The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe XII: Chesapeake Bay 9780860547150, 9781407348636

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The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe XII. Chesapeake Bay

edited by Peter Davey and Dennis J. Pogue

Liverpool Monographs in Archaeology and Oriental Studies No. 14 BAR International Series 566 1991

B.A.R. 122, Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITOR A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil.

BAR 566, 1991: 'The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe. XII. Chesapeake Bay' Liverpool Monographs in Archaeology and Oriental Studies No. 14 © The Individual Authors, 1991

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860547150 paperback ISBN 9781407348636 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547150 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS P age L i s t o f i u s t ra t ion s l

F o rewo rd P e t e r D ave y

i l l

I n t roduc t ion D enn i sJ .P ogue

1

C lay T obac i pe s f r om f our 1 7 th c en tu ry d ome s t ic s i te s co p i n t h e L owe r P a tuxen t V a ley o f Mar y land . l D enn i s J .P ogue

3

An a na ly s i s o f C l ay T obac ipe s f r om H a rmony H a l ,M a ry land . co P l S t ephen R . P o t e r a nd R ober t C . S onde rman t

2 7

A D e sc r ip t ive A na ly s i s o f t h e Wh i te C lay T obacco P ipe sfr om t he S t . J ohn ' s S i te i nS t . Ma ry ' s C i ty , Mar y land . S i la s D . H urr y a nd R obe r t W . K l e r ee

3 7

T obac ipe s f r om P ope ' s F o r t ,St . Mar y ' s C i ty , Mar y land : co P a n E ng l i sh C iv i l Wa r S i te o n t h eA me r ican F ron t ie r . H en ry M . M i l e r l

7 3

S even teen th C en tu ry C lay T obac ipe sfr om Sm i th ' s T own iand , co P S t . Mary C i ty , Ma ry land . T imo thy B . R io rdan

8 9

co P l T obac ipe s f r om t h eA be l ' s Wha r f S i te ( 1 8 S T 5 3 ) , S t . Mary ' s C oun ty , Mary land . M i chae lE . H umphr ie s

9 9

co P C lay T obac i pe sfr om Two E a r ly C o lon ia l S i te s a t S t . I n igoe s Mano r , Ma ry land . J u l ia A . K ing

1 05

L IST OF I LLUSTRAT IONS

F ron t isp iece :

C he sapeake B ay l o ca t ion m ap

P ogue : 1 . L owe r P a tuxen t V a ley , Ma ry land , s i te l l o ca t ion s . 2 . K ing ' s R each S i te p l an . 3 . D i s t r ibu t ion map o f t o ta l p ipe s t em f r agmen t s , K ing ' s R each . 4 . D i s t r ibu t ion m ap o fe a r ly p ipe s ( 9 -8 -7 /64 th " ) . S . D i s t r ibu t ion m ap o f m idd le p ipe s ( 6 /64 th " ) . 6 . D i s t r ibu t ion m ap o f l a te p ipe s ( 4 -5 /64 th " ) . 7 . Make r ' s m a rk s , K ing ' s R each . 8 . R ep re sen ta t ive p ipe b ow l s r e cove red f r om p lowzone , K ing ' s R each . 9 . R ep re sen ta t ive p ipe b ow l s f r om f e a tu re s , K ing ' s R each . 1 0 . R ep re sen ta t ive p i pe b ow l s f r om K ing ' s R each ; t r ou le ted d eco ra t ion f r om 1 8 C v 2 32 . 1 tapany l . P ipe s f r om Mat -Sewa l ( 18 S t 3 90 ) . 1 2 . P ipe s f r om 1 8 C v 1 69 . 1 3 . D eco ra ted p ipe s t em s f r om 1 8 C v 1 69 , a nd p ipe s f r om 1 8 C v 2 32 .

ter P ot : l 1 . A rea m ap o f Ha rmony H a l ( 18PR305 ) , P r ince Geo rge s C oun ty , Mar y land . 2 . P l an v i ew o f t he m a in b lock o f e xcava t ion s a tt he s i te o ft he e a r th f a s t h ou se , F ea tu re 1 7 . 3 . C lay t obacco p ipe s f r om F ea tu re 1 7 , t he b u rned , e a r th f a s t h ou se m idden . S ca le 1 : 1 . 4 . C lay t obacco p ipe s A a nd B f r om F ea ture 2 2 , at r a sh p i t . P ipe s C -F f r om s t ra tum a bove F ea tu re 1 7 . P ipe G f r om F ea tu re 1 4 , at r a sh p i t . S ca le 1 : 1 .

Hurry 1 . T ype A B ow l s : V a r ie ty 1a c ; V a r ie ty 2 df ; V ar ie ty 3 g-o . 2 . T ype A B ow l s : V a r ie ty 4a f . T ype B B ow l s : V a r ie ty 1hi ; V a r ie ty 2j k . 3 . T ype C B ow l s : V a r ie ty 1a c ; V a r ie ty 2 df . j . T ype D B ow l s : g -h . T ype E B ow l s i 4 . T ype F B ow l s : a -b . T ype G B ow l s : c k . 5 . T ype B ow l s : T ype H a ;T ype Ib ;T ype JC ; T ype K d -g ; T ype L hi . 6 . T ype M B ow l s : V a r ie ty 1a -n . 7 . T ype M B ow l s : V ar ie t ie s 2 ag a nd 3 h -m . 8 . T ype M B ow l s : V a r ie ty 4 a-n . 9 . T ype M B ow l s : V a r ie ty 4 a-d ; V a r ie ty 5e f ; V are i ty 6 g. 1 0 . T ype M B ow l s : V a re i ty 7 ac ; V a r ie ty 8d g . 1 . Make r s ' Ma rk s : H ee l s a -k ; B ow l Ma rk s l aa . 1 2 . S tem Ma rk s a -k . 1 3 . S tem Ma rk s :a -b ; Mou ld I mpa r ted B ow lB a se Ma rk s : c h . 1 4 . D eco ra ted p ipe b ow l s a nd s t em s : R e l ie f Mou lded B ow l s a f .

i v

2 4 7 7 7 7 8 1 1 3 1 5 1 9 2 1 2 3

2 8 2 9 3 1

1 5 . Deco ra ted P ipe s : Rou le ted a nd I mp res t s ed S tem D eco ra t ion a -k . 1 6 . Deco ra ted S tem s : Rou let nd I mp res t ed a s ed Deco ra t ion a f ; Mo ld d ecora ted g -h .

Mi ler : l 1 . L oca t ion o f S t . Mary ' s C i ty a nd P ope ' s F o r t ( 18ST 1 13 ) . 2 . P l an v i ew o f P ope ' s F o r t , b u i l t i n 1 645 . 3 . Wh i te c l ay t obacco p i pe s w i th m ake r 's mark s ( bow l s l x , Ma rk s 2 x ) . 4 . Unma rked w h i te c l ay p ipe s f r om P ope ' s F or t . 5 . Wh i te c l ay f unne l p ipe sa nd s t em d eco ra t ion s o f l i ke ly Du tch o r ig in . r ta p 6 . Mo lded t e ra c ot ipe s . r ta p 7 . Mo lded t e ra c ot ipe s f r om P ope ' s F o r t . r t 8 . H andmade t e ra c o ta p ipe s f r om P ope ' s F o r t ; p robab ly o f Ame r ican I nd ian manu f ac tu re .

R iordan : 1 . D i s t r ibu t ion o fE x cav a t ion S qua re s o n Sm i th ' s T own land a nd t he Ma jo r S t ruc tu re s f ound t he re . 2 . P ipe s b y C oun try o f O r ig in . 3 . G raph o f B ow l S hape t ype s . 4 . S tem B o re D iame te r f r om P lowzone . 5 . B o re S t em D iame te r b y Coun t r y o f O r ig in s . 6 . Sm i th ' s T own land P ipe s , i d en t if ied a nd m a rked B ow l s A -F . 7 . Sm i th ' s T own land P ipe s , I den t i f ied a nd Ma rked B ow l s A I , Marked S tem J . 8 . Sm i th ' s T own land P ipe s , Marked S tem s A J .

6 4 6 6

7 4 7 5 7 7 9 8 1 8 3 8 5

8 6

8 9 9 0 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 5 9 6 9 7

3 3 Humphr ie s : l 1 . L oc a t ion o f Abe l ' s Wha r fS i te ( 18 S t 5 3 ) , S t Mary ' s C oun ty , Mar y land . l 2 . R ep re sen ta t ive p ipe s f r om Abe l ' s Whar f .

9 9 1 0 1

3 9 4 0 4 1 4 3 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 8 6 0 6 2

K ing : 1 . P ro jec t L oca t ion . 2 . NESEA f a c i l i ty m ap s how ing l o ca t ion o f An tenna F i e ld . 3 . T he F o r t P o in t ( 18 S T 3 86 ) a nd t h e S pence ( 18 S T 4 1 ) s i te s i n t he An tenna F i e ld . 4 . R e la t ive f r equency o f t obac co p ipe b o re d i ame te r s a t t he F o r t P o in t s i te . 5 . Wh i te c l ay t obacco p ipe s f r om t h e S pence l c o lec t ion . 6 . T empo ra l r ange o f d a ted p ipe m ark s a nd l d eco ra t ion s f r om t he S pence c o le c t ion . 7 . R e la t ive f r equency o f t obacco p ipe b o re l d i ame te r s i nt he S pence c o lec t ion . 8 . I s o la ted c l ay p ipe s t em s , m a rked " JOHN LE W IS " a nd " D .R . " . 9 . I s o la ted c l ay p ipe s t em s , m a rked " 1666 " ( r eve r se o f " JOHN LE W IS " ) a nd " D .R . " .

1 04 1 06 1 07 1 08 1 09 10 11 1 2 12

FOREWORD The contents have much to say to the European as well as to the American reader. It is rare to be able to consider clay pipe evidence from such a series of well excavated, stratified and closely dated sites from a relatively small geographical area. In England we have a Civil War horizon at many castle sites which provides a datum point for clay pipe research, particularly in the assessment of the development of regional styles and the fixing of local chronologies. Apart from this, such sites as are presented here, focussed on Chesapeake Bay, are rare and isolated in the British Isles. I am very grateful to my co-editor Dennis Pogue for much assistance and forebearance in the lengthy process of producing this volume and to his co-authors. Anthony Hands of BAR has been most helpful and encouraging. Without his support it would have been impossible to proceed with the remaining numbers in the series. I am grateful too, to Professors Davies and Shore for their agreement to include a new subject area in the Liverpool Monograph series. Finally, I would like to thank Viv Proctor who typed up the text, Jane Lawrence who drew the frontispiece and Philippa Tomlinson who did all of the technical editing and set the text and figures for the printer. Peter Davey Department of Archaeology University of Liverpool March 1990

iii

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Amer ica

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o

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Abe l l' s Wharf t a tapany_ l Sewa l S t . Marys i t y

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I NTRODUCT ION I th as b een t en y ea r s s i nce p ub l ic a t ion o f t he p rev iou s BAR I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s v o lume t ha t f o cu sed o n a na ly s i s o f t obacco p ipe s r e cove red f r om No r th Amer ican a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ion s . S ince t hen , a g rea t m an yd ome s t ic s i te s d a t ing t ot he C o lon ia l p e r iod h ave b een e xcava ted , y i e ld ing u n to ld t hou sand s o fp ipe f r agmen t s . T he s even a r t ic le sc on t a ined h e re in c e r ta in ly d o n o t r emo te ly a pp rox ima te t h e t o ta l r e sea rch t h a t l h a s b een c onduc ted o n t ho se c o lec t ion s . B u t i t i s l h oped t h a t t he se s e lec t ion s w i l a dd s i gn if ican t ly t o t he l a va i lab le l i t e ra tu re , e spec ia ly f o r p i pe s r e cove red f r om l 1 7 th -cen tu iy c on tex t s , a nd w i l s e rve a s a p r ima ry r e f e rence f o r a nyone c onduc t ing s im i la r s t ud ie s . A s l s uch , a no ve ra l empha s i s h a s b een p l aced o n p rov id ing b a s ic d e sc r ip t ive d a ta f o r t he p i pe s , s o t ha t t he i r l c ompa ra t ive v a lue t o o the r s cho l a r s w i l b e o p t im ized . T he E d i to r ia l p re f ac ing t he 1 979 v o lume s ucc inc t ly sed t d i scus he r ea son s why t he s t udy o f t obacco p ipe s r ecove red i n t he t r an s -A t lan t i c c o lon ie s i sr e levan t t o t he BAR a nd t o i t s E ng l i sh a ud ience . T obacco p ipe l r e sear ch i sa n i mpo r tan t a spec t o f t he a na ly s i s o f a l s i te s f r om t h is p e r iod , a nd i s e spec ia ly h e lp fu l i n s a s ign ing

t empora l

r ange s

o f o ccupa t ion .

I n

t h i s

u nde r tak ing , Ame r ican s cho la r s a re i n deb ted t o t he n ume rou s E ng l i sh p ipe s tud ie s t h a t h ave a ppeared o ve r t he y ea r s , a nd i n ten s ive ly s t udy t ho se v o lume s f o r c l ue s t o i d en t i f y make r ' s ma rk s , t o c ompare p i pe b ow l s hape s , a nd f o r o the r i d en t if i ab le c harac te r i s t ic s . On t he o the r h and , p ipe s e xcava ted i n Ame r ica o f ten d e r ive f r om e x treme ly c l o se ly d a ted c on tex t s , p rov id ing i n va luab le c ompara t ive d a ta f o r E ng l i sh r e sea rche r s . T he re fo re , t he E ng l i sh a nd Ame r ican e v idence c omp r i se ac omp lemen ta ry b ody o fd a ta w i th wh ich t o e xam ine t he E ng l i sh p ipe i n du s t ry f r om t wo re i n ter la ted p er spec t ive s . ring E ve r s i nce t he 1 954 p ub l ica t ion o f J .C . H ar ton ' s p rovoc a t ive s tudy p ropo s ing t h e u se o f p i pe b ore d i ame te r s i ze a s a g ene ra l d a t ing t oo l , Ame r ican a rchaeo log i s t s i n p a r t icu la r h ave f o cu sed o n t he u se s ring o f t h i s i d ea . Har ton ' s b a r c har t s r ep re sen t ing sive 3 p e rcen tage s o f t he b ore s i ze s f o r s ucces 0 -yea r t ime p e r iod s h ave s t ood t he t e s t o ft ime a nd r ema in a n i mpo r tan t r e search t oo l . T he d eve lopmen t i n 1 962 b y L ew i s B in fo rd o f a fo rmu la t ion b y wh ich a m ean d a te l may b e c a lcu la ted f o r a ny g i ven p ipe c o lec t ion h a s p roven s im i la r ly i mpo r tan t , i fmo re c on t rove r s ia l . A f te r t a lmo s t t h ree d ec ade s a nd n ume rou s a temp t s t o " r e f ine " t h e t e chn ique , B in fo rd ' s f o rmu la r ema in s i n c ommon u se . B o th d a t ing t e chn ique s h ave b een l u t i l ized i nm any o ft he p ape r s t o f o low , b u t a lway s a s c omponen t s w i th in a b roade r s t udy a nd w i th c a re t o l t ake i n to a ccoun t t he i r w e l d ocumen ted l i m i ta t ion s . I n a dd i t ion

t o

t ho se

me thod s o f a na ly s i s ,

P ogue

a na lyze s t h e s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion s o f mea su rab le p ipe s

a s at oo l i ni n te rp re t ing t he l a you t a nd f unc t iona l u se s o f t he K ing ' s R each p l an ta t ion h ome lo t . T h i s t e chn ique , u s ing t he d i s t r ibu t ion s o f av a r ie ty o fa r t i f ac t t y pe s i n a dd i t ion t o p ipe s , h a s b ecome a u se fu l a nd i n c rea s ing ly p opu la r t oo l i nt h i s t y pe o f a na ly s i s . T ha t t p ape ra l so a temp t s t o u se o the r p ipe d a ta t os t udy t he s t empo ra l r e la t ion sh ip s o f p ipe a semb lage s r e t r ieved f r om s ub sur f ace f e a tu re s a t t he s i te . T h i s i n c lude s s emb i n te r -as lage c ompa r i son o f t he p e rcen tage s o f t r ou le ted p ipe b ow l s a nd o f t he mean b o re d i ame te r s l a nd s t and ard d ev ia t ion s f r om t he mean s . F ina ly , P ogue t i n te rp re t s t he c omb ined p a te rn s f r om t he f ou r l c o lec t ion s s t ud ied a s ap re l im ina ry mode l f o r p ipe u se l i n t he P a tuxen t R ive r v a ley o ve r t he s econd h a l f o f t he 1 7 th c en tury a nd f i r s t q ua r te r o f t he 1 8 th c en tury . t P o te r a nd S onde rman p re sen t t he p ipe d a ta f r om l H armony H a l , a no the r l a te 1 7 th -ea r ly -18 th -cen tur y s i te , t h i s o ne l o c a ted a l ong t he P o tomac R ive r i n P r ince Geo rge s C oun ty , Ma ry land . T h i se v idence s e rve s a s av a luab le s ource o fc ompar i son w i th t he p ipe s f r om t he o the r s i te s d a t ing t o t ha t p e r iod c on ta ined h e re in . l I n te re s t ing ly , wh i le H armony H a l a nd K ing ' s R each c a ppea r t o h ave b een o cup ied f o r a lmo s t t he i d en t ic a l p e r iod , i ng ene ra l t he m ake r ' s m a rk s r e cove red a re n o t t he s ame . P ipe s f r om B r i s to l d o m ake u p t he g rea t l m a jo r i ty o fd i agno s t ic p ipe s f r om b o th s i te s , a s w e l a s a t t he r ema inde r o f t he l a te -l 7 th -cen tur y s i te s s t ud ied h e re . T h ree a r t ic le s i nt h i s v o lume d e r ive f r om e x ten s ive a nd r i n ten s ive e xc ava t ion s c a r ied o u t a t S t . Mary ' s C i ty i n f a r s ou the rn S t . Mary ' s C oun ty , Ma ry land . S t . Ma ry ' s C i ty w a s t he s i te o f t he c o lon ia l c ap i ta l f r om 1 634 t o 1 695 a nd i st he c l o se s t t o a n u rban c on tex t t o h ave e x i s ted i n 1 7 th -cen tury Mary land . B e tween t hem , t he a r t ic le s p re sen t e v idence f r om t h ree s i te s t h a t o ve r lap f i n t ime , b u t wh ich r ep re sen t v e ry d i f e ren t s i te ry a h i s to r ie s . Hur nd K ee le r a na ly ze p i pe s f r om t he S t . l J ohn ' s S i te , o ccup ied o ve r a n u nu sua ly b road s pan , c i r ca 1 638 t o 1 720 . A s s uch , t h i s p rov ide s a r a re t o ppo r tun i ty t oc h ron ic le l ong te rm p a te rn s i np ipe u se a t as i ng le s i te . I n c on t ra s t , t he o the r t wo a r t ic le s s r ow p re sen t p ipe a semb lage s r e t r ieved f r om v e ry n ar ly l d a ted c on tex t s . M i le r s t ud ie s t he p ipe s r e cove red f r om s ad i tch a soc ia ted w i th P ope ' s F o r t , b u i l t d u r ing t he " t ime o f t r oub le s " i n Mar y land o cca s ioned b y t he E ng l i sh C iv i l War , a nd d a t ing t ot he p e r iod 1 645 1655 . l R io rd an a na ly ze s ap ipe c o lec t ion r e cove red f r om a l s im i la r ly t empo ra ly c i rcum sc r ibed c on tex t , b u t wh ich d a te s t o t he c i r ca 1 666 -1678 p e r iod . T oge the r , t he S t . l Mary ' s C i ty d a ta c omp r i se a n u nu sua ly c omp le te r e co rd o f t he t obacco p ipe s u sed i n o ne l o ca l i ty , c s pann ing a lmo s t a n e n t i re c en tury o f o cupa t ion . T he f i na l t wo p ape r s d e r ive f r om o u t ly ing p l an ta t ion l s i te s i n S t . Mary ' s C oun ty . T he Abe l ' s Whar f S i te i s

1

d e r ived f r om i n ten s ive e xcava t ion s , w i th t he g r ea t m a jo r i ty r e cove red f r om t i gh t ly d a tab le c on tex t s . A s s uch , t hey p rov ide t he c on t ro l r equ i red t o a low t h e l d e ta i led s t ud y o f d i ach ron ic p at rn s i n p ipe u se i n te 1 7 th c en tur y Mary land . T he se d a ta , i nt u rn , t hen m ay b e c ompared w i th s im i la r s tud ie s f r om o the r a r ea s ,

a no the r l a te 1 7 th c en tu ry p l an ta t ion a nd , a s s uch , p rov ide s v a luab le c ompa ra t ive d a ta t o t he o the r s p re sen ted . T he p ipe s s t ud ied b y Humph r ie s d e r ive a lmo s t c omp le te ly f r om e xcava t ion o f as i ng le l a rge , a r t i f ac t r ich p i t , a nd t he re fo re r ep re sen t s at empo ra ly l r e s tr ic ted d epo s i t . K ing ' s a r t ic le e xam ine s a n u nu sua ly l r i ch c o lec t ion o fp ipe s r e cove red f r om t wo s im i la r s i te s l s pann ing t he s econd h a l fo f t he 1 7 th c en tury , b e l ieved t o h ave b een o ccup ied b y t enan t s a t t he J e su i t ' s S t . I n igoe s Mano r . T he r e su l t s o f t he se s t ud ie s p rov ide a p a r t icu la r ly i n te re s t ing s ou rce o f c ompa r i son w i th t he S t . Mary ' s C i ty d a ta .

s uch a s t he V i rg in ia p o r t ion o ft he C he sapeake r e g ion , t oa low t he i n te rp re ta t ion o fr eg iona l p at rn s i np i pe l te u se .

D . J .P ogue

F eb ruary 1 989 Moun t V e rnon , V i rg in ia

A l b u t o ne o f t he c o lec t ion s s t ud ied i n t h i s v o lume l l

1 8C v 169 R te.

2 /4

K ing s Reach 1 8Cv232

18Cv 8

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CAL VE RT

CO U N T Y

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PAT U XE NT

Cedar

R I VER

P t .

R te.

2 35

VI

Mattapany-Se wall

F igu re 1 :L owe r P a tuxen t V a l ley , Mary land : s i te l o c a t ion s .

2

1 8St390

C lay T obacco P ipes f rom f our 1 7 th c en tury Domes t ic S i tes i n t he L ower P a tuxen t l R iver V a ley o f Ma ry land . D enn i s J .P ogue

I NTRODUCT ION

e x ten s ive d ocumen tar y e v idence p e r ta in ing t o t he E ng l i sh t obacco p ipe i n du s try , wh ich h a s y i e lded i n va luab le d a ta t o l i nk p ipe m ark s w i th t he i r m ake r s .

O ve r a s i x -year p e r iod ( 1981 -1987 ) , t he a u tho r c onduc ted a r chaeo log ica li n ve s t iga t ion sa tf ou rs epara te d ome s t ic s i te s l o ca ted i n Ma ry land ' s l owe r P a tuxen t R iver v a ley ( F igure 1 , o ppo s i te ) . T he i n ve s t iga t ion s l

F ina ly , t wo o the r 1 7 th -cen tury s i te s h ave y i e lded l a rge l p i pe c o lec t ion s , wh ich a re d i scus r ie f ly . l s ed b

i n c luded a long te rm a nd i n ten s ive e xc ava t ion ( 18 C v 8 3 ) , l im i ted s ub su r f ace t e s t ing ( 18 S t 3 90 a nd 1 8 C v 1 69 ) , a nd s u r f ace c o lec t ing ( 18 C v 2 32 ) . T oge the r t he l s i te s s pan t h e p er iod c i r ca 1 660 -17 15 . T he e xc ava t ion o f t he K ing ' s Reach S i te ( 18 C v 8 3 ) r e vea led a n e x ten s ive c omp lex o f f e a tu re s r e la t ing t o ar e s idence , a soc ia ted q ua r te r , a nd f ence l i ne s , b or i t s , e t c . s r ow p T ha t e xc ava t ion g ene ra ted a t o ta l o f s eve ra l t hou sand t obac co p i pe f r agmen t s , a na ly s i s o f wh ich h a s b een i n s trumen ta li na s ign ing ar ange o fo ccupa t ion a sc i r ca s 1 690 -17 15 . T he mo re l im i ted i n ve s t iga t ion s a t Mat -Sewa l ( 18 S t 3 90 ) y i e lded 5 40 t o ta l p ipe tapany l f r agmen t s , w i th 4 21 f r agmen t s r e cove red f r om 1 8 C v 1 69 . On ly 1 t obacco p ipe f r agmen t s w e re r ecove red f r om 1 8 C v 2 32 , t empora ly t he e a r l ie s t o f t he f our l a semb lance s . s T he o ve rwhe lm ing ma jo r i ty o f t he se p ipe s a re E ng l i sh i no r ig in , w i th as ma l p e rcen tage b e ing l o ca l p roduc t s , l m ade b o th b y Co lon i s t s u s ing i mpo r ted mo ld s a nd b y Ame r ican I nd ian s . Wh i le Du tch p i pe s o f ten a re f ound o n Ma r y land s i te s d a t ing f r om b e fo re c i r ca 1 660 , n one o ft he r e cove red p ipe m ake r ' s m a rk s , n o ra ny d eco ra ted f r agmen t s , f r om t he se s i te s h ave b een p o s i t ive ly i d en t i f ied a s Du tch .T he g rea t m a jo r i ty o fm a rked p ipe s a ppear t o b e o f B r i s to l m anu f ac tu re , l e nd ing s uppo r t f o r t he c on ten t ion t ha t t he B r i s to l p ipe i n du s t ry h ad c ome t od om ina te t he p ipe t r ade i nt he P a tuxen t , i fn o t a l o f t h e C he sapeake , i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he 1 7 th l c en tury . T he f ou r c o lec t ion s a re a na lyzed s epa ra te ly , t hen l c ompa red w i th e ach o the r a nd e xam ined a s aw ho le a semb lage s

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I n a dd i t ion t o t he s t andard a na ly se s o f t obacco p ipe s g ene ra ly f ound i na r t ic le s o ft h i s t y pe , ap o r t ion o ft he l s t udy o f t he K ing ' s R each p ipe s w i l e n ta i l d i scus l sion o f t he r e su l t s o f t he a na ly s i s o f t he p at rn s i n t he te s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion s o f p ipe s t em s a cco rd ing t o b o re d i ame te r . T h i s t y pe o fs t udy h a s b een c a r ied o u t a t a r n umbe r o f s i te s i n t he C he sapeake r e g ion , a nd h a s p roven e x treme ly h e lp fu l i ni d en t i f y ing d i ach ron ic s h i f t s i n i n t ra s i te r e fu se d i spo sa l ( c f . K ee le r 1 978 , N e iman 1 980 , K ing a nd M i le r 1 987 , a nd K ing 1 988 ) . T ho se l p a te rn s ,i nt u rn ,h ave b een c omb ined w i th d i s tr ibu t ion s t o f o the r a r t i f ac t t y pe s t o a low i n te rp re ta t ion o f t he l s pa t ia la rangemen t a nd f unc t iona lu se s o ft he h ome lo t . r

K ING 'S REACH ( 18 C v 8 3 ) O ve r t he c our se o f t wo s umme r s i n 1 984 -85 , t he Ma r y land H i s to r ic a lT ru s t / Jef r son P at r son P a rk a nd fe te Mu seum c onduc ted i n ten s ive e xc ava t ion s a tt he K ing ' s R each S i te . T he s i te i s l o ca ted a t t he J e fe r son f P a te r son P a rk a nd Mu seum , a5 12 -ac re a r chaeo log ic a l t p re se rve i nl owe r C a lve r t C oun ty , Mar y land ( F igu re 1 ) . S y s tema t ic c o lec t ion o f a r t i f ac t s f r om t he p lowed f i e ld l s u r f ace i n a5 0 -by -60 -me te r a rea d e l inea ted t he g ene ra l s i te b ound ar ie s . At o ta lo f1 44 t wo -by two -me te r squa re q uad ra t sw e re e xc ava ted o ve rt he e n su ing t wo s umme r s ' f i e ld w ork , w i th 16 o f t ho se c oncen t ra ted i n t he s i te c o re a nd t he r ema in ing 2 8 s y s tema t ic a ly d i s t r ibu ted i n l t he o u t ly ing z one . T he p lowed s t ra tum o fe ach s qua re w a s h and sc reened t h rough 3 / 8 inch h a rdware c l o th f o r u n i fo rm a r t i f ac t r e ten t ion . Nume rou s s ub s tan t ia l s ub su r f ace f e a tu re s w e re r e vea led b e low p lowzone a nd w e re s e lec t ive ly e xc ava ted .

t he

P a tuxen t f o r t he p e r iod 1 660 -1715 . E ach c o lec t ion h a s l b een a na l yzed v i a e xam ina t ion o f a n umbe r o f

T he p l an ta t ion c o re a ppear s t o h ave b een c omp le te ly e xpo sed , r e vea l ing r ema in s o f a r e la t ive ly l a rge

c harac te r i s t ic s , i e . s t em b o re s i ze , b ow ls hape s , m ake r ' s . m ark s ,a nd b ow la nd s t em d eco ra t ion s ,a nd i nr e f e rence t o t he s ub s tan t ia l b ody o f l i t e ra tu re p e r ta in ing t o E ng l i sh t obacco p ipe s t ha t h a s b een g ene ra ted b y E ng l i sh a nd No r th Ame r ican s cho lar s o ve r t he l a s t s eve ra ld ec ade s . The Ame r ican e v idence c on s i s t s l a rge ly o f a rchaeo log ica ly r e t r ieved p i pe c o lec t ion s a nd t he i r l l a ccompany ing a na ly se s . E ng l i sh r e search n o t o n ly h a s

p o s t suppo r ted f r ame d we l ing m ea su r ing 3 0 b y3 0 f e t , l e a nd as ma le r , 2 0 -by -1 foo t q uar te r , w i th ac onnec t ing l f e nced f o reya rd ( F igu re 2 ) . T he c omb ina t ion o f t he a r ch i tec tu ra l a nd a r t i f ac t e v idence s ugge s t s ar e la t ive ly w ea l thy h ou seho ld a nd as ho r t te rm o cupa t ion , d a t ing c t o t he c i r ca 1 690 -1715 p e r iod . Un fo r tuna te ly , n o d ocumen tary d a ta p e r ta in ing t o t he s i te h ave s ur v ived , l a rge ly d ue t o as e r ie s o fc our thou se f i re s t ha t d e s t royed

p rov ided a nu mbe r o f s uch s t ud ie s , b u t a l so i n c lude s

mo s t o f t he e ar ly c oun ty l a nd r e co rd s .

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F i gu re 2 :K ing ' s R each s i te p l an

T he s i te h a sb een i n te rp re ted w i th r e f e rence t oe v idence p rov ided b y p rev iou s ly e xcava ted s i te s i n t h e r e g ion f r om t h i s p e r iod ( c f . K ee le r 1 978 , N e iman 1 980 , K e l so 1 984 ,K ing a nd M i le r 1 987 , a nd K ing 1 988 ) ,a nd t ot h e l r e su l t s o f e x ten s ive r e sea rch u s ing s urv iv ing p roba te i n ven to r ie s i n Ma ry land f o rt h ep e r iod 1 650 1720 ( Ma in 1 982 ) . I n m any r e spec t s K ing ' s R each a ppea r s s im i la r t o o the r e xcava ted p l an ta t ion s i te s f r om t h e p e r iod . T he s t ruc tu re s a r e r ep re sen ta t ive o ft h e d om inan t t y pe o f d we l ing t h a t e vo lved i n t h e r e g ion , k nown a s t h e l " V i rg in ia Hou se " ( c f . C a r son e i a l . 1 981 ) . T obacco c u l t iva t ion w a s t h e e conom ic u nde rp inn ing o f t h e c o lony , a nd d i spe r sed p l an ta t ion s l i ke K ing ' s R each c ame t o d om ina te t h e l a nd scape .

4

P IPE S TEM D ISTR IBUT IONS P lo t ing t h e d i s t r ibu t ion s o f v ar iou s t y pe s o f a r t i f ac t s t r e cove red f r om t h e 1 44 p l owzone q uad ra t s h a s p roven e spec ia ly u se fu l i ni n te rp re t ing t he l a you t a nd u s e o f l t h e s t ruc tu re s a nd t h e s u round ing h ome lo t . S uch r a na ly se s a r e p os le s i nce i th a s b een d emon s t ra ted sib t h a t e ven t h ough p l ow ing d e s t roy s s t ra t ig raph ic r e la t ion sh ip s , t h e h o r izon ta l d i s t r ibu t ion s o f p l ow zone a r t i f ac t s r ema in g ene ra ly i n tac t ( c f . L ewarch a nd l O 'B r ien 1 98 1 ) . I n a dd i t ion , i th a s b een f ound t h a t d u r ing t h i s p e r iod r e fu se w a s c ommon ly d umped i n s u r f ace m idden s i ny a rd sa d jacen t t od ome s t ic d we l ing s . l A s ac on sequence , p a te rn s i n t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f t

p l owzone d e r ived ma te r ia l s c an p rove e x treme ly u se fu l i ni d en t i f y ing t h e f unc t ion s o f n ea rby r oom s a nd o the r s pace s . F o r e x amp le , a t K ing ' s R each t he s e rvan t ' s q uar ter a nd h a l( k i tchen ) i nt he m a in h ou se w e re f ound l t o h ave a so c i a ted c oncen t ra t ion s o f c oar se c e ram ic s , s b o t le g l as nd o the r u t i l i tar ian i t em s , wh i le t he p a r lo r t s, a h ad ah ighe rp ropor t ion o ft a b le g l as nd f i ne c e ram ic s s a d umped n e a rby . When a dded t o t h e a r ch i tec tura l d a ta , t h i s e v iden ce p rov ide s i mpo r tan t c or t ing s uppo r t r obora f o r t he i d en t if ic a t ion o ft ho se a rea s . ( c f . P ogue 1 988a ) . T he map s o f t he d i s t r ibu t ion s o f t obacco p ipe s t ha t f o low w e re c r ea ted w i th t he a i d o f ac o mpu te r , u s ing l a t hree -d imen s iona l s p l ine a s t h e i n te rpo la t ion a l go r i thm . T he c on tou r l i ne s r ef le c t p e rcen t i le s o f t he f r equency d i s t r ibu t ion o f a r t i f ac t c oun t s ( c f . T ukey 1 977 ) ,w i th t h e t h ree i n terva l s s hown c on fo rm ing t ot he m ed ian a nd u pper o ne -qua r te ra nd o ne -e igh th q uan t i le s . T obacco p i pe s h ave b een d emon s t ra ted t o b e o ne o f t h e mo s t s en s i t ive t empo ra l i nd ica tor s a va i lab le . T h i s i s d ue t o as y s tema t ic r educ t ion i n b o re d i ame te r o ve r t ime , o na ve r age , a sw e l a s ag ene ra l e vo lu t ion i nb ow l l s hape , c omb ined w i th t he s ome t ime s e x t reme ly p rec i se e v idence p rov ided b y m ake r ' s m a rk s . T he p at rn s i n te t he s pa t ia l d i s tr ibu t ion s o f t obac ipe s p lo ted co p t a cord ing t o b ore s i ze h ave b een mo s t h e lp fu l i n c i n terp re t ing t he h ome lo t , a nd e spec ia ly i n t r ac ing l t empora l s h i f t s i n r e fu se d i spo sa l p a te rn s . I n g ene ra l , t t he p at rn s i n p ipe s t em d i s t r ibu t ion s s uppo r t t he te o ve ra l r e su l t s o f t he a na ly s i s o ft h e d i s t r ibu t ion s o ft he l o ther a r t i f a c t t ype s ( c f . P ogue 1 988 a ) . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o ft o ta l mea su rab le p ipe s t em s s e rve s t o d emon s t ra te t he g ene ra l p a te rn s o f a r t i f ac t t d i s tr ibu t ion a t t he s i te ( F igu re 3 ) . T h ree m a jo r c oncen t ra t ion s a re i n d ic a ted : t o t h e r ea r o f t he m a in h ouse ( 3 a ) ,c en ter ing o nt he h ou se a nd e x tend ing t ot he s ou th ( 3 b ) , a nd b e tween t he h ou se a nd q ua r te r ( 3 c ) . T he r ea rc oncen tra t ion a nd t ha tb e tween t he h ou se a nd q uar te ra r ee x ten s ive s hee tm idden s ,o r ig ina ly d epo s i ted l o ng round s u r f ace . T he c oncen t ra t ion w i th in t he h ou se s t em s f r om t he e x i s tence o fn ume rou s l a rge , t r a sh f i led l s ubsur f ac e f e a tu re s l o ca ted t h e re . B y p lo t ing t he t d i s tr ibu t ion s o f mea su rab le p i pe s t em s b y b o re s i ze , more s en s i t ive i nd ic a t ion s o fd i ach ron ic s h i f t s i nr e fu se d i spo sa la r ep os le . T he p ipe s t em s h ave b een p lo ted sib t i n t h ree g roup s : e a r ly ( 9 -8 -7 / 64 th inch ) , m idd le ( 6 /64 th in ch ) ,a nd l a te ( 4 -5 /64 th inch ) . T he t h ree l a rge s t b ore s i ze s w e re c omb ined d ue t o t he r e la t ive ly s ma l l n umbe r o fs t em s i n vo lved ( N=126 ) ; 4 and 5 / 64 th inch ( N=18 15 ) w e re c omb ined d ue t o t h e s ma l n umbe r o f l 4 /64 th ; 6 / 64 th inch t o ta led 7 65 . l

q ua r te r o n t wo o f t he t h ree m ap s , w i th t he t h i rd s how ing l e s d en se c oncen tra t ion s t he re ( F igu re s 4 -6 ) . s T he se a rea s c or spond w i th s i gn i f ican t c oncen t ra t ion s re o f v i r tua ly a the r t y pe s o f a r t i f ac t s a s w e l . T he se l l o l h ave b een i n te rp re ted a sr ep re sen t ing e x ten s ive s u r f ace m idden s b eh ind t he h ou se a nd b e tween t h a t s t ruc ture a nd t he q uar te r , wh ich a ppa ren t ly s e r ved t h roughou tt he e n t i re o cupa t ion o ft he s i te a st he m a in a rea so fr e fu se c d ump ing . T he c oncen t ra t ion sw i th in t he t wo s t ruc tu re sa ppa ren t ly d e r ive f r om a r t i f ac t s b e ing p lowed o u t o f o ne l a rge c e la r i nt he q ua r te r a nd f r om s eve ra l c e lar s u nde r t he l l h ou se . T he re fo re , t he se c oncen t ra t ion s a l so r ep re sen t t he d epo s i t ion o fr e fu se , b u t i n s ide s ub su r f ace f e a tu re s a f te r t hey h ad c ea sed i nt he i ro r ig ina l s t o rage f unc t ion s . T he a r t i f ac t s w i th in t he s ub sur f ace d ump s w ou ld s eem mo re l i ke ly t o r ep re sen t r e s t r ic ted t empo ra l r ange s , a s t hey w ou ld b e c omp le te ly f i led a t s ome p o in t , u n l ike l t he s u r f ace m idden s t h a t c ou ld c on t inue t o a c rue c d eb r i s o ve r t he e n t i re s pan o f t he s i te ' s o ccupa t ion . A n umbe r o f s ma le r o u t ly ing c oncen t ra t ion s a l so l c or spond w i th t he s u spec ted l o ca t ion s o f n ume rou s re d oo r o pen ing s , wh ich a re f u r the r s uppo r ted b y s im i la r c oncen t ra t ion s o f o the r t y pe s o f m a te r ia l s . T he se a re b e s t s hown i nt he d i s t r ibu t ion o ft he e a r ly p ipe s ( F igu re 4 a ) . T he t h ree m ap s e xh ib i t s ome s t r ik ing d i f e rence s a s f w e l . T he mo s t i n te re s t ing o f wh ich i s the c hange i nt he l s hape o f t he l a rge c oncen t ra t ion l o ca ted b e tween t he h ou se a nd q uar te r . I n t he d i s t r ibu t ion m ap o f t he e ar ly p ipe s , t he c oncen tra t ion i s e x ten s ive a nd f o cu sed b e tween t he h ou se a nd a fe nce l i ne t ha t r an f r om t he c en te r o f t he s ou th w a l o f t he q ua r te r a nd f i na ly l l t e rm ina ted a tt he s ou thea s tc o rne ro ft he h ou se ( F igure 4 b ) . T h i s f ence e nc lo sed t he a rea b e tween t he t wo s t ruc tu re s a nd c rea ted amu tua l f o reya rd . B yt he p e r iod o f t he s econd d i s t r ibu t ion m ap , t ha t f ence h ad b een r ep laced b y as econd o ne t h a t w a s l o ca ted c l o se r t ot he h ou se a nd wh ich c r ea ted as ma le re nc lo sure . T he p ipe s l s t i l s how a si gn i f ic an t c oncen t ra t ion w i th in t he f ence , l b u t as econd a nd mo re i n ten se c oncen tra t ion o cu r s c j u s t b eyond i t( F igu re 5 a ) . F ina ly , b y t he t ime o f t he l t h i rd m ap , t he m a jo r c oncen t ra t ion i n t he a rea i s ju s t o n t he o the r s i de o ft he s econd f ence l i ne ( F igure 6 a ) . T h i s s equence s eem s t o d ocumen t as l igh t c hange i n d i spo sa l p rac t ice o ve r t he f e nce l i ne i n s tead o fw i th in i t a sw e l a ss uppo r t s t h e i n te rp re ta t ion f o r when t he l f e nce w a s r ep laced . B u t t he g rea te r s i gn if icance m ay -

-

-

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b e t he e v idence i tp rov ide s f o r t he t y pe o f s ub t le c hange s t h a t p lo t ing t h e p ipe s t em d i s t r ibu t ion s m ay t i d en t i f y ( c f . P ogue 1 988a ) .

I n c ompa r ing t he t h ree p ipe s t em d i s t r ibu t ion m ap s , a n umbe r o fs t r ik ing c on s i s tenc ie s a r e a pparen t , a s w e l l

THE P IPES

a s s eve ra l i mpor tan t d i fe rence s . F i r s t , a l t h ree m ap s f l a ga in s how ma jor c oncen t ra t ion s o f p ipe s b eh ind t he ma in h ou se a nd b e tween t he h ou se a nd q ua r te r . Ma jo r c oncen t r a t ion s a l so o cu r w i th in b o th t he h ou se a nd c

S eve ra l t hou sand p i pe f r agmen t s w e re r e cove red f r om t he p lowzone , b u t n o a temp t w i l b e m ade h e re t o t l a na lyze a l o f t ha t s ub s tan t ia l c o lec t ion . I n s tead , a l l l

-

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P LO WZONE

l p m ake r ' s m a rk s a nd a ny o the r d eco ra t ion s , a nd a ipe b ow l s c omp le te e nough t ob e i d en t i f ied a st ot y pe , h ave l sion b een s e lec t ive ly e xam ined . F o low ing t h i s d i scus , a mo re i n -dep th a na ly s i s o f p ipe s r e cove red f r om a l n umbe r o f s ub su r f ace f e a tu re s w i l b e c onduc ted a nd l t h e r e su l t s o f t he t wo a na ly se s w i l b e c ompa red . O ft h e t hou sand s o f wh i te c l ay t obacco p ipe f r agmen t s r e cove red f r om p lowzone , 2 706 s t em s a re m ea surab le a s t o b o re d i ame te r . T he g rea t m a jo r i ty o f t he b o re s a re 5 / 64 th inch ( 63 .60 % ) ,w i th 2 8 .2 % mea su r ing 6 / 64 th , 4 . 0% a t 7 / 64 th a nd t he r ema in ing 4 . 2% c omp r i sed o f 4 / 64 th , 8 / 64 th , a nd 9 / 64 th inch b o re s , c omb ined . I n c ompar i son w i th t he h i s tog ram s f o r t empo ra l r ange s e s tab l i shed b y H ar ring ton ( 1954 ) , t h i s d i s t r ibu t ion s ugge s t s ac i r ca 1 690 t o 1 730 r ange o fo cupa t ion . T he c o ve rwhe lm ing p reponde ran ce o f5 / 6 4 th in ch b o re s p o in t s t o ar e la t ive ly s ho r t s pan o f h ab i ta t ion . I n c ompar i son , t he p ipe mean d a te c ompu ted u s ing t he B in fo rd ( 1962 ) f o rmu la i s1 727 .24 ( mean o f5 . 348 ) . T h i s d a te i sa tl e a s t 2 0 y ea r s l a te r t han e xpec ted b a sed o n t he o ve ra l l a r t i f ac t a na ly s i s . Ana ly se s o f p i pe b ow l s hape s a nd

B in ford ( 1 962 ) s ugge s t s t h a t a mo re i n ten s ive o cupa t ion o ve r al i m i ted p e r iod w i th in a si te ' s o ve ra l c l s pan m ay s kew t he m ean d a te a co rd ing ly . c A t o ta l o f 1 8 d i fe ren t a pparen t m aker ' s m a rk s w e re f r e cove r ed f r om p lowzone . O f t h e se , n ine a r e l e g ib le a nd /o r c omp le te e nough t o b e i d en t i f ied ( Tab le 1 ) . O f t he n ine , t h ree m ay b e a soc ia ted w i th ah igh d eg ree o f s c on f iden ce w i th k nown m aker s : E dward Reed a nd o ne o f t he t h ree Robe r t T ippe t s , f r om B r i s to l , a nd o ne o f t he t wo W i l iam Manby s o f L ondon . Two o the r s m ay l w e lb e t h e p roduc t o fI s aac E van sa nd Thoma s Owen s , l b o th o f B r i s to l . T he f ou r r e ma in ing mark s " 1W " , " I P " , "W W " , a nd " IM " , h ave n o t b een a t r ibu tab le t os pec i f ic t p roduce r s , w i th mu l t ip le p ipe make r sw i th t ho se i n i t ia l s k nown t oh ave b een o pe ra t ing i nB r i s to la nd /o rL ondon d u r ing t h e y ea r s j u s t b e fo re a nd a f te r t he t u rn o f t he 1 8 th c en tu r y . E ach m a rk w i l b e d e sc r ibed b e low i n l s ome d e ta i l , a l ong w i th t he o the r c ha rac te r i s t ic s o ft he p ipe s t h a t s em p e r t inen t t o t h i s a n a ly s i s . e

m ake r ' s m ark s ( s ee b e low ) a l so s uppo r t a ne a r l ie rd a te .

E dwa rd R eed ( ER )

T he s amp le s i ze i n vo lved h a s b een s hown i n o the r i n s tance s t o b e s uf f ic ien t t o y i e ld a re la t ive ly a cura te c r e su l t .T he B in fo rd f o rmu la a l so h a sb een d emon s t ra ted t o b e mo s t e f ec t ive f o r t he p e r iod f r om c i r ca 1 680 t o f 1 780 . T he re fore , t he l a te mean d a te f o r t he K ing ' s R each p lowzone p ipe s i sp uzz l ing . T he r e a son f o r t he l a te r t han e xpec ted d a te may l i e i nt he s i te ' s a pparen t b r ie fs pan o fo cupa t ion , wh ich m ay h ave r e su l ted i n c t he p reponde rance o f p ipe s o f 5 / 64 th inch b o re s .

A s i ng le b ow l f r agmen t w a srecove red t ha t i n c lude s a p o r t ion o f ac a r touche c on ta in ing t he r a i sed i n i t ia l s " ER " ( F igure 7A ) . T he f r agmen t i s fr om t he a ppa ren t m id sec t ion o ft he b ow l a nd s ugge s t s p l acemen t o n t he s i de , p robab ly t he r i gh t . T yp ica ly , t h e b ow l s o n w h ich l t h i s m ark a re f ound a re o f t he s pu r les nd h ee l les s a s " Ame r ican E xpo r t " t y pe . E dward R eed w a s aB r i s to l m ake r w ho se d a te s o f p roduc t ion c over t he p e r iod 1 706 -23 ( Wa lke r 1 977 (C ) :1478 -9 ) . B ow l sw i th t h e" ER "

T ab le 1 : K ing ' s R each S i te m ake r ' s m a rk s : p l owzone a nd f e a tu re s .

Mark

No .

ER R IT IPPE r I ' I E WM

1 1 8 1

TO 1W I P WW

6

3 1 1 2

I M

1

RT AS A l

3 1 1

M ake r

P roduc t ion

E dwa rd R eed ,Br i s to l Robe r t T ippe t , B r i s to l I s aac E van s , B r i s to l l W i l iam Manby , L ondon

1 706 -1723 1 660 -1720 1 698 1713 1 681 -1696

T homa s Owen , B r i s to l

1 698 -1739

B o re

5 / 64 5 / 64 5 -6 /64 5 / 64 6 / 64 5 / 64 5 / 64

Robe r t T ippe t , B r i s to l Ann Sm i th , B r i s to l

1 660 -1720 ? c a . 1 672 -1696

6 / 64 6 / 64

P roven ience 1 98PZ 2 38PZ 1 66PZ , 1 84PZ , 1 96E , G, H 28PZ 2 2 12PZ , 2 13P , S 2 00PZ 1 8 1PZ 1 98PZ , 2 13PZ 2 56PZ 1 96E , 1 82R , 2 28 M 1 82SS 2 13H

I 111

@

TOTAi. Pll'l-:S

Figure 3:

6t64TH-INCH PIPES

Ill

Distribution map of total pipe stem fragments, King's Reach.

Figure 5:

Distribution map of middle pipes (6/64th­ inch), King's Reach.

'i Ill

-

.....-N

9-8--7r64TH-INCH PIPES

Figure 4:

-

:1 z 1

Distnbution map of early pipes, (9-8-7/64th­ inch), King's Reach.

4-!, H4TH-INCH PIPF.S

Figure 6:

2:\ 18 II

Distribution map of late pipes (4-5/64th­ inch), King's Reach. 7

J i m. �M t io� -

L _ J

F i gu re 7 : Make r ' s m a rk s , K ing ' s R each .

8

mark inside a cartouche are well known, with the King's Reach example similar in a number of ways to several Reed marks illustrated in Walker (1977(C):1479t). However, this example may be unusual as the initials appear to read from top to bottom instead of left to right. Robert Tippet (Rffipp/et)

this style of mark is not identical to any of the other Isaac Evans marks that appear in the literature, although he seems to have employed several different styles of mark and cartouche. William Manby (WM)

A second bowl sherd also exhibits a fragment of a cartouche with a partial mark. That mark is undoubtedly "Rffipp/et," although four of the letters do not survive (Figure 7B). This mark also is well known and matches any number of virtually identical examples (cf. Walker 1977(C):1495-1501). Again, the cartouche was located midway up the side of the bowl, probably on the right, which most likely was of the American Export type. Unfortunately, at least three Bristol pipe makers named Robert Tippet are known to have made tobacco pipes over the period circa 1660-1720, and it is virtually impossible to distinguish between their wares.

Unlike the previous three marks, all of which are initials inside a cartouche and are most likely located on the side of the American Export type bowl, this mark is located on either side of the heel. The initial "W" is on the left and the "M" on the right, with a crown over each (Figure 7D). This mark also is well known and is almost surely that of one of the William Manbys of London. William Manby, Sr. was producing pipes from 1681-1696 (Oswald 1975:142) and pipes with the WM mark, with and without crowns, on either side of the heel have been reported from London excavations in contexts from circa 1690 throughout the first half of the 18th century (Walker 1966:99).

Isaac Evans (IE)

Thomas Owen (TO)

A third Bristol pipe maker was Isaac Evans, of the pipe making Evans family, who made pipes beginning in 1698 and likely continued at least until 1713 (Walker 1977(C):1130-31). Several bowls and bowl fragments with an oval cartouche and a raised "IE" inside were recovered, and have been tentatively identified as most likely the product of Isaac Evans. Again, the cartouche is located midway up the right side of the bowl, which is the American Export type (Figure 7C). The bowl shape is similar to those of several others that have been identified as Isaac Evans products (cf. Walker 1977(C):1427e), and along with the style of cartouche points to Bristol as the place of manufacture. However,

The fifth mark may be that of one of three Bristol piype makers named Thomas Owen, whose combined production spanned the period 1698-1739 (Walker 1977(C):1232-33). The raised letters "T'' and "O" are located on either side of the base of an American Export type bowl (Figure 7E). No mark that has been attributed to the manufacture of any of the Owen's has been found; therefore, this attribution is somewhat conjectural. However, the time span for the Owens's pipe production, especially Thomas Owen I (1698-1725), and the apparent preponderance of Bristol-made pipes at the site, provides some support for that identification.

Figure 7 (opposite): Maker's marks, King Reach Site. A Bowl fragment with partial mark; cartouche with raised "ER", mark of Edward Reed of Bristol; B. Bowl fragment with partial mark; cartouche with raised "-- PPff-", mark of Robert Tippet of Bristol; C. Nearly complete pipe, American Export type, with mark on right side of bowl; oval cartouche with raised "IE", possibly mark of Isaac Evans of Bristol (5/64th-inch); D. Bowl fragment with raised initials on either side of heel; "W" on left and "M" on right, with crown above each initial, probably mark of William Manby of London; E. American Export type bowl with rouletting around rim, with raised initials on either side of bottom of bowl; "T'' on left and "0" on right, possibly the mark of Thomas Owen of Bristol (6/64th-inch); F. Bowl fragment, with initials on either side of bottom of bowl; "W" on left and "W" on right (5/64th-inch); G. Bowl fragment, with initials on either side of heel; "I" on left and "W" on right; H. Bowl/stem fragment, with initials on either side of heel; "I" on left and "P" on right (5/64th-inch); I. Bowl fragment, with initials on either side of heel; "I" on left and "M" on right (5/64th-inch); J. Bowl fragment, with initials on either side of bottom of bowl; "A" on left and "S" on right (6/64th-inch); K. Stamped "RT'' mark, on bowl fragment, mark of Robert Tippet of Bristol; L. Bowl fragment, with initials on either side of heel, with rouletting around rim; "A" on left and "I" on right, with starburst above each initial (6164th -inch).

9

Even less is known about the remammg four marksrecovered from plowzone: WW, IW, IP, and IM. Like the TO-marked pipes, the raised letter "W" is located on either side of the base of an American Export type bowl (Figure 7F). In Bristol, one maker with those initials, William Williams, was producing pipes during the period of the site's occupation, circa 1707 (Oswald 1975:160). The three remaining marks all are raised letters located on either side of heeled bowls (Figures 7g-i). Several makers with the initials IW were working in London and Bristol from the 17th to mid-18th centuries. In Bristol alone, two makers with those initials were operating between 1707 and 1722: John Wilson (1707-1722) and Joel Williams (1713-1722), and Wilson is known to have exported pipes to America (Oswald 1975:159). Similarly, one Bristol maker, John Massie, was producing pipes, and is known to have been exporting his product to America, from 1700-1726 (Oswald 1975:155). A number of makers with the initials IP were working in Bristol and London during that period (Oswald 1975:143 and 156). Of the literally thousands of fragments of pipe bowls recovered from plowzone, very few are complete enough to be able to classify completely. Nevertheless, all bowls were examined and separated into types where possible. Four varieties of American Export bowls have been identified, along with nine varieties of heeled bowls; no bowls with spurs were recovered from plowzone. Examples of each of the varieties identified are illustrated in Figure 8. Many of these varieties also were recovered in more complete form from subsurface features and, therefore, will be discussed below in more detail. Based on shape and size, most of the bowls that are complete enough to allow analysis appear to date to the late 17th-early 18th centuries, although a very few exhibit characteristics generally ascribed to somewhat earlier types (see Figure 8g). Rouletting around the bowl mouth occurs on a large percentage of the fragments.

THE PIPES -- FEATURES In addition to the pipes recovered from plowzone, large numbers of fragments were recovered from the numerous subsurface features excavated. Most of these were located within the structures and have been interpreted as cellars that were used as handy trash receptacles once they ceased being used in their original storage functions. The one exception is an irregularly shaped hole that appears to be a clay borrow pit. Pipes from six features will be analyzed in detail, both separately and together, and then compared with the plowzone pipes. The features were selected for analysis because they yielded a sufficient quantity of pipe fragments, including measurable bores, to allow reasonable assurance of reliability. Table 2 lists the six contexts and total numbers of pipes, measurable stems, marks, the calculated pipe stem means and standard deviations from the mean, and Binford mean pipe date. A seventh collection (228) also is included, although the small number of measurable bores (11) makes it untrustworthy in terms of temporal analysis. Of the seven features, two (228 and 184) appear to have been filled relatively early in the life of the site, with a substantial gap in time between those two and the third (213), and with the remaining four dating much later and being relatively closely clustered (Table 2). Unfortunately, only 11 measurable stems were recovered from provenience 228, making its dating questionable. However, with more than 100 measurable bores recovered from 184, that collection is one of the most trustworthy of the seven. As for the Binford mean dates that have been calculated, all but the first two seem much too late when compared with all other evidence. However, with one exception, their relative chronology (probably better represented by the means) generally conforms with the seriation derived by examination of complementary archaeological data.

Figure 8 (opposite): Representative pipe bowls recovered from plowzone, King's Reach. A B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. 10

American Export type bowl fragment (5/64th-inch); American Export type bowl fragment, with rouletting around the mouth (5/64th-inch); American Export type bowl fragment, with rouletting around the mouth (6/64th-inch); American Export type bowl fragment (5/64th-inch); Bowl fragment with vestigial heel (7/64th-inch); Heeled bowl fragment (6/64th-inch); Heeled bowl fragment, with rouletting around rim (7/64th-inch); Heeled bowl fragment (5/64th-inch); Heeled bowl fragment; Heeled bowl fragment (6/64th-inch); Heeled bowl fragment (6/64th-inch); Heeled bowl fragment (5/64th-inch); Heeled bowl fragment (6/64th-inch).

i m .

F igure 8 :R epre sen ta t ive p ipe b ow l s r e cove red f r om p lowzone , K ing ' s R each .

1

T ab le 2 : K ing ' s R each S i te , t o ta l p ipe s f r om s even s ub sur f ace f e a ture s . P rov .

To ta l

B o re s

Mark s

Mean

S ID

B in fo rd

6 . 09 6 . 07 . 53 5 5 . 18 5 . 10 5 . 05 5 . 00

0 . 84 0 . 40 0 . 63 0 . 64 0 . 72 0 . 69 0 . 39

1 698 .85 1 699 .5 1 720 .47 1 733 .55 1 736 .6 1 738 .82 1 743 .0

P ipe s 28 2 1 84 2 13 1 82 1 96 2 00 1 97

3 5 1 49 3 19 1 90 8 9 1 06 1 49

1 1 09 1 35 7 1 3 9 4 3 4 7

RT A l /TO RT /AS / IE RT / IE

T he s i ng leexcep t ion i st he 1 96 c e la r , wh ich s eem s l mo re l i ke ly t o b e t he l a s t o f t he s even t o h ave b een f i led . T h i s i n te rp re ta t ion i sb a sed o n t he p re sence o f l l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f s t ruc tura l d eb r i s r e cove red f r om a s i ng le t h ick s t ra tum , wh ich s eem s l i ke ly t o r ep re sen t d e s t ruc t ion f i l c app ing a c e la r t ha t h ad b een o n ly l l p a r t ia ly f i t t he t ime o f t he d emo l i t ion o f t he l led a d we l ing . T ha t f e a tu re i st he o n ly o ne e xh ib i t ing s uch a l s t ra tum . T he d i f e rence b e tween t he p ipe d a te f r om f t ha t f e a tu re a nd t he o the r t wo w i th l a te r mean d a te s ( 200 a nd 1 97 ) i s n o t g rea t , h oweve r ( 2 .22 a nd 6 . 4 y ear s ) ,a nd t h ed i sc repancy m ay b e af unc t ion o fs amp le b i a s ( Tab le 2 ) . A s econd f o rm o f a na ly s i s a l so s uppo r t s t h i s i n te rp re ta t ion o f t he r e la t ive c h rono logy f o r t he s i x f e a ture s . I n a dd i t ion t o t he mean b o re d i ame te r , t he s t anda rd d ev ia t ion f r om t he m ean a l so h a s b een c a lcu la ted f o r e ach c o lec t ion ( T ab le 2 ) . T he s t anda rd l d ev ia t ion ( SD ) i n d ic a te s t he v ar ia t ion i n b o re s i ze s w i th in ag i ven c o lec t ion , w i th as ma le r SD i n d ic a t ing l l s ma le rv a r iance . T he o ve ra l t r end i n d ic a ted b y p lo t ing l l t a l t he s t anda rd d ev ia t ion s i sa n i n c rea se o ve r t ime l ( Tab le 2 ) . Howeve r , a n o tab le e xcep t ion t o t h i s a ppa ren t t r end i st he SD f o r f e a ture 1 97 , wh ich i s r e la t ive ly s ma l ,g i ven i t sc h rono log ica lp l acemen t b a sed l o n t he m ean . I n o rde r t o a dd res os le e xp lana t ion s f o r t h i s s p sib i n con s i s tency , i ti sn eces ry t o c on s ide r wha t t he SD sa

F igu re 9 ( oppo s i te ) : A . B . C . D . E . F . G . H . 1 .

1 2

m ay r ep re sen ti na rchaeo log ica lt e rm s .T he SD i n d ic a te s t he v a r ian ce f r om t he mean f o r e ach c o lec t ion o f l mea su rab le b o re s , a nd i th a s b een d emon s tra ted t h a t i n g ene ra l t he a ve rage s i ze o f p ipe b o re s d ec rea sed o ve r t ime . A s e a r ly a s 1 962 , B in ford ( 1962 ) s ugge s ted t h a t t he SD c ou ld g i ve " a r ough e s t ima te o f t he l e ng th o f t ime o ve r w h ich t he s amp le w a s a ccumu la t ing . " A s econd p os i l i ty a l so e x i s t s , t ha t t h e SD r e f le c t s t h e sib d u ra t ion o ft h es i te ' s o cupa t ion ; o ri tc ou ld r e su l tf r om c ac omb ina t ion o f t he t wo . I f ap i t i sp urpo se ly f i led o ve r as ho r t p e r iod , o r w i th d eb r i s g ene ra ted o v e r a l im i ted p e r iod , t hen i ti s l i ke ly t ha t t he p ipe s t em s d epo s i ted w ou ld r ef lec t t ha tp roces e su l t ing i n as ma l s, r l v a r iance f r om t he mean . C onve r se l y , i fas i te h a s b een o ccup ied f o r a numbe r o fy ear s , t he n orma l p roc es s se o fr e fu se d i spo sa l , t ha t i n c lude b o th p r imary d epo s i t ion a nd s econda ry r edepo s i t ion o f r e s idua l ma te r ia l s , m ake i tl i ke ly t h a t t he p ipe s d epo s i ted w i l d er ive f r om a l b roade r s pan o f t ime , w i th a r e su l t ing g rea te r SD ( Ne iman 1 988 a nd p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . T h i s s econd s c ena r io s eem s t o b e mo re l i ke ly a t s i te s o ccup ied f o r a ny a pp rec iab le l eng th o f t ime . I f the v ar ian ce f r om t he m ean i sl i nked w i th t he r e la t ive s pan o f t ime o ve r wh ich ag i ven f e a tu re i sf i led , t h en l p lo t ing t h e SD f o r i nd iv idua l a semb lage s o ve r t i me t s w ou ld n o t s em l i ke ly t o f o rm a p a te rn o f s t ead i ly e t i n c rea s ing v a r iance . I n s tead i t wou ld s eem mo re l i ke ly t h a t t he v a r iance s wou ld b e c omp le te ly d i vo rced f r om t he f e a ture s ' r e la t ive c h rono logy a nd wou ld p roduc e a

e a tu re s , K ing ' s R each . R ep re sen ta t ive p ipe b ow l s f r om f

Ame r ican E xpo r t t y pe p ipe , w i th r ou le t ing a round mou th ( 6 /64 th in ch ) ; t H ee led b ow l , w i th r ou le t ing a round r im ( 6 /64 th inch ) ; t H ee led b ow l ( 6 /64 th inch ) ; S pur ow l f r agmen t , w i th r ou le t ing a round r im ( 6 /64 th -in ch ) ; red b t Ame r ic an E xpo r t t y pebow l f r agmen t ( 5 /64 th inch ) ; H ee led b ow l f r agmen t , w i th r ou le t ing a round r im ; t H ee led b ow l f r agmen t , w i th r ou le t ing a round r im ( 6 /64 th inch ) ; t Appa ren t h ee led b ow l , w i th r ou le t ing a round r im ; h ee l a ppea r sto h ave b een r emoved ( 5 /64 th inch ) ; t ow l ( 5 /64 th inch ) . Ame r ican E xpo r t t y pe b

F igure 9 :R epre sen ta t ive p i pe b ow l s f r om f e a tu re s , K ing ' s R each .

1 3

te s eem ing ly r andom p at rn l i nked t o t he i n d iv idua l d epo s i t iona l h i s to r ie s o f t he f e a ture s i n vo lved . T he re fo re , t he g ene ra l t r end t owa rd i n c rea sed v a r iance o ve r t ime e xh ib i ted b y t he K ing ' s R each f e a tu re s s ugge s t s t h a t t he v a r iance s t he re a re a r e su l t o f t he p o in t w i th in the s i te h i s to ry when t he f e a tu re s w e re l r ed f i led , r a the rt han h ow q u ick ly t ha to ccur . T he re fore , l f e a tu re s s uch a s 1 82 , 1 97 , 2 00 , a nd 1 96 , a l o f wh ich l a ppa ren t ly w e re f i led l a te i n t he h i s to ry o f t he s i te , wou ld b e e xpec ted t o e xh ib i t i n c rea sed v a r iance . S im i la r ly , a fe a tu re s uch a s 1 84 , wh ich s eem s t o h ave l l b een f i led e a r ly o n , w ou ld b e e xpec ted t o h ave as ma l te v ar iance . A s t h i s i si nf a c t t he p at rn r e vea led , t hen i n t h i s c a se t he mean s a nd t he s t anda rd d ev ia t ion s f r om t hem b o th a re i n te rp re ted a s i n d ica t ive o fd epo s i t iona l c h rono logy . T ha t f e a tu re 1 97 d oe s n o t f i tt he g ene ra l c h rono log ica l te p at rn i n d ica ted b y t he s t andard d ev ia t ion s ( i . e . h a s a l r ed t s ma l SD i nr e la t ion t o i t s mean ) i si n f er o i n d ica te t ha t t he f e a tu re ' s d epo s i t iona l h i s tor y i n c lude s s ome f u nknown v a r iab le t h a t h a s a f ec ted t ho se r e su l t s . T he f e a tu re ' s c h rono log ica l p l acemen t b a sed s o le ly o n t he f mean a l so a ppea r s s l igh t ly o f ( t oo l a te ) , b u t c ou ld b e l e xp la inab le a s af unc t ion o f s amp le s i ze . T he s ma le r t han e xpec ted SD m ay b e t he r e su l t o f a h i gh l p e rcen tage o ft he p ipe c o lec t ion h av ing b een d epo s i ted t oge the r p u rpo se ly i n as i ng le d epo s i t iona l e p i sode . c T he re fo re , t he b o re mean c ou ld b e ar e la t ive ly a cu ra te t empo ra l i n d ica to r e ven wh i le t he SD m ay b e l l a bno rma ly s ma l .

1 84 t o 3 . 84 % f o r 2 00 a nd 0% f o r 1 97 ( Tab le 3 ) . When i ti sc on s ide red t ha t p ipe b ow l s a re mo s t o f ten o n ly t r ou le ted o n ap o r t ion o ft he r im , i ti so bv iou s t h a t t h e l t p e rcen tage o fa r chaeo log ica ly r ecove red r ou le ted p i pe l s f r agmen t s n eve r w i l a pp roach 1 00 % u n les t h e l l c o lec t ion i s s ma l a nd /o r c ompo sed a lmo s t e n t i re l y o f t c omp le te b ow l s . T he re fo re , t he 5 2 .17 % o f r ou le ted b ow l s f r om 1 84 p robab ly r ep re sen t s ah i gh p e rcen tage . r obo l T h i s i sc or ra ted b y t he f a c t t h a t a l n ine o f t h e t l a rge ly c omp le te b ow l s r ecove red e xh ib i t r ou le t ing . l When t he t wo e a r l ie s t c o lec t ion s ( 184 a nd 2 13 ) a r e l c omb ined a nd c ompa red w i th t he f ou rl a te r c o le c t ion s , t he c on t ra s ti ss im i la r ly m a rked 3 6 .2% t oo n ly 4 . 28% . T he se d a ta t hen s uppo r t t he o b served d i ach ron ic t r educ t ion i nr ou le ted b ow l s o ve r t h i s p e r iod . -

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f B ow l sw i th f i ve d i f e ren t m ake r ' s m a rk sw ere r ecove red f r om t he e x cava ted f e a tu re s ( Tab le 2 ) . Two o f t h e se , " JE " a nd " TO , " a l so w e re r e cove red f r om p lowzone a nd t h ave b een t e n ta t ive ly a t r ibu ted t o I s aac E van s a nd T homa s Owen , b o th o f B r i s to l . T he t h ree a dd i t iona l l m a rk s a re " RT , " " AS , " a nd " A l . " T he RT mark i s we l k nown a s a no the r o f t he mark s u sed b y t he R obe r t T ippe t so fB r i s to l , who se c omb ined p roduc t ion s panned t he c i r ca 1 660 1720 p e r iod (Wa lke r 1 977 (C ) :1316 18 ) . Un l ike t he o the r T ippe t m ark r ecove red ( F igu re 7 b ) , h oweve r , t h e t h ree e xamp le s o f t h i s m a rk a re s t amped i n to t he r e a ro ft he b ow l s , a nd a re w i thou t ac a r touche o f a ny o the r t y pe o f o rnamen ta t ion ( F igu re 7 j ) . l lu Nume rou s v i r tua ly i d en t ic a l e xamp le s a re i s t ra ted i n Wa lke r ( 1977 (C ) :1497 ) .

At h i rd t y pe o fa na ly s i s p rov ide s a na dd i t iona l mean s o f a dd res he q ue s t ion o f i n t ra s i te c h rono logy . I th a s sing t

T he AS m a rk c on s i s t s o f t he r a i sed i n i t ia l s o n e i the r s i de o f t he b o tom o f a n Ame r ican E xpo r t t ype b ow l t

b een s ub jec t ive ly o b served b y an umbe r o fa u tho r s t h a t r ou le t ing a round t he mou th o f p i pe b ow l s s eem s t o t h ave d e c rea sed i nf r equency b eg inn ing i nt he f i r s t y ea r s o ft he 1 8 th c en tury . T he re fo re , s i nce t he K ing ' s R each S i te w a s o cup ied f o r a pp rox ima te ly 2 5 y ear s s pann ing c t ha t p e r iod , i tw a s h ypo the s i zed t ha t t he p ropo r t ion o f r ou le ted b ow l s a t t he s i te wou ld d ec rea se o ve r t ime . t

( F igu re 7 k ) . T he m ake r h a s n o t b een p o s i t ive l y i d en t if ied , b u t o ne B r i s to l m ake r w i th t ho se i n i t ia l sw a s Ann Sm i th , m ak ing p ipe s d u r ing t he l a s t q uar te r o ft h e 1 7 th c en tu r y ( O swa ld 1 975 :158 a nd Wa lke r 1 977 (C ) :1298 ) . T he A l m ark a l so c on s i s t s o f r a i sed l e te r s , b u t t h ey a re l o c a ted o n e i the r s i de o f a hee led t b ow l , a nd i n c lude as t arbu r s t a bove e ach i n i t ia l ( F igu re

I no rde r t ot e s t t h i s h ypo the s i s , t he p e rcen tage o fb ow l f r agmen t s w i th r ou le t ing w a s c a lcu la ted f o r t he p ipe s t r e cove red f r om t he s i x f e a tu re s l i s ted a bove . A ga in , a s t rong p a te rn eme rge s , w i th t he p e rcen tage o f t

7 1 ) . S uch t r ea tmen t h a s b een i d en t if ied a s p ar t icu la r ly c ha rac te r i s t ic o fL ondon m ake r s ( A tk in son a nd O sw a ld 1 969 :18 ) , a l though n o m ake r f r om t ha t c i ty w i th t ho se n i t ia l s s o f a r h a s b een i d en t if ied . AB r i s to l make r w i th i t ho se i n i t ia l s , Ab raham J ohn son , w a s o pe ra t ing c i r ca

r ou le ted b ow l s d ec rea s ing s t ead i ly f r om 5 2 .17 % f o r t

1 706 ( O swa ld 1 975 :154 ) .

F igure 1 0 ( oppo s i te ) : R ep re sen ta t ive p ipe b ow l s f r om f e a tu re s , K ing ' s R e ach . A . Ame r ic an E xpo r t t y pe b ow l ( 5 /64 th inch ) ; B . Ame r ic an E xpo r t t y pe b ow l ( 5 /64 th inch ) ; C . Ame r ic an E xpo r t t y pe b ow l ( 5 /64 th inch ) ; D . Ame r ic an E xpo r t t y pe b ow l ( 5 /64 th inch ) ; E . B ow l f r agmen t w i th " mu lber r ee " d eco ra t ion ; ry t F . S sion tem f r agmen t w i th t h ree f i nge r i mp res s ; G . S tem f r agmen t w i th c arved t ape r ing p o in t s a t b o th e nd s ; H . Rou t le ted d eco ra t ion f r om r ed c l ay p ipe r ecove red a t 1 8 C v 2 32 ( F igu re 1 3 j ) .

1 4

G

i m .

F i gu re 1 0 : R epre sen ta t ive p i pe b ow l s f r om f e a tu re s , K ing ' s R each , r ou le t ted d eco ra t ion f r om 1 8 C v 2 32 .

1 5

' s a ture s ,King r t t y pe b ow l s f o r s i xfe t ou le ted b ow l s a nd Ame r icanExpo T ab le 3 : P e rcen tage sof r P rov . 1 84 2 13 1 82 1 96 2 00 1 97

t % Rou le ted

No . R im F rag s .

5 2 .17 2 6 .71 5 . 45 1 0 .00 3 . 84 0 . 00

2 3 3 5 5 2 2 0 2 6 4 0

l a rked p ipe s r e cove red f r om T he s ma l n umbe r o f m l f e a tu re s , a nd e spec ia ly t ho se f o r whom d a t ing e v idence i s ava i lab le , l i m i t s t he i r u t i l i ty a st empo ra l i n d ica to r s . I n a dd i t ion , t he y ea r s o f p roduc t ion f o r s ome o f t he m ake r s p a r t icu la r ly Robe r t T ippe t I -I I a nd T homa s -

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l Owen I I l , s pan a lmo s t t he e n t i re p e r iod o ft he s i te ' s o ccupa t ion . S i x b ow l f r agmen t s w i th t he I E m a rk w e re -

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r ecove red f r om f e a tu re 1 96 , w h ich i si n te rp re ted a s l c mo s t l i ke ly h av ing b een f i led v e ry l a te i nt he o cupa t ion o f t he s i te . I n c on t ra s t t o t h i s r e la t ive ly l a rge n umbe r l o f e xamp le s f r om o ne f e a ture , o n ly t wo i d en t ic a ly ma rked f r agmen t s w e re r e cove red f r om p lowzone a nd o n ly o ne e xamp le w a s e xcava ted f r om a no the r f e a tu re l ( 182 ) . T ha t f e a tu re a l so a ppea r s t o h ave b een f i na ly l f i led a t ar e la t ive ly l a te d a te . T h i s s ugge s t s t ha t t he I E -ma rked p ipe s m ay h ave b een i n t roduced t o t he K ing ' s R each S i te t oward t he e nd o f t he s i te ' s c o cupa t ion , wh ich p rov ide ss ome a dd i t iona ls uppo r t f o r c t he e nd o f t ha t o cupa t ion a s c i r ca 1 715 . Un l ike t he l a rge rc o lec t ion o fb ow lf r agmen t sr e cove red l f r om p lowzone , t he o ve rwhe lm ing m a jo r i ty o f b ow l s f r om t he s i x f e a tu re s c on s i s t o f t he h ee l les nd s a s pu r les r ican E xpo r t t y pe . A l so o fi n te re s t ,b a sed s Ame o n t he e v idence o ft he p ipe s f r om s ub su r f ace c on tex t s , t he p e rcen tage o f Ame r ic an E xpo r t t y pe i n c rea sed i ng ene ra l o ve r t ime ( Tab le 3 ) .

b ow l s

I n f e a tu re 1 84 , 1 l a rge ly c omp le te b ow l s w e re r ecove red , o f wh ich s e ven ( 63 .6 % ) a re Ame r ic an E xpo r t , t wo a re h ee led , a nd t wo h ave s pu r s . A l o ft he l Ame r ican E xpo r t b ow l s a re v i r tua ly i d en t ic a l ( F igu re l 9 a ) , a s a re t he t wo h ee led e xamp le s ( 9b ) ; t he t wo s pur ow l s a re q u i te d i f e ren t ( 9 c a nd d ) . A l o f red b f l t he se b ow l s f i t O swa ld ' s ( 1961 ) T ype 8 a nd 9 c a tego r ie s , h oweve r , a nd t he re fo re f a l w i th in t he c i r ca l 1 680 -1730 t ime p e r iod . O f t he 1 8 b ow l f r agmen t s r e cove red f r om f e a tu re 2 13 , 1 2 a re o f t he Ame r ic an E xpo r t t y pe , w i th s i x h ee led . T he 1 2 Ame r ican E xpo r t b ow l s c on s i s t o f o n ly t wo v ar ie t ie s , h oweve r , w i th t h ree v ar ie t ie s o fh ee led b ow l s . Two o ft he f i ve t o ta lv a r ie t ie s a re m a rked ( TO a nd A l ) a nd a re i u s tra ted i n F igu re s 7 e a nd 7 1 . Two o f t he l t h ree r ema in ing v ar ie t ie sr ep re sen to n ly s l igh t ly d i f e ren t f v e r s ion s o f p ipe s al ready di scus . T he r ema in ing s ed Ame r ic an E xpo r t v a r ie ty ( 9e ) i s s im i lar t o ab ow l

1 6

R each .

N o . B ow l s

% Am . E xpo r t 6 3 .60 6 .66 6 8 1 .80 0 .00 0 8 3 .33 1 00 .00

1 1 8 1 7 6 9

8 a ) ; t he e xamp le f r agmen t r e cove red f r om p lowzone ( im , wh ich i sn o t f r om 2 13 i n c lude s t he r e ar o f t he r r ou le ted . T he s e cond h ee led v a r ie ty ( 90 i ss im i la r t o t t he A l -m a rked e xamp le , b u t w i th as l igh t ly l a rge r h ee l a nd w i thou tr ou le t ing a sw e la sw i thou t t he m ark . T he t l t h i rd h ee led s pec imen ( 9g ) h a s a mo re f o rwa rd t h ru s t ing b ow la nd l e s p ronounced h ee l ; i ta l so i n c lude s s r ou le t ing a round t he r e a r o f t he r im . A ga in , a l t he se t l v a r ie t ie s f i t O swa ld ' s ( 1961 ) T ype s 8a nd 9 ( c i r ca 1 680 -1730 ) . A l though 1 90 p ipe f r agmen t s w e re r e cove red f r om t he 1 82 c e la r , o n ly 1 3b ow lf r agmen t sa r ec omp le te e nough l t o i d en t i f y a s t o t y pe w i th 1 0 Ame r ican E xpo r t a nd t wo h ee led . T he r ema in ing b ow l a ppea r s t o h ave b een h ee led o r ig ina ly , b u t t he h ee l h a s b een r emoved l t h rough c u t ing a nd s c rap ing ( 9h ) . B o th o f t he h ee led t b ow l f r agmen t s a re q u i te s ma l a nd i n comp le te a nd d o l n o t a u r the r a na ly s i s . Two v a r ie t ie s o f Ame r ic an low f E xpo r tb ow l sh ave b een i d en t i f ied , o ne o fw h ich h a s t he AS m a rk a nd i s il u s t ra ted i nF igu re 7 K . T he s econd i s l o n ly s l igh t ly d i f e ren t f r om n u me rou s o the r s r ecove red f a t t he s i te ( 9 i ) . -

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T he r ema in ing t h ree f e a tu re s ( 197 , 2 00 , a nd 1 96 ) , a l o f wh ich s em t oh ave b een f i led l a te i nt h e h i s to r y o f e l t he s i te , y i e lded a lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly Ame r ic an E xpo r t t y pe b ow l s ( T ab le 3 ) . On ly al im i ted n umbe r o fv ar ie t ie s o f t h a t t y pe o fb ow l a re p re sen t a sw e l , w i th o ne e ach l f r om 1 96 a nd 2 00 a nd t h ree f r om 1 97 . A l t h ree f r om l 1 97 a re s im i lar i n s i ze a nd s hape , a nd a re w i thou t r ou le t ing o r a ny o the r o rnamen ta t ion ( F igure 1 0a -c ) . t T he mou th s o f t he b ow l s a re n ea r ly p a ra le l w i th t he l l i ne o ft he s t em , wh ich i s an u ncommon f e a tu re i nt he c o lec t ion a s aw ho le . T he e xamp le f r om f e a tu re 2 00 l ( lOd ) i ss im i l ar t o t he se t h ree , b u t t h e b ow l i ss l igh t ly f o rwa rd t h ru s t ing . F ina ly , n ume rou s f r agmen t s o f o ne l v ar ie ty o f Ame r ic an E xpo r t b ow l w e re r e cove red f r om f e a tu re 1 96 . T he se a l e xh ib i t t he J E m a rk a nd t he mo s t l c omp le te e xamp le i s i u s t ra ted i n F i gure 7 C . Once l a ga in , a h e se b ow l s f i t t he O swa ld ( 1 96 1 ) T ype 9 c , l t g ene ra ly d a t ing t o t he p e r iod 1 680 -1730 . l F i ve a dd i t iona l wh i te c l ay p ipe f r agmen t s w e re r e cove red t h a t a re o fs ome i n te re s t . T he f i r s t , a nd mo s t d i agno s t ic , i sab ow l f r agmen t t ha t e xh ib i t s an umbe r o f c l o se ly s paced r a i sed d o t s f o rm ing w ha t a ppear s t o b e

at r iangu l a r s hape , w i th t he t i p p o in ted t oward t he b ow l ' s mou th ( F igu re l øe ) . Wh i le f r agmen ta ry , t h i s a ppea r s c e r ta in t o b e wha t h a s b een t e rmed a " mu lber r ee "d eco ra t ion . P ipe sw i th s uch d eco ra t ion s ry t h ave b een a t r ibu ted t o b o th Du tch a nd E ng l i sh t p roduc t ion , a nd a re w e l k nown o n E ng l i sh s i te s l b eg inn ing c i r ca 1 650 ( c f . O swa ld 1 975 :96 -97 a nd F au lkne r a nd F au lkne r 1 987 :17 1 ) . P ipe s w i th s im i la r d ecora t ion s h ave b een r ecove red a t S t . Mar y ' s C i ty (M i le r : p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) a nd e l sewhe re i n l c on tex t s d a t ing t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he 1 7 th c en tury ( c f . McCa sh ion 1 979 :118 ) . Two s t em f r agmen t s w i th a s e r ie s o f p inched , f i nge r i mp res s a l so w e re sion r ecove red ( lOf ) ; s im i la r e xamp le s h ave b een r e cove red f r om a n umber o f s i te s ( c f . Noe l Hume 1 979 :24 ) . A t h i rd s t em f r agmen t , w i th b o th e nd s c arved t ot ape r ing p o in t s , m ay h ave b een a dap ted a s ab ead ( lOg ) . F ina ly , l as ma l b ow l f r agmen t w i th wha t a ppea r s t ob e mo lded l h a i r ,o r p os ly am ane ,w a s r ecove red f r om p lowzone . sib Un fo r tuna te ly , i t s f r agmen tary c ond i t ion m ake s a ny more c omp le te i n te rp re ta t ion d i ff i cu l t . RED CLAY P IPES Wh i le t h e wh i te c l ay p ipe f r agmen t s r ecove red n umbe r i nt he t hou sand s , o n ly e i gh t f r agmen t s o fr ed c l ay p ipe s w e re f ound . I n a dd i t ion , a l e i gh t w e re r e cove red f r om l p low zone , s o t he i r u se fu lnes n t h i s a na ly s i s i se ven s i more l i m i ted . O ft he e i gh t , t h ree a r e u ndeco ra ted s t em f r agmen t s , t wo a re u ndecora ted b ow l f r agmen t s , a nd t h ree a r eb ow lf r agmen t sw i th t he r emnan t so fr ou le ted t d e s ign s .T he r ou le t ing o n t he se l a s tf r agmen t si ss im i la r t t ot ha tf o und o np ipe sa t r ibu ted t oI nd ian manu f ac ture , t a nd wh ich a re c ommon ly f ound o n s i te s i n t he r eg ion b e fo re c i r ca 1 670 ( M i le r 1 983 :83 ; c f . Hen ry 1 979 ) . I t l i s i mpos le t o t e l whe the r t h e r ema in ing f i ve sib l f r agmen t s a l so a re I nd ian -made o r made i n s tead b y Co lon i s t s u s ing i mpo r ted mo ld s . S uch p ipe s a l so a re o f ten f ound o n s i te s i n t he r eg ion , b u t s eem f i r s t t o o ccu r w i th g ene ra l f r equency b eg inn ing c i r ca 1 670 (M i le r 1 983 :83 ) . l D ISCUSS ION The K ing ' s R each t obacco p ipe a semb lage , a s awho le , s s uppo r t s t he i n te rp re ta t ion o ft he s i te ' s t empo ra l r ange o fo ccupa t ion a s s pann ing t he p e r iod o ft he l a s t d ecade o f t he 1 7 th c en tur y a nd t he f i r s t 1 0 t o 2 0 y ea r s o f t he 1 8 th c en tu ry . The o ve rwhe lm ing m a jo r i ty o fp ipe b ow l s r ecove red f i t t h i s p e r iod , w i th o n l y a few t ha t s eem t o d a te s l i gh t ly e ar l ie r . T he f i ve m a rk s t ha t h ave b een a tr ibu tab le a s t o m ake r a l f a lw i th in t ha t p e r iod . T he t l l v i r tua l a b sence o f i d en t if iab le Du tch p ipe s a nd t he e x t reme ly s ma l n umbe r o f I nd i an -made p ipe s b o th l s uppo r t ap o s t -c i r ca 1 670 d a te o f o cupa t ion . T he c p reva lence o f p ipe s o f B r i s to l m anu f ac tu re , a nd e spec i a ly t he p reponde rance o f Ame r ican E xpo r tb ow l s , l p rov ide s a dd i t iona l s uppo r t f o r a l a te 1 7 th -ear ly 1 8 th -cen tury o ccupa t ion . S ince p i pe s w i th t he m a rk o f t he B r i s to l make r , L lewe l in E v an s , a re s ome o f t he l

mo s tc ommon ly f ound o ns i te sd a t ing b e fo re c i r ca 1 690 , t he a b sence o f a ny p ipe s w i th t ha t m a rk a t K ing ' s R each a l so s uppo r t s ap o s t -1690 d a te . F ina ly , a na ly s i s l o f t he p ipe s r ecove red f r om f e a ture s p o in t s t o a r educ t ion o ve r t ime i n t he p e rcen tage o f r ou le ted t b ow l s . T he u se o f p ipe s t em b o re mea su remen t s i n s pa t ia l a na ly se s p roved e x t reme ly h e lpfu l i n i n te rp re t ing t he K ing ' s R each h ome lo t . I n a dd i t ion , c ompu ta t ion o ft he b o re d i ame te r mean s f o r p ipe s f r om t h e s i x f e a tu re s s t ud ied a l so p roved u se fu l , a nd p rov ide s a dd i t iona l s uppo r t f o r t he v a l id i ty o f t he h ypo the s ized g ene ra l r educ t ion i n b o re d i ame te r s o ve r t ime . Howeve r , c ompu ta t ion o fm ean d a te s f o rb o th t he s i te a s awho le , b a sed o n mo re t han 2 700 m ea su rab le p ipe s t em s f r om p lowzone , a nd f o r p ipe s f r om f i ve s ub su r f ace f e a tu re s s eem s t o h ave y i e lded u n i form ly l a te r d a te s t h an a l o the ra venue so fa na ly s i sw ou ld s ugge s t . T he mean d a te c ompu ted b a sed o n t he p lowzone p ipe s i s 1 727 .24 , a lmo s t 2 0 y ea r s l a te r t han e xpec ted . One f e a ture i n te rp re ted a s h av ing b een f i led r e la t ive ly e ar ly i nt he l o cupa t ion o f t he s i te d i d y i e ld amean d a te o f 1 699 .5 c ( 109 s t em s ) , wh ich i sc on s i s ten t w i th o the r e v idence . Howeve r , t he r ema inde r o f t he s i x c o le c t ion s y i e lded l d a te s a s l a te a s 1 736 .6 ( 39 s t em s ) , 1 738 .82 ( 43 s t em s ) , a nd 1 743 ( 47 s t em s ) . A l t he se d a te s s eem much t oo l l a te . One e xp lana t ion f o r t he s eem ing ly " f au l ty "d a te s m ay b e t he s ma ln umbe r so f mea su rab le s t em s u pon wh ich t he l c a lcu la t ion s a re b a sed . Howeve r , t he f a c t t ha t t he m ean s f o r t he s i x c o lec t ion s c or la te r emarkab ly w e l l re l w i th t he c h rono log ica ls e r ia t ion o ft ho se f e a tu re s s eem s t o i n d ica te t h a t t he mean s a re v a l id a t l e a s t i n r e la t ive t e rm s . Ano the r p os le e xp lana t ion c ou ld b e t ha t t he sib o cupa t ion o f t he s i te m ay h ave b een mo re i n ten s ive , c i e . h ad a l a rge r p opu la t ion , d ur ing t he l a te r y ea r s , . t wh ich c ou ld h ave p roduced a di sp ropo r t iona te ly l a rge p e rcen tage o f t he p ipe s d epo s i ted . A s B in fo rd ( 1962 ) h a s w a rned , s uch a n i n c rea sed r a te o fa ccumu la t ion f o r t he l a te r p e r iod c ou ld " s kew t he t o ta l s amp le f r om t he s i te i n f a vo r o f al a te r d a te . " T he f a c t t h a t t he r e fu se f r om f ou r o f t he s even s ub sur f ace f e a tu re s e xam ined a bove a ppea r t o h ave b een d epo s i ted l a te i n t he s i te ' s h i s to ry m ay s uppo r t t h i s h ypo the s i s . A s im i la r d i sc repancy b e tween t he mean d a te s f o r s eve ra l f e a tu re s b a sed o n mea su remen t o f p ipe b o re d i ame te r s a nd o the r d a t ing e v idence s eem s t o b e t he c a se a t a no the r l a te 1 7 th -cen tury Ma ry land s i te , H armony H a l ( Po te r : p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion ) . A sa t l t K ing ' s R each , a l o the r e v idence p o in t s t o a n e a r l ie r l r ange o f o cupa t ion , f r om c i r ca 1 690 -1720 , b u t t he c m ean d a te f o r t he s i te b a sed o n 1 033 s t em s i s1 727 .55 . I n a dd i t ion , t he mean d a te s f o r t h ree f e a ture s a l a re l l a te r t h an e xpec ted , y e t t he i r r e la t ive d a te s c on fo rm t o t he c omp lemen tary a rchaeo log ica ld a ta ( Po te r :p e r sona l t c ommun ica t ion ) . T h i s s im i lar r e su l t s ugge s t s t he p os i l i ty t h a t d u r ing t h i s p e r iod p ipe s m ay h ave sib

1 7

e xh ib i ted a g rea te r p ropo r t ion o f 5 / 6 th inch b o re d i ame te r s t han e xpec ted . MA T I 'APANY -SE WALL ( 18 S t 3 90 ) Ma tapany -Sewa lw a s t he r e s idence o fC ha r le s C a lve r t , t l Gove rno r o f t he Ma ry land C o lony f r om 1 663 t o 1 678 , who t hen i nhe r i ted t he t i t le o ft h i rd L o rd B a l t imo re a nd t he p o s i t ion o fs econd L o rd P rop r ie to r o f Ma ry land . I n a dd i t ion t o s er v ing a s t he Gove rno r ' s r e s idence , t he m ano r a l so o f ten w a s u sed a s a m ee t ing p l ace f o r t he Gove rno r ' sC ounc i l .I tw a sa t Mat -Sewa lt h a tt he tapany l C a lve r t s ' P rop r ie ta ry g ove rnmen t s ur red t o t he r ende P ro te s tan t i n sur t ion i s t s d ur ing t he R evo lu t ion o f r ec 1 689 . T he s i te w a s d i scove red i n 1 981 a tt he 6 500 -ac re P a tuxen t R ive r N ava l A i r S ta t ion d u r ing a l f e de ra ly -manda ted c u l tu ra l r e sou rce s s ur vey o f t he f a c i l i ty ( F igure 1 ) ( c f . P ogue 1 987 ) . T h rough e xcava t ion o f mo re t han 3 00 s hove l t e s t s , t he s i te w a s d i scove red a nd i t s l i m i t s d ema rca ted . At o ta lo f 2 3 f i ve xf i ve f oo t t e s t u n i t s w e re e xcava ted w i th in t he a rea o f h i ghe s t a r t i f ac t d en s i ty , r e vea l ing ac omp lex o f s ub sur f ace f e a tu re st h a ti n c luded as i ng le p o s th o le /mo ld l a nd f ou r l a rge p i t s f i led w i th b o th s t ruc tu ra l a nd d ome s t ic d eb r i s . P o r t ion s o f t ho se f e a tu re s w e re e xc ava ted i n h ope s o f r e t r iev ing a n a r t i f ac t s amp le fic s s uf ien t t o a s ign a t empo ra l r ange f o r t he s i te ' s s o ccupa t ion . Ana ly s i so ft he r e su l t ing a r t i f ac ta semb lage p o in t s t o a pe r iod o f o ccupa t ion s pann ing t he s econd h a l f o f t he 1 7 th c en tury . T he a bundan t s u rv iv ing tapany l d ocumen tary e v idence p e r ta in ing t o Mat -Sewa l p o in t s t o as im i la r t ime s pan o f c i r ca 1 663 -1700 ( c f . P ogue 1 987 ) .

THE P IPES At o ta l o f5 40 t obacco p ipe f r agmen t s w e re r e cove red , o fw h ich 5 26 a re wh i te c l ay a nd 1 4 a re r ed . O f t he 5 26 wh i te p i pe s ,3 28 h ave mea su rab le s t em b o re s . T he b o re d i ame te r t o ta l s i n6 4 th s o f a n i n ch a re g i ven i nT ab le 4 .W i th 6 1 .5 % mea su r ing 7 / 64 th inch , 2 6 .5 % 8 / 64 th ,

F igu re 1 ( oppo s i te ) :

a nd o n ly 5 . 7% 6 / 64 th , t he b o re d i ame te r d a ta s uppo r t ac i r ca 1 660 1690 p e r iod o f o cupa t ion ( Har ton c ring 1 954 ) . T he p reponde rance o f 7 / 64 th in ch b o re s a nd p rec ip i tou s d rop -of o 6 / 64 th p o in t s t o a v i r tua l f t a bandonmen t o ft he s i te i nt he l a te 1 7 th c en tur y ,w h ich c or spond sw i th o the ra r chaeo log ic a la nd d ocumen ta ry re e v idence . I ti sw e l k nown t ha t r e su l t s o f t he B in fo rd l ( 1962 ) p ipe b o re f o rmu la a re s u spec t when t h e t o ta l s s amp le i sl e s t h an a pp rox ima te ly 1 000 f r agmen t s , a nd e ven mo re q ue s t ionab le when t he s i te s tud ied d a te s b e fo re c i r ca 1 680 . T he Mat -Sew a l p ipe e v idence tapany l f u r the r d emon s t ra te s t he se l im i ta t ion s , a s ad a te o f 1 655 .52 w a s p roduced . T he o the r p ipe d a ta , i e . m ake r ' s . m a rk s a nd b ow l s hape s , a l so s uppo r t t he Har ton ring d e r ived p e r iod o f c i r ca 1 660 -1690 o ve r t he B in fo rd mean d a te , w h ich a ppear s t o b e much t oo e a r ly . O f t he 3 7 w h i te c l ay p ipe b ow l f r agmen t s c omp le te low i e nough t o a d en t if ica t ion , 2 0 h ave h ee l s , t wo a re r ed s, h s, Ame s pur , a nd 1 5 a re t he s pu r les ee l les r i can E xpo r t t y pe . A t o ta l o f e i gh t v a r ie t ie s h ave b een r ed (1 1 1) i d en t i f ied : f i ve h ee led ( F igu re la -e ) , o ne s pur , a nd t wo Ame r ican E xpo r t ( hg -h ) . T he g rea t m a jo r i ty l o ft he b ow l s r e cove red , a nd a l f i ve i d en t if iab le v a r ie t ie s t w i th i n tac t r im s , a re r ou le ted a round t he mou th , a d eco ra t ive t r ea tmen t q u i te c ommon o n p ipe s d a t ing t o l t he 1 7 th c en tu ry . A l t he i d en t if i ab le b ow l s a r e l f o rwa rd th ru s t ing a nd a ppear t o f a l w i th in t he c i r ca 1 650 -1700 p e r iod ( c f . O swa ld 1 961 ) . On ly t h ree b ow l " mark s " a re p re sen t : as t amped " I o r t " H " o n a hee l b o tom ( I1 c ) , af r agmen t o f as t amped t i f l o ra l d e s ign , a l so o n ah ee l b o tom ( l i ) , a nd a s t amped " LE " o n ab ow l b ack ( hg ) . T he " LE " m a rk i s l t he o n ly o ne i d en t i f ied s o f a r , a nd i sw e l k nown a st h a t l o f L lewe l in E van s , aB r i s to l c raf t sman mak ing p i pe s f r om 1 661 1689 (Wa lke r 1 977 (C ) :432 ) , w ho w a s a c t ive i n t he e xpo r t t r ade a nd w ho se w a re s a r e s ome o f t h e mo s t c ommon ly r epre sen ted o n Che sapeake s i te s f r om t he p e r iod . I n a dd i t ion , t wo s t em d ecora t ion s a r e p re sen t , t wo v ague ly f l o ra l s t a mp s o n t op o f ah ee led s pec imen ( l ie ) , a nd t h ree w i th b and s o f c on t inuou s s ed d i mp res i amond s w i th r a i sed d o t s , b ounded b y

tapany l T obacco p ipe s f r om Mat -Sewa l ( 18 S t 3 90 ) .

A . B . C . D . E .

t H ee led b ow l , w i th r ou le t ing a round mou th ( 7 /64 th inch ) ; t H ee led b ow l f r agmen t , w i th r ou le t ing a round mou th ( 6 /64 th -in ch ) ; t H ee led b ow l f r agmen t , w i th " I " o r " H " m a rk s t amped o n b o tom o f h ee l ( 9 /64 th inch ) ; H ee led b ow l f r agmen t ; t Ame r ic an E xpo r t t y pe b ow l f r agmen t , w i th s t amped " LE " m a rk o n b ack o f b ow l , a nd r ou le t ing a round m ou th ( 7 /64 th inch ) .

F . G H . 1 . J . K .

t Ame r ican E xpo r t t y pe b ow l f r agmen t , w i th r ou le t ing a round mou th ( 7 /64 th inch ) ; H ee led b ow l / s tem f r agmen t , w i th s t amped d eco ra t ion o n t op o f s t em ( 8 /64 th inch ) ; r ed b S pur ow l / s tem ( 6 /64 th inch ) ; H ee l f r agmen t , w i th i n c i sed f l o ra l d eco ra t ion ; t R ed c l ay p ipe b ow l f r agmen t , w i th p unc ta te a nd r ou le ted d eco ra t ion s ; t R ed c l ay h ee led b ow l , w i th r ou le t ing a round mou th , mo ld -made ( 6 /64 th inch ) .

1 8

i m .

F i gure 1 : P ipe s f r om Ma t tapan y -Sewa l l ( 18 S t 3 90 ) .

1 9

d a shed l i ne s , e nc i rc l ing t he s t em . S tem d eco ra t ion s o f t t he l a te r t y pe a re c ha rac te r i s t ic o fB r i s to l m anu f ac tu re d u r ing t he s econd h a l f o f t he 1 7 th c en tu ry (Wa lke r l 1 977 ( B ) :607 ) . A l t he b ow l s a ppea r t o b e E ng l i sh i n o r ig in a nd , s i nce t he m arked b ow l a nd s t em s h ave b een t l a tr ibu ted t o B r i s to l m anuf ac tu re , t ha t c i ty m ay w e l h ave b een t he s ou rce f o r mo s t o f t he wh i te c l ay p ipe s r e cove red . T he a b sence o f a ny i d en t i f ied Du tch p ipe s a l so s uppo r t s ap o s t -1660 d a te , a s Du tch p ipe s s eem t o b e r e la t ive ly s c arce o n C he sapeake s i te s d a t ing a f te r l t ha t y ea r ( M i le r 1 983 :83 ) . O ft he 1 4 r ed c l ay p ipe f r agmen t s , 1 3 a re u ndeco ra ted a nd a ppear t o b e o f C o lon ia l m anu f ac tu re , u s ing t i mpo r ted mo ld s ; t he o the r i s a rou le ted a nd p unc ta te -deco ra ted b ow l f r agmen t o f I nd ian m ake ( F igu re l j ) . Two c omp le te , a nd a t h i rd f r agmen tary , l l h ee led b ow l s w e re r ecove red . A l t h ree a re w e l f i n i shed a nd o bv iou s ly made u s ing i mpo r ted mo ld s . T he t wo t c omp le te s pec imen s h ave r ou le t ing a round t he r im ; t he i r s hape s f i t t he g ene ra l 1 680 -1700 p e r iod ( i lk ) . P ipe s m ade b y I nd ian s a re c ommon ly f ound o n Mar y land s i te s i nc on tex t s d a t ing b e fo re c i r ca 1 670 ; i n c on t ra s t , C o lon ia l -m ade p ipe s a ppea r t o d a te b e tween l c i r ca 1 670 a nd t he e nd o ft he c en tur y ( M i le r 1 983 :83 ) . l T he p re sence o f l o ca ly m ade p ipe s o n a si te w i th a s p re s t ig iou s a r e s iden t a s C ha r le s C a lve r t m ay b e t sib a t r ibu tab le t oa tl e a s t t wo p os le c au se s u se b y t he s p l an ta t ion ' s s e rvan t s a nd /o r s l ave s , o r b y t he c oun t les v i s i to r s k nown t o h ave c ong rega ted t he re . -

T ab le 4 : M at -Sewe l tapany l d i ame te r s . D iame te r

Numbe r

5 / 64 i n ch / 64 6 7 / 64 8 / 64 9 / 64 1 0 /64

9 1 9 2 02 8 7 1 0 1

s i te

-

p ipe

b o re

P e rcen t 2 . 7 5 . 7 6 1 .5 2 6 .5 3 . 0 0 . 3

1 8 C v 1 69 L im i ted a r chaeo log ic a l i n ve s t iga t ion s w e re c ar r ied o u t i n te rm i ten t ly o ve r a fou r -mon th p e r iod i n 1 987 a t1 8 t C v 1 69 t oa ses he n ega t ive i mpac t o n t he s i te d ue t o s s t l ong te rm , a nd c on t inu ing , a g r icu l tu ra l c u l t iva t ion . I nve s t iga t ion s i n c luded s y s tema t ica ly c o lec t ing a r t i f ac t s l l f r om t he p l owed f i e ld s u r f ace a nd e xcava t ing s e ven t wo -by two -me te r t e s t u n i t s w i th in t h e a rea o f h i ghe s t a r t i f ac t d en s i ty . Ac omp lex o f s ub su r f ace f e a tu re s w a s r evea led b e low p lowzone , wh ich h ave b een i n te rp re ted a s ap o r t ion o f as t ruc tu re a nd a soc ia ted r e fu se -f i led s l p i t s . A s t h e g oa l o f t he f i e ld w o rk w a s l im i ted t o d i sce rn ing t h e l e ve l o fn ega t ive i mpac t o n s i te i n teg r i ty , t he s ub su r f ace f e a tu re s w ere r e co rded b u t n o t e xc ava ted . S i nce t he s i te w a s f ound t oc on ta in e x ten s ive a nd s i gn i f ic an ts ub su r f ace r ema in s ,a nd t hey a re b e l ieved t o b e i n g r ea t d ange r o f d e s t ruc t ion i f c on t inued p low ing i sp e rm i ted , t he s i te c o re a si d en t i f ied b y t h i s t i n ve s t iga t ion w a s r emoved f r om a c t ive c u l t iva t ion ( c f . P ogue 1 988b ) .

THE P IPES A t o ta l o f 4 21 wh i te c l ay t obacco p i pe f r agmen t s w e re r ecove red a s ar e su l to fs u r f ace c o lec t ion a nd p l ow zone l e xc ava t ion . O ft ha tt o ta l ,2 39 a re s t em sw i th mea su r ab le b o re s ; T ab le S re co rd s t he b ore d i ame te r s i n 6 4 th s o f a n i n ch . W i th 4 1 .42 % mea su r ing 6 / 64 th -in ch , 3 8 .91 % 7 / 64 th , a nd o n ly 1 2 .55 % a t 8 /64 th , t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f b o re d i ame te r s s ugge s t s ac i rca 1 665 -1695 p e r iod o f o ccupa t ion , i n c ompar i son t o t he h i s tog ram s f o r t empo ra l r ange s e s tab l i shed b y Har ton ( 1954 ) a nd ring u s ing i n te rpo la ted p e r iod s p repa red b y S tone ( 1 977 ) . No r ed c l ay p i pe s w e re r e cove red . C ompu ta t ion o f t he B in fo rd ( 1962 ) p i pe b o re f o rmu la h a s y i e lded a d a te o f 1 679 .91 . T he t o ta l n umbe r o f m ea su rab le b o re s i so n ly 2 39 , a nd c on s iderab le r e sea rch o ve r t he y ea r s h a s d emon s t ra ted t h a t t ob e t oo f ew f o r ad ependab le m ean d a te t ob e p roduced . Howeve r , t h a t d a te f i t s e x t reme ly w e l w i th t he a pp rox ima te r ange o f l

ipe s f r om 1 8 C v 1 69 . F igu re 1 2 ( oppo s i te ) : T obac co p A . B . C . D . E . F . G . H . 1 .

2 0

y pe b ow l / s tem , w i th r ou le t ing a round mou th ( 6 /64 th inch ) ; Ame r ican E xpo r t t t y pe b ow l , w i th r ou le t ing a round mou th ( 7 /64 th inch ) ; Ame r ican E xpo r t t t y pe b ow l , w i th r ou le t ing a round mou th ( 6 /64 th in ch ) ; Ame r ic an E xpo r t t t y pe b ow l / s tem , w i th r ou le t ing a round mou th ( 7 /64 th inch ) ; Ame r ican E xpo r t t t y pe b ow l f r agmen t , w i th r ou le t ing a round mou th ( 7 /64 th inch ) . Ame r ic an E xpo r t t t y pe b ow l / s tem f r agmen t , w i th s t em m a rk c on s i s t ing o f i n c i sed b and s a nd r epea t ing d i amond Ame r ican E xpo r t t ( 7 /64 th inch ) ( s ee F igure 1 3e ) ; Ame r ic an E xpo r t t y pe b ow l f r agmen t ,w i th r ou le t ing a round mou th a nd w i th s t amped " LE " m a rk o nb ack o fb ow l ; t H ee led b ow l f r agmen t ( 7 /64 th inch ) ; S pur ow l f r agmen t ( 7 /64 th inch ) ; r ed b

H

F i gu re 1 2 : P ipe s f r om 1 8 C v 1 69 .

2 1

o ccupa t ion s ugge s ted b y t he Har ton ( 1954 ) p ipe ring d i s t r ibu t ion , a nd b y a na ly s i s o f t he e n t i re a r t i f ac t a semb lage . s I na dd i t ion t ot he mea su rab le s t em s , an umbe r o fo the r p ipe f r agmen t s w e re r e cove red t ha t p rov ide d a t ing i n fo rma t ion . Two b ow l f r agmen t s a nd s i x s t em f r agmen t s w i th m ake r ' s m a rk s w e re r e cove red , a l ong w i th s eve ra l d eco ra ted s t em s . Two o f t he m a rk s a re i n comp le te , b u t t he r ema inde r a re i d en t if iab le a s " LE " a nd "WE . "T he se ma rk s a re w e l k nown a sb e long ing t o l membe r s o f t he p ipemak ing E van s f am i ly o f B r i s to l , E ng land . L lewe l in E van s w a s m ak ing p ipe s f r om c i r ca l 1 661 -1689 (Wa lke r 1 977 (C ) :1131 -32 ) , a nd a ppea r s t o h ave s pec ia l ized i n t he o ve r sea s e xpo r t ma rke t . H i s LE -ma rked w a re sh ave b een r e cove red i nl a rge n umbe r s f r om a r chaeo log ica l s i te s a l a l ong t he e a s te rn s eaboa rd l i n Ame r ica , a s w e l a s a broad . T he p ipe s o f W i l iam l l E van sa re a lmo s ta sw ide spread ,b u t t wo W i l iam E van s ' l s ucces ly m anu f ac tu red p ipe s , a nd i ti sd i ff i cu l t t o sive d i sc r im ina te b e tween t hem . T he re fo re , t he g ene ra ld a te r ange f o r WE -marked p ipe s i s broad ( c i r ca 1 660 -1697 ) . A W i l iam E van s , v e ry p os ly t he s on o f L lewe l in , l sib l b egan m ak ing p ipe s o n h i s own i n1 660 , f o lowed b y h i s l s on , W i l iam , i n 1 667 . A t l e a s t o ne W i l iam E van s s t i l l l l w a s m ak ing p ipe s i n 1 697 (Wa lke r 1 977 (C ) :1132 -36 ) .

T ab le 5 : 1 8 CV 1 69 S i te p ipe b o re d i ame te r s . D iame te r

Numbe r

5 / 64 i n ch 6 / 64 7 / 64 8 / 64 9 / 64

1 6 9 9 9 3 3 0 1

TOTALS

2 39

P e rcen t 6 . 69 4 1 .42 3 8 .91 1 2 .55 0 . 41 9 .9 9

T he LE -m a rked p ipe i so f t he Ame r ican E xpo r t t y pe ( F igu re 1 2 a ) , w i th a f o rwa rd th ru s t ing b ow l a nd w i th r ou le t ing a round t he r im . The m a rk c on s i s t s o n ly o f t t he v e ry p l a in a nd s imp le s t amped l e te r s , wh i ch o cu r t c o nt he b ack , f a c ing t he s moker . Un fo r tuna te ly , t h e p ipe i s broken a tt he e l bow a nd , a s a re su l t , t he s t em b o re d i ame te r i si mpos le t o mea su re . sib O ft he 3 9 b ow l f r agmen t s c omp le te e nough t oi d en t i f y w i th c on f idence , 2 3 a re o f t he Ame r ican E xpo r t t y pe , c or spond ing w i th n umbe r 9 c o f O swa ld ' s ( 1961 ) re t y po logy a nd d a t ing t o c i rca 1 680 -1730 . A t l e a s t s i x s l igh t ly v ar i an t f o rm s o f t h i s t ype h ave b een i d en t i f ied i n t h i s c o le c t ion . O f t he s i x r e la t ive ly c omp le te b ow l s l o f t h i s t y pe , a i x h ave a t l e a s t p a r t ia l r ou le t ing l s t a round t he mou th ; o f t he s i x w i th m ea surab le b o re s , f our a re 7 / 64 th a nd t wo a re 6 /64 th in ch ( F igu re 1 2b -e ) . O ft he r em a in ing 1 6 b ow l f r agmen t s , 1 5 h ave h ee l sa nd o ne i s spur . T he t wo h ee led b ow l s w i th m ea su rab le red b o re s h ave o ne 7 / 64 th a nd o ne 6 / 64 th inch ( 1 2h ) ; t he s pur i pe h a s a7 / 64 th inch b o re ( 12 i ) . F ina ly , o f r ed p l t he 6 7 t o ta l p i pe b ow l r im f r agmen t s , 4 3 ( 64 .17% ) a re r ou le ted a nd 2 4 ( 35 .82 % ) d o n o t s how e v idence o f t r ou le t ing . t A l t h ree o ft he s t em s w i th LE m a rk s h ave 7 / 64 th inch l b o re s , a nd i n c lude a b and o f i mp res i amond s s ed d e nc i rc l ing t h e s t em a sw e l a se nc i rc l ing r ou le ted b and s l t e nc lo s ing t h e m ark ( F igure 1 3a a nd b ) . T he WE -ma rked s t em i ss im i lar i n a ppea rance t o t h e LE t y pe , b u t w i th a n 8 / 64 th inch b o re d i ame te r ( 1 3c ) . I n a dd i t ion t ot h e se m a rked s t em s , t h ree o the rv a r ie t ie s o f d ecora ted s t em sw e re r ecovered . One i ss im i la r t ot ho se d e sc r ibed a bove , b u tw i thou t a ny i n i t ia l s ,w i th ab o re o f 8 / 64 th inch ( 13d ) . T he s econd i s q u i te d i f e ren t , f c on s i s t ing o f as e r ie s o fr epea t ing " X " m a rk s w i th in t wo i n c i sed b and s , w i th ab o re d i a me te r o f6 / 64 th in ch . T he t h i rd i sq u i te a di f e ren t t y pe a l toge the r , c on s i s t ing o f f t wo e nc i rc l ing ,c rude ly i n c i sed b and s ,w i thou ta ny m a rk s , w i th ab o re o f 5 / 64 th inch ( 13 f ) .

F igu re 1 3 ( oppo s i te ) :

Deco ra ted s t em s f r om 1 8 C v 1 69 , a nd t obacco p i pe s f r om 1 8 C v 2 32 .

A . S tem f r agmen tw i th i n c i sed " LE " m a rk w i th in e nc i rc l ing r ou le ted b and s , a nd r epea t ing i mp res i amond s ( 7 /64 th t s ed d B .

i n ch ) ; S tem f r agmen t w i th i n c i sed " LE " m a rk w i th in e nc i rc l ing r ou le ted b and s , a nd r epea t ing i mp res i amond s w i th t s ed d

C .

d o t s i n t he i r c en te r s ( 7 /64 th inch ) ; S tem f r agmen t w i th i n c i sed "WE " m a rk w i th in e nc i rc l ing r ou le ted b and s , a nd r epea t ing i mp res i amond s w i th t sed d

D . E . F . G . H .

d o t s i n t he i r c en te r s ( 8 /64 th inch ) ; S tem f r agmen t w i th r epea t ing i mp res i amond s w i th d o t s i n t he i r c en te r s ( 8 /64 th inch ) ; s ed d B ow l / s tem f r agmen t w i th m ark c on s i s t ing o f i n c i sed b and s a nd r epea t ing d i amond s ( s ee F i gu re 1 20 ; S tem f r agmen t w i th t wo e nc i rc l ing c rude ly i n c i sed b and s ( 5 /64 th inch ) ; Hee led b ow l w i th s t amped " Tudo r r o se " d eco ra t ion o n b o tom o f h ee l ( 10 /64 th inch ) ; t Hee led b ow l f r agmen t , w i th r ou le t ing a round mou th a nd i n comp le te s t amped m a rk o n b o tom o f h ee l ; t t

I . J .

Hee led b ow l f r agmen t ( 7 /64 th inch ) ; R ed c l ay , h and -made b ow l f r agmen t , w i th r ou le ted " r unn ing d ee r " d eco ra t ion ( F igu re l Oh ) . t

2 2

B

A

AA

C

D

E

F

i m .

F igure 1 3 : D ecora ted p i pe s t em s f r om 1 8 C v 1 69 a nd p i pe s f r om 1 8 C v 2 32 .

2 3

1 8 C v 2 32 l l T he f ou r th c o lec t ion i sb o th t he s ma le s t a nd t he l e ar l ie s t ,a nd d e r ive sf r om s u r f ace c o lec t ing a n a ppa ren t d ome s t ic s i te l o ca ted i na na g r icu l tura l f i e ld o ve r look ing n ea rby S t . L eona rd C reek ( F igu re 1 ) . T he s u r f ace l r c o lec t ion w a s c a r ied o u t i n 1 984 w hen t he s i te w a s d i scove red , a nd y i e lded s t ruc tu ra l d eb r i s s uch a s b r ick l a nd mo r ta r r ubb le a nd n a i l s , a s w e l a s d ome s t ic t s, f m a te r ia l s s uch a s c e ram ic s , b o t le g l as l i n t , a nd l t obacco p ipe s . E v idence f o r t wo s ma l , a pp rox ima te ly e f ou r b y f i ve f e t i n d imen s ion , r ough ly c i rcu la r s ub sur f ace p i t s w a s o b se rved , a nd t he p ipe f r agmen t s w e re f ound i n t he i r v i c in i ty . T he p a rce l o f l a nd o n wh ich t he s i te i sl o c a ted w a s p a ten ted i n 1 651 b y P e te r l J ohn son a nd w a s c a led B rewhou se ( A rch ive s 5 1 :68 ) . C i rcum s tan t ia l e v idence s ugge s t s t h a t t h i s m ay b e t he s i te o f J ohn son ' s r e s idence . THE P IPES O f t he 1 p ipe f r agmen t s , e i gh t a re wh i te c l ay a nd t h ree a re r edd i sh b rown . S even o f t he wh i te c l ay p ipe b o re s a re mea su rab le , y i e ld ing t wo 1 0 /64 th inch , o ne 9 / 64 th , t h ree 7 / 64 th , a nd o ne 6 / 64 th . Obv iou s ly , t h i s l n umbe r i sf a r t oo s ma l t o y i e ld a ny r e l iab le d a t ing e v idence . F our wh i te c l ay b ow l sw e re c omp le te e nough low i t oa d en t i f ic a t ion a st ot y pe , w i th t h ree h ee led a nd o ne Ame r ic an E xpo r t . T he Ame r ic an E xpo r t t y pe h a s a 7/ 64 th inch b o re ; i ti sn o t c omp le te e nough f o r a ny a dd i t iona l a na ly s i s . Two o ft he t h ree h ee led e xamp le se xh ib i tc i rcu la rm a rk s t o n t he i r h ee l b o tom s . On ly o ne o f t he m a rk s i s c omp le te , h oweve r , a nd i ti sa "Tudo r Ro se " d e s ign , a ma rk a pparen t ly u sed b y b o th E ng l i sh a nd Du tch p ipe l m ake r s ( M i le r 1 983 :78 ) , a nd wh ich b y i t se l f i s n o t d i agno s t ic ( F igu re 1 3g ) . T he b ow l w i th t he " Tudo r t Ro se " d e s ign d oe s n o t h ave r ou le t ing a round t he mou th ; t he s econd b ow l , w i th o n ly af r agmen ta ry h ee l t m ark , i sr ou le ted ( 13h ) . T he t h i rd h ee led b ow l a l so i s f r agmen ta ry a nd c anno t b e a na lyzed f u r the r ( 13 i ) . T he s hape s o f t he t wo mo re c omp le te h ee led b ow l s , re l a rge a nd b ar l shaped , w i th t he i r b road h ee l s , a nd l f o rwa rd t h ru s t ing p o s ture ,a ls ugge s t m id -cen tur yd a te s l o f p roduc t ion . T hey g ene ra ly c on fo rm t o O swa ld ' s ( 1961) t y pe 6 b , wh ich h e d a te s t o c i r ca 1 650 -1680 . T he t h ree r ed c l ay p ipe f r agmen t s m end a nd a re p ar t t o f ah and -fo rmed ,f unne l shaped b ow l ,w i th ar ou le ted d e s ign i nt he f o rm o fa n a n ima l ( F igure s l Oh a nd 1 3 j ) . T h i s d e s ign h a s b een t e rmed t he " r unn ing d ee r " mo t i f l ( Hen ry 1 979 : 2 4 a nd 2 7 a nd M i le r 1 983 :83 ) . T he me thod o f m anu f ac tu re , s hape o f t he b ow l , a nd t he l p t e chn ique a nd t y pe o f d eco ra t ion a o in t t o i t s b e ing l m ade b y Ame r ican I nd ian s . V i r tua ly i d en t ic a l e xamp le s h ave b een r e cove red f r om n ume rou s s i te s t h roughou t t he C he sapeake i n1 7 th cen tury c on tex t s ( Henr y 1 979 ) ; i n Ma ry land , t h i s t y pe o f p ipe i s mo s t o f ten f ound i n

2 4

l con tex t s d a t ing b e fo re c i rca 1 670 ( M i le r 1 983 :83 ) . t Wh i le t he n umbe r o f p i pe s f r om C v 2 32 i sa dm i ted ly l l q u i te s ma l , t h i s c o lec t ion h a s b een i n c luded h e re b ec au se o f i t s a pparen t e ar ly d a te p robab l y t he e a r l ie s t o f t h e f ou r s t ud ied . T he p i pe s r ef le c t t h i s , -

-

i n c lud ing o ne b ow l o f n a t ive manu f ac tu re a nd a tl e a s t o ne m a rked w h i te c l ay b ow l t h a t m ay b e o f Du tch o r ig in . I n a dd i t ion , wh i le o n ly s even mea su rab le s t em s w e re r e cove red , t he i r m ean d i ame te r i s 8.00 , b y f a r t he l l a rge s t o f t h e f ou r c o lec t ion s e xam ined . CO MPARAT IVE DATA R ecen t e x c ava t ion s a t t wo a dd i t iona l 1 7 th cen tury d ome s t ic s i te s i n t he P a tuxen t R ive r v a ley p rov ide l v a luab le c ompa ra t ive d a ta . T he C omp ton S i te ( 18Cv279 ) d a te s t ot he p e r iod c i r ca 1 651 -1684 ( Ou t law e t a l . 1 989 ) ; t he P a tuxen t P o in t S i te ( 18Cv271 ) h a s b een t en ta t ive ly d a ted t o t he 1 660 s -1690 s ( G ibb : P e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . B o th s i te s h ave b een i n ten s ive ly e xc ava ted a nd h ave y i e lded s i gn i f ic an t q uan t i t ie s , t hou sand s o f f r agmen t s , o f t obacco p i pe s . Un fo r tuna te ly , t he P a tuxen t P o in t e xcava t ion a nd a na ly s i s a re n o t y e t c omp le ted , b u t ar epo r t o n t he C omp ton S i te i sa va i lab le f o r c ompa r i son . I n a dd i t ion t o am a jo r i ty o f Eng l i sh p ipe s , b o th s i te s y i e lded l a rg e n umbe r s o f p ipe s w i th Du tch m ake r ' s m a rk s a nd d eco ra t ion s , a s w e l a s n ume rou s l l o c a ly -made r ed c l ay p ipe s . The se i n c lude b o th m o lded l a nd h and fo rmed t y pe s , i n terpre ted a s t he p roduc t o f C o lon i s t s a nd Amer ican I nd ian s , r e spec t ive ly ( Ou t law e t a l . 1 989 :104 116 ) . G iven t ha t b o th s i te s w e re o cup ied b eg inn ing w e l b e fo re t h e y ea r 1 670 , t he c l p re sence o f Du tch a nd l o ca ly -made p ipe s i se xpec ted . l Un fo r tuna te ly t he C omp ton S i te r epo r t ( Ou t law e ta l . 1 989 ) d oe s n o t l i s t ac omp le te b reak -down o ft he p i pe s b y b o re d i ame te r s , b y n a t ion o f o r ig in , b y b ow l s h ape , o r b y m ake r ' s m a rk . However , t he d i scus f t h e sion o p i pe d a ta i n c lude s a mo re c omp le te e l uc id a t ion o ft h e p i pe s e xcava ted f r om as i ng le l a rge f e a ture . A t o ta l o f 1 , 448 p i pe f r agmen t s w e re r ecove red , o f wh ich 1 , 162 a re m ea su rab le s t em s a nd 7 8 a re " d a tab le " b ow l s . One Du tch m ake r ' s m a rk , " EB " f o r E dward B i rd ( 1630 1665 ) , i s found o n 3 7 o ft he b ow l s . Twe lve b ow l s e xh ib i t t he m o lded " p i lg r im /M ine rva " d e s ign , a nd t wo s t em s a re m a rked w i th f l eur -de l i s , a e l ieved t o b e l b Du tch ( Ou t l aw e ta l . 1 989 :115 ) . Two o the r m ake r ' s m ark s w e re r e cove red a t t h e s i te , " PE " ,p robab l yP h i l ip E dward s ,a nd " F lowe r Hun t " .B o th E dwa rd s a nd Hun t p robab ly w e re B r i s to l p ipe m ake r s . P h i l ip E dward s Im ade p ipe s f r om c i r ca 1 649 -1669 ; h i s s on , P h i l ip E dwa rd s I , a l so made p i pe s , f r om c i r ca 1 680 1696 (Wa lke r 1 977 :1125 -1126 ) . F lowe r Hun tw a s m ak ing p i pe sf r om c i rca 1 651 -1672 (W a lke r 1 977 :1177 ) . T he p i pe m ean d a te s d e r ived f r om c a lcu la t ion o f t h e

B in ford r e g res o rmu la f o r v a r iou s a semb lage s a l sion f s l a r e s i gn if i can t ly e ar l ie r t h an i n d ica ted b y o the r a r t i f ac t a na ly se s . T he d a te f o r t he s i ng le l a rge f e a ture , b a sed o n at o ta l o f 1 , 162 mea su rab le s t em s , i s 1 628 .8 1 . T he l m ean d a te f o r a l mea surab le p i pe s ( 1 ,234 s t em s ) r e cove red f r om s ub su r f ace f e a tu re s w a s o n ly s l igh t ly l a te r 1 630 .17 ( Ou t law e t a l . 1 989 :111 ) . S ince l d i agno s t ica ly Du tch p ipe s w e re r e cove red i nq uan t i ty , l a nd i ti sw e l e s tab l i shed t ha t t he b o re d i ame te r s o f -

Du tch p i pe s t end t o b e l a rge r w hen c ompa red w i th E ng l i sh p i pe s o ft he s ame p e r iod , t h i s e a r ly d a te s eem s t mo s t l i ke ly a t r ibu tab le t o t ha t f a c to r .

THE PATUXENT PAF T hRN " T oge the r , t h ef our s i te ss pan t he r e la t ive ly b road p e r iod f r om c i r ca 1 660 -1715 . T he r e su l t s o f t he p reced ing a na ly se s p rov ide a dd i t iona l e v idence f o r c hange s i nt he co p t y pe so ft obac ipe s u sed a l ong t he P a tuxen to ve r t he mo re t han ah a l f -cen tu ry p e r iod i n vo lved . A s t he f ou r l c o lec t ion s s pan s uch ab road p e r iod , a compa r i son o f t he r e su l t s o f t he a na ly se s p rov ide s a n o ppo r tun i ty t o t r ack t he se c hange s . I na dd i t ion ,s i gn i f ican t t r end s s eem l t o b e r ef le c ted w i th in t he K ing ' s R each S i te c o lec t ion a l one . l Du tch p i pe s a ppea r t o make u p a n e x t reme ly s ma l p e rcen tage o f t he t o ta l p ipe s r e cove red f r om t he s i te s . No t as i ng le make r ' s ma rk o r d eco ra t ion h a s b een t a tr ibu tab le t o Du tch manu f ac tu re , a l though a t l e a s t sib o ne p os le Du tch m a rk i si n c luded i n e ach o f t he l K ing ' s R each a nd C v 2 32 c o lec t ion s . E v idence f r om e l sewhe re i n t he C he sapeake , i n c lud ing n ea rby S t . Mar y ' s C i ty , s ugge s t s t ha t t he Du t ch p ipe i n du s tr y h ad l o s to u t t ot he B r i t i sh b yb e tween 1 660 a nd 1 670 . S ince l l t he c o lec t ion se xam ined g ene ra ly d a te a f te rt he f o rme r l y ear , i ti s no t s urpr i s ing t ha t Du tch w a re s a re v i r tua ly u n rep re sen ted . T he p re sence o f Du tch p ipe s o f t he C omp ton a nd P a tuxan t P o in t S i te s , b o th o fw h ich w e re o ccup ied p r io r t o 1 670 , g i ve s a dd i t iona l s uppo r t t ot h i s i n te rp re ta t ion . l t On t he o the r h and , a l b u t o ne o f t he a t r ibu tab le make r ' s m a rk s r ecove red a re b e l ieved t o b e o f B r i s to l o r ig in , w i th t he l one e xcep t ion f r om L ondon . T h i s e v idence p rov ide ss t rong s uppo r tf o rt he c on ten t ion t ha t l B r i s to l m ake r s h ad v i r tua ly c o rne red t he Ame r ican t obacco p i pe marke t d ur ing t he s e cond h a l fo ft he 1 7 th c en tur y . A s f o r t he d i s t r ibu t ion o f ma rk s , t ho se o f l L iewe l in E van s a ga in h ave b een s hown t ob e p l en t i fu l o n s i te s s pann ing h i s a pp rox ima te ly 2 8 y ear s o f p roduc t ion . T he p ropo r t ion o f b ow l s hape s t ha t a re o f t he l " Ame r ican E xpor t " t y pe i sh i gh a ta l t h ree o f t he s i te s

t l a t Ma tapany -Sewa l a nd 5 8 .97 % a t C v 1 69 ) . T he l q ue s t ion o f whe the r t ha t t y pe o fb ow la c tua ly i n c rea sed s ed v i n u se n eed s t o b e a dd res i a e xam ina t ion o f l a dd i t iona l c o le c t ion s s pann ing t he p e r iod . C a lcu la t ing

t he

p ropo r t ion

o f

t r ou le ted

a nd

t n on rou le ted b ow l s a tt he K ing ' s R each S i te h a sy i e lded t i n te re s t ing r e su l t s .T he n umbe ro fr ou le ted b ow l ss how s a m arked d ec rea se o ve r t he p e r iod o f t he s i te ' s o ccupa t ion ,s ugge s t ing t h a tf o rt he B r i s to lp ipe i n du s t ry , t a tl e a s t ,r ou le t ing w en to u to ff a sh ion d u r ing t he p e r iod c t h a t K ing ' s R each w a s o cup ied . T he p e rcen tage s o f t t l r ou le ted b ow l s a t t he Ma tapany -Sewa l a nd C v 1 69 S i te s a re h i gh , a nd a ga in s eem t o r ef le c t e a r l ie r d a te s c o f o cupa t ion . l R ed c l ay p ipe s a l so m ake u p as ma l p e rcen tage o f t he t l o ta l , b u t w e re r ecove red i ns ma l n umbe r s a tt h ree o f t h e f ou r s i te s . I n Ma ry land , r ed c l ay p ipe s m ade b y I nd ian sa re c ommon ly f ound o ns i te sd a t ing b e fo re c i r ca 1 670 ; mo ld -made p ipe s m ade b y C o lon i s t s f i r s t a ppear a t a bou t t h a t t ime . Once a ga in , t he p re sence o f l o c a l ly -made p ipe s i na ppa ren t ly l a rge rn umbe r s a tb o th C omp ton a nd P a tuxen t P o in t S i te s , t he re fo re , f i t s t h i s p at te rn . H en ry ( 1979 ) h a sc omp i led s ub s tan t ia le v idence t os ugge s t t ha t t he o ccur fs uch p ipe s m ay b e a n r ence o i n d ica t ion o ft he e conom ic s t a tu s o ft he o cupan t s , a nd c d i rec t ly l i nked t o f l uc tua t ion s i n t he p r ice o f t obacco . C lear ly , a dd i t iona l c o lec t ion s o f p ipe s f r om t he a rea l n eed t o b e e xam ined b e fo re t he a ppa ren t p at rn s te o u t l ined a bove m ay b e t aken a s r e l iab ly i n d ic a t ive o f t r end s i n p ipe u se f o r t he P a tuxen t R ive r v a ley . T he l l a ck o fc o lec t ion s f r om t he e ar l ie s t p e r iod o fs e t lemen t l t ( c i r ca 1 637 -1660 ) i s a p ar t icu la r ly g l a r ing g ap i n k now ledge . G iven t he r e su l t s f r om t h i s s t udy , h oweve r , a nd w i th r e f e rence t o r e search c ar r ied o u t e l sewhe re i n t he r eg ion , i t s eem s l i ke ly t ha t b o th Du tch a nd l o ca ly -made p ipe s w ou ld c omp r i se a much l a rge r l p ropo r t ion o f t o ta l p ipe s f o r t h a t p e r iod .

REFERENCES C ITED A lexande r , L .T . (1979 ) . C lay p ipe s f r om t he B uck S i te i n Mary land . T he a r chaeo log y o ft h e c l ay t o bacco p ip e , : T he U n i ted S ta te s o f Amer ica . E d i ted b y P . J . D avey , I B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epo r t s I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 6 0 :37 -61 . A tk in son , D . a nd O swa ld , A . ( 1969 ) . L ondon c l ay t o bacco p ip e s . Mu seum o f L ondon , L ondon , E ng land .

l f r om w hom s i zab le c o lec t ion s w e re r e cove red . A t t he K ing ' s R each S i te , t h a t t y pe a ppear s t o h ave b ecome

B in fo rd , L .R . ( 1962 ) . A n ew m e thod o f c a lcu la t ing d a te s f r om k ao l in p ipe s t em s amp le s . S ou thea s ter n A r chaeo log ica l C onf e r ence N ew s l e t t e r 9 (l ) :19 -21 .

mo re p opu la r o ve r t ime ; a tt he o the r t wo , e ar l ie r s i te s , l t he p ropo r t ion s eem sl owe r ,b u ts t i ls i gn i f ic an t ( 40 .54 %

C a r son , C . , B a rka , N .F . , K e l so , W .M . , S tone , G .W . a nd

2 5

Up ton , D . ( 1981) . I mpe rmanen t a r ch i tec tu re i n t he S ou the rn Ame r ican c o lon ie s . W in t er thur P or t f o l io 1 6 (2 /3 ) :135 -196 . F au lkne r , A . a nd F au lkne r , G . ( 1987 ) . T he F r ench a t P en tagoe t . T he Ma ine H i s to r ic P re se rva t ion

M i le r , H .M . ( 1983 ) P e r sona l c ommun ica t ion . l N e iman , F .D . ( 1988 ) . Do f o rma t ion p roces s d i s to r t se o r d ocumen t wha t w e w an t t o k now . P ape r p re sen ted a t t he J ame s town C on f e rence o n A rchaeo log y .

sion C omm is , Augu s ta , Ma ine .

N e iman , F .D . ( 1988 ) . P e r sona l c ommun ica t ion .

G ibb , J .G . ( 1990 ) P e r sona l c ommun ica t ion .

N e iman , F .D . ( 1980 ) . F ie ld a r chaeo logy o f t h e C l i f t s P l an ta t ion S i te , We s tmo re land C oun ty ,V i rg in ia .M s . o n f i l e ,J ef r son P a te r son P ark a nd Mu seum ,S t .L eona rd , fe t Mary land .

ring H ar ton , J .C . ( 1954 ) . Da t ing s tem f r agmen t s o f s even teen th a nd e i gh teen th c en tu ry c l ay t obacco p ipe s . l Q uar t e r l yB u l e t in o ft h eA r cheo log ica lS oc i e ty o fV i rg in ia 9 ( 1) :9 -13 . ra t Hen ry , S .L . ( 1979 ) . T er -co ta t obacco p ipe s i n 1 7 th c en tu ry Ma ry land a nd V i rg in ia : ap re l im inar y s t udy . H i s to r ica lA r chaeo log y 1 3 :14 -37 . K ee le r , R .W . ( 1978 ) . T he h ome lo t o n t h e s e v en t een th c en tur y C he sap eak e t i dewa t e r f ron t ie r . Unpub l i shed s P h .D . d i se r ta t ion , Depar tmen t o f An th ropo logy , Un ive r s i ty o f O regon . l K e l so , W .M . ( 1984 ) . K ing sm i l p lan ta t ions , 1 619 -1800 . a r chaeo logy o f c oun tr y l i f e i n C o lon ia l V i rg in ia . s, N A c adem ic P res ew Yo rk . K ing , J .A . ( 1988 ) . A c ompa ra t ivem idden a na ly s i s o f a h ou seho ld a nd i nn i n S t . Ma ry ' s C i ty , Ma ry land . H i s tor i ca lA r chaeo lo gy , 2 2 (2 ) :17 -39 . l K ing , J .A . a nd M i le r , H .M . ( 1987 ) . T he v i ew f r om t he m idden : a n a na ly s i s o f m idden d i s t r ibu t ion a nd v a r iab i l i ty a t t he v an S we r ingen S i te , S t . Mar y ' s C i ty , Ma ry land . H i s to r ica lA r chaeo lo gy , 2 1(2 ) :37 -59 . f L cwarch ,D .E .a nd O 'B r ien , M .J . ( 1981 ) . E fec to fs ho r t l t t e rm t i lage o n a gg rega te p roven ience s u r f ace p a te rn . P low zone a r chaeo lo gy : c on t r ibu t ions t o t h eo ry a nd t e chn ique , E d i ted b y M .J .O 'B r ien a nd D .E . L ewa rch , V ande rb i l t Un ive r s i ty P ub l ica t ion si n An th ropo log y No . 2 7 :7 -50 . Ma in , G . ( 1982 ) . T obacco c o lony : l i f ei ne ar l y Mar y land , 1 650 -1720 . P r ince ton Un ive r s i ty P res r ince ton , N ew s, P J e r sey . McCa sh ion ,J .H . ( 1979 ) . Ap re l im inar y c h rono logy a nd d i scus fs even teen th a nd e ar ly e i gh teen th c en tury sion o c l ay t obacco p ipe s f r om N ew Yo rk S t a te s i te s . T he a r chaeo lo gy o f t h e c l ay t o bacco p ip e , I : T he U n i t ed S t a t e s o f Ame r ica . E d i ted b y P . J . D avey , B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epo r t s I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 6 0 :63 -150 . M i le r , H .M . ( 1983 ) . A s earch f o r t he " C i ty o f S a in t l t Mane s " : r epo r t o n t he 1 981 e xcava t ion s i n S t . Ma ry ' s C i ty , Mar y land . S t . Ma r i e sC i ty A r chaeo lo gy S er ie s No .1 .

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Noe l Hume , A . ( 1979 ) . C lay t obacco p ipe s e x c ava ted a t Ma r t in ' s Hund red , V i rg in i a , 1 976 -1978 . T he a r chaeo lo gy o f t h e c l ay t obacco p ip e , I : T he U n i ted S ta t e s o f Ame r ica . E d i ted b y P . J . Davey , B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ic a l R epo r t s I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 6 0 :3 -36 . O swa ld , A . ( 1975 ) . C lay p ip e s f o r t h e a r cha eo log i s t . B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epor t s 1 4 . O x fo rd , E ng land . O swa ld , A . ( 1960 ) . T he a rchaeo log y a nd e conom ic h i s to r y o fE ng l i sh c l ay t o bacco p ip e s . T he Mu seum o f L ondon , L ondon , E ng land . Ou t law , A .C . , a nd o the r s ( 1989 ) . T he C omp ton S i t e , c i r ca 1 651 -1684 . L ou i s B e rge r a nd As ia te s , E a s t s oc O range , N ew J e r sey . P ogue , D . J . ( 1988a ) . S pa t ia l a na ly s i s o f t he K ing ' s R each p l an ta t ion h ome lo t , C a . 1 690 1715 . H i s to r ica l A r chaeo lo gy 2 2 (2 ) :40 -56 . P ogue ,D .J . ( 1988b ) .A rchaeo log ic a li n ve s t iga t ion sa t1 8 C v 1 69 , J e f e r son P at r son P ark a nd Mu seum , S t . f te L eona rd , Ma r y land . J ef er son P a t e r son P a rk a nd t Museum F i l e R epor t . P ogue , D .J . ( 1987 ) . S even teen th -cen tury P rop r ie ta ry r u le a nd r e be l ion : a r cheo logy a t C har le s C a lve r t ' s l Mat -Sewa l . Mar y land A r cheo lo gy , 2 3 (l ) :1 -37 . tapany l S tone , G .W . ( 1977 ) . D a t ing s even teen th -cen tu r yw h i te c l ay t obacco p i pe s t em g roup s : ap ropo sa l t o t he s even teen th -cen tury s t udy g roup . M s . o n f i l e , H i s to r ic S t . Mary ' s C i ty . T ukey , J . ( 1977 ) . E rp lora to iy d a ta a na l y s i s . A dd i son - We s ley , R ead ing , Mas se t s . H i s to r y a nd s achu t A r cheo lo gy S er i e s 1 1 Wa lke r , I . C . ( 1966 ) . TD p ipe s a pre l im inary s t udy . Q uar te r l y B u l e t in o f t h e A rcheo log i ca l S oc i e t y o f l V i rg in ia , 2 0 (4 ) :86 -102 . -

-

Wa lke r , I .C . ( 1977 ) . C lay t o bacco p ip e s , w i th p ar t i cu l ar r e f er ence t ot h e B r i s to l i ndus t ry ( 4v o l s . ) . P a rk s C an ada , O tawa . t

An Ana ly s i s o f C lay T obacco P ipe s f r om Harmony Ha l l , Mary land S t ephen R . P o t te r a nd Robe r t C . S onde rman

I NTRODUCT ION N a t iona l P a rk S e rv ice a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion s i n 1 985 -87 r e su l ted i nt he d i scove ry o f al a te 1 7 th c en tu ry e a r th f a s t h ou se s i te l o ca ted o nt he g round s o fH armony l H a l ( 18PR305 ) , a n 1 8 th -cen tu ry Geo rg ian m anor i n P r ince G eo rge s Coun ty , Mary land ( F igu re 1 ) . T he p rope r ty i so wned b yt he N a t iona l P a rk S e rv ice a nd w a s l e a sed i n O c tober 1 985 t o ap r iva te f i rm u nde r t he p rov i s ion s o f t he H i s to r ic L ea s ing P rog ram . T he d i scove ry w a s m ade d u r ing a n a rchaeo log ic a l s urvey o f t h ep rope r ty t oe n su re t h a tp l an s b y t h el e s see s f o r n ew c on s truc t ion a nd u t i l i t ie s wou ld n o t d e s t roy a ny s i gn i f ic an t h i s to r ic r e sou rce s .

T he r ema in s o f t he e a r th f a s t h ou se c on s i s ted o f a b u rned s o i l h o r izon f ound b e low a t h in c on s t ruc t ion s l a ye r a soc ia ted w i th t he e x tan t b r ick , G eo rg ian m ano r l k nown a s H a rmony H a l ( F igu re 2 ) . T h ree s i de s a nd t wo c o rne r s o f t he p o s t in the -g round s t ruc tu re w e re e e xpo sed , i n d ic a t ing i tw a s 1 8 f e t w ide a nd p robab ly t h ree b ay s o r 3 0 -f ee t l ong . An e x i s t ing g r ave l d r iveway c ove r s t h e n o r thea s t e nd o f t he h ou se ; h oweve r , t he m ax imum l e ng th o ft he b urned h ou se m idden wh ich w a s u ncove red i s2 2 fee t , i n d ica t ing as t ruc ture o f a t l e a s t t h ree , 1 0 foo t b ay s . B a sed o n t he a s semb lage o f a r t i f ac t s , s t ra t ig raphy , a nd h i s to r ic a l r e sea rch , t he e a r th f a s t h ou se w a s o cup ied f o r ar e la t ive ly s hor t t ime , c c i rc a 1 690 1720 .

F rom a n e x am ina t ion o ft he a rch aeo log ica l e v idence , i t a ppea r s t h a t s oon a f te r t he p o s t suppo r ted f r ame d we l l ing b u rned , t he b r ick m ano rh ou se ,H a rmony H a l l , w a s e re c ted . T he t r ad i t iona l d a te f o r H a rmony H a l l ' s c on s t ruc t ion i s 1 723 . Howeve r , h i s to r ica l r e sea rch i n d ica te s t h e b r ick m ano r w a s mo s t l i ke ly b u i l t e i the r b e fo re 1 721 o r a f te r 1 763 ( N icke l s 1 987 ) . An a na ly s i s o f t he f e a tu re s a nd c l ay t obacco p i pe s f r om t he s i te p rov ide s a no ppor tun i ty t o t i gh t ly d a te s ome p ipe s a nd t oa i d i nd a t ing e ven t s a soc ia ted w i th b o th t he e a r l ie r s e a r th f a s t h ou se a nd t he l a te r b r ick m ano r .

A BR IEF H ISTORY OF HAR MONY HALL : THE 1 7TH AND 1 8 T h CENTUR IES

O r ig ina ly p a ten ted a s 5 00 a c re s o f l a nd c a led l l B at r sea , t he p rope r ty w a s s urveyed i n 1 662 a nd te r e co rded i n t he n ame o f Humph rey H agge t . B y t he t t ime t he p a ten t w a s g r an ted s i x y e a r s l a te r , t he owne r w a s R icha rd F owke , who h ad m ar ried H agge t t ' sw idow .

I n 1 688 , F owke d i v ided t he p rope r ty i nh a l f , s e l l ing o ne p o r t ion t oP h i l ip Ma son a nd t he o the r t o R ichard I l e s . T he t r ac ts o ld t o Ma son c on ta ined t he l and u pon wh ich H a rmony H a l n ow s t and s ( N icke l s 1 987 ) . l S ho r t ly a f te r a cqu i r ing t he p rope r ty , Ma son s o ld i tt o T homa s L ew i s i n1 692 . F our y ea r s l a te r , T homa s L ew i s w i led 1 00 a c re s t o h i s s on R icha rd , wh ich i n c luded t he l h ou se h i s mo the rw a s l i v ing i n . S ince t h i s 1 00 a c re t r ac t a l so i n co rpo ra ted t he f u ture s i te o fH armony H a l l , t he a rchaeo log ica l r ema in s o ft he e a r th f a s t h ou se p robab ly r ep re sen t t he d we l l ing o f T homa s L ew i s a nd h i s w i f e . Depo s i t ion s t aken i n 1 745 , f r om s o me o f t he a rea s e a r l ie s t f a rme r s , i n d ic a te t he B at r sea p rope r ty w a s te o ccup ied a nd f a rmed s ome t ime d ur ing t he p e r iod 1 685 -95 ( N icke l s 1 987 ) .

I n 1 709 , R ichard L ew i s s o ld t he 1 00 a c re s o f l a nd c on ta in ing h i s p a ren t s ' h ome t o ac arpen te r n amed W i l iam T y le r . W i th T y le r ' s d ea th i n1 721 , h i s " dwe l ing l l p l an ta t ion c a led B a te r sea " w a s w i led t o h i s w i f e l t l E l izabe th , a nd u pon h e r d ea th t oh i s s on W i l iam . F i ve l y ea r s l a te r , E l izabe th r emar nd moved e l sewhe re ried a t o l i ve w i th h e r n ew h u sband , Hen ry Mas . s ey E l izabe th ' s s on , W i l iam , n eve r i nhe r i ted t he B at r sea l te p rope r ty , s i nce h i s mo the r o u t l ived h im b y t wo y ear s , d y ing i n 1 757 ( N icke l s 1 987 ) .

A t t h i s t ime , t he p rope r ty p as se s t o E l izabe th ' s g r and son , J ohn T y le r , who r e s ided i na d jacen t C ha r le s C oun ty . J ohn , i n t u rn , u l t ima te ly s o ld i tt o J ame s Ma r sha l i n 1 763 . S i x y ear s l a te r , t he t r ac t w a s l p u rcha sed b y E noch Mag rude ra nd f o r n ear ly ac en tur y i tr ema ined i n t he Mag rude r f am i ly . I ti sd ur ing t h e i r owne r sh ip t ha t t he 1 8 th c en tury b r ick m ano r h ou se a cqu i red i t s ' p re sen t n ame . I n 1 792 , Wa l te r a nd J ohn Add i son r en ted t he B at r sea h ou se f r om D enn i s te Mag rude r , wh i le t he i r own h ou se sw e re b e ing b u i l t . T he b ro the r s a nd t he i r b r ide s s pen t t he i r f i r s t y ea r o f mar t B at r sea , wh ich t hey d ec la red w a s s uch a riage a te p l ea san t t ime t oge the r t ha t t he h ou se s hou ld b e r enamed " Harmony H a l " ( N icke l s 1 987 ) . l

G iven t h i s b r ie fo ve rv iew o fB a te r sea ' s e a r ly h i s to ry , i t t i s mo s t l i ke ly t ha t t he b r ick m ano r o f H a rmony H a l l w a s b u i l t e i the r b e fo re t he e l de r W i l iam T y le r ' s d ea th l i n 1 721 o r a f te r h i s g rand son , J ohn T y le r , s o ld t h e p rope r ty i n 1 763 . T he r e su l t s o f t he p rev iou s a r ch i tec tu ra li n ve s t iga t ion s h ave b een e qu ivoca l ,a sw e l . l T he re fo re , i n fo rma t ion d e r ived f r om t he a r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch a nd c l ay t obacco p ipe a na ly s i s m ay a s i s t i n s a dd res h i s p rob lem . sing t 2 7

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CLAY TOBACCO ANALYS IS

P IPE

DESCR IPT ION

FEATURE 1 7 , THE BURNED , HOUSE M IDDEN ( F igu re 2 ) :

Un fo r tun a te ly , t he p ipemake r s r ema in u n iden t i f ied ( McCa sh ion 1 988 ) .

AND

S tem h o le d i ame te r 5 / 64 " .

EARTHFAST

F igu re 3 b : Ap l a in p ipe b ow l w i th ar ounded b a se a nd n o h ee l o r s pu r . A s l igh t s we l ing o cu r s o n t he b ack l c o f t he b ow l .

T he ma in b lock o f a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion s o n t he H a rmony H a l p rope r ty o ccur t t he s i te o f t he l r ed a e a r th f a s t h ou se . A t o ta l o f 2 0 c on t iguou s 5 -by -5 f oo t u n i t s , w e re e xcava ted i n o rde r t o e xpo se t he p o s t suppo r ted f r ame d we l ing a nd a d jacen t a rea s . l App rox ima te ly 6 5% o f t he b u rned h ou se m idden w a s e xpo sed , c ove r ing a n a rea 1 8 -by -22 f ee t a nd v a ry ing i n t h icknes e tween 0 . 5 t o 0 . 8 f e t . On ly 1 5% o f t he s b e m idden s t a in , d e sc r ib ing t h ree s i de s a nd t wo c o rne r s o f t he h ou se , w a s e xcava ted .

S tem h o le d i ame te r 5 / 64 " . F igu re 3 c : A p l a in p ipe b ow l f r agmen t w i th s l igh t s we l ing o n t he b ack . A l though f r agmen ta ry , t h e b ow l l s hape i n d i ca te s t h i s s pec imen w a s p robab ly s im i la r t o t he p rev iou s e xamp le ( F igure 3 b ) . S tem h o le d i ame te r c anno t b e d e te rm ined .

AB in fo rd ( 1962 ) mean p ipe d a te o f1 715 .3 w a s d e r ived f r om a t o ta l o f 2 47 p ipe s t em s f ound i n t he h ou se m idden ( T ab le 1 ) . One o f t he s t em s , w i th a b o re d i ame te r o f 6 / 64 " , s how s s i gn s o f b e ing a s e conda ry mou thp iece . A d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion o f t he p ipe b ow l s f r om F ea tu re 1 7 f o low s . l

F igu re 3 d : Af r agmen tar y b ow l a nd s t em , w i th as l igh t s we l ing o n t he b ack o f t he b ow l , n o r ou le t ing a nd a l t r ounded b a se . S tem h o le d i ame te r 6 / 64 " . F igu re 3 e : Af r agmen tary b ow l a nd s t em . T he b ack i s s l igh t ly s wo len , t he re i sn o r ou le t ing a nd t h e b a se i s l t r ounded . T h i s s pec imen i ss im i la r t o t he p rev iou s p ipe ( F igu re 3 d ) .

F igure 3 a : Ap ipe b ow l l a ck ing a hee l o r s pu r , w i th a r ounded b a se o n t he u nde r s ide whe re t he b ow l a nd s t em j o in . T he re i s as l igh t s we l ing o n t he b ack o ft he l b ow l . On t he s moke r ' s r i gh t s i de o f t he b ow l i sa r e l ie f -mo lded c a r touche b ea r ing t he i n i t ia l s " RC " o ve r

S tem h o le d i ame te r 6 / 64 " . F igu re 3 f : Af r agmen tar y b ow l a nd s t em , w i th as l igh t s we l ing o n t he b ack o f t he b ow l a nd a rounded b a se l o n t he u nde r s ide o ft he b ow l s tem j unc tu re . T he l i p o f t he b ow l i sf l a t a nd t he w a l i sv e r y t h ick ( 4 mm ) a t l t he b ack mo ld s e am , b u t b ecome s much t h inne r ( 1 .5 mm ) a way f r om t he s eam .

T h i s s pec imen i s s im i la r t o o ne i s t ra ted b y lu McCa sh ion ( 1979 :146 ) e xcep t t ha t i th a s n o r ou le t ing t b e low t he mou th o ft he b ow l .A cco rd ing t o McCa sh ion , t he p ipe p robab ly d a te s t oc i rca 1 690 -1710 a nd ,b ecau se o ft he b ow lf o rm a nd r e l ie f -mo lded c a r touche ,w a s mo s t l i ke ly m ade i n B r i s to l ( I . Noe l Hume 1 970 :305 ) . I nc lud ing t h i s p ipe , o n ly t h ree e xamp le s b y t he make r s " RC IP W " h ave b een r epo r ted f o r a l o f No r th Ame r ica . l

S tem h o le d i ame te r 6 / 64 " .

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F i gu re 3 : C lay t obac co p i pe s f r om F ea ture 1 7 , t h e b u rned , e a r th f a s t h ou se m idden .

S ca le 1 : 1 . 3 1

F igu re 3 g : Af r agmen ta ry b ow l w i th as l i gh t ly s wo len l b ack a nd n o r ou le t ing . L ike t he p rev iou s e xamp le t ( F igu re 3 0 , i th a s af l a t l i p a nd t he w a l o f t he b ow l i s l t h icke s t a tt he b ack mo ld s eam ( 4 mm ) , t ape r ing t o 1 . 5 mm t h ick a way f r om t he s eam . F igure 3 h : A f r agmen t o f ab ow l , w i th a l i ne o f r ou le t ing b e low t he mou th . E xam ina t ion o f t he t c ros sec t ion i n d ica te s t he p ipe b ow l h ad b u lbou sw a l s . sl F igu re 3 i : Ab ow l f r agmen t w i th r ou le t ing b e low t he t mou th . T he s hape i n d ica te s t he p ipe h ad a b u lbou s b ow l . T h i s s pec imen i sf r om a di f e ren t p ipe t ha t t he f p rev iou s e xamp le ( F igu re 3 h ) .

FEATURE 6 3 , A S TORAGE FEATURE 1 7 ( F igure 2 ) :

P IT

BENEATH

O r ig ina ly d ug t o s e rve a s a s t o rage p i t a cces l s ed t h rough a f l oo r p ane l o f t he e a r th f a s t h ou se , t he p i t w a s f i led w i th t r a sh s ho r t ly b e fo re t he h ou se b u rned . l T he m ax imum d imen s ion s o f t he f e a tu re a re 6 . 5 -by -6 .0 -by -2 .0 f e t . A t o ta l o f 3 8 p ipe s t em s w e re e r ecove red , wh ich g i ve a B in fo rd mean p ipe d a te o f 1 720 .43 . Un fo r tuna te ly , n o p ipe b ow l s w e re f ound ( Tab le 1 ) . F ea tu re 2 2 , a tr a sh p i t : T he t r a sh p i t , mea su r ing 4 . 5 f e t i nd i ame te r a nd o ne e f oo t d eep , i si n t ru s ive i n ab u rned c l ay h o r izon c r ea ted b y a n o n s i te b r ick k i ln u sed d u r ing c on s t ruc t ion o f Ha rmony H a l ( F igu re 2 ) . T he 2 9 p ipe s t em s f r om t he l f e a tu re y i e ld a B in fo rd m ean p ipe d a te o f 1 728 .68 ( Tab le 1 ) . A s ma l b ow l f r agmen t w i th p a r t o f a n l u n iden t i f iab le r e l ie f -mo lded c a r touche w a s a l so f ound , a l ong w i th t wo o the r p ipe b ow l s d e sc r ibed b e low . F igure 4 a : Ap l a in p ipe b ow l a nd s t em w i th ar ounded b a se o n t he u nde r s ide whe re t he b ow l a nd s t em j o in . S tem h o le d i ame te r 5 / 64 " . F igu re 4 b : A p l a in p ipe b ow l o f b a s ic 1 8 th c en tury f o rm , b u t w i th a nar ro f i le " i nd ica t ive o f a n e a r ly r ow p d a te w i th in t he p e r iod " ( I . Noe l Hume 1 966 :56 -57 ) . T he h ee l i ss ho r t a nd r ound . S tem h o le d i ame te r 5 / 64 " .

S TRATU M ABOVE THE BURNED , EARHFAST HOUSE M IDDEN , FEATURE 1 7 : S andw iched b e tween t he b u rned m idden o ft he e a r th f a s t h ou se a nd as o i lh o r i zon r ep re sen t ing t he h i s to r ic g rade a soc ia ted w i th t he c on s t ruc t ion o fH a rmony H a l , w a s s l as t ra tum v ar y ing b e tween 0 . 1 t o 0 . 2 f e t i nt h icknes e s. F rom t h i s t h in l a ye r c ame t wo p ipe s t em s w i th 6 / 64 " b o re d i ame te r s a nd t he i r e nd s f a sh ioned a s s econd ary mou thp iece s . O the r f i nd s i n c lude as ma l , e roded b ow l l 3 2

f r agmen tw i th a nu n iden t i f iab le r e l ie f -mo lded c a r touche a nd a no the rb ow lf r agmen tw i th r ou le t ing .D e sc r ip t ion s t o fa dd i t iona l p i pe b ow l s o r f r agmen t s f r om t h i s s t ra tum a re g i ven b e low . F igu re 4 c : A p l a in , e l onga ted , s l i gh t ly b u lbou s w i th a p ro t rud ing l i p . T he re i sn o h ee l o r s pu r . b ow l f o rm i ss im i lar t ot he t ype i u s t ra ted b y I vo r l Hume ( 1 970 :F igu re 9 7 , No . 1 7 ) d a t ing t o 1 680 -17 10 .

b ow l T h i s Noe l c i rc a

S tem h o le d i ame te r 5 / 64 " . F igu re 4 d : Af r agmen tar y b ow l a nd s t em f r om ap l a in b ow l , w i th n e i the r ah ee l n or s pu r . S tem h o le d i ame te r 5 / 64 " . F igu re 4 e : A t obacco p ipe h ee l a nd s t em f r agmen t , w i th t he i n i t ia l s " I S " mo lded o n t he s moke r ' s l e f t a nd r i gh t s i de s o f t he h ee l , r e spec t ive ly . T he " I " i sv e r y t h ick . T h i s s pe c imen i s sim i lar t o o ne f ound a tT u te r ' s t N eck , V i rg in ia ( I . Noe l Hume 1 966 :57 ) . S tem h o le d i ame te r 5 / 64 " . F igu re 4 f : Ah ee l a nd s t em f r agmen t w i th t h e i n i t ia l s " SP mo lded o n t he s moke r ' s l e f t a nd r i gh t s i de s o f t he h ee l , r e spec t ive ly . T he i n i t ia l " 5 " i st w i ce t he h e igh t o f t he " I " . S tem h o le d i ame te r 5 / 64 " .

FEATURE 1 4 , A MID 1 8TH CENTURY TRASH P IT : T he t r a sh p i t i s l o ca ted o n t he r i ve r s ide l awn o f H a rmony H a l ( F igu re 1 ) . A p o r t ion o f t he f e a tu re l e x tend s i n to t h e w e s t w a l o f t he e xc ava t ion u n i t s . T he l n o r th sou th a x i s o f t he f e a ture i s7 . 5 f e t a nd i t is 2 . 2 e f e t d eep . T he b o re d i ame te r s o f 1 5 p i pe s t em s f r om e t he p i t a re g i ven i nT ab le 1 .I n a dd i t ion , af r agmen ta ry b ow lw a s f ound w i th i n cu se i n i t ia l s " IA " o n t he b ack o f t he b ow la nd as t em h o le d i ame te r o f5 / 64 " ( F igu re 4 g ) . C e ram ic s f r om t he f e a tu re i n c lude s he rd s o f B uck ley w a re , S t af rd sh i re s l ipwa re , b o th monoch rome b lue fo a nd p l a in w h i te d e l f twa re , a nd a r im she rd f r om a cup o f r e f ined , w h i te s a l t -g lazed s tonew a re . T he l a te r t s pec imen , i n p a r t icu lar , d a te s t he t r a sh p i t t o t he m id -18 th c en tu r y , wh ich i sc on s i s ten t w i th t he b o re d i ame te r s o f t h e 1 5 p ipe s t em s ( Tab le 1 ) .

LATE 1 8TH AND 1 9TH CENTURY P IPES FRO M D ISTURBED CONTEXTS : I n t he m a in b l ock o f a r chaeo log ica l e xc ava t ion s , t h e re i s am an te l o f l a nd scap ing m a ter ia l a nd f i l v a ry ing i n l d ep th f r om 1 . 1 t o 2 . 0 f e t , wh ich l i e s e

B .

A .

C .

D .

E .

F

G

F i gu re 4 : C lay t obac i pe s Aa nd B f r om F ea tu re 2 2 , at r a sh p i t . P i pe s C -F f r om s t ra tum a bove F ea tu re 1 7 . P i pe co p G f r om F ea tu re 1 4 , at r a sh p i t . S ca le 1 : 1 . 3 3

a bove t he h i s to r ic g rade a soc ia ted w i th t he b u i ld ing o f s H a rmony H a l . W i th t he e xcep t ion o f t wo r ou le ted l t p ipe b ow l f r agmen t s f r om t he 1 7 th o r e a r ly 1 8 th c en tu r ie s , a l t he o the r d i agno s t ic p ipe f r agmen t s f r om l t he se d i s tu rbed c on tex t s d a te t o t he l a te 1 8 th o r 1 9 th c en tur ie s . T h i s c o lec t ion i n c lude s t wo p i la r -mo lded l l b ow lf r agmen t s ; t wo b ow lf r agmen t sw i th t he f r on t mo ld s e am s d eco ra ted w i th a b ranch d e s ign o r af r ond o f o ppo s ing l e ave s ; t wo s t em f r agmen t sw i th r e l ie f -mo lded r i bb ing ; o ne b ow l a nd s t em f r agmen t w i th f l u t ing a nd r e l ie f -mo lded r i bb ing ; o ne s pu r a nd s t em f r agmen t w i th at r iangu lar p at rn o f t wo r a i sed d o t s o n t he s moke r ' s te l e f t o ft he s pu r ; o ne b ow l f r agmen t w i th al i ne o fs ma l , l r e l ie f -mo lded r o se te s c i rcum sc r ibed b y t he b ow l r im t a nd a n i n cu se l i ne ; o ne b ow l f r agmen t w i th a n i n cu se " D " ; o ne s t em w i th 2 , K, a nd " DAV IDSON " s ed o i mp res n t he s moke r ' s l e f t a nd " GLASGO W " o n t he s moke r ' s r i gh t ; a nd , o ne b ow l a nd s t em f r agmen t f r om a red c l ay , r eed s temmed p ipe .

D ISCUSS ION T he c l ay t obacco p ipe s f r om t he e xcava t ion s a t l Ha rmony H a l n o t o n ly p rov ide a n o ppo r tun i ty t o c f u r the r t e s t t he a curacy o f t he B in fo rd p ipe s t em d a t ing f o rmu la ( B in fo rd 1 962 ) , b u t t hey a l so p rov ide a no the r m ean s o f u n rave l ing t he h i s to r ica l e ven t s s t a soc ia ted w i th t he 1 7 th -cen tu ry B a te r sea p l an ta t ion l a nd t he 1 8 th -cen tury b r ick m ano r o f H a rmony H a l . A l though t he re a re s eve ra l c avea t s wh ich mu s t b e k ep t i n m ind when u s ing t he B in fo rd f o rmu la ( A . Noe l Hume 1 963 , 1 979 ; I . Noe l Hume 1 982 : 19 -122 ; A lexande r 1 979 :39 -45 ) , i t sa pp l ica t ion t ot he p ipe s f r om l H a rmony H a l i sa pp rop r ia te f o r s e ve ra l r e a son s . T he sib o ccupa t ion o f t he e a r th f a s t h ou se a nd t he p os le l p re -1721 c on s truc t ion d a te f o r H a rmony H a l f i t c om fo r tab ly w i th in t he r ange ( c i rca 1 680 -1760 ) o f c a ccep tab le a curacy f o r t he p ipe s t em d a t ing f o rmu la ( I . Noe l Hume 1 970 :300 ) . A l though a m in imum o f s ar 9 00 -1000 f r agmen t s a re n eces y t o " p rov ide a c on s i s ten t ly r e l iab le d a te " ( A . Noe l Hume 1 963 :22 ) , d a tab le p ipe b ow l s a nd c e ram ic s f r om t he f e a tu re s , a nd t he s t ra t ig raph ic r e la t ion sh ip o f t he f e a tu re s , s e rve a s i n dependen t c heck s o n t he mean p ipe d a te s d e r ived l f r om t he s t em s . And f i na ly , t he f e a tu re s r ep re sen t l i l s ho r t te rm e ven t s , e spec ia ly t he f ing o f t he s t o rage a nd t r a sh p i t s . F ea tu re 1 7 , t he b urned m idden o ft he e a r th f a s t h ou se , i sp robab ly t he a r chaeo log ic a l r ema in s o f t he h ome o f T homa sL ew i s , b u i l ti n1 692 . C e ram ic s f r om t he m idden i n c lude No r th Devon g rave l tempe red e a r thenwa re , fo b l ack -g lazed e a r thenwa re , S taf rd sh i re s l ipwa re , monoch rome b lue a nd p o lych rome d e l f twa re , a nd Rhen i sh b lue a nd m angane se i n c i sed s t onewa re . T he se w are s w e re i n c ommon u se d ur ing t he p e r iod 1 675 -1720 . Howeve r , af ew s he rd s o fs l ip -d ipped wh i te s a l t -g lazed s t onewa re w e re f ound a t t he t op o f t he b u rned m idden ,a l ong w i th a nE ng l i sh b rown s a l t -g lazed s t onewa re mug b ea r ing a" GR "e xc i se m a rk . T he f o rme r 3 4

t d a te s c i rc a 1 715 -1775 ( Sou th 1 977 :211) a nd t h e l a te r i sp o s t 1 7 14 ( O swa ld e t a l . 1 982 :278 ) . T he se c e ram ic s c l i ke ly w e re i nu se n ea r t he e nd o ft h eo cupa t ion o ft he e a r th f a s t h ou se . P ipe s t em s f r om t he m idden p rov ide a B in fo rd m ean d a te o f 1 7 15 .3 ( T ab le 1 ) . Compa r ing t h i s w i th t he d a tab le c e ram ic s , 1 715 s eem s c l o se r t o a n e nd d a te t h an amed ian . T h i s d i sc repancy i sp robab ly d ue t ot he l i m i ted s amp le s i ze . T he s t o rage p i t b enea th t he e a r th f a s t h ou se , F ea tu re led w 6 3 , w a s a b rup t ly f i i th t r a sh s hor t ly b e fo re t he h ou se b u rned . Among t he d i sc a rded i t em s w e re fo S taf rd sh i re s l ipwa re , b l ack -g lazed e a r thenwa re , a nd a r im /hand le s he rd f r om a Rhen i sh b l ue -g ray i n c i sed l s t onewa re mug . A ga in , t he c e ram ic s f i tw e l w i th in t he l h ypo the s i zed l i f e o f t he d we l ing , f r om 1 692 u n t i l c i rca 1 715 1720 . T he s amp le o f 3 8 s t em f r agmen t s p rov ide s a Bin fo rd m ean d a te o f 1 720 .43 ( T ab le 1 ) . Once a ga in , t h i s d oe s n o t s eem t ob e amean d a te f o r t he o ccupa t ion o ft he l h ou se , b u t i s ei the r a te rm ina l d a te o r o ne t ha t f a l s a f ew y ea r s a f te r t he h ou se w a s d e s t royed . Howeve r , a s ar e la t ive d a te i ts uppo r t s t he i n te rp re ta t ion t h a t t he led l s t o rage p i t w a s f i a te i n t he s t ruc ture ' s h i s to ry , wh ich i sp robab ly why t he B in fo rd d a te f o r t he s t o rage p i t ( 1720 ) i ss l igh t ly l a te r t han t h a t ( 1715 ) f o r t he b u rned h ou se m idden a bove , s i nce t h e h ou se m idden i n c lude s p i pe s t em s d i sc a rded t h roughou t t he e n t i re l i f e o ft he s t ruc tu re . S tone ( 1974 :151 ) h a s a l so p o in ted o u t s o t he u se fu lnes f B in fo rd p ipe d a te s i n p rov id ing a r e la t ive c h rono logy f o r a c t iv i t ie s a t ag i ven s i te . T he t r a sh p i t , F ea tu re 2 2 , i n t rude s i n to ab urned c l ay l h o r i zon c r ea ted b yb r ick m ak ing d u r ing H a rmony H a l ' s c on s t ruc t ion . T he t op o f t he b u rned c l ay h o r i zon re c or spond sw i th t he c on s t ruc t ion h o r i zon t ha t o ve r l ie s te t he n ea rby s i te o f t he e a r th f a s t h ou se . S c at red o ve r t t he c on s t ruc t ion h o r izon w e re l i t le p i le s o fc u t b r i ck s , l i n c lud ing o ne c l u s te r t h a t c on ta ined ar e ve r se 'Ssc ro l w a te r t a b le b r ick wh ich m a tche s e xac t ly t h e w a te r t a b le b r ick s o fH a rmony h a i l . T hu s , t he c on s t ruc t ion h o r i zon i st he h i s to r i c g round s u r f ace t ha t t h e m a son s w a lked u pon wh i le e r ec t ing t he b r ick mano r . S i nce F ea tu re 2 2 i s i n t ru s ive , i t mu s t d a te a f te r t he c on s truc t ion o f l H armony H a l . M ixed i nt he t r a sh p i tw e re s he rd s o fR hen i sh b lue a nd m angane se d eco ra ted s t oneware , monoch rome b lue a nd p o lych rome d e l f twa re , a nd E ng l i sh b rown s a l t -g lazed l s t onewa re . T he s ma l s amp le o f s t em s y i e ld s a Bin fo rd m ean p ipe d a te o f 1 728 .68 ( Tab le 1 ) . One o f t h e t wo p ipe b ow l s f r om t he p i t i st y p ica l o ff o rm s i nu se e a r ly i n t he 1 8 th c en tu ry . T aken t oge the r , t h e s t ra t ig raphy led s a nd a r t i f ac t s i n d ica te t he t r a sh p i t w a s f i ome t ime d ur ing t h e 1 720 s . l B a sed o nt he a bove i n fo rma t ion , t he f o low ing h i s to r ic a l i n te rp re ta t ion i sp re sen ted . I n1 692 ,T homa sL ew i sb u i l t l ap o s t suppo r ted f r ame d we l ing o n a por t ion o f t h e

o r ig ina l B a te r sea p a ten t . T h i s s t ruc tu re a nd i t s l a nd s t w e re p u r cha sed b y W i l iam T y le r , t h e e l de r , i n 1 709 . l T he e a r th f a s t h ou se c on t inued t ob e o ccup ied u n t i l i t s ' d e s truc t ion s ome t ime a f te r 1 715 a nd b e fo re 1 720 . S ho r t ly t h e rea f te r , Wi l iam T y le r b u i l t t he b r ick m ano r , l H armon y H a l , p r io r t o h i s d ea th i n 1 721 . l S uch a n i n te rp re ta t ion a ccord s w e l w i th t he c l ay l t obacco p i pe a na ly s i s . F i r s t , t he p ipe b ow l s a nd b ow l f r agmen t sa r e t y p ica lo fB r i s to l m anu f ac tu re d u r ing t he p e r iod c i r c a 1 692 -1720 s . T he m ix o fE ng l i sh -made p ipe s s ome w i th r ou let , mo s tw i thou t ; s ome w i th h ee l s , ting mo s t w i th r ounded b a se s ; a nd t h ree w i th c a r touche s i s exac t l yw ha t o ne wou ld e xpec t o fa n a semb lage t h a t s s t radd le s i n t ime t he " mou ld s ize a g reemen t " o f

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS l T he a u tho r s wou ld l i ke t o t hank t he f o low ing s i n d iv idua l s f o r t he i r a s i s tance w i th v ar iou s p ha se s o f t he r e search : D r . Ma r i lyn N icke l s , J ohn H . McCa sh ion , t t Ma thew V i r ta , J an ice B a i ley , P ame la C rane , L yne te ri Vo lz , a nd P e te r Mor son .

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A lexande r , L .T . ( 1979 ) C lay p ipe s f r om t he B uck S i te i n Mary land . T he a r chaeo logy o ft h e c l ay t o bacco p ip e I : T he U n i t ed S ta te s o f Amer ica . E d i ted b y P e te r D avey . B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ic a l R epo r t s , I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s , 6 0 :37 -61 . B in fo rd , L .R . ( 1962 ) A n ew me thod f o r c a lcu la t ing d a te s f r om k ao l in p i pe s t em s amp le s . S ou thea s t e rn t A r chaeo log ica l C onf e r ence N ew s l e t e r 9 (1 ) : 1 9 :21 ,

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t he m a in b l ock r ef lec te ven t sa soc ia ted w i th t he h i s to ry s o f t he e a r th f a s t h ou se , t he c on s t ruc t ion o f H a rmony Ha l , a nd d a i ly a c t iv i t ie s a round t h e b r ick m ano r a f te r l i t s e re c t ion , i tf o low s t ha t t he p i pe d a te s hou ld b e l

J ack son , R .G . , a nd P r ice R .H . ( 1974 ) B r i s to lc l ay p ipe s : a s t udy o f m ake r s a nd t he i r m a rk s . B r i s to l C i t y Museum : R e sear ch Monog raph No . 1 .C i ty o f B r i s to l .

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c l ose r t ot h ee nd o ft he f i r s t q ua r te ro ft he 1 8 th c en tu ry l i f Harmony Ha l w a s c on s truc ted b e fo re t he e l de r l Wi l iam T y le r ' s d ea th i n 1 721 . And l a s t , t wo o the r i t em s a re w o r th men t ion ing . T he d i scove r y o ft he B r i s to l -made RC /P W p ipe b ow l i na n u nequ ivoc a lc on tex t o f1 692 -1720 f i t s p e r f ec t ly w i th t h e t empo r a l c on tex t s o f t he t wo p rev iou s ly r epo r ted e xamp le s b y t he se m ake r s ( McCa sh ion 1 988 ) . T he l s pec imen f r om Ha rmony H a l , h oweve r , d oe s n o t h ave t r ou le t ing , u n l ike t he o the r t wo p i pe s f r om N ew Yo rk s t a te . I ti sa l so i n te re s t ing t o n o te t ha t a b so lu te ly n o r t t e ra co ta p ipe f r agmen t s , mo ld o r h and -made , w e re c f ound . T h i s i si n t r igu ing s i nce t h e o cupancy o f t he c r ed d e ar th f a s t h ou se o cur u r ing t h e l e ng thy t obacco sion o d ep res f1 680 -1713 , when o ne m igh t e xpec t t os ee l mo re l o c a ly -made p ipe s i n u se a l ong t he w e s te rn f r on t ie r o f l a te 1 7 th a nd e ar ly 1 8 th c en tu ry Mary land r t ( Hen r y 1 979 :33 -35 ) . P e rhap s , t h e o f t e ra -co ta p i pe s l l a t H a rmony Ha l , e spec ia ly h and -made o ne s , r ef lec t s t he r e duc t ion a nd d i spe r sa l o f o ne o f t he g roup s r e spon s ib le f o r t he i r p roduc t ion , t h e l o c a l A lgonqu ian t I nd ian s ,w ho l e f t t he a rea i n1 697 t os e t le i nP i edmon t s na 1 V i rg in i a ( C is 986 :176 , 1 80 -185 ) .

s na C is , P .B . ( 1986 ) T he P i sca taway I nd ian s o fS ou the rn Mar y land : a ne thnoh i s to ry f r om p re -Eu ropean c on tac t s t o t he p re sen t . P h .D . d i se r ta t ion , T he Ame r ican Un ive r s i ty .

McCa sh ion , J .H . ( 1979 ) Ap re l im inary c h rono logy a nd sion o d i scus f s even teen th a nd e a r ly e i gh teen th c en tur y c l ay t obacco p ipe s f r om N ew Yo rk S ta te s i te s . T he A r chaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ip e , I : T he U n i ted S ta t e s o f Amer ica . E d i ted b y P e te r D avey . B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ic a l R epo r t I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s , 6 0 :63 -149 . McCa sh ion , J .H . ( 1988 ) . P e r sona l c ommun ic a t ion . l N icke l s , M . ( 1987 ) . H a rmony H a l h i s tory . Manu sc r ip t o nf i l e , N a t iona l P ark S e rv ice , N a t iona l C ap i ta l R eg ion . Wa sh ing ton , D .C . Noe l Hume , A . ( 1963 ) . C lay t obacco p ipe d a t ing i nt he l l i gh t o f r e cen t e xcava t ion s . Q uar t e r l y B u l e t in . A rchaeo log ic a l S oc ie ty o f V i rg in ia , 1 8 (2 ) : 2 2 -25 . Noe l Hume , A . ( 1979 ) . C lay t obacco p ipe s e xcava ted a t Ma r t in ' s Hund red V i rg in ia , 1 976 -1978 . T he A r chaeo log y o f t h e c l ay t o bacco p ip e , I : T he U n i t ed S t a t e s o f Amer ica . E d i ted b y P e te r D avey , B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epo r t , I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s , 6 0 :3 -36 . te Noe l Hume , I .( 1966 ) . E xcava t ion s a t T ut r ' s N eck . C on t r ibu t ion s f r om t he Mu seum o f H i s tor y a nd l T echno logy , P ape r s 5 2 -54 on A rchaeo logy . B u l e t in , 2 49 :31 -72 .

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A De sc r ip t ive Ana ly s i s o f t he Wh i te C lay T obacco P ipe s f r om t he S t . J ohn ' s S i te i n S t . Ma ry ' s C i ty , Mary land . ry a S i la s D . Hur nd Robe r t W . K ee le r

I NTRODUCT ION E xcava t ion s a t S t . John ' s , a m a jo r 1 7 th -cen tu ry t a rchaeo log ica l s i te i n Ma ry land ' s f i r s t s e t lemen t , sive c l p roduced a ni mpres o lec t ion o fw h i te c l ay t obacco p ipe s s pann ing t he p e r iod 1 638 t oc i rca 1 720 . T he s i te b egan a s at obacco p l an ta t ion e s t ab l i shed b y J ohn L ewge r , Mar y land ' sf i r s tS ec re tar yo fS t a te . T h rough i t s l ong l i f e , t h es i te s erved av a r ie ty o ff unc t ion s , b e ing a t v ar iou s t ime s t he r e s idence o f t he c o lony ' s Gove rno r , f a n o f ic i a l mee t ing p l ace , a p ub l ic i nn , a nd a f g ove rnmen t r ecord s o f ice ( S tone 1 974 :146 168 ) . E xc av a t ion s w e re c onduc ted a tt he s i te b y t he mu seum f o s t af f H i s to r ic S t . Mar y ' s C i ty f r om 1 972 t h rough 1 975 , a nd a ga in i n 1 982 . T h i s w o rk p roduced a ma jo r s a semb lage o f t obacco p ipe s f r om b o th f e a ture a nd p low d i s tu rbed c on tex t s . T he f o cu s o f t h i s s t udy i st he mo rpho logy o ft he t obacco p ipe b ow l s ,t he i d en t i f ic a t ion o f t h e m ake r s ' m a rk s , a nd t he d e sc r ip t ion o f t he s, d eco ra t ion s . B ased o n t h i s i mpo r tan t a r t i f ac t c l as t s ugge s t ion s a s t o ma rke t ing p a te rn s a nd d epo s i t iona l a c t iv i t ie s a r e f o rwarded .

H ISTOR ICAL AND EXCAVAT ION BACKGROUND T he S t . J ohn ' s S i te ( 18 S t 1 23 ) i n S t . Mary ' s c i ty , Mar y land , w a s e xc ava ted i n t h e 1 970 s b y t he a r chaeo log i s t s o f H i s to r ic S t . Ma r y ' s C i ty u nde r t he r y Whee d i rec t ion o f Gar le r S tone a nd A lexande r H . ri Mor son I . The h ou se a tS t . J ohn ' s w a s b u i l t i n 1 638 b yJ ohn L ewger , f i r s t S ec re ta ry o fS t a te f o r t he C o lony o f Ma r y land . S t . J ohn ' s w a s o ne o f t he e a r l ie s t s ub s tan t ia ls t ruc ture s b u i l t i nt he n ew Mary land c o lony . L ewge r h e ld t he p rope r ty u n t i l 1 654 -5 when S imon Ove rzec , aDu tch m e rchan t , m ade S t . J ohn ' s h i s h ome . I n 1 66 1 C har le s C a lve r t , g ove rno r o f t he c o lony a nd s on o f C ec i l C a lve r t , t he s e cond L o rd B a l t imo re , c o cup ied S t .J ohn ' s .C ha r le s C a lve r t , who l a te ri nhe r i ted t h i s f a the r ' s i le , r e s ided a t S t . J ohn ' s u n t i l ried aw a pp rox ima te ly 1 666 o r 1 667 , when h em ar ea l thy l w idow a nd moved t oh e r p l an ta t ion . F o low ing C ha r le s C a lve r t ' s r emova l f r om S t . J ohn ' s , t he h i s to r ica l r e co rd c o f t h e o cupan t s b ecome s s omewha t mu rky . F o r t he r ema inde r o f t he 1 7 th c en tur y t h e C a lve r t s a ppea r t o h ave l e a sed S t . J ohn ' s a sa n o rd ina ry o r p ub l ic i nn a nd l t o h ave o cca s iona ly u sed i ta s a gove rnmen t r e co rd s s t o rage o ff ice . A 1 678 l e a se b e tween C a lve r t a nd Hen ry E xon d e ta i l s i mp rovemen t s a nd r e pa i r s t o t he h ou se a nd i n d ica te s i t s u se , a tt ha t t ime , a s a n o rd inar y . T he l a s t d ocumen tary r e f e rence t o S t . J ohn ' s i s i n 1 693 w hen t h e b u i ld ing w a s u sed t o h ou se t he c o lony ' s p roba te o ff ice . I n 1 695 t he c ap i ta l o f t he c o lony w a s moved t o Annapo l i s a nd i n1 708 t h e c oun ty s ea t f o r S t .

Mary ' s C oun ty w a s moved t o L eonard town . A rchaeo log ic a l d a ta s ugge s t t he b u i ld ing w a s u sed u p t ot he e nd o ft he f i r s t d ecade o ft he 1 8 th c en tury , w hen s i i ta nd t he r e s t o fS t . Mar y ' s C i ty b egan t op as n to t h e a r chaeo log ic a l r eco rd ( S tone 1 974 :146 -168 ) . T he e xc ava t ion s a t t he S t . J ohn ' s S i te u ncove red l e v idence o f a h a l a nd p a r lo r , c en te r c h imneyed l l p r inc ipa l d we l ing w i th a p a r t ia l c e la r , a d e tached q ua r te r l a te r c onve r ted t o ak i tchen , al a te r s e rvan t ' s q ua r te r , a nd a m y r iad o f y a rd f e a tu re s a nd t r a sh d epo s i t s . De sp i te h av ing b een p lowed a f te r a bandonmen t , c on s ide rab le s ub su r f ace d epo s i t s r ema ined i n tac t . A l a rge p ropo r t ion o f t he a r t i f ac t s , h oweve r , w e re r e cove red f r om t he p low d i s tu rbed s o i l s w h ich l w e re s y s tema t ic a ly s c reened . G iven t he 1 7 th -cen tur y h ab i t o f d i spo s ing o f r e fu se i ns ur f ace m idden s a round l d we l ing s a nd s e rv ice b u i ld ing s , t h i s a r t i f ac t s amp le , t hough h omogen i zed b yt he a c t ion o ft he p low ,p rov ide s t he l i on ' s s ha re o f t he r ecove red t obacco p ipe s ( s ee K ee le r 1 978 a nd K ing 1 988 ) . F rom a c on tex tu ra l p e r spec t ive , t hey c an o n ly b ed a ted t ot he b racke t d a te s c o f t he o cupa t ion o f t he s i te ( 1638 - ci rca 1 720 ) . U t i l iz ing c e ram ic c h rono logy , t he s ub sur f ace f e a tu re s , h oweve r , h ave b een d i v ided i n to t h ree p ha se s o f c o cupa t ion : P ha se 1( 1638 -c i rca 1 660 ) , P ha se I ( c i rc a 1 660 -c i rca 1 685 ) , a nd P ha se I I ( c a . 1 685 -ca .1720 ) .

THE SAMPLE T he s amp le f o r t h i s a na ly s i s i sc omp r i sed o f t he w h i te co p l l c l ay t obac ipe f r agmen t s wh ich f a li n to t he f o low ing 1 c a tego r ie s : b ow l s c omp le te e nough t o b e t y ped ( 12 ) , s pec imen s w i th m ake r s ' m a rk s ( 168 ) , a nd d eco ra ted s pec imen s ( 238 ) . O the r u ndeco ra ted a nd u nmarked s pec imen s h ave b een e xc luded f r om t h i s a na ly s i s . A l so e xc luded a re n on -wh i te c l ay t obacco p ipe s r ecove red . B o th n on -wh i te c l ay t obacco p ipe sa nd g ene ra l i zed b o re a na ly se s o fb o th d eco ra ted a nd u ndeco ra ted p ipe s t em s ed e f r agmen t s h ave b een a dd res l sewhe re ( Hen ry 1 979 a nd S tone 1 977 ) .

ORGAN IZAT ION T h i s r epo r t i so rgan i zed i n to a n umbe r o f d i sc re te sion sing d f d i scus sa dd res i f e ren t a spec t so ft he S t . J ohn ' s s p ipe a semb lage . F i r s t , b ow l f o rm s a re d e sc r ibed a nd r e f e renced t o t he s t anda rd t y po log ie s . S econd , m a rked s pec imen s a re d e sc r ibed a nd i d en t i f ied . T h i s s e c t ion i s f u r the r d i v ided i n to s ub sec t ion s b a sed o n whe re t h e m ark a ppea r s o n t he s pec imen : h ee l ma rk s , s t em l m a rk s , b a se m ark s , a nd b ow l m a rk s . F o low ing t h e sion o d i scus f m arked s pec imen s , w e t u rn t o t h e 3 7

s pec imen sw h ich a r ed eco ra ted b u t l a ck m ake r s ' m a rk s . T he se e xamp le s a r e s ubd iv ided s im i la r ly t o t h e m a rked e x amp le s :d eco ra t ion o ns t em sa nd d eco ra t ion o nb ow l s . l I n t h e f o low ing a na ly s i s , t h e c on tex t o f t h e s pec imen s l b e ing d e sc r ibed w i l b e r e f e renced t o t h e p rev iou s ly d e sc r ibed s cheme o fs i te c h rono logy : P ha se I ,P ha se I , P ha se I I , o r n ond iagno s t ic ( f o r s pec imen s f r om p l ow d i s tu rbed s o i l s a nd u nda ted s ub su r f ace f e a tu re s ) . B o re l s d i ame te r s a r e g i ven f o r a pec imen s i n 6 4 th s o f a n i n ch .S pec imen sw i thou tm ea su rab le b o re sa r ed e sc r ibed a s N .B . ( no b o re ) . I ndec iphe rab le i n i t ia l s i n m ake r s ' ? ) . A l b ow l l m a rk s a r e i n d ica ted b y aq ue s t ion m a rk ( i u s t ra t ion s a r e a t a c tua l s i ze ( s ca le o f 1 : 1 ) a nd a l l m a rk a nd d eco ra t ion i u s t ra t ion s a r e a t t w ice n a tu ra l l s i ze ( s ca le o f 2 : 1) .

BO WL FORM DESCR IPT ION E ach b ow l i sd e sc r ibed i n r e f e rence t o t h e s t anda rd t y po log ie s f o rmu la ted b y O swa ld ( 1 975 ) , A tk in son a nd O swa ld ( 1 969 ) ,a nd N oe l Hume ( 1963 a nd 1 970 ) . T he se t y po log ie s a r e s upp lemen ted b y L aw rence ( 1 979 ) f o r Y o rk p i pe s , Wa tk in s ( 1 979 ) f o r Hu l p i pe s , a nd D avey l a nd R u te r ( 1 980 ) f o r C he s te r p i pe s , a nd e xamp le s t i u s t ra ted b y Duco ( 1 981 ) a nd McCa sh ion ( 1 979 ) f o r l Du tch p i pe f o rm s .

DATE : c i rc a 1 640 -1660 ( O swa ld 1 650 1675 ( L aw rence 1 979 : 6 1 ) , ( McCa sh ion 1 979 ) .

1 975 : 1 7 th

3 9 ,41 ) , c en tu r y

T ype A , V ar ie ty 3 I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 1g -o ( t h ree s pec imen s n o t i u s t ra ted ) l DESCR IPT ION : S im i la r t o o the r T ype A p i pe s b u t w i th as l i gh t l y t a le r , mo re s l ende r b ow l , a nd as l ende r l mo re d eve loped p ede s ta l h ee l . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : 1 2 BORE D IAMETER : 9 / 64 ( 2 ) , 8 / 64 ( 1 0 ) CO MPAR ISONS : S im i la r t o O swa ld ' s g ene ra l T ype 5 ( 1975 : 3 9 ) , a nd Yo rk sh i re b u lbou s T ype 7 ( L aw rence 1 979 : 6 1 ) . G rea te s t s im i la r i ty i s wi th t h e C he s te r p i pe s ( Ru te r a nd D avey 1 980 : 5 8 ,59 ) . t MAKER 'S MARKS : n one CONTEXT : P ha se I( 3 ) , P ha se 1(1 ) , P ha se I I ( 1 ) , a nd n ond iagno s t ic ( 7 ) DATE : c i rc a 1 640 -1660 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 ,41 ) , 1 650 -1675 ( Law rence 1 979 : 6 1) ,16 10 1650 ( Ru te r t a nd D ave y 1 980 : 5 8 ,59 ) .

T ype A , V ar .e ty 1

T ype A , V ar ie ty 4

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 1a c .

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 2 af

DESCR IPT ION : S ho r t f a t b u lbou s b ow l w i th al a rge p ede s ta l h ee l a nd r ou le ted r im . t NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : t h ree BORE D IAMETER : 8 / 64 ( 3 ) COMPAR ISONS : S im i la r t o O swa ld ' s g ene ra l T ype 5 ( 1975 : 3 9 ) ,a nd t h e Hu lv a r ie t ie s o fY o rk sh i re b u lbou s l I l e (Wa tk in s 1 979 : 8 7 ) . MAKER 'S MARK : n one CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 3 ) DATE : c i rca 1 640 -1660 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 ,41 ) , 1 650 -1675 (Wa tk in s 1 979 : 8 7 ) .

DESCR IPT ION : S im i la r t o T ype A , V a r ie t ie s 2a nd 3 ,b u t w i th a n e ven t a le r , more s l ende r b ow l a nd a n l e ven s ma le r p ede s ta l b a se . l NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : s i x BORE D IAMETER : 8 / 64 ( 6 ) COMPAR ISONS : S im i lar t o O swa ld ' s g ene ra l T ype 5 ( 1 975 : 3 9 ) a nd N oe l Hume ' s T ype 8 (1 970 : 3 03 ) . MAKER 'S MARKS : n one CONTEXT : P ha se I( 1 ) , P ha se 1(1 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 4 ) DATE : c i rc a 1 640 -1660 ( O swa ld 1 9 75 : 3 9 , 4 1 ) , 1 645 -1665 ( Noe l Hume 1 970 : 3 03 ) .

T ype A , V ar ie ty 2 I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 1d f

T ype A , V ar ie ty 5

DESCR IPT ION : S im i la rt oT ype A , V ar ie ty 1 ,b u tw i th at a le r , mo re s l ende r b ow l , a nd a mo re s l ende r , l u nde rdeve loped , p ede s ta l h ee l . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : t h ree BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 1 ) , 6 / 64 ( 1 ) , 9 / 64 ( 1 ) COMPAR ISONS : S im i la r t o O swa ld ' s g ene ra l T ype 5 ( 1 975 : 3 9 ) , a nd Y o rk sh i re b u lbou s T ype 7 ( Law rence 1 979 : 6 1 ) , t h e se s pec imen s a l so s how s im i la r i t ie s t o McCa sh ion ' s ( 1979 ) e a r ly Du tch b e ly b ow l s . l MAKER 'S MARK : n one CONTEXT : P ha se 1( 1 ) , P ha se 1 1(1 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 )

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gure 2 g

3 8

DESCR IPT ION : S im i la r t o o the r T ype A b ow l s , b u t v e ry b u lbou s ,a nd w i th av e ry s ma lh ee lw h ich i sa lmo s t l a spur . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 8 / 64 ( 1 ) COMPAR ISONS : S im i lar t o O swa ld ' s g enera l T ype 5 ( 1 975 : 3 9 ) . MAKER 'S MARKS : n one CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) DATE : c i rc a 1 640 -1660 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 , 4 1 )

F igu re 1 :T ype A b ow l s : V a r ie ty 1a c ; V a r ie ty 2 d f ; V a r ie ty 3 g o 3 9

F i gure 2 :T ype A b ow l s : V a r ie ty 4at T ype B b ow l s : V a r ie ty 1hi ;V ar ie ty 2j k 4 0

F i gure 3 :T ype C b ow l s : V a r ie ty 1a c ; V ar ie ty 2 d f . T ype D b ow l s : g -h . T ype E b ow l s i j 4 1

T ype B , V ar ie ty 1

T ype C , V ar ie ty 2

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 2 h i

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 3 d f

DESCR IPT ION : B u lbou s b ow l w i th r ud imen ta ry t s pu r /pede s ta l h ee l , a nd r ou le ted r im . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : 8 / 64 ( 2 ) COMPAR ISONS : S im i la r t o O swa ld ' s g ene ra l T ype 9 ( 1 975 : 3 9 ) , b u t t h e b ow l i sl e s s b u lbou s , N oe l Hume ' s T ype 1 1(1970 : 3 03 ) i sv e ry s im i la r b u t w i th a mo re l f u ly d eve loped s pu r ; t h e se s pec imen s m ay r ep re sen t t r an s i t iona l f o rm s . MAKER 'S MARKS : One w i th r e l ie f mo lded d eco ra t ion ry t i nt h e Mu lber r ee mo t i f( s ee d eco ra ted b ow l sb e low ) . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) DATE : 1 680 -1710 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 ,41 ) , 1 650 -1680 ( Noe l Hume 1 970 : 3 03 ) .

DESCR IPT ION : S im i la r t o T ype C , V ar ie ty 1 ,b u t b ow l i sm o re b u lbou s a nd l a rge r . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : t h ree BORE D IAMETER : 8 / 64 ( 3 ) COMPAR ISONS : S im i la r t o O swa ld ' s g ene ra l T ype 6 ( 1 975 :3 9 ) ,Y o rk sh i re b u lbou s T ype 1 4( Law rence1979 : l 6 1 ) ,Hu l T ype l ib (Wa tk in s 1 979 : 8 7 ) , a nd l McCa sh ion ' s D u tch b e ly b ow l ( 1 979 ) . MAKER 'S MARK : n one CONTEXT : P ha se I I ( 1 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) DATE : 1 660 1680 ( O sw a ld 1 975 : 3 9 ,41 ) , 1 670 -1700 , ( Law rence 1 979 : 6 1) , 1 660 -1700 ( Wa tk in s 1 979 : 8 7 ) , a nd 1 7 th c en tu ry ( McCa sh ion 1 979 ) .

T ype B , V ar ie ty 2

,k I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 2j DESCR IPT ION : S im i la r t o T ype B , V a r ie ty 1 , b u t p ropo r t iona te ly l a rge r . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : t wo COMPAR ISONS : O swa ld ' s g ene ra l T ype 9 ( 1 975 :39 ) i ss im i la r , b u t t h e b ow l i sl e s b u lbou s ; N oe l Hume ' s s T ype 1 1(1970 : 3 03 ) i sv er y s im i la r b u t w i th a mo re f u ly d eve loped s pu r ; t h e se s pec imen s m ay r ep re sen t l t r an s i t iona l f o rm s . MAKER 'S MARKS : n one CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 3 ) DATE : 1 680 -1710 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 ,41) , 1 650 -1680 ( Noe l Hume 1 970 : 3 03 ) .

T ype D I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 3 g, h r ow DESCR IPT ION : N ar ,e l onga ted b u lbou sb ow lw i th t f l a t , s p layed h ee l a nd r ou le ted r im . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 1 ) , N .B . (1 ) CO MPAR ISONS : S im i la r t o O swa ld a nd J ame s ' B ro se ly T ype 2 b ( i n O swa ld 1 975 ) . MAKER 'S MARKS : n one CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) DATE : 1 660 -1680 ( A tk in son 's d a t ing , O swa ld 1 975 )

T ype E I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 3 i ,j

T ype C , V ar ie ty 1 I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 3 ac DESCR IPT ION : E longa ted b u lbou s b ow l , w i th f l a t p ede s ta l h ee l a nd r ou le ted r im . t NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : t h ree BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 1 ) , 8 / 64 ( 1 ) , a nd 9 / 64 ( 1 ) COMPAR ISONS : S im i la r t o O swa ld ' s g ene ra l T ype 6 ( 1975 : 3 9 ) ,Y o rk sh i re B u lbou sT ype h f (Wa tk in s 1 979 : 8 7 ) , A tk in son a nd O swa ld ' s L ondon T ype 1 2 ( 1969 ) , Noe l Hume ' s T ype 8 ( Noe l Hume 1 970 : 3 03 ) , a nd McCa sh ion ' s ( 1 979 ) Du tch b e ly b ow l . l MAKER 'S MARKS : One s pec imen w i th t he " EB ' h ee l m ark o f E dward B i rd ( s ee b e low ) . CONTEXT : P ha se 1(1) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) DATE : 1 660 -1680 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 , 4 1) , 1 660 -1700 (Wa tk in s 1 979 : 8 7 ) , 1 640 -1670 ( A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 ) ,1645 1665 ( Noe l Hume 1 970 : 3 03 ) , a nd 1 7 th c en tury ( McCa sh ion 1 979 ) .

4 2

DESCR IPT ION : F orwa rd lean ing , e l onga ted , b u lbou s b ow l w i th s ma l , f l a t s pu r l ike h ee l , a nd r ou le ted r im . l t NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 1 ) , 7 / 64 ( 1 ) COMPAR ISONS : T ran s i t iona l b e tween O swa ld ' s g ene ra l T ype 8a nd T ype 9 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 , 4 1 ) . MAKER 'S MARKS : n one CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) DATE : 1 680 -1710 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 , 4 1 )

T ype F I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 4a ,b DESCR IPT ION : F orwa rd lean ing , e l onga ted , s l i gh t ly b u lbou s b ow lw i th av e ry s ma l , f l a t , s pu r l ike h ee l a nd l r ou le ted r im . t NU MBER OF S PEC I MENS : t wo

e

C

i

k

F i gu re 4 :T ype F b ow l s : a b . T ype G b ow l s : c k 4 3

BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 (1 ) , 7 / 64 (1 ) COMPAR ISONS : S im i la r t o O swa ld ' s g ene ra l T ype 8 ( 1 975 : 3 9 ) , a nd N oe l Hume ' s T ype 1 3 ( 1 970 : 3 03 ) . MAKER 'S MARKS : n one CONTEXT : P ha se 1 1 (1) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) DATE : 1 680 -1710 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 , 4 1 , N oe l Hume 1 970 : 3 03 )

T ype G I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 4 ck DESCR IPT ION :F o rwa rd lean ing ,v e ry s l i gh t ly b u lbou s t b ow l , w i th a fl a t h ee l a nd a rou le ted r im . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : n i ne BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 (7 ) , 7 / 64 (1 ) , 8 / 64 (1 ) COMPAR ISONS : S im i lar t o O swa ld ' s g ene ra l T ype 8( 1 975 : 3 9 ) a nd N oe l Hume ' s T ype 1 2 ( 1 970 : 3 03 ) . MAKER 'S MARKS : One s pec imen w i th i n i t ia l s " IF ' mo lded o n s i de o f h ee l , o ne d eco ra ted w i th t h e ry T Mu lber ree mo t i fr e l ie f mo ld ing ( s ee m ake r s ' m a rk s a nd d eco ra ted b ow l s b e low ) . CONTEXT : P ha se I I ( 1 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 8 ) DATE : 1 680 -1710 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 ,41 ) , 1 650 -1680 ( Noe l Hume 1 970 : 3 03 ) .

T ype H

T ype J I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 5 C DESCR IPT ION : S l igh t ly c urv ing s i de s w i th t h e b ow l i n an ea r l y " up r igh t " p o s i t ion , n o h ee l , r ou le ted r im , t b ow l i sp o l i shed . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 8 / 64 ( 1 ) CO MPAR ISONS :S im i la rt o McCa sh ion ' s Du tch e xpo r t f unne l e l bow t y pe ( 1979 ) . MAKER 'S MARKS : n one CONTEXT : P ha se I I ( 1 ) , n ond i agno s t ic ( 2 ) DATE : 1 7 th c en tury ( McCa sh ion 1 9 79 )

T ype K I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 5 d -g DESCR IPT ION : B ow l h a s p ara le l c u rv ing s i de s a nd l s ma l , f l a t h ee l . l NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : f o u r BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 2 ) , 7 / 64 ( 1 ) , N .B . (1 ) CO MPAR ISONS : S im i la r t o O sw a ld ' s g ene ra l T ype 1 975 : 3 9 ) , a nd t r an s i t iona l b e tween Noe l H ume ' s 1 ( T ype s 1 5 a nd 1 6 ( 1970 : 3 03 ) . MAKER 'S MARKS : n one CONTEXT : P ha se I I ( 1 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 3 ) DATE : 1 7 30 -1760 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 ) , 1 700 1770 , 1 730 -1790 ( Noe l Hume 1 970 : 3 03 ) .

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 5 a DESCR IPT ION : S l igh t ly c u rv ing b ow l w i th p ronouncM , p o in ted s pu r . NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 1 ) COMPAR ISONS : S im i la rt oO swa ld ' s g ene ra lT ype 1 9 ( 1975 : 4 1 ) , N oe l Hume ' s T ype 1 9 ( 1 970 : 3 03 ) . MAKER 'S MARKS : n one CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) DATE : 1 690 -1710 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 , 4 1) , 1 690 -1750 ( Noe l Hume 1 970 : 3 03 ) .

T ype L I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 5 h , i DESCR IPT ION : C urv ing b ow lw i th af l a tened a r ea a t t t h e b a se , b u t n o t a tr ue h ee l . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 2 ) CO MPAR ISONS : S im i la r t o O sw a ld ' s g ene ra l T ype 1 0 ( 1 975 : 3 9 ) . MAKER 'S MARKS : n one CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) DATE : 1 700 1740 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 )

T ype I I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gure 5 b

T ype M , V ar ie ty 1 I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 6 a-n

DESCR IPT ION : B ow l i s s l i gh t ly f l a red w i th t l r ud imen tar y s pur , r im i sr ou le ted a nd n ear ly p ara le l w i th s t em . NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 1 ) COMPAR ISONS : S im i la r t oO swa ld ' s g ene ra lT ype 2 0 ( 1 975 :41) . MAKER 'S MARKS : n one CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) DATE : 1 690 -1730 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 4 1 )

4 4

DESCR IPT ION : S pur les ee l le s b ow l , w i th b ow l s, h s c urv ing s ha rp ly f r om s t em , r im o fb ow li sr ou le ted ,b u t t n o t p ara le l w i th s t em . l NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : f ou r teen BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 (4 ) , 7 / 64 ( 7 ) , 8 / 64 ( 2 ) , N .B . ( 1 ) COMPAR ISONS : S im i la r t o A tk in son a nd O sw a ld ' s L ondon T ype 2 4 ( 1969 ) , N oe l Hume ' s 1 690 -1720 t y pe ( 1 963 : 2 62 ) .

C

F i gu re 5 :B ow l s : T ype H a ;T ype Ib ;T ype Jc ;T ype K d g ; T ype L hi 4 5

g e

F i gu re 6 :T ype M b ow l s : V ar ie ty 1a -n 4 6

f

C

g

e d

k

1

m

F igure 7 :T ype M b ow l s : V a r ie ty 2a g ; V ar ie ty 3 h -r n 4 7

k

n F i gu re 8 :T ype M b ow l s : V a r ie ty 4 a n 4 8

MAKER 'S MARKS : One s pec imen w i th t h e m a rk o f l W i l iam E van s ( I o r I ) o f B r i s to l . A n a dd i t iona l l W i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) m ark a ppea r s o n aM T ype b ow l f o r w h ich t he v a r ie ty i s n o t i d en t if iab le ( s ee m ake r s ' m a rk s b e low ) . CONTEXT : P ha se I I ( 2 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 12 ) DATE : 1 700 -1740 ( A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 ) , 1 690 -1720 ( Noe l Hume 1 963 : 2 62 ) .

l MAKER 'S MARKS : N one d e f in i te ly , b u t aW i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) m a rk a ppea r s o n a Type M b ow l f o r w h ich t h e v a r ie ty i s no t i d en t i f iab le ( s ee m ake r s ' m a rk s b e low ) . CONTEXT : P ha se I I ( 4 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 4 ) DATE : 1 680 -1740 ( Noe l Hume 1 963 : 2 62 )

T ype M , V ar ie ty 5 T ype M , V ar ie ty 2

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gure 9 e, f

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 7 ag

s, h s b DESCR IPT ION : S pu r les ee l les ow l , w i th b ow l l c urv ing s ha rp ly f r om s t em , r im o fb ow l i s pa ra le l w i th t s t em a nd r ou le ted . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 1 ) , 8 / 64 ( 1 ) COMPAR ISONS : S im i lar t oO swa ld ' s g ene ra lT ype 2 6 ( 1 975 : 3 9 ) , N oe l Hume ' s T ype 1 8 ( 1 970 : 3 03 ) . l MAKER 'S MARKS : N one d ef in i te ly , b u t aW i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) m ark a ppear s o n a Type M b ow l f o r w h ich t h e v a r ie ty i sn o t i d en t if iab le ( s ee b e low ) . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) DATE : 1 680 -1710 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 ,41 , N oe l Hume 1 970 : 3 03 ) .

DESCR IPT ION : S pur les ee l les ow l , w i th b ow l s, h s b c urv ing s h a rp ly f r om s t em , r im o fb ow l i sn o t p a ra le l l w i th s t em o r r ou le ted . t NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : s e ven BORE D IAMETER : 5 / 64 ( 1 ) , 6 / 64 ( 2 ) , 7 / 64 ( 3 ) , 8 / 64 ( 1 ) CO MPAR ISONS : S im i lar t o A tk in son a nd O swa ld ' s L ondon T ype 2 4 ( 1969 ) , Noe l H ume 1 690 -1720 t y pe ( 1963 : 2 62 ) . M AKER 'S MARKS : One s pe c imen i sm arked w i th a L iewe l in E van s ma rk , a dd i t iona ly , aW i l iam E van s ( I l l l o r I ) m a rk a ppea r s o n a ty pe M b ow l f o r w h ich t h e v ar ie ty i s no t i d en t i f iab le ( s ee m ake r s ' m a rk s b e low ) . CONTEXT : P ha se I I ( 2 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 5 ) DATE : 1 700 -1740 ( A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 ) , 1 690 -1720 ( Noe l Hume 1 963 : 2 62 ) .

T ype M , V ar ie ty 3 I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gure 7 h-r n s, h ee s b DESCR IPT ION : S pu r les l les ow l , w i th b ow l t c urv ing g en t ly f r om s t em , r im o fb ow l i s rou le ted a nd l n o t p a ra le l w i th s t em . NU MBER OF S PEC I MENS : s i x BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 2 ) , 7 / 64 ( 3 ) , 8 / 64 ( 1 ) CO MPAR ISONS : S im i la r t o N oe l Hume ' s 1 680 -1740 t y pe ( 1 963 : 2 62 ) . l MAKER 'S MARKS : N one d e f in i te ly , b u t aW i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) ma rk a ppea r s o n a Type M b ow l f o r wh ich t h e v a r ie ty i sn o t i d en t i f iab le ( s ee b e low ) . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 5 ) DATE : 1 680 -1740 ( Noe l Hume 1 963 : 2 62 )

T ype M , V ar ie ty 4 I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 8 an a nd F i gure 9 ad s, h ee s b DESCR IPT ION : S pu r les l les ow l , w i th b ow l t c ur v ing g en t ly f r om s t em , r im o fb ow l i s no t r ou le ted l o r p a ra le l w i th s t em . NU MBER OF S PEC I MENS : 1 8 1 BORE D IAMETER : 5 / 64 ( 2 ) , 6 / 64 ( 1 ) , 7 / 64 ( 4 ) , N .B . ( 1 ) CO MPAR ISONS : S im i la r t o N oe l Hume ' s 1 680 -1740 t y pe ( 1 963 : 2 62 ) .

T ype M , V ar ie ty 6 I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gure 9 g s, h s b DESCR IPT ION : S pu r les ee l les ow l , w i th b ow l l c u rv ing s harp ly f r om s t em , r im o fb ow l i s pa ra le l w i th t s t em a nd n o t r ou le ted . NU MBER OF S PEC I MENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 8 / 64 ( 1 ) CO MPAR ISONS : S im i la rt oO swa ld ' s g ene ra lT ype 2 6 ( 1 975 : 3 9 ) , N oe l Hume ' s T ype 1 8 ( 1 970 : 3 03 ) . l MAKER 'S MARKS : N one d ef in i te ly , b u t aW i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) m a rk a ppea r s o n aT ype M b ow l f o r w h ich t h e v a r ie ty i sn o t i d en t if i ab le ( s ee m ake r s ' m a rk s b e low ) . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) DATE : 1 680 -1710 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 , 4 1 , Noe l Hume 1 970 : 3 03 )

T ype M , V ar ie ty 7 I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 1 0 a c s, h s b DESCR IPT ION : S pu r les ee l les ow l , w i th b ow l l c urv ing g en t ly f r om s t em , r im o f b ow l i sp a ra le l w i th t s t em a nd r ou le ted . NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : t h ree BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 3 ) CO MPAR ISONS : S im i la r t o O swa ld ' s g ene ra l T ype 2 6 ( 1 975 : 3 9 ) , N oe l Hume ' s T ype 1 7 ( 1 970 : 3 03 ) . l MAKER 'S MARKS : N one d e f in i te ly , b u t aW i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) m ark a ppear s o n a Type M b ow l f o r w h ich t h e v a r ie ty i sn o t i d en t if i ab le ( s ee m ake r s ' m a rk s b e low ) . 4 9

a

C

F i gu re 9 :T ype M b ow l s : V ar ie ty 4 a d ; V a r ie ty 4e f ; V a r ie ty 6 g 5 0

d

F i gure 1 0 : T ype M b ow l s : V a r ie t y 7a c ; V ar ie ty 8 d g 5 1

b

a

g

j

i

h

k

1 1 . ; T ,

ER

f

e

d

C

R T

n

p

0

t

q

U V

L E

\ �i x

F i gu re 1 : Make r s ' m a rk s : h ee l s a k ; b ow l m a rk s l aa 5 2

y

z

a a

CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 4 ) DATE : 1 680 1710 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 , 4 1 , N oe l Hume 1 970 : 3 03 )

T ype M , V ar ie ty 8 I LLUSTRAT ION : F igu re 1 0 d g s, h s b DESCR IPT ION : S pu r les ee l les ow l , w i th b ow l l c urv ing g en t ly f r om s t em , r im o f b ow l i sp a ra le l w i th s t em . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : f ou r BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 3 ) , 7 / 64 ( 1 ) CO MPAR ISONS : S im i la r t oO swa ld ' s g ene ra lT ype 2 5 ( 1975 : 3 9 ) , N oe l Hume ' s T ype 1 7 ( 1 970 : 3 03 ) . l MAKER 'S MARKS : N one d ef in i te ly , b u t aW i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) ma rk a ppear s o n aT ype M b ow l f o r w h ich t h ev a r ie ty i s no t i d en t i f iab le ( s ee m ake r s ' m a rk s b e low ) . CONTEXT : P ha se I I ( 1 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 3 ) DATE : 1 680 -1710 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 3 9 , 4 1 , N oe l Hume 1 970 : 3 03 )

MAKERS ' MARKS :

HEELS

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 1 a DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se " A " s u rmoun ted b y a c rown . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown , h ee led b ow l CO MPAR ISONS : Duco ( 1981 )a nd McCa sh ion ( 1 979 ) lu f i s t ra te s im i lar c rowned m a rk s w i th d i f e ren t i n i t ia l s t l a nd a t r ibu te t hem t o Du tch m anu f ac tu re .M i le r( 1 983 ) lu l i s t ra te s a n i d en t ic a l m a rk f r om t h e V i lage C en te ro f S t . Ma r y ' s C i ty . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : u nknown , p robab ly Du tch DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gure 1 b r DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se " F B " s u rounded b y c oncen t r ic c i rc le s . NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 1 ) , 9 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : One T ype C , 1 bow l , o ne o n a v e ry f r agmen tary T ype Jf unne l shaped e l bow p i pe . COMPAR ISONS : McCa sh ion ( 1 979 )a nd Duco ( 1 981 ) l i d en t if yt h e m ake r a sE dwa rd B i rd o f Ho land . S ee a l so l l M i le r ( 1 983 ) , M i tche l ( 1 983 ) , F au lkne r a nd F au lkne r ( 1987 ) , a nd G ib son ( 1 980 ) f o r i d en t ic a l m ark s . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) l MAKER : E dward B i rd o f Ho land DATE : 1 635 -1665 ( McCa sh ion 1 979 : 9 2 )

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 1 c r DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se " N B ' s u rounded b y a w rea th l ike c i rc le . NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : 9 / 64 ( 2 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown , h ee led b ow l l COMPAR ISONS : Duco ( 1 981 )i u s t ra te ss im i la rm a rk s , f l l b u t w i th d i f e ren t i n i t ia l s . M i le r ( 1 983 : 7 0 ) i u s t ra te s l av e r y s im i lar m ark f r om t h e V i lage C en te r a t S t . Mar y ' s C i ty . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) MAKER : u nknown , p robab ly Du tch DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gure 1 d DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se " IP " s epa ra ted b y ad o t a nd s u rmoun ted b y ac r own . NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : N .B . TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown h ee led b ow l l COMPAR ISONS : Duco ( 1 981 )i u s t ra te ss im i la rm a rk s . l l M i le r ( 1 983 : 7 0 ) i u s t ra te s a s im i la r c rowned , l t wo in i t ia l m a rk f r om t h e V i lage C en te r a tS t . Mar y ' s C i ty . S ee a l so " IP ' s t em a nd b a se m a rk s , b e low . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : u nknown , p robab ly Du tch DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 1 e DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se " L S ' i nc i rc le o n h ee l . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : Unknown h ee led b ow l w i th a s p layed h ee l s im i lar t o B ro se ly p i pe s . t COMPAR ISONS : Ru te r a nd D avey ( 1980 : 1 2 1 ) l i u s t ra te a s im i la r b u t n o t i d en t ic a l m a rk w h ich t h ey t t e n ta t ive ly a t r ibu te t o L aw rence S t a rkey . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : L aw rence S t arkey o f C he s te r t DATE : C i rca 1 670 ( Ru te r a nd D avey 1 980 : 1 21 )

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gure 1 f

? ) f i gu re s i n ac i rc le . DESCR IPT ION : Two h uman ( NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown h ee led b ow l COMPAR ISONS : McCa sh ion ( 1979 )i u s tra te ss im i la r , l b u t n o t i d en t ica l s pec imen s . CONTEXT : P ha se I I MAKER : u nknown , p os ly Du tch sib DATE : u nknown 5 3

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 1 g

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 1 11

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se " ID " s u rounded b y a r c i rc le . NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : E x treme ly f r agmen ta ry T ype J f unne l shaped e l bow p i pe . COMPAR ISONS : Duco ( 1981 ) i u s t ra te s a n i d en t ic a l l m a rk a nd v ar ia t ion s o n t h e m a rk , a nd a t r ibu te s i tt o t J ohn D rape r . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : J ohn D rape r o f Ho land l DATE : 1 630 -1645 ( Duco 1 981 )

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se " IR " s e para ted b y d o t s , a nd w i th s c ro led l i ne s a bove a nd b e low , a l s pe c imen s l l o f e x t reme ly s o f t p a s te a nd wo rn . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : t h re e BORE D IAMETER : 8 / 64 ( 3 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown h e led b ow l e COMPAR ISONS : Mu ldoon ( 1979 : 2 73 ) i u s t ra te s a n l i d en t ic a lm a rk o n ab ow lf o rm d a ted t oc i rca 1 600 1640 . CONTEXT : P ha se I( 1 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : 1 600 -1640 ( Mu ldoon 1 979 )

BO WL MARKS I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 1 h I LLUSTRAT ION : DESCR IPT ION : I nd i sce rn ib le m ark o ne l onga ted h ee l , p os ly a n i n ve r ted t u l ip . sib NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 8 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown , h ee led b ow l COMPAR ISONS : McCa sh ion ( 1 979 )a nd Duco ( 1981 ) l i u s t ra te t u l ip m a rk s . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) sib MAKER : u nknown , p os ly Du tch DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 1 i DESCR IPT ION : I mp res i ve -pe ta led , s t y l ized R o se s ed f m a rk e nc lo sed i n ac i rc le . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : f ou r BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 1 ) , 7 / 64 ( 3 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown h ee led b ow l COMPAR ISONS : McCa sh ion ( 1 979 : 1 04 ) i u s t ra te s l s im i lar m a rk s a s Du tch p roduc t s , O swa ld ( 1970 : 1 29 -130 ) a l so i u s t ra te s t h i s m a rk . l CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 4 ) sib MAKER : u nknown , p os ly Du tch DATE :

1 630 -1650 ( O swa ld 1 970 : 1 29 -130 )

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 11 DESCR IPT ION : E x t reme ly f r agmen tar y m a rk sib c ompo sed o f a cen t ra l " T ' s haped c ha rac te r ( pos le nd a n u ppe r c a se h amme r? ) f l anked b y i n i t ia l s , "?" a

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l s " E R " s epa ra ted b y a do t a nd u nde r l ined w i th a se r ie s o f t h ree l i nked o va l s . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : O swa ld ( 1975 : 8 6 ) s ugge s t s t h i s m ay b e t h e m ark o f E dward R eed , h oweve r , Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 1 479 ) d oe s n o t i u s tra te t h i s m a rk a s o ne u s ed l b y R eed . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : P os ly E dwa rd R eed o f B r i s to l . sib DATE : P os ly 1 706 -1723 ( O swa ld 1 9 75 : 8 6 ) . sib

I LLUSTRAT ION :

5 4

F i gu re 1 m

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l " F f o lowed b y l a d o t , a nd a m is n i t ia l , t h e w ho le m a rk i s sing i s ur rounded b y as c ro led c a r touche . l NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : O swa ld ( 1975 : 5 6 -57 ) i s t ra te s a lu s im i la r m a rk a nd a t r ibu te s i tt o F ran c i s Rus l I . t se l Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 1 486 ) i u s t ra te s s e ve ra l R us l m a rk s , l se l o f w h ich t h i s s pec imen i s mo s t s im i l a r t o am a rk h e a t r ibu te s t o F ranc i s R us l I . t se l CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : P robab ly F ranc i s Rus se l l I ,o f B r i s to l . DATE : c i rc a 1 698

I LLUSTRAT ION : NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 2 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown h ee led b ow l COMPAR ISONS : n one CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown

F i gu re 1 11

F i gu re 1 n

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t i a l s " I 1" s epa ra ted b y as t a r , u nde r l ined b y t h ree o va l s , a nd f r amed w i th a fr agmen ta ry , c ur l ing c a r touche . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown

CO MPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1977 : 1 309 -1324 ) l i s t s t h ree B r i s to l m ake r s w i th t he i n i t ia l s " I1 " w i th in t h e c S t . J ohn ' s o cupa t ion s pan , w h i le O swa ld ( 1 975 : 1 30 -206 ) l i s t s 3 2 w i th t h e se i n i t ia l s . S im i la r i n i t ia l t m ark s o n p i pe h ee l s h ave b een a t r ibu ted t o J ohn e T ucke r ( J ack son a nd P r ice 1 974 : 7 3 , 108 -109 ) ; s e a l so l M i ler ( 1986 : 8 5 ) f o r e xamp le s f r om S t . Ma ry ' s C i ty . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : P os ly J ohn T ucke r o f B r i s to l . sib DATE : C i r ca 1 662 -1671

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 d

" w i th DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l s "? E f r agmen ta ry s c ro led c a r touche . l NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1977 : 125 -1126 ) l i s t s 1 2 B r i s to l m ake r sw i th s u rname s b eg inn ing w i th " E " ,w h i le O swa ld ( 1 975 : 1 30 -206 ) l i s t s 4 8 p i pe m ake r s w i th s u rname s b eg inn ing w i th t he l e te r ' E " . t CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 p

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t i a l s " R T ' s epa ra ted b y ad o t . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : t h ree BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 3 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 1 493 ) s ugge s t s t h a t t h i s i st h e m a rk o f R obe r t T ippe t Io f B r i s to l . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : P robab ly R obe r t T ippe t Io f B r i s to l . DA T E : 1 678 -1713 (Wa lker 1 977 : 1 494 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gure 1 q

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l " R T ' . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : t h re e BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 3 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 1 493 ) s ugge s t s t h a t t h i s i st h e m ark o f R obe r t T ippe t Io f B r i s to l . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 3 ) MAKER : P robab ly R obe r t T ippe t I . DATE : 1 6 78 -1713 (Wa lke r 1 977 : 1 494 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 r

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe rc a se i n i t ia l s " T(? ) o ve r o n ar a i sed b os rk a ppear s t ob e mo ld i mpa r ted . s. Ma NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown

CO MPAR ISONS :G iven t h ef r agmen tary n a ture o ft h i s s pec imen , a t r ibu t ion i s n o t f e a s ib le . O swa ld ( 1 975 : t 8 4 -85 ) i u s tra te s o the r mu l t i le te r b ow l m a rk s . l t CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gure 1 s

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l s " T C ' i mp res s ed i nb ow l . NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 112 ) l i s t s T homa s C u l imo re a s aB r i s to l m ake rw h i le O swa ld ( 1 975 : 1 30 l 2 06 ) l i s t s 1 8 o the r m ake r s w i th t h e se n i t ia l s w i th in t h e S t . J ohn ' s o cupa t ion s pan . i c CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gure 1

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l s "? N " w i th i n te r lock ing o va l s a bove a nd b e low . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : P os ly t he m a rk o f R icha rd sib N unney , b u t Wa lke r ( 1977 : 1 466 -1467 ) i u s t ra te s o n ly l h ee l m a rk s . O swa ld ( 1975 : 1 30 -206 ) l i s t s 2 0 m ake r s w i th s u rname s b eg inn ing w i th a n " N " i n t h i s t ime p e r iod . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 u

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se " M " i mp res nb ow l . s ed i NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : P os ly t h e m a rk o f T homa s sib Monke s , b u t t h e n a ture o f t h e i mp res M " a ppea r s s ed " d i f e ren tf r om i u s tra ted e xamp le s (Wa lke r 1 977 : 1 462 ) . f l O swa ld ( 1 975 : 1 30 -206 ) l i s t s 8 1 m ake r s w i th s u rname s b eg inn ing w i th a n M ' i n o u r t ime p e r iod . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gure 1 v

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se n i t ia l s "W E " w i th i s c ro led e l emen t s epara t ing t h e i n i t ia l s , e n t i re m ark i s l 5

r s u rounded b y a ci rc le . NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 2 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 1 434 -1435 ) i d en t i f ie s l l t h i s a s t h e m a rk o f e i the r W i l iam E van s Io r W i l iam E van s I . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) l MAKER : W i l iam E van s ( 1o r I ) o f B r i s to l DATE : 1 667 1682 , a nd 1 697 (Wa lke r 1 977 : 1 434 1435 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 w

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l s " W E " w i th a l s c ro led e l emen t b e low . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 1 434 -1435 ) i d en t i f ie s l l t h i s a s t h e m a rk o fe i the r W i l iam E van s Io r W i l iam E van s I . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) l MAKER : W i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) o f B r i s to l DATE : 1 667 -1682 , a nd 1 697 (Wa lke r 1 977 : 1 434 -1435 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 y

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l s "W E ' o n b ow l . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 8 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : S pec imen i s o n aT ype M b ow l , v a r ie ty u nknown . COMPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 1 434 -1435 ) i d en t i f ie s l l t h i s a s t h e m a rk o fe i the r W i l iam E van s Io r W i l iam E van s I . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) l MAKER : W i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) o f B r i s to l DATE : 1 667 -1682 , a nd 1 697 (Wa lke r 1 977 : 1 434 -1435 ) 5 6

F i gu re 1 z

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l s " L E " s e pa ra ted l r b ys c ro led d eco ra t ion . T he e n t i re m a rk i s s u rounded b y ac i rcu la r c a r touche . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : 2 9 BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 7 ) , 8 / 64 ( 2 ) , N .B . ( 2 0 ) TYPE OF BO WL : o ne s pec imen i s on a Type M , 2 b ow l . COMPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1977 :1428 -1431) i d en t i f ie s l t h i sa st h em a rk o fL lewe l in E van s . S ee Wa lke r ( 1 977 : sion o 6 07 , 6 57 ) f o r a di scus f t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f " LE " m a rk s f r om o the r N o r th Ame r i can C o lon ia l s i t e s . CONTEXT : P ha se I I ( 1 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 28 ) l MAKER : L i ewd l in E van s o f B r i s to l 6 DATE : 1 6 1 1688 /9 ( Wa lke r 1 977 : 1 428 -1431 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 a

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l s " L E " o n b ow l . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : 1 0 BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 1 ) N .B . ( 9 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1977 : 1 428 -1431 ) i d en t if i e s l t h i s a st h e m a rk o fL lewe l in E van s . S ee Wa lke r ( 1 977 : sion o 6 07 , 6 57 ) f o r a di scus f t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f ' LE " m a rk s f r om o the r N o r th Ame r ic an C o lon ia l s i t e s . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 8 ) l MAKER : L l ewe l in E van s o f B r i s to l 6 DATE : 1 61 -1688 /9 (Wa lker 1 977 : 1 428 -1431 )

F i gu re 1 x

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l s 'W E " w i th a l s c ro led b racke t a bove a nd b e low . NU MBER OF S PEC I MENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 2 ) TYPE OF BO WL : o ne s pec imen o f aT ype M , 1 COMPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1977 : 1 434 -1435 ) i d en t i f ie s l l t h i s a s t h e m a rk o fe i the r W i l iam E van s Io r W i l iam E van s I . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) l MAKER : W i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) o f B r i s to l DATE : 1 667 -1682 , a nd 1 697 (Wa lke r 1 977 : 1 434 -1435 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

I LLUSTRAT ION :

S TE M MARKS I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 2 a

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l s " L E " i n ab and l o f s c ro led d i amond s w i th d o t s i n t h e c en te r o f t h e l d i amond s , a nd t wo b and s o fd en ta te m i l ing a bove a nd b e low . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : f ou r BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 3 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown lu COMPAR ISONS : Wa lke r( 1977 :1429 ) i s t ra te st h i s l m ark a nd i d en t i f ie s i t as t h a t o f L l ewe l in E van s . S ee sion o a l so Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 6 07 ,657 ) f o r ad i scus f t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f" LE "m a rk so nC o lon ia l No r th Ame r ic an s i te s . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 4 ) l MAKER : L l ewe l in E van s o f B r i s to l 6 DATE : 1 61 1688 /9 (Wa lker 1 977 : 1 428 -1429 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 2 b

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l s " L E " i n ab and l l o fs c ro led d i amond s w i th t wo b and s o fd en ta te m i l ing a bove a nd b e low .

NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : 3 9 BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 28 ) , 8 / 64 ( 1 0 ) , N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown l CO MPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1977 : 1 429 ) i u s t ra te s a l s im i lar ma rk a nd i d en t if ie s i ta st h a to fL iewe l in E van s . sion o S ee a l so Wa lke r ( 1977 : 6 07 ,657 ) f o r ad i scus ft h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f" LE " m a rk so nC o lon ia lN o r th Ame r ican s i te s . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 39 ) l MAKER : L l ewe l in E van s o f B r i s to l DATE : 1 66 1 -1688 /9 (Wa lke r 1 977 : 1 428 -1429 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 2 c

l DESCR IPT ION : Sma l u ppe r c a se i n i t ia l s " L E " l b e tween t wo b ands o fd en ta te m i l ing , b e low ab and o f l s c ro led d i amond s w i th d o t s i n t h e c en te r o f t h e l d i amond s , a nd t wo b and s o f d en ta te m i l ing a bove . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : s e ven BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 3 ) , 8 / 64 ( 4 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown l CO MPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1977 : 1 429 ) i u s t ra te s a l s im i lar m a rk a nd i d en t if ie s i ta st h a t o fL lewe l in E van s . sion o S ee a l so Wa lke r ( 1877 : 6 07 ,657 ) f o r ad i scus ft he d i s t r ibu t ion o f" LE " m a rk so nC o lon i a lN o r th Ame r ican s i te s . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 7 ) l MAKER : L l ewe l in E van s o f B r i s to l DATE : 1 66 1 -1688 /9 (Wa lke r 1 977 : 1 428 -1429 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 2 d

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l s "W E " i n ab and l o f s c ro led d i amond s w i th d o t s i n t h e c en te r o f t h e l d i amond s , a nd t wo l i ne s o f d en ta te m i l ing a bove a nd b e low . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : n i ne BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 3 ) , 8 / 64 ( 6 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1977 : 1 4 34 -1435 ) i d en t if ie s l l t h i s a s t h e m a rk o fe i the r W i l iam E van s Io r W i l iam E van s I . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 9 ) l MAKER : W i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) o f B r i s to l 6 DATE : 1 67 1682 ,a nd 1 697 (W a lke r 1 977 : 1 434 -1435 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gure 1 2 e

DESCR IPTION : Uppe rc a se c ha rac te r s " W ILEVANS " l i na band o fs c ro led d i amond s w i th d o t s i nt h e c en te r l o ft he d i amond s , a nd t wo l i ne s o fd en ta te m i l ing a bove a nd b e low . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : 1 0 BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 9 ) , 8 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 1 4 34 -1435 ) i d en t if ie s l l t h i s a s t h e m ark o f e i the r W i l iam E van s Io r W i l iam E van s I . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 0 )

l MAKER : W i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) o f B r i s to l DATE : 1 667 1682 , a nd 1 697 ( Wa lke r 1 434 -1435 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

1 977 :

F i gure 1 2 f

l DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se " AGE " f o lowed b y a n i n d i sce rn ib le c ha rac te r . NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown l COMPAR ISONS : O swa ld ( 1975 : 1 84 ) l i s t s W i l iam A ge r ( 1 706 -1713 ) . O bv iou s ly t h i s m a rk c ou ld a l so r e p re sen t a ny o the r n ame e nd ing i n" a ge " . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) sib l MAKER : p os ly W i l iam A ge r sib DATE : p os ly 1 706 -1713 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 1 84 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 2 g

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l s " A A " w i th a s h f r agmen t o f c r os a tch ing t o r i gh t . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1977 : 1 042 1054 ) l i s t s n o B r i s to l m ake r s w i th t h e i n i t ia l s " A A " , O swa ld ( 1 975 : 1 30 -206 ) l i s t s t h ree p i pe m ake r s w i th t h e i n i t ia l s " AA " ( t wo i n L ondon , a nd o ne i n Yo rk sh i re ) . A lexande r l ( 1 979 : 5 2 ) i u s t ra te s v e ry s im i la r m a rk s f r om t h e B uck S i te o n Mary land ' s E a s te rn S ho re . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gure 1 2 h

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe rca se " CHR IS ATHARTON " l w i th b and s o f d en ta te m i l ing a bove a nd b e low , a nd l l s c a loped m i led l i ne s a bove a nd b e low . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : t h ree BORE D IAMETER : 5 / 64 ( 1 ) , 6 / 64 ( 2 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : O swa ld ( 1 975 : 1 30 -206 ) l i s t s f i ve A the r ton s i n L i ve rpoo l a nd t h ree i n L anca sh i re , p r ima r i ly i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry : av e r y s im i la r m a rk w i th t h e n ame " THO : ATHARTON " w a s r e cove red i nt h e e xc ava t ion s a t S ou th C a s t le S t ree t , L i ve rpoo l ( Davey 1 985 : 1 24 ) . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 3 ) MAKER : C h r i s A tha r ton , p robab ly o f L i ve rpoo l DATE : P robab ly l a te 1 7 th c en tur y o r e a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry . D avey n o te s ( 1 985 : 1 23 ) t h a t t h e T homa s ccu A thar ton m a rk o r s o n p i pe s w h i ch mu s t p reda te 1 726 .

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I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 2 i

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t i a l s " 1 F " ( F i s l f r agmen ta r y ) i n a b and o f s c ro led d i amond s w i th c en t ra l d o t s . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : t h ree BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 2 ) , 7 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 971 : 2 6 a nd 1 977 : 1 438 ) l t i u s tra te sa n i d en t ica l m a rk a t r ibu ted t oJ ame s F ox o f l B r i s to l . F ox w a s L lewe l in E van s 'm a s te r (Wa lke r 1 977 : sion o 6 08 ) . S ee a l so Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 6 56 ) f o r ad i scus f t h ed i s tr ibu t ion o fF ox m ark so nC o lon ia ls i te s i nN o r th Amer ica . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 3 ) MAKER : J ame s F ox o f B r i s to l DATE : 1 6 51 -1669 (Wa lke r 1 97 1 : 2 6 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 2

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t i a l s " IP ' i n ab and l o fs c ro led d i amond s w i th c en t ra l d o t s , w i th t wo b and s l o f d en ta te m i l ing a bove a nd b e low . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 1 ) , 8 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 6 07 ) l i s t s t h ree B r i s to l m ake r s w i th t h e i n i t ia l s " IP ' w i th in t h i s t i me p e r iod , w h i le O swa ld ( 1 975 : 1 30 -206 ) l i s t s 3 9 m ake r s l l w i th t h e se i n i t ia l s . M i le r ( 1 983 : 7 6 ) i u s t ra te s a n l i d en t ica l m a rk f r om t h e V i lage C en te r a t S t . Ma ry ' s C i ty . G iven t he s t y le o f t h e m a rk i ta ppea r s t o b e mo s t l i ke ly aB r i s to l p roduc t (Wa lke r 1 977 : 6 07 ) . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) MAKER : u nknown , p robab ly f r om B r i s to l DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 2 k

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l s " R (? )S " i n a l b and o fs c ro led d i amond s , w i th t wo b and s o f d en ta te l m i l ing a bove a nd b e low . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 979 : 6 08 ,1291) l i s t s a R ichard S aunde r sand aR obe r tS heppa rd a sB r i s to lp i pe m ake r s , b u t s i nce S heppa rd t ook a pp ren t ice s , Wa lke r s ugge s t s t h a t i ti s mo re l i ke ly t h a t t h i s i sh i s m a rk . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) M AKER : P robab ly R obe r t S heppa rd o f B r i s to l . DATE : C i rca 1 690 (Wa lke r 1 977 : 1 291 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 3 a

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se " IS ' i n ab and o f l s c ro led d i amond s w i th c en t ra l d o t s , a nd w i th t wo l l p ara le l b and s o f d en ta te m i l ing a bove a nd b e low . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : t h ree

BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 1 ) , 8 / 64 ( 2 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 6 08 ,668 ) l i s t ss e ve ra l B r i s to l m ake r s w i th t h e i n i t ia l s " I S " , b u t f a vo r s a n s a soc ia t ion w i th J ohn S i nde r l ing . A lexande r ( 1 979 : 5 3 ) l l a nd M i le r ( 1 985 : 7) i u s t ra te i d en t ic a l m a rk s . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 3 ) MAKER : p robab ly J ohn S i nde r l ing o f B r i s to l DATE : 1 666 1699 (Wa lke r 1 977 : 6 06 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 3 b

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l s " IS ' i n se t i n l r e c tang le s i n ab and o fs c ro led d i amond s w i th c en t ra l l d o t s , a nd w i th t wo b and s o fd en ta te m i l ing a bove a nd b e low . NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : f ou r BORE D IAMETER : 8 / 64 ( 4 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : Wa lke r( 1 977 : 6 08 ,668 ) l i s t s s e ve ra l B r i s to l m ake r s w i th t h e i n i t ia l s " I 5 " , b u t f a vo r s a n s a soc ia t ion w i th J ohn S i nde r l ing . A lexande r ( 1979 : 5 3 ) l l a nd M i le r ( 1 985 : 7) i u s tra te i d en t ic a l m ark s . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 4 ) MAKER : p robab ly J ohn S i nde r l ing o f B r i s to l DATE : 1 666 1699 (Wa lke r 1 977 : 6 08 )

MOLD IMPARTED BO WL BASE MARKS I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gure 1 3 c

DESCR IPT ION : P oo r ly mo lded u ppe r c a se i n i t ia l s " I P ' o n b a se o f s t em . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : T ype G b ow l COMPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 6 07 ) l i s t s t h ree B r i s to l m ake r s w i th t h e i n i t ia l s " IP " w i th in t h i s t i me p e r iod w h i le O swa ld ( 1 975 : 1 30 -206 ) l i s t s 3 9 m ake r s w i th t h e se i n i t ia l s . S ee a l so " IP " s t em m a rk s a bove . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 3 d

DESCR IPT ION : U ppe r c a se i n i t ia l " P ' m o lded o n l e f t sing s i de o f b ow l , i n i t ia l o n r i gh t s i de m ay b e m is . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown , h ee led b ow l COMPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 1 234 -1254 ) l i s t s 2 3 B r i s to l m ake r s w i th s u rname s b eg inn ing w i th " P " ; O swa ld ( 1975 : 1 30 -206 ) l i s t s 9 4 m ake r s w i th

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t s u rnames b eg inn ing w i th t h e l e te r " P " w i th in t h i s t ime p e r iod . I ft h e " P ' s t and s f o r aC h r i s t ian n ame t h e l i s t l i s po ten t ia ly l o nge r . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown

COMPAR ISONS : O swa ld ( 1 975 : 7 4 ) i u s t ra te s t h i s l a s a ma rk f ound i n L ondon . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

DECORATED P IPE BO WLS REL IEF MOLDED BO WLS

F i gu re 1 3 e

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t i a l s " T C " mo lded o n s i de s o f b a se o f b ow l . NU MBER OF S PEC I MENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : F ragmen ta ry T ype Jb ow l . CO MP AR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 112 ) l i s t s T homa s l C u l imore a s aB r i s to l m ake r w h i le O swa ld ( 1 975 : 1 30 -206 ) l i s t s 1 8o the r m ake r sw i th t h e se i n i t ia l sw i th in t h i s t ime p e r iod . G iven t he b ow l f o rm , t h i s m ay b e a l p roduc t o f H o land . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) sib MAKER : u nknown , p os ly Du tch DA T E : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 3 f

DESCR IPT ION : Uppe r c a se i n i t ia l s "W M " o n e i the r s i de o f t h e b a se o f t h e b ow l . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : f our BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 1 ) , 7 / 64 ( 3 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown , h ee led b ow l CO MPAR ISONS : A tk in son a nd O swa ld ( 1 969 : 1 86 ) i u s tra te a s im i lar m a rk a nd a tr ibu te i tt o W i l iam l t l Manby I . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 4 ) MAKER : P os ly W i l iam Manby sib l DATE : c i rc a 1 680 -1700 ( A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 : 1 86 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gure 1 3 g

DESCR IPT ION : P oo r ly mo lded i n i t ia l " I " (? ) o n r i gh t o f b ow l , t wo i n d i sce rn ib le i n i t ia l s o n l e f t o f b ow l . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 1 ) , 7 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : F unne l e l bow t y pe ( s ee T ype J a bove ) . CO MPAR ISONS : n one CONTEXT : P ha se I I ( 1 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : u nknown , p os ly D u tch sib DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gure 1 3 h

DESCR IPT ION : H a rp s u rmoun ted b y a c r own ( c orone t ) ; m a rk a ppea r s o n b o th s i de s o fb a se o fb ow l . NU MBER OF S PEC I MENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown , h e led b ow l e

S TEMS :

1 4 a

DESCR IPT ION : S i xr a i sed d o t sa round ac en tra lr a i sed d o t s o n e i the r s i de o f t h e b ow l . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : t h ree BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 3 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : T e rmed t h e ' Tudo r R o se " d eco ra t ion , A tk in son a nd O swa ld ( 1 972 : 1 76 -177 ) s t a te t he T udo r R o se mo t i f b egan i nt h e e a r ly 1 7 th c en tury a nd l a s ted f o r 1 00 y ea r s . O swa ld ( 1 970 : 1 40 ) n o te s t h a t i tw a s a c ommon Du tch d e s ign a s w e l a s a n E ng l i sh o ne : l N oe lHume ( 1 969 : 2 6 -28 ) i u s t ra te s as im i la r d e s ign o n l ab ow l o f t h e p e r iod 1 640 -1670 , a nd F au lkne r a nd F au lkne r ( 1 987 : 1 69 ) r e cove red i d en t ic a ld eco ra t ion sa t P en tagoe t , in Ma ine . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 3 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 4 b

DESCR IPT ION : F i ve r a i sed d o t s a round a c en t ra l r a i sed d o t o n e i the r s i de o f t he b ow l . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : t h ree BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 3 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : T e rmed t h e ' Tudo r R o se " d e co ra t ion , A tk in son a nd O swa ld ( 1 972 : 1 76 -177 ) s t a te t h e T udo r R o se mo t i fb egan i nt h e e a r ly 1 7 th c en tury a nd l a s ted f o r a1 00 y ea r s : O swa ld ( 1 970 : 1 40 ) n o te s t h a t i tw a s ac ommon Du tch d e s ign a s w e l a s a n E ng l i sh o ne : l N oe l Hume ( 1 969 : 2 6 ,28 ) i u s tra te s as im i la r d e s ign o n l ab ow l o f t h e p e r iod 1 640 -1670 , a nd F au lkne r a nd F au lkne r ( 1 987 : 1 69 ) r e cove red i d en t ic a ld eco ra t ion s a t P en tagoe t , i n Ma ine . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 3 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION : I LLUSTRAT ION :

AND

F i gu re 1 4 c

DESCR IPT ION : A s e r ie s o f r a i sed d o t s f o rm ing a t r i ang le w i th al i near s t em b e low , o n e i the r s i de o ft h e b ow l . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : e i gh t BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 1 ) , 8 / 64 ( 1 ) , N .B . ( 6 ) TYPE OF BO WL : One s pec imen o n aT ype G bow l , o ne o n aT ype B , 1b ow l . 6 1

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F i gure 1 4 : D ecora ted p i pe b ow l s a nd s t em s : r e l ie f mou lded b ow l s a f 6 2

l ry T CO MPAR ISONS : T he s o -ca led " Mu lber ree " l d ecora t ion , O swa ld ( 1 969 : 1 36 -137 ) i u s t ra te s a s pec imen w i th t h i s mo t i f d a t ing t o c i rca 1 660 -1690 , s im i la r ly d eco ra ted b ow l s w e re r e cov e red a tP en tagoe t ( Fau lkne r a nd F au lkne r 1 987 : 1 69 ) . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 8 ) M AKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 4 d

DESCR IPT ION : F ragmen ta ry b ow l w i th t wo q uad ruped s ( dog s? ) o ne s t and ing o n h i nd l e g s , o ne t s t and ing o n f our l e g s . T he l a te r a n ima l h a s f l o ra l e l emen t a bove i t . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown l COMPAR ISONS : O swa ld ( 1 975 : 16 ) , i u s t ra te s a l s" p s o -ca led " C ru sade r a nd Hun t res i pe ; C amp ( 1 975 : l 5 9 ) i u s t ra te s as im i la r d ecora t ion f r om P emaqu id , Ma ine , w h i le F au lkne r a nd F au lkne r ( 1 987 : 1 69 ) lu l i s t ra te t h e b e s t p a ra le l t o t h i s s p ec imen . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) M AKER : u nknown , p robab ly Du t ch DATE : 1 670 -1700 ( O swa ld 1 975 : 16 )

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gure 1 4 e

DESCR IPT ION : F ragmen tary b ow l w i th f l u ted s mo ld ing e x tend ing s l i gh t ly l e s t h an h a l f w ay u p t h e b ow l . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : N .B . ( 2 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : u nknown CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 4 f

DESCR IPT ION : F ragmen tar y b ow l m o lded w i th t wo s h ie ld s , p oo r ly mo lded , d eco ra t ion i sb a re ly d i sce rn ib le . NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : o ne BORE D IA METER : N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : u nknown CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown

DECORATED P IPE BO WLS AND S TE MS : ROULETTED AND IMPRESSED S TE M DECORAT ION

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 5 A

t DESCR IPT ION : B r i s to l s ty le r ou le t ing c ompo sed o f ad i amond c ha in w i th d o t s i n t h e c en te r o f t h e d i amond s , f l anked a bove a nd b e low w i th t wo l i ne s o f l d en ta te m i l ing . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : t wen ty -one BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 2 ) , 7 / 64 ( 1 3 ) , 8 / 64 ( 4 ) , 9 / 64 ( 1 ) , N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 1 428 -1495 ) l t i u s t ra te s av a r ie ty o f s im i la r r ou le ted d eco ra t ion s s a soc ia ted w i th B r i s to l m ake r s . S ee a l so F au lkne r a nd F au lkne r ( 1 987 ) f o r e xamp le s f r om P en tagoe t , Ma ine . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 0 ) MAKER : p robab ly B r i s to l DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gure 1 5 B

t DESCR IPT ION : B r i s to l s ty le r ou le t ing c ompo sed o f ad i amond c ha in f l anked a bove a nd b e low w i th t wo l i ne s l o f d en ta te m i l ing . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : s e ven BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 6 ) , 8 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown l COMPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 977 : 1 428 -1495 )i u s t ra te s t s av a r ie ty o fs im i la rr ou le ted d ecora t ion sa soc ia ted w i th B r i s to lm ake r s . S ee a l so F au lkne ra nd F au lkne r ( 1 987 ) f o r e xamp le s f r om P en tagoe t , Ma ine . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 6 ) MAKER : p robab ly B r i s to l DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 5 c

t l DESCR IPT ION : B r i s to l s ty le r ou le t ing w i th as ma l d i amond c ha in f l anked a bove a nd b e low w i th t wo l i ne s l o f d en ta te m i l ing . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : 1 2 BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 1 ) , 7 / 64 ( 7 ) , 8 / 64 ( 4 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown l COMPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 977 :1428 -1495 )i u s t ra te s t s av a r ie ty o fs im i la rr ou le ted d eco ra t ion sa soc ia ted w i th B r i s to l m ake r s . S ee a l so F au lkne ra nd F au lkne r ( 1 987 ) f o r e xamp le s f r om P en tagoe t , Ma ine . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 2 ) MAKER : p robab ly B r i s to l DATE : u nknown

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I LLUSTRAT ION :

F igu re 1 5 d

t DESCR IPT ION : B r i s to l s ty le r ou le t ing w i th a l d i amond c h a in w i th s ma l d i amond s i n t he i r c en te r s f l anked a bove a nd b e low w i th t wo l i ne s o f d en ta te l m i l ing .NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 2 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown l CO MPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1977 : 1 428 1495 ) i u ted d s t ra te s a v a r ie ty o f s im i lar r ou let eco ra t ion s s a soc ia ted w i th B r i s to l m ake r s . S ee a l so F au lkne r a nd F au lkne r ( 1 987 ) f o r e xamp le s f r om P en tagoe t , Ma ine . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) MAKER : p robab ly B r i s to l DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F igure 1 5 e

ting w DESCR IPT ION : B r i s to l l ike s t y le r ou let i th t wo l l i ne s o fd en ta te m i l ing , f l anked a bove a nd b e low w i th l al i ne o fs ma l d i amond c ha in s w i th c l o t s i nt he c en te r s o f t he d i amond s . NU MBER OF S PEC I MENS : s i x teen BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 10 ) , 7 / 64 ( 4 ) , 8 / 64 ( 1 ) , N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1977 : 1 428 -1495 ) i u l s t ra te s a v ar ie ty o f s im i la r r ou le ted d eco ra t ion s t a soc ia ted w i th B r i s to l m ake r s . S ee a l so F au lkne r a nd s F au lkne r ( 1 987 ) f o r e xamp le s f r om P en tagoe t , Ma ine . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 16 ) MAKER : u nknown , p os ly B r i s to l sib DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F igure 1 5 f

DESCR IPT ION : Du tch s ty le r ou let i th s i x l i ne s ting w o fs i ng le l ine m i l ing , f l anked a bove a nd b e low w i th o va l l l i nked c ha in s . NU MBER OF S PEC I MENS : t h r ee BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 2 ) , 7 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : F au lkne r a nd F au lkne r ( 1987 ) i s t ra te a v ar ie ty o f s im i la r r ou le ted d eco ra t ion s lu t r ecove red i nt he e x cava t ion s a t P en tagoe t , Ma ine . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 3 ) MAKER : u nknown , p os ly Du t ch sib DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F igu re 1 5 g

DESCR IPT ION : Du tch s ty le r ou le t ing w i th 1 0 l i ne s t o fs c a loped ,s i ng le l ine m i l ing f l anked a bove a nd b e low l l w i th o va l l i nked c ha in s . NU MBER OF S PEC I MENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 2 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : F au lkne r a nd F au lkne r ( 1987 )

i u s t ra te a v a r ie ty o f s im i la r r ou le ted d eco ra t ion s l t r e cove red i n t h e e xcava t ion s a t P en tagoe t , Ma ine . CONTEXT : P ha se I I ( 1 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : u nknown , p robab ly Du tch DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gure 1 5 h

DESCR IPT ION : Du tch s ty le r ou le t ing c ompo sed o f t s ma l u n l inked d i amond m i l ing , a n o va l l i nked c ha in , l l d i amond w i th in d i amond m i l ing ( impe r f ec t ly a pp l ied ) , l as econd o va l l i nked c ha in ,and t wo l i ne s o f d en ta te m i l ing . l NU MBER OF S PEC I MENS : f i ve BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 2 ) , 8 / 64 ( 2 ) , N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : F au lkne r a nd F au lkne r ( 1987 ) i u s t ra te a v a r ie ty o f s im i lar r ou le ted d eco ra t ion s l t r e cove red i n t he e xcava t ion s a t P en tagoe t , Ma ine . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 5 ) MAKER : u nknown , p os ly Du tch sib DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 5 i

DESCR IPT ION : Du tch s ty le r ou le t ing c ompo sed o f t ac en t ra l a rea o f s ma l d i amond a nd t r iang le m i l ing , l l f l anked a bove a nd b e low w i th t h ree l i ne s o f e ven ly s paced s c a loped s i ng le l ine m i l ing , ag ap , a nd o ne l l a dd i t iona l l i ne o f s c a loped s i ng le l ine m i l ing . l l NU MBER OF S PEC I MENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 1 ) , 7 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : F au lkne r a nd F au lkne r ( 1987 ) i u s t ra te a v a r ie ty o f s im i la r r ou le ted d eco ra t ion s l t r e cove red i n t he e xcava t ion s a t P en tagoe t , Ma ine . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) MAKER : u nknown , p os ly Du tch sib DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 5

DESCR IPT ION : Du tch s ty le r ou le t ing c ompo sed o f t a n a rea o fs ma l d i amond a nd t r iang le m i l ing w i th d o t s l l w i th in t he d i amond s , t h ree l i ne s o f s c a loped s i ng le l i ne l m i l ing , a n a r ea o f s ma l d i amond a nd t r iang le m i l ing l l l w i th d o t s w i th in t h e d i amond s , a nd a li ne o f s c a loped l s i ng le l ine m i l ing . l NU MBER OF S PEC I MENS : t h ree BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 2 ) , N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : F au lkne r a nd F au lkne r ( 1987 ) i u s t ra te a v a r ie ty o f s im i la r r ou le ted d eco ra t ion s l t r e cove red i nt he e xcava t ion s a t P en tagoe t , Ma ine . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 3 ) MAKER : u nknown , p os ly Du tch sib DATE : u nknown 6 5

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g

t s ed s F i gu re 1 6 : D eco ra ted p i pe s : r ou le ted a nd i mp res t em d eco ra t ion a f ; m ou ld d eco ra ted s t em s g -h 6 6

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 5 k

t DESCR IPT ION : Du tch s ty le r ou le ted d eco ra t ion l c ompo sed o ft h ree l i ne s o ft r unca ted " V " c ha in m i l ing , l l al i ne o f" V ' c ha in m i l ing ,a nd as i ng le l i ne o fs c a loped l s i ng le -l ine m i l ing . NU MBER OF S PEC I MENS : t h reeBORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 2 ) , 7 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown l CO MPAR ISONS : Duco ( 1980 : 2 46 ) i u s t ra te s a n i d en t ica ld eco ra t ion w h i le F au lkne ra nd F au lkne r( 1 987 ) l i u s tra te s im i la r d eco ra t ion s o n s pec imen s r e cove red i n t he e x cava t ion s a t P en tagoe t , Ma ine . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 3 ) sib MAKER : u nknown , p os ly Du tch DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 6 a

s ed d DESCR IPT ION : I mp res ecora t ion c ompo sed o f af l eur -d e l i s w i th in ad i amond , r epea ted . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : 4 6 BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 14 ) , 7 / 64 ( 2 5 ) , 8 / 64 ( 5 ) , N .B . ( 2 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : McCa sh ion ( 1 979 )a nd F au lkne ra nd s s F au lkne r ( 1 987 ) d i scus im i la r d e cora t ion . CONTEXT : P ha se I I ( 3 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 4 3 ) sib MAKER : u nknown , p os ly Du tch DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gure 1 6 b

s eded d DESCR IPT ION : I mp res e cora t ion c ompo sed o ff our f l eur s -de l i sw i th in c on jo ined d i amond s , f l anked l a bove a nd b e low w i th as i ng le l i ne o fd en ta te m i l ing . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : 1 8 1 BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 4 ) , 7 / 64 ( 1 ) , 8 / 64 ( 2 ) , N .B . ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : McCa sh ion ( 1979 )a nd F au lkne ra nd s s F au lkne r ( 1 987 ) d i scus im i la r d e cora t ion . CONTEXT : P ha se I( 1 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 7 ) sib MAKER : u nknown , p os ly Du tch DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gure 1 6 c

DESCR IPT ION : I mp res eco ra t ion c ompo sed o f s ed d f our f l eur s -d e l i s w i th in c on jo ined d i amond s . NU MBER OF S PEC IMENS : s ix BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 1 ) , 8 / 64 ( 3 ) , N .B . ( 2 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : McCa sh ion ( 1 979 )a nd F au lkne ra nd s s F au lkne r ( 1 987 ) d i scus im i la r d e cora t ion . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 6 ) MAKER : u nknown , p os ly Du tch sib DATE : u nknown .

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 6 d

DESCR IPT ION : R ou le ted d eco ra t ion c ompo sed o f t ar epea t ing mo t i f o f f l eur s -de l i s w i th in d o t -m i led l f r ame s , a bove a l i ne o f d i agona l r e ve r sed " 5 " c urve s a nd a li ne o f d o t m i l ing . l NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 1 ) , 8 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : n one CON T EXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) MAKER : u nknown , p os ly Du tch sib DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 6 e

DESCR IPT ION : I mp res eco ra t ion c ompo sed o fa s ed d r epea t ing m o t i f o f ac i rc le w i th s e ven w edge shaped s l i ce s , w i th d o t s i n t h e c en te r o f e ach w edge ; w edge s d o n o t c o inc ide i n t h e c en te r , c r ea t ing as e ven -a rmed c en t ra l e l emen t . NUMBER OF S PEC I MENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown COMPAR ISONS : n one CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

F i gu re 1 6 f

DESCR IPT ION : R ou le ted d eco ra t ion c on s i s t ing o fa t s i ng le l i ne o fd en ta te m i l ing a pp l ied a tt h e p o in tw he re l t h e b ow l r i se s f r om t h e p i pe s t em . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : t wo BORE D IAMETER : 8 / 64 ( 2 ) TYPE OF BO WL : F ragmen tary T ype Jb ow l s . COMPAR ISONS : n one CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 2 ) MAKER : u nknown , p os ly Du tch sib DATE : u nknown

I LLUSTRAT ION :

l n o t i u s tra ted

t DESCR IPT ION : R ou le ted d eco ra t ion c ompo sed o f l l l i ne s o f d en ta te m i l ing , s pec imen s b roken a t m i led l i ne s , d eco ra t ion p robab ly p ar t o f al a rge r mo t i f o r m ake r s ' m a rk . NUMBER OF S PEC IMENS : 6 1 BORE D IAMETER : 6 / 64 ( 7 ) , 7 / 64 ( 2 4 ) , 7 / 64 ( 2 3 ) , N .B . ( 7 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown l COMPAR ISONS : Wa lke r ( 1 977 :1428 -1495 )i u s t ra te s t s av a r ie ty o fr ou le ted d eco ra t ion sa soc ia ted w i th B r i s to l m ake r s . S ee a l so F au lkne r a nd F au lkne r ( 1 987 ) f o r e xamp le s f r om P en tagoe t . CONTEXT : P ha se I I ( 4 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 5 7 ) MAKER : u nknown DATE : u nknown 6 7

DECORATED P IPE BO WLS AND S TE MS : MOLD DECORATED S TE MS

I LLUSTRAT ION : F i gu re 1 6 g DESCR IPT ION : ' P inched " s t em w i th o ppo s ing ,o f se t f c omp res s o f t he s t em . sion NU MBER OF S PEC I MENS : o ne BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 1 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : S im i la r s pec imen s h ave b een r e cove red f r om F o r t O range i n N ew Yo rk ( Huey , P e r sona l C ommun ica t ion 1 977 ) . CONTEXT : n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 ) MAKER : u nknown , p os ly Du tch sib DATE : u nknown

t h a t E ng land m a in ta ined o nh e rc o lon ie s i nr e f e rence t o m a te r s o f t r ade a s t he 1 7 th c en tu ry p rog res . t s ed App rox im a te ly o ne f i f th o f t he r e cove red p ipe b ow l s a re f r om c on tex t s d a ted b y o the r a r t i f ac t c l as s . B ow l s se o f t he A T ype o ccur i nP ha se Ic on tex t s , T ype s Aa nd Cb ow l s a r e i n P ha se I I c on tex t s . T he g rea te r r ange a nd n umbe r o f t y pe s i n t he P ha se I I f e a tu re s i s p robab ly ar e su l t o f r edepo s i t ion r a the r t han c u ra t ion o fe a r l ie r p i pe f o rm s . On ly t h ree s pec imen s w i th in t he s amp le b ea rm ake r s ' m ark s ,a nd o n ly t wo a re d eco ra ted . T h i s i n d ic a te s t ha t m a rked o r d eco ra ted t obacco p i pe s c on s t i tu te av ery s ma l p or t ion o f a e cove red p i pe s , l l r a nd t he ref o re p robab ly r ep re sen ted a ne x t reme m ino r i ty among a l t obacco p ipe s i n u se a t t he S t . J ohn ' s S i te . l

P IPE MARKS : I LLUSTRAT ION :

DESCR IPT ION : Mo lded d eco ra t ion c ompo sed o f a n e l abo ra te f o l ia te s c ro l ing w i th f l eur s -de l i s a t t he l t e rm ina l e nd s o f t he f o l ia te s c ro l s . l NU MBER OF S PEC I MENS : 1 6 BORE D IAMETER : 7 / 64 ( 10 ) , 8 / 64 ( 6 ) TYPE OF BO WL : u nknown CO MPAR ISONS : McCa sh ion ( 1979 ) i u s t ra te ss im i la r l d eco ra t ion sa soc ia ted w i th Du tch t r ade p ipe sf r om N ew s Yo rk , a s d o B rad ley a nd D e Ange lo ( 1981 ) . S ee a l so F au lkne ra nd F au lkne r( 1987 ) f o rs im i la re xamp le sf r om P en tagoe t . CONTEXT : P ha se 1(1 ) , n ond iagno s t ic ( 1 5 ) MAKER : u nknown , p robab ly Du tch DATE : u nknown

P IPE BO WLS :

D ISCUSS ION

T he w h i te c l ay t obacco p ipe sr e cove red a tt he S t .J ohn ' s S i te f a l i n to t wo v e ry b road c a tego r ie s : h ee led b ow l s l a nd h ee l les ow l s . O ve r h a l fo ft he s pec imen s a re t he s b h ee l les r " e xpo r t " v a r ie t ie s ( T ype J a nd T ype M s o a bove ) . G iven t he d a te s f o r t he T ype M p ipe s , t he p redom inance o f t he " e xpo r t " s t y le o fp ipe s m ay r e la te t o t h e l a te r u se o f S t . J ohn ' s a s a n o rd inary . A c t iv i t ie s a soc ia ted w i th p ub l ic i nn s w ou ld l i ke ly g ene ra te a s g rea te rd epo s i t ion o ft obac ipe s . T h i s i n te rp re ta t ion co p i sa l so b o rne o u t b y t he m ake r s ' m a rk s , w h ich d a te p r ima r i ly t o t he i nn p e r iod ( s ee b e low ) . T he h ee led p ipe s r ep re sen t aw ide r r ange o f v a r ie t ie s a nd t ime p e r iod s . I t w ou ld a ppea r t h a t t he se i n c lude t he e a r l ie s t p ipe s u sed a t S t . J ohn ' s , b u t t he h ee led v a r ie t ie s c on t inue i nu se t h roughou t t he o cupa t ion o f t he s i te . c T he p redom ina te c oun tr y o f o r ig in f o r t he p i pe b ow l s f r om t he S t . J ohn ' s S i te i sG rea t B r i ta in . E ven i fa l t he T ype C p ipe s w i th in t he s amp le a re o f Du tch m anuf ac tu re , when c omb ined w i th t he A ,2 a nd JT ype s , t hey c on s t i tu te l e s t h an 1 0% o f a e cove red s l r s pec imen s . T he T ype M p ipe s a l one r ep re sen t n ea r ly h a l fo ft he s amp le . T h i s i si n d ic a t ive o f t he s t rong h o ld 6 8

D ISCUSS ION

F igu re 1 6 h S tem m ark s p redom ina te i n t he s amp le o f wh i te c l ay t obacco p i pe f r agmen t s r ecove red i nt he e xc ava t ion s a t t he S t . J ohn ' s S i te . S econd i np opu la r i ty t os t em m a rk s a re b ow l m ark s , wh i le h ee l ma rk s a nd b a se m a rk s r ep re sen t o n ly a m ino r i ty o f t he t o ta l ( Tab le 1 ) . F o r ty s ix d i f e ren t v a r ie t ie s o f m a rk s o cur i n t he f c s amp le , b u t t h e se c on s t i tu te t he m a rk s o f o n ly 3 4 m ake r s ( T ab le 2 ) . A l o f t he m ake r s w i th mu l t ip le l v ar ie t ie s o f m a rk s among t he r e cove red s pec imen s a re B r i s to l m ake r s . T he p ipe m ake r who se m a rk s p redom ina te w i th in t he s amp le i sL lewe l in E van s o f B r i s to l . O ve r h a l f o f t he r ecove red m ark s a re h i s p roduc t s . S i nce E van s o f ten m a rked h i s p ipe s o n b o th t he s t em a nd b ow l , h i s p roduc t s w i th in t he s amp le c omp r i se a m in imum o f 4 9 p ipe s . E ven w i th t h i s a d ju s ted f i gure ,L lewe l in E van s 'p roduc t sc on s t i tu te o ve r a t h i rd o f a e cove red s pec imen s . S econd i n l r i mpo r tance t o L lewe l in E van s i s W i l iam E van s ( I l a nd /o r I ) w i th 2 2 e xamp le s . S ince W i l iam E van s l a ppea r s t o h ave d oub le -ma rked s ome o f h i s p ipe s , h i s p roduc t ion r ep re sen t s a min imum o f 1 9 p ipe s ( nea r ly 1 5% o f t h e s amp le ) . O the r B r i s to l m ake r s a re w e l l r ep re sen ted among t he r e cove red f r agmen t s .O fa h e l t m a rked p ipe f r agmen t s f o r wh ich a coun try o f o r ig in c an b e s ugge s ted , E ng land p redom ina te s w i th 8 6 .3 % o f t he s amp le , wh i le Ho land ( t he o n ly o the r c oun t r y l o fo r ig in i d en t i f ied ) c on s t i tu te s o n ly 1 3 .7 % . W i th in t h e s amp le f r om E ng land , B r i s to l m ake r s make u p o ve r 9 0% o f t he r e cove red s pec imen s .

T ab le 1 .L oca t ion o f m a rk s o n s pe c imen s . L oca t ion S tem B ow l H ee l B a se TOTALS

Numbe r

P e rcen t

8 6 5 5 1 9 1 0

5 0 .6 3 2 .5 .1 1 5 . 8

1 70

1 00 .0

T ab le 2 : Wh i te C lay T obac ipe Make r s ' Ma rk s . co P Ma rk

Numbe r

Make r

O r ig in

D a te

u nknown E dward B i rd u nknown u nknown L aw rence S t a rkey u nknown J ohn D rape r u nknown u nknown u nknown u nknown

Ho land? l Ho land l Ho land? l Ho land? l ? ) E ng land , C he s te r ( Ho land? l Ho land l Ho land? l Ho land? l u nknown u nknown

u nknown 1 635 -1655 u nknown u nknown c i rca 1 670 P ha se I ( c . 1 660 -1685 ) 1 630 -1645 u nknown u nknown u nknown 1 600 -1649 ( Pha se ( I ) I

1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 0 2 9 TOTAL 5 9

E dwa rd R eed F ranc i s Rus l se l u nknown u nknown R obe r t T ippe t I R obe r t T ippe t I u nknown u nknown u nknown u nknown W i l iam E van s ( lotI ) l I W i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) l W i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) l W i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) l L lewe l in E van s L lewe l in E van s

E ng land , B r i s to l E ng land , B r i s to l u nknown u nknown E ng land , B r i s to l E ng land , B r i s to l u nknown u nknown u nknown u nknown E ng land , B r i s to l E ng land , B r i s to l E ng land , B r i s to l E ng land , B r i s to l E ng land , B r i s to l E ng land , B r i s to l

1 706 -1723 c i rca 1 698 u nknown u nknown 1 678 -1713 1 678 -1713 u nknown u nknown u nknown u nknown 1 667 ,1682 , 1 667 -1682 , 1 667 -1682 , 1 667 -1682 , 1 661-1688 1 661 -1688

3 3 9 7 9 " W ILE V ANS " 1 0 " AGE " 1 1 " CHR ISATHARTON " 3 " IF ' 3 1 „P ' 2 " RS " 1 " I S " (va r ie ty 1 ) 3 " I S " (va r ie ty 2 ) 4 TOTAL 8 6

L lewe l in E van s L lewe l in E van s L lewe l in E van s l W i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) l W i l iam E van s ( Io r I ) l W i l iam A ge r u nknown C h r i s A the r ton J ame s F ox u nknown R obe r t S heppa rd J ohn S i nde r l ing J ohn S i nde r l ing

E ng land , E ng land , E ng land , E ng land , E ng land , E ng land , E ng land , E ng land , E ng land , E ng land , E ng land , E ng land , E ng land ,

u nknown u nknown u nknown l W i l iam Manby I u nknown u nknown

u nknown u nknown Ho land ? l E ng land , L ondon l Ho land ? u nknown

HEEL MARKS ( I ) I c r owned ' A " B " B " C rowned " IP " " L S " h uman f i gu ra l " 1D " ? ) T u l ip ( r o se m ark " (9) T P " " IR "

1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 TOTAL 1 8

BO WL MARKS ( 16 ) " E "F ( 7)"

" ir " ( ? ) E " " RT " v ar ie ty 1 " RT ' v ar ie ty 2 " " R (7) P C, " (9) N " " M " " WE " v a r ie ty 1 " WE " v a r ie ty 2 " WE " v a r ie ty 3 " WE " v a r ie ty 4 " LE " v ar ie ty 1 " LE " v ar ie ty 2

S TEM MARKS ( 13 ) " LE " (va r ie ty 1 ) " LE " (var ie ty 2 ) " LE " (va r ie ty 3 )

MOLDED BASE MARKS ( 6 ) I P , " „ 1 P' t „ 1 " TC " 1 " WM " 4 " I (? ) " 2 c r owned h a rp 1 TOTAL 1 0

1 697 1 697 1 697 1 697

B r i s to l 1 66 11688 B r i s to l 1 661-1688 B r i s to l 1 661-1688 B r i s to l 1 667 -1682 , 1 697 B r i s to l 1 667 -1682 , 1 697 N 'amp ton sh i re (? )1706 -1713 B r i s to l u nknown L i ve rpoo l (? ) u nknown B r i s to l 1 651 -1669 B r i s to l u nknown B r i s to l c i rca 1 690 B r i s to l 1 666 -1669 B r i s to l 1 666 -1669

u nknown u nknown u nknown 1 680 -1700 P ha se I ( c . 1 660 -1685 ) u nknown

6 9

W i th t he o ve rwhe lm ing n umbe r o f s pec imen s m ade b y l L iewe l in E van s a nd W i l iam E van s ( I a nd /o r I ) o f B r i s to l , p ipe s f r om t he p e r iod o f t he 1 660 s t h rough l 1 690 s d om ina te t he c o lec t ion . Howeve r , m a rk s w i th in t he s amp le r ange f r om t he f ound ing o ft he c o lony ( J ohn D rape ra nd E dwa rd B i rd ) t ot he e nd o ft he o ccupa t ion l a tS t . J ohn ' s ( Edwa rd R eed , W i l iam A ge r , a nd Robe r t T ippe t I ) . T he p redom inance o f t he 1 660 s t h rough 1 690 s m a rk s m ay b e i n d ica t ive o f t he p e r iod a t S t . J ohn ' s when i t s e rved a s a n o rd ina ry . One wou ld s a sume t ha t t he re w ou ld b e a g rea te r u se a nd s d epo s i t ion o fp ipe sa soc ia ted w i th s uch af unc t ion t han when t he b u i ld ing w a sa c t ing a s ap r iva te r e s idence .T he s pec imen sw i th i d en t i f iab le Du tch m a rk s a ppear t od a te c mo s t ly t o t he e a r l ie r p e r iod s o f t he o cupa t ion o f t he s i te . T h i s may r e la te t o t he t i gh ten ing o f t he g ra sp o f f t he B r i t i sh me rcen t i le s y s tem , c hok ing o f c ompe t i t ion s ed a s t he 1 7 th c en tury p rog res . A s E ng l i sh c on t ro l o f t he s upp ly o f f i n i shed g ood s i n c rea sed , B r i s to l c ame t o d om ina te t he No r th Ame r ican t r ade i n c l ay t obacco p ipe s . On ly f our o f t he r e cove red p ipe m ake r s ' m ark s w i th in t he s amp le a re f r om c on tex t s d a ted b y o the r mean s . T he " IR " a nd h uman f i gu ra l h ee l m a rk s o ccur i nP ha se Ic l on tex t s wh i le t he " I ?" b a se m a rk , t he W i l iam E v an s l ( Io r I ) b ow l m a rk , a nd t he L lewe l in E van s s t em m a rk a re r ep re sen ted i nP ha se I I f e a ture s . T he d a te s o f t he l v ar ie t ie s o f E van s m a rk s a re w e l d ocumen ted , b u t t he h uman f i gura l a nd " IR ' h ee l m a rk s a nd t he " I? b a se m a rk d o n o t a ppea r t o h ave b een p rev iou s ly d a ted b y r ence i c on tex t . Hence t he i r o ccur nd a tab le f e a tu re s a t t he S t .J ohn ' sS i te p rov ide s n ew i n fo rma t ion c once rn ing t he i r u se a nd c h rono log y .

i st he o c cur r ence o f t he f our in -one f l eur -d e l i s s t amp i n a P ha se I f e a tu re , i n d ica t ing t he u se o f t h i s c d eco ra t ion i nt he e ar l ie s t p e r iod o f o cupa t ion .

THE S T . J OHN 'S CONCLUS IONS

P IPE

ASSEMBLAGE :

T he s amp le o f wh i te c l ay t obacco p ipe s r e cove red i n t he e xc av a t ion s a t t he S t . J ohn ' s S i te p rov ide s m ean ing fu li n s igh t s i n to i n t ra a nd i n te r s i te c h rono logy , s i te f unc t ion , a nd t r ade n e twork s . I n g ene ra l , t he d a te s re l p rov ided b y t he p ipe s c or la te w e l w i th o the r i n dependen td a t ing t oo l s .T he e x t reme p reva lence o ft he l l L lewe l in E van s m ark s i si n f u l a g reemen t w i th t he l a te r t a ve rn /o rd inary f unc t ion s t ha t S t . J ohn ' s p rov ided . A g rea te r d epo s i t ion o f t h i s c l as f a r t i f ac t f i t s w e l s o l c h rono log ic a ly a nd f unc t iona ly w i th t he t a ve rn u sage . l l T he p reva lence o f t he p roduc t s o fB r i s to l p i pe m ake r s w i th in t h e s amp le d emon s tra te s t he o ve rwhe lm ing d om inance o f t he wh i te c l ay t obacco p i pe t r ade e xe rc i sed b y t h e B r i s to l m ake r s i nt h e l a te r p a r t o ft he t 1 7 th c en tu ry . E ar l ie r t r ade w i th L ondon a nd o the r E ng l i sh p i pe m ak ing c en te r s a nd Du tch m e rchan t s i s e v idenced b y t he a tr ibu tab le p ipe s a nd m ake r s ' m a rk s t i n e a r ly c on tex t s a t t he s i te . Howeve r , t h e r e la t ive p auc i ty o fs uch m a te r ia l i nt he l a te r c on tex t s c or la te s re w i th t he d om inance o fB r i s to l a nd t he b e te r d eve loped t B r i t i sh m e rcan t i le s y s tem o f t he l a te r p e r iod wh ich p roduced t h eB r i t i sh h egemony i ni n te rcon t inen ta lt r ade t o t he No r th Ame r ic an c o lon ie s . T h i s i sm ir red i n ro o the r Du tch g ood s wh ich g ene ra ly o cur e a r l ie r r a the r l c t h an l a te r o n s i te s i n t he Co lon ia l T idewa te r .

REFERENCES DECORATED P IPES :

D ISCUSS ION

Deco ra ted wh i te c l ay t obacco p ipe s c on s t i tu te a n e x t reme m ino r i ty among t he r ecove red s pec imen s f r om t he S t . J ohn ' s S i te . On ly 1 8 d eco ra ted p ipe b ow l s r ep re sen t ing f i ve t y pe s o f d eco ra t ion a re p re sen t . T he ry T b u lk o f t he se a re T udo r Ro se a nd Mu lber ree d eco ra t ion s . W i th in t he s amp le o fd eco ra ted p ipe s t em s , t Du tch s t y le r ou le t ing p redom ina te s . N ea r ly 1 00 s pec imen s b ear t h i s s t y le o f d eco ra t ion w i th v ar ia t ion s o n t he f l eur -d e l i s b e ing t he mo s t p opu lar . T h i s p reva lence i s mo s t l i ke ly ar e su l t o ft he Du tch t endency l f o r mo re e l abo ra te ,o ve ra lB aroque s t y le d eco ra t ion ( c f . Duco 1 981) . App rox ima te ly h a l f a s m any s pec imen s t l h ave B r i s to l s t y le r ou le t ing . R a re s t o f a l among t he d eco ra ted p ipe s t em s r ecove red f r om t he S t . J ohn ' s S i te c ur ring a a re mo ld d eco ra ted s t em s . Oc so n ly o ne mo t i f l ( f o l ia te s c ro l ing w i th f l eur -d e l i s ) t h i st y pe o fd eco ra t ion i s rep re sen ted b y o n ly 1 6 s pec imen s . G rouped h e re f o r a na ly t ica l p urpo se s i st he o ne e xamp le o f a p inched ' s t em , wh ich i s n o t t r u ly mo ld d eco ra ted b u t r a the r l m anua ly mod i f ied a f te r mo ld ing . c Deco ra ted p ipe f r agmen t s o cu r i n v e ry f ew f e a ture s d a tab le b y o the r mean s . P robab ly o f mo s t s i gn i f icance 7 0

A lexande r , LT . ( 1979 ) C lay p ipe s f r om B uck S i te i n . Mar y land . A r chaeo log y o f t he C lay T obacco P ip e I : T he U n i t ed S t a t e s o f Amer ica . E d i ted b y P . J . D avey , B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ic a l R epo r ts I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 6 0 : 3 7 -6 1 . A tk in son , D . a nd O swa ld , A . ( 1972 ) . A b r ie f g u ide t o t he i d en t i f ica t ion o f Du tch c l ay t obacco p ipe s f ound i n E ng land , P o s t -M ed ieva lA r chaeo lo gy , 6 : 1 75 -182 . A tk in son , D . a nd O swa ld , A . ( 1969 ) L ondon C lay T obacco P ipe s . J our na l o f t he B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica l As ia t ion , 3 rd S e r ie s , 3 2 : 1 71 -227 . s oc B rad ley , J .W . a nd D e Ange lo , G . ( 1981 ) . E u ropean c l ay p ipe m a rk s f r om 1 7 th c en tu ry Onondaga I r oquo i s s i te s A rchaeo logy o f E a s tern N o r th Ame r ica , 9 : 1 09 -129 . C amp , H .B . ( 1975 ) . A r chaeo log ica l e x cava t ions a t P emaq u id , Ma ine . Ma ine S ta te Mu seum , Augu s ta . D avey , P . ( 1 981) . C lay p ipe s , i n e xcava t ion s i n S ou th C a s t le S t ree t , L ive rpoo l 1 976 a nd 1 977 , J ourna l o ft h e

Me r sey s id eA r chaeo log i ca l S oc i e ty 4 : 1 22 -127 . Duco , D .H . ( 1981 ) . T he c l ay t o bacco p ipe i n 1 7 th -cen tu iy N e the r land s . A r chaeo log y o f t h e C lay T obacco P ip e V i E urop e 1 . E d i ted b y P . J . D avey , B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epo r t s I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 1 06 ( u) . F au lkner , A . a nd F au lkne r , G . ( 1987 ) . T he F r ench a t P en tagoe t . Ma ine H i s to r ica l P re se rva t ion C omm is , sion Augu s ta , Ma ine . G ib son , S .G . ( 1980 ) . B ur s H i l , A 1 7 th c en tu ry r' l Wampanoag b ur ia l g round i n War , Rhode I s land . ren S t ud ie s i n A n thropo lo gy a nd Ma t e r ia l C u l tur e 2 , H af re f e r Mu seum o f An th ropo logy , B rown fen f Un ive r s i ty , P rov idence . H en ry , S . ( 1 979 ) . T er -cot obac ipe s i n 1 7 th ra ta t co p c en tury Ma ry land a nd V i rg in ia : ap re l im ina ry s t udy . H i s tor ica lA r chaeo lo g y 1 3 : 1 4 -32 . Huey , P .( 1 978 ) . P e r sona lc ommun ica t ion , l e te ro n f i l e t H i s tor ic S t . Mary ' s C i ty . K ee le r , R .W . ( 1978 ) . T he h ome lo to n t he 1 7 th c en tur y C he sapeake t i dewa te r f r on t ie r . Unpub l i shed P h .D . d i ser ta t ion , D epar tmen t o f An th ropo logy , Un ive r s i ty s o f O regon , Un ive r s i ty M ic rof i lm s , Ann A rbo r . K ing , J .A . ( 1 988 ) . A c ompara t ive m idden a na ly s i s o fa h ou seho ld a nd a n i nn i n S t . Mar y ' s C i ty , Mary land . H i s to r ica lA r chaeo lo gy 2 2 (2 ) : 1 7 -39 . L aw rence , S . ( 1979 ) . Yo rk p ipe s a nd t he i r m ake r s . A r chaeo lo gy o f t he c l ay t obacco p ip e 1 : B r i ta in , t h e M id land s a nd E as t ern E ng land . E d i ted b y P . J . D avey , B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica lR epo r t s B r i t i sh S e r ie s 6 3 : 6 7 -84 . M i tche l , V . ( 1983 ) . T he h i s tor y o f N om iny P lan ta t ion l w i th a n e mpha s i s o n t he c l ay t obacco p ipe s . C lay T obacco P ip eS tud ie sI . S udbury ,E d i to rp p .1 38 . P onc a C i ty , OK .

Noe l Hume , I .( 1966 ) . E xcava t ion s a t C lay B ank i n G louce s te r C oun ty V i rg in ia . C on t r ibu t ions f rom t h e Museum o f H i s to r y a nd T echno lo gy , P ape r 5 2 . Sm i th son ian I n s t i tu t ion , Wa sh ing ton , D .C . Noe l Hume , I .( 1963 ) . H e r e l i e s V i r g in ia . Knop f , N ew Yo rk . O swa ld , A . ( 1975 ) . C lay P ip e s f o r t h e A r chaeo log i s t . B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ic a l R epo r t s 1 4 . O x fo rd , E ng land . O swa ld , A . ( 1970 ) . T he c l ay t obacco p ipe : i t s p l ace i n E ng l i sh c e ram ic s . T ransac t ions o ft h e E ng l i sh C e r am ic C i r c l e 7 :5 5 -62 . Rut te r , J . a nd D avey , P . ( 1980 ) . C lay p i pe s f r om C he s te r . A r chaeo lo gy o f t h e C lay T obacco P ip e I I . B r i ta in : t h e Nor th a nd W e s t . E d i ted b y P . J . D avey , B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ic a l R epor t s I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 7 8 : 4 1 -272 . S tone , G .W . ( 1977 ) D a t ing s even teen th -cen tur y w h i te c l ay t obacco p ipe s t em g roup s : a p ropo sa l t o t he s even teen th cen tury s t udy g roup . Ms . o n f i l e , H i s to r ic S t . Mar y ' s C i ty . S tone , G .W . ( 1974 ) . S t . J ohn ' s a r chaeo log ic a lq ue s t ion s a nd a n swe r s . Mar y land H i s tor ica l Mag az ine , 6 9 (2 ) : 1 46 -168 . Wa lke r , I . C . ( 1977 ) C lay T obacco P ip e s w i th P ar t icu lar R ef e r ence t ot h eB r i s to lI ndus tr y . ( 4v oß ) P a rk s C anada , O t tawa . Wa lke r , I . C . ( 1971 ) . T he B r i s to l C lay T obacco -P ip e I ndus t ry . C i ty Mu seum , B r i s to l . Wa tk in s , G . ( 1979 ) . Hu l P ipe s : at y po logy .A r chaeo log y l o ft h e C lay T obacco P ip e I :B r i ta in , t h e M id land s a nd E a s te rn E ng land . E d i ted b y P . J . D avey , B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ic a l R epo r t s B r i t i sh S e r ie s 6 3 : 8 5 122 .

McCa sh ion , J .H . ( 1979 ) Ap re l im ina r y c h rono logy a nd d i scus fs even teen th a nd e ar ly e i gh teen th c en tur y sion o c l ay p ipe s f r om New Yo rk S ta te S i te s .A r chaeo log y o f t h e C lay T obacco P ip eI : T he U n i t ed S t a te s o f A mer ica . E d i ted b y P . J . Davey , B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica l R epo r t s I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 6 0 : 6 3 -150 . i t ty o f S a in t M i ler , H .M . ( 1983 ) . T he s earch f o r t h e C l Ma ne s " . S t . Ma ry ' s C i t yA r chaeo lo gy S er ie s , 1 .

Mu ldoon , S .( 1979 ) . Ma rked c l ay p i pe s f r om C oven tr y . A r chaeo lo gy o f t he C lay T obacco P ip e I :B r i ta in : t h e M id land s a nd E as te rn E ng land . E d i ted b y P . J . D avey , B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica l R epo r t s I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 6 3 : 2 55 -278 . N oe l Hume , I .( 1970 ) Gu ide t oA r t ef ac t s i n C o lon ia l Amer ica . K nopf , New Yo rk . 7 1

T obacco P ipes f r om P ope ' sF o r t , S t . Ma ry ' s C i ty , Ma ry land : a n E ng l ish C iv i l Wa rS i te o n t he Amer ican F ron t ie r . l Hen ry M . M i le r

I NTRODUCT ION A rchaeo log ica l r e sea rch a t S t . Ma r y ' s C i ty , t he s i te whe re t he C o lony o f Ma ry land w a sf ounded i n1 634 , h a s r evea led t h e r ema in so f af o r t if ica t ion d a t ing t ot he y ea r l t 1 645 ( F igu re 1 ) . Bu i l t f o low ing a na tack o n t he c i ty b y P ar l iamen tary f o rce s , t h i s i st he f i r s t e v idence o f t he i mpac t o f t h e Eng l i sh C iv i l Wa r f ound i n Ame r ica . I n co p t h i s p ape r , t he mo ld m ade t obac i pe s f r om t he F o r t a re d e sc r ibed . Da t ing t o 1 645 -c i r ca 1 655 , t h i s s i te p rov ide s p rec i se t empo ra l c on t ro l o n p ipe s o f t h i s l p e r iod a nd h e lp s i um ina te t he t r ade r e la t ion sh ip s wh ich p reva i led i n t he Ame r ican c o lon ie s d ur ing t he C iv i l Wa r s .

S ITE H ISTORY I n t he y ea r 1 645 ,the E ng l i sh C iv i l Wa r s r e ached t he s ho re so f Ame r ica . T he n ew ly e s tab l i shed c ap i ta l o ft he C o lon y o f Ma ry land , S t . Mary ' s C i ty , f ounded i n 1 634 , t w a s a tacked b y t he s h ip R ef o rma t ion , u nde r c ommand t o f C ap ta in R ichard I ng le ( Shome te 1 985 :20 -34 ) . sued b Wo rk ing u nde r p r iva tee r p ape r s i y P a r l iamen t , t I ng le j u s t if ied t he a tack a sd ue t ot h e Roya l i s t l e an ing s o f t he c o lony ' s P rop r ie to r , C ec i l C a lve r t , t he L o rd t B a l t imore ,a nd many o ft he s e t le r s . P e r sona l a n imo s i ty a ga in s t t h e c o lony ' s l e ade r s a l so p l ayed ar o le i nI ng le ' s s a c t ion . T he a sau l t w a s c omp le te l y u nexpec ted a nd t he re w a s n o t ime f o r d e f en s ive a c t ion b y Gove rno r L eona rd C a lve r t . He f l ed t oV i rg in ia f o r p ro tec t ion a nd r t he o the r l e ader s w e re a re s ted . I ng le a nd h i s men l f p i laged t h e t own , f ocu s ing much o ft h e i r e fo r t o n t he t p rope r ty o f t he C a tho l ic s e t le r s . S t ruc tu re s w e re b urned , h ome s l oo ted , a nd l i ve s tock r u s t led . C a tho l ic r p r ie s t s i nt he c o lony w e re e i the r a re s ted o r f o rced t o f l ee . T he c o lon i s ts l a te r d e sc r ibed t h i s t r auma t ic p e r iod a s " The P lunde r ing T ime " . I ng le d epa r ted i n May , t ak ing s eve ra l p rom inen t c o lon i s t s a nd t wo C a tho l ic p r ie s t s w i th h im t o E ng land i nc ha in s , a nd a pparen t ly t l e av ing P ro te s tan t s e t le r N a than ie l P ope i nc ha rge o f ri l l ag ar son . P ope n om ina ly c on t ro led Ma r y land u n t i l J anua ry o f 1 647 , when Gove rno r L eona rd C a lve r t r e turned w i th t r oop sa nd r ecap tu red t h ec ap i ta l . C a lve r t d i ed s i x mon th s l a te r a nd u nce r ta in ty a ga in p reva i led i n t he c o lony . No t u n t i l 1 650 , w i th t h e a ppo in tmen t o f l W i l iam S tone a s g ove rno r , d i d c ond i t ion s s eem t o l l f i na ly s t ab i l ize . Howeve r , t he 1 650 s p roved e qua ly t u n se t led , w i th Lo rd B a l t imo re a ga in l o s ing c on t ro l o f t he c o lony t o P ur i tan s i n 1 655 . On ly w i th t he r e s tor a t ion o f Char le s I t o t he t h rone d i d Mary land a ga in e xpe r ience s t ab i l i ty a nd s u s ta ined g row th ( Doze r 1 967 ) . P ope ' s F o r t w a s a c en t ra l e l emen t i n t h i s d rama .

P robab ly b u i l t b y I ng le ' s men b e fo re t he i r d epa r tu re , i te nc lo sed t he h ome o f Gove rno r L eonard C a lve r t , t he l a rge s t s t ruc ture i nt he c o lony . I t wa s g ar r i soned b y t he s e rvan t so fN a than ie lP ope ,a l ong w i th a nu nde te rm ined l n umbe ro fP ro te s tan t s ympa th i ze r s ( M i le r 1 986 :47 -48 ) . A rchaeo log ic a l e v idence i n d ic a te s t ha t t he f o r t w a s l ri d e f ended w i th a r t i le ry a nd t he g ar son w o re a rmo ra nd s es s ed a p os dvanced , f l in t i g n i t ion f i rea rm s . I tr ema ined u nde r t he c on t ro l o f P ope u n t i l e a r ly 1 647 , when t h e f o r t i f ica t ion w a s c ap tu red b y t r oop s l e d b y L eona rd l C a lve r t . F o low ing t h i s e ven t , t he h i s to r ica l r eco rd o n l P ope ' sF o r tf a l ss i len t .A rchaeo log ica le v idence s ugge s t s t h a t i td i d n o t s t and f o r l o ng a f te rwa rd a nd w a s a lmo s t l c e r ta in ly d emo l i shed b y 1 650 . F i l ing o f t he f o r t d i tch t ook af ew a dd i t iona l y ear s a t mo s t . A va i lab le e v idence s t he re fo re i n d ica te s t h a t t he f o r t a nd a r t i f ac t s a soc ia ted w i th i td a te t o t h e p e r iod 1 645 -c i r ca 1 655 , w i th m any o f t he a r t i f ac t s p robab ly d epo s i ted d ur ing t he f i r s t h a l f o f t h i s s pan .

ARCHAEOLOGY OF POPE 'S FORT D i scover y o f t he f o r t c ame a bou t b y a cc iden t . Wh i le a r chaeo log i s t s w e re c onduc t ing t he f i r s t s ea son o f e xcava t ion s i n t he f o rme r t own c en te r o f S t . Ma ry ' s , t he s ep t ic t ank f o r an ea rby c i r ca 1 840 h ou se f a i led sive g a nd i t s r ep lacemen t u ncove red a n i mp res roup o f e a r ly a r t i f ac t s a nd r emnan t s o f al a rge f e a tu re . S tudy o f t t he s ur v iv ing s t ra t ig raph ic s e c t ion s p e rm i ted t he i d en t i f ic a t ion o ft h i s f e a tu re a s af o r t d i tch . P re l im inary a r t i f ac t a na ly s i s i n d ic a ted t h a t i tw a s a pparen t ly o f t l p re 1650 d a te .F u r the re xcava t ion sp e rm i ted t he o ve ra l s hape a nd c on s t ruc t ion me thod s o f t he f o r t t o b e d e te rm ined ( M i le r 1 986 ) . l P ope ' s F o r t c on s i s ted o f aw ooden p a l i sade l i ne , a n e x te rna l d i tch o r moa t , a nd t h ree b a s t ion s ( F igu re 2 ) . T he t wo s ma le r b a s t ion s f a ced w e s t t owa rd t he r i ve r l wh i le t he l a rge r o ne f a ced i n land . F u r the r e xcava t ion s a l so f ound i n d ica t ion s o f a n e x ten s ion o f t he f o r t w a l l a nd d i tch o n t he l a ndwa rd s i de ( no t s hown i nF igu re 2 ) , b u t t he d a te a nd p urpo se o ft h i s e x ten s ion i s unce r ta in . I tm ay d a te t o t he 1 647 1648 p e r iod when t he re w a s a n eed f o r mo re r oom t o h ou se t he t r oop s b rough t b y L eona rd C a lve r t . Un i t s h ave b een e xcava ted f r om v ar iou s s ec t ion s o ft he f o r t d i tch t o o b ta in a r ep re sen ta t ive s amp le o f i t s c on ten t s . T o d a te , a pp rox ima te ly 1 5% o f t he d i tch h a s b een e xc ava ted a nd t he r ema inde r i sb e ing p re served f o r f u tu re r e search . Mo s t o ft h e a r t i f ac t s r epo r ted h e re a re f r om s t ra t i f ied c on tex t s . Howeve r , i n s ta la t ion o ft he l o r ig ina l s ep t ic t ank h ad d i s tu rbed as e c t ion o f t he f o r t d i tch . S ome p ipe s f r om t h i sd i s tu rbed c on tex th ave b een 7 3

F i gu re 1 :L oca t ion o f S t . Ma ry ' s C i ty a nd P ope ' s F o r t ( 1 8ST 1-13 ) . 7 4

0

40

20

f eet

F igure 2 :P l an v i ew o f P ope ' s F o r t , b u i l t i n 1 645 .

s i n c luded i nt h i s a na ly s i s , b u t o n l y w he re l e s c omp le te e xa mp le s o ft he s a me t y pe o fp i pe w e re r e cove red f r om s ea led p roven ience s . An umbe r o fp i pe s w e re p robab ly s c a soc ia ted w i th t he f o r t o cupa t ion b u t h ave n o t b een i n c luded b ec au se o ft he i rr ecove ry f r om m ixed c on tex t s .

AN ALYS IS OF THE P IPES T he e xc ava t ion s r ecove red a la rge q uan t i ty o f t obacco p ipe f r agmen t s , r epre sen t ing am in imum o f 1 81 b ow l s . B o th mo ld -made a nd h andmade p i pe s a r e i n t he c o lec t ion , b u t t h i s s t udy f o cu se s o n ly u pon t he l

mo ld -made s pec imen s . H andmade p i pe s m ake u p 5 3% o ft he i d en t i f ied b ow l s , b u t s i nce t hey a re n o t f ound o n E u ropean s i te s , t hey w i lb eo n ly b r ie f ly d i scus nt h i s l s ed i p ape r . Mo ld -made p ipe so ccu ri nt wo v ar ie t ie s . T he f i r s t i st he wh i te c l ay p ipe o f E ng l i sh o r Du tch o r ig in , o f wh ich t he re a re 5 4 i d en t i f ied b ow l s . T he s e cond t y pe , k nown a s t e ra c o ta , w a s p roduced f r om n on -wh i te r t c l ay s , a nd t end t o b e b rown o r o range i nc o lo r . T he re a re 3 1 o f t he se b ow l s i n t he c o lec t ion . A l though n o l p roduc t ion s i te f o r t he mo lded t e ra c o ta p i pe s i s r t k nown , mo s t w e re p robab ly o f C o lon ia l m anu f ac ture i n t he Mary land V i rg in ia a r ea . T ype s a re d e f ined p r ima r i ly o n t he b a s i s o f b ow l f o rm , a l though m ake r ' s m ark s a nd d eco ra t ive d ev ice s a re a l so u sed . -

7 5

WH ITE CLAY P IPES WITH MAKER 'S MARKS I n t he P ope ' s F o r t c o lec t ion , t he re a re t h ree m ake r ' s l m ark s wh ich o ccu r i ns i x s t y le s o n t he p i pe s . A l m a rk s l o ccu r o n h ee l s a nd t he i n i t ia l s a re " EB " , " MB " , a nd

wh i le t he T ype 2 p ipe s t end t o b e f ound i n h i ghe r l a ye r s . H en ce , t h e s t ra t ig raph ie e v idence f r om P ope ' s F o r t s ugge s t s t h a t t he T ype 1s pec imen s may b e s l i gh t ly e a r l ie r t h an T ype 2 . MB P IPES

EB P IPES

TYPE I ( F igure 3 a ) :

-

l A m ed ium s ized b ow l w i th c en t ra l s we l ing a nd f i ne t r ou le t ing b e low t he mou th , a l so k nown a s a l " b e ly -bow l " f o rm . T he h ee l i sc u t a t a sl igh t a ng le t o l t h e s t em a x i s a nd h a s as ma l t a i l o f c l ay e x tend ing a l ong t he s t em , ar emnan t o f t he mo ld j o in t . T he h ee l l i sn o t r egu lar i ns hape d ue t ot r imm ing , b u t i sg ene ra ly s ed m t o va l . An i mp res a rk c on s i s t s o fl a rge EB l e te r s i n s ed a l r e l ie f , w i th in a ci rcu la r d ep res rea . I ti ss ha low ly s ed o l i mp res n mo s t s pec imen s . T he m a rk i s u sua ly c en te red o n t he h ee l b u t p l acemen t v ar ie s . T o ta l s pec imen s : f i ve . B o re d i ame te r s : f our ( 8 /6 th 5 , 3 . 4 mm . ) , o ne ( 9 /64 th s ,3 . 6 mm . ) . M in imum n umbe ro fp ipe s : f i ve . EB P IPES

-

TYPE 2 ( F igure 3 b ) :

l S im i lar b ow l t o T ype 1 bu t s l igh t ly l a rge r . T he s ma l h ee l i sa l so c u t a t as l igh t a ng le t o t he s t em a x i s . A d i s t inc t ive c ha rac te r i s t ic i s as t ra igh t c u t a tt he b a se o f l t h e h ee l , r unn ing g ene ra ly p e rpend icu la r t o t he s t em . l t T he m a rk c on s i s t s o fs ma le r EB l e te r s i nr e l ie f ,w i th in s ed o a dep res va l a rea . T he m a rk c on s i s ten t ly a ppea r s f s l igh t ly o f c en te r o n t he h ee l . T he b ow l s a nd s t em s d i sp lay b u rn i sh ing . T o ta l S pec imen s : 1 . B o re d i ame te r s : t wo ( 9 /64 th s , 3 . 8 mm . ) , s e ven ( 10 164 th s , 4 . 0 mm . ) , t wo ( no t m ea su rab le ) . M in imum n umbe r o f p ipe s : 1 . EB P IPES

-

TYPE 3 ( F igure 3 c ) :

l l A s ma le r , mo re s l ende r f o rm , s t i l o f b u lbou s s hape , w i th ah ee l t h a t i s mo re r e c tangu la r i nf o rm . T he m a rk l l s ed t c on s i s t s o fs ma l r a i sed s ha low ly i mp res , EB l e te r s w i th in a so l id r i ng . T o ta l s pec imen s : t wo . B o re D iame te r s : b o th 7 / 64 th s , 2 . 8 mm . M in imum n umbe r o f p ipe s : t wo . sion D i scus : T he se a re p robab ly t he p roduc t s o f E dwa rd B i rd , a n e xpa t r io t E ng l i shman , who w o rked i n Am s te rdam f r om 1 635 t o 1 665 ( Duco 1 981 :399 , 4 63 ; McCa sh ion 1 979 :92 ) . S im i la r s pec imen s h ave b een f ound a tt he S t . J ohn ' s s i te i nS t . Ma ry ' s C i ty , a nd a tn ume rou s s i te s i n N ew Yo rk S t a te ( McCa sh ion 1 979 ; Huey 1 985 ) . I ndeed , l a n i d en t ica l T ype 2 m a rk i si u s t ra ted i n McCa sh ion ( 1979 : 9 2 -93 , P l a te 1 4 ) a nd t he T ype 3 m a rk i sa l so s hown ( 1979 :99 P l a te 1 8 ) . T he b ow l f o rm s a re a l so s im i la r t o t he N ew Yo rk e xamp le s . An i d en t ica l T ype 3 m a rk w a s a l so r e cove red f r om e xcava t ion s i n l b Am s te rd am ( Ba r t 1 985 :97 ) . A l though t he se c an a e d a ted t o t he p e r iod 1 645 -c i r ca 1 655 , t he T ype 1p ipe s c o cur c on s i s ten t ly i nt he l owe r s t ra ta o f t he f o r t d i tch 7 6

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TYPE 1 ( F igure 3 d ) :

T h i s i s am ed ium s ized , b u lbou s p i pe w i th r e gu la r ly t a pp l ied r ou le t ing n ea rt he mou th o ft h eb ow l . E v idence o fb u rn i sh ing i sa ppa ren t o n t he b ow l s a nd s t em s . T he s ed m h ee l i sl a rg e a nd t he i mp res a rk o ccup ie s mo s t o f t i t s s u r f ace . T he c i rcu la r m a rk c on s i s t so ft he l e te r s MB i nr e l ie fw i th in aw rea th . T he "M " i sp oor ly f o rmed a nd l r e semb le s a n" H " o nt he mo re i -def ined e xa mp le s . One s t em -hee l s e c t ion w a s r e cove red w h ich i nd ica te s t h e se p ipe s h ad r e la t ive ly s ho r ts t em s , me a su r ing p e rhap s f i ve i n che s ( 130 mm . ) f r om t he b ow l . T o ta l s pec imen s : s i x . B o re d i ame te r s : f i ve ( 9 /64 th 5 , 3 . 8 mm ) , o ne ( 1 0 /64 th s , 4 . 0 mm .) M in imum n umbe r o f p ipe s : s i x . MB P IPES

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TYPE 2 ( F igure 3 e ) :

T h i s t y pe i sr ep re sen ted b y h ee l a nd s t em f r agmen t s o n ly . T he h ee l s a re l a rge a nd a re s im i la r i n s i ze a nd a ppearance t ot h e T ype 1h ee l s . Un l ike t he f i r s tv a r ie ty , te t he m a rk o n t h e se p ipe s h a s l a rge r , b et r f o rmed i r n i t ia l s w i th in a round t o s l igh t ly o v a l s e ra ted l i ne . A t s wo rd o r d agge r a ppea r s b e tween t h e l e ter s . T o ta l S pec imen s : t wo . B o re d i ame te r s : b o th 9 / 64 th s , 3 . 6 mm . ) . M in imum n umbe r o f p i pe s : t wo . sion D i scus : A m ake r f o r t he se p i pe s h a s n o t b een i d en t if ied , a l though T ype 1c ou ld b e Du tch .T he T ype 1s pec imen s w e re f ound i nt h e m idd le l a yer s o f t h e f o r t d i tch w h i le t he T ype 2 s pec imen s o ccur a t t h e t op . T hu s , i ti s sib p os le t h a t T ype 2 i s s l igh t ly l a ter i n t ime . A s pec imen w i th as im i la r T ype 2 m a rk w a s r ecove red i n L ondon ( A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 , F i gu re 3 ,# 11 ; L e C hem inan t 1 98 1 :132 , # 33 ) . The b ow l o f t he L ondon s pec imen w a s d a ted 1 660 -1680 . I n t he Che sapeake , T ype 2m a rk s h ave b een e xcava ted f r om t he C lay B ank S i te ( Noe l H ume 1 966 :28 ) , t he G reen S pr ing P l an ta t ion S i te , a nd a ts e ve ra l o the r s i te s i nt h e J a me s town a rea s 1 o f V i rg in ia ( C ras 988 : 8 6 -87 ) .

RW P IPES ( F igure 3 0 : T he se f r agmen tar y s pec imen s h ave h ee l s t ha t a r e l a rge sed ma a nd c i rcu l a r i nf o rm . T he i mp res rk c on s i s t s o f t he r a i sed i n i t ia l s RW w i th in a ra i sed b eaded c i rc le . A l c s i x -po in ted h o low s t ar a nd t he t wo f l ank ing d o t s o cu r t a bove a nd b e low t he l e te r s . P lacemen t o f t he m a rk o n t he h ee l v a r ie s . T o ta l s pec imen s : t h ree . B o re d i ame te r s : o ne ( 8 /64 th s , 3 . 2 mm . ) , t wo a re n o t m ea surab le . M in imum n umbe r o f p i pe s : t h ree .

b

a

C

e

d

f

F igu re 3 : Wh i te c l ay t obacco p ipe s w i th m ake r ' s m ark s ( bow l s l x , Ma rk s 2 x ) . 7 7

sion D i scus : sib Make r u nce r ta in , p os ly Du tch . T h ree Am s te rdam t m ake r s h ave t he se i n i t ia l s b u t m a rk s a tr ibu ted t ot h em a re n o t s im i la r ( Duco 1 981 : 4 00 -401 ) . A R obe r t W igg in s w a s l i s ted a s ap ipe -make r i nL ondon i n1 646 , b u th i sm a rk i sa ppa ren t ly u nknown ( O swa ld 1 975 :148 ) . PLA IN WH ITE CLAY P IPES E xcava to r s r e cove red e i gh t t y pe s o f t obacco p ipe s w i thou t m ake r ' s m a rk s . T he se a re o f t wo b a s ic f o rm s : b u lbou s s haped p ipe s w i th h ee l s , a nd f unne l s haped p ipe s w i thou t h ee l s . BULBOUS BO WL

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TYPE 1 ( F igure 4 a ) :

l As l ende r , m ed ium s ized b ow lw i th s we l ing o n t he b ack l t s i de . T he h ee l i ss ha low a nd o f med ium s i ze . Rou le t ing o ccu r s a round t he mou th . D i s t inc t ive f e a tu re s i n c lude ap rom inen t mo ld s eam o n t he f r on t o f t he b ow l a nd as ma l c l ay k nob j u s t a bove t he h ee l a l ong t h i s s eam , l p robab ly d ue t oa ni mpe r f ec t ion i nt he mo ld . B o th b ow l a nd s t em h ave h i gh ly p o l i shed s ur f ace s . T he b ow l s i ze i ss im i la r t o t h a t o f t he EB p ipe s . T o ta l s pec imen s : f ou r . B o re D iame te r s : a l 8 / 64 th s , 3 . 4 l mm . M in imum n umbe r o f p ipe s : f our . BULBOUS BO WL

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TYPE 2 ( F igure 4 b ) :

L a rge r b ow l t han T ype 1b u t o fs im i la r f o rm . H ee l a l so t l a rge r w i th t he e dge s f r equen t ly f l a tened a nd s hapened b l m is y h and l ing d ur ing p roduc t ion . O ve ra l , s l t l e s w e l m ade t han T ype 1w i th l i t le s u r f ace p o l i sh ing . l T o ta ls pec imen s : f ou r . B o re d i ame te r s :a l8 / 64 th s ,t h ree ( 3 .2 mm ) . a nd o ne ( 3 .4 mm ) . M in imum n umbe r o f p ipe s : f ou r . sion D i scus : P robab ly Du tch i n o r ig in ( McCa sh ion 1 979 ; Duco 1 981 ) , a l though s im i la r b ow l s hape s h ave b een r e cove red i n L ondon ( Le Chem inan t 1 98 1 : 1 32 , 1 58 , 1 62 ) . BULBOUS BO WL

-

TYPE 3 ( F igure 4 c ) :

t d a ted 1 635 1645 . T he Du tch s e t lemen to fF o r t O range a l so y i e lded a sim i lar b ow l f o rm ( Hue y 1 985 :77b ) . SMALL BULBOUS P IPES TYPE 1 ( F igure 4 d ) : -

l T he s ma le s t b ow l f r om P ope ' s F o r t i t h a s av e ry p ronounced f o rward l e an . T he c on s t r i c ted mou th h a s r ou le t ing j u s t b e low i t . Sma l o va l h ee l h a s a pos le t l sib m a rk b u t i t is i eg ib le . l T o ta l s pec imen s : o ne . B o re d i a me te r : 7 / 64 th s , 3 . 0 mm . D i scus : sion P os ly E ng l i sh , i t i s s im i lar t o O swa ld ' s ( 1 975 ) sib G ene ra l T ype 5 , d a ted 1 640 -1660 , a nd a s pe c imen i u s t ra ted i n Wa lke r ( 1977 :1547 , # 6 ) , wh ich i sd a ted l 1 620 -1660 . T he S t . Mary 's p i pe a l so b e a r s a r e semb lanc e t o as pec imen f r om C he s ter , E ng land ( Ru te r a nd D avey 1 980 :60 -61 , F igu re 4 ,# 1) w h ich i s t i d en t i f ied a sa Sou th We s t Eng land b ow l f o rm . SMALL BULBOUS P IPES

T o ta l s pec imen s : o ne . B o re d i ame te r : n o t mea su rab le . sion D i scus : sib l P os ly a Du tch p ipe i t is s im i lar t o ap ipe i u s t ra ted b y Noe l Hume ( 1979 :20 -21 , #5 ) , w ho i d en t if ie s i ta s Du tch , c i r ca 1 620 - 1630 i n d a te . A l so s im i la r t o a L ondon p i pe f i nd d e sc r ibed b y L e C hem inan t ( 1 981 : 1 58 , # 166 ) w ho d a te s t he b ow l a s c i r ca 1 650 -1660 .

P IPES WI l 'I VERY LARGE HEELS ( F igure 4 0 : 'I T he se a l a r e i n comp le te s pec imen s ; t he h ee l i st h e l l a rge s t o fa ny p i pe i nt he c o lec t ion . C u t f l ush w i th t h e l s t em a nd a pp rox ima te ly s quare i ns h ape , mea su r ing 1 2 mm . o n as i de . B ow l f o rm u nce r ta in b u t p robab ly b u lbou s . T o ta l s pec imen s : t wo . B o re d i ame te r s : o ne mea su rab le ( 7 /64 th s , 2 . 8 mm . ) . M in imum n umbe r o f p ipe s : t wo . D i scus : sion P robab ly o f E ng l i sh o r ig in .

T o ta ls pec imen s :s i x . B o re d i ame te r s : f ou r ( 7 /64 th s , t wo 2 . 8 mm . a nd t wo 3 . 0 mm . ) , t wo ( 8 /64 th s , o ne 3 . 0 mm . , o ne 3 . 2 mm . ) .

FUNNEL BO WL P IPES

7 8

TYPE 2 ( F igure 4 e ) :

l B ow l s e c t ion o n ly ; p robab ly h ad h ee l o r ig ina ly . I ncurv ing m ou th e nc i rc led b y ag roove r a the r t h an a t r ou le ted l i ne . S ur f ace p o l i shed .

l A l a rge " b e ly b ow l " p ipe w i th a p ronoun ced f o rward l t t h ru s t . Sma l , h i gh h ee l o f o va l s hape . R ou le t ing a t c mou th o n ly o cu r s o n t he b ack s i de o f t h e b ow l . S u r f ace s d i sp lay s o me b u rn i sh ing .

sion D i scus : P robab ly o f Du tch o r ig in , t h i s b ow l f o rm i sl i ke t ha t i u s t ra ted b y McCa sh ion ( 1979 :83 ) who i d en t i f ie s i t as l a Du tch P ipe d a ted c i r ca 1 640 -1650 . I ti sa l so s im i la r lu t o o the r Du tch p ipe s i s t ra ted b y McCa sh ion l l ( 1979 :80 -8 1) , w ho c a l s t hem " e a r ly Du tch B e ly B ow l s " ,

-

-

TYPE 1( F igure 5 a ) :

B ow le xpand sf r om t he s t em j unc t ion ,w i th s i de ss t ra igh t a nd n o h ee l . B ow l i sa t av e ry s t eep a ng le t o t h e s t em a ta pp rox ima te ly 7 0 d eg ree s . Bow l a nd p or t ion s o ft he s t em p o l i shed . T o ta l s pec imen s : t h ree . B ore d i ame te r s : o ne (6 / 64 1h 5 , 2 . 8 . mm ) , t wo ( 7 /64 th 5 , o ne 2 .8 mm . , o ne 3 . 0 mm . ) . M in imum n umbe r o f p ipe s : t h ree .

0

a

8 0

C

e d

Figure 4: Unmarked white clay pipes from Pope's Fort. 79

FUNNEL BO WL P IPES

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TYPE 2 ( F igure 5 b ) :

s A l so f unne l f o rm b u t t he b ow l s tem a ng le i s m uch l e s , a pp rox ima te ly 5 0 d eg ree s . Mo ld s e am v e ry p rom inen t t s w l i o n t he b o tom o ft he s t em . L es e l f n i shed t h an T ype 1 . T o ta l s pec imen s : t h ree . B o re d i ame te r s : One ( 6 164 th 5 , 2 . 6 mm . ) , o ne ( 8 164 th s , 3 . 2 mm . ) , o ne ( no t m ea su rab le ) . M in imum n umbe r o f p i pe s : t h ree . sion D i scus : T he se a re Du tch " e xpo r t " p ipe s . S im i lar b ow l s a re i u s t ra ted i n McCa sh ion ( 1979 ) . Howeve r , t he v er y l h i gh a ng le o f t he T ype 1p ipe s i su nu sua l . McCa sh ion i u s t ra te s n one t ha t a re s im i la r . T h i s v a r ie ty i s l a ppa ren t ly r a re i nt he N e the r land s ( c f . Duco 1 981 ) , b u t t hey h ave b een r e cove red o n Du tch s i te s i n Ame r ic a ( McCa sh ion 1 979 ; Huey 1 985 :77 ; B ake r ( 1985 :23 ) .

p e r iod ( 198 1 :384 ) . I d en t ica ls pec imen s h ave b een f o und i n Ame r ica a t t h e S t . J ohn ' s a nd C h ape l S i te s i nS t . Mar y ' s C i ty , a tJ ame s town , V i rg in ia a nd a tF or t O r ange i n N ew Yo rk ( Huey 1 978 : p er sona l c ommun ic a t ion ) . O swa ld ( 1 979 :115 ) r epo r t s a no the r f r om P lymou th , E ng land . FLEUR -DE -LIS ( F igure 5 d ) :

STA MPED

STEMS

-

TYPE

1

T he se s t em s d i sp lay al a rge q uad rup le f l eur -de l i s m a rk t b e tween t wo r ou le ted l i ne s . The m a rk i s2 0 mm . i n l e ng th a nd a pp rox ima te ly 1 4 mm . i nw id th . D i s tance t b e tween t h e r ou le ted l i ne s i s2 3 mm . S ome p o l i sh ing i sa ppa ren t o n o ne o f t he s t em s . l T o ta l s pec imen s : t h ree . B ore d i ame te r s : A l 7 / 64 th s , 2 . 8 mm . FLEUR -DE -LIS ( F igure 5 e ) :

STA MPED

STEMS

-

TYPE

2

DECORATED WhITE CLAY P IPES TUDOR ROSE P IPES : F ragmen t o n ly . T h i s f o rm o f p ipe d i sp lay s a cl u s te r o f mo lded d o t s o n o ppo s i te s i de s o ft h eb ow l a nd h a s b een t he T udo r Ro se t y pe . T he P ope ' s F o r t s pec imen c on s i s t s o f as ma l b ow l f r agmen t w i th f i ve r a i sed d o t s . l T o ta l s pec imen s : o ne . B o re D iame te r : n o t m ea su rab le . D i scus : sion T h i s w a s ap opu lar Du tch m ark ( Duco 1 981 ) wh ich r ange s i nd a te f r om c i r ca 1 630 -1670 , b u t i ta l so a ppea r s o n E ng l i sh p roduc t s . O the r e xamp le s h ave b een f ound a tt he S t . J ohn ' s , V an S we r ingen , a nd Sm i th ' s O rd inar y S i te s i nS t . Mar y ' s C i ty ; i nc i r ca 1 635 -1654 c on tex t s a t t he P en tagoe t s i te i n Ma ine ( Fau lkne r a nd F au lkne r 1 987 :71 ) ; a tt he C la rk a nd L ake C ompany S i te ( Bake r 1 985 :24 ) i n Ma ine ; a nd a tF o r t O range i nA lbany , N ew Yo rk ( Huey 1 978 : p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) .

l A s ma le r q uad rup le f l eur -d e l i s m a rk w i th in a p l a in t b o rde r . R ou le ted l i ne s a l so a ppea r a bove a nd b e low t h i s m a rk . I tm ea sure s 1 3 .5 mm . b y 9 mm . a nd t h e t ed l d i s tance b e tween t he r ou let i ne s i s2 5 mm . T o ta l s pec imen s mm . F LEUR -DE -LIS ( F igure 5 1 ) :

=

o ne . B o re d i ame te r : 7 /64 th s , 2 . 8

STA MPED

STE MS

-

TYPE

3

l Ano the r s ma l q uad rup le f l eur -de l i s m ark , b u t w i th in c ad a shed b o rde r . Mu l t ip le mark s o cu r a l ong t he s t em t ed l e w i th n o e v idence o f t he r ou let i ne s , a s s en o n T ype s 1a nd 2 . T he se a re s harp , c l ea r mark s , m o re d eep ly i mp res h an t ho se o n t he a bove s pec imen s . sed t T o ta l s pe c imen s : t wo . B o re d i ame te r s : b o th 7 / 64 th s , 3 . 0 mm . FLEUR -DE -LIS ( F igure 5 g ) :

STA MPED

STEMS

-

TYPE

4

ELABORATELY M OLDED STE MS ( F igure S c ) : T he se s t em s h ave ar a i sed mo lded d eco ra t ion s ome t ime s c a led t he " v ine a nd l e a f " mo t i f . T he d eco ra t ion e x tend s l f o r a pp rox ima te ly 9 0 mm . a l ong t he t op s i de o f t he s t em a nd b eg in s a nd e nd s w i th l a rge f l eur -d e l i e s . I n a dd i t ion t o l i ne s a nd d o t s , t h i s d eco ra t ion i n c lude s t he f o low ing e l emen t s : f l owe r s , l e ave s , s ma l f l eur -d e l i e s l l a nd b i rd s , p robab ly d ove s . T o ta l s pec imen s : 1 0 . B o re d i ame te r s : s i x ( 7 /64 th s , 3 . 0 mm . ) , t h ree ( 8 !64 th 5 , 3 . 2 mm . ) , o ne ( no t m ea su rab le ) . D i scus : sion T he se a r e Du tch p ipe s ( A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 972 :179 ; Duco 1 981) . O the r d eco ra ted e xamp le s a re i u s t ra ted l b y Duco ( 1981 :251 , # 132 -136 ) , w ho n o te s t h a t t h i s s t y le o f d eco ra t ion w a s c ommon d u r ing t he 1 635 1660 8 0

l A l a rge f o ur -on -d iamond f l eur -de l i s m a rk . S ha low ly s ed o i mp res nt he s t em a nd p or t ion so b l i te ra ted t h rough a b ra s ion . T he m a rk a ppea r s t w ice o n t he s t em . T o ta l s pec imen s : o ne . B o re d i ame te r : 7 / 64 th s , 3 mm . sion D i scus : l T he q uad rup le f l eur -d e / i s ma rk s a re g ene ra ly r e cogn ized a s b e ing o f Du tch o r ig in a nd a v a r ie ty o f s t y le s a r e k nown ( A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 972 ; McCa sh ion 1 979 ; Duco 1 981) . T he se a r e n o t m ake r ' s m a rk s , a nd i n s tead s e rve a s d eco ra t ion . S im i la r s pec imen s h ave b een r e covered a t t h e S t . J ohn ' s , Sm i th ' s O rd inar y a nd V an Swea r ingen S i te s i n S t . Mary ' s C i ty , a t Ma r t in ' s Hund red i n V irg in ia ( Noe l Hume 1 979 ) , i nN ew Yo rk S ta te w he re t hey a re d a ted c i r ca 1 630 1650 ( McCa sh ion 1 979 :84 -85 ) , a t F o r t

a

b

C

d

e

t

g

F i gure 5 : Wh i te c l ay f unne l p i pe s a nd s t em d eco ra t ion s o f l i ke ly Du tch o r ig in . 8 1

O range ( Huey 1 978 : p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) , a nd a t t he P en tagoe t S i te i n Ma ine , whe re t hey w e re f ound i n c i r ca 1 635 -1654 c on tex t s ( Fau lkne r a nd F au lkne r 1 987 :176 ) . U se o f r ou le t ted l i ne s w i th t he f l eur -de l i s m a rk s a r e a l so k nown o n p ipe s i n t he N e the r land s ( Duco 1 98 1 :249 ) . I ti sn o tab le t ha t n o s t em s w i th s i ng le l f l eur -d e l i s m a rk s w e re r ecove red f r om P ope ' s F o r t ; a a re f ou r -on -d iamond t y pe s . S ing le m a rk s a re f ound o n p ipe s f r om m idden s s ur round ing Gove rno r C a lve r t ' s Hou se , a nd a t o the r S t . Ma ry ' s C i ty s i te s .

D i scus : sion B ow l s w i th t h i s m a rk h ave b een f ound a tt he S t . J ohn ' s S i te i n S t . Mar y ' s C i ty ( Hen ry 1 979 :21) a nd a t J a me s town , V i rg in ia . T h i s b ow l s hape i s s im i la r t o O swa ld ' s ( 1 975 :39 ) T ype 5( 1975 :39 ) , d a ted 1 640 -1660 . An E ng l i sh p i pe b ow l w i thou t t he T udor Ro se m a rk t h a t i sv e ry s im i lar i ns hape t o V ar ie ty 1w a s r ecove red f r om t he Ma r t in ' s Hund red s i te i n V i rg in ia , whe re i t w a s d a ted t o t he 1 640 -1670 p e r iod ( Noe l Hume 1 979 :24 , F igu re 6 , # 5 ) . T he make r o f t he se p i pe s i s u n iden t i f ied .

M OLDED TERRA COTTA P IPES TERRA COTTA P IPES

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TYPE 3 ( F igure 6 d ,e ) :

T he P ope ' s F o r t d i tch y i e lded a l a rge n umbe r o f t obacco p i pe f r agmen t s a nd t he m a jo r i ty a re n o t o f wh i te c l ay . Ove r 7 0% o f t he p ipe b ow l s i n t he l c o lec t ion w e re p roduced f r om n on -wh i te c l ay s . O f t h e r t 1 27 i d en t i f ied t e ra c o ta b ow l s , 3 1 ( 24 .4 % ) w e re l p roduced i n E uropean s t y le mo ld s . I n t he f o low ing s ec t ion , t he v ar iou s f o rm s o f t he se mo lded p ipe s a r e c d e sc r ibed . T he mo lded p ipe s o cu r i n aw ide r ange o f c o lo r s ,b u t mo s t t end t ob e d a rk b rown t ol i gh t o range . T he re i s li t le c on s i s tency i nc o lo r w i th in ag i ven t y pe . t I ndeed , a si ng le p ipe m ay b e o f s eve ra l c o lo r s , d ue t o f r ing i mpe r f ec t ion s . Hence , d e ta i led c o lo r d e sc r ip t ion s i a re n o t c on s ide red a pp rop r ia te .

A b u lbou s f o rm w i th a l ow h ee l w h ich i sc u t n e a r ly f l u sh w i th t h e s t em o n s o me e x amp le s . Rou le t ing t a ppear s b e low t he mou th . P e rhap s t h e mo s t d i s t in c t ive f e a ture i sar ou le ted l i ne a tt he b ow l s tem j unc t ion . On t o ne s pec imen ( F igu re 6 6 ) , r ou le t ing e n c irc le s t he h ee l t a nd a ppear s o n t he h ee l i t se l f . Th i s p i pe a l so d i sp l ay s a no the r u nu sua l f e a ture a s i th a s g roove s c u t i n to t h e t op a nd b o tom o f t he s t em , a t t he b roken e nd . T h i s t w a s a ppa ren t ly t o f a c i l i ta te h o ld ing t h e p ipe w i th t h e t e th wh i le s mok ing , p e rhap s t o f r ee t h eh and f o ro the r e a c t iv i t ie s .

TERRA COTTA P IPES

T o ta l s pec imen s : f our . B o re d i ame te r s : o ne ( 8 /64 th s , 3 . 4 mm . ) , o ne ( 9 /64 th s , 3 . 6 mm .) , o ne ( 1 64 th s , 4 . 2mm ) , o ne n o t m ea su rab le . M in imum Numbe r o fP ipe s : f o u r .

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TYPE 1 ( F igure 6 a ) :

A l a rge " b e ly b ow l " s t y le p ipe w i th a p rom inen t h ee l l t ha t f l a re s s l igh t ly a t i t s b a se . T he b ow l i sn o t r ound b u t s omewha t f l at n t he s i de s . I n s tead o f tened o r ou le t ing , ab and o fe l abo ra te d eco ra t ion o cu r sa round t c t he mou th . Howeve r , t h i s i mp res and w a s s o s ed b s ha low ly a pp l ied t ha t much o f i ti sn o l onge r v i s ib le . l T o ta l s pec imen s : e i gh t . B o re d i ame te r s : t h ree ( 7 /64 th s , t wo 2 . 8 mm . , o ne 3 . 0 mm . ) , t wo ( 8 164 th s , 3 . 4 mm . ) , t h ree n o t m ea surab le . M in imum Numbe r o f P ipe s : e i gh t . D i scus : sion Av e r y d i s t inc t ive p ipe d ue t o n ume rou s i mpe r f ec t ion s i n t he mo ld . T h i s t y pe h a s a l so b een f ound a t t he S t . J ohn ' s S i te ( Hen ry 1 979 :21 , F igu re 2 0 . No m ake r i s k nown . TERRA COTTA P IPES

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TERRA COTTA P IPES

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TYPE 4 ( F igure 7 a ,b ) :

As l ende rb ow lw i th c urv ing s i de s a nd as ma l , l ow h ee l . l T he r im d i sp lay s ad eco ra t ive b and c on s i s t ingo ft r iang le s a l te rna te ly p o in t ing u pa nd d own . T r imm ing o ft h ep i pe r emoved much o ft h i s d eco ra t ion o ns e ve ra l s pe c imen s . T o ta l s pec imen s : 1 2 . B o re D iame te r s : o ne ( 8 /64 th 5 , 3 . 4 mm . ) , o ne ( 1 0 /64 th s , 4 . 0 mm . ) , t wo ( 1 /64 th s , 4 . 2 a nd 1 . 4 mm . ) , e i gh t n o t mea su rab le . M in imum Numbe r o f 4 P ipe s : 1 2 .

TYPE 2 ( F igure 6 b , c ) :

A l a rge b u lbou s p ipe w i th s ha low r ou le t ing a t t he l t mou th , a nd a l a rge h ee l w i th a T udo r Ro se m a rk i mp res n i t . T he re a re t wo b ow l f o rm s a soc ia ted s ed o s w i th t h i s m a rk a nd t hey a re o fg ene ra ly s im i la r s hape s , l a l though V a r ie ty 1 (F igu re 6 b ) i ss l igh t ly s ma le r a nd l more r ounded . V a r ie ty 2 ( F igu re 6 c ) i sa la rge r b ow l a nd i t cu rve s i n p rom inen t ly a t t he mou th . Howeve r , t he T udo r Ro se ma rk s a re i d en t ic a l o n b o th v a r ie t ie s , i mp ly ing t wo p ipe mo ld s u sed b y t he s ame m ake r . T o ta l s pec imen s : f i ve . B o re d i ame te r s : t wo ( 9 /64 th s , o ne 3 . 6 mm . , o ne 3 . 8 mm . ) , o ne ( 10 /64 th 5 , 3 . 8 mm . ) , t wo n o t m ea surab le . M in imum Numbe r o f P ipe s : f i ve . 8 2

D i scus : sion O fu nknown o r ig in b u t p robab ly f r om t he Che sapeake r eg ion . T he se h ave n o t b een i d en t if ied a t o the r s i te s . B ow l sw i th s im i lar r ou le t ing a t t he b ow l s tem j un c t ion t w e re f ound a tJ ame s town ,b u t t he i rs hape sa re d i f e ren t . f

D i scus : sion T h i s p ipe a l so o ccur s a t t he S t . J ohn ' s s i te a nd t h e d e s ign h a s b een i u s t ra ted b y Hen r y ( 1979 :28 , F i gu re l 8 e a nd 3 0 , F i gu re 9 a ) . A p ipe w i th s im i lar f o rm a nd d eco ra t ion w a s a l so f ound a tt he Ma r t in ' s Hund red s i te ( Noe l Hume 1 979 : 1 5 , F igure 3 , # 4 ) . TERRA COTTA P IPES

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TYPE 5 ( F igure 7 c ) :

I ncomp le te s pec imen . L arge b u lbou s b ow l w i th a m ake r ' s m a rk o n a med ium s ized h ee l . Howeve r , t h i s m a rk w a s o b scu red d u r ing manuf ac tu re . A l t h a t c an l b e m ade o u t i s as i ng le l a rge l e te r , p os ly a n t sib w i th in a da shed c i rc le .

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F i gure 6 : Mo lded t e ra c o ta p i pe s . r t 8 3

T o ta l s pec imen s : o ne . B o re d i ame te r : n o t m ea su rab le . D i scus sion : Unknown m ake r . TERRA COTTA P IPES

P IPE MAK ING WASTE -

TYPE 6 ( F igure 7 d , e ,f ) :

As l ende r b ow l f o rm w i th ab eve led r im a tt he mou th a nd a ppa ren t ly w i thou t ah ee l . E labo ra te ly d eco ra ted t w i th s t amp ing a nd r ou le t ing o n t he b ow l a nd s t em . A t c b and o fr ou le t ing o cu r s b e low t he b ow l mou th ( 7d , f ) . T h i s b and i n c lude s v a r iou s d e s ign e l emen t s , i n c lud ing r ow s o fd o t s , as t a r l ike d ev ice , a nd ag r id . B e low t h i s , l t r e i gh t s t amped p e ta led r o se te s a re i regu la r ly s paced c a round t he b ow l . T he se a ppa ren t ly a l so o cur n ea r t he t b a se o ft he b ow l . A dd i t iona l r ou le t ing o ccu r sj u s t p a s t t he b ow l s tem j unc t ion a nd c on t inue s a l ong t he s t em . t T h i s b eg in s w i th t h ree c l o se ly s paced r ou le ted l i ne s l ( 7e ) . T he f i r s t i s ad oub le -den ta te l i ne , f o lowed b y t he s ame d eco ra t ive b and t ha t w a s u sed o n t he b ow l , a nd l t hen a no the r d oub le d en ta te l i ne . F o low ing t h i s i sa n t a rea f r om 2 5 t o 3 5 mm . i n l e ng th whe re t he r o se te s a re s t amped i nc o lumn s r unn ing d own t he s t em . A f te r t t h i s t he s ame t h ree l ine p a te rn u sed a bove i s repea ted . c T h i s d eco ra t ive d e s ign a ppea r s t o o cu r o n ly o nce o n t he s t em . T he t o ta l s t em l e ng th o f t h i s t y pe o f p ipe i s a pp rox ima te ly 1 25 mm . A n umbe r o f t he se s pec imen s f a a re m ade f r om a m ix ture o f b uf nd r ed c l ay s t o p roduce a n a ga te l ike a ppea rance . S eve ra l o f t he l s pec imen s a re a l so w e l p o l i shed . l T o ta l s pec imen s : 2 1 . B o re d i ame te r s : F i ve ( a l 1 0 164 th s , t h ree 4 . 0 mm . , t wo 4 . 2 mm . ) , 1 6 n o t m ea su rab le . M in imum n umbe r o f p ipe s : s i x . sion D i scus : T h i s t y pe o f p ipe i sf ound o n a numbe r o f e ar ly s i te s . I tw a s r ecove red f r om t he S t . J ohn ' s e xcava t ion s i nS t . Mary ' s C i ty ( Hen ry 1 979 :21 F igu re 2 h , i ) , a nd a t J ame s town , V i rg in ia . S im i la rs pec imen sw e re r epo r ted ly f ound a t t he Ma thew s Mano r S i te i n V i rg in ia a nd a n i d en t ica l p ipe w a s r e cove red f r om Mar t in ' s Hund red ( Noe l Hume 1 979 : 1 7 , F igu re 4 , # 7 ) . HAND MADE TERRA CO TA P IPES l A l though t h i s r epo r t d oe s n o t i n c lude af u l a na ly s i s o f r t sion o t he h andmade t e ra c o ta p ipe s , ab r ie f d i scus f t hem i s app rop r ia te b ecau se t hey f o rm t he m a jo r i ty o f l t he b rown c l ay p ipe s i n t he c o lec t ion . A t ho rough a na ly s i s o f s im i la r h andmade p i pe s f r om t he S t .J ohn ' s S i te i nS t . Mary ' s C i ty h a sb een p ub l i shed ( Hen r y 1 979 ) . P re l im inar y s t udy o f t he P ope ' s F o r t s pec imen s h a s i d en t i f ied a min imum o f 9 6 p ipe s m ade l b y h and . F igure 8 il u s t ra te s s e ve ra l o f t he b ow l f o rm s a nd d eco ra t ion s u sed o n t hem . T he b ow l s t end t o b e f unne l o r t ubu la r s haped a nd d i sp lay a v a r ie ty o f d eco ra t ive mo t i f s . T he mo s t p opu la r d eco ra t ion i st he l s o c a led " Runn ing Dee r " mo t i f , a l though g eome t r ic d e s ign s a re a l so c ommon . O ft he e n t i re g roup , t he mo s t f u nu sua l s pec imen s a re h uman f a ce e f igy p i pe s ( F igu re t 8 , B o tom ) . T he se e l abo ra te s pec imen s , w h ich w e re 8 4

p robab ly m anuf ac tured b y I nd ian s , h ave n o t b een p rev iou s ly r epo r ted f r om t he Che sapeake r eg ion .

l As ma l g roup o f a r t i f ac t s a l so w a s r e covered f r om t he F o r t d i tch w h ich a ppear t o b e w a s te f r om p i pe t p roduc t ion . T he se i n c lude u nf in i shed b ow l s , f l a tened l o r w a rped s t em s , t r imm ing w a s te , a nd sma l c l ump s o f f i red c l ay w i th f i nge rpr in t s . Th i s e v idence i nd ic a te s t h a t h andmade p i pe s w e re b e ing p roduced a t t h e s i te . sib Manu f ac tu re o f mo lded p ipe s i sa l so p os le , b u t t h i s c anno t b e d e te rm ined w i th t he a va i lab le d a ta . THE POPE 'S FORT P IPE ASSE MBLAGE l B e s ide s o fi t ss ho r t p e r iod o fd epo s i t ion , t h i s c o le c t ion o f p ipe s i sn o tab le i n s eve ra l r e spec ts . One i st he p redom inance o f Du tch p roduc t s c ompared t o t ho se s f r om E ng l and . V e ry f ew b ow l s i nt h e a semb lage a r eo f d e f in i te E ng l i sh o r ig in . O f t he 5 4 wh i te c l ay p i pe s i d en t i f ied , 4 9 ( 9 0 .7 % ) a re o f Du tch o r p robab le Du tch o r ig in . I n c ompa r i son , o n ly t h ree p i pe s ( 5 .5 % ) a r e o f d e f in i te E ng l i sh o r ig in . T he l i ke ly p l ace o f manu f ac tu re f o rt wo p ipe sc ou ld n o tb ed e te rm ined . Ano the ru nu sua l r ta p f e a tu re i st h e l a rge q uan t i ty o f t e ra c ot ipe s . T he r t mo lded a nd h andmade t e ra c o ta p ipe s t o ge the r l a ccoun t f o r 7 0% o ft he c o lec t ion a nd s o me w e re m ade s a t t he s i te . S uch a p ipe a semb lage o n a n E ng l i sh c o lon ia l s i te r equ i re s e xp lana t ion . l A l though o b je c t s f r om av ar ie ty o f c oun tr ie s t y p ic a ly a re f ound o n 1 7 th -cen tury Eng l i sh c o lon ia l s i te s i n Ame r ica ,t h e h i gh p ropo r t ion o f Du tch p ipe s i su nu sua l . T he p auc i ty o f E ng l i sh p ipe s a nd p l e tho ra o f Du tch s pec imen s i sp robab ly ad i rec t r e su l to ft he Eng l i sh C iv i l Wa r s . C o lon i s t s i n t he C he sapeake w e re d ependen t l u pon t he a nnua l f l ee t o f s h ips w h ich c ame t o c o lec t co w t obacco . T obac a s t he s o le e conom ic b a s i s o f t he Mar y land a nd V i rg in ia c o lon ie s , a nd i ne xchange f o rt he s a nnua l c r op , t he t obacco p l an te r s r e ce ived e sen t ia l m anu f ac tu red g ood s , l i quo r a nd o the r s upp l ie s s uch a s t obacco p i pe s . T he C iv i l Wa r s d i s rup ted n o rma l s a b u s ines c t iv i t ie s a nd r educed t he v o lu me o fs h ipp ing t o t he C he sapeake . A s t he n umbe r o f Eng l i sh s h ip s fe d ec l ined , t h e p l an te r s s uf red s e r iou ss hor tage s . Du tch m e rchan t s t ook a dvan tage o f t h i s s i tua t ion a nd r a p id ly e xpanded t h e i r t r ad ing a c t iv i t ie s i n t he Che sapeake f r eg ion ( B ruce 1 895 :310 ; Menard 1 975 :297 ) . B yo f e r ing t ab e te r e x change r a te t h an t he E ng l i sh merchan t s t he Du tch q u i ck l y b ecame a ma jor f o rce i n t he t o bacco e conomy a nd h e lped k eep c rop p r ice s h igh f o r t he p l an te r s ( C raven 1 970 :240 ; Mo rgan 1 975 :147 ) . I t i s t n o tewo r th y t h a t w hen I ng le a tacked S t . Mary ' s C i ty i n 1 645 , aDu tch m e rchan t s h ip , t he S p eag le , w a s e ng aged te 1 i n t r ad ing a tt h e c i ty ( Shomet 985 :28 ) . T he i mpo r tance o f t he Du tch m e rchan t s t o t he C he sapeake c o lon i s t s d u r ing t he p e r iod o f t h e C iv i l War s a nd i nt h ey ear s d i rec t ly a f te rw a rd i ss ugge s ted b y t he r e spon se o ft he Gove rnor o fV i rg in ia t o C romwe l l ' s p ropo sa l t ob a r Du tch s h ip s f r om t h e Che sapeake . He

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F igure 7 : Mo lded t e r ra c o t ta p i pe s f r om P ope ' s F o r t . 8 5

F igu re 8 : H andmade t e r ra c o t ta p i pe s f r om P ope ' s F o r t ; p robab ly o f Ame r ican I nd ian manuf ac tu re . 8 6

s t a ted t ha t t h i s wou ld c r ea te s e r iou s d i f f icu l t ie s a nd m ean a r e tu rn t o " . the s ame p ov e r ty whe re in t he . Du tch f ound a nd r e l ieved u s " ( Mo rgan 1 975 :147 ) . P a r l iamen t n eve r the les roh ib i ted t h e Du tch t r ade i n s p 1 651 , a t t h e r eque s t o f t he L ondon me rchan t s . No t s u rp r is ing l y ,r e por t so fs eve re s ho r tage so fm anu f ac tured g oods w e re h eard b y 1 653 ( Mena rd 1 975 :298 ) . Docu men t s i n d ica te t ha t t he re c on t inued t o b e i n suff ic ien t s h ipp ing t o t r an spo r t mu ch o f t he t obacco c rop t o m a rke t d ur ing t he l a te r 1 650 s a s w e l ( Bee r t l 1 922 :395 ) . Du tch t obacco p ipe s a tP ope ' s F o r ta re t hu s u nder s tandab le g i ven t he e conom i ce nv i ronmen t o ft he t ime . I ndeed , g i ven t he n ea r a b sence o f E ng l i sh p ipe s a t t he f o r t , i ti sp os le t ha t t he Mary land c o lon i s t s sib r e l ied e ven mo re h eav i ly o n t he Du tch t han d i d t he V i rg in ian s . T he e fec t s o f t he E ng l i sh C iv i l Wa r s m ay a l so h e lp f e xp la in t he l a rge n umbe r s o f t e ra c o ta p ipe s a t t he r t f o r t . A s n o ted , o ve r 7 0% o f t he p i pe s a re t e ra c ot . r ta H en ry ( 1979 ) h a s p ropo sed t ha t t h ep roduc t ion o ft e ra r c o ta p ipe s i nt he Che sapeake i sd i re c t ly r e la ted t o t he t s t a tu s o f t h e e conomy . S he h ypo th ize s t h a t " The c o lon i s t s i n 1 7 th c en tu ry T idew a te r Ma ry land a nd V i rg in ia m ade t he i r own t obacco p i pe s o f l o c a l c l ay d u r ing e conom ic d ep res s , i e . , a t t ime s o f l ow sion . t o bacco p r i ce s , d ec rea sed a va i lab i l i ty o f E ng l i sh m anuf ac tu red g ood s ,a nd i n c rea sed c o s t so ft he se g ood s " ( Henry 1 979 :15 ) . Ac rd ing t o t h i s h ypo the s i s , t he co p ropor t ion o f t e ra c o ta p ipe s s hou ld f a l d u r ing r t l p e r iod s o f p ro sper i ty a nd i n c rea se d u r ing d ep res s , sion a s p lan te r s a temp ted t o c u t c o s t s . t T h i s a rgumen t d oe s n o t s eem t o b e s uppo r ted b y t he P ope 's F o r t d a ta . T he 1 645 -1655 p e r iod w a s o ne o f r e la t ive ly g ood t obacco p r ice s ( Men a rd 1 975 ) a nd y e t t h et e ra c o ta p ipe s p redom ina te . T he P ope ' sF o r td a ta r t m ay i nd ic a te t h a t t he g ene ra l c ond i t ion o f t he t obacco ring l e conomy i sn o t t he c ruc ia l v a r iab le i n s pur o c a l m anuf ac tu re . I n s tead , i t m ay b e t h e a va i lab i l i ty o f m anuf ac tu red g ood s . Ab a s ic p rob lem f o r mo s tc o lon ia l s oc ie t ie s i st h a t o f s upp ly ( c .f . C raven 1 970 :240 ) , a nd t h i s c er ta in ly w a s a r e cur ring p rob lem i n t he C he sapeake d u r ing t he 1 7 th c en tu ry .T he Du tch h e lped e a se t h i s s upp ly s hor tage d ur ing t h e 1 640 s , a l though s h ipp ing s t i l p robab ly w a s n o t s u ff i c ien t t o mee t a l l l n eed s . A f te r t h e Du tch w e re f o rb idden t o t r ade i nt he C he sapeake , t he h i s to r ica l e v idence s ugge s t s t ha t t he s upp ly p rob lem a ga in b ecame s e r iou s . D emand f o r i t em s l i ke t obacco p ipe s r ema ined s t ab le o r e ven i n c rea sed a s t he p opu la t ion g rew , b u t t he s upp ly d ec rea sed . T hu s , t he p l e thora o fh andmade a nd mo lded p i pe s a t P ope ' s F o r t a nd o the r s i te s may w e l b e a l r e spon se t o s ho r tage s . P roduc t ion o f l o c a l p ipe s may s t i lh ave o cur ur ing p e r iod s o fd epres ,b u t n o t l c red d sion b ecause p l an te r s we re a temp t ing t oc u t c o s t s . R a the r , t d ep res sion s , l i ke w ar s , t ended t or e s t r i c t ma rke t a c t iv i ty , r e duce t h e v o lu me o f s h ipp ing c om ing t o t he C he sapeake , a nd t hu s p roduce s ho r tage s (Mena rd 1 975 :290 ) .T he h ypo the s i s p u t f o rwa rd b y H en ry s eem s b a s ica ly s ound , b u t s hou ld b e a mended t o f o cu s l s pe c if ica ly o ns upp ly r a the rt han t obacco p r ice so rc o s t s l

a s t he c r i t ica l f a c to r i nt he l o c a l p roduc t ion o f p ipe s . I f f u r the r r e sea rch c on f i rm s t he h ypo the s i s , t hen t he p ropo r t ion o ft e ra c o ta t o wh i te c l ay p ipe sc ou ld s e rve r t a sa n i mpo r tan t m ea su re o ft he o ve ra ls upp ly s i tua t ion l i n t he C he sapeake . Whe re t he mo lded t e ra c o ta p ipe s w e re p roduced i s r t n o t c e r ta in , a l though i ti sl i ke ly t h a t s ome w e re m ade a tP ope ' s F o r t . I ti so f r e levance t o n o te t h a t s ome o f t he s pec imen s ( Type s 2 , 4 , a nd 6 ) a re f ound o n Mar y land s i te s a s w e l a s t ho se a l ong t he J ame s R ive r l i n V i rg in ia . T he se p ipe s s eem t o h ave a p an -Che sapeake d i st r ibu ti on wh i le o the rv ar ie t ie s( T ype s 1 , 3 , a nd 5 ) o n ly o cu r o n s i te s i n S t . Mar y ' s C i ty . c S tudy o fp i pe s i nt he c o lec t ion a tJ ame s town , V i rg in ia l h a s r e ve a led an umbe r o f o the r v a r ie t ie s wh ich d o n o t a ppea r o n Mary land s i te s . T hu s , t he v a r iou s t e ra c o ta r t p ipe s e xh ib i t v e r y d i f e ren t d i s t r ibu t iona l p a te rn s , t he f t r e a son s f o r wh ich a re n o t y e t c l ea r . I ts eem s l i ke ly t ha t p ipe p roduc t ion g ene ra ly o cur n as ma l s c a le . l c r ed o l S ome o f t he m a jo r me rchan t /p lan te r s , o n t he o the r h and , m ay h ave a temp ted t op roduce o n al a rge r s c a le t a nd m a rke t t he p i pe s t h roughou t t he C he sapeake . T he se mo lded p ipe s m ay b e t he e a r l ie s t p hy s ic a l e v idence f o r t he d eve lopmen t o f l o c a l m arke t ing n e two rk s i n t he C he sapeake r eg ion . CONCLUS ION E xcava t ion s a t P ope ' s F o r t h ave p rov ided n ew i n fo rma t ion o n t he t obacco p ipe s u sed i n Mary land d u r ing t h e p e r iod 1 645 c i r ca 1 655 . T hey i n d ica te t h a t t he m a jo r i ty o f t he p ipe s d e r ived f r om Du tch r a the r t han E ng l i sh s ou rce s . Th i s s i tua t ion i se xp la ined b y t he s a s eve re d i s rup t ion s i n E ng l i sh b u s ines c t iv i ty a nd m a rke t ing c au sed b y t he C iv i l War s . A s ar e su l t , t he l Du tch w e re p rov ided w i th a n e xce len t o ppo r tun i ty t o c ap tu re t h e t obacco m a rke t a nd t he a r chaeo log ica l e v idence i n d ic a te s t h a t t hey q u ick ly t ook a dvan tage o f t h i s s i tua t ion . T he p re sence o f n ume rou s t e ra c o ta r t p ipe ss ugge s t s t h a t t he c o lon i s t sw e re r e spond ing t ot he s ho r tage o f i mpo r ted m a te r ia l s b y p roduc ing mo lded p ipe s a nd o b ta in ing h andmade p ipe s f r om l o ca l I nd ian s . -

REFERENCES A tk in son , D . a nd O swa ld , A . ( 1972 ) . A b r ie f g u ide t o t he i d en t i f ica t ion o f Du tch c l ay t obacco p ipe s f ound i n E ng land . P o s t -M ed ieva lA r chaeo log y 6 : 175 182 . A tk in son , D . a nd O swa ld , A . ( 1969 ) . L ondon c l ay t obacco p ipe s . J ourna l o f t h e B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica l As ia t ion , T h i rd S e r ie s , 3 2 :171 -227 . s oc B ake r , E .W . ( 1985 ) . T he C lark e a nd L ake C ompany : t h eh i s to r ica la r chaeo log yo f as ev en teen th -cen tur y Ma ine s e t l emen t . O cca s iona l P ub l ic a t ion s i n Ma ine t A rchaeo logy 4 . T he Ma ine H i s to r ic P re se rva t ion C omm is , Augu s ta . sion B aa r t , J .( 1985 ) . Ho -De -NoSauNee a nd t he Du tch , 8 7

i n te rac t ion i n m a te r ia l c u l tu re b e tween Au toch thon s l a nd A loch thon s i n 1 7 th -cen tu ry N ew N e the r land s . l NE W NE T hERLAND STUD IES . B u l e t in KNOB 8 4 (2 -3 ): 8 9 -99 .

M i le r , H .M . (1986 ) . D i scove r ing Mar y land ' s F i r s t C i ty : l A S ummar y R epor t o n t h e 1 98 1 -1984 Ar chaeo log ica l E xcava t ions i nS t . Mar y ' s C i ty , Mar y land . S t . Ma r y ' s C i ty A rchaeo logy S e r ie s 2 .S t . Mary ' s C i ty .

B ee r , G .L . ( 1922 ) . T he O r ig ins o ft h e B r i t i sh C o lon ia l s l y s t em , 1 578 -1660 . Mac M i lan , N ew Yo rk .

Mo rgan , E .S . (1975 ) . Ame r ican S lavery Ame r ican F r eedom : T he O rd ea lo fC o lon ia lV i rg in ia . W .W . N o r ton a nd C ompany . N ew Yo rk .

B ruce , P .A . ( 1895 ) . E conom ic H i s to r yo fV i r g in ia i nt h e l s ev en t een th c en tur y ( two v o lume s ) . MacM i lan , N ew Yo rk . L e C hem inan t , R . ( 1981 ) . C lay t obacco p ipe s f r om L ondon a nd t he s ou th e a s t . T he a r chaeo log yo ft h ec l ay t o bacco p ip e V I : p ip e s a nd k i lns i n t h e L ondon r e g ion . E d i ted b y P e te r D avey , B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epo r t s 9 7 : 1 27 -172 . s, D C ras .C . ( 1988 ) . T he c l ay p ipe s f r om G reen S p r ing P l an ta t ion ( 44 JC9 ) , V i rg in ia . H i s tor ica l A r chaeo log y 2 2 (1) :83 -97 . C raven , W .F . ( 1970 ) . T he s ou ther n c o lon i e s i n t h e s ev en t een th c en tur y , 1 607 -1689 . L ou i s iana S t a te s. Un ive r s i ty P res Doze r , D .M . ( 1967 ) . P or t ra i to ft h e F r ee S t a te : ah i s to r y o f Ma r y land . T idewa te r P ub l i she r s , C amb r idge , Mar y land . Duco , D .H . ( 1981 ) . T he c l ay t obacco p ipe i n 1 7 th -cen tury N e the r land s . T he A r chaeo lo gy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ip e , VE urop e 2 . E d i ted b y P e te r D avey , B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ic a lR epo r t sI n te rna t iona lS e r ie s 1 06 . O x fo rd . F au lkne r , A . a nd F au lkne r , G . ( 1987 ) . T he F r ench a t P en tagoe t . O cca s iona l P ub l ica t ion s i n Ma ine A rchaeo logy 5 . Ma ine H i s to r ic P re se rva t ion C omm is , Augu s ta , Ma ine . sion H en r y , S .L . ( 1979 ) . T er -Co ta t obacco p ipe s i n 1 7 th ra t c en tury Mar y land a nd V i rg in ia : ap re l im inary s t udy . H i s to r ica lA r chaeo lo gy 1 3 :14 -37 . Huey , P . ( 1985 ) . A rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ion s i nt he s i te o fF o r t O range : a Du tch We s t I nd ia C ompany t r ad ing f o r t b u i l t i n 1 624 . NE W NETHERLAND STUD IES . B u l e t in KNOB 8 4 (2 -3 ) :68 -79 . l Huey , P . ( 1978 ) . P e r sona l c ommun ica t ion . McCa sh ion , J .H . ( 1979 ) . Ap re l im inar y c h rono logy a nd d i scus f s even teen th a nd e a r ly e i gh teen th c en tur y sion o p ipe s f r om N ew Yo rk S t a te s i te s . T he A r chaeo log y o f t h e C lay T obacco P ip eI : T he U n i t ed S t a te s o f A me r i ca . E d i ted b y P e te r D avey , B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ic a l R epo r t s I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 6 0 :63 -150 . Menard , R .R . ( 1975 ) . E conomy a nd S oc ie ty i n E a r ly C o lon ia l Mar y land . P h .D . D is r ta t ion , Un ive r s i ty o f se I owa . Un ive r s i ty M ic rof i lm s , Ann A rbo r . 8 8

Noe l Hume , A . ( 1979 ) . C lay T obac ipe s E xc ava ted co P a t Ma r t in ' s Hund red , V i rg in ia 1 976 -1978 . T he A r chaeo log y o f t h e C lay T obacco P ipe I , T he U n i ted S ta t e s o f Ame r ica . B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica l R epo r t s I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 6 0 . Ox ford . Noe l Hume , I . ( 1966 ) . E x cava t ion s a t C lay B ank i n G louce s t e r C oun ty , V i r g in ia , 1 962 -1963 . Con t r ibu t ion s f r om t he Mu seum o f H i s tory a nd T echno logy . U .S . Gove rnmen t P r in t ing O ff ice , Wa sh ing ton , D .C . O swa ld , A . ( 1979 ) . T he c l ay p i pe s i n S t . A nd rew s S t ree t , P l ymou th E xcava t ion s : 1 976 . E d i ted b yG raham F a i rc lough . P l ymou th Museum A r chaeo log i ca l S e r ie s No . 2 : 114 119 . O swa ld , A . ( 1975 ) . C lay P ip e s f o r t h e Ar chaeo log i s t . B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epor t s 1 4 , Ox ford . Rut r , J . a nd D avey , P . ( 1980 ) . C lay P ipe s f r om te C he s te r . A r chaeo log y o f t h e C l ay T obacco P ip e I I : B r i ta in ; t h e No r t h a nd W e s t . E d i ted b y P e te r D avey . B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epor t s I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 7 8 , 4 1 -272 . S home te , D .G . ( 1985 ) . P i ra t e s o f t he C he sap eak e . t T idewa te r P ub l i she r s . C en terv i le , Mary land . l Wa lke r , I . C . ( 1977 ) . C lay T obacco P ipe s w i th P ar t icu lar R ef e r enc e t o t h e B r i s to l I ndu s tr y . H i s to r y a nd A rchaeo log y S e r ie s 1 . P ark s C anada . Ot . tawa

S even teen th -Cen tury C lay T obacco P ipe s f r om Sm i th 's T own land , S t . Ma ry 's C i ty , Mary land T imo thy B . R iordan

I NTRODUCT ION

T he l e a se w a s g r an ted t o Sm i th o nth e c ond i t ion t h a t h e b u i ld a nd o pe ra te a n o rd inar y o r p ub l ic i nn . T he O rd inar yw a s n o t c omp le te w hen W i l iam Sm i th d i ed i n l 1 668 . H i s w i l r e vea led t h a t h e h ad b u i l t t wo d we l ing l l h ou se s ( one a lmo s t c e r ta in ly w a s t he O rd inar y ) a nd h ad a dded ah og h ou se , as t ab le , a n o rcha rd a nd ap a s tu re . T he p ub l ic i nn w a s a pparen t ly f i n i shed i nt he s ame y ea r b y D an ie l J enn i f e r , who m ar i th ' s w idow a nd ried Sm w ho b u i l t t wo o the r h ou se s o n t he p rope r ty . B y 1 669 , G ar t v an S we r ingen , aDu tch i mm ig ran t , l e a sed t h e re t O rd inary f r om J enn i f e r . H e l a te r t e s t i f ied t h a t h e s pen t a g rea t d ea l o f money " f i t ing u p " t he i nn t o t a ccommoda te t r ave le r s . H e mu s t h ave b een s uc ces l l sfu a t h i s t r ade b ec au se i n 1 672 h e w a s a b le t o p u rcha se t he l e a se o f Sm i th ' s T own land f r om J enn i fe r . V an S we r ingen o pe ra ted t he i nn f o r s eve ra l y ea r s , b u t b y 1 678 h ew a s r en t ing i tt oa no the r o rd inar y k eepe r . L a te o ne n i gh t , t he O rd inar y c augh t f i re a nd w a s t o ta ly l d e s t royed . A f te r t h i s f i re , n o o the r b u i ld ing w a s e rec ted i n t h i s p ar t o f t he t h ree -ac re t r ac t .

Sm i th ' s T own land w a s a th ree -ac re t r ac t i nS t . Mary ' s C i ty , Ma ry land , l e a sed t o W i l iam Sm i th i n 1 666 . B y l 1 670 , f ou rb u i ld ing s w e re b u i l t o n t h e p rope r ty . One o f t he se , Sm i th ' s O rd inar y , b urned i n 1 678 a nd w a s n o t r ep laced . E x cava t ion sc onduc ted o n t h i s s i te b y H i s to r ic S t . Mar y ' s C i ty y i e lded a lmo s t 2 00 m arked o r i d en t if iab le p i pe s . T h i s s amp le i si mpor tan t b ecau se i t p rov ide s au n ique i n s igh t i n to p i pe a va i lab i l i ty i n t he C he sapeake d ur ing t he t h i rd q ua r te r o f t he 1 7 th c en tury . I t al so d emon s t ra te s t he c on t inued d om inance o f Du tch p i pe s i n t h i s p e r iod .

H ISTORY OF THE S ITE Sm i th ' s T own land , l o ca ted i n t h e c en te r o f t he 1 7 th -cen tu r yt own o fS t . Mary ' s C i ty , Mar y land ( F igure 1 ) , w a s a th ree -ac re t r ac t l e a sed t o W i l iam Sm i th f o r l 3 1 y ea r s b y t h eP rop r ie tary g ove rnmen t i n1 666 ( M i le r l 1 986 :67 -68 ) . P r io r t o t h i s l e a se t h e re h ad b een n o d ome s t ic o cupa t ion w i th in t he Sm i th ' sT own land t r ac t . c

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F igu re 2 . P ipe s b y c oun tr y o f o r ig in .

E xcava t ion

t h rough t he l a te 1 7 th c en tu ry . T he l a s t r e f e rence w a s i n 1 692 w hen t he b u i ld ing s w e re s a id t o b e i n p oo r r epa i r . T he mov ing o f t he p rov inc ia l c ap i ta l f r om S t . Ma ry ' s C i ty t o Annapo l i s i n 1 695 p robab ly mean t t he c e nd o f a ny o cupa t ion o n t h i s t r ac t . T he l a nd b ecame sion o p a r t o f as ucces f p l an ta t ion s a nd w a s p lowed l r epea ted ly ( M i le r 1 986 :4 ) . THE EXCAVAT IONS B e tween 1 98 1-1984 , H i s to r ic S t . Mar y ' s C i ty ( HS MC ) c onduc ted a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ion s o n Sm i th ' s l T own land wh ich i d en t i f ied a lo ft he m a jo rb u i ld ing sa nd u ncove red a n umbe r o f 1 7 th -cen tur y f e a tu re s . Two a rea s w e re e xcava ted i n g rea te r d e ta i l a nd p roduced l l i mpo r tan t c o lec t ion s o fp ipe s f r om r e la t ive ly w e l d a ted c on tex t s . T he f i r s to ft he se w a s t he p ub l ic i nn k nown a s l t Sm i th ' s O rd inary ( M i le r 1 986 :68 -104 ) . T he re w a s l i t le q ue s t ion t ha t t he d i scove red f e a tu re s r e la ted t o t he O rd inar y . L aye r s o fc ha rcoa l a nd a sh , p a r t o f ab u rned l p l a s te rw a l , a nd p a r t o f at i l e f l oo r t ha t s howed s co rch l w m a rk s f r om t he f i re o f1 678 a e re r e vea led . A l though t he u ppe r l a ye r s o f t h i s s i te h ave b een p lowed i nl a te r t y ear s , t he re a ppea red t ob e l i t le m ix ture w i th e a r l ie ro r s l a te r m a te r ia l s . T he s amp le w a s t he re fo re a s igned a d a te o f 1 666 -1678 . T he s e cond a rea i n ve s t iga ted i n d e ta i l w a s n o t s t r ic t ly o n t h e Sm i th ' s T own land t r ac t b u tw a s n o r th o fi ti na n a rea i d en t i f ied a s t he t own g reen ( O 'Conno r 1 985 ) . l O r ig ina ly t h i s c omp lex o ff e a tu re s w a s t hough t t ob e a l c e la r h o le , b u t e xc ava t ion r e vea led i t to b e as e r ie s o f r ow p r ow p s even b or i t s . Wh i le t he se b or i t s , k nown a s s t he B ig P i t c omp lex , c anno t b e d e f in i te ly a soc ia ted w i th t h e b u i ld ing o f Sm i th ' s O rd inar y , t hey a re i nc l o se e nough p rox im i ty t oh ave b een d ug f o rt h i s p urpo se a nd t he a r t i f ac t s i n c luded i nt hem a re r ough ly c on tempo rar y 9 0

Sm i t h' s A rea

t ot he c on s truc t ion o f Sm i th ' s O rd ina ry . Wha teve rt he i r s l a soc ia t ion , t h e p i t s w e re a ppa ren t ly f i led i n r a p id ly . B a sed o nt he a r t i f ac t s i nt he p i t s , t h i s c o mp lex a ppear s t o d a te t oc i r ca 1 670 ( O 'Conno r 1 985 :19 ) . T h i s w ou ld t c o inc ide w i th v an S we r ingen ' s " f i t ing u p " t he o rd inary . f T he d i f e rence s b e tween t he d epo s i t ion o f t he Sm i th ' s l O rd inary a nd B ig P i t s amp le s w i l b e i mpor tan t i nt he p ipe a na l y s i s a nd s o n eed t o b e f u r the r e xp lo red . T he d epo s i t ion o f t he s amp le f r o m Sm i th ' s O rd ina r y c ou ld h ave b egun a se a r ly a s 1 666 b u t m o re l i ke ly i tb egan i n 1 668 when D an ie l J enn i f e r f i n i shed t he b u i ld ing . I t c on t inued u n t i lt he f i re d e s t royed t h es t ruc tu re i n1 678 . T he s amp le r ep re sen t s t he a ccumu l a t ion o f ad ecade . T he d epo s i t ion o f t he B ig P i t c o mp lex p robab ly c o inc ided w i th v an S we r ingen ' s r e pa i r s t o t he b u i ld ing i n 1 669 a nd w a s s ea led f a i r ly r ap id ly . I t mo s t l i ke ly d a te s c i r ca 1 669 -1670 . Wh i le t h e i n i t ia l d a te o f t he d epo s i t ion o ft he s amp le f r om Sm i th ' s i ss l igh t ly e a r l ier t h an t ha t f r om t he B ig P i t a rea , i ta l so l a s ted much l onge r . T h i s i si mpo r tan t i n c on s ide r ing c ompa r i son s b e tween t h e t wo s amp le s . THE P IPES T he e xc av a t ion s p roduced a l a rge s amp le o f a r t i f ac t s r en wh ich a r e c ur t ly u nde r a na ly s i s . I nc luded i n t h i s s amp le a r e 1 72 m arked o r i d en t if iab le p ipe s . Mo s t o f t he p ipe s w e re r ecove red f r om p l owzor ie a bove t he f e a tu re s , b u t mo re t han at h i rd ( N=67 ) we re r e cove red f r om w i th in f e a ture c on tex t s . E ven i n t he p l ow zone , h oweve r , m ix tu re w i th e a r l ie r o r l a te r ma te r ia l s d i d n o t s eem t o b e g rea t . T he re a re n o p i pe s w i th a n i n i t ia l d a te o f m anu f ac ture a f te r t he O rd in ary w a s b u rned i n 1 678 a nd o n ly 3 1 p ipe s ( 18 % ) t h a t h ave a s ugge s ted t e rm ina l d a te b e fo re t he c on s t ruc t ion o f Sm i th ' s l O rd inar y i n 1 666 . A l o f t he se e a r ly p ipe s a r e i n

100 80

...C:

.. ..

u I. Q.

■

D. belly � Y. bulbous D. elbow

60

1B

40 20 0

Smith's

Big Pit Complex Excavation

Figure 3. Graph of bowl shape types.

Area

60 50

II 121

40

Big Pit Complex Smith's

30 20 10 0

4

5

6

Figure 4. Stem bore diameter from plowzone.

7 8 64ths of an Inch

9

11

10

ll Dutch C] English

4

5

6

7

8

9

64ths of an Inch

Figure 5. Bore stem diameter by country of origins. 91

loosely-dated decorative styles that could have extended several years to as much as a decade after their suggested terminal date. Thus, both samples appear to retain significant temporal integrity. The significance of these narrowly dated samples lay in what they may demonstrate concerning trade relations and pipe availability in the Maryland during the third quarter of the 17th century. The samples represent two overlapping periods and comparison of the two samples suggest several trends in pipe availability. The most striking characteristic of both groups of pipes is the presence of an overwhelming number of Dutch pipes. The Big Pit complex has 83.5% that were identified as Dutch (N=86), while the slightly later Smith's Ordinary pipes are 73.6% (N=39) Dutch (Figure 2). The 10% drop in the proportion of Dutch pipes may be related to a continuing restriction of trade with the Netherlands caused by the Navigation Acts and the second (1664-67) and third (1672-74) Anglo-Dutch wars. It is interesting that despite such strong pressure against trade with the Dutch, the percentage of Dutch pipes is still very high, even in the later Smith's Ordinary sample. It could be argued that the presence of a Dutch immigrant, Garret van Sweringen, on the site was a factor in this high proportion of Dutch pipes, but other sites in St. Mary's City, while not as tightly dated, show a similarly high proportion of Dutch-made pipes (Hurry, this volume; Miller, this volume). Both Dutch and English pipes in the samples show a narrow geographic origin. Not surprisingly, the majority of the Dutch pipes are from pipe makers in Gouda. The English pipes that could be attributed to a specific maker or city show the overwhelming influence of the Bristol pipe industry. A total of 10 pipes were identified as to specific English pipe makers and all of these are from Bristol. In addition, 11 sterns are decorated in the Bristol style. Bowl shape was another feature that differs significantly between the two samples. Of the identified bowl shapes noted, there are three that make up the majority of the sample: Yorkshire bulbous (Lawrence 1979:69), Dutch belly bowl (Duca 1981:245), and Dutch funnel elbow (McCashion 1979:124-5). These three forms accounted for 96.4% of all of the recognizable bowls. Bowl shape shows the same trend in its distribution as that of manufacturer. The most numerous bowl type recovered from the Big Pit complex is the Dutch belly bowl, accounting for 72% (N=18) of the sample. Yorkshire bulbous and Dutch funnel elbow bowls account for 16% (N=4) and 12% (N=2) respectively (Figure 3). This profile is in contrast to that of the Smith's Ordinary bowls, where Dutch belly bowls make up only 44.4% (N =8) of the sample and the other types each represent 27.7% (N=5). As with the identified pipes, the proportion of Dutch bowl shapes declined approximately 10% between the two samples. There was also a slight shift in the style of the available Dutch bowl shape. The funnel elbow shape increased between the two samples, from 12% to 27.7%. Given the small 92

Table 1. Bore diameters of plowzone sterns 64ths" 4

Smith's Ordina!Y No. % 0.0 0

Big Pit ComQlex No. % 0 0.0

5

19

3.5

11

4.0

6

150

27.9

43

15.8

7

277

51.6

141

51.6

8

74

13.8

67

24.5

9

14

2.6

8

2.9

10

2

0.4

3

1.1

11

1

0.2

0

0.0

537

100.0

273

99.9

TOTALS

Table 2. Formula dates of samples. (Source: O'Connor (1985) Formula

Big Pit ComQlex

Binford (1962) Hanson (1969) Heighton & Deagan (1971)

Smith's Ordina!Y

1671.00 1672.44

1660.24 1664.29

1688.59

1681.19

Table 3. Pipe stems by bore diameter and country. 64ths" 9 8 7 6 5 TOTAL

Dutch No. % 0.9 1 7.8 8 61.7 63 29 28.4 0.9 1 102

English No. % 1 4.3 5 21.7 8 34.8 9 39.1 0 0.0 23

s amp le o f i d en t i f ied b ow l s a t Sm i th ' s O rd inar y , t he se c onc lu s ion s a re t en ta t ive b u t t h ey p o in t t o t he c on t inued d om inance o f Du tch p ipe si nt he C he sapeake i n t he 1 670 s . P ipe s t em s m a rked w i th o ne o rs eve ra lf l eur -d e l i sm ake u p as i gn if i c an t p ropo r t ion o f b o th s amp le s . O ve ra l , l 4 0% o f t h e p i pe s c on s ide red i n t h i s p ape r h ave s ome f o rm o f t h ef l eur -de l i s m ark . T h i s s t y le o f d eco ra t ion w a s d ecl in ing d ur ing t he l a s t h a l f o f t he 1 7 th c en tu ry . Duco ( 198 1 :248 ) s ugge s t s t ha t t he e nd d a te o ft h i ss t y le w a s c i r ca 1 670 . The d a ta f r om t he t wo s amp le s i nS t . Mary ' s C i ty s uppor t t h i s d ec l ine . T he e a r l ie r B ig P i t c omp lex h a s4 2 .9 % o ft he s amp le s o marked b u t b y t he t ime o ft h e Sm i th ' s O rd inary s amp le , t he p ropo r t ion i s o n ly 3 9 .7% . I t wou ld b e d ange rou s t o g ene ra l ize o n s uch s ma l s amp le s a nd s o s l igh t ad ec rea se , b u t s uch l ag ene ra l d e c l ine s eem s p robab le . T he se d a ta a l so s ugge s t t h a t t he y ear o f 1 670 i st oo e a r ly t o m a rk t he e nd o ft h a t d ecora t ive p rac t ice i nt h e Che sapeake ,w i th 1 675 o r 1 680 b e ing mo re l i ke ly .

F ina ly , b e c au se o f t he n ar ime r ange r ep re sen ted l r ow t b y t he se s amp le s , i t i s i mpo r tan t t o c on s ide r t he u sefu lnes fs o me o ft he d a t ing m e thod s s ugge s ted f o r s o p ipe a na l y s i s . T he t o ta l n umbe r o fp i pe s t em s , m a rked a nd n on -m a rked , f r om b o th s amp le s w e re a na lyzed b y O 'Conno r a s p ar t o f t he i n i t ia l r epo r t o n t h i s s i te ( O 'Conno r 1 985 :14 -15 ) . T he d a ta a re p re sen ted i n T ab le 1a nd i nF igure 4 .Ac ompa r i son o fF igu re 4w i th t he c ha r t o f p ipe b o re p ropor t ion s p repa red b y H ar ton ( Noe l Hume 1 972 :298 ) s how s t ha t t he se ring s amp le s f i t w e l i n to t he 1 650 1680 t ime r ange . l O 'Conno r c a lcu la ted t he mean b o re d i ame te r o f t he s amp le s u s ing s eve ra l o f t he p ropo sed f o rmu la s a nd t he se r e su l t s a re s hown i n T ab le 2 . F o r t he Sm i th ' s O rd inary s amp le , t wo o f t he s ugge s ted mean d a te s a re w e l b e fo re a ny d epo s i t ion c ou ld h ave t aken p l ace a nd l t he o the r i st h ree y ear s a f te r t he b u i ld ing w a s t o rn d own . T he r e su l t s f o r t he B ig P i t a rea a re s omewha t b e te r , w i th t wo o f t he d a te s b e ing o n ly ay ea r o r t wo t o f . The re i sn o p at rn i nt he se d a ta a nd s ugge s t s t ha t f te e ven w i th s amp le s o f3 00 a nd 6 00 p i pe s t em s , r andom v ar ia t ion c an p l ay a n i mpo r tan t r o le .

I th a s b een s ugge s ted t ha t t he r e a son t he se m e thod s s eem l e s a pp l icab le t o e ar ly 1 7 th -cen tu ry p ipe s i sd ue s t o Du tch a nd Eng l i sh b ore d i ame te r s c hang ing a t d i f eren t r a te s . The s amp le s f r om Sm i th ' s O rd ina ry a nd f f r om t he B ig P i t a rea s eem t o b e i d ea l t o t e s t t h i s h ypo the s i s . T he d a ta o n b o re d i ame te r a nd c oun t ry o f o r ig in a re s hown i n T ab le 3 . B e c au se o f t he s ma l l n umbe ro fm ea surab le , i d en t if ied E ng l i sh p ipe s ( N=23 ) t he t wo s amp le s w e re c omb ined f o ra na ly s i s . I f we l ook a tt he a c tua l d i s tr ibu t ion o fb ore d i ame te r s ( F igu re 5 ) , i ta ppea r s t h a t t he Eng l i sh p ipe sa re mo re v a r iab le t h an t he Du tch a nd o ccur i ng rea te r n umber s o n b o th s i de s o f t he Du tch mean . T h i s s amp le o f E ng l i sh p ipe s i s much t oo s ma l t o d raw c onc lu s ion s , b u t t h i s c ou ld l p rove a u se fu l l i ne o f f u ture r e sea r ch .

P IPE DESCR IPT IONS SMPZ SMF B PPZ B PF

= = = =

Sm i th ' sO rd ina ry P low Z one Sm i th ' s O rd ina ry F ea ture s B ig P i t C omp lex P low Z one B ig P i t F ea tu re s

I DENT IF IED AND MARKED BO WLS t 1 . Y o rk sh i re b u lbou s ; b u rn i shed ; p oo r ly r ou le ted a l ong b ack o f r im o n ly ; c i r ca 1 660 -1680 ( Law rence 1 979 :69 # 10 ) ; F igure 6 a . SMPZ 3 SMF 2 B PPZ 3 B PF 1 l i r ca 1 650 -1670 2 . Du tch b e ly b ow l ; m ed ium s i ze ; c b . ( Duco 1 981 :245 # 39 ,41 ) ; F igu re 6 SMPZ 6 SMF 2 B PPZ 3 B PF 5 3 . Du tch f unne l e l bow p ipe ; s t ra igh t s i ded b ow l ; n o t h ee l ; r ou le ted r im -back o f b ow l ; c i r ca 1 665 -1685 ( McCa sh ion 1 979 :124 -5 ) ; F igu re 6 c . SMF 5 B PPZ 1 B PF 2 r ed b 4 . S pur ow l ; s l igh t ly b u lbou s ; b urn i shed ; v e ry f o rwa rd l e an ing ; E ng l i sh ; c i r ca 1 640 -70 ( O swa ld 1 975 :41 # 17 ) ; F igu re 6 d . SMPZ 1 l 5 . Marked " LE " o n b ow l ; L lewe l in E van s , B r i s to l 1 661-86 (Wa lke r 1 977 :1431 #G ) ; F igu re 6 e . SMPZ 2 B PPZ 3 . l 6 . Ma rked " .E " o n b ow l ; e i the r Uewe l in E van s o r l W i l iam E van s , B r i s to l ; c i r ca 1 660 -1697 ; n o t l i u s t ra ted . SMPZ 3 ow l a bove 7 . T udo r r o se w i thou t s epa l s ; o n s i deof b 640 -70 ( Duco h ee l ; s even d o t s ; w e s t Du tch c i r ca 1 1 981 :244 # 31 -34 ) ; F igu re 6 f ; B PF 1 0 8 . Du tch B a roque p ipe ; l e af f r agmen t ; m a rked "WY ' ; c i r ca 1 635 -55 ( Duco 1 981 :253 # 151 -154 ) ; F i gu re 7 a . SMPZ 1 9 . Hee l m a rked " OA " i n b e aded c i rc le : O uwen And r ie sz , Gouda 1 669 -70 ( Duco 1 981 :259 # 227 ) , 1 660 1671 ( Duco 1 982 :74 ) ; F i gu re 7 b . B PPZ 1 B PF 1 9 3

10.

Marked "A" with crown in beaded circle onheel; Dutch belly bowl; Figure 7c. BPPZ 3

11.

Marked with a crowned Tudor Rose on heel; six dots; with sepals; Dutch belly bowl; c. 1630- 1660 (Duca 1981:247 #51, 249#116); Figure 7d. BPPZ 5 BPF 1 (with sepals)

23.

Multiple fleur-de-lis, not in a line; unbordered; possibly Gouda; circa 1625-1660 (Duca 1981:249 #122); not illustrated. SMPZ 1 BPPZ 7 4 BPF

24.

Four fleur-de-lis arranged in a diamond; bordered; rouletting; possibly Gouda; circa 1645-1665 (Duca 1981:249 #118); Figure 8a. SMPZ 1 BPPZ 1 3 BPF

25.

Singlefleur-de-lis extant; bordered; not illustrated. SMPZ 8 SMF 2 BPPZ 4 5 BPF

26.

Marked "WE" and rouletted with dots and diamonds; William Evans, Bristol 1660-97 (Walker 1977:1435 #G); Figure 8b. SMPZ 1 BPF 1

12.

Marked with fleur-de-lis in diamond on heel; Dutch belly bowl; circa 1625-1650 (Duca 1981:249 #121); Figure 7e. BPF 1

13.

Heel marked "WTW"; Dutch circa 1650-60 (McCashion 1979:107); Figure 7f. 4 BPF

14.

Heel marked with crown and cross in beaded circle; Figure 7g. BPF 1

15.

Unidentified loop mark on bowl; not illustrated.

16.

Unidentified embossed molding on bowl; not illustrated.

27.

Rouletted with lattice diamonds and dots; Gouda c. 1660-95 (Duca 1981:250 #5 125-26); Fig. &. SMPZ 1

17.

Incised running deer motif; terra cotta pipe; Figure 7h. SMPZ 1 BPPZ 1 BPF 1

28.

Marked with rows of'/s"; Gouda circa 1670-80 (Duco 1981:246 #44); Figure 8d. 1 SMF BPPZ 1

18.

Swirled white and red clay bowl; not illustrated. SMPZ 1

29.

19.

Marked "...R" on bowl; Figure 7i. BPPZ 1

20.

Marked "...W" on bowl; not illustrated. BPF 1

Marked with large dots in diamonds and rouletting; Bristol 1661-89 (Alexander 1979:54-55); Figure 8e. SMPZ 1 SMF 1 BPPZ 7 BPF 2

30.

21.

Unidentified circle mark on bowl; not illustrated.

Terra cotta pipe stem marked with "WD" or "WID" monogram in circle with three dots above; Figure 8f. SMPZ 1

31.

Terra cotta stem marked with rouletting; Fig. 8g. BPPZ 1

32.

Marked with vine and flower motif; Dutch 1625-65 (Duca 1981:251 #132-137); Figure 8h. 2 BPPZ

33.

Marked with "teardrop" shapes possibly incised tulip; Figure 8i. BPPZ 1

34.

Marked with "Xs" and rouletting; Gouda 1660-80 (Duca 1981:250 #127); Figure 8j. 1 BPF

SMPZ 1

SMPZ 1

SMPZ 1

MARKED STEMS 22.

94

Multiple fleur-de-lis in a line; bordered; possibly Gouda; circa 1640-1670 (Duca 1981:248 #107); Figure 7j. SMPZ 11 SMF 2 BPPZ 16 8 BPF

below dots;

A

B

i nch

C

D

E

F

F i gure 6 : Sm i th ' s T own iand p i pe s , i d en t i f ied a nd m a rked b ow l s A -F . 9 5

A

B 1

0

i nch

D

i nch

F

E 0

i nch

H

I 0

J 0

i nch

1

i nch

F igu re 7 : Sm i th ' s T own iand p i pe s , i d en t i f ied a nd m a rked b ow l s A I ; m a rked s t em J . 9 6

in r r i ii i

r ip ir, b ri

m

i ir i m r i a irii 4 i r; äq im m l e mr i mt ' i i

D i

A

B

F VA V A i nch

C

•

.

.

.

•• •.

A A AAA WAAA A t J W

MA

..

1

A M

W

E

D

G

H

0

L M � i wM� i nch

• • •• --

"i

' . ' f VAl

1

0

i nch

i nch

F i gure 8 : Sm i th ' s T own iand p ipe s , m a rked s t em s Ai .

9 7

CONCLUSIONS The samples considered in this paper, while small, point out some significant trends in pipe availability in the late 17th-century Chesapeake. The continuing dominance of Dutch-made pipes is obvious, but their decline is foreshadowed by the difference between the two samples. It seems that the decade of the 1670s is the turning point in the Dutch-to-English pipe ratio for Maryland. There is, at the same time, a significant change in the common bowl shape available. The Dutch belly bowl, which made up three-fourths of the earlier sample, declined to one-half of the later sample. In part, this is due to an increase in the availability of English-made pipes but it is also related to a shift in the style of the Dutch pipes being exported to Maryland. There is a real and significant increase in the number of Dutch funnel elbow pipes in the two samples. The reason for this shift is an interesting topic for future research. Finally, the St. Mary's City data suggests that fleur-de-lis marked pipes continue to be exported to the Chesapeake in significant numbers throughout the decade of the 1670s, indicating that this style lasted longer than previously reported.

REFERENCES CITED Nexander, L.T. (1979) Clay pipes from the Buck Site in Maryland. The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe II: 17ie United States of America. Edited by P.J. Davey, British Archaeological Reports International Series 60: 37-61. Binford, L.R. (1962) A new method of calculating dates from kaolin pipe stem fragments. Southeastem Archaeological Conference Newsletter 9(1):19-21, Cambridge, Mass. Duca, D.H. (1981). The clay tobacco pipe in 17th-century Netherlands. The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe V:Europe 2. Edited by P.J. Davey, British Archaeological Reports International Series 106(ii). Duca, D.H. (1982). Merken van Goudse Pijpenmakers. Uitgeversmaatschappij Di Tijdstroom Lochen/ Poperinge. Hansen, L.W. (1969) Kaolin pipe stems - boring in on a fallacy. Conference on Historic Site Archaeology Papers 4:2-15, Columbia, South Carolina. Heighton, R.F. and Deagan, K.A (1971) A new formula for dating kaolin clay pipestems. Conference on Historic Site Archaeology Papers 6:220-229, Columbia, South Carolina. Lawrence, S. (1979). York Pipes and their Makers. The Archaeology of the clay tobacco pipe 1: Britain, the Midlands and Eastern England. P.J. Davey, editor, 98

pp.67-84. British Archaeological Reports British Series 63, Oxford. McCashion, J.H. (1979) A preliminary chronology and discussion of seventeeth and early eighteenth century clay pipes from New York State sites. The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe II: 171e United States America. Edited by P.J. Davey, British Archaeological Reports International Series 60:63-150. Miller, H.M. (1986). Discovering Maryland's first city. St. Mary's City Archaeology Series 2. Noel Hume, I. (1972). A guide to artifacts of Colonial America. AA Knopf, New York. O'Connor, J. (1985). Neither a borrower nor a lender be: findings from a feature in the 17th-century village green of St. Mary's City. Ms. on file, Historic St. Mary's City, Maryland. Oswald, A (1975) Clay pipes for the Archaeologist British Archaeological Reports 14, Oxford, England. Walker, I.C. (1977). Clay tobacco pipes with particular reference to the Bristol Industry. History and Archaeology Series 11, Parks Canada, Ottawa. Watkins, G. (1979). Hull pipes: a typology.Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe 1: Britain, the Midlands and Eastern England. Edited by P.J. Davey, British Archaeological Reports British Series 63: 95-122.

T obac co P ipe s f r om t h e A bel ' s Wha r fS i te ( 1 8 S T 5 3 ) , S t Ma ry ' s C oun ty , Ma ry land M ichae l E . Hu mph r ie s

I NTRODUCT ION

S ITE H ISTORY

l T he Abe l ' s Wha r f S i te ( 18 S t 5 3 ) i s l o ca ted a pprox ima te ly 5 0 m i le s s ou th o f Wa sh ing ton , D .C . , o n

l I n 1 641 t he a rea n ow i n c lud ing A be l ' s Wha r f w a s l p a ten ted b y R anda l R eve l a nd n amed " Reve l ' s " . B y s ed t 1 657 t he 3 00 -ac re t r ac t e v iden t ly h ad p as o t he owne r sh ip o f H en ry F ox a nd h i s p a r tne r , D r . L uke l B a rbe r . W i th t he d ea th o f F ox t he f o low ing y ea r , h i s r ed t i n te re s t i n t he p rope r ty w a s t r an s f er o h i s w idow a nd t hen t o as on . T h i s r e su l ted i n ad i spu te w i th D r . B a rbe r , Hen ry F ox ' s o r ig ina l p ar tne r , o ve r c l ear t i t le t o t he l a nd . T he 3 00 a c re s i n q ue s t ion t hen w e re d i v ided , w i th B a rbe r " r ece iv ing t ha t p a rce l o f c l ea red l g round w i th t he a ppur tenance s l y ing n ex tt oh i sd we l ing l h ou se " . I n 1 673 D r . L uke B a rbe r ' s w i l w a s p roba ted , w i th h i s e l de s t s on r ece iv ing 1 80 a c re s o f R eve l ' s sib ( Humph r ie s 1 977 ) . Un fo r tuna te ly , i t is n o t p os le t o l d i sce rn whe the r t he Abe l ' s Wha r fS i te w a s i n c luded i n t h i s p o r t ion .

at r ibu ta ry o ft he P o tomac R ive r , i nS t . Ma ry ' s C oun ty , Mary land ( F igure 1 ) . T he s i te i n c lude s b o th p reh i s to r ic I nd ian r ema in s d a t ing t o c i rc a 1 0 ,000 y ea r s a go , a nd e x ten s ive e v idence o f a C o lon ia l p e r iod h ab i ta t ion s pann ing t h e l a s t q ua r te r o f t he 1 7 th a nd f i r s t q ua r te r o f t he 1 8 th c en tur ie s . I n i t ia l i n ve s t iga t ion s a t t he s i te w e re u nde r taken b y t he A rcheo log ica l S oc ie ty o f Ma ry land i n1 975 .I n ten s ive e xcava t ion sw e re c onduc ted f r om 1 975 t o 1 978 u nde r t h e s upe rv i s ion o f t he Mary land G eo log ica lS urvey D iv i s ion o fA rcheo logy a nd t he Geo rge Wa sh ing ton Un ive r s i ty ,a nd i nc oope ra t ion w i th t he S t . C lemen t ' s I s land -Po tomac R ive r Mu seum . s I n a dd i t ion t on ume rou s s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s a soc ia ted w i th a r e s idence , t he m a jo r h i s tor i c f e a tu re e xc ava ted l w a s at r a sh f i led p i t t h a t c on ta ined l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f t d ome s t i cr e fu se . Th i si n c lude s ao ta lo f4 46 mea su rab le p ipe s t em s , a nd 2 9l a rge ly c omp le te b ow l sa nd 1 20 b ow l

T he r ema in ing 1 20 a c re s o f t he R eve l ' s t r ac t a r e b e l ieved t o h ave b een s p l i t i n to t wo p a rce l s owned b y J ame s T an t a nd h i s s pou se . Ove r t he e n su ing d ec ade s , i ta ppea r s t ha t t he se p a rce l sc hanged h and s m any t ime s , w i th t he 7 0 -ac re p o r t ion owned b y J ame s T an t , J r . a t t h e t ime o f h i s d ea th i n 1 717 . T an t ' s w idow , Ma ry ,

l f r agmen t s . T he c o lec t ion h a s b een a na ly zed t h rough mea suremen to ft he s t em b o re sa nd c o mpu ta t ion o ft he B in fo rd m ean d a te , a nd t he a na ly s i s o f b ow l s hape s , d eco ra t ion s , a nd make r ' s m ark s .

4,

Mary land V irg in ia B a lt imore Wash ington , DC

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ABELL 'S W HARF ( 18

S t 5 3 ) "

l F igure 1 .L oca t ion o f Abe l ' s Wha r f S i te ( 18 S t 5 3 ) , S t Mary ' s C oun ty , Mar y land . 9 9

remarried to Robert Ford, who in 1729 purchased a neighboring parcel that alsohad been part of Revel's. Robert Ford, Jr. also obtained more of the original tract, and ultimately appears to have been in possession of at least 120 acres of what had been Revel's. Upon Robert Ford's death in 1753, a sizeable estate valued at more than 1,000 pounds sterling was left to his heirs (Humphries 1977). No conclusive evidence has been found to link any of these owners with the Abell's Wharf archaeological site. However, the chronology of ownership indicates that the area was inhabited from the third quarter of the 17th century through the first half of the 18th century. This period spans the apparent occupation of the Abell's Wharf Site. During this period, the property owners were several members of the Tant and Ford families, who, therefore, may have been the occupants of Abell's Wharf.

THE PIT The trash-filled pit was oblong in shape and measured more than 4-by-5 feet in dimension and more than three feet in depth below the plowzone. Its gently sloping sides and the absence of either interior structural supports or any post holes nearby suggests a function other than a cellar. "Borrow pits," excavated to obtain clay required for building, and then repairing, wattle and daub chimneys are commonly found on sites of this period in Maryland and Virginia. Once dug, the borrow pit would have served as a handy trash receptacle. Twenty-three separate strata were identified, including several almost completely comprised of ash, charcoal, and shell, interspersed with sand and clay lenses. This evidence suggests that the pit was mostly filled through purposeful deposition from the residence nearby, but was open long enough for soils to be deposited naturally.

A wide range of common household items were recovered, such as ceramics, wine bottle and tableglass fragments, a pewter spoon, brass pins, and a thimble. Food remains, such as oyster shells and animal bone, were recovered along with structural materials, including nails, brick, and mortar. And of special interest, a farthing bearing the image of Charles II and the date 1673 also was recovered near the bottom of the pit. The coin is worn and suggests that it had been in circulation for some time. THE PIPES A total of 446 measurable pipe sterns were recovered from the pit, with 42% 7/64ths-inch, 24% 6164th, and 21 % 8/64th (Table 1). In comparison with the histograms for stem bore percentages prepared by Harrington (1954), this distribution suggests an occupation in the circa 1670-1700 range. The relatively broad distribution of bore diameters over 6-8/64ths-inch points to an extended period of deposition. Computation of the Binford (1962) pipe stem formula based on the 446 stems resulted in a mean date of 1674.05.

Table 1: Distribution of measurable bore sizes. Diameter 4/64 5/64 6/64 7/64 8/64 9/64 TOTAL

Number 1

55

105 188 92

5

446

Percentage of Total .0022421 .1233183 .235428 .4215248 .206278 .0107295

(00%) (12%) (24%) (42%) (21%) (01%) 100%

Figure 2 (opposite): Representative pipes from Abell's Wharf. A B. C. D E. F. G. H. I.

Locally-made, molded, red clay pipe bowl; probably made by Colonists (6/64); American Export type bowl, with rouletting around rim (7/64); American Export type bowl, with rouletting around rim (8/64); American Export type bowl, with vestigial rouletting around rim, "RT'' stamped on rear of bowl (7/64); American Export type bowl, with rouletting around rim (7/64); Heeled pipe bowl, with rouletting around rim (7/64); Heeled pipe bowl, with incised line below rim (7/64); Heeled pipe bowl, with incised line below rim (6/64); Heeled pipe bowl, with rouletting around rim, and stamped "Tudor Rose" design on bottom of heel (not shown) (7/64); possibly Dutch; J. Heeled pipe bowl, with rouletting around rim, and stamped "EB" mark on bottom of heel (8/64); probably Dutch; from plowzone. K. American Export type bowl, with vestigal rouletting around rim, and stamped "EB" mark on bottom (8/64); probably Dutch; from plowzone. 100

o ne

i nch

F i gure 2 :R epre sen ta t ive p i pe s f r om A be l l ' s Wha r f .

1 01

Based on a comparison with the total artifact assemblage and the results of the Harrington analysis, the pipe mean date is much too early. The presence of the farthing dated 1673 provides a terminus post quern for the filling of the feature as that year, and makes the 1674 date virtually impossible. Finally, sherds of English brown salt-glazed stoneware also were excavated, which could not have been deposited before circa 1690. Therefore, the combined evidence points to the pit's being filled during the last decade of the 17th century, and serves to reinforce the generally accepted finding that the Binford formula is untrustworthy when the total number of bores calculated is less than approximately 1000.

The initials EB most likely are those of Edward Bird, a manufacturer of trade pipes from 1636 to 1665. A Bristol maker with the same initials, Edward Battle, also produced pipes from circa 1660 to 1669. However, no pipes have been directly attributed to his manufacture (Walker 1977(C):1406). Bird, an expatriate from England, settled in Amsterdam, where his influence in the Dutch trade with the New World is evident from the regularity with which his marked pipes have been found on sites throughout the eastern seaboard. This includes the Chesapeake Bay area, with numerous examples excavated at nearby St. Mary's City (Miller 1983:78). Both examples from Abell's Wharf are marked on the bowl bottoms (Figure 2:i and k).

In addition to the stem fragments, 120 pipe bowl fragments and 29 bowls were recovered. This includes one bowl composed of a reddish-brown clay, which seems to have been maid made (Figure 2:a). As such, it most likely was produced by Colonists rather than local Indians. A second locally-made bowl features a rouletted design, consisting of three incised concentric bands around the rim and two similar bands mid-way down the bowl, and with two large stars (1.4 cm. in length) and one small star (8 mm. in length) in between. Indian-made pipes with almost identical decorations have been recovered in quantity from Chesapeake sites in contexts before circa 1670; after that year, local pipes apparently made by Colonists using imported maids become more common (Miller 1983:83).

The other marked pipe is a stem fragment with the name "CHRIS ATHERTON" running around the stem and within two incised lines. Stems with virtually identical marks have been recovered at two other 17th-century sties in St. Mary's County, at St. Mary's City and at St. Inigoes (King and Pogue 1985). No pipe maker with that name has been identified to date, but several named Atherton are known to have been making pipes in Liverpool in the 18th century (Oswald 1975:176-177).

Twenty-two of the 28 imported, white clay bowls are of the heel-less, spurless, American Export type, while six are heeled. None of the bowls in this collection have spurs. The prevalence of the American Export bowl type may support a late l 7th-century period of deposition. Only two of the bowls exhibit maker's marks. One is a partial "Tudor Rose" design stamped on the bottom of a heeled pipe (Figure 2:i). The RT mark is one of the more commonly found marks on American sites from the Colonial period and is well known as that of one of the three Robert Tippetts of Bristol, England. Unfortunately, it has proven to be virtually impossible to separate the products of the three Tippetts, who together made pipes from circa 1660 until 1720 (Walker 1977(C):1316-1318). This mark consists of the stamped initials on the back of a bowl fragment (Figure 2:d). In addition to these marked specimens, three identifiable marks were recovered from plowzone. One of them is another extremely common mark that of Llewellin Evans, another Bristol pipe maker who exported great quantities of pipes to North America from 1661 to circa 1689 (Walker 1977(C):1132). This example is similar to many others that have been excavated elsewhere in North America (cf. Walker 1977), and consists of the simple, stamped initials on the bowl back. Three pipes were recovered exhibiting the initials EB. 102

CONCLUSION While limited in size, the Abell's Wharf pipe collection derives from a restricted context, and therefore provides insight into pipe use in one late 17th-century Maryland household. The contents of the pit appear to have been deposited during the circa 1690-1710 period, and in general the pipes reflect that fact. The predominance of American Export-type bowls and the presence of the Bristol-made mark, RT, supports that period of deposition. The majority of the pipe data, therefore, supports the other artifact evidence. However, the presence of the possible Edward Bird pipe, dating circa 1636 to 1665, and the Indian-made bowl at the same site suggest that the site had been occupied beginning substantially earlier than 1690. REFERENCES CITED Binford, L.R. (1962). A new method of calculating dates from kaolin pipe stem samples. Southeastem Archaeological Conference Newsletter 9(1):19-21. Harrington, J.C. (1954). Dating stem fragments of seventeenth and eighteenth century clay tobacco pipes. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Vu-ginia 9(1):9-13. Humphries, M.E. (1977). Frequency and dating of white clay tobacco pipes from a trash pit at Abell's Wharf, Maryland (18 St 53). Occasional Paper Number One, St.Clement's Island and Potomac River Museum, Colton Point, Maryland.

K ing , JA . . a nd P ogue , D .J . ( 1 98 5 ) . A r chaeo log ica l i n v e s t iga t ion sa tt h e An t enna F i e ld ,S t .I n igoe s , Mar y land . S t . I n igoe s , Ma ry land . M i l ler , H .M . ( 1983 ) . A s e a rch f o r t h e " C i t ty o f S a in t Ma ne s " : r e po r t o n t h e 1 981 e xcava t ion s i nS t . Ma ry ' s C i ty , Ma ry l and . S t . Mane s C i ty A r chaeo logy S e r i e s N o . 1 . O swa ld , A . ( 1975 ) . C lay p ip e s f o r t h e a r chaeo log i s t . B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epo r t s 1 4 . l P eck ,D .W .( 1 976 ) .A be l ' s Wha r f : ap re l im ina ry r epo r t . Mar y land G eo log ica l , S urvey , A rchaeo log ica l l M i sce laneou s S er ie s 1 . Wa lke r , I . C . ( 1977 ) . C lay t o bacco p i p e s , w i th p a r t icu lar r e f e r ence t ot h eB r i s to li n dus tr y ( 4V o l s .) . P a rk s C anada , t O tawa .

1 03

F i gu re 1 :T he L oca t ion o f t h e N ava l E lec t ron ic s S y s tem s E ng inee r ing A c t iv i ty ( NESEA ) 1 04

C lay T obacco P ipe sfr om Two E a r ly C o lon ia l S i te s a t S t . I n igoe s Mano r , Ma ry land . J u l ia A K ing .

I NTRODUCT ION T h i s p ape r p re sen t s a d e sc r ip t i ve a na ly s i s o f a n s co p a semb lage o f wh i te c l ay t obac i pe s r e cove red f r om t wo C o lon i a ld ome s t ic s i te s o n t h eJ e su i t h o ld ing o fS t . I n igoe s Mano r , Ma ry land .T he m a jo r i ty o ft obacco p i pe f r agmen t sw e re r e t r ieved f r om at wo -ac re f i e ld t h rough l l t h e c omb ina t ion o f c on t ro led s u r f ace c o lec t ion c onduc ted u nde r t he d i rec t ion o f t h e a u tho r , a nd a l lt r andom c o lec t ion b y al o ca li n fo rman t .A l though a h e p i pe s t em a nd b ow l p i ece s d e sc r ibed i nt h i s p ape rw e re r e cove red f r om t he s u r f ace o f ap l owed f i e ld , a nd m any a r e p roven ienced o n ly t o t h e f i e ld i t s e l f , s i gn i f ican t t i n forma t ion o n t he s pec if i cs i te d a te ,a nd o np a te rn s o f p i pe a v a i lab i l i ty d u r ing t he s e cond h a l f o f t h e 1 7 th c en tury , i s prov ided .

H ISTOR ICAL BACKGROUND S t . I n igoe s Manor w a s p a ten ted i n 1 634 b y R icha rd G e ra rd , o ne o f t he i n ve s to r s i nL o rd B a l t imo re ' s N ew Wor ld v en tu re . Ge ra rd s oon t i r ed o f l i f e i n f r on t ie r Mary land , h oweve r , a nd , i n1 637 , h es o ld h i s 2 000 -ac re t r ac t o f l a nd t o t he S oc ie ty o f J e su s t o s e rve a s t h e sion e f l h eadqua r te r s o f t he i r m is fo r t a sw e l a s am a jo r t obacco p l an ta t ion . Ac hurch f a rm h ad b een e s tab l i shed a t S t . I n igoe s b y 1 637 , a nd l a rge c r op s o f c o rn a nd l t obacco w e re b e ing p roduced i nt h a ty ea r . Sma lt e nan t l f a rm s w e re p re sen t o n t he m ano r b y 1 639 ( Be i tze l 1 976 :8 , 1 9 -20 ) . S t . I n igoe s Mano rc on t inued t oo pe ra te ses sion a sa fa rm w i th t enan t s a nd r ema ined i nt h e p os o ft he J e su i t s u n t i l 1 942 . A t t h a t t i me , t h e S oc ie ty s o ld t h e n o r the rn 7 73 a c re s o f t h e o r ig ina l t r ac t t o t h e l Un i ted S t a te s N avy ( Be i tze l 1 976 : 2 44 ) . T he p rope r ty i sn ow m a in ta ined a s t h e N ava l E l ec t ron ic s S y s tem s E ng inee r ing A c t iv i ty ( NESEA ) . S ince 1 980 , t he N avy h a s f unded s i x s y s tema t ic a r chaeo log ic a li n ve s t iga t ion si no rde rt op ro tec tc u l tu ra l r e source s l o ca ted I t he re (c f . K ing a nd P ogue 1 985a ) . D e sp i te r e l a t ive ly e x ten s ive s u rvey , n o e v idence f o r h i s to r ic o cupa t ion p r io r t o c i r ca 1 660 h a s b een c r e cove red , a nd o ne i n ve s t iga to r h a s s ugge s ted t h a t t h e e a r l ie s t s i t e s h ave b een l o s t t o e ro s ion ( Smo lek e t a l 1 983 ) . T he p os i l i ty a l so e x i s t s t h a t t h e se r e sou rce s sib a r e s i tua ted o n l a nd s t i l o wned b y t h e J e su i t s . l T od a te ,o n l yo ne 1 7 th -cen tury s i te h a sb een d i scove red o n t ha t p a r t o f S t . I n igoe s Mano r n ow o wned b y t h e N avy ( F igu re s 1 ,o ppo s i te , a nd 2 ) . T he F o r t P o in t S i te i sl o ca ted i na n a pp rox ima te ly t wo -ac re f i e ld u sed t o h ou se a n tennae ( F igu re 3 ) . T he S pence S i te , d a t ing t o t h e e ar l y 1 8 th c en tur y , i sa l so l o c a ted i nt h es ame f i e ld ,

e a pp rox ima te ly 4 00 h und red f e tno r thea s t o f t h e F o r t P o in t S i te ( F igu re 3 ) .

F IELD METHODS T he s urvey s t ra tegy u sed i nt h e An tenna F i e ld c on s i s ted l l o f ac on t ro led s u r f ace c o lec t ion o fp l owed a r ea s , w i th l i m i ted s ub sur f ace t e s t ing i na na r ea w h ich c ou ld n o tb e e p l owed . G r id u n i t s o f 1 0 b y 1 0 f e t w e re u sed i n t h e l e s u r f ace c o lec t ion a nd u n i t so f 5b y 5f e tw ere u sed f o r l s ub su r f ace t e s t ing . A l r e cove red a r t i f ac t s w e re b agged l b y p roven ience , w a shed , c a ta logued a nd l a be led a nd , a l ong w i th f i e ld a nd l a bo ra to ry r e co rd s , d epo s i ted w i th t h e S ou the rn Mar y land R eg iona l C en te r o f t h e fe t Mary land H i s to r ica lT ru s t / Jef r son P a te r son P a rk a nd Mu seum ( K ing a nd P ogue 1 985b :5 -6 ) . T he s urvey o ft he A n tenna F i e ld r e vea led e v idence f o r t wo C o lon ia l s i te s . T he e a r l ie r s i te , t h e F o r t P o in t S i te c ( 1 8 S T 3 86 ) , w a s o cup ied c i r ca 1 660 -1690 , a nd r ep re sen t s t h e e ar l ie s t C o lon ia l a r chaeo log ica l s i te d i scove red o n t he N avy ' s p rope r ty t od a te . T he s e cond s i te , t h e S pence S i te ( 1 8 S T 5 41 ) , d a te s t o t h e f i r s t sib q ua r te r o f t he 1 8 th c en tu ry a nd p os ly a s e a r ly a s c i r ca 1 690 ( K ing a nd P ogue 1 985b ) . P r io r t ot he a r chaeo log ic a l s urvey , a n e mp loyee o f t h e l N ava l f a c i l i ty a t S t . I n igoe s h ad r andom ly c o lec ted a r t i f ac t s e xpo sed o n t he A n tennaFi e ld ' s s u r f ace . T he cces s t a r chaeo log i s t s w e re f o r tuna te t o h ave a o t h i s l l s i zab le c o lec t ion , k nown a s t he S pence C o lec t ion . A l though t h e a r t i f ac t s l a ck t h e s pe c if i c p roven ience l i n fo rma t ion p rov ided b y t he c on t ro led s u r f ace l s c o lec t ion , a na ly s i s o f t h e a semb lage p rov ide s f u r the r c d a ta o n o cupa t ion i nt h e A n tenna F i e ld v i c in i ty .

THE ANTENNA A SSEMBLAGE

F IELD

TOBACCO

P IPE

l T he c l ay p i pe c o lec t ion f r om t he A n tenna F i e ld t o ta l s 8 10 f r agmen t s , i n c lud ing s t em a nd b ow l p i ece s . F o rt h e sion s p urpo se s o f t h i s d i scus , t h e a semb lage h a s b een d i v ided i n to f ou r c a tegor ie s : t he F o r t P o in t S i te l l c o lec t ion ,t h eS pence S i te c o lec t ion ,t h eS pence a r t i f ac t l c o lec t ion a nd t h e I s o la ted P ipe S tem F ind . THE FORT PO INT S ITE : l l T he c on t ro led s ur f ace c o lec t ion o ft h e F o r t P o in t S i te ( c i r ca 1 660 -1690 ) y i e lded 9 0 w h i te c l ay t obacco p i pe f r agmen t s . Un fo r tuna te ly , n o b ow lc omp le te e nough t o d a te p re c i se ly w e re r e cove red . T h i r ty b ow l f r agmen t s , 1 05

F i gu re 2 : NESEA f a c i l i ty m ap s how ing l o ca t ion o f A n tenna F i e ld .

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