The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe X: Scotland 9780860544913, 9781407317946

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The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe X. Scotland

edited b y

Peter Davey

BAR British Series 178 1987

B.A.R.

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR 178.1987 'The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe X'

©

Th� Individual Authors,1987

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860544913 paperback ISBN 9781407317946 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860544913 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

E DITORIAL 1 .

E DINBURGH

1 :1

T he 1 7th C entury :

P .J . D avey

1

D .B . G allagher

3

. t he

d ocumentary e vidence 1 :2 A n E dinburgh T ypology

A . S harp

1 4

1 :3 T homas W hite ,

D .B . G allagher

2 6

D .B .

G allagher

2 9

D .B . G allagher

3 5

t obacco p ipe

m anufacturerof C annongate , E dinburgh 1 :4 E dinburgh p ipemakers p re-1800

2 .

G LASGOW

2 :1 T obacco p ipemakingin G lasgow 1 667-1967:

S eventeenth a nd E ighteenth C enturies

3 5

T he p ipes :

4 4

L ist

o f

1 7thand 1 8th C enturies

G lasgowpipemakers :

p re

1 800

N ineteenth a nd T wentieth C enturies T he p ipes : 1 9th a nd 2 0th C enturies L ist o f G lasgow P ipemakers : p ost 1 800 2 :2

T homas

D avidson

& C o . , G lasgow

D .B .

G allagher

5 5 5 7 7 0 1 01 10 1

a ndR. P rice 2 :3

' The I rish P riceList ' of D .B . G allagher

D . M cDouga 1 1 2 :4 T he 1 900 P rice L ist o f the

D .B .

1 39

G allagher

1 42

P ipe Makers 'Society 3 .

E ARLY P IPEMAKING I N S TIRLING

D .B . G allagher

1 65

4 .

P IPEMAKERS I NTHE R EST

P .F . d e C . Martin

1 67

O F S COTLAND 5 .

A G ROUP O F P IPES F ROM M ID S HORE , P ITTENWEEM , F IFE

C .J .M . M artin

1 83

6 .

P IPES F ROM T HE D UTCH E AST

C .J .M . M artin

2 11

P .F . d e C . Martin

25 2

I NDIAMAN , K ENNEMERLAND , 1 664 7 .

P IPES

F ROM T HE W RECK O F H MS

D ARTMOUTH 1 690 ,A

R E-ASSESSMENT

8 .

T HE D ARIEN E XPEDITION

8 :1 C lay P ipes f or t he C ompany o f S cotland :

D .B .

8 :2 C lay T obacco P ipes f rom t he S cottish D arien C olony 1 698-1700

9 .

S ITE

2 33

M .C . D .A .

H orton , H iggins a nd A . O swald

2 39

S UMMARIES

A berdeen B algonie C astle ,

P .J . D avey C .J.M . M artin D .B . G allagher D .B . G allagher

F ife

C athcart C astle E dinburgh , T ron K irk

L inlithgow P erth S callaway C astle , S hetland

P .J. D avey a nd D .B . G allagher D .B. G allagher D .B . G allagher A . S harp D .B . G allagher P .J. D avey P .J . D avey

S tirling C astle

D .B .

E lgin K elso K irkcaldy L esmahagow P riory

1 0:

G allagher

d ocumentary e vidence

G allagher

A LPHABETICAL L IST O F P IPEMAKERS I N S COTLAND

2 53 2 63 2 68 2 69 2 72 2 79 2 92 2 94 2 99 3 06 3 15 3 25

3 37

3 51

1 1: B IBLIOGRAPHY

i

L IST O F I LLUSTRATIONS P age

F igure 1 :1 D .B. G allagher 1

4

E dinburgh i n t he s eventeenth c entury s howing p ipemaking l ocations.

1 :2 A . S harp 1 5

1

E dinburgh t ypology, n os.

2

E dinburgh t ypology, n os. 6 -13

1 -5

3

E dinburgh t ypology , n os.

1 4-21

1 9

4

E dinburgh t ypology , n os. 2 2-26

2 0

5

E dinburgh t ypology, n os. 2 7-33

2 1

6

E dinburgh t ypology , n os. 3 4-41

2 3

7

E dinburgh s tem m arks, n os. 4 2-49

2 4

1 7

2 :1 D .B. G allagher 3 6

1

G lasgow i n t he s eventeenth c entury

2

G lasgow b owl f orms a s s hown b y t he p ipes o f J ames C olquhoun I a nd I I, n os.

4 5

1 -12 4 7

3

V ariations i n d ies o f I /C p ipes, n os. 1 -7

4 5

P ipes o f W illiam a nd S amuel H yndshaw , n os. P ipes o f t he A itkin f am ily , n os. 1 -5

6

G lasgow b owls w ith t hree l etter b asal s tamps, n os

7 8

G lasgow r oller s tamps, n os. 1 -8 C entral G lasgow i n t he n ineteenth c entury, s howing

4 9

1 -6

5 1 1 -5

5 2 5 3 5 8

t he l ocations o f t he m ajor p ipemaking f actories 9 1 0

T he

i n

S on ,

6 1

J .Hume W hite a nd S on

6 3

f ormer f actory o f W illiam W hite a nd

B ain S treet f rontage. P hoto : P lan o f t he f actory o f W illiam 1 912, r edrawn

P eople 's

P alace

f rom t he

o riginal i n

t he

M useum , G lasgow .

1 1

C omparative n umber o f p ipemakers r ecorded i n t he

7 1

1 2 1 3

C ensus r eports a nd t rade d irectories ipes, n os. 1 -d G lasgow : p ipes o f D uncan M cDougall, n os. G lasgow : p

7 5

1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0

5 -9

ipes o f D uncan M cDougall, n os. 1 0-17 G lasgow : p p i p e s p r o b a b l y b y D u n c a n M c D o u g a l l 1 8-23 G lasgow : ipes p robably b y D uncan M cDougall 2 4-30 G lasgow : p p ipes o f W illiam W hite a nd S on ,

n os. 3 1-36

G lasgow : ipes o f W illiam W hite a nd S on , n os. 3 7-40 G lasgow : p ipes b y W illiam W hite , n os 4 1-43 G lasgow : p n os. 4 4-48 ipes o f W illiam W hite a nd S on , G lasgow : p p lain b owls, n os.

4 9-57

7 6 7 7 7 8 7 9 8 1 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 6 8 7

2 1 2 2

G lasgow :

2 3

owls w ith p atriotic o r p olitical G lasgow : b m otifs, n os. 6 6-70 owls w ith I rish m otifs, n os. 7 1-75 G lasgow : b

8 9

os. 7 6-80 G lasgow : n owls, n os. 8 1-86 G lasgow : b

9 1

2 4 2 5 2 6

os. G lasgow : n

5 8-65

li i

9 0 9 2

2 :2

2 7

G lasgow : b owls, n os . 8 7-90

2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1

W asters W asters W asters W asters

D .B .

1 -22 2 :4

f rom f rom f rom f rom

S pringburn S pringburn S pringburn S pringburn

G allagher a nd

R oad , R oad , R oad , R oad ,

G lasgow , G lasgow , G lasgow , G lasgow ,

9 9 1 00

R . P rice

T he c atalogue o f T homas D avidson & C o ., G lasgow D .B .

9 3 9 5 9 7

n os. 9 1-95 n os. 9 6-101 n os. 1 02-105 n os. 1 06-108

17138

G allagher T he 1 900 P rice L ist :

1 2 -5 6 -11 1 2 1 6 1 719 2 0 2 1 4 :

T itle p age , " Form o f a greement' W Dougall 's P rice L ist' ' White 's P rice L ist' ' Davidson 's P rice L ist' ' Christie 's P rice L ist' ' Waldie 's P rice L ist' ' Edinburgh P rice L ist' ' Aberdeen P rice L ist'

P .F.de

a nd ' Extras'

1 43 1 44-147 1 48153 1 54157 1 58 1 59161 1 62 1 63

C . M artin

1

N umber o f p ipemakers i n d irectories f or t he r est

1 68

2

o f S cotland N umber o f p ipemakers i n t he C ensus R eturns f or

1 71

t he r est o f S cotland , 1 861-1911 N umber o f p ipemakers i n C ensus r eports a nd d irectories f or E dinburgh a nd L eith

1 71

3

5 : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7

C .J .M . M artin M id S hore , P ittenweem , s ite l ocation A sh p it d eposit d uring e xcavation M id S hore , P ittenweem , n os. 1 -8 M id S hore , P ittenweem , n os. 9 18

1 84 1 84 1 88 1 89

M id S hore , M id S hore , M id S hore ,

1 91 1 92 1 93 1 95 1 97 1 98 1 99 2 01 2 03 2 05 2 06

P ittenweem , P ittenweem , P ittenweem ,

n os. 1 9-33 n os. 3 4-44 n os . 4 5-53

M id S hore , P ittenweem , n os. 5 d-65 M id S hore , P ittenweem , n os. 6 6-74 M id S hore , P ittenweem , n os. 7 5-83 M id S hore , P ittenweem , n os. 8 4-92 M id S hore , P ittenweem , n os. 9 3-103 M id S hore , P ittenweem , n os. 1 04-114 M id S hore , P ittenweem , n os. 15-123 I dentical m ould i diosyncrasies o n t he h eels o f TBp ipes 6 7 a nd 6 8. I nitials T B r ecut t o D B o n t he h eel o f 7 0 I dentical m ould i diosyncrasies o n ag roup o f f ive B T p ipes

i v

2 06 2 07

6 : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 7 : 1 2 3

8 :2

C .J .M .

K ennemerland , K ennemerland , K ennemerland , K ennemerland , K ennemerland , K ennemerland , K ennemerland K ennemerland K ennemerland K ennemerland B rass t obacco P .F .de

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7

n os. 1 -6 n os . 7 13 n os . 1 4-22 n os . 2 3-35 n os . 3 6-§6 n os . 4 7-57 s tem m arks , n os . 5 8-72 t obacco b oxes , n os . 1a nd 2 t obacco b ox , n o . 3 t obacco b ox , n o . 4 b oxes

2 12 2 13 2 14 2 15 2 16 2 17 2 18 2 20 2 21 2 22 2 23

C . M artin

-5 H MS D artmouth , n os . 1 -13 H MS D artmouth , n os . 6 4-22, a nd t wo d ecorated H MS D artmouth , n os . 1 s tems , n os . 2 3-24

2 27 2 28 2 30

M .C . H ortun , D .A . H iggins a nd A . O swald

1 2 3 9 :

M artin

P ipes f rom t he D arien C olony , P anama , n os. 1 -8 P ipes f rom t he D arien C olony , P anama , n os . 9 19 S elected p ipes f rom t he D arien C olony , P anama S ITE

2 43 2 44 2 46

S UMMARIES 1 12 A berdeen , n os s 1 3-24 A berdeen , n os . A berdeen , n 2 5-45 os . B algonie C astle , F ife , n os. 1 12 B algonie C astle , F ife , n os . 1 3-25 E dinburgh , T ron K irk , n os . 1 -9 E lgin , n os . 1 10 E lgin , n os . 17 1E lgin , n os . 1 8-30 K elso , n os . 1 -12 K elso , n os . 1 3-21 K elso , n os . 2 2-30 K elso , n os . 3 1-38 K elso , n os . 3 9-1 .6 K elso s tamps , n os . 4 7-51 K elso s tamps , n os . 1 -6 K elso s tamps , n os . 1 -6 K irkaldy , n os . 1 -8 L esmahagow P riory , n os . 1 -8 L esmahagow P riory , n os. 9 1§ L inlithgow p ipes a nd s tems n os . 1 1§, L inlithgow , n os . 1 5-23, L inlithgow , n os . 2 4-34, P erth , n os . 1 11 P erth , n os . 1 219 P erth p ipe , s tem m arks a nd s tamps , n os . 2 0-30 S callaway C astle , S hetland , n os . 1 14

2 54 2 56 2 58 2 64 2 65 2 70 2 73 2 75 2 77 2 80 2 82 2 83 2 85 2 86 2 88 2 90 2 90 2 93 2 95 2 97 3 00 3 02 3 04 3 07 3 09 3 11 3 16

2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6

S callaway S callaway S callaway S terling S terling S terling S terling S terling S terling

C astle , S hetland , n os. 1 5-23 C astle , S hetland , n os. 2 4-38 C astle , S hetland , n os. 3 9-54 C astle , G roup i , n os. 1 -11 C astle , G roup i , n os. 1 2-22 C astle , G roup i , n os. 2 3-28 C astle , G roup i , n os. 2 9-36 C astle , G roup i , n os. 3 7-41 C astle , G roup i i , n os. 4 2-51

v i

3 18 3 19 3 22 3 26 3 28 3 29 3 30 3 32 3 34

E DITORIAL T he t enth n umber o f t he A rchaeology o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe r epresents a r adical d eparture f rom t hose w hich h ave g one b efore . S o f ar t he s eries h as

c onsisted

o f

p apers

g rouped

t hematically

a nd

r egionally

w hich

h ave

a rrived s ooner o r l ater i n r esponse t o m y o riginal r equest f or c ontributions m ade

i n t he

s ummer o f

f ive m ain a uthors ,

1 977 .

T his

v olume r esults

D ennis G allagher ,

a nd t he w riter h eld i n E dinburgh

f rom a m eeting o f

P aula a nd C olin Martin ,

i n 1 983 .

t he

A ndrew S harp

C ompared w ith E ngland , v ery f ew

p ipe g roups f rom S cotland h ad b een e xcavated a nd k nowledge o f t he i ndustry t a r ather p rimitive l evel . T he f irst p roper g roup t o b e a ppeared t o b e a p ublished w as a s l ate a s 1 968 ( Laing) a nd d uring t he s eventies a f ew f urther a rticles b egan t o a ppear ( eg , L awson 1 975 , 1 976 , M artin P .F . 1 977) ; m ost i mportant w as t he s ummary i n O swald 1 975 a nd t he f irst d etailed a ccount o f t he G lasgow i ndustry i n W alker 's t hesis Walker 1 977 l la , 3 34-353) . T hese

l atter t wo c ontributions g ave s ome h int a s

t o t he r ichness

a nd

c omplexity o f t he S cottish i ndustry , b ut w ere u nable t o d escribe i ts h istory o r p roducts i n a ny k ind o f d etail . T he n ineteen-eighties s aw a r apid r ise i n p ublished e xcavated g roups , ( Caldwell 1 982, D avey 1 980 ; 1 982a ; 1 983 ; 1 984) , w ith m ore i n p reparation .

W e d ecided t hat i t w as t ime t o p lan t his

f irst s ynthesis o f t he a rchaeological a nd h istorical e vidence f or t he S cottish c lay p ipe i ndustry . T he

v olume

i s

o rganised a s

s ingle b ibliography .

a s eries

o f

t en ' chapters '

f ollowed b y a

T he f irst t hree d eal w ith e vidence f or t he m ain e arly

p roduction c entres a t E dinburgh ,

G lasgow a nd S tirling a nd a lso i nclude a n

a ccount o f t he i mportant n ineteenth c entury i ndustries a t t he f irst t wo o f t hese . ' Chapter ' f our p rovides a p rovisional l ist o f p ipemakers k nown i n o ther

S cottish

t owns

a nd

' chapters '

g roups o f e xcavated p ipes .

f ive

t o

e ight

p resent

f our

i mportant

T he f irst a nd p erhaps t he m ost i mportant

s eventeenth c entury a ssemblage f rom t he w hole

o f

S cotland

s o f ar

i s

t hat

f rom t he d omestic s ite a t P ittenweem , r ecovered a lmost u nbelievably f rom t he M artins ' b ack g arden .

T here i s a g roup o f D utch p ipes

t he K ennermerland o ff S hetland , t he D artmouth o ff M ull d ocumentary C olony .

i n 1 690

e vidence w ith

f rom t he w reck o f

a s trikingly v aried g roup f rom t he w reck o f a nd

t he

i ntriguing

t he e xcavated

' Chapter ' 9 c onsists o f 1 2

c omparison o f

f urther e xcavated g roups

s ummary f orm i n t he f ormat o f I nventaria a rchaeologica . D artmouth p ipes s ome o f t hese h ave b een p ublished b efore , i ncluded h ere f or c ompleteness a nd w ith s ome r e-assessment . i s a n a lphabetical

l ist o f p ipemakers .

d etailed

r emains a t t he S cottish D arien p resented

i n

A s w ith t he b ut t hey a re F inally t here

U nless o therwise s tated a ll p ipe

d rawings a re l ife-size . C learly

a p ublication s uch as

t his

h as

s ignificant

l imitations .

I nsufficient s ites h ave b een e xcavated w ell e nough a t p ost-medieval l evels f or t he s tratigraphic m atrices t o c ontribute v ery m uch t o p ipe c hronologies . T here i s a n u neven s pread o ver S cotland , r epresented .

t he w est b eing p articularly b adly

T here a re n o d ecent e ighteenth c entury g roups, p robably

r eflecting a m ore c omplete a doption o f F rench m anners t han w as t he c ase i n E ngland d uring t his p eriod .

T he m akers ' l ists a re o nly a s g ood a s t he

s ources s earched . W hilst e very a ttempt h as b een m ade t o l ook a t n ationally h eld r ecords a nd d irectories , m ore c an c ertainly b e l earned f or i ndividual c entres b y t ackling l ocal a rchives . t he c hanging s ocio-economic m echanisms a nd n etworks .

r oles

A l ot h as s till t o b e l earned a bout o f

1

t he p ipemakers

a nd

o f

t heir

t rading

D espite

t hese

q ualifications V olume X w ill,

m ajor r esource f or t he r ecognition o f t he

s eventeenth

G lasgow

a nd

c entury

p ossibly

p ublication o f

t he

p roducts

S tirling

n evertheless ,

S cottish p ipe f orms

c an

a nd

o ften

t he

n ow

m ostly

m akers

b e

p rovide a

a nd m arks . o f

I n

E dinburgh ,

i dentified .

T he

t he D avidson c atalogue a nd t he 1 900 l ists s hould a llow t he

p ositive i dentification o f t housands

o f

S cottish p roducts

a ll

o ver t he

w orld . T he p roduction o f t his v olume h as r elied h eavily o n t he g enerous c ooperation o f t he f ive m ain a uthors . I n p articular I w ould p ay t ribute t o t he e normous a mount

o f

r esearch a nd e ffort u ndertaken b y D ennis G allagher

a nd f or t he h ard w ork o f P aula M artin i n c ollating t he m akers ' l ists . f our a uthors h ave b een d elightful t o w ork w ith . Messrs .

H orton ,

A ll

I n a ddition I w ould t hank

H iggins a nd O swald f or t heir D arien c ontribution a nd

P hilippa T omlinson f or h er h elp w ith p asting u p t he f igures a nd c aptions.

P .J. D avey L iverpool J uly 1 987

2

1 :1

E DINBURGH P IPEMAKERS I N T HE S EVENTEENTH C ENTURY : T HE D OCUMENTARY E VIDENCE D .B . G allagher

I ntroduction R eferences t o t obacco p ipes a ppear i n S cotland i n t he f irst d ecade o f t he s eventeenth c entury . I n 1 606 t he p oet A lexander C raig p raised ' the f lefn a ttractive f ar-fell I ndia s mouke ' ( Craig 1 873 , I , 4 3) . T he v erb ' to d rink ' w as c ommonly a pplied t o t he a ct o f s moking a t t his p eriod . L ord M axwell , s hortly b efore h is a rrest i n 1 608 , w as s aid t o h ave ' drank t ua p ypis o f t obacco ' ( Pitcairn 1 833 , I I) . I n 1 622 S ir J ohn K er w as a rrested w hilst ' in a ne o ver c halmer ( chamber) d rinking t obacco ( RPC X III, 9 2) . P ipe s moking w as s een a s a n e ssential i ngredient o f s ocial l ife , a fter c . 1 640 p ipes w ere a c ommon i tem i n d omestic a ccounts . A n E dinburgh d iary ( Meikle 1 949 , 1 45) r ecords a y oung m an 's i ntroduction t o p ipe-smoking o n 1 0 J une 1 687 : ' I s moak a p ipe o f t obacco a nd w as s eek w ith i t a ll f orenoon ; a fternoon I s leept t ill 3 '. P ipes w ere a n e specially i ntegral p art o f f uneral c ustoms , a cquiring redgy% a c orruption o f t he l atin ' din ge ' . A c hild 's b urial i n t he n ame td 1 691 c ould r equire t he c onsumption o f t hree p ints o f b randy , t welve d ozen t obacco p ipes a nd f our p ounds o f c ut t obacco ( Glasgow U niversity M S G en . redgies ' a t f unerals 1 285) . F leming ( 1923 , 2 38) n oted t hat t his c ustom o f id w as t hen s till c ustomary ' in s ome c ountry p laces'. T he e arly d evelopment o f p ipemaking i n S cotland i s f ramed b y ap eriod o f a lternating r oyal e ncouragement a nd c ondemnation o f t obacco a nd t he t obacco t rade . T obacco w as i ncluded i n t he B ook o f R ates o f 1 612 w here i t w as v alued f or i mport d uty a t £ 18 S cots ( 30 s hillings s terling ) p er p ound ( RPC X , I ts m edical p roperties w ere p raised b y W iliam B arclay i n h is b ook ' Nepenthes o f t he V ertues o f T abacco ' w hich w as p rinted i n E dinburgh i n 1 614 ( Barclay 1 614) . I ts b enefits w ere c laimed t o b e n umerous a nd t he l ist g iven b y t he a uthor r anges f rom t he p revention o f a rthritis t o t he o pening o f t he p assages o f t he e ars . T he p atient i s a dvised t o p artake o f t obacco b oth i n s olution a nd i n t he f orm o f s moke , b ut ' not a s t he E nglish a busers d o , w hich m ake a s mokeboxe o f t here s kull ' . I n 1 616 J ames I a ttempted t o c ontrol t he s pread o f s moking b y t he ' Act p rohibiting i mportation o f t obacco i nto S cotland ' ( RK X , 5 16-17) , w hich e choed t he s entiments e xpressed i n h is ' Counterblasts t o T obacco ' o f 1 604 . T he A ct m ade i t k nown t hat t he k ing h ad b een : . c redible i nformed t hat t he u se , o r r ather a buse , o f t aking t obacco i s l aitlie c roppin i n w ithin h is H ienes K ingdome o f S cotland , a ne weade s oe i nfective a s a ll y oung a nd y dill p ersonis a re i n am anner b ewitcheit t hairwith , t he t aking w hereof b eing a s pecial m otive t o t heir o ften m eitingis i n t avernis a nd a lehousis' B y 1 616 a m ore p ositive a pproach w as b eing t aken ,

3

f or i n t hat y ear a

Edinburgh

s eventeenth

0 ••

4

C aptain W illiam M urray w as g ranted a t wenty-one y ear m onopoly o n i mporting t obacco ( RPC X , 6 59) . P ipemaking b ecame i ncluded i n s imilar r oyal p atents t hat s ought t o e ncourage a nd c ontrol t he e xploitation o f c lay a nd t he d evelopment o f p otteries t hrough t he g ranting o f m onopolies . W illiam C rawford o f C amlarg h ad i nvested i n t he e stablishment o f g lassworking i n S cotland a nd t hrough t his h ad b ecome a ware o f t he e xistence o f S cottish c lay t hat w as ' good a nd s ufficient f or m aking p ottis f or g lasswarkis, t abacco p ypis , a nd s indrie u ther v essellis a nd e ngynis m aid o f c lay ' ( l U D I C X I , 5 84-585) . A l ater t raveller J ohn R ay , w as t o n ote c irca 1 662 h ow t he c rucibles u sed i n a g lassworks n ear E dinburgh w ere m ade o f ' Tobacco p ipe c lay ' ( Brown 1 891, 2 34) . C rawford e xpressed a n i nterest i n e xporting c lay t o E ngland a nd w as r ewarded w ith a t wenty-one y ear m onopoly o f t hat t rade , g ranted o n 1J une 1 619 ( RGS 5 2 J AC V I, 2 032; R PC X I, 5 85) . I t i s n ot k nown a t p resent w hich c lay s ources h e i ntended t o e xploit o r t he e xtent o f h is a ctual a ctivity , b ut i n 1 627 h e c omplained t o t he E xchequer o f t he l osses h e h ad m aintained d uring h is s earch f or c lay ( Rogers 1 885 , 1 661 67) . T here i s a D utch r ecord o f c lay h aving b een s hipped f rom S cotland t o R otterdam i n 1 627 . AS cottish m erchant A ndries ( Andrew ) S mith s upplied t he R otterdam p ipemaker R obert B on w ith b etween t hirty t o f ifty b arrels o f S cottish c lay , w hich t he m erchant c laimed w as a s g ood q uality a s c lay f rom t he I sle o f W ight ( Duco 1 981, 4 41) . A l etter f rom J ames I , w ritten f rom t he c ourt a t N ewmarket, t o t he P rivy C ouncil o n 2 8 F ebruary 1 619 d ealt w ith t he p etition o f W illiam C rawford a nd i ntroduced a nother f rom J ohn , L ord K inclevin : ' Whereas w e w ere p leased , u pon s uite m ade u nto u s b y W illiam C raford o f C amlarge f or l icence o f t ransporting a k inds o f m arle o r c lay f rom t hat o ur k ingdome t o f orraine p artes , t o r efere t he c onsideration t hereof u nto y ou , w e h ave s ince b een i nformed b y o ur r ight t rustie a nd w ell b ehaved J ohnne , L ord o f K inclevin , h ow h e b y h is t ravellis a nd i ndustrie h ath f ound o ut d iverse t readsman h ere w ho d o u ndertake t o m ake w ithin t hat o ur k ingdom d ivers v essellis n ot h eretofore u sed t here o f t he s ayd ( RPC X I, 6 33) . L ord K inclevin w as J ohn S tewart , t hird s on o f t he k ing 's i llegitimate u ncle , R obert , E arl o f O rkney . I n 1 628 h e w as t o b e c reated E arl o f C arrick ( Paul 1 904 I I , 4 40) . H is p etition f or a m onopoly w as c onfirmed b y t he P rivy C ouncil o n 2 4 J une 1 619 a nd i t w as t o c over t he m anufacture o f ' all s ort o f e arthin v essellis a nd w ork o f c lay , t yill, m arrill, n ot h eirtofoir p ractiseit w ithin t his k ingdom ,

a nd t o d ispone ( convey ) t hairupoun a ther i n

o r w ithout t he s aid r ealme% b ut i t w as t o e xclude e arthenware ' that t hey b eine a ccustomat a nd muse t o m ak a t a ny t yme b ygon% T he p enalty f or b reaking t his m onopoly w as t o e ntail t he c onfiscation o f t he v eschellis , t obacco p ypis a nd u theris ' ( RPC X I , 6 04) .

o ffender 's

W illiam B anks. I t i s n ot k nown h ow L ord K inclevin a rranged t he i mplementation o f h is p atent b ut t here m ay w ell b e ac onnection b etween t he t radesmen h e w as i ntending t o b ring i nto S cotland a nd t he f irst p ipemaker r ecorded t here . T his w as W illiam B anks , w ho d ominated S cottish p ipemaking f rom 1 622 , w hen h e f irst a ppears i n t he d ocumentary s ources , u ntil h is d eath i n 1 659 . I n 1 622 h e w as r ecorded i n E dinburgh a s ap ipemaker a nd a s a s eller o f t obacco i n a l ist o f p ersons e xamined c oncerning t he p ayment o f d uty o n t obacco :

5

' Thomas D eyne d eponis c onformis t o W illiam H uttoun ,

a ddendo t hat

a t s indrie t ymes h e h es b oght f ra W illima B ankis , t obacco-pype m aker i n t he C anagat, t en p und w eight o r t hairby , q uairof t he s aid B ankis p ayit t he c ustome . ' ( KPC X IV , 5 89) . M akers w ho a lso d ealt i n t obacco h ave b een n oted i n t he N etherlands b y D uco ( 1981, 4 14) , w here h e c onsiders t hat i t i ndicated a n e arly s tate o f t obacco u se . T he s econd q uarter o f t he s eventeenth c entury s aw a p rogressive m ove a gainst t he g ranting o f r oyal p atents g iving i ndividuals m onopolies i n c ertain f ields o f m anufacturing . T here w as s trong o pposition t o t hem f rom t he b urghs w ho r egarded t hem a s e ncroaching o n t heir o wn c ommercial p rivileges . I t i s i n t his c ontext t hat W illiam B anks i s f irst r ecorded a s h olding s uch a m onopoly . T he a bstract o f t he A cts o f t he C onvention o f t he R oyal B urghs o f S cotland f or 1 631 t o 1 649 i ncludes t he d ecision t hat ' e ndeavours b e u sed f or r ecalling o f M r . B anks h is p atent o f m akeing t obacco p yps , a nd t hat t he s ame s hould b e f ree ' ( Marwick 1 880 , 5 48) , T he P rivy C ouncil r eceived , o n 2 0 S eptember 1 639, a s upplication f rom a c ertain A lexander E liot ' craving l ibertie t o m ak t obacco p ipes ' ( APS V , 6 00) . P ressure f rom t hese v arious s ources , b oth c orporate a nd i ndvidual , h ad s ome e ffect . A s crap o f p aper w ith l ists o f d ays b usiness f or t he P rivy C ouncil f or 2 2 J anuary 1 642 i ncludes ; ' to b e c allit -M r . B anks a nd h is s ervants a nent ( concerning) p ypes% b ut n o f urther d etails a re r ecorded . P ractical o pposition t o B anks w as o rganised i n E dinburgh b y t he m erchants G ilbert F raser a nd R obert T ait w ho f inanced a r ival w orkshop , b ringing i nto t he c ity a nother m aker , R ichard C alder . . -the b aillies o f t he C anongait a re c harged t o c oncur w ith a nd a ssist M r . B anks i n s earching f or t obacco p ipes m ade b y a ny o ther t han h imself w ithin h is k ingdom a nd t o s eize t he t ools w herewith t he s ame a re m ade , e specially t he t ools b elonging t o R ichard C alder i n t he C anongait% ( RPC V II, 3 42). A s t he i nterests o f t he l ocal a uthorities , r epresented b y t he b aillies o f t he C anongate a nd t he m agistrates o f E dinburgh , w ere i n c onflict w ith t hose o f B anks t he m atter w as r eferred t o t he P rivy C ouncil. T he b urghs a re r eluctant t o a ct a gainst w hat t hey c onsidered t o b e t he g eneral i nterest o f t he c ountry a nd i n s upport o f t heir c ase t hey n oted t hat P arliament h ad r ecently a bolished c ertain o ther p atents . T he d etails o f t heir a rgument w hich w as h eard b y t he P rivy C ouncil o n 2 3 S eptember 1 642 h ad b een a ttempting t o d estroy a ny o pposition : . .

t he

p atent

o f

Mr .

B anks

i s

o f

t hat

n ature

s how t hat B anks

b eing

a

m onopolie w hereby h e a ssumes t o h imselfe t he s ole m aking a nd s elling o f t obacco p ypes f or h is o wn b enefit t o t he p rejudice o f o thers w ho a re a ble t o s erve t he c ountrie ; a nd u pon t his o ccasion h is p atent c annot b ut b e g reevous t o h is Majesteis l eiges s ince b y t he s ame t hey a r t yed t o h im a nd a nd t o h is p rices q uhilks h e i mposes a t p leasure , w hereas t he l ibertie o f t rade w ould m ake t hese p ipes a g reat d eale c haiper . S ecundlie , u pon t he k nowledge o f t his a ct o f P arliament G ilbert F raser a nd R obert T ait , m erchants i n E dinburgh , h ave b rought i n t he s aid

6

R ichard C alder , t hair c ountrieman , a nd h ave e rected w orks f or h im a nd h e h as t hereupon m ade g reat q uantitie o f t obacco p ypes, . Banks u pon t he 1 6 o f t his i nstant , d id v erie w hairof t he s aid M r. h ard t o t he c ompleanners t o p rejudge t hair o wne i nhabitants i n t he b enefit o f t hair u ndertaking f lowing f rom a ne a ct o f P arliament f or t he p articular o f a s tranger a nd h is m onopolie ' ( SRO P C . 2 /16 /128-9 : R PC V II , 3 42-343) . T he P rivy C ouncil s upported t he m onopoly b ut d ecided t hat t he s ubject s hould b e r aised a gain a t t he n ext P arliament . m atter h as b een t raced .

N o f urther r ecord o f t he

I t i s a n i nteresting c omment o n t he t ight s tructure o f E dinburgh s ociety t hat a p erson w ho h ad b een r esident i n t he c ity f or a t l east t wenty y ears a nd a b urgess a nd g uild b rother f or f ourteen y ears s hould b e d escribed a s a' stranger ' . H is o rigin i s n ot k nown b ut i t w ould a ppear f rom t his t hat h e w as n ot f rom E dinburgh a nd p ossibly n ot a S cot . AW illiam B anks w as o ne o f t he s ignators o f t he 1 619 c harter o f t he L ondon C ompany o f T obacco P ipemakers ( Atkinson a nd O swald 1 969 , 2 26) , b ut a ny c onnection b etween t he t wo n ames m ust r emain a t p resent a m atter o f c onjecture . W illiam B anks m arried J eanne P aterson , d aughter o f N icol P aterson , o n 2 5 F ebruary 1 627 ( Grant 1 915, 5 99 . B y r ight o f t his m arriage t o t he d aughter o f a b urgess h e w as h imself a dmitted a s ab urger a nd g uild b rother o f t he b urgh o f C anongate o n 3S eptember 1 628 Unmet 1 951, 9 ) . T heir e ldest s on w as p robably T homas B anks . H is d ate o f b irth i s n ot k nown b ut h e i s r ecorded a cting a s a j uror i n 1 649 a long w ith h is f ather ( Smith 1 974 , 8 08) . A nother s on , J ohn , w as b aptised o n 1 2 May 1 629 ( Canongate P R) . J eanne P aterson d ied i n 1 635 , h er t estament d ative b eing d ated 1 7 N ovember o f t hat ) a nd b y 1 643 W illiam B anks h ad r emarried , h is n ew w ife y ear ( SRO C C8/ 8 /5 7 b eing M argaret K eith ( SRO R S 3 1/150) . A s on , A lexander , w as b aptised o n 9 J uly 1 644 ( South L eith P R ) . A lexander B anks w as l ater t o b ecome m inister o f D almeny , a p arish t o t he w est o f E dinburgh ( Scott 1 915 , 2 01 ; P aton 1 902) . R obert B anks w as a dmitted a s ab urgess a nd g uild b rother , a s s on t o W illiam B anks , o n 3 0 D ecember 1 652 ( Anmet 1 951, 9 ) . H e w as d escribed a s ag oldsmith w hen h is s on w as b aptised o n 1F ebruary 1 659, a mong t he w itnesses w ere T homas a nd J ohn B anks , p ipemakers ( Canongate P R ) . I n 1 622 W illiam B anks w as a ctive i n C anongate ( RH X IV, 5 89) . A t s ome d ate h e b ecame t he o wner o f p roperty i n w hat was l ater t o b e c alled C richton 's C lose , h is n ame i s l isted a mong t he f ormer o wners i n ac harter o f c onfirmation i n f avour o f A lexander C richton , d ated 3 F ebruary 1 732 , w hich a lso d escribes t he p roperty ( ECA C anongate C hartulary N 54) : ' All a nd w hole t he b ack W esterlands w ith t he y eards a nd C ollie a nd S ichlike A ll a nd w hole t his a nd o ther b ack w esterlands s ome l ime w aste n ow b uilt w ith t he G reat Y eard a nd L ittle Y eard c ontiquethirds a ll l ying i n t he B urgh o f C anongate o n t he S outh s ide o f t he h igh s treet t hereof w hich p ertained o f b efore t o J ames R anald M erchant o f E dinburgh t hereafter t o J ohn M urray s on o f J ohn M urray o f T rewan t hereafter t o W illiam B anks t obacco p ipe m aker i n L eith t hereafter t o M r . A lexander B anks m inister o f t he G ospel a nd d isposed b y h is e ldest s on a nd h eir W illiam B anks t o t he d eceased P atrick J ackson M erchant a nd l ate T reasurer o f t he C anongate f ather t o D avid J ackson s adler B urgess o f E dinburgh . ' B y 1 635 W illiam B anks w as r esident i n L eith , h is f irst w ife 's t estament

7

d escribes h im a s a n i ndweller o f t hat t own ( SRO C C8/8/57) . I n 1 650 h e h ad o btained a h ouse a nd y ard i n R estalrig , o n t he s outh s ide o f L ochend L och . R estalrig w as t hen a v illage l ying o n t he n orth-west o f C anongate ( SRO 2 5/37/f.443 a nd R S 2 6/1/351). W illiam B anks d ied i n L eith o n 2 5 J anuary 1 659 ( Paton 1 902) . M argaret K eith , d ied i n 1 663 ( SRO R D 3 /5/710) .

H is w ife ,

T homas B anks A s on o f W illiam B anks , T homas B anks w as m arried t o J ean K eith . T he b aptisms o f t heir c hildren a re r ecorded i n t he S outh L eith p arish r egisters : J anet o n 2 7 A pril 1 647, W illiam o n 2 9 A pril 1 649 , ad aughter , A dle ( ?) , o n 4 M ay 1 653 , T homas o n 7S eptember 1 654 a nd A lexander o n 2 4 S eptember 1 656 . O n 8 F ebruary 1 649 h e a ppears w ith h is f ather a s a j uror i n a t rial i n E dinburgh ( Smith 1 974 , 8 08) . T hese f ormer r eferences d o n ot g ive o ccupation b ut h e i s d escribed a s a p ipemaker i n 1 661 w hen h e b orrowed £ 108 S cots f rom J ohn J ohnstone ,

am erchant o f E dinburgh ( SRO R D 2 /1/470-471) .

J ohn B anks A s on

o f W illiam B anks,

J ohn B anks w as

b aptised o n 1 2

May

1 629

( Canongate P R ) . I n F ebruary 1 659 h e i s n amed a s a p ipemaker i n t he l ist o f w itnesses t o t he b aptism o f a c hild o f R obert B anks ( Canongate P R ) . J ohn B anks, t obacco p ipe m aker , w as m ade a b urgess a nd g uild b rother o n 2 S eptember 1 659, a s s on o f W illiam B anks, b urgess ( Armet 1 951, 9 ).

I t i s n ot k nown h ow l ong t he m onopoly o f W illiam B anks o fficially l asted o r h ow e xclusive i t e ver w as , b ut a ny v estiges o f i t w ould h ave v anished w ith t he p olitical a nd s ocial u pheavals a rising f rom t he C romwellian o ccupation o f L eith i n 1 650 a nd t he s ubsequent e stablishment o f t he C ommonwealth i n S cotland i n t he f ollowing y ears. A round t his p eriod s everal o ther p ipemakers a ppear b riefly i n t he d ocumentary r ecord . S tephen B ell , t obacco p ipemaker , o n 3 O ctober 1 649 d isposed o f a ' laich h all ' o n t he w est s ide o f G rays C lose , w hich w as s ituated o n t he n orth s ide o f t he H igh S treet , E dinburgh ( ECA , M oses B undle 5/2465) . A J ohn L oillocks ( ?) , t obacco p ipemaker , h ad h is d aughter , J anet , 5 b aptised i n L eith o n 2 2 D ecember 1 650 ( South L eith P R ) . T he p eriod 1 6601688 w as a t ime o f t rade r evival i n S cotland ( Smout 1 963 , 2 39-244) . P ipemaking w as f urther e ncouraged i n M arch 1 661 w hen P arliament p assed t he ' Act a nent t he c ustom a nd p rice o f t obacco p yps ' UP S VII, 6 5) . T his i mposed a d uty o n i mported p ipes o f e ight s hillings S cots p er g ross a nd l imited t he p rice o f a ll p ipes t o am aximum o f e ighteen s hillings S cots p er g ross, f or t he r eason t hat : k l ar S overane L ord C onsidering t hat m uch m oney i s e xported t his k ingdome f or b ringing h ome s everall c omodities w hich b e m ade a nd s old a t h ome a t f ar e asier r ates t hen t hey c an b rought f rom a broad W hereby b oth t he K ingdome i s d rained o f

f orth m ight b eing m oney

a nd t raidsman l ayd i dle a nd b rought t o w ants a nd s traits A nd i t b eing r epresented t o h is M aiestie t hat t obacco p yps c an b e m ade a nd s old a t h ome a t a ne f ar e asier r ate t han t hey c an , b eing

8

b rought f rom a broad . a nd F or e ncouragement a nd g ood o f a ll t hose w ho a re s kilfull i n m akeing o f t obacco p yps . ' T his w as p art o f a n a ttempt i n t he R estoration p eriod t o e ncourage t he h ome m anufacture o f l uxury g oods, m ost o f w hich w ere s till i mported ( Mitchison 1 983 , 1 02) . T he s ame p arliament i mposed a d uty o f a n o unce o f b ullion o n e very f orty g ross o f t obacco p ipes e xported ( APS V II, 2 54). P ipemaking w as n ot c oncentrated i n as ingle a rea b ut w as d ivided m ainly b etween t wo d istricts . S ome p ipemakers w orked i n P leasance , a n E dinburgh s uburb t o t he s outh o f t he C anongate , w hich c ontained s uch s ervice i ndustries a s t he c oal m erchants ( Wood 1 950 , 3 19) . B oth W illiam Y oung a nd P atrick C rawford w ere r eferred t o i n c ontemporary d ocuments a s p ipemakers ' in P leasance ' ( see b elow ) . T he o ther c entre w as t he a djacent p ort o f L eith . W illiam B anks h ad m oved t here b y 1 635 a nd o ther m akers w ere t o s et u p t heir w orkshops t here l ater . I t h ad t he a dvantage o f b eing l ess c onfined t han t he a lready d ensely p acked c apital . A lso , b eing a p ort m eant t hat t he s upplies o f c oal a round t he F irth o f F orth a nd e specially f rom E ast L othian w ould b e m ore a ccessible . T he s ources o f p ipe c lay u sed b y E dinburgh p ipemakers a re n ot a t p resent k nown b ut c lay w as t o b e f ound i n m any p laces a long t he c oastal p lain , f or e xample t here i s a n e arly r eference t o c lay f rom P ilrig , n ear L eith , b eing u sed f or g un m oulds i n 1 558 ( Caldwell 1 983 , 4 33) . S uitable c lay f or p ipes c ould h ave b een o btained f urther e ast n ear P restonpans , w here w hiteware w as p roduced i n t he e ighteenth c entury ( Fleming 1 923 , 1 53157) . I t w as p robably a t P restonpans i n c irca . 1 662 t hat J ohn R ay e xamined c rucibles m ade o f ' tobacco-pipe c lay ' w hich w ere b eing u sed t here i n g lass-making ( Brown 1 891, 2 34) . T here i s a r eference t o ap ipemaker f rom T ranent , o n t he E ast L othian c oalfield n ear P restonpans . T his w as D avid M ontgomery , w ho w as s upplying t he C ompany o f S cotland w ith p ipes i n 1 696 ( Burton 1 849 , 4 0) .

W illiam Y oung T his m aker i s p rominent i n t he d ocumentary s ources d uring t he t hird q uarter o f t he s eventeenth c entury . O n 2 7 S eptember 1 653 ' William Y oung t obacco p ipe m aker i n P leasance ' a nd h is w ife H elen S mall, r eceived a t enement o f l and o n t he n orth s ide o f C owgate , i mmediately w est o f S t . 00X A s asine d ated 2 7 J une 1 656 M ichael 's W ell O ECA M oses b undle 34 /14 r ecords t hem a cquiring a ' chamber a nd b ackhouse ' ( bakehouse?) o n t he s outh s ide o f t he C anongate w ith ' the l ands s ometyme p ertaining t o J ohn M urray a nd t hen t o W illiam B anks t obacco p yp m aker o n t he s outh a nd t he h ie s treit o f t he s aid b urgh o n t he n orth ' ( SRO R S 2 6/4/f .227) . T his w ould b e s ituated i n t he f ront p art o f C richton 's C lose , p ossible m aing u se o f k ilns v acated b y W illiam B anks a fter h is m ove t o L eith ( see a bove). W illiam Y oung a ppears t o h ave b een p opular a mongst E dinburgh c raftsmen . D uring t he p eriod 1 654 t o 1 668 h e a cted a s w itness t o t en b aptisms ; t he f athers i ncluding a m erchant , a f lesher , aw eaver , a s kinner , a c oppersmith a nd t he t wo p ipemakers , A lexander L ogie a nd J ohn B alk ( Edinburgh P R ) . H is w ife , H elen S mall , d ied i n 1 667 a fter a p eriod o f i llness a nd w as b uried i n G reyfriar 's c hurchyard , E dinburgh o n 2 6 J anuary ( Paton 1 902, 7 14) . T he p ersonal b elongings g iven i n h er t estament i nclude a s ilver d ish ( SRO C8/8/73/f .96) . O n 1 0 M ay 1 667 W illiam Y oung m arried a gain , h is n ew w ife C b eing M argaret H ome ( Paton 1 905, 3 36) . L ater i n 1 667 Y oung t ook J ohn S mith ,

9

y ounger s on o f J ohn S mith o f

B iggar , a s a n a pprentice , t he i ndenture b eing d ated 3 1 O ctober 1 667 M A Moses b undle 6 5/2923) . T his i s t he o nly s urviving r ecord o f a n e arly S cottish p ipemaker t aking a n a pprentice . I t i s u nusual i n i ts f orm i n t hat Y oung t ook t he a pprentice j ointly w ith J ames B rown , b urgess . T he a pprenticeship w as t o l ast s even y ears , J ames B rown p roviding t he a pprentice w ith : c loathis s choes s tockings a nd u theris m aterials n ecessarie f or h is b ody d uring t he f irst f ive y ears o f h is s aid p renteschip '. W illiam Y oung w as

r esponsible f or t he t echnical s ide ,

f or h e w as t o

' Teach l earn a nd i nstruct t he s aid J ohn S mith y ounger i n a ll t he p airts a nd e ngynes o f h is a irt a nd t rade o f t obacco p yp m aking T here w as a c lause i ncluded w hich s tated t hat i f W illiam Y oung w as a dmitted a s ab urgess b efore t he e nd o f t he a pprenticeship h e w ould a gree t o l et t he b oy h ave s imilar f reedom , h e p aying f or h is o wn b ooking . Y oung w as p rosperous e nough a t t he t ime t o b e a ble t o l end m oney , h e l ent 5 00 m arks S cots o n 5J anuary 1 669 ( SRO R D 2 /24/f .349-350) a nd 2 000 m arks S cots o n 4 F ebruary 1 670 ( SRO R D4/26/f .16) . H e d ied s hortly a fter h is l ast t ransaction a nd w as b uried i n G reyfriar 's c hurchyard , E dinburgh o n 1A pril 1 670

( Paton 1 902, 7 14).

T here i s a s ingle r eference t o a W alter Y oung , p ipemaker , D ecember 1 690 m arried I sabel W allace ( Paton 1 902, 7 14).

w ho o n 1 8

W illiam Y oung 's a pprentice s eems t o h ave c ontinued p ipemaking , f or t he S outh L eith p arish r egisters r ecord t he b urial o n 4J anuary 1 707, o f I sabel B rown , w idow o f J ohn S mith , p ipemaker , w ho d ied i n C alton a ged s eventy-seven y ears

( South L eith P R ) .

P atrick C rawford . T he m inutes o f E dinburgh t own c ouncil f or 1 3 O ctober 1 671 b riefly r ecord t he p ayment b y P atrick C rawford o f s ixteen p ounds o n h is g aining p ossession o f ' ane t enement i n P leasance ' , s uggesting t hat h e w as a lready e stablished i n t hat d istrict ( ECA , M inutes o f t he T own C ouncil 2 7/47) . B etween 1 678 a nd 1 682 h e w as a w itness a t s everal b aptisms i n E dinburgh , t he c hildren 's f athers i ncluding t he p ewterers J ohn A bernethy a nd W illiam H arvie . T his a ssociation i s r eflected i n t he s imilarity o f C rawford 's b asal s tamp , a c astle f lanked b y h is i nitials , t o t hose c ommon a mong E dinburgh p ewterers a s s een o n t heir t ouch p lates ( Bisset 1 938 , f ig . 1 ). P atrick C rawford 's

f irst w ife ,

C hristian S tration ,

w as

b uried o n 2 8

J anuary 1 685 ( Paton 1 902 , 1 50) . H e r emarried o n 3 S eptember 1 685 , t his t ime t o J ean W emyss ( Weems) , ( St . C uthbert 's , E dinburgh P R ) . A d aughter w as b uried o n 8D ecember 1 688 ( Paton 1 902 , 1 50) . P atrick C rawford w as d ead b y 1 696 f or o n 2 8 A ugust o f t hat y ear J ean W emyss ' relict ( widow ) o f P atrick C rawford P ipemaker i n P leasants ' r eceived a c ontract t o m ake p ipes f or t he C ompany o f S cotland O ILS M S 8 3 .7 .1; B urton 1 849 , 4 0) . B y D ecember o f 1 698 s he h ad s upplied t he c ompany w ith 7 5 b arrels o f p ipes c ontaining a t otal o f 9 00 g ross . T he f inal d estination o f t hese p ipes w as t o b e t he s hort-lived c olony o f N ew C aledonia , a lso k nown a s D arien . P ipes r ecovered d uring

1 0

e xcavations t here s how t hat J ean W emyss c ontinued t o u se m oulds b earing h er h usband 's i nitials a fter t he l atter 's d eath ( Horton 1 980 , f ig . 5 ) . O ther p ipemakers a ppear b riefly i n t he p arish r egisters ; i t i s t herefore n ot k nown i f t hey h ad i ndependent w orkshops . J ohn R amsay , p ipemaker , m arried M argaret S teidman o n 9 S eptember 1 662 ( Grant 1 915 , 4 33) . T heir s on , J ames, w as b aptised o n 2 1 F ebruary 1 663 a nd t heir d aughters E lizabeth a nd S ara (h ) o n 6 M arch 1 666 a nd 2 2 M arch 1 670 ( South L eith P R ) . J ohn B alk , p ipemaker , h ad a s on b aptised o n 2 7 D ecember 1 668 ( Edinburgh P R ) . A s on o f A lexander L ogie , p ipemaker , w as b aptised o n 2 0 N ovember 1 664 ( Canongate P R ) . A rchibald G ilmour , p ipemaker , m arried E lizabeth M ackall o n 3 1 O ctober 1 673 ( Paton 1 905) . A s on o f A lexander G alloway , p ipemaker , w as b aptised o n 2 1 M ay 1 676 ( Edinburgh P R ) a nd w as b uried t he f ollowing d ay ( Paton 1 902, 2 04) . A R obert S mith ( Smyth) , p ipemaker , a ppeared a s a w itness a t t he b aptisms o f t wo o f t he c hildren o f R obert H astie , w eaver , i n E dinburgh o n 1 8 J uly 1 682 a nd 1 5 J uly 1 683 ( Edinburgh P R ) . J ohn D onaldson , p ipemaker , a nd h is w ife , J anet G ourlay , b aptised t heir s on , J ohn , o n 1 M ay 1 685 ( Edinburgh P R ) .

D avid B anks A D avid B anks , p ipemaker i n L eith , o ccurs t wice i n t he S outh L eith p arish b urial r egisters . H is s on P atrick , a ged e ight y ears , w as b uried o n 2 1 J anuary 1 705 a nd h is d aughter H elen w as b uried o n 4 M ay 1 706 , a ged t wo y ears . B oth a re r ecorded a s h aving d ied ' at t he H ead o f t he H ill ' , w hich c an p robably b e i dentified w ith T olbooth W ynd , L eith ( EPL B -W n otes 1 2 , 7 8) . I t i s n ot k nown i f D avid B anks w as r elated t o o ther m akers o f t hat n ame . A nother L eith p ipemaker w as A lexander C lisk , t he o nly r eference t o w hom i s i n t he D arien P apers i n t he N ational L ibrary o f S cotland w here h e a ppears i n a l ist , d ated 1 4 J une 1 699 , g iving t he n ames o f t hose p ersons r ecruited b y C aptain C olin C ampbell f or a n e xpedition t o t he n ew c olony o f N ew C aledonia . H is n ame h as b een i nserted i nto t he l ist l ater t han t he o thers . H e i s d escribed a s ap ipemaker f rom L eith , a ged 2 4 y ears ( NLS M S 8 3 .8 .2) . I sobel D ickson , w idow o f P atrick T homson , p ipemaker i n L eith d ied o n 9 A pril 1 705, a ged 6 7 y ears ( South L eith P R).

R obert P aterson R obert P aterson w as a dmitted a s a b urgess a nd g uild b rother o f E dinburgh o n 1 4 A ugust 1 695 f ollowing h is s election b y t he b urgh c ouncil a s o ne o f t he t wo p ersons r epsonsible f or t he a dminstration o f a£ 5000 g rant t o H erioes H ospital f or t he u pkeep o f t wo c hildren ( Watson 1 929 , 3 93 ; A rmet 1 962 , 1 79) . H e d ied o n t he 1 9 A pril 1 720 i n T od H oles C lose , L eith , a ged f ifty-eight y ears . T he p arish r egister d escribed h im a s a p ipemaker a nd m alster ( South L eith P R ) . T he a bove i s t he o nly i nstance t hat h as c ome t o t he p resent w riter 's n otice o f a n E dinburgh p ipemaker b eing e ngaged i n a nother t rade w hilst s till b eing a p ipemaker , a part f rom W illiam B anks w ho d ealt i n t obacco i n 1 622 ( RPC X IV, 5 89) . T his l atter t rade , a lthough r elated , w as s oon i n t he h ands o f s pecialist t obacconists . T he w ord ' tobacconist ' f irst o ccurs i n t he P rivy C ouncil r ecords i n D ecember 1 618 ( RPC X , x xvii) . T he G lasgow m erchant J ames B ell , w hose n otebooks s urvive f or t he y ears 1 6211622, w as

1

i mporting t obacco f rom t he N etherlands i n l arge q uantities b ut h is s hipments n ever i ncluded a ny p ipes ( Glas . U niv M S G en . 4 04) . A t t he l ater p eriod o f 1 6901699 t he a ccount b ook o f t he E dinburgh m erchant a nd t obacconist C harles H ay s hows n o s ales o f p ipes ( SRO R H 9 /1/182) . T he r etail t rade i n p ipes w as n ormally h andled b y d ealers i n g eneral p rovisions . T he a ccounts o f J ames S cott , a g eneral d ealer i n E dinburgh , s urvive f or t he y ears 1 670 t o 1 672 a nd s how h im s elling p ipes i n q uantities v arying f rom h alf t o t hree d ozen a t 3 d . ( Scots) e ach . D uring t he s eventeenth c entury t he S cots p ound w as w orth o ne-twelfth o f a n E nglish p ound . P ipes o ccur a s e ntries i n m any a ccount b ooks i n t he s econd h alf o f t he c entury b ut t he t ype i s r arely g iven s o t hat r elative c hanges i n p rices c annot b e c harted . S tirling b urgh c ouncil w as p aying 4 s . p er d ozen i n 1 650, 2 s . i n 1 655 a nd l s .4d . i n 1 685 w hich m ay i ndicate a d rop i n p rices f rom t he m id c entury . T his w ould c onform w ith t he ' Act a nent t he C ustom a nd P rice o f T obacco P yps ' o f 1 661 t hat l imited t he p rice t o 1 8d p er g ross m aximum ( APS V II , 6 5) , b ut t his l aw m ay n ot h ave b een e nforced i n p ractice . T here a re f ew r eferences t o p ipemakers i n t he E dinburgh d ocumentation a fter c irca 1 710 . T his m ay h ave b een c aused b y a n i ncrease i n t he p opularity o f s nuff . S nuff t aking w as c ommon i n S cotland a nd v arious w riters c ommented o n i ts u se , T homas M orer s aid o f t he S cots i n 1 889 t hat ' they a re f ond o f t obacco ' , b ut ' more f rom t he s nush-box t han p ipe ' ( Brown 1 891, 2 76) . M any E dinburgh w orkshops c atered f or t he r equirements o f t he u pper l evels o f S cottish s ociety a nd a c hange i n t astes m ust h ave d eprived t he p ipemakers o f m any o f t heir b est c ustomers a nd l ed t o t he d ecline o f t he t rade . T he e ighteenth c entury d ecline i n p ipe s moking i s p erhaps b est s ummarised b y E dward B urt ( 1826 , 2 30) w ho t ravelled w idely i n S cotland . W riting i n 1 726, h e d escribes c ustoms a t f unerals ' where

t here

u sually

a re

s everal

P yramids

o f

P lumcake ,

S weetmeats , a nd s everal D ishes , w ith P ipes a nd T obacco ; t he l ast i s a ccording t o a n O ld C ustom , f or i t i s v ery r are t o s ee a ny B ody s moke i n S cotland '.

A BBREVIATED P RINT S OURCES A PS

' Acts o f P arliament o f S cotland '.

R GS

' Register o f t he G reat S eal o f S cotland '

R PS

' Register o f t he P rivy C ouncil o f S cotland '.

E CA

E dinburgh C ity A rchives C anongate C hartulary ; M inutes o f T own C ouncil ; M oses B undles .

E PL

E dinburgh R oom , E dinburgh C entral P ublic L ibrary : M anuscript n otes o f C .B . B oog W atson .

G lasgow U niversity : M S G en . 4 04:

N otebook o f J ames B ell, m erchant o f G lasgow .

1 2

M S G en . S RO

P R

1 285: A ccompt b ook o f a n u nknown D undee m erchant, c .

1 690.

S cottish R ecord O ffice : P C

P rivy C ouncil P apers.

C C

E dinburgh C ommissariat, R egister o f T estaments.

R S

G eneral R egister o f S asines.

R D

R egister o f D eeds.

P arish R egisters ,

h eld i n G eneral R egister O ffice ,

E dinburgh , o f t he f ollowing p arishes: C anongate ; E dinburgh ; S t. C uthbert's, E dinburgh ; S outh L eith .

1 3

N ew R egister H ouse ,

1 :2

E DINBURGH T YPOLOGY A . S harp

D iscussion . T he m ethod o f s tudy o f t he E dinburgh s eries o f p ipes w ill b e b ased p rimarily o n t he o bservations o f t hree m ain g roups o f p ipes . T he f irst s pecialised g roup c omprises t he w ork o f W illiam B anks , w ho w as t he f irst k nown m aker i n E dinburgh , a nd p robably i n S cotland . I t i s t herefore a ll t he m ore f ortunate t hat w e h ave s uch a s equence o f m arked p ipes a t o ur d isposal . T he s econd g roup c oncerns p ipes b y W illiam a nd W alter Y oung , w ho w ere a ctive i n t he l ate 1 7th a nd e arly 1 8th c enturies . T he t hird r epresents t he w ork o f P atrick C rawford a nd ,

a fter h is

d eath i n t he

l ate

y ears o f t he c entury , h is w ife , w ho c arried o n t he b usiness . T he f inal s equence o f p ipes ( figs 6 & 7 ) s hows a r epresentative s election o f t he 1 9th a nd 2 0th c entury t ypes m ost c ommonly i n u se . T his s hort s equence o f f ive W illiam B anks p ipes , a ll b ear t he b asal c astle s tamp i ndicative o f E dinburgh m anufacture , a nd a re s mall , w ith a d efinite f orward t ilt t o t heir b owls . A d efinite p rogression i s e vident f rom t he f irst , w hich i s o f s mall c apacity , t o t he l ast ( fig . 1 , n o . 5 ) , w hich i s s imilar t o t he e arly p roducts o f W illiam B anks . T he s equence a s a w hole m ay b e p laced i n t he d ate r ange 1 620-40 . T he f irst e ight p ipes i n t he W illiam B anks s equence ( fig . 2 , n os .

6 13)

s how a p rogression f rom t he b ulbous f orm s een i n n o . 6 , t o t he m ore s traight-sided a lthough s till t ilted f orm n o . 1 3 . T hree o f t hese p ipes c arry b asal s tamps , a nd t wo o f t hese a re s ufficiently s imilar t o s uggest t hat t he s ame d ie m ay h ave b een u sed , n os . 9 , 1 3 . T he r emaining e ight e xamples o f B ank 's w ork s how a d evelopmental t rend f rom t he o verhung e arly p ipes ( fig . 3 , n os . 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 6) t hrough t o t he b ulbous l ater p ipes ( f ig . 3 , n os . 1 9, 2 0, 2 1) . c irca 1 680 .

T he d ate r ange f or t his s equence m ay b e t aken t o e nd

T he p ipes b earing t he r elief h eel-sided i nitials ' WY ' ( fig . 4 ) a re s imilar t o p ipes m ade w ithin a d ate r ange o f c . 1 650-1730 , w hen t he m ost d eveloped o f t he e arly p ipe f orms w ere b eing m ade . T hese l ater p ipes , w hilst r etaining t he " chinning" o f e arlier f orms , a re m uch m ore u pright a nd l arger i n c apacity , ( fig . 4 , n o . 2 6) . T he e arlier p ipes, o n t he o ther h and , a re s imilar t o W illiam B anks p ipes s uch a s n o . 1 6 . T hese p ipes , t he w ork o f e ither W illiam o r o f W alter Y oung o f E dinburgh , d emonstrate d evelopment o f p ipes f rom m id-17th c entury t o e arly 1 8th c entury .

t he

T he C rawford s equence a gain s hows a p rogression , f rom c . 1 670-1740 . T he m ain p oint o f i nterest i s t he v ariation i n m akers ' m arks . T wo c arry i ncuse t hree-letter b asal s tamps , a nd t he f act t hat o ne a ppears t o h ave b een m ade i n E dinburgh a nd t he l ater o nes i n L eith s hould a lert u s t o t he f act t hat i n t he m id-17th c entury t he o wners o f k iln-based i ndustries w ere e ncouraged t o m ove a way f rom t he c rowded a nd c ombustible t own c entre , t o m ore o utlying a reas . A nother p ipe h as a b asal s tamp , f eaturing t he t hreet owered c astle a nd t he l etters " PC" o n e ither s ide . T his i s a v ery f ine m ould , e xecuted w ith m ore t han u sual c are , a nd m ay w ell h ave b een a s pecially p roduced h igh q uality s ample . 3 3) a ll h ave p rogressively l arger b owls .

1 4

T he l ater p ipes ( f ig . 5 , n os . 3 0T wo b ear c astle s tamps o n t heir

2

1

F ig.

1

Edinburgh

typology,

nos.

1 5

1 -5

b ases. T he f inal s equence ( f igs . 6 &7 ) w hich d ates f rom c . 1 810-1900 c an o nly b e ab rief g uide t o t he b ast v ariety o f p ipes w hich w ere a vailable a t a lmost t he s ame t ime . N o s uch d ramatic p rogression a s i n t he e arly p ipes c an b e o bserved i n t hese l ater b owl f orms . S uch , a lso w as t he v ariety o f o rnamentation a nd d ecoration a vailable t hat a d etailed r ésumé o f a ll t he t ypes w ould b e i mpossible .

E DINBURGH T YPOLOGY ( Figs. 1 -7) 1 .

S mall b owl o f c lay p ipe , w ith t races o f c rude m illing a t t he b owl r im . B asal s tamp o f t hree-towered c astle . N o m aker 's m arks , b ut p robably c . 1 620-40. S tem B ore -7/64" . N MAS N Q 1 43.

2 .

B owl o f s mall p ipe , w ith b asal c astle s tamp . B owl i s s lightly l ess b ulbous t han n o . 1 , b ut h as d istinctive o verhang . c . 1 620-40 . N MAS N Q 1 82.

3 .

S imilar b awl t o n o . 2 , w ith f ine b asal s tamp , a gain o f a c astle . 1 620-40. O ffset m illing . S tem B ore -7/64" . N MAS N Q 5 38.

4 .

T he t rend t owards a f rontal o verhang o n t he b owl c ontinues i n t his e xample , a gain w ith a c astle s tamp o n t he b ase . c . 1 620-40 . S tem B ore -7/64" .

5 .

N MAS N Q 18.

Much m ore b ulbous b owl, f ine m illing , b asal s tamp . N ote t he s imilarity i n s hape w ith t he n ext f our p ipes . c . 1 620-40 . S tem B ore -7/64" .

6 .

c .

B owl

o f s quat ,

E SM B F . b arrel-shaped p ipe ,

B anks o f E dinburgh .

c . 1 620-40.

c arrying t he i nitials o f W illiam

N MAS N Q 5 26-5.

7 .

S imilar t o t he a bove .

8 .

B y t he s ame m aker , 24. 2

9 .

A gain , s imilar t o t he l ast , b ut r etaining m ore o f a n o verhang a t t he f ront o f t he b owl . c . 1 620-40 . B asal c astle s tamp . L etters r eversed .

1 0.

P ipe ,

b ut b ecoming l ess b ulbous .

c . 1 620-40 .

N AMS N Q

E SM A K .

p robably o f W illiam B anks .

S tem B ore -3/32" . 1.

N MAS N Q 2 90-8.

C arries b asal s tamp .

A nother o f t he s ame , t he b owls b ecoming l onger n ow . S tem B ore -7/64" .

c . 1 620-40 .

N MAS N Q 4 47. c . 1 630-50 .

E SM C I.

1 2.

A s w ith n o . 1 1, w ith s traighter s ides , b awl . c . 1 620-50 . N MAS N Q 2 91-2 .

1 3.

B owl w ith i nitials o f W illiam B anks , b asal s tamp o f c astle , c . 1 6305 0 . S tem B ore -3/32" . N AMS N Q 2 23 .

1 6

b ut r etaining f orward t ilt o f

1 2

F ig.

2

Edinburgh typology,

1 3

nos.

1 7

6-13

1 4.

L arger c apacity b owl b y W illiam B anks o f E dinburgh , w ith c rude m illing a t t he r im . P ronounced o verhang a t t he f ront o f t he b owl . 6 0 . S tem B ore -7/64" . S C 7 7 ( 043) .

1 5.

B owl b y W illiam B anks , f ront o f

1 6.

t he b owl .

w ith b asal

V ery s imilar t o t he l ast , o f t he b awl N Q 7 8.

1 7.

B owl

E SM F M .

c .

1 640-60 .

S tem B ore -3/32" .

N MAS

S tem B ore -

N MAS N Q 14. b owl,

l arger c apacity .

w ith

c .

s tamp

1 660-80 .

o f

c astle

o n b ase .

c ontinues .

c .

1 660-80 .

B ulbous ,

w ith

S ELKIRK M USEUM 7 .

S imilar t o n o . 1 8, w ithout b asal s tamp .

2 0,21.

o verhang a t t he

w ith p ronounced " chinning" e ffect a t f ront

a bove t he b ase .

W illiam B anks

1 9.

G raceful

S tem B ore -3/32" .

o f p ipe b y W illiam B anks o f E dinburgh , c . 1 650-70 .

3 /32". 1 8.

s tamp .

c . 1 640-60 .

c . 1 630-

S tem B ore

T rend t owards w ide b owl

-3/32" .

N MAS H 2 1 .

B oth p ipes a re s imilar t o n o . 1 9 , s ave t hat n o . 2 1 h as s mall s tep a t f ront o f b owl a t t he b ase .

c .

1 660-80 .

N MAS N Q 2 04 , N MAS H 5 7 .

T he f ollowing f ive p ipes a ll c arry t he r elief i nitials " WY" . E dinburgh a re k nown o f w hom

c ould

W illiam Y oung a nd W alter Y oung ,

h ave

p roduced

t hese

T wo m akers i n

b owls .

T hey

a re

t he f ormer b eing a ctive i n t he m iddle y ears

o f t he 1 7th c entury , t he l atter i n t he l ater c entury . T he b owl f orms s hown h ere a re c onsistent w ith t his , b eing t ypologically s imilar t o t ypes p roduced f rom c . 1 650 t o c . 1 730 . m aker ,

a lthough t he

T he b owls m ay t hus h ave b een p roduced b y e ither

l ater b awls

a re m ore

l ikely t o h ave b een t he w ork o f

W alter Y oung . 2 2.

B owl, p robably b y W illiam Y oung,

c . 1 650-70 .

S tem B ore -3/32" .

N MAS N Q 1 86. 2 3.

Another o f t he s ame, c . 1 650-70 .

P ronounced f orward t ilt t o b owl.

N MAS N Q 1 84. 2 4.

B owl,

b y e ither W illiam o f W alter Y oung ,

1 /8" .

N MAS N Q 2 91.

2 5.

A nother o f t he s ame, c .

2 6.

L arge , c .

u pright b awl

1 700-1730.

1 660-90.

o f p ipe ,

c . 1 660-90 .

S tem B ore

E HS G E.

p robably b y W alter Y oung

S tem B ore -3/32" .

N MAS

o f E dinburgh .

N o n umber .

T he f ollowing s equence o f s even p ipes t akes i n t he p eriod f rom c . 1 670 t o c . 1 740 .

F our o f t hese c arry r elief i nitials o n t he s ides o f t he h eels ,

t hese a re t he l ater p ipes i n t he s equence . c astle o nly .

s tamps .

T he

f irst

t hree

i n

t he

s equence h ave

b asal

m arks

T wo o f t hese h ave t hree-letter m arks d enoting t he m akers ' i nitials

a nd t he p lace o f m anufacture . m akers '

p ipes

a nd

T wo o f t hese c arry b asal

i nitials

O ne o nly h as a b asal c astle s tamp w ith t he

i ncorporated i n t he s tamp .

I t

i s

l ikely

t hat

t he p ipes

a re t he w ork o f P atrick C rawford o f E dinburgh , a nd o f h is w ife , w ho c arried o n t he b usiness a fter h is d eath .

1 8

1 5

, \ J F ig.

3

Edinburgh typology,

nos.

1 9

1 4-21

2 4

F ig.

4

Edinburgh typology,

nos.

2 0

2 2-26

2 7

2 9 3 0

/ ? 0

F ig.

5

3 1

Edinburgh typology,

L3

nos.

2 1

2 7-33

2 7.

B owl o f p ipe , w ith t hree-letter b asal i ncuse s tamp , " PC" a bove t he r . V ery g raceful o verhung b awl, c . 1 670-80 . S tem B ore l etter I 3 /32" .

N MAS N Q 2 90 .

2 8 .

P ipe b owl w ith b asal c astle s tamp i ncorporating t he i nitials "K" . P robably t he w ork o f P atrick C rawford o f E dinburgh , c . 1 660-80. E TC 4 .

2 9.

P ipe b earing

t he b asal

t hree-letter m ark " PC" a bove

p robably d enoting L eith a s 3 /32" . E HS F C.

2 ' , l etter 1

t he

t he p lace o f m anufacture .

S tem B ore -

3 0.

B owl o f p ipe , w ith r elief h eel s ide i nitials " PC" . S tem B ore -7/64" . N MAS N o n umber

3 1.

S imilar t o t he l ast p ipe , b ut r ather m ore u pright a nd s traight-sided . B asal c astle s tamp . c . 1 670-1700. S tem B ore -7/64". N MAS N Q 5 87.

3 2.

B owl w ith i nitials " PC" o n h eel s ides, c . 1 690-1720.

3. 3

A s n o .

3 2 ,

b ut m ore u pright , w ith b asal s tamp .

B ore -3/32" .

c . 1 670-90 .

N MAS N Q 9 8.

c . 1 700-1740 .

S tem

C R 7 6 B 2

T he f inal s equence o f p ipes c oncerns t he 1 9th a nd e arly 2 0th c enturies . I n t his p eriod , r ationalisation o f t he i ndustry a nd t he c entralisation o f m ould-making g ave r ise t o f ewer l ocal d istinctions i n t erms o f b owl s hape a nd s ize . V ery l arge r anges o f d ecoration w ere i ntroduced , a nd e xamples o f t his c an b e s een i n n o . 3 6 a nd 3 7 . I n l ater S cottish p ipes, m akers p ut t heir n ames o n t he s ides o f t he p ipe s tems , f or d ecoration .

c . 1 810-40 .

t ending t o l eave t he b owls f ree

3 4.

S purred s mall b owl , N Q 5 25-8.

3 5.

L arge , c rude b owl o f p ipe w ith h eavy s pur , 1 /8" . N MAS H 9 3.

3 6.37. T wo d ecorated p ipes , c . 1 820-60 . N Q 5 28-12, N MAS N Q 1 0. 3 8.

B owl , u pright, c . 1 850-1900.

c f O swald 1 975 G en . T ype 2 4 .

c . 1 820-80 .

B oth s purred ,

N MAS

S tem B ore -

t hin w alled .

c f O swald 1 975 G en . T ype 2 9.

N MAS

N MAS H 1 3.

3 9, 4 0 , 4 1 . L arge , t hick w alled p ipe b awls o f t he l ate 1 9th a nd e arly 2 0th c entury . Very n arrow s tems, w ith b ores o f c . 1 /16" . NMAS H 6 , 8 , 1 5. 4 2.

S tem o f n o . 3 4, 1 832-76.

c arrying t he m ark o f T . W hyte & C o . E dinburgh .

4 3.

S tem o f n o . 3 5,

c arrying t he s tamped n ame o f W illiam C hristie o f

L eith .

c .

c . 1 880.

4. 4

S tem o f n o . 3 6 , w ith t he s tamped n ame o f T hos . W hyte & C o" o bverse o bscured , b ut p robably r eads E dinburgh .

4 5.

S tem

o f

n o .

3 7,

w ith

p artly

2 2

o bscured

s tamp

o f

W hos .

s tamp o n

W hyte

o f

3 7

3 6

4 1

F ig.

6

Edinburgh typology,

nos.

2 3

3 4-41

< 1 1 d i Nvws : 2 c

32( -7 _ 1 2 .1 o 31 . i t y 4 2

>

4 3

1 /

L i rg !

r

ea w ,r 4 4 7 fg

4 5 4 4

. ° 1L 1 : 1, £ 7 1 1 — fTI V< ET 4 7 t m 12111 . 1 112 , .

v g-3 77-D 0 )

4 6 -Q

U We i 4 9

T I N ] ) ?N J

F ig.

7

Edinburgh

4 8

stem marks,

nos.

2 4

4 2-49

E dinburgh , c . 1 832-76. 4 6.

S tem o f n o . 1 850-90.

3 8 ,

w ith s tamp o f W m .

C hristie o f L eith

( Edinburgh ) .

4 7.

S tem o f n o . 3 9, w ith s tamp o f Wm . C hristie o f L eith ,

c .

c . l ate 1 9th

c entury , e arly 2 0th c entury . 4 8,49. S tems o f n os . 4 8, 4 9.

A s n o . 4 7, s imilar d ate .

S OURCES C ONSULTED A T T HE S COTTISH R ECORD O FFICE, E DINBURGH R egister o f S asines: D avid S inclair

9 th A ugust 1 810

W illiam W hite

5 th A pril 1 816

T homas W hite

1 8th F ebruary 1 829

T rustees o f T homas W hite

1 2th J uly 1 847

S equestrations: 8 C S 3 18/ 9 /2 8

G eorge S wan

1 864

C S 3 18/13/388

T homas W hite

1 870

N o d ocumentation s urvives 1 815.

f rom D avid S inclair 's s equestration o f

W ills a nd I nventories: S C 7 0/67/608

I nventory o f T homas W hite 1 9th M arch 1 847

S c 7 0/4/3

W ill o f T homas W hite

1 7th M arch 1 847.

A BBREVIATIONS U SED F OR P IPE C OLLECTIONS N MAS -N ational M useum o f A ntiquities o f S cotland . E SM

-E dinburgh S t . M ary 'a .

E NS

-E dinburgh H igh S treet.

A t L ady S tair 's H ouse , E dinburgh .

E TC - Edinburgh T ron C hurch . S C

- Scalloway .

C R . - Cramond .

t

A t N MAS. A t L ady S tair 's H ouse M useum , E dinburgh .

2 5

1 :3

T HOMAS W HITE,

T OBACCO P IPE M ANUFACTURER O F C ANONGATE, E DINBURGH . D .B . G allagher .

I ntroduction . E dinburgh

w as

a m ajor

p ipemaking

c entre

t hroughout

s eventeenth c entury b ut a fter 1 710 t he i ndustry d eclined ,

m ost

o f

t he

t here h as b een n o

r eference t o p ipemaking i n t he c ity t raced f rom t hat d ate t o t he b eginning o f t he n ineteenth c entury .

T he p resent p aper d eals w ith a m ajor a spect o f

t he i ndustry 's g rowth a fter 1 800 :

t he f ormation o f aw orkshop a t B ig J ack 's

C lose a nd t he p rincipal m aker a ssociated w ith i t, T homas W hite.

B ig J ack 's C lose. I n 1 800 D avid S inclair w as m anufacturer

i n B roughton

l isted i n t he E dinburgh d irectory a s a p ipe

( Aitchison

n orth o f E dinburgh H igh S treet ;

1 800) .

B roughton

i s

s ituated

1 k m

i t i s n ow a p art o f t he c ity c entre b ut i n

1 800 w as a v illage d eatched f rom E dinburgh .

S inclair m oved

i n 1 810

f rom

B roughton t o B ig J ack 's C lose , a l ane o ff t he n orth s ide o f t he C anongate , t he e astern e xtension o f E dinburgh 's H igh S treet T here h e b ought ' area o f g round

o r

g arden '

w here h e

s et

u p a w orkshop

f or p ipemaking

( SRO

S asine) .

I t i s n ot k nown i f S inclair h as a ny c onnection w ith t he D avid S inclair w ho a ppears S inclair ,

i n

t he

Glasgow

t rade

d irectories

d uring

t he

p eriod,

1 803-6 .

f or r easons u nknown , w as d eclared b ankrupt i n 1 815 ( SRO 1 M cNeill

S 1 9/5) . T he p roperty i n B ig J ack 's C lose w as p urchased o n 5 th A pril 1 816 b y a nother p ipemaker , W illiam W hite o f G lasgow , w ho h ad b een a ctive a s a m aker i n G lasgow f rom a t l east 1 806 a nd w hose b usiness w as t o c ontinue t here u ntil

1 955 .

H e w as

r epresented

a t

t he

s ale

b y

a n E dinburgh

J ames M eadowcroft , w ho m ay h ave a cted i nitially a s am anager . p robably ( 1923 , t he

t ook

2 43)

1 825

o ver

t he m anagement

d irectory T homas W hite

t ransfer o f

t he w orkshop ,

T homas b ought

W hite

a ppeared

p resumably B ig J ack 's

f or

s tated

b y F lem ing

t he

f irst

t ime

I n a s

a n

r enting t he p roperty f rom W illiam C lose

o n

1 7th F ebruary

1 829 ,

t he

l and b eing e xpressed i n t raditional m anner b y ' the d elivery t o

t he s aid T homas W hite p ersonally o f e arth a nd g round o f

a s

i n a v ague r eference w hich g ives n o i ndication o f d ate .

i ndependent m anufacturer , W hite .

o f

p ipemaker ,

T homas W hite

t he s aid s ubject ' ( SRO S asine) .

s tone

o f

a nd u pon t he s aid

T he l and w as 7 3 f eet ( 22 .25m ) i n

l ength f rom n orth t o s outh a nd o f i rregular w idth .

I t w as e ntered b y m eans

o f a l arge g ate f rom t he C anongate .

T homas W hite. T homas W hite h ad b oth h is h ome a nd w orkshop i n B ig J ack 's C lose , t he b usiness was t o c ontinue u ntil 1 867.

w here

H e w as t he m ost p rominent o f

n ineteenth c entury E dinburgh p ipemakers a nd t he o nly o ne w ho w as p rosperous e nough t o q ualify a s a v oter i n t he v oters

i n E dinburgh ,

1 832) .

F leming , w riting i n 1 923 ,

1 832

e lection

T he r eputation o f h is

( Register o f

q ualified

p roducts w as s uch t hat

c laimed t hat ' in t he e ast o f S cotland i t i s s till

2 6

n ot u nusual t o h ear a c ustomer e nter a t obacconist s hop a nd d emand a ' Tam W hite ' m eaning a c lay p ipe ' ( Fleming 1 923, 2 43) . H e m ay h ave b een t he o riginator o f t he T W s tamp f ound o n t he b acks o f m any S cottish b owls ( Lawson , 1 976 , 2 25) . T W p ipes w ere p roduced b y a ll t he m ajor S cottish p ipe m anufacturers , W illiam W hite a nd M cDougall o f G lasgow e ach p roduced t hree d ifferent v arieties o f t his t ype , a s l isted i n t heir p rice l ists o f 1 900 . F leming ( 1923, 2 44) a lso c laimed t hat T homas C arlyle w as a c ustomer o f T homas W hite , c iting a l etter w ritten b y t he p hilosopher o n 1 3th A pril 1 840 , w hich i ncluded t he f ollowing r equest . ' Down i n t he C anongate n ot f ar f rom J ohn K nox 's H ouse t here u sed t o d well , a nd l abour t he e m inent P ipe-maker T homas W hite . H e , v ery p robably i s n o l onger a live ; b ut h is r epresentatives, h is m anufactory , m ust s till b e t here , a nd p ipes o f t he s ame e minent f abric . T he k ind o f p ipes I w as w ont t o g et w ere h is b est, a nd b iggest ; 3 s . 6 d ag ross . s olicit o f y ou? '

Y ou n ow s ee c learly w hat i t i s t hat I

C arlyle w as f ortunate , f or T homas W hite d id n ot d ie u ntil 2 6th F ebruary 1 847, a ged 8 0 y ears . H is t ombstone s till s tands i n C anongate c hurchyard . T he i nventory o f h is w ill ( SRO S C70/67/608) g ives t he v alue o f h is e state a s £ 1985 , w ith a l ist o f d ebtors t hat i ndicates a b usiness c oncentrated o n s outh-east S cotland . I n h is w ill ( SRO S C70/4/3) h is w idow , I sabella , r eceived t he m oveable h ousehold e state a nd h e l eft £ 250 t o : I l lu nas W hite T obacco P ipe M anufacturer i n E dinburgh m y o nly s oe ( wh x ) ) h as w rought i n m y s ervice a nd m anufactory f or u pwards o f s eventeen y ears p ast a nd d uring t hat p eriod h as n ot r ecovered a ny m oney , w ages. f or h is s ervices e xcepting b eing m aintained a t B ed a nd B oard a nd p rovided i n w ashing a nd c lothing a nd c onsidering i t j ust a nd p roper t hat h e s hould r eceive- a n a dequate r enumeration f or h is s aid s ervice ' .

H is s on , T homas , w as a lso r equired ' to u se a nd o ccupy m y w orkshop ' o n p ayment o f ah alf y early r ent t o b e f ixed b y t he t rustee o f t he e state . T he s on d id n ot e njoy h is n ew-found i ndependence f or l ong f or h e d ied l ess t han f ive y ears l ater , o n 7 th D ecember 1 851 . T he t rustees b ecame t he l egal o wners o f t he B ig J ack 's C lose p roperty i n 1 847, f ollowing W hite 's d eath , a nd t he b usiness c ontinued t o o perate a s T homas W hite a nd C ompany . T he s ole p artner o f t he c ompany a ppears t o h ave b een a p erson n amed G eorge S wan . T he f inal y ears i nvolved c hanges o f p remises a nd f inancial p roblems . T he b usiness m oved f rom B ig J ack 's C lose i n c irca 1 867 t o t he n earby B akehouse C lose , 1 46 C anongate . I ts f inal a ddress f or t he y ears 1 868-70 i s g iven i n t he d irectories a s 8 7 C anongate . G eorge S wan , a s s ole p artner , w as i nvolved i n s equestration p roceedings i n 1 864 ( SRO C S318/9/288) a nd a gain i n 1 870, w hen t he c ompany w as f inally d eclared b ankrupt ( SRO C S31 8 /13 /388). T his g radual d ecline a nd e ventual b ankruptcy r esulted i n t he d ispersal o f t he s killed p ipemakers w ho h ad b een W hite 's e mployees . S everal p ipemakers, a s w ell a s T homas W hite , l ived i n B ig J ack 's C lose . T he v aluation r oll o f C anongate p arish f or 1 857-8 s hows t hat t he p ipemakers

2 7

W illiam R ichmond , J ohn H enderson , J ohn D avies , J ohn B egg a nd T homas L owrie e ach r ented a h ouse i n t he c lose f rom T homas W hite 's t rustees a nd p resumably w ere , o r h ad b een , e mployees o f t hat c ompany . S everal o f t his g roup w ere t o s et t hemselves u p i n b usiness a s i ndependent m akers s ubsequent t o t he f ailure o f T homas W hite a nd C ompany . W illiam R ichmond, a lthough h e r etained a s trong E dinburgh c onnection , h ad e stablished a b usiness i n D unfermline ( Norgate 1 980 , 3 ) . J ohn B egg a ppears a s a m aker i n E dinburgh f rom 1 867 a nd T homas L owrie i n 1 893 . T he B akehouse C lose w orkshop w as t aken o ver b y S mith a nd H enderson i n 1 871 . B ig J ack 's C lose c ontinued i ts a ssociation w ith p ipemaking a s t he h ome o f T homas C raigdallie , p ipeclay m anufacturer , w ho o ccupied t hat a ddress f rom 1 873 t o 1 897 w hen t hey t oo m oved t o B akehouse C lose .

2 8

1 :4 E DINBURGH P IPEMAKERS: p re 1 800. D .B . G allagher A IKEN

A lexander

1 680

A RTHUR

W illiam

1 664

m . 1 680 ( Paton 1 905,11) H earth T ax 1 680 E dinburgh P .R .

B ALK

J ohn

1 668

( d)

E dinburgh P .R . ( b . o f d aughter)

B ANKS

D avid

1 705-6

S . L eith P .R . ( d . o f c hildren)

B ANKS

J ohn

1 658-9

C anongate P .R . ( b . o f c hildren)

B ANKS

T homas

1 649-61

B ANKS

W illiam

1 622-59

B ELL

S tephen

1 649

C ALDER

R ichard

1 642

R PC V II,

C LISK

A lexander

1 699

D arien P apers

C RAWFORD

P atrick

1 671-82

P .R . E dinburgh w itness 1 682

D ONALDSON

J ohn

1 685

P .R . E dinburgh ( b . o f s on)

E LIOT

A lexander

1 639

A PS V , 6 00

G ALLOWAY

A lexander

1 676

E dinburgh P .R .

3 42

( b . a nd d . o f c hild). G ILMOUR

A rchibald

1 673

m .

G LEN

J ames

1 730

m .

A lexander

( Tranent) 1 666

E dinburgh P .R .

L OGIE

( Paton 1 905,265)

( b . o f s on) ( LOILLOCKS) J ohn

1 650

S . L eith P .R . ( b . o f d aughter)

M ONTGOMERIE D avid P ATERSON

R obert

1 696 ( Tranent) 1 695-1720

2 9

D arien P apers d .1720 ( P.R . S . L eith)

R AMSAY

J ohn

S MITH R obert

1 667

A prenticeship

162-3

E dinburgh P .R . ( b .

o f c hildren)

T HOMSON

P atrick

p re 1 705

S . L eith P .R .

W EMYSS

J ean

1 696-99

m .

( d . o f w idow)

t o P . C rawford 1 685

( St. C uthbert's P .R .); 1 696-99 D arien P apers Y OUNG

W alter

1 690

m .

Y OUNG

W illiam

1 653-70

d .1670

A BBREVIATIONS A PS

A cts o f P arliament o f S cotland

D .

D irectories

P .R .

P arish R egisters

R PC

R egister o f t he P rivy C ouncil o f S cotland

3 0

( Paton 1 905, 7 68)

N INETEENTH A ND T WENTIETH C ENTURY E DINBURGH P IPEMAKERS U nless o therwise s tated, a ll t he i nformation h ere c omes f rom d irectories.

B EGG J ohn

1 867-1870

B EGG T homas & C o

1 871-1873

1G lover S treet, L eith W alk 1V iew P lace, G lover S treet, L eith W alk

B EGG J & C o

1 873-1888

1V iew P lace, G lover S treet, L eith W alk

B EGG T homas

1 880-1882

2 0 S t A ndrew S treet L eith

B EGG E dward

B LAND C harles

B RYCE J ames

1 887-1889

6S torrie's A lley , K irkgate, L eith

1 886-1887

C lyde S treet

1 888-1891

3 5 C anongate

1 875

W orkshop a t 2 3 F ox S treet, L eith ( Valuation r oll,

C HRISTIE W illiam

C LARK J ohn C OCHRANE T homas

1 875-6)

1 895-

1 02 P leasance

1 901-

2S t A nthony's L ane, L eith

1 911-1962

7S t A nthony 's L ane, L eith

1 800

M ary's S quare , L eith

1 869-

5 47 C astle H ill

1 897-1902

2 0 W est N icholson S treet

C OCHRANE J ohn

1 900

2 0 W est N icholson S treet

C OCKBURN G eorge

1 878-1886

6S torrie's A lley, K irkgate , L eith

C OCKBURN T homas

c .

1 881

C OCKBURN G eorge

1 911-1913

1 06 G iles S treet, L eith

C RAIGDALLIE T homas

1 873-1897

25 C anongate, 2

1 897

1 46 C anongate

C RAIGDALLIE & W HITE

1 874-1880

2 7 S outh N orton P lace

t hen b eomes W hite

1 874-1880

T &C o D ONALDSON A l . ,x ander

1 858-1866

N orton P lace

D ONALDSON M rs A

1 867

N orton P lace

3 1

( Big J ack 's C lose)

D ONALDSON J ames

1 868-1870 1 871-1877

M orton S treet, L eith 6 S torrie 's A lley , K irkgate , L eith

D ONALDSON W illiam

1 833-1867

D UNCAN J ames D UNCAN J ohn I

1 817-1821 1 824-1832 1 8331838

D UNCAN M rs. J ohn

1 839-1840

D UNCAN J ohn I I

1 849-1852 1 853-1856 1 8571861

C rown S treet, L eith W hitefield P lace Brown 's E ntry , L eith W alk

D UNCAN R obert

1 824-1826

C aledonian P ipeM anufactory , C rown S treet D uke S treet

1 4 M orton S treet, L eith 2 7 Y ardheads, L eith D uke S treet , n ear L eith L inks 90 G iles S treet, L eith 9 0 G iles S treet, L eith

1 827-1832 D UNCAN T homas

1 837

2 8 C rown S treet, L eith

D UNCAN G eorge

1 836-1865

1 4 C oburg S treet, L eith

H ALL R alph & S on

1 868-1870

1W est N orton P lace

H UNTER W illiam

1 910-1914

E clipse W orks, Craighall C rescent P ipe m ould m arked ' J L EES & C o E DIN ' i n H untly H ouse M useum , E dinburgh ( HH4283/398/80).

L EES J

L OWRIE T homas

1 893-

6 S torrie 's A lley , K irkgate , L eith 2 S torrie 's A lley , K irkgate , 2 L eith

1 897-1898

M cCALL G eorge & S on

1 895-1896

4S outh D rum P lace P ipe m ould m arked ' J M ACINTOSH/

M ACINTOSH J

E DINBURGH ' i n H untly H ouse M useum ( HH4283/398/80). 1 8621 867-

6 8 H igh S treet 8 S t. J ohn 's H ill , Pleasance

1 8871 8891893

2 G reenside P lace 2 8 S t J ohn 's H ill

M ACKENZIE J ohn I I

1 8681 875 1 8771 888-1895

S outh N orton P lace 3 H ill S quare 12 H ill S quare 146 C anongate

M ACKENZIE T homas C

1 893-

M ACKENZIE J ohn I

8S t. J ohn 's H ill , P leasance 4 S t J ohn 's H ill 49 S outh B ack , C anongate

1 9051 913-1915

3 2

M ATHIESON/MATHESON

1876-1886

Beaverbank P lace

M urdoch M ILLER J ohn

P YE & R OBERTSON

1 838 1 839-1840

L eith W alk

1 876-1840

1 01 H igh S treet

T imber B ush , L eith

829-1833 R ATTRAY W illiam & C o 1

B rown 's E ntry , L eith W alk

R ATTRAY P C & C o

1 8331838

B rown 's E ntry , L eith W alk

R ATTRAY T homas

1 843-1846

9 0 G iles S treet, L eith

R ICHMOND W illiam &

1 885-1886

1 46 C anongate

1 887-1898

K irkgate , L eith

R OBERTSON A rchibald

1 889-1890

1W est N orton P lace

S INCLAIR D avid

1 7971810 1 810-1815

B roughton B ig J ack 's C lose, C anongate

S INCLAIR J ohn

1 8041806

B roughton

C o .

1 871-1884

1 46 C anongate

1 885 1 8861 8921 895-

9 P leasance 9 2 1 C rosscauseway 9 4 N orth B ack , C anongate 6 -10 C alton R oad

1 899-1906

3 62b L eith W alk , L eith

1 907-1935

2 4 M ontrose T errace

S MITH J ames

1 882

1C lyde S treet

S WAN W iliams

1 868

5 47 L awnmarket

S WANEY W illiam

1 8761 883878 1 889-

6M errilees C lose , L eith 1 07 G iles S treet, L eith 1 4 G iles S treet, L eith W INTON & S WANEY, S torries A lley , I rkgate , L eith

S MITH , H ENDERSON &C O

S MITH , H ENDERSON B ROTHERS

W ARD C harles

1830-1836

W HITE T homas I

1 825-1847

W HITE T homas I I

1847-1851

B onnington R oad , L eith B ig J ack 's C lose , C anongate T homas W hite d ies i n 1 847 B ig J ack 's C lose , C anongate S on o f T homas W hite I , h e c ontinued o perating t he p ipe f actory u ntil h is o wn d eath i n 1 851.

3 3

W HITE T homas & C o

1 825-1867

B ig J ack 's C lose, C anongate

1 868

8 7 C anongate

1 870

C ompany d eclared b ankrupt. T he b usiness w as r un b y T homas W hite I a nd w as c ontinued a fter h is d eath b y h is t rustees.

W ILSON P eter

W INTON J ames

1 847-1886 1 8831902

4 3/45 Y ardheads 18 K irkgate , L eith

1 889

W INTON & S WANEY

1 889-1893

S torrie 's A lley , K irkgate , L eith

W INTON J ohn

1 8891 899-1910

15 G iles S treet, L eith B allantyne R oad , G reat J unction S treet, L eith

W INTON P eter

1 874-1875

3 5 Y ardheads, L eith

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS D .B .

G allagher

i nstitutions

f or

w ould

l ike

t heir h elp :

t o

t hank

E dinburgh

t he

s taff

o f

C ity A rchives ;

t he

f ollowing

E dinburgh R oom ,

E dinburgh L ibrary ; G lasgow U niversity L ibrary ; t he N ational L ibrary o f S cotland ; N ew R egister H ouse, E dinburgh ; t he S cottish R ecord O ffice, E dinburgh ; a nd a ll t hose w ho h ave a ssisted h is w ork , e specially D avid C aldwell H olmes

o f o f

t he N ational Museum o f A ntiquities E dinburgh

C ity Museums

e ncouragement.

3 4

f or

t heir

i n S cotland a ndf N icholas c ontinual

n terest

a nd

2 :1

T OBACCO P IPEMAKING I N G LASGOW ,

1 667-1967

D . B . G allagher

S EVENTEENTH A ND E IGHTEENTH C ENTURIES I ntroduction ' From t hence t o t he t ownehouse w e r esolve t o g oe T he P rovost a nd h is f reinds w ill h ave i t s ee . A nd u p w e c limBe f ive s tores h igh I t hinke , O nely t o b e m ade b urgesses a nd d rinke , A nd b eing i n t he m iddle r egion t here A b anquet o n t he t aBle d id a ppear , P ipes a nd t obacco i n l arge d ishes s ett A mongst t he f ruit a nd s weetmeats w hich a s y et W as n ever s een b efore ....' T his a ccount

o f a r eception o f 1 641

( Frith 1 904 ,

2 79) d emonstrates

t he

p ride a nd a ffluence o f G lasgow i n t he s eventeenth c entury , a r apidly g rowing c ity n oted f or i ts m ercantile e nterprise a nd i ts f ine n ew b uildings . R ay i n c .

1 662

d escribed i t a s

a nd w ell b uilt ,

c rosswise ,

' the s econd c ity o f S cotland ,

f air ,

J ohn l arge ,

s omewhat l ike u nto O xford , t he s treets v ery b road

a nd p leasant ' ( Brown 1 891, 2 37) . T he c ity w as r elatively f ree f rom d isturbances d uring t he c ivil w ar a nd f lourished d uring t he s ubsequent g eneral r evival i n t rade o f c .

1 660-1688 ( Smout 1 960 a nd 1 963).

T his p ost C ivil W ar p eriod s aw t he b eginning o f t he p ipemaking i n G lasgow . P ipes h ad c ertainly b een p opular e arlier , a s c an b e s een f rom t he 1 641 r eception q uoted a bove . T hese w ere p robably s upplied f rom E dinburgh , w hich w as t hen d ominated b y t he m onopoly o f W illiam B anks, o r t he N etherlands . c omm .

B .

D utch p ipes h ave b een f ound i n e xcavations i n G lasgow ( pers .

K err)

a nd

i n

( Hunterian Museum) . p robably

t hat

i n

t he

l arge

q uantities

f rom n earby D umbarton C astle

T he e arliest r eference t o am aker i n G lasgow i s B urgh R ecords

f or

2 8th

S eptember

1 667

c oncerning

a

c omplaint ' given i n b e s undrie n ighbouris i n S altmercat s treit a nent t hat h ous s ett u p b y A lexander M cKinnie f or d rying h is p yps ' ( Marwick 1 905, 9 7) . A t l east t wo o ther m akers w ere w orking i n G lasgow i n 1 667 f or o n 1 5th F ebruary 1 668 J ames C olquhoun , ' pipemaker i n Glasgow ', a nd o ne W atson , p robably A lexander W atson ,

a ppeared i n a c ase b efore t he C ourt o f S ession .

C olquhoun h ad b een g ranted e xclusive r ights t o d ig c lay f or p ipes o n t he l ands o f L umloch ( NS 6 369, a bout 7 k m N E o f G lasgow ) b y t he o wner , G eorge B lair . L ater t he t enants g ranted a l icence t o W atson a llowing h im t o d o t he s ame,

i n t his h e w as s upported b y t he l andowner .

C olquhoun s ued

W atson ' for i ntrusion ' , a nd t o d esist f rom m eddling w ith a ny c lay t here ,

a nd

f or p aying t he v alue o f w hat h e h ad m eddled w ith ' . T he C ourt o f S ession t o r ejected W at n 's d efence a nd p ronounced t hat a ny m ineral r ight l ay w ith t he o wner o f t he l and , n ot w ith t he t enants, a nd t hus t hey h eld a s v alid t he e xclusive l icence g ranted t o C olquhoun ( Stair 1 683,

I ,

5 27 ;

Morison ,

1 811,

1 52-53) . T his c ase s et t he p recedent i n S cottish l aw t hat ' p ipeclay w as h eld t o b e e xcluded f rom a l ease o f l ands w here t here w as n o p ower t o w in i t ' ( Wark 1 930, X ,

1 2) .

3 5

Du mbarton

K irk intilo l ch °

0 P ort G lasgow

L um loch

l Y ) o

G lasgow

P a is ley

m i les

> f ,

\ 11 \ \) 4 t i g ,

K irk ( Cathedra l)

1( 1 :

G reyfr iar 's P ort

H igh Galow mu ir l

G a nein g

F ig.

1

G lasgow

i n the

Ca lton

s eventeenth century

3 6

D ru mpel lier

B urgh e ncouragement o f p ipemaking . A s a r esult o f t he a bove c ase o f C olquhoun v . W atson t he b urgesses o f G lasgow r ealised t hat , w ith p ermission f rom t he t own c ouncil , t hey c ould e xploit t he c lay u nder t he b urgh l ands r egardless o f t he w ishes o f e xisting t enants . T his w as p articularly t empting o n t he c lay r ich l ands o f t he B arony o f P rovan , t o t he i mmediate e ast o f G lasgow , w hich w ere a cquired b y t he t own i n 1 667 ( Marwick 1 896 , 1 20) . A lexander W atson w as f avoured o n 2 4th O ctober 1 668 w hen t he t own c ouncil g ranted h im t he l iberty o f ab urgess i n h is l ifetime ' for t he b etter f reidome o f e xerceing h is t red a nd c alling ' o f p ipemaking . S hortly a fterwards t here f ollowed a c luster o f r equests f or p ermission t o d ig c lay . O n 3 rd D ecember 1 670 W illiam S tirling , am erchant a nd b urgess , a sked f or p ermission t o d o s o ' for t he m aking o f p yps ' a nd w as g ranted t he r ight:

-to d ig c lay f or t he u se f orsaid i n a ny p airt o f t he s aid t ounes c ommoune l andis , d uring q uat t yme h e p leaseth . h e p aying t o t he t oune s uch r easonable s atisfactione a s t hey s ail t hink c onvenient t o r equyr t herof, a nd s atisfeing t he t ennentis , p ossessouris o f s uch p artis h e s ail d ig c lay i n w ithin t he s aid l andis , f or t he d amage t hey s ail s ustein t hereby , r eserve -and a lways t he l yk l ibertie t o a ny u ther b urgessis o f t his b urgh t o d ig c lay t her , g iving t he l yk s atisfactione t o t he t oune a nd t heir t ennentis , a s a lso s atisfyeing t he s aid W illiam S tirling o f h is p ropertionall e xpensis h e s ail b e a tt i n c leiring t he g rund , i f t hey h appen t o d ig i n t he s ame p lace q uair h e d igs t he s aid c lay a nd s eeking o ut t he s ame , a nd t hat t o s uch a s t he t oune s ail g rant t hat

l ibertie ' ( Marwick 1 905 ,

1 47) .

T he f ollowing w eek T homas M orsoune a nd J ohn B rodridge w ere g ranted t he l iberty t o d ig c lay u nder t he s ame c onditions a s W illiam S tirling ( Marwick 1 905 , 1 48) . J ohn B rodridge w as p robably t he h ammerman o f t hat n ame w ho d uring 1 665-6 w as ' perfecting ' t he c lock a nd c himes ' in B riggait% n o d oubt o n t he s teeple o f t he n ew M erchant 's H all i n t hat s treet ( Marwick 1 905 , 6 5 a nd 6 8) . I n 1 667 h e w as c reated a b urgess ' for s ervice d one ' , b ut i n 1 668 w as d eprived o f t he k eys o f t he c lock f ollowing a g eneral c omplaint c oncerning t he ' misgoverning ' o f t he s ame . I t i s n ot k nown i f M orsoune a nd B rodridge w ere u sing t he c lay f or t he p roduction o f p ipes , S tirling .

a s w as W illiam

A nother p etition w as a nswered b y t he t own c ouncil o n i st O ctober 1 674 i n r esponse t o W illiam H yndshaw , m erchant a nd b urgess . T his w as s lightly m ore s pecific i n t hat i t m entioned t he l ands o f P rovan a nd a lso r equired t he i nfilling o f a ny h oles :

-the s aid m agistratis a nd c ounsell g rantis l ibertie t o t he s aid W illiam H yndshaw t o d ig c lay f or t he u se f orsaid ( the m aking o f t obacco p ipes) i n a ny p airt o f t he t ounes c ommone o r l andis o f P rovand b elonging t o t he t oune q uher h e s ail h appin t o g et t he s ame, h e s atisfieing t he t ennentis a nd p ossessouries o f t heir p airtes t hereof q uher h e s ail d ig i n f or t he d omage t hey s ail s ustein t hereby , a nd f illing u p t he h ollis a gaine s ufficiently w ith e arth ( Marwick 1 905 ,

1 89 .

3 7

I t w as n ot a lways t he c ase t hat s uch h oles w ere b ackfilled i n G lasgow a t t his p eriod . A n a rea e xisted o n G allowmuir , t o t he e ast o f t he t own , t hat w as k nown i n t he e ighteenth c entury a s C layholes . I n 1 754 J ohn F innie , a c ooper , a pplied t o t he t own c ouncil f or p ermission t o r ehabilitate p art o f t hat a rea , ' a l ittle p iece o f g round b elonging t o t he t own w hich h es b een v ery m uch d ugg f or c lay a nd i s n ow o f l ittle u se ( Renwick 1 911, 4 09). J ames C olquhoun . J ames C olquhoun i s t he m ost p rominent n ame i n e arly G lasgow p ipemaking , b ut d ocumentation i s s lightly c onfused b y t he m ultiplicity o f t he s urname . T here w ere t hree p ipemakers c alled J ames C olquhoun o ver t he p eriod 1 668 t o 1 730 , a ll t hree s tood a bove t he c ontemporary p ipemakers b oth i n s ocial r ank a nd i n t he s cale o f t heir p ipemaking o perations.

J ames C olquhoun I . A J ames C olquhoun w as c reated b urgess a nd g uild b rother o n i st A pril 1 658 ; a s t his w as d uring t he C ommonwealth p eriod h e w as r eadmitted o n 2 6th M ay 1 665 ( Anderson 1 925, 2 04) . H e w as v ery a ctive i n t he b urgh , b eing e lected o ne o f t he t hree b aillies o f t he t own c ouncil o n s ix o ccasions b etween 1 659 a nd 1 677 ( Cleland 1 816 , 1 64-166) . H e w as p robably t he J ames C olquhoun , p ipemaker i n G lasgow , w ho w as e ngaged i n a l egal d ispute w ith W atson i n 1 668 , o ver t he r ight t o d ig c lay a t L umloch , w hich w as d iscussed a bove ( Stair 1 683 I , 5 27 ; M orison 1 811, n o . 1 5253) . H e m ay a lso h ave b een m aking p ottery ; F leming 1 923 , 19 q uotes ' an o ld G lasgow r ecord o f 1 668 ' a s s tating t he f ollowing : Ic rave p ermission f rom G lasgow C orporation t o s tart ap ottery . ( signed J ames C olquhoun ) ' . H owever , F leming w as s o i naccurate w ith h is s ources t hat t his c annot b e a ccepted w ithout f urther e vidence . T he G lasgow P rotocal B ook ( SEA B 10 .1 .24) r ecords t he a cquisition o f a t enement o f l and w ith r ear g arden t o t he e ast o f t he H igh S treet b y J ames C olquhoun , f ormer b aillie o f G lasgow , i n J uly 1 668 . A bout t he s ame t ime h e m arried H elen B allie a nd a s a m arriage s ettlement r eceived t he e states o f L angloan a nd D rumpellier i n O ld M onkland p arish , e ast o f G lasgow . ( SRO R S42/4/f .135) , t hus e stablishing h imself a s a l anded g entleman . H e c ontinued t o a cquire p roperty a fter t his d ate , a s asine d ated 6 th F ebruary 1 696 r ecords t he p urchase o f a f ore t enement o n t he n orth s ide o f G allowgate , a long w ith a b ack l and w hich o nce w as a b rewhouse a nd s tables ( SEA B 10 .2 .1) . I n t his d ocument h e i s n amed a s J ames C olquhoun , p ipemaker . a nd f ormer b allie ( ' fabrilignarii d e p lumber e t n uperi b allivi i) J ames C olquhoun I w as n ot l imited s olely t o c eramics i n h is c o mercial v entures . H e a lso h eld a n e ighth s hare i n t he s oapworks w hich w as b eing e rected i n G lasgow i n c irca 1 700 ( SRO B 10/i5/4230) .

J ames C olquhoun I I,

' master o f t he p ipeworks i n G lasgow '.

J ames C olquhoun I I w as b orn c irca 1 654

( Ewing 1 866 ,

5 81) .

H e w as t he

s on o f J ames C olquhoun , m inister o f P enninghame, n ear N ewton S tewart, D umfries a nd G alloway R egion . A l ist o f 1 9th S eptember 1 684 , w hich g ives a ll p arishioners o ver t he a ge o f t welve y ears , s hows t he m inister , N icolas S teward , h is w ife , a nd t wo s ervants ( Scot 1 916 , 5 0) . N o c hildren a ppear , i t i s p ossible t hat t heir s on J ames h ad a lready l eft f or G lasgow b y t his d ate . I n J anuary 1 685 t he m inister w as f orced t o f lee f rom P enninghame i n

3 8

t he f ace o f h ostile f orces , N LS M S 3 012,f .24) .

f rom w hence h e w ent t o I reland ( Scott 1 917 , 3 74 ;

J ames C olquhoun I I m arries B essie S aunders , d aughter o f R obert S aunders , p rinter i n G lasgow . A s asine o f 5 th F ebruary 1 695 r ecords t heir m arriage s ettlement , i n w hich t he p air r eceived t he l ands o f L angloan a nd D rumpellier f rom J ames C olquhoun I , R S42/10).

w ho w as

a c ousin o f J ames C olquhoun I I

( SRO

S hortly a fter t his d ate J ames C olquhoun w as e ngaged i n p ipemaking , f or h is s ignature o n t he a bove d ocument ( SRO R S42/10) i s i dentical t o t hat o n a r eceipt d ated 1 8th J uly 1 699 . T his w as f or 1 09 g ross ' short C aledonia P ipes ' a nd 2 0 g ross l ong p ipes d elivered t o t he C ompany o f S cotland a s p art o f t he s upplies f or t heir s econd e xpedition t o t he c olony o f N ew C aledonia ( NLS M S 8 3 .8 .2) . B y 2 8th May 1 700 C olquhoun h ad r eceived a t otal o f £ 97 .10s . f rom t he c ompany ( NLS M S 8 3 .5 .8) . A n e ntry o f 2 4th A ugust 1 716 i n t he M inute B ook o f S asines o f G lasgow r ecords J ames C olquhoun r eceiving ' a g reat t enement a bove t he c ross a nd a l ittle f orehouse , o pposite t he g reyfrier p ort o n r esignation o f H elen B ailie '

( SRA B 10 .5 .2 ;

S RA B . 10 .4 .8) .

G reyfriars

w est o f t he H igh S treet a bout e quidistant c athedral ( Marwick 1 897, e nd m ap) .

P ort w as

b etween

t he

s ituated c ross

t o

t he

a nd

t he

J ames C olquhoun I I d ied o n t he 2 6th A ugust 1 730 , a ged 7 4 y ears ( Ewing 1 866 , 5 81) . H e d ied i ntestate , i n h is t estament d ative d ated 3 0th J uly 1 731 h e i s d escribed a s ' James C olquhoun o f L anglean , p ipemaker o r m aster o f .631) . a p ipework i n G lasgow ' ( SRO C C9/ 7 /5 f

J ames C olquhoun I II. J ames C olquhoun I II w as t he o nly s on a nd h eir t o J ames C olquhoun I I . H e m arried J anet H erbetson , t he e ldest d aughter o f J ohn H erbertson p rinter i n G lasgow , o n 5 th D ecember 1 722 ( SRO S IG 1 /31/54) . T he M inute B ook o f t he R egister o f S asines o f G lasgow r ecords o n 9 th S eptember 1 730 t he t ransfer t o h im o f t he p roperty h is d eceased f ather a cquired i n 1 716 : % . t o J ames C olquhoun a s h eir t o J ames C olquhoun h is f ather a n t enement o f l and c loses a nd h ouses i n t he s ame w ith w ell a nd y eards a bove t he c ross a lso o f a l aigh f orehouse o pposite t he g rayfriar p ort a lso o f a l arge o rchard n ear t he b acks o f t he s aid h ouse . ( SRO B 10.5.2. a nd B 10.2.14)

J ames C olquhoun I II d id n ot e njoy h is i nheritance f or l ong f or h e d ied o n 1th S eptember 1 730 , s ixteen d ays a fter h is f ather , a s t he r esult o f a n i llness ( SRO C C9/7/53/468) . T he e state w as c laimed b y h is w ife , J anet H erbertson , b ut t his w as c hallenged b y t he t hree s isters o f J ames C olquhoun I o n t he g rounds t hat t he h usband 's i llness h ad r endered h im i ncapable o f I ' sound m emory a nd j udgement ' ( SRO l Currie D al H /2/7) . T he c ourt p ronounced i n f avour o f t he l atter p arties a nd i n 1 733 t he e state p assed t o D avid C olquhoun , c utcher i n L ondon , J anet H erbertson r eceiving a n a nnuity o f 8 00 m arks S cots ( SRO S IG 1 /31/54) . T he l ands w ere l ater p urchased b y t he B uchanan 's, a f amily p rominent a mong t he ' tobacco l ords ' o f G lasgow . D rumpellier w as b ought b y A ndrew B uchanan I i n 1 735 a nd L angleon b y h is s on ,

3 9

J ames

( Devine 1 975 ,

1 78) .

W illiam H yndshaw . T he H yndshaw f am ily w ere e stablished m erchants i n s eventeenth c entury G lasgow , a n e arlier W illiam b eing C ollector o f t he M erchant H ouse i n 1 642 . AW illiam H yndshaw w as c reated a b urgess a nd g uild b rother i n 1 669 ( Anderson 1 925 , 1 86) a nd i n 1 670 p aid a b enefaction o f £ 5-16s t o t he M erchant H ouse f or h is f ather , J ames ( Ewing 1 866 , 5 81) . W illiam H yndshaw 's r equest o f 1 674 t o t he t own c ouncil f or p ermission t o d ig f or c lay f or t obacco p ipes o n t he b urgh l ands h as b een d iscussed a bove ( Marwick 1 905, 1 85) . T he m inutes o f t he t own c ouncil f or 1 9th A ugust 1 693 o rdered t hat t he t reasurer s hould p ay W illiam H yndshaw , p ipemaker , ' ten r ex d alleris f or h elping h im t o b ring c lay t o t he t oune f or t he m aking o f t obacco p yps ' ( Renwick 1 908a , 8 3) . I n 1 699, a long w ith J ames C olquhoun , h e w as s upplying p ipes t o t he C ompany o f S cotland f or t he s econd e xpedition t o t he c olony o f N ew C aledonia , P amana ( Pratt 1 924 , 1 40 . W illiam H yndshaw w as m arried t o E lizabeth L ove a nd b etween 1 675 a nd 1 691 s ix o f t heir c hildren w ere b aptized . T he y oungest o f t he s ons , S amuel, w as t o b ecome a p ipemaker . E lizabeth L ove , w idow o f W illiam H yndshaw , m erchant , d ied i n 1 732 O n

S amuel H yndshaw I

-1734.

S amuel H yndshaw I I

1 691 -1767.

T wo p ipemakers o f t his n ame a re r ecorded i n e arly e ighteenth c entury G lasgow . A S amuel H yenshaw , p ipemaker , w as b uried o n 1 5th O ctober 1 734 . A nother w as b aptised o n 1 4th J anuary 1 691, t he s on o f W illiam H yndshaw a nd E lizabeth L ove , a nd w as b uried o n 1 0th M arch 1 767, a ged 7 6 y ears . A lthough n ot t he f irst b orn s on , h e w ould s eem t o h ave b een t he e ldest s urviving o ne a nd w as p robably t hat S amuel w ho w as c reated b urgess a nd g uild b rother o n 3 rd M arch 1 730 a s e ldest s on t o t he d eceased W illiam H yndshaw , m erchant ( GHK ; A nderson 1 925 , 3 98) . I n 1 730 S amuel H yndshaw r equested f rom t he t own c ouncil ' the l iberty o f a p iece o f g round a t P ighouse t o w ork i n ' ( Renwick 1 909 , 3 44) . P ighouse w as a n a rea o n t he n orth s ide o f G allowgate w hich h ad l ong a ssociation w ith t he p ottery i ndustry .

T he p otter W illiam M axwell w as a lready w orking t here

a t t his d ate ( Renwick 1 909 ,

1 37 ; Q uail 1 982a , 2 ) .

W illiam M orton .

o f

W illiam M orton a ppears n amed a s ap ipemaker i n 1 695 a mong t he w itnesses a t ransfer o f p roperty t o J ames C olquhoun I I ( SRO R S42/10/F .197) . H e

m arried B essie G ibson i n 1 684 a nd s ix o f t heir c hildren w ere b aptised b etween 1 694 a nd 1 710 , t hree o f w hom d ied i n e arly c hildhood ( GEK ) . H is b usiness s eems t o h ave p rospered f or o n 2 nd N ovember 1 700 h e b ought a t enement o f l and w ith a n e nclosed g arden a nd h alf s hare o f aw ell , l ying o n t he e ast s ide o f t he H igh S treet ( SRA B .10 .2 .2, f . 1 89) . I n 1 713 h e w as a ble t o l end 8 00 m arks S cots t o R obert W ood a nd W illiam W atson f or t he w eavers o f G lasgow ( SRA TTH 5 .8 .45 .1 0 . T he f am ily w as a ssociated w ith o ther p roperty i n t he H igh S treet , n umbers 2 53 t o 2 61 a re d escribed i n t he t itle d eeds a s a' fore t enement , w ith c lose , w ell a nd y ard , o f o ld b elonging

4 0

t o W illiam M orton , p ipemaker ' , b ut i t i s n ot k nown i f t hese a re t he s ame p erson ( Renwick 1 908a , 2 2) . P ipe H ouse C lose , a t 9 3 H igh S treet , w as i n t he p ossession o f aT homas M orton a nd o thers i n 1 832 . T his c lose i s s aid t o b e d escribed i n t he t itle d eeds a s ' all a nd w hole t hese p ipe k ilns a nd c ellars t ogether w ith t he h ouse a nd b uildings e rected t hereon . A lso t hose c lay p its b elonging t hereto , b ounded a s t herein p articularly m entioned ' ( Mackintosh n .d . ,no . 1 579) . A lthough a d ate c annot b e f ixed o n i t , t his i s i nteresting e vidence f or t he w hole p rocess o f p ipemaking , f rom t he d igging o f t he c lay t o t he f iring o f t he p ipes , b eing s ituated o n a n u rban s ite . W illiam M orton ,

p ipemaker ,

w as b uried o n 1 9th J une 1 722 .

H is w idow ,

B essie G ibson w as b uried o n 3 1st O ctober 1 740 ( GHK ) .

T he A iken f am ily . T he G lasgow H igh K irk p arish r egisters o f t he e arly e ighteenth c entury s how t he A ikens t o h ave b een a f airly n umerous a nd c losely k nit f am ily w hose m embers w ere e ngaged n ot o nly i n p ipemaking b ut a lso i n o ther t rades s uch a s w eaving , t ailoring a nd b rewing . J ohn A iken I J ohn A iken I T wo p ersons o f t his n ame , f ather a nd s on , w ere p ipemakers . A J ohn A iken , p ipemaker , w as c reated b urgess a nd g uild b rother o n 1 6th M arch 1 700 a s ' son o f J ohn A iken , p ypemaker , w ho h ad o mmitted t o e nter b urgess, b y r ight o f h is f ather A lexander , t he l atter h aving b een g ranted i t f or s ervice d one a t t he l ate a ccidental f ire ' ( Anderson 1 925, 2 43) . T he p riviledges o f a b urgess w ould o nly b e u seful t o a p erson e ngaged i n f oreign t rade , i ncluding t hat w ith E ngland , o r o ne n eeding t o i mport g oods o r m aterials f rom t he c ontinent ( Smout 1 968, 5 8) . A p ipemaker w ho s old h is g oods l ocally m ay h ave w ished t o f orego t he e xpenses i nvolved i n b ecoming a b urgess. A J ohn A iken , p ipemaker , w as o ne o f t he w itnesses t o as asine o f W illiam M orton d ated 2 nd N ovember 1 700 ( SRA B .10 .2 .2) . A J ohn , s on o f J ohn A iken , p ipemaker , w as b uried o n 2 nd J uly 1 704 M O .

A ndrew A iken . A ndrew A iken , l ike J ohn A iken , w as q ualified b y m arriage t o b ecome a b urgess a nd g uild b rother b ut d id n ot d o s o . H is w ife w as M arion , d aughter o f J ohn P irrie , m erchant ( Anderson 1 925 , 4 21) . T heir s till-born s on , J ohn , w as b aptised o n 2 2nd M ay 1 705 . A nother s on , A lexander , w as b orn o n 5 th D ecember 1 706 a nd w as l ater t o b e a t ailor M O . A ndrew A iken , p ipemaker , w as b uried o n 1th N ovember 1 M arion P irrie , w as b uried o n i st D ecember 1 739 « 1 00 .

1 714 .

H is w ife ,

A lexander A iken . A lexander A iken , p ipemaker , w as c reated a b urgess a nd g uild b rother i n 1 722 a s h usband t o J anet , d aughter o f J ohn S teven , w eaver ( Anderson 1 925 ,

4 1

3 64) . T hree o f t heir s ons w ere b aptised i n G lasgow H igh K irk , A lexander i n 1 695 , A ndrew i n 1 700 a nd J ohn i n 1 703 . J anet S teven , w ife o f A lexander A iken , p ipemaker , w as b uried o n 3 rd S eptember 1 731 ( G l e .

T he F innie f amily . T he F innie f amily w as s imilar t o t hat o f t he A ikens i n t hat i ts v arious m embers i ncluded a v ariety o f t rades : t ailors , w eavers a nd m asons a s w ell a s

p ipemakers .

R obert F innie , p ipemaker , w as b uried o n 1 8th J uly 1 700 . T his w as p ossibly t he R obert w ho w as m arried t o J anet W ood a nd w ho h ad a s on , J ames , b aptised o n 3 rd O ctober 1 672 , t he w itnesses i ncluding a J ames C olquhoun ( GHK). A J ames F innie ,

p ipemaker ,

w as b uried a t G lasgow H igh K irk o n 2 3rd M ay

1 701. A nother , a gain a p ipemaker , m arried C hristian G ilmour o n 1 9th S eptember 1 700 . T heir s till-born c hild w as b uried i n 1 701 . J ames F inne , p ipemaker ,

w as b uried o n 2 8th D ecember 1 709 a nd h is w idow o n 4 th D ecember

1 732.

T he p ipemakers o f t he l ater e ighteenth c entury w ere n ot u sually m erchants l ike W illiam H yndshaw a nd t he C olquhouns . T hey w ere o f l ower s ocial s tatus a nd a re m ainly d ocumented i n t he H igh K irk p arish r egisters . O nly t he b urial r egister n ormally g ives o ccupation a nd t his m ay o vere mphasise t hose f am ilies w ith h igh i nfant m ortalities . I t a lso g ives n o i ndication a s t o w hich m akers w ere i ndependent a nd w hich w ere w orking f or o thers . A mong t hose t hat a ppear p rominent l ater i n t he c entury i s t he H aliday f amily ( spelt a lso a s H olday , H aladay a nd H olida) . A W illiam H aladay , p ipemaker , d ied o f f ever a nd w as b uried o n 1 4th A pril 1 777 . T he s hort a nd t ragic c areer o f J ohn H aliday i s e specially w ell d ocumented . O n i st J anuary 1 768 h e m arried M argaret L atimer . T wo b urials o f t heir c hildren a re r ecorded : t hat o f G eorge , o n 1 2th A ugust 1 769 , a ged 3 /4 o f ay ear h aving d ied o f a sthma a nd a s till-born c hild o n 2 4th A pril 1 771 . H is w ife w as b uried o n 2 1st M ay 1 770 , a ged 2 8 y ears . O n 2 7th N ovember h e r emarried , t his t ime t o A nne , d aughter o f J ohn B ain , p ipemaker . J ohn H olliday h imself d ied o f f ever a nd w as b uried o n 3 0th M arch 1 773 , a ged 2 6 y ears . F inally o n 1 5th A ugust 1 775 J ohn , a s on o f J ohn H oliday , p ipemaker , w as b uried h aving d ied o f s mallpox a t t he a ge o f 13 /4 y ears . «AO . J ohn T ait 's G lasgow D irectory f or 1 783-4 l ists a n A rthur H alliday , p ipemaker , i n t he H igh S treet . S arah H orner , w ife o f A rthur H oliday , p ipemaker , w as b uried o n 1 7th S eptember 1 772 , a ged 6 1 y ears , h aving d ied o f f ever . A rthur H alliday h imself d ied a t t he a ge o f 6 3 y ears o f ' gravel ' , a nd w as b uried o n 6 th J anuary 1 783 . A G eorge H alliday , p otter , d ied i n 1 770 ,

a nd M ary ,

w ife o f a n o lder G eorge H alliday ,

p otter ,

d ied i n 1 772 .

T hese m ay h ave b een r elated t o t he p ipemakers o f t hat n ame . A p ipemaker w ho s eems d efinitely l inked w ith p ottery i s J ohn H olden . F leming ( 1923, 1 32) s ays t hat ' there w as a nother p ottery n ot f ar f rom t he G orbals K irk , o wned b y ap otter J ohn H olden b y n ame , i n t he e arly p art o f t he e ighteenth c entury , w hich a lso m ade w ares f rom S hawfield c lay . B esides p roducing d omestic a rticles, H olden a dded t he m anufacture o f r ed c lay

4 2

t obacco p ipes ' . T his w as p robably l ater i n t he c entury t han F leming s uggests . T he p otter c an p robably b e i dentified w ith J ohn H olden , m erchant , w ho b ecame a b urgess a nd g uild b rother o n 8 th J uly 1 757 ( Anderson 1 935 , 2 3) . I n 1 786 A lexander G runton , m erchant , q ualified a s a b urgess a nd g uild b rother ' as s erving a pprenticeship w ith J ohn H olden m erchant a nd p otter ' ( Anderson 1 935, 1 63) . I f F leming w as c orrect a bout t he r ed c lay t obacco p ipes H olden w as s till u sing l ocal c lay f or h is p ipes .

T he e xport o f p ipes i n t he s eventeenth a nd e ighteenth c enturies. T his s ection i s b ased m ainly o n a n e xamination o f t he c ustoms a ccounts f or G lasgow ( SRO E 72/10) a nd a fter 1 680 f or P ort G lasgow ( SRO E 7 2/19) . T he l atter a lso c overed t he p orts o f D umbarton , G ourock , G reenock , I nverkip a nd R enfrew .

T here i s ag ap i n t he r ecord f rom 1 691 t o 1 742 .

T he e xport t rade i n p ipes f rom G lasgow a t t his p eriod w as m ainly s hared b y t wo m arkets , I reland a nd N orth A merica . T he I rish t rade i n g eneral f lourished a s ar esult o f t he s ettlement o f S cots i n U lster f rom t he t ime o f J ames I . T he r ate o f S cottish m igration i ncreased d uring t he s eventeenth c entury , c reating a l arge m arket f or S cottish g oods a nd a h uge s timulant f or h er w estern p orts ( Perceval Maxwell 1 973 , 2 90-301; L ythe a nd B utt 1 975 , 1 3) . T he n ature o f t he t rade f rom G lasgow w as d escribed b y T ucker i n 1 655 w ho t ells o f s ome s ailing ' for I reland w ith s mall s middy c oals , f rom w hence t hey b ring h oopes , r onges , b arrel s taves , m eale , o ates a nd b utter ( Brawn 1 891, 1 77) . T he o ther t ype o f c argo c onsisted o f g eneral p rovisions , b oth c ould i nclude p ipes . T he f irst r ecord o f p ipes b eing s ent f rom G lasgow w as w ith ac argo o f c oal l oaded o n 8 th M ay 1 672 : J onet R enfrew

W illiam C ampbell M ercht.

f or I rland J ohn S omervell M r

t hretie s ex b arrells o f t obacco p yps c ont(aining ) t hrie h und (red) g ros v alued a t t hrie s core f iftie p unds 0 03.00.00 O n(e) c halder a nd h alf c halder s mall c oals

0 00.06.00

T he n umber o f p ipes e xported t o I reland d uring t he p eriod 1 672 t o 1 691 w as f airly s mall , t here b eing o nly 2 2 r ecorded s hipments . M any m ore m ay h ave a voided t he c ustoms b y b eing s muggled . W here d estinations a re s pecific t here w ere t hree s hipments o f p ipes t o D ublin , s even t o B elfast a nd n ine t o L ondonerry , t he m ajority b eing i n t he 1 690 's . T he h ome p orts o f t he v essels c oncerned i ncluded G lasgow , R enfrew a nd G reenock i n S cotland , L ondonderry , G oleraine a nd B elfast i n I reland , a nd s ingle v essels f rom L iverpool a nd W hitehaven . T he American t obacco m arket w as o ne o f t he f oundations o f G lasgow 's p rosperity . D espite t he N avigation A ct o f 1 660 w hich e xcluded S cotland f rom t his t rade , a n a verage o f s even s hips w ere m aking t he a nnual v oyage t o America f rom t he C lyde ( Smout 1 960, 2 08) . S hips s ailing w est c arried p rovisions f or t he c olonies i n N orth A merica a nd t he W est I ndies , a t t imes c ombining b oth i n o ne v oyage ( Devine 1 975, 6 2) . O ccasionally t hese p rovisions i ncluded p ipes a mong t he g eneral g oods o f ap articular m erchant . Q uantities c arried a cross t he A tlantic i n t he p eriod 1 680 t o 1 690 v aried f rom t en b arrels o n t he ' Joan o f L enys ' b ound f or t he W est I ndies i n A pril/May 1 6b4 t o t he f irst e ntry o f p ipes f rom P ort G lasgow , o m 2 2 A pril 1 681, o f t wenty g ross o n t he ' Friendship o f G lasgow ' b ound f or N ew E ngland .

4 3

A b arrel w as t he n ormal u nit o f t ransit , t he n umber i t c ould c ontain v arying b etween e ight a nd t hirteen g ross . T he d estinations w ere m ainly N ew E ngland , V irginia a nd t he W est I ndies , a lthough i n 1 686 t he ' Richard a nd J ohn ' o f L ondon l oaded s ix b arrels o f p ipes f or C adiz ( Caidis) , ( SRO E 7 2 /19 /13) . T he t ransatlantic t rade w as m ainly c arried i n G lasgow v essels. A n e xamination o f

t he c ustoms

a ccounts

) f or P ort G lasgow ( SRO E 50 4 /2 8

f or t he p eriod 1 742 t o 1 762 s hows t hat d espite a g eneral i ncrease i n t rade t he n umber o f p ipes e xported t o N orth A merica t hrough t hat p ort r emained a t t he s ame l ow l evel . A s b efore t hese w ere b eing s hipped b y m erchants i n a mong t he s upply o f g eneral p rovisions . T he m ajority w ere l isted a s b ound f or V irginia , w ith s ome f or M aryland a nd S outh C arolina . T he g rowing p opularity o f s nuff h as b een g iven a s ac ause o f t he d ecline i n B ristol p ipemaking i n t he l ater e ighteenth c entury ( Jackson a nd P rice 1 974 , 1 5 ; W alker 1 977 , 2 60) . T he s ame w as p robably t rue o f G lasgow f or f rom 1 774 s nuff a ppears a mong t he i tems e xported f rom P ort G lasgow , t his n o d oubt r eflecting t rends i n t he h ome m arket . M uch o f t he s nuff e xported f rom G lasgow w as m anufactured i n t he t own . O n 1 7th March 1 760 t he b ound f or B oston l oaded 3 305 l bs . o f s nuff p roduced b y t he G lasgow m akers J ohn T illoch a nd J ohn K ippen ( SRO E 50 4 /28 /9). P ipes w ere a lso s hipped f rom t he n earby p ort o f G reenock i n s mall n umbers, e .g . 6 0 g ross i n 1 750 ( Gibb 1 981, 4 0) . Although t he m ain d estination o f G lasgow p ipes i n t he e ighteenth c entury w as N orth A merica s ome w ere e ntering o ther m arkets . I n a l ist o f e xports f rom G lasgow i n 1 771 G ibson r ecords t hat 3 09 g ross p ipes w ere s hipped t o V irginia a nd 5 5 g ross t o C hristiansaid , N orway ( Gibson 1 777, 2 24 a nd 2 28) . I n 1 748 t obacco p ipe e xports f rom t he C lyde t otalled 6 69 g ross , m ost o f t hese b eing d estined f or V irginia ( l enholm 1 982 , 8 3) ,

t his b eing t hree s eparate s hipments i n t wo

v essels.

T HE P IPES: S eventeenth a nd E ighteenth c enturies. P resent c ollections o f e arly S cottish p ipes a re m ainly b ased o n E ast c oast s ources . G lasgow m aterial b eing r are i n c omparison w ith t hat f rom E dinburgh . I t i s h oped t hat f uture e xcavation a nd f ield w ork i n t he w est o f S cotland w ill c ontribute t owards c orrecting t his i nbalance . M eantime t he f ollowing s hould b e r ead a s a n i nterim s tatement t hat w ill b e e xpanded a nd c orrected b y f uture r esearch .

G lasgow B owl F orm ( Fig . 2 ). T he d evelopment o f G lasgow b owl f orm i s h ere i llustrated b y t he p ipes o f J ames C olquhoun I a nd h is s uccessor , J ames C olquhoun I I . T hese t wo m akers s pan t he p eriod f rom t he 1 660 's t o 1 730 . A ll t he b owls a re f lat-based . E arly p ipe b awls a re s mall , b ulbous a nd f orward-sloping . T his i s r eplaced b y a l arger , m ore u pright f orm w ith s traighter s ides . T he h eels a re ' chinned ' , o ften w ith a p ronounced s play . T his s tage i s r epresented b y G lasgow p ipes f rom t wo c losely d ated d eposits, t hose f rom t he w reck o f H .M .S . D artmouth w hich s unk i n 1 699,

n os . 7a nd 8 ( Martin 1 977) a nd t he

s ingle e xample , n o . 9 , f rom e xcavations a t t he S cottish c olony o f N ew C aledonia ( Darien ) w hich w as p roduced i n 1 698-99 . B owls i ncrease f urther

4 4

1

4

5

7

1 0

1

F ig.

2

1 2

G lasgow bowl forms as shown by the pipes o f James Colquhoun I and I I, nos. 1 -12 4 5

i n s ize r esulting i n t he e ighteenth f orms , n os . 1 0-12, h eels b ecoming a l ess s ignificant p art o f t he b awl d esign . T he s ides o f t hese l ater b owls a re g enerally t hicker t han t hose o f e arlier b owls . A ll t he p ipes a re b attered . M ost b owls a re m illed b ut t his i s o ften p artial a nd c areless . A ny d ating b y b awl t ypology m ust b ear i n m ind t hat m any o f t hese f orms w ill o verlap c hronologically . W orn l ettering i s e vidence o f t he l ong l ife o f c ertain m oulds . J ames C olquhoun i s r ecorded a s p roducing t hree d ifferent t ypes o f p ipe i n t he l ate 1 690 's , a S hort C aledonia , a S hort B est a nd a L ong B est . I t i s p ossible t hat t he c heaper p ipes u sed o ld m oulds w ith m ore c onservative d esigns .

1 .

M ould-imparted I .C .

o n l eft o f b ase ;

s tem b ore 7 /64 i nch .

D umbarton

C astle e xcavations 1 974-75 ; H unterian M useum , G lasgow . 2 .

S lightly s played h eel; i ncuse I C/G o n b ase ; L esmahagow ( Sharp 1 982 M 99).

3 .

M ould i mparted I /C ; s tem b ore 7 /64 i nch . 1 974-75; H unterian M useum , G lasgow .

D umbarton C astle e xcavation

M ould-imparted I /C ;

E dinburgh C astle ; E dinburgh

4 .

s tem b ore 7 /64 i nch .

s tem b ore 7 /64 i nch .

C ity M useums. 5 .

S played h eel , m ould-imparted I /C ; b urnished :

6 .

M ould-imparted I /C ; s tem b ore 7 /64 i nch ; N MAS N Q 5 24(3).

7 -8.

M ould-imparted I /C.

9 .

Mould-imparted I /C ; s tem b ore 6 /64 i nch . P anama , e xcavations 1 979.

1 0.

M ould-imparted I /C ; s tem b ore 7 /64 i nch .

1.

M ould-imparted I /C a nd i nch . E dinburgh C astle ;

1 2.

M ould-imparted I /C a nd b asal ' portcullis ' s tamp ; E dinburgh C astle ; E dinburgh C ity M useums.

V ariations i n d ies o n

N MAS N Q 5 24/(11).

H .M .S. D artmouth ( Martin 1 977). P unta E scoces ( Darien) ,

N MAS N Q 5 46.

b asal ? ' portcullis ' s tamp ; E dinburgh C ity M useums.

I /C p ipes.

s tem b ore

7 /64

s tem b ore 8 /64 i nch .

( Fig . 3 ).

T he l arge o utput o f t he C olquhouns i s i llustrated b y t he l arge v ariety o f d ies f ound i n m ould-imparted I /C b awls . T he l ettering i s a lways u pper c ase , o ften w ith s erifs . I t i s f requently w orn a nd c an b e v ery i ndistinct , c ausing i t t o b e s imilar t o t he P /C m ark o f P atrick C rawford o f E dinburgh . A f eature o f t he l etter C . 1 .

2 .

l ettering i s

t he r elief

B urnished b owl ; s tem b ore 6 /64 i nch . N MAS N Q 5 24(1). B urnished b owl ;

s tem b ore 6 /64 i nch .

N MAS N Q 5 24 ( 10).

4 6

d ot w hich o ften a ccompanies

t he

2

0

3

4

5

0

6

7

F ig.

3

Variations

in dies

o f

4 7

I/C pipes,

nos.

1 -7

3 .

4 .

B urnished b owl w ith s played h eel ; N MAS N Q 5 24(11). H eel n ot s played ;

s tem b ore

7/ 64

i nch .

s tem b ore 6 /64 i nch .

N MAS N Q 5 24 ( 24). 5 .

S tem b ore 7 /64 i nch . N MAS N Q 5 24 ( 3).

6 .

N arrow l etter C C athcart C astle , G lasgow , e xcavations 1 981.

7 .

N arrow l etter C C athcart C astle, G lasgow , e xcavations 1 981.

P ipes m ade b y

t he C olquhouns

a lthough i n t he e ast m akers.

a re f ound

t he m arket s eems

W illiams a nd S amuel H yndshaw .

t hroughout

s outhern S cotland ,

t o h ave b een d ominated b y E dinburgh

( Fig . 4 )

a .

W illiam H yndshaw ,

r ecorded 1 6741699.

1 .

B urnished b owl w ith s played h eel, i n l ight o range c lay ; s tem b ore 6 /64 i nch . N MAS N Q 5 25(8).

2 .

M ould-imparted W /H ; f abric.

s lightly s played f oot ;

s tem b ore 7 /64 i nch ;

b uff

L esmahagow ( Sharp 1 982, M 99). b .

S amuel H yndshaw T wo m akers o f t his n ame a re r ecorded o ver t he p eriod 1 691-1767.

3 .

M isshapen b owl w ith m ould-imparted S /H i n t hin l ettering ; s tem b ore 7 /64 i nch .

O ff-white f abric .

L inlithgow P alace . N MAS N Q 5 55. 4 .

B urnished

b owl

i n b luff/off-white

f abric ;

m ould-imparted S /H ;

s tem

b ore 6 /64 i nch . L esmahagow ( Sharp 1 982, M 99). 5 .

B urnished b owl w ith s played h eel, S /H ;

i n o ff-white f abric ;

m ould-imparted

s tem b ore 6 /64 i nch .

N MAS H X 1 94. 6 .

B urnished b owl a nd s tem f ragment; L esmahagow ( Sharp 1 982, M 99).

m ould-imparted S /H .

P ipes o f t he A iken f amily . P ipes w ith m ould-imparted I /A m arks a re l ikely t o b e p roducts o f o ne o f

4 8

Willia m Hyndsha w

2 Sa mue l Hyndshaw

c

)

5

4

3

6

F ig.

4

P ipes

of William and Samuel 4 9

Hyndshaw,

nos.

1 -6

t he t wo J ohn A ikens ,

f ather a nd s on ,

w ho a re p ipemakers i n G lasgow

a re r ecorded a ctive o ver t he p eriod c irca 1 700 . N o . 5 , A /A . c ould b e p roduced b y a n A ndrew o r a n A lexander A iken .

.They

am ould-imparted

S imilar b asal s tamps o f t he ' portcullis ' v ariety a re a lso f ound o n p ipes w ith m ould-imparted I /C ( fig . 2 n o . 1 2) . A s a t ype t hey w ould s eem , t o s ome e xtent , t o i ndicate t he t own o f m anufacture , a s w ith t he ' c astle ' s tamps o f E dinburgh , r ather t han b eing e xclusive t o a ny p articular m aker . 1 .

B urnished b owl w ith m ould-imparted I /A a nd b asal ' portcullis' s tamp . N MAS N Q 9 9.

2 .

B urnished b owl i n p ink/buff c lay w ith m ould-imparted ' portcullis' s tamp . E dinburgh C astle ; E dinburgh C ity M useums.

3 .

M ould-imparted I /A ; N MAS H X 3 57

4 .

H eel f ragment w ith m ould-imparted I /A ;

a nd

b asal

H eel f ragment i n o ff-white/yellow c lay w ith m ould-imparted A /A 4 b ore 6 /64 i nch . C ramond e xcavations 1 976; E dinburgh C ity M useu m.

s tem

u nburnished ;

I /A

s tem b ore 8 /64 i nch .

s tem b ore 9 /64 i nch .

S elkirk ; S elkirk M useum . 5 .

B asal s tamps a )

T hree-letter s tamps .

( Fig . 6 )

T hese a re i ncuse s tamps w ith a s ingle l etter u nder a p air . T hey w ere r ecognised a s a t ypical S cottish f orm b y O swald ( 1975 , 4 3) b ut r ecent w ork h as s hown t hat t he d ouble l etters i ndicate t he m aker a nd t he s ingle l etter t he t own o f m anufacture ( Gallagher 1 984) .

T hey w ere u sed b y m akers i n

E dinburgh , S tirling a nd G lasgow ; t hose f rom G lasgow i nclude I /C a nd A /W m arks , h ere i dentified a s p roducts o f J ames C olquhoun a nd A lexander W atson . T he ' chinned ' b owl f orm w ould s eem t o i ndicate a l ate s eventeenth c entury d ate , p ossibly c ommencing c . 1 670. 1 -4.

I ncuse I C/G b asal s tamps, J ames C olquhoun I .

5 .

I ncuse A W/G b asal s tamp , A lexander W atson .

b )

O ne-letter s tamps

A l arge l etter G i s r ecorded a mong p ipes e xcavated i n L ondonderry ( pers . c omm . B . L acy) . T his w as f ound o n a b owl d ecorated w ith t he G lasgow t own e mblem o f at ree , b ell , f ish a nd b ird , af orm o f d ecoration a t p resent u nique a mong t he c orpus o f e arly G lasgow m aterial , a lthough i t w as u sed b y l ater m akers . T here i s ac omparable f orm o f b owl w ith a s ingle l etter S i n t he N MAS ( NMAS H X 1 93) , w hich i s p robably t he p roduct o f aS tirling m aker .

5 0

2

4

3

7 5 P ipes o f t he A iken f am ily

F ig.

5

P ipes

of

the Aitkin

family, 5 1

nos.

1 -5

J a mes Co lquhoun

it c

I

3

2

4

A lexander Watson

5

F ig.

6

G lasgow bowls

with

three

5 2

l etter

basal

stamps,

1 -5

0 0

0 0

00 0 0 0

0

o

ö

0 0 0 00

C OUOV G 5

Q ; " .

. ") v .

0

V) ) ;

•

* 1

0900 00 0 00 0 0

n

2

6 1

g

3

w - \ AP f , \

7 : Y 10 17

4

I

5

• •

r i

O

Q Z )

•

G c . Z .

9 70 00 0 0 Q

< >0000 0 6

7

e rr °g < 00 0 0 0 0 0 0

) 0 c5 s 5 c r , 8

F ig.

7

G lasgow

roller

stamps,

5 3

nos.

1 -8

c )

' Portcullis' s tamps

T hese a re f ound o n b owls w ith m ould-imparted I /C a nd I /A s tamps a nd , a s w as n oted a bove , a re p robably t he p roducts o f t he m akers J ames C olquhoun a nd J ohn A iken . T he s tamps a re d erived f rom t he c astle t ype s tamps u sed b y E dinburgh p ipemakers , t he g ate e lement i n t he o riginal d esign h aving b een e nlarged t o b ecome t he d ominant f eature . T he ' portcullis ' f orm o f s tamp i s a lso f ound o n p ipes o f E dinburgh m anufacture , a f actor w hich h inders f irm i dentification . S cottish b asal s tamps o f t he c astle/portcullis t ype a re u nusual i n t hat t hey a re n ot e ssentially m aker 's m arks , a lthough d ifferent m akers u sed t heir o wn v ariations o n t he t ype . T hey a re d erived f rom t he c ity e mblem o f E dinburgh , a t hree-towered c astle w ith c losed g ate , a nd m ay b e c ompared w ith t he m arks o f s eventeenth c entury E dinburgh p ewterers . T he b asal s tamp w ould s eem t o b e a s imilar s eal o f b urgh r ecognition a nd a pproval . T he a ttribution c ould h ave a risen i n t he f irst h alf o f t he s eventeenth c entury w hen o ne m aker , W illiam B anks , h eld a m onopoly o f S cottish p ipemaking a nd w as w orking i n E dinburgh . A p ipe f rom t hat p eriod w ith a n E dinburgh c astle s tamp w ould b e i n t heory o nly h is w ork . T he i ntroduction o f o ther m akers m ay h ave l ed t o t he n ormal S cottish s ystem o f w orks w ith a b asal s tamp b eing a ccompanied b y i nitials o n t he s ide o f t he b ase , t he l atter i dentifying t he i ndividual m aker . I n t he c ase o f t hree-letter s tamps , d iscussed a bove , t he t wo e lements o f m aker a nd t own h ave b een c ombined i n o ne d esign . T hey a re n ot u sually a ccompanied b y a ny i nitials o n t he s ide o f t he b ase . T he a bove p ractice o f u sing b oth b asal s tamp a nd m ould-imparted i nitials w as f irst d eveloped i n E dinburgh , b ut G lasgow m akers s eem t o h ave a dapted b oth t he s ystem a nd t he c astle t ype s tamp , i n i ts p ortcullis f orm .

S tem r oller s tamps.

( fig . 7 )

1 -3. C OLHOWN w ith p ellet b order ; L inlithgow P alace ( Laing 1 968 ,

w idth 1 1 m m . ; f ig . 7 . 17) N MAS .

s tem b ore 7 /64 i nch .

4 .

H INDSSHAW w ith f loral b order ;

5 .

W : M ORTON w ith f loral b order ; e xcavations 1 978 .

s tem b ore 6 /64 i nch .

L esmahagow P riory

6 .

C entral b ands w ith b orders o f l ozenges a nd p ellets ;

w idth 1 7 u m . ; s tem

b ore 7 /64 i nch . 7 .

C entral

b and ,

L inlithgow P alace p ossibly w ith p ellet

m m . ; s tem b ore 7 /64 i nch . s imilar). 8 .

b urnished s tem , b ore 8 /64 i nch .

NMAS . d esign ,

f loral

b order ;

L inlithgow P alace ( Laing 1 968 ,

C entral b and o f p ellets w ith p ellet a nd f loral b order ; w ith m ould-imparted I /C b owl .

N MAS.

w idth 1 9

f ig . 7 . 16 f or

w idth 1 7 m m . ;

W reck o f H .M .S . D artmouth ( Martin 1 977) .

M ost o f t he r oller s tamps e xamined h ave b een f aint , a nd i n m any c ases o verlapping , i mpressions , t he e xamples f rom t he w reck o f t he D artmouth b eing a n e xception t o t his.

5 4

L IST O F G LASGOW P IPEMAKERS;

p re 1 800

A IKEN

A ndrew

1 705-14

P .R .

A IKEN

J ohn I

1 700

A nderson 1 925, 2 43

A IKEN

J ohn I

1 700-04

P .R .

( d . o f s on)

A IKEN

A lexander

1 695-1731

P .R .

( d . o f w ife 1 731)

A LEXANDER

J ohn

1 756-72

P .R .

( d.

B AIN

J ohn

1 769-70

P .R .

( d. o f c hildren)

B ARR

J ohn

1 760-62

P .R .

( d .

B REICHEN

W illiam

1 767-71

P .R .

( d . o f c hildren)

B RICHEN

J ohn

1 758-77

P .R .

( d . o f w ife 1 777)

B RODBRIDGE

J ohn

1 670

C HESTER

H endry

1 710

P .R .

C HIPPEN

J ohn

p re-1788

P .R .

( d .

C OLQUHOUN

J ames I

1 668-c1700

C OLQUHOUN

J ames I I

c 1695-1730

C OLQUHOUN

J ames I II

1 730

C UNNINGHAM

J ohn

p re-1770

P .R .

( d . o f w idow)

C UNNINGHAM

R obert

1 798

P .R .

( d . o f d aughter)

D ICKEN

A lexander

1 712

P .R .

( d . o f s on)

E VANS

R ichard

1 768

P .R .

( d . o f s on)

F IFE

A ndrew

1 784

P .R .

( d .

F INNIE

J ames I

1 701

P .R .

( d.)

F INNIE

J ames I I

1 701-09

P .R .

( d .

F INNIE

R obert

1 700

P .R .

( d .)

G RANT

R obert

1 787

P .R .

( d. o f d aughter)

H ALLADAY

W illiam

1 777

P .R .

( d .)

H ALLIDAY

A rthur

1 772-83

J ohn

1 714)

1 772)

1 762)

o f w idow)

o f s on)

1 709)

P .R . 1 772 ( d . o f w ife) D .

H OLIDAY

( d.

1 769-73

1 783

P .R .

5 5

( d.

1 773)

H OLDEN

J ohn

c .

1 760-80

H YNDSHAW

S amuel I

1 734

P .R .

( d .)

H YNDSHAW

S amuel I I

1 691-1767

P .R .

( b . 1 697; d . 1 767)

H YNDSHAW

W illiam

1 674-99

D arien A ppers, 1 699

K ERR

J ohn

1 800

P .R .

( d ., A ged 6 3)

L OWK

A ndrew

1 702

P .R .

( d . o f w idow)

L UKE

J ames

1 717

P .R .

( d. o f w ife)

L YALL

G avine

1 701

P .R .

( d . o f c hild)

M cKINNIE

A lexander

1 667

M cLEAN

T homas

1 788

P .R .

( d . o f d aughter)

M ORSOUNE

T homas

1 670

M ORTON

W illiam

1 684-1722

P .R .

( m .

R EID

J ohn

1 739

P .R .

( d .)

S TERLING

W illiam

1 670

S TWEART

J ohn

1 710

P .R .

( d . o f d aughter)

T AYLOR

W illiam

1 710-12

P .R .

( d . o f c hildren)

W ATERSON

J ohn

1 741

P .R .

( d . o f d aughter)

W ATSON

A lexander

1 668-74

1 684;

d .

1 722)

A bbreviations P .R .

G lasgow P arish R egisters,

t ranscribed b y D r . A . J amieson ;

c opies i n m ain G lasgow l ibraries. D .

G lasgow t rade d irectories.

5 6

N INETEENTH A ND T WENTIETH C ENTURIES T he i ndustry i n i ts s ocio-economic s etting . T he n ineteenth c entury w itnessed t he t ransformation o f p ipemaking i n G lasgow f rom s mall w orkshops i nto a f actory-based i ndustry . T here w as a d ramatic i ncrease i n t he n umber o f p ersons w orking i n t he t rade , a pparent i n t he 1 830 's a nd e xpanding r apidly d uring t he f ollowing t wo d ecades , a s i s s hown i n t he C ensus R eports ( fig . 1 1) . T hese s how t hat a fter a h uge i ncrease i n t he 1 840 's a nd a p eak i n 1 860 t he f igures r emain a t a f airly c onstant l evel f or t he r est o f t he c entury . T he n umber o f e ntries f or p ipemakers i n t he G lasgow d irectories a lso s hows a n i ncrease u p t o c . 1 860 w hen t here w ere 1 6 m akers l isted ( fig . 1 1) . F or t he r emainder o f t he c entury t here i s a n a verage o f a bout 1 4 m akers l isted a nnually , w ith t he e xception o f t he l ate 1 860 's . T his d ecline i n e ntries a fter 1 861 p robably r eflects t he c ollapse o f t he G lasgow c otton i ndustry f ollowing t he o utbreak o f t he A merican C ivil w ar . T he s ubsequent r ise i n u nemployment a fter t he d emise o f t his m ajor i ndustry T A T c : tuld r esult i n af all i n t he d emand f or l uxury g oods s uch a s p ipes ( Gibb 1 983 , 15) . T he p ipemakers o f t he e arly n ineteenth c entury r emained a t ightly k nit c ommunity , l inked b oth b y b usiness a nd m arriage b onds . T his i s d emonstrated b y t he g roup o f p ipemakers w ho w ere b ased a t 2 2 S t . Mungo S treet , w hich r an s outh f rom G allowgate . T he d irectories g ive a r apid s uccession o f m akers a t t his a ddress , b ut t his i s n ot a r esult o f s hortl ived b usinesses a s s uggested b y W alker ( 1977, 3 51) . T hey s how t he d ifferent d ominant p ersons i n a c ontinuing g roup o f r elated m akers . T his s eems t o s tart w ith J ohn W atson w ho w as r ecorded a t t he a ddress i n t he 1 827 d irectory . B y 1 831 h e h ad j oined w ith M cFarlane a nd C o . t o f orm M cFarlane , W atson a nd C o ., s till a t n umber 2 2 .

J ohn W atson d ied s hortly a fter t he

b irth o f h is s on , T homas , i n 1 831 a nd i n t he 1 833 d irectory t he b usiness a ppears u nder t he n ame o f h is w idow , M rs . W atson . S he m arried A lexander W ylie , t heir s on a lso b eing n amed A lexander . T he 1 841 C ensus R eturns s how a l arge n umber o f p ipemakers i ncluding t he W ylie f amily :

S t . M ungo S treet

a ctually r esident a t S t .

Mungo S treet,

A lex W ylie

3 0

T obacco p ipemaker

Y

M ary d o

3 5

W alter S treatham

1 5

d o

d o

Y

T he W atson

1 0

d o

d o

Y

Y

M ary W atson

9

Y

A lex W ylie

6

Y

J anet W ylie

4

Y

W m . S tewart

1 2

d o

d o

Y

A ndw C olquhoun

1 0

d o

d o

Y

5 7

F ig.

8

Central G lasgow in the nineteenth century, showing t he l ocations of the major pipemaking factories 5 8

S t . M ungo S treet

H ugh K elly

5 0

M argt d o

1 5

H ugh M cCallum

5 5

E lizabeth d o

5 5

W m S impson

3 0

P ipemaker

N

U nity d o

3 0

d o

Y

J ames d o

L abourer

I I

C .1

N N

8

Y

P atrick M cAvey

3 5

d o

I

M argt d o

2 5

d o

I

M ichael d o

8

I

A nn d o

3

I

E benezer M inch

2 0

d o

P eter T aylor

1 5

d o

E

A nn P aterson

1 5

W inder

I

T he 1 841-42 G lasgow d irectory l ists o nly A lexander W ylie a t t his a ddress .

I n 1 849 J ames T omilty a ppears

i n t he d irectory a t

2 2

S outh

S t .

M ungo S treet a nd i s s ucceeded i n 1 851 b y A lexander B ain . I n 1 851 t he W ylie f amily w ere l iving a t 6 2 S altmarket . M ary W ylie , t he f ormer M rs . W atson , 2 w as a gain a w idow a nd s till a ctive a s a p ipemak 2-24 S outh S t . M ungo S treet w as s till c rowded w ith m akers , a s s hown b y t he 1 851 C ensus R eturns : 2 4

S o . S t . M ungo

A lexander B ain

H ead

4 4

T PM

A berdeen

J anet

W ife

3 4

T P f inisher

G lasgow

S t

A lexander

"

J anet

S on

7

D au

5

M argaret

A berdeen

T P h awker

G lasgow

2

J ames M cConnell

L odger

J ohn M allon

2 4 S o . S t. M ungo

s cholar

u

1 7 1 3

M argaret M iller

S ervant 2 1

A berdeen

T homas V ance

W idower 6 0

C ity P orter

A lexander "

S on

2 4

C ooper

H ugh C ampbell

S on

6 5

P ottery h awker

S t.

5 9

I reland

J ames

"

J ohn B isset M ary

L odger

1 6

T obacco s pinner

L odger

2 3

T P

2 2

T P f inisher

i t

t i ! I

J ohn

2 S o . S t. M ungo 2

A berdeen

1 0 m o .

E lizabeth S inclair

4 0

S ervant

I reland

W iliam B uchanan

H ead

3 8

P orter

I reland

G race

W ife

4 2

P atrick L averty

S tepson

W illiam K ilman

L odger

S t.

1 9

T PM

A berdeen

2 5

W ife o f T PM

I reland

W illiam S impson

4 5

T PM

G lasgow

J ames

1 7

"

2 0

"

C atherine

"

i t

T homas H aggan

N .B .

7 S cholar

T obacco p ipe m aker a bbreviated t o T PM , m arital s tatus o mitted .

P atrick McAvoy w as l isted i n t he 1 852-53 d irectory a t 2 2 S outh S t . M ungo S treet , a lthough t he C ensus r eturns s how h im t o h ave b een r esident t here s ince a t l east 1 841 . H is s on , M ichael , u sed t he s ame a ddress i n t he d irectories f or t he p eriod 1 856 t o 1 860. T he

p ipemaking

c ommunity

S cottish c ities , t here b eing m akers o f G lasgow a nd t hose c hildren i n t he 1 851 C ensus r esident i n A berdeen . T he

e xtended

i ts

l inks b eyond G lasgow t o o ther

a n e specially s trong r elationship b etween t he o f A berdeen . A n e xamination o f t he a ges o f r eveals s everal m akers w ho h ad r ecently b een A berdeen-born G eorge E lrick w as l iving a t 4

M onkland S treet , G lasgow b ut w as p robably r elated t o t he A berdeen m akers J ohn a nd J ames E lrick ( Evans 1 981, 3 7) . A lexander B ain w as i n A berdeen i n 1 845-46 a s a m anager o f t he A berdeen & G lasgow T obacco P ipe C ompany a nd a ppeared t here u p t o t he 1 850-1 d irectory , t hen a fter a n a bsence f rom A berdeen h e r eappears i n 1 854-55 a s t he G lasgow P ipe W ork , i ts t itle r eflecting t he p restige o f t he G lasgow p roduct .

T he 1 851 C ensus s hows t hat

h e w as t hen r esident i n G lasgow a t 2 2 S outh S t . M ungo S treet ( see a bove ) , w ith aG lasgow-born w ife . S ome p ipemakers a re d escribed i n t he C ensus a s v isitors r ather t han r esidents , t hese i ncluded t he E dinburgh-born W illiam C hristie a nd t he A berdeen-born J ames W allace . A l arge d egree o f

s ocial

m obility

i s

e vident

f rom

t he

1 851

C ensus .

T he E dinburgh-born p ipemaker C harles H all , f or e xample , w as l iving a t 3 92 G allowgate , G lasgow w ith a n A berdeen-born w ife . H is t en y ears o ld d aughter h ad b een b orn i n E dinburgh w hilst a t en m onths o ld s on w as b orn i n G lasgow . A l arge n umber o f t hose w orking i n t he G lasgow p ipemaking i ndustry w ere I rish , f or i nstance o ne o f t he g roups a t 2 2 S t . M ungo S treet i n 1 841 w as

6 0

F ig.

9

The former factory of William White and Bain Street frontage. Photo: J . Hume

6 1

Son,

m ainly o f t his n ationality ( see a bove) . J udging f rom t he a ges o f t he c hildren m any w ere r ecently s ettled i n t he c ity , b ut o thers s uch a s J ohn A gnew h ad b een r esident l ong e nough t o b ecome e stablished p ipemakers . T heir n umbers r eflects t he l arge n umber o f I rish i mmigrants t hen i n G lasgow , i n 1 841 t here w ere 2 0 ,334 I rish i n t he c ity a s c ompared t o 9 6,657 S cots ( Handley

1 943 ,

1 02) .

I n 1 851 t he s izes o f G lasgow p ipemaking e stablishments v aried e normously . A t t he s mall e nd o f t he s cale H ugh D evine e mployed t hree m en w hilst h is w ife a ssisted i n t he p ipeworks . T he I rishman , J ohn A gnew , e mployed 2 2 m en a nd h is w ife w as a lso a p ipemaker .

H is e mployees i ncluded

a b rother a nd a c ousin w ho w ere e ngaged a s a pprentices . H is p rosperity w as s uch t hat h e c ould a fford t o k eep t wo r esident h ouse s ervants . I n 1 861 M ichael McAvoy, a ged 2 5 y ears, e mployed f ive m en a t 2 2 S outh S t . Mungo S treet a s w ell a s h is t welve y ear o ld b rother , P atrick , w ho w as r ecorded a s a n a pprentice ( 1861 C ensus ; 1 860-61 d irectory) . W illiam M cFarlane w as a nother p ipemaker w hose b usiness w as o n as mall s cale . I n 1 856 h e a ppeared i n t he G lasgow d irectory i n p artnership w ith A bercrombie a t 1 0 G eorge S treet a nd t he f ollowing y ear h e w as w ith MacKay a t t he s ame a ddress . T he b usiness w as d eclared b ankrupt i n D ecember 1 857 w hen t he c ontents o f t he w orks a t G eorge S treet w ere v alued a t £ 5 ( SRO C S 3 18/ 4 /2 1) . M cFarlane d id n ot l ive b y h is w orkshop b ut h ad a s eparate h ouse a t 13 R ottenrow , t he c ontents o f w hich w ere v alued a t £ 81 . M any o f t he s maller p ipemakers w ere b ased i n t he H igh S treet a rea a nd t he a djacent G allowgate a nd C alton . T he H igh S treet h ad d eteriorated i nto s lums d uring t he f irst h alf o f t he n ineteenth c entury w hen t he f ashionable b usiness a nd r esidential a reas m oved f urther w est . M uch o f t he H igh S treet a nd t he d ensely p opulated c loses w hich r an o ff i t w ere d emolished f ollowing t he G lasgow I mprovement A ct o f 1 866 , n o d oubt d ispersing m any s mall m akers a nd e ncouraging a d rift i nto t he l arger f actories. C ontrasting w ith t he s mall w orkshops d iscussed a bove w ere t he p urposeb uilt f actories o f t he l arger m anufacturers . B y 1 891 t hirteen o f t hese w ere u sing m achinery d riven b y s team p ower ( Nicol 1 891, 3 06) . T hat o f M cDougall f rom c irca 1 851 t o 1 888 w as a t hree s torey b uilding w ith a ttic a nd a djoining f orecourt w hich i s i llustrated o n a c ard a dvertising t he f irm 's ' Irish L ist ' ( People 's P alace Museum , G lasgow , r eg . n o . 7 7 .232) . T his f actory w as s ituated a t 2 77 P arliamentary R oad . I n c irca 1 889 t hey b uilt a nother f actory f urther n orth a t 1 8 C harles S treet , S t . R ollox , w hich w as c onveniently s ituated c lose t o t he S t . R ollox B asin o f t he F orth a nd C lyde C anal . I t w as a t hree s torey , s even b ay b uilding w ith a t wo s torey w orkshop t o t he r ear ( Hume 1 974 , 1 70) w hich w as t heir h ome u ntil c losure i n 1 967 . C hristie 's f actory i n C raignestock S treet w as a lso o f t hree s tories a nd w as e rected i n 1 877 a t a c ost o f £ 1,500 ( Hume 1 974 , 1 92) . T he g randest b uilding w as t hat o f W illiam W hite & S on i n G ibson S treet . T his w as a f our s torey b lock i n t he F rench R enaissance s tyle ( Fig . 9 ) b uilt i n 1 867 a nd e xpanded i n 1 876-77 . A p lan , n ow i n t he P eople 's P alace M useum , G lasgow , s hows t he i nternal a rrangements i n 1 912 ( fig . 1 0) . P rominent a re t he s ix k ilns , c entrally p laced s o a s t o h eat t he d rying r oom a bove ( Samson 1 954 , 1 2) . W hite 's p ride i n t his f actory c ould b e s een i n t he p laque i nscribed V hat w as a bove t he r ound-headed d oorway o n t he B ain S treet f rontage 1 877 w t ( Hume 1 974 , 2 18) . T he r econstruction o f t he f actory w as c arried o ut b y t he s uccessor o f t he W illiam W hite w ho h ad e stablished t he b usiness . T he f irst W illiam W hite d ied o n 5 th D ecember 1 855 l eaving a p ersonal e state o f £ 7 ,658 . 7 s .1d , m ost o f w hich h ad b een i nvested i n v arious S cottish r ailway c ompanies .

H is o wn s hare o f t he s tock o f t he b usiness w as v alued a t £ 412

6 2

z i , 441 4. * -e ze• , * m . •• •

2 4 30

1 5

0

1

U i

0 0

C l )

6k -

1 9 2 1

>

s tone s tags

0

0 4

3 6 4

s tone s ta irs s tone m il s ta irs— r

r h

1

3

1

.5

1 1 1 1 M I

MON CU R

STREET

30 m 1 0 Oft

F ig.

1 0

P lan of the factory of William White and Son i n 1 912, redrawn from the original in the People's Palace Museum, G lasgow. 6 3

b ut f or t he p revious t en y ears t he f irm h ad t raded u nder t he n ame o f W illiam W hite & S on , t he l atter b eing J ohn C harles W hite . T he r elationship o f f ather a nd s on s eems t o h ave b een p urely o f a b usiness n ature , t o j udge b y t he d ebt t ime o f l imited d irector

o f £ 600 a t 5 % i nterest w hich J ohn C harles o wed h is f ather a t t he t he l atter 's d eath ( SRO S C36/48/42) . W illiam W hite 's b ecame a c ompany o n i st J uly 1 926 w hen 5 ,000 s hares a t £ 1 w ere i ssued , t he M rs . E rna T . L aing h olding 3 398 o f t hese . I t w as f inally d eclared

i nsolvent a nd w ound u p o n 1 9th A ugust 1 955 , h aving b een i n b usiness s ince a t l east 1 810 ( SRO B T2/14234) . T he p remises, s taff a nd w ork p rocesses o f D avidson J un . & C o . i s d escribed i n d etail i n a n a rticle i n t he ' Glasgow W eekly M ail o f 1 864 , t he d etails o f w hich a re g iven e lsewhere i n t his v olume ( Gallagher a nd P rice , b elow p p . 10-113) . T he f actory w as a t hree s torey b uilding , t he b asement h olding t he f urnaces, b ox-making a nd b ox s tores, o ffices a nd t he m ould s tore . T he f irst f loor h eld t he p ipe m oulding a nd p artial d rying r ooms ; t he t op f loor t he s moothing a nd t rimming d epartments . A bout 1 70 p ersons w ere e mployed , 8 4 o f t hese b eing i n t he m oulding s hop e mployed ' . A ' dexterous ' w orkman c ould m ould 4 0-50 g ross o f a verage l ength p ipes i n a w eek , t his i ncluding b oth r olling a nd m oulding . T his f igure w as p ossibly a chieved b y r olling o nly t wice a w eek ( cf . W alker 1 977 , 4 05) . T he a ctual r ate o f m oulding w as p robably a bout f our p ipes p er m inute e stimated f or t he D undee f actory o f P eter M cLean i n 1 875 ( Anon 1 875) . A nother o f t he m ain G lasgow m akers w as A lexander C oghill . H e i s f irst m entioned i n t he 1 826 d irectory a t 1 0 S t . A ndrew S quare a nd t hereafter a t 4 R opework L ane . F rom 1 831 t he h ouse a t 2 0 S tockwell P lace w as i ncluded i n t he d irectory e ntries ; a G lasgow V oters M anual o f 1 832 g ives t his a s t he r esidence o f A ndrew C oghill , p ipemaker . 6 0 y ears a nd l iving a t 2 4 R opework L ane M arion M cArthur , a ged 6 y ears , M argaret a ged 2 0 y ears ( Census 1 841) . A lexander d ied o n 1 8th F ebruary 1 860 . H is e state A lexander C oghill , a nd a g randaughter ,

I n 1 841 A lexander C oghill w as a ged w ith M arion C oghill , a ged 6 0 y ears , W ylie , a ged 1 8 y ears , a nd a s ervant C oghill , t obacco p ipe m anufacturer , w as l eft t o a g randson , a lso n amed M rs . M arion T ait M cArthur , t he w ife

o f J ames F raser , a c lothier i n G lasgow . H is p ersonal e state a nd e ffects w ere v alued a t £ 1,534, 9 s . 3 d . ( SRO S C58/26/675) . G eorge a nd D avid C oghill , p ipemakers , m ade a n o ffer t o p urchase t he s tock o f t he f actory ' for t he G oodwill o f t he P ipeworks B usiness ' . T his i nvolved t he m aking o f i nventories o f t he f actory ( SRA T -MS/55) , w hich p resent a n i nteresting p icture

o f

t he

i nterior

o f

o ne

o f

t he

l arger

G lasgow

p ipemaking

e stablishments:

' Stock o f M aterial U ntensils e tc . o f A . C oghill 's' P ipe M anufactory -Taken 6 th M arch 1 860 5 920

G ross F cy & c ommon P ipes

1 /-

296. 16.

8

"

2 1 i n .

2 /-

7

"

1 6"

1 /3

"

F cy & C ommon

2 52 44 4

"

G reen

E mpty N ew B oxes, 5 g ross

6 4

8 .9

1 0

1 0.10.

1 /3

2 7.15.

3 82

"

84

L ot o f v arious E mpty B oxes

1 3.10.7 1.10.

8 0 S tones h ay

1/-

4.

1 4 F ine C lay

2.

2C wt R ed L ead

2.10

1 41bs C hrome

1/-

3 03 L eggins ( ? s aggars)

3.

1W aggon C oals

14. 3 .15.9 10.

V ice B enches & T ools i n l ipping h ouse

1.10

O ne K iln a nd o ne t ipping F urnace

25.

2 50 B ath B ricks

12.6

1G ross C lay S quares

3.6

B ench f or m aking S quares

10.

O ne S tone t rough B eating B ench

3.

6B enchs i n P ipe W ork S hop

10/-

3.

1 4 L i(nus) & G in h eads

4/6

3 .

5 6 P air m oulds

4/-

1.4

4 02 G rates a nd b oards

say

10.

P ails i n S tore a nd s hop

1.10

S tove & p ipe

1.

5 0 L eggin S hows

2

2 0 S tools

6

8 .4 1 0.

1H urley 1 0/. 2B arrows 1 2/6

1.2.6

O ffice F urniture & S afe & C lock

4.

1 2 G ross 1 6 i n . C ommon P ipes G reen G as F ittings

1/-

12. 2.

4 33.5.11

6 5

' L ipping ' i s a c lerical e rror f or ' tipping ' . A nother i nventory g ives ' Seggars ' i nstead o f t he p revious U ggins ' a nd ' Seggar b ottoms ' f or ' L eggin S hows ' . T his o ther i s m ore c ritical w hen i t c omes t o m oulds, d istinguishing b etween 2 8 g ood m oulds a nd ' Old M oulds & b olts & h andles i n S tore R oom ' , t hus s howing t hat o nly h alf t he s tock o f m oulds w as i n u se a t t hat t ime . I t a lso g ave a m ore d etailed a ccount o f t he t ypes o f p ipes i n s tock a nd t heir v alues:

1 /-

43.13.

" 1 6in ."

1 /3

1 2.6

" 1 2in ."

2 /-

4.

" W oodstock

1 /3

8 73 G ross F ancy a nd C ommon P ipes 1 0 2 3 5

2 .3.9

a nd 9

3 5 G ross S ponge B alm P ipes 4 8

" W oodstock

4 6

" C utty

4 8

" T .W .

4 2i

1 0 5 6 1 /4 1 0

" W oodstock

3 2

" C utty

2 5

" T .W .

5 6 1 /4

1 .6.3 2 . 1 9.2 1 .5 1 .15.5 1 3.4 1 3.

T he b usiness c ontinued t o u se t he n ame o f A lexander C oghill a nd a ppeared i n t he G lasgow d irectories u p t o 1 904 , r emaining a t 4R opework L ane . T his a ddress w as s hared i n t he d irectories w ith D avid C oghill f or t he p eriod 1 859 t o 1 898 . T he f actory o f W illiam C hristie i n C raignestock S treet, C alton w as d escribed i n S tratten 's ' Glasgow a nd i ts E nvirons' p ublished i n 1 891 a s:

' one o f t he m ost c elebrated i n S cotland ,

a nd e njoys a w idespread

r eputation . T he b usiness w as f ounded i n 1 857 b y Mr . W illiam C hristie . T he p ipe f actory i s t o t he f ront a nd c onsists o f f our f lats f itted u p w ith e very a ppliance f or p reparing , m oulding , a nd f iring p ipes . S team p ower i s u sed f or d riving m achinery , a nd s ome f orty h ands f ind e mployment i n t he s everal d epartments . A l arge c upola , o r k iln , c onstructed o n t he m ost a pproved p lan , f orms o ne o f t he m ost s triking f eatures o f t he p lace , a nd i t e qual t o a t urn o ut o f 5 4,000 p ipes p er w eek . M r . C HRISTIE, i n a ddition t o h is l arge b usiness a s a p ipe m anufacturer , c arries o n a n i mmense t rade i n h is N ew P atent H ousehold C leaning S tone , w hich s eems d estined t o c ompletely s upercede t he n atural a nd u nprepared c lay, w hich w as h itherto t he s ole m aterial a vailable. Mr . C HRISTIE ,

i n b oth s ections o f h is e nterprise ,

6 6

e njoys a v aluable

h ome a nd f oreign c onnection a nd k eeps t hree t ravellers c onstantly o n t he r oad . T he b usiness i s a bly c onducted a nd i s c ertain t o b e e xtended i n t he b y n o m eans d istant f uture ( Stratten 1 891, 1 80) .

C hristie 's w ere t o r emain i n b usiness i n C raigstock S treet f or a nother s eventy y ears , m aking t heir l ast e ntry i n ad irectory i n 1 962 . I n 1 890 t he s ole p artner o f t he b usiness w as a M iss. H elen C hristie ( SRO C S318/50/33). I n c ontrast t o t he a bove b usiness w as t hat r un b y H elen C hristie 's b rother-in-law , W illiam N aismith C hristie , i n M arket S treet G reenock i n t he 1 880 's . W illiam N aismith C hristie w as d eclared b ankrupt o n 2 5th J une 1 890 . H is a ssets a mounted t o t he s tock i n t rade i n h is s hop a t 1 5 M arket S treet , v alued a t £ 60 , t he s tock a nd p lant o f t he f actory a t 1 4 Market S treet, v alued a t £ 113-19s .2d a nd d ebts o f £ 20 o wing t o h im . H is l iabilities a mounted t o o ver £ 425 .

H e r elated t he h istory o f h is b usiness t o t he c ourt

( SRO C S318/50/33).

' I a m 3 1 y ears o f a s aT obacco P ipe h ad £ 50 b orrowed Y uille £ 40 . M y

a ge . Is tarted b usiness i n G reenock 6 y ears a go M anufacturer . Ih ad n o m oney o f m y o wn b ut I f rom M r . J .T . Y uille, G lasgow . I r epaid M r . b usiness w as f airly s uccessful a t f irst . I t

c ontinued s uccessful t ill a bout 2 4 y ears a go a nd e ver s ince i t h as f allen o ff — W hen I s tarted f irst I h ad a p ipe f actory , a nd s ubsequently I a dded t , m y t rade t hat o f a S mall W are M erchant . I d id n ot d o a l arge b usiness a s a S mall W are Merchant . I n S eptember 1 887 I o pened a s hop a t 1 3 Market S treet . I w as m arried o n 2 8th J une 1 887. I h ave a d welling h ouse : t he f urniture i n t hat h ouse d oes n ot b elong t o m e -it b elongs t o m y w ife b y A nte-nuptial S ettlement . T he h ouse i s o ne o f t wo r ooms a nd a k itchen ...'

I t w as n ormal f or a f actory t o c ontinue t rading u nder t he n ame o f a p ipemaker a fter t hat p erson h ad c eased t o c ontrol t he b usiness, e ither t hrough d eath o r b ankrupcy . T his c hange o f o wnership i s i llustrated b y o ne o f t he l argest p ipemaking f actories , t hat f ounded b y D uncan M cDougall , w hich f irst a ppears i n t he G lasgow d irectory o f 1 846-47 u nder h is n ame . H e a ppears t o h ave f lourished a t f irst , m oving t o l arger p remises a t 2 75-277 P arliamentary R oad i n 1 851 . I n 1 865 t he s ituation h ad c hanged a nd t he b usiness w as b ankrupt, p ossibly a c asualty o f f ollowing t he o utbreak o f t he A merican C ivial W ar .

t he r estricted m arket M cDougall 's l iabilities

t otalled £ 2,692 , o ne o f t he c hief c reditors b eing W illiam R odgers M ortimer , a p artner o f W hiteway & C o . c lay m erchants o f N ewton A bbot , D evon . H is a ssets a mounted t o £ 596, o f w hich £ 156 w as m ade u p b y t he s tock o f h is f actory . T his c onsisted o f t he f ollowing :

2 052

G ross o f P ipes a t 1 /3

£ 128.

6 T ons o f C lay a t 3 0/-

5 .

9.

8 M . B ath B ricks a t 4 0/-

16.

R ed L ead

3 .

6 7

1 4.

( SRO C S 3 18/10/272) D uncan M cDougall w as d ead b y 1 869 a nd t he b usiness h ad b een t aken o ver b y h is b rother D onald , aG lasgow s pirit m erchant . I n March 1 871 D onald e ntered i nto p artnership w ith a C ampbell R odger , t rading a s D . M cDougall & C o . A J ames F razer w as e ngaged a s m anager a nd c ashier a nd a ppears i n t he 1 876 a nd 1 881-82 d irectories a t 2 75 P arliamentary R oad , t his b eing a s eparate e ntry f rom t hat o f M cDougall & C o . F razer b ecame a p artner o f t he c ompany i n 1 882 a long w ith C ampbell R odger , D uncan M cDougall a pparently h aving g iven u p h is s hare o f t he p artnership ( papers i n p ossession o f 1W .H . H emm ing) . A l imited c ompany w as f ormed i n 1 909 t rading a s D . M cDougall & C o . L td" a nd t he b usiness c ontinued a s s uch u ntil 1 965 w hen i t m erged w ith an on-pipemaking b usiness a nd w as r enamed C .B . &M cDougall L td . ( Walker a nd W alker 1 969 , 1 33) . T he p ipemaking f actory w as f amily f rom 1 871 u ntil i ts c losure i n 1 967.

c ontrolled b y

t he R odger

L abour a nd W ages. I n o f t he R eform t heir

O ctober 1 883 t he G lasgow t obacco-pipe m akers l ed t he p ottery s ection a nnual t rade p rocession , c arrying t he b anner u sed b y t hem i n t he 1 832 m arch ( Fleming 1 923 , 2 60) , a n i ndication o f t he e arly o rganisation o f l abour s upply . I nsight i nto c onditions d uring t he y ears w hen t he

i ndustry w as e xpanding i s g iven i n t he M S c opy o f t he ' Glasgow R ules o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe M akers A ssociation o f G reat B ritain a nd I reland , ( General R ules 1 846) . F ounded i n 1 846 , t his w as t o b e c entralised o n G lasgow a nd e ntailed a c ontribution o f 6 d . p er w eek , w ith a s trike a llowance o f 1 5s p er w eek . R ules r egulated t he p ayment o f w ages , c ondeming s uch p ractices a s p ayment i n k ind a nd h awking , t he f ormer h aving b een i ntroduced b y a t l east / NI Dp ipemaker s hall t ake o ne c lay-pipe m anufacturer ( Johnston 1 946 , 2 78) . p ipes o r a ny g oods f or w ages i n s hape o r s olicit o rder f or p ipes , i f w orking a t t he t rade ' . W ages w ere t o b e p aid p iece r ate , w hich w as t o b e s trictly 0 m ember s hall w ork a ny n ew m ould o r o ne i n d ispute , u ntil c ontrolled - 11 t he p rice i s s ettled b y t he t rade. o t he l aws a nd c ustoms o f t he . . according t v arious p arts o f t he Un ion ' . T he f ollowing s pecific a rrangements w ere m ade f or a pprentices, c ontrast w ith t he s maller m akers d iscussed b elow : 3 0.

T hat

i n

e very a pprentice s hall p ay t he s um o f t hree p ence p er

w eek , a nd a fter s ix m onths r egular p ayment , w ill b e e ntitled t o a ll t he B enefits , n amely t he F uneral B enefits . 3 1.

T hat e very a pprentice s hall s erve s even y ears t o t he t rade b efore h e c an b e r ecognised a s ay ourneyman , a nd w ill n ot b e p ermitted t o c hange h is s hop , u nless t here i s a s urplus n umber o f a pprentices i n t he s hop h e i s i n .'

T he p ipenakers m ay h ave f ollowed t he p ractice o f G lasgow p otteries a s r egards a pprentices w here b oys w ere r egarded a s s uch , a lthough n ot i ndentured ( Marwick 1 936, 1 41). I n

1 851,

w hilst w ages w ere r ising g enerally ,

c lay p ipe m anufacturers

a ttempted t o r educe t hem b y 2 0% b ecause o f f alling f ood p rices ( Johnston 1 920 , 2 79) . I t d oes , h owever , a ppear t o b e t he n ormal p ractice f or b oth e mployer a nd e mployees t o p resent a n o rganised f ront w hen n egociating t he

6 8

f ixing o f a s tandard p iece r ate .

I n D ecember 1 871

a n a dvance o f 1 8% w as

a greed b y t he m angement o f McDougall 's a nd D avidson 's f ollowing d eputations f rom t heir e mployees . T he ' Dundee A dvertiser ' f or 3 0th S eptember 1 872 n oted t hat ' the G lasgow P ipe M akers ' S trike b eing n ow e nded t he f ollowing E mployers i n D undee h ave a lso g iven t he A dvance -A ndrew K ane . J ames McGinnes . J ohn L owrie . ' I n 1 875 i ndustrial d isputes i n t he t rade h ad h eightened t he m anufacturers i nterest i n m achinery : ' Owing t o t he n umerous ,

a nd s ometimes v ery p rotracted ,

t he p ipe-making b usiness ,

s trikes i n

t he m anufacturers i n v arious p arts o f

t he c ountry h ave l ong d esired t o s upercede a l arge p roportion o f t heir h and l abour b y m achinery , a nd n ever w as t he d esire m ore a cutely f elt a nd m anifested t han b y p ipe m anufacturers o f G lasgow d uring t he r ecent s tikre i n t hat c ity , w hich l asted f or f ully s ix m onths ! ( Dundee A dvertiser 1 2 O ctober 1 875) . T he p iece r ate w as a gain f ixed i n A ugust 1 900 f ollowing a greement b etween t he e mployee a nd t he ' A ssociated P ipemakers S ociety o f S cotland a nd I reland ', t he l atter c onsisting o f t he m ajor m anufacturers: D uncan Mc D ougall & C o" J ohn W aldie & C o" a nd W illiam W hite & S on ( Society o f P ipemakers 1 900) . T his s ettlement g ives t he p rice p aid p er g ross f or a ll t ypes o f m oulds u sed i n S cottish f actories ,

t he a verage b eing f rom 8 d t o 9 d

p er g ross . H owever , a n a greement o f 2 nd O ctober 1 900 b etween t he s ame p arties s hows t hat d isputes c ould s oon a rise : ' That t he n ew m oulds p resently i n d ispute i n M cDougall 's E lephant a nd T urtle b e p aid a t 8 4 p r g ross m aking '.

S hop .

F rom 1 851 t he C ensus R eports s how a g radual i ncrease i n t he n umber o f w omen e mployed i n p ipemaking e stablishments . I n t hat y ear 2 3% o f G lasgow p ipemakers w ere w omen , 2 6% i n 1 861, 3 3% i n 1 881, 3 6% i n 1 901 a nd 4 6% i n 1 911 . N o f igures e xist f or 1 871 . I n D avidson 's i n 1 864 m en w ere r olling a nd m oulding , w omen w ere f inishing ( Anon 1 864) . B y t he e arly y ears o f t he p rersent c entury c oncern w as b eing e xpressed b y t rade u nions i n G lasgow o ver t his r eplacement o f am ale b y a f emale l abour f orce i n t he m ajor p ipe f actories , i n c ommon w ith t he r est o f t he l ocal p ottery i ndustry ( Treble 1 978 , 1 23) . A t W hite 's d uring t he 1 930 's m en w ere s till m oulding a nd w omen f inishing . A f ormer e mployee i n t hat f actory c ompiled a d escription o f t h p rocesses a t t hat d ate a nd a dded t he c omment t hat ' i f y our w oman f inisher d idn 't h appen t o c ome i n f or h er w ork a nd s o d idn 't f inish t he p ipes y our w ages w ere n il ' ( Anon M S , P eoples P alace M useum , G lasgow ) . I n 1 954 , w ith a m uch r educed l abour f orce , t wo m en w ere s till m oulding ( Samson 1 954) . D uring t he f inal y ears o f M cDougall 's w omen w ere m oulding ( Gibsone 1 956) b ut a ny a djustments t o t he c hest h ad t o b e d one b y am an . W omen m oulders w ere s aid t o b e e mployed a s a r esult o f p ast i ndustrial a ction b y t he m en ( pers . c omm . R .G .A . H emming , l ast m anager o f t he c ompany , 1 981) . T he m ajority o f p ersons i n t he 1 851 C ensus w ho w ere e mployed i n p ipemaking w ere e ither d escribed a s p ipemakers o r p ipe f inishers , t he f ormer i ncluding a pprentices a nd j ourneymen . B ut t he l arge f actories e ncouraged s pecialisation i n o ther a spects o f t he t rade . T hese i ncluded t hat o f ' pipe t rimmer ' a nd ' pipe d ipper ' . T he s ample e xamined b y t he a uthor a lso h ad s ingle e xamples o f a ' smith a nd f oreman a t a p ipeworks% a p orter , a c lerk a nd a C helsea p ensioner w ho w orked a s a ' tobacco p ipe l abourer '. V arious p ersons w ere d escribed a s m ethod o f s elling c eramics i n G lasgow ;

6 9

' hawkers ' . H awking w as a c ommon s everal h awkers w ere l isted i n t he

1 851

C ensus

r eturns

a s

l iving

i n

t he

s ame

h ousehold

a s

i ndependent

p ipemakers, b ut o nly J ames M cConnell, w ho w as r esident w ith t he p ipemaker Alexander B ain a t 2 4 S t . Mungo S treet, w as d escribed s pecifically a s a ' tobacco p ipe h awker'. A nother o ccupation a llied t o p ipemaking , b ut r equiring a m uch g reater d egree o f s kill, w as t hat o f m ould m aker . J ohn G allacher w as d escribed a s a ' tobacco p ipe m ould m aker ' i n t he 1 864-5 G lasgow d irectory , h is b usiness a ddress b eing g iven a s 4 R opewalk L ane . T his w as t he s ame a s t hat o f t he p ipemaking f rom 1 827 .

f actory

o f A lexander C oghill

A lexander C oghill

w ith s ome d egree o f

d ied

i n

w hich h ad 1 860 .

b een e stablished t here

G allacher m ay h ave w orked

i ndependence i n t hat f actory d uring t he r eorganisation

o f i ts m anagement f ollowing A lexander C oghill 's d eath . T he m ain G lasgow p ipe m ouldmakers w ere t he H erriot f amily . A lexander H erriot i s l isted i n t he d irectories a s a t obacco p ipe m oulder m aker f rom 1 877-8 u ntil 1 879-80 w ith a b usiness a ddress i nitially a s a p ipemaker ,

a t 1 73 G raeme Place . J ames H erriot a ppears b ut i n t he 1 878-9 d irectory i s d escribed a s a

t obacco p ipe m oulder m aker a t 5 4 J ohn K nox S treet .

T his b usiness r emained

l isted u nder h is n ame a t t hat a ddress u ntil 1 912-13 w hen i t m oved t o 9N ew S treet ,

C alton ,

r emaining t here u ntil 1 927-8 .

B y 1 919 J ames h ad r etired o r

d ied f or i n t hat y ear W illiam C hristie o f E dinburgh w as o rdering m oulds f rom aH ugh H erriot a t t hat a ddress .

H erriot a lso s upplied W illiam C hristie o f

G lasgow a nd p robably w as t he m ain s upplier o f m oulds

t o t he o ther G lasgow

p ipe m anufacturers .

T HE P IPES: n ineteenth a nd t wentieth c enturies. T he P ipe D esigns. N ineteenth c entury G lasgow p roduced a g reat v ariety o f p ipes ,

m any o f

t he d esigns b eing m ade w ith m inor v ariations i n a ll t he m ajor f actories . T hese c arried s tores o f m oulds , e ven t hough a f raction o f t hem m ight h ave b een i n u se a t a ny o ne t ime .

T he n umber o f d esigns i ncreased r apidly

d uring t he s econd h alf o f t he n ineteenth c entury .

I n 1 860 Alexander

C oghill h ad 5 6 p airs o f m oulds ( SRA T -MS/55) ; i n c irca 1 864 D avidson 's h ad 4 3 . B y 1 900 D avidson 's n umber h ad i ncreased t o o ver 4 00 ( Gallagher a nd P rice, b elow) . C hristie 's h ad o ver 4 00 d esigns i n 1 891 ( Stratten 1 891 1 80) ; M cDougall 's h ad 4 03 m oulds i n t he 1 900 p rice l ist b ut l ater w ere s aid t o h ave h ad b etween 8 00 a nd 9 00 ( Walker 1 969 , S ome

d esigns

c atered

f or

t he

t astes

o f

1 45) . a p articular

S cottish r egion .

G lasgow b uyers f avoured t he s hort c utty , w ith a n a verage l ength o f 7 i nches ( 18 c m ) ( Fleming 1 901, 2 08) . I n M cDougall 's s hort c atalogue o f c irca 1 950 ( SRA T D 1 56) t his w as d esign n umbers 3 89 a nd 4 97

( pers .

co m m .

Mr . R .G .A .

F leming) . N umber 3 89 a ppears i n t he 1 900 p rice l ist a s ' Irish W orkman ' ( Society o f P ipemakers 1 900) . O ther d esigns w ere a imed a t t he I rish m arket b oth i n I reland i tself a nd a mong t he l arge I rish p opulation i n G lasgow , e xamples o f t hese b eing n os . 5 9 , 6 4 a nd 7 1-75 ( Figs . 2 2 a nd 2 4) . T he T D p ipe , n os . 5 -8 ( Fig . 1 3) , w as p roduced m ainly f or t he N orth A merican m arket .

N os .

6 6-68 w ere

a imed d irectly

a t

t he N orth A merican b uyer ,

n o .

6 66 ' STILL L OYAL T O T HE O LD C OUNTRY ' w ould s eem t o b e a n a spect o f t he C anadian r ecruitment c ampaign o f 1 914-18 . A ccording t o M r . M .A . H emming , a d irector a nd t he l ast m anager o f n o . 3 90 , w as p opular i n W est A frica .

M cDougall 's ,

a ' torrified '

p ipe ,

t heir

D ecorated b owls w ere p roduced i n G lasgow f rom t he s eventeenth c entury , a

7 0

0

‘ 0

l e 0

0

1

. i . 0 0 1

I

r e 0 0 I

1 860

No s eparate l i st ing

1 880

1 900

Fig.

1 1 7 1

I

c o 0 0

1

b owl o f t hat d ate b earing t he t own 's e mblem h aving b een f ound i n L ondonderry . L acy) . F leming ( 1912 , 3 11) r ecords t hat o n t he s ite o f t he ( pers . comm. B M illroad p ottery , a ctive u ntil a bout 1 854 , s ome 1 00 m oulds w ere f ound ' the e arliest o f w hich w as d ated 1 791, a nd r epresented a m edallion o f D avid D ale , t he f amous G lasgow P hilanthropist ' . A nother e xample o f a d ated b owl i s t hat p roduced b y B .E . W ise ,

b earing t he d ate 1 836

( 1 0 .

3 ) .

T he c ulmination

o f t he a rt o f b owl d ecoration w as p erhaps t he t ripartite m oulds o f p ortraits m ade b y b oth W hite 's a nd McDougall's . T hey i ncluded s uch p ersons a s S hakespeare , B urns , S ir W alter S cott ( Samson 1 954 , 1; F ig . 2 0 , n o . 4 7) a nd K ing E dward V II , F ig . 2 6 , n o . 8 6X C ertain d esigns i mitated t hose o f m akers f rom o utside G lasgow . T he 1 900 p rice l ist i ncludes p ipes w ith t he n ames M ilo a nd S winyard . M ilo w as an ineteenth c entury L ondon t obacconist/pipemaker , t he S winyard f amily w ere p ipemakers a ctive i n S outh-East E ngland d uring t he s ame p eriod . T he 1 900 p rice l ist a lso i ncluded p ipes n amed ' Dutch ' a nd ' Belgium ' . T he P eter D orni s tem ( fig . 1 5 n o . 2 3) , w hich w as f ound w ith a g roup o f M cDougall w asters , c opies t he m aker o f t hat n ame w ho w as a ctive i n n orthern F rance c irca 1 860 ( Oswald 1 975 , 19 ; W alker 1 977 , 2 96) . B oth W hite 's a nd M cDougall 's m ade t raditional c hurchwarden p ipes i n a B roseley s tyle ; b oth c ompanies c laimed t o b e s uppliers o f t hese t o T homas C arlyle ( Fleming 1 923 , 2 43 ; S amson 1 954 , 1 0) . W hite 's p roduced a ' Carlyle ' p ipe ( fig 1 7 , n o . 3 6) w ith a l ength o f 2 1 i nches . P roduction o f t hese h ad c eased b y 1 954 a t W hite 's ( Samson 1 954 , 1) . M cDougall 's n ormally p roduced t hem i n t heir l ater y ears o nly i n r esponse t o s pecific o rders , s uch a s o ne f rom t he f ilm d irector S ir A lexander K orda ( pers . c omm . M r .R .G .A . H emm ing w ho i n 1 981 w as i n p ossession o f t wo o f M cDougall 's c hurchwarden m oulds) , A t t imes s pecial s howpieces w ere p roduced w hich c ould t ake t he f orm o f f ig . 1 7 , n o . 3 5 ; S amson 1 954 , 1) . S uch v ery l arge o r v ery s mall p ipes ( p ieces c ould b e p ictorial, a s w ith t he E xhibition p ipe p roduced b y J .C . F eron f or t he G lasgow I nternational E xhibition o f 1 862, b ut p robably a dapting a m ould o f C harles C rop o f L ondon ( cf . F resco-Corbu 1 982, 8 ) . F leming ( 1923 , 2 38) t ells u s t hat ' any n otable e vent , s uch a s a C oronation o r J ubilee , s erved t he p urpose o f t he m odeller i n p roducing a f ancy p ipe t o c elebrate t he o ccasion ' . I t w as s aid t hat T homas D avidson c ould c reate a ny d esign t o s uit a c ustomer ' and t o i nscribe t he n ame o f t he b uyer o r i nventor u pon t he m ould ' ( Anon 1 864) . T he s peed a t w hich m akers c ould r espond t o p otential m arkets , e ven i n t he l ater d ays o f t he i ndustry , i s i llustrated b y t he K ing E dward V III p ipe p roduced b y M cDougall 's ( example i n t he p ossesion o f M r . R .G .A . H emming ) . T he d esigner o f t he f inal y ears a t M cDougall 's w as B ill P rince . M anchester m an , h e w as m aking a l iving s elling p ipes f or h is f ather , w ho w as a lso a p ipemaker , w hen h e w as o nly 1 3 ' ( Gibsone 1 956) . P rince m odelled h is d esigns i n c lay , u sing p hotographs ; i n 1 956 h e h ad b een w ith M cDougall 's f or 4 6 y ears ( Gibsone 1 956) . M cDougall 's g enerally c arried o nly o ne m ould o f e ach t ype , d uplication b eing u npopular w ith t he p ipemakers . W here t here w as a l arge d emand f or a p articular s tyle s imilar m oulds w ere p roduced , e .g . n os . 3 89 a nd 5 97 i n t heir c atalogue o f c irca 1 950 . t o s upply S cottish d emands.

T hey a lso i mported b riar p ipes f rom F rance

7 2

M akers m arks: n ineteenth a nd t wentieth c entury . S ome p ipes h ave t he m aker 's m ark a s a n a pplied s tamp o n t he b ack o f t he b awl , g enerally i n a f rame e .g . n os . 1 3 a nd 3 5 . O ther m arks o n t he r ear o f t he b awl c an a dvertise a c ustomer 's n ame , s uch a s t he S T . M UNGO C o . V INTNERS i llustrated o n n o . 6 3 . M ore c ommonly , t he r ear c arries a m ark i ndicating t he s tyle o f t he p ipe , e .g . B EN N EVIS C UTTY ( no . 5 8) . T his c an i nclude t he d ouble l etter m arks T D a nd T W , w hich i n t his c ase i ndicate t he p ipe d esign a nd a re n o i ndication o f t he a ctual m aker . S ometimes t he p ipe d esign c an r efer t o ap lacename , e .g . C ORK ; w hen t his a ppears o n t he b ack o f ab owl i t s hould n ot b e m istaken f or t he p lace o f m anufacture . G lasgow p ipes n ormally c arry t he m aker 's n ame i n b lock c apitals o n t he s tem , a t t imes e nclosed b y ar ope f rame . T he n ame i s g enerally i ncuse a nd m ould-imparted , t he f rame i n r elief . T he s tem m ay a lso b e m arked G LASGOW o r S COTLAND . A c hange f rom t he f ormer t o t he l atter p robably o ccurred i n 1 891 w hen t he U nited S tates r uled t hat a ll i mported g oods m ust b e m arked w ith t heir c ountry o f o rigin ( Walker 1 977, 3 44) . I n 1 967 McDougall 's m arked t heir e xport m aterial , i ncluding T D p ipes w ith S COTLAND ( Walker 1 969 , 1 35) . S tems m arked G LASGOW , w ere m ore c ommon i n t he n ineteenth c entury , b ut S COTLAND m ay h ave b een i n u se b efore i ts e nforced u se i n 1 891. E xamples m arked S COTLAND w ere f ound a t O ld S acraments C ity w here t he m ain d eposit w as d ated 1 846-52 ( Walker 1 977, 3 44). D uring t he t wentieth c entury t here w as a t endency t o c ut d own o n t he a mount o f l abour e xpended o n m arking a p ipe . M cDougall w as a breviated t o D .M .D . a nd f inally r eplaced b y a n a dhesive l abel . T he s ame p rocess c an b e s een w ith W hite 's p ipes i nvolving a c ontraction f rom W . W HITE t o W .W .S . A lthough t his c ontraction m ay h ave h ad a b road c hronological b asis , l arge s tores o f m oulds m eant t hat a n umber o f d ifferent s tem m arkings c ould b e i n u se a t a ny o ne t ime . T he d egree o f m arking c ould a lso v ary a ccording t o t he p rice p aid . M cDougall 's I rish P rice L ist ( People 's P alace , G lasgow 8 0 .50) , aw holesale l ist o f c irca 1 875 , g ives v arious e xtras :

P IPES S TAMPED W ITH N AME O F B OWL O R S TEM , 2 d . P ER G ROSS E XTRA R ED P IPES, 9 d . P ER G ROSS E XTRA P ipes t ipped w ith H ard G laze , O ne P enny p er G ross a dditonal

e .g .

S tems c ould a lso b e m arked w ith t he n ame o f t he p articular p ipe d esign B ALMORAL ( fig . 1 4, n os . 1 2) , D ERRY ( fig . 2 2, n o . 6 4), a nd C ARLYLE 'S

P IPE ( fig . 1 7 , n o . 3 6) . T hese c ould b e w ith o r w ithout t he m aker 's n ame . T he c atalogue n umber o f t he m ould i s o ften i ndicated b y an umber t o t he l eft o f t he m aker 's n ame . S maller n umbers o r f ractions c an i ndicate m inor v ariety i n d esign i n p opular m oulds . S purs w here f ound c an h ave l etters o r n umbers i n r elief . O n e arly n ineteenth c entury p ipes t hese c an r efer t o t he m aker e .g . ( fig . 1 2, n o . 3 ) . T heir s ignificance o n l ater p ipes i s u nknown .

7 3

C atalogue o f i llustrated p ipes. 1 .

C omplete p ipe w ith h alf-ribbed bowl . B rown g lazed m outhpiece . K GG .

S tem s tamped J .AGNEW/GLASGOW .

2 .

C omplete p ipe ; m oulded b owl; f rame . PG. P

3 .

B owl w ith h orizontal r ibbing a nd r eliefB.E .WISE/1836, t he f ormer b eing r etrograde . S pur m arked W /P. PG . P

4 .

L arge b owl w ith r elief p avillion a bove s crollwork a nd , o n t he l eft s hips , o n t he r ight l ocomotives . S tem s tamped J .C .FERON/GLASGOW .

s tem s tamped J .DOYLE/GLASGOW i n r ope

T his w as p robably i ntended a s a s ouvenir o f t he 1 888 G lasgow I nternational E xhibition b ut w ould s eem t o b e a n a daptation o f t he m ould d esigned b y C . C rop o f L ondon f or t he I nternational E xibition o f 1 862 , w hich i s i llustrated b y F resco-Corbu ( 1982 , 8 ) P PG . D . M cDougall & C o . 5 .

S purred b awl a nd s tem f ragment . T D i n r elief on b ack o f b owl , m arked 5 M c ../..GOW i n r ope f rame . T G :PPG .

6 .

S purred b owl a nd s tem f ragment . M ould i mparted T D i n r elief o nback o f b owl . S tem m arked M CDOUGALL/GLASGOW i n r ope f rame . T G :PPG .

7 .

B owl s imilar t o n os . 5 a nd 6 , but m arked M cDOUGALL/SCOTLAND i n r ope f rame a nd ( on l eft) 1 . P R ;PPG .

8 .

S purred b owl

a nd s tem f ragment w ith m ould i mparted TD i n r elief o n

b ack o f b owl a nd 2 i n r elief o n s pur . 9 .

1 0 .

P R ;PPG .

P lain b owl w ith s tem m arked M cDOUGALL G L. . . /WOODSTOCK PIPE f rame a nd , o n l eft, 5 0 ( 1900, n o . 5 0). PG . P S purred b owl w ithm ould i mparted T W o n b ack , T W C utty).

s tem

i n

r ope

1 0 o n s tem ( 1900 n o . 1 0 :

PG . P

1. 1

S purred b owl w ith m illed r im , oval s tamp o n b ack e nclosingw ords H OME R ULE, 2 2(9?) o n s tem ( 1900 n o . 2 28 : N ew H ome R ule). PG. P

1 2.

B owl w ith p etals o n s eams a nd l eaves o n base i n h igh r elief : s tem m arked M cDOUGALL 1 9/BALMORAL ; o ne e xample of t he p ipe h as a c omplete c oat o f y ellow-green g laze ( 1900, n o . 1 9). PG. P

1 3.

P lain b owl w ith i ncuse s tamp o n b ack h aving M CDOUGALL/GLASGOWand a t ree , t he G lasgow c ity e mblem , w ithin a s hield .

1 4.

K elso : N MAS.

B owl w ith t wo b andsof p etals separated b y h orizontal r ib ; s tem m arked M cDOUGALL/...ASGOW . W H ; P PG .

1 5.

P lain b owl, s tem m arked M cD ../..OW i n ar ope f rame . T G ;PPG.

1 6 .

B owl i n s hape o f h elmeted h ead , s tem m arked M cDougall 's 1 900 n o . 1 51: L ancer . W H :PPG .

7 4

1 5(?) .

P robably

GLASGO W

1

2

t

j

A f\

3

4

F ig.

1 2

G lasgow:

pipes,

nos.

1 -4

7 5

7

1 ;1 7 1 ' ;

f r

%

8

‘

SCoTtmwo .

9

F ig.

1 3

G lasgow:

p ipes

o f

Duncan McDougall, 7 6

nos.

5 -9

I 0

1 3A L M 0 R A 1 .

1 2

1 3

0

V .,

1 5 1 4

1 6

F ig.

1 4

G lasgow:

pipes

1 7

of

Duncan McDougall,

7 7

nos.

1 0-17

1 9

20

22

23 e&p cN il

F ig.

1 5

G lasgow:

pipes

probably by Duncan McDougall 7 8

, 1 8-23

24

25

26

2 7

29

28

30

F ig.

1 6

G lasgow:

p ipes probably by Duncan McDougall 7 9

, 2 4-30

1 7.

L arge u pright b awl w ith h orizontal r ib , s tem m arked 1 80 . M cDougall's 1 900 n o . 1 80 ; R inged A frican C utty . PG . P

P robably

N os . 1 8 t o 3 0 w ere f ound i n a s ealed c ontext , a long w ith n os . 7a nd 8 a t P etershil R oad , S pringburn , G lasgow . A ll w ere u nused , p robably w asters , a nd t hose i dentified w ere f rom D . M cDougall & C o . 1 8.

T all n arrow b owl w ith s pur ; s tem m arked 3 57 , p ossibly M cDougall 's 1 900 n o . 3 57: G ambetta . P R ; P PG .

1 9.

P lain b owl w ith s tem s tamped 2 91,

p ossibly M cDougall 's 1 900 n o . 2 91;

N ew M iner . P R : P PG . 2 0 .

P lain b owl , s tem m arked 4 41.

2 1.

L arge t hick u pright b owl ; s tem m arked 2 1" . n o . 2 12: L arge A frican C utty . P R ; P PG .

2. 2

P lain b awl , s tem m arked S COTLAND. P R ; P PG .

2 3.

S tem d ecorated i n h igh r elief e nclosing t he n ame P ETER D ORNI . G lasgow c opy o f t his m aker 's w ork . P R ; P PG .

2 4.

B ark d esign e xtending o n t o s tem .

2 5.

B asket w eave b ordered w ith r ope t wist , s crollwork u nder ; s tem m arked 3 68. M cDougall's 1 900 n o . 3 68: N ew L arge B asket . P R ; P PG .

2 6.

F our f ormalised t rees, t wo o f t hem u p s eams.

2 7.

P etals i n h igh r elief w ith ' leaves' o ver s eams.

2 8.

B owl h eld i n c uffed h and , s tem m arked 4 28.

2 9.

C rown , I rish h arp a nd s hamrock i n l ow r elief.

3 0.

H orse 's h ead a nd r iding w hip/ h orseshoe a nd s pur ; s eam .

P R ; P PG . P ossibly M cDougall 's 1 900

A

P R ; P PG.

P R ; P PG. P R ; P PG .

P R ; P PG . P R ; P PG . n arrow l eaf o n e ach

P R ; P PG .

W illiam W hite & S ons: 3 1.

C omplete p ipe w ith p lain b awl ; s tem m arked 3 4/GOLD D IGGERS . 1 900 n o . 3 4: L arge G olddigger . P PG 5 1167F .

W hite 's

3 2.

S purred b owl s imilar i n f orm t o n o . 8 , r elief T D o n b ack ; ( W .WHIT(E)/(G)LASGOW o n s tem . B arnstaple , C ape C od , NMAS .

T 7 8 N ot

i llustrated . 3 3.

R ed c lay p ipe ; s tem m arked 9 9 W .WHITE G LASG ../THE V OLUNTEER . P PG.

3 4.

T all b owl ; s tem m arked 5 19 a nd W .W .S.. P PG .

3 5.

V ery l arge b owl , b ack s tamped W .WHITE i n o val f rame .

3 6.

A B roseley t ype p ipe : s tem w ith s piral b alance m ark a nd s tamped W .WHITE C ARLYLES P IPE/SCOTLAND ; g lazed m outh-piece . C omplete l ength

8 0

W H ; P PG.

of William

C e

C O

8 1

a bout 5 3 c m ( 21 i ns .). 3 7.

S hip/anchor ;

l eaf

K GG.

o n e ach

s eam .

S tem s tamped D 73

W .WHITE/GLASGOW .

P PG . 3 8 .

C omplete p ipe ; b asket w eave w ith s crolling u nder ; W .WHITE/GLASGOW . W hite 's 1 900 n o . 5 39: L og B asket.

3 9.

F luted b owl ; s tem m arked 3 (?9)3 W .WHITE/SCOTLAND . s ide o f s pur . P PG .

4 0.

C omplete p ipe w ith m asonic s ymbols; s tem s tamped W .WHITE/GLASGOW . P PG .

4 1.

D utch

s tyle

n o . 3 8:

p ipe w ith

D utch .

s tem m arked

3 8 .

s tem m arked P PG.

ach C i n r elief o n .e

W .WHITE/GLASGOW ;

C omplete p ipe w ith s tem m arked 1 60 W .WHITE/GLASGOW . 1 60 : B elgium . N MAS.

4 3.

C omplete p ipe w ith f orward p rojecting s pur ; s tem W .WHITE/GLASGOW . W hite 's 1 900 n o . 1 69: H eeled L incoln . B all

p layers

m arked W WS.

W hite 's

1 900

N MAS.

4 2.

4 4.

5 39

o ver

r ustic

b ase ;

s teel

j unction

W hite 's 1 900 n o .

f or

m arked N MAS.

v ulcanite

1 69

s tem

P PG .

4 5.

B ase o f b owl w ith h and h olding m ug , m arked 2 92A. 2 92 : H and a nd T umbler T hick . W H ; P PG .

4 6.

F oot k icking a b all ; d esigned f or s eparate s tem ; P 1 900 n o . 5 36: F ootball B ent. PG .

4 7.

P olished b owl w ith p ortrait o f R obert B urns , P m ould , c f . W alker 1 977, f igs. 14-116. PG .

W hite 's 1 900 n o .

m arked 5 36 .

m ade

W hite 's

f rom t hree

p art

T homas D avidson J unior & C o . 4 8.

H oof ,

d esigned t o h old a s eparate s tem , m arked 3 53 .

n o . 3 53:

D avidson 's 1 900

H oof b awl . W H ; P PG .

P ipes f rom u nidentified m akers : 4 9.

S purred b owl , 2 31 o n s tem , D i n r elief o n s pur .

P PG.

5 0.

P lain b ulbous b owl , m ark o n s tem u nclear .

5 1.

P lain b awl .

5 2.

L arge u pright b owl w ith m ould-imparted m illing o n t he r im , m ark i n f rame o n s tem . P PG .

5 3.

P ipe w ith c omplete c overing o f

W H ; P PG .

P PG .

o paque b rown-glaze ;

P PG . 5 4 .

S mall s purred b owl .

PG . P

5 5.

U pright b owl ; s tem m arked 2 83. P PG.

8 2

i llegible

s tem m arked 4 14 .

37

3 8

39

40

F ig.

1 8

G lasgow:

p ipes

o f William White and Son,

8 3

nos.

3 7-40

4 1

42

43

F ig.

1 9

G lasgow: p ipes by William White, nos. 4 1-43 3 8: Dutch, 1 60: Belgian, 1 69: heeled L incoln

8 4

44

45

47

46

48

F ig.

2 0

G lasgow:

p ipes

of William White 8 5

and Son,

nos.

4 4-48

e l

c r )

e l

i n

M IM I

0 0

8 6

59

c 2 ‘ ` 4 vNO&

63

62

65

64

F ig.

2 2

G lasgow:

nos.

5 8-65 8 7

5 6. 5 7.

P PG .

C omplete p ipe w ith f orward s loping b awl .

B ulbous b owl a nd p art o f l ong s tem , i n b lack-coloured c lay ;

s tem

GG . m arked 3 70 3 . K 5 8.

B owl w ith i ncuse s tamp B EN N EVIS C UTTY, i n o val f rame, o n b ack o f b owl.

PG. P

5 9.

M illed b owl ;

6 0.

M illed b owl w ith i ncuse s tamp o f A NS i n a r ope k not ; 3 06 o n s tem . P PG .

6 1.

S purred b owl w ith m ould-imparted T W o n b ack , i n r elief.

6 2.

S purred b owl w ith h arp, s hamrock a nd C OLLEEN s tamped o n b ack .

PG. P

6 3.

B owl w ith i ncuse s tamp w ith T HE S T M UNGO/CO/VINTNERS o n b ack .

PG. P

6 4.

S purred b owl, i ncuse D ERRY o n s tem .

6 5.

B owl w ith s pur i n s hape o f b oot, s imilar t o n o . 4 6.

6. 6

M ountie , F RONT ,

i ncuse s tamp E RIN G O B RACH o ver h arp a nd s hamrock .

f ield g un ,

PG. P

PG. P

PG. P

t ent a nd s hell

PG. P

O T HE b urst o ver a nd C ANADIANS T

C anadian f lag o ver L OYAL T O T HE O LD C OUNTRY .

W H ;

PG . P

6 7.

E lephant/Stars a nd S tripes.

6 8.

C ross U nion J ack a nd S tars a nd S tripes;

6 9.

C rossed r ifles/cannon : n arrow l eaf o n s eam .

7 0.

C rude p icture o f as hip , B RITISH C RUISER/ f lag.

7 1.

S hamrock/harp : w ith S HAMROCK O F E RIN, n arrow l eaf o n s eam .

7 2.

H ead o ver I RE.../IRELAND A N ATION o ver s hamrock .

7 3.

W OLFE T ONE, 9 8/harp a nd s hamrock ;

n arrow l eaf o n s eams. W H ; P PG.

7 4.

H and/heart ;

PG. P

7 5.

A nchor/harp ; n arrow l eaf o n s eam .

7 6.

W H ; P PG.

2 i n r elief o n s pur .

i ncuse 3 03 o n s tem .

W H ; P PG.

W H ; P PG. W H ; P PG. T G ; P PG .

W H ; P PG.

W H ; P PG .

C omplete p ipe w ith t egulated b owl, s crollwork u nder ; i ncuse 5 o n s tem ; m outhpiece g lazed r ed .

PG. P

7. 7

B asket w eave, s crollwork b elow .

7 8.

B road b asket w eave w ith t riangular f ield b elow .

7 9.

B owl w ith p etals o n s eam i n h igh r elief.

8 0.

B owl w ith p etal o n b ase ;

8 1.

D iamond d esign w ith b ars i n r elief a bove .

8 2.

S purred b owl ;

r idges ;

PG. P

T G ; P PG.

i ncuse 9 4 o n s tem .

T G ; P P6.

PG. P

s mall l eaf d esign o n s eams.

8 8

W H ; P PG.

PG. P

CAN I A DI ANS -“ )

1 F 1

FR c )n

66

67

69

68

70

F ig.

2 3

G lasgow: bowls n os. 6 6-70

with patriotic or political 8 9

motifs,

i n t

9 0

o c o

c o N

0 ) t h .

I n ( N J CI H

9 1

I

\ < /'

• ./ / . /• / '

8 1

82

83

84

85

F ig.

2 6

G lasgow:

bowls,

8 6

nos.

8 1-86 9 2

8 7

89

F ig.

2 7

G lasgow:

bowls,

90

nos. 9 3

8 7-90

8 3.

H ead/crown . T races o f T t o r ight o f h ead , ( cf . n os. 5 -8), s pur m issing . W H ; P PG .

p ossibly a r eused T D p ipe

8 4.

B earded h ead .

8 5.

H ead w ith l aurels.

8 6 .

K ing E dward V II , h igly p olished b owl m ade f rom t ripartite m ould , n o . 4 7). D esigned f or s eparate s tem . W H ; P PG.

8 7.

S team p addleship/locomotive ;

8 8.

A nchor/sailing s hip .

8 9 .

B owl i n s hape o f f ish .

9 0.

C laws, i n h igh r elief, g ripping b awl.

W H ; P PG . PG . P ( cf .

s mall l eaves o n s eam . P PG .

P PG . W H ; P PG . PG . P

F urther w aster m aterial f rom G lasgow . N os . 9 1-108 a re p art o f a g roup o f p ipes f ound d uring O ctober 1 984 d uring c learance w ork i nvolving t he d emolition o f at enement b uilding , p rior t o t he c reation o f ap layground , i n S pringburn R oad , G lasgow . A ll t he p ipes i n t he g roup a ppear t o b e w asters , a part f rom o ne u sed b owl o f E dinburgh m anufacture ( not i llustrated) . T he r emainder o f t he p ipes a re u nused . M any s how d efects o f g lazing e ither w ith b roken s urfaces w here a c omplete c asting h as b een a pplied o r w ith a t hin p atchy y ellow d iscolouration . I n t he c ase o f n o . 1 08 t he w ire c reating t he s tem b ore h as b een p laced t oo f ar f orward , p iercing t he f ace o f t he b owl . I t i s a lso c overed w ith t hin d istorted g laze . A ll t he p ipes w hose m anufacturer c an b e i dentified a re p roducts o f M cDougall 's f actory . C omparison w ith s imilar p ipes a nd i dentification o f m ould n umbers i ndicates t hat t he p ipes m arked G .B . O LLIVANT & C o . L d/MANCHESTER , L AGOS S TORES L td/LIVERPOOL a nd M cN .S & c o L td a re a lso a ll l ikely t o h ave b een p roduced b y M cDougall's. C .B . 0 11ivant & C o . w as i ncorporated a s ac ompany i n 1 919 a nd o perated f rom 7 1 W hitworth S treet , M anchester . T hey a ppear i n K elly 's d irectory u ntil 1 975-76 a nd a t p resent c ontinue t o t rade u nder t he n ame o f G .B . 0 11ivant & C o ( Zaire) L td . w ith a r egistered o ffice i n L odnon . L agos s tores w as f ounded i n 1 889 b y J . P ickering J ones a nd w as o riginally k nown a s L agos R eady-Money S tore C o . L tdIt t ook o ver t he L agos b usiness o f T .E . T omlinson i n 1 894 . B ranches w ere s till e stablished i n n orthern N igeria a t S okoto a nd Z aria a nd o n t he c oast a t L agos a nd W arn. E ntries f or t he c ompany a ppear i n t he L iverpool d irectory b etween 1 891-1922 i nclusive a nd i n t he 1 927 e dition o f K elly 's D irectory o f a ll m erchants , M anufacturers a nd S hippers o f t he W orld . M cN . S &C o L td . m ay b e i dentified w ith M cNeil , S cott a nd C ompany , w ho a ppear i n , he L iverpool d irectory b etween 1 906-29 i nclusive a nd a re d escribed a s A frican m erchants o f R oyal L iver B uildings , L iverpool . T hey a lso a ppear i n K elly 's d irectory u ntil 1 935 . T hey t raded i n N igeria a t S apele . M cDougall 's

c ontinued

t o s upply t he W est A frican m arket u ntil

9 4

t heir

T D M c D O UG A L L

GL A SCO W

3

SC OT LAN D

9 1

1

7

D ' 1c D OUG i tL t . 5c oll .A ND

M

92

C H E S TE R

93

\ 442

, _ _ _ _ _ , Z K OLL IVA NT « C oC• --l

94

LA N D

F ig.

2 8

Wasters

from Springburn Road, 9 5

95

G lasgow,

nos.

9 1-95

c losure i n 1 967, w hen t heir f inal l osses i ncluded p ipes s tranded i n N igeria a s a r esult o f t he c ivil war ( Walker 1 977, 3 45;

p ers .

co m m .,

Mr . R .G .H .

H emming). 9 1.

T .D . p ipe w ith r elief 3 o n s pur a nd McDOUGALL/GLASGOW S COTLAND o n s tem . T he n umber 3 m ay r efer t o t he p recise m ould w hen s everal o f t he s ame s tyle w ere i n u se .

9 2.

S lightly s mall T .D .

p ipe w ith M cDOUGALL/SCOTLAND i n i ncuse l etters o n

s tem . 9 3.

P ipe w ith r ing i n r elief a round b owl,

s tem m arked G .B . O LLIVANT & C o .

L d/MANCHESTER . A s imilar s tyle o f b awl i n T homas D avidson 's c atalogue w as k nown a s a 'no n C onge ' ( Gallagher a nd P rice b elow ) . 9 4.

Plain b owl w ith s tem m arked 4 42 G .B .OLLIVANT & C o L d/MANCHESTER . C omplete l ight b rown g laze.

9 5.

B owl a nd

p art

o f

s tem ,

l atter m arked M cDOU-/-LAND ,

i n

l ight

b rown

c lay . 9 6.

S mall p ipe w ith b utton m outhpiece , s tem m arked D ark b rown g laze o n b owl a nd a djacent s tem .

9 7.

A lmost i dentical p ipe t o n o . 9 6, b ut w ith s tem m arked

9 8.

S COTLAND o nly .

C omplete p ipe a lmost i dentical t o n os . 9 6 a nd 9 7 b ut w ith stem m arked M cN .S.

9. 9

M cDOUGALL/SCOTLAND .

&C o . L td/NIGERIA .

C omplete l ight b rawn g laze .

S mall c omplete p ipe w ith b owl d ecorated w ith b asket w eave d esign a nd f loral m otifs , s tem m arked 2 97/SCOTLAND , b utton m outhpiece . T his i s d escribed a s ' Smallest b asket ' i n M cDougall 's 1 900 p rice l ist .

1 00.

P ipe w ith b asket w eave b owl , P robably n o .

s tem m arked 3 8? G .B .OLLIVANT/MANCHESTER .

3 88 in McDougall 's 1 900 p rice l ist ,

d escribed a s ' Small

b asket'. 1 01.

C omplete p ipe w ith r ibbed b owl , L tdf/NIGERIA .

1 02.

s pur m issing , stem m arked N keLs . &c o .

C omplete l ight b rown g laze .

C omplete p ipe w ith p ellet a nd f loral d ecoration o n s purred b owl . T hree v ariations o n t his p ipe e xist i n t he g roup d emonstrating t he u se o f

a t

l east

t wo m oulds ,

i ndentical

a part

f rom t heir s tem l ettering

w hich i s a s b elow : a .

G .B. O LLIVANT & C o . L td/MANCHESTER

b .

L AGOS S TORES L td/LIVERPOOL

c .

A s b . a bove ,

b ut w ith s maller l etteringfor L IVERPOOL o n ar aised

b ackground ; p robably a r ecutting o f b .. 1 03.

A lmost c omplete p ipe w ithdecoration i n h igh r elief , s tem m arked L AGOS S TORES L td/LIVERPOOL.

1 04.

C omplete p ipe d ecorated w ith f luting a nd pellets , S TORES L td/LIVERPOOL, b utton m outhpiece .

9 6

s tem m arked L AGOS

0

MC DOU CALL

-

SC OTL A N D

96

/

. .. .«

.. .

.... ... . .. . .... .... .

SC OTL A N D

97

98

NI G E RI A

SC OT L AND

3% 1

) .

-J

McN .S &Co L TD

CI I :II)

.

C .F i k011 i VANT

99

r,

1 00

r -4 A N C h ES TE R

1 01

F ig.

2 9

Wasters

from Springburn Road,

9 7

G lasgow,

nos.

9 6-101

1 05.

B owl a nd s tem f ragment , f ormer w ith b ark e ffect a nd l eaf o n e ach s eam , r elief 2 17 . S tem m arked C .B . O LLIVANT & C o . L d 2 17/MANCHESTER . P robably M cDougall 's 1 900 p rice l ist .

1 06.

B owl

n o .

2 17 ,

w hich w as t ermed ' French T horn ' i n t he

i n f orm o f a h and h olding a v essel ;

s tem w ith s wollen ' wrist ' ,

m arked M cDOUGA ../..OTLAND . 1 07.

B owl a nd s tem f ragment w ith s pur i n t he f orm o f ac law h olding a b all ; s tem , s urmounted M cDOUGALL/SCOTLAND .

1 08 .

B owl i n t he S CO(TLAND).

f orm o f

w ith

t he

f igure

a m ale h ead w ith

o f

a

d og,

p eaked h at,

i s

m arked

s tem m arked

T he p ipes i llustrated a bove a re m ainly m useum c ollections i n G lasgow a nd E dinburgh , w hich a re a bbreviated i n t he c atalogue a s f ollows : K KG

C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery , K elvingrove, G lasgow .

P PG

P eople 's P alace M useum , G lasgow , i ncluding t he f ollowing m aterial c ollected f rom p ottery d umps :

N MAS

P R

P etershill R oad, S pringburn , G lasgow .

T G

T ownhead p ottery d ump , G lasgow .

W H

W hite H ills p ottery d ump , G lasgow , 1 974.

N ational M useum o f A ntiquities o f S cotland ( now t he R oyal M useum o f S cotland).

N os. 9 1108 h ave a lso b een d onated t o t he P eople 's P alace M useum .

9 8

a M A N C HE S T ER

b

LA G O S STO R ES 1 . 7-D

c

LAG OS S T O R ES

L TD

L IVE RPooL

L I VC R POOL

1 02

L I VERPOol

1 03

I . . Ac oS . 5 To R ES

LTD U

L I vE I t POOL

1 04

MA K t CHE S7 ER

F ig.

3 0

Wasters

from Springburn Road, 9 9

G lasgow,

1 05

nos.

1 02-105

. 0TLA ND

1 06

1 07

1 08

F ig.

3 1

Wasters

from Springburn Road, 1 00

G lasgow,

nos.

1 06-108

L IST O F G LASGOW P IPEMAKERS:

p ost 1 800.

A GNEW J ohn

1 849-1857

13 G allowgate .

A ITKENHEAD & D UNLOP

1 898-1919

1 59 B rook S treet , M ile E nd .

A RNOT D avid

1 880-1881

9N ew S treet, C alton .

B AIN A lexander

1 851

2 2 S outh S t. M ungo S treet.

B AIN P eter

1 882

6 9 M ain S treet, B ridgeton .

B ANNERMAN C .

1 842

5 7 G allowgate .

B ANNERMAN C arrick

1 851 ( Census)

2 8 S tockwell S treet.

1 8621865

2 7 M ain S treet, C alton .

B ANNERMAN J ohn

1 856-1861

3 74 G allowgate .

B ARCLAY M ary

s ee S HORT M ary M rs.

B OUSTEAD W . &C o .

1 857-1863

6 1 D uke S treet.

B OYD J ohn

1 871

9N ew S treet, C alton .

B ROWN J ohn

1 833

3 3 S altmarket.

1 834

1 2 K irk S treet, C alton .

1 900-1902

7W ard S treet .

1 9031904

2 1 U nion P lace , A nderston .

1 8721874

3 68 G allowgate .

1 882-1883

9Y ate S treet, C amlachie .

C AMERON & M cINALLY

1 871

3 68 G allowgate .

C ARMICHAEL & C HRISTIE

1 855

1 3 D rygate .

C ARSON A gnes

1 889

3 68 G allowgate .

C ARSON H . &S on

1 886

2 28 M oncur S treet.

C ARSON R obert

1 893

3 68 G allowgate .

C HRISTIE J ohn

1 863-1866

8 8 M cPherson S treet.

1 869-1870

9M cFarlane S treet.

C HRISTIE P .

1 878

3 68 G allowgate .

C HRISTIE

1 857

b usiness 1 80).

B URNS W illiam

C AMMERON C harles

W illiam

1 01

f ounded ( Stratten 1 891,

C HRISTIE W illiam

1 860-1870

9 G allowgate . 9

1 871-1875

1 78 G allowgate

1 876

1 80 G allowgate .

1 877-1952

2 0 C raignestock S treet.

IPEWORKS C ITY O F G LASOW P OTTERY & P S ee W OOD W illiam C . C OGHILL A lexander

C OGHILL A ndrew

1 826

1 6 S t. A ndrew S quare.

1 827-1899

4R opewalk L ane .

1 904

9N ew S treet, C alton .

1 932

l isted i n G lasgow V oters M anual a s a

t obacco

p ipe

manufacturer

r esident a t 2 0 S tockwell S treet. C OGHILL D avid

1 859-1898

4R opewalk L ane.

C OGHILL G eorge

1 852-1856

4R opewalk L ane .

1 857-1872

E agle L ane, 5 3 M axwell S treet.

1 857-1859

E agle L ane H ouse , 2 24 S ydenham

C OGHILL N eil

P lace , G orbals. 1 860

n amed i n C oghill S ederunt B ook ( SRA T-MAS / 55 )

a s

tobacco

pipe

m anufacturer D AVIDSON T homas j un .

CALEDONIAN P IPEWORKS. 1 862-1887

3 3 G arngadhill.

1 898-1911

M illerfield R oad, D almarnock .

D OYLE J .

P ipe : P eoples P alace M useum , G lasgow .

D IVINE H ugh

1 851

( Census)

2 9 D rygate ; m aster e mploying 3 m en .

1 854

4 4 D ale S treet, B ridgeton .

1 855

2 1 M cFarlane S treet.

I n

p artnership w ith

p otter,

l eased 2 1 McFarlane S teet, t itle

o f

A rchibald Morton , o perating u nder t he

C ALEDONIAN P IPE W ORKS .

a sset v alued a t £ 200 ( Quail

E ASTERN T OBACCO-PIPE W ORKS 1 857-1858

1 981,

6 1 D uke S treet.

1 02

F ailed i n 1 855 , 2 ) .

F ENTON J ames

1 8791880

6 5 C umberland S treet, C alton .

F ERON J .E.

1 869-1873

1 4 V icar A lley , o ff C astle S treet.

1 874

1 5 C raighall R oad .

1 875

3 95 K eppochill R oad .

1 9051912

C raighall T obacco W orks, 4 43-445 P inkston R oad .

1 800-1808

G ibson S treet.

F ORMAN J ames

1 C lyde S treet, C alton . J oined ' Second S ociety o f J ourneymen W eavers o f C alton b y G lasgow ' i n M ay 1 800 p aid m embership f ee 1 808 ; h e i s l isted a s a ' pipemaker ' ( SRA A GN 150) . G ALBRAITH M alcolm

1 848-1854

1 5 D rygate .

G LASGOW C LAY P IPE C OMPANY 1 880-1882

2 00 G reat E astern R oad .

G LASGOW P IPE M ANUFACTORY s ee M cDougall , D uncan . G LASGOW T OBACCO C LAY P IPE M ANUFACTORY 1 880-1888

4R opewalk L ane

s ee C OGHILL , A lexander . G ILCHRIST D avid

1 858

6 1 D uke S treet.

G RANT W illiam j un .

1 844-1846

8 7 K ing S treet, C alton .

I n 1 842 W illiam G rant J unior w as a t 1 4 M illroad S treet m anufacturing e arthenware t oys a nd m arbles . I n 1 844 h e l eased t he K ingfield P ottery w here h e p roduced ' tobacco ( Quail 1 981, 2 ). G RAVEN J .

p ipes

a nd

o rnamental

1 879

1 4 T ownmill R oad .

1 8801881

1 4 A lexandra P arade .

H AMILTON , A LEXANDER & S COTT 1 803-1817

2 0 H igh S treet.

H AMILTON J ohn

1 877-1886

2 3 K irk S treet, C alton .

1 887

7 2 K irk S treet, C alton .

H AMILTON J . &J .

1 818-1822

3 00 H igh S treet.

H ANLON A .

1 841

4 1 R ottenrow .

( Census)

1 878

9 6 T aylor S treet.

1 03

c hina '

H ARTLEY J ohn

1 828-1829

4 6 C anning S treet, C alton .

1 841

4 9 S t. A ndrew S quare .

( Census)

H ENDERSON W illiam

1 815

3 7 G reat D ovehill.

H ERIOT J ames

1 875

A yton P lace , O ld V ennel .

H ERRIOT & M cILWRAITH

1 876-1877

A yton P lace , O ld V ennel .

H OGAN M ary

1 905-1908

4 7 K err S treet.

K ERR & B OYD

1 816

8 5 C andleriggs.

K ILPATRICK T homas

1 911

1 35 A delphi S treet, B ridgeton .

L ANG J ohn

1 808

G HK : b urial o f s on , a ged 7 y ears.

L EE J ames

1 841

( Census)

R ottenrow , a ged 3 0 y ears.

1 8421850

1 6 R ottenrow .

L ISTON J ohn

1 873

N apiershall S treet .

L ISTON J ohn j un . &C o .

1 877-1879

2 00 G reat E astern R oad .

M ATHER & C OCHRANE

1 873

5 1, 5 3 L adywell S treet.

M cAVOY M ichael

1 856-1860

2 2 S t . M ungo S treet.

1 861 ( Census)

7S uffolk S treet ;

e mploys 5 m en a nd

1b oy . 1 862

6 1 D uke S treet.

M cAVOY P atrick

1 852

2 2 S outh S t. M ungo S treet.

M cCUSKER M . &C o .

1 858

9 9, 1 03 G allowgate .

M cDOUGALL D uncan

1 846-1847

8 7 K ing S treet, C alton .

1 848-1850

7 4 N orth H anover S treet.

1 851-1888

2 77 P arliamentary R oad .

1 889-1967

1 8 C harles S treet, S t. R ollox .

L isted a s D uncan M cDougall 1 847-1870 , D . M cDougall & C o . 1 871-1908 , D . M cDougall & C o . L td . 1 909-1964 a nd C .B. a nd M cDougall L td . 1 9651968. M cFARLANE & C o .

1 829-1830

2 4 S t. M ungo 's L ane .

M cFARLANE & A BERCROMBIE

1 856

1 0 G eorge S treet.

M cFARLANE & M ACKAY

1 857

1 0 G eorge S treet .

1 04

M cFARLANE. W ATSON & C o .

1 831-1832

2 ( St.) M ungo 's L ane . 2

M cILWRAITH R obert

1 877-1879

1 67 G raeme S treet.

M cINALLY J ames

1 876

3 68 G allowgate .

M cINTYRE J ohn

1 882-1897

9N ew S treet, C alton .

1 8981901

a s a bove , M rs. J ohn M cIntyre .

1 902-1903

a s a bove , J . M cIntyre .

1 887-1927

1 5 A nderson S treet.

1 929-1938

2 1 L ambert S treet.

M cLUCKIE & F ENTON

1 875-1877

6 5 C umberland S treet, C alton .

M cLUCKIE & P RENTICE

1 873-1874

6 5 C umberland S treet , C alton .

M cLACHLAN T homas

M cLuckie p rovisionally p atented a m achine f or p roducing s tems a nd b owls s eparately ( Walker 1 977 , 9 1). 1 866-1867

9 6 L ondon R oad .

1 868

9 0 L ondon R oad .

M ILLER & K ERR

1 869

9 0 L ondon R oad .

M 1LLROAD P OTTERY

s ee W ISE J ohn .

M OONEY J ames & S on

1 930

2 35 M illroad S treet, C alton .

M URRAY W illiam

1 830

C aledonian P ottery , t obacco p ipe a nd g rindings w orks, P ort D undas.

1 833-1840

C aledonian P ottery , T ow r ihead .

1 840-1842

C aledonian P ipeworks, T ownhead .

1 843-1861

C aledonian P ipeworks , 3 3 G arngadhill .

N EWTON & R AE

1 864-1866

9 0 H igh S treet.

N IMM ) J ohn

1 834

D ale S treet ( grocer a nd p ipemaker).

1 860-1865

4, 4 6 D ale S treet, B ridgeton . 4

M ILLER J ohn

1 861

c ensus l ists J ohn N immo , g rocer , a t t he a bove

a ddress, a ged 5 4 y ears. N IMM ) J . &T .

1 845

2 4 D ale S treet.

1 05

N IMMO T homas

1 835-1836

D ale S treet, B ridgeton .

1 837-1839

1 6 D ale S treet.

1 8401845

2 4 D ale S treet.

T he 1 841 C ensus r ecords T homas N immo , p ortioner , a nd T homas N immo , p ipemaker , r esident a t D ale S treet a nd a ged 6 0 y ears a nd 4 0 y ears r espectively . N IMND & C o .

1 849

4 4 D ale S treet.

R AE W illiam

1 837-1839

13 H igh S treet.

R AilRAY J .

1 882

2 20 G arngadhill .

R EID J ames ( 6 ( C o .)

1 882-1891

1 80 G allowgate .

1 892-1912

2 6-34 K errStreet, ' and C o ' a dded f rom 1 893 .

1 873-1882

8G reenside L ane .

1 883

R ose S treet, S .S.

1 884-1886

2 3 R ose S treet, S .S.

S CROGGIE J .

S HAW J ohn

1 851 ( Census) a pprentice pipemaker r esident a t 3 6 C laythorn S treet. 1 8601868

1 3 D rygate .

S HORT T .

1 807-1811

A yton C ourt, O ld V ennel .

S HORT W .

1 815

A yton C ourt, O ld V ennel .

S HORT

1 816-1821

A yton C ourt, O ld V ennel .

1 822-1825

R opewalk L ane , B ARCLAY M .

J ackson Street ,

( late S HORT).

S INCLAIR D .

1 803-1809

3 82 G allowgate .

S TEUART C . &C o .

1 856-1859

2 0 G raham S quare .

1 860

9 0 H igh S treet.

S TEWART C harles

1 860-1861

9 0 H igh S treet.

S TEWART T homas

1 829-1832

2 5 S altmarket.

T AYLOR A lexander

1 857

1 3 D rygate .

T HOMAS J ohn M .

1 853

2 7 N orth W oodside R oad .

1 849-50

2 2 S outh S t. M ungo S t .

1 06

a s

T OMILTY J ames

1 851

W ALDIE J ohn & C o .

1 870-1894

9 0 L ondon R oad .

1 895-1904

3 2 K err S treet, C alton .

1 905-1918

2 8 K err S treet.

1 9191927

1 5 K err S treet .

1 928-1929

15 K err S treet.

1 875

1 6 K irk S treet, C alton .

1 876

1 4 C raignestock S treet.

1 824-1826

3 7 S t . M ungo L ane .

1 827-1832

2 2 S t . M ungo L ane .

W ATSON M rs. J .

1 833

2 2 S t. M ungo L ane .

W HITE W illiam

1 806-1817

G reat D ovehill .

1 8181823

3 6-38 G reat D ovehill .

1 824-1855

1 5 G ibson S treet, G allowgate .

W ARNOCK J ohn

W ATSON J ohn & C o .

( Census)

1 6 R ottenrow , a ged 3 0 y ears.

W illiam W hite 1 806-45 ; W illiam W hite & S on 1 846-64 ; W illiam W hite & S ons 1 865-96 ; W illiam W hite & S on 1 8971926 ; W illiam W hite & S on ( Glasgow ) L td . 1 9275 5. W ISE B .E.

1 836

d ated p ipe , P eoples P alace M useum , M useum , G lasgow .

W OOD W illiam C .

1 857-1862

2 1 M cFarlane S treet.

1 8631864

2 2 W ashington S treet.

1 870-1875

P lantation W orks, L ambhill S treet .

1 834-1842

2 2 S t. M ungo 's L ane ( Street).

1 843

8 7 G reat H amilton S treet.

W YLIE A lexander

A ppears i n t he 1 841 C ensus a t 2 2 S t . a ged 3 0 y ears.

M ungo S treet ,

Y OUNG A . &G .

1 878

4 1 E glington S treet.

Y UILE W .

S tem f ragment m arked W .YUILE/GLASGOW f rom F ort L ennox , Q uebec ( Walker 1 977, 1 033).

1 07

M ANUSCRIPT S OURCES. N ational L ibrary o f S cotland , E dinburgh ( NLS). N LS M S 8 3.5-8 : D arien P apers. N LS M S 3 012 .f24 , l etter f rom J ames C olhoun , m inister o f P enninghame , t o t he B ishop o f G alloway , 2 2nd J anuary 1 685. S trathclyde R egional A rchives, G lasgow ( SEA) G lasgow B urgh R egister o f S asines. M inute B ook o f t he R egister o f S asines. S EA TTH 5 .8 .45 .11, B ond b y t he W eavers o f G lasgow i n f avour o f W illiam M orton . S EA T -MS/55, C oghill S ederunt B ook , 1 860-61. S cottish R ecord O ffice , E dinburgh ( SRO). C C 9 /7/53,f468, T estament o f J ames C olquhoun , 1 7th S eptember 1 730. ,f.631, T estament o f J ames C olquhoun , 3 0th J uly 1 731. C C 9 / 7 /53 C S 3 18/50/33 S equestration p apers o f W illiam N aismith C hristie , 1 890. /272 S equestration p apers o f D uncan M cDougall , 1 865. C S 3 1 8 /10 C S 3 18/4/211 S equestration p apers o f W illiam M cFarlane a nd M ackay , 1 857. U nextracted P rocesses : 1C urrie D al H /2/7 D iligence f or J anet H erbertson , 2 9th J une , E 72/10 C ustom a ccounts, G lasgow . E 72/19 C ustom a ccounts, P ort G lasgow . E 504/28 C ustom a ccounts, P ort G lasgow . G D 1/139 F reeholders i n L anarkshire c apable o f v oting , 1 718. G D1/329 V aluation B ook o f L anarkshire , 1 722. R S 4 2 G eneral R egister o f S asines.

1 08

1 731.

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS. T he a uthor w ould l ike t o t hank a ll t hose w ho h ave h elped h im i n h is r esearches, i n p articular t he f ollowing p ersons : P rof . L . A lcock ; Mike B rooks ; D avid C aldwell , N ational M useum o f A ntiquities o f S cotland ; M r . R .G .H . H emming ; Mark H orton ; N icholas H olmes, E dinburgh C ity Museums ; E lspeth K ing , P eople 's P alace M useum , G lasgow ; B rian L acey ; P aula a nd C olin M artin ; A drian O swald ; R oger P rice a nd A ndrew S harp . A lso t he s taff o f t he f ollowing i nstitutions : D undee C entral L ibrary ; G lasgow U niversity A rchives ; H unterian M useum , U niversity o f G lasgow ; N ational L ibrary o f S cotland , E dinburgh ; S cottish R ecord O ffice , E dinburgh a nd S trathclyde R egional A rchives , G lasgow . I nformation o n L iverpool t rade c onnections w ith W est A frica w as p rovided b y P aul W ebster .

1 09

2 :2 T homas D avidson & C o ., G lasgow . D . G allagher & R . P rice .

A bstract. T homas D avidson & C o . m anufactured c lay p ipes i n G lasgow f rom 1 8621911 . Ac ontemporary d escription o f t heir f actory s urvives , a s d oes a c atalogue o f t heir p roducts.

H istorical B ackground I n 1 835 W illiam M urray e xpanded h is C aledonian P ottery i n G arngad H ill , T ownhead , G lasgow , b y e recting t he C aledonian P ipe W orks a djacent t o t he f actory ( Glasgow P .O . D irectory , 1 835) . H e e stablished a w ide m arket f or h is p ipes : i n 1 858 h e w as s upplying t he H udson B ay C o" a nd p ipes b earing h is n ame h ave b een f ound i n s uch d iverse l ocations a s N orth A merica , A ustralia , E aster I sland a nd W est A frica ( Walker , 1 977 , 3 43 ; W alker , 1 975 , p l .

X XVII) .

T homas D avidson j r . b ecame a m anaging p artner o f t he C ompany i n 1 850 , a nd f ollowing M urray 's r etirement i n 1 862 h e t ook o ver t he w hole b usiness , w hich t hereafter t raded a s T homas D avidson j r . & C o" C aledonian T obacco P ipe W orks ( Quail , 1 978 , 2 5 ; Q uail , 1 982 , 1 5) . A t eam o f r eporters f rom t he G lasgow W eekly M ail v isited t he f actory i n c . 1 864 a nd t heir a ccount s urvives ( People 's P alace , G lasgow : I ndustry i n G lasgow G 600) . I t s hows a w orks t hat r anks a longside t he m ajor G lasgow p ipemaking e stablishments a nd g ives a n e xcellent d escription o f t he p remises :

" T H E

P REMISES O F M ESSRS D AVIDSON , J UN . &C O ."

C onsists o f al arge t hree-storey b rick b uilding , w ith s everal o ut-houses a nd o pen a reas i n c onnection t herewith . I n t he b asement s torey a re c arried o n t he w orks o f t he v arious f urnaces ; t he p reparation o f t he c lay , w ith t he s toring o f t he s ame ; b ox-making , w ith b ox s tore ; a nd w here a lso a re t he m ould s tores a nd b usiness c hambers o f t he w orks . T he s econd f loor u p i s d evoted t o p ipe m oulding a nd t he p artial d rying o f t he p ipes ; a nd o n t he t hird f loor , t he o perations o f s moothing a nd t rimming t he g oods b efore t hey a re c onveyed t o t he k ilns . T he s everal f loors a re i n c ommunication f or t he o perations o f t he m anufacture b y a p air o f c ompound h oists , w hich a re s o c onstructed a s m utually t o a ssist e ach o ther i n c arrying u p a nd d own t he m aterials u nder h and . A bout 1 70 p ersons a re e mployed o n t he s pot . T his n umber c onsists o f y ouths a nd m en i n o ne d epartment ,

a nd o f y oung g irls a nd

g rown w omen i n t he o ther . T he f irm i s o f o ld s tanding , a nd i ts p resent p roprietors a re t he s econd i n t he o rder o f t ime w ho c arry o n b usiness h ere . T hey h ave e xtensive b usiness c onnections w ith t he U nited K ingdom , a nd w ith B ritish d ependencies a ll o ver t he w orld . A c hief p art o f t heir t rade h as b een a nd c ontinues t o b e w ith t he N orth A merican S tates , a nd t hey , l ike m any o thers ,

h ave s uffered n ot a l ittle

f rom t he p resent

10

t roubles

i n A merica .

T hey s end g oods a lso t o E ast a nd W est I ndies .

T HE C LAY U SED I N T HE M ANUFACTURE O F P IPES C omes

f rom D orsetshire,

w here

i t

i s f ound c hiefly i n t he I sle o f

P urbeck , a nd f rom D evonshire a t N ewton A bbot . T he s tore o f t his r aw m aterial k ept a t t he C aledonian P ipe W orks c ontains a lways s everal h undred t ons f or u se a nd s ale . I t i s d istinguished w hen d ry b y i ts p erfectly w hite c olour , a nd i ts g reat a dhesion t o , o r c apillary a ction o n , t he t ongue a fter i t i s b aked . T his i s n o d oubt d ue t o t he p resence o f a lumina i n i t i n c onsiderable q uantity . T he c lay a rrives i n a m oist s tate a nd i n i rregular c ubical l umps , w hich , a s a f irst s tage t o t heir f inal u se i n t he m aking o f p ipes , a re d ried a t a p retty h igh t emperature o ver o r a round t he s team b oiler i n t he w orks . T he b locks b reak u p m ore r eadily i n t he p ug m ill , t o w hich t hey a re t hen t ransferred f rom t his p artial d rying . T he p ug m ill c onsists o f av ertical s haft d riven a t t he t op b y b evelled g earing , a nd p rovided b elow w ith f our a rms , h aving a lternate r ows o f s tout a nd s hort u pright b lades f ixed a long t heir l ength . T his s haft w ith i ts a rms r evolves w ith c onsiderable s peed w ithin a c ylindrical v essel o r t ub , i nto w hich t he c lay i s p ut, a nd w here i t i s f irst c ut a nd t ortured t o a toms, a nd t hen k neaded i nto a c ompost , a nd f inally b anked u p c lose b y r eady f or t he m oulder . T he r efuse c lay p roduced i n t he m oulding s hop i n t he u pper f loor i s r un d own a s lope i nto t his s ame a partment, a nd a gain w orked i n e conomically w ith t he r est . T he p repared c lay p asses u p b y ah oist t o t he m oulding s hop , w here i t i s l aid h old b y t he s everal w orkers a s r equired .

T HE M OULDING S HOP C ontains a bout 1 4 b enches c apable o f a ccommodating a bout s ix w orkers e ach , t hree o n e ither s ide , a nd i n a ll , w hen i n f ull o peration , 8 4 p ersons . E ach w orker p repares h is o wn c lay f or m oulding , a nd t his h e d oes b y t aking a s mall b all o f c lay f rom t he h eap , a nd r olling i t o ut w ith t he p alms o f h is h ands i nto a s lender c ylinder o f a l ength c orresponding t o t hat o f t he m ould , a nd w ith a l ump o n o ne e nd t o f orm t he b owl o f t he p ipe . T his o perating i s r epeated t ill h e m akes a s m any o f s uch c ylinders a s w ill s erve h im f or h alf a w eek 's w ork a t m oulding -if i t b e am an w orker a bout 3 0 g ross i s p repared a t o nce . T hese c lay c ylinders a re p ut t emporarily t ogether i n l ots t o p revent t hem f rom b ecoming t oo d ry , a nd f or t his l atter r eason h alf-weekly s pells o f f ashioning t he m aterial i s t aken . Ad exterous w orkman w ill m ould f rom 5 0 t o 6 0 g ross o f p ipes o f a verage l ength p er w eek .

T HE P IPE M OULDS I n t heir m anufacture , a nd m ore p articularly i n t he g reat n umber a nd v ariety o f t hem t hat a re h ere e ither i n t he h ands o f t he w orkers o r i n s tore r eady f or u se , f orm a l arge e lement i n t he c ost o f c arrying o n a s mokingp ipe-factory . T he m ould o f c ourse i s e veryway t he r everse o f t he p ipe . I t i s f ormed o f f olding h alves o f c ast i ron , w hich a re h inged t ogether a nd o pen l ongitudinally . I t i s c hannelled i nside o f t he s hape o f t he s tem a nd b owl o f t he p ipe , a nd t he t wo s ides w hen t hrown o pen a re e ach t he r everse o f ah alf p ipe . T he s urface i s w orked w ith t o a g reat d egree o f s moothness . T here a re p ins o n o ne s ide o f t he m ould c orresponding t o h oles o n t he o ther , w hich c ompel t he s ides t o c orrespond w ith t he u tmost p recision . T he i nterior o f t he b owl i s f ormed b y a s haped p lug o r s topper , w hich i s

11

a ttached a nd w orked b y a l ever t hat o perates i n a n a xis f ixed b y a s tout p air o f c heeks t o t he t able o n t he l eft h and o f t he w orker . T his p lus i s t apering a nd r oughened a t t he b ottom s o a s t o p revent t he a dhesion o f t he s oft c lay f rom a tmospheric p ressure t o i t w hen i t i s u rged h ome b y t he l ever . T he o peration o f m oulding i s e legant a nd r equires c onsiderable d exterity . T he w orkman t akes o ne o f h is c lay c ylinders a nd p asses i nto i ts s tem a l ong o iled w ire , w hich h as a s light b utton e xtension o n i ts e nd ; h e t hen l ays t he c lay o n t he s haped g roove o f o ne o f t he j aws o f t he m ould , w ith t he w ire i n p osition , a nd a pplies t he o ther j aw , b ringing t he p arts s martly t ogether ; a nd h e t hen u nties t hem f irmly b y a v ice a ction i n t he a pparatus o n t he t able . T he l ever i s n ow q uickly b rought d own , c arrying t he o iled s topper t o f orm t he b owl , t he w ire b eing m eanwhile t hrust u p t o t he s topper t o k eep t he t ube f ormed b y i t o pen . c ut o ff b y a k nife f rom t he m outh o f t he p ipe ;

T he s uperfluous c lay i s t he w ire i s w ithdrawn a nd

t he m ould l aid o pen , a nd t he n ow p erfectly f ormed p ipe i s t aken o ut a nd l aid o n a b oard . B oards o f t rays f illed w ith p ipes i n t his s tage a re p assed i nto r acks i n t he r oof o f t he s hop , f or r eceiving t hem , w hence t hey a re c arried t o a m oderately w arm s team-heated s tove, w here t he p ipes a re s tiffened a l ittle b y d rying .

T HE F INISHING S HOP. H ere t he s tems a nd b owls o f t he p ipes a re s moothed b y i mplements m ade f or t he p urpose , a nd t he w ork i s d one b y g irls a nd g rown w omen . T he m oulds a t t his j unction l eave c ertain a sperities o r r oughnesses w hich a re s haved o ff w ith g reat f acility b y e dge t ools f rom t he s till s oft p ipes . H ere t hey a re a gain r emoved t o a d rying s tove ,

w hence t hey a re t aken b y a d ecending

h oist t o

T HE P OTTING S HOP . T he p ots , s aggars , o r c rucibles o f t he p ipe-maker a re q uite s imilar i n m ake a nd u se t o t hose o f t he p otter , a nd w hen c harged a re d isposed i n a s imilar m anner i n t he p ipe k iln . A bout f ive g ross o f t he p ipes a re p ut i nto o ne s aggar , a nd t he a rrangement i s am atter r equiring s ome c onsiderable s kill .

T HE P IPE K ILN . O n b eing c harged w ith i ts q uantity o f f illed s aggars, i t i s o f i mportance t o c ommunicate a n e qual h eat t o e very p art o f i ts i nterior . T he t emperature i s s lowly r aised t o p ermit o f t his e qual d iffusion o f h eat , a nd f or a p eriod o f 1 2 h ours o nly a m oderate t emperature i s e xcited i n t he A fterwards f or 1 0 h ours a h eat r ather a bove a c herry r ed i s m aintained , s o t hat f or a bout 2 2 h ours t he h eat w ith v arying e nergy i s k ept u p . A bout t wo t ons o f c oal a re c onsumed f or t he c harge o f e ach k iln , a nd t here a re t hree k ilns e mployed h ere i n t he w ork o f f iring . I t i s o f c onsequence t o e xclude t he c old a ir f rom t he k iln , a s a ny c urrent s etting i n o n ap oint d eteriorates t he q uality o f t he g oods g reatly . A ll a pertures , i ncluding t he d oor b y w hich t he k iln i s c harged , i s c arefully p lastered u p w ith c lay . H ot a ir p enetrates a nd p ervades t he i nterior w hich i s m ade h ot b y p assing t hrough t he s everal f urnaces , o r b y ah ot a ir f lue o pen i n t he b ottom o f t he k iln . A p eep-hole t o i nspect t he s tate o f t he i nterior i s a ll t he o pening l eft w hilst t he k iln i s i n f ull o peration . T he g oods o n

12

c ooling a re r emoved f rom t he k iln , a nd a fterwards p roperly p acked i n b oxes f or t he m arket . I n i nstances w here i t i s d esirable t o g laze t he m outhpiece o f t he p ipe , t his i s d one a t a f urnace c onstructed f or t his p urpose , a nd a m ixture o f s alt a nd l etharge a re u sed f or t he p urpose . T he e nds o f t he p ipes a re d ipped i nto t his m ixture a nd t hen r aised t o a r ed h eat t hrough e xposure t o af ire , w hen a n a greeably c oloured g lass i s f ormed o n t he p art .

T HE B OX M AKING S HOP. T he s izes o f t he p ipes , w hether , " cutties" o r " longs" , h ave t o d o w ith f orm a nd d imensions o f t he b ox , a nd h ere t his d iversity i s v ery w ell s hown . M achine p ower i s e mployed i n t his d epartment o f t he w ork f or s quaring t he w ood , a nd t he i mmense q uantities o f c ut w ood o n h and , a nd t he b oxes i n s tore , p oint a t t he l arge d emand o f g oods o f t he k ind m ade h ere w hich t he f irm i s i n t he h abit o f s upplying . I n t heir t rade l ist t here a re a ltogether 4 3 s orts o f p ipes e numerated , a ll o f w hich d iffer f rom e ach o ther i n o ne o r m ore f eatures t o m eet t he f ancy o f d ifferent c ountries o r o f v arious s mokers . A ny n ew p attern o r s tyle o f c lay p ipes w hich m ay b e d emanded t hey a re r eady t o e xecute , a nd t o i nscribe t he n ame o f t he b uyer o r i nventor u pon t he m ould b y w hich t he p ipe i s f ormed . I n t he l ist w e f ound s ix s tyles o f " cutty" , t hree " Baltics" , t hree " Dublins" , t hree " billiards" a nd t wo " couriers" , a nd a m edley o f n ames l ocal, f anciful, a nd c omplimentary , w hich a re k nown t o t he t rade a nd t o t he d evotee s ufficiently w ell . A ltogether t he s orts o f p ipes m ade a t t he C aledonian P ipe W orks a re m eant f or t he m any , a nd f or e very d ay 's c onvenient u se . A ll t he c onditions f or p roducing a g ood s erviceable s moking p ipe i s a ttended t o , a nd t he g reat w orld o f s mokers s how t heir a ppreciation o f t he q uality o f t he m anufacture h ere c arried o n b y t heir c ontinued a nd e xtended p atronage o f t he s ame . W e h ave t o t hank t he M essrs D avidson f or t heir o bliging a ttentions o n t he o ccasion o f o ur v isit ."

D avidson e xpanded h is b usiness , a nd f rom 1 872-95 h e p roduced p ottery u nder t he n ame ' St . R ollox ' . T he f irm c ontinued t o p roduce p ipes a nd m aintained i ts e xport t rade t o America , w here i ts p roducts h ave b een e xcavated i n P ennsylvania ( Alexander , 1 983 , 2 22) . D avidson e xhibited i n t he

C alcutta E xhibition

o f

1 884 ,

i n w hich h e a pparently w on t he h ighest

a ward , a nd i n t he G lasgow I nternational E xhibition o f 1 888 . H e a dvertised i n t he c atalogue f or t he l atter e xhibition , a nd e vidently t ook p ride i n t he q uality o f h is p roducts :

2 1

« !

I EST AW ARD CALCUTTA EXKIBITION , 1 $ t .

7 11:

UY

Z

M

1

$ LLVLI K U LL AND F ilt3T -CLASS CEITIF ICATI .

T HOMAS D AV IDSON J u n' ) & C o . C ALEDONIAN P IPE WORKS , G LASGO W .

CLAY TOBACCO P I PES FO R ALL M AR KETS OF TH E W ORLD I n Wh i te , Red , B lack , a nd "Terra Cot lays , e tc . e tc . t a" C CLAY AN D BATHBR ICK MERC HANTS . l ( LONDON , . . . J . A BERCROMB IE , 2K i ng W i l iam S t ree t , E . C . • A nts 2L I VERPOOL , . . R . E DWARDES , 1 0 C ook S t ree t , C ommerc ia l B u i ld ing s . ( B IRM INGHAM , . J . B . C UTHR IE , S ONS & C o . , 8 2a N ew S t reo t . 5 4 t

13

I n 1 895 D avidson m oved h is p rem ises t o M illerfield S t" D almarnock , a nd c ontinued t o c oncentrate o n t he p roduction o f p ipes ( Quail, 1 978, 2 6) . D uring t he p eriod c . 1 8641900 t he n umber o f t ypes o f p ipe a vailable r ose f rom 4 3 t o a pproximately 4 00 -a f ull l ist o f h is l ater p roducts i s c ited h ereafter . T he W ellcome M useum o f

t he H istory o f M edicine

( a d epartment o f t he

S cience Museum o f t he H istory o f Medicine ( a d epartment o f t he S cience M useum , L ondon ) p ossesses a c atalogue p roduced b y D avidson & C o . I t w as o riginally s ewn t ogether , b ut i t n ow c onsists o f 1 s eparate s heets , t he c over b eing m issing . E ach s heet m easures 4 9 .0 x 3 5 .8 c m , f olded d awn t he T hey a re p rinted o n o ne s ide m iddle t o g ive a p age s ize o f 2 4 .5 x 3 5 .8 C M o nly a nd a re s o a rranged t hat t he f ollowing p ages o ccur i n p airs : 2 /23 , , 9 /16 , 1 0/15 , 1/14 , 1 2/13 . E very p age 3 /22 , 4 /21, 5 /20 , 6 /19 , 7 /18 , 8 /17 c arried a t t he t op t he t itle ' THOS . D AVIDSON J UNr . & C o" G LASGOW ' a nd a t t he b ottom ' MANUFACTURED F ROM T HE F INEST C LAYS ' . T he p rinted p ipes a re s et w ithin a s traight-line f rame m easuring 2 2 .4 x 2 9 .5 c m w hich h as a s wag a t e ach c orner . I ts c ondition i s g ood e xcept t hat p age 2 i s d amaged a nd p arts o f t he b awls o f t hree p ipes a re m issing ( 118 , 1 25 a nd o ne u n-numbered ) . C orrelation b etween t he n umbers g iven i n t he 1 900 l ist ( c .f . b elow p p . 1 54-157) a nd t hose i llustrated i n t he c atalogue i s g ood . T here i s n o d oubt a bout t he i dentification o f d ecorated p ipes s uch a s N o . 2 4 ' Dog C utty% N o . 2 7 , ' Claw C rop ' e tc . A s f or t hose w hich a re n ot d ecorated , i n m ost c ases t here i s n o r eason t o d isagree w ith t he n ame a ssigned i n t he l ist . T here a re o ccasional a nomalies, e g . N o . 2 10 ' Rose ' w hich t he p ipe s hows a s a s teeplechase s cene , b ut o verall o ne c an b e c onfident a bout t he n ames o f t he t ypes i llustrated . T he c atalogue d oes n ot s how a ll t he p ipes o n t he l ist . I n n umerical s equence t he h ighest n umber i s 2 55 . I t a lso i ncludes s ome f rom t he e nd o f t he l ist , e g . N os . 1 + , 6 e tc . F rom 1 -255 t he f ollowing 4 9 t ypes a re n ot i llustrated : 1 , 9 , 1 6, 2 2, 3 0, 3 2, 3 6, 4 3, 4 6, 4 8, 4 9, 5 4-6, 6 6, 7 1, 8 8, 9 6 , 1 36 , 1 37 , 1 40 , 1 43 , 1 45-7, 1 50 , 1 52-7, 1 59 , 1 61-4 , 1 66 , 1 67, 1 69 , 1 80 , 2 05 , 2 06 , 2 14-7 , 2 36 , 2 46 . H owever , s ome o f t he p ipes i n t he c atalogue a re s hown i n m ore t han o ne v arient : N os . 2 C , 2 D, 2 E, 2 F , 2 G , 2 H , 2 J ; 5 C , 5 D, 5 E ; 6 A , 6 B ; t wo o f e ach o f N os. 1 7, 5 8 a nd 2 48. A s f ar a s i s k nown ,

t he d rawings o f t he p ipes a re a t n atural s ize .

f it i n w ith t he p age l ayout ,

T o

s ome d rawings w ere p rinted a s a m irror i mage .

T he n ame ' Davidson ' w ould n ormally b e o n t he l eft-hand s ide o f t he s tem , b ut i t i s o ften s hown o n t he r ight . T he r eversal o f t he o ther l ettering i s s hown i n , f or e xample , N os . 1 2 a nd 3 4 . T he c atalogue i s u ndated ,

b ut i t i s p ossible t o d raw s ome c onclusions

a bout t his i f t he r easonable a ssumption i s m ade t hat t he m ould n umbers i ndicate t he s equence i n w hich t hey w ere f irst i ntroduced . 1 . Nos. 1 -43 w ere p robably m ade b efore t he visit o f t he G lasgow W eekly M ail r eporters i n 1 864 , w ho s tated t hat 4 3 m oulds w ere t hen i n u se . Nos. 1 58 a nd 1 78, ' Livingstone ' a nd ' Stanley ', w ere p robably 2 . i ntroduced s hortly a fter 1 871, w hen H M S tanley 's e xpedition t o A frica

l ocate t he s upposedly l ost Dr . L ivingstone N ational B iography , 1 975 , 1 229) . T his i mplies t hat a ll m ade i n t he e arly 1 870s .

14

( Dictionary o f t hat s equence w as

3 .

N o .

1 83 ,

' St R ollax ' w as

p robably d esigned a fter D avidson m oved

h is f actory i n 1 872 . 4 .

N o .

2 32,

' Beaconsfield '

p robably

B eaconsfield a warded t o B enjamin N ational B iography , 1 975 , 5 44) . 5 .

c elebrated

D israel

i n

1 876

t he

E arldom

o f

( Dictionary o f

N os . 2 97 a nd 2 98, ' Prince L eopold ' a nd ' Beatrice ' m ust r efer t o

t he t wo

y oungest c hildren o f Q ueen V ictoris,

' Victoria ' b eing N o . 2 99 .

L eopold d ied i n 1 884 a nd B eatrice m arried P rince H enry M aurice o f B attenburg i n 1 885, t hereafter a ssuming t he t itle P rincess H enry o f B attenburg ( Dictionary o f N ational B iography , 1 975 , 2 248) . I t i s l ikely t hat t hese p ipes w ere i ntroduced b efore 1 884 . 6 .

N os .

3 03,

3 12

a nd

3 14,

' Madhi ',

' Gordon

F ield '

a nd

' Gordon

M emorial ' p robably r efer t o t he S udanese W ar i n w hich G eneral G ordon f ought t he Mandi a t Khartoum a nd m et o f N ational B iography , 1 975 , 8 05) .

h is

d eath

i n

1 885

( Dictionary

7 . N o . 3 28 , ' Jubilee B alm ', p robably c ommemorated Q ueen V ictoria 's G olden J ubilee i n 1 887 . 8 .

A ll t he m oulds w ere i n e xistence w hen t he l ist w as d rawn u p i n

1 900 . F rom t he f oregoing , t he l ast p ipe i n t he c atalogue ( 255) m ust h ave b een p roduced b etween 1 876 a nd 1 884 . i ssued i n c . 1880 .

I t i s c oncluded t hat t he c atalogue

w as

T he f ormat o f t he o riginal c atalogue i s l arger t han a n A 4 p age , a nd t o r eproduce

t he

i llustrations.

H owever , D avidson & C o . , s uffered , a s d id a ll c lay p ipe f actories , f rom t he i ncreased p opularity o f b riar p ipes , a nd w hen T homas D avidson d ied i n 1 911 t he f actory c losed ( Quail , 1 978, 2 6).

T he P ipes D avidson ,

i n c ommon w ith o ther m anufacturers ,

p aid h is w orkers a f ixed

r ate d epending o n h ow m any o f e ach t ype o f p ipe t hey m ade . I n o rder t o b e i n l ine w ith t he u sual r ates o f p ay h e s ought t he a dvice o f M cDougall 's , o ne o f t he l argest m anufacturers i n S cotland . T heir r eply s urvives ( Huntly H ouse M useum , E dinburgh ;

H 4 283/685/80) : H

F rom D . M cDougall

F eb . 1 895.

G lasgow P ipe M anufacturing 1 8 C harles S treet G lasgow T o T homas D avidson

15

G aringad H ill

D ear S ir , O ur u nderstanding o f t he A greement i n f orce f or y ears r egarding c hanges o f m oulds I s t hat w hen a m an h as m ore t han o ne s etting w ithin o ne w eek h e i s e ntitled t o a 6 d f or s aid e xtra s etting a nd a lso 6 d f or e ach a dditional s etting h e m ay h ave t o m ake w ithin s aid w eek . Y ours T ruly ,

D . M cDOUGALL & C o J OHN W ALDIE & C OY .

W M . W HITE & S ON .

I t

s eems

t hat

t he S ociety o f S cotland a nd I reland A ssociated T obacco

P ipe M akers h ad a greed a f ixed r ate o f p ay w hich w as t o c ome i nto f orce o n 2 0th A ugust 1 900 . T his l ist s urvives ( Huntly H ouse M useum , E dinburgh ; H H 4 283/685/80) .

I t i s r eproduced o n p p . 1 54157 o f t his v olume .

A cknowledgements T hanks m ust g o t o : Mrs .

P .

Martin a nd D r .

D .

C aldwell

f or d rawing o ur a ttention t o t he

i mportance o f t he c atalogue . D r . E . B racegirdle o f t he W ellcome Museum o f t he H istory o f Medicine ( Science M useum , L ondon) f or p ermission t o p ublish t he c atalogue .

16

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1 38

2 :3

T HE ' IRISH P RICE L IST'

O F D . M cDOUGALL & C o .

D .B . G allagher A t rade c ard o f D . M cDougall & C o .

s urvives i n t he c ollection o f t he

P eople 's P alace M useum , G lasgow ( PP 7 7 . 2 32 a nd P P80 .50) . T he f ront o f t his c ard , w hich i s r eproduced i n H elm 1 978, i llustrates t he f actory a t 2 77 P arliamentary R oad , G lasgow u nder t he l egend o f ' The Glasgow P ipe M anufactory ' . T he r everse s hows t he ' Irish P rice L ist ' w hich i s r eproduced b elow . I t i s i ntended f or p urchasers b uying p ipes a t w holesale p rices d irectly f rom M cDougall & C o . M cDougall & C o o perated f rom t his P arliamentary R oad a ddress d uring t he p eriod 1 851-88 . R eferences i n t he l ist t o p ipes n amed a fter L ivingstone ( no . 1 47) a nd S tanley ( no . 1 48) w ere p robably a dded a fter t heir f amous A frican m eeting i n 1 871 . T he l ist m ay b e s o d ated b y t hese n ames a nd t he 1 888 m ove o f a ddress t o w ithin t he p eriod 1 871-88 .

1 39

' The I rish P rice L ist' o f D . M cDougall & C o .

I RISH P RICE L IST N o

N ame o f P ipe

R ate p er G ross B oxes I ncluded

1 2 3 4

P lain T .D. R oughend P lain N orth C ountry F ace D o

5 6 7 8 9

W ine G rape D o R ing T .D . L arge A frican J unk D o S cotch C utty

1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2

L arge H C S hell T ip B urns' C utty G raved B urns' S ea L ion D o P roze D o P lain A lma F rench D o B almoral L arge Y achting S ydney Y achting D o S mall C ricket Y acht A merican Y achter P lain J unk B alm L arge P lain D o R ifle B alm F ield B alm O live L eaf L ondon S traw L ondon C utty E lgin C utty

3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7

V olunteer G aribaldi G old D igger L ondon B illiard D o S mall

3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4

S kiff B en N evis T histle B en N evis Y arrow B ent U nique B altic Y achting B altic K eel

4 5 4 6 4 7

K eel H elmet N apoleon

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

5 5 4 6 4 2 6 1 0

1 2

1 0 2

2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2

4 4 0 0 6 6 5 2 8 0

2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 1 0 2 4 4 4 8 8 2 8 6 2

4

0

5

6

S wan L anchlan

2 2 2 3 1 2 2 2

2 2 2 0 1 8 8 2

S t. P atrick B ent B asket S hamrock D erry

1 2 2

1 8 4

1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 4 4 4

4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5

1 1 2

5 3 2

5 6 5 7 5 8

1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 8 2 2 2 2

5 9 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7

2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 3

6 8 6 9 7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 6

C ork P olka C ork T .D . C ork D ublin D ublin C utty H eeled I rish J unk I rish

1 2 2

8 3 3

7 7 7 8 7 9

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G oathead D utch C utty B rayhead 1 0 I nch L ong c arved &p lain 2 1 D o

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1 40

M ile R hudeen H avelock W oodstock L arge M iner S mall D o P rince C harlie T umbler S mall A lma L arge F airy L arge D erry E xtra D o H and D o C ock o f t he N orth 3 rd D erry S mall D erry L arge D ublin 2 nd D ublin N o 1 3 rd D ublin S mall D ublin D ublin P olka

" Tally H o !" S ir C olin C ampbell S mall C ourier

B asket H eart D erry D iamond D erry E rin g o B ragh D annybrook M eerschaum

9 4

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2

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2

9 6

G lobe

2

9 7

P rince o f W ales

2

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3

5

1 35

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2

1 36

C anoe

2

1 37

2

1 38

V ictoria J enny L ind

5

1 39

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2

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1 40

S winyard C utty

1

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2

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1 41

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2

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1 02 1 03

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3 2

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1 43 1 44

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3 3

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1 04

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2

2

1 45

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3

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1 05

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2

1 46

C arved

3

2

1 06

C ard

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1 47

L ivingstone

1 07 1 08 1 09

B elfast C utty P rince I mperial K ing W illiam

1 2

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1 48 1 49

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2

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1 50

P rince F rederick I saac B utt

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6 8

10 11 12

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1 51

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3

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1 52

L arge T ichbourne

3

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S cotia

2

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1 53

B ent C rown P rince

2

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[ Blantrek ]

2

6

1 54

2

14 15

L orne C utty T om T humb

2

2

1 55

N o . 1D ublin C utty N o . 2D o

2

6

1 56

N o . 3

2

3

1

1 0

1

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E xtra L arge B illiard

2

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1 59

U niversity

2

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G ood T emplar

2

6

1 60

S traight L orne

2

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B ent M aquis o f L orne

2

1 61

S portsman

2

6

19 1 20

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2 2

1 62 1 63

3

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1 21

S ydney C utty

2

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1 64

C odmeasis[?] C law P unch Q uelp

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6 6

2

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1 22

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2

1 65

L eg

1 23

C al[ve?]

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1 66 1 67

B ent C law

2

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1 68

S avoy

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1 24

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1 29

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P IPES S TAMPED W ITH N AME O N B OWL O R S TEM 2 d P ER G ROSS E XTRA R ED P IPES, 2 d P ER G ROSS E XTRA P ipes t ipped w ith H ard G laze, O ne P enny p er G ross A dditional O ne G orss B ox , O ne P enny p er G ross A dditional A ll F reight p ayable b y P urchasers

1 41

6 1 0

2 :4

T HE 1 900 L IST O F T HE P IPE M AKERS' S OCIETY D .B . G allagher

S cottish p ipemakers w ere p aid a p iece r ate p er g ross o f p ipes t hey p roduced , w hich v aried a ccording t o t he c omplexities o f t he d ifferent m oulds i n u se . T hese r ates w ere f ixed a fter n egotiations b etween t he e mployers a nd t he A ssociated T obacco P ipe M akers ' S ociety o f S cotland a nd I reland , a lso k nown a s t he P ipe M aker 's S ociety , w hich r epresented t he i nterests o f t he e mployees . T his l atter w as a G lasgow—based u nion w hich h ad b een f ormed i n 1 846 . I n t he c ollection o f m aterial f ormerly b elonging t o t he E dinburgh p ipemaker W illiam C hristie a nd n ow i n H untly H ouse M useum E dinburgh i s a small volume entitled Price List a s agreed upon b etween E mployers a nd E mployees, t he s ame t o c ome i nto f orce f rom A ugust 2 0th , 1 900 ( HH 8 3/685/80) . T his w as p rinted f or t he P ipe M akers ' S ociety b y t he L abour L iterature S ociety , G lasgow . I t m ust b e e mphasised t hat t his i s n ot a l ist o f p rices p aid f or b y a p urchaser , w holesale o r r etail , p iece r ate p aid t o t he p ipemakers . T he b ook c ommences w ith t wo l etters ;

b ut i s t he

t hese w ould s eem t o b e p resented

a s m odels f or t he d rafting o f f uture a greements b etween e mployers a nd e mployees c oncerning d etailed c hanges i n w orking p ractice . T here f ollows a s ection , o n p age f our g iving d etails o f v arious a dditional p ayments k nown a s ' Extras ' . T his c opy h as h andwritten n otes u nder t his e ntry e xplaining t he v arious t erms . T he m ain s ection o f t he b ook c onsists o f l ists o f m oulds f or t he f ive m ajor G lasgow m anufacturers a nd t here i s a n ' Edinburgh P rice L ist ' a nd a n ' Aberdeen P rice L ist ' . E ach p age o f t hese l ists i s d ivided i nto f our c olumns, t hat o n t he l eft s howing t he n umber o f ap articular m ould . I t w as c ommon p ractice f or t his n umber t o a ppear o n a p ipe s tem p receding t he m anufacturer 's n ame ; t his c an b e u seful i n i dentifying a p ipe f orm w hen o nly t he s tem s urvives . T he s econd c olumn g ives t he n ame o f t he p articular p ipe . P opular p ipes , s uch a s t he D erry , c an b e r epresented b y m ore t han o ne m ould , b ut e ach i s c arefully n umbered . T he t hird c olumn , h eaded p rice , g ives t he a mount , i n s hillings a nd p ence , t hat a p ipemaker w as p aid f or p roducing a g ross o f t hat p ipe . T his v aried f rom 8 d t o 9 d f or m ost p ipes t o a s m uch a s i s 9 d f or t he e xtra s kill r equired t o p roduce p ipes s uch a s M cDougall 's ' 2 1 i nch L ong ' . T he o riginal b ook h as a f ourth , e mpty , c olumn o n t he e xtreme r ight o f t he p age , p resumably s o t hat c hanges i n t he ' price ' c ould b e e ntered . T his i s e mpty , b ut o n p age 4 8 o f t he o riginal t here a re h andwritten a dditions t o t he l ist o f C hristies o f G lasgow . N o o ther c opy o f t his b ook i s k nown t o t he w riter b ut a s imilar l ist e xists i n m anuscript f orm i n t he P eoples P alace Museum , G lasgow ( PP 1 980 .88 .1) . T his d iffers m ainly i n t hat i t d isplays a n i diosyncratic a pproach t o s pelling ; i t m ay b e e ither a c opy o r a n i nitial d raft f or t he p rinted l ist . W e w ould l ike t o t hank C ity o f E dinburgh M useums a nd G alleries , f or p ermission t o r eproduce t he p rinted l ist a nd E lspeth K ing , o f t he P eoples ' P alace M useum , G lasgow , f or b ringing

t he m anuscript c opy t o o ur a ttention .

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7 1 > 1 P . P . P 4L 4P 4

• P 4

j . 4 .

4 4

AA 2 4 2.

W

4 0

D G

b j e i

•

82ä

0 0

0 0

G G O G

; 1 ,

0 G Q G O 0

1 1 1 1 J1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 111 1 1 111 11 11

. . , ,.. ) . . .4. c o o o o o 0 0 c e

. 3 6 o 6

•

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e , e p p ,e R l cD u p

) f p

c o

o p o p c o

. 4. o p o 0 c o "Z e7 m

c p

I .: . Gri

0

r

g 1 1k 1J k 11 1 c, - o o t

ABERDEEN PRICE L IST —Cont inued ,

0

C D C D C D C D C D c D

0 0

u 0 0 p ) r m e

u C p O ut p vp C O

u 0 p eC D D 1 e 1 >0e > , 4co e ' . 1 D 4 eD ) 0 eO C D et i D eD 0 Z

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t - VC ' 0

4..0.4,q.. 4 44 l co.4. . i . .. -0 ).4 . ,-4, . 0 ) p 0 0 C D 0 D O D C 0 C 0 c o o p 0 0 00 00 C D p , . 1 c D C D C D C > C D C D , 4 C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D c o C D c > C D C D 1.4 7 tg it' c o

L g a 1. 1.•

a r

a

2 j r =

.4

2 19 i

t a

4

d

Y

:

4 ., 0

c 2 • 4

11

: : c a

1 .

«

•


•

1 7

1 5

16

F ig.

8

E lgin

s tems,

nos.

1 1-14,

2 75

wig curlers,

nos.

1 2-17

B owls w ith r elief d ecoration . 2 4. F ragment o f s purred b owl a nd s tem w ith l attice d esign ; c entury ; E L 7 6 .004A . 2 5. F loral d esign ; 4 /64" ;

4 /64" ;

1 9th

1 9th c entury ; S C77.400BCA .

S tems w ith m aker 's m arks. 2 6. W B EVERIDGE/FORRES i n r elief f rame ; 5 /64" ;

1 873-79 ;

S C77.600 .

2 7. S imilar t o n o . 2 6, w ith d ifferent f rame ; 4 /64" ; S C77.200. 2 8. . DGE/AB. n r elief f rame ; 4 /64" ; W illiam B everidge , a ctive i n . i A berdeen 1 882-1908 ; S C77 .600 . 2 9. B EVERIDGE/ABERDEEN 2 8 ; S C77 .800 .

i n s imple i ncuse

l ettering ;

4 /64" ;

d ate a s n o .

3 0 . B C ARROL i n i ncuse l ettering ; 4 /64" ; B artholemew C arrol & S on a re r ecorded i n I nverness i n 1 882 ; L L76 .216 .

6 .

C omparisons. M aterial o f p re-1800 d ate . 3 .

D uco 1 981, 2 44, 3 77 n os. 3 1-4.

6 .

D uco 1 978 ,

8 .

F or s imilar d epictions o f I ndians o n E nglish p ipes 2 8.

9 .

A tkinson a nd O swald 1 969, 1 80, f ig . 2 .22.

n o .

1 2 ;

as imilar s tamp w as i n u se i n G ouda 1 692-1819 . c f .

1 0 . A tkinson a nd O swald 1 969, 1 80, f ig . 2 .25. 1 2. D uco 1 981, 2 49, n o . 18. 1 3 . D avey 1 983, f ig . 1 0.20 f or a s imilar s tem f rom S calloway . 1 4. D uco 1 981, 2 51.136.

W ig c urlers . 1 5. L e C heminant 1 982, f ig . 2 .12. 1 6. L e C heminant 1 982, f ig . 2 .12 a nd 1 7.

2 76

M ann 1 977 ,

1 9

2 1

X 4, 4 A :4j

he _ Y ARD

, j MAKER -t A tvi tc•

22

23

25

24

t G evC . t ioGt .

26

27

F-0 R r t

\ . .. * v .. . . . - < . .

B EVERIDGE

_ 1

At

Fig.

9

ABER D U N

E lgin,

L

_ : " -

-\\F oRRE

28

B EVER ID

29

nos.

30

1 8-30

2 77

-"

M aterial o f p ost-1800 d ate . 2 0. A s

n o E dinburgh

m aker

n amed R ichardson o r

s imilar h as

b een n oted

t his s tamp m ay b e a dvertising a nother f orm o f b usiness, p ublic h ouse .

s uch a s

a

2. M any S cottish m akers p roduced ' Mnyard ' p ipes b ut t his b owl m ay b e 2 a p roduct o f W illiam B everidge , w ho p ossessed s ome m oulds o f t he L ondon m aker S winyard a nd w as a ctive i n F orres 1 873-79 a nd i n A berdeen 1 882-1908 ( Davey 1 982, 2 23). 2 4. F or s imilar d ecoration c f. D avey 1 983, f ig.

7

1 2.54.

D ating. 1 630-50 T his

g roup

c onsists

o f

t he

e arlier

p ossibly t wo p lain b owls ( no .

' moulded

r ose '

b owls

( no .

3 ) ,

1a nd 2 ) a nd t he m oulded s tem ( no . 1 4).

1 650-1700 T his g roup c onsists o f t he b ulk o f t he 1 7th f inds . b owls ( nos . 5a nd 6 ) a re D utch , ' ring o f p earls' s tem ( no .

T wo c omplete p lain

a s a re t he f leur-de-lys ( no .

1 2) a nd t he

1 3).

1 8th c entury . T wo h igh q uality b owls

( nos .

7 a nd 8 ) a nd a t wisted s tem ( no .

1 3) s how

t hat D utch p ipes c ontinued t o c ommand a m arket w ell i nto t he c entury .

8

O bservations. T he m ajority o f t he 1 7th a nd e arly 1 8th c entury p ipes i n t his a ssemblage w ere D utch .

T his a grees c losely w ith r esults f rom b oth A berdeen

( Davey 1 982) a nd S calloway C astle ,

S hetland ( Davey 1 983) a nd r einforces

t he i dea t hat t he D utch d ominated t he m arket f or p ipes i n n orth a nd n orth-east

S cotland ,

d espite

t he

p resence o f t he E dinburgh i ndustry

f urther s outh . T he 1 9th c entury p ipes f rom E lgin p rovide a n i nteresting s ample o f p roducts f rom a n umber o f S cottish s ources a nd a lso i nclude p reviously u nrecorded

m akers '

m arks .

T he B everidge

f inds

a re

i mportant

p rovide t he f irst e xamples o f h is e arlier F orres p eriod ,

9

a s

t hey

1 873-79.

M aterial s ubmitted b y D .B . G allagher a nd P .J . D avey w ith k ind p ermission f rom t he

e xcavator ,

W .J .

L indsay a nd H istoric B uildings

( SDD).

2 78

a nd M onuments

K ELSO 1 .

B ibliography . D ixon P .J.

2 .

3 .

' Excavations i n K elso , 1 983-4', B orders.

S ites. 1 .

K L83:

1 3-19 R exburgh S treet, K else ( NT 7 2683420).

2 .

W K84 : e xcavations o n t he s ite o f t he M edieval b urgh o f W ester K elso ( NT 7 19343).

C ircumstances o f f inds. E xcavations b y P .J . D ixon a nd P . S harman f or A rchaeology P roject , i n a dvance o f r edevelopment .

4 .

t he

B orders

B urghs

D escription o f s ites. 1 .

2 .

1 319 R oxburgh S treet w as a s treet f rontage s ite i n t he c entre o f K elso . d ate .

S tructures i ncluded a c orn-drying k iln o f s ixteenth c entury

A t rial

e xcavation o n t he e dge o f a l ow r idge o f l and n ext t o t he

T weed p roduced s ome e vidence s upporting t he i dea t hat i t w as t he s ite o f t he d eserted b urgh o f W ester K elso . A s tone-lined w ell a nd c ess p it o f m edieval d ate w ere e ncountered u nder a l arge d ump o f s oil w hich a lthough f ull o f m edieval p ottery i ncluded s ome p ost m edieval s herds a nd a ppeared t o r epresent a n e ighteenth c entury l andscaping o f t he s ite . 5 .

D escription o f o bjects. 1 .

P oorly f inished b owl, n o m illing ; 8 /64" ; p robably a n E dinburgh p roduct ;

1 630-50 ;

K L83.25.

2 .

B awl , s eams u ntrimmed ; 5 0 ; K L83.

3 .

B owl

f ragment ,

w ell

8 /64" ;

p robably a n E dinburgh p roduct ;

f inished ,

r elief

? /R o n s ide

o f

b ase ;

1 630-

6 /64" ;

S cottish , p robably E dinburgh ; K L83. 4 .

B urnished a nd p olished b owl w ith m illed r im a nd f ragment o f c astle t ype s tamp ; E dinburgh , p ossibly W illiam B anks ;

1 630-60 ; K L83.1147.

5 .

B urnished b awl w ith p artial m illing , f ragment o f b asal p ortcullis t ype ; 6 /64" ; E dinburgh ; 1 630-60 ; K L83.1107.

6 .

B urnished b awl w ith c oarse u neven m illing , m ould i mparted W /B a nd p ortcullis t ype b asal 1 640-60 ; W K84 C I.O.

s tamp ;

6 /64" ;

W illiam

B anks

o f

s tamp o f

E dinbu rgh ;

7 .

B owl f ragment ; 7 /64" ; S cottish ;

8 .

L ightly b urnished b owl w ith s played h eel , I C/C b asal s tamp ; J ames C olquhoun o f G lasgow ; 1 660-90; K L83.329.

2 79

1 660-80 ; W K84 C I.62. 7 /64" ;

3

2

1

5 4

7

1 1

1 0

F ig.10

Kelso,

nos.

1 -12 2 80

9 .

B urnished b awl, m illed , w ith P C/E b asal C rawford o f E dinburgh ; 1 670-90 ; W K84.24.

1 0 . F ragment o f D utch b owl w ith c rude r elief D uco 1 981, 2 53.157-9 ; K L83.79.

s tamp ;

6 /64" ;

d ecoration ;

P atrick

1 630-50 ,

1 1. F ragment o f b urnished b owl w ith b asal s tamp o f p ost h orn ; D utch , p robably G ouda , 1 660-80 , c f . D uco 1 982 ,65 ; K L83 .255 . 1 2. F ragment o f h ighly f inished b owl w ith c areful m illing ; 1 7th c entury ; K L83.300B . P atrick C rawford b owls ( nos.

c f .

5 /64" ,

D utch , m id

1 3-21).

F or c lassification o f b asal s tamps s ee d iscussion b elow . 1 3 . B urnished b owl w ith p artial m illing ; m ould-imparted P /C w ith e verted P , b asal s tamp t ype B 4; 7 .64" ; 1 670-90 ; K L83.309. 1 4. H ighly f inished b owl w ith p artial m illing , m ould-imparted P /C a nd b asal s tamp o f t ype B 2; 7 /64" ; 1 660-90 ; K L83.100. 1 5. H ighly f inished b owl ,

b urnished a nd p artially m illed , w ith m ould-

i mparted P /C a nd b asal s tamp o f t ype B 3; 8 /64" ;

1 670-1700 ; K 183.326.

1 6. H ighly f inished b owl w ith p artial m illing , r ecut m ould-imparted P /C a nd t ype 3 b asal s tamp ; 7 /64" ; 1 660-1700 ; K 183.100. 1 7. H ighly f inished b owl w ith p artial m illing , m ould-imparted P /C a nd b asal s tamp o f t ype B 5; 8 /64" ; 1 670-1700 ; K L83.276. 1 8. H ighly f inished b owl , m illed , w ith m ould-imparted P /C a nd t ype B l b asal s tamp ; 7 /64" ; 1 670-1700 ; W K84 C I O . 1 9. H ighly f inished b owl w ith p artial m illing , m ould-imparted P /C w ith r ecut C , w orn t ype B 3 b asal s tamp ; 7 /64" ; 1 670-1700 ; K L83.276. 2 0 . H ighly f inished b owl, p artially m illed , w ith m ould-imparted C s howing s igns o f r ecutting , v ery w orn b asal s tamp , d imple o n s ide o f b awl f rom a d amaged m ould ( for a b owl f rom t his m ould f rom S tirling C astle c f. p . 3 29) 7 /64" ; 1 670-1700 ; K L83.22. 2 1. P oorly f inished b owl , l ightly b urnished , w ith m ould-imparted P /C a nd b asal s tamp o f t ype B 6; 1 670-1700, c f . H orton 1 980, f ig . 5 .14 f or s imilar p ipes i n a 1 6981700 c ontext f rom D arien ; W K84 C I O . O ther m arked b owls o f 1 7th-18th c entury d ate : 2 2. W ell

f inished ,

b urnished b owl ,

r im b ottered a nd p artially m illed ,

m ould-imparted D /B a nd v ery w orn c astle t ype b asal p robably D avid B anks o f L eith ; 1 690-1730 ; K L83.334. 2 3. H eel f ragment w ith m ould-imparted I /C ; C olquhoun o f G lasgow ; 1 6901730 ; K L83.97.

2 81

7 /64" ;

s tamp ;

7 /64" ;

p robably J ames

1 3

1 4

1 6 1 8

1 9

F ig.11

Kelso,

20

nos.

1 3-21

2 82

23

24

22

25

26

29

F ig.12

Kelso,

nos.

2 2-30 2 83

2 7

2 4. H eel f ragment w ith m ould-imparted W /I a nd p ortcullis t ype b asal s tamp ; 8 /64" ; p ossibly a G lasgow p roduct ; 1 690-1730 ; K L83.234. 2 5. W ell f inished b urnished b owl , b ottered b ut n ot m illed , b asal s tamp o f p ortcullis t ype ; 7 /64" ; S cottish ; 1 6601700 ; K L83.333. 2 6. L ower b owl f ragment , b urnished , w ith m ould-imparted I /C s howing s igns o f r ecutting , b asal s tamp d erivative o f t he p ortcullis t ype ; 8 /64" ; S cottish , 1 6701730 ; K L83. 2 7 . B owl f ragment , l ightly b urnished , h eel s loping t o l eft , b asal s tamp p robably d erivative o f p ortcullis t ype ; 7 /64" ; S cottish ; 1 6901730 ; K L83 .54 . 2 8 . B urnished b awl , b ottered b ut n ot m illed , w ith m ould-imparted l etters o bscured b y w ear o f m ould a nd s everal r ecuttings ; n o m easurable s tem b ore ; S cottish ; 1 6901730 ; K L83.341. 2 9. W ell f inished , b urnished b awl w ith c omplete f ine m illing , m ouldi mparted I /C w ith r ecut I ; 7 /64" ; p ossibly J ames C olquhoun o f G lasgow ; 1 6901730 ; K L83.255. 3 0 . B owl f ragment w ith m ould-imparted I ? a nd b asal p ortcullis t ype ; 7 /64" ; S cottish; 1 690-1730 ; K L83 .25 .

s tamp o f

t he

B owls p ossibly b y aJ ohn A iken o f G lasgow ( nos. 3 1-34). 3 1. P oorly f inished b owl i n g rey-yellow f abric ; u pper p art o f b awl d istorted , r im c rudely b ottered , m ould-imparted I /A ; 7 /64" ; e arly 1 8th c entury ; K L83 .1020 . 3 2. T hick-sided b owl i n o ff-white f abric , u nfinished , r im w iped r ather t han b ottered , m ould-imparted I /A ; 8 /64" ; e arly 1 8th c entury ; K L83 .156. 3 3 . T hick-sided b owl i n o ff-white f abric , p oorly f inished , v ery w orn m ould-imparted I /A a nd b asal s tamp o f a l attice d esign , p robably d erivative o f t he p ortcullis t ype ; 7 /64" ; e arly 1 8th c entury ; K L83.171. 3 4 . U nfinished b owl c racked t wice d uring f iring n ear s ea m , c arelessly b ottered r im , m ould-imparted I /A ; 7 /64" ; e arly 1 8th c entury ; K L83 .315. B owls a ttributed t o D avid M ontgomery o f T ranent ( nos. 3 5-36). 3 5. W ell f inished , b urnished b owl, r im b ottered b ut n ot m illed , m ould-imparted D /M a nd f ragment o f p ortcullis t ype o f b asal s tamp ; 1 6901730 ; K L83.249. 3 6 . W ell f inished , b urnished b owl , r im b ottered b ut n ot m illed , m ouldi mparted D /M a nd p ortcullis t ype o f b asal s tamp ; 7 /64" ; 1 6901730 ; K L83.

2 84

3 1

34

0

37

36 38

F ig.13

Kelso,

nos.

3 1-38

2 85

39

0

4 1

40

42 0

44

F ig.14

K elso,

46

45

nos.

43

3 9-46 2 86

0

O ther b awls. 3 7. P oorly f inished b owl , r im r oughly b ottered b ut n ot m illed , h eel s loping t o r ight ; 8 /64" ; p ossibly G lasgow , 1 6901750 ; K L83.387. 3 8 . B owl a nd s tem f ragment , p oorly f inished w ith r im c arelessly b ottered , b ase s loping t o r ight , s tem d istorted ; 8 /64" ; 1 6901750 ; p ossibly G lasgow ; K L83 .316 . 3 9 . T hick-sided b owl , p oorly f inished , w ith w ire c ut r im ; 1 750 ; p ossibly a G lasgow p roduct ; K L83.25.

8 /64" ;

1 690-

4 0 . P oorly f inished b owl, l ightly b ottered , b ase s loping t o r ight ; 8 /64" ; 1 690-1750, p ossibly a G lasgow p roduct ;p K L83.1020. 4 1. P oorly f inished t hick-sided b owl , r im p ossibly w ire c ut a nd w iped , b owl s hape d istorted b y p ressure d uring m anufacture ; 7 /64" ; 1 6901 750, p ossibly G lasgow ; K L83.25. 4 2 . F ragment o f l arge s purred b owl , l ightly b urnished ; 8 /64" ; p ossibly a G ateshead p roduct , c f . P arsons 1 964, 2 36 . t ype 6 , 1 680-1710 ; K L83.316 . 4 3 . L ower b owl a nd s tem f ragment , m ould-imparted A ; 6 /64" ; p ossibly f rom S outh-east E ngland , c f . A tkinson a nd O swald 1 969 , f ig . 2 . 25 , 1 700 7 0 ; K L83 .340 . 4 4. F ragment o f f luted b owl , 1 750-1850 ; K L83.277. 4 5. F ragment o f s purred b owl ; 5 /64" ;

1 7501850 ; W K84 C I O .

4 6. F ragment o f s purred b awl w ith p artial m illing , p robably a G ateshead p roduct , c f . P arsons 1 964, 2 36 t ype 6 , 1 6801710 ; W K84.40 . D ecorated s tems ( nos . 4 7-51). 4 7 . F our-part f leur-de-lys ; 7 /64" ; D utch , 1 630-50 ; K L83.25. 4 8. P art o f as tamp w ith a r ose , p robably D utch , 1 630-50. 4 9 . R oller s tamp , r epeated t wice ; 1 670-1730 ; K L83.25.

6 /64" ;

K L83.22.

p robably a G lasgow p roduct ,

5 0 . F ragment o f a r oller s tamp ; n o m easurable s tem b ore ; p robably a G lasgow p roduct , 1 670-1730 , c f . L aing 1 968, f ig . 7 .17 a nd 1 8 ; K L83 .31. 5 1. R oller s tamp w ith MES C OLHOVN a nd a canthus b order ; C olquhoun o f G lasgow ; 1 670-1730 ; K L83.18. 7 .

6 /64" ;

J ames

D ating . T he a ssemblage d ates m ainly f rom 1 6701730 , w ith a s mall n umber o f p ipes o f 1 6401670 d ate .

2 87

48

4 7

0000 C

0 00 0 00

50 0 0 06 • -•

49

; 1 3

5 1

F ig.15

Kelso

stamps,

nos.

4 7-51

2 88

8 .

O bservations . ( 1) 1 640-70. T his c onsists o f b oth S cottish a nd D utch p ipes . A t l east o ne o f t he S cottish b owls ( no . 6 ) c an b e a ttributed t o W illiam B anks o f E dinburgh , a nd t wo o thers m ay b e h is w ork ( nos . 4a nd 5 ) . T he D utch b owls v ary i n q uality f rom t he h ighly b urnished ( no .

1) t o t he p oor q uality m oulded

' farmer s tyle ' b owl , n o . 1 5 ( cf. D uco 1 981, 3 79). ( 2) 1 670-1700 P atrick C rawford . T he p ipes o f t his p eriod i nclude a b owl b y J ames C olquhoun o f G lasgow , b ut t he m ajority o f t hose w hich t he m aker c an b e i dentified a re p roducts o f P atrick C rawford o f E dinburgh . T he b owls r ange f rom t he s mall c hinned b owl ( no . 9 ) t o t hose w ith l arge , f airly s traight s ides ( no . 2 1) . B awls o f s imilar f orm t o t he l atter h ave b een e xcavated a t D arien , P anama i n ac ontext d ated 1 698-1700 ( Horton 1 980, f ig . 5 .14) . C rawford i s n otable a mongst S cottish p ipemakers f or t he e laboration o f h is b asal s tamps . S even d ifferent d ies o ccur i n t he K elso m aterial ( Types A & B o verlap) . T here i s o ne e xample o f a t hree-letter s tamp ( Type A ) w here t he l ower l etter i ndicates t he c entre o f p roduction ( Gallagher 1 984 , 9 ) . I t p robably d ates f rom t he e arly p art o f h is c areer , c . 1 675 , a nd m ay b e c ompared w ith t he s imilar s tamp o f J ames C olquhoun ( no . 8 ) . M ore c ommon i n t he p resent g roup a re t he c astle t ype s tamps , T ype B , r epresented b y s ix d ifferent d ies . T hese a re b ased o n t he c ity e mblem o f E dinburgh , a t hree-towered c astle w ith c losed g ates . T hey c losely r esemble t he m arks u sed b y s eventeenth c entury E dinburgh p ewterers , s ome o f w hom w ere c lose f riends w ith C rawford ( Gallagher , p resent v olume , p . 1 0) . I t w as n ormal p ractice f or t he p ewterers t o i nclude t heir i nitials a longside t he c astle , b ut C rawford w as t he o nly E dinburgh p ipemaker t o d o t his . H e m ay h ave b een e ncouraged i n t his p ractice b y t he e xample o f t he G ouda t ower s tamps w hich w ere i n u se f rom 1 660/70 ( Duco 1 982 , 6 7) . T his i s e specially n otable i n t he u nusual c ircular s tamp , T ype B l . ( 3) 1 700-50. O ther m akers f rom t he E dinburgh a rea r epresented i n t he K elso m aterial a re D avid B anks , w ho i s r ecorded i n L eith 1 705-6 , ( no . 2 2) a nd p ossibly D avid M ontgomery o f T ranent ( nos . 3 5-36) . A fter 1 700 P atrick C rawford i s r eplaced b y m akers f rom G lasgow a s t he m ain s ource o f p ipes . T hese a re r epresented b y b owls m arked I /A , p robably a J ohn A iken ( nos . 3 1-34) . M any o f t he p lain b owls a re p ossibly f rom t he s ame s ource ( nos . 3 7-41) . T hese b owls a re r emarkable f or t heir v ery p oor q uality . S everal h ave b een d istorted t hrough c areless h andling d uring m anufacture , o thers h ave s cored s urfaces a nd b ases t hat s lope s harply t o o ne s ide . O ne e xample h as a b owl w hose s ides h ave c racked i n t hree p laces d uring f iring . I t i s e vidently a w aster a nd h as n ot b een s moked b ut w as p resumably s old a s p art o f a b atch b efore r eaching K elso . T he e ighteenth c entury p ipes a re v ery d ifferent f rom t he m ajority o f t he e arlier p ipes i n t heir g eneral l ack o f m illing , b urnishing a nd c are i n p roduction .

2 89

P C

C F I

2

1

4

5

T ype A

F ig.16

3

6

T ype B

Kelso s tamps of Patrick C rawford: and Type B , nos. 1 -6

Type A , n o.

i v r äg ej t 3

2

3

K5 h

4

F ig.17

5

Kelso: the evolution of s tamps, nos. 1 -6

2 90

6

the

portcullis

basal

1

T here a re v arious o ther S cottish b asal s tamps i n t he K elso a ssemblage b esides t hose o f P atrick C rawford d iscussed a bove . T he f ormer a re a ll r elated t o w hat m ay b e t ermed t he ' portcullis ' t ype o f s tamp . T he m ain m otif o f t hese h as b een d erived f rom t he g ate e lement o f t he c astle t ype o f s tamp , o f w hich t he C rawford s tamps a re e xamples . T he v arious d egrees o f a bstraction f rom t his b eginning a re s hown o verleaf ; i n 4 -5 t he b ar e lement h as b een r educed t o t he b are e ssentials , r epresented o nly b y t he r idge b etween t he t wo s pheres .

i n 6i t m ay b e T hese c ircles

a re a c ommon p art o f t he p ortcullis s tamp d esign . I n 8 . 1 t hey a ppear a s o pen c ircles , i n 3 -4 t hey a re s olid s pheres a nd a re p laced a t t he t op o f

t he

d esign a nd

i n t hey

c onstitute a lmost

t he o nly e lement

i n t he

d esign . T heir s ignificance i s u nclear , b ut t hey m ay b e b ased o n a r epresentation o f g unloops , t he c ircular o penings f or f irearms w hich w ere a n e ssential f eature o f c entury S cotland . 9 .

M aterial D ixon .

s ubmitted b y D .B .

d efensive a rchitecture

G allagher ,

2 91

i n s eventeenth

w ith t he k ind p ermission o f P .J .

K IRKCALDY 2 .

S ite . Au nknown l ocation n ear K irkcaldy , F ife .

3 .

C ircumstances o f f ind . T he p ipe f ragments w ere f ound i n a r ubbish d ump n ear K irkcaldy . T hey 8/86 . a re a t p resent i n t he E dinburgh C ity M useums c ollection H H462 7 /1-

5 .

D escription o f o bjects. 1 .

B owl a nd s tem f ragment . T he s tem i s o void i n s ection a nd m arked L OWRIE/THE W ORKMAN . B awl s tamped J OHN M ACKIE/388/HIGH S t/KIRKCALDY i n o val f rame .

2 .

S purred b owl w ith L OWRIE/KIRKCALDY .

3 .

P lain s purred b owl a nd s tem f ragment.

4 .

B owl w ith w edge-shaped s pur .

5 .

B owl w ith m edial

h and

r idge ,

i n

r elief

o n

o ne

s ide ,

s tem m arked

s tamped R ITCHIE/COMMERCIAL/BAR/KIRKCALD(Y)

i n o val f rame .

6 .

6 .

B owl f ragment w ith R AOB a nd b uffalo h orns i n r elief .

7 .

B owl w ith l eaf d esign i n r elief o n l ower s eam .

8 .

B owl w ith m edial r idge a nd p rotruberances.

C omparisons. A ll t he p ipes a re c ommon l ate n ineteenth c entury f orms.

7 .

D ating . A G eorge L owrie i s r ecorded a s a p ipemaker i n K irkcaldy f rom 1 893 t o 1 915 , i ncluding 1 907-15 w hen h e i s l isted w ith a W illiam L owrie . A ll t he b awls c ould b e f rom t his p eriod .

9 . M aterial

s ubmitted b y D .B .

G allagher ,

C ity M useums .

2 92

w ith t he p ermission o f E dinburgh

T t r IL

1

W O R K MAN

L O WR I E

K IWK C ALDy

2

3

4

RA

F ig.18

K irkaldy,

nos.

1 -8 2 93

L ESMAHAGOW P RIORY

2 .

S ite . C hurch S quare , L esmahagow .

3 .

C ircumstances o f f ind . F urther p roposed d evelopment o f t he a rea n ecessitated i ts c learance i n 1 978 , a nd i t w as a t t his t ime t hat p ermission t o e xcavate t he a rea w as g iven .

4 .

D escription o f t he S ite . T he P riory o f L esmahagow o ccupied t he a rea t o t he s outh o f t he p resent c hurch , w hich w as e rected i n 1 804 . T here w ere n o u pstanding r emains , t hese b eing r emoved f or t he m ost p art i n t he p ost-Reformation p eriod , a nd c overed b y l ater b uildings a nd d evelopments .

5 .

D escription o f t he o bjects. 1 .

C lay p ipe b owl

o f O swald 1 961 G en .

T ype 3 iii ( 1600-40) .

b uff r educed c lay . P ossibly D utch . i nitials . S tem B ore -3/32" . ( P .101) . 2 .

S mall h eel,

P ipe b owl, o f O swald 's 1 961 G en . T ype 4 a ( 1620-50) . m illed . M oulded r elief f leur-de-lys o n b owl s ides . D utch . S tem B ore -7/64" .

I n l ight

n o m arks o r

N arrow t op , S mall h eel

( P.206).

3 .

B owl o f w hite c lay p ipe . I t h as n o d istinguishing f eatures o r m arks . S imilar t o O swald 1 961 G en . T ype 4 a ( c 1 620-50) . ( P . 1 64) .

4 .

S mall c lay p ipe b owl , s imilar t o O swald 1 961 T ype 4 c ( c . 1 630-70) , b ut w ith p ronounced c hinning a nd s playing o f t he h eel . F orward t ilt t o t he b owl . L etters " WH" s tamped o n e ither s ide o f t he b awl a t t he h eel . S tem B ore -7/64" . ( P.74).

5 .

Most o f t he s tem a nd b owl o f a n o ff-white c lay p ipe , s imilar t o O swald 1 961 G en . T ype 4 c ( c . 1 630-70) , b ut w ider a t t he m outh o f t he b owl . L etters SH" o n h eel s ides . N o b asal m arks . S tem B ore -3/32" . ( P.158).

6 .

P ipe b owl, s imilar t o O swald 1 961 G en . T ype 5 a , p ronounced c hin . R elief l etters " SH" o n h eel s ides . S tem B ore -3/32" .

b ut h as a c . 1 640-70 .

( P.46).

7 .

B owl o f c lay p ipe s imilar t o O swald 1 961 G en . T ype 5 a ( 1640-70) . H as a c hinned h eel, n o m illing , a nd t heheel h as a b asal 5 p oint s tar . S tem B ore -7/64" . ( P.93).

8 .

C lay p ipe b owl s imilar t o O swald 1 961 G en . T ype 5 a ( 1640-70) . L ight b uff f abric . S played , c hinned f oot , p ronounced f orward t ilt

2 94

F ig.19 2 95

Lesmahagow Priory,

nos.

1 -8

t o t he b owl . M edium s oft c lay , s everal i nclusions . h eel . ( P. 7 2). 9 .

1 0 .

C lay p ipe , s imilar t o O swald 1 961 G en . V ery p ronounced c hin a nd s play t o t he h eel . S tem B ore -7/64" . ( P.73).

F lat , u nmarked

T ype 5 a ( c . 1 640-70) . F ive p oint b asal s tar .

B owl o f c lay p ipe , v ery s imilar t o O swald 1 961 G en . T ype 5 a ( c . 1 640-70) . S mall , d elicate b awl . C hinned h eel, w ith b asal s tamp " IC" a bove t he l etter 1 3" . S tem B ore -7/64" . ( P.167).

8 .

1.

C rude p ipe b owl, o f O swald 1 975 N .E . T ype 3 ( c . 1 660-90) . I t c arries a l etter " B" o n t he l eft s ide o f t he h eel , w hich i s s lightly s played . S tem B ore -3/32" . ( P.34).

1 2.

W hite c lay p ipe b owl , c . 1 670-90 . s ides. S tem B ore -3/32" . ( P.36).

1 3.

A s purred p ipe , s imilar t o O swald 1 975 G en . T ype 2 4 ( c . 1 810-40) . I t c arries a n i mpressed s tamp o n t he b ack o f t he b owl . T his f eatures a s hield , e nclosing a s ailing s hip a nd t he w ords " CHARTS a nd " EDIN-. ( P .35) .

1 4.

A 1 9th c entury p ipe c arrying r elief P rince o f W ales ' f eathers e ach s ide o f t he b awl . ( P .70) .

L etters " IC" i n r elief o n h eel

o n

O bservations. Among t he p ipes a nd s herds f ound o n s ite , t wo d istinct p eriods o f m anufacture a re d iscernable . T he i ntervening p eriod , t hat i s t he l ate 1 8th c entury , p roduced f ew e xamples . O nly o ne o f t he c ontexts w as s ealed , b ut t he f ragments f ound w ithin t his ( nos . 4 ,

7 ,

9 ) a re t ypologically d ateable t o t he p eriod 1 630-1700 .

T hese b owls a ll h ave d istinctive c haracteristics , t wo h aving a b asal s tamp o f af ive p ointed s tar , t he o ther ( no . 4 ) h aving t he r elief h eels ide i nitials ' W T he s ignificance o f t he b asal s tar s tamp i s a s y et u ncertain , a lthough i ts S cottish o rigin s eems l ikely d ue t o t he t ypology o f t he b owls . T he i nitials o n t he o ther b owl c an b e a scribed t o n o k nown S cottish m aker , b ut a gain S cottish m anufacture s eems l ikely . T wo b owls f ound i n c lose a ssociation t o t his c ontext c arry t he r elief h eel-side i nitials H " . I t i s l ikely t hat t hese i nitials i dentify t he m aker a s o ne S amuel H yndshaw o f G lasgow , w ho w as i nvolved i n t he i ndustry a t t he r elevant t ime . O f t he o ther e arly f inds o f p ipe b owls a ll s ave t wo h ave a d istinctive S cottish a ppearance , i n t hat t hey f eature d eep , c hinned a nd s played h eels , c ombined w ith a p ronounced f orward t ilt t o t he b owl . T he o ther t wo a re p robably D utch , o ne c arrying t he d istinctive " fleur-de-lys" d ecoration o n b oth s ides o f t he b owl , i n r elief ( nos . 1 , 2 ) . T wo o ther m arked p ipes o f p articular i nterest w ere f ound . T he f irst , n o . 1 0, c arries t he i ncuse b asal s tamp o f t hree i nitials, w ith t he

2 96

9

F ig.20

Lesmahagow Priory,

nos.

2 97

9 -14

i nitials

o f

t he

m aker

a bove

t he

f irst

l etter

o f

t he

p lace

o f

m anufacture . T he m ark i n q uestion , w hich a ppears t hus ; IG C , i s o f S cottish t ype , a nd i s p robably t hat o f J ames C olquhoun o f G lasgow , w ho p lied h is t rade f rom 1 661 . ( Gallagher 1 984 , 9 ) . T he s econd p ipe o f i nterest c arries t he r elief h eel-side i nitials " I C " . T his p ipe i s r ather m ore a dvanced t ypologically t han t he l ast . I t w as p robably t he w ork o f t he s econd J ames C olquhoun , t he n ephew o f t he f irst , w ho w as a ctive i n t he t rade u ntil h is d eath i n 1 730 . F rom t he a vailable i nformation , i t m ay b e d educed t hat , f rom t he m iddle o f t he 1 7th c entury , Glasgow b ecame t he m ain s upplier o f p ipes t o L esmahagow . T his t rend w as t o c ontinue i nto t he 1 9th c entury , a lthough o ccasional i mports f rom E dinburgh a re f ound . Most o f t he l ater e vidence r elating t o G lasgow p ipes c omes f rom t he m arkings f ound o n s tem s herds . T hus , f our s herds f rom W . W hite o f G lasgow w ere f ound , w ho w as i n b usiness f rom 1 805 o n .

I n c onclusion ,

i t s eems t hat G lasgow w as p re-eminent i n s upplying p ipes

t o L esmahagow f rom a n e arly t ime . T his s uperiority a lso s eems t o h ave a pplied t o t he 1 9th c entury p eriod a lso . I t i s o f i nterest t hat s o f ew p ipes o f D utch a nd E dinburgh o rigin w ere f ound . T his m ay b e a scribed t o t he l ow l evel o f m arket p enetration o f t he w est o f S cotland , a nd t o t he i solated p osition i nhabited b y L esmahagow . 9 .

M aterial s ubmitted b y A . S harp .

2 98

L INLITHGOW 1 .

B ibliography . L indsay, W .J ., 1 985 E xcavations a t t he C armelite F riary , P arkley , L inlithgow , 1 983-1984 . A s ummary r eport . L indsay, W .J . f orthcoming ' Excavations a t L inlithgow . 1 983-4, P SAS m onograph s eries.

2 .

t he C armelite F riary ,

S ite . S ite o f t he C armelite L inlithgow .

3 .

N ether

f riary

o n

t he

s outh s ide o f

t he

t own o f

C ircumstances o f f ind . E xcavation b y J .J . L indsay f or t he S cottish D evelopment D epartment ( Ancient M onuments) i n a dvance o f d evelopment.

4 .

D escription o f s ite . F inds r ecovered f rom a c ultivated s oil w hich o verlay l evels a ssociated w ith t he d estruction o f t he f riary .

5 .

D escription o f o bjects. D utch b owls. 1 .

D amaged f leur-de-lys b owl , p oorly b onded s eam , H aarlem o r L eiden , 1 630-60, c f D uco 1 981, 2 44.30.

2 .

U pper p art o f a f leur-de-lys b owl ,

m illed ; 7 /64" ; L C83.7000.

aw orn m ould c ausing l oss o f

d ecorative d etail , p artially m illed , p rovenance a nd d ate r ange a s n o . 1 ; L C84.7078. 3 .

L ower b owl w ith b asal s tamp o f a c rowned M C ; 7 /64" ; a s imilar s tamp w as u sed b y M attijs C laes o f L eiden , 1 655-65 c f . D uco 1 981, 4 35 a nd 2 60.252; L C84.8000.

4 .

E longated d ouble c onical b owl,

p olished, w ith f ine p artial

m illing ; n o s urviving s tem b ore ; L C83.5024.

c f . D uco 1 981,

2 45 .41,

1 650-70 ;

D utch d ecorated s tems. 5 .

Moulded s tem w ith a ll-round , f airly s ymmetrical d ecoration ; 7 /64" ; c f . D uco 1 981, 3 84 a nd 2 25 .38-42, 1 635-60, a lthough t he d egree o f r ealism m ay i ndicate a n e arly d ate w ithin t his b racket ; L C84.6640.

6 .

S tem f ragment w ith p art o f w ell-executed r oller s tamp w ith ' ring o f p earls ' b order ;

8 /64" ;

1 0.15, 1 670-1700 ; L C84.7078.

2 99

c f . D uco 1 981

a nd D avey 1 983,

f ig .

1

4

2

ARXXX-- «

8

7

6 5

G F ig.21

12

L inlithgow pipes

1 3

and

s tems, 3 00

nos.

1 -14

7 .

S tem s herd w ith f ragment o f m illed d ecoration ; 6 /64" ; L C83.5001.

8 .

S tem f ragment w ith r oller s tamp d ecoration c onsisting o f t wo p arallel l ines o f m illing a pplied t hree t imes ; 7 /64" ; c f . D uco 1 981, 2 50.123 a nd 2 59.234, 1 660-85; L C83.5001.

S cottish b owls o f 1 7th c entury d ate . 9 .

A n u nusual b owl , t he f ront b eing p ierced b y t he b ore w ire , p oorly f inished , w ith c racked s urface , w ire g roove b elow r im , w orn b asal s tamp o f c astle t ype ; 7 /64" ; E dinburgh , 1 640-60; L C83.5000.

1 0.

B owl f ragment , s imilar t o n o . 9 , c racked s urface , w ire g roove o n b ack b elow r im , b asal s tamp o f c astle t ype ; 7 /64" ; E dinburgh , 1 640-60 ; L C84.6000.

1.

P oorly f inished b owl,

p artially m illed , w ith m ould-imparted

c rossed I o n o ne s ide ; 6 /64" ; p ossibly a n E dinburgh p roduct , a lthough t he o nly k nown p arallel i s f rom A berdeen . ( Davey 1 982, I llus 1 25.215), 1 640-60 ; L C83.5000. 1 2.

B adly-made b owl w ith p oorly j oined s eams , c lay s urface c racked i n d rying a nd s carred d uring m anufacture , r im p artly m issing ; 7 /64" ; S cottish ,

1 3.

1 4.

p robably E dinburgh ,

1 640-60 L C83 .5000 .

C omplete b owl w ith m ould-imparted B ,

w ire i mpression u nder r im

a nd c oarse m illing ; E dinburgh , 1 640-60 ;

p ossibly W illiam B anks o f

6 /64" ; S cottish , L C84.7504.

E longated b owl w ith p oorly f inished s eams , m ould-imparted C /B , c astle t ype o f b asal s tamp ; 8 /64" ; S cottish , p robably E dinburgh , 1 630-50, c f. S harp 1 984, 7 .7; L C84.0000.

1 5.

H eel f ragment w ith m ould-imparted W /B , s harp b asal s tamp o f c astle t ype , p olished ; 6 /64" ; W illiam B anks o f E dinburgh , 1 6306 0 ; L C83.5000.

1 6.

H eel f ragment w ith m ould-imparted i nitial , Po r D , b asal s tamp o f p ortcullis t ype ; 7 /64" ; 1 640-60 ; L C83.5000 .

S cottish ,

p ossibly a n E dinburgh p roduct ;

1 7.

S mall ' chinned ' b owl, m illed a nd l ightly b urnished , b ase m issing ; 6 /64" ; S cottish , 1 660-80 ; L C84.0000.

1 8.

H ighly b urnished b owl , f inely m illed , b asal s tamp w ith i ncuse I C/G w ith s tar b etween t he I a nd t he C ; 7 /64" ; J ames C olquhoun o f G lasgow , 1 660-80, c f. G allagher 1 984, I I; L C84.6600.

1 9.

B urnished b owl , g rooved b elow r im a nd p artially m illed , b asal s tamp o f s tar ; 6 /64" ; S cottish , p ossibly S tirling , ( cf . G allagher p resent v olume p . 3 32) ; 1 660-80 ; L C84 .6603 .

2 0.

U pright

' chinned '

b owl

w ith

p rominently

s played h eel,

g rooved

r im , b asal s tamp o f s tar , b urnished ; 7 /64" ; S cottish , p ossibly S tirling , p . 3 32) ; ( cf . G allagher p resent v olume) , 1 680-1730 ; L C84.6000.

3 01

1 6

1 5

1 7

2 0

2 1

• •

t e m ,I rk h ) e i

-5 , re t t,

22

F ig.22

Linlithgow bowls

23

and

stems,

3 02

nos.

1 5-23

2 1.

H eel f ragment w ith s tar b asal s tamp ; S tirling ; 1 660-1700 ; L C84.7082.

6 /64" ;

S cottish ,

p ossibly

S cottish d ecorated s tems. 2 2.

P art

o f

a r oller-stamped

s tem w ith

(0) H INDSHAW

a nd

a canthus

b elow ; 8 /64" ; W illiam H yndshaw ( Hind Ed la 0 o f G lasgow , 1 660-1700 o r , l ess l ikely , a S amuel H yndshaw o f G lasgow , e arly 1 8th c entury , c f . L C84.5000 . 2 3.

G allagher

p resent

v olume

( Glasgow

f ig .

7 .4) ;

B urnished s tem f ragment w ith v ery f aint i mpression o f a r oller s tamp w ith m ultiple b ands o f l inked g eometric o rnament ; 7 /64" ; S cottish , p robably G lasgow , 1 660-1730 ; L C84.5000.

B owls a nd s tems o f ap ost 1 750 d ate . 2 4 .

S purred b owl w ith f luting a nd f loral S cottish ; 1 750-1850 ; L C84.4000.

d esign ;

5 /64" ;

p robably

2 5.

F ragment o f b owl a nd s tem , l eaves i n h igh r elief o n s tem a nd l ower b owl , f loral d esign i n l ow r elief a bove ; 5 /64" ; p robably S cottish ; L C83.5000 .

2 6.

P lain b owl w ith b lank o val p ost 1 850 ; L C83.5000 .

2 7.

P lain b owl ; 5 /64" ;

2 8.

B owl w ith f luted b ase ; 5 /64" ;

2 9.

S pur w ith r elief i nitials A /C ; 5 /64" ; L C83.5000.

3 0.

P artly m oulded s tem w ith i ncuse M cDOUGALL/GLASGOW ; 1 967;

3 1.

o n b ack ;

5 /64" ;

p robably S cottish ,

1 850-1950 ; L C84.6000. 1 8501950 ; u nstratified .

5 /64" ;

1 846 -

L C83.5000.

S tem m arked i n i ncuse l ettering 2 52 W W HITE/GLASGOW ;

4 /64" ;

W illiam W hite & S ons w as a ctive 1 8061955. N o . 2 52 w as t ermed a ' Ben N evis ' i n t he l ist o f W hite 's p ipes i n t he 1 900 p rice l ist ( see p resent v olume). 3 2.

S purred

f ragment

w ith

i ncuse

A C OG ./ .GOW ; . . . . .

4 /64" .

T he

f actory o f A lexander C oghill o f G lasgow , w hich w as a ctive 1 8261 904 . 1 9th c entury . 3 3 .

S tem

f ragment w ith J .BE./

H i n

i ncuse

l ettering ;

4/ 64 " .

J ohn B egg ( & C o .) i s r ecorded i n t rade d irectories 1 867-88 . W ig c urler . 3 4.

W ig c urler o f s lender ' dumb-bell' s hape w ith c ut e nds, b oth s tamped w ith i ncuse d otted W B , p olished ; p robably a L ondon p roduct . L e C heminant ( 1982, 3 52) d ates t he i ntroduction o f t his f orm o f s tamp t o c . 1 730 , f or a s imilar f orm c f . R utter a nd D avey 1 980, f ig . 8 5.8, c . 1 740.

3 03

2 4

2 5

26

29 27

;

28

1 \ d i c . - Dol ic A u . .

G L A S O-O W

C LAS G O W

30

J . B E

A CO \

co w

31

3 2

3 3

34

F ig.23

Linlithgow bowls,

stems

3 04

and wig

curlers,

nos.

2 4-34

6 .

C omparisons . A s ag roup t he m aterial m ay b e c ompared w ith t hat e xcavated n ear L inlithgow P alace i n 1 966-67 ( Laing 1 968) . B oth s how a n e arly t o m id 1 7th c entury m ixture o f D utch i mports a nd E dinburgh p roducts . A fter c . 1 660 E dinburgh s hares t he g roup w ith p ipes f rom G lasgow a nd p ossibly S tirling . L aing ( 1968 , 1 26) s uggested t hat t he s tar b asal s tamps w ere a p roduct o f S t . A ndrews , b ut t his i s n ot k nown t o h ave b een a p roduction c entre a nd S tirling i s am ore l ikely s ource . I t w as h oped t o p ublish t he c omplete a ssemblage f rom t he 1 966-7 e xcavations i n t he p resent v olume b ut a l arge s election o f t hat m aterial, o n d isplay i n L inlithgow P alace , i s u navailable f or s tudy . C omparisons

o f

t he i ndividual

i tems

a re m ade w ith t heir e ntries

i n

s ection 5 a bove . 7 .

D ating . T he m ajority o f t he 1 7th c entury m aterial f alls w ithin a 1 640-80 b racket , w ith a l ittle f rom l ater . O ne b owl ( no . 2 0) m ay d ate f rom t he e arly 1 8th c entury . F luted b owls s uch a s n o . 2 4 a re a n 1 8th c entury f orm b ut t he d ate o f t heir i ntroduction i nto t he S cottish r epertoire i s u nknown . I t h as b een g iven a g eneral d ate r ange o f 1 7501850. T he d ating o f S cottish r oller s tamps i s p roblematic a t p resent , a s v ery f ew h ave b een f ound w ith a djoining b awls . E xamples o f t hese w ere f ound o n t he w reck o f t he ' Dartmouth ' , w hich s unk i n 1 690 ( Martin 1 977 , f ig . 1 . 9) . P ipemakers s urnames a ppear o n s ome G lasgow r oller s tamps ( rm . 2 2) , b ut s uch n ames , e .g . H indshaw a nd C olhoun , a re t hose o f m akers w ith l ong f am ily h istories o f p ipema lc ing . J ames C olquhoun Ia nd I I s pan t he p eriod 1 660-1730 . T he w ig c urler ( rm . 3 4) h as b een d ated a ccording t o L e C heminant ( 1982) . I ts s tamp i s i dentical t o t hat o n t he m uch t hicker e xample f rom t he 1 966-7 e xcavations ( Laing 1 968 , f ig . 7 ) w hich c an b e d ated t o c . 1 750 , a d ate c lose t o t he p resent e xample d espite d ifferences i n s ize ( cf . L e C hem inant 1 982 , f ig . 2 . 12) .

8 .

O bservations. T he p resent g roup r eflects t he d evelopment o f S cottish b owl s hape f rom s quat b iconical b awls ( nos . 9 -12) t hrough a f orward l eaning ' chinned ' p hase (m i . 1 719) w hich g radually e nlarged a nd b ecame m ore v ertical ( no . 2 0) . T he i ntroduction o f t he f orward l eaning ' chinned ' b owls m ay h ave b een i nfluenced b y t he h igh q uality p ipes o f t he e arly G ouda g uild ( cf . D uco 1 981, 4 23 a nd 2 46 .43-46) .

9 .

M aterial s ubmitted b y D .B . G allagher , w ith t he k ind p ermission o f t he e xcavator , W .J . L indsay .

3 05

P ERTH

1 .

B ibliography . D avey P .J . ' The C lay T obacco P ipes ' i n B lanchard L a nd o thers E xcavations i n P erth 1 979-1982 , S oc o f A ntiq o f S cot M onograph S eries N o . 4 , f orthcoming .

2 .

S ite . T he m edieval t own o f P erth .

3 .

C ircumstances o f f ind . T he m aterial c ame f rom s ix e xcavations a nd a n umber o f w atching b riefs b etween 1 978 a nd 1 982 .

T he e xcavations w ere i n M ill S treet ,

K irk C lose , C anal S treet ( 2), W hitefriars a nd K ing E dward S treet. 4 .

D escription o f s ite . T he f inds f rom s pecific s ites m ay b e s ummarised a s f ollows:-

S ITE

N O O F F GS

K irk C lose

N O O F P IPE C ONTEXTS

4

M ill S treet C anal S treet 1

4

D ATE R ANGE 1 600-1800

5 8

2 1

1 6001900

1 49

1 9

1 640-1900

C anal S treet 2

6

2

1 6801900

M ethven S treet

7

4

1 6001700

W hitefriars

1 8

1 8

1 6001900

O nly t he C anal S treet 1 s ite p roduced s ufficient q uantities o f p ipes t o p ermit a ny v alid g eneralisations . A lthough g ardening h ad c aused c ontamination o f m any c ontexts b y 1 9th c entury m aterial , t he m ajority o f a ll t he p ipes a ppear t o h ave b een m ade b etween 1 660 p robably d eposited i n t he y ears j ust b efore 1 700. 5 .

t o 1 680 a nd

D escription o f t he o bjects. S eventeenth C entury B owls ( 1-15). 1 .

S mall , w ell m ade , f lat-heeled b owl ; b ottered , b ut n ot b urnished ; c f . L awson 1 980 , 1 72 , f ig . 8 A , p robably S cottish ; 1 640-60 ; 6 /64" ; P EM 1 076 ;

2 .

A 43 .

B owl i n a d ense , h ard , w hite f abric , b ottered b ut n ot m illed o r b urnished ; s lightly e xpanded h eel w ith a d amaged h eart-shaped r elief s tamp , p robably r eading N W ; p ossibly S cottish ; 1 650-70 ; 7 /64" .

P EM 1 001;

A 48 .

3 06

1

2

3

o

4 6 5

9 7

1 0

F ig.24

Perth,

nos.

1 1

1-1 1

3 07

o

3 .

C rudely m ade b owl i n am icaceous , p ink f abric , b ottered b ut n ot b urnished o r m illed ; am oulded B o n t he r ight s ide o f t he b owl j ust a bove t he h eel ; c f . a s imilar e xample w ith o nly o ne c lear i nitial i n L awson 1 980 , 1 72 , f ig . 8 ; p robably m ade b y o ne o f t he B anks f amily o f E dinburgh ( cf . n o . 4 b elow) ; 1 076 ; A 43 .

4 .

1 660-80 ;

7 /64" ;

P EM

W ell m ade b awl i n ac oarse p ink f abric w ell b ottered , m illed w ith w ide b urnishing ; I B m oulded o n e ither s ide o f t he h eel , ?u nclear E dinburgh C astle s tamp o n t he u nderneath o f t he h eel i n r elief ; p robably m ade b y J ohn B anks, s on o f W illiam B anks, w ho w as m arried i n 1 658 a nd m ade a B urgess o f E dinburgh i n 1 659 ( Armet 1 951, 9 ) ; a lthough t here i s n o p arallel f or t he p articular p air o f i nitials , t he f orm a nd m ethod o f l ettering i n t he m ould a re v ery s imilar i ndeed t o t he W illiam B anks p ipes f ound s o c ommonly i n C entral S cotland (a . L awson 1 980 , 1 72, f ig . 8 E) ; E dinburgh : 1 660-80 ;

5 .

8 /64" ;

P EM 1 076 ;

A 43 .

B owl i n a n o ff-white m ica-rich c lay w ith m any o ther i nclusions a nd a ' fumed ' p ink/orange e xterior ; s mall a rea o f i rregular r ouletting o n t he f ront, n ot b urnished ; p artially o bscured ' castle ' s tamp o n t he u nderneath o f t he b owl i n r elief ; c f . M artin 1 977 ( 219 , n o . 1 7) f or a s imilar f orm a nd p ossibly s imilar o bscured s tamp f rom t he w reck o f t he ' Dartmouth ' o ff M ull ( 1690) a nd D avey ( 1982b , f ig . 1 2C) f or a c omparable f ind f rom B erwicko n-Tweed ; p robably E dinburgh ; 1 6701700 ; 7 /64" ; P EG 2 000 ; A 06 .

6 .

B owl i n f abric a s 5 ; c rudely m illed w ith a ' fumed ' e xterior ; r elief s tamp o n t he u nderneath o f t he h eel i n t he f orm o f af ivep ointed s tar i n a c ircle ; c f . L aing 1 968 , 1 26-127, f ig . 7 , n os . 3 &1 f rom L inlithgow P alace ; S cottish ; 1 670-1700 ; P EM 1 071; A 24 .

7 .

F ragment o f b owl a nd h eel i n f abric a s 5&6 ; c rudely b urnished ; a nd i rregular f ive-armed s tar i ncised o n t he u nderneath o f t he h eel ;

8 .

n o g ood c omparison ; S cottish ; 1 670-1700 ; P EF 1 09 .

Moulded r ose b owl,

d amaged , w ith a m ould f ault o n t he b ack ;

u nburnished ; a f ive-dot c ircle ; c f . D uco 1 981, 2 44 , n o . 3 3 a nd s imilar e xamples f rom A berdeen ( Davey 1 982a , f ig . 1 85) a nd S calloway C astle , S hetland ( Davey 1 983, f igs . 2 4-28) ; D utch p robably A msterdam ;

1 640-60 ;

6 /64" ; P EM 1 020 ; A 14 .

9 .

F ragment o f m oulded r ose b owl ; t otally r educed c ore u nburnished ; r ouletted o n t he f ront o nly ; c f . D uco 1 981, D utch ; 1 670-90 ; 7 /64" ; P EF 1 00 .

1 0 .

B awl i n av ery p ure w hite , d ense c lay , h eel d amaged ; r ouletted o n t he f ront o nly ; c f . D uco 1 981, D utch ; 1 670-90 ; 7 /64" ; P EF 1 06 .

1. 1

B owl a s 1 0 , w ell b ottered , l ightly p olished , r ouletting d amaged ; v ery g ood q uality ; c f . D uco 1 981, D utch ; 1 660-80 ; 7 /64" ; P EM 1 020 ;

1 2.

A 14 .

B owl a s 1, u nburnished , u ndecorated , c f . D uco 1 981, D utch ; 8 0 ; 7 /64" ; P EM 1 020 ; A 14 .

3 08

1 660-

1 4

0 1 2

1 3

1 6 0 1 5

1 8

0 1 9 1 7

F ig.25

P erth,

nos.

1 2 -1 9

3 09

1 3.

B owl

i n t wo p ieces , c rudely m ade ; u nburnished ; b ore d istorted i n

f iring a nd d amaged ; c f . D uco 1 981, D utch ; 1 076 ; A 43 .

1 660-80 ;

8 /64" ; P EN

1 4 .

D amaged b owl , f abric a s 2 ; u nburnished , r ouletted o n t he f ront o nly ; p robably S cottish ; 1 660-80 . P EK 2 ; A 055 .

1 5.

D amaged b awl w ith s mall h eel ; f abric a s 2 ; u nburnished ; p robably S cottish ; 5 /64" ; 1 720-60 . P EK 2 ; A 050 .

N ineteenth-Twentieth C entury P ipes f rom t he E xcavations. 1 6.

D amaged b owl a nd s pur ;

m oulded t histle a nd f luting ;

5 /64" ;

P EF

1 24. 1 7.

P lain b owl, a c rescent o r p ossibly a r etrograde C m oulded o n t he l eft s ide o f t he s pur , p robably 1 9th c entury i n s pite o f t he w ide b ore ;

6 /64" ;

P ED 2 000 ;

A 173 .

1 8 .

F ragment o f t he f ront o f am oulded b owl; a nimal d ecoration ; 5 /64" ; P EM 1 072 ; A 47 .

1 9.

Moulded b owl,

s hield a nd r ampant

s ome f loral d ecoration o n b oth s ides ? debased

t histle ; 5 /64 ; P EK 2 ; A 70 . 2 0 .

C rude , t hick-walled m oulded b owl ; h ead o f G eorge V o n l eft s ide a nd ' KING V G EORGE ' o n t he o ther ; p ossibly m ade t o c ommemorate t he c oronation i n 1 910 ;

5 /64" ; P EK 1 000 ; A 213 .

2 1.

S tem f ragment, m oulded l ettering o n o ne s ide r eads ' P IPE ' ; 4 /64" ; P EN 1 005 ; A 13 .

U TTY

2 2.

S tem f ragment, m oulded l ettering o n b oth s ides r eads ' BURNS . . C --/ .LEAN ' p robably a B urns C utty m ade b y o ne o f t he M cLeans o f P erth ( see b elow ) ; 4 /64" ; P EK 1 001 ; A 2 .

P erth P ipemakers ' S tamps u sed o n f ront o f b awl f rom P erth M useum a nd A rt G alley . ( Museum a ccession n umbers i n b rackets) . 2 3.

S . M CLEAN P ERTH i n ac ircular f rame w ith a s tar i n t he c entre , o n a p lain p ipe o f 1 9th c entury -early 2 0th c entury , c . 1 856 -c 1 927.

( 1982 .5) .

S tamps o f K ane ( Kean). 2 4 .

F lattened o val f rame ,

b roken o n t he l eft ;

l arge f inely c ut

l ettering r eads ' ( . 3 K EAN/MAKER/PERTH% o n a l ate 1 9th c entury b owl w ith m oulded g olf c lubs ; s ee a lso 7 7/1976 ( 1980 .571) . 2 5.

A s A b ut r ounder f rame , w ith s lightly s maller , f atter l ettering ; o n a n 1 887 Q ueen V ictoria J ubilee P ipe -the m ould f or t he b owl i s t he s ame a s d escribed f or D ie E .

2 6.

O n

A s B w ith r ound f rame , b ut m uch n eater l ettering ; t he w ord ' MAKER ' i s h orizontal , n ot c urved ; a lso o n a n 1 887 J ubilee p ipe .

3 10

E D 20

b

v i rr

9 0 1 74

-7 1

\ 2

4 z / 1 2 . g. 5 ) G 1 )

Q 1) 2URP e Og

2 1

2

2 2

2 5

2 4

23

a e ( \I C J f eC 3 \ c5 J ' ( f 2, l i e 2 8

2 7

26

2 9

F ig.26

Perth,

no.

2 0,

stem marks,

3 11

nos.

2 1-22

and

stamps,

2 3-30

2 7.

A s Bw ith r ounded f rame ; s lightly f lattened , l ettering o n p lain b owls ; t wo e xamples .

s maller r ather f at

2 8.

F rame a nd l ettering s imilar t o B , a n a rrow o n e ither s ide o f t he w ord ' MAKER ', t wo e xamples b oth o n 1 887 J ubilee b awls; i n t he l etter t he s tamp o verlaps t he m oulded d ate ( 1981.554 a nd 1 977.117).

6 .

2 9.

R eads I G EANAMAKERS/PERT IV ; t wo b awl ( 1977 .23 a nd 7 7B/1976) .

e xamples

o n p lain ,

b riar-styled

3 0 .

R eads 1 KANE/MAKERS/PERTH% t he w ord K ane i s a symetrically p laced a s i f a n i nitial h as b een e rased f rom t he d ie ; t he w ord l eAKERs ' i s s mall ; p lain , b riar-style b owl ( 1978 .865) .

C omparisons. F or d etails s ee 5 . a bove .

7 .

D ating . F or g eneral r ange s ee 4 . a bove , f or i ndividual p ipes s ee 5 . a bove .

8 .

O bservations. T he p ipes c an b e d ivided i nto t hree m ain g roups ; D utch m aterial d ating f rom c . 1 640 -c. 1 680 , S cottish p roducts o f t he p eriod 1 660-1700 , a nd as mall 1 9th c entury g roup , p robably o f l ocal m anufacture .

( i)

T he D utch P ipes.

A t l east 3 5% o f a ll 1 7th-century p ipes a re o f D utch o rigin . C ompared w ith t he D utch f inds f rom A berdeen a nd S calloway C astle , S hetland , t he P erth e xamples a re g enerally o f m uch l ower q uality a nd d o n ot i nclude a ny o f t he e arly m aterial p resent a t t he o ther s ites . I nstead t he p ipes a re a lmost a ll o f m id-17th c entury d ate , s o t hat t he D utch p roducts c learly p eak b efore t he S cottish o nes . I t s eems l ikely t hat t he D utch w ars w ith t he E nglish i nhibited t he m ovement o f p ipes i nto S cottish p orts a nd c onsequently e ncouraged t he e xpansion o f t he i ndigenous p roducers .

( ii)

T he S cottish P ipes.

T hese c onsist o f a d istinctive g roup o f f abrics a nd f orms . T hey a re o ften i n c oarse-grained , o ff-white c lay w ith m any i nclusions a nd a re g enerally h igher f ired t han t he D utch p ipes, r arely w ith r educed c ores . T he e xterior s urfaces o f m any a re f umed i n f iring . T he f orms o f t he e arliest e xamples a re n ot f ar f rom L ondon t ypes o f a round 1 650 ( Nos . 1 , 2 , 4 ) . T he l ater 1 7th-century p roducts b y c ontrast a re d istinctively S cottish , N o . 6 , i s a g ood e xample . A lthough l arger v ersions o f t he f lat-heeled p ipes o ccur i n r egional t ypes t hroughout B ritain , t his s pecimen , w ith i ts p ronounced f orward l ean , t apering m outh a nd l ocal f abric a nd f inish , c ould o nly h ave b een p roduced i n S cotland . T heir ' b iconical ' f orm i s r eminiscent o f m id17th c entury D utch t ypes a nd m ay b e d irectly

3 12

i nfluenced

b y t he

l arge n umbers

o f

t hese w hich s eem t o h ave r eached n orthern B ritain . A nother f eature o f t he S cottish p ipes f rom P erth i s t hat t here i s s ome e vidence t hat l ocal m akers w ere s upplying a v ariety o f q ualities o f p ipes

t o t he

m arket . A n umber o f e xamples a re w ell f inished a nd b urnished a nd c arry t he ' castle ' s tamp . A b owl i n a v ery s imilar f orm f rom S tirling C astle , i s u nburnished a nd l acks t he h eel s tamp ( Davey 1 980 , 4 8 , F ig . 1 3 , N o . 1) . T his m ay m ean t hat t he c astle s tamp w as u sed a s s ome k ind o f g uarantee o f q uality f or t he m ore e xpensive E dinburgh p roducts , a nd m ay h ave o perated i n am anner a nalogous t o t he E dinburgh p ewtermakers ' m arks i n w hich e ach h ad a n i ndividual c astle m ark w hich w as c ombined w ith i nitials . T he o rigin o f t he p ipes w ith t he s tar s tamp ,

a nd t he m eaning o f t he

m ark , i s u nclear . L aing 's s uggestion t hat t hey o riginate i n S t . A ndrews i s p robably p remature ( Laing 1 968 , 1 26) . T he L inlithgow f inds i nclude t wo d ifferent d ies a nd P erth p rovides a t l east a t hird ( No . 7 ) . U ntil t hese p ipes a re p roperly c haracterised a nd t heir d istributions p lotted u sing g ood s ized s amples , t heir o rigin m ust r emain i n d oubt . I n g eneral ,

t hen ,

t he P erth p ipes

o f S cottish o rigin g ive a u seful

i nsight i nto p atterns o f u se i n t he l ate 1 7th c entury a nd e nhance t he p icture w hich i s b uilding u p f rom r ecently e xcavated m aterial. U nfortunately t he s mall n umbers i nvolved a nd t heir r estricted t ime r ange l eaves m any q uestions u nanswered .

T he 1 9th C entury F inds . A lthough o nly s even 1 9th-century f ragments c ould b e i llustrated , s ome 2 5% o f t he w hole s ample f rom P erth a re , o n t he b ases o f s tem-bore a nd f abric , o f a l ate d ate . O ne e xample ( No . 1 8) i s a lmost c ertainly o f P erth m anufacture , b eing m ade b y o ne o f t he M cLean f am ily . A s earch i n t he c ollections o f t he P erth M useum a nd A rt G allery p roduced a f urther M cLean s tamp ( No . 2 3) a nd s even d ies o f s tamps b earing t he n ame K ean ( or K ane) ( Nos . 2 4-30) . A s tudy o f t he D irectories f or t he p eriod ( Leslies a nd t he P ost O ffice) s uggests t hat p ipemaking b egan t here s oon a fter t he m iddle o f t he c entury a nd e nded i n t he l ate 1 920 's . T wo f amilies a ppear t o h ave b een i nvolved , t he M cLeans a nd t he K eans . T he d ates d uring w hich v arious m embers o f t he f amiles a ppear t o h ave w orked i s a s f ollows , t hough t here i s i nevitably s ome a mbiguity d ue t o d uplicated C hristian n ames a nd a bsent e ntries i n p articular y ears :P eter M cLean 1

1 854-1856

( PM 1)

S amuel M cLean 1

1 856-1882

( SM 1)

J ohn M cLean

1 882-

P eter M cLean 2 ?

1 884-?1905

( PM2)

S amuel M cLean 2 ?

1 895-1927

( SM2)

J ohn K ane

1 885-1914

( JK) s pelt K ane i n 1 885 o nly ,

(JM)

o therwise K ean).

3 13

G eorge K ean

( GK ) s pelt K ane f rom 1 866-1878 ; C o f rom 1 891).

1 886-1919

&

T he s equence o f p roduction s ites i s d ifficult t o s ort o ut e xactly . T here a re a n umber o f r easons f or t his . T he D irectories d o n ot a lways m ake c lear w hether a n a ddress i s t he h ome o f t he m aker o r t he s hop . S ometimes m akers w ere c ertainly o ccupying m ore t han o ne p roduction s ite a t a t ime . T he s ites c hanged h ands r ather f requently . T he f ollowing t able l ists t he s ites a nd t heir o ccupiers i n r ough c hronological o rder .

6 9 S outh S treet

P M 1

( 1854) ; S M 1

F lesh ( now C ow) V ennel

S M 1

( c1875-1878); M P2 ( 18841889)

A lexander

G K ( 1878-1919 ( after 1 899 d escribed a s S teward P lace , A lexander S treet)

S treet

T himblerow

S M 1

( 1878-?1882)

5 0 A tholl S treet

S M 1

( 1882)

3 50 H igh S treet

J M

( 1882)

2 46 H igh S treet

P M2 ( 1889-1892)

2 39 H igh S treet

S M2 ( 18951905)

2 17 H igh S treet

S M2 ( 1905-1927)

( 1856); X K ( 1866-1878)

C ampbell's B uilding , 9S t . C atherines R oad T hus

b etween f ive

t o

P M2 ( 1893); G K ( 1905-1919). s even m akers

o ccupied

t en s ites

f rom 1 854

t o

1 927. 9 .

M aterial s ubmitted b y P .J . D avey w ith k ind a greement o f L . B lanchard a nd P . H oldsworth o f t he S cottish U rban A rchaeological T rust L td .

3 14

S CALLOWAY C ASTLE , S HETLAND ( SCA). 1 .

B ibliography . D avey, P .J . ' Appendix 3 : T he C lay P ipes ' i n H all D . &L indsay W .J . ' Excavations a t S calloway C astle , 1 979 a nd 1 980 ' P roc S oc A ntiquaries o f S cotland , 13, 1 983, 5 78-587.

2 .

S ite . S calloway C astle , S hetland .

3 .

C ircumstances o f f ind . E xcavations i n 1 979 a nd 1 980 o n b ehalf o f t he S cottish D evelopment D epartment p rior t o c onservation a nd d isplay w ork .

4 .

D escription o f s ite . F ive a reas w ere e xcavated ( A-E) a nd p roduced a t otal o f 5 23 p ipe c lay a rtifact f ragments . A rea A i ncluded f inds f rom t he u pper f ills o f a d itch , w hich p roved t o b e t he o nly s ecurely s tratified p ipe p roducing c ontext f rom t he s ite , d ating f rom t he e arly t o m id-seventeenth c entury . T he r emaining a reas c onsisted m ainly o f c ultivated s oils c ontaining f inds o f a ll p eriods . A rea C , w hich w as e xcavated i n h orizontal s pits , d id e xhibit s ome m inimal s tratigraphy , i n t hat i n t he l ower l ayers o nly m id-seventeenth c entury p ipes o ccured , w hilst h igher u p e ighteenth a nd n ineteenth c entury m aterial w as r ecovered .

5 .

D escription o f t he o bjects. A s f ar a s p ossible e ntries a re i n t he f ollowing o rder :

d escription ,

p ossible s ource w here k nown ; s tem b ore i n 6 4ths i n ; c omparisons w here a ppropriate ; s uggested d ate r ange ; a rea c ode ; c ontext n umber a nd p hase w here a pplicable . D utch m oulded ( nos. 9 -14).

s tems

( nos .

1 -8)

a nd

f leur-de-lys

a nd r elated s tamps

F loral l eaf d ecoration ( nos . 1 -5) ( cf . D uco 1 981, 2 51-3, 3 79, n os . 1 32-59). 1 .

P robably A msterdam ; 7 /64" ;

2 .

D utch ; 6 /64" ;

3 .

P robably A msterdam ; 8 /64" ; 1 630-40 ; D , 1 500.

4 .

P robably A msterdam ; 6 /64" ;

1 630-50 ; G , 3 001.

5 .

P robably A msterdam ;

1 630-50 ; A , 4 538 .

J onah p ipes ( fig . ( 1630-50).

1 630-40; B , 5 03.

1 670-80 ; G , 3 004.

9 , n os .

6 /64" ;

6 -8) ( cf . D uco 1 981,

3 15

2 54 ,

3 80-2 ,

n os .

1 60-75

3 4 1

2

5

8 9

6

7

1 0

F ig.27

Scallaway

Castle,

1 4

1 3

1 2

Shetland,

3 16

nos.

1-1 4

6 .

V estigal s cales s urvive o nly ; B , 5 03 .

p robably G ouda o r L eiden ;

7 .

V ery w orn m ould ; p robably G ouda o r L eiden ; 7 /64" ; C , 1 002.

8 .

U nusual f orm o f s cales ; p robably G ouda o r L eiden ; 6 /64" ; G , 3 001. F leur-de-lys a nd r elated s tamps ( fig . 9 , F riederich 1 975 , 6 9-71 ; D uco 1 981, 2 48-9 , n os .

7 /64" ;

n os . 9 -14) 1 07-22) .

( cf .

9 .

S ingle s tamp a pplied a t l east f our t imes ; p ossibly G ouda ; 6 /64" ; c f . D uco 1 981, n o . 10 ; 1 625-40 ; B , 5 03 .

1 0 .

I dentical o r v ery s imilar s tamp a pplied a t l east t wice ; 1 625-40 ; B , 5 03 .

1.

S tamp w ith f our-part d ie a pplied o nce , v ery f aint , p robably n ot a f leur-dy-lys ; 7 /64 ; c f . F riederich 1 975 , 6 9 b ottom ; 1 630-50 ; G , 3 001.

1 2 .

S ingle s tamp a pplied a t l east s ix t imes , a nd 1 0 , 8 /64" ; 1 625-40 ; C , 1 003 .

1 3 .

V ery h igh q uality f our-part s tamp a pplied a t l east t hree t imes ; 7 /64" ; c f . F riederich 1 975 , 6 9 b ottom ; 1 630-50 ; B , 5 03 .

1 4 .

V ery f aintly a pplied d ifferent f our-part s tamp , f leur-de-lys ; 7 /64" ; 1 630-50 ; B , 5 03 . D utch r oller-stamped s tems a nd t wists .

6 /64" ;

d ifferent d ie f rom 9

p robably n ot a

( nos . 1 5-23).

1 5.

P art o f a r oller-stamped s tem w ith a ' r ing o f p earls ' 6 /64" ; c f . D uco 1 981, 2 46 , n o . 4 6 ; 1 670-1700 ; G , 3 001 .

1 6.

P art o f as tamp a s 1 5 ; 7 /64" ; 1 6701700 ; G , 3 001.

1 7 .

P art o f ar oller s tamp w ith z igzag b order ; 6 /64" , 1 975 , 6 6 , b ottom h alf p age ; 1 700-30 ; G , 3 001 .

1 8.

P art o f as tamp a s 1 7 ; 6 /64" ; 1 700-30 ; C , 1 006.

1 9 .

C omplete s tamp a s 1 7; 6 /64" ; 1 700-30 ; G , 3 001.

2 0 .

C omplex t wist ; p robably G ouda ; 8 /64" ; c f . t hird f rom b ottom ; 1 8th c entury ; G , 3 001 .

2 1.

S Ung o f p earls ' r oller s tamp a nd t wist ; p robably G ouda ; 5 /64" ; c f . F riederich 1 975, l eft c olumn , 6f rom b ottom ; 1 720-50 ; C , 1 006 .

2 . 2

R ouletted s tem r oller-stamped I N G OUDA t wice ; c entury ; G , 3 001 .

2 3 .

S tem a s 2 2 s tamped F V ERZYL ; 5 /64" ; p robably F rans V erzijl o f G ouda w ho w as w orking 1 753-74 ; c f . D uco 1 978 , 4 8 ; B , 5 03 .

D utch b owls a nd b owl f ragments ( nos . 2 4-38).

3 17

b order ;

c f . F riederich

F riederich 1 975 ,

6 /64" ;

6 3 ,

1 8th

r ow..

A NV, 1 8

“ t tk.

1 6 k t 0 1 ,11ktk t o ". •

•e re .

1 7

1 5

20

2 1

1 9

rrrr 're r rrerr m rpn ,,r , ir t Tem ,n , r t ' " % f lrY"rg le irrr r ir l er li e lV erro 'Ver , 0. 10 . 11 . 10 1 JUUL 4L JUL MA ILA IL i , . .

2 3

2 2

F ig.28

Scallaway

Castle,

Shetland,

3 18

nos.

1 5-23

!3 1

3 2

e

1 33

1 37

3 8

0 F ig.29

Scallaway Castle,

Shetland, 3 19

nos.

0

2 4-38

M oulded r ose ( nos . 2 4-8) ( cf. D uco 1 981, 2 44, n os. 3 1-8). 2 4.

S ix d ot r ose , o nly l eft p art o f b owl s urvives , b ottered n ot m illed ; 1 640-60 ; G , 3 001 .

2 5 .

S even d ot r ose , E , 2 001.

2 6 .

S ix d ot r ose w ith f ive s epals , b ottered a nd m illed o n t he f ront a t l east ; 6 /64" ; 1 640-60 ; G , 3 004 .

2 7.

S ix d ot r ose w ith f ive s epals ; 6 /64" ; 1 640-60 ; C , 1 003.

j ust v isible o n t he r ight s ide ; 7 /64" ;

1 670-90 ;

2 8.

S ix d ot r ose w ith f ive s epals, m ould v ery w orn a nd d amaged , p oorly b ottered , a pologetic m illing o n f ront o nly ; 6 /64" ; 1 6801 700 ; B , 5 03. H eel s tamps , a ll i n r elief ( nos. 2 9-33). 2 9.

R ose c onsisting o f s even c losely s paced d ots , b awl p artially m illed b ut d amaged ; 6 /64" ; c f F riederich 1 975 , 9 7 , A bb 1 5 , n o 2 01; 1 615-40 ; B , 5 17.

3 0 .

B owl f ragment w ith i ndistinct s tamp , p ossibly t he a xe o f G ouda ; 5 /64" ; c f D uco 1 978, 1 45, n o . 3 73 ; 1 8th c entury ; G , 3 003.

3 1.

B awl f ragment w ith g ood q uality , v ery h igh m illing , b ottered , i ndistinct h eel s tamp , p ossibly a m ilkmaid ; 6 /64" ; c f D uco 1 978 , 1 05 , 1 41, n o 2 94 ; t his e xample p robably 1 670-90 , t hough t he s tamp i s k nown f rom 1 660 t o 1 898 ; D , 1 500 .

3 2.

D amaged b owl w ith m illing o n r im , r ose a nd c rown h eel m ark , t here i s a l etter F t o t he r ight a nd a m issing l etter t o t he l eft ; 7 /64" ; F riederich ( 1975) h as a n umber o f s imilar s tamps m arked I F ( Abb 1 5 , n os 14 , 1 22 , 1 24 , 1 35) , d ating t o 1 610-40 ; c f a lso D uco 1 981, 2 47 , n os 5 3-58 ; B5 03 .

3 3.

B owl f ragment w ith f inely e xecuted c rowned L h eel s tamp ; 5 /64" ; T his G ouda s tamp i s f irst r ecorded b elonging t o C ornelius L uijnenburg i n 1 726 a nd w as i n u se u ntil t he d emise o f Pv an d er W ant G zn i n c1 930 . I t w as h eld b y t he V erzijl f amily f rom 1 753 t o 1 821 ( NB n o 2 3 a bove ) ; c f D uco 1 978 , 4 8 , n o 9 ; 1 750-70 ; D , 1 506 .

S pur m oulded s tamp 3 4 .

( 1 o . 3 4) .

B awl w ith a s tar o r w indm ill o n b oth s ides o f t he s pur , c ut o ff r im , c rudely t rimmed c asting s eams ; 5 /64" ; n o g ood c omparisons b ut c f . F riederich 1 975 , 1 29 , A bb 4 4 ; 1 8th c entury ; C , 1 002 .

P lain b owls ( nos . 3 5-8). 3 5 .

D amaged b owl , b ottered n ot b urnished ; 6 /64" ;

3 6.

W ell t rimmed , l ightly p olished b awl , f ront o nly ; 8 /64" ; 1 670-90 ; B , 5 03 .

3 20

1 620-50 ; G , 3 001 .

b ottered ,

m illed o n t he

3 7.

P oorly t rimmed b owl , B , 5 03 .

3 8 .

E legant 1 700 ;

C ,

b owl ,

v ery

b ottered , m illed o n f ront ;

s moothly

f inished ,

6 /64" ;

b ottered ;

1 660-80 ,

5 /64" ;

1 670-

1 006 .

B ritish-type b owls a nd s tems ( nos. 3 9-54). 3 9.

W ell-made e legant b owl w ith v ery f ine l ight m illing , p ink b ody , d amaged a nd i n t hree p ieces; b ore n ot m easurable ; i ncuse I B s tamp o n h eel ; s ource n ot k nown , b ut n ot u nlike e arly P lymouth f orms a nd s tamps ; c f . O swald 1 969 , 1 29 , f ig . 5 3 , n o . 4 ; 1 620-40 ; C , 1 003 .

A r ange o f m id17th c entury b awls , 4 0-41).

p robably S cottish i n o rigin ( nos .

4 0 .

D amaged b owl , y ellowish 7 /64" ; 1 640-60 ; G , 3 001 .

f abric w ith m any

i nclusions ,

m illed ;

4 1.

U pper p art o f b owl , v ery p oorly m ade , p ink/orange s urface ; 1 6406 0 ; G , 3 001.

4 2.

U pper p art o f b awl , v ery m icaceous p ink f abric , u neven w all t hickness , h eavily b ottered r im , m illed a ll r ound ; 1 640-60 ; B , 5 03.

4 3.

C omplete b owl ,

b ottered , n ot m illed ; 7 /64" ;

4. 4

D amaged b awl w ith t he r emains o f am oulded l etter? I a bove s pur , a v ery u nusual f orm ; 5 /64" ;

4 6.

L arge

b owl

w ith

1 640-60 ; A , 4 543 , 1 .

p ronounced

? 1640-60 ; C , 1 006 . ' chin ' ,

p ink/orange

o uter

s urface ,

b ottered a nd m illed ; 6 /64" ; t he f orm i s s imilar t o S cottish p ipes f rom L inlithgow , e specially t hose b earing t he s tar h eel s tamp o r t he i nitials o f J ames C olquhoun o f G lasgow ; c f . L aing 1 968 , 1 27 , f ig . 7 , n os . 1 -4 a nd M artin 1 977 , 2 21; 1 680-1700 ; C , 1 006. 4 7.

E legant b owl w ith o ut o ff , 1 975 , f ig . 4 , G :

2 1;

' horizontal ' r im ;

1 730-50 ;

C ,

4 /64" ;

c f .

O swald

1 002 .

4 8 .

P lain s purred b owl, d amaged , 4 /64" ; 1 800-50 ; G , 3 001 .

c asting s eams p oorly t rimmed ;

5 0 .

F ragment o f m oulded , c entury ; B , 5 11 .

5 1.

M oulded r im f ragment , 1 501.

5 2.

S tem s tamped J . D UNCAN/LEITH ; p robably J ohn D uncan o f L eith w ho w as w orking i n E dinburgh i n 1 837 ; 5 /64" ; c f . O swald 1 975 , 2 05 ; G , 3 001.

5 3.

S tem s tamped W OOD/GLAS -4 p ossibly W illiam C . W ood w ho w as w orking i n G lasgow 1 857-75 ; 5 /64" ; c f . O swald 1 975 , 2 06 ; F ,

f luted b owl ,

v ery p ure w hite c lay ;

i ncluding s ailing s hip ;

3 21

1 9th

1 9th c entury ;

D ,

42

4 1

43

49

iI C

J . D UNC A N

LEITH

Fig.30

Scallaway

Castle,

GL AS

Shetland

3 22

2

J

() WO OD

5 2

4

THO ! W Hji TB U R G H

53

, nos.

50

3 9-54

5 4

2 500. 5 4.

6 .

M ould-decorated s tem m arked T HOs . W HIT. . ./ . . . .NBURGH ; p robably T . W hyte & C o r ecorded i n E dinburgh d irectories 1 832-64 ; 4 /64" ; c f . O swald 1 975 , 2 06 ; B , 5 03 .

C omparisons. I n g eneral m uch t he s ame r ange o f D utch p ipes a s f rom A berdeen ( Davey 1 982). F or s pecific d etails s ee c aptions o pposite i llustrations.

7 .

D ating . T he o verall r ange o f t he p ipes i s f rom a bout 1 630 t o 1 920 . T wo t hirds o f a ll t he f inds a re o f s eventeenth c entury d ate , w ith t he m ain c oncentration b eing i n t he m iddle o f t he c entury . F our p hases o f p ipe d eposition m ay b e s uggested , u sing t he 6 0 f ragments w hich a re m ost e asily d ated :1 635-1660

( 30

f gs) 4 8% .

1 6601700 ( 13 f gs) 2 1% . 1 700-1770 ( 11 f gs) 1 7% . 1 7701920 ( 9 f gs) 1 4% . T hus , w hile a lmost h alf o f t hese p ipes w ere m ade i n t he 2 5 y ears b etween 1 635 a nd 1 660 , t he r emaining h alf c over a p eriod o f o ver 2 50 y ears . T he s tem b ore d ata a lso s uggest a p redominance o f s eventeenth c entury m aterial . 8 .

O bservations . T he S calloway p ipes a re i mportant b ecause t hey p rovide t he f irst s tratified s equence f rom a l and-based e xcavation i n S hetland a nd a llow ap reliminary p icture o f p ipe s ources a nd t heir c hronology t o b e s ketched . T he t wo m ajor s ources a re H olland a nd m ainland B ritain , a lmost c ertainly S cotland .

T he p roblems o f i dentifying D utch p ipes

h ave b een d iscussed e lsewhere ( Atkinson & O swald 1 972 ; D avey 1 982a) . T he u se o f b urnishing i s f raught w ith d ifficulty a s f ew o f t he p ipes i n t he w hole c ollection a re b urnished : 6 9 o ut o f 5 23 ( 13%) . T he r ealization t hat s ome 1 7th-century S cottish p ipes w ere b urnished ( cf . P erth ; D avey , f orthcoming) m eans t hat g reat c are m ust b e t aken t o d istinguish t he v ery n arrow a nd p arallel m arks m ade b y a gate t ools i n H olland f rom t he b roader a nd m ore u nevenly e xecuted S cottish e xamples . I n t he c ase o f t he S calloway m aterial a ll t he b urnished p ipes a ppear t o b e D utch . O f t he 5 3 i dentified D utch b owls a nd s tems ( nos . 1 -38 , p lus 1 5 n ot i llustrated) o nly 1 0 ( 19%) a re b urnished . O n t his b asis r oughly 8 0% o f t he w hole c ollection i s D utch . A p reliminary s tudy o f t he f abrics u nder a h and l ens s uggests t hat a lmost 9 0% o f a ll 1 7tha nd 1 8th-century p ipes a re o f D utch t ype . A f urther c aveat , g iven t he g eographical p osition o f S calloway , i s t hat s ome o f t he p ipes i dentified h ere a s D utch m ay h ave b een p roduced f urther n orth i n E urope . I n D enmark , f or e xample , a t l east o ne e arly m aker w as D utch ( Ahlefeldt-Laurvig 1 980 , 2 49) a nd i n S weden t he f irst m akers w ere a lso D utch ( Bonds 1 980 , 2 76) . A t t he m oment w e a re i gnorant a s t o w hat

3 23

t hese f irst p ipes

l ooked l ike .

W hile s ome o f t he m ore c learly

i dentified D utch p ipes , s uch a s t he e arly A msterdam p roducts ( eg . f ig . 9 , n os . 1 , 3 -5) a nd t he J onah p ipes ( fig . 9 , n os . 6 -8) a re c ertainly D uch p roducts , i t r emains t o b e s een w hether t he p roduction o f s ome o f t he p oorer q uality p ipes , s uch a s t he m oulded r oses ( fig . 1, n os . 2 48 ) , w as c onfined t o H olland a lone . T he c hronology o f t he u se o f t he t wo s ources i s o f i nterest a nd c an b e t abulated u sing t he p ipe d eposition p eriods d escribed a bove :

N o .

o fP ipes

N o .Dutch N o .

B ritish

P eriod O ne 1 635-60

3 0

( 48%)

2 3

( 77%)

7

( 23%)

P eriod T wo 1 660-1700

1 3

( 21%)

1 2

( 92%)

1

(8 %)

P eriod T hree 1 700-70

1

( 17%)

1 0

( 91%)

1

(9 %)

(0 %)

9

( 100%)

( 71%)

1 8 ( 29%)

P eriod F our 1 770+

9

T otal

6 3

0

( 14%)

4 5

( 100%)

T hese S calloway r esults c omplement w hat i s a lready k nown f rom s ites i n S cotland . T hose f rom A berdeen , w here a t l east 8 0% o f a ll p ipes r ecovered f rom t he p eriod 1 620-1720 w ere o f D utch o rigin , p rovide t he c losest c omparison ( Davey 1 982a ) , a lthough S calloway h as n o N E E nglish p ipes .

I n c ontrast ,

a t S tirling C astle ( Davey 1 980) a nd P erth

( Davey , f orthcoming) o nly a t hird o f t he 1 7th-century p ipes w ere D utch a nd i n E dinburgh i tself n o D utch p roducts w ere r ecognized f rom t he e xcavations i n S t . Mary 's S treet ( Lawson 1 980) . T he a rrival o f B ritish-type p ipes i n S calloway s oon a fter 1 650 m ay r epresent a n i nterruption i n D utch t rade p atterns c aused b y t he w ars w ith t he E nglish . I f t his w as t he c ase , t hey r ecovered q uickly a nd d ominated S calloway p ipe i mports u ntil t he e nd o f t he 1 8th c entury . F urther l ight i s t hrown b y a c omparison w ith t he m aterial f rom 1 7th a nd 1 8th c entury O slo ( Skre 1 980) . R atios o f D utch t o B ritish p ipes : S calloway

O slo

1 620-50

1 9:1

5 0 :1

1 650-80

6 :6

6 :7

1:1

6 :1

1 680+

I n b oth c ases t he d ecline i n D utch p ipes a fter t he m iddle o f t he c entury m ay b e d ue t o w artime c onditions ( cf. D avey 1 982b).

9 .

Material

s ubmitted

b y P .J .

D avey ,

L indsay .

3 24

w ith k ind

p ermission

o f W .J .

S TIRLING C ASTLE

1 .

B ibliography . D avey,

P .J .,

1 980 .

' The C lay P ipes ' i n E wart,

G .

' Excavations a t

S tirling C astle 1 977-78', P ost M edieval A rchaeology 1 4, 6 4-50. 2 .

S ite . S tirling C astle , C entral R egion ( NS 7 90941).

3 .

C irc umstances o f f ind . T he m aterial i s d erived f rom t wo s ources: i D uring u nspecified r epair a nd c learance w ork a t

t he c astle .

T he

f inds a re i n t he c are o f t he S cottish D evelopment D epartment ( Ancient M onuments) w ith w hose p ermission t hey a re p ublished . i i E xcavations o n t he S pur B attery a nd a djacent a reas o f t he c astle i n 1 977-78 , i n a dvance o f s ervice d rains . F inds d eposited i n t he N ational M useum o f A ntiquities, E dinburgh . 4 .

D escription o f s ite . S tirling

w as

a n

i mportant

r oyal

r esidence

t hroughout

t he m edieval

p eriod a nd r emained a r oyal s tronghold a fter t he U nion o f t he C rowns i n 1 603 . I t w as v isited b y C harles I i n 1 633 . I n 1 651 i t w as c aptured b y G eneral

Monk f or C romwell

a nd a n E nglish

g arrison

i nstalled , i t r everted t o S cottish h ands a t t he R estoration . G roup i i w as f rom l evelling d ebris r esulting f rom t he r emodelling o f t he d efences i n 1 7081714. 5 .

D escription o f o bjects. G roup i . 1 . D utch ' moulded r ose ' b owl ; a nd 3 6 , 2 .

c . 1 630-1655 ;

s tem b ore 6 /64" ;

D utch ' mou lded r ose ' b owl ; c .

c f . D uco 1 981,

n os . 3 3

c f . D uco 1 981,

n o .

2 e xamples . s tem b ore 7 /64" ;

3 6 ,

1 630-1655 .

3 .

D utch 1 670.

' moulded

r ose '

b owl ,

b urnished ;

s tem b ore 6 /64" ;

4 .

B owl ; s tem b ore 6 /64" ; D utch , c . 1 640-1660.

5 .

F inely m illed b owl; c entury .

6 .

B owl ,

s tem b ore 8 /64" ;

p artially m illed ;

D utch ,

s tem b ore 6 /64" ; D utch ,

D uco 1 981, n os. 3 3 a nd 1 4.

3 25

c .

1 640-

m id-seventeenth

C . 1 630-1650 ,

c f .

3

2

4

C

C

6

o9 Fig.31

Sterling Castle

05

o

0

7

0 , Group

3 26

0

1 0

i ,

nos.

1 -11

8

11

7 .

B owl ; s tem b ore 7 /64" ; D utch c . 1 650-1670 , c f. D uco 1 981, n o . 4 1.

8 .

D istorted b owl , p artially m illed ; s tem b ore 7 /64" ; D utch c . 1 6401 660 , c f . D uco 1 981, n o . 1 36 .

9 .

B owl , b urnished a nd p artially m illed ; s tem b ore 7 /64" ; D utch 1 6501 670 , c f . D uco 1 981, n o . 4 1.,

1 0 . B owl , b urnished a nd p artially m illed ; s tem b ore 6 /64" ; D utch 1 6451 665, c f . D uco 1 981, n o . 1 78 . owl , b urnished a nd f inely m illed ; 1. B 1 660 , c f . D uco 1 981, n o . 1 36.

s tem b ore 7 /64" ;

D utch 1 640-

W illiam B anks . N umbers 1 2 t o 1 8 a re c arelessly p roduced , u nburnished a nd w ithout b asal s tamps . N umber 1 9 i s b urnished , c arefully m illed a nd h as a n u nworn b asal s tamp . 1 2 . C rudely-made b owl, c racked s urface a nd l arge m illing ; m ouldi mparted / B ; s tem b ore 7 /64" . 1 3. B owl w ith l arge m illing ; s tem b ore 7 /64"

m ould-imparted / B ,

p art o f B m issing ;

1 4 . B owl w ith f ine m illing a nd m ould-imparted / B ; d amaged w hilst l eather-hard ; s tem b ore 7 /64" 1 5 . S light t race o f m illing ; m ould-imparted W /B ; c racked s urface ; s tem b ore 8 /64" . 1 6 . N arrow m illing ; w orn m ould-imparted

/ B ; s tem b ore 7 /64"

1 7. M ould-imparted / B i n n arrow l ettering ; n ot m illed ; s tem b ore 7 /64" 1 8 . M ould-imparted W /B w ith m illed ; s tem b ore 7 /64"

n arrow

l ettering ,

w idely

s paced

o n W ;

1 9. B urnished b owl ; m ould-imparted W /B , b asal ' c astle s ta m p ' , n arrow s trokes o n c losely s paced W ; f ine m illing ; s tem b ore 7 /64" . T homas B anks . 2 0 . B owl i n b uff c lay ; m ould-imparted T /B ; p artial m illing ; s tem b ore 7 /64" . 2 1. B owl i n o ff-white 7 /64" .

c lay ;

m illed ;

m ould-imparted T /B ;

2. B owl i n o ff-white c lay ; m illed a nd b urnished ; 2 s tamp ; m ould-imparted T /B , s tem b ore 7 /64" .

3 27

s tem b ore

' castle ' b asal

( I

1 2

1 4

1 3

1 5

0

2 0

F ig.32

1 9

18

0

Sterling Castle

2 1

, Group 3 28

i ,

nos.

1 2-22

0

23

C 1 1 n 5 )

24

26

25

F ig.33

Sterling Castle

, Group 3 29

i ,

nos.

2 3-28

29

30

3 1

G

3 2

C

33

34

• . . ?2 ; 1;

3 5

F ig.34

Sterling Castle

36

, Group i ,

30 3

nos.

2 9-36

P atrick C rawford . 2 3. B owl w ith p artial m illing ; b ore 8 /64" .

u nburnished ; m ould-imparted P /C ;

s tem

2 4 . B urnished a nd m illed b owl , b ottered o n b oth i nside a nd o utside o f r im ; P C/E b asal s tamp ; s tem b ore 6 /64" . 2 5 . B urnished a nd m illed b owl ; s tamp ; s tem b ore 7 /64" .

m ould-imparted C /P a nd ' c astle ' b asal

2 6 . B urnished a nd m illed b owl w ith r aised s pot o n l eft , a s n o . 2 8 ; b asal s tamp o f ' castle ' w ith f lanking P /C ; m ould-imparted / C ; s uperimposed d ouble l etters ; s tem b ore 8 /64" . 2 7. B urnished a nd m illed b owl ; d ouble i mpression o f m ould-imparted P /C ; b asal s tamp o f ' castle ' w ith f lanking P /C . 2 8. B owl s imilar t o n o . 2 6 b ut d ie o f b asal s tamp p artly e rased ; m ould-imparted C o n r ight , w ith d ouble i mpression , p ossible t race o f w orn P o n l eft ; s tem b ore 6 /64" .

R obert S mith ? Edinburgh , c irca 1 682. 2 9. B urnished b awl w ith p artial m illing ; m ould-imparted R /S w ith r etrograde S ; b asal s tamp o f i ndistinct f orm , s tem b ore 7 /64" . 3 0. B owl s imilar t o n o . 2 9 ; s tem b ore 6 /64" . O ther b owls : 3 1. B owl w ith w orn b asal s tamp o f E dinburgh t ype , p ossibly W illiam B anks ; s tem b ore 7 /64" .

c irca 1 6301650 ,

3 2. B owl w ith h eart-shaped b asal s tamp e nclosing l etters I /B ; s tem b ore 7 /64" . P ossibly J ohn B owman o f G ateshead , a ctive 1 645-89 ( Oswald 1 983 , 1 92) . 3 3 . B owl w ith h eart-shaped b ase , c rude l arge m illing ; s tem b ore 7 /64" . 3 4. P lain b owl i n o ff-white c lay ; s tem b ore 6 /64" . 3 5 . M illed b owl ; s tem b ore 7 /64" . 3 6. B owl i n o ff-white c lay ; s tem b ore 7 /64" . 3 7. B urnished b owl w ith p artial m illing , i n o ff-white c lay ; m ouldi mparted I /F ; b asal s tamp o f s tar ; s tem b ore 7 /64" ; p ossibly J ohn F erguson o f S tirling . 3 8 . B urnished a nd m illed b owl w ith b asal s tamp o f as tar ; 6 /64" .

s tem b ore

3 9 . B urnished a nd m illed b owl i n o ff-white/grey c lay ; s tar b asal s tamp ; s tem b ore 6 /64" .

3 31

38

3 7

39

40

* : • • ••

4 1

F ig.35

Sterling Castle

, Group

32 3

i ,

nos.

3 7-41

4 0 . B urnished a nd m illed b owl s tem b ore 8 /64" .

i n o ff-white c lay ;

s tar b asal

s tamp ;

4 1. B urnished a nd m illed b owl s tem b ore 8 /64" .

i n o ff-white c lay ;

s tar b asal

s tamp ;

G roup i i . D avey ( 1980 , 4 7) d istinguished t hree m ain t ypes o f f abric i n t his g roup : A .

S oft , d ense , i nclusion-free , p ale y ellow/off-white .

B .

H ard , d ense , g ranular i nclusion f ree , p ale y ellow/white .

C .

H ard , o pen t extured w ith f requent v oids , m any q uartz a nd g ranitic i nclusions , m ica f lakes v isible o n t he s urface w hen r otated i n t he l ight, g rey/white , s ometimes p ink .

4 2-44.

D utch s tyle b owls, b urnished a nd p artly m illed ;

f abric A .

4 5. D utch s tyle b owl w ith b urnished s urfaces, c lear m illing ; f abric B . 4 6. B urnished b owl w ith p artial m illing ;

f abric B .

4 7. B owl w ith w ire-cut m illing ; f abric C . 4 8. C rudely m ade b owl w ith s taggered m illing ; v oids a nd w ire m arks v isible o n s urface ; p ossible t race o f m ould-imparted B o n r ight o f f oot ; f abric C . P ossibly W illiam B anks , E dinburgh . 4 9. W ell-made ' chinned ' b owl w ith s played f oot ;

m illed ;

h eart-shaped

b asal s tamp w ith l etters I P/S ; f abric C . G roup i i i ncluded a nother e xample o f n o . 4 9, n ot i llustrated . 5 0. C rudely m ade ' chinned ' b owl w ith r ough m illing ; f abric C .

s played f oot ;

5 1. M illed b owl w ith m ould-imparted W /B ; f abric C .

6 .

C omparisons. F or o ther e xamples o f ' star ' b asal s tamps P alace ( Laing 1 968, f ig . 7 ). N o o ther e xample o f n o . w riting .

7 .

( nos . 3 7-41) s ee L inlithgow

4 9 i s k nown t o t he a uthor a t t he t ime o f

D ating . B oth g roups r ange f rom c . 1 630 t o c . 1 700.

3 33

0

42

0

43

0

45

(3

0

0

46

47

48

G

F ig.36

5 1

50

Sterling Castle

, Group

3 34

i i,

44

nos.

4 2-51

8 .

O bservations . T he m ain s ources o f p ipes f or S tirling C astle d uring t he p eriod 1 6301 660 w ere H olland a nd E dinburgh , t he l atter b eing r epresented b y t he p ipes o f W illiam B anks ( nos . 1 219 a nd 5 1) . A fter c . 1 660 E dinburgh p ipes w ere s till c ommon b ut l ocal p roducts a ppear , r eplacing t hose o f t he N etherlands . N o r ecognisable G lasgow p ipes w ere p resent . T he q uality o f t he p ipes i s v ariable . S ome o f t he D utch b owls a re b urnished a nd c arefully m illed , w hereas o thers w ould s eem t o b e s econd r ate p roducts a s t hey a re o nly p artially m illed a nd i n o ne c ase d amaged d uring m anufacture . T he p ipes o f W illiam B anks a re a lso o f a p oor q uality , w ith t he e xception o f n o . 1 9, w hich i s s tamped a nd b urnished .

9 .

M aterial s ubmitted b y D . B . G allagher .

3 35

1 0.

A LPHABETICAL L IST O F P IPEMAKERS I N S COTLAND

E ntries u nder E dinburgh i nclude t hose f rom t he f ormer b urghs C anongate . A BERCROMBIE

S ee M cFARLANE & A BERCROMBIE

A GNEW J ohn

1 849-57

G LASGOW

A IKEN A lexander

1 680-90

E DINBURGH

A IKEN A lexander

1 695-1731

G LASGOW

A IKEN A ndrew

1 705-14

G LASGOW

A IKEN J ohn I

1 701-15

G LASGOW

A IKEN J ohn I I

1 713-20

G LASGOW

A IKENHEAD & D UNLOP

1 898-1919

G LASGOW

A IIKENHEAD R obert

1 907

D ALRY

A ITKENHEAD B ROTHERS

1 882-93

K ILMARNOCK

A IKENHEAD S & S ons(s)

1 895-1921

K ILMARNOCK

A LEXANDER J ames

1 738-1805

G LASGOW

A LEXANDER J ohn

1 756-72

G LASGOW

A NGUS G eorge

1 878-1904

D UNDEE

A RNOTT D avid

1 880-81

G LASGOW

A RNOTT D avid

1 900-03

G REENOCK

A RTHUR W illiam

1 664

E DINBURGH

A ULD J ohn

1 921-33

A BERDEEN

B AIN A lexander

1 828-29

A BERDEEN

B AIN A lexander

1 851

G LASGOW

B AIN J ohn

1 769-70

G LASGOW

B AIN P eter

1 882

G LASGOW

B ALK J ohn

1 668

E DINBURGH

B ANNERMAN C

1 842

G LASGOW

37 3

o f L eith a nd

B ANNERMAN C arrick

1 862-65

G LASGOW

B ANNERMAN J ohn

1 856-61

G LASGOW

B ANKS D avid

1 705-06

E DINBURGH

B ANKS J ohn

1 658-59

E DINBURGH

B ANKS T homas

1 649-61

E DINBURGH

B ANKS W illiam

1 622-59

E DINBURGH

B ARCLAY M ary

1 816-25

G LASGOW

B ARR J ohn

1 760-62

G LASGOW

B ATCHELOR D octor ( & C o)

1 850-62

D UNDEE

B EGG E dward

1 887-89

E DINBURGH

B EGG J & C o

1 873-88

E DINBURGH

B EGG J ohn

1 867-70

E DINBURGH

B EGG T homas & C o

1 871-73

E DINBURGH

B EGG T homas

1 880-82

E DINBURGH

B ELL J ohn

1 911

D ALRY

B ELL S tephen

1 649

E DINBURGH

B ELLFIELD & C o

1 860

P RESTONPANS

B EVERIDGE W illiam

1 869-82

F ORRES

B EVERIDGE W illiam

1 882-1908

A BERDEEN

B LAIR J ames

1 909-10

P ERTH

B LAND C harles

1 886-91

E DINBURGH

B OUSTEAD W & C o

1 857-63

G LASGOW

B OYD J ohn

1 871

G LASGOW

B REICHEN W illiam

1 767-71

G LASGOW

B RICHEN J ohn

1 758-77

G LASGOW

B RODRIDGE J ohn

1 670

G LASGOW

B ROWN & M ACSLOY

1 886

I NVERNESS

B ROWN J ames

1 873-86

I NVERNESS

B ROWN J ohn

1 833-34

G LASGOW

B RYCE J ames

1 875

E DINBURGH

B RYCE J ames

1 887-93

D UNDEE

B URNS J ames

1 900-07

G LASGOW

B URNS W illiam

1 900-04

G LASGOW

B URTON J & C

1 893

C UPAR

B URTON J ames

c 1835-1878

C UPAR

B URTON M rs J anet

1 882-1907

C UPAR

B URTON J ohn

1 906-c1945

C UPAR

C ALDER R ichard

1 642

E DINBURGH

C ALEDONIAN P IPE W ORKS s ee D AVIDSON T homas C AMERON & M cINALLY

1 871

G LASGOW

C AMERON C harles

1 872-83

G LASGOW

C ARMICHAEL & C HRISTIE

1 885

G LASGOW

C ARNEGIE J ohn

1 878

P ERTH

C ARROL B artholomew & S on 1 882

I NVERNESS

C ARROL H elen

1 886-89

I NVERNESS

C ARSON A gnes

1 889

G LASGOW

C ARSON H & S on

1 886

G LASGOW

C ARSON R obert

1 893

G LASGOW

C ARTER J ames

1 907-12

P ERTH

C ARTY & H AMILTON

1 893-95

A YR

C ARTY R obert ( & C o)

1 893-1935

A YR

C HESTER H endry

1 710

G LASGOW

C HIPPEN J ohn

p re 1 788

G LASGOW

C HRISTIE J ohn

1 863-70

G LASGOW

C HRISTIE P atrick

1 878

G LASGOW

C HRISTIE W illiam

1 857-1962

G LASGOW

C HRISTIE W illiam

1 895-1962

E DINBURGH

C HRISTIE W illiam N aisndth

1 884-90

G REENOCK

C LARK J ohn

1 800

E DINBURGH

C LARK T

1 9th c m arked p ipe

F ORFAR ( Davey 1 982b)

C LISK A lexander

1 699

E DINBURGH

C OCHRANE J ohn

1 900

E DINBURGH

C OCHRANE T homas

1 869-1902

E DINBURGH

C OCKBURN G eorge

1 878-86

E DINBURGH

C OCKBURN G eorge

1 911-13

E DINBURGH

O OCKBURN T homas

c .1881

E DINBURGH

C OGHILL A lexander

1 826-1904

G LASGOW

C OGHILL A ndrew

1 832

G LASGOW

C OGHILL D avid

1 859-98

G LASGOW

C OGHILL G eorge

1 852-72

G LASGOW

C OGHILL N eil

1 857-60

G LASGOW

C OGHILL W illiam

1 841

G LASGOW

C OLQUHOUN J ames I

1 668-1700

G LASGOW

C OLQUHOUN J ames I I

1 6951730

G LASGOW

C OLQUHOUN J ames I II

1 730

G LASGOW

C OUPER R

C .1850

G LASGOW

C OUSLAND J ohn

1 685

S TIRLING

C RAIGDALLIE T homas

1 873-97

E DINBURGH

C RAIGDALLIE & W HITE

1 874-80

E DINBURGH

C RAWFORD P atrick

1 671-82

E DINBURGH

C UNNINGHAM J ohn

p re 1 770

G LASGOW

C UNNINGHAM R obert

1 798

G LASGOW

D AVIS/DAVIES

1 886-1915

P AISLEY

D AVIDSON T homas j un

1 862-1911

G LASGOW

D EVANEY J ames

1 878-89

H AMILTON

D EVANEY J ohn

1 895

H AMILTON

A lexander

3 40

D ICKENS A lexander

1 712

G LASGOW

D IVINE H ugh

1 854-55

G LASGOW

D OLAN W iliam

1 885-1907

D UNDEE

D OLAN M rs W illiam

1 907-19

D UNDEE

D ONALDSON A lexander

1 858-66

E DINBURGH

D ONALDSON M rs A

1 867

E DINBURGH

D ONALDSON J ames

1 868-77

E DINBURGH

D ONALDSON J ohn

1 685

E DINBURGH

D ONALDSON W illiam

1 833-67

E DINBURGH

D OWNS B rothers

1 907-15

G REENOCK

D OYLE J

1 9th c p ipes

G LASGOW P eople 's P alace

D UNCAN C harles

1 871-72

D UNDEE

D UNCAN G eorge

1 836-65

E DINBURGH

D UNCAN J ames

1 817-21

E DINBURGH

D UNCAN J ohn I

1 824-38

E DINBURGH

D UNCAN M rs J ohn I

1 839-40

E DINBURGH

D UNCAN J ohn I I

1 849-61

E DINBURGH

D UNCAN R obert

1 824-32

E DINBURGH

D UNCAN T homas

1 837

E DINBURGH

E ASTERN T OBACCO W ORKS

1 857-58

G LASGOW

E LIOT A lexander

1 639

E DINBURGH

E LRICK A lexander

1 886-90

A BERDEEN

E LRICK J & A

1 889-90

A BERDEEN

E LRICK J ames & C o

1 873-78

A BERDEEN

E LRICK J ohn & C o

1 837-67

A BERDEEN

E LRICK J ohn ( & S ons)

1 889-1911

A BERDEEN

E VANS R ichard

1 768

G LASGOW

F ENTON J anes

1 879-80

G LASGOW

3 41

F ERGUSON J ohn

1 664

S TIRLING

F ERGUSONE R obert

1 685

S TIRLING

F ERON J ames E

1 869-1912

G LASGOW

F IFE A ndrew

1 784

G LASGOW

F INNIE J ames I

1 701

G LASGOW

F INNIE J ames I I

1 701-09

G LASGOW

F INNIE R obert

1 700

G LASGOW

F ORBES J ames & C o

1 893-1911

I NVERNESS

F ORBES M urdoch

1 889-1912

P ERTH

F ORMAN J ames

1 800-08

G LASGOW

F ORRESTER J & C o

1 893

K IRKCALDY

G ALBRAITH M alcolm

1 848-54

G LASGOW

G ALLOWAY A lexander

1 676

E DINBURGH

G ILSCHIST D avid

1 858

G LASGOW

G ILLESPIE J ames

1 752

E DINBURGH

G ILMOUR A rchibald

1 673

E DINBURGH

G LASGOW C LAY P IPE C o

1 880-82

G LASGOW

G LASGOW T OBACCO C LAY P IPE M ANUFACTORY s ee C OGHILL A lexander G LEN J ames

1 730

T RANENT

G RANT J & C o

1 889

K IRKCALDY

G RANT W illiam

1 844-46

G LASGOW

G RAVEN J

1 879-81

G LASGOW

G RAVEN J ohn

1 882-1903

C OATBRIDGE

G RAVEN M rs J ohn

1 907

C OATBRIDGE

G RAY A lexander

1 881-86

A BERDEEN

H ALL C harles

1 860

A LLOA

H ALL M rs M ary

1 889-1911

A LLOA

H ALL R alph & S on

1 868-70

E DINBURGH

H ALL T homas

1 882-92

A LLOA

3 42

H ALLADAY W illiam H ALLIDAY A rthur

1 777 . 1772-83

H AMILTON A lexander & S COTT

1 803-17

G LASGOW G LASGOW G LASGOW

H AMILTON J & J

1 818-22

G LASGOW

H AMILTON J ohn

1 877-87

G LASGOW

H ANLEY J oseph

1 867-89

A YR

H ANLEY J oseph

1 871-77

G LASGOW

H ANLON A ndrew

1 878

G LASGOW

H ARTLEY J ohn

1 828-41

G LASGOW

H ENDERSON W illiam

1 815

G LASGOW

H ERRIOT J ames

1 875

G LASGOW

H ERRIOT & M cILWRAITH

1 876-77

G LASGOW

H ILL J ames

1 911

D UMFRIES

H OGAN M ary

1 905-08

G LASGOW

H OLDEN J ohn

c 1750-c1780

G LASGOW

H OLIDAY J ohn

1 769-73

G LASGOW

H UNTER W illiam

1 910-14

E DINBURGH

H YNDSHAW S amuel I

1 734

G LASGOW

H YNDSHAW S amuel I I

1 691-1767

G LASGOW

H YNDSHAW W illiam

1 674-99

G LASGOW

J OLLY J ames

1 873-86

M ONTROSE

J OLLY W illiam

1 889-1928

M ONTROSE

K ANE A ndrew

1 874-94

D UNDEE

K EAN D avid

1 911-12

P ERTH

K EAN G eorge

1 866-1919

P ERTH

K EAN J ames & C o

1 882-86

K IRKCALDY

K ANE G eorge

s ee K EAN

K ANNA s ee M cKENNA

K EAN J ohn

1 885-1914

P ERTH

K ERR & B OYD

1 816

G LASGOW

K ERR J ohn

1 800

G LASGOW

K ERR T homas

1 807

G LASGOW

K ILPATRICK T homas

1 911

G LASGOW

K INGFIELD P OIIERY s ee G RANT W illiam K NOTMAN J ohn

1 885-86

K IRKCALDY

L ANG J ohn

1 808

G LASGOW

L AWRIE

1 885-86

K IRKCALDY

L AWRIE T homas

1 885-86

K IRKCALDY

L EE J ames

1 841-50

G LASGOW

L EES J & C o

1 9th c p ipe m ould

E DINBURGH ( HH 4 283/400/80)

L ENNOX J ames

1 900-03

D ALRY

L ISTON J ohn

1 873

G LASGOW

L ISTON J ohn j un

1 877-79

G LASGOW

L OGIE A lexander

1 666

E DINBURGH

( LOILLOCKS) J ohn

1 650

E DINBURGH

L OWK A ndrew

1 702

G LASGOW

L OWRIE G eorge

1 893-1915

K IRKCALDY

L OWRIE J ohn

1 864-73

D UNDEE

L OWRIE W illiam

1 878-79

D UNDEE

L OWRIE T homas

1 893-98

E DINBURGH

L OWRIE T homas

1 874-83

D UNDEE

L OWRIE W illiam

1 907-15

K IRKCALDY

L UKE J ames

1 717

G LASGOW

L YALL G avine

1 701

G LASGOW

M cAVOY M ichael

1 856-62

G LASGOW

M cAVOY P atrick

1 852

G LASGOW

M cCALL G eorge & S on

1 895-96

E DINBURGH

J ohn

3 44

M cCUSKER M & C o

1 858

G LASGOW

M ACDONALD C harles

1 893-1900

F ALKIRK

M CDONALD J ames

1 903-15

A LLOA

M CDONALD T homas

1 882-1900

A LLOA

M CDOUGALL D uncan & C o

1 846-1967

G LASGOW

M cFARLANE & C o

1 929-30

G LASGOW

M cFARLANE

&A BERCROMBIE 1 856

G LASGOW

M cFARLANE & M aCKAY

1 857

G LASGOW

M cFARLANE, W ATSON & C o

1 831-32

G LASGOW

M cGINNES J ames

1 872

D UNDEE

M CGUINESS J ohn

1 873-78

D UNDEE

M cILWRAITH R obert

1 877-79

G LASGOW

M cINALLY J ames

1 876

G LASGOW

M ACINTOSH J

1 9th c p ipe m ould

E DINBURGH ( HH 4 283/398/80)

M cINTYRE J ohn

1 882-97

G LASGOW

M cINTYRE M rs J ohn

1 898-1903

G LASGOW

M cINTYRE M oses

1 825-6

A BERDEEN

M CKENNA P atrick

1 873-78

A BERDEEN

M ACKENZIE J ohn I

1 862-93

E DINBURGH

M ACKENZIE J ohn I I

1 868-95

E DINBURGH

M ACKENZIE T homas C

1 893-1915

E DINBURGH

M CKIM J ames

1 894-95

D UNFERMLINE

M CKINNIE A lexander

1 667

G LASGOW

M CLACHLAN T homas

1 887-1938

G LASGOW

M CLARDY & W ILSON

1 857

D UNFERMLINE

M CLARDY A ndrew

1 873

D UNFERMLINE

M CLARDY J ohn

1 862

D UNFERMLINE

M CLARDY S amuel

1 866-71

D UNFERMLINE

3 45

M CLEAN J ohn K

1 882

P ERTH

M CLEAN J ohn K err

1 899-1917

D UNDEE

M CLEAN P eter s enior

1 837-62

D UNDEE

M CLEAN P eter j un ( & C o)

1 856-83

D UNDEE

M CLEAN P eter I

1 854-1856

P ERTH

M CLEAN P eter I

1 884-1905

P ERTH

M CLEAN P eter

1 891-1900

D UNDEE

M CLEAN S amuel I

1 856-1878

P ERTH

M CLEAN S amuel I I

1 889-1927

P ERTH

M CLEAN S amuel

1 885-1927

D UNDEE

M CLEAN T homas

1 788

G LASGOW

M eLENNAN D avid

1 909-12

D UNFERMLINE

M CLUCKIE & F ENTON

1 875-78

G LASGOW

M cLUCKIE & P RENTICE

1 873-74

G LASGOW

M CMENEMEY Q uintin

1 851-52

G LASGOW

M ACSLOY J ames

1 886

I NVERNESS

M ARSHALL J ames

1 921

D ALRY

M ATHER & C OCHRANE

1 873

G LASGOW

M ATHIESON/MATHESON M urdoch 1 876-86

E DINBURGH

M ATTHEW A lexander

1 886-93

A RBROATH

M ETHVEN D avid & S ons

1 860

K IRKCALDY

M ILLAR/MILLER J ames

1 825-43

A BERDEEN

M ILLER & K ERR

1 869

G LASGOW

M ILLER J ohn

1 820

A BERDEEN

M ILLER J ohn

1 838-40

E DINBURGH

M ILLER J ohn

1 866-68

G LASGOW

M ILLROAD P OI1ERY

c 1780-1852

G LASGOW

M OLONEY J ames

1 890-91

D UNDEE

M ONTGOMERIE

1 696

T RANENT

M OONEY J ames & C o

1930

G LASGOW

M ORISON T homas

1 799

E DINBURGH

M ORSOUNE T homas

1 670

G LASGOW

M ORTON W illiam

1 684-1722

G LASGOW

M URRAY W iliam

1 830-61

G LASGOW

N ESS J ames

1 874-78

D UNDEE

N EWTON & R AE

1 864-66

G LASGOW

N IMMO & C o

1 849

G LASGOW

N IMMO J & T

1 845

G LASGOW

N IMMO J ohn

1 834-65

G LASGOW

N IMMO T homas

1 835-44

G LASGOW

N OBLE, R OSS & C o

1 883-84

A BERDEEN

N OBLE A ndrew

1 883-84

A BERDEEN

P ATERSON R obert

1 695-1720

E DINBURGH

P ATERSONE J ames

1 685

S TIRLING

P ATERSONE J ohn

1 685

S TIRLING

P ATERSONE R obert

1 708

B ANNOCKBURN

P EARSON J ames H

1 888-90

A BERDEEN

P RYCE J

p ipe m ould

u nknown

P URDAY/PURDIE W illiam

1 820-26

A YR

P YE & R OBERTSON

1 876-89

E DINBURGH

R AE W illiam

1 837-39

G LASGOW

R AMSAY J ohn

1 662-70

E DINBURGH

861-86 R ATTRAY A lexander ( & S on) 1

A BERDEEN

R ATTRAY J

1 882

G LASGOW

R AII .RAY J ohn

1 894-95

D UNFERMLINE

R ATTRAY P C & C o

1 833-38

E DINBURGH

R ATTRAY W illiam & C o

1 829-33

E DINBURGH

R EID J ames & C o

1 882-1912

G LASGOW

R EID J ohn

1 739

G LASGOW

R ICHMOND H enry

1 911-40

D UNFERMLINE

R ICHMOND W illiam

1 852-1903

D UNFERMLINE

R ICHMOND W illiam & C o

1 885-98

E DINBURGH

R OBERTSON A rchibald

1 889-90

E DINBURGH

R OBERTSON D

p ipe s tem

D UMFRIES

R OBINSON D avid

1 873

C OATBRIDGE

R OSS G eorge ( & C o)

1 881-86

A BERDEEN

R OSS J oseph

1 893-1907

D UMFRIES

S COTT C harles

1 867

Y ONTROSE

S COTT R ichard

1 880-95

D UNDEE

S CROGGIE J ohn

1 873-86

G LASGOW

S HAW J ohn

1 860-68

G LASGOW

S HIELDS M ichael

1 911-28

C OATBRIDGE

S HIELS J ohn

1 871

E DINBURGH

S HORT M rs M

1 816-25

G LASGOW

S HORT T

1 807-11

G LASGOW

S HORT W

1 815

G LASGOW

S IMPSON J ohn

1 908-20

A BERDEEN

S INCLAIR D

1 803-09

G LASGOW

S INCLAIR D avid

1 796-1815

E DINBURGH

S INCLAIR J ohn

1 804-06

E DINBURGH

S LEITH J ames

1 880-81

D UNDEE

S LEITH J ames

1 889

K IRKCALDY

S LEITH J ames A lexander

1 900-07

A RBROATH

S MART J ames

1 9th c m arked p ipes

D UNDEE

S MITH , H ENDERSON & C O

1 871-1906

E DINBURGH

1 907-35

E DINBURGH

S MITH , H ENDERSON B ROTHERS

S MITH J ames

1 882

E DINBURGH

S MITH J ohn

1 667

E DINBURGH

S MITH R obert

1 682-83

E DINBURGH

S PITTAL F inlay

1 679

S TIRLING

S TERLING W illiam

1 670

G LASGOW

S TEWART C

p ipe m ould

K IRKCALDY ( HH 4 283/399/80)

S TEWART C harles

1 860-61

G LASGOW

S TEWART J ohn

1 710

G LASGOW

S TEWART T homas

1 829-32

G LASGOW

S TORRIER B rothers

1 876-77

D UNDEE

S TORRIER M atthew

1 893-94

D UNDEE

S TEART C & C o

1 856-60

G LASGOW

S UTHERLAND A lexander

1 852

A BERDEEN

S WAN W illiam

1 868

E DINBURGH

S WANEY W illiam

1 876-89

E DINBURGH

T AYLOR A lexander

1 857

G LASGOW

T AYLOR J ames

1 820-26

B ERWICK

T AYLOR P atrick

1 877

A BERDEEN

T AYLOR W illiam

1 710-12

G LASGOW

T ENNANT C harles ( & S on)

1 852-1915

B ERWICK

T HOMAS J ohn M

1 853

G LASGOW

T HOMSON P atrick

p re 1 705

E DINBURGH

T HOMSONE W illiam

1 685

S TIRLING

T OMILTY J ames

1 849-51

G LASGOW

T ONNER B ernard

1 889-1900

M OTHERWELL

T ORRANCE A rchibald

1 903-04

D UNDEE

T ORRANCE D aniel

1 886-94

D UNDEE

T ORRANCE J ames

1 899-1904

D UNDEE

3 49

W ALDIE J ohn & C o

1 8701929

G LASGOW

W ARD C harles

1 830-1836

E DINBURGH

W ARNOCK J ohn

1 875-6

G LASGOW

W ARNOCK W illiam

1 895

B ATHGATE

W ATERSON J ohn

1 741

G LASGOW

W ATSON A lexander

1 668-74

G LASGOW

W ATSON J ohn & C o

1 824-32

G LASGOW

W ATSON M rs J

1 833

G LASGOW

W ATT & R OSS

1 8811882

A BERDEEN

W ATT F rancis

1 8811882

A BERDEEN

W HITE T homas

1 8231876

E DINBURGH

W HITE T homas & C o

1 880-1882

E DINBURGH

W HITE W illiam & S ons

1 8061955

G LASGOW

W HYTE W illiam

1 895

M ONTROSE

W IDSON D

P ipe s tem

G LASGOW

W ILLIAMSON J ames

1 866-1898

D UNFERMLINE

W ILLIAMSON M rs J anet

1 893-1903

D UNFERMLINE

W ILLIAMSON J ohn

1 9071911

D UNFERMLINE

W ILSON P eter

1 847-1902

E DINBURGH

W INTON & S WANEY

1 889

E DINBURGH

W INTON J asmes

1 8891893

E DINBURGH

W INTON J ohn

1 8891910

E DINBURGH

W INTON P eter

1 8741875

E DINBURGH

W ISE B E

m arked p ipe

G LASGOW

W OOD W illiam C

1 8571875

G LASGOW

W YLIE A lexander ( & C o)

1 8341843

G LASGOW

Y OUNG A & G

1 878

G LASGOW

Y OUNG W alter

c .

1 690

E DINBURGH

Y OUNG W illiam

c .

1 660

E DINBURGH

Y UILLE W

p ipe s tem

G LASGOW

1 1 B IBLIOGRAPHY A dnams J R

1 974

' The D artmouth ' a B ritish f rigate w recked o ff M ull ,

1 690 '

I nternat J o f N autical A rchaeol 3 2 69-274 . A blefeldt-Laurvig J

1 980

' Clay

P ipes

t he C lay T obacco P ipe 4 2 19-251 ; A itchison T 1 800.

f rom D enmark '

T he A rchaeology o f

B AR I nternational S eries 9 2 .

E dinburgh a nd L eith D irectory .

A lexander L T 1 983 ' Clay t obacco p ipe s moking p ipes f rom t he C aleb P usey H ouse ' T he A rchaeology o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe 8 1 95-234 ; B AR I nternational S eries 1 75. Anderson J R 1 925 T he B urgess a nd G uild B retheren o f G lasgow 1 573-1750 , S cottish R ecord S ociety , E dinburgh . A nderson

J R

1 935 T he B urgess a nd G uild B retheren o f G lasgow 1 751-1844 ,

S cottish R ecord S ociety ,

E dinburgh .

A non 1 864 A rticle o n D avidson , J unior a nd C o . f rom t he G lasgow W eekly M ail c . 1 864 ( People 's P alace M useum , G lasgow , G 6 00) . A non

A rmet

1 875 ' A N ew M achine f or M aking P ipes ' , D undee A dvertizer 1 2 1 875. H

1 951

S ociety , A rmet

H 1 962 1 701.

A tkinson

D

O ctober ,

R egister o f t he B urgesses o f C anongate S cottish R ecord E dinburgh . E xtracts f rom t he R ecords o f t he B urgh o f E dinburgh ,

a nd

O swald

JB rit A rchaeol A ss

A

1 969

' London

C lay

T obacco

1 687-

P ipes ',

3 2 1 71-227 .

A tkinson D a nd O swald A 1 972 ' A b rief g uide t o t he i dentification o f D utch c lay t obacco p ipes f ound i n E ngland ' P ost-Medieval A rchaeol 6 1 751 82. B aart

J e t a l ., n onderzoek .

B arclay

W

1 614

B isset J S

1 938

1 977 O pgravingen i n Amsterdam : A msterdam . N epenthes o n t he V ertues o f T obacco ' The E dinburgh T ouchplates:

o rigin a nd p urpose '

P roc S oc A ntic S cot 7 2

2 0

j aar

s tadsker-

E dinburgh .

s ome n ew l ight o n t heir 1 937-8 2 24-225 .

B onds C ' Clay P ipes f rom R yssviken ' T he A rchaeology o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe 4 6 5-88 ; B AR I nternational S eries 9 2. B rown M M a nd G allagher D B

1 980

s tudy o f t he c lay t obacco p ipes f rom

H artlepool ' T he A rchaeology o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe 3 1 9-27 ; B ritish S eries 7 8. B rown P H

1 891

E arly T ravellers i n S cotland E dinburgh .

3 51

B AR

B urt

E 1 876

B urton

L etters f rom a G entleman i n t he N orth o f S cotland

JH

1 849

C aldwell D H 1 978 '

T he D arien P apers,

1 982

E dinburgh .

B annatyne C lub E dinburgh .

' Clay P ipes ' i n M cGavin N A

' Excavations a t K irkwall ,

P roc S oc A ntiq S cot 12 3 92-434 p p 4 22-426 .

C aldwell D H

1 983

' The R oyal S cottish G un F oundry i n t he S ixteenth

C entury ' i n F rom S tone-Age t o t he ' Forty-Five ' ( eds) 4 27-449 .

O 'Connor A a nd C larke D

C heminant R l e 1 982 ' The D evelopment o f t he P ipeclay H air C urler -A P reliminary S tudy ' T he A rchaeology o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe 6 3 45-354 ; B AR B ritish S eries 1 00 . C leland J 1 816 A nnals o f G lasgow C ook D avid

1 867

G lasgow .

A nnals o f P ittenweem

C owan R , C owan Z a nd Marsden P

1 975

A nstruther . T he D utch E ast I ndian

W recked o n t he I sles o f S cilly i n 1 743 . N autical A rchaeology 4 2 67-300 . C raig A

1 873

H ollandia

I nternational J ournal o f

T he P oetical W orks o f A lexander C raig 1 604-1631 H unterian

C lub , G lasgow . D avey P J ' Appendix C :

T he C lay P ipes ' i n E wart G

' Excavations a t S tirling

C astle , 1 9771978' P ost M edieval A rchaeology D avey P J

1 981

' Guidelines

p ipes f rom e xcavations' D avey P

J

1982a

' The

f or

t he

p rocessing

1 4 2 3-52 4 6-50 . a nd

clay

p ipes'

i n

Murray

E xcavations i n t he m edieval b urgh o f A berdeen o f A ntiq S cot M onograph S eries 2 2 16-23 . D avey P J 1 982b ' Appendix 1 : ' Medieval B erwick-on-Tweed ', D avey P J 1 983 S treet ,

p ublication o f

J

C

( ed)

1 9731981, S ociety

C lay P ipe F ragments ' i n H unter A rchaeol A eliana , s er 1 0 9 1-99 .

' Clay p ipes ' i n S pearman R M ‚ Excavations

F orfar ,

c lay

M edieval a nd L ater P ottery i n W ales 4 6 5-88.

1 979 ' Proc S oc-Antiq S cot ,

1 12

( 1982) ,

a t

1 7-21

J R

C astle

4 62-463 .

D avey P J 1 984 ' The c lay p ipes ' i n H all D a nd L indsay W J ' Excavations a t S call mmy C astle , 1 979 a nd 1 980 ' P roc S oc A ntiq S cot , 13 5 78-587 . D avey P J f orthcoming ' The C lay T obacco P ipes ' i n B lanchard L a nd o thers . E xcavations i n P erth 1 9791952 S oc o f A ntiq o f S cotland M onograph S er 4 . D avey P J a nd G allagher

f orthcoming

' Clay p ipes f rom E lgin '

S oc o f A ntiq

S cot M onograph S er . D enholm

P C

1 982 kid e ighteenth-century t in-glazed e arthenwares f rom t he

D elftfield P ottery , G lasgow : E xcavations a t M edieval A rchaeology16 3 9-84 .

3 52

B roomielaw ,

1 975%

P ost-

D evine D uco

TM

1 975 T he T obacco L ords

E dinburgh .

D H G oudse P ijpen : d e g eschiedenis v an d e p ijpmakerij t e G ouda v anaf h aer o utstaaan t ot h adan , m et e n b iglage v an d e m erken v an h et G oudse g ilde e n h un e igenaren . A msterdam .

D uco D H 1 981 ' De K leipjip i n d e Z eventiende E euwse N ederlanden ' T he A rchaeology o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe B AR I nternational S eries 1 06 ( ii) 1 11-468 . E vans G

1 981 A berdeen C eramics

E wing A 0

A berdeen .

1 866 A V iew o f t he M erchants H ouse o f G lasgow

F leming J 1 901

' Glass ,

P ottery,

B rickmaking ,

E tc . ',

G lasgow . i n McLean A ( ed)

I ndustries o f G lasgow a nd t he W est o f S cotland B ritish A ssociation , G lasgow . F leming J A 1 912 3 10-316.

' An O ld G lasgow I ndustry ' O ld G lasgow C lub-Trans 2 (5)

F leming J A

S cottish P ottery G lasgow .

1 923

F orster W A a nd H iggs K B 1 973

T he K ennemerland 1 971;

I nternat J o f N autical A rchaeol 2 F resco-Corbu R 1 982 E uropean P ipes F riederich F H W

1 975

H ollandse k leipijp

a n i nterim r eport .

2 91-300 .

G uildford .

P ijpelogie - v orm , v ersierung e n d atering v an d e A WN M onograph 2 , V oorburgh .

F rith C H 1 904 ' A S cottish J ournie% 1 641 ' M iscellany o f t he S cot H ist S oc 4 2 71-287. G allagher

D

B

1 984

' Scottish

T hree-letter

B asal

S tamps '

S oc f or

C lay P ipe R es , N ewsletter 3 7 10 . G eneral

R ules

1 846

G eneral R ules o f+ t he C lay T obacco P ipe Makers

A ssociation o f G reat B ritain a nd I reland , F ounded i n 1 846, p ossession o f M r . RGAH emming . G ibb A 1 983 G ibb G

1 982

( MS

i n

G lasgow : t he m aking o f t he c ity . ' Customs A ccounts .

t houghts '

S ome f urther i nformation a nd

s ome f urther

S cot H ist R ev 6 3 8-41 .

G ibson J 1 777 T he H istory o f G lasgow G lasgow . G ibsone B 1 956

' Keep A way F rom T obacco -w ith a C hurchwarden ' Glasgow

E vening T imes

9M arch 1 956 .

G ilfillan J B S 1 958 ' The C ity 's E conomy ' i n C unnison J a nd G ilfillan J B S ( eds) T he T hird S tatistical A ccount o f G lasgow . G raham A

1 971

' Archaeological n otes o n s ome h arbours i n E astern S cotland '

P roc S oc A ntiq S cot

1 0

2 00-285.

3 53

G rant

F J

1 915

P arish o f H olyroodhouse o r C anongate,

M arriages 1 5641800 S cottish R ecord S ociety ,

R egister o f

E dinburgh .

G reen J N 1 977 T he j acht V ergulde D raeck , w recked W estern A ustralia , 1 665 P art I B AR S upplementary S eries 3 6(i) . H andley J E H olman R G 2 .

1 975

' The D artmouth , a B ritish F rigate w recked o ff M ull ,

C ulinary I tems'

H orton M C H oughton J H ume J

1 943 T he I rish i n S cotland 1 798-1845 C ork .

1 980) 1 727

C aledonia B ay , P anama , 1 979 O peration D rake , L ondon . AC ollection f or t he I mprovement o f H usbandry a nd T rade .

1 974 T he I ndustrial A rchaeology o f G lasgow .

I ngleman-Sundberg C

1 978

F oundered i n 1 727 . 1 0 . P erth . I nsh

1 690 ,

I nternat J o f N autical A rchaeol 4 2 53-265.

G P

1 932

R elics f rom t he D utch E ast I ndiaman , Z eewikj .

W estern A ustralia M useum S pecial P ublications N o .

T he C ompany o f S cotland T rading t o A frica a nd t he

I ndies ,

E dinburgh . I nsh

GP 1 938 H istorian 's O dyssey , t he R omance o f t he Q uest f or t he R ecords o f t he D arien C ompany E dinburgh .

J ackson R C a nd P rice R H 1 974 B ristol C lay P ipes, a s tudy o f m akers a nd t heir m arks

B ristol C ity M useum : R esearch M onograph N o 1B ristol .

J ohnston T 1 946 T he H istory o f t he W orking C lasses i n S cotland ( 4th e dition ) , G lasgow . K night I 1 961 " The A uld C lay P ipe ' S cotland 's M agazine 5 7 n o 53 2-34 . L aing L R 1 968) ' Excavations a t L inlithgow P alace , P roc S oc A ntiq S cot 9 9 1 1147 .

W est L othian ,

1 966-67 '

L awson R G 1 975 ' Clay P ipes ' i n H olmes N M M cQ ' Excavations w ithin t he I ron K irk , E dinburgh , 1 974% P ost M edieval A rchaeol 9 1 37-163 . L awson

G 1 978 ' Appendix H : T he c lay t obacco-pipes ' i n S chofield J ' Excavations s outh o f Edinburgh High S treet, 1 973-4' 41 . P roc S oc A ntiq S cot 1 07 1 55 -2

L awson G

1 980

' The C lay T obacco-Pipes ' i n H olmes

M ary 's S treet ,

E dinburgh '

' Excavations a t S t .

P ost M edieval A rchaeol 1 4 1 57184

1 71174 .

L indsay W J 1 985 E xcavations a t t he C armelite P riory , N ether P arkley , L inlithgow , 1 983-1984. A s ummary r eport. L indsay W J f orthcoming E xcavations a t t he C armelite P riory , L inlithgow , 1 983-4 P roc S oc A ntiq S oc M onograph S er . L ythe S G E

a nd B utt J

1 975 A n E conomic H istory o f S cotland 1 1001939 .

3 54

M acintosh H n o d ate A rchives. M cBride P 3 . M ann J E

1 976

G lasgow S treets b ound

' The D artmouth ' ,

T he G uns' 1 977

M S L K5/64 , S trathclyde R egional

a B ritish F rigate w recked o ff M ull ,

1 690 ,

I nternat J o f N autical A rchaeol 5 1 89-200.

C lay T obacco P ipes f rom e xcavations i n L incoln 1 970-74

L incoln A rchaeological T rust M onograph S eries v ol . X V1. M artin C J M 1 978 ' The D artmouth , aB ritish f rigate w recked o ff M ull , 1 690 , 5 . T he S hip ' I nternat J o f N autical A r chaeol 7 2 9-58 . M artin P F

d e C 1 977

1 690 , 4 .

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a B ritish f rigate w recked o ff M ull ,

T he c lay p ipes ' I nternat J o f N autical A rchaeol

2 19-223 .

M arwick J D 1 880 R ecords o f t he C onventions o f t he R oyal B urghs o f S cotland , 4 1 6771711, E dinburgh . M arwick J D 1 896 C harters a nd o ther d ocuments r elating t o t he C ity o f G lasgow 1 A .D . 1 649-1707 G lasgow . M arwick J D 1 897 C harters a nd o ther d ocuments r elating t o t he C ity o f G lasgow 1 A .D. G lasgow . 175-1649 M arwick J D 1 905 E xtracts f rom t he R ecords o f t he B urgh o f G lasgow A .D . 1 6631690 G lasgow . M arwick W H 1 936 E conomic D evelopment i n V ictorian S cotland . M cBride P , L am nR a nd D avies R 1 974 T he m id17th c entury m erchant s hip f ound n ear Mullion C ove , C ornwall . S econd i nterim r eport . I nternational J ournal o f N autical A rchaeology , 36 7-79 . M eikle H W 1 949 2 7 11154.

' An E dinburgh D iary ' ,

M itchison R

L ordship t o P atronage , S cotland 1 603-1745.

M orison W M M uckelroy K

1 983 1 811

1 891

C lub ,

T he D ecisions o f t he C ourt o f S ession .

1 978

M uckelroy , K ., 1 978. N icol J

B ook o f t he O ld E dinburgh

M aritime A rchaeology

C ambridge .

M aritime A rchaeology .

C ambridge .

V ital S ocial a nd E conomic S tatistics o f t he C ity o f G lasgow .

N orgate M 1 980 ' Richmond a nd o thers, P ipemakers A rchaeology o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe 3 3 -9.

D unfermline '

T he

O lmes J 1 959 I serlhner T abaksdosen f eiern d en S eig b ei K refeld 1 758 ' D ie H eimet, Z eitschrift f ur N eiderrheinesche H eimatpflege 3 0 6 5-73. O swald A 1 961 ' The E volution a nd C hronology o f E nglish C lay T obacco P ipes ' A rchaeol N ewsletter 7 n o 35 5-62 . O swald A 1 969 ' Marked C lay A rchaeol 3 1 26142.

P ipes

f rom

3 55

P lymouth ,

D evon '

P ost-Medieval

O swald A

1 975

R eports , O swald A

C lay P ipes f or t he A rchaeologist

1 983

. ' Clay

T obacco

P ipes '

' Excavations o f a 1 7th C entury A rchaeol A eliana 5 x i 1 86195 . P arsons J E

1 964

E ngland ' P aton H I

A rcheol A eliana

1 902

1 905

1 700

i n E llison B astion

M a nd

H arbottle

i n N ewcastle

B

u pon T yne '

' Archaeology o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe i n N orth-East

R egister

4x lii 2 34-254 . o f

G round , E dinburgh , 1 658-1700 P aton H I

B ritish A rchaeological

B ritish S eries 1 4 .

I nterments i n t he G reyfriar 's B urying E dinburgh .

R egister o f Marriages f or t he P arish o f E dinburgh , 1 595-

E dinburgh .

P aul J B

1 904

T he S cots P eerage

P erceval-Maxwell M

1 973

E dinburgh .

T he S cottish M igration t o U lster i n t he R eign o f

J ames I . P itcairn R P ratt

C

1 883

1 924

C riminal T rials i n S cotland E dinburgh . P apers R elating t o t he S hips a nd V oyages o f t he C ompany o f

S cotland T rading t o A frica a nd t he I ndies , 1 696-1707 S ociety , E dinburgh . P rebble J P rice

1 968

R a nd

T he D arien D isaster .

Muckelroy

K 1 974

K ennemerland s ite , 1 973; N autical A rchaeol 3 2 57-268 . P rice R

a nd Muckelroy K

1 977

f ourth s easons, 1 974 J o f N autical A rchaeol Q uail G

1 978

D avidson , Q uail G

1 981

S cottish H istory

' The a n

s econd

i nterim

' Some

P ottery H ist R ev

o f

r eport'

A n

i nterim

w ork

o n

t he

I nternat J o f

' The K ennemerland s ite ;

a nd 1 976 . 6 1 87-218 .

' The C aledonian P ipe W orks a nd S t . J unior '

s eason

t he t hird a nd

r eport ' .

I nternat

R ollox P ottery o f T homas

S cot P ottery S oc A rchive N ews 3 .

L esser

U nrecorded

P otteries

i n

G lasgow ',

S cot

6 1 -3 .

Q uail G 1 982a F our E arly G lasgow P otteries G lasgow A rchaeological S ociety O ccasional P aper 1 , G lasgow . Q uail G

1 982b

' Caledonian P ottery ( part 1 ),

G lasdig 2 .

R enwick R 1 889 E xtracts f rom t he R ecords o f t he R oyal B urgh o f S terling, 1 6671752 R enwick R 1 980a 1 691-1717 R enwick R

G lasgow . E xtracts f rom t he R ecords o f t he B urgh o f G lasgow A .D .G lasgow .

1 908b G lasgow M emorials

G lasgow .

3 56

R enwick R 1 909 E xtracts f rom t he R ecords o f t he B urgh o f G lasgow ,-17183 8, w ith c harters a nd o ther d ocuments G lasgow . R ogers C 1 885 R egister o f R oyal l etters r elative t o t he a ffairs o f S cotland a nd N ova S cotia f rom 1 613-1635 E dinburgh . R PC

R egister o f t he P rivy C ouncil o f S cotland V III . E dinburgh , 1 8891908 .

R ussell J

1 979

A g roup o f m etal t obacco b oxes i n t he c ollections o f t he

B ritish M useum .

P ost-Medieval A rchaeology , 1 3

R utter J A a nd D avey P J

1 980

2 11-226.

' Clay P ipes f rom C hester '

o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe 3 4 1-272; S amson I 1 2.

S econd S eries v ols . I-

T he A rchaeology

B AR B ritish S eries 7 8.

1 954 ' Glasgow C lay R ound t he W orld '

S cotland 's M agazine 5 0(2) 9 -

S cot W 1 916 P arish l ists o f W igtonshire a nd M inigaff 1 684 S cottish R ecord S ociety , S cott H

E dinburgh .

1 917 F asti E cclesiae S coticanae, v olume 2 .

S harp A 1 982 ' The c lay t obacco p ipes ' i n W ordsworth J a nd G ordon ' Lesmahagow P riory : E xcavations 1 978 ' G lasgow A rch J 9 M 99 . S harp A 1 984 ' William a nd J ohn B anks ; E vidence R elating Manufacture o f Clay Tobacco-Pipes in S oc o f C lay P ipe R es N ewsletter S ibbald R S kre D

1 710 .

1 980

t o t he E arly Edinburgh'

3J uly 1 -6 .

T he H istory ...of F ife a nd K inross..

E dinburgh .

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T he A rchaeology o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe 4 2 99-318 ; S eries 9 2. S nout T C 1 960

' The

D evelopment

A R

a nd

E nterprise

O slo '

B AR I nternational

o f

G lasgow ',

S cot

JP olit E con 7 . S nout T C 1 963

S cottish T rade o n t he E ve o f t he U nion 1 606-1707

E dinburgh .

T h e Glasgow Merchant C ommunity i n t he S eventeenth C entury ' S mout T C 1 968 ' S cot H ist R ev 4 7 . S tair , S ir J D alrymple o f 1 683 T he Decisions C ouncil a nd S ession ... f rom J une 1 661 t o J uly 1 681

o f t he Lords E dinburgh .

o f

S mith J I 1 974 E dinburgh .

J usticiary C ases 1 624-1650 Volume 3 S tair S ociety 2 8

S tewart I H 1 955

T he S cottish C oinage

S tratton

L ondon .

1 891 G lasgow a nd i ts E nvirons G lasgow .

T reble J H 1 978

' The M arket

1 911% i n M acDougall I E dinburgh .

f or U nskilled M ale L abour i n G lasgow 1 891E ssays i n S cottish L abour H istory 1 15-142

3 57

W alker I C 1 975 ' The p otential u se o f E uropean c lay t obacco p ipes i n W est A frican a rchaeological R esearch ' WA frican J o f A rcaheol 5 . W alker I C 1 977 C lay T obacco P ipes, w ith p articular r eference t o t he B ristol I ndustry P arks C anada , O ttawa , C anada . W alker I C a nd W alker L d e S

1 969 ' McDougall 's C lay P ipe F actory , G lasgow '

I ndustrial A rchaeology 6 (2) ,

1 32146 .

W alker J L 1 930 E ncyclopedia o f t he L aws o f S cotland , E dinburgh . W atson C B B 1 929 R oll o f E dinburgh B urgesses a nd G uild B rethren , 1 700 S cottish R ecord S ociety , E dinburgh . W illiams J

1 980

' Clay-pipes f rom D umfries a nd G alloway '

o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe

1 406-

T he A rchaeology

3 118.

W ood M 1 950 E xtracts f rom t he R ecords o f t he B urgh o f E dinburgh 1 6651 680 E dinburgh .

3 58