Zeitschrift für Psychologie: Band 187, Heft 3 1989 [Reprint 2021 ed.] 9783112580127, 9783112580110

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ISSN 0044-3409 . Z. Psychol. . Leipzig . 197 (1989) 3 • S. 229-340

ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR

PSYCHOLOGIE mit Zeitschrift für a n g e w a n d t e P s y c h o l o g i e

Schriftleitung F r i e d h a r t K l i x (Berlin) • W i n f r i e d H a r k e r ( D r e s d e n ) • E l k e v a n der Meer (Berlin) Redaktion:

Unter

J ü r g e n M e h l (Berlin) • F r i e d r i c h K u k l a (Berlin)

Mitwirkung

von

J . E . Azcoaga (Buenos Aires) P . B. B a l t e s ( B e r l i n / W e s t ) N . Bischof (Zürich) A. A. B o d a l j o w (Moskau) H. Dörner (Bamberg) J. Engelkamp (Saarbrücken) P . Fraisse ( P a r i s ) H . - G . Geißler (Leipzig) D . J . H e r r m a n n (New Y o r k ) A. Kossakovvski (Berlin) D. K o v â c ( B r a t i s l a v a ) B. F . L o m o w f

D . Magnusson ( S t o c k h o l m ) K. Pawlik (Hamburg) P. Petzold (Jena) T. Radil (Prag) H . - D . Rosier ( R o s t o c k ) E. R o t h (Salzburg) H . - D . S c h m i d t (Berlin) L. S. S v e t k o v a (Moskau) H . S y d o w (Berlin) M. W e r t h e i m e r (Boulder) G. d ' Y d e w a l l e ( L e u v e n )

VEB J O H A N N A M B R O S I U S BARTH LEIPZIG

Inhalt Krause, B. (Berlin). Problems and Approaches in Computer-Aided Problem Solving. With 16 fig.

229

Haack, U.; Hahn, K . ; Wagner, K.-U. (Marburg). Programmieren als schematisches Problemlösen. 6 Abb

247

Raykov, T. (Berlin). Reserve Capacity of the Elderly in Aging Sensitive Tests of Fluid Intelligence: A Reanalysis via a Structural Equation Modelling Approach. With 13 fig

263

Rückert, J . (Berlin). Maßbesonderheiten intraindividueller und gruppendifferentieller Veränderungen in derselben Merkmalsdimension als Reliabilitätsproblem. Mit 6 Abb

283

Weiss, T . ; Beyer, L . ; Hansen, Ellen; Wolf, A n t j e ; Haschke, W. (Jena). Möglichkeiten der Objektivierung des Aktivierungsverlaufes beim ideomotorischen Training. Mit 10 Abb

295

Ferreres, A. R . (Buenos Aires). Analyse der Konsonantsubstitutionen bei Anarthrikern und spanisch sprechenden Broca-Aphasikern des La-Plata-Gebietes. Mit 3 Abb

315

Buchbesprechungen

282, 313, 328

Subscription Renewal We kindly ask our subscribers, mainly abroad, to renew their subscriptions for 1990 immediately. In this way continuous and complete delivery of the journal will be secured. During the last few years, as a matter of experience, it was not always possible to start delivery in January when receipt of the order was delayed. Subscriptions can be arranged with international bookdealers or journal agencies, in the socialist countries with post-office journal agencies only. In the case of difficulties to enter a subscription to our journals in the non-socialist countries, please contact the publishers directly or Buchexport, Volkseigener Außenhandelsbetrieb der D D R , Leninstr. 16, Leipzig, D D R - 7010. Abonnementserneuerung Wir bitten unsere ausländischen Abonnenten, bereits jetzt ihre Abonnementserneuerung für 1990 vorzunehmen. Die Erfahrungen der letzten Jahre haben gezeigt, daß wir durch verspätete Bestellungen nicht immer in der Lage waren, Sie ab J a n u a r voll zu beliefern. Bestellungen sind an den internationalen BuchUnd Zeitschriftenhandel zu richten, in den sozialistischen Ländern an die Zeitungsvertriebsämter. Bei Bezugsschwierigkeiten im nichtsozialistischen Ausland wenden Sie sich bitte direkt an Uns oder an den Buchexport, Volkseigener Außenhandelsbetrieb der D D R , Leninstr. 16, Leipzig, D D R - 7010. V E B Verlage für Medizin und Biologie Berlin — Leipzig — J e n a V E B Johann Ambrosius Barth Absatzabteilung Salomonstr. 18 b, Postfach 109 Leipzig, D D R - 7 0 1 0

ZEITSCHRIFT

FÜR

PSYCHOLOGIE

Band 197, 1989

Heft 3

mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologic Z. Psychol. 197 (1989) 2 2 9 - 2 4 6

Band 103 V E B J . A. Barth, Leipzig

F r o m the Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universitv Berlin

P r o b l e m s a n d A p p r o a c h e s in C o m p u t e r - A i d e d P r o b l e m S o l v i n g 1 By B. Krause With 16 figures

1. Introduction Computer-aided problem solving (CAPS) denotes a special kind of human-computerinteraction (HCI) that can be characterized by the following two aspects: (i) the aspect of (classical) problem solving: the problem task and the human problem solver who tries to solve the problem. (ii) the aspect of the availability of new tools for solving the problem, i.e. the use of computers: the expanded capacity of its memory and the possibilities of automatical information processing (by a program). Classical examples of CAPS are programs like " E L I Z A " (Weizenbaum, 1966) or " S T U D E N T " (Bobrow, 1964) that also mark starting points for generating artificial intelligence. Thus it is well-known, that the ELIZA-program contains a fixed list of word phrases and an algorithmic program that uses parts of the input to generate answers. So it is possible to ask the computer for a problem and to use the generated answers for earring on a dialogue. The " S T U D E N T " program is more appropriate for our purpose as it is able to solve linear equations by means of an implemented algorithm (cf. Birkenbihl, 1987). Both programs demonstrate the advantages which computers would offer in solving a problem. These include the high speed of information processing, the permanent memory with the high capacity and the progam control. Therefore the general question arises how these advantages can be utilized for problem solving. More precisely this leads to the question for possible forms of work division in this situation. In order to discuss this question in greater detail we at first try to characterize different kinds of CAPS. 2. Kinds of computer-aided problem solving In differentiating types of CAPS we try to clarify the possibilities forming the situation. In terms of HCI we characterize CAPS globally by the following scheme of three main components: (i) the human problem solver, (ii) the computer system and (iii) the interface as a transmitter medium (see fig. 1). 1 Englarged version of a paper given on the U N E S C O - s e m i n a r " T h e influence of computer science and artificial intelligence on modern p s y c h o l o g y " , Berlin, march 25—29, 1988.

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Z. P s y c h o l . 197 ( 1 9 8 9 ) 3

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