carolina .

L ine d raw ings o f e igh t s ty les o f c lay t obacco p ipes

f ound i n 1 8th c entury p ot t ery s hop c on tex ts b y S tan ley S outh a t t he Nor th Carol ina Morav ian s et tle men t o f B ethabara. C opy o f o r ig ina l p r in ted f igure p rov ided b y S tan ley S ou th . f ro m S ou th ( 1967 :Figure 1 0) b y p erm ission o f t he a uthor .

2 34

Reproduced

T he C e ram ic F o rms o f GOTTFR IED A UST MADE

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N or th C aro l ina .

W P

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P IPE S AGGERS

L ine d raw ings o f k i ln f urn i ture f ound a t G ot tfr ied

A ust 's pot t ery s hop b y S tan ley S outh a t t he Nor th C aro lina Morav ian s et tle men t o f B e thabara . C opy o f o r ig ina l p r in ted f i gure p rov ided b y S tan ley S ou th . f ro m S ou th ( 1967 :Figure 9 ) b y p erm ission o f t he a u thor .

2 35

Reproduced

F ig . 4

Oh io a nd Pennsy lvan ia

t 1 : l e terhead o f H . J . Ayres & C o . d a ted 1 876 . t 2 : l e terhead o f The Akron Smok ing P ipe C o ., d a ted 1 893 . 3 :

1 874 map o f Mogadore , Oh io, s how ing t hree s i tes o f i n terest : A :

3 3SU 37

B :

3 3SU 85

C :

3 3SU 86.

tery s 4 : d raw ing o f f rag men tary p ipe f ound a t t he Harr-Cochran p ot i te i n L igon ier , Pennsy lvan ia ( 36 -W M 206) .

S ee a lso P la te 2 7 :4 .

Nu mbers 1a nd 2 r eproduced f ro m B la ir ( 1965 :30 , 3 6) w i th p erm ission o f C . Dean B la ir ; n u mber 3 r eproduced f ro m Mogadore S esqu icen tenn ia l t ee ( Co m m it 1957 :67 ) ; f or t he a u thor .

l ace E a nd n u mber 4 was p repared b y Wal . C over t

( Sca le o f n u mber 4 i s a ctua l s ize . )

2 36

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Brown c lay t obacco p ipes f ro m t he 1 7 th a nd 1 8 th c en tury

N om iny P lan ta t ion s i te i n V irg in ia .

These p ipes a re f e l t t o b e o f

a bor ig ina l manu fac ture . l ( l Reproduced f ro m M i tchel 1976) b y p er m ission o f V iv ienne Mi tchel a nd J ane t C ur ts.

2 39

F ig . 7

V irg in ia

"DETAILED COST OF MAK ING 1 00 ,000 P IPES" ( f i le) .

t aken f ro m Wal l erste in

Th is d ocu men t , d a ted May 1 5, 1 939, r ecords t he q uan t i t ies o f ma-

t er ia ls u sed t o p roduce p ipes a nd a lso i nd ica tes t ha t t he s trugg l ing Pa mp lin i ndustry was l osing money i n 1 939 . l erste Reproduced b y p erm ission o f Mor ton L . Wal in .

2 40

( 56% o f a ctua l s ize .)

CU = P IPI M IA « CA Mi l AND PUS =

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, A PPOKAT ITIX CO M M TA

R D : E rmon ixvn e mena . y 1 5, 1 939. D ETAILED C OST O F MAKING 1 00,000 PXPZS ( Smell, M achine-Mades,

A ssorted T ypes)

Cathria F ire C lay, 6 T ons 0 # 9.73 a t on, d elivered, S alt, 1 50 L ba. 0 # 2.00 p er 1 C. Ber ea, 2 0 L bs. 0 5 0 L b. C oal f or B urning K iln,-8-Ten.,-0-$4.95-Tene W ood, used i n s tarting f ire u nder k iln, C oal f or B oiler, u sed i n g rinding a nd p reparing c lay, 1 0 T one, 0 $ 6.90, T on, -- L ard O il, t or g reasing m oulds, 0 # 1.25 G al., M otor O il a nd C up G rease, -- S aeers, m ade i n o ur o wn p lant, 1 50 0 5 og each F ire B rick f or s ealing k iln, 1 50 0 17 t e ach, L abor C osts, i ncludes b urning a nd m oulding, A ctual,

n et, manufacturi#g c osts

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-- -

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1 .00 4 .00 1 0k g 2 50.00 5 0.00 a l o w a n c e s , 1:2 (() 2 0.00 1 00.00 5 0.00 E ., 5 0 m e n t h e , 34 40. .5 00 1 5.91 2 .50 3 0.00 3 5.00 . jg . 2 5.00

4 1,549.02

A verage s elling p rice p er M , o f t hese p ipes,

#

R eceipts f rom 1 00,000 o f t hese p ipes,

# 1,500.00

N et C ost o f T hese P ipes

$ 1,549.02

A verage r eceipts f rom 1 00,000 -

# 4 .500.00 $

L oss A dd L.S .feeS , ' C ash D iscount o f 2 % a llowed. B ad D ebts. S alesman's C ommissions,

1 5%.

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PO WHATAN ( Fro m p ages 1 32 t o 1 36 , i nc iu s ive , o f " Canc i leday Ar t" b y Mar ion N icho I t Rawson , p ub l ished O c tober 2 5 , ' 938 , b y P . Du tton , I nc . , New York , N . Y .) tle Sm i th B at , " an o ld -t imey d arky" o f No rth C aro l ina , t urned a m eager p enny d igg ing p ipe l s t e ins . He was t a l a nd g rey -headed a nd w e ighed e nough , b u t h e c l imbed i n to h i s c rumb l ing o ld w agon d rawn b y a m angy b l ind mu le a nd r a tt led o u t f r om R ocky Moun t t o t he s wamp where g rew t hose c er ta in r eeds who se r oo ts make p er fec t t he s mok ing o f t he o ld p ot ipes f r om l ' owha tan Cu on ty , t ery p V irgna i i. O ld B ate a hd a h i s d ia s ppi ont tl hd men ts , f o r a s h e s a id : "Marr ied a bou t f i ve o f ' em a nd e ach o ne w as a no ther man 's w i fe ," b u t a l t h is w as f o rgot hen h e b en t h i s l t en w b ack t o d rag o u t t hose r oo ts a nd k new t ha t t he p enn ies h e w ou ld r eCe ive f o r t hem , a f ter h e h ad d r ied a nd s t ra igh tened t hem , wou ld b uy a n ew l eng th o f r ope f o r t he o ld mu le 's h arness o r s ome l ong -cove ted t obaccy . T o h e s ure , t here w ere men w ho t ook t he ir n ico t ine s t ra igh t a nd p re ferred t he s moo th , u nabsorben t r eed i t se l f , o r a s t em f r om a f i g t r ee f o r t he ir " Powha tans ," b u t s uch men mus t i nha le a l l t he e ssence o f t he w eed , wh i le t hose w ho c lung t o t he h a iry j o in ted , n ow s hr ive led r oo t s tem , w ere s ure t o g o u n touched b y i t s p o ison . T he P owha tan p ipe w as t he i nven t ion o f t he I nd ians many g enera t ions a go i n P owha tan C oun ty , V irg in ia , t he o n ly p lace w here a c er ta in c l ay i sf ound , a nd f o r g ene ra t ions t hey made t he ir p ipes a nd k ep t t he s ecre ts o f t h ,i r t r ade : t hen when t he l a s t o l d I nd ian p ipe - maker f w as a bou t t o s e t o f f o r h is h appy h un t ing g rounds , h e d id wha t f ew wh i te p o tters h ave e ver d one . p assed o ver h i s f i ne work a nd i t s t ox s ecre ts t o a aeg ro n e ighbor n ear Appomat

o ne s i de a nd ' O r ig ina l ' o n t he o ther . They w ere a lways t he s ame . He 'd smoke i t u n t i l i t l o rgan t o sm e l a nd t een t h row t he b ow l i n to t he s tove a nd : e t i t b urn u n t i l i t w as (me e t . a nd c l ean a nd l ooked l i ke a n ew l i tt le .P ink p ig" I l se embo ss ing o f t hese p ipes w i th t he ir n ame a nd s i gn mus t h ave b een d one a l ter t he I nd ians d ied — for who o therw i se wo t ld k now t t ha t t he p o tt ing o f t he o ld a nd f a mon t r .w i lme . h ad f a len i n to n egro h ands w i th a lt he B ea re t a l l t h rown i n? " S l ick ," t he o ld V irg in ians d esci he h r bed t igh g laze t hese p ipeä, , bu t t hs i g laz, e l ie k t he s ece rt o f t i ts c layisl —t äf , i s n ow l o s t l o rever . a nd . h ens ' . p l i et c te ,Wre s s carcer t han t he a nc ient , j oy -g iv i ng " P . .ow h a tan P ipe ." • There i s ac l ay p ipe o f q ua int p ropo r t ions l a nd l i ens s t i l t o b e t owed i n t he S ou th where t he s to rekeeper i sf o r tuna te e no te i $ o h ave a f ew s pec imens l e f t f r om e ar l ie r d ays . t The b ow l o f t h is o ld p ip e i sl i t l e l a rge t han l a rge t h imb le measur ing a t r it ie o ve r i tha l f i n ch a cross ; t hey a re o f s l igh t ly . ear ed b rown es : 1 M t ern c l ay a nd o f t hree p at s o f s ur face -d o h sra e oe a tn i = le td o ne a smot uf c, n h l ig i d es ign , a nd a no ther made r o up r i dges , w ith h and le s o f h ard , n onabao s-b en t t r eed w i th h eavy j o in ts . T o. a V i rg in ia t"w i th t he memory o f t he P owharane a lways i n m ind , t he o ld " new" p ipes a re o f n o i n tere s t , t ery l a l though t hey g rea t ly d e l ight ee p ot over who c hances u pon t he m i ns ome :dus ty o ld b ox o n ab ot he l f o f a n " o ld -thney" s tö re : t om s • • • •

i r

I fy ou w i l s end a do lar b i l t o P amp l in P ipe l l l C o . , 2 10 E . F rank l in S t . , R ich mond , Va . , t hey w i l p romp t ly s end y ou o ne o f t he g enu ine l "Powha tan" I nd ian Smok ing P ipes , w i th t wo s t e ins ,a nd d i rec t ions f o r e n joy m en ta nd p reser l v a t ion ,a li n ar us ti econ ta iner ,p o s tageprepa id i l

irg in ia . F ig . 8V

w ho c arr ied i to n f o r many more y ears , a nd t er , t hen h e— true t o t he u sua l p ot th ics— c arr ied t he o ld s ecre tS .t oh i sg rave i nt he l o ne ly s andy g ray y ard u nder t he s t ragg l ing p ines . T he P owha tan p ipe i s n ow n o more , e xcep t p erhaps s o me s t rays p oked b ack o u t o f s i gh t t en among t o n a c ab in s he l f o r f o rgot he r ubb ish o f t he l umber r oom . T here a re many a dheren ts o f t he o ld P ow h a tan p ipe e ven t oday , b u t mos t ly i n memory . One h ears t ha t t he c l ay w h ich w en t i n to t he ir mak ing s e as s o p orous t ha t t he n ico t ine w as p ar t ly a bsorbed e ven b e fore i t r eached t he s t em , wie hl t he r et s w en t r ai cng h i ther ad n t h ither t hroughou t t he j o ine td r eed r oo t u n t he s moke wh ich r eached t he s moker 's mou th w as a lmot s a s c l ear a nd p ure a s a June mls il i ng . T he c l ay f o r t hese f amous r edware p ipes w as s o f t a nd s oapy , s omewha tl i ke meerschaum . a nd i ti sb e l ieved b y s ome t o h ave b een f ound i n s ome c ave where t he w a ter h ad d epos ited a n u nusua l s ed imen t e n t ire ly w i thou t g r it . A s t o t he ir c o lor , t he s t a temen ts a nd o p in ions a re l eg ion a nd s e ldom a gree . One h ears t hat t hey w ere " l igh t g rey ," " a b r ick c as t b u t d ark g arne t ," " no t b r ick b u t ad ark ish r ed ," o f a li gh t ish b r ick t i ng e ," " l igh ter t han b r ick , more l i ke s a lmon ." a nd n o o n . The e xp lana t i on f o r t h is i s p robab ly t hat t he p ipes a re r e membered a t t he ir d iferen t s tages o f d i s c o lora t ion f r om t he a bsorbed n ico t ine , a nd t ha t w hen t he p ipe w as n ew i tp robab ly d id l ok " sa lmon" -co lored b u tg rew t ob e " garne t" o when i t h ad a bso rbed e nough t o make i t r eek w i th o dor a nd n eed i t s c l eans ing b a th i n t he p ure f l a mes . B y t h is t ime t he r oo t s t em h ad a l so c hanged l t o ay e low i sh h ue , n o t ha t t he s moker w o : i d h are t o g o t o h is s imp ly o f s t ra igh tened Tnelt71, o tle t ake a w ire a nd p i , o t t he p i th , w h it

A ls tead , N ew Hampsh ire O ctober 2 3 , 1 9 38 d g re , twd 'el"erar tpa id l m m m m m mmhh P amp l in Smok ing P ipe a nd Manu fac tur ing C ompany , I nc . P amp l in V irg in ia G en t lemen : Ih ave b een d e l igh ted t o r ece ive t he p am p h le ts wh ich y ou h ave b een g ood e nough t o s end me , r e la t ing t o t he o l d P owha tan P ipes . I wonder who t o ld y ou o f my i n terest ! 1 h un ted f a r a nd w ide t o f i nd a P owha tan P ipe i n t he s t a te l a s t w in ter a nd f ound o ne t he d ay b e fore I le f t i n May . t Ih ad t he g ood f o r tune t o f i nd s o me l i t le r ed c l ay p ipes wh ich I t hough t f a r more l a r t is t ic t han t he P owha tan ( f or a l i t s t rad i t i ona l l o re ) a nd f i nd t ha t y ou h ave n ames f o r t hem — the " Powwow ," "Akron ," a nd "O le V irg inny ." Iam g lad t o k now t hem b y n ame l a s t hey l i e o n my w indow s i l . Iw as h un t ing t he P owhatan t o i nc lude i n my b ook o n e ar ly Ame r ican a r t , a nd h ave i nc luded t hese f our t ypes—and s ad ly —w i thou t t he n ames o f t he o ther t hree . And t he b ook c omes o u t o n t i. 22 5 th o ft h is mon th — too s oon f o r i n c lus ion . I am s urpr is d t o r ead t ha t Appoma ttox l C oun ty p roduL , t he u n ique c l ay; a l t he o ld . .2 i tw as " Powha tan C oun ty" V irg in ians t o ld 7 .h ich w as s o r i :h . i Wi th r ea l a pprec iat ion , I am

Famous " Powha tan P ip e" w i th t wo f oo t r eed o r f i g tree s t en t . T hree q ua in ter b u t l e ss f amou s V irg in ia e ar then p ipes . Na t ive r eed o f N . C . t o a bsorb n ico t ine , i tt o f i t a nd t hen p oke i t i n to t he p ipe h o le . The I nd ian p ot new f r om l o ng p e rsona l t er k p rac t ice t ha t ap ipe wh ich h ad a s tem t wo f e t e l ong , o r a s l ong a s a m an 's a rm , mus t f o r e ase a nd c onven ience b e t urned u p a t a s l igh t a ng le where t he s tem was t o e n ter , a nd t h is w as a rranged f o r i n t he mode l ing . T h is s t em s hank w as o c tagona l l i ke t he p ipe s i des . T he s moker o nce s ea ted i n h is e asy c ha ir c ou ld p u l away a t h i s t wo -foo t s t em a nd k now t hat l l a l o f t he n i co t ine wou ld b e g one a f ter t he l l ong j ourney t hrough i t , a nd t he s moke w e l c oo led . "How F a ther u sed t o l ove h is o ld P ow . h a t .n p ipe . I th ad ' Powha tan ' made i n to i to n

T HE " OR IG INAL" PO WHATAN P IPE

The Ro man t ic S tory o f t he W or ld 's O ldec t and Mos t Fa mous Smok ing P ipe

by

S ince re ly y ours , P r i

Mar ion N icho l R awson l ' U . S . A .

MAR ION N ICHOLL RA WSON

As hor t p a mph le t p r in ted i n C . 1 939 b y t he Pamp l in Smok ing

P ipe a nd Manufactur ing C o mpany , I nc., o f Pa mp lin , V irg in ia . Th is i s o ne e xamp le o f a dver t ising p roduced d ur ing t he l ast d ecade o f t he Pamp l in i ndustry ' s opera t ion . ( 1938 :132-136) .

The t ex t o f t h is a r t icle was t aken f ro m Rawson

Reproduced f ro m Wal in ( f i le ) b y p ermission o f Mor ton L . Wal in . l erste l erste . ( 80% o f a c tua l s ize .)

T o t h e T r ade

P R ICE L IST ( EFFECT IVE JUNE 1 , 1 939 )

QUANT ITY D I SCOUNTS

[ See P age 6. /o r Quant i ty D i scoun ts]

A pp ly ON 1 , Y When Who le O rde r I s S h ipp ed A t S ANIE .T im e

A k ro n H amb u r g

•

1 0 t o 2 0 B oxe s 9 1 to 4 0 B oxe s 4 1 t o 1 00 ' B oxe s 1 0 1 t o5 00 B oxe :

. ..

. .

( S im i lar t o A kron S l iaker)

5 ' ;

Mach ine -made f rom V irg in ia C lay , h ard -burned , a t trac t ive r ed c o lor . A lso made i n wh ' i tk . P acked 1 00 t o b ox w i th 5 " r e ed s t ems . 1 0c R e ta i ler . P r ice , $ 4 .50 p er b o. x

1 0 ' , , 1 5 '; 2 05

P owow H amb u r g

( S im i lar t o P ouov ; S haker )

I n a dd i t ion t o t h e 1 0 s t y le s o f I nd ian P ip e s i lu s t ra t ed a nd q uo t ed i n t h i s f o lde r , w e m ak e m any o t he r s t y le s o fI nd ian C lay a nd S t one P ip e s . O rde r s f o r a dd i t iona l d eign s— fo r A dv e r t i s ing ,

Mach ine -made f rom V irg in ia C lay , h ard -burned , a n . a t trac t ive s ma l l b ow l . P acked 1 00 t o b ox w i th 5 " r ed s t ems . 1 0c R e ta i ler . P r ice , $ 4 .50 p er b ox . e

O le V i r g inny H amb u r g

S ouv en i r s , G i f t s , T our i s t s , F a i r s , E xh ib i t ion s , a nd S p e c ia l P u rpo s e s— a r e s o l i c i t ed . We c an m ak e a ny s t y le o f p i p e t h a t c an b e m ad e f r om e i the r

( S im i lar t o O le l ' irg inny S hake) r 'Mach ine -made f r om f i nes t t i re -c lay , h ard -burned , wh i te , s imu la tes m eerschaum , o ne o f t he mos t p opu lar s hapes . A lso made i n r ed . P acked 1 00 t o b ox w i th 5 " r e ed s t ems . 1 0c R e ta i ler . P r ice , $ 4 .70 p er b ox .

V i rg in ia R ed C lay o r F i r e C lay . Ou r o wn d e s i gne r s a nd a r t i s t s a r e a ty ou r s e rv i c e . I r e i nv i te y our i nqu ir ies . S amp le s w i l l b e m a i led p romp t ly

W igw am H amb u r g ( S im i lar t o Wi e c cam S haker)

t o r a t ed f i rm s .

Mach ine -made f r om V irg in ia C lay , h ard -burned . C ho ice o f r ed o r w h i te . •S hape a ppea ls t o y oung a nd o ld . P acked 1 00 t o b ox w i th 5 " r ed s t ems ' . 1 0c R e e t a i ler . P r ice , $ 4 .70 p er b ox .

H amb ur g A s so r tme n t

I f y ou h ave a f r iend t o w hom y ou w ou ld

An a ssor tmen t o f 2 5 e ach o ft he f our a bove d e scr ibed t c l ay p ipe s . 1 00 p ipe s , f i ted w i th 5 " r eed s t ems . P acked 1 06 t ob ox w i th s t ems . 1 0c R e ta i ler . P r ice , $ 4 .85 p er b ox . - - S tems c an b e f urn ished s t ra igh t o r b en t . • Add i t iona l S t ems a nd S tems E x tra L eng th C an B e S upp l ied a t S l igh t E x tra C os t .

l i ke f o r u s t o s end o ne o f t he se ' f o lders , p lease w r i te .

S en se i lloney O rder o r C heck I v i th O rder t o S ave T ime .

( NO T E :

l tw i l b e s en t p romp t ly . l

T erms: 2% C ash Wi th O rder , Ne t 3 0 Days .

1 '0 . 1 •

1

1 2

2

\/ g s "O r ig inal gow l za tan gip e

T h i s P owha tan l ' ip e i sa n o r ig ina l , m ad e e xa c t ly l i ke t h o s e t h e I n d ian s u s ed p r io r t ot h e c om ing o f t h e w h i t e m an t o Ame r i ca , a nd a s s mok ed i n t h e e a r ly c o lon i e s a nd i n E ng l and f o l low ing S i r W a l t e r R a le igh ' s i n t r oduc t ion o f t o bac co i n to t ht a c o u n t r y . T he c l a y i sp o rou s a nd t h e o l d V i rg in ia r e ed s t em a l so a b so rb s t h e n i co t ine . T o c l ean t h e p i p e a c c o rd ing t o t h e o l d V i rg in ia m e thod , r emo ve t h e s t em a nd p l ac e t h e h ow l i n to t h e f i r e -p la c e . T h i s w i l l b u rn .o u t t h e a b so rb ed n i co t ine w i thout i n a ny w ay h a rm ing t h e p i p e . N ew o. 1 15 m ay b e o b ta in ed f r om y ou r t o bl e con i s t . P AMPL IN I ND IAN P IPE C O . , P amp l in , V a . , U . S . A .

M ade e n t i r e ly b y h and i n a pr im i t i v e w ay ,

f r om h and -ca r ved m ou ld s s e v -

e r a l

c e n tur i e s

A pp omat tox ,

o l d ,

b y n a t i ve s

C ouny t,

V a .

i n

S uce ced -

i n g g en ea rt ion, s d a t i ng b ak c t o t h e e a r l i e s t d ay s o f Am er i ca , h a ve p ra c t i c ed t h e a nc i ent a r t o f m a k ing t h e se I nd ian

p ip e s b y h and .

T h e

n s l ow , t e d ious w o rk , r e qu i r ing i na te s k il l, i sn o t a t t ra c t i v e t o t h e m od e rn s . T h is

a r t

i s r a p id ly

S oon

t h e

g enu ine

d i sapp ea r ing .

P owha tan

P ip e

w i l l b e g ene ral ly u nob ta inab l e . T h i s P ipe , t h e r e fo r e , w i l l b e com e ar a r e a nd c h e r i shed a n t iqu e a nd k e ep sa ke .

3

. F ig . 9

V irg in ia .

Nos. 1a nd 2 : o ne p ane l ( two p ages) f ro m a 1 939 c a ta logue/

a dver t ising b rochure p roduced b y t he Pa mp l in Smok ing P ipe a nd Manufactur ing C o mpany , I nc . ( 80% a ctua l s ize ) . a dvert ising g i m mick u sed b y t he C o mpany .

No . 3 is a nother

As tr ing a tached t h is t

p er fora ted t ag t o ac lay p ipe —presu mab ly t he s ty le i lustra ted i n l P la tes 3 8 :3 , 4 2 :1, a nd 5 5 :5-8 . N o . 3r eproduced f ro m Wal in ( f i le) b y p erm ission o f Mor ton L . l erste Wal in . l erste

( Actua l s ize . )

Yet the famous Powhatan ·Pipe is very low in price, as for many years past, giving the consumer a splendid value, and the jobber and re­ tailer a profit unheard of in the· tobacco trade.

Fig. 10 Virginia. Three pages of a 1940 catalogue/advertising brochure distributed by the Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Company, Inc. This five-paneled catalogue had ten pages. (80% of actual size.) This is identical to pages 7-9 of the 1941 brochure, where it appeared on the reverse of those pages pictured in Fig. 13.

THESE ARE THE MOST POPULAR STYLES OF PAMPLIN INDIAN PIPES All (except "Powhatan") are available iD both Shaker (Stone) and Hamburg (Clay).

This company is the world's sole producer of genuine Indian pipes. Since 1739 it has preserved this historic industry. Its clay deposit in Appomattox County, Virginia, holds the only clay discovered as ideal for Indian pipes. The trade-mark and name, "Original Powhatan lndian Pipe," is its exclusive property.

Today the Powhatan Pipe is more than a source of peaceful, con­ tented smoking enjoyment. 1 t is a collector's prize, an authentic Ameri­ can treasure. In a few years it will be generally unobtainable.

The natives who have been making Powhatan Pipes for centuries are rapidly disappearing. Their children seem unwilling to do the necessary primitive and tedious work. Manual clay pipe-making, probably Amer­ ica's oldest industry, will soon be only a tradition.

An Authentic American Treasure

A host of that day took great pride in offering his guests tobacco grown on his own plantation, in a Powhatan Indian hand-made Pipe.

Pite smoking was introduced into England by Sir \Valter Raleigh who had seen the Indians smoking. \Vith the start of tobacco cultivation in Virginia, the Powhatan Pipe became generally used in .England and in all of the American colonies.

The original Powhatan Indian hand-made Pipe has the distinction of being the exact reproduction of the red pipe made and smoked by the Red Men in pre-colonial days.

The Original Powhatan Pipe

The POWHATAN, the ori·ginal Indian hand-made Pipe, sells on sight, pays Big Profit!

S p e c i a l ' B o un ty ' A s so r tme n t T o Acqua int Y ou W i th t he Mer i t o f P amp l in I nd ian P ipes 2 0 O r ig ina l P owha tan P ipe s ( sugges ted r e sa le p r ice 2 5c e ach) . 2 0 Mach ine -made P owha tan P ipe s ( sugge s ted r e sa le p r ice 1 0c e ach) . 2 5 A kron S haker S tone P ipe s ( sugge s ted r e sa le p r ice S c e ach). 2 5 P owow Smoo th S tone P ipes ( sugges ted r e sa le p r ice 5 c e ach) . 2 5 Wigwam S haker S tone P ipes ( sugges ted r e sa le p r ice S c e ach) . 2 5 O le V irg inny S tone P ipe s ( sugge s ted r e sa le p r ice 5 c e ach) A l w i th Genu ine V irg in ia R eed S tems . l A l P owha tan P ipes F i ted w i th C ork C lo sure s , l t T rade - Marked , a nd Hand - Made B ow ls I nd iv idua ly l Wrapped i n T issue .

Cost You $ 4 .15 Pos tpa id; S ugges ted Resa le P r ice $ 12 .00 S end Money O rder o r C heck w i th O rder t o S ave T ime .

T o t h e T r ade I n a dd i t ion t o t h e 1 0 s t y le s o f I nd ian P ip e s lu i s t ra t ed a nd q uo t ed i n t h i s f o lde r , w e m ak e m any o t he rs t y le so fI nd ian C lay a nd S t on e P ip e s . O rde r s f o r a dd i t iona l d e s ign s— fo r A dve r t i s ing , S ouv en i r s , G i f t s , T our i s t s , F a i r s , E xh ib i t ion s , a nd ake S p ec ia l P u rpo s e s —a re s o l i c i t ed . We c an -m a ny s t y le o f p i p e t h a t ,can b e m ad e f r om e i the r V i rg in ia R ed C lay o r F i re C lay . Ou r o wn d e s i gn e r s a nd a r t i s t s a r e a ty ou r s e rv i c e . We i n v i t e i n qu i r i e s . S amp le s w i l b e m a i led p romp t ly l t o r a t ed f i rm s .

y our

S p e c i a l ' P owh a t an ' A s so r tme n t 2 5 O r ig ina l P owha tan P ipe s ( sugge s ted r e sa le p r ice 2 5c e ach) . 3 5 Mach ine - Made P owha tan P ipes ( sugges ted r e sa le p r ice 1 0c e ach) . l A l Wi th 1 0" V irg in ia R eed S tems a nd C ork C losure s . l T rade - Marked a nd Hand- Made B ow ls I nd iv idua ly Wrapped i n T i ssue .

Cost You $ 3 .25 Pos tpa id; S ugges ted Resa le P r ice $ 9 .75 S end Money O rder o r C heck w i th O rder t o S ave T ime .

(NO TE:

I f y ou h ave a f r iend t o whom y ou wou ld

l i ke f or u s t o s end o ne o f t hese f o lder s , p lease w r i te . I tw i l b e s en t p romp t ly .) l

( Th is i sa n e xcep t iona l a sor tmen t f or s t ore s w ishs i ng t o f ea ture a n u nusua l a nd a trac t ive p ipe . ) t T erms: On Above S pec ia l A ssor tmen ts —NET CAS H

© P . S . P . &M . C o . , I nc ,

1 P R ICE L IST

P R ICE L IST

O r ig in a l P owh a t an

A k ron H amb u r g

Hand -made f rom V irg in ia c l ay , r ubbed a nd p o l ished , f i ted w i th c ork c l osure s a nd 1 0" r eed s t ems , b ow ls t t r ade -marked a nd i ndiv idual n t i ssue . l y wrapped i P acked 5 0 t o t he b ox w i th s t em s . P r ice , $ 3 .50 p er b ox . Mach i t r e -made P owha tan , f i ted w i th c ork c l o sures t a nd 1 0" T eed s t ems , b ow ls t r ade -marked . P acked 5 0 t o t he b ox w ith s t ems . P r ice , $ 1 .50 p er b ox .

( S im i lar t o Akron S haker)

A k ron S h ake r Machine mou lded f rom f i re c l ay , h ard -burned a nd g lazed; a s t one p ipe f i ted w i th 5 " r eed s t em . P acked t 1 00 t o b ox w i th s t ems . P r ice , $ 1 .50 p er b ox .

P owow S h ake r S tone p ipe , s moo th f i n ish g lazed , f i ted w i th 5 " r eed t s t em . P acked 1 00 t o b ox w i th s t em s . P r ice , $ 1 .50 p er b ox .

O le V i r g inny S h ake r Heav ier s t one p ipe , a trac t ive f i n ish , f i ted w i th 5 " t t r eed s t em . P acked 1 00 t o b ox w i th s t ems . P r ice , $ 1 .50 p er b ox .

W igw am S h ake r R ea l c harac ter d i s t ingu ishes t h is a t rac t ive s t one t p ipe , f i ted w i th 5 " r eed s t em . P acked 1 00 t o b ox w i th t s t ems . P r ice , $ 1 .50 p er b ox .

S h ake r A s so r tmen t An a ssor tmen t o f 2 5 e ach o ft he f our a bove d escr ibed t s t one p ipes , 1 00 p ipes , f i ted w i th 5 " r eed s t em . P acked 1 00 t o b ox w i th s t ems . P r ice , $ 1 .65 p er b ox . S tems c an b e f urn ished s t ra igh t o r b en t . Add i t iona l S tems a nd S tems E x tra L eng th C an B e S upp l ied a t S l igh t E x tra C o s t . S end Money O rder o r C heck w i th O rder t o S ave T ime . T erms: 2% C a sh Wi th O rder , Ne t 3 0 Days

Mach ine -made f rom V irg in ia C lay , hard -burned , t a trac t ive r ed c o lor . A lso made i n wh i te . P acked 1 00 t o b ox w i th 5 " r eed s t ems . P r ice , $ 1 .25 p er b ox .

P owow H ambu r g ( S im i lar t o P o wo c u , S haker) Mach ine -made f rom V irg in ia C lay , h ard-burned , a n a trac t ive s ma l b ow l . -P acked 1 00 t o b ox w i th 5 " t l r eed s t ems . P r ice , $ 1 .25 p er b ox .

O le V i r g inny H ambu r g ( S im i lar t o O le V irg inny S haker) Mach ine -made f rom Appomat lay , h ard -burned , t ox C wh i te , s imu la te s m eer schaum , o ne o f t he mo s t p opu lar s hapes . A lso made i n r ed . P acked 1 00 t o b ox w i th 5 " r eed s t ems . P r ice , $ 1 .35 p er b ox .

W igw am H ambu r g ( S im i lar t o Wigwam S haker) Mach ine -made f rom V irg in ia C lay , h ard -burned . C ho ice o f r ed o r wh i te . S hape a ppea ls t o y oung a nd eed s o ld . P acked 1 00 t o b ox w i th 5 " r t ems . P r ice , $ 1 3 5 p er b ox .

H ambu r g A s so r tme n t An a ssor tmen t o f 2 5 e ach o ft he a bove f our d e scr ibed t c l ay p ipe s . 1 00 p ipes , f i ted w i th 5 " r eed s t em . P acked 1 00 t o b ox w i th s t e ins . P r ice , $ 1 .50 p er b ox . S tems c an b e f urn ished s t ra igh t o r b en t . Add i t iona l S tems a nd S t ems E x tra L eng th C an B e S upp l ied a t S l igh t E x tra C os t . S end Money O rder o r C heck w i th O rder t o S ave T ime . T erms: 2% C ash Wi th O rder , Ne t 3 0 Days

2 F ig . 1 1 V irg in ia .

C on t inua t ion o f t he 1 940 c a ta logue f ro m F igure 1 0 .

N u mber 1a ppeared o n t he s a me s ide a s F igure 1 0 whereas n u mber 2 is o n t he r everse s ide — the s ame s ide a s F igure 1 2 . ( 80% o f a ctua l s ize . )

. . 111 « f l £ 1, 4 dumid i l l* ' 11.9.1 , ierood Ar e geo ue j O ;moors ust mo m u s a m. pow A mo co i on mo i l j og ` e soloappe c op d ppoo I mo o p ` f ingo l ood . g ef lou g r 0 1 p eno to gu y e L PS T » In a / • psw i tau i ma S Ic io No k o o j W M .(1 ' [wed u p A ap cue Amon N ak toun o f «sappy . MOO : 13 .LSY WISOd 1

p eew ine n9 e sepos L un n ' V ' S

1V IN IOV IA

nit i b r ne lq n.2 1 l

'0) C 1NV 3 d Id 9 t4MOV i 4S N Ild Wdd . 31 3

' I ' d ` Z 9S * ° aS

P r in ted i nU . S .A .

I1

1

V

_ t e e

V

V

V

V

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