The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe III: Britain: the North and West 9780860540885, 9781407323503

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The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe I I I. Britain: the North and West

edited by

Peter Davey

BAR British Series 7 8 1980

B.A.R.,

B.A.R.

122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITOR S A. R. Hands, B.Sc., ;\I.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, ;\I.A.

B. A. R. 78, 1980: "The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe III" ©The Individual Authors, 1980 The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540885 paperback ISBN 9781407323503 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540885 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

Page L is t o f I l lus tra t ions P . J . Davey

1

P ipe makers D unfer m line

M . H orga te

3

C lay-p ipes f ro m D u mfr ies & G a l loway

J . Wi l l iams

A S tudy o f t he C lay T obacco P ipes f ro m

M . M . B rown a nd

H ar t lepoo l

D . B . Ga l lagher

1 9

S ca t ters f ro m F ie ld Wa lk ing

A . C oney

2 9

C lay P ipes f ro m C hes ter

J . A . R u t ter a nd

ED IT OR IAL R ich mond a nd O thers ,

M58 :

1 1

The I n terpre ta t ion o f C lay P ipe

P . J . Davey

4 1

A n Ear ly C lay P ipe I ndus try i n

J . B en t ley , P . J . Davey

N or th Wa les

a nd H . M . H arr ison

2 73

K . W . S her idan

2 83

C as t le , S hropsh ire

A . Whar ton

2 87

More Wi ltsh ire C lay P ipe V ar ie t ies

D . R . A tk inson

2 93

Two Groups o f C lay T obacco P ipes f ro m S ta f fordsh ire S even teen th a nd E igh teen th C entury C lay T obacco P ipes E xcava ted f ro m T ong

E xe ter :

I t s C lay T obacco-p ipe

C . J . A rno ld a nd

I ndustry a nd C o m merc ia l R e la t ions

J . P . A l lan

3 05

T obacco P ipe C o l lec t ions i n E xe ter Museu m

A . O swa ld

3 25

The C lay T obacco P ipe i n t he P oo le Area

A . J . A . C ooksey

3 37

The ir P lace o f Manufac ture

H . O ak-Rh ind

3 49

T he Da t ing a nd T ypo logy o f C lay P ipes

D . R . A tk inson a nd

B earing t he R oya l A r ms

A . O swa ld

D is tribut ion o f C lay T obacco P ipes Around

3 63

L IST OF I LLUSTRAT IONS

F igure

Page

M. H orga te 1 .

C lay p ipes f ro m Dunfer m line

9

J . Wi l l iams 1 .

C lay p ipes f ro m D u mfr ies a nd Ga l loway

1 4

M . M. B rown a nd D . B . Ga l lagher 1 .

Map s how ing t he s i tua t ion o f H art lepoo l

2 1

2 .

S te m s ta mps f ro m Hart lepoo l

2 1

3 .

H ar t lepoo l b ow l f or ms n os . 1 -19

2 4

4 .

H ar t lepoo l b ow l f or ms n os . 2 1-25

2 6

5 .

H ar t lepoo l a nd Ga teshead s te m b ore d ia me ters

2 6

A . P . C oney 1 .

C lay p ipe f i nds o n t he r oute o f t he M58 mo torway

3 0

2 .

S ta mped p ipes f ro m t he M58

3 4

J . A . R u t ter a nd P . J . Davey 1 .

C lay p ipe f i nds a nd i ndustr ial s i tes i n C hester

5 0

2 .

G roup I , n os . 1 -2 ;

5 8

3 .

G roup I , n os . 1 3-25 ( 1 630-1650 )

5 9

4 .

G roup I I , n os . 1 -12 ( 1 640 -1660 )

6 1

Group I , n os . 1 -12 ( 1 630-50 )

5 .

Group I V , n os . 1 -14 ( 1 640 -1680 )

6 3

6 .

G roup I V , n os . 1 5-35 ( 1640 -1680 )

6 4

7 .

Group I V , n os . 3 6-53 ( 1 640 -1680 )

6 5

8 .

G roup I V , n os . 5 7-74 ( 1 640-1680 )

6 6

9 .

G roup I V , n os . 7 5-92 ( 1 640-1680 )

6 7

1 0 .

Group I V , n os . 9 3-107 ( 1 640-1680 )

6 8

1 1 .

G roup I V , n os . 1 08-113 , 1 8th c en tury p ipes

6 9

1 2 .

G roup V , n os . 1 -12 ( 1 6501670 )

7 2

1 3 .

Group V , n os . 1 3-27 ( 1 650-1670 )

7 3

1 4 .

G roup V I , n os . 1 -12 ( 1650-1680 )

7 5

1 5 .

Group WI , n os . 1 -18 ( 1660-1680 )

7 7

1 6.

G roup V I I I , n os . 1 -4 ( 1660-1690 )

7 9

1 7 .

G roup I X , n os . 1 -13 ( 1710-1720 )

8 1

1 8 .

Group X , n os . 1 -14 ( 1 710-c . 1 730 )

8 3

1 9 .

G roup X I , n os . 1 -11 ( 1720 1 c .1 740 )

8 5

2 0 .

Group X I , n os . 1 2-22 ( 1720-c . 1 740 )

8 6

2 1 .

G roup X I , n os . 2 3-32 ( 1720-c . 1 740 1

8 7

2 2 .

G roup X I , n os . 3 3-43 ( 1720-c . 1 740 )

8 8

2 3 .

G roup X I I , n os . 1 -10 ( 1740-1-7 70 )

9 0

1

F igure

P age

2 4 .

G roup X I I , n os . 1 1-20 ( 1740-1770 )

2 5 .

Group X I I , n os . 2 1-30 ( 1740-1770 )

9 2

2 6 .

Group X I I , n os . 3 1-41 ( 1740-1770 )

9 3

2 7 .

G roup X I I I , n os . 1 -12 ( 1750-1790 )

9 5

2 8.

G roup X IV , n os . 1 -6 ( 1810-1840 )

9 7

2 9 .

Group XV , n os . 1 -10 ( c . 1 820-1900 )

9 9

3 0 .

I ncuse a nd u n let tered g eo metr ic b ase s ta mps n os . 1 -6

1 03

3 1 .

' Whee l ' b ase s ta mps n os . 7 -11

1 04

3 2 .

Misce l laneous u n let tered b ase s ta mps n os . 1 2-19

1 05

3 3 .

L et tered b ase s ta mps :

E? t o MB , n os . 2 0-26

1 07

3 4 .

L e t tered b ase s ta mps :

BC t o THO DARKES , n os . 2 7-36

1 09

3 5 .

L e t tered b ase s ta mps :

NE , n os . 3 7-43

1 10

3 6 .

L et tered b ase s ta mps :

S E , n os . 4 4-46

1 11

3 7 .

L e ttered b ase s ta mps :

WE t o EG , n os . 4 7-53

1 12

3 8.

L et tered b ase s ta mps :

RG t o ? I I , n os . 5 4-61

1 13

3 9 .

L et tered b ase s tamps :

AL , n os . 6 2-65

1 16

4 0 .

L et tered b ase s ta mps :

AL , n os . 6 6-67

1 17

4 1 .

L e t tered b ase s ta mps :

AL , n os . 6 8-72

1 18

4 2 .

L e t tered b ase s ta mps :

AL t o TO , n os . 7 3-79

1 19

4 3 .

L et tered b ase s ta mps :

AP t o JOHN ROBERTS , n os . 8 0-84

1 22

4 4 .

L et tered b ase s ta mps :

RR t o PS , n os . 8 5-89

1 23

4 5 .

L et tered b ase s ta mps :

WS t o CW , n os . 9 0-95

1 25

4 6 .

Misce l laneous a nd l e t tered b ow l s ta mps t o ED WARD EVANS , n os . 9 6-100

9 1

1 26

4 7 .

L et tered b ow l s ta mps :

RG t o RM, n os . 1 01-105

1 27

4 8 .

L et tered b ow l s ta mps :

TN t o S . L anes I D , n os . 1 06-111

1 29

4 9 .

L et tered b ow l s ta mps :

S . L anes I D t o PS , n os . 1 12-119

1 31

5 0 .

1 7th-18th c entury mou ld d ecora ted p ipes , n os . 1 -6

1 32

5 1 .

L et tered a nd d ecora ted e ar ly 1 8th c en tury s purs , n os . 1 -9

1 33

5 2 .

L ozenge s te m s ta mps e tc . ,n os . 1 -10

1 45

5 3 .

O c tagona l s te m s ta mps , n os . 1 -14

1 47

5 4 .

Ova l s te m s ta mps , n os . 1 -18

1 51

5 5 .

O va l s te m s ta mps , n os . 1 9-36

1 55

5 6 .

Ova l ' Ches ter ' s te m s ta mps , n os . 3 7-54

1 61

5 7 .

O va l ' Roya l ' s te m s ta mps , n os . 5 5-60 ; b order n os . 1g z2

1 65

5 8 .

P innac le a nd d o t b orders , n os . 3 -34

1 69

5 9 .

H eart , s tar a nd f l eur-delys b orders , n os . 3 5-51

1 75

6 0 .

Z oo morph ic , t u lip a nd t endri l b orders , n os . 5 2-78

1 77

6 1 .

F lora l a nd t endr i l b orders , n os . 7 9-104

1 83

6 2 .

B road z oned a nd f i n ishing b orders , n os . 1 05-122

1 87

6 3 .

S pira l d ecora t ion , n os . 1 -7

1 91

6 4 .

1 8th c entury d ecora ted s te ms w i th b ow ls , n os . 1 -4

1 93

6 5 .

1 8th c entury d ecora ted s te ms w i th bow ls , n os . 5 -8

1 95

6 6.

1 8th c entury d ecora ted s te ms w i th b ow ls , n os . 9 -12

1 96

6 7 .

1 8th c entury d ecora ted s te ms w ith b ow ls , n os . 1 3-16

1 97

6 8 .

1 9th c entury B r i t ish a nd C ont inen ta l s te m s ta mps ,n os . 1 -25

1 99

6 9 .

1 9th c entury s ta mped s te ms , n os . 1 -4

2 01

7 0 .

1 9th c entury s ta mped a nd d ecora ted p ipes

2 03

7 1 .

1 9th c entury r e lief mou lded maker marked s purs , n os . 1 -9

2 07

F igure

Page

7 2 .

1 9th c entury d ecora ted mou lded b ow ls , n os . 3 -10

2 09

7 3 .

1 9th c entury d ecora ted mou lded b ow ls , n os . 1 1-20

2 10

7 4 .

1 9th c entury d ecora ted mou lded b ow ls , n os . 2 1-27

2 11

7 5 .

1 9th c entury d ecora ted mou lded b ow ls ,

n os . 2 8-34

2 13

7 6 .

-20 ( 2 .1630-c . 1 650 ) os . 1 C hester b ow l t ypo logy , n

2 16

7 7 .

os . 2 Ches ter b ow l t ypo logy , n 1-38 ( . 2 .1640: c . 1 680 )

2 17

7 8 .

9-47 ( c . 1 640-c . 1 680 ) os . 3 C hester b ow l t ypo logy , n

2 18

7 9 .

os . 4 8-63 ( 2 .1640- . 1 680 ) C hes ter b ow l t ypo logy , n

2 19

8 0 .

os . 6 4-73 ( E . 1 690-c . 1 715 ) C hester b ow l t ypo logy , n

2 20

8 1 .

os . 7 4-82 ( c . 1 710-c . 1 720 ) Ches ter b ow l t ypo logy , n

2 21

8 2 .

os . 8 3-93 ( 2 .1720-c . 1 750 ) C hes ter b ow l t ypo logy , n

2 22

8 3 .

os . 9 4-107 Chester b ow l t ypo logy , n

2 23

1 750-c . 1 840 )

8 4 .

K i ln wa l l f rag ment

2 61

8 5 .

Wig c ur lers , n os . 1 -8

2 64

8 6 .

Wig c ur lers , n os . 9 -17

2 65

J . B en t ley , P . J . Davey a nd H . M. Harrison 1 .

The b ow ls ,n os . 1 -6

2 74

2 .

The b ow ls , n os . 7 -12

2 75

3 .

The marks , n os . 1 3-21

2 76

4 .

The marks , n os . 2 2-28

2 78

K . W . S her idan 1 .

S ta mped c lay p ipes f ro m Ta mwor th a nd S taf ford

2 85

A . Wharton 1 .

C lay p ipes f ro m Tong C ast le , n os . 1 -14

2 88

2 .

C lay p ipes f ro m Tong C as t le ,

2 90

n os . 1 5-22

D . R . A tk inson 1 .

F ox p ipes men t ioned i n t he t ex t

2 94

2 .

P rev ious ly u nrecorded Wi ltsh ire makers a nd marks

2 99

C . J . Arno ld a nd J . P . A l lan 1 .

N u mbers o fk nown p ipe makers i n E xeter

3 07

2 .

The l oca t ion o f t obacco-p ipe makers i n E xe ter

3 09

3 .

E xe ter p ipe e xports 1 666-1700

3 11

4 .

E xe ter a nd S ou tha mp ton e xports 1 700-1730

3 12

5 .

Impor ts o f p ipes t o E xe ter 1 700-1730

3 12

6 .

Eng lish s ources o f E xeter impor ts 1 700-1730

3 14

7 .

Overseas d istr ibu t ion o f E xeter p ipes 1 700-1730

3 14

8 .

E xe ter c lay t obacco-p ipes , n os . 1 -7

3 20

A . O swa ld 1 .

C lay p ipes i n E xe ter Museu m , n os . 1 -16

3 31

2 .

C lay p ipes i n E xe ter Museu m , n os . 1 7-28

3 33

3 .

C lay p ipes i n E xe ter Museu m , n os . 2 9-33

3 35

i v

Page

F igure A . J . A . C ooksey 1 .

P oo le t obacco c lay p ipes

3 46

H . Oak-Rh ind 1 .

S te m-bore r esu lts f or t he H indon a nd B rinkwor th g roups

3 51

2 .

Map o f Wi ltsh ire s howing p os i t ion o f H indon a nd B r inkworth

3 61

D . R . A tkinson a nd A . O swa ld 1 .

B ow l t ypes o f Ar mor ia l p ipes

3 73 3 75

2 .

F ront o fb ow l d eta i ls , n os . 1 -15

3 .

F ront o f b ow l d e ta i ls , n os . 1 6-30

3 77

4 .

C rowns , l i on 's t a i ls a nd mot toes , n os . 3 1-56

3 79

5 .

P rince o f Wa les ' f ea thers , n os . 5 7-66 .

3 81

D iagra ms J . A . R ut ter a nd P . J . Davey 1 .

F ree man a nd n on-free man makers i n C hes ter , 1 640-1919

2 .

AL s tamps a nd b ow l f or ms

1 01

4 9

3 .

S te m s tamp d a ting

1 35

4 .

B orders o ccurring i n g roups

1 36

5 .

B orders o ccurring w i th s ta mps

1 36

6 .

Da ting e v idence f or t he b order s eries

1 36

7 .

G raph s how ing s te m b order w idth v ar ia t ion w ith t ime

1 37

8 .

B ow l f or ms i n e xcava ted g roups

2 15

9 .

B ore d a tes c o mpared w ith o ther e v idence

2 67

P la tes M . Horga te 1 .

Henry R ich mond a t work c . 1 939

4

A . Oswa ld 1 .

F ront isp iece o f t he B inf ie ld A lbu m

3 26

2 .

Ap age o ft he B inf ie ld A lbu m

3 27

3 .

R ippon 's d raw ing o f marks i n Taunton Museu m

3 29

H . Oak-Rh ind 1 .

H indon g roup , n os . 1 -17

3 53

2 .

H indon g roup n os . 1 8-25

3 55

3 .

Br inkwor th g roup , n os . 1 -17

3 57

4 .

B rinkwor th g roup . n os . 1 8-29

3 59

D . R . A tk inson a nd A . O swa ld 1 .

Ar ms o f H anover , n os . 1 -3

3 83

2 .

P rince o f Wa les F ea thers , n os . 4 -7

3 85

3 .

F ron t mou ld d esigns , n os . 8 -12

3 87

4 .

F ront mou ld d es igns , n os . 1 3-18

3 89

EDITOR IAL

Wa lker , i n h is p aper e nt i t led ' Reg iona l Var ie t ies o f C lay T obacco P ipe Mark ings i n E astern B r i ta in ' i n T he A rchaeo logy o f t he C lay P ipe , V o lu me 1 , 1 979 , d escr ibed t he N orth West o f E ng land a s ' t erra i ncogn i ta ' a s r egards p ipe mak ing ( p . 4 ) .

I n t h is a sser t ion , a par t f rom a n u mber o f minor p apers

i n l oca l j ourna ls a nd o ccas iona l p ub l ica t ions , h e was u ndoub ted ly c orrec t . S tudy o f c lay p ipes , a long w i th much o ther a rchaeo log ica l e ndeavour , h as l agg ed b eh ind much o f t he r est o f E ng land , p art icu lar ly t hose a reas where O swa ld a nd A tkinson h ave s pen t l i fe t i mes w ork ing o n l oca l i ndus tr ies . T he a im o f t he p resen t v o lu me i st o b eg in t o r ec t ify t h is s i tua t ion b y b r ing ing t ogether a v ar ie ty o fp apers d ea ling w i th p ipes a nd g roups o fp ipes f rom e xcava t ions f ro m a s f ar a par t a s D unfer m line i n S co t land t o P oo le o n t he S outh c oast o f E ng land . There a re t wo s hor t c ontr ibut ions f rom S co t land , d ea ling w i th ma ter ia l f ro m D unfer m line a nd D u mfr ies a nd G a l loway .

The n or th-eas t o f E ng land i s

r epresen ted b y ag roup f ro m H ar t lepoo l , wh ich h ad b een i n tended ,a long w i th ar ev ised P arsons r eg iona l s tudy ,for v o lu me o ne o f t h is s er ies . P arsons ' d ea th h as s ad ly l ef t av o id i n t he s tudy o ft ha t r eg ion , s o t he H art lepoo l p aper i s i nc luded h ere . T he c ore o ft he work i s , h owever , t he ma jor s tudy o f t he C hester i ndustry , w h ich was n o t o n ly t he mos t i mpor tan t i n western E ng land , n or th o f B r is to l a nd B rose ly b ut wh ich i s a lso t he mos t c ons isten t ly e xcava ted s i te i n t he r eg ion . T he s hor t s tudy o f am inor c en tre a t B uck ley i n N or th Wa les , t oge ther w i th t he sma l l b u t i mpor tan t g roups f ro m T ong C as t le a nd T amwor th i n S hropsh ire h e lp g ive a n i dea o ft he t rans i t ion f rom t he n or thern c en tres t o t he much b e t ter k nown ma ter ia l f ro m B r is to l a nd B rose ly . F ro m f ur ther s ou th A tk inson p resen ts f ur ther e v idence f ro m Wi ltsh ire a nd t here a re a ccounts o ft he i n dustry a t E xe ter a nd P oo le .

The E xe ter p aper ,i n p ar-

t i cu lar ,po in ts t he w ay f orward i n t he s tudy o ft he e cono m ic r e la t ionsh ips o f i ndiv idua l p ipe i ndus tr ies . Two more g enera l a r t ic les —by O ak-Rh ind o n t he d is tr ibut ion o fp ipes a round t he ir p lace o f manufac ture a nd A tk inson a nd O swa ld o n p ipes b earing t he R oya l A r ms —are a lso i nc luded . The r easons f or i nc luding t hese i n t he p resen t v o lu me r equ ire a l i t t le e xp lana t ion . E xper ience i n p rodub ing t h is c lay p ipe s er ies h as s hown t ha t d e lays a re o ccurring b ecause o f a n a t temp t t o make e ach v o lu me d ea l v ery s pec if ica l ly w i th a p ar t icu lar a rea o f t he w or ld o r c oun try . D if f icu lt ies o fp os tage d e lays a nd p ro trac ted d iscuss ions o ft rans la t ion a nd r ev is ions h as p roduced a s i tua t ion i n w h ich f our o r f i ve v o lu mes a re e n t ire ly r eady e xcep t f or o ne a bso lute ly e ssen t ia l p aper .

Thus

an u mber o f B .A .R . d ead lines h ave b een missed a nd d e lays o ccurred f or a l l c on tributors . I n o rder t o i mprove t he r a te o f p roduc t ion we h ave d ec ided t o a l low a w ider g eograph ica l d ef in i t ion t o a pp ly t o e ach v o lu me , wh i le a t temp ting t o r eta in s o me i n terna l c oherence .

Thus , f urther B r i t ish p apers w i l l a ppear

1

t oge ther a nd s o w i l l ma ter ia l f ro m c on t inen ta l E urope .

T he n ext v o lu me

s hou ld , i n f ac t , b e d ea ling w i th p ar ts o f E urope a nd f ocuss ing o n t he L ow C oun tr ies .

A l l t he E uropean ma ter ia l t o h and s hou ld make u p t wo v o lu mes .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS O nce a ga in t he wr i ter i s h appy t o a cknow ledge t he a ss is tance h e h as r ec e ived f ro m P enny D rown i n t he e di t ing o f mos t o f t he p apers i n t h is v o lu me . Kay L ancas ter h as r edrawn t he O swa ld E xeter i l lus tra t ions a nd t hose o f p ipes b ear ing t he R oya l Ar ms , a nd p rov ided v a luab le a ss is tance i n p as t ing u p .

P . J . Davey I ns t i tu te o f E x tens ion S tudies U n iversi ty o f L iverpoo l May 2 0 th 1 980

2

R ICH MOND AND OTHERS , P IPE MAKERS DUNFER ML INE b y Mar tin H orga te

R ICH MOND 'S L oca l n ewspapers i n D unfer m line , a bout 1 939 , d escr ibe t he b us iness o f 7 0 y ear o ld H enry R ichmond who h ad b een mak ing c lay p ipes i n t he t own f or 5 6 y ears , w ork ing i n a n i ndus try t ha t was f as t d y ing o ut .

T he b usiness was

f ounded b y h is f a ther Wi l l iam R ichmond i n 1 852 w i th p re mises i n N ew R ow . C ensus r e turns 1 861 f or N ew R ow S tree t l i s t t he f a mi ly : a ge 2 9 b orn L anark , t obacco p ipe maker , emp loy ing o ne b oy ; b orn E d inburgh , h is w ife :

W i l l iam R ichmond I sabe l l a ge 2 7

a nd h is c h i ldren b orn c . 1 855 a nd a f ter .

A no ther

t rades man 's a dver t isement i n t he Dunfer m line J ourna l , N ove mber 1 862 r efers t o "Mr .

R ICH MOND 'S P IPE- WORK i n N ew R ow ..." a nd Wi l l iam R ichmond i s

l i s ted t here i n Wes twood 's P aroch ia l D irec tory f or F ife a nd K inross 1 866 . H enry r eme mbered t ha t t he f ac tory was moved , p oss ib ly more t han o nce , t o s et t le i n 1 881 a s R ichmond 's P ipe Works a t 7 5 J ames P lace , l a ter r en u mbered 2 77 P i t tencr ief f S tree t .

T here was " . ..no b ig c h imney s ta lk t o

p roc la im t he e x is tence o f t he c o mpact l i t t le f actory a t t he wes t e nd o f P i t tenc r ief f S tree t ." C ensus r e turns make i tc lear t ha t t he b us iness was a f ami ly a f fa ir i nvo lv ing mos t o ft he R ichmond c h i ldren . ' 9 1 ;

J ohn b orn c . 1 855 i s ap ipe maker i n ' 81 a nd

Mar ion b orn c . 1 857 i s ap ipe t rim mer i n ' 71 a nd ' 81; Wi l l iam b orn c .

1 860 i s a" p ipe T ime h andworker" i n ' 81; I sabe l la b orn c . 1 866 i s ap ipe t r im mer i n ' 81 a nd ' 9 1; p ipemaker i n ' 91;

H enry b orn c . 1 869 i s s t i l l as cho lar i n ' 81 b ut a

C hr is t ina b orn c . 1 871 i s ap ipe t r im mer i n ' 91 .

T he

c h i ldren u p t o Wi l l iam a re b orn i n E d inburgh , Mrs . R ichmond 's h o me t own ; f ro m I sabe l la o nwards , i n D unfer m l ine . F ro m h is own a ccoun t H enry b egan i n t he t rade a bou t 1 882 a t a ge 1 3 . D unfer mline D irec tor ies i nd ica te t ha t h is f a ther was i nvo lved i n t he b us iness u p t o a t l eas t 1 898 ;

W i l l iam j nr . a nd H enry were a c t ive 1 909 t o 1 911 ;

1 912 o n ly H enry i s men t ioned .

f ro m

A ccess t o l a ter c ensus r e turns , p resen t ly

r es tricted , migh t s how t he c on t inuing i nvo lve men t o f o ther b rothers o r s is ters . H enry r eme mbered t ha t h e emp loyed 5 men a t o ne t ime b ut b y 1 939 h e was o n h is own .

Once t he o utput was 2 40 g ross o fp ipes p er week , " I of ten wen t

r ound t he d is tr ict w i th my f a ther 's h orse a nd l orry h eav i ly l oaded w i th n o thing b ut c lay p ipes .

N ow o nce a week i s s uf f ic ien t t o d is tr ibu te o rders ....

T he

m iner i s p oss ib ly my b es t c usto mer n owadays ... " C igare t tes , h e t hough t , h ad d ea lt a b ad b low t o t he t rade . Moulds , o f ma l leab le i ron , c ost ag uinea o r more i n H enry 's e ar ly d ays ; i n 1 939 h e h ad a bout h a lf-a-dozen i n u se .

3

H enry , a s r epor ted , r emembered

P late I 7 0 y ear o ld H enry R ichmond work ing a t R ichmond 's P ipe Works c . 1 939

ar ange o fp ipes :

t he G ardener was p opu lar ;

3 0 y ears b efore t he W i l ler was

ab est s e l ler w i th t he p rof i le o f t he G enera l i n t he S outh A fr ica c ampa ign o n o ne s ide a nd t he U n ion J ack o n t he o ther ; t he C hamber la in h ad a g rea t s a le o nce ;

o ther f avour i tes were D ocker , T horn , a nd F ern w i th i t s s l im o u t l ine ;

t he s turdy Workman w as f avoured b y mos t ; t he JW p ipe was n amed a f ter D r . J ohn Wh i te t he S co t t ish e cc les ias t ic ;

t here was a b oo m p er iod when t he F orth

B r idge was b e ing b ui l t ( 1 882-1890 ) , t he n avv ies smoked c ut t ies a nd o ne was n amed af ter t he b r idge , f or t he m . I n c onversa t ion w i th t he a u thor i n 1 973 , Wi l l iam Wa l lace o f D unfer m l ine r eme mbered b ack t o t he e ar ly p ar t o f t he c entury when h e w ou ld b e s en t t o B ryce 's , t he n ewsagents o n E as t P ort , t o g e t ac lay p ipe f or h is f a ther , i t w ou ld c os t a bout ah a 'penny .

H is f a ther was p ar t icu lar a bou t t he d es ign o f

p ipe , h e w anted o ne t ha t was p opu lar ; t here were p ipes o f a l l s or ts —d if feren t s ymbo ls o n t he m .

H is f a ther k ep t h is p ipe i n a wa is tcoa t p ocke t ;

i tw ou ld g e t

b roken i fh e b en t d own . H enry s a id h e c ou ld a lways t e l l ah ard smoker b y h is t ee th :

f our t ee th a t

t he f ront o n o ne s ide w ou ld b e worn away b y h is h o ld ing a c u tty c lay p ipe .

H e

made a ' sof t ' c ut ty f or t hose w ho p referred i t . T he F ife

&

K inross T rades D irectory 1 940 s t i l l l i s ted H enry R ichmond ,

t obacco p ipe maker , 2 77 P i t tencr ief f S tree t .

An ewspaper o b ituary n o t ice

r ecorded t ha t H enry H enderson R ichmond h usband o f H e len J ohns tone a ge 7 3 d ied 1 7 J une 1 942 . ( P la te 1 .) H enry 's s on H arry R ichmond , t a lking t o t he a u thor i n 1 973 , s a id t ha t when h e d ied i n 1 942 h is f a ther 's h a lf-a-dozen p ipe mou lds were s o ld t o s o me p ipemaker a cross i n E d inburgh .

S ix mou lds w i th R ichmond 's i nscr ip t ion were

amongs t t hose l a ter c o l lec ted b y H un t ly H ouse Museu m f ro m C hr is t ie 's , p ipemakers , o f L e i th .

A l l t he mou lds , a nd marked R ichmond p ipes , t ha t h ave

b een s een a re i nscr ibed W . R ICH MOND , DUNFER ML INE ( or i n o ne c ase a n a bbrev ia t ion DUN FM ) ;

H enry d id n o t c hange t he i n i t ia l .

T hree o f t he mou lds

a re o n l oan t o D unfer m l ine Museu m where t here i s ac o l lec t ion o f R ichmond 's p ipes ;

o ther p ipes a re i n t he a uthor 's c o l lect ion .

O ne i nscr ibed p ipe , a n

e xamp le o f T he Workman d es ign , was g iven t o D unfer m line Museu m b y Harry R ichmond who c la imed i tt o b e o ne o f h is f a ther 's . c h i ldren f or b low ing b ubb les .

I th ad b een u sed b y Harry 's

A nother e xamp le o f The Workman ( no te t he i n i

t ia ls , i s t h is t he mean ing o f t he e n igma t ic TW o n n u merous S co t t ish p ipes?) i s i nscribed a nd , t hough t hey h ave n ot b een d irect ly c o mpared , i t ma tches t he d escrip t ion o f o ne o ft he mou lds a t H un t ly H ouse . S evera l p ipes i n d es igns t ha t were men t ioned b y H enry R ichmond a bout 1 939 h ave b een f ound .

T he G ardener p ipe t urns u p i n av ar iety o f s ty les

p ersona l ized f or d i f feren t l odges o ft he F ree Gardeners , o r A nc ient S oc ie ty o f Gardeners , s evera l o f t he m made b y R ichmond .

T he r igh t s ide o f t he

b ow l ( as h e ld i n t he smoker 's mouth ) g enera l ly h as a mason ic c o mpass , s e t s quare a nd p run ing k n ife ; t he l ef t s ide a d es ign o r i nscr ip t ion r eferr ing t o t he p ar t icu lar l odge , e .g . P a lm B owh i l l , V ine B la iradam , Th is t le B ea th , C owdenbea th , L i ly o f t he Va le C rossga tes , o r i s j ust i nscr ibed F ree Gardeners , p erhaps w i th a p ic ture o f at h is t le . T hese Gardeners ' p ipes a re n ot e pecu liar t o R ichmonds ; e xamp les i n t he F ife a rea a re made b y Ja nd C B ur ton o f C upar who were a c t ive t here f ro m a bout 1 835 t o j us t a f ter Wor ld War I , b y 5

L owr ie i n K irkca ldy who c losed u p t heir w orkshop s o me t ime b efore 1 915 , a nd p oss ib ly b y o thers .

Mos t o f t hese l odges a re l i sted i n l oca l d irectories

o f t he 1 9 th o r e ar ly 2 0 th c en tur ies t oge ther w i th o ther l odges f or wh ich p ipes h ave n o t b een f ound . I n t he F ife a rea m iners c a l led t he ir c lay p ipes ' j aw war mers '— they wou ld h o ld t he p ipe a ga ins t t he ir c heek f or a q uick warm u p .

T hey smoked t heir

c ut t ies e ven when t he s tem h ad b roken o f ft o a n i nch o r s o , t he b ow l wou ld k eep t he m war m t hen t oo .

O ne o f t he c o l lec ted G ardeners ' p ipes f or t he L i ly

o f t he V a le , C rossga tes l odge , h as b ut a n i nch a nd a b i t o f s te m l ef t ( unfort una te ly b roken f ro m t he b ow l n ow ) wh ich s hows s igns o f much u se i n i t s s hor tened f or m . A nother p ipe ment ioned b y H enry was t he B u l ler . f ound , t hough t he maker i s u nknown ;

A B u l ler p ipe h as b een

i tc o m memora tes G enera l B u l ler who

embarked f or S outh A fr ica a t t he h ead o f 7 000 men f or t he B oer War , 1 4 October 1 899 .

H is e f forts were n ot i mmed ia te ly g lor ious a nd F ie ld Marsha l l R oberts

a rr ived t o t ake o ver a s Ci n Cf ro m 1 0 J anuary 1 900 .

B obs , a s h e was p opu-

l ar ly k nown , was c rea ted i s t E ar l R ober ts i n 1 901 a f ter mak ing d rama t ic i mprove men ts t o t he war s i tua t ion .

B obs i s c om memora ted o n ap ipe a nd s o

i s B aden P owe l l who w on f a me i n t he s ame c ampa ign .

These t hree a re e ach

s hown i n p rof i le w i th t he ir n ame , o n t he l ef t o f ap ipe b ow l ; t he U nion J ack o n t he r igh t o f e ach b ow l i s t he s ame ; n one o f t he p ipes h as a maker 's n ame . A F or th B r idge c lay p ipe h as a lso b een f ound , o r r a ther a f ragment o f o ne b ow l , h as , s o t h is t oo i s n o t n ecessari ly t he p ipe wh ich H enry r emembered . An u mber o fo ther R ichmond p ipes h ave b een s een , aB urns C ut ty , Man t he L ifeboa t—the l i feboa t o n o ne s ide , as ink ing t hree- mas ter o n t he o ther , The Work man , T u l ip ( ? ) , H and ( t he R ed H and o f U ls ter ) a nd p la in p ipes . OTHER P IPE MAKERS I ti s n ot a lways c lear f ro m C ensus o r D irec tory e n tr ies whether t he p ipemaker l i s ted i s i n b usiness o n h is own a ccoun t , p erhaps emp loy ing o thers , o r whe ther h e i s emp loyed .

F rom t he e v idence f ound s o f ar i ts ee ms l i ke ly t ha t

t hree o ther f i r ms e x isted i n D unfer ml ine i n t he l a te 1 9th a nd e ar ly 2 0 th c ent ur ies . McLARDY & WILSON , l a ter McLARDY D unfer m l ine J ourna l , J u ly 1 857 , "M 'LARDY & WILSON , TOBACCO P IPE MANUFACTURERS RESPECTFULLY a nnounce t ha t t hey h ace c o m menced Mak ing P ipes o f a l l k inds , i n t he ir P remises i n NE W RO W , f i rst h ouse b e low C anmore S tree t ; a nd t hey t rus t , b y p roducing G oods o f B es t Qua l ity , a nd a t Modera te P r ices t o mer i t as hare o fp ub l ic p a tronage . " I ts eems l i ke ly t ha t Wi lson 's p ar tner i s S amue l McLardy who l a ter h as t he b us iness o n h is own .

C ensus r e turns 1 861 l i s t S amue l McLardy , a ge 1 8,

b orn G lasgow , p ipe maker , b oard ing w i th H e len E lder i n B ur t S tree t . S amue l McLardy , p ipemaker , N ew R ow i s l i s ted ( w i thout Wi lson ) i n Wes twood 's Paroch ia l D irec tory 1 866 a nd S la ter 's R oya l Na t iona l C o m merc ia l D irectory 1 867 .

Ac lay p ipe b ow l , s tamped " S McLARDY DUNFN" i n a n o va l o n t he

b ack o f t he b ow l , was d ug u p i n N ew R ow a bout 1 977 . ( NOTE :

a lso s ee A ndrew McLardy b e low ) 6

Mc LENNA N Dav id McLennan i s l i s ted i n D unfer m l ine D irector ies a s ap ipe maker , 1 0 J ames P lace f ro m 1 909 t o 1 912 . WILL IA MSON C ensus r e turns 1 861 l i s t J ames W i l liamson a ge 1 3 , b orn D unferml ine , p ipemaker , l iv ing w i th h is p aren ts i n S outh I ng l is S tree t , h is f a ther i s ah andl oom weaver—the t rade f or wh ich D unfer m line was t hen f amous .

I n ' 6 6 J ames

i s l i s ted a s ap ipe- maker , P r iory L ane , i n Wes twood 's P aroch ia l D irec tory . P resumab ly b y t h is d a te h e i s i n b us iness o n h is own a ccoun t . s t i l l l i v ing w i th h is p aren ts , n ow i n B o thwe l l P lace .

I n ' 71 h e i s

I n ' 81 J ames Wi l l iamson

i s a" t obacco p ipe manufacturer" l i v ing a t 5 7 Woodhead S tree t , emp loy ing 1 man , 1b oy a nd 1 g ir l .

H is w ife i s J ane t a ge 3 0 , b orn D unfer m line a nd t here a re

4c h i ldren b orn h ere a bout 1 875 a nd a f ter .

I n D unfer mline D irector ies 1 890-

9 8 J ames i s l i s ted a t 1 28 P i t tencrief f S treet . C ensus r e turns f or t he t own l i st many o thers a s p ipe makers b ut i t s ee ms l ike ly t ha t mos t o f t hese w ere emp loyees o f t he a bove f our ( or o ther u nd isc overed ) f i rms .

T here i s i nsuf f icien t e v idence t o u sefu l ly i nfer r e la t ionsh ips

b e tween p ar t icu lar emp loyers a nd emp loyees . B ever idge , Wi l l iam :

b orn c . 1 847 E d inburgh , s on o f Wi l l iam , mason , l i v ing

w i th h is p aren ts , i n S outh I ng l is S tree t 1 861 . C unn ingham , Tho mas :

b orn c . 1 844 D unfer m line , s on o f T ho mas , l abourer ,

l i v ing w i th h is p aren ts i n C ha l mers S tree t 1 861 .

I n ' 81 l iv ing a t 1 4 1 /2

P i t tencr ief f S tree t w i th h is w ife Mar ianne a nd c h i ldren b orn h ere c . 1 877 a nd af ter .

I n ' 9 1 , aw idower , emp loyed , l i v ing a t 9 7 P i t tencr ief f S tree t

w i th h is f am i ly . G ibson , J ames :

b orn c . 1 856 C arnock , F ife , l i v ing a t 3 4 Woodhead S tree t i n

1 881 w i th h is w ife Magg ie b orn c . 1 856 S t . N in ians , S t ir lingsh ire , who i s ap ipe f i n isher a nd c h i ldren b orn h ere c . 1 878 a nd a f ter . G ibson , J ohn :

b orn c . 1 856 D unferm line , s on o f A lexander , weaver , l i v ing

i n New R ow S tree t 1 861 . G ibson , Magg ie , ( p ipe f i n isher ) :

1 881 s ee G ibson , J ames .

Ham i l ton , J ane t

b orn c . 1 841 D unfer m line , d augh ter o f

( p ipe f i n isher ) :

W i l liam , f l esher , l i v ing w i th h er p arents i n V iew f ie ld P lace 1 861 .

I n

' 8 1 s he i s d escr ibed a s a" tobacco p ipe t urner" , l i ving w i th h er w idowed mother i n E as t P or t S tree t . H enderson , R ichard ( appren t i t e ) :

b orn c . 1 850 D unfer m line , l iv ing w i th h is

w idowed mo ther i n P riory L ane , 1 861 . H orn , G eorge ( appren t ice ) : b orn c . 1 847 D unferm line . s on o f Andrew , h andl oo m weaver , l i v ing w i th h is p aren ts i n N ew R ow S tree t 1 861 . L awson , Wi l lia m :

b orn c . 1 867 D unferm line , l i v ing w ith a n e lder b rother

a nd s ister a t 8 9 P i t tencr ief f S tree t 1 881 .

7

McLardy , A ndrew :

b orn c . 1 847 G lasgow , l i ving w i th h is mother i n New R ow

S treet 1 861 a nd ' 7 1.

I n ' 91 , emp loyed , b oard ing w ith J ohn R ober tson , a n

u ne mp loyed b aker , a nd h is w ife i n Dams ide S tree t . McPherson , Tho mas :

b orn c . 1 850 , l i ving w ith h is g randmother i n K nabb ie

S tree t 1 861 . Mooney , H ugh :

b orn c . 1 860 C ounty D own , l i ving w i th h is mother a t 3 2 G r ieve

S tree t 1 881 . P h i lp , J ames :

b orn c . 1 870 D unferml ine , s on o f J ames , s la ter , l i v ing w i th

h is p arents a t 1 4-2 P i t tencrief f S treet , emp loyed , 1 891 . R e id , J ames ( p ipe f i n isher ) :

b orn c . 1 850 , s on o f J ames , n a i ler , l i v ing w i th

h is p arents i n R efor m S treet 1 861 . Wi l l iamson , J oan ( p ipe t r im mer ) : Wi l l iamson , J ohn ( 1 ) :

1 881 s ee Wi l l iamson , J ohn ( 2 ) ,

b orn c . 1 843 Dunfermline , s on o f Dav id , d amask

weaver , l i v ing w i th h is f a ther i n App in C rescent 1 861 . Wi l l iamson, J ohn ( 2 ) :

b orn c . 1 862 Dunferml ine a nd h is s is ter J oan , p ipe

t rim mer , b orn c . 1 864 D unfer mline , l iv ing w i th t he ir mother a t 8 2 Woodh ead S treet 1 881 .

I n ' 91 J ohn o n ly , emp loyed , l i v ing w i th h is mother a t

3 2 Woodhead S tree t . Wishar t , J ames : b orn c . 1 856 D unfer mline , s on o f R obert , l inen w ind ing f oreman , l iv ing w ith h is p aren ts i n S outh I ng lis S tree t 1 871 . Iam g ra tefu l t o t he c ura tor o f D unfer mline Museu m f or h is r eady c oopera t ion .

8

1

L E T 31 ; z _u _ _ _ , z i

-

Y V 1 ) 1 1

L2i f-

- -

-

F ig . 1 C lay P ipes .

G ardeners ', V ine B la iradam a nd T h is t le B ea th C owdenbea th , b y

R ichmond , a uthor 's c o l lect ion . F ree G ardeners , u nknown maker , DUF M M : 1 973 .28 . T he mason ic s ymbo l i s t ha t c om mon t o a l l t he G ardener p ipes . B u l ler , maker u nknown , DUF M M :1976 .12 . u nknown , DU MFF :1977 .94 .

F or th B r idge ( f ragment ) , maker

Man t he L ifeboa t , R ichmond , a uthor 's c o l lect ion .

( DUF M M i s t he r ecogn ized i ns t i tut ion c ode f or D unferm line Museu m . )

9

CLAY-P IPES FRO M DU MFR IES s g - GALLO WAY ( W i th p ar t icu lar r eference t o t hose o f e ar ly d a te \ b y J ames W i l l iams

C ur k now ledge o f t he c lay-p ipe i n D umfr ies a nd G a l loway i s e x treme ly l imi ted a nd g enera l ly r ef lects t he s i tua t ion c urrent ly p reva i l ing i n S co t land a s a who le—an e xam ina t ion o f t he e x tens ive g aze t teer i n A dr ian H . O swa ld 's c lay p ipe v o lume ( 1 975 ) i l lus tra tes t h is l ack o f i nforma t ion r e la t ing t o S cot land a nd s hows i tt o b e a lmos t l ess a dequa te ly r epresen ted t han many E ng lish c oun t ies .

A s w i th s o many o ther a spec ts o f r esearch i n S co t land t he l ack i s

n o t s o much o ne o f ma ter ia l b ut r a ther o f r esearchers t hemse lves t o t ake a dv an tage o f t he s i tua t ion .

T ha t t he ma ter ia l was e ar ly a va i lab le f or s tudy w i th-

i n t he a rea , a nd i t s i mpor tance a dequa te ly a pprecia ted , i s s hown b y t he p aper N o tes o n A nc ien t P ipe-Heads —E lf in P ipes r ead b efore t he S ocie ty o f -Ant iquar ies o f S cot land o n 1 2th J une 1 871 ( P . S .A . S . V o l . I X ) .

Th is p aper h ad b een wr i t ten

b y W i l l iam G eorge G ibson o f D u mfr ies , af ounder member i n 1 862 o f t he D umfr iessh ire a nd G a l loway N a tura l H istory a nd A nt iquar ian S oc ie ty .

I t was

t o t ha t S ocie ty t ha t h e h ad d e l ivered a s imi lar p aper o n t he e ar l ier d a te o f 3 rd December 1 867 .

T h is e ar lier p aper was a c on temporary c o m men t o n t he

f i nd ing o f s ome 1 38 c lay-p ipes d uring t he b u i lding e xcava t ions f or G reyfr iars C hurch i n D umfr ies .

" Of t hese 1 38 , t here were f i ve d if feren t f orms , e ach

marked w i th t he i n i t ia ls o r p r iva te marks o f t he manufacturers .

O ne mark

J CG s eems t o h ave b een t he f avour i te , a s i ti s i n t he p ropor t ion o f t en t o o ne .. .i n t he s ame g round b od ies [ bodd le—two p ennies S co ts ] o f C har les Ia nd I a re f ound i n n ui r ibers ."

G ibson h ad n o d oub t a s t o t he ir t rue a ge a nd made t he

f undamen ta l o bserva t ion t ha t t hese p ipes w ere " no t s o a nc ien t a s s upposed b y s ome a nt iquar ies , b u t a re t he p ipes wh ich were g enera l ly u sed a f ter t he i nt roduc t ion o f t obacco , when t ha t weed was a n e xpens ive l uxury ."

I th as s o f ar

p roved i mposs ib le t o d iscover t he p resen t whereabouts o f Wi l l iam G ibson 's a pparent ly e x tens ive a n t iquar ian c o l lec t ions : We a re much t he p oorer f or t he ir d isappearance , p ar t icu lar ly w i th r egard t o t he c lay-p ipe c on ten t wh ich c ou ld h ave p roved s o u sefu l a nd i n teres t ing a t t h is p resent t ime . T he ma ter ia l t o b e d escr ibed i n t he f o l low ing n ote i s e x treme ly l imi ted i n v o lu me :

much o f i t was r ecovered i n t he c ourse o fp ersona l h or t icu l tura l

p ursui ts —p ipes f rom f orma l e xcava t ions a re s carce ly r epresen ted .

O ur

k now ledge o f makers a nd l oca l t ypo logy i s l ack ing i n t he e x treme a nd f or t ha t r eason t he o pportun i ty h as b een t aken t o i l lus tra te f u l ly a nd d escr ibe a l l t he e ar ly p ipes i n t he h ope t ha t r eaders migh t r ecogn ise a nd c o mmen t u pon mat er ia l k nown t o t hem p ersona l ly .

Wi th r egard t o t he l a ter p ipes t he s i tua t ion

i s s l igh t ly d if feren t a nd a l l i m media te ly r ecogn isab le a nd o bv ious makers ' marks h ave b een g a thered t oge ther i n t he f orm o f a n A ppend ix .

S u mmar ies

o ft h is t ype c ou ld w e l l s upp ly s o me g lim mer ings o ft he t rading c onnect ions i nvo lved i n t he l oca l u se o f c lay-p ipes .

I n D u mfr ies a nd G a l loway t he p ipes

f rom G lasgow , E d inburgh a nd Ayr c ou ld we l l b e e xpec ted a nd d o i ndeed a ppear

1 1

i n c ons iderab le n u mbers —those f rom P ar is , S t . Ma lo a nd B rose ly , a l l a ppare nt ly f ound i n K irkcudbr igh t , make t he s tudy a l l t he more i n terest ing a nd s hou ld b e as ource o f e ncouragemen t t o t hose who w ish t o c ont inue t h is much n eeded w ork l oca l ly . Al i t t le ma ter ia l h as b een n o ted b ear ing DU MFR IES a nd MAX WELLTO WN d es igna t ions a nd t here i s It h ink , l i t t le d oub t t ha t t hese p ipes were p roduced f rom mod if ied mou lds s upp l ied b y t he l arger manufac tur ing c entres .

S ome

a ccoun ts h ave b een h eard o f s uch l oca l p roduct ion , p ar t icu lar ly b y T obacconi sts a nd B arbers u sing sma l l g as-f ired k i lns , b ut u nfortuna te ly n o ma ter ia l e v idence o f t h is p rac t ice i s f or thco ming c urrent ly . d one o n as tr ict ly l oca l b as is .

V ery much r ema ins t o b e

W i th r egard t o t he p ipes t hemse lves e very

e ndeavour s hou ld b e made t o b u i ld u p c o l lec t ions f rom a l l s ources a nd b y a l l me thods—the c urren t i n teres t i n b ot t le-co l lect ing f rom V ictor ian , a nd o ther p er iod , r ubb ish d umps c ou ld . If ee l , b e as ource o f much n ew a nd i n terest ing d a ta i fe ncouragemen t w ere g iven t o t hose c oncerned .

R ecord s ources o f a n

e x tens ive n a ture e x is t l oca l ly a nd t hese , w i th t he a ddi t ion o f C ensus R eturns , Paroch ia l R eg is ters , a nd p r in ted s ources s uch a s V a lua t ion R o l ls a nd D irect or ies a l l mus t b e e xamined i f we a re t o b eg in t o a pprec ia te f u l ly a nd u nders tand a dequa te ly t he s ta tus o f t he c lay -p ipe i n D umfr ies a nd Ga l loway . A cknow ledgements T here i s l i t t le d oub t t ha t t h is p aper c ou ld n o t h ave b een b rough t t o c o mp le t ion w i thout t he h e lp a nd i ndu lgence o f s evera l f r iends . My t hanks a re e spec ia l ly d ue t o Mr . A . E . T rucke l l , D u mf r ies M useu m ;

Mr . T . C o l lin ,

K irkcudbr igh t Museum; Mr . A . McCracken , A nnan ; a nd Mr . J . M . F ord o f Da lbea t t ie . Imus t a lso r ecord a d eb t o fp ar t icu lar t hanks t o Mr . A dr ian Oswa ld who h as g iven mos t f ree ly o f h is t ime a nd e ncouragement i n t he c ourse o f c orrespondence .

1 2

CATALOGUE OF EARLY CLAY-P IPES FRO M DU MFR IES & GALLO WAY

H i l l is Tower , L ochru t ton , N ear D u mfr ies H i llis T ower , Na t . G r id R ef . NX912727 , i s ar ectangu lar t owerhouse o f t he e ar ly 1 6th c entury w i th a n a t tached t wo-s torey a ddi t ion d a t ing t o 1 721 .

T he

b ui ldings s aw more o r l ess c on t inuous o ccupa tion u nt i l t he e nd o f t he 1 8th c en tury , l a t ter ly b e ing u sed a s b othy a ccom moda t ion f or f arm s ervan ts .

F o l-

l ow ing r es tora t ion i n t he e ar ly 1 930s i th as r ema ined o ccup ied t o t he p resent d ay . I t was d ur ing r es idence t here , i n t he p eriod 1 970-1976 , t ha t t he p resen t w r i ter c o l lected s ome 7 0 i ndiv idua l c lay-p ipe f ragments . T hese were o b ta ined i n t he c ourse o fg arden-work o ver a c u l t iva ted a rea o f a pprox ima te ly 4 -500 s quare y ards—a l i t t le 1 7th c en tury ma ter ia l was a lso r ecovered d ur ing c learing e xcava tions a t t he e x i ts t o t he T ower-house g arderobe c hutes .

Much o f t he

ma ter ia l i s o f 1 7th a nd 1 8th c entury d a te w i th o n ly a min ima l r epresen ta t ion f rom t he 1 9 th a nd 2 0 th c en tur ies ; McDOUGALL i s t o b e n o ted .

i n t h is l a t ter ma ter ia l t he G lasgow maker

T he b u lk o f t he ma ter ia l c ons ists o f f ragmented

s tems a nd i th as b een p oss ib le t o measure t he i n terna l d iame ters o f s o me 6 4 p ieces .

The d is tr ibu t ion o f s izes i s n o ted i n t he t ab le b e low .

s ize i n 1 /64"

N umber

4

1 0

5

2 0

6 7 8

6 2 3 5

A lthough t oo sma l l t o b e o f a ny r ea l u se f or d iagnos t ic p urposes t he r es u l ts d o t end t o c onf irm t he k nown h istory o f o ccupa t ion a nd a lso t ha t t obacco smok ing was a n a ccep ted l oca l p rac t ice b y t he ( ? ) f i rs t q uar ter o ft he 1 7th c en tury . A l l s pec imens r ema in i n t he f i nder 's h ands a nd t heir c a ta logue n u mbers a re p ref ixed t hus :

' J W/-I .

T he more i n teres t ing h eads a nd d ecora ted/marked

s tems h ave b een i l lus tra ted i n F ig . 1 .

a nd a re d e ta i led b e low .

F orward f ac ing p ipe-head w i th c ircu lar b ase , u ndecora ted s ave f or r ou le tt ing a t t he r im .

I n tern a l d iame ter = 7 /64" .

O swa ld i n ap ersona l c o m-

mun ica t ion d a tes t h is t o 1 650-70 b ased o n P arson 's e xcava ted p ipes i n t he K ie lder Va l ley o f N or thumber land ( J W/80 : F ig . 1 .1 ) . 2 .

F ragmen t o f ac ircu lar b ased , r ou le t te d ecora ted , p ipe-head r esemb ling Oswald 's G enera l T ype N o . 5( Oswa ld . 1 975 ) . F ig . 1 .2 ) .

1 3

I .D . =7 /64" ( J W/86 :

DUMFR IES & G ALLOWAY C LAY - P I P ES . K i rkcudb r igh t , 5 , 10 , 12 ; i ,1 3 15 .

L angho lm , 4 ; 1 4

H i l l i s T owe r , 1 3 , 6 , 7 ,9 , I 6 l i t t ie D a lton , 8 ; a nd

i 7 ;

D um f r ies ,

3 .

F orward f acing s purred p ipe-head r ese mb l ing O swa ld 's G enera l T ype No . 1 9 .

R ou le t ted d ecora t ion a round r im ; I .D . =6 /64" .

B ears a n i m-

p ressed mark ' PL ' w i th in a f i ne c hevron w rea th s urmoun ted b y af l eurd e-lys .

Oswa ld , p ers . c om m ., n otes a d up lica te f ro m C hes ter a nd a

s i mi lar mark f rom C arr ickfergus a nd s ugges ts a N .W . E ng l ish s ource o f a bou t 1 640-60 ( J W/63 : 4 .

F ig . 1 .3 ) .

F ragment o f ac lay-p ipe a t t he j unc t ion o f t he b ow l w i th t he s te m . u ndecora ted b ase b u t l ef t h and s ide b ears t he l e t ter ' E ' i n r e l ief . 7 /64"

5 .

R ound I .D . -

( J W/58 : F ig . 1 .6) .

Large p ipe-head r esemb l ing O swa ld 's G enera l T ype N o . 9 .

C ircu lar

b ase b ear ing a n i ncuse t r ip lele t ter mark ' IC U w i th a much sma l ler mark c entra l ly .

I .D . =7 /64" .

C ompares v ery c lose ly w i th a p ipe-head

f ro m L i t t le D a lton , D u mfriessh ire ( a . v . ) , b ut s ee a lso Oswa ld ( 1975 ) p . 8 4 , f i g . 1 4 , where s imi lar p ipes a re r ecorded f rom t he Na t iona l Museu m o f S co t land a nd L in l i thgow .

These l a t ter p ipes a re d a ted 1 700-30 a nd

i nteres t ing ly n o c o m men t i s p assed r egarding t he sma l ler c en tra l mark ing n oted b oth h ere a nd a t L i t t le Da l ton .

The p oss ib i l i ty t ha t t hese markings

a re i den t if iab le w i th W . G . G ibson 's ' JCG ' mark f rom G reyfr iars , D u mf ries , s hou ld n o t b e o ver looked —par t icu lar ly i n v iew o f t he c ompara t ive r ari ty o f s uch t r ip le-le t ter d es igna t ions .

O swa ld , p ers . c omm . ,n o tes

t hese p ipes a s b e ing " typ ica l ly S cot t ish" a nd t ha t P arsons h as d a ted t he s hape a s e ar ly a s 1 650 b ut s ugges ts t ha t t he t ype m igh t v ery we l l p ers ist t hroughout t he s econd h a lf o f t he 1 7th c en tury ( J W/65 : 6 .

1 .7 ) .

P ipe-head v ery s imi lar t o N o . 5 . s upra b ut b ears n o maker 's mark . C ircu lar t o o va l b ase a nd e dge o f b ow l " tr im med" . p ers . c omm ., s ugges ts a d a t ing 1 650-90 ( J W/64 :

7 .

F ig .

I .D . =6 /64" . F ig .

Oswa ld ,

1 .9 ) .

F ragmen t o f ap ipe-s tem, I .D . =5 /64" , b ear ing s cro l l d ecora t ion r emini scen t o f s ome 1 7th c entury D utch ma ter ia l .

O swa ld , ( pers . c om m . ) ,

n otes s imi lar s cro l ls f rom t he N . E . o f E ng land wh ich P arsons d a ted b y a t tr ibu t ion o f makers t o 1 780-1820 .

A t tent ion s hou ld b e d rawn t o o ther

ma ter ia l f rom L in l i thgow P a lace , C hester , a nd N ewcas t le d a tab le t o 1 720-70 ( J W/67 : 8 .

F ig .

1. 16 ) .

F ragment o f ap ipes tem , I .D . =7 /64" , w i th maker 's n ame A : COLHO WN w i th in a r ec tangu lar p ane l s urmoun t ing p e l le ted d ecora t ion .

L a ing i n h is

L in l i thgow P a lace R epor t ( 1966-7 ) r ecords a s imi lar s tem , b u t g ives n o f orename i n i t ia l , a nd t here d a tes i tt o 1 700-40 w h ich d a t ing c ou ld we l l b e c onf irmed h ere ( J W/61 :

F ig .

1 .1 7 ) .

T ranzay V i l la , 2 5 Maxwe l l S t ., D u mfr ies

• •

T ranzay V i l la , N a t . G r id R ef . NX967758 , a mid-V ic tor ian s emi-de tached p roper ty , e rec ted a bout 1 878 , h as y ie lded s o me c lay-p ipe ma teria l i n t he c ourse o fg arden-work d ur ing t he p eriod 1 976-78 .

The 1 9th c entury G lasgow

makers CHR IST IE a nd McDOUGALL h ave b een s een a s h as a sma l l c o l lect ion o f s te ms w i th i n terna l d iame ters i n t he r ange 7 /64" t o 8 /64" . c en tury p ipe-heads h ave b een r ecovered a nd a re n o ted b e low : 1 .

Two 1 7th

Head o f af orward f ac ing s purred p ipe r esemb ling O swa ld 's G enera l T ype 1 7 . I .D . =7 / 64" . U nmarked e xcep t f or s o me " trim ming" a t t he b ow l r im ( J W/124 : F ig . 1 .11 1 . 1 5

2 .

H ead o f af orward f acing p ipe , w i th ( ? ) c ircu lar b ase , r ese mb l ing O swa ld 's G enera l T ype 5 o r 6 . r ou le t te-work a t r im .

U ndecora ted s ave f or a f a in t t race o f

I .D . =8 /64" ( J W/130 :

F ig .

1. 14 ) .

M i l l-ho le E xcava t ions , D u mfr ies I n t he c ourse o f as er ies o f e xcava t ions t o d e ter m ine t he n a ture a nd e xt en t o ft he mediaeva l d epos i ts w i th in t he t own o f D u mfr ies Mr . A . E . T rucke l l o f t he l oca l museu m r ecovered a sma l l n u mber o f c lay-p ipe f rag men ts .

I n

g enera l t er ms t hese were o f l a te d a te a nd u n marked b ut i n h is 1 974 e xcavat ions n ear t he s i te o ft he med iaeva l mi l l ( M i l l-ho le-Na t . h e r ecovered t he t wo e ar l ier f ragments n o ted b e low .

G r id R ef . NX 9 74758 )

The mediaeva l p ot tery

f ro m t hese e xcava t ions h as b een f u l ly r eported i n t he T ransact ions o f t he D u mfr iessh ire & G a l loway Na t . H is t . E -A n t iquar ian S ocie ty 1 .

F rag men t o f as tem , I .D . =8 /64 ', b ear ing t race o f f i ne r ou le t ted c hevron p a t tern a t e dge o f f racture . F ig .

2 .

( Reta ined i n c o l lec t ions a t D u mfr ies Museu m

1. 15 . )

P ipe-head , s o mewha t c h ipped a t r im , r esemb ling Oswa ld 's Type 9 . Marked w i th t he l et ters ' I"C ' i n r e l ief , a bove a c ircu lar t o h ear t-shaped b ase .

I .D . =7 / 64" .

O swa ld ( 1975 ) p age 4 4 , F ig . 5 , n otes s imi lar p ipes

f rom L in l i thgow P a lace a nd t he K ie lder Va l ley a nd t here d a tes t he m t o 1 690-1730 .

( Du mfr ies Museu m C o l lect ion .

F ig .

1 .13 .)

L angho lm , D u mfr iessh ire C lay-p ipe h ead f ound i n ag arden a t G len C rag , Maxwe l l Road , L angho lm , i n May 1 978 . R ou let ted r im , a pprox i ma te ly h ear t-shaped b ase , a nd I .D . 7 /64" . R esemb les O swa ld 's G enera l T ype 5 a nd t herefore d a tab le t o c . 1 6406 0 . ( Re ta ined b y t he f i nder Mr . A . McCracken , T arras , 3A lexandra P lace , Annan . F ig .

1. 4 . )

L i t t le Da l ton , D u mfr iessh ire D ur ing e xcava t ions i n 1 969 a t t he r uined c hurch o f t he p re-1633 i ndependen t p ar ish o f L i t t le Da l ton ( Da l ton P arva ) , a tN a t . G r id . R ef . NY089746 , t he p resen t wr i ter r ecovered t wo c lay-p ipe f ragments .

O ne , as te m f rag men t o f I .D . = -

7 /64", was u nmarked b u t t he o ther , f ound i n l oose a ssocia t ion w i th a R ich mond c opper f arth ing o f 1 625-34 , c o mpares v ery c lose ly w i th H i l l is Tower N o . 5

( q. v .) . The

o n ly d if ferences t o b e n oted o n t he t wo marks i s t he p resence o f a

a sma l l c en tra l ly-p laced p entagona l r ayed s tar o n t ha t f ro m L i t t le Da l ton a nd as imi lar ly p laced l e t ter

o n t ha t f ro m H i l l is T ower .

( J W/90 :

F ig .

1. 8 . )

K irkcudbr igh t Museu m C o l lec tion Among t he v ery f i ne c o l lections a t K irkcudbr igh t Museu m i s au sefu l a ssemb lage o f smoking a ccessor ies .

T he 1 9 th a nd 2 0 th c en tury c lay-p ipes

h ave b een e xamined a nd t he r ecogn isab le makers a re l i s ted i n t he A ppendix . I n r egard t o e ar ly ma ter ia l t here i s v ery l i t t le b u t t he f o l low ing t hree s pec imens migh t b e p ar t icu lar ly n o ted .

1 6

1 .

Sma l l s purred p ipe-head w i th b u lg ing b ow l , r ou le t ted r im , c ircu lar b ase a nd I .D . =8 / 64" .

R esemb les O swa ld 's T ype 1 6 a nd d a tab le t o c . 1 640-70 .

Ca ta logue N o . 2 171--"Head o f a n o ld T obacco p ipe d ug o u t o f ag arden i n K irkcudbr igh t . P resented b y Wm . B e l l , H igh S tree t , K irkcudbrigh t . 1 890" . ( F ig . 1 .10 . ) 2 .

C lay-p ipe-head w i th b u lg ing b ow l , r ou le t ted r im , c ircu lar b ase a nd I .D . =6 /64" .

R esemb les O swa ld 's T ype 5 ( 1640-60 ) .

b ut i n a l l p robab i li ty K irkcudbr igh t T own ( F ig . 3 .

U nprovenanced

1 .5 . )

C lay-p ipe h ead w i th b u lg ing b ow l , c hamfered r im , f orward-facing h ear t— s haped b ase a nd I .D . =7 /64" .

R esemb les O swa ld 's T ype 5 ( 1 640-60 ) .

Unprovenanced b u t i n a l l p robab i l i ty K irkcudbr igh t T own .

1 7

( F ig . 1 .5 ) .

APPENDIX II ST OF I DENT IF IABLE MAKER 'S NA ME E NSCR IPT IONS FRO M COLLECT IONS I N DU MFR IES & T . GALLO WAY

l a .

D u mfries :

D u mfries Museu m c o l lect ion o fp ipes f ro m D u mfr ies a rea .

a CARTY . AYR / / R . CARTY . AYR . W . CHR ISTIE / / LEITH . W . CHR IST IE / / EDINBURGH . C . & H . AYR / / THE WORKMAN . HEATH P IPE. [ ]K IRK / / [ TO ]BACCON IST / / [M IAXWELLTO WN . McDOUGA [LL ] / / GLASGO W . T . McLACH [LAN ] / / GLASGO W . W . R ICH MOND / / DUNFER ML INE . D .

ROBERTSON / / DU MFR IES .

J . ROSS / / [ DUM FR IES ] l b .

D u mfries :

T ranzay V i l la , 2 5 Maxwe l l S tree t , D u mfries

[]CHR IST IE / / GLASGO W . DUNCAN McDOUGALL [ 8 . :c ] / / GLASGO W . 2 .

H i l lis T ower , L ochfoot , N ear D u mfr ies [ DUNCAN ] McDOUGALL 8 : c / / GLASGO W . A . COLHO WN .

3 .

Da lbea t t ie :

Gartburn , Barrh i l l R oad

W . WHITE / / GLASGO W . 4 .

K irkcudbr igh t :

K irkcudbrigh t Museu m c o l lec t ion o f p ipes f ro m K irkcudbrigh t

R . CARY / / AYR . CHR IST IE / / EDINBURGH . COGHILL / / GLASGO W . R . COUPER . TRONGATE . GA MB IER . A . / / PAR IS .

( Turbanned h ead b ow l .)

PETTI [GRE W ] / / [ BRO JSLEY . S OUTHORN / / BROSELY ;

( F luted d ecora t ion o n b ow l . )

( Long C hurchwarden p ipe . )

L . T IOLE / / ST . OMAR / / FRANCE . o n b ow l a nd wh i te g lazed r im .) [ ]WHITE / / EDINBURGH . W . WH ITE / / GLASGO W .

1 8

( W i th c o loured f l ora l d ecora t ion

A S TUDY OF THE CLAY TOBACCO P IPES FRO M HARTLEPOOL b y M . M . B rown a nd D . B . G a l lagher

T he c lay t obacco p ipes d iscussed b e low were f ound d ur ing e xcava t ions a t C hurch Wa lk , Har t lepoo l , C ounty D urham . i n 1 976 .

T he e xcava t ion was

d irected b y M . M . B rown f or C leve land C oun ty C ounc i l a nd t he D epartment o f t he E nv ironmen t p r ior t o t he r edeve lopment o f t he s i te f or h ous ing .

T he s i te r evea led a s er ies o f b u i ldings f ro m t he t h ir teen th t o t he s ixteen th c en tury , t he l a tes t s tructure b eing a n e ar ly s even teen th c en tury l ime k i ln . T he a rea o ft he s i te h ad t hen b een u sed f or a gr icu lture .

I t was p urchased i n

1 634 b y H enry Smi th 's C hari ty a nd t he i nco me emp loyed f or t he b enef i t o f t he p oor o f Har t lepoo l . B e tween t h is p eriod a nd t he e ar ly 1 850s when r ows o f t erraced h ouses w ere b u i l t t here , t he g round l eve l r ose b y a pprox ima te ly h a lf a me tre .

There was a d e l ibera te d umping o f r ubb ish f ro m t he t own o n t he

f i e ld , p resu mab ly t o i mprove t he f er t i l i ty o f t he l and .

T h is l ef t ad epos it o f

e x tre me ly d ark e ar th o f t he t ype k nown a s ' n igh t s o i l ' , a nd i ti s i n t h is l eve l t ha t t he v as t ma jor i ty o f t he c lay p ipes were f ound .

Af ew e xamp les were

f ound i n t he s and b rough t i n t o l eve l t he s i te p r ior t o t he r eoccupa t ion o f t he a rea i n t he 1 850s . Th is p aper w i l l i lus tra te a l l t he makers ' s ta mps ( F ig . 2 ) a nd b ow l f or ms ( F ig . 3 ) f ound i n t he ' n igh t s o i l ' a nd c onsider t he ir d a t ing .

T he s te m b ore

d iame ters o f a l l t he f rag ments f ro m t h is l eve l marked a nd u n marked ( 746 i n a l l ) were measured a nd t he f i gures a na lysed u sing t he me thod d eve loped b y J . C . Harring ton ( 1 954 ) a nd r ev ised b y L . R . B inford ( 1961) .

The s er ies

o f f or mu lae p u t f orward b y L . H . H anson ( 1969 ) w ere a lso emp loyed . me thods a re o ut lined b y A dr ian O swa ld ( 1975 ) .

T hese

T he d a tes a ch ieved f ro m s tamps

a nd f ro m s te m b ore d iame ters w i l l b e c o mpared a nd s o me i nd ica t ion g iven a s t o t he v a lue o ft he l a t ter me thods when a pp lied t o ma teria l i n t he N orth East o f E ng land . MAKERS ' S TA MPS ON S TE MS There w ere f or ty-four e xamp les w i th marked s tems i n t he 'nigh t s o i l ' , o f wh ich 7 5% w ere p roduced a t Ga teshead ( Parsons 1 964 ) o n t he Tyne , a bout 3 0 mi les n or th o f Har t lepoo l .

« J os t o ft he r e ma in ing t ypes were v ar ian ts o f a

f l eur-de-lys d esign , w i th o r w i thout i n i t ia ls . A lthough t he ma jor i ty o f t he G a teshead s tamps i nc lude t he maker 's s urn ame , t he i den t if ica t ion o f a n f orward . b e tween

i ndiv idua l manufacturer i s b y n o means s tra igh t-

There a re s even e xamp les o f L eonard H o l mes ' n ame , d iv ided t wo s tamp f or ms .

T h is maker i s r ecorded b e tween 1 659 a nd 1 691 .

H e may h ave c hanged h is mark i n t he c ourse o fh is c areer , i mprov ing t he d es ign .

I n a sma l l c om mun i ty l i ke G a teshead where f ami ly a nd b us iness t i es 1 9

were close, there may have been two members of same family and name manufacturing at the same period, or a junior member of the family may have taken over the workshop but chosen not to replace the stamp with his own name. There is also the case where a new manufacturer buys the business of a lmown maker and continues to use the same name. The pipe stamp, therefore, may not identify the actual maker and so may provide a misleading date. When different dies of the same name are compared, a development in design may be noted, for example, an improvement in the spacing of the letters may occur. The splitting of words and their continuance on two or more lines are typical of the cruder examples. This greater awareness of graceful design may be noticed when the two dies of Leonard Holmes, Robert Colling and Joseph Fawell are compared (Fig. 2). In one the lettering merely fills the space, breaking the name at the end of the lines, in the other the name is carefully laid out and set between tobacco-leaf ornamentation. Here one may suggest a chronological development towards a greater refinement of style which may be paralleled in the design of headstones on graves, where a similar advance in the composition of the lettering occurs in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Of the thirteen remaining examples eleven have a lozenge shaped stamp and nine of these have a fleur-de-lys. Five are decorated with a grouping of small fleurs-de-lys. These are similar to those illustrated by Oswald (1969) from Plymouth, where he suggests they may be Dutch imports, and mentions that they are found in Hull, Bristol, London and other coastal areas. In 197 5 he suggested that this design may also occur on pipes manufactured in the North-East. The five examples have a markedly softer fabric than the Gateshead products. Oswald's distribution map shows no Dutch pipes recorded between Edinburgh and Hull. There were trade connections between the n orth­ east coast and Holland. A Dutch token was found in the same level as the pipes stems discussed here and a pipe with the stem marked 'GOUDA' was found during excavations at Yarm (unpublished). Fig. 2 numbers 22 and 23 which have "initials quartered with fleurs-de-lys may be compared with a stamp with the initials H.W. which comes from the Curtain Wall, Newcastle, which Parsons (1964) suggests was a Yorkshire type. All sets of initials would fit Gateshead makers (Henry Holmes, John Bowman or John Bowmond and Henry Walker), while only one set (John Burrell) is found at York or Hull. Examples like number 21 which has three initials with one set above the others are considered by Oswald as unclassified but rare (Oswald 1975). GATESHEAD MAKERS' STAMPS ROBERT COLLING, incuse, die J. Crude design. ROBERT COLLING, incuse, die 2. A Robert Colling is recorded 1700-21. EDWARD CRAGE, incuse, die 1. Crude design. EDWARD CRAGE, incuse, die 2. (2 examples.) A maker of this name is recorded 1707-17. Oswald (1975) illustrates a stamp with initials identified as Edward Crage. 5. JOSEPH FAWELL, incuse, die 1. Crude design. 6. JOSEPH FAWELL, incuse, die 2. (3 examples.) A Joseph Fawell is recorded 1693-1708.

1. 2. 3. 4.

20

GAT

SHE AD

HARTLEP O OL

* Y ORK

HULL 0

20 m iles 30k m

F ig . 1

' E DW J \ 2 1 ) :C & g,

1

3

2

4

'f l, 1 41 4q / c P äINee z

e f l

WNW A CL

H on0 e f y

4 2 )

1

1 0

1 2

1 3

1 4

r g ra :

A ar h o a .u .

1 5

1 6

— 7 ' 9

1 7

C le . . 5 .0 .

Y d r 1 8

,2 7 kty ,/

1 9

• 4 4 ' 4 2

2 1

2 5 3 1 24

2 3

n, 28

i • ‘4

32

LEE 34

26 F ig . 2

2 1

33

•

7 . 8 .

ARTHUR HASTINGS , i ncuse .

T he n ame i s r ecorded c irca 1 700 .

HENRY HOL MES , i ncuse ( 2 e xa mp les ) . o r 1 729 o r i n S under land 1 681-1724 .

T he n ame i s r ecorded 1 675-99

( Mr . J . E . Parsons i nforms me

t ha t t h is s tamp i s t ha t o f t he S under land manufacturer . ) 9 . 1 0 .

LEONARD HOL MES , i ncuse , d ie 1 ( 4 e xamp les ) .

C rude d esign .

LEONARD HOL MES , i ncuse , d ie 2 (3 e xa mp les ) .

P o l ished .

A L eonard

H o l mes i s r ecorded 1 659-91 . 1 1 .

JOHN HOL MES , i ncuse , d ie 1 .

C rude d esign .

The n ame i s p rev ious ly

u nrecorded , b ut t he maker i s p robab ly o ne o ft he Ga teshead f am i ly . 1 2 . 1 3 .

JOHN HOL MES , i ncuse , d ie 2 ( 2 e xamp les ) . ROBERT MOULD , i ncuse ( 4 e xamp les ) .

A maker o f t h is n a me i s r e-

c orded 1 693-1730 . 1 4 .

GEORGE PARKE , i ncuse ( 3 e xamp les ) .

1 5 .

MICHAEL PARKE , i ncuse ( 2 e xamp les ) .

T he p ipe b ears t he d a te 1 697 . T he n ame i s r ecorded 1 691-

1 737 . 1 6 .

THO MAS TAYLOR , i ncuse .

Th is maker i s r ecorded 1 697-1708

1 7 .

JOHN THO MPSON , i ncuse .

The n ame i s r ecorded 1 663-90 .

1 744 .

1 700-13 o r

Th is s te m was f ound i n t he s and b rough t o n t o t he s i te p r ior t o t he

h ouse b ui lding o f t he 1 850s .

M . G . J arre t t h as f ound a d if ferent s tamp

o ft he s ame n a me a t West Whe lp ing ton ( Jarre t t 1 970 ) . OTHER MARKS 1 8 .

HHi n ar ounde l , i ncuse .

?Henry H o l mes o f G a teshead o r S under land .

1 9 .

H Ri n al ozenge w i th s ty lised f o liage , r e l ief .

2 0 .

FHi n al ozenge w i th d erived f l eur d e l ys , r e l ief .

U n ident if ied . U nident if ied .

2 1 .

C G M w i th s tar i n ar ounde l , r e l ief .

2 2 .

LHi ni t ia ls q uar tered w i th f l eur d e l ys e ach i n sma l l l ozenge , r e lief ( 2

2 3 .

IB i n i t ia ls q uartered w i th f l eur d e l ys e ach i n sma l l l ozenge , r e l ief .

e xamp les ) .

U n iden t if ied .

U n ident if ied .

Un ident if ied . 2 4 .

Part o f al ozenge w i th a c rown , r e lief , p o lished .

2 5 .

F ive d if feren t a rrange ments w i th sma l l f l eur d e l ys , r e lief . i l lustra ted .

U n ident if ied . One e xamp le

D utch .

MARKED STE MS NOT OF GATESHEAD PROVENANCE FOUND I N THE S AND BROUGHT I N PR IOR TO HOUSE BU ILDING I N THE 1 850s 2 6 .

C . COLL

i n l ozenge w i th f l eur d e l ys , r e l ief .

Un identif ied .

2 7 . 2 8 .

F rag men t o f a n e labora te ly mou lded s te m , r e l ief . IS r o l led i mpression ? County D urham 1 780-1850 .

2 9 .

COATS r o l led impress ion .

3 0 .

I . HENDERSON N . SH IELDS , r e l ief , n ineteen th c entury .

Dutch 1 7th c en tury .

Wi l lia m C oa tes 1 821-27 North S h ie lds ( no t

i l lus tra ted ) . A p rev ious ly

u nrecorded manufac turer ( not i l lus tra ted ) . 3 1 .

Part o f ab u lbous s tem w i th d ecora t ion ?Dutch .

3 2 .

Ba lance mark .

3 3 .

Ba lance mark .

3 4 .

A much worn s te m f rag men t s how ing p ossib le r euse a s aw ig c ur ler .

2 2

BO WL FOR MS T he t ypo logy o fb ow l f or ms r eferred t o i n t he t ex t a re t hose g iven b y Oswa ld ( 1975 ) a nd Parsons ( 1964 ) . T he f or m o f t he p ipe b ow ls ( F igs . 3E r4 ) i ndica tes a d a te r ange f ro m C . 1 580 t o t he e ar l ier e igh teen th c entury , a l though t h is i s mos t u neven ly d istribut ed w i th a p reponderance i n t he l a te s even teen th a nd e ar ly e igh teen th c enturies . About 4 0% o f a l l b ow ls a re o f Ga teshead manufac ture ( Parson 's t ypes 5 , 6a nd 8 , 1 670-1720 ) .

Th is may b e c o mpared w i th t he 7 5% o f t he s tamps o n s te ms

f rom Ga teshead .

The i mp lica t ion i s p erhaps t ha t t he Ga teshead manufacturers

were s ta mp ing t he s tems more c ons is tent ly t han many o ther makers .

O ther

e xamp les a re f ro m S cot land a nd f rom Y orksh ire . P IPE BO WLS WITH HEART S HAPED BASES ( F ig . 3 ) 1 . O swa ld 6 , y e l low c lay .

S cot t ish c . 1 660-80 .

2 . O swa ld 6 , c . 1 660-80 .

( Three e xamp les , o ne p o l ished .)

3 . O swa ld 6 , e ver ted b ase , NW i n h eart-shaped r e lief mark .

S cot t ish .

s i mi lar e xamp le i s g iven i n Oswa ld F ig . 5N f ro m K irkwa l l . ( Not i l lustra ted . ) P IPE BO WLS WITH BASES WITH ROUND STA MPS ( F ig . 3 ) 4 . O swa ld 6 , H H , r e l ief ? Y orksh ire c . 1 660-80 . 5 . Oswa ld i , IB o r JB , r e l ief , c . 1 680-1720 . 6 .

Parsons ' 1 0b L C a nd T udor R ose h or izonta lly , r e l ief , 1 710-15 .

7 .

Parsons ' 9 b HI , r e lief , 1 680-1720 .

8 .

Parsons ' 9o r 1 0b R C a nd T udor R ose h orizon ta l ly , r e l ief , p ossib ly R obert Caw ton o r R ober t C o l ling b o th o f Ga teshead 1 700-80 .

9 . Parsons ' 6 b .

R ose h igh o n e ach s ide o f a n e longa ted s pur , r e lief .

1 0 .

P arsons ' 1 0b .

LCo n r igh t o f s pur , r e l ief .

1 1 .

Parsons ' 1 0b ,

1 710-50 .

Io r Ho n l ef t o f s pur . r e l ief , y e l low c lay , 1 710-50 .

( 2 e xamp les . ) 1 2 .

P arsons ' 1 0b . 1 710-50 .

Worn i n i t ia l o n l ef t o f s pur , r ose o n e ach s ide , r e l ief .

( Not i l lus tra ted . )

UNMARKED BO WLS ( F igs . 3 -4 ) 1 3 .

Oswa ld 3 .

1 4 .

?Oswa ld 4 .

1 5 .

Oswa ld 5 .

1 660-80 .

1 6 .

Oswa ld 5 .

Sma l l b u lbous b ow l r ou let ted 1 660-80 .

1 7-20 .

Ever ted s pur , 1 580-1610 .

L ondon .

1 600-40 , L ondon .

Y ork b u lbous t ype 1 650-90 .

( 1 8 a nd 2 0 n ot i l lus tra ted )

2 1 .

L ong b ow l w i th modera te ly s tra igh t s ides , 1 680-1710 ( 2 e xamp les ) .

2 2 .

Oswa ld 6 .

1 660-80 .

PLA IN SPURRED P IPES GATESHEAD MAN UFACTURE ( F ig . 4 ) 2 3 .

Parsons ' 5 .

1 670-90 ( 7 e xamp les ) .

2 4 .

Parsons ' 6 .

1 680-1710 ( 12 e xa mp les ) . .

2 5 .

Parsons ' 8 .

1 680-1720 . 2 3

A

c . 1 660-80 .

1

2

1

4

6

e e l

7

w c 3 8

9

•1 0

15

17

16 F ig . 3 .

P ipe B ow ls

2 4

19

There i s n o e v idence f or a ny p ipes b e ing manufactured i n Har t lepoo l p r ior t o t he n ine teen th c entury . G a teshead .

Ah igh p ropor t ion o ft he e xamp les f ound c o me f ro m

These may h ave c o me b y p ackhorse , t hough a s ea r oute was p er-

h aps more l i ke ly d esp i te t he d ec l ine o f Har t lepoo l a s ap ort d ur ing t he s event een th a nd e igh teen th c en tur ies .

The n ex t n eares t p ipe mak ing c en tre r ecorded

a tt h is p er iod i s Y ork a bou t s ix ty mi les away , a nd a f ew Y ork e xamp les a re f ound .

C oas ta l t rade w ou ld e xp la in t he p resence o f e xa mp les f ro m S co t land

a nd L ondon ; t he o n ly i mpor ts a re f ro m H o l land . Exam ina t ion o ft he marked p ipe s tems a nd b ow l f or ms r evea ls a s ing le e xa mp le o f ab ow l o f O swa ld 's T ype 3 1 580-1610 , p erhaps i n troduced b y a v is i t ing s ea man .

T he ma jor i ty o f t he p ipes , h owever , w ere i n u se i n t he

l a ter s eventeen th a nd e ar lier e igh teenth c enturies , p resu mab ly i ndica t ing t he p er iod a t wh ich t he u se o f ' n igh t s o i l ' t o i mprove t he l and was mos t c o m mon . S TE M BORE D IA METERS Aq ues t ion t ha t a r ises when t h is s ub ject i s a pproached i s t he s ize o f a v a l id s amp le o f s te m f ragmen ts .

T he l im i ta t ions men t ioned b y O swa ld ( 1975 )

a nd Wa lker ( 1967 1 , among o thers , mus t b e k ept i n mind . sma l ler b ores was ag radua l a nd p oss ib ly u neven p rocess .

T he t rend L t owards The n u mber o f

f rag ments i n a ny s urvey w i l l d epend o n s evera l f ac tors , wh ich a re d if f icu l t t o c a lcula te .

T hese c ou ld i nc lude v ary ing s tem l eng ths o r af ash ion f or l ong p ipes

p roduc ing a n o verlarge p ercentage f ro m t ha t o ne c en tre o fp opula t ion .

T he

e x is tence o f ac oncen tra ted d epos i t o fp ipes o ver a s hor t t ime c ou ld a lso h ave t h is efec t .

T he t e mp ta t ion t o a rr ive a t ad a te o n t he b as is o ft oo sma l l a

s amp le mus t b e r es is ted .

F ur ther w ork n eeds t o b e d one o n t he b ore d iame ters

o fd if feren t makers a nd c en tres o fp roduct ion . As a f i rs t s tep t owards c ons ider ing t he v a l idi ty o f t he t echn ique o f s te m b ore d iame ter a na lys is a s a pp l ied t o n or th-eas tern ma ter ia l , measure men ts w ere t aken f ro m t he i den t if ied Ga teshead p ipe s tems ( F ig .

.4 ) .

T he me thod

i sb ased o n e v idence s ugges t ing t ha t s tem b ore d iame ters d ecreased s teadi ly f ro m 1 680-c . 1 800 .

H arr ing ton ( 1954 ) d eve loped a s er ies o f h is tograms i l lus-

t ra t ing t h is u s ing N or th Amer ican ma ter ia l a nd measuring i n i ncremen ts o f 1 /64" .

T he s a me u n i t h as b een u sed f or c o mpara t ive p urposes i n t he p resent

s t udy . Harring ton 's me thod o fg raph ic r epresen ta t ion was r ef ined ( and t he c oncep t o f at heore t ica l median d a te i n troduced b y B inford ( 1961 ) a nd f ur ther d iscussed b y H anson ( 1969 ) .

A l l t hree o f t hese me thods were a pp l ied t o t he p resen t s a mp le .

The Ga teshead e xamp les h ave b een d a ted b y t he ir s ta mps t o C . 1 680-1720 . When Harring ton 's me thod was a pp l ied 2 3 o ft he 3 0 measurab le G a teshead s tamps f ro m t he ' n igh t s o i l ' were f ound t o h ave a d ia me ter o f 6 /64

o f a n i nch ,

i nd ica t ing ad a te o fb e tween 1 650 a nd 1 750 , c oncen tra ted b e tween 1 680 a nd 1 710 ( see F igure 5 b ) .

B inford 's me thod p roduced a med ian d a te o f 1 695 ;

H anson 's f or mu la f or t he d a te r ange 1 680-1750 g ave a median d a te o f 1 690 . A l l t hree f e l l w i th in t he r e levant p er iod . The r e ma in ing s te m f rag men ts were t hen measured ( F ig . 5 a ) t he ma jor i ty o f t he e xamp les f e l l w i th in t he t wo b ore d ia me ters o f t he Ga teshead s a mp le . O ft he 7 46 ,

2 90 h ad a d ia me ter o f 6 /64" a nd .3 47 h ad a d ia me ter o f 7 /64" . 2 5

A

2 3

22

2I

25

2 4 F ig . 4 .

a

P ipe B ow ls

b)

347

2 90

23

79 7 22

n 4

5

6

7

8

6

1

9

10

4

5

6

7

8/6 4 i nch

F ig . 5 B ore d ia me ters o f a ) a l l s te ms b ) a l l k nown Ga teshead s te ms

2 6

v ery much sma l ler n u mber b racke ted t hese f i gures .

U sing H arring ton 's b ar

g raph a n o u ts ide f i gure o f 1 610-1750 i s g iven , c oncen tra ted b e tween 1 650 a nd 1 710 , s ugges t ing a s l igh t ly e ar lier d a te f or t he who le a sse mb lage t han t ha t g iven b y t he Ga teshead p ipes a lone . B inford 's f or mu la p roduced a median d a te o f 1 677 . Hanson 's f ormu la f or ma ter ia l w i th a d a te r ange o f 1 620-1800 g ave a d a te o f 1 697 . Th is e xper imen t d e monstra tes t ha t t hese t hree s ys tems f or d a t ing c lay p ipes c an p roduce v a l id r esu l ts when a pp l ied t o ma ter ia l f ro m N or th-Eas t E ng land w i th a s even teen th o r e igh teen th c en tury d a te . We s hou ld l i ke t o t hank Mr . J . E . P arsons f or h is c o m ments o n t h is p aper .

R eferences B inford , L . R . ( 1961 ) . P ipes te m s amp les ' .

' A n ew me thod o f c a lcu la t ing d a tes f ro m Kao lin

H is t . S i te A rch . P aper O ccu mu lgge N a t . Monu men t ,

1 961 , N ov . 3 0 . H anson , L . H ., J nr .

( 1969 ) .

' Kao lin P ipes te ms —Boring i n o n aF a l lacy ' .

H ist . S i te A rch . 4 , 1 969 , p p . 2 -15 . Harring ton , J . C .

( 1 954 ) .

c en tury T obacco P ipes ' . J arre t t , M . J . ( 1970 ) .

' Da t ing s tem f rag men ts o f 1 7th a nd 1 8th B u l l . A rch . S oc . V irg in ia .

' The d eser ted medieva l v i l lage o f Wes t Whe lp ing ton .

S econd R epor t A rchaeo log ia A e l iana F our th S er ies . Oswa ld , A .

( 1969 ) .

4 8 1 970 p p . 1 83-302 .

' Marked c lay p ipes f ro m P lymouth , D evon ' .

P os t

Med ieva l A rchaeo logy V o l . 31 969 p p . 1 22-142 . Oswa ld , A . ( 1975 ) .

' C lay P ipes f or t he A rchaeo log is t .

Parsons , J . E . ( 1969 ) . N or th E as t E ng land ' .

B . A . R . 1 4 , 1 975 .

' The A rchaeo logy o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe i n

A rchaeo log ia A e l iana F our th S er ies 4 3 1 964 , p p .

2 34-54 . Wa lker , I . C . ( 1 967 ) . ' S ta t is t ica l Me thods f or Da t ing C lay P ipe F ragmen ts ." P ost Medieva l A rchaeo logy V o l . 11 967 , p p . 9 0-101 .

2 7

M58 : THE I NTERPRETATION OF CLAY P IPE S CATTERS FROM F IE LD WALK ING b y Audrey P . Coney

The M58 mo torway , n ow u nder c onstruc t ion , l inks t he M57 a t N ether ton , Merseyside , w ith t he M6 a t S kel mersdale , L ancash ire.

Dur ing 1 976 a nd 1 977

ap rogra m me o f f i eld w a lk ing w as u nder taken b y t he A rchaeo log ica l S oc iet ies o f West L ancash ire a nd Merseys ide a s p ar t o f a n a rchaeo log ica l s urvey o f t he r ou te t o i nvest iga te t he h istory o f man 's a c t iv ity i n t he a rea a nd t o d eter m ine a rchaeo log ica ly impor tan t a reas. The s urvey a rea , 1 3 km i n l eng th , l i es b etween 1 5 m a nd 6 8 m OD a nd r un s i n an or th e aster ly d irec t ion , c rossing t he l ine o f t he L iverpoo l-Preston r a i lway a nd t he L eeds a nd L iverpoo l c ana l.

The a rea t raversed i s ma in ly u nder

a rab le c u l t iva t ion , s o me o f i tr ecla i med mossland .

The mo torway p asses c lose

t o t he moa ted manor s ites o f Wood Ha l l , Cunscough Ha l l a nd B ickerstaf fe Ha l l a nd c rosses a reas o f f or mer c oa l m in ing a ct iv i ty a t B ickerstaf fe , b efore j o ini ng t he A506 a t S kelmersda le.

Fro m t h is p o in t i tr uns e astwards t o t he M6

b u t a s c onstruc t ion work h ere c ons isted o n ly o f u pgrad ing t he e x ist ing r oad t o mo torway s tandard , t h is a rea was n o t g enera l ly i ncluded i n t he s urvey .

The

r ou te was d iv ided i n to s even s ec t ions, e ach s ect ion b e ing a bou t 4 50 m w ide. N o t a l l t he f i e lds were a va i lab le t o t he s urvey t ea m f or w a lk ing , s o me b e ing u nder g rass o r b ear ing c rops. The c lay p ipes w ere s epara ted f ro m t he r est o f t he c era m ic f inds, washed , s te m b ores c leaned o u t , a nd marked w i th t he a ppropr ia te f i eld n umber , o r f i eld d iv is ion n umber i n t hose c ases where l arge f i elds n ecess ita ted t he d iv ision o f t he a rea f or l oca t ion p urposes.

Record c ards w ere c o mp le ted f or e ach f i eld

a nd f i eld d iv ision , d eta i l ing t he n umber o f b ow ls a nd s te ms f ound , d ecora t ion , s tamps a nd t he r esu l ts o f s te m b ore a na lys is.

Represen ta t ive s a mp les o f a l l

t ypes were d rawn a nd af u l l r epor t i s d epos i ted w i th t he f inds a t t he Merseys ide C oun ty Museu ms. Considerable v ar ia t ion s w ere f ound i n t he n u mber o f p ipe f rag men ts e ach f i e ld p roduced—the l argest n umber f or a n u nd iv ided f i eld p roduced 3 64 p ipe f rag men ts w h ile o ther f i e lds d id n o t y ield a ny . r ecovered , a bou t 9 0% o f wh ich w ere s te ms.

A t o ta l o f 1 882 f ragmen ts w ere

Most p ipes w ere i n af rag men tary

c ond it ion ( on ly 1 6 n ear-co mp lete e xa mp les w ere f ound ).

The ir d a te r ange

s panned more t han t hree c en tur ies a nd s te m b ore a na lysis b y means o f g raded d r i l l ing b its r evea led t he o lder o ccupa t ion a reas o n t he r ou te. t hese f rag men ts w ith b ores o f

7/ 64 "

F ields w here

a nd o ver w ere f ound a re s hown o n t he

map ( Fig. 1 ) . The v as t ma jor i ty o fb ow ls a nd s te ms r ecovered were u ndecora ted o r u ns ta mped .

The f ew s ta mped b ow ls a nd s te ms f ound ,

2 9

h owever , d id p rov ide

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3 9

CLAY P IPES FROM CHESTER b y J ane t R u t ter a nd P e ter Davey I NTRODUCTION The e arl iest s tudy o f c lay t obacco p ipes a nd makers i n Chester was made b y Mrs. Anne Anderson i n t he 1 930s a nd 1 940s .

A l though l i t t le o f t h is work

w as p ubl ished b y h er, a n umber o f d ocu men ts a nd p arts o f h er c orrespondance w i th o ther w orkers s urv ive i n t he B ro mborough S oc . A rch ives a nd t he G rosvenor Museu m .

S pence ( 1 942 ) p ub l ished h is ' No tes o n C lay T obacco P ipes a nd C lay

P ipe Makers i n Chesh ire ' w h ich i nc luded i n for ma t ion g iven h im b y Mrs. A nderson o n t he C hes ter i ndustry , i n p art icu lar h er r esearch i n to manufacturers i nC hester .

S he a lso c orresponded w ith N ewstead , t hen C ura tor o f t he Grosve-

n or Museu m , who w as r ecord ing s i tes b e ing d eveloped i n C hester i nc lud ing an u mber o f i mpor tan t g roups o f c lay p ipes ( Group l e t ters r e ma in.

I V ), a nd s o me o f t hese

T he n ex t ma jor c on tr ibu t ion c a me w ith Webster a nd Bar ton 's

a r t ic le ( 19 57 ) o n t he p i t g roup f ound i n T r in ity S tree t i n 19 53, w here i n a dd it ion t o p ubl ish ing d raw ings o f t he ma jor ity o f t he f i ne s er ies o f e arly s te m d esigns, t here i s ad iscuss ion o f t he o r igins o f t he s ta mps a s i nn s igns o r a dver t isemen ts . Wi th t he f ounda t ion o f t he E xcava t ions S ec t ion o f t he Grosvenor Museu m i n 1 971 a nd c on t inuous e xcava t ion e ver s ince , t oge ther w i th a g rea ter emphasis o n t he i n terpre ta t ion o f p os t-Ro man l evels, t he n u mber o f c lay p ipe f rag men ts h as r isen d ra ma t ica l ly .

Fro m t h is d a te t here h as b een a s teady a ccu mula t ion

o f i nfor ma t ion a s ar esu l t o f c on t inued d ocu men tary r esearch ( by P JD ) a nd d e ta iled e xam ina t ion o f e xcava ted ma ter ia l .

Th is was i n i t ia ted f or t he I n ter im

R eport o n t he N orthga te Brewery Phase 1 s i te ( Davey 1 973d ) a nd a lso r esu lted i n as u mmary a r t icle o n c lay p ipes f ound i n C hes ter i n t he C hesh ire Archaeol o g ica l Bu l let in ( Davey ,1 9 75 ).

S ince t hen w ork h as c on t inued o n t he more

r ecen t ly e xcava ted ma ter ia l , c ons iderably a ided b y an u mber o f v olun tary w orkers i n t he E xcava t ions S ec t ion . O fp ar t icu lar n o te i s ad e ta i led e xa minat i on o f a pprox i ma tely 10 ,000 p ipe f rag men ts f ro m t he A bbey Green s i te ( 1975-78 ) b y J ohn C oss ins.

F or t he p urposes o f t h is a r t ic le a l l t he ma ter ia l

r ecovered f ro m e xcava t ions was r e-exa m ined.

T h is i nc ludes c lay p ipes i n

t he Grosvenor Museu m c ol lec t ions w h ich h ave a ccu mu la ted l argely a s ar esu l t e i ther o f e xcava t ions b efore 19 71 o r c ol lec t ions made b y i nd iv idua ls , a ga in l argely f ro m Ches ter.

Where t he ma ter ia l was u nprovenanced o r t here was

s o me d oub t a s t o i t s p rovenance , o n ly p ipes t hought t o h ave b een f ound i n o r v ery n ear t he c i ty h ave b een i ncluded .

I n a dd it ion more r ecen t p r iva te c ol-

l ec t ions h ave b een made a va i lab le ( t o JAR ) a nd s evera l o f t hese h ave b een i nc luded ( e .g . f ragmen ts i n t he g roup GG 1 978 f ro m H ugh O ak-Rh ind a nd a l arge c o l lec t ion o fp ipes f ound j us t o uts ide C hes ter , LL 1 979 f ro m Mr . & Mrs . R . L owe ) . S tructure o f t he Ar t icle The f i rst p ar t c o mpr ises t he h istorica l b ackground a nd a s urvey o f t he d ocu men tary e v idence f or t he p ipe mak ing i ndustry i n Chester. The n ex t s ec t ion c ons ists o f f i f teen g roups p resen ted c hronolog ica l ly i n s u m mary f or m. T hese f or m t he b as is f or t he c hronology a nd s ubsequen t d iscussion a nd were 4 1

c hosen e i ther f or t he ir i n tr insic i n teres t o r f or t he ir a pparan t i n tegr i ty . There f o l lows a c orpus o f s ta mps f ound i n C hes ter wh ich i s d iv ided i n to f our s ec t ions.

The f i rs t d ea ls w ith t he e ar ly b ow ls a nd u n let tered b ase s ta mps

( f igs. 3 0-32 ), t he s econd w i th t he 1 7 th c en tury l e t tered b ow l a nd b ase s ta mps i n a lphabet ica l o rder ( f igs. 3 3-49 ), t he t h ird w i th s te m s tamps o f l arge ly 18 th c en tury d a te ( f igs. 5 0-67 ) a nd t he f ourth w ith 1 9 th c en tury t ypes ( f igs . 68 -75 ). The f ol low ing s ec t ion d escribes a t ypology o fb ow l f or ms made i n C hester wh ich i s u sed t hroughou t t he c a ta logues c on ta ined i n t he p aper.

T he a r t icle

c onc ludes w ith a s u mmary o f t he C hes ter i ndustry b ased o n a l l t he e v idence p resen ted.

There a re a ppend ices o n p ipe k i ln r e ma ins r ecovered f rom t he

c i ty , t he sma l l n u mber o f w ig c ur lers t ha t h ave b een f ound a nd a r ev ised makers l i st ( c f . Oswa ld 1 975 ). NB

U n less o therw ise s ta ted a l l d raw ings a re a t l i fe-s ize .

F igs .

CONTENTS I n troduc t ion

Pages 4 1

The D ocu men tary E v idence

4 3

C lay P ipe F inds i n C hester

F igs . 1

5 0

E xcava ted G roups

F igs . 2t o 2 9

5 5

C orpus o f B ow l B ase a nd B ow l S ta mps

F igs . 3 0 t o 4 9

1 00

1 7th-18th C entury Decora ted Mou lded B ow ls

F ig . 5 0

1 30

L e t tered a nd D ecora ted 1 8th C entury S purs

F ig . 5 1

1 30

The l a te 1 7th-18th C en tury D ecora ted S te ms : S tem S ta mps

F igs . 5 2 t o 5 7

1 35 1 43

S te m B orders

F igs . 5 7 t o 6 2

1 67

S p ira l Decora t ion

F ig . 6 3

1 90

B ow ls w i th S ta mped a nd D ecora ted S te ms Maker B ow l a nd S te m Marks

F igs . 6 4 t o 6 7

1 94

F igs . 6 8 t o 7 0

1 98

1 9th C en tury R e lief Mou lded Maker Marked S purs F ig . 7 1

2 06

1 9th C en tury Decora ted Mou lded B ow ls

F ig . 7 0 , 7 2 t o 7 5

2 06

C hester B ow l F or m Typo logy

F igs . 7 6 t o 8 3

2 14

The O r ig ins a nd D eve lop ment o f C hester P ipes

2 24

Appendix 1— Makers L is t

2 28

Appendix 2—K i ln Ma ter ia l

F ig . 8 4

2 60

Append ix 3— W ig C ur lers

F igs . 8 5 a nd 8 6

2 63

Append ix 4—A N o te o n t he S te m-Bore R esu l ts

2 67

B ib l iography

2 69

Acknow ledge men ts

2 72

4 2

THE DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE T he F reedo m S ys te m An u mber o f c lasses o fd ocu men tary s ources r e la te d irect ly o r i ndirec t ly t o t he F reedo m s ys tem a s p ract ised i n C hes ter f ro m t he s even teen th c entury o nwards .

T he F reedo m r o l ls , wh ich a re mos t ly c o mp le te t hroughou t t he

p er iod g ive e v idence o f when a maker i s made f ree a nd t o wh ich mas ter h e was a ppren ticed .

The a ppren t ice r o l ls , a nd t he e nro l men t b ook u sua l ly g ive

mas ter 's n ame a nd f requent ly f a ther 's n ame a nd p lace o fo r ig in .

The f ew e x-

t an t i nden tures p rov ide many d e ta i ls o ft he s pec if ic c ond i t ions u nder wh ich a n a ppren tice was t aken o n . The e v idence f ro m t he F reedo m r o l ls i s s upp lemen ted i n t he e igh teen th c en tury b y t he P o l l B ooks wh ich were p roduced af ter c on tes ted e lect ions i n 1 732 , 1 747 a nd

1 784 . As t hese g ive o ccupa t ion a nd a s o n ly F ree men were

e l ig ib le t o v ote , af ur ther t i e o n who w ere ' mas ter ' p ipe makers i s p rov ided . I n a ddi tion t he way i n wh ich e ach F reeman v o ted i s r ecorded . B ook t he p lace o f a bode i s g iven .

I n t he 1 747 P o l l

I n a ddi t ion t o t he n ine teen Ches ter makers

w ho v oted , t h is s hows h ow many F reemen were c o ming b ack t o C hes ter i n o rder t o v o te .

I n t he c ase o f t he e igh t p ipemakers i nvo lved i tg ives a f ascina t ing i n-

s igh t i n to h ow p ipe t echno logy was d issemina ted t o o ther c entres d ur ing t h is p er iod .

I n a ddi t ion t o t he n ine teen F reemen makers l iv ing i n Ches ter i t se lf

af urther e igh t who w ere r es iden t e lsewhere v o ted :P e ter F i tzgera ld o f R a inford T ho mas F ox o f H awarden G eorge G rayson o f L ondon W i l liam J ones o f L ondon R ichard J ones o f L av is ter J oseph Marguery o f D erby J ames Ormes o f L ondon R ichard P ayne o f D erby A l though t wo o f t hese ( Hawarden a nd L av is ter ) a re p laces v ery c lose t o Ches ter i n N or th Wa les ( C lwyd ) t he r e ma inder a re a t s o me c ons iderab le d is tance a nd mus t r epresen t t he ' expor t ' o f workers e i ther t o t he l arger marke ts ( e .g . L ondon ) o r t he d eve lop ing c en tres ( e .g . D erby ) .

The 1 747 r eference

t o R ichard

P ayne i n D erby a dvances b y f if teen y ears h is k nown a c t iv i ty i n t ha t t own ( A lvey , 1 979 , 3 68 ) .

By 1 762 Payne i s al oca l mas ter t ak ing o n a ppren t ices .

Th is P o l l

B ook e v idence makes h im t he f i rs t maker k nown t o b e work ing i n Derby i t se lf . J oseph Marguery i s o therw ise u nknown i n Derby . The p rob le m o f wha t t o d o w i th y ounger s ons i s n ea t ly e xe mp l if ied b y t he r eference t o P e ter F i tzgera ld whose e lder t w in J oseph a lso v o ted i n t he s ame e lec tion .

P e ter h ad moved t o t he we l l-es tab l ished p ipe mak ing c en tre o f R a in-

f ord where a F reeman o r G ui ld s ys te m n ever o pera ted .

J oseph 's f a mi ly c on-

t i nued i n C hester u n t i l t he n ine teen th c en tury . The 1 784 P o l l B ook s hows t ha t f ar f ewer F ree men r e turned t o Ches ter t o v o te a nd t hese c o me f ro m n earby p laces s uch a s H awarden a nd B ough ton . A ddresses a re g iven , h owever , a nd t hese c onf ir m t he i mpress ion o ft he P arish R eg isters a nd t he e ar ly D irec tor ies ( e .g . 1 781 ) t ha t b y t ha t d a te a t l eas t p ipe4 3

mak ing i s c oncen tra ted i n t he L ove L ane a rea o u ts ide t he N ewga te .

Twenty-

t wo F ree men p ipemakers v o ted . O f t hese , r a ther more v o ted f or t he u nsucce ssfu l c andida te , C rewe , t han f or t he s uccessfu l o nes , G rosvenor a nd B oot le . The P ar ish R eg is ters These s urv ive i n p ar t a t l eas t f or mos t o f t he C hes ter p arishes . T hose o f t he C a thedra l a nd H o ly T rin i ty h ave b een p ub l ished . A l though t he e v idence t hey p rov ide i s v ery r ando m , i n t ha t o ccupa t ions a re men t ioned i n s ome a nd n o t i n o thers , o r p resen t f or a p eriod a nd t hen a bsen t , t hey s t i l l s how q ui te c lear ly t he i nadequacy o ft he F reedom R o l l e v idence a s ar ecord o f t he i ndus try , p ar t icu lar ly i n t he e ar ly a nd l a te p er iods o f i t s e x is tence i n Chester .

Th is i s

p erhaps mos t c lear ly d emons tra ted i n t he c ase o f E dward E vans , t he f i rst r ec orded maker a nd A lexander L anck ton t he most p ro l if ic a nd p robab ly t he mos t a f f luen t s even teen th c en tury maker , n e i ther o f who m were F ree men .

O f t he

2 5 makers r ecorded a s work ing i n t he s even teen th c en tury o n ly 1 3 were F ree men . These e ar ly makers were l iv ing i n S t . O swa ld 's a nd H o ly T r in i ty p ar ishes . The r eferences i n S t . O swa ld 's c orrespond r a ther w e l l t o t he t hree f i nds o f s even teen th c en tury k i ln ma ter ia l f ro m t he p arish i n t he NE q uadran t o f t he c i ty , e as t o f N or thga te S tree t .

Two f i nds f ro m t he L ower B ridge S tree t a rea . , i n

S t . Mary o n t he H i l l p ar ish migh t a lso s ugges t s even teen th c en tury w orking i n t ha t a rea .

U nfor tuna te ly t he e x tan t r eg is ters p rov ide n o e v idence o ft h is .

S im i lar ly f or t he s a me p er iod , S t . J ohn 's r eg is ters p rov ide n o e v idence f or o ccupa t ion a nd i ti s n o t u n t i l t he 1 784 t ha t t hey b ecome d e ta i led e nough f or p ipe makers t o b e f o l lowed a t a l l c lear ly .

These r eg is ters f or t he p er iod 1 780-

1 810 g ive a g ood i ndica t ion o ft he n u mber o f makers who were n ot F ree men t he mse lves , who p robab ly w orked f or F ree men ' mas ter ' p ipe makers .

R ecords

o f d ea ths i n t he 1 780s s how t ha t o ccupa t ion o f t he p ipe- mak ing q uar ter h ad b eg un a lready b y e ar ly i n t he e igh teen th c entury .

F or t he p er iod 1 780-1840 i t i s

p oss ib le t o c o mpare k nown p ipemakers , t hrough t he r eg is ters , w i th F ree men p ipe makers t hrough t he F reedom R o l ls .

C ensus E nu mera tor 's S chedu le ( 1 841 )

The 1 841 C ensus E nu mera tor 's H andbook p rov ides a c o mp le te p ic ture o f t he p eop le i nvo lved i n t he i ndus try a nd l iv ing i , n Ches ter a t t ha t d a te . t wen ty-one makers a re r ecorded t oge ther w i th t hree a ppren t ices .

At o ta l o f A l l b ut o ne

l iv ing o u ts ide t he wa l ls i n t he L ove S tree t Area . " S t . J ohn t he B ap t is t ( par t o f ) : A l l t ha t p ar t o ft he p ar ish o f S a in t J ohn t he Bap t is t i n t he C i ty o f C hester e x tend ing f ro m a nd i nc luding t he B an 's H ouse t o t he N or th- Wes t c orner o f L ove S tree t c o mpr ising t he e n t ire o f t he Dwe l ling h ouse s i tua te i n D ee L ane t he S ou th s ide o f F orega te S tree t t he e n t ire o f L ove S tree t U nion S tree t a nd t he A d lands ." L ove S tree t J ohn P owe l l

2 0

Mary P owe l l

2 0

J ohn P owe l l Wi l l iam L loyd

P ipe maker I

Y

6 mon ths 1 5

Y ( NB Y = Born i n t he P ar ish

P ipe maker 's Ap

Y Y

N = No t b orn i n t he P arish )

E l izabeth M i l ler

6 5

J ohn M i l ler

2 5

P ipe maker I

Y

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I n t he H ouse o f a nother

The C hes ter D irectory o f 1 840 i nc ludes a t o ta l o f s even makers;

o f t hese , t wo

d o n o t a ppear i n t he C ensus , p resu mab ly b ecause t heir a ctua l p lace o f r es id ence was o u tside Ches ter .

4 6

T he P ort B ooks These p rov ide , p oten t ia l ly , o ne o f t he l arges t s ing le s ources o f e v idence f or t he h is tory o fp ipemak ing i n C hes ter .

U nfor tuna te ly , a nd a lthough a

n u mber o f w r i ters h ave q uo ted f ro m t he m , t hey h ave n o t b een t ranscr ibed o r s ys te ma t ica l ly i ndexed o r a bs tracted f or p ar t icu lar t ypes o f i nforma t ion .

The

w r i ter ( PJD ) h as e xa m ined t he C hester b ooks f or a f ew y ears i n t he s eventeen th c en tury a t PRO , b u t t o d o t he who le j ob t horough ly wou ld b e an u mber o f y ears ' w ork .

The B ooks p rov ide , n o t o n ly e v idence f or t he i mpor ta t ion o f p ipes f ro m

L ondon e ar ly i n t he c en tury a nd f or t he ir r e-expor t t o I re land , b ut a lso b y t he s econd h a lf o f t he c en tury e v idence f or t he move men t o fp ipe-c lay f ro m n or th D evon a nd e xpor t o f C hes ter p ipes . l ar ly impor tan t .

T rade w i th n or thern I re land was p ar t icu-

Ag roup o f e n tr ies f or 1 68 0g ive a n i dea o f c lay p ipes f or m-

i ng p ar t o f mixed c argoes g oing o u t o f C hes ter t o D ub l in a nd D erry .

( See

E x trac t f ro m t he C hes ter P or t B ook f or 1 68 0 c fp . 4 8 b e low . )E n tries i n t he B arns tap le a nd B ideford b ooks d ocu men t t he move men t o f c lay u p t o C hester a nd t he r e turn o fp ipes f ro m C hes ter i n t he s a me b oa t . E x trac ts f ro m t he B arns tap le a nd B ideford P or t B ooks O u twards t o C hes ter

2 4 th March 1 670 , t he ' Dyamond ' o u t o f Barns tap le ( Mas ter Tym L arge ) w i th 7 t ons o f p ipe c lay , 1 d ozen o vens a nd 6 0 d ozen o f c res ts . 2 3rd March 1 673 , t he ' Dya mond ' o u t o f B ideford w i th 2 0 t ons o f e ar thenware , 6t ons o fp ipe c lay . 1 676 ' Happy R e turn ' o u t o f B ideford w i th 6 0 t ons o f e ar thenware , 7t ons o f p ipe c lay .

N o o ther c argo .

1 2 th J u ly 1 678 ' The H appy R e turn ' o u t o f B ideford w i th 6 0 t ons o f e ar thenware a nd 1 6 t ons o fp ipe-c lay . i s t Apri l 1 679 t he ' Happy R e turn ' o u t o f B ideford w i th 7 0 t ons o f e ar thenware a nd 1 2 t ons o fp ipe c lay . N o o ther c argo . B IDEFORD I N WARDS J une 8 th 1 682 T he ' Happy R e turn ' f ro m C hes ter w i th 1 9 t ons o f l ead o re , 1 30 g ross t obacco p ipes a nd 3 0 c ra tes o f e ar thenware a nd g lasses . S ep te mber 2 8th 1 681 The ' Happy R e turn ' f ro m C hes ter w i th 1 9 t ons o f l ead o re , 5 0 c ra tes o f e ar thenware a nd g lasses a nd e igh t c ra tes o f t obacco p ipes . I ti s i n teres t ing t o n o te t ha t n o t o n ly a re Ches ter p ipes r e turn ing t o B ideford a long w i th e ar thenware , l ead o re a nd g lasses , b ut t ha t p o t tery o vens a nd c res ts ( r idge t i les ) , p resu mab ly i n N or th D evon g rave l t empered ware a re a rriving i n Ches ter a long w i th t he p ipe c lay .

I n b oth a reas , t herefore , a rchaeo log is ts

s hou ld b e o n t he l ookou t f or ' impor ts ' c harac ter is t ic o f t hese c en tres .

I ti s

c lear t ha t d e ta i led s tudy o f t he P or t B ooks w ou ld c lar ify t he n a ture a nd v o lu me o ft rade r e la t ing t o t he C hes ter P ipe I ndus try .

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THE EXCAVATED GROUPS ( f igs . 2t o 2 9 ) The c hrono logy a nd t ypo logy o f t he C hes ter p ipe i ndustry p resen ted i n t h is p aper i s b ased p r i mar i ly u pon t he e v idence o f t he 1 5 g roups i l lus tra ted b e low . T hese were c hosen f or t he ir i n tr ins ic i n teres t a s we l l a s a pparen t i n tegr i ty a nd a re a lso i n tended t o b e r epresen ta t ive o f t he ma jor p roduc t ion p hases s een i n C hester .

1 2 o f t he g roups a re f ro m r ecen t e xcava t ions .

Two , G roups I V

a nd I X , a re f ro m e ar l ier e xcava t ions i n 1 939 a nd 1 953 r espec t ive ly .

The f or mer

i s s t i l l t he b es t a nd o n ly s izeab le a sse mb lage t o c o me f ro m a f ac tory s i te , w h i le t he l a t ter s t i l l p reserves t he b es t a nd mos t v ar ied g roup o f d ecora ted s tems .

A lthough t h is g roup was p ub lished i n 1 957 b y Webs ter a nd B ar ton , t he

r ange o f b ow l f or ms w as n o t i nc luded .

G roup XV , a l though v ery sma l l a nd

n ot a n e xcava ted a ssemb lage , i s i nc luded a s t he o n ly e xa mp le o f ma ter ia l f ro m a1 9 th c entury k i ln s i te , s o f ar f ound i n C hes ter .

As i s t o b e e xpec ted, s o me

b e t ter g roups h ave a lready b een r ecovered f ro m t he l a tes t C hes ter e xcava t ions , p ar t icu lar ly f or t he c r i t ica l t rans i t iona l p er iod 1 670-1700 . C ons ider ing t he v as t q uan t i ty o fp ipes r ecovered e xcava ted i n C hes ter f ro m v ery many c on tex ts i t was s urpr ising ly d i ff icu l t t o s e lec t g roups l arge e nough ,conta ining s uf f ic ien t s tems a nd b ow ls t o j us ti fy s tudy , w i th a g ood r ange o f a ssoc ia ted f i nds a nd y e t a re n ot f ro m amb iguous o r mixed c on tex ts .

The f i na l s e lec t ion c ons ists o f

r easonab ly l arge , h omogeneous g roups c overing f a ir ly s hor t p er iods o f u se . The i nfor ma t ion a bout e ach g roup h as b een p resented i n as tandard f or m 1 .e . s i te , l ayer a nd f ea ture a bbrev ia t ions f o l lowed b y ab r ief d escr ip t ion o f t he c on tex ts a nd a d escr ip t ion o f t he p ipes w i th d eta i ls o f a ny s ta mps o r o ther d ecora tion a s we l l a s al i s t o f t he u nstamped b ow ls t oge ther w i th t heir C hes ter B ow l Typo logy n u mbers ( c f . p . 2 14 ) .

T h is i s f o l lowed b y i nfor ma t ion o n t he

measurab le s te m b ores t oge ther w i th t he w idth measure men ts o f t he b orders i n t he g roup , where p resen t .

There f o l lows a b r ief a ssess men t o f t he a sse m-

b lage a s a who le , t oge ther w i th a d iscuss ion o f t he d a ting e v idence . c onc ludes w i th a b ib l iograph ic r eference , where a pp l icab le .

5 5

The e n try

EXCAVATED GROUPS GROUP I ( f ig . 2 ) a .

C on tex t : C rook S tree t 1 973-4 .

R ubb ish P i t ;

T rench 1 .F . 1 34 A & B .

U pper a nd

L ower f i l l , s ea led b y l ayer 1 .7 , c u t b y F . 1 28 a nd F .124 ( Groups V & V I I I ) . b .

Assoc ia ted F inds : A n i mported S a in tonge f l agon a nd l a te H ispano- Moresque t in-g lazed C a la tayud ware ;

aN or th Devon g rave l t e mpered ware p an .cheon , ' Midland

Y e l low ' ware ; b lack g lazed r ed a nd p urp le w ares , i n p ar t icu lar an u mber o f t ygs , as l ip d ecora ted h o l low-ware v esse l ( a lso i n F .128 a nd F . 1 24 ) a nd f ragmen ts o f mou lded g reen ' Wa ldg las ' b eakers , ( one a lso o ccurs i n F . 1 28B ) . c .

Descr ip t ion o f P ipes : S tamped f rag men ts I l lus . N o .

d .

SF N o .

1

3 19

2

3 26

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B ow l F or m L ondon t ype

6 5 :AL .4

2 9

B ore Mes . ( 64 ths ) 6 6

S te m B ore Resu lts : N o s tem f rag men ts .

e .

Da t ing : T he i tems i n t he g roup r ange i n d a te f rom t he l a te 1 6th-ear ly 1 7th c entury t hrough t o t he s econd q uar ter o ft he 1 7th c en tury , w i th t he b u lk o ft he ma ter ia l d a t ing f ro m c . 1 610-1640 . p ipe b ow l i s p robaby n earer 1 650 .

5 6

H owever , t he d a te o ft he ' AL ' s ta mped

GROUP I ( f igs . 2& 3 ) a .

Con tex t: L ower B r idge S tree t 1 974-5 .

b .

C ess P i t , T rench I . 1 05 , F .115 .

Assoc ia ted F inds : A sma l l amoun t o f E ng lish , D u tch a nd l a te H ispano- Moresque t i n-g lazed ware ;

' M id land p urp le ' ware s torage v esse ls ;

' M id land Y e l low ' h o l low-

wares ; o ne s l ipware j ar a nd s evera l d ishes ; b lack g lazed r ed a nd p urp le wares a nd i n p ar t icu lar an u mber o f t ygs .

F rag men ts o f mou lded g reen

' Wa ldg las ' b eakers a nd ag reen g lass j ar o r f l ask . c .

Descr ip t ion o f P ipes : S tamped f ragmen ts I l lus . N o .

S F N o .

1

5 5

8

L ondon t ype

8

2

5 6

8

L ondon t ype

8

3

5 8

4

6 3

B ase S tamp N o .

2 9 :BC . 3

B ow l F or m

B ore Mes .

L ondon t ype

1 7

? 2

7 6

5

6 0

3 8 :NE .2

6

6

6 1

3 8 :NE . 2

4

7

7

6 2

3 8 :NE . 2

1

7

4 5 :SE . 2

8

6

8 2 :0P1

?

7

8

5 7

9

1 49

Unstamped B ow ls

1 3-17 = 5 ;

1 8-22 = 6 ;

1 0 =aL ondon t ype ;

1 1 =p oss ib ly a S W t ype ;

s purred b ow l f rag men t o f C hes ter make .

( 64 ths )

2 3 =2 1;

7

2 4 =1 6;

2 5 =7 ;

1 2 =a n u nc lass if iab le

N os . 2 3 a nd 2 4 a re u nused a nd

a ppear t o b e was ters , t hough p oss ib ly u sab le ' seconds ' . d .

S te m B ore R esu l ts : T ota l n u mber o f measured s tems = 1 37

e .

Mean b ore d iame ter

=7 .3 80/64 ths

B ore d a te ( B inford )

=1 649 . 0 9

Da ting: The p ot tery r anges i n d a te f ro m a bout 1 610 t o c . 1 650 wh ich f i ts r easonab ly we l l w i th t he s te m b ore d a te .

f .

B ib l iography Davey , 1 975 , 2 9-34 .

5 7

Group I , n os .

C l

C • 1 C l 1

C l

5 8

©

C l

C S ) v I

e e s '

L t Z 1 1

' C Z C • 1

1 4

C l C • 1

t r i

5 9

C Z

GROUP I I ( f ig . 4 ) a .

C on tex t : A bbey G reen 1 975-78 . t errace .

b .

Part o ft he make-up o f a n 1 8th c entury g arden

T rench I . 8 4 .

Assoc ia ted F inds : ' M id land Y e l low ' ware ; o ne f ragmen t o f at hrown s l ipware d ish ; b lack g lazed r ed a nd p urp le ware ; b rown g lazed r ed ware .

c .

Descr ip t ion o f P ipes : S tamped f ragmen ts I l lus .N o .

S F N o .

B ase S tamp N o .

1

7 27

9 8

S .W . t ype

6

2

5 59

3 3 :GC 1

S outhern t ype

8

B ore Mes . ( 64 ths )

1 1

5 87

5 1 :EG .2

?

7

1 2

5 86

6 6 :AL . 5

?

7

U ns tamped B ow ls

1 &1 2 d .

B ow l F or m

3 -5 = 6 ; 6= 1 0 ;

7= 1 7 ;

8-2 8;

9= 3 0 ;

1 0 =

;

a re u nc lass if iab le .

S te m B ore R esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber o f measured s tems = 2 8 Mean b ore d iame ter = 7 . 0 7 1/64 ths B ore d a te ( B inford ) = 1 661 . 2 9

e .

Da t ing : Th is i s o n ly a sma l l g roup o fp o t tery r ang ing i n d a te f ro m c . 1 640 t o 1 660 a nd n ot much l a ter , c o inc iding w i th t he s te m b ore d a te o f 1 661 .

6 0

N .

rI r • (

c l

o Group I I , n os .

c s )

e ' b l ) • • 1 f r . 1

c t

e— i

e

CO

6 1

GROUP I V ( f igs . 5t o 1 1 ) a& b C on tex t a nd Associa ted F inds P r incess S tree t 1 939 ; t he s i te was t o t he e as t o ft he o ld l ine o f C rook S tree t wh ich c on t inued t hrough t o P r incess S tree t , n ow t he p os i t ion o ft he n ew Marke t H a l l a nd C ounci l O f f ices . ' I n e xp loring t he " Pr incess S tree t s lu m c learance a rea" i n 1 939 , o ne o f o ur c uts i n tersec ted a d u mp o f r efuse , e v iden t ly t he was te f rom ap ipe makers ' k i ln .

I n i t were f ound o ver 1 00 u nused c lay t obacco p ipes ;

s evera l c hunks o fu nburn t p ipe-c lay s o me w i th b i ts o fp ipe s hanks embedded i n t he m .

P o t tery s herds f ound i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th t he p ipes c ons isted o f

f ragments o f d ishes d ecora ted w i th a pp l ied s l ip , a nd t here was o ne s herd b e long ing t o ad rug j ar o fd ecora ted De lf t ware .

Ev iden t ly t hese s herds

were l a id d own a t t he s ame t ime a s t he t obacco p ipes ....

Th ir teen o f t he

p ipes were s tamped w i th s ix d if feren t p o t ters ' marks; t he r es t w ere u ns ta mped . We f ound n o t race o f t he k i ln b ut i t mus t h ave b een i n c lose p rox imi ty t o t he d u mp —probab ly n earer t o t he C rook S tree t f ron tage .' l i t t .; c .

R . N ews tead , 1 0 th O c t . 1 939 )

Descr ip t ion o f P ipes : S tamped f rag men ts .

C ompr ising t he c o l lec t ions o f t he G rosvenor Museu m ,

t he B ro mborough H is tor ica l S ocie ty a nd Merseys ide C oun ty Museu ms . I l lus . N o .

Base S tamp N o .

B ow l F or m

B ore Mes . ( 64 ths )

1

3 7 :NE .1

1 5

7

2

3 7 :NE .1

1 4

7

3

4 4 :SE . 1

1 2

7

4

4 5 :SE . 2

5

4 6 :SE . 3

6

4 6 :SE .3

1 6

5

7

5 2 :EG . 3

3 0

7

8

7 0 :AL . 9

3 1

7

9

7 1 :AL .10

3 8

7

1 0

?AL

2 9

-

1 1

1 00 :E EVANS

4 1

7

1 2

1 04 :RM . 1

M37

7

M63

7

1 3

1 05 :RM .2

1 4

Ova l ' Ches ter '

6

6

2 3

6

M iss ing f ragmen t

S tamp & b orders There i s p ar t o f a n u nc lass if iab le b ase s tamp o n ab ow l ( t ype 2 9 ) i n t he B ro mborough S oc ie ty c o l lec t ion wh ich may b e a n AL ( no . 1 0 ) . I n a dd i t ion t here was a pparen t ly a s tem f rag men t f ound ( i l lus tra ted , n o . 1 4 ) d ecorat ed w i th a n o va l C hes ter s ta mp a nd t wo b orders ; n o . 3 9 may b e o ne o f t he m , t he o ther c on ta ins t he i n i t ia ls ' R . M .'

U nfor tuna te ly , t he f rag-

men t i s i n p r iva te ownersh ip 0 i 2l i t t ' . Anderson , 1 949;

S pence , 1 942 ,

5 3 ) i th as n o t b een t raced a nd t here a re n o o ther e xa mp les k nown o f t h is C hes ter s ta mp a nd b order . 6 2

r econstr .

C 1

C . C )

7 I

0

1 1

00

C9

6 3

1 5-35 ( 1640-80 )

7 1 '

C V

C Z r I

r I

E I

C Z

C V

C l

6 4

c r . ) C e J

0 0

‚ e t

G roup I V , n os .

L CZ

b i )

r ' D

6 5

e c z

00

e i n

6 6

C . Z

C-J L ' D

c o

O C

6 7

G roup I V , n os .

C • 1

0

c l 1 4 t • •

0 r 1

Z . Z C D

Group IV , n os . 9 3-107 ( 1640-80 )

1!

0.3

1 4

C T Z

C ' D

C " Z C Y D

6 8

G roup I V , n os .

C \ 1 , I r i

6 9

1 8th c en tury p ipes

C ' J T 1 i 1

U ns tamped B ow ls 1 7 ;

1 4-19 - 8 ;

2 8, 3 2 & 4 3 =4 ;

4 1 & 7 1 =1 6; 6 3 =2 2;

5 . 3 ,

2 0-22 , 2 6, 2 7 , 3 1 , 4 0 &4 7= 6 ; 2 3-25, 3 0=

2 9 =1 4 ;3 3 , 3 4 & 5 5 =9 ;

3 7, 4 2 , 4 9 & ? 79 = 1 0 ; 5 4 &6 9 =3 2;

5 6 -2 8;

6 7 , 7 0 &7 4 =2 1;

6 1 , 6 8 & 7 5 =3 5 ;

7 8 =3 1 : . 8 1 =3 3;

8 2 =3 7;

9 4 & 1 00 - 5 5; 1 04 = 5 8;

3 8 , 3 9 , 5 0-52 = 2 0 ; 5 7-59 - 1 3;

6 0 =1 8;

7 2 =5 ; 7 3 =1 2;

8 3 , 8 8-90 = 5 4; 8 4 =4 9;

9 1 & 9 2 =5 0 ;

1 05 & 1 06 = 5 7;

3 5 &4 8 =7 ;

9 5 =6 1;

9 6 =6 2;

1 07 & 1 08 = 8 2;

3 6 =1 5; 4 4-46 , 6 2 &

6 4 =2 3;

6 5-

7 6 =2 4 ; 7 7 =4 0 ; 8 5 =4 8; 8 6 , 8 7 , 9 3 ,

9 7-99 , 1 01-103 = 5 6;

1 09 & ? 110 = 8 3;

1 11 = 9 1;

1 12 = ? 94 . S o me p ipes h ave a pparen t ly b een u sed ( nos . 1 9 , 2 3, 3 8 , 4 1, 5 0 , 5 4 , 5 6, 5 9 , 6 1, 6 3 , 6 5 , 7 4 , 7 5 , 7 8 , 8 5 , 1 08) b ut t he ma jori ty a re u nused a nd many a re was ters w i th d oub le b ores , h o les i n b ow l wa l ls a nd s of t p o wdery f abrics . d .

S te m B ore R esu lts : T o ta l n u mber o f measured s te ms = 1 11 Mean b ore d ia me ter - 6 .5 94/64 ths B ore d a te ( B inford ) =1 679 .54

e .

Da ting: F ro m t he d escrip t ion o f t he f i nds a nd wha t h as s urv ived i n t he G rosvenor Museu m , Merseyside Museu ms a nd i n t he B ro mborough S ocie ty c ol lect ions o ne c an o n ly s ugges t ap robab le d a te r ange f or t he b ulk o f t h is ma teria l o f c . 1 640 t o 1 680 , w i th a f ew 1 8th c entury p ipes .

f .

B ib liography : N ews tead , & Droop , 1 942 .

7 0

GROUP V ( f igs . 1 2 a nd 1 3 ) a .

C on tex t : C rook S tree t 1 973-4 .

R ubbish p i t .

T rench I .F . 1 28B .

C u ts p i t F . 1 34 ;

c u t b y F . 1 24 . ( Groups Iß V I I I r espec t ive ly ) . b .

A ssocia ted F inds : Wh i te t i n g lazed e ar thenware ( a lso i n F . 1 24 ) , 'M id land Y e l low ' ware ; s l ipware p la tes a nd o ne h o l low-ware v esse l ( a lso i n F . 1 34 ) , b lack g lazed r ed a nd p urp le wares i nc luding t ygs ; u ng lazed e ar thenware . N u merous f rag men ts o f mou lded g reen W a ldg las ' b eakers ( one a lso i n F . 1 34 B ) , p la in b lown v esse ls a nd p ar ts o f t wo d r ink ing g lasses w i th mou lded k nops .

C .

Descr ip t ion o f P ipes : S ta mped f ragmen ts i l lus . N o .

S F N o .

Base S tamp N o .

B ow l F orm

B ore Mes . ( 64 ths )

1

2 93

2 2 :HB . 1

2

9 57

7 0 :AL . 9

3 6

6

3

2 92

7 1 :AL .10

3 1

7

Uns tamped B ow ls

4=3 1 ;

1 4 , 1 8 , 2 0 &2 1 =5 8;

R a inford t ype

5& 6 = 2 5 ; 7=5 5 ;

1 2 =5 1;

6

8 , 9& 1 3 =5 4 ;

1 5 , 1 6 &2 4 =6 0 ;

1 7 =5 6;

1 0 =5 2 ;

1 9 =61;

2 2 ,

2 3 , 2 5 &2 6 =5 9; 2 7 =5 7 . d .

S te m B ore R esu l ts : T ota l n u mber o f measured s te ms = 1 49 Mean b ore :

6 .9 92/64 ths

B ore d a te ( B inford ) =1 664 . 3 4 e .

Da t ing : A lthough t he d r ink ing g lasses may h ave s urv ived f ro m t he b eg inning o f t he c entury t he b u lk o f ma ter ia l i n t h is g roup d a tes f ro m 1 650-1670 .

T he

measure ment a nd b ow l f or m p rogress ion w ou ld a ppear t o f i t we l l w i th t h is d a te . f .

B ib liography : Davey , 1 975 , 2 9-34 .

7 1

1 1 ,

O C

7 "

Group V , n os .

C ' ^

Z O

C V

i n C ' Z

7 2

N C •1

N 1 1

C i n C V

C V

c \ I

C l

7 3

G roup V , n os .

o

GROUP V I ( f ig . 1 4 ) a .

C on tex t : G oss S tree t 1 973 .

b .

Ash P i t .

T rench A . 5F .19 .

S ea led b y A .3 & A . 4 .

Assoc ia ted F inds : T in g lazed e ar thenware ;

s l ipwares , mos t ly t hrown h o l low- wares a nd

d ishes w i th o ne b a t- mou lded d ish ; b lack g lazed r ed a nd p urp le w ares; b rown g lazed r ed wares ; t wo mot t led ware v esse ls ; t wo o r t hree ' Not t ingha m ' t ype f i ne b rown s toneware v esse ls ; o ne f i ne ly made b lack g lazed b uf fware d ish a nd f rag men ts f ro m o ne o r t wo ' Be l lar mine ' t ype F rechen s toneware j ugs .

F rag men ts o fg lass f lasks a nd/or d r ink ing

v esse ls . c .

Descr ip t ion o f P ipes : T here a re n o s tamped p ipes i n t h is g roup . U ns tamped b ow ls 9= 6 1;

d .

1= 3 8;

1 0 & 1 1 =5 6;

2= 5 0 ;

3 , 5& 8= 5 5;

4= 5 4;

6=5 2 ; 7= 4 6;

1 2 =5 7 .

S te m B ore R esu lts : T ota l n u mber o f measured s te ms = 9 5 Mean b ore d iame ter = 6 .8 42/64 ths B ore d a te ( B inford ) = 1 670 . 0 8

e .

Da t ing : T he p ot tery r anges i n d a te f ro m c . 1 650 t o 1 700-1710 b ut t he ma jori ty o f v esse ls f a l l i n to ag roup d a t ing c . 1 650 t o 1 680 .

Th is c o incides w i th t he

s tem b ore p rof i le , wh ich a lso i nd ica tes s o me l a ter a c t iv i ty . f .

B ib l iography : Davey , 1 975 , 2 9-34 .

7 4

C C

• 1

C _ 7 3

7 5

GROUP V I I ( f ig . 1 5 ) a .

C on tex t : C rook S tree t 1 973-4 .

b .

R ubb ish p i t .

T rench I .F . 1 32 .

C uts l ayer I .9 6 .

Assoc ia ted F inds : M id land p urp le wares ;

o ne o r t wo f ragmen ts o f ' M id land Y e l low ' ware ;

s l ipwares , b rown g lazed r ed wares , b lack g lazed r ed wares i nc luding t ygs . c .

H ear t s haped b ronze t oken d a ted 1 668 .

Descr ip t ion o f P ipes : T here a re n o s tamped p ipes i n t h is g roup . U ns tamped B ow ls 1 0-12 = 6 2 ;

d .

1& 2= 5 3;

1 3 , 1 5 =6 1;

3 , 4& 1 8 =5 8;

5 , 7 -9 = 5 6 ; 6 , 1 6 & 1 7 =6 0 ;

1 4 =5 9 .

S te m B ore R esu lts : T ota l N o . measurab le s te ms = 1 47 Mean b ore d ia me ter = 7 . 0 95/64 ths B ore d a te = 1 660 . 4 0

e .

Da t ing : O n ly a f ew f ragmen ts l ook e ar lier t han 1 650 :

p ar t o f a n e ar ly 1 7th c en tury

t yg , a nd p oss ib ly t he ' M id land Y e l low ' ware .

Mos t o f t he s l ipware s herds

a re f ro m t hrown d ishes w i th j us t o ne f ragmen t f ro m a p ress-mou lded v esse l . f .

R ange c . 1 660-1680 .

B ib l iography : Davey , 1 975 , 2 9-34 .

7 6

C ) C \ 1 C . Z

C Z '

0

' C Z

C \1

0

7 7

GROUP V I I I ( f ig . 1 6) a .

C on tex t : C rook S tree t 1 973-4 .

R ubb ish P i t .

T rench I . F .124 .

S ea led b y l ayer

1 .7; c u ts F . 1 34 & F .128 . b .

A ssocia ted F inds: Wh i te t i n-g lazed ware ( a lso i n F . 1 28B ) ; g lazed r ed a nd p urp le wares ; r ed wares .

c .

' M id land Y e l low ' ware ; b lack

s l ipwares , mos t ly d ishes ;

G reen g lass w ine b ot t le f ragmen t .

Descr ip t ion o f P ipes : T here a re n o s tamped p ipes i n t h is g roup . U ns ta mped B ow ls

d .

1= 5 4 ;

2& 3= 6 9 ;

4= 6 8 .

S te m B ore R esu lts : T o ta l n u mber o f measured s tems= 3 1 Mean b ore d iame ter = 6 .9 03/64 ths B ore d a te ( B inford ) =1 667 .73

e .

Da ting : The p ot tery r anges i n d a te f ro m a bou t 1 660 t o 1 690 .

7 8

b rown g lazed

14

7 9 1 -4 ( 1660 w90 )

GROUP a a .

( f ig . 1 7)

C on tex t : T r in i ty S tree t 1 953 .

b .

R ubb ish p i t .

Assoc ia ted F inds : Q uan t i t ies o fp ot tery a nd g lass i nc lud ing Ch inese p orce la in , t i n-g lazed e ar thenware , E ng l ish b rown a nd wh i te d ipped s a l t-g lazed s toneware a nd a sma l l amoun t o f wh i te s a l t-g lazed s toneware p roper ; mot t led w are , s l ipwares i nc lud ing ' choco la te ' s l ip d ipped d ishes a nd d rinking v esse ls ,

•

s l ip t ra i led o pen wares a nd b lack g lazed v esse ls f ro m B uck ley ; an u mber o f w ine b o t t les a nd f i ne d r ink ing g lass f ragmen ts .

c .

Descrip t ion o f P ipes : S tamped f rag men ts Webs ter & Bar ton , 1 957 , f i g . 1 , n o :

S tamp N o .

7

L ozenge 5

1 1 b e low )

S p ira l

B ow l

B ore Mes .

N o .

f or m

( 6 4 ths )

-

-

6.

-

-

?

-

' E l ias

( no t t raced , s ee

B order N o .

' P innac le-

Massey '

& Do t '

L ozenge

d es ign

2

R ound 8

2 2

-

-

6

6

O c t 7

4 8

-

-

5

6 a

Oc t 8

4 9

-

-

6

5

?Oc t 1 2

5 2

-

-

?

3

O c t 1 4

5 0

-

-

6

4

O va l 1 3

5 2 &5 3

-

-

5

O va l 2 3

5 0

-

( no t t raced)

-

s ee f ig . 5 5 ,2 ) 1

O va l 5 8

7 4 ;

-

-

6

4

-

6

-

-

6

—

_

7

5 2 5 3

_

_

5 5

1 20

-

-

6

-

-

-

-

5 0

-

-

-

-

2 2 & 1 21

1= 9 ; 2= 6 5 ; 3= 6 9 ;

1 0 =8 5 ;

1 1 =? 76;

1 x7

5 0

-

8=7 9 ;

2 x6;

2 3

8

U ns tamped B ow ls

l x73

,

1 2 =8 3 ;

4 =7 2 ;

5= 7 3; 6 = 7 5 ; 7=

1 3 =84 .

N o . 9i s t he d raw ing t ha t was p ub l ished i n Webs ter & Bar ton , 1 957 , n o . 1 1 , o ft he miss ing E l ias Massey s tamp a nd a cco mpany ing b order . d .

S tem B ore R esu lts : T o ta l n u mber o f measured s te ms = 4 5 ( m inus t wo miss ing f rag men ts ) Mean b ore d iame ter = 5 .7 77/64 ths B ore d a te ( B inford ) =1 710 . 7 9 Mean b order w idth = 9 . 4m m ( range :

8 0

7 . 0 -13 . 5m m )

‘ 1 "

8 1

e .

Da t ing.: T he f i nds r ange i n d a te f ro m c . 1 690 w i th ap robab le f i na l d a te f or t he u se o f t he p i t s o me t ime i n t he 1 720s , t he b u lk o f t he p o t tery a nd p ipes h owever , f a l l i n to ag roup d a t ing f ro m C . 1 710 t o 1 720 .

f .

B ib l iography : Webs ter a nd B ar ton , 1 957 , 1 9-28 . Mean b order w id th = 9 . 4m m ( range :

7 . 0 -13 .5 m m ) .

GROUP X ( f ig . 1 5 ) a .

C on tex t: A rrowcrof t ( Char les J ames ) 1 978 , T r ia l H o le N o .

b .

F 3 .

A ssoc ia ted F inds : Wh i te t i n-g lazed e ar thenware , p ress- mou lded s l ipware a nd o ne o r two t hrown s l ipware d ishes , N ot t ingham t ype s toneware a nd wh i te d ipped s a l t-g lazed s toneware , ' choco la te ' d ipped s l ipware a nd b lack a nd b rown g lazed r edwares .

c .

D escrip t ion o f P ipes : S tamped f rag men ts S F N o .

S tamp N o .

B order N o .

B ore Mes .

2

Ova l 1

1 02

5

3

Ova l 5 4

1 6

6

4

Ova l 5 9

6 6 5

5

5

U ns tamped B ow ls

1& ? 9 =7 5 ;

1 0 =? 76;

1 2 =? 69;

1 1 =9 4 ;

( 64 ths )

2 , ? 3 & ? 4 =7 6;

1 3 =? 77;

6= ? 82; 7 & 8 = ? 84 ;

1 4= ? 83 .

N o . 5i s at rim med-down p ipe s tem f ragmen t p erhaps u sed a s aw igc ur ler ( p . 2 63 , 5 ) d .

S te m B ore R esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber o f measured s te ms = 1 11 Mean b ore d ia me ter B ore d a te ( B inford ) =1 733 Mean b order w id th = 1 3 . 0m m ( range : 6 . 022 . 0m m )

e .

Da t ing T he b u lk o ft he p ot tery d a tes f ro m a bout 1 710 w i th a p robab le e nd d a te i n t he 1 730s wh ich a grees f a ir ly we l l w i th t he s tem b ore d a te .

8 2

D C ,

r 4

Cl

L e z

8 3

GROUP X I ( f igs . 1 9 t o 2 2 ) a .

C on tex t: L ower B ridge S tree t 1 974-5 .

b .

Ar ubb ish p i t Trench 1 .107 .

F . 1 17 .

Associa ted F inds: T in-g lazed e ar thenware ;

al arge n u mber o fp ress- moulded s l ipware d ishes ;

mot t led wares ; ' choco la te ' d ipped wares;

f i ne a ga te wares; f i ne b rown

g lazed r ed ware ; b lack g lazed r ed wares , f rag ments o f ' Not t ingham ' a nd S taf fordsh ire b rown s toneware t ankards a nd b ow ls , a nd g lass b ott le f rag men ts i nc lud ing a n i mpressed ' sea l ' f rom t he wa l l o f aw ine b ott le d ep icting a t a lbo t w i th in a b order o fp e l lets ( SF . 8 8; c .

s ee Oct . 1b e low ) .

Descrip t ion o f P ipes: S tamped f ragmen ts SF No . 8 9

S tamp N o . 9 5 :C W

B order N o .

S pira lN o .

B ow l F or m

-

B rose ley

-

( f ig . 4 5 )

B ore Mes . ( 64ths ) 7

t ype

5 96

Oc t . 1

-

-

-

9 0

Oc t . 1 2

8 4

-

-

5

7 7

Ova l 5 1

5 6

-

-

5

7 8 7 5 7 6

( f ig . 6 1 , 4 ) ( f ig . 6 1 , 7 )

7 0

-

8 6 9 5

1 -

6

-

5

8 6 9 2

6 5

9 1

-

9 5

-

_

5

8 1

-

1 08

-

_

5

U ns tamped B ow ls 2- 8 1; 3 & 4 = 8 5 ; 5& 9 =84; ? 6 , 2 3 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 7 & ? 19 = 9 3; 3 2 &3 4 =8 8; d .

? 24 , 2 5 & 2 6 =8 6;

1 4 , 1 5 & 2 1 =9 4 ;

1 8 , 2 0 & 2 2 =9 2;

2 9 , 3 3 , 3 5 & 3 6, 3 8 &3 9 =8 1 ;

3 7 =9 1;

7 =8 3;

8=8 2;

2 7 , 2 8, 3 0-

4 0-43 = 9 0 .

S te m Bore R esu lts : T o ta l n u mber o f measured s te ms = 1 08 Mean b ore d iame ter = 5 .3 33/64 ths B ore d a te ( B inford ) =1 727 .81 Mean b order w id th = 1 7 .3 m m ( range :

e .

1 2 .5 - 2 8 . 5 m m.

Da ting : The p ot tery a nd g lass r anges i n d a te f ro m a bou t 1 710 , most o ft he ma teria l f a l ling i n to a g roup d a ting f ro m a bout 1 720-30 w i th a p ossib le e nd d a te f or t he g roup n earer 1 740 .

f .

B ib l iography : Davey , 1 975 , 2 9-34 .

8 4

7 1 :

Group X I , n os .

1 720-c . 1 740 )

t r :

8 5

e— I

CV

8 6 • t , 1 D

Group XI , n os .

( 1720-c . _

1 740 )

C • 1

c l

14

7;

( 1720-c . 1 740 )

c l

0

c l

C . 1 C

C • I

8 7

7 f1

3 3-43 ( 1720-c . 1 740 )

7 f4

C l ) 0

Z 2 4 0 C . D c l c l

8 8

GROUP X I I ( f igs . 2 3 t o 2 6 ) a .

Con tex t: Hun ters Wa lk 1 978 .

T ria l H o le N o . 4 ; d isc losed p ar t o f ap i t w i th n o

c on tex tura l o r s tra t igraph ic r e la t ionsh ips . b .

T he p i t was n o t emp t ied .

Assoc ia ted F inds; Cons iderab le q uan t i t ies o fp o t tery a nd g lass a nd s o me a n ima l b one i nc lud ing at in-g lazed e ar thenware j ar d rug d a ted 1 667 , mo t t led ware t ankards a nd c ups , s l ipware p la tes , b lack g lazed wares , c hoco la te d ipped ware , c rea mware , wh i te s a l t-g lazed s toneware , p orce la in , w ine b ot t les a nd t wo d rinki ng g lasses .

c .

Descr ip t ion o f P ipes : S ta mped f ragmen ts I l lus . N o . f ig .

SF N o .

S tamp N o .

B order N o .

B ow l F or m

-

-

Ova l 2

2x 9 8

-

_

_

Ova l 3 8

1x 1 08

-

-

B ore Mes . ( 64 ths )

5

-

Ova l 3 8

9 8 & 1 07

1 0 _

3& 4 _

Ova l 3 8 -

1 6 x1 07 -

2x9 8 ( 1 i l lus ) 1x 9 4

2x 4 1 4 x5

1 3

-

-

1 3 x9 7

3x 9 4 (1 i l lus )

1 3 x5

1 4

-

-

4x 9 8

1x 9 4

1 6

_

-

-

1x 9 6

_

-

3x 9 9 1 0 x1 07

-

2x 5 1x 4 ;

-

9x 5 7x 5

_ _ _

_

Uns tamped B ow ls :

-

1= 5 6;

7x 1 08

2=9 1;

-

2x 5 5

1x 4 1x 4 ;

2x 5

4 -6 , 8 , 9 , 1 1 , 1 4-16 , 1 8-20 , 2 3 , 2 4 , 2 6,

2 7, 2 9 , 3 0 , 3 2 , 3 4 &3 9 =9 3; 7 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 2 5 &3 1 =9 4 .

d .

S te m B ore R esu l ts : T ota l n u mber o f measured s te ms = 2 29 Mean b ore d ia me ter = 4 .8 27/64 ths Bore d a te ( B inford ) = 1 747 .16 Mean b order w id th = 2 2 . 3m m ( range 1 8 . 0 -28 . 5m m ) .

e .

Da ting: A lthough t he p i t c on ta ined p ot tery r ang ing f ro m 1 667 t o C . 1 770 , t he b u lk f e l l i n to a g roup d a t ing 1 740-1770 wh ich a grees we l l w i th t he s te m b ore d a te . I ti s l ike ly t ha t w i th t he e xcep t ionof N os . 1& 2a bove t he p ipes b e long t o t he s ame p er iod .

8 9

rI

c

N -

C V

z . v

9 0

g r 4

e1

C l

r.

9 1

L C C V

D O CV

t C"

C V

C V

9 2

2 1-30 ( 1740-1770 )

C V

7 7 ,

7 1 ;

C ' D

9 3

GROUP X I I I ( f ig . 2 7 ) a .

C on tex t : N or thga te B rewery P hase I1 972-73 .

b .

R ubb ish P i t A rea 0 03 I . 7 -9 .

A ssocia ted F inds : Q uan t i t ies o fg lass a nd p o t tery , i nc luding c reamwares , f ine w h i te s a ltg lazed s tonewares , E ng l ish a nd C h inese p orce la in , B uck ley s l ipware a nd i ron g lazed e ar thenwares .

c .

D escr ipt ion o f P ipes : S tamped f rag men ts SF N o . S tamp N o .

B order N o .

S p ira l N o .

B ore Mes . ( 64 ths )

4 98

Ova l 3 7

-

7

5

5 37

O va l 4 0

1 01

-

6

2 14 ,217 &2 18 Ova l 5 2

1 06

-

3x 5

2 15

-

1 00

_

5

5 12

-

1 05

-

5

1 07

-

5

2 16 U ns tamped B ow ls

1= 9 1 ; 2& 3= 9 7 ; 4= 9 8 ; 5= 9 9 ; 610 = 1 00 ; d .

1 1 & 1 2 =1 01 .

S te m B ore R esu lts : T o ta l n u mber o f measured s te ms = 1 41 Mean b ore d iame ter = 5 .0 28/64 ths B ore d a te ( B inford ) =1 739 . 4 7 Mean b order w id th = 2 3 .2 m m ( range :

e .

1 8 . 0- 2 8 .5 m m )

Da ting: A s t he p o t tery a nd g lass i nd ica tes a r ange o f c . 1 750-90 t he s tem b ore d a te i s s ign if ican t ly t oo o ld .

f .

B ib l iography ; Davey , 1 975 , 2 9-34 .

9 4

C • 1

rJ

C • 1

0 0

1 1

9 5

GROUP X IV ( f ig . 2 5 ) a .

C on tex t. G oss S tree t 1 973 .

b .

L arge r ubb ish p i t .

T rench A . 6 9 .

A ssoc ia ted f i nds: E ng l ish t in-g lazed e ar thenware , p orce la in a nd b one c h ina; c reamware a nd p ear l g lazed e ar thenware ; b rown g lazed s tonewares , b lack g lazed r edwares a nd a f ragmen t o f c h inese p orce la in .

Q uan t i ty o f g reen g lass

w ine b o t t les . C .

Descr ipt ion o f P ipes : D ecora ted B ow ls I l lus . N o .

S F N o .

1

3 00

2& 3 U ndecora ted B ow ls d .

Decora t ion N o .

B ow l F or m

B ore Mes . ( 6 4 ths )

5

1 00

5

1

2x 1 04

1x 4

4 -6 = 1 01

S te m b ore r esu l ts T o ta l n u mber o f measured s te ms = 1 24 Mean b ore d iame ter = 4 .5 08 B ore d a te ( B inford ) =1 759 . 3 7

e .

Da ting: T he b ulk o f t he p o t tery a nd g lass f a l ls i n to a g roup d a t ing f ro m a bout 1 810 t o 1 840 mak ing t he s te m b ore d a te a pprox i ma te ly 8 0 y ears t oo o ld .

f .

B ib l iography: Davey , 1 975 , 2 4-34 .

9 6

00 0

k , 0 0 • 2

9 7

G roup X IV , n os .

L 'D

GROUP XV ( f ig . 2 9 ) a .

C on tex t: T he ' Ro man G arden ', e as t s ide o f t he Newga te .

F inds c ame f rom a

c ab le t rench . b .

Associa ted F inds : P ear l-g lazed e ar thenware , b one c h ina a nd l a te ?Buck ley s lipware .

c .

Descrip t ion o f P ipes : Decora ted f rag men ts

S pur Mark/

I l lus . N o .

Decora t ion No .

1

BW 3 ;

2

B ow l F or m

3

-3

Bore Mes . ( 64 ths )

1 03

4

1 03

5

3

WB 1 ;

-

1 07

5

8& 9

WB 5 ;

-

?

2x 5

f ig . 6 8 , 1 . ( p . 1 99) [ FIT ] ZGERALD . CHESTER Undecora ted/Le t tered f rag men ts

4 & 5= 1 07;

1 0 = ? ;

5 6& 7a re e xamp les

o f af or m n ot e xc lusive t o Ches ter . d .

S te m B ore R esu lts : T ota l n u mber o f s te ms measured = 1 5 Mean b ore d ia me ter = 4 .800 B ore d a te ( B inford ) =1 ' 748 .20

e .

Da t ing: T he p ot tery was a l l d eposi ted i n t he 1 9th c en tury s o me t ime af ter a bout 1 810 .

AJ ames F i tzgera ld i s k nown t o h ave b een manufacturing p ipes o n

t he s i te 1 814 t o 1 840 ( p .237 ) a nd Wi l lia m B oyn ton 's f ac tory f ro m 1 870 t o 1 916 ( p .230 ) .

The s te m b ore d a te i s t herefore 1 00 y ears o r more t oo

e ar ly . f .

B ib l iography : Davey ,

1 974a , 3 7-38, f i g . 1 2 .

9 8

, 7 1

G roup XV , n os .

1 820-1900 )

0

14

9 9

CORPUS OF BOWL BASE AND BOWL S TAMPS ( f igs . 3 0 t o 4 9 )

1 7 th C en tury B ow l S ta mps 1 620-80 Rela t ively f ew 1 7 th c en tury C hester p ipes a re s ta mped . f or e xamp le ,on ly 1 % o f r ecogn isable b ow ls were marked.

A t Abbey Green

O f t he 1 7 th c en tury

ma ter ia l c on ta ined i n Groups I -VI I I , 2 9 o u t o f 2 15 ( 13% ) a re s ta mped. I f p ipes p re-1650 a re c ons idered ( Groups I I I I ), h owever , 1 2 o u t o f 3 9 ( 31 % ) a re marked , wh ile t hose d a t ing f ro m 1 660-80 ( Groups V-VII I ) a re f ar l ess f requent ly marked ;

o n ly 3 o u t o f 6 1 e xa mp les b e ing s tamped ( 5% ) a nd t hese a re g roups

c hosen f or t he ir v ar iety a s wel l a s a pparen t i n tegr i ty .

T h is may r ef lec t t he

g radua l e stabl ish men t o f t he i ndustry i n C hester a s d ur ing t he L at ter p er iod p ipe makers b egan t o b e a ss im i la ted i n to t he Freedo m s yste m a nd s o , p oss ibly h ad l ess n eed t o i den t ify t he ir i nd iv idua l p roduc ts.

These d if ferences a lso

r ef lec t t he f ac t t ha t t he ma jor i ty o f a l l s ta mps a re o n t he b ases o f t he b owls ( i .e. i n g enera l t he e arl ier f or ms ) wh i le marks o n t he b ow l , f ac ing t he smoker , a re e x tre mely r are. Most o f t he s tamps h ave i n terna l b orders c ons ist ing o f r ope , p e l le t o r p la in r ibbon d es igns.

T he ma jor i ty a lso h ave f inely c u t l e t ter ing a l arge n umber

s er if a nd s ans-ser if .

There a re v ery f ew l arge s ta mps.

Where t hese o ccur

t hey t end t o b e t he c rudest b oth i n t er ms o f d es ign a nd e xecu t ion.

T here a re

n o i ncuse t ypes a nd n o s ta mps a t a l l l a ter t han a round 1 680. S ta mps o n t he b ase o f t he b ow l T hese a re t he e ar l iest t ypes wh ich o ccur a nd c ons ist o f r el ief l e t ter ing w i th in a v ar ie ty o f h ear t , s h ield a nd c ircular f rames.

The e ar l iest p robably

c opy s ou thern ( ?London ) e xe mp lars a nd s o me e xamp les ( e .g. f ig. 3 2 , n o.17 ) c ou ld b e e i ther f ro m L ondon i t self o r t he v ery f i rs t c op ies made i n C hester. The f i rst g roup o f s ta mps , p art icu larly t hose a ssoc ia ted w i th NE a n t i S E marks a re d om ina ted b y s h ield a nd h ear t d esigns , t hough c ircu lar f ra mes a re f ound . Fro m a bou t 1 650 t he c ircu lar f ra me b eco mes d om inan t , t hough h ear t-shaped f ra mes d o o ccur o n l a ter AL s ta mps ( f ig. 4 2 AL :14, s ta mp 7 5 ) a nd a s ingle f l eur-delys i n al ozenge f rame o ccurs o n ab ow l o f c . 1 660-1680 ( f ig . 3 2, n o. 1 8 ).

The AL s ta mps, 1 4 i n n u mber , p ose a s pec ia l p roble m o f c hronology

a nd t ypology . 1 630-1670.

G iven t he b ow l f or ms r epresen ted t hey r ange i n d a te f rom c .

Un for tuna tely many o f t he s ta mps o ccur w ith a v ar iety o fb ow ls,

s o t here i s o bv iously a c ons iderable o ver lap b e tween t he u se o f i nd iv idua l s ta mps a nd t he l i fe o f i nd iv idua l b ow ls.

I f , h owever , t he n umbers o f s ta mps

a ssoc ia ted w i th e ach b ow l t ype i s t abul a ted a ga inst t he a pprox i ma te c hronolo-

1 00

g ica l o rder o fb ow l f orms ( Diag.

2 ) ,

i tb eco mes c lear t ha t s o me o f t he

s tamps, s uch a s 3a nd 2 a re l ikely t o b e e ar ly , wh ile o thers , s uch a s 3 2, 3 5, 3 6 &3 7 a re a lmost c erta in ly l a te.

The ma jority e xh ib i t c onsiderab le o ver lap .

I t s ee ms p robable t ha t an umber o f s ta mps a nd a n umber o f p ipe mou lds were i nu se t ogether o ver q u i te l ong p er iods o f t ime. D iagra m n o . 2 AL S ta mps 3 2 6 1 4

1

6

1

3

C l )

5

1

2 0

1 4

5 0

2 6

2

2 7

3

2 8 o

2 9 3 4

4

8 7 9 1 0

1 2

1 3

1 4

1

1 9 2 4 2 5

r z •

1

2 1 1

1

3 5 1 3

1 1 0 4

3

7

1

1

1

3 1

2

3 6

2

2

1

1

3 5

1

3 2 3 7

1

AL s ta mps a nd t he ir a ssoc ia ted b ow l f or ms.

The a ssu med t ime s ca le

r uns f ro m c 1 630 i n t he t op l e f t o f t he d iagra m t o c . 1 680 i n t he b ot to m r igh t. S ta mps o n t he b ow l f ac ing t he smoker. These a re v ery r are a nd a re f ound o n s purred a nd f l a t b ased f or ms.

The

s tamps o n t he s purred f or ms r ese mble t he c ockaded S ou th L ancash ire t ypes c o m mon i n t ha t a rea f ro m c . 1 650-80 ( e .g. f i g. 4 6, n os. 9 6 &9 7 ; n o. 1 07 ).

f i g. 4 8 ,

The z oo morph ic mot ifs o n t hese may wel lb e t he f ore-runners o f

s o me o f t he d esigns u sed o n l a ter s te m s ta mps ( e .g. f i g . 5 4, n o. 1 8 ; 5 5, n o. 3 3 ).

S im ilarly t he TN l ozenge s ta mp ( f ig .

f i g.

4 8 , n o. 1 06) may wel l

b e c on te mporary w i th a nd t he o r ig in f or t he more c o mp lex s te m d ecora t ion w i th f leur-de-lys , c rowns a nd i n i t ia ls. S ta mps a re n or ma l ly c ircu lar , o ne e xa mp le b eing d up l ica ted o n t he b ase ( f ig. 4 7 , n o. 1 01) a nd o n ly o ne b ear ing a f u l l n a me ( Edward Evans , f i g. 4 6, n o n o. 1 00 ).

Gaun t let ted s ta mps o n Broseleyesque f or ms a re a lso p robably

o f C hester manu facture , p ar t icu lar ly a s a t l east o ne o ccurs o n t he s a me b ow l a s a n AL b ase s tamp HSS 1 979 c f . f i g . 1 , n o . 4 4 ) .

O ther g aun t le t ted t ypes

a re k nown f ro m S hropsh ire ( c f . Thursf ie ld , 1 907 , 1 60-165 ) .

1 01

BO WL BASE S TA MPS I .

( f igs . 3 0 t o 4 5; a l l s ta mps i l lus tra ted

a nd 2 /1 )

I ncuse B ase S tamps ( f ig . 3 0 )

1 .

F leur-delys ; b urn ished ( 1 x5 /64") . 1 610 ( L n

2 .

S imi lar p ipe f ro m B ris to l ;

l i t t ., O swa ld , J anuary , 1 979 ) .

G love w i th d e ta i led i n ter ior ; a nd S a l isbury ;

( 1 x8 /64") .

SW . t ype ;

f ound i n L ondon AG 1 975-78 ,

S i mi lar s hape f ro m L ondon a nd Hu l l ;

1 650-70 C i a l i t t . ,O swa ld , J anuary , 1 979 ) . I ( 1 ) .

1 590-

CMS 1 955 .

1 640-60 C i a l i t t . ,O swa ld , J anuary , 1 979 ) .

3 . I mpressed f l ora l mo t if ;( 1 x7 /64") .

4 .

1/1

NP 1 963-64 .

U n let tered G eo me tr ic B ase S tamps ( f ig . 3 0 ) B ased o n as quare ; b urn ished ( 1 x5 /64") .

S im i lar p ipes f ro m L ondon

a nd i n T orquay Museu m ; 1 580-1610 ( l i t t ., O swa ld , J anuary , 1 979) . GFC 1 976-78 . 5 .

B ased o n al ozenge o r as quare ; b urn ished ( 1 x8 /64") . SW ; d up l ica te marks a lso f ound i n L ondon; J anuary , 1 979 ) .

6 .

CC 1 954,

7 .

•

S tar d es ign ; b urn ished ( 1 x8 /64") . O swa ld , J anuary , 1 979 ) .

I ( i i ) .

S . t ype , p oss .

1 590-1610 ( i n l i t t ., O swa ld ,

L ondon t ype ;

1 620-40 C i a l i t t . ,

U nprov . ( bu t p rob . f ound i n Ches ter ) .

' Whee l ' B ase S tamps ( f ig . 3 1 )

T en s poked whee l w i th p e l le ts , c ircu lar s tamp ; b urn ished ( 1 x8 /64") . E xa mp les f ro m L ondon ;

1 630-50 ( i n _ l i t t ., Oswa ld , J anuary , 1 979 ) .

LBS 1 974-75. 8 .

E igh t s poked whee l w i th p e l le ts , c ircu lar s tamp ; Widespread t ype ;

2b urn ished ( 4x8 /64") .

e xamp les f ro m L ondon , I psw ich , L incs . & Y orks . ;

1 630-50 ( l i t t . , O swa ld , J anuary , 1 979 ) .

NGS 1 955 ;

LBS 1 974-75 ( cf .

a lso G roup I p . 5 7) 9 .

E igh t s poked whee l a nd p e l le ts w i th in a b order , c ircu lar s ta mp ; b urn ished ( 1 x8 /64") . 1 979 ) .

1 0 .

E xamp les f ro m L ondon ;

1 630-50 L i a l i t t ., O swa ld , J anuary ,

NGB I 1 972-3 .

E igh t s poked whee l a nd p e l le ts w i th a s o l id c en tre ; b urn ished ( 1 x8 /64") . E xa mp les f ro m L ondon a nd E xe ter;

1 600-1630 ( L nl i t t ., O swa ld , J une 1 979 ) .

U nprov . 1 1 .

N ine s poked p la in whee l ; 3b urn ished ( 2 x6 /64";

1x 7 /64") .

E xamp les

f ro m Q ueensh i the a nd S teyning i n S ussex , a lso a n e xamp le o f t he mark f ro m C oven try ;

1 610-40 C i L i lit t ., O swa ld , J anuary , 1 979 ) .

PPS 1 941;

NGB I 1 972-73 . I ( i i i ) . 1 2 .

M isce l laneous U n le t tered B ase S tamps

C rossed k eys w i th in a c ircu lar s tamp ; b urn ished ( 1 x8 /64") . o r p oss . D utch .

1 3 .

( f ig . 3 2 ) S . t ype

PPS 1 941 .

C rown & s tar ( ?sun-burs t ) w i th in a d oub le b order , ac ircu lar s tamp ; ( 1 x8 /64") .

L ondon t ype ;

1 610-40 .

1 02

U nprov .

7Z

0 z 2 . 4 c i ) c d ; 4 C 1 )

Z./

C . D 1 : 3

C U "E1

1 . ) C l )

r • r •

1 03

•nm l l

e 1

e 4 . ), OfK-7 •• • • • 4

4 5 ü , t-

1 04

CI ) r1

Ci

1 05 M isce l laneous U n let tered B ase S tamps n os .

c C

1 4 .

T hree f l eur-delys o n ad ecora ted g round w i th in a p ear led b order , c ircu lar s tamp ; b urn ished ( 1 x9 /64") . V ery s im i lar t o a Dutch p ipe i n F riedr ich , 1 975 , p l . 1 6 , 3 3 ( i _ n l i t t . ,O swa ld , J anuary 1 979 ) . LBS 1 974-75 .

1 5 .

Ar unn ing a n ima l , p erhaps a f ox w i th in a c ircu lar s tamp ; b urn ished ( 1 x6 /64") ; B ow l F or m 2 5 ( m i l led ) . C hes ter ; 1 640-60 . Unprov .

1 6 .

Af ox ? passan t w i th a f l ower i n i t s mouth w i th in a h ear t-shaped s tamp ( 1 x8 /64") . S .W . t ype ; 1 640-60 . U nprov .

1 7 .

Ah ear t s hot t hrough b y t wo a rrows w i th f lames l eaping f ro m t he t op , w i th in a s h ie ld-shaped s ta mp ; b urn ished ( 1 x6 /64") ; p oss ib ly B ow l F or m 2 .

S im i lar p ipes f ro m L ondon L i n l i t t ., O swa ld , J anuary , 1 979 ) b ut t h is

may b e a n e ar ly C hes ter f or m ; 1 8 .

LBS 1 974-75 ( Group I , p . 5 7) .

F leur-delys w i th in a l ozenge-shaped s tamp ( s ee p . 5 8) ; b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64" ) ; B ow l F or m 4 5 ( m i l led ) . C hes ter ; maker u nknown ; 1 660-1680 .

1 9 .

c . 1 620-40 .

GFC 1 976-78 .

T hree p ara l le l l i nes s cored a cross t he b ase ; b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64") ; B ow l F or m 4 4 ( m i l led ) . S imi lar f or m t o a bove , C hes ter ; H ough & Davey 1 978 , F ig . 7 ,7 ) .

1 660-80 ( see

NGB I 1 974-75 .

I I .

L e t tered B ase S tamps i n A lphabe t ica l O rder ( f igs . 3 3 t o 4 9) .

2 0 .

E?;

c ircu lar s tamp w i th p ar t ia l ly o bscured l et ter ing ; b urn ished ( 1x7 /64" ) .

B rose ley t ype ; s im i lar b ow ls f ro m C arr ickfergus ( L n _ l i t t ., Oswa ld , J anuary , 1 979 ) ; 1 660-80 . AG 1 975-78 . 2 1 .

E?; c ircu lar s tamp w i th p ar t ia l ly o bscured l e t ter ing ; b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64" ) . B rose ley t ype ; J anuary , 1 979 );

2 2 .

s im i lar b ow l f ro m Wo lver ley , Warks . 1 660-80 .

HB( lig . )1 ; w i th p e l le ts w i th in a c ircu lar s tamp ; b urn ished ( 1 x6 /64") . Ra inford t ype ;

s im i lar p ipe f ro m W . B ro mw ich ;

J anuary , 1 979 ) . 2 3 .

( 1 . n _ l i t t ., O swa ld ,

NGB I1 972-73 .

1 640-60 ( I n _ l i t t ., Oswa ld ,

CRS 1 973-74 ( Group V , p . 7 1 ) .

HB ( l ig . )2 ; w i th in a t h in p la in b order , c ircu lar s tamp ;(1 x 7 /64" ) . f ord t ype ;

1 640-60 ( c f . Davey 1 978 , F ig . 3 , I ) .

Ra in-

U nprov . ( may n o t h ave

b een f ound i n Ches ter ) . 2 4 .

I B o r HB ( l ig .) ; w i th in a t h in p la in b order , c ircu lar s ta mp ; ( 1 x7 /64") .

U nknown t ype ;

1 690-1710 .

b urn ished

U nprov . ( may n o t h ave b een

f ound i n C hes ter ) . 2 5 .

I B ; w i th in a s erra ted b order , c ircular s tamp ; b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64") . R a inford t ype

2 6 .

MB ;

1 660-80 .

AG 1 975-78 .

l arge l et ters w i th in a p la in b order , c ircu lar s tamp ; b urnished

( 1x9 /64") . 1 681 ); 2 7 .

( Davey , 1 978 , F ig , 3 , J ) ;

S i mi lar b ow l f ound a t Wen lock ( M ichae l B roune work ing i n

C . 1 670 ( k k l i t t . ,Oswa ld , J anuary , 1 979 ) .

AG 1 975-78 .

BC . 1 ; sma l l l e t ters w i th h ear ts w i th in a c ircu lar s tamp ; b urn ished ( 1 x 8 /64") .

D up l ica te D utch p ipe i n F r iedrich , 1 975 , p l . 1 5 , 2 14 ;

l i t t ., O swa ld , J anuary , 1 979 ) .

1 06

LBS 1 974-75 .

1 620-25 ;

C N 1

1 07

2 8 .

BC . 2 ; l arge l e t ters w i th t reel ike o rna men t w i th in a t h in b order , o va l s tamp ; b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64") . B lack F riars , L ondon ;

D utch o r L ondonta p e ;

1 620-40 ( l a

s im i lar p ipe f ro m

l i t t ., O swa ld , J anuary 1 979 ) .

LBS

1 974-75 . 2 9 .

BC . 3 ; l arge l e t ters w i th f l eur-delys w i th in ab order , o va l s ta mp ; b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64") .

A s a bove ;

s imi lar p ipe f ro m Q ueensh i the , L ondon ;

1 620-40 ( i n _ l i t t . ,O swa ld , J anuary , 1 979 ) .

LBS 1 974-75 ( Group I , p . 5 7 ) .

3 0 .

BC .4 ; sma l ler l e t ters w i th a f ew p e l le ts w ith in a r agged b order , o va l s ta mp ; b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64" ) . D u tch o r L ondon t ype ; 1 620-40 . U nprov .

3 1 .

BC . 5 ; l arge l e t ters w i th n u merous p e l le ts w i th in ap la in b order , o va l s ta mp; b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64") .

3 2 .

D u tch o r L ondon t ype ;

S BC; f a ir ly l arge l et ters w i th a d ecora ted i n ter ior , o va l s ta mp ; b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64") .

L ondon ; p oss ib ly B e l ier S ackere l l 8 :w ife , w orking c . 1 634 ,

e xamp les f ro m L ondon , O akham C as t le & Car l is le ; O swa ld , J anuary , 1 979 ) . 3 3 .

1 620-40 . U nprov .

1 620-40

l i t t . ,

CRS 1 964 .

GC . 1 ; sma l l l et ters w i th a sma l l f l ower mo ti fw i th in a f a ir ly t h ick b order , c ircu lar s ta mp ; b urn ished ( 1 x8 /64") . f ro m L ondon ;

1 630-60

S . t ype ;

s i mi lar b ow ls a nd marks

l i t t . ,O swa ld , J anuary , 1 979 ) .

AG 1 975-78

( Group I I , p . 6 0 ) . 3 4 .

GC . 2 ; h ear t-shaped s tamp w i th f a ir ly t h ick l e t ter ing & a sma l l f l ower mot if 'w i th in a d oub le b order ;( 1 x7 /64") .

?NE o r S . t ype ;

a nd marks f ro m t he NE ., L incs . a nd L ondon ; J anuary , 1 979 ) . 3 5 .

GC . 3 ;

sma l l l e t ters w i th in a n i l l-def ined c ircu lar s tamp ; b urn ished

( 1 x6 /64") .

O swa ld

Y orks . ;1 640-60 . THO/DAR/KES ; ( 1 x7 /64") . U nprov . 3 7 .

1 640-60 ( i1l i t t ., O swa ld ,

AG 1 975-78 .

l i t t ., J anuary , 1 979 ) s ugges ts t ha t t he maker

moved N . f ro m t he L ondon & T ho mes a rea ;

3 6 .

s im i lar b ow ls

s imi lar mark a nd b ow l f ro m

LBS 1 974-75 . s quare s tamp , l et tering s epara ted b y b ars; b urn ished

B rose ley Maker ;

B ow l 1 680-1720 ( see A tk inson , 1 975 ,50 );

NE . 1 ; sma l l c ircu lar s tamp w i th f i ne l e t ter ing w i th in a s erra ted b order; a l l b urn ished •( i ) B ow lForm 1 5 ( 2,, c7 /94") ; 2x 7 /64") .

C hes ter ; maker u nknown ;

( i)For m 1 4 ( 1x6 /64" ;

1 630-50 .

PS 1 939 ( a ) ( Group I V

p . 6 2 NGB I1 972-73 , U nprov . 3 8 .

NE . 2 ;

s l igh t ly o va l s tamp w i th t h ick l et ter ing a nd t he b ase l ine o ft he ' E '

h as ak ink i n i t ; t h in p la in b order ; ( i i ) F or m 6 ( 2 x7 /64"; ( 1 x7 /64") . 3 9 .

NE . 3 ;

As a bove .

C ircu lar s tamp .

5b urn ished . ( i ) B ow l F or m 1 5 ( 1x7 /64" ) ;

1x 8 /64" );

( i i i ) F or m 4 ( 1 x7 /64") ;

( i v ) F or m 1

LBS 1 974-75 ( c f . G roup I ) , U nprov . T h in l e t ter ing ; t he ' N ' h as a b roken midd le b ar

a nd t here i s al ine j o in ing t he ' N ' t o t he ' E '; b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64" ) . F or m 5 . 4 0 .

A s a bove .

B ow l

LBS 1 974-75 .

NE . 4 ; p oin ted h ear t-shaped s tamp ; l arge l e t ters w i th t w is ted f o l iage b enea th ;

2b urn ished ( 3 x7 /64") ;

a l l B ow l F or m 5 .

7 5 ( 1 i l lus . ) , U nprov .

1 08

As a bove .

LBS 1 974-

C I :

( . •„ 1 / 4 5 . 1 • .1

7 H ,

C h\

C s 0

C l

1 09

• z t i

e lm e •m r i l

•1 .4 Omn i

0 0

•rm l

CD

CI D

10

••• I • •. 1

. r. i

.m 1 1

•

> —

= e r = 4

• . , -

e e

.s

• • • i t

11

c e L o 1 N 7 t 4

N VD

1 12

C Y 3 L I Z

1 13

L et tered Base S tamps :

N i n

4 1 .

NE . 5 ; r ounded h ear t-shaped s tamp . b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64") .

4 2 .

NE .6 ;

A s a bove .

s h ie ld s haped s tamp ;

L arge l e t ters w i th s i mi lar f o liage ;

LBS 1 974-75 .

l arge t h in l et ter ing w i th a s tar b enea th ;

b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64") ; B ow l F or m 5 . 4 3 .

NE . 7 ;

As a bove .

s h ie ld-shaped s tamp r a ther c rude l e t ter ing w i th ? fo liage b enea th ;

b urn ished ( 1 x6 /64") ; B ow l F or m 1 4 . 4 4 .

U nprov .

A s a bove .

C S 1 951 .

S E . 1 ; h ear t-shaped s tamp w i th f a ir ly l arge l e t tering ; B ow l F or m 1 1 ( m i l led ) ( 2 x6 /64") ; ( 3 x7 /64" );

( i )

( i i ) F or m 1 2 ( one mi l led , o ne waster )

( ii ) F or m 2 2 ( 1 x8 /64" ) .

E dwards d . 1 673 ( p . 2 34 ) ;

2b urn ished .

1 630-50 .

C hes ter ; p oss . maker S amue l P S 1 939 ( c f . G roup I V , p . 6 2 ) , CRS

1 973-74 , LBS 1 974-75 . 4 5 .

S E . 2 ;

s h ie ld-shaped s tamp w i th l arge l e t ter ing , s er if t opped ' s ' a nd b ar

b enea th ; 4b urn ished . ( i ) B ow l F or m 2 2 ( 1 x7 /64") ; ( i) F or m 5 ( 1x 7 /64" ); ( i i i ) F or m 6 ( was ter ) ( 1 x6 /64") ; ( i v ) F or m 8 ( 1 x6 /64") ; 1u niden t . ( 1 x6 /64") .

P S 1 939 ( c f . G roup I V , p . 6 2 ) , ; NGB I1 972-73;

LBS 1 974-

7 5 ( c f . G roup I , p . 5 7 ) , AG 1 975-78 , GC 1 977 . 4 6 .

S E . 3 :

sma l ler more r ounded s h ie ld-shaped s tamp , s ans-serif l e tt er ing

w i th ? pe l le t b enea th ;

1b urn ished

( i ) B ow l F or m 1 3 ( 1 x7 /64") ;

( i) F or m

1 6 ( was ter ) ( 1 x5 /64") ; ( i i i ) F or m 2 3 ( was ter ) ( 1 x6 /64/ ) . As a bove . P S 1 939 ( Group I V , p . 6 2 ) , GS 1 973 . 4 7 .

WE . 1 ; d ecora t ive r ectangu lar s tamp w i th l arge l et ters ; b urn ished ( 2x 7 /64") .

B rose ley f or m b ut p rob

1 5 .1 .79 ) 4 8 .

4 9 .

WE . 2 ; r ec tangu lar s tamp w i th f i ne l e t tering ; b urn ished ( 1 x6 /64" ) . a bove .

U nprov .

WE . 3 ;

? ova l s tamp w i th c rude l et ter ing w i th in ap ear led b order

( 1 x6 /64") . 5 0 .

As a bove .

( i )B ow l F or m 2 4 ( 1 x7 /64") ; 1 640-60 .

( i i ) F or m 3 6 ( m i l led) ( 1 x6 /64") . CRS 1 973-74 ,

EG . 3 ;

As a bove .

AG 1 975-78 ( Group I l ,p . 6 0 ) .

sma l l ? c ircu lar s tamp w i th sma l l f i ne l e t ter ing , v ague t race o f

at h in b order; B ow l F or m 3 0 ( m i l led ) ( 1 x7 /64" ) . PS 1 939 ( Group I V , p . 6 2 ) . EG .4 ;

As a bove .

AG 1 975-78 .

RG .1; l arge c ircu lar s tamp a nd l et tering w i th s o me a dded d ecora t ion ; B ow l F or m 4 6 ( m i l led ) ( 1 x7 /64" ) . 1 650-1670 . U nprov .

5 5 .

As a bove .

sma l l c ircu lar s tamp w i th f a ir ly t h ick l e t ter ing w i th in a t h ick

b order ; B ow l F or m 2 8 ( 1 x7 /64" ) . 5 4 .

U nprov .

EG . 2 ; l arger s tamp w i th t h icker b order , v ery s imi lar l e t ter ing ; B ow l F or m 2 8 ( 3 x7 /64") .

5 3 .

;b urn ished

AG 1 975-78 .

C hes ter ; maker u nknown ;

5 2 .

As

EG . 1 ; c ircu lar s tamp w i th v ery l arge l e t ters w ith in a v ery t h in p la in b order;

5 1 .

n ot made a t B rose ley ( 1 . _ r il i t t . A tk inson ,

c . 1 680 . ( i ) AG 1 975-78 , ( i) U nprov .

P rob . C hes ter ; maker u nknown ;

RG . 2 ; ( see f i g . 4 7 ) sma l l? s l igh t ly o va l s tamp w i th c rude t h ick l e t ter ing ( very s imi lar t o a nd o ccuring o n t he s ame b ow l a s S tamp N o . 1 01 ) ; b urn ished ; B ow l F or m 4 2 ( m i l led ) ( 1 x7 /64") . G u i lden S u t ton-near C hes ter . 1 14

P oss C hes ter;

C . 1 650-80 .

5 6 .

I OHN HARTSHORNE ; ( 1 x7 /64") .

f a ir ly l arge l e t tering s epara ted b y b ars ; b urn ished

B rose ley ; n u merous makers o ft h is n ame i n 1 7th c en tury ;

1 680-1720 ( see A tk inson 1 975 , 5 9 ) . 5 7 .

E S 1 921 .

I H ; l arge c ircu lar s tamp , f a ir ly t h ick l e t ter ing w i th a f l eur-delys a bove a nd a n ? axe b e low w i th in a p ear led b order ; b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64") . B rose ley , f orm b u t p rob . n o t made t here , p erhaps Wrexham a rea ;

5 8 .

U nprov .

SH ;

sma l l c ircu lar s tamp w i th sma l l f i ne l e t tering w i th in a t h in b order;

b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64") . 5 9 .

TH ;

c . 1 680 .

R J 1 954 .

B rose ley f or m b u t n o t made a t B rose ley C i a .l i t t . ,A tk inson , 1 5 .1 .

7 9 );

1 700-30 . U nprov ., p robab ly f ro m B uck ley , n ear C hes ter .

TH ;

c rude c ircu lar s tamp w i th i nd is t inc t l e t ter ing ;

f or m ; 6 1 .

B rose ley t ype ;

s quare s tamp w i th l arge l e t ters a nd a t h ick b order ; b urn ished ( 1x

6 /64") .

6 0 .

1 670-

9 0 .

1 640-60 .

U nprov .

( 1 x7 /64") .

R a inford

p oss . n o t f ound a t C hes ter .

? JJ; c ircu lar s tamp w i th t h ick l et ter ing w i th in a d is joined b order;

( 1 x7 /64") .

There a re e xamp les o ft h is s ta mp f ound a t B rose ley L i n _ l i t t ., A tkinson , 1 5 .1 .79 ) . 6 2 .

U nprov . p oss . n o t f ound a t C hes ter .

AL . 1 ; s l igh t ly o va l s tamp , t h ick l et tering w i th a l arge ' L ' w i th in a p la in t h ick b order ; 7 /64") ;

3p oss ib ly b urn ished; ( i ) B ow l F or m 2 8 ( 7 x6 /64";

( i i ) F orm 2 6 ( 4 x6 /64";

2x 7 /64") .

2x

C hes ter ; o n ly o ne maker

i s k nown a t t h is d a te w i th t hese i n i t ia ls , A lexander L anck ton who was work ing i n 1 657 ( s ee p . 2 46) ; 1 975-78 , 6 3 .

NGB 1 972-73 , AG

( i ) B ow l F or m 1 9 ( 1 x6 /64");

( i i i ) F or m ? 34 ( 1 x6 /64") . AL . 3 ;

As a bove .

( i ) F or m 2 0 ( 1 x6 /64");

NGB I 1 974-75 , AG 1 975-78 .

s l igh t ly o va l s tamp w i th f i ne l e t tering a nd f our p e l le ts w i thin a

p la in i rregu lar b order ; F or m 4 ( 1 x7 /64") . 6 5 .

CS 1 951 ,

AL . 2 ; c ircu lar s tamp w i th e longa ted l e t ter ing w i thin a r opelike b order; 1p oss ib ly b urn ished .

6 4 .

1 640-60 .

U nprov .

2b urn ished

A s a bove ;

( i ) B ow l f or m 6 ( 1 x7 /64") ;

1 630-40 .

( i i )

PPS 1 941 , SMA 1 963 .

AL . 4 ; c ircu lar s tamp w i th w e l l-for med l et ters .

The ' f ee t ' o f t he ' A ' a re

p oin ting t o t he r igh t a nd t here i s af l aw i n t he s tamp b enea th t he b ar . l et ters a nd t he mo t i fs a re w i th in a t h ick b order ; ( i ) B ow l F or m 2 9 ( 3 x6 /64";

1x 7 /64" ) ;

7x 7 /64") ; ( i i i ) F or m 2 8 ( 3 x7 /64") . ( c f . G roup I ) , AG 1 975-78, U nprov . 6 6 .

The

1p oss ib ly b urn ished

( i i ) F or m 2 7 ( 6 x6 /64";

As a bove ;

1 640-60 .

CRS 1 973-74

AL . 5 ; c ircu lar s tamp w i th f a ir ly f i ne l et tering , t he f oo t o ft he ' A ' i s j o ined t o t he b ase o ft he ' L ' a nd b e low t he l e t ter ing .

t here i s as tar o r f l ower mo t if a bove a nd

Th ick p la in b order ;

5x 7 /64") ;

( i i ) F or m 2 4 ( 2 x6 /64";

1x 7 /64") ;

( i v ) F orm 2 7 ( 2 x6 /64";

( 1x6 /64") ;

8u n iden t . ( 8 x7 /64") .

( i ) B ow l F or m 2 9 ( 2 x6 /64";

1x 7 /64") ; 1x 7 /64") ; As a bove ;

( i i i ) F or m 2 6 ( 1x 6 /64"; ( v ) F or m 2 8 ( m i l led ) 1 640-60 .

NGB I1 972-73 ,

NGB I 1 974-75 , AG 1 975-78 ( c f . G roup I I , p . 6 0 ) , U nprov . 6 7 .

AL . 6 ;

c ircu lar s ta mp w i th f a ir ly l arge we l l-for med l e t ters w i th t hree

p e l le ts ; t he ' A ' i sn o t iceab ly ' p igeon-toed ' a nd j o ins t he ' L ' w i th in a p la in

1 15

•• 1 • • • • 1

• • •• 1

C . 0

C l C . 0

16

> >

> . > • • , 1

• • • • • 1 op. 1 • fi l

« 1.4

1 17

N N

N I L I 0 0 C D

• ..4

• . .. 1 1

0 " › c . C .,

1 18

C C . —

ep.1

C e p t -

1 19

b order ;

( i ) B ow l F or m 3 ,p ossib ly b urn ished ( 1 x6 /64") ;

( 1 x6 /64";

1x 7 /64") ;

( v ) F or m 2 8 ( 1 x8 /64") ;

( i i i ) F or m 2 5 ( 1 x6 /64") ; 2u nident .

( 2 x7 /64") .

( i i ) F orm 2 4

( i v ) F or m 2 0 ( 4x7 /64") : As a bove ;

1 630-60 .

Amph . 1 969 , NGB I 1 974-75 , AG 1 975-78, U nprov . 6 8 .

AL . 7 ;

c ircu lar s tamp w i th we l l d ef ined j oined l e t ters w i th a ? pe l let a nd

ac rescent w i th in a r opel ike b order ; As a bove ; 6 9 .

AL . 8 ;

1 640-60 .

B ow l F or m 2 9 ( 1 x6 /64";

c ircular s tamp w i th f a ir ly l arge j o ined l e t tering w i th a f our-poin t

s tar a bove a nd o va l b enea th w i th in a s erra ted b order ; ( 1 x6 /64";

1x 7 /64") ;

2b urn ished ) ( 1 x6 /64"; 1u niden t . 7 0 .

AL . 9 ;

2x 7 /64")

CRS 1 973-74 , AG 1 975-78 .

( 1 x7 /64") .

( i i ) F or m 2 7 ( 1 x7 /64") ; 1x 7 /64") ; As a bove ;

( i ) Bow l F or m 2 8

( i i i ) F or m 3 1 ( mi l led ,

( i v ) F orm 3 4 ( mi l led ) ( 1 x6 /64") ;

1 650-70 .

NGB I 1 974-75 , U nprov .

c ircu lar s tamp w i th f a ir ly l arge s epara ted l e t ters , a ? f lora l

mot if a bove w i th ' t a i ls ' a nd a b owlike mot if b e low w i th in a t h in s erra ted b order ;

( i ) B ow l F or m 3 6 ( 1 x6 /64") ;

1u n iden t .

( 1 x7 /64") .

As a bove ;

CRS 1 973-74 ( c f . G roup V , p . 7 1 ) , 7 1 .

AL . 1 0 ;

( i i ) F orm 3 1 ( mi l led ) ( 2 x7 /64"):

1 650-70 .

P S 1 939 ( c f . Group I V , p . 6 2 )

NGB I 1 974-75 , U nprov .

c ircu lar s ta mp w i th f a ir ly sma l l l e t tering a nd d ecora t ive motifs

a bove a nd b e low w i th in a s erra ted b order ; ( 2 x7 /64") ;

( i ) B ow l F or m 3 1 ( mi l led )

( i i ) F or m 3 3 ( mi l led ) ( 1 x7 /64") .

1 939 ( c f . G roup I V , p . 6 2 ) ,

A s a tove ;

1 650-70 .

PS

CRS 1 973-74 ( c f . G roup V , p .71) , NGB I

1 974-75 . 7 2 .

AL . 1 1;

c ircu lar s ta mp w i th f a ir ly sma l l l e t tering a nd mot ifs a bove a nd

b e low w i th in a t h in ? serra ted b order ( i nd is t inct ); b urn ished . 2 5 ( 1 x6 /64") . 7 3 .

AL . 1 2;

As a bove ;

1 640-60 .

U nprov .

sma l l c ircu lar s tamp w i th v ery sma l l l e t ters s epara ted b y a

f l eur-de-lys w i thin a t hin p la in b order ; ( i i ) F or m 3 3 ( mi l led ) ,( 1 x7 /64") . 7 4 .

AL . 1 3;

B ow l F or m

( i ) B ow lF or m 3 1 ( mi l led ) ( 1 x7 /64") ;

As a bove;

1 650-70 .

CS 1 951 , AG 1 975-78.

l arge c ircular s tamp w i th v ery l arge r a ther c rude l et ter ing a nd

af l ower o r s tar b enea th w i thin a t h ick i rregu lar b order ; Bow l F or m 3 5 ( mi l led ) ( 1 x7 /64") . 7 5 .

As a bove ;

GL . 2 ;

N . W . t ype ;

NGB I 1 974-75 , Unprov .

PL ;

AG 1 975-78 .

?N .W . t ype ;

1 660-80 .

U nprov .

sma l l c ircu lar s tamp w i th f a ir ly l arge l et ters w i th in a t h ick p la in

b order ;( 1 x6 /64") . TO ;

1 660-80 .

c ircu lar s tamp , f i ne l et ter ing , w i th amu le ts a nd a s tar mo tif

a bove a nd b e low ; (1 x 7 /64") .

7 9 .

1 660-80 .

( i i ) F or m 3 7

GL . 1 ; c ircu lar s tamp w i th f i ne r e trograde l e t tering w i th in a t h in d oub le b order ;(1 x 7 /64") .

7 8 .

NGB I1 972-73 .

( i ) Bow l F or m 3 2 ( m i l led) ( 1 x7 /64");

( mi l led ) ( 1 x7 /64") .

7 7 .

1 660-80 .

AL . 1 4 ; h ear t-shaped s ta mp w i th sma l l f i ne l e t tering w i th a f o l iar mot if o r p heon b enea th ;

7 6 .

As a bove ;

P oss . Ra inford t ype ;

1 660-80 .

U nprov .

sma l l c ircu lar s tamp w i th f a ir ly sma l l r a ther c rude ly f or med l et-

t ering , t he ' 0 ' i s o va l; b urn ished ( 1 x6 /64") ; 1u n iden t .

( 1 x7 /64") .

C . 1 690 ( p . 2 52 ) ;

B ow l F or m 4 3 ( m i l led);

C hester ; p oss . maker Tho mas O r mes working

1 660-80 .

AG 1 975-78 .

1 20

U nprov .

8 0 .

AP ;

a n i ncuse s tamp w i th a s he l llike mo t if a bove w e l l f ormed l e t ter ing ;

( 1 x7 /64") . a t F u lham; 8 1 .

L ondon ; a n e xamp le o f t h is mark was f ound i n t he T hames 1 590-1600 ( . 1 _ n _l i t t . IA tk inson , 1 5 . 1 .7 9 ) .

GeORG/POVeL ; r ec tangu lar mark i n t wo l i nes s epara ted b y ab ow ; b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64") . ( c f . A tk inson 1 975 , 7 4 ) .

8 2 .

G S 1 973 .

B rose ley ;

G eorge P oo le p rob . w ork ing c . 1 680

U nprov .

OP . 1 ; l arge c ircu lar s tamp w i th v ery l arge l e t ters a nd t wo p e l lets ; ( i ) B ow l F or m u ncer ta in ( 1 x7 /64" ) ;( i) F or m 1 3 , ( 1 x7 /64") . O swa ld ( i l i t t ., J anuary , 1 979 ) h as s ugges ted t ha t t h is may b e a n e ar ly N . W. b ow l a nd mark , p rob . C hester; maker u nknown ;

1 620-40 .

LBS 1 974-

7 5 ( Group T EX , p . 5 7 ) , AG 1 975-78 . 8 3 .

OP . 2 ;

sma l l h ear t s haped s tamp w i th sma l l l e t ters a nd t hree p e l le ts ;

( i ) B ow l F or m 2 ( m i l led ) ( 1 x8 /64"; ( 1 x8 /64") ;

1x 9 /64");

( i i ) F or m 5 ( m i l led)

( ii ) F or m 2 2 ( m i l led a nd b urn ished ) ( 1 x8 /64") .

A s a bove ,

NGB I1 972-73 , LBS 1 974-75 , U nprov . 8 4 .

JOHN/ROB/ERTS ; ( 1 x7 /64") .

f or m 1 680-1720 . 8 5 .

s quare s tamp , l e t ter ing s epara ted b y b ars; b urn ished

B rose ley maker , 1 637-1683 ( A tk inson , 1 975 , 7 5 ); U nprov .

RR ; c rude c ircu lar s tamp w i th f a ir ly l arge l e t ters ; b urn ished ( 1 x6 /64") . B rose ley t ype , b u t p oss ib ly R ichard R ober ts who w orked h t he C hurch S tre t ton a rea ( A tk inson , i n l i t t . 1 5 . 1 .7 9 ) ;

8 6 .

B ow l

I S ;

1 680-1720 .

NGB I 1 974-75 .

c rude o va l s tamp w i th f a ir ly l arge u n t idy l e t ter ing ; b urn ished.

F or m 4 7 ( m i l led ) ( 1 x6 /64") .

B ow l

P oss . C hes ter ; p oss . t he mark o f J ohn

S i mcock w ork ing c . 1 690 o r L awrence S tarkey w ork ing C . 1 670 ( p . 2 57) ; 1 650-80 . 8 7 .

LS ;

NGB I 1 974-75 .

f a ir ly l arge c ircu lar s tamp w i th l arge l et ters a nd d ecora ted i n ter ior -

w i th in a p la in b order;

B ow l F or m 4 3 ( m i l led) ( 1 x6 /64") .

C hes ter;

p oss . t he mark o f L awrence S tarkey w ork ing c . 1 670 ( p . 2 57 ) ;

1 660-80 .

LBS 1 974-75 . 8 8 .

MOR/R IS/SHA W ; ( 1 x6 /64") .

s h ie ld s haped s tamp w i th q u i te l arge l e t ter ing ;

b urn ished

B rose ley maker w ork ing c . 1 658 ( see A tk inson , 1 975 , 8 0 ) .

Unprov . 8 9 .

PS ;

o va l s tamp w i th i rregu lar e dge a nd l arge l et ter ing ;

( 1 x6 /64";

1x 7 /64") .

?Ra inford b ow l t ype ;

1b urn ished

1 640-1660 .

AG 1 975-78 ,

Unprov . ( i l lus .) . 9 0 .

WS . 1 ; sma l l c ircu lar s tamp w i th b o ld l e t tering a nd p e l le t d ecora ted i n terior w i th in ap ear led o r d is join ted r opelike b order ; b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64") .

9 1 .

L ondon t ype ;

1 610-40 .

NGB I 1 974-75 .

WS . 2 ; q ui te l arge c ircular s tamp , l arge l et tering a nd s pray mo t ifs a bove a nd b e low w i th in ar opel ike b order ; b urnished ( 1 x7 /64") . 1 610-40 .

9 2 .

I T ;

L ondon-type ;

U nprov .

c ircu lar s tamp w i th l arge l et ters w i th in ap la in b order ;

2 8 ( 1 x7 /64" ) .

C hes ter ; maker u nknown ;

1 21

1 640-60 .

B ow l F or m

AG 1 975-78 .

e

4 ,9 . 1

0 G O

1 22

1 23

9 3 .

NT . 1 ; c ircu lar s ta mp w i th sma l l l e t ter ing a nd mot ifs a bove a nd b e low w i th in a s erra ted b order ; B ow l F or m 2 4 ( 1 x7 /64") .

C hes ter ; p oss . t he

mark o f Na than ie l T horne ley who was w ork ing C . 1 657 ( p . 2 58);

1 640-60 .

NP 1 963-64 . 9 4 .

NT . 2

( hg ); l arge

b order; a bove . 9 5 .

c ircu lar s tamp w i th l arge l e t ters w i th in a p ear led

B ow l F or m 2 0 ( 1 x7 /64") ;

1u n iden t . f rag .

( 1x7 /64" ) . As

ES 1 921 ( i l lus .) , AG 1 975-78 .

CW ; l arge o va l s tamp ; o ne o ft he t wo f l eur-delys i s a t tached t o t he b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64") . We lsh b order a rea .

' W ' ;

B rose ley f or m b u t p rob . n ot made t here , p oss .

( A tk inson i n l i t t ., 1 5 .1 .79 . ) LBS 1 974-75 ( Group X I ,

p . 8 4 ) . BO WL S TA MPS I V . 9 6 .

U n let tered S tamps

( f igs . 4 6 t o 4 9 ) .

A s tagl ike c rea ture w i th in a s ubrec tangu lar c ar touche w i th c ockades ; b urn ished ; B ow l F or m 6 0 ( mi l led ) ( 1 x6 /64") . 1 660-80 .

9 7 .

Ad emi-w inged c rea ture w i th in a n o va l c ar touche w i th c ockades ; b oth mi l led a nd b urn ished ;

( i ) B ow l F or m 5 6 ( 1 x7 /64") ;

C hes ter ; u nknown maker ; 9 8 .

Ches ter ; u nknown maker ;

AG 1 975-78 .

1 660-80 .

( i ) F or m 6 0 ( 1 x7 /64") .

NGB I1 972-73 ,

Two c rossed l i nes o f mi l ling ;(1 x 6 /64") .

SW f orm;

U nprov . 1 640-60 .

AG 1 975-

7 8 ( Group I I , p . 6 0 ) . V ( i ) . 9 9 .

L e t tered B ow l S ta mps i n A lphabe t ica l O rder

I B ;

c ircu lar s tamp p laced u ps ide d own w i th f a ir ly b o ld l et tering a nd

f our p e l le ts w i th in a s erra ted b order; C hes ter ; u nknown maker ;

1 00 .

( f igs . 4 6 t o 4 8)

1 660-80 .

B ow l F or m 4 4 ( m i l led) ( 1 x7 /64") . NGB I 1 974-75 .

ED/ WARD/EVANS ; o va l s tamp w i th t he n ame s pe lt w i th a l arge ' E a nd D ' a nd t hen sma l l l e t ters s epara ted b y t wob ars ; r e trograde ' N a nd S ' ; b urn ished; B ow l F or m 4 0 ( m i l led ) ( 1 x7 /64" ) . C hes ter maker w orking C . 1 646; B ow l F or m 1 640-60 . P S 1 939 ( Group I V ) .

1 01 .

RG ;

s l igh t ly o va l s tamp w i th r a ther c rude t h ick l et tering w i th in ap ear led

b order; b urn ished ; B ow l F or m 4 2 ( mi l led ) ( 1 x7 /64") . o n t he s ame b ow l a s b ase s tamp n o . 5 5 ( p .114 ) . C hes ter ; u nknown maker ; 1 02 .

1 650-80 .

A s n o . 5 5 ;

s ta mp w i th sma l l l e t ters w i th in a t h in p la in b order ;

1 03 .

p oss .

G u i lden S u t ton n ear Ches ter .

RL . 1( poss . AL ); l e t ters s epara ted b y a n o pen h and; ( m i l led ) ( 1 x7 /64") . AG 1 975-78 .

T h is s tamp o ccurs

sma l l s l igh t ly o va l

B ow l F or m 3 9

B rose ley f or m ; p robab ly made a t C hester; 1 660-80 .

RL . 2 ; l e t ters s epara ted b y al arge o pen h and b ordered b y ac uf f ( perhaps ag love ) ;

o va l s tamp w i th sma l l l e t ters w i th in a t h in p la in b order ;

b urn ished , u n iden t .

( 1 x7 /64" ) .

As a bove ; 1 24

1 660-80 .

NGB I 1 974-75 .

L e t tered B ase S tamps :

WS 1 -2 t o CW , n os .

L C Z

4 )

C Z

1 25

c l

0

C )

z 2 4

M isce l laneous & L e t tered

C 3 C 3

C . 0

0 0 C 3

1 26

4 .

N 0 1 1

o

•

.

••• • 1

• . . I

1 27

1 04 .

RM . 1 ; l e t ters s epara ted b y ah and w i th a c rooked t hu mb a nd b ordered b y ac uf f ( perhaps a g love ) ; w i th in a t h ick b order ;

c ircu lar s tamp w i th f a ir ly b o ld l e t ter ing

( i ) B ow l F or m 3 6 ( m i l led ) ( 1 x6 /64") ;

3 7 ( m i l led a nd b urn ished ) ( 1 x7 /64") . maker u nknown ; 1 05 .

1 660-80 .

PS 1 939 ( Group I V , p . 6 2 ) ,

LBS 1 974-75 .

RM . 2 ; l e t ters s epara ted b y ah and w i th s ix f i ngers a lso w i th a c uf f ( poss . ag love ) ;

c ircu lar s tamp w i th t h in l et ter ing w i th in a t h in p la in

b order ; B ow l F or m 6 3 ( mi l led ) ( 1 x7 /64") . u nknown ; 1 06 .

( i ) F or m

Al oca l p ipe p rob . Ches ter ;

1 660-80 .

P rob . C hes ter ;

maker

P S 1 939 ( Group I V , p . 6 2 ) .

TN ; l ozenge-shaped s ta mp w i th f a ir ly l arge l e t ter ing , w i th a n e labora te ' sprayl ike ' mot if a bove a nd a s tar b e low , w i th in a s erra ted b order ; b urn ished ; Bow l F or m 6 4 ( m i l led ) ( 1 x7 /64" ) . c . 1 680 .

1 07 .

C hes ter ;

maker u nknown ;

C S 1 951 .

RR ; l e t ters s epara ted b y al arge h and ;

s ub-rec tangu lar s tamp w i th

c ockades a nd a n i rregu lar s erra ted b order ; B ow l F or m 5 3 ( mi l led ) ( 1 x8 /64") . 1 08 .

WS ;

C hes ter ;

1 09 .

1 660-80 .

AG 1 975-78 .

sma l l c ircu lar s tamp w i th sma l l l e t ters a nd an u mber o fp e l lets ;

b urn ished ( 1 x6 /64") .

V ( i i ) .

maker u nknown ;

B rose ley t ype ;

1 660-80 .

AG 1 975-78 .

-

S . La ncs . t ype s emi-c ircu lar s tamps ( f igs . 4 8 a nd 4 9 ) EA ; l arge c ockaded s tamp w i th l arge i nd is t inc t l et ters a nd s erra ted b order ;( 1 x7 /64") .

R a inford t ype ; p oss . t he mark o f o ne o f t he A ther-

t on f a mi ly ( see Davey 1 978) ;

1 660-80 .

U nprov . ( may n o t h ave b een

f ound i n C hes ter ) . 1 10 .

I B o r HB ;

f i ne ly made s tamp b u t t he l e t ters a re o n ly l igh t ly i mpressed .

L arge c ockade ;( 1 x7 /64") . 1 11 .

A s a bove ;

1 660-80 .

NCS 1 974 .

I B . 1 ; f a ir ly l arge s tamp p rob . w i th a c ockade , l arge l et ters w i th a p e l le t b e tween t he m ; b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64" ) . A s a bove ; t h is may b e t he mark o f J oshua B i l ling ( d . 1 709 ) b ut ' IB ' i s ac o m mon s e t o f i n i t ia ls i n R a inford ( i b id .)

1 12 .

1 660-80 ;

U nprov .

I B . 2 ; ab road s tamp b u t w i th f a ir ly sma l l l et ter ing a nd t h in s erra ted b order ;( 1 x7 /64") .

A s a bove ;

1 660-80 .

AG 1 975-78 .

1 13 . I B ; 3 ; f a ir ly l arge s ta mp w i th i nd is t inc t l e t ter ing ; b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64"; 1x 8 /64" ) . 1 14 .

HH ;

A s a bove ;

1 660-80 .

f a ir ly l arge s ta mp w i th l arge b o ld l e t tering , p robab ly w i th a c ock-

a de ; p oss ib ly b urn ished; 1 15 . 1 16 .

( 1 x8 /64" ) .

A s a bove ;

U nprov .

GL . 2 ; r ounded s tamp w i th l arge c ockade , c rude ly f ormed b order ; A s a bove ;

1 660-80 .

SMA 1 963 .

I L ; f a ir ly l arge s tamp w i th sma l l l e t ters s epara ted b y ab ar . s tamp p robab ly h as ac ockade ;( 1 x8 /64") .

1 18 .

1 660-80 .

GL . 1 ; w e l l c u t c ockaded s tamp w i th e labora te l e t ter ing a nd two p e l le ts • w ' b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64") . A s a bove; 1 640-60 . U nprov .

b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64") : 1 17 .

U nprov . ( 1i l lus .) .

AN ;

A s a bove ;

Th is

1 640-60 .

U nprov .

f a ir ly l arge s tamp w i th sma l l c ockade w i th e labora te l e t ter ing ;

b urn ished ( 1 x7 /64") .

A s a bove ; 1 28

1 640-60 .

CRS 1 973-74 .

t •• 9 1

re ,

1 29

1 19 .

PS ; f a ir ly l arge c rude s tamp w i th a sma l l b urnished ( 1 x7 /64") .

As a bove ;

c ockade t h ick l e ttering;

1 660-80 .

U nprov .

1 7th-18th CENTURY DECORATED M OULDED BOWLS ( f ig . 5 0 ) 1 .

I ntr ica te ly d ecora ted b ow l w i th f l ora l mot ifs a nd ' pear ling '; Dutch ;

s i mi lar b ow l i n F r iedr ich 1 975 , p l .

J anuary , 1 979 ); 2 .

c . 1 620 .

CS 1 951 .

R ou let ted a nd c arved s tem f rag ment , p oss ib ly a mouthp iece; (1 x 8 /64") . P robab ly D utch ;

s i mi lar ly d ecora ted s te ms f ro m B ren tford ( L nl i t t .

Oswa ld , J anuary , 1 979 ) ; 3 .

( 1 x6 /64") ,

1 8, 3 & 4 C i a l i t t . O swa ld ,

1 630-60 .

CRS 1 973-74 .

F leur-de-lys w i th t wo mu lberryl ike mot ifs e i ther s ide ,(1 x 7 /64"; 1x 9 /64") .

Oswa ld ( L nl i t t . 3 0 . 5 .79 ) c ons iders t h is t ype t o b e E ng lish

a nd n o t D utch , b ut we d o n ot t hink t hese a re Chester o r N . W. f orms ; 1 690-1710 . 4 .

AG 1 975-78 ,

U nprov .

( i l lus .) .

An e labora t ion o fn o . 2w i th t he a dd i t ion o f ad ecora t ive b and a round t he r im , t u lips , ac rown , ar ose , s cro l l work a nd t he l e t ter ' M '; 7 /64") .

5 .

As a bove;

1 690-1710 .

F a ir ly sma l l f i ne ly mou lded mu lberry mo t ifs o n e i ther s ide o ft he b ow l . B ow l f or m 7 4 ( 1 x6 /64"; Chester ;

6 .

( 1 x

U nprov .

1 700-1720 .

1u n meas . ) ; 1u n iden t .

L arge more s pread mu lberry mot if . 1 700-1720 .

( 1 x7 /64") .

P oss .

AG 1 975-78 ( i l lus . ) . 1f rag men t ( un meas .) .

A s a bove ;

AG 1 975-78 .

7 . LETTERED AND DECORATED 1 8th CENTURY SPURS ( f ig . 5 1 ) 1 .

T & Rs ur moun ted b y ac rown o n e i ther s ide o f t he t a i led b ase ; B ow l F or m 7 5 ( 1 x6 /64" ) . Ches ter ;

maker u nknown , s ee t he s a me p ipe

f ro m Warring ton , Davey a nd P ierce , 1 977 , 2 2 .

F ig . 3 9 , 1 1 & F ig . 4 1 , 2 1 &

L ondon t ype mark C i j i l i t t . O swa ld , 3 0 . 5 .79 ) ;

1 700-1720 .

Amph.

1 952 2 .

DB . 1 ; t hree r idges o n ap la tfor m , t ai led f la t b ase ; 5 /64") .

3 .

Ches ter ;

DB . 2 ;

1 700-1720 .

U nprov .

s i mi lar t o a bove b ut a c ruder f i nish t a i led a ng led b ase;

F or m 7 6 ( 1 x6 /64") . Ches ter ; 4 .

B ow l For m 7 7 ( 1 x

1 700-1720 .

B ow l

AG 1 975-78 .

DB .3; p la in t a i led b ase ; B ow l F or ms 7 0 ( 1 x6 /64") , 7 5 ( 1 x5 /64") , 7 6 ( 1 x6 /64") , 7 9 ( 1x 6 /64") a nd 2u n iden t . 1 7001720 .

( 2 x6 /64") .

Ches ter ;

GRS 1 900 ( i l lus .) , LBS 1 974-75 , AG 1 975-78 , ACS 1 978

( Group X , p . 8 2 ) . 5 .

DB . 4 ;

t hree r idges c om ing a l mos t t o ap o in t a t t he b eg inning o ft he

s te m ;

f la t b ase ;

Bow l F or m 7 7 ( 1 x6 /64" ) .

C hes ter;

1 700-1720 .

Unprov . 6 .

DB . 5 ;

f a irly t a l l b ase w i th t hree e n larged v er t ica l r idges o n b o th s ides ;

a ng led b ase ; B ow l F or m 7 1 ( 1 x6 /64") .

1 30

C hes ter;

1 700-1720 .

AG 1 975-78 .

C 7 3 r I

z

•e *Z 7 . ).

C P Z 7 ( r I

1 31

\ ,* 11 " S "

-

• • • .4 , . 7(

i . ' N'N .

' . )

. , 0 : ( . 4 r ) , • 0, .

''Y' " • 7 . ` i :

i l i

. \ . '\ ' ' .

1 7th-18th c entury Decora ted

P z t e --' r

•

1 32

C \ 1

a nd Decora ted

TR & DB 1 -9

7 r4 C ' D

00

L IZ

1 33

7 .

1 3 1 3 .6;

sma l ler l o wer b ase b ut t he s ame d es ign a s a bove ;

( 1 x6 /64") , 2u n ident .

( 2 x6 /64") .

Ches ter ;

1 700-1720 .

Bow l F or m 7 1 AG 1 975-78,

1i l lus . ) , GFC 1 976-78 . 8 .

DB .7 ;

s i mi lar ly r idged f oo t b ut t he b ase i s e longa ted a nd t he m idd le

r idge i s t he mos t s harp ly a ng led ; B ow l F orm 8 0 ( 1 x6 /64") . 1 700-1720 . 9 .

DB . 8 ; 6 /64") .

C hes ter;

GS 1 973 .

e longa ted b ase w i th a s ing le c en tra l r idge ; Chester ;

1 700-1720 .

NGS 1 975 .

B ow l F or m 7 0 ( 1x

THE LATE 1 7th-18th CENTURY DECORATED S TEMS ( f igs . 5 2 t o 6 7) I n o rder t o p rov ide a c hrono log ica l f ra mework f or t he ma in s ta mp a nd b order t ypes a n u mber o f a pproaches h ave b een u sed .

I n i t ia l ly s tamps a nd

b orders were o rgan ised , p ure ly i ntu i t ive ly , o n at ypo log ica l b asis . t he o rder i n wh ich t hey a ppear i n t he i l lus tra t ions p resen ted h ere .

Th is i s Th is i ntu i-

t i ve d iv is ion o f t he 1 8th c en tury d ecora t ive e le men ts was t hen t es ted a ga ins t t he e v idence o ft he a ssoc ia ted g roups , s te m-bore r esu lts , a ssoc ia ted b ow l f or ms a nd i n terna l l i nks b etween i ndiv idua l b orders a nd s ta mps .

I tt hen

p roved p oss ib le t o s ugges t b road g roupings , wh ich a l though o ver lapping t o a c er ta in e x ten t , c ou ld b e a ss igned w i th c onf idence t o d ist inc t d a te r anges . T he S ta mps An i n i t ia l d iv is ion was made b ased o n t he s hape o f t he f ra me u sed .

L ozenges

a nd O c tagons were o bv ious ly e ar ly , wh i le o va l f ra mes s ee med t o c over a l ong p er iod .

The l a t ter w ere f ur ther s ubdiv ised i n to R oya l O va ls , wh ich c ontained

t he h ead o f Q ueen A nne o r G eorge I , O rdinary O va ls , wh ich emp loyed a v ar ie ty o f d es igns a nd C hes ter O va ls wh ich i ncorpora ted a c oa t o f a r ms u sed a t C hester ( see p . 1 59 ) . D iagra m 3 A ssoc ia ted B inford Da te

Da te Range

T ype

N o .

G roup

L ozenge

4 6

1 686

O c tagon

3 0

1 712

I X , X I

1 700-1720

O va l

5 7

1 726

I X , X , X I I

1 700-1790

R oya l Ova l

1 2

1 715

I X , X

1 710-1720

E ar ly C hester O va l

2 3

1 720

X , X I

1 710-1730

I n ter media te C hes ter O va l

1 6

1 736

X

1 730-1760

L a ter C hes ter O va l

4 8

1 742

X I , X I I , X I I I

1 760-1790

D (

1 690-1710

Wh i le t he L ozenge a nd O c tagon s ta mps a ppeared t o o ccupy f a ir ly s hor t p er iods o f a round 2 0 y ears e ach , t he O va ls p roved more d if f icu lt .

Apart f ro m t hose

b earing t he R oya l b us t , t he r e ma inder a ppeared t o b e i n u se t hroughout t he 1 8th c entury . The C hes ter O va ls , c ou ld , h owever , b e d iv ided i n to d e monst rab ly e ar l ier a nd l a ter g roups , w i th a n a dm i t ted ly r a ther amorphous c o l lec t ion i n b etween .

E ven s o o ne s ta mp —No . 5 2 —prov ided s pec ia l p rob le ms .

O ne

v ersion o f i ti s a ssoc ia ted w i th a S eries E b order , wh i le t he o ther e xa mp les , i n av ery s l igh t ly d if feren t d ie , a re a ssoc ia ted w i th S eries H .

Th is means t ha t

t h is r a ther ' devo lved ' l ook ing s tamp must h ave b een c urren t i n a l mos t i den t ica l v ers ions f ro m a s e ar ly a s 1 730 o nwards .

G iven t he n u mber o f s ta mps i n u se

a t a ny o ne t ime , a nd t he f ac t t ha t c hanges were p robab ly d ue t o s h if ts o f t aste r a ther t han t echno logy , i ti s n ot r ea l ly s urpr ising t ha t s uch a no ma l ies o ccur . The B orders p resen ted a much more c omp lex s i tua t ion w i th a ssoc ia t ions w i th e ach o ther a s we l l a s w i th s ta mps a nd e xcava ted Groups .

F ro m a n e ar ly

s tage i n t he s tudy i t was a pparen t t ha t an u mber o ft ypo log ica l g roups mus t

1 35

h ave r un p ara l le l t o e ach o ther f or c ons iderab le p er iods .

I ta lso b eca me c lear

t ha t , a par t f ro m t he ' f in ish ing b orders ' b order w idth i ncreased w i th t ime .

The

B order S eries A-H d ef ined a nd d escribed b e low d if fers c onsiderab ly f ro m t he o rder i n wh ich t he b orders a ppear i n t he i l lus tra t ions , a l though s o me o f t he i n tu i t ive g roupings s uch a s ' p innac le a nd d ot ' ( Ser ies C ) a nd ' hear ts a nd s tars ' p roved c orrec t .

B orders wh ich d id n o t f i t i n to a ny o f t he S eries were om i t ted .

Many more e xa mp les o f a l l t he b orders a nd b e t ter a ssoc ia t iona l e v idence a re r equired b efore a f u l ly c o mprehens ive a na lys is i s p ossib le .

I f , f or e xa mp le ,

t he w idth o f t he b orders wh ich o ccur i n e xcava ted g roups a re t abu la ted, a s teady i ncrease c an b e n oted : D iagra m 4 Borders O ccurring i n G roups A B C D E F G a

H

Range i n mm

* * * *

X X I

* *

* *

*

Mean

N u mber

7 .0-13 .5

9 .4

8

6 .0-22 .6

1 3 .0

3

1 2 .5-28 .5

1 7 .3

6

X I I

*

*

1 8 .0-28 .5

2 2 .3

3

X I I I

*

*

1 8 .0-28 .5

2 3 .2

5

I ft he e v idence o f t he s ta mps a ssoc ia ted w i th b orders i s c onsidered a s im i lar t rend c an b e o bserved : D iagra m 5 Borders O ccurring w i th S tamps S tamp t ype

A B C D E F G H

L ozenge

*

Rangein m m

Mean

N u mber

4 .5- 8 .0

6 .7

2 8

O ctagon

* *

7 .5-10 .0

8 .6

2 5

Roya l Ova l

* *

5 .5-15 .5 6 .0-21 .0

8 .8 1 0 .4

1 1 2 1

1 0 .5-21 .0

1 7.2

1 0

2 2 .0-28 .5

2 5 .0

4 2

*

E ar ly Chester I n t .

*

*

* * *

C hester

L a ter C hester

*

These o bserva t ions a re c onf ir med when t he s te m b ore d a te o f a l l t he b orders i nc luded i n t he s er ies a re c o mpared w i th t he a ssoc ia ted ma ter ia l : D iagra m 6 B ore Da te , Width Range a nd Assoc ia ted E v idence f or t he B order S eries

Da te r ange o f Descr ipt ion

Range i n w idth

Mean

B ore

N o . o f e x-

a ssoc ia ted

L e t ter

( mm . )

w idth

d a te

amp les

materia l

E ar ly Borders

A

4 .5- 8 .0

6 .4

1 698

1 8

1 690-1710

P innac le & Dot

C

4 .0- 9 .0

6 .9

1 712

3 5

1 690-1715

Hearts & S tars

D

6 .0-11 .0

7 .9

1 706

4 9

1 700-1720

F lowers e tc .

E

7 .5-13 .5

1 0 .1

1 721

5 6

1 710-1730

F lora l/Tendri l

F

1 1 .5-21 .0

1 5 .7

1 728

7 9

1 720-1760

Large Tendri l

G

1 5 .5-22 .0

1 8 .8

1 742

7 3

1 740-1760

Large Geo me tr ic

H

2 1 .0-28 .5

2 4 .4

1 741

7 3

1 760-1790

1 36

0

o ) r . 1 -

0

c o

0

c o

0

U , F . -

0 e

0 0 1 I . -

0 F . -

0 0 r , v -

i n . •

1 37

0

=

i x \\ i t ) 0

0

The f ac t t ha t t he r e la t ionsh ip b etween b order w idth a nd a bso lute d a te a ppears t o b e s o c ons tan t a l lows t he c ons truc t ion o f ag raph o f t he r anges o f e ach B order S eries s e t a ga ins t t he a ssu med d a tes o f t he a ssoc ia ted Groups .

Th is

b oth c onf ir ms t he ir i n ter-re la t ionsh ip a nd p rov ides a b as is f or t he e s t ima t ion o f t he d a te o f e xa mp les wh ich h ave n o a ssoc ia ted e v idence a nd wh ich d o n ot f i t i n to o ne o f t he t ypo log ica l s er ies . B order 2 4 , f or e xamp le , p robab ly b el ongs t o t he p er iod 1 717±10 o n t he b as is o f i t s w idth o f 1 7 .5 m m .

T he u se o f

t h is g raph i s much more s a t isfac tory t han d ependance o n b ore w idth a s b ore d a tes b eco me v ery c o mpressed o ver much o f t he p eriod i n wh ich d ecora ted s te ms were b e ing p roduced .

I n a ny c ase t he s tem b ore measure men t o f a

s ing le e xa mp le i s n ever p ar t icu lar ly i n for ma t ive .

C lear ly , many more e x-

amp les o fb o th s tamps a nd b orders a re n ecessary b efore t hese r esu l ts c an b e more d ef in i t ive .

1 38

1 7th-18th CENTURY S TAMP S ER IES L ozenge, 1 690-1710 ;

These a re t he e ar l iest o f t he s te m s ta mps p robably

d er ived f ro m a d es ign c o mpr is ing s epara te impress ions o f Bow l b ase s ta mp n o . 1 8 a nd i n f luenced b y t he Du tch t rad i t ion .

The c rown i n f ive o f t he d es igns

a nd a lso a nother o ne o f t he E l ias Massey s ta mps ( f ig . 1 7 , 9 ) , r ese mb les t ha t made f or Queen Mary i n 1 685 a nd i ti s t e mp t ing t o a ssocia te t he b eg inn ing o ft h is s te m s ta mp d es ign w i th t he b eg inn ing o f t h is j o in t r e ign a nd n ear i n d a te t o t he L ozenge B ow l s ta mp n o. 1 06 .

Th is g roup i s a ssoc iated w i th t he

n arrowest b orders. A ssoc iated B order w id th r ange =4 .5 m m-8.0 m m ;

mean = 6 .7 m m

A ssoc iated B order S er ies = A , B , Ca nd D . A ssoc ia ted e xcava ted G roup = I X . Oc tagons, 17 00-1 7 20 ;

B ore D a te ( B inford ) =1 686 .48

A l l l arge ly t he s a me s ize a nd f i gura t ive i n d esign .

N os. 1 a nd 2b elong o n ly l oosely t o t h is g roup b e ing r ounded i n o u t l ine a nd s o mewhat c ruder i n a ppearance.

Occurr ing w ith f a ir ly n arrow b u t v ar ied

b order t ypes. A ssoc iated B order w id th r ange = 5 .5 m m-15.5 m m ;

mean = 8 .8 m m

A ssoc iated B order S er ies = B , C , D , E , a nd F . A ssoc iated e xcava ted G roups =D ( a nd X I .

Bore Da te ( Bin ford ) =1 712. 49 .

Ova ls, 17 0017 90 ; i )

Roya l Ova ls , 1 71017 20 ;

n os. 5 5-59 Queen A nne a nd n o . 6 0 K ing G eorge

I . The b ust i n s ta mp n o. 5 9 i s s im ilar t o t ha t o n c oins o f Queen A nne 's r e ign a nd s im ilar ly n o. 6 0 w ith a r eversa l o f t he b ust , w i th c o ins o f George I . T he b orders a ssoc ia ted w i th t hese s ta mps h ave t he sma l lest w id th r ange i n a ny o ne g roup o rb order s er ies a nd t here i s p robably a v ery s hor t p er iod i nvolved , p erhaps a s l i t t le a s f i ve y ears , i .e. 1 710-15. A ssoc iated B order w id th r ange = 7 .5 m m10 .0 m m ; mean = 8 .6 m m A ssoc iated B order S er ies = D a nd E . A ssociated e xcava ted G roups = I X a nd X . i )

Bore Da te ( Bin ford ) =1 715.07 .

' Chester ' Ova ls , n os. 3 7 t o 5 4, 17 10-1 7 90 ;

4 7 , 4 6 a nd 4 9 ;

L a te t ypes :

E ar ly t ypes :

n os. 4 1, 4 3, 4 4, 5 2 a nd 5 3.

n os. 5 4, 5 1 ,

On t ypolog ica l

g rounds i ti s d if icu l t t o a scerta in e arly a nd l ater d es igns i fu nassoc ia ted w ith b orders o r i n d a teable g roups b u t r ough ly s peak ing t he more p ara l lel t he s ides o f t he s h ie ld t he e ar l ier t he d esign .

I n a dd it ion , wh ile i n t he main t he ma jor ity

o f ' Chester ' s ta mps h ave d o med t ops a nd/or a re c onvex s ided t he l a ter d esigns b eca me s che ma t ic . N os . 5 4 , 4 7 , 5 1 a nd 4 6 a re c on f ined t o g roups B , C , D a nd E a nd t wo a ssoc ia t ions i n Fw ith b order n os. 5 5 a nd 6 3 b oth o f wh ich p robably d a te t o C . 1 710-30. A ssocia ted B order w id th r ange = 6 .0 m m . . 21.0 m m ( Ear ly ); ( La te );

2 2.0 m m-28.5 m m

mean = 1.18 m m ( Ear ly ), 2 3.2 m m ( La te ).

A ssociated Border S er ies = A l l , e xcep t ' A '. A ssociated e xcava ted G roups = X a nd X I ( Ear ly ) , X I I a nd X I I I ( La te ) . B ore Date ( Bin ford )

1 722.12 ( Ear ly ), 1 743 ,10 ( La te ).

i i ) O ther Ova ls, n os. 1 t o 3 6, 17 00-1 7 90 ;

L argely f igura t ive d esigns.

The

ma jor ity a pparen t ly d a t ing f ro m 17 10-30 a nd a ga in b road ly s peak ing i ti s t he 1 39

more s che ma t ic d esigns wh ich a re t he l a ter a l though n os. 1, 1 4 a nd 1 6 a re n ot im med ia tely a pparen t a s s uch a nd merely s how t ha t i ti s d if f icu l t t o d iff eren t ia te.

One o f t he e ar ly d esigns, n o. 2 2, may b e a nother mark u sed b y

Tho mas Or mes s en ior , f ol low ing o n f ro m t he L ozenge s ta mp w ith t he s a me i n i t ia ls a nd s im ilar ly , n o. 1 a nd t he s h ield s haped s ta mp ( f ig . 5 2 , 1 0 ) may h ave b een u sed b y t he s a me maker , R ichard G o ld ing j un ior work ing c . 1 7351 787 . Assoc ia ted Border S er ies = A l l , e xcep t ' A ' a l though t he ma jor ity o ccur i n B a nd C . Assoc ia ted e xcava ted G roups = I X , X a nd X I I . Miscel laneous S ta mps , 17 0017 10 ; T he r ound s ta mp a nd s i lhouet te ( f ig . 5 2 8& 9 ) a re a pparen t ly r ough ly c on te mporary w ith t he L ozenges, t he o n ly o ther Chester s ta mps c on ta in ing f l eur-delys a nd a re a ssoc ia ted w i th t wo f a ir ly n arrow e ar ly me mbers o f Border s er ies C . Assoc ia ted e xcavated G roup = I X ( Round s ta mp ) .

B ore Da te ( Bin ford ) =1 702.

2 9 . Border S er ies S er ies A, 1 680/901710 ;

n os. 4 , 5 , 1 0 , 3 , 1 3, 1, 1 4, 2 3, 1 9 ;

N on-f igura-

t i ve g eo metr ic d esigns l argely b ased u pon p innac les a nd d o ts w i th in n arrow b orders a nd w ith c lose s erra ted e dges. N os. 5 , 4a nd 1 0 a re p robably t he e ar l iest , p ossibly d evelop ing o u t o f r ou let t ing o r m i l led b ands o n e ar l ier p ipes. Assoc ia ted S ta mps = L ozenges 4 , 5 , a nd 6 . Assoc ia ted Border S er ies = S p ira l 4 .

B order w id th r ange = 4 .5 m m-8.0 m m .

Mean w id th = 6 .4 m m Assoc ia ted e xcavated g roups = D (. S er ies B , 1 700-1 7 20 ;

B ore Da te ( B in ford ) =1 698.46

n os. 1 20 , 1 21, 1 22;

V ery t h in

b orders

c on ta in ing e le men ts w h ich a lso o ccur i n ' A ' i .e. s errated e dge a nd a c en tra l l i ne

n os.

4 , 5a nd 1 0 .

Assoc ia ted S ta mps = L ozenges 3 a nd 5 , Round s ta mps 8 , Octagon 7 a nd Ovals 1 8 a nd 5 4. Assoc ia ted B order S er ies = C a nd E , t he e ar ly p ar ts o f Fa nd G a nd S p iral n os. 3 a nd 4 .

Assoc ia ted e xcava ted G roup = I X . B ore Da te ( Bin ford ) =1 706.

7 9 . S er ies C , 1 690-1715 ( 1720 ); 7 , 9( 16, 5 2, 5 3 );

n os. 1 8 , 1 2, 2 1, 2 2, 1 7 , 3 2, 2 7 , 2 0 , 1 5 , 6 , 8 ,

Qu i te n arrow t ypes , ma in ly p innac le a nd d ot d es igns w i th

o ther e le men ts a nd more d eep ly s erra ted e dges. N o. 9 must b e 17 14 o r l a ter ( probably n ot much l a ter ) a s i to ccurs w i th Ova l 6 0 , t he b ust o f George I , wh ile n o. 1 6 i s al ate d ebased e xa mp le o f t he p innac le a nd d ot d esign a nd n os. 5 2 a nd 5 3 r epresen t t he b eg inn ing o f t he b roader z oned t ypes . p robably d a te t o b etween 17 15 a nd 1 72 O . Assoc iated S ta mps = L ozenges 1 t o 3a nd Round s ta mp 8 ; 1 1;

A ll t hree

O ctagons 4 , 7a nd

O va ls 4 a nd 5 , 7 , 9 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 8 , 2 4 , 2 8 , 2 9 , 3 1 , 3 2 , 4 7 , 5 4 , 6 0 .

Assoc ia ted B order S er ies = B a nd S p ira l 4 . Border w id th r ange =4 .0 m m-9 .0 m m ( 1 3.5 m m , w ith n os. 1 6-53 ). 1 40

Mean w id th = 6 .9 m m ( 7 .4 m m ).

Assoc iated e xcava ted G roups = D Z.a nd X .

B ore Date ( Bin ford ) =1 711.85 ( 17 15.42). S er ies D

1 7001720 ;

n os. 4 8, 3 8, 4 6, 4 3, 5 0 , 4 9 , 3 7 , 3 9 , 4 5, 4 7 , 4 4, 4 0,

4 1, 4 2, 3 1, 5 1, 3 6;

Qu ite n arrow b order g roup w i th i rregurlarly s erra ted

i n ternal e dges w ith t he d if feren t e le men ts o f t he d esign a t tached.

The ma jor ity

o f d eta ils w ith in t he d esign a re c rude a nd i nd ist inc t. A ssociated S ta mps = L ozenge 7 ;

Oc tagons 4 , 7 , 8 , 1 2, 1 3, 1 4, ; Ovals 1 0 ,

1 2, 1 5, 1 7 , 1 8 , 2 2, 2 3, 2 6, 2 8 , 3 0 , 3 8, 5 1, 5 7 , 5 8, 5 9 . A ssociated Border S er ies = S p ira l 1 . B order w id th r ange =6 .0 m m-11.0 m m A ssoc iated e xcava ted G roups = D C a nd X . S er ies E

1 710-30 ;

Mean w id th = 7 .9 m m Bore Da te ( Binford ) = 17 05.70 .

n os. 8 7, 8 8, 9 6, 7 7, 2 , 1 , 5 8, 5 9 , 7 6 , 7 5 , 8 0 , 8 3 ,

8 2, 8 1, 8 4, 8 5, 8 6;

Th is g roup h as t he w idest r ange s o f ar b oth i n i n terna l

d esign a nd w id th , c o mpr ising ma in ly f l oral a nd t endr il d esigns b u t i nc lud ing s traigh t a nd s erra ted e dges.

No. 1 i s p resu mably d ateable t o George Iwh ile

n os. 7 9 , 8 1, a nd 8 5 must b e 1 702 o r l ater a s t hey o ccur w i th Queen Anne O vals n os. 5 5, 5 6 a nd 5 9 a nd p robably d a te t o t he l ast f i ve y ears o f h er r eign . A ssociated S ta mps =Octagons 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 1 1, 1 2; 5 2, 5 5, 5 6, 5 9.

Assoc iated Border S eries = B ;

B order w id th r ange = 7 .5 m m-13.5 m m . A ssoc ia ted e xcava ted G roup = X I . S er ies F , 1 7201760 ;

Ovals 6 , 2 1, 4 6, 4 9 ,

S p ira ls 1 , 3a nd 5 .

Mean w id th = 1 0.1 m m .

Bore Da te ( Bin ford ) =1 721.42

n os. 5 4, 9 3, 9 4, 7 8, 5 5, 6 9 , 7 4, 7 0 , 5 6, 5 7 , 3 4, 7 1,

7 2, 6 1, 7 3, 3 3, 6 2, 6 7 , 6 4, 9 2, 6 8, 9 5, 6 6, 6 3, 6 5, 6 0 ;

I n ter med iate

b roaden ing mul t i-zoned t ypes ma in ly f l oral a nd t endr il d esigns b u t w ith f i gurat ive e le men ts a nd i nc lud ing s errated a nd s tra igh t e dges.

Nos. 5 5 a nd

6 3 o ccur w i th t he e ar ly ' Chester ' Oval n o. 5 4 a nd must t herefore b e f a ir ly e ar ly i n t he s equence , c . 17 20 b y a nalogy w ith Groups B a nd C where t h is s ta mp a lso o ccurs.

T h is i s o ne o f t he f ew d ateable p oin ts w ith in t he g roup

a nd a s t here i s n o o bv ious t ypolog ical s equence t hese b orders h ave b een a rranged i n o rder o f w id th a ccord ing t o D iagra m 5 , p . 1 37 . A ssocia ted s ta mps = O ctagon 5 ;

Ova ls 8 , 1 1, 1 4, 2 5, 3 5, 3 9 , 4 2, 4 8 , 5 0 ,

5 1, 5 4. A ssociated Border S er ies = B ;

S p irals 1 -3 a nd 6 .

B order w id th r ange = 1 1.5 m m-21.0 m m .

Mean w id th = 1 5.7 m m.

A ssoc iated e xcava ted Groups = X a nd X I . Bore Da te ( Bin ford ) =1 728. 4 4 S er ies G

1 740-1760 ;

n os. 8 9 , 9 0 , 9 1, 9 8 , 9 9 , 9 7 , 1 03, 1 00 , 1 01, 1 02, 1 12;

Af a irly b road g roup w i th a r ela t ively smal l w idth r ange.

Pat terns a re

b ased i n t he ma in o n s tyl ised f ol iage w ith s epara te e le men ts b order ing t he c en tral d esign i n t he e dges a nd b eco m ing i ncreasingly importan t i n t he o vera l l d esigns w ith in t h is t ype.

No. 9 8 o ccurs w ith n o. 1 07 i n Group X I I .

A ssoc iated s ta mps = Ovals 1 , 2 , 3 , 1 1, 1 4, 3 7 , 3 9 , 4 0 , 4 5, 5 0 , 5 0 ; A ssociated Border S eries = H ; 2 2.0 m m .

S p ira l 3 .

Border w id th r ange = 1 5.5 m m-

Mean w id th = 1 8.8 m m .

A ssociated e xcava ted g roups = X I I a nd X I I I.

1 41

Bore Da te ( Bin ford ) = 17 41.64.

S er ies H 1 14;

1 760-1790 ;

n os. 1 04, 1 07 , 1 08, 1 05,

? 109 , 1 10 ,

? 111, 1 06, 1 13,

Th is i s t he w idest g roup o fb orders d iv ided b asical ly i n to t hree z ones

o f e qua l impor tance c o mpr ising v ery s tyl ised p lan t mot ifs. Assoc ia ted s ta mps = S h ield s ta mp , f ig . 5 2 , 1 0 ;

Ovals 1 , 4 , 1 4, 1 6 , 3 7,

3 8 , 4 3, 4 4, 4 5, 5 2, 5 3. Assoc ia ted Border S eries = G . Mean w id th = 2 4.4 m m .

Border w id th r ange = 2 1.0 m m-2 8 .5 mm .

Assoc ia ted e xcavated G roups = X I- X II I .

Bore Da te ( Bin ford ) = 17 41.05. S pira ls , c . 1 700-1790 ; n os. 4 , 1 , 5 , 2 , 6 , 3 , 7 ;

C o mpr is ing a w ide v ar iety

o f d esigns, p laced i n t h is o rder b y e vidence f ro m t he Border S er ies.

The

e ar lies t , n o . 4c on tain s erra ted b ands s im i lar t o t he e ar liest b order t ypes , may b egin i n t he 1 690s a nd w i th n os . 1 , 5a nd 2 i s a ssoc iated O ctagona l a nd/or e ar ly O va l s ta mps .

N os . 6a nd 3 c an b e a ss igned t o t he midd le p er iod

1 720/30-60 , wh i le t he l a tes t , n o . 7 , av ery s ty lised f o liar d esign i s a lso a n i ncuse d ecora t ion t he s a me a s t he l a tes t t ype o f b order ( i . e . n os . a nd c an b e d a ted t o b etween 17 70-90.

1 12-114)

No. 1 i s t he o n ly t ype o ccurr ing i n

s uf f icien t n umbers t o warran t as eparate B in ford d a te. Associated Border S eries = 4 : A , B a nd C ; 6 : F ;

3 : B , E , F a nd G .

Bore Date ( Binford ) =1 :

17 15.04.

1 42

1 : D , Ea nd F ;

5 : E ;

2 : F ;

a .

S TE M S TA MPS

I . L ozenge s ta mps ( f ig . 5 2 ); 1 (a )

Descr ip t ion :

c . 1 690-1710

c en tra l d es ign a c rown w i th ap e l le t b enea th s ur moun ted

b y t he i n i t ia ls

' TF ' a nd a s tar .

B ordered b y t we lve sma l l l ozenge

d iv is ions c on ta in ing f l eur-delys . ( b )

P oss ib le A t tr ibu t ion : The mark o f o ne o f t he T ho mas F le tchers o f Ches ter w ork ing i n t he l as t d ecade o f t he 1 7th c en tury a nd t he e ar ly p ar t o f t he 1 8th c entury ( p .237 ) .

( c )

Associa t ions :

( d )

F ind s po ts :

B order n os .

2 2(9 )

a nd 2 7(4 ) .

NGB I 1 974-75 ; G . S . 1 973 ;

GFC 1 976-78;

HSS ( 10 e xamp les ) ;

One u nprovenanced ( e )

S te m b ore r esu l ts : T ota l n u mber = 1 4 .

2 (a )

Descr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measure men ts = 1 2 x6 /64";

2x 7 /64" .

C en tra l d es ign a l arge c rown w i th a c rescen t b ordered

w i th t he s ame t we lve l ozenges c on ta ining t en r a ther c rude f l eur-delys a nd t he i n i t ia ls ' TO ' i n o ppos i te c orners . ( b )

P oss ib le A t tr ibu t ion :

t he mark o f o ne o f t he T ho mas O r mes o r o f

T imo thy O r mes , a ga in w ork ing i n t he l as t d ecade o f t he 1 7th c entury a nd t he e ar ly p ar t o f t he 1 8th c en tury ( p . 2 52 ) .

S ee a lso ' TO ' i n i t ia l led

o va l s tamp b e low ( p . 1 56 f i g . 5 5 , n o . 2 2 ) . ( c )

Assoc ia t ion :

( d )

F ind s po ts :

( e )

B order n o . 2 1 ( 4 ) . NGB I1 972-73 ;

LL 7 9; t hree u nprovenanced .

S te m b ore r esu l ts : Tota l n u mber = 7 .

3 (a )

AG 1 975-78:

Descr ip t ion :

S tem b ore measure men ts = 2 x 6 /64" ( 21 ) ; 5x 7 /64" .

C en tra l d es ign a l arge c rown w i th a c rescen t b ordered b y

t we lve sma l l l ozenges c on ta in ing f l eur-delys . ( b )

Assoc ia t ions :

( c )

F ind s po ts : NCS 1 974 ; NGB I 1 974-75 ; HSS 1 979 ( 3 e xamp les ) .

( d )

B order n os . 2 2 w i th 1 21 ( 1 ) ;

AG 1 975-78;

GFC 1 976-78 ;

S tem b ore r esu l ts : T ota l n u mber = 8 . 6x 7 /64";

4 (a )

6( 1 ) .

S tem b ore measure men ts = 1x 6 /64" ( 22 w i th 1 21 ) ;

1x 8 /64" .

Descr ip t ion :

T hough o n ly t he u pper p or t ion o f t he s ta mp i s k nown i ti s

p oss ib le t o i nfer t ha t t he b order a round t he l arge c rown was d iv ided i n to s ix teen sma l l l ozenges c on ta in ing f l eur-delys . ( b )

Assoc ia t ion :

B order n o . 5 .

( c )

F ind s po t :

( d )

S te m b ore r esu l ts

G S 1 973 .

T ota l n u mber = 1 .

S tem b ore measuremen t =6 /64" . 1 . 43

5 (a )

D escr ip t ion : t he s tamp i s d iv ided c o mp le te ly i n to s ix teen sma l l l ozenges c on ta in ing s ty l ised f l eur-delys .

( b ) ( c )

A ssoc ia t ions : Border n os . 8( 2 ) 1w i th 1 22; F ind s po ts :

1 3 ( 1 );

1 4 ( 1 ) ; 7 o r 9( 1 ) .

TS 1 953 ( Webs ter & B ar ton , 1 957 , f i g . 1 , 7( Group D ( );

BB 1 960 ; AG 1 975-78; ( d )

1 1 ( 1 ) ;

GFC 1 976-78 .

H SS 1 979;

U nprov .

S te m b ore r esu l ts T o ta l n u mber - 1 1 .

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 8 x 6 /64";

3x 7 /64"

( undecora ted ) . 6 (a )

D escr ip t ion :

' EL IAS MASSEY ' w i th p e l le ts a nd a r ampan t ? lion a bove

a nd h arp b e low . ( b )

A t tr ibut ion :

E l ias Massey was w ork ing c . 1 688 ( p .248 ) .

There w as

a no ther ' E l ias Massey ' s tamp f ound o f s im i lar d es ign , f ro m t he T rini ty S t . p i t g roup ( f ig . 1 7 ,9 , p . 8 1 ) w i th a c rown a t t he a pex a nd f l eur-del ys a t t he b ase ( Webs ter E -B ar ton 1 957 , f i g . I , 1 1;

c f . 7b e low ) .

Th is

i s o ne o ft he e ar l ies t marks a t tr ibu tab le t o aC hes ter maker . ( c )

Assoc ia t ion :

B order n o . 1 0 ( 2 )

( d )

F ind s po ts :

t wo u nprovenanced .

( e )

S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 3 .

7 (a )

? LL 7 9 .

D escr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 3 x 6 /64"

s l igh t ly sma l ler t han t he p reced ing s tamps a nd o n ly t he

u pper p or t ion i s k nown b ut t he d esign i s s imi lar t o n o . 6 .

The c losest

p ara l le l t o i ti s t he ' E lias Massey ' s tamp f rom t he T rin i ty S tree t p i t g roup ( see 6 a bove ) wh ich a lso h as a c rown a t t he a pex .

H owever , t he

l e t ters o n t h is f rag men t d o n o t a ppear t o e nd w i th a n ' 5 ' , u n less i ti s ar e trograde l e t ter a nd i ts ee ms more l ike ly t ha t t he l as t l et ter i s a n ' a ' .

( b )

P oss ib le a t tr ibut ion :t h is s tamp may t herefore b e t he mark o f ' E l isha Massey ' who was w orking i n C hes ter f ro m c . 1 715 ( p . 2 48) .

( c )

Assoc ia t ion :

( d )

F ind s po t :

( e )

B order 3 8 ( 1 ) .

u nprovenanced .

S te m b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 2 .

8 (a )

D escr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measurement = 1x 6 /64";

1x 7 /64" .

r ound s tamp w i th a l arge f l eur-delys a nd ' pear led ' b order .

( b )

A ssoc ia t ions :

( c )

F ind s po ts : AG 1 975-78 , GFC 1 976-78; TS 1 953( Webs ter & B ar ton , 1 957 , f i g . 1 , 2( Group I X ) ) ;u nprovenanced .

( d )

B order n os . 2 2 ( 4 ) o ne a lso w i th 1 21 .

S te m b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 4 .

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 4 x 6 /64" .

1 44

1

2

4

3

5

• ruA i ' e t a s s 6

8

9

C rT 1 9 4 9 9. 9.

F ig . 5 2

7

1 0

1 9 . 9.e m m i

L ozenge , C ircu lar S i lhoue t te a nd S h ie ld S haped S te m S tamps 1 45

9 (a ) D escr ip t ion :

s i lhoue t ted f l eur-de-lys q ui te d eep ly c u t i n to t he s te m .

( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order n o . 1 8 .

GS 1 973 .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 . S te m b ore measure men t =6 /64" . 1 0(a ) D escr ip t ion :

s h ie ld s haped s ta mp w i th t he C hes ter whea tsheafs a nd

sword a nd r e trograde i n i t ia ls ' HG ' . ( b ) P oss ib le a t tr ibu t ion :

t h is may b e t he mark o f o ne o f t he R ichard G o ldings .

The f i rs t was w ork ing c . 1 695 a nd was d ead b y 1 721 , wh i le t he s econd was w ork ing c . 1 732 a nd d ied i n 1 787 ( p . 2 40 ) .

T here i s a lso a n Ova l

S tamp w i th t he i n i t ia ls ' RG 1 ( see p . 1 51 , f i g . 5 4 , 1 ) . ( c ) Assoc ia t ion : ( d ) F ind s po t :

B order n o . 1 08 .

u nprovenanced .

( e ) S tem b ore r esu lts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 . I .

O c tagona l S ta mps

1 (a ) Descr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measuremen t =5 /64" .

( f ig . 5 3 ) ;

c . 1 700-1720

ar ounded mark c on ta ining a t a lbo t p assan t o n ap la tfor m

w i th in a r ibbonl ike b order .

T he t a lbo t i s o fp ar t icu lar s ign if icance i n

Ches ter a s i ti s p ar t o ft he G rosvenor f am i ly Arms ( c f . o va l s tamp p .151 , f ig . 5 4 , 9a nd b orders 5 9 a nd 6 0 , f i g . 6 0 ) , ( b )

Associa t ions :

( c )

F ind s po ts :

( d )

B order n os . 8 7 w i th s p ira l 1 ; 8 8 .

R J 1 954 ;

GFC 1 976-78 .

S te m b ore r esu l ts : T ota l n u mber = 3 .

2 (a )

LBS 1 974-75 ( Group X I );

Descr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 3 x 6 /64 '

s i mi lar ly s haped s tamp w i th a d is join ted t a lbot p assan t

o n ap la tform . ( b )

A ssoc ia t ions :

( c )

F ind s po ts :

( d )

B order n os . 3 0 ( 1 ) ;

GFC 1 976-78 ;unprovenanced .

S te m b ore r esu l ts : T ota l n u mber = 2 .

3 (a )

8 7 w i th s pira l 1( 1 ) .

Descr ip t ion :

S tem b ore measure men ts = 2x 6 /64" .

we l l d ef ined sma l l o c tagona l c on ta in ing a l ong n ecked

t a lbot p assan t o n ap la tfor m . ( b )

A ssocia t ions :

( c )

F ind s po ts :

( d )

B order n o . 8 2 w i th s p ira l 1( 1 ) .

NP 1 963-64 ;

GFC 1 976-78 .

S te m b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 3 .

S te m b ore measure men ts = 3x 5 /64" .

1 46

F ig . 5 3

O ctagona l S te m S ta mps 1 47

4 (a )

D escr ip t ion :

l arger o c tagon c on ta in ing a w e l l-propor t ioned t a lbo t p as-

s an t o n ap la tform w i th in a p ear led b order . ( b )

A ssoc ia t ions :

( c )

F ind s po ts :

( d )

B order n os . 9( 1 ) &4 7 ( 1 ) .

1 J 1 954 : u nprovenanced .

S te m b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 2 .

S te m b ore measure men ts = 1 x 5 /64" a nd 1x 6 /64"

( 47 ) . 5 (a )

Descr ip t ion :

at rue o c tagon c on ta in ing a r a ther c rude t a lbo t p assan t

w i th in t wo r ibbonlike b orders . ( h )

Assoc ia t ions :

B order n os . 5 5 ( 1 ) a nd 7 5 ( 1 ) .

( c )

F ind s po ts :

( d )

S tem b ore r esu l ts :

NP 1 963-64 ;

T o ta l n u mber = 2 . 6 (a )

D escr ip t ion :

AG 1 975-78 .

S tem b ore measuremen ts = 2x 6 /64" .

aw e l l-def ined l i on r ampan t w i th in a n o ther w ise p la in

o c tagon . ( b )

Assoc ia t ion :

( c )

F ind s po t :

( d )

B order n o . 2

GG 1 978 .

S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 .

7 (a )

( b )

S te m b ore meausremen t =6 /64.

D escr ip t ion : a l mos t t rue o c tagon c onta in ing a d e ta i led l i on r ampant o n ap la tfor m w i th a b ou lderl ike f or m b enea th t he o f f-h ind f oo t . Assoc ia t ions :

B order n os . 8w i th 1 22 a nd S p ira l 4( 1 ) ;

1 7 ( 1 ) ;

3 2 ( 1 )

a nd 4 8 ( 3 ) . ( c )

F ind s po ts : TS 1 953 ( Webs ter & B ar ton 1 957 ( Group I X ) ; BB 1 960 ; NGB I1 972-73 ;U nprovenanced .

( d )

S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 6 .

f ig . 1 ,6 ) ) ;

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 2x 5 /64" ( 17 a nd o ne 4 8 )

4x 6 /64" . 8 (a )

D escr ip t ion :

L arge o rna te o c tagon w i th a sma l l d e ta i led l ion r ampan t

w i th in a s h ie ld . ( b )

Assoc ia t ion :

( c )

F ind s po ts : T . S . 1 953 ( Webs ter & B ar ton , 1 957 , f ig . 1 , 6 a , ( Group I X ) ) ; u nprovenanced .

( d )

B order n o . 4 9 ( 2 ) .

S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 2 .

9 (a )

D escr ip t ion :

S tem b ore measuremen ts = 2 x 6 /64" .

l arge o c tagon c on ta in ing a n i l l-def ined

w i th in a ' pear led ' b order .

1 48

?l i on r ampan t

( b )

Assoc ia t ion :

B order n o . 7 5 ( 2 ) .

( c )

F ind s po t :

( d )

S te m b ore r esu l ts : T ota l n u mber = 2 .

AG 1 975-78 .

1 0 (a ) Descr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 2 x 6 /64" .

t a l l o ctagon c onta in ing a d em il ion r ampan t i ssuing f ro m

ac rown c lasp ing a n o b jec t , w i th in ap la in r ibbonl ike b order . ( b ) Associa t ion : ( c ) F ind s pot :

B order n o . 8 1 ( 1 ) .

G S 1 973 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : T ota l n u mber = 2 . S te m b ore measure men ts = 2x 6 /64" 1 1 (a ) Descr ip t ion :

G eorge & D ragon o n ly p ar t ia l ly k nown , wha t t here i s o f

t he d es ign i s p ar t o f aw e l l-def ined d ragon a nd s pear w i th in a p la in d oub le b order . ( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s pot :

B order n o .

1 5 .

AG 1 975-78 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : Tota l n u mber = 1 . 1 2 (a ) Descr ip t ion :

S tem b ore measuremen t =6 /64" .

l arge o c tagon c on ta in ing t wo d e ta i led c rowns a nd a b u l l 's

h ead w i th in ap la in b order . ( b ) Associa t ions : ( c ) F ind s po ts :

B order n os . 3 9 w i th s p ira l 1 (1 );

R J 1 954 ;

8 4 ( 1 ) .

LBS 1 974-75 ( Group X I ) .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : To ta l n u mber = 2 . 1 3(a ) Descr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measure men ts = 2 x 5 /64" .

as ta mp r ough ly t he s ame s ize a s n o . 1 2 a nd o f t he s ame

d es ign b u t c rude ly d one a nd i l l-def ined . ( b ) Associa t ions : ( c ) F ind s po t :

n one .

AG 1 975-78 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : To ta l n u mber = 1 . 1 4 (a ) Descr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measuremen t =6 /64" .

l arge o c tagon c on ta ining w o lf 's h ead e rased o n ap ebb le-

l ike p la tfor m , w i th t wo l eafy s pr igs w i th in a s erra ted b order . ( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order n o . 5 0 .

T . S . 1 953 ( Webs ter & B arton , 1 957 ,

f i g . 1 , 3( Group I X ) 1 ;

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : To ta l n u mber = 1 .

S te m b ore measure men t =6 /64".

1 49

I I ( i ) .

M isce l laneous Ova l s tamps : ( f igs . 5 4 &5 5 ) .

1 (a ) D escr ip t ion :

o va l s tamp c on ta in ing mason ic emb lems , s quare a nd

c o mpass a nd t he i n i t ia ls iRG : ( b ) P oss ib le A t tr ibut ion : a s a bove w i th t he s h ie ld s tamp ( p . 1 45 , f i g . 5 2 , 1 0 )t he i n i t ia ls may b e t he mark o f t he s econd R ichard G o ld ing ( work ing c . 1 735-1787 ) . ( c ) Associa t ions : ( d ) F ind s po ts :

B order n os . 1 02 ( 1 );

CC 1 954 ;

1 09 ( 1 )

ACS 1 978 ( Group X )

( e ) S te m b ore r esu lts : T o ta l n u mber = 2 . ( f )

S te m b ore measure men ts = 2x 5 /64" .

S ugges ted d a t ings c . 1 760-1790 .

2 (a ) Descr ip t ion : ( b ) A ssocia t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

r a ther more o va l s tamp b ut s im i lar mason ic d es ign . B order n o . 9 8 ( 2 ) .

HW 1 978 ( Group X I I ) .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 2 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 3 (a ) D escr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 2 x 5 /64" . C . 1 740-60 .

l arge o va l c on ta ining t he P rince o f Wa les ' f ea thers w i th

as cro l l b enea th a nd t he i n i t ia ls ( ? )CP w i th in a s erra ted b order . ( b ) P oss ib le A t tr ibut ion ' : t he f i rs t i n i t ia l i s u nc lear b u t t h is may b e t he mark o f C har les P owe l l who mus t h ave b egun w ork ing i n C hes ter i n t he 1 730s h av ing b een b orn i n 1 714 ; h e d ied i n 1 784 ( p . 2 54 ) . ( c ) Assoc ia t ion : ( d ) F ind s po t :

B order 1 00 .

LBS 1 974-75 .

( e ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 . ( f )

S ugges ted d a t ing :

4 (a ) D escr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measuremen t =5 /64" . c . 1 740-1760 .

o va l c on ta in ing a d e ta i led c rown a nd c hapeau l i nked b y a

c ha inl ike b and w i th in ap la in b order . ( b ) A ssoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order n o . 1 6 .

AG 1 975-78 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 . ( f )

S ugges ted d a ting :

5 (a ) D escr ip t ion :

S tem b ore measure men t =6 /64 1. C . 1 690-1715 .

o n ly p ar t ia l ly k nown b ut a n o va l c onta in ing a s h ie ld w i th

t hree h am mers , o ne w i th in a n a ng le , s urrounded b y ap lain b order .

1 50

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 8

F ig . 5 4

Ova l S te m S tamps , n os . 1 -18 1 51

( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order 1 6 .

NP 1 963-64 .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 . ( f )

S ugges ted d a t ing :

6 (a ) D escr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measure men t

6 /64" .

c . 1 690-1715 .

o va l c on ta ining t hree c rossed a rrows o n ap ebb lel ike

p la tfor m w i th in a p la in b order . ( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order n o . 8 1 .

GFC 1 976-78 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 7 (a ) Descrip t ion :

S te m b ore measuremen t =6 /64". c . 1 710-1730 .

sma l ler s tamp a l mos t c ircu lar w i th t hree c rossed a rrows

o n as im i lar p la tfor m w i th in a' pear led ' b order s urrounded b y ap la in b order . ( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order 5 2 .

GFC 1 976-78 .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T ota l n u mber = 1 . ( d ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 8 (a ) Descr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measure men t =5 /64" . c . 1 690-1715 .

s i mi lar d es ign t o Ova l 5a bove .

O va l c on ta in ing a s h ie ld

w i th t hree e ag les d isp layed o ne w i th in a n a ng le , s urrounded b y ap la in b order . ( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order 5 5 .

AG 1 975-78 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu lts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 9 (a ) Descr ip t ion :

S tem b ore measure men t =6 /64" . C . 1 720-1760 .

o va l c on ta ining a d e ta i led d ep ic t ion o f t he Ar ms o f t he

G rosvenor f a mi ly . ( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order 5 2 .

u nprovenanced .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 2 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing :

S te m b ore measure men ts = 2x 5 /64" . c . 1 690-1715 .

1 52

1 0 (a ) Descr ip t ion :

o va l c on ta in ing a d e ta i led e ag le d isp layed s tand ing u pon a

p ebb lel ike p la tfor m , a nd t he i n i t ia ls ' WW ' w i th in a s erra ted b order . ( b ) Poss ib le a t tr ibu t ion :

t here i s n o k nown C hes ter manufac turer w i th t he

i ni t ia ls W W . ( c ) Assoc ia t ion : ( d )

F ind s po t :

B order 4 4 .

AG 1 975-78 .

( e ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : Tota l n u mber = 1 . ( f )

S ugges ted d a t ing :

1(a ) Descr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measuremen t =6 /64" . c . 1 700-1720 .

sma l ler s tamp o f t he s ame d es ign .

Ova l c on ta in ing e ag le

d isp layed s tand ing u pon a p ebb lel ike p la tfor m w i th a n e x tra p e l le t b enea th a nd t he i n i t ia ls W W s urrounded b y ap la in b order . ( b ) Poss ib le a t tribu t ion , ( c ) Assoc ia t ions : ( d )

F ind s po ts :

a s a bove .

B order n o . 7 3 ( 1 ) ;

CMS 1 954 ;

1 03 ( 1 ) .

LBS 1 974-75 .

( e ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : Tota l n u mber = 2 . ( f )

S ugges ted d a t ing :

1 2 (a ) Descr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measure men ts :

2x 5 /64" .

c . 1 720-1760 .

v ery s imi lar t o Ova l 1 0 .

Ova l c on ta in ing a n e ag le d is-

p layed s tand ing u pon a p ebb lelike p la tfor m . ( b ) Assoc ia t ions : ( c )

F ind s po ts :

B order n os . 4 4 ( 1 ) ;

G S 1 973;

5 2 ( 3 ) .

AG 1 975-78 .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber =4 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing :

S te m b ore measure men ts = 4 x 5 /64" . C . 1 690-1715 .

1 3 (a ) Descr ip t ion : f a ir ly sma l l o va l c on ta in ing a w ing less a nd l eg less d oub leh eaded b ird a bove a p ebb lel ike p la tfor m , w i th in a s erra ted b order . ( b ) Assoc ia t ions : ( c )

F ind s po t :

B orders n os . 5 2 a nd 5 3 ( 1 ) .

T . S . 1 953 ( Webs ter & B ar ton , 1 957 , f i g . 1 , 4 , ( Group I X ) ) .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : Tota l n u mber = 1 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 1 4 (a ) Descr ip t ion :

S tem b ore measure men t =5 /64" . C . 1 690-1715 .

l arge o va l c on ta in ing a c rown a nd a n ( ?)eag le s tand ing

o ver ab und le w h ich r es ts o n ag r id w i th in ap la in b order .

Th is i s

p resu mab ly ap or traya l o f al egend s i mi lar t o ' t he p e l ican i n h er p ie ty ' . ( b ) Assoc ia t ions :

B order n os . 3 4 w i th s p ira l 2( 1 ) ;

1 53

1 03 ( 1 ) ;

1 06 ( 1 ) .

( c ) F ind s pots :

AG 1 975-78;

BR 1 977 .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu lts : Tota l n u mber = 3 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a ting : 1 5(a ) Descr ip t ion :

S tem b ore measure ments = 3 x 5 /64" . C . 1 750-1770 .

sma l ler o va l c on ta ining a d em i-b ird w i th a k ey i n i t s b eak

a bove a p ebb lelike p la tfor m w i th in a p la in b order . ( b ) Assoc ia tion : ( c ) F ind s pots :

B order n os . 3 8 ( 1 ) . CS 1 974;

GFC 1 976-78 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : Tota l n u mber = 2 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a ting : 1 6(a ) Descr ipt ion :

S te m b ore measure ments = 2 x 6 /64". c . 1 700-1720 .

o va l w i th s tag 's h ead e rased a bove a p ebb le-like p la tfor m

w i th in a p la in b order . ( b ) Assoc ia t ions : ( c ) F ind s po ts :

B order n os . 1 13 ( 1 ) ;

1 18 w i th s p ira l 1( 1 ) .

AG 1 975-78: u nprovenanced .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : Tota l n u mber = 2 . ( e ) S uggested d a ting : 1 7(a ) Descr ipt ion :

S te m b ore measure men ts = 1x 5 /64" ( 113) ;

1X6/64" .

C . 1 760-1790 .

o va l c on ta ining d e mi-s tag r egardan t w i thin a ?w rea th s ur-

r ounded b y ap lain b order . ( b ) Associa t ion :

B order 4 4 .

( c ) F ind s pot : AG 1 975-78 . ( d ) S te m b ore r esu lts : To ta l n u mber = 1 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a ting : 1 8(a ) Descr ip tion :

c . 1 700-1720

o va l c onta ining a s tag l odged w i th in a s erra ted b order .

( b ) Associa t ions : ( c ) F ind s pots :

S te m b ore measure ment = 6 /64" .

B order n os . 2 7 w i th 1 20 ( 1 ); 4 2 ( 1 ) .

CC 1 954 ;

AG 1 975-8 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu lts : Tota l n u mber = 2 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a ting : 1 9(a ) Descrip tion : b order .

c . 1 690-1715 .

o va l c on ta in ing ' 1 GORDON ' s urrounded b y ad ecora t ive

( Spence , 1 942 . )

( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c )

S te m b ore measurements = 2 x 5 /64" .

F ind s pot :

s p ira l 6 .

u nprovenanced .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu lts : Tota l n u mber = 1 .

S te m b ore measurement = 5 /64" . 1 54

1 9

2 0

2 1

2

2 3

2 4

2 6

2 7

2 8

2 9

3 0

3 1

3 2

3

3 5

3 6

F ig . 5 5

Ova l S tem S tamps , n os . 1 9-36 1 55

1 9(e ) S ugges ted d a ting : 2 0

( a ) Descript ion :

c . 1 740-1760 .

o va l c on ta ining a c upid a pparen t ly s t irr ing a c onta iner

s tanding u pon a p la tfor m w i th in a ' pear led ' b order . ( b ) P ossib le A t tr ibut ion : ac lose p ara l le l t o t h is f igure i s o ne o f t he amorin i " go lds mi ths" i n t he P ut t i f r ieze f ro m t he H ouse o f t he V e t t i i , P o mpei i ( c f .

F ranciscis , 1 972 , 3 7) .

A lthough t h is i s n ot t he s ource , a s

e xcava tions o n t he b ui lding d id n ot r evea l t h is f r ieze u nt i l l a te 1 9th c entury , t he s i mi lari ty b e tween t hese f igures d oes s uggest a c lassica l s ource .

( I nfor ma t ion f ro m M . B u l mer . )

( c ) Associa t ions : ( d ) F ind s pots :

B order n os . 2 5 ( 1 );

CS 1 951:

2 6 ( 1 ) ,

2 8 ( 1 ) .

NGB I1 972-73; u nprovenanced .

( e ) S tem b ore r esu lts : Tota l n u mber = 4 .

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 3 x 5 /64";

1x 6 /64" .

B order ( 25 ) . ( f )

S ugges ted d a ting :

2 1(a ) Descrip t ion :

c . 1 700-1720 .

o va l c on ta ining a we l l-def ined c rown a nd d e mi-bu l l i ssuan t

w i thin a ' pear led ' b order s i mi lar i n d e ta i l t o O c tagon 1 2 . ( b ) Associa t ions : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order n o . 7 6 .

GPO 1 953 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : To ta l n u mber = 1 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a ting 2 2(a ) Descript ion :

S te m b ore measure men t =6 /64" . c . 1 710-1730 .

o va l c on ta in ing a l i on r ampan t a nd t he i n i t ia ls ' TO ' w i th in

a' pear led ' b order . ( b ) P ossib le a t tribut ion :

a s w i th L ozenge 2 , ( p . 1 45 , f i g . 5 2 ) , t h is may b e

t he mark o f o ne o ft he T ho mas O r mes o r T imothy Or mes working i n t he l as t d ecade o ft he 1 7th c en tury a nd i n t he e ar ly p ar t o f t he 1 8th c en tury ( p . 2 52 ) . ( c ) Associa t ions : ( d ) F ind s pots :

B order n os . 4 1 ( 1 ) ;

4 7 ( 1 ) .

GFC 1 976-78; u nprovenanced .

( e ) S te m b ore r esul ts : To ta l n u mber = 2 . ( f )

S ugges ted d a ting :

2 3(a ) Descrip t ion : ( b ) Associa tion : ( c ) F ind s pot :

S te m b ore measure men ts = 2 x 5 /64" . c . 1 700-1720 .

a more r ounded o va l c on ta in ing a d e ta i led l ion r ampan t . B order n o . 5 0 ( 3 ) . o ne w i th B ow l F or m 7 3 ( f ig . 6 4 , 2 ) .

T . S . 1 953 ( Group D ( ) .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu lts : T ota l n u mber = 3 .

S te m b ore measure men ts = 2 x 6 /64"; 1 56

1x 7 /64" ( 50 ) .

2 3(e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 2 4(a ) Descr ipt ion :

c . 1 700-1720 .

o va l c on ta ining d e mi-lion r ampan t a bove a p ebb le-l ike

p la tfor m w i th in a p la in b order . ( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order n o .

1 6 .

GFC 1 976-78 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : Tota l n u mber = 1 . ( e )

S ugges ted d a t ing :

2 5 (a ) Descr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measurements = 6 /64" . c . 1 690-1715 .

o va l c on ta ining a d e ta i led l i on r ampan t w i th in a p lain

b order . ( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c )

F ind s po ts :

B order n o . 5 4 ( 1 ) . NP 1 963-64 ;

GS 1 973 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : Tota l n u mber = 3 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a ting : 2 6(a ) Descr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measurements = 2 x 5 /64";

1 x.6 /64" ( 54 ) .

c . 1 720-1760 .

s imi lar t o b ut l arger t han O va l 2 5 , c onta ining a r a ther c ruder

l ion r ampan t s tanding u pon a r ow o f ? pe l le ts w i thin a p la in b order . ( b ) Associa t ion : ( c ) ( d )

F ind s pot :

B order n o . 3 6 .

G S 1 973 .

S te m b ore r esu lt : Tota l n u mber = 1 .

( e ) S ugges ted d a ting : 2 7(a ) Descript ion :

S te m b ore measuremen t =5 /64" . C . 1 700-1720 .

sma l ler o va l w i th a s ca l loped e dge c onta in ing f i ne ly d e ta i led

c rowned l i on r ampan t w i th in a p la in b order .

( b )

Associa t ions :

( c )

F ind s pot :

n one .

G S 1 973 .

tem b ore r esu lt : ( d ) S Tota l n u mber = 1 . 2 8(a ) Descr ip t ion :

S tem b ore measure ment = 5 /64".

p art o f a n o va l c on ta in ing a l i on r ampan t w i thout t he u sua l

i n terna l b order . ( b ) Associa t ion : ( c )

F ind s pot :

B order n o . 4 4 .

LL 1 979 .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu lts : Tota l n u mber = 1 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a ting :

S te m b ore measuremen t =6 /64"; C . 1 690-1715 .

1 57

2 9(a ) Descrip t ion :

p ar t o f a n o va l c on ta in ing we l l d ef ined d ragonl ike b eas t

r a mpan t . ( b ) Associa t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order n o . 5 2 .

GFC 1 976-78 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l t : T ota l n u mber = 1 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 3 0 (a ) Descr ip t ion : ( b ) Associa t ions : ( c ) F ind s po t :

S te m b ore measure men t =5 /64" . c . 1 690-1715 .

o va l c on ta in ing a g ryphon s egrean t w i th in a s erra ted b order . B order n os . 6( 1 ) ;

SMA 1 963 ;

5 0 w i th B ow l F or m 6 9 ( f ig . 6 4 , 1 , p . 1 93 ) .

CC 1 954 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : Tota l n u mber = 2 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing :

S te m b ore measure men ts = 1x 5 /64"; c . 1 700-1720 .

3 1(a ) Descr ip t ion : o va l c on ta in ing a d e ta i led ' pear led ' b order . ( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

1x 6 /64" .

S t . G eorge a nd d ragon W i thin a

B order n o . 8 .

u nprovenanced .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : Tota l n u mber = 1 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 3 2(a ) Descr ip t ion :

S tem b ore measuremen t =6 /64" . c . 1 690-1715 .

o va l c on ta ining a c rown a nd d em i-un icorn i ssuan t w i th in

ac ordl ike b order . ( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order n o . 5 2 .

GFC 1 976-78 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu lts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 3 3(a ) Descr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measure men t =5 /64" C . 1 690-1715 .

o va l c on ta in ing d em i-Pegasus a bove a p ebb lel ike p la tform

w i th in a s erra ted b order . ( b ) Associa t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order n o . 4 4 .

u nprovenanced .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing :

S te m b ore measure men t =5 /64" . c . 1 700-1720 .

3 4 (a ) Descr ip t ion : o va l c on ta in ing a d o lph in n a ian t a bove a p ebb lel ike p la tf orm w i th in a p la in b order . 1 58

3 4 (b ) Associa t ions : ( c ) F ind s po t :

n one .

AG 1 975-78 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : To ta l n u mber = 1 . S te m b ore measure men t =6 /64" . 3 5 (a ) Descr ip t ion :

o va l c on ta in ing a n i nsect ( ?bee o r b ut terf ly ) a bove a r ow

o f l arge p ebb les . ( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order n o . 5 4 .

GS 1 973 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : T ota l n u mber = 1 . S te m b ore measure men t =5 /64" ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 3 6 (a ) Descr ip t ion :

c . 1 720-1760 .

p ar t o f a n o va l c on ta in ing a s qu irre l c hew ing a t a( ?haze l )

b ranch w i th in a ' pear led ' b order . ( b ) Assoc ia t ions : ( c ) F ind s pot :

n one .

u nprovenanced .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : Tota l n u mber = 1 .

S te m b ore measure men t =5 /64" .

I I ( i) . ' Ches ter ' s tamps ( f ig . 5 6) ;

c . 1 710-1790 .

Th is b adge i s n o t t he o f f icia l C i ty c oa t-of-ar ms s anc t ioned b y t he C o l lege o f H era lds b u t t he a rms o ft he C oun ty o f C hesh ire o f t hree g arbs o r whea ts heafs , w i th t he a dd i t ion o f a sword . T he u se o f t h is o lder c oa t-of-ar ms c on t inued e ven a f ter t he g ran t ing o f a n A ch ievemen t o f A r ms t o t he C i ty i n 1 580 o f as h ie ld , emb lazoned a s f o l lows : p ar ty p ar p a le , t hree d em i l i ons p ass an t g ardan t , o ne a nd a h a lf _garbs . t he c res t o ft hese a rms .

A s hea thed s word w ith p oin t e rec t f or ms

Th is sword a nd p resu mab ly t he o ne t ha t f ea tures

i n t he u nof f icia l C i ty c oa t-of-ar ms i s p ar t o ft he C iv ic i ns ignia a nd d er ives f ro m t he ' Grea t C har ter ' o f H enry V I I i n 1 506 i n wh ich a c lause g ran ted t he mayor o ft he ' Coun ty o f t he C i ty o f C hes ter ' t he r igh t t o h ave h is sword c arr ied u pr igh t b efore h im i n t he p resence o f a l l t he p eers o f t he r ea lm e xcep t w hen t he K ing i s p resen t .

I t was n o t u nna tura l t ha t t he K ing c onf ir med t he

u se o ft he sword i n t he C i ty u pon i t s c o mp le te s epara t ion f ro m t he c oun ty a s i th ad e n joyed n ear s overeign r igh ts w i th in t he c oun ty s ince t he t ime o f W i l lia m t he C onqueror ( Groo mbr idge 1 950 ) .

The o ccasiona l u se o f t h is u n-

o f f icia l mark mos t n o t iceab ly o ccurs b efore t he 1 8th c entury p ipe makers a dop ted i t , a s o ne o ft he e ar lies t a r ms s tamped a nd e ngraved o n s i lver p la te a ssayed a t C hes ter b e tween 1 680 a nd 1 690 b ut i n 1 697 p rov incia l A ssay o f f ices were c losed a nd u pon i t s r e-es tab lishmen t a t C hes ter i n 1 701 t he c oa t-of-ar ms u sed w as n earer t he o f f ic ia l d es ign a nd i t was n o t u n ti l 1 779 t ha t t he u nof f icia l b adge a ga in t ook o ver ( Bradbury , 1 979 ) . I ti s i n teres t ing t o n ote t ha t t he s hape o f an u mber o f t he e ar l ies t s h ie lds u sed b y t he 1 8th c en tury p ipe makers ( nos . 4 6-48 a nd 5 1 ) c lose ly r ese mb le t he f i rs t s eries o f C hester a ssay marks r a ther t han t he p la iner t ypes i n u se p os t-1701 . 1 59

3 7(a ) Descr ipt ioa :

o va l w i th sma l l s h ie ld .

( b ) Assoc ia t ions :

B order n os :

9 7 ( 1 ) ;

1 00 ( 4 ) ;

1 07 ( 1 ) ;

S p ira l 7 (1) .

ind s pot : NGB I1 972-73 ( Group X I II ) ; LBS 1 974-75 ; NGB I 1 974-75 ; ( e ) F AG 1 975-78;

GFC 1 976-78 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : Tota l n u mber = 8 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 3 8(a ) Descr ipt ion :

7x 5 /64" .

c . 1 760-1790 .

o va l w i th a l arger s h ie ld o ft he s ame s hape a s n o . 3 7 .

( b ) Associa t ions :

B order n os . 9 8 ( 1 ) ;

9 8 w i th 1 07 ( 1 ) ; ( c ) F ind s pots :

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 1x 4 /64" ( 100 );

1 07 ( 1 6) , 2w i th B ow l F or m 9 3 ,

1 08 ( 2 ) .

AG 1 975-78;

HW 1 978 ( Group XI I ) ;

GG 1 978 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu lts : T o ta l n u mber = 2 0 .

S te m b ore measurements = 2 x 4 /64" ( 1 07) ;

1 8 x5 /64" . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 3 9(a ) Descr ipt ion :

l arge o va l w i th a b road s h ie ld o f t he s a me t ype a s 3 7 a nd 3 8 .

( b ) Associa t ions : ( c ) F ind s pots :

c . 1 760-1790 .

B order n os . 6 1 ( 1 ) ; Amph . 1 952 ;

6 5 ( 1 ); 6 7 ( 1 ); 6 9 ( 1 ) ;

1 W 1 954 ;

CC 1 955 ;

1 02 ( 1 ) .

NGB I 1 972-73;

GFC 1 976-78; u nprovenanced . ( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : T ota l n u mber = 8 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a ting : 4 0(a ) Descr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 8 x 5 /64" . C . 1 730-1760 .

o va l c on ta ining s i mi lar s h ie ld t o t he a bove w i th in a

' pear led ' b order . t ion : ( b ) Associa ( c ) F ind s pot :

B order n o . 1 01 .

NGB I1 972-73 ( Group XI II )

( d ) S tem b ore r esu lts : T ota l n u mber = 1 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a ting : 4 1(a ) Descript ion : ( b ) Associa t ion : ( c ) F ind s pots :

S te m b ore measure men t =6 /64" . c . 1 760-1790 .

sma l l o va l c onta ining a d o med s h ie ld . B order n o . 1 09 ( 2 ) . AG 1 975-78; u nprovenanced .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : Tota l n u mber = 4 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing :

S te m b ore measure men ts = 1x 4 /64"; C . 1 760-1790 .

1 60

3x 5 /64" .

3 8

3 9

4 1

4 2

4 3

4 4

4 5

4 6

4 7

4 8

4 9

5 0

5 2

5 3

3 7

F ig . 5 6

5 4

Ova l ' Ches ter ' S te m .S tamps , n os . 3 7-54 1 61

4 2 (a ) D escr ip t ion :

l arge o va l c on ta in ing a s imi lar ly d o med s h ie ld t o 4 1 .

( b ) Associa t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order n o . 3 3 .

GFC 1 976-78 .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 4 3 (a ) D escr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measure men t =5 /64" . c . 1 730-1760 .

o va l c on ta ining a n a pparen t ly p la in d o med s h ie ld w i th a

d oub le o ut l ine s ( b ) Associa t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order n o . 1 09 .

GG 1 978 .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T ota l n u mber = 1 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 4 4 (a ) Descr ipt ion :

c . 1 760-1790 .

o va l c on ta ining ab road s h ie ld s imi lar i n s hape t o 4 5 .

( b ) Associa t ion . ( c ) F ind s po t :

S tem b ore measuremen t =5 /64" .

Sorder n o . 1 14 .

u nprovenanced .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 4 5(a ) Descr ip t ion :

S tem b ore measuremen t =5 /64" . c . 1 760-1790 .

o va l c on ta in ing a n e longa ted s h ie ld o ft he s a me d es ign a s

4 4 .

( b ) Associa t ions : ( c ) F ind s pots :

B order n os . 9 1 ( 2 ) ;

AG 1 975-78;

1 07 ( 1 ) .

GFC 1 976-78 .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 4 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 4 6(a ) D escr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 4 x 5 /64" . c . 1 760-1790 .

o va l c on ta ining a sma l l s h ie ld a nd t hree p e l le ts b e tween i t

a nd ' Ches ter ' . ( b ) Assoc ia t ions :

B order n os . 1( 4 ) o ne w i th 5 8;

9 4 ( 1 ) ( f ig . 6 6, 1 1 ) ; ( c ) F ind s po ts :

5 8 ( 2 ) ;

5 8 w i th 1 19 a nd S p ira l 3( 1 ) ;

NP 1 963-64 ;

LBS 1 974-75 ;

5 9 w i th B ow l f orm

1 19 a nd S p ira l 3( 1 ) .

GFC 1 976-78; u nprovenanced .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 9 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing :

S tem b ore measuremen ts = 3 x 5 /64"; 6 x 6 /64" . C . 1 710-1730 .

1 62

4 7 (a ) Descr ipt ion :

o va l c on ta in ing e longa ted s h ie ld w i th t he d o me e x tended

i nto a h a lf b order . ( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s pots :

B order n o . 1 6 ( 2 ) . NP 1 963-64 ;

AG 1 975-78 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu lts : Tota l n u mber = 3 .

( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 4 8(a ) Descr ipt ion :

S tem b ore measure ments = 3 x 6 /64" . c . 1 710-1730 .

o va l c onta in ing a s hie ld s i mi lar i n d esign t o 4 6 b ut w i thout

t he p e l lets .

( b ) Associat ion : ( c ) F ind s pot :

B order n o . 6 6 .

u nprovenanced .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu lts ; Tota l n u mber = 1 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a ting :

S te m b ore measure ment = 5 /64" . c . 1 730-1760 .

4 9(a ) Descr ipt ion : - o va l c onta in ing a f a ir ly l arge s h ie ld w i th p e lle ts a nd sma l l l et ter ing . ( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s pot :

B order n o . 8 1 ( 2 ) .

GFC 1 976-78 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu lts : Tota l n u mber = 4 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 5 0 (a ) Descr ip t ion ;

S te m b ore measurements = 4 x 5 /64" . c . 1 730-1760 .

o va l c onta in ing s i mi lar s h ie ld t o 4 9 a l though w i thout t he

p e l lets .

( b ) Associations : ( c )

F ind s pot :

B order n os . 3 3 ( 1 ) ;

8 9 w i th s p ira l 3( 1 ) .

AG 1 975-78 .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : Tota l n u mber = 2 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 5 1(a ) Descr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measure men ts = 2 x 5 /64" . c . 1 730-1760 .

o va l c on ta ining a f a ir ly l arge e labora te s h ie ld w i th t asse ls

a nd s even p e l le ts . ( b ) Associa t ions :

B order n os . 3 6 a nd s pira l

1( 1 ) w i th B ow l f or m 9 1 ( f ig .

6 5 , 5 , p . ) ; 5 6 ( 5 ) . ( c ) F ind s pots :

G S 1 973 ;

LBS 1 974-75 ( Group X I )

( d ) S tem b ore r esu lts : Tota l n u mber = 7 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing :

S te m b ore measurements = 7 x 5 /64" . c . 1 710-1730 .

1 63

5 2(a ) Descr ip t ion :

sma l l o va l c onta in ing whea t s heaves a nd a sword w i th

man t l ing a bove ' Ches ter ' . ( b ) Assoc ia t ions : ( c ) F ind s po ts :

B order n o . 5 8 ( 1 ) ;

CC 1 955 ;

1 04 ( 1 ) ;

1 06 ( 3 ) ;

1 09 ( 1 ) ;

NGB I1 972-73 ( 3 xG roup X I I I ) ;

14 ( 1 ) .

u nprovenanced .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l t : T ota l n u mber = 7 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing : 5 3(a ) D escr ip t ion :

c . 1 760-1790 .

l arge o va l o ft he s ame d es ign a s 5 2 .

( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s po ts :

S tem b ore measuremen ts = 7 x 5 /64" .

B order n o . 1 08 ( 2 ) . GPO 1 953 ;

BR 1 977 .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T ota l n u mber = 2 . ( e ) & igges ted d a t ing : 5 4 (a ) D escr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 2 x 5 /64" . c . 1 760-1790 .

f a ir ly sma l l o va l c onta in ing a s h ie ld r e miniscen t o i 5 1

w i th o ne p e l le t a nd v ery sma l l l et ter ing w i th in a t h in p la in b order . ia t ions : ( b ) Assoc 3( 1) . ( c ) F ind s po ts :

B order n o .

KS 1 884 ;

1 6 ( 1 ) ;

AG 1 975-8;

4 5 ( 1 ) ; 6 3 ( 1 ) ;

5 5 w i th 1 22 a nd s p ira l

BR 1 977; ACS 1 978 ( Group X ) .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu lts : T ota l n u mber = 4 . ( e ) S ugges ted d a t ing :

S tem b ore measuremen ts = 1x 5 /64" ( 63 ) ; 3x 6 /64" . c . 1 710-1730 .

' Roya l ' Ova l s tamps ( f ig . 5 7) ; 5 5 (a ) Descr ip t ion :

o va l c on ta in ing b us t o f Q ueen Anne f acing l ef t ( 1 702-1714 ) ,

a nd e longa ted i n i t ia ls ( b ) Assoc ia t ions : ( c ) F ind s po t :

C . 1 710-1715 .

' AR ' w i th in a r a ther r agged ' pear led ' b order .

B order n os . 8 1 ( 3 ) o ne w i th S p ira l 5 .

GFC 1 976-78 .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 3 . 5 6(a ) D escr ipt ion :

S te m b ore measure men ts = 2 x 5 /64";

s l igh t ly l arger o va l c on ta in ing a we l l d ef ined b us t f acing

l ef t w i th in a s erra ted b order . ( b ) Assoc ia t ions : ( c ) F ind s po t :

1x 6 /64" .

B order n os . 7 9 ( 2 ) o ne w i th 1 22 .

AG 1 975-78; u nprovenanced .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 2 .

S te m b ore measure ments = 2 x 6 /64" .

1 64

0

5

5 6

5 7

5 8

5 9

6 0

0

0

0

0

o

t -

npr i ln Ia0131 : 1 0 0 .212 00012121 . 1 1 : 113 0 0 1 : 1D 11

H O .G0 7302 \ 1 .

5 9> a 9 T ge

I Yar czolao cn ior M 0 0121311 ,1 0 DU O Dat Mus eL

1

F ig . 5 7

2

Ova l ' Roya l ' S te m S tamps , n os . 5 5 t o 6 0 a nd B order n os . 1a nd 2 1 65

5 7(a ) D escr ip t ion :

l arge o va l c on ta in ing a c rude b us t f ac ing l ef t a nd l arge

l et ters w i th in a s erra ted b order . ( b ) Associa t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order n o . 4 6 .

u nprovenanced .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 .

S te m b ore measuremen t =6 /64" .

5 8(a ) Descr ip t ion : sma l l o va l c on ta ining a d e ta i led b us t f acing l ef t a nd d ecor a t ive l e t ters w i th in a ' pear led ' b order . ( b ) Assoc ia t ion : ( c ) F ind s po t :

B order 5 0 .

T . S . 1 953 ( Webs ter & B ar ton , 1 957 , f i g . 1 , 1 ;

G roup I X ) .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : T ota l n u mber = 1 . 5 9(a ) Descr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measuremen t =6 /64" .

o va l c on tain ing a b us t o f Q ueen Anne f ac ing l ef t . i mi ta ting

t ha t o n c oins o fh er r e ign , w i thou t l e t ters , w i th in a l arge p ear led b order . ( b ) Assoc ia t ions : ( c ) F ind s po ts :

B order n os . 3 9 w i th s p ira l 1( 1 ) ;

Amph . 1 969; ACS 1 978 ( Group X );

4 5 ( 1 ) ;

8 5 ( 1 ) .

-

U nprovenanced .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts ; T o ta l n u mber = 4 . S te m b ore measuremen ts = 2 x 5 /64"; ( 45 & o ne u ndecora ted ) . 6 0 (a ) Descr ip t ion :

o va l c on ta in ing d e ta i led b us t f acing r igh t o f George I ( 1714-

1 727) w i th ' GEORG IUS : ( b ) Assoc ia t ions : ( c ) F ind s po t :

2x 6 /64"

D : G ' ( c f . S pence 1 942 ,

f i g . 1 , 9 ) .

B order n o . 9 .

? unprovenanced .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : T ota l n u mber = 1 .

S te m b ore measuremen t =6 /64" .

1 66

B .

STE M BORDERS ( F igs .

( i )

Le t tered B orders ( f ig . 5 4 ) . These f i rs t t wo b orders a re t he o n ly t wo f ro m C hes ter t o c on ta in l e t ters

a part f ro m n o . 5 3 b u t t hey d o n o t r eadi ly f i t i n to a ny o bv ious g roup a l though n o . 1i s s im i lar i n c o mpos i t ion t o t he z oned b orders c on ta in ing p e l le ts w i th f l ora l a nd t endr i l mo t ifs ( f igs . 6 0 a nd 6 1) . 1 (a )

Descr ip t ion :

ab and d iv ided i n to t hree z ones ;

t he u pper a nd t he l ower

c on ta in ing a r ow o f p e l le ts , t he c entra l a nd w ides t o ft he t hree c on ta ins t he i n i t ia ls ' GR ' a nd a c rown w i th a c ur l ing t endr i l . ( b )

P oss ib le A t tr ibu t ion :

p resu mab ly a mark p roc la im ing l oya l ty t o t he

H ouse o f H anover a nd d a teab le t o G eorge I ( 1 714-27 ) o r G eorge I ( 1 727-60 ) . ( c )

Associa t ions :

( d )

F ind s po ts :

o va l s tamp n o . 4 6 ( 4 ) o ne w i th b order 5 8 . NP 1 963-4 ;

NGB I1 972-73;

LBS 1 974-75 ;

GFC 1 976-78;

u nprovenanced . ( e )

S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 6 . a nd 1 w i th o va l 4 6) ;

( f ) ( g ) 2 (a )

S te m b ore measure men ts = 3 x 5 /64" ( 2u ns tamped 3x 6 /64" .

Wid th = 9 .0 m m . G roup E ;

c . 1 710- 1 730 .

D escrip t ion :

' HO . GOLBORN ' b ordered a bove a nd b e low b y ag r id-

l i ke s tr ip . ( b )

P oss ib le A t tr ibut ion : t here i s n o k nown C hes ter maker w i th t he i ni t ia ls HO . G o lborn , b u t t here i s ap oss ib i l i ty t ha t a ' T ' h as b een o bscured b y t he o ver lapping o ft he s tamp ; o n t he o ne f ro m GG 1 978 f or e xamp le t he ' H ' h as l areg ly g one a s ar esu l t o f t h is a nyway .

Therefore i ts ee ms

l i ke ly t ha t t h is mark b e longs t o o ne o f t he T ho mas G o lborns(es ) work ing i n C hes ter i n t he f i rs t h a lf o f t he 1 8th c entury ( p . 2 38) .

T he r o l ler

s tamp i s a n u nusua l mark f or a C hes ter manufac turer b ut f u l l n ame s tamps t hough r are , o ccur ( see L ozenges 6 & 7 , a nd f i g . 5 2 ) ;

s pira l

1i s c o m mon ( see b e low ) a nd t he s tamp w i th t he l i on r ampan t f i ts i n we l l w i th t he o ther o c tagons ( f ig . 5 3 ) , t hough t he a n ima l i s mos t l i ke t hose i n O va ls 2 2 a nd 2 3 . ( c )

Associa t ions :

o c tagona l s tamp n o . 6( 1 ) ;

( d )

F ind s po t :

( e )

S te m b ore r esu l ts :

GG 1 978 ; u nprovenanced .

T o ta l n u mber = 2 . ( 1 ) ( g )

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 2x 6 /64" .

Wid th = 9 .0 m m . G roup E ;

s p ira l 1( 1 ) .

C . 1 710-1730 .

1 67

( i i )

P innac le a nd D o t D ecora t ion ( f ig . 5 8 , 3 -34 ) . Al arge n u mber o f C hes ter b orders h ave p e l le ts o n t he d es ign i n o ne f or m

o r a no ther .

I n t h is f i rs t g roup b orders 3 -5 h ave n one wh i le n os . 1 6 , 1 7, 1 9 ,

2 4 , 2 5 , 3 2 a nd 3 4 h ave t he m i n t wo o r more s izes .

S evera l h ave o ther e le-

men ts i n t he d es ign , n o . 1 9 h as sma l l f l owers b e low l arge d ots , n o . 2 0 has f i gurel ike mo t ifs , i n n o . 2 1 t he ma in d es ign a ppears t o b e ah ide s epara ted b y ap innac le a nd s tar a nd t here a re h e l me ts o r b us ts i n n o . 2 2 .

B ars s eg-

men t t he ma jor i ty o ft h is f i rs t g roup b ecoming a z ig-zag i n n os . 2 7-30 , 3 2 a nd 3 3 . B order n o . 3

U nS i te A bbrev ia t ion

N o .

S tamp

O ther

NGB I1 972-73

1

1

GFC 1 976-78

2

2

T o ta l n u mber = 3 . S te m b ore measure men ts = 3x 6 /64" . G roup A ; c . 1 690-1710 . 4

5

Wid th = 4 . 5m m

CS 1 951

1

1

GS 1 973

1

1

AG 1 975-78

2

2

T o ta l n u mber = 4 . G roup A ;

s ta mped

S tem b ore measuremen ts = 4 x 6 /64" .

Wid th = 4 . 5m m

C . 1 690-1720 . NGB I1 972-73 GS 1 973

T o ta l n u mber = 2 .

1 1

1x l ozenge 4

1

S te m b ore measure men ts = 2x 6 /64" .

Wid th = 4 . 5m m

G roup A ; C . 1 690-1710 . 6

SMA 1 963-64

1

NGB I 1 974-75

1

T o ta l n u mber = 2 .

S te m b ore measure men ts = 1x 5 /64" ( ova l 2 9 ) ;

1x 8 /64" ( Lozenge 3 ) . 7

NGB I1 972-73 AG 1 975-78

T o ta l n u mber = 2 .

1x o va l 2 9 1x l ozenge 3

Wid th = 4 . 0m m .

G roup C ;

C . 1 690-1715 .

1 1

1 1

S tem b ore measure men ts = 2x 5 /64" .

Wid th = 8 . 0m m

G roup C ; C . 1 690-1715 . 8

BB 1 960

2

1x O c tagon 7

w i th B order 1 22 & S p ira l 4

1x L ozenge 5 GFC 1 976-78

1

i th B order 1 22 1x L ozenge 5 w

U nprovenanced

1

1x Ova l 3 1

T o ta l n u mber = 4 . S tem b ore measure men ts = 4x 6 /64" . G roup C ; c . 1 690-1715 .

1 68

Wid th = 6 . 0m m

2j . . \ ° 2 1? "\c i 2 ° A c : i 7 N , -5 , _

1 5

3 V

1

2 6

\

T I

C

1 6

4

2 7

, :a l r ear aM E i larnn i =—_ _ i l VVVV V O IV VV VV V U

1 7

5

2 8

1 8

00 0 0 A 09, 4 1 , 0 .4 0er A

%e 9 2 , P L

1 9

7 r ä rf : nr \0 1 -ö r

1

2 9

r n

2 0

8

3 0

eQ t r 9e 0 t r 0

A L/ 1 \

2 1

9 5 35 3 1 0

je

b e

V 5

lj

2 2

c 1 0

3 1

3 2

2 3

0 0 C C

1 2

J L

3 1 3

.

1 4 F ig . 5 8

. .....

.

2 5 P innacle a nd D ot B orders , n os . 3 -34

1 69

3 4

W

Un-

B order n o .

S i te Abbrev ia t ion

9

N o .

R J 1 954

1

Unprovenanced

2

S ta mp

s ta mped

O ther

1 1x Octagon 4 1x Ova l 6 0

Tota l n u mber = 3 . Wid th = 7 .5 m m . 1 0

S te m b ore measurements = 2x 6 /64";

U nprovenanced

T o ta l n u mber = 2 . G roup A ; 1 1

1

1

BB 1 960

1

AG 1 975-78

1

G roup A ;

BB 1 960

1 1x 6 /64" ( Lozenge 5 ) .

C . 1 690-1710 . 1

1x L ozenge 5

S te m b ore measure ment = 1x 6 /64" .

Wid th = 8 .0 m m .

c . 1 690-1710 . BB 1 960 AG 1 975-78 GFC 1 976-78

To ta l n u mber = 3 . Wid th = 6 .5 m m . 1 6

Wid th = 6 .5 m m .

1x L ozenge 5

S te m b ore measure ments = 1x 7 /64";

T ota l n u mber = 1 .

1 5

Width = 7 .5 m m .

c . 1 690-1715 .

Wid th = 6 .5 m m .

G roup A ;

1 _

S te m b ore measuremen t = 1x 6 /64" .

T ota l n u mber = 2 .

1 4

1x L ozenge 5

S te m b ore measure ment = 1x 6 /64" .

Tota l n u mber = 1 .

1 3

Wid th = 4 .5 m m .

c . 1 690-1710 . AG 1 975-78

G roup C ;

2x L ozenge 6

c . 1 690-1710 .

T ota l n u mber = 1 .

1 2

2

S te m b ore measurements = 2x 6 /64" .

BB 1 960

G roup A ;

1x 5 /64" ( Octagon 4 ) .

G roup C ; C . 1 690-1715 .

1 1 1

1 1x Octagon 1 1 1

S te m b ore measure ments = 1x 5 /64"; G roup C ;

2x 6 /64" ( Octagon 1 1) .

C . 1 690-1715 .

NP 1 963-64

3

NGB I1 972-73

1

LBS 1 974-75

1

1 x Ova l 4 7

1

1x Ova l 5

AG 1 975-78

1 0

1 1x B ow l F or m 8 4 1x Ova l 4 7

1 8

1x Ova l 4 GFC 1 976-78

2

1x Ova l 2 4

ACS 1 978

1

1x Ova l 5 4

Tota l n u mber = 1 8 . 6 /64";

1

S te m b ore measure men ts = 5x 5 /64" ( unstamped ); 1 2 x

1x 7 /64" ( uns tamped) . Wid th = 6 .0 m m .

1 70

G roup C ; c . 1 690-1715 .

Un-

B order n o .

S i te Abbrev ia t ion

1 7

BB 1 960

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . G roup C ; 1 8

No .

S ta mp

1

1x Octagon 7

O ther

-

-

S tem b ore measure men t = 1x 5 /64" .

s tamped

Wid th = 6 . 5m m .

c . 1 690-1715 . GS 1 973

1

1x S i lhoue t te

-

-

f ig . 5 2 , 9 . T o ta l n u mber = 1 . G roup C ; 1 9

LBS 1 974-75

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . G roup A ; 2 0

2 1

_ 1

1

-

S tem b ore measuremen t = 1x 6 /64" .

AG 1 975-78

1 Wid th = 8 . 0m m .

-

1

-

S tem b ore measure men t = 1x 7 /64" .

1 Wid th =5 . 0i nm .

c . 1 690-1715 . NGB I1 972-73

1

1x L ozenge 2

Unprovenanced

2

2x L ozenge 2

T o ta l n u mber = 3 . Wid th = 7 . 0m m . 2 2

Wid th = 5 . 5m m .

c . 1 690-1710 .

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . G roup C ;

S te m b ore measure ment = 1x 6 /64" .

c . 1 690-1715 .

-

S tem b ore measure ments = 2x 6 /64"; G roup C ;

TS 1 953

1x 7 /64" .

c . 1 690-1715 . 2

1x R ound

1x B order 1 21

1

w i th B order 1 21

_

w i th B order 1 20

-

f i g . 5 2 , 8 . NCS 1 974

1

NGB 1 974-75

1

AG 1 975-78

1

1x L ozenge 3

1 _

1x R ound f i g . 5 2 , 8 .

GFC 1 976-78

1

1x R ound F ig .

Unprovenanced

1

1x R ound

-

1

-

-

-

-

f i g . 5 2 , 8 . 1x L ozenge 1 T o ta l n u mber = 8 . Wid th -8 . 0m m . 2 3

2 4

1x 7 /64" ( uns tamped ) .

G roup C ; C . 1 690-1715 .

TS 1 953

T o tal n u mber = 2 . G roup A ;

S tem b ore measure ments = 7 x 6 /64";

1

-

1x S pira l 4

S tem b ore measuremen ts = 2 x 6 /64" .

2

Wid th = 7 .5 m m .

C . 1 690-1710 . GFC 1 976-78

T o ta l n u mber = 1 .

1

-

-

S tem b ore measure men t = 1x 5 /64" .

c . 1 717 ± 1 0 ( see D iagra m 7 p . 1 37) .

1 71

1 Wid th = 1 1 . 5m m .

U n-

B order n o .

S i te Abbrev ia t ion

No .

CS 1 951

1

NGB I1 972-73

1

AG 1 975-78

1

GFC 1 976-78

1

Unprovenanced

1

2 5

Tota l n u mber = 5 . 4x 6 /64" . 2 6

1x Ova l 2 0

U nprovenanced

1x S p ira l 1

1

C . 1 730 ± 1 0 ( see D iagra m 7 , p . . 1 37) . 1x Ova l 2 0

S te m b ore measure men t = 1x 5 /64" . 1

1x L ozenge 1

NGB I 1 974-75

1

1x L ozenge 1

AG 1 975-78

2

1x Ova l 1 8

GFC 1 976-78

1

1x L ozenge 1

2 7

GS 1 973

T ota l n u mber = 5 . 3x 6 /64" . 2 8

NGB I1 972-73

2 9

3 0

G roup C ;

1

1

c . 1 690-1115 .

1x Ova l 2 0 Wid th u ncer ta in .

1

1

S te m b ore measure men t = 1x 6 /64" .

GFC 1 976-78

T ota l n u mber = 1 .

w i th B order 1 20

S tem b ore measure men t = 1x 5 /64" .

U nprovenanced

T ota n u mber = 1 .

Wid th u ncertain .

S tem b ore measure men ts = 2x 5 /64" ( ova l 1 8 w i th 6 order 1 20 );

Wid th 8 .5 m m .

T ota l n u mber = 1 .

1 1 1 1

S te m b ore measure men ts = 1x 5 /64" ( unsta mped ) ;

Wid th = 1 6 .0 m m .

T ota l n u mber = 1 .

s ta mped

O ther

S ta mp

1

Width u ncerta in .

1x Octagon 2

S te m b ore measure ment = 1x 6 /64" .

Width = 9 .0 m m .

C . 1 706 ± 7 ( see D iagram 7 , p . 1 37) . 3 1

GFC 1 976-78

Tota l n u mber = 1 .

1

1

S te m b ore measure ment = 1x 6 /64" .

Width = 7 .0 m m .

G roup D ; c . 1 700-1720 . 3 2

U nprovenanced

T ot a l n u mber = 1 . G roup C ; 3 3

1

1x Octagon 7

S te m b ore measure ment = 1x 6 /64" .

Wid th

9 .0 m m .

C . 1 690-1715 . CS 1 951

1

AG 1 975-78

5

1 1x Ova l 5 0 1x S p ira l 3

GFC 1 976-78 Tota l n u mber = 8 .

2

1x Ova l 4 2

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 8 x 5 /64" .

G roup P ; C . 1 720-60 .

1 72

4

1 Width = 1 7 .0 m m .

B order

Un-

n o .

S i te Abbrev ia t ion

3 4

CC 1 954 BR 1 977

T o ta l n u mber = 2 .

N o . 1 1

S tamp

O ther

s tamped 1

1x Ova l 1 4

w i th 4 :dra l 2

S tem b ore measure men ts = 2 x 5 /64" .

Wid th (1 6 . 0m m .

G roup F ; c . 1 720-60 . ( i i )

Hear t , S tar a nd F leur-de-Lys D ecora t ion ( f ig . 5 9 , 3 5-51) ; 1 700-1720 .

G roup D ,

Th is i s t he mos t v ar ied s ing le c a tegory o f b order a nd wh i le t he s hape o f t he mot ifs v ar ies a nd a dd i t iona l e le men ts a re i nc luded , s uch a s at u lip i n n o . 3 5 , p e l le ts i n 3 6 a nd a c rescen t i n n os . 4 2 a nd 4 3 , t he b as ic i dea r e ma ins t he s ame .

O n ly n o . 3 5 i s d if feren t i n t ha t i ti s az oned b order , t ha t i s t he ma in

d es ign o f at u l ip a nd h ear t i s b ordered a t t he b ase a nd p resu mab ly a t t he t op , t hough t h is p ar t i s miss ing o n t he e xamp le t ha t w e h ave , b y ag r idlike s tr ip more i n k eeping w i th t he n ex t g roup

f i g . 6 0 ,

5 2-78) .

B order

" Un-

n o .

S i te Abbrev ia t ion

3 5

R J 1 954

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . 3 6

N o .

S tamp

O ther

1

1

S te m b ore measuremen t= 1x 5 /64" .

GS 1 973

3

s tamped

Wid th u ncer ta in .

1x Ova l 2 6 1x O va l 5 1

1 w i th S p ira l 1& B ow l f or m 9 1

T o ta l n u mber = 3 . 3 7

GFC 1 976-78

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . 3 8

1

S te m b ore measure men t = 1x 6 /64" . 1

1x Ova l 1 5

U nprovenanced

1

1x L ozenge 7

S t em b ore measuremen ts = 2 x 6 /64" .

Wid th = 8 . 0m m .

Wid th = 8 . 0m m .

R I 1 954

1

1x O ctagon 1 2

w i th S p ira l 1

U nprovenanced

1

1x Ova l 5 9

w i th S p ira l 1

T o ta l n u mber = 2 . 4 0

Wid th = 7 . 5m m .

1

CS 1 974

T o ta l n u mber = 2 . 3 9

S te m b ore measure men ts = 3 x 5 /64" .

S te m b ore measure men ts = 2 x 5 /64" .

Wid th = 9 . 0m m .

CS 1 951

1

-

-

1

GS 1 973

1

-

-

1

AG 1 975-78

2

-

-

2

GFC 1 976-78

1

-

-

1

T o ta l n u mber = 5 .

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 1x 7 /64";

W id th = 1 1 . 0m m .

1 73

3x 6 /64"; 1x 5 /64" .

T i n-

B order n o .

S i te A bbrev ia t ion

4 1

GFC 1 976-78

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . 4 2

1

CC 1 954

4 4

O ther

W id th = 6 .0 m m .

1x O va l 1 8 Wid th = 8 .00 m m . 1

1

S tem b ore measuremen t = 1x 6 /64" .

AG 1 975-78

s ta mped

1x O va l 2 2

S te m b ore measuremen t = 1x 5 /64" .

U nprovenanced

T o ta l n u mber = 1 .

1

S tamp

S te m b ore measuremen t = 1x 5 /64" .

T ota l n u mber = 1 . 4 3

N o .

4

Wid th = 8 .0 m m .

1x O va l 1 0

1

1x Ova l 1 2 1x O va l 1 7 LL 1 979

1

1x O va l 3 8

U nprovenanced

1

1x O va l 3 3

T o ta l n u mber = 6 . 4x 6 /64" . 4 5

BR 1 977

1

1x Ova l 5 4

U nprovenanced

1

1x O va l 5 9

T o ta l n u mber = 2 . 4 6

Wid th = 9 .5 m m .

1x Ova l 5 7

S te m b ore measuremen t = 1x 6 /64" .

R J 1 954

2

1x O c tagon 4

1

1x Ova l 2 2

&O va l 2 2 ) .

S te m b ore measure men ts = 1x 6 /64";

W id th = 8 .0 m m . 1

2x 5 /64" ( Oct . 4

Wid th = 7 .0 m m .

TS 1 953

1

1x O c tagon 7

NGB I1 972-73

1

1x O c tagon 7

AG 1 975-78

1 1

1x O c tagon 7

U nprovenanced T o ta l n u mber = 5 . Wid th = 7 .0 m m . 4 9

1

U nprovenanced T o ta l n u mber = 3 .

4 8

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 2x 6 /64" .

U nprovenanced

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . 4 7

S te m b ore measure ments = 2x 5 /64" ( ova l 1 2 &3 3) ;

Wid th = 6 .0 m m .

1

S te m b ore measure men ts = 1x 5 /64" ( Octagon 7 ) ;

TS 1 953

1

1x O ctagon 8

U nprovenancd

1

1x O c tagon 8

T o ta l n u mber = 2 .

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 2x 6 /64" .

1 74

4x 6 /64" .

Wid th = 8 .5 m m .

c ` L 'e9 3 5

4 1

4 6

7 0ZYV U 3 6

4 2

4 8

3 7

„ Zu g 3 8

7 . 1 oU

4 4

4 9

4 5

5 0

CZ : z .

3 9

4 0

F ig . 5 9

H ear t , S tar a nd F leur-delys B orders , n os . 3 5-51

1 75

Un-

B order N o .

S tamp

O ther

s tamped

n o .

S i te Abbrev ia t ion

5 0

TS 1 953

5

NGB I 1 974-75

1

1

AG 1 975-78

1

1

U nprovenanced

5

3 x Ova l 2 3 1x Ova l 5 8

1x O c tagon 1 4 1x O va l 3 0

T o ta l n u mber = 1 2 . Ova l 2 3 ) . 5 1

1

2 w i th B ow l F orm 6 9 . -

S te m b ore measure men ts = 1 0 x6 /64";

2x 7 /64" ( one

Wid th = 7 .5 m m . GFC 1 976-78

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . ( i v )

1x B ow l F orm 7 3 .

1

1

S tem b ore measure men t = 1x 5 /64" .

Wid th = 6 . 5m m

Z oo morph ic , T u l ip a nd T endri l D ecora t ion (f i g . 6 0 , 5 2-78) N u mbers 5 2 a nd 5 3 a re a n e x tens ion o f t he P innac le a nd Dot d es ign , wh i le

n os . 5 4-57 h ave a h ead o r p ut t i a s t he c en tra l mot if .

The f igure i nn o . 6 0 i s

p erhaps A t las h o ld ing u p t he w or ld a nd a t u l ip a nd t endri l p a ttern i s t he c en tra l d es ign o ft he r es t b eco m ing s ty l ised i n n os . 7 7 a nd 7 8 .

The t a lbo t f ea tures

i n n os . 5 8 a nd 5 9 ( c f . O c tagona l s tamps 1 -5 ) . B order n o . 5 2

UnS i te Abbrev ia t ion

N o .

S tamp

O ther

s tamped

CS 1 951

1

-

TS 1 953

2

1x Ova l 1 3

BS 1 961

1

-

-

1

GS 1 973

5

3x O va l 1 2

-

2

AG 1 975-78

1

GFC 1 976-78

4

U nprovenanced

1

-

-

1

w i th B order 5 3

-

1

1x Ova l 7 .

-

1

1x Ova l 2 8

_

-

1x O va l 3 2

_

-

1x O va l 9

-

-

T o ta l n u mber = 1 5 . S te m b ore measure men ts = 1 4 x5 /64"; s ta mped ) . Wid th = 1 2 .5 m m . G roup C ; C . 1 690- 1 715 . 5 3

TS 1 953

2

1

1x O va l 1 3

1x 7 /64" ( un-

w i th B order 5 2

1

( see a bove ) T o ta l n u mber = 2 .

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 2x 5 /64" .

Wid th = 1 3 . 5m m .

G roup C ; C . 1 690- 1 715 . 5 4

GS 1 973

4

1x O va l 2 5

2

1x O va l 3 5 AG 1 975-78

2

1x S p ira l 1

1 76

2

F ig . 6 0

Z oo morph ic , T u l ip a nd T endri l B orders , n os . 5 2-78

1 77

Border n o .

UnS i te Abbrev ia t ions

5 5

No .

S ta mp

O ther

s ta mped

KS 1 884

1

1x Ova l 5 4

w i th B order 1 22

NP 1 963-64

1

1x Octagon 5

NGB I1 972-73 ,

1

-

1

CRS 1 973-74

1

-

1

& S p ira l 3

LBS 1 974-75

1

-

AG 1 975-78

5

1x Ova l 8

4

GFC 1 976-78

1

-

1

Tota l n u mber 1 1 . Ova ls 8 8 15 4 ) . 5 6

5 7

S te m b ore measure men ts = 7x 5 /64";

Wid th = 1 3 .0 m m .

G roup F ;

1

4x 6 /64" ( Oct .

5 ,

c . 1 720-60 .

GS 1 973

4

4 x Ova l 5 1

-

-

LBS 1 974-75

1

1x Ova l 5 1

_

-

AG 1 975-78

1

-

Tota l n u mber = 6 . G roup F ;

-

1x S p ira l 1

S te m b ore measure ments = 6 x 5 /64" .

1

Width = 1 5 .5 r am .

c . 1 720-60 . Amph .

1 952

1

AG 1 975-78

1

Tota l n u mber = 2 .

1x S p ira l 1

1 1

S te m b ore measure ments = 2x 5 /64" .

Width = 1 6 .0 m m .

Group F ; c . 1 720-60 . 5 8

NP 1 963-64

1

AG 1 975-78

1

U nprovenanced

6

1x Ova l 4 6

w i th B order 1 19 & S pira l 3 1

3x Ova l 4 6

1x B order 1

2

1x Ova l 5 2 Tota l n u mber = 8 .

S te m b ore measure ments = 4x 5 /64" , Ova ls 4 6 &5 2 a nd

u ns tamped f rag . ; 4x 6 /64" . 5 9

Wid th = 1 3 .5 m m .

NGB I1 972-73

1

Unprovenanced

1

Ova l 4 6

G roup E ;

C .

1 710-1730 .

-

1

a nd B ow l F or m 9 4

_

( f ig . 6 6, 1 1) To ta l n u mber = 2 . G roup E ; 6 0

6 1

Width = 1 2 .5 m m .

C . 1 710-1730 . AG 1 975-78

Tota l n u mber = 1 . G roup F ;

S te m b ore measure ment = 2x 5 /64" .

1

1

S te m b ore measure ment = 1x 5 /64" .

Wid th = 2 1 .0 m m .

C . 1 720-1760 . CC 1 955

2

AG 1 975-78

1

Tota l n u mber = 3 . Wid th = 1 6 .5 m m .

1x Ova l 3 9 1x S pira l 1

S te m b ore measure ments = 1x 5 /64" ( Ova l 3 9 ) ; G roup F ; C . 1 720-1760 . 1 78

1 1 2x 6 /6 4 " .

Un-

B order n o .

S i te Abbrev ia t ion

6 2

NGB I1 972-73

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . G roup F ;

No .

S tamp

s tamped

O ther

1

1

S t em b ore measuremen t = 1x 5 /64".

Wid th = 1 7 .0 m m .

c . 1 720-1760 .

6 3

AG 1 975-78

2

1x Ova l 5 4 1x Border 1 22

GFC 1 976-78 T ota l n u mber = 3 . Wid th u ncer ta in . 6 4

NGB I1 972-73

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . G roup F ;

1

1

S te m b ore measure ments = 2 x 5 /64"; G roup F ;

1

( Ova l 5 4 ) . 1x 6 /64"

c . 1 720-1760 . 1

1

S te m b ore measure ment = 1x 5 /64" .

Wid th = 1 7 .5 m m .

c . 1 720-1760 . GFC 1 976-78

1

ACS 1 978

1

U nprovenanced

1

1 1 1x Oval 3 9

T otal n u mber = 3 .

S te m b ore measure men ts = 2 x 5 /64" ( Ova l 3 9 );

Wid th = 2 1 .0 m m .

G roup F ;

6 6

U nprovenanced

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . G roup F ; 6 7

6 8

C . 1 720-1760 . 1

1x Ova l 4 8

S te m b ore measure ment = 1x 5 /64" .

Wid th = 2 0 .0 m m ,

C . 1 720-1760 . GFC 1 976-78

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . G roup F ;

1x 6 /64" .

1

1x Ova l 3 9

S te m b ore measure ment = 1x 5 /64" .

Wid th

1 7 .0 m m .

C . 1 720-1760 . GFC 1 976-78

T ota l n u mber = 1 .

1

-

1x S p ira l 6

S te m b ore measurement = 1x 5 /64" .

1

Width = 1 8 .0 m m .

G roup F ; C . 1 720-1760 . 6 9

R J 1 954

1

NGB I1 972-73

1

NGB I 1 974-75

1

AG 1 975-78

1

T ota l n u mber = 4 .

1x Ova l 3 9

1 1 1

S te m b ore measurements = 4 x 5 /64" .

Wid th = 1 4 .0 m m .

G roup F ; C . 1 720-1760 . 7 0

LBS 1 974-75

3

1x B ow l F or m 9 2

3

( f ig . 6 5 , 6 ) AG 1 975-78

2

2

Unprovenanced

1

1

1 79

B order

Un-

n o .

S i te Abbrev ia t ion

N o .

S tamp

O ther

s ta mped

7 0 c on td . To tal n u mber = 6 . G roup F ; 7 1

S tem b ore measure ments = 6 x 5 /64" .

Wid th = 1 4 . 5mm .

c . 1 720-1760 . NCS 1 974

1

LBS 1 974-75

1

1 1x B ow l F orm 9 4

1

( f ig . 6 6 , 1 2) To ta l n u mber = 2 . G roup F ; 7 2

7 3

7 4

1 6 . 0m m .

AG 1 975-78

1

1

GFC 1 976-78

1

1

S te m b ore measure ments = 2 x 5 /64" .

Wid th

1 6 . 0m m .

c . 1 720-1760 . CMS 1 952

1

AG 1 975-78

2

Tota l n u mber = 3 . G roup F ;

Wid th

c . 1 720-1760 .

Tota l n u mber = 2 . G roup F ;

S te m b ore measure men ts = 2x 5 /64" .

1x Ova l 1 1 2

S te m b ore measure men ts = 3 x 5 /64" .

Wid th = 1 7 . 0m m .

C . 1 720-1760 . NGB I1 972-73

3

3

Unprovenanced Tota l n u mber = 4 . Group F ; 7 5

S te m b ore measure men ts = 4 x 5 /64" .

Width = 1 4 . 0m m .

C . 1 720-1760 . AG 1 975-78

6

2 x Octagon 9

3

1 xO ctagon 5 To ta l n u mber = 6 . G roup E ; 7 6

GPO 1 953

Tota l n u mber = 1 . G roup E ; 7 7

S te m b ore measurements = 6 x 6 /64" .

1

Tota l n u mber = 1 .

7 8

1x Ova l 2 1

S te m b ore measure ment = 1x 6 /64" .

Width

7 .5 m m .

1

1

S te m b ore measure men t

1x 5 /64" .

Width = 1 1 .5 m m ,

C . 1 710-1730 . GFC 1 976-78

Tota l n u mber = 2 . Group F ;

8 . 0m m .

C . 1 710-1730 .

Unprovenanced

G roup E ;

Wid th

C . 1 710-1730 .

2

2

S te m b ore measurements = 2x 5 /64" .

C . 1 720-1760 .

1 80

Width = 1 3 . 0m m .

( v )

F lora l a nd Tendr i l D ecora t ion f i g . 6 1 ,

7 9-104 )

Av aried g roup w i th , a s b efore , an u mber o f a pparen t ly c lose ly r e la ted s ub g roups e .g . 8 4-86 , 9 8 a nd 9 9 a nd 1 01 t o 1 03 a nd 1 04 wh ich a lso s hows a n a f f in i ty w i th n o . 1 05 ( f ig . 6 2 ) i n t he d es ign o ft he l ozenge mot if .

The ma jor i ty

o fd es igns c o mpr ise a s ing le c en tra l f l ora l mot if w i th t endri ls o r f o l iage e xt end ing f ro m i t , w h i le n os . 1 00-104 a re a s er ies o f s ty l ized a l mos t g eo me tric p a t terns b ased o n t h is d es ign .

B orders 2 2 a nd 1 9 h ave t he v es t iges o f f l owers

r ema ining i n t he p e l le ts wh i le i n n o . 9 5 t here i s j us t t he s cro l l-l ike t endr i l , a nd s i mi lar ly i n n o . 9 6, b u t t h is i s a lso r em in iscen t o f t he d es igns c on ta in ing f l eur-delys ( above ) i n p ar t icu lar n o . 1 00 (f i g . 6 1 ) . B order n o .

S i te Abbrev ia t ion

7 9

8 0

8 1

O ther

U ns ta mped 1

CC 1 954

1 1

1x O va l 5 6

U nprovenanced

2

1x O va l 5 6

w i th B order 1 22 1

S t em b ore measuremen ts = 4 x 6 /64" .

Wid th = 8 .5 m m .

C . 1 710-1730 . U nprovenanced

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . G roup E ;

S tamp

AG 1 975-78

T o ta l n u mber = 4 . G roup E ;

N o .

1

1

S te m b ore measure men t = 1x 5 /64" .

Wid th = 9 .5 m m .

C . 1 710-1730 . NGB I1 972-73

1

GS 1 973

1

GFC 1 976-78

1 2

1 1x O ctagon 1 0 1x Ova l 6 2 x Ova l 4 9 3 x Ova l 5 5

1x S p ira l 5 3x S p ira l 5

T o ta l n u mber = 1 4 .

S tem b ore measure men ts = 9 x 5 /64" ( Ova l 6& 5 5 , O ct .

1 0 a nd u ns tamped f rags . ) ; 5x 6 /64" . 8 2

GFC 1 976-78

T o tal n u mber

1 .

6

1

Wid th = 1 0 .5 m m .

1x O c tagon 3

G roup E ; C . 1 710-1730 .

w i th S p ira l 1

S te m b ore measurement = 1x 5 /64" .

Wid th = 8 . 0m m .

G roup E ; C . 1 710-1730 . 8 3

GFC 1 976-78

1

1

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . S tem b ore measure men t = 1x 5 /64" . G roup E ; C . 1 710-1730 . 8 4

LBS 1 974-75

1

Wid th = 1 0 . 5m m .

1x O c tagon 1 2

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . S te m b ore measure men t = 1x 5 /64" . G roup E ; c . 1 710-1730 .

1 81

W id th = 1 1 . 0m m

Un-

B order n o .

S i te Abbrev ia t ion

8 5

Amph . 1 969

T ota l n u mber = 1 . G roup E ;

N o . 1

O ther

S tamp

s tamped

-

-

1x Ova l 5 9

S te m b ore measure ment = 1x 5 /64" .

Wid th = 1 3 .5 m m .

c . 1 710-1730 .

8 6

LBS 1 974-75

-

1

1x S p iral 1 &

1

B ow l F or m 8 6 f i g . 6 4 Group X I . Unprovenanced To ta l n u mber = 2 . 8 6) ;

1x 7 /64" .

8 7

1x S p ira l 1

S te m b ore measure ments = 1x 6 /64" ( Sp . Wid th = 1 3 .0 m m .

GFC 1 976-78 Unprovenanced

To ta l n u mber = 2 .

-

1

1 1

G roup E ;

1

1& B ow l f or m

C . 1 710-1730 .

1 x Oc tagon 1

w i th S p ira l 1

1 xO ctagon 2

w i th S p ira l 1

S te m b ore measure ments = 2x 6 /64" .

-

Wid th = 8 .5 .mm .

G roup E ; « . 1 710- 1 730 . 8 8

1

R J 1 954

T ota l n u mber = 1 . G roup E ;

-

1x O ctagon 1

S te m b ore measure men t = 1x 6 /64" .

Wid th = 8 .5 m m .

C . 1 710-1730 .

8 9

TB 1 953

1

-

NGB I1 972-73

4

-

-

1

1x B order 1 15

4

1x S p ira l 3 AG 1 975-78

2

1x Ova l 5 0

KS 1 976

1

-

To ta l n u mber = 8 . G roup G ; 9 0

w i th S p ira l 3 -

S te m b ore measure ments = 8x 5 /64" .

1 1

Wid th = 1 8 .5 m m .

C . 1 740-1760 . AG 1 975-78

Tota l n u mber = 2 .

2

-

S te m measure ments = 2 x 5 /64" .

-

2

Wid th = 1 9 .0 m m .

G roup G ; C . 1 740-1760 . 9 1

CRS 1 973-74

1

-

AG 1 975-78

2

1x Ova l 4 5

GFC 1 976-78

1

-

Unprovenanced

2

1x Ova l 4 5

GPO 1 953

1

NGB I1 972-73

1

Tota l n u mber = 8 . Group G ; 9 2

-

S te m b ore measure ments = 8x 5 /64" .

1 1 1 1 1 1 Width = 2 2 .0 m m .

C . 1 740-1760 . AG 1 975-78

Tota l n u mber = 1 .

1

-

-

S te m b ore measure men t =. 1x 5 /64" . 1 82

1 Wid th u ncer ta in .

• = 2, 104, -0 ,

o t

)

7 9

y rr a.4> e. 4 7

r

-

i e Rel > 1 1 3 9DM IE te lelk

8 9

9 7

tt er e f eiMV-7-5 7 . 0-

8 0 00 2 00000 po op000 OOOOO 00 \

9 0 8 1

9 2 g4 :7 1 / W i e ; . < ,

9 8 w äf i l )» 1 , b / , ge r Pi ( l e A

0 0

9 9

8 2 9 1

3 oonc _ lano cz

0,0 k 0 '60

y Ct o

8 3

a o

ma a a a a a .

1 00

I' I L7L : ü

0 130 .00 12000 000 0000c00 000

9 2

. Ed1 . 1 . 1 . 5, 1 .1 .11 • 1 • 12 . 1 .3 1 1 1 112 .. tl

f lä .

0

L sd _ e_ t _,LA _L g

8 4 9 3

00 0 C , 000 . 2C00

1 0 1 2 11014 1 110 1 11 1 110Ital = =

f l I tI M U MO = = =

oo qz,

8 5 -

G OQ U I O S I g1 0 0 1 1 0 0 00 1 00 1 0 80 M 10 e 3 W3113 21312 : 1 (

9 4

g c3

1 0 2

°J K iD

8 6

1 03 9 5 8 7

D (S e e e t ,

. . 4 x9 2)

1 04

8 8 F ig . 6 1

F lora l a nd T endri l B orders , n os . 7 9-104

1 83

B order n o .

S i te Abbrev ia t ion

9 3

GFC 1 976-78

Tota l n u mber = 1 . G roup F ; 9 4

N o .

1

s ta mped

-

S te m b ore measure men t = 1x 5 /64" .

1 1

AG 1 975-78 T ota l n u mber = 2 .

9 5

-

Un-

O ther

1 Width = 1 1 .5 m m .

c . 1 720-1760 . LBS 1 974-75

G roup F ;

S tamp

-

-

1 1

S te m b ore measurements = 2x 5 /64" .

Width = 1 2 .0 m m .

c . 1 720-1760 . LBS 1 974-75

2

-

1x B ow l F or m 9 2 f i g . 6 5

2

( Group X I ) Tota l n u mber = 2 . G roup F ; 9 6

S te m b ore measurements = 2x 5 /64" .

Width (1 9 .0 m m .

c . 1 720-1760 .

CC 1 955

1

-

AG 1 975-78

1

-

To ta l n u mber = 2 .

-

1

1x S p ira l 1

S te m b ore measurements = 2 x 5 /64" .

1

Wid th = 9 .0 m m .

G roup E ; C . 1 710-1730 . 9 7

AG 1 975-78

3

-

GFC 1 976-78

1

1x Ova l 3 7

HW 1 978

1 3

_

-

3

-

3x B ow l F or m 9 4

1 3

f i g . 6 7 ( Group XI I ) To ta l n u mber = 1 7 . S te m b ore measure ments = 1 7 x5 /64" . G roup G ; C . 1 740-1760 . 9 8

AG 1 975-78

2

1x Ova l 3 8

GFC 1 976-78

1

-

HW 1 978

7

1x Ova l 3 8

( Group X I I , p . 8 9 )

Unprovenanced Tota l n u mber = 1 1 . G roup G ; 9 9

2 x Ova l 2

-

1

-

Wid th = 1 8 .0 m m .

1

-

1

w i th B order 1 07

-

1x B ow l F or m 9 4

4

1x B ow l F or m 9 6

-

1

S te m b ore measure ments = 1 1 x5 /64" .

Wid th = 1 8 .0 m m .

c . 1 740-1760 .

HW 1 978

3

-

-

T o ta l n u mber = 3 .

S te m b ore measure men ts = 1x 4 /64";

Wid th = 1 8 .5 m m.

G roup G ;

C . 1 740-1760 .

1 84

3 2x 5 /64" .

B order n o . 1 00

S i te Abbrev ia t ion

N o . 1 4

-

LBS 1 974-75

3

2x O va l 3 7 1x O va l 3

-

-

AG 1 975-78

3

2 x Ova l 3 7

_

1

( 1 xG roup X I I , p . 8 9 )

1 4

S te m b ore measure men ts = 2 x 4 /64" ( 1 x Ova l 3 7 &u n-

s tamped f rag . ) ; 9x 5 /64" . NGS 1 955 NGB I1 972-73

Wid th = 1 8 .5 m m . 1 1

1x Ova l 4 0

G roup G ;

c . 1 740-1760 .

( Group X I I I , p . 9 4 )

1 -

AG 1 975-78

1

1

GFC 1 976-78

1

1

T o ta l n u mber = 4 .

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 3 x 5 /64";

W id th = 1 7 .5 m m .

G roup G ;

1 02

U ns tamped

O ther

CC 1 955 NGB I1 972-73

T o ta l n u mber = 1 1 .

1 01

S tamp

c . 1 740-1760 .

ACS 1 978

1

1x O va l 1

U nprovenanced

1

1x O va l 3 9

T o ta l n u mber = 2 .

1x 6 /64" ( Ova l 4 0 )

S te m b ore measure men ts = 2x 5 /64" .

Wid th = 2 1 .0 m m .

G roup G ; c . 1 740-1760 . 1 03

NGB I1 972-73

1

-

LBS 1 974-5

2

1x Ova l 1 1

AG 1 975-78

3

1x O va l 1 4

T o ta l n u mber = 6 . G roup G ; 1 04

-

1

1x B ow l F or m 9 2 ( f ig . 6 5 , 8 ) -

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 6 x 5 /64" .

1 2

Width 1 5 .5 m m .

c . 1 740-1760 .

NGB I1 972-73 ACS 1 978

T o ta l n u mber = 2 .

1 1

1x O va l 5 2 1

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 2x 5 /64" .

Wid th

2 2 .5 m m .

G roup H ; c . 1 760-1790 . ( v i )

B road Z oned D ecora t ion a nd F in ish ing B orders (f i g . 6 2 ,

1 05-122 )

Nu mbers 1 05 t o 1 09 a re v aria t ions o ft he s ame g eo me tr ic p a t tern w i th l arge o r sma l l mo t i fs , r eversed b orders a nd/or d ecora ted s epara t ing b ands ; i .e . n otched o r ' v ' s haped p a t terns .

I ti s t he l a t ter t ha t d is t inguishes n os .

1 07 a nd 1 08; n o . 1 07 i s / 'decora ted ' w i th n o tched b ands wh i le n o . 1 08, wh ich i sn ot i l lus tra ted , j us t h as t he p la in g rooves . d es igns .

B orders 1 12 t o 1 14 a re i ncuse

The n arrow d es igns a re l arge ly u sed a s f i n ish ing d ecora t ion ,

o bv ious ly a n u mber b y t he mse lves o n s te m f ragmen ts b u t t he ma jori ty o ccur i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th o ne a nd s o me t i mes t wo o ther t ypes o f d ecora t ion , a par t f ro m s tamps .

1 85

B order n o .

S i te Abbrev ia t ion

1 05

NGB I1 972-73

G roup H ; 1 06

O ther

I s lijmped

( Group X I I I , p . 9 4 )

1 1

1

S te m b ore measure ment s = 2 x 5 /64",

Wid th = 2 5 . 0m m .

c . 1 760-1790 .

NGB I1 972-73

7

KST 1 976

1

AG 1 975-78

1

Unprovenanced

1

Tota l n u mber = 1 0 . G roup H ; 1 07

S tamp

1

Unprovenanced Tota l n u mber = 2 .

N o .

3 x Ova l 5 2

( Group X II I , p . 9 4 )

4 1

1x Ova l 1 4 1

S te m b ore measure men ts = 1 0 x5 /64" .

Wid th = 2 6 . 0m m .

c . 1 760-1790 .

NGB I1 972-73

2

AG 1 975-78

3

GFC 1 976-78

2

( 1xG roup X II I , p . 9 4 ) 1x Ova l 3 7

2 1

1 x Ova l 3 8 HW 1 978

2 7

1 x Ova l 4 5 1 7 x Ova l 3 8

1 1a lso w i th

1 0

B order 9 8 & 2 w i th B ow l F or m 9 3

T ota l n u mber = 3 4 .

S te m b ore measure men ts = 3 x 4 /64" ( 2 x Ova l 3 8 a nd 1

u ns ta mped f rag men t ) . 1 08

3 1 x5 /64" .

Wid th = 2 8 .5 m m .

G roup H ; C . 1 760-1790 .

GPO 1 953

1

1x Ova l 5 3

-

LBS 1 974-75

1

-

-

GFC 1 976-78

1

-

-

1

BR 1 977

1

1 x Ova l 5 3

_

-

1W 1 978

8

1 x Ova l 3 8

-

7

1x Ova l 3 8

_

1x S h ie ld ,

_

GG 1 978

1

Unprovenanced

1

1

-

f i g . 5 2 , 1 0 . Tota l n u mber = 1 4 . s tamped ) . 1 09

S te m b ore measure men ts = 1 3 x5 /64";

Wid th = 2 8 .5 m m .

G roup H ;

CC 1 955

2

AG 1 975-78

1

1x 6 /64" ( un-

c . 1 760-1790 .

1x Ova l 1 1x Ova l 5 2 1x Ova l 4 1

GG 1 978

1

1x Ova l 4 3

Unprovenanced

2

1 x Ova l 4 1

1 86

1

pC 11313 012 01 : 11 : 11312 [ 112 01 : 113 0127 111 C12131311 01312 D OC CC IC ID OC 112 01713

1 % .

I L

w em

I

I

o

e

15

0L IU 0DOE 0 0

1 05

10

16

0 0 0 0 C I0 0

0

0

0

0

0

00o

t i m e enm e N e eN

1 06

' r o e— emo - n g7 12 t i . e f ? ,

" e >

1 07 & 1 08

1 20 . 4 1;

L e i /

1 3

v e v e i m i ; m u s iuu tA g b

'Na t/ 1 . 1 1 /H

1 2 1

1 22

14

F ig . 6 2

B road Z oned B orders a nd F in ish ing B orders , n os . 1 05-122 1 87

B order n o .

UnS i te Abbrev ia t ion

No .

S tamp

O ther

s tamped

1 09 c on td . Tota l n u mber = 6 . Group H ; 1 10

S te m b ore measure ments = 6 x 5 /64" .

c . 1 760-1790 .

AG 1 975-78

Tota l n u mber = 1 . G roup H ; 1 11

1

1

AG 1 975-78

-

S te m b ore measure ment = 1x 6 /64" .

AG 1 975-78

1

1x Ova l 1 6

Unprovenanced

H ;

Wid th = 2 1 .0 m m .

2

1x Ova l 4 4

-

-

S te m b ore measure men ts = 2 x 5 /64" .

Wid th = 2 2 .0 m m .

C . 1 760-1790 .

NGB I1 972-73

Tota l n u mber = 1 .

1

-

1x B order 8 9

S te m b ore measure ment = 1x 5 /64" .

1

Width = 2 .5 m m .

NGB I1 972-73

1

-

-

1

AG 1 975-78

2

-

-

2

Tota l n u mber = 3 .

S te m b ore measure men ts = 3 x 7 /64" .

GFC 1 976-78

2

-

Unprovenanced

Tota l n u mber = 1 .

1

1x Ova l 1 6

2 Wid th

4 . 0m m .

-

w i th S p ira l 1

S te m b ore measure men t = 1x 6 /64" .

NP 1 963-64

Wid th = 1 .0 m m .

-

Tota l n u mber = 2 . S te m b ore measure men ts = 2x 5 /64" .

1 19

Wid th = 2 0 .0 m m .

c . 1 760-1790 .

Tota l n u mber = 2 .

1 18

Wid th u ncerta in .

-

S te m b ore measure ment = 1x 5 /64" .

1x Ova l 5 2

1 17

1

c . 1 740-1760 .

G roup H ;

1 16

2 2 .5 m m .

1x B ow l F orm 9 4

S te m b ore measure ment = 1x 6 /64".

Tota l Nu mber = 1 .

1 15

Wid th

U nprovenanced

G roup G ;

G roup

1

c . 1 760-1790 .

To ta l n u mber = 1 .

1 14

-

c . 1 760-1790 .

G roup H ;

1 13

-

S te m b ore measure men t = 1x 5 /64" .

Tota l n u mber = 1 .

1 12

Wid th u ncer ta in .

Width = 3 .0 m m .

1

1x Ova l 4 6

w i th B order 5 8 &

1

1x Ova l 4 6

w i th S p ira l 3

-

S pira l 3 LBS 1 974-75 Tota l n u mber = 2 . S pira l 3 ) ;

-

S te m b ore measure ments = 1x 5 /64" ( Ova l 4 6 w i th 5 8 &

1x 6 /64") .

Wid th = 3 .5 m m . 1 88

Assoc ia t ions s ugges t

1 710-1730 .

B order n o . 1 20

UnS i te Abbrev ia t ion

No .

S ta mp

TS 1 953

1

-

AG 1 975-78

2

1x R ound

O ther

s tamped

-

1

w i th B order 2 2

-

w i th B order 2 7

-

f i g . 5 2 , 8 . 1x Ova l 1 8 T o ta l n u mber = 3 . 2 7) ; 1 21

2x 6 /64" . TS 1 953

1

NCS 1 974

1

T o ta l n u mber = 2 . G roup B ; 1 22

S te m b ore measure men ts = 1 x 5 /64" ( Ova l 1 8 w i th B order

Wid th = 3 . 0m m .

G roup B ;

C . 1 700-1720 .

1x L ozenge 3

1x B order 2 2

1

w i th B order 2 2

-

S t em b ore measure men ts = 2 x 6 /64" .

Wid th = 4 . 5m m .

C . 1 700-1720 .

KS 1 884

1

1x Ova l 5 4

w i th B order 5 5

BB 1 960

1

1x Octagon 7

w i th B order 8

-

& S piral 3 &

NGB I 1 972-73

1

-

AG 1 975-78

3

1x Ova l 5 6

GFC 1 976-78 T o ta l n u mber = 8 . 5x 6 /64";

2

-

S pira l 4 1

w i th B order 7 9

-

-

1x B order 6 3

1

-

1x B ow l F or m ? 92 ( f ig . 6 6, 9 )

1

w i th B order 8

1

1x L ozenge 5

S te m b ore measuremen ts = 2 x 5 /64" ( i n B order 6 3 );

1x 7 /64" ( uns tamped ) .

Wid th = 1 . 5m m .

1 89

G roup B ;

c . 1 700-1720 .

SPIRAL DECORATION (fig. 63). Of the seven types that have been identified the first and most numerous is a completely plain broadly grooved spiral, the second has a simple floral design within the groove. The third is similar but consists of a rather more elaborate tendril pattern. The fourth has 'v' shaped notching on the ridges between plain grooves, while the fifth is ridged within the groove. The last two are similar in that they both appear to be based on the same pattern, apparently related to the :fleur-de-lys, but while the design of no. 6 is in re­ lief within the grooves, no. 7 is flat with the pattern cut into the stem. All the designs turn in the same direction. One method of producing this design is to hold the soft pipe with the metal bore in place and the pipe bowl towards you and over the edge of the work bench so that it would not be dam­ aged. Then place the stem at roughly 45° to the topmost edge of a horizontal surface, which from the majority of examples we have comprised of between four and six ridged and/or decorated stepped segments at approximately 5 mm intervals to the right, and roll the pipe through one revolution to the right.

Spiral Site Abbreviation 1

No.

Stamp

Uns_tamped & otherwise undecorated

Other 1 x Border 57

1

1 x Octagon 12

with Border 39

1

1 x Oval 51

with Border 36 & Bowl form 91

Amph. 1952

1

RJ 1954

2

GS 1973

1

LBS 1974-75

1

1 x Border 86 & Bowl Form 86

AG 1975-78

5

1 1 1 1

GFC 1976-78

2

1 x Octagon 1 1 x Octagon 3

with Border 87 with Border 82

Unprovenanced

6

1 x Octagon 2 1 x Oval 16 1 x Oval 59

with Border 87 with Border 118 with Border 39 1 x Border 2 1 x Border 25 1 x Border 86

x x x x

Border Border Border Border

54 56 61 96

1 2 1 1 1

1 1 1

Total number = 18. Stem bore measurements = 7 x 5/64" ; 10 X 6/64"; 1 x 7 /64" (otherwise undecorated fragment) Associated with Border Groups D-G, i. e. 1700-1760.

190

F ig . 6 3

S p ira l D ecora t ion 1 91

U nsta mped &o therw ise S pira l S i te Abbrev ia t ion 2

BR 1 977

T ota l n u mber = 1 .

No . 1

S tamp 1x Ova l 1 4

O ther

u ndecora ted

w i th B order 3 4

S te m b ore measure men t = 1x 6 /64" .

Associa ted w ith

b order G roup F , i .e . c . 1 720-1760 . 3

KS 1 884

1

1x Ova l 5 4

w i th B orders 5 5 & 1 22

Amph . 1 952

1

NP 1 963-64

1

1 1x Ova l 4 6

w i th B orders 5 8 & 1 19

NGB 1 972-73

1

-

1x B order 8 9

LBS 1 974-75

1

1x Ova l 4 6

w i th B order 1 19

AG 1 975-78

2

1x Ova l 5 0

w i th B order 8 9

1

1x B order 3 3 Tota l n u mber = 7 .

S te m b ore measure ments = 5x 5 /64" ( i ncl . o therw ise

u ndecora ted f rags ) 2x 6 /64" . Associa ted w i th b order G roups B , F& G , I .e . 1 700-1760 . 4

BB 1 960

1

1x Oc tagon 7

w i th B orders 8 & 1 22

TS 1 953 Tota l n u mber = 2 .

1

1x B order 2 3

S te m b ore measurements = 2x 6 /64" .

Associa ted w i th b order G roups A-C , 5

GFC 1 976-78

5

i .e . 1 690-1720 .

1x Ova l 5 5

w i th B order 8 1 3x B order 8 1

Tota l n u mber = 5 .

1

4

S te m b ore measure ments = 5x 5 /64" .

Associa ted w i th b order G roup E , i .e . 1 710-1730 . 6

GFC 1 976-78

1

U nprovenanced

1

T ota l n u mber = 2 .

1x B order 6 8

1

1x Ova l 1 9

S te m b ore measurements = 2x 5 /64" .

Associa ted w i th b order G roup F , i .e . 1 720-1760 . 7

NGB I1 972-73

2

1x Ova l 3 7

( Group X II I )

1

Tota l n u mber = 2 . S te m b ore measurements = 1x 4 /64" ( o ther w ise u ndecorat ed f rag . ) ; 1x 5 /64" . Associa t ions s ugges t 1 760-1790 .

1 92

e

1 93

1 8th C entury D ecora ted S te ms w i th B ow ls , n os .

BOWLS WITH S TAMPED AND DECORATED S TE MS ( f igs . 6 4 t o 6 7) No .

Bow l f or m

S ta mp n o .

B order

S p ira l

1

6 9

Ova l 3 0

5 0

-

2

7 3

Ova l 2 3

5 0

-

S i te a bbrev iation

B ore mes(64")

CC 1 955

6

TS 1 953 ( Group I X ,

6

p . 8 0 ) 3

8 4

-

1 6

-

LBS 1 974-5

6

4

8 6

-

8 6

1

LBS 1 974-75(Group X I ,

6

p . 8 4 ) 5

9 1

Ova l 5 1

3 6

1

GS 1 973

5

6

9 2

-

7 0

-

LBS 1 974-75

5

7

9 2

_

9 5

_

LBS 1 974-75 ( Group

5

X I , p . 8 4 ) 8

9 2

9

? 92

1 0

9 3

Ova l 1 1

1 03

-

LBS 1 974-75

-

1 22

_

AG 1 975-78

Ova l 3 8

1 07

-

HW 1 978(Group X I I ,

.

5 5 5

p . 8 9) 1 1

9 4

Ova l 4 6

5 9

-

U nprov .

5

1 2

9 4

-

7 1

-

LBS 1 974-75

5

1 3

9 4

-

9 7

_

HW

5

1 978 ( Group X I I ,

p .89 ) 1 4

9 4

-

9 8

-

HW 1 978 ( Group XI I ,

5

p . 8 9 ) 1 5

9 4

-

1 11

-

AG 1 975-78

6

1 6

9 6

-

9 8

-

HW 1 978 ( Group X I I ,

5

p . 8 9)

1 94

N -

1 95

1 8th C en tury Decora ted S te ms w i th B ow ls , n os .

x

i n e r )

•r . 1

gL I

h i )

c m

1 96

t C . 0

b f . ) • , 4 • T 4

L 'D r 1

1 97 1 8th Cen tury Decora ted S te ms w i th Bow ls , n os .

MAKER BOWL AND S TEM MARKS ( f ig . 6 8 a nd 6 9 ) i )E ng land :

CHESTER

D escr ip t ion :

p ar t o f ar ec tangu lar s tamp w i th a s erra ted e dge c onta in-

i ng ' (F IT )ZGERALD CHESTER ' i n r e l ief , p laced a long t he s tem . A t tr ibu t ion : p robab ly t he mark o f J oseph F i tzgera ld whose w orking l i fe v ery n ear ly s panned t he f i rs t h a lf o f t he 1 9 th c en tury ( see G roup XV , p . 9 8

a bove ) .

( c )

A ssocia t ion :

n one .

( d )

F ind s po t :

( e )

S tem b ore r esu l ts :

RG 1 973 ( Davey 1 974 , 3 7-38 f i g . 1 2 , 1 ) .

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . 2 (a )

D escr ip t ion :

S tem b ore measure men t =5 /64" .

s ub-rec tangu lar s ta mp c on ta in ing ' JONES . CHESTER ' i n

r e l ief , p laced a long t he s tem . ( b )

A t tr ibu t ion :

t h is mark p robab ly d a tes t o t he f i rs t h a lf o f t he 1 9 th c en tury

o r e ven t he c losing d ecades o ft he 1 8th c en tury .

Wi thout t he i n i tt n . . 1 o f

t he C hr is t ian n ame i ti s i mpossib le t o a scr ibe i tt o a ny o ne maker , p art i cu lar ly a s t here a re an u mber o f ' Joneses ' w orking i n Ches ter a t t h is p er iod . ( c )

Assoc ia t ion :

n one .

( d )

F ind s po t :

( e )

S te m b ore r esu l ts :

NGB I1 972-73 .

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . 3 (a )

Descr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measure men t =5 /64" .

a n a l mos t s quare t hree l i ne s tamp , p laced a round t he s tem

c on ta in ing t he w ords ' MA IRES/& S ON/ CHESTER ' i n r e lief , w i thin a s erra ted i n terna l b order ( News tead , ( b )

A t tr ibu t ion :

1 928 , 1 43 ) .

t here i s n o k nown C hes ter maker o f t h is n a me , t he b ow l

h owever i s o f l a te 1 8th c entury f or m . ( c )

A ssoc ia t ion :

B ow l f or m 9 7 (f ig . 6 9 , 1 )

( d )

F ind s po t :

( e )

S te m b ore r esu l ts :

SMS 1 926 .

T o ta l n u mber = 1 . 4 (a )

D escr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measure men t =5 /64" .

t wo l i ne s tamp w i th ' W . PENN INGTON/CHESTER ' i n

r e l ief w i th in a s erra ted b order , p laced a long t he s tem . ( b )

A t tr ibu t ion :

p robab ly t he mark o f Wi l l ia m P enn ing ton who w orked f rom

C . 1 827 t o 1 869 ( p . 2 52 ) ( c )

Assoc ia t ion :

n one .

( d )

F ind s pot :

( e )

S tem b ore r esu l ts :

GFC 1 976 .

T o ta l n u mber = 1 .

S te m b ore measuremen t =5 /64". 1 98

Y C IEUE LZ .Z i o rm _773 1 1 , 1

( J OU NC ES.

MA IR ES

z T D

P i 3Tc

8 : SoN

2

1

CH ESTER

3

L\ fe

NIU IN I TO W

R .SHITNENA M B ROSELEY

CH IES T E K—

4

E .SOUT I 4ORM m ike

5

W .SOUTHORN &C2 BROSELEY 1 7

B E I L UZY

6

W SGUTH OR K bR OSLY16 SA

7

8 9 CU M F LAZOW

LAZ ZOT AL

noleg e sr • si

1 0

1 4

G amb ier a Par is r n N D epo@d

C r im e

L 7 / * A l l t i t i l l ER

F C

1 3

1 2

1

GAMBIER

1 5

4

1 6

E • I a l tOPER •

1 7

2U : 0 G I NS

CU T T Y

2 0 1 9

1 8

P E?S) TY P U PE

2 2

2 1

2 4

F ig . 6 8

A s 03

2 3

2 5

1 9th C en tury E ng l ish a nd C on t inenta l S tem S tamps ( 1 :1 ) 1 99

i ) 5 (a )

BROSELEY D escr ip t ion :

at wo l i ne s tamp w i th i ncuse l e t tering ' R .

SM ITHE MAN &

CO . BROSELEY

( b )

A t tr ibu t ion :

( c )

F ind s po t :

( d )

S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 2 . S te m b ore measure men ts = 1x 4 /64";

6 (a )

t h is c o mpany was w ork ing c . 1 890 , g oing o ut o fb usiness

s o me t ime b e tween 1 910 t o 1 920 ( A tk inson , 1 975 , 8 1 , CC 1 954 ;

D escr ip t ion :

f ig . 3 , 3 9 ) -

SMH 1 977 ( f ig . 6 9 , 3& 4 ) .

1x 5 /64" .

at wo l i ne s tamp w i th i ncuse l et ter ing p laced a long t he

s tem ' E . S OUTHORN/BROSELEY '; l arge l et ters ' E ' , ' S ', a nd ' 1 3 ' . ( b )

A t tr ibut ion :

E dw in S ou thorn was 2 0 i n 1 841 a nd worked i n P i tchyard ,

B rose ley Wood f ro m 1 855 ( A tk inson , 1 975 , 8 2 , f i g . 3 , 3 8) . ( c )

F ind s po t :

u nprovenanced ( f ig . 6 9 , 2 ) .

( d )

S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 .

7 (a )

D escr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measuremen t =5 /64" .

at wo l i ne s ta mp p laced a long t he s te m w ith l arge i ncuse

l et ter ing ' W . S OUTHORN & CO/BROSELEY 1 7 ' .

An u mber o f s ta mps

w i th s im i lar ly l arge l e t ters h ave b een f ound b ut w i th d if feren t n u mbers ( 23 , 1 0 , 3e tc . ) . A tk inson ( 1975 ,81 ) h as s ugges ted t ha t t hese a re c ode n u mbers i den t ify ing p ar t icu lar w orkers s o t ha t ap ipe c ould b e t raced b ack t o i t s s ource . ( b )

A t tr ibu t ion :

t h is c o mpany was i n b usiness f ro m 1 850 t o 1 900 a nd more

r ecen t ly u n t i l t he 1 950s , u s ing t he s ame marks .

Th is s ta mp c orresponds

t o t he f i rs t mark a t tribu ted t o t he c o mpany b y A tkinson ( i b id ., 8 5 ) . ( c ) ( d )

F ind s po t :

NGB I1 972-73 ;

GC 1 977; u nprovenanced ( f ig . 7 0 , 1& 6 ) .

S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 8 .

8 (a )

GS 1 973 ;

D escr ip t ion :

S te m b ore measure men ts = 5 x 4 /64";

3x 5 /64" .

s i mi lar t o a bove b ut w i th s l igh t ly sma l ler i ncuse l e t tering

' W ! S OUTHORN ( ? & CO )/BROSLY 1 6 S A (LOP ) ' .

The ' Y ' i s amuch

sma l ler l e t ter a bove t he l i ne . ( b )

A t tr ibu t ion :

a s n o . 7a bove .

Th is mark c orresponds w i th t he d escrip-

t i on o ft he s econd a t tr ibu ted t o t he c o mpany i n A tk inson , 1 975 , 8 5 , 2 . ( c ) ( d )

F ind s po t :

YMCA 1 976 .

( Ward , C arring ton & R ut ter , 1 977 , 3 4 . )

S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 .

i i )

MANCHESTER

9 (a )

D escr ip t ion : smoker .

S te m b ore measure men ts = 3 /64" .

a n o va l s tamp p laced o n t he b ack o f t he b ow l f acing t he

I ncuse l e t ter ing ' P IERCE & CO/MAKERS/MANCHESTER ' .

2 00

1 9 th C en tury S tamped S tems , n os .

r • J

C q

/

2 01

( b )

A t tr ibut ion :

t he maker i s u nknown b ut t he s ty le a nd s ize o f t he b ow l

w ou ld s ugges t al a te 1 9 th o r e ar ly 2 0 th c en tury d a te . ( c )

F ind s pot :

( d )

S te m b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 . S tem b ore measuremen t =4 /64" .

i v )

S co t land :

u nprovenanced (f ig . 7 0 , 5 ) .

GLASGO W

1 0 (a ) D escr ip t ion :

t h in s ub-rectangu lar s tamp , c onta in ing i ncuse l e t ter ing ,

p robab ly i n o ne l i ne , ' McDOUGALL GLASGO W ' . ( b ) A t tr ibut ion :

af i rm manufactur ing i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 1 9 th c entury

wh ich d id n o t f i na l ly g o o u t o f b us iness u n t i l 1 967 . ( c ) F ind s po t : ( d )

( Wa lker , 1 977 , 3 44 . )

AG 1 975-78 .

s t em b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 2 . S tem b ore measuremen ts = 1 x 5 /64" ( red s tem); 1x 6 /64" .

v )

I re land :

DUBL IN

1 1(a ) D escr ip t ion : smoker .

a n o va l s tamp p laced o n t he b ack o f t he b ow l f acing t he

L arge i ncuse l e t ter ing ' DUBL IN ' a nd a s hamrock .

( b ) A t tr ibut ion :

p oss ib ly a n I r ish p ipe , o r ap ipe made f or t he I r ish marke t :

made a t t he e nd o f t he 1 9 th c en tury o r p oss ib ly e ar ly t h is c entury . ( c ) F ind s pot :

u nprovenanced ( f ig . 7 0 , 8 ) .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 . v i )

F rance :

S tem b ore measuremen t =5 /64" .

S T . OMER

1 2(a ) D escr ip t ion :

f our l i ne i nscr ip t ion i n l arge t h in i ncuse l e t ter ing p laced

a round t he s tem . ( b ) A t tr ibu t ion :

' CRE ME/ DE FLANDR (?ES ) /L s F io let/ DEPOSE '

t he f i rm o f F io le t was e s tab l ished a t S t . Omer i n 1 765 a nd

c on t inued i n p roduc t ion u nt i l 1 921 .

L ou is F io le t was t he f ounder 's

g randson a nd h ad c on tro l o f t he f i rm f rom 1 834 u n t i l h is d ea th i n 1 892 . T h is p ipe a nd n o . 1 3 , p robab ly d a te t o b e fore 1 885 when h e w en t i nto p ar tnersh ip w i th h is s on-inlaw a nd t he f i rm b ecame k nown a s ' F iole t &A udeber t ' ( Fresco-Corbu , 1 974 ) . ( c ) F ind s po t :

CCF 1 976 .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 . 1 3(a ) Descr ip t ion :

S tem b ore measuremen t =4 /64" .

t h in , l arge i ncuse l e t ters p laced a round t he s tem , t wo

l i nes v is ib le , ' L . F io le t/?S t . Omer ' . ( b ) A t tr ibut ion :

s ee a bove .

2 02

C g

cc ,

t A

2 03

( c ) F ind s po t :

AG 1 975 .

( d ) S te m b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n umber = 1 . S tem b ore measuremen t =4 /64" . 1 4 (a ) D escr ip t ion :

s imi lar ly l e t tered s tamp t o a bove a nd p laced a round t he

s tem, b u t n o n ame s urv ives , ' ?P a rr/F C . ' ( b ) A t tr ibu t ion :

i ti s n o t p oss ib le t o a scribe t he p ipe t o a ny o ne maker

b u t t he l arge b ore migh t s uggest a n 1 8th r a ther t han a 1 9 th c en tury d a te . ( c ) F ind s po t : AG 1 975 . ( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T ota l n umber = 1 . S tem b ore measuremen ts = 6 /64" . v i i )

C I VET

1 5(a ) D escr ip t ion :

l arge i ncuse i nscr ip t ion ' GAMB IER ' w i thin a ' p ear led ' c ar-

t ouche i mpressed o n t he f ron t o f t he p ipe . ( b ) A t tr ibu t ion : t he f i rm o f ' Gamb ier ' was e s tab l ished b y 1 780 a nd d id n ot c lose u n t i l 1 926 . P recise d a t ing i s d if f icu l t b u t t h is b ow l p robab ly b el ongs t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he 1 9 th c en tury . ( c ) F ind s po t :

B a lder ton n ear C hes ter ( f ig . 7 0 , 9 ) .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n u mber = 1 .

S tem b ore measuremen t =5 /64"

1 6 & 1 7 ( a ) D escr ip t ion :

( 1 6)

at wo l i ne i ncuse i nscr ip t ion ' Cre me/GA MB IER ' w i th in

a' pear led ' o b long c ar touche , p laced o n t he b ack o f t he b ow l a nd ( 17) a f our l i ne i ncuse i nscr ip t ion ' Gamb ier/ ' aP ar is/m m/Depose ' p laced a round t he s tem . ( b ) A t tr ibut ion :

a s a bove .

( c ) F ind s po t : CC 1 954-5 ( 1 6) ; Wi l l iams ) .(f ig . 7 0 , 1 0 ) .

B ough ton , Ches ter ( re ta ined b y f i nder Mrs .

( d ) S tem b ore r esu l ts : T o ta l n umber = 2 . v i i i )

S tem b ore measuremen ts = 2 x 5 /64T .

M isce l laneous Marks

T hese a re p ipes w i th t op ica l o r p opu lar e ye-ca tch ing i ncuse marks , s uch a s n o . 2 4 , s o me t i mes w i th in r a ised b orders . N one c an b e a scr ibed t o a p ar t icu lar maker w i th t he p oss ib le e xcep t ion o fn o . 1 9 wh ich was p resu mab ly made i n S co t land p oss ib ly b y McDouga l ls o f G lasgow a nd a l l were i mpressed a long t he s tem e xcep t n o . 1 8 , wh ich i s ab ow l s tamp .

2 04

S te m B ore

Mark No . ( f ig . 6 8)

No .

S i te Abbrev ia t ion

Measure ments

1

GS 1 973

( Bow l s tamp )

1 8

' THE MARQUIS '

1 9

' THE PROPER P (IPE ) '

1

AG 1 975-78

5 /64"

2 0

' BURNS CUTTY '

2

AG 1 975-78;

1x 4 /64";

GC 1 977

1x 5 /64"

1 1

GC 1 977

4 /64"

LBS 1 974-5

5 /64"

1 1 1

AG 1 975-78

5 /64"

U nprovenanced

5 /64"

GC 1 977

5 /64"

2 1

( ?)TY P IPE '

C , ' )

' WO ‚A EM MA '

2 3

' THE ( ?S MOKERS ) P IPE '

2 4

'M INERS P IPE '

2 5

' GAR IBALDI P IPE '

( f ig . 6 5 , 7 )

N o . o f S ta mps

s te ms

Mean s tem b ore

S te m b ore d a te ( B inford )

1 -4 , 6 , 1 1, 1 5 , 5 .0 00

1 740 .55

5 , 9 , 1 3 , 2 1

1 6/17, 1 9 , 2 2-25

1 3 4

4 .0 00

1 778 .81

7

8

4 .375

1 764 .46

8

1

3 .0 00

1 817 . 0 7

1 0

2

5 .5 00

1 721 .42

1 2

1

4 . 0 00

1 778 .81

1 4

1

6 .0 00

1 702 .29

2 0

2

4 .500

1 759 . 6 8

2 05

1 9th CENTURY RELIEF M OULDED MAKER MARKED SPURS ( f ig

7 1)

P ipes w i th 'W ' a nd ' B ' i n i t ia l led s purs a re r e la t ive ly c o m mon f i nds i n C hes ter b ut t here i s ap rob le m o f a t tribu t ion a s t here a re a n u mber o f makers work ing a t t he b eg inning a nd t o t he e nd o f t he 1 9 th c entury w ith t hese i nitia ls b ut n one o f t he p ipes c o me f rom d a teab le c on tex ts .

N u mbers 1 , 4a nd 5 a nd

n u mber 8 a re p robab ly t he marks o f Wi l l iam B oynton a nd c an t herefore b e d a ted t o t he l a t ter p ar t o f t he 1 9 th c en tury a nd w i th t he e xcept ion o f n u mber 5 , t hese were f ound o n t he f actory s i te o u ts ide t he N ewga te ( RG 1 974 ;

p .9 8) .

Group XV ,

H owever , t he u sua l f or m o f l e t tering was f or t he Christ ian n a me i n i t ia l t o b e o n t he l ef t h and s ide o f t he p ipe ( Oswa ld , 1 975 , 7 1) t hough b oth 'WB ' a nd ' BW ' o ccur i n t he g roup p resu mab ly h av ing b een made b y t he B oynton f am i ly . N u mbers 3 a nd 6 may b e t he marks o f Wi l liam B e l lis ( d . 1 805 , p . 2 30 ) , Wi l l iam B ar t let t o r Wi l l ia m B e l lamy who were w orking c . 1 809 a nd 1 823 r es pect ive ly ( p . 2 30 ) a s t hey a ppear t o b e t ypo log ica l ly e ar lier b ow ls , c loser i n f or m t o t hose o ft he l a te 1 8th c en tury . 1 . WB . 1 ; f a ir ly l arge t h in u pr igh t l e t ters ; 2 .

WB . 2 ; l arge t h ick l e t tering ; made a t Chester .

3 .

W? B .3 ;

1x 5 /64";

RG 1 974 .

1x 4 /64" ( Dec . B ow l No . 3 2) .

P oss . n ot

CCF 1 976 .

sma l l l e t ters a t t he t op o f t he s pur;

1x 4 /64";

Bow l F or m 1 07 .

AG

1 975-78 . 4 .

WB . 4 -

we l l-for med , p rin tlike l et ter ing ;

5 .

WB . 5 t h in l e t tering p ara l le l t o t he s tem;

1x 5 /64";

U nprov .

1x 3 /64", 1x 4 /64"; p oss ib ly

B ow l F or m 1 01 . NGB I1 972-73 ( i l lus . ) ; RG 1 974 , CCF 1 976 . 6 .

BW . 1 v ery l arge p la in l e t ters ;

1x 4 /64"; B ow l F or m 1 06 .

7 .

BW . 2 t h in f a ir ly l arge l e t ters ;

1x 5 /64";

8 .

BW . 3 ; h or izonta l l e t ters p ara l le l t o t he s te m ; GS 1 973 , RG 1 974 ( i l lus . G roup XV , p .

9 .

?B?;

BR 1 977 .

9 8 ) .

1x 4 /64", 1 x 5 /64"; ( Dec . B ow l No . 3 .1 03) .

a pparen t ly f a ir ly l arge l e t ters s ur moun ted b y ar osette o fp el lets ;

1x 5 /64"; 1 0 .

LBS 1 974-75 .

B ow l f or m 1 00 .

GS 1 973 ( Group X IV , p . 9 6) .

B u l ls-eye mot if ; t wo c oncen tr ic r a ised c irc les a t t he t op o f t he s pur ; 3x 4 /64" ( Dec . B ow l N o .

4 ; w ith B ow l F or m 1 02 ); 4 x 5 /64" ( Dec .

B ow l

N o . 3 ; w i th B ow l F or m 1 03 a nd B ow l F or m 1 07); u sed a t Ches ter ; C . 1 830- ? 70 .

GS 1 973 , NGB I 1 974-75 , AG 1 975-78 , U nprov .

1 9th CENTURY DECORATED MOULDED BO WLS : 1 . P lu me a t t he b ase o ft he b ow l ;

2 .

1x 4 /64";

( i ) P rovenanced P ipes ( f ig . 7 0 )

[ SOUTH ]Ol iN a nd C o ./

[ BROSE ]LEY 3 ( No . 7a bove , p . 2 00 );

U nprov .

R us t ica ted b ow l a nd s tem;

BROSELEY ( poss . n o . 7 , a bove ) .

1x 5 /64";

U nprov . ( i i ) 3 .

O ther ( f ig . 7 2 t o 7 5 ) R idged b ow l;

1x 4 /64", 2 x 5 /64";

d ecora ted s tem;

i .

i .

B u l l 's e ye mot if ( no .

1 0 a bove ) a nd

One w i th BW . 3 , ( p . 2 07, f i g . 7 1 , 8 ); t he o ther p la in ;

C hes ter , 1 830-c . 1 870 . RG 1 974 , U nprov . 2 06

( i l lus .)

r 4

C I D

0

r t 22,

e

2 07

4 .

S i mi lar d es igns t o n o . 3b ut w i th a f l ower a nd l eaf d es ign d own t he mou ld j o ints ; b u l l 's e ye mot if ( no . 1 0a bove ) .

1x 4 /64";

B ow l For m 1 02 .

Ches ter 1 820- ? 1870 , AG 1 975-78 . 5 .

P la in b ow l w i th ' l eaf ' mou lding d own t he mou ld j oint ;

r osette o fp e l lets

o n t wo w i th o bscured l et tering s urv iv ing o n o ne ( no . 9b e low , p .206); 3x 4 /64", 7 x 5 /64" .

B ow l f or ms 2 x 1 00 , 2x 1 02 , 2x 1 03 , 2x 1 04 ,

1x ? 105 , 1x u nc lass . ( Group X IV , p . 9 6) ,

C hester 1 810-40 ;

NGB I ' 72-73 ,

( i ) GS 1 973

NCS 1 974 , AG 1 975-78 , ( i) GC 1 977, SMH 1 977,

DS 1 978, U nprov . 6 .

P la in b ow l w i th ' oak l eaves ' wh ich d ecora te t he j oin ts ; F or m 1 03 .

7 .

Ches ter 1 810-40 ;

8 .

B ow l

GS 1 973 .

P la in b ow l w i th b ands o f p e l lets d ecora ting t he j o ints ; F or m 1 04 . C hes ter 1 810-40 ;

1x 5 /64";

1x 4 /64";

B ow l

GS 1 973 ( Group X IV , p . 9 6) .

A whea tsheaf a nd masonic emb le ms o n t he r everse w i th g roups o f p e l lets b enea th .

' Leaves ' a long t he j o ints ;

1 810-40 ;

SMH 1 977 .

1x 5 /64";

B ow l F or m 1 00 ; Chester ,

9 . Ap la in b ow l w i th d ecora ted j oin ts , ' l eaves ' o n t he f ron t a nd a l terna te p e l lets a nd ' l eaves ' d own t he b ack ; 1 810-40 ; 1 0 .

Ar ibbed b ow l w i th ' l eaves ' d own t he j oin ts ; Ches ter 1 800-40 ;

1 1 .

1x 5 /64" . B ow l F or m 1 02 .

C hester

SMH 1 977 . 1x 4 /64";

B ow l f or m 1 02 ;

GFC 1 976-78 .

Ar ibbed b ow l w i th r oset tes o fp e l lets a round t he t op a nd ' l eaves ' ( no . 5 a bove ) d own t he j oints ;

1x 4 /64";

B ow l F or m 1 04 ;

C hester 1 810-40 ;

LBS 1 974-75 . 1 2 .

Ha lf r ibbed b ow l w i th a c ross ' branch ' mot i f a nd swags a t t he t op . d own t he j o in ts ( no . 5a bove ) ; 4 0 ;

1 3 .

B ow l f or m 1 04 ;

' Leaves '

Ches ter 1 810-

Unprov .

Orna te h a lf r ibbed b ow l w i th c rosses a bove ; Ches ter 1 810-40 ;

1 4 .

1x 4 /64";

2x 5 /64";

B ow l F or m 1 04 ;

AG 1 975-78 .

H a lf r ibbed b ow l w i th c rosslike mot ifs a bove a nd ' l eaves ' a long t he j oints a nd a round t he r i m;

1x 4 /64";

B ow l F or m104 ;

1 5 .

Ha lf r ibbed w i th ' bars ' a bove ;

1 6 .

C o mp le te ly r ibbed b ow l ;

1 7 .

P e ta l-like mou lding o n l ower p ort ion w i th r us t ica ted d esign a bove ; p oss . C hes ter;

1 8 .

Chester 1 810-40 ;

GS 1 973 ( i l lus .) .

1x 5 /64" , 1x 6 /64";

U nprov .

' Baske t-weave ' d es ign w i th d ecora ted s tem;

1x 4 /64", 2 x 5 /64"; p rob .

NGB I1 972-73 , AG 1 975-78 , RG 1 973 Group XV

F ir c one d esign w i th ' l eaves ' a long t he j o in ts ; 1 820-60 ;

U nprov .

U nprov .

B u lbous b ow l d ec . w i th r a ised p e l lets a nd l obe d esign ;

Chester 1 810-40 . ( i l lus .) . 2 0 .

C hes ter , 1 810-40 ;

AG 1 975-78 .

P rob . C hes ter ; 1 9 .

u n meas;

Ches ter , SMH 1 977 .

NGB I 1 974-75 .

2 08

1x 4 /64"; p oss . Chester

;' ‘ ) 3 D D) . ) . ' .,A )) c

•

, r D

177 3

I

II

G 3e V

30 i ze

n e S 5 Z ' . : 7 5 » ; ›

, e t z y . g3,

h oe e l .O .( ha ,c h c) ° 4 19 .d« 1°

9 : 5 51 0,

2 09

P . -r

. S .ztt“, c er• c

.

Cl .

6 0C, r ie • v ey/ere vi, e •

•

C \ I

1 9 th C en tury D ecora ted Mou lded B ow ls , n os .

L —

b i )

r — I

2 10

1 9 th Century Decora ted Mou lded B ow ls ,

c \ I z . z

-

-

C V

•• • • 4

2 11

2 1 .

B ow l a nd s te m mou lded t o l ook l i ke a t w ig w i th t wo l eaves o ver t he j oints ; 1x 5 /64"; p oss . C hester , c . 1 850 ;

2 2 .

Tw ig-l ike d ecora t ion; 1 953

LBS 1 974-75 .

1x 4 /64, 1x 5 /64"; p oss . Chester 1 820-60;

GPO

( i l lus .) , AG 1 975-78 .

2 3 .

R ust ic t ype d ecora t ion ; p oss . C hester c . 1 850 ;

AG 1 975-78 .

2 4 .

B ow l a nd s te m mou lded t o l ook l i ke a c law c lasp ing a n e gg ;

1x 4 /64";

U nprov . 1 850-1870 . 2 5 .

An e gg s haped b ow l w i th a n e labora te s pur; i ncuse w i th a s h ie ld ; 1x 4 /64";

2 6 .

s tamned t TnAnr/ mA RK I

1 870-1900 ;

;

U nprov .

S a i ling s h ip o n o ne s ide a nd a n a nchor o nthe o ther s epara ted b y ' l eaves ' a long t he j oints ;

( see n o . 5a bove ) ;

1x 5 /64"; p oss . Chester c . 1 850 ;

U nprov . 2 7 .

A 'We lsh ' p ipe , d ecora ted w i th a mounta in g oa t a nd a ? cockere l w i th ' oak l eaves ' a long t he j oin ts ( see n o . 6a bove ); a nd b u l ls e ye mot ifs .

2 8 .

S ha mrocks a nd a n I r ish h arp s ta mped ' ER IN ';

1x 3 /64"; p oss .

CCF 1 976 .

1x 3 /64";

S t ig ma ta o ne s ide a nd l arge h eart o n t he r everse ;

c . 1 900 ;

WB . 2 ,

CCF 1 976 .

l e t tered s pur

1x 3 /64"; p oss . Ches ter 1 850-1900 ;

CCF 1 976 .

Large s tar mot if o n o ne s ide a nd l eaflike mou ld ing a long t he j o ints; 4 /64"; p oss . C hes ter 1 850-1900 ;

3 4 .

p oss . G lasgow

C rossed B ri t ish a nd I rish f l ags o ver a d ru m w i th s cro l l-work b eneath

( p . 2 07, f i g . 7 1 , 2 ) ; 3 3 .

( 1x5 /64");

S hamrock a nd I r ish h arp w i th ' l eaves ' a long t he j oints ;

( repea ted o n r ev . ) , ' l eaves ' a long j oin ts ; 3 2 .

P rob . n o t Chester

U nprov .

G lasgow o r Dub l in c . 1 900 ; 3 1 .

NGB I 1 974-75 .

U nprov .

o r Dub lin , 1 850-1900 ; 3 0 .

1x 5 /64"; p oss . Ches ter , 1 820-60 ;

An I r ish h arp o ne s ide a nd a s hamrock o n t he o ther; 1 850-1900 ;

29 .

w i th t he word ' CY MR0 '

1x

CCF 1 976 .

S h ie ldl ike b adge o n o ne s ide .

The b ow l i s ab riar p ipe s hape ;

P oss . Chester , c . 1 900-1920 ;

GL 1 977 .

2 12

1x 5 /64";

1 9 th Century Decora ted Mou lded B ow ls , eWZQZ0V e \ ZQ \ Z `Z \ C ‘ M t e i4 /0 /0 /0e ib iO iügene r t id i 7 7 .

2 13

CHESTER BOWL FORM TYPOLOGY ( f igs . 7 6 t o 8 3 ) T he e ar l iest c lay p ipes made i n Chester p robably d a te f ro m b etween 1 620 a nd 1 640 a nd c ons ist o f f inely- made , f l a t-based b ow ls , model led o n L ondon t ypes ( f ig .

7 6 ).

By t he 1 640s s purred f or ms h ave b egun t o a ppear

a nd a l though d im in ish ing i n v ar iety b eco me d om inan t i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 1 7 th c en tury .

Up t o t h is p o int t he ma jori ty o f p ipes a re mi l led a round t he

r im a nd b urn ished.

F la t b ased b ow ls c on t inue t hroughou t t he c en tury b u t

dw ind le i n n umbers b e tween 1 660 a nd 1 690 .

A t t h is p o in t , h owever , e n larged

v ers ions o f c er ta in b ow ls a ppear a longs ide a nd s o me t i mes impressed w i th t he s a me s ta mps a s t he sma l ler t ypes ( e .g. f i g. 7 7 , n os. 3 4, 3 7 &3 8) . L arger s purred f or ms a lso o ccur a nd t hese g radua l ly e volve i n to t he e arly 1 8th c en tury s hapes ( e .g. f i g. 8 0 , n o. 6 4 t o 6 9 ).

Dur ing t he l a t ter p ar t o f

t he c en tury t here i s ap ara l lel d evelop men t w h ich i s p robably i nsp ired b y c on te mporary Broseley s ty les , a l though t he i n f luence d oes n ot a ppear t o h ave l asted l ong ( f ig. 7 8 ). Mark ing o n p ipes made i n Chester b efore 1 690 i s r are.

Even t hough 2 5

makers a re d ocu men ted b efore 1 700 , t he p roduc ts o fo n ly t hree c an b e c on f i den t ly r ecogn ised ( Edward Evans , A lexander L anck ton a nd E l ias Massey ). T he e arl iest k nown s te m s ta mps a re p robably c on te mporary w i th B ow l F or m 4 5 ( f ig. 7 8 ) a s t he mark o n t he b ase o n o ne o f t he m h as a lso b een f ound i n c o mposi te l ozenge d es igns ( f ig. 3 2, B ow l S ta mp 1 8 ). One p ar t icu lar f ea ture o f C hester p ipes a t t h is t ime i s t he n u mber o fb ases o ccur ing w i th more t han o ne t ype o f f oo t , whether p la in , f l a t , d ecora ted o r s purred ( e .g . f i g. 8 0 , n os. 6 9 , 7 1 a nd 7 2 ).

Burn ish ing s ee ms t o e nd b y 1 720.

t he l ast t o b e f in ished i n t h is way ( f ig. 8 2).

F or m 9 1 a ppears t o b e

A l though t he s te m d ecora t ion

c on t inues u n t i l a round 1 790 , t here i s a marked d ec l ine i n s tandards a f ter 1 740/50. The f or ms b eco me c ruder a nd , w ith t he e xcep t ion o f ab r ief r esurg ence a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he 1 9 th c en tury ( e .g . f i g. 8 3, n o. 1 00 ) , t he q ua l i ty o f C hes ter p roduc ts d e ter iora tes. The Bow l F or m Typology p resen ted h ere i sb ased o n e xa mp les c ons idered t o b e o f C hester manu facture w ith in t he o veral l s truc ture p rov ided b y t he e xcava ted g roups ( I -XV ), wh i le t he d eta i led o rder h as b een a ssu med . The r elat ionsh ip b e tween f or m a nd e xcava ted e v idence i s s hown i n D iagra m 8 b elow .

2 14

0

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C • 1

THE OR IGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHESTER P IPES When t he e v idence f ro m t he d ocu men ts a nd f ro m t he p ipes t hemse lves i s c onsidered t oge ther a c learer p ic ture o ft he p ipe i ndus try i n Ches ter b eg ins t o emerge w i th in wh ich e igh t ma in p hases c an b e u sefu l ly d istingu ished . P hase 1—Or ig ins-1620-40 A l though t he f i rs t d ef in i te e v idence f or a C hes ter p ipemaker i st he 1 646 r eference t o E dward E vans , i ti s c lear f ro m t he p ipes t ha t a t l eas t f our makers , u s ing i n i t ia l marks were w ork ing i n t he e ar ly p eriod .

F la t h ee led p ipes i n i t ia l-

l ed OP , NE a nd S E t oge ther w i th t he e ar l ies t AL f orms r epresen t t he f irs t C hes ter p roduc t ion .

L ondon , r a ther t han B ris to l a ppears t o b e t he mos t l i ke ly

d irec t s ource o f i nsp ira t ion a nd p ipes f rom t hat s ource o ccur r egu lar ly , t hough r are ly , f ro m t he b eg inn ing o ft he s even teenth c entury .

The 1 622 P ort Book

e v idence s hows c ons iderab le q uan t i t ies c oming i n f ro m L ondon , s ome o f wh ich a re r e-expor ted t o I re land .

I ti s p oss ib le t ha t s o me o f t he u n le t tered s tamped

p ipes a re e ar ly C hes ter c op ies o f L ondon i mpor ts ( e .g . n o . 1 7 ) . p ipes o ccur a f ter 1 630 , h owever a nd n one a t a l l a f ter 1 650 .

F ew L ondon

The P r incess S t .

1 939 f i nd ( Group I V ) i s t he b es t e ar ly g roup , c on ta ining u nused p u ta t ive - was ters ( nos . 2 3 a nd 2 4 ) .

I ta l mos t c er ta in ly r epresents ak i ln s i te p roduc ing p ipes o f

t h is t ype ( c f . f i g . 1 ) G roup I a lso c onta ins g ood e xamp les , a lthough n u mer ica l ly p ipes o f a l l t ypes i n t h is p er iod a re r are c o mpared w i th s ubsequen t o nes . P hase 2—Conso lida t ion-1640-80 Th is p er iod s ees a marked i mprovemen t i n d ocumenta t ion w i th makers o cc urring i n P ar ish R eg is ters , T ax R eturns a nd l a t ter ly a s F ree men . The d ist inc t ive s purred C hes ter f or m d eve loped a nd b eco mes t he d o minan t t ype i n t he s econd h a lf o ft he s even teen th c entury ( c f . f i g . 7 5 ) b u t f l a t-based t ypes c on t inue , a l though d im in ish ing i n n umbers t hroughou t t he p er iod . Af ew l arger v ers ions o ft hese l at ter a ppear a longs ide s purred f orms i n 1 660-80 , s o me o f wh ich e xh ib i t c lear B rose ley i nf luence ( c f . f i g . 7 4 ) . G roup I I a lso i nc ludes p ipes wh ich a ppear t o b ear s outh-wes tern c harac ter ist ics ( eg . n os . 1a nd 2 ) . The mos t n otab le ' impor ts ' d ur ing t h is p er iod a re a f ew B r is to l p ipes t oge ther w i th as ignif ican t n u mber o f S ou th L ancash ire b ow ls w ith c harac ter ist ic b ow l s tamp f ac ing t he smoker ( c f . f i g . 4 8 n os . 1 09-111 , f ig . 4 9 ) . G roups V I a nd WI g ive a n i nd ica t ion o f t he r ange p resen t . S tamped p ipes a re r are , o n ly a bout o ne i n t en b e ing marked , a nd t he n u mber o f s e ts o f i n i t ia ls a scr ibed t o C hes ter i s a lso sma l l .

Apar t f ro m t he e nor mous q uan t i ty o f AL s tamps o n ly a f ew r are

s tamped e xamp les p robab ly b e long t o Ches ter makers . Maker mark ing b ec o mes r are af ter 1 660 , a l though Chester b ow l s tamps a re i n troduced a t t h is d a te , p erhaps d ue t o t he S ou th L ancash ire i nf luence ( i .e . t he c ockaded s tamp ' RR ' e tc . ( f ig . 4 8 , n o . 1 07 ) . Th is c on tras ts w i th t he i ncreasing n umber o f makers k nown t hrough t he d ocu men ts o r w i th c en tres s uch a s Hul l w here a lmos t a l l t he k nown makers s eem t o h ave u sed i n i t ia l marks a nd R a inford, where 5 0% o fa l l p ipes were marked a nd where a l though o n ly t wo o r t hree makers a re k nown more t han 5 0 s e ts o f i n i t ia ls a re r ecorded . I ti sp ossib le t ha t t he c on tro l e xercised o ver p ipe p roduct ion a nd s a le i n Chester p rec luded t he n eed f or i ndiv idua l makers ' w ork t o b e d is t ingu ished . I ft h is i s s o , i ti s t hen d if f icu lt t o e xp la in why a f ew makers d id f i nd i tn ecessary t o mark t he ir 2 24

p ipes .

A t t h is s tage , mos t makers a ppear t o b e l iv ing w i th in t he wa l ls , l arge ly

i n t he n or th o ft he t own , wes t o f N or thga te S tree t ( c f . F ig . 1a nd e v idence f ro m t axa t ion r ecords ) . P hase 3—Trans i t ion-1680-1700 A t t he e nd o ft he c entury t here s ee ms t o h ave b een a marked d ec l ine i n t he v ar ie ty o f f or ms b e ing p roduced ( c f . G roups V II I a nd I X ) e ven t hough t he F reed om s ys tem a nd n umber o f makers r ecorded h as i ncreased s teadi ly s ince t he midd le o ft he c en tury .

L a te v ar ie t ies wh ich d eve lop f ro m e ar l ier s even teen th

c en tury f orms o ccur t oge ther w i th a f ew B rose ley v arian ts a nd s ome a ctua l B rose ley i mpor ts . A t t he s ame t ime t he e ar l ies t e igh teen th c entury f orms a ppear t oge ther w i th t he s tar t o f mou lded b ases . I ti s n o t c lear why t here i s a pparen t ly s uch a n a brup t c hange i n f avour o f t hese n ew f orms b u t i ti s p ossib le t ha t n ew , p urer c lay s ources w ere b e ing u t i l ised ( e .g . k ao lin ) t oge ther w i th i mproved mou lds . L ozenge s tem s tamps wh ich p robab ly d erive f ro m D u tch i nf luences s tar t a t t h is t ime . S o me o f t hese c an b e a ssocia ted w i th p ar t icu lar makers ( e .g . Massey/F le tcher O r mes f rom 1 688 o nwards ) . S o f ar n o f u l lyd eve loped f l eur-delys l ozenge s tem s tamp h as o ccurred w i th a b ow l s o t ha t i ti sn ot c er ta in whe ther t h is t ype o fd ecora t ion b eg ins o n t he o ld f or ms o r t he n ew . There i s , h owever , o ne sma l l , s imp le l ozenge s tamp o n as even teen th c en tury t ype b ow l ( » f ig . 7 6 , n o . 6 4 , ' TN ' s tamp 1 06); a nd a s ing le f l eur-de-lys l ozenge s tamp ( 1 8) w as u sed f or c o mpos i te l ozenge s te m d ecora t ion a nd o n B ow l F or m 4 5 . D uring t h is p eriod , t he f i rs t s tem b orders a ppear , r esemb ling e labora te mi l ling . P hase 4—New D irec t ions-1700-1730 F ro m 1 700 t he n ew , l onger , more e legan t e igh teen th c en tury f orms b eco me q uick ly e s tab lished a nd c an b e f o l lowed a s a n e vo lu t ionary s equence t hroughou t t he c en tury .

There i s ag rea ter d egree o f s t andardisa t ion i n e v idence t oge ther

w i th a r e-approach t o t he r es t o ft he B r i t ish s er ies .

The mos t d is t inct ive a nd

r emarkab le Ches ter a t tr ibu te o ft h is p eriod i s t he s oph is t ica t ion o ft he many t ypes o f s tem mark ing wh ich a l though ma in ly c oncen tra ted i n t he f i rs t t wo d ec ades o ft he c entury c on t inue u n t i l t he 1 780s a nd 9 0s .

The who le s eries p rob-

a b ly a rose o ut o fD u tch i n f luence i n t he l ozenge marked s tems , b u t t he Ches ter r o l ler s tamped b orders a re e ar l ier a nd f ar more c o mp lex t han e quiva len t D utch o nes . They a lso s how a f ar h igher d egree o f v ar ie ty a nd i nven t ion t han d o t he N o t t ingha m o r R a inford s er ies . The d eta i l o f t he o ctagon a nd o va l s tamps i s s uper ior t o t ha t a ch ieved b y a ny o ther B r i t ish c en tre .

The T rin i ty

S tree t g roup ( IX ) , a lready p ub l ished b y Webs ter a nd B ar ton ( 1957) r e ma ins t he mos t i mportan t a ssocia t ion f or t h is p er iod b u t many o ther e xamp les o ccur ( e .g . G roups X-X I I I ) . K ao l in s eems t o b e f i rmly e s tab lished a s t he r aw ma ter ia l f or t hese more d e l ica te mou ld ings a nd s oph is t ica ted s tamps .

V ery f ew p ipes

a re maker marked e ven t hough t he F reedo m s ys tem h as b eco me w e l l e s tab lished a nd many more makers a re k nown t han p rev ious ly . O n marked p ipes , i n i t ia ls w ere ma in ly u sed a s o pposed t o t he f u l l n ame ; o n ly i n f u l l a s p ar t o f ar o l ler s tamp .

' [T I HO . GOLBORN ' a ppears

Th is p er iod a lso s ees t he b eg inning o f s pira l

d ecora t ion .

2 25

Phase 5—The Age o f E legance-1730-70 A l though t here i s e v idence o f ag enera l d ec l ine i n p ipe- mak ing , C hester p roduc t ion i s o n ly v ery s l igh t ly r educed ( c f . G roup X I I I ) a nd t he n u mber o f makers i s main ta ined .

P ar ish r eg is ters b egin t o g ive e v idence f or a d ec line

i n t he c on tro l o f t he i ndus try t hrough t he F reedo m s ys te m . a t tr ibu tab le t o ap ar t icu lar maker .

T he r ange o f f or ms d ec l ines a nd t here

i s ag rea ter d egree o f s tandardisa t ion . i n w id th .

N o p ipes a re

T he s tem s tamps c ont inue a nd i ncrease

O c tagon s tamps h ave c eased b y 1 730 a nd t he n umber o f o va ls , a par t

f ro m t hose b earing t he C hester C oa t o f Arms , d ec lines s harp ly .

B o th P ar ish

R eg is ters a nd P o l l B ook e v idence s how t ha t p ipe mak ing i s f ocussed i n t he L ove L ane a rea W i th a l mos t a l l makers w i th k nown a ddresses l iv ing i n v ery c lose p rox im i ty t o e ach o ther .

Wha t p ro mp ted t he move o u ts ide t he wa l ls i s

n ot c er ta in . P hase 6—Dec line-1770-90 The e nd o f t he e igh teen th c en tury s ees a marked d ec line i n t he r ange , q ua l i ty a nd q uan t i ty o f C hes ter p ipes .

The r o l ler s tamps d ie o u t a nd t he s qua t s purred

f or ms wh ich d o mina te t he n ine teenth c entury b eg in .

The l arge g roup f ro m

N or thga te B rewery I ( Group X IV ) p rov ides a g ood i nd ica t ion o ft hese c hanges . P hase 7—The F ina l F ling-1800-40 The e ar ly n ine teen th c entury s hows a r esurgence o f a c t iv i ty i n t he Ches ter i ndus try .

P roduc t ion b eco mes more i ndus tria l ised w i th a sma l ler p ropor t ion

o f i ndiv idua l s hop owners ; t he t ies o f t he F reedo m s ys tem b eco me e ven l ooser . The n u mber o f w orkers r e t ir ing t o t he w orkhouse t o d ie i s a n i nd ica t ion o ft he s harp d ec line i n s oc ia l a nd e cono mic s ta tus w h ich h as o ccurred s ince t he e ar ly e igh teen th c entury .

Many mou ld-impar ted d ecora ted b ow ls o ccur , s o me o f

wh ich , p ar t icu lar ly e ar ly i n t he c entury a re i n tr ica te ly d ecora ted .

Af ew

maker marked s te ms h ave b een r ecovered , b ut a s w i th p rev ious p er iods , t he n u mber o fp ipes wh ich c an b e a scribed t o i ndiv idua l Ches ter makers i s v ery sma l l i ndeed .

I n a ny c ase , t he s tandardisa t ion o f mou lds a nd d es igns a t a

n a t iona l l eve l make s pec if ic p rovenances d if f icu l t t o e s tab lish .

The e v idence

f ro m D irec tor ies a nd P ar ish R eg is ters t oge ther w i th t he 1 841 C ensus r e turn a l lows a much more c o mp le te p icture o f t he i ndus try t o b e d rawn . P hase 8—The E nd -1840-1917 Af ter 1 840 t he n u mber o f makers d ec l ines v ery q uick ly . B oyn ton 's f ac tory o pera ted a s t he s o le p roducer f or t he l as t f or ty y ears . H is f actory a t t he N ewg a te s ee ms t o h ave b een o f s o me s ize a nd was l i nked i n s o me way w i th c ork i mpor ta t ion a nd c ork c u t ting , af ea ture c o m mon t o an u mber o f o ther makers ( e .g . P ie tro B ordessa ) .

T he c o m mon f actor h ere i s p robab ly t he move ment

o f c lay ( as b a l las t? ) f ro m D evon a nd C ornwa l l o n s h ips wh ich a lso c arried P or tugueuse c ork .

D uring t he l a te n ine teenth c entury p ipes f ro m s ources

o ther t han C hes ter b eco me r e la t ive ly c o m mon , t he mos t i mpor tan t s ources b e ing B rose ley a nd G lasgow .

Af ew F rench p ipes h ave a lso b een r ecovered .

The f i nds i n t he R o man Garden ( Group XV ) o u ts ide t he N ewga te , wh i le n ot a s tra t if ied g roup , g ive p er iod .

ag ood i mpress ion o ft he t ype o f p roduc t ion d ur ing t h is

2 26

FUTURE WORK A lthough ag rea t d ea l o f ma ter ia l h as c o me f rom e xcava t ions i n C hes ter , p ar t icu lar ly o ver t he l ast t en y ears , i tw i l l b e c lear f ro m t he a bove t ha t a g ood d ea l more e v idence i s r equired f or a c o mp le te p icture o f t he p ipe i ndustry t o b e p roduced .

Much l arger c losed g roups a re n eeded, p ar t icu lar ly i n t he

e ar ly 1 7th a nd l a ter 1 8th a nd 1 9th c entur ies .

A lthough many C hes ter s tamps

a nd b orders h ave b een d ef ined i n t he f oregoing p ages many more e xamp les o f e ach a nd a ssoc ia t ions b e tween t he m n eed t o b e s tudied b efore t he r a ther g ene ra l c onc lus ions o ft h is p aper c an b e f u l ly r e lied u pon . A t t he mo men t many o f t he s ta mps a nd b orders e x ist o n ly a s s ing le e xamp les , a nd e ach n ew s i te d emonstra tes t ha t many f ur ther t ypes r ema in t o b e f ound . More we l l s tra t if ied s equences a re r equ ired f ro m i nd iv idua l s i tes .

I n o rder t o g e t t hese a rchaeo-

l og ica l i nteres t p robab ly n eeds t o b e f ocussed e spec ia l ly o n p os t- medieva l s i tes a nd p os t- med ieva l p rob lems . I n p ar t icu lar t he l oca t ion a nd c o mp le te e xcava t ion o f ak i ln s i te a nd a t tendan t b ui ldings i s ah igh p r ior i ty f or f u ture r esearch . Ag ood d ea l more i nfor ma t ion c ou ld c er ta in ly b e g leaned f ro m d ocu men tary s ources . t axa t ion

F ur ther work o n t he p ipe- making f am i lies u sing P ar ish R eg isters , r ecords , l eases e tc . m igh t a l low t he m t o b e l oca ted more s pec if ica l ly

( par t icu lar ly i n t he 1 7 th c entury ) a nd t o r e la te t he m t o t he w ider c on te mporary l i fe o ft he C i ty .

I tw ou ld a lso b e u sefu l t o f o l low u p Webster a nd B arton 's i deas

a bout t he mean ing o f s o me o ft he s tem s tamps a s I nn s igns o r a dver t is ing med ia .

The most p rof i tab le a venue f or d ocu men tary work , wou ld p robab ly b e

ad e ta i led a na lys is o ft he P or t B ooks .

Th is wou ld a low a much more c o mp le te

p ic ture o f c lay a nd c lay p ipe move ments i n a nd o ut o f C hester t o b e d rawn . S uch a s tudy wou ld a lso b e c o mp l i men ted b y a n a t temp t t o r ecord a l l k nown f i nds o f C hes ter p ipes f ro m s i tes o utside C hester .

T he wr i ters wou ld b e v ery

g ra tefu l f or a ny i nforma t ion f ro m e xcava tors a nd o thers a nywhere i n t he wor ld a bout C hester p ipes wh ich t hey h ave f ound . I n many a reas s uch a r esponse wou ld i mp ly a much more c oncer ted e f for t b y a rchaeo log is ts t o i nves t iga te s i tes o f t he p ost- med ieva l p er iod .

2 27

APPEND IX 1 L IST OF CHESTER P IPEMAKERS

Key :

A

F ree man R o l ls

C hes ter C i ty R ecord O f f ice

A ppren t ice R o l ls

C hes ter C i ty R ecord O f f ice

' NF

N ames o f t he F ree men o f C hester

PO

P o l l B ooks

C hes ter C i ty Record O f f ice

HT

H ear th Tax

C hes ter C i ty a nd C hesh ire C oun ty Record Of ices

HTPR

H o ly T rin i ty P ar ish R eg is ters

S JPR

S t . J ohn 's Par ish R eg is ters

SOPR

S t . O swa ld 's P ar ish R eg is ters

CEN

v ia C hes ter C ity R ecord O ff ice

C hesh ire C oun ty R ecord O f f ice

C hesh ire C oun ty R ecord O f f ice C hesh ire C oun ty Record O f f ice

1 841 C ensus E nu mera tor 's H andbook

C hesh ire C oun ty R ecord

O f f ice ( Microf i lm ) E n tr ies a re i n a lphabe t ica l o rder o f s urname . a re i n c hrono log ica l o rder .

U nder e ach p erson r eferences

A l l e ntr ies a re t o i nd iv idua ls s pec if ica l ly n a med

a s b eing p ipe makers u n less o therw ise s ta ted , e .g . u nder E dward E vans t he l as t s en tence r eads ' I t i s p oss ib le t ha t t he E dward E vans b uried o n 7S epte mber 1 690 r efers t o t he s a me p erson ( SJPR ) ' .

2 28

A IRES , J ohn .

c . 1 800.

O swa ld ( 1975 , 1 62 ) g ives t he Freedo m R ol ls a s e v idence f or t h is maker .

S o

f ar t he p resen t wr i ter ( PJD ) h as b een u nable t o t race t h is s ource o r a ny o ther r eference t o t h is maker . A IRES , S a mue l .

1 737-1812 .

B apt ized i n t he c a thedra l o n 1 9 N ove mber 1 737 ( Hughes 1 904 , 1 8 ).

D ied a ged

7 5 o n 1 8 J u ly 1 812 .

D escr ibed a s " an Honest a nd I nof fens ive Man" , ( Hughes

1 904 , 4 7, n ote 3 1 ) .

A l mos t c er ta in ly t he S a mue l A ires o f t he A bbey C our t

who marr ied Mary G o ld ing o n 2 1 Augus t 1 767, a nd whose d augh ter Mary was b ap t ized o n 3 Augus t 1 770 , ( SJPR ). A IRES , Tho mas .

1 789-1846 .

Men tioned i n D irec tor ies f ro m 1 789-1828 , o f e lec tions o f 1 812 a nd 1 818 ( P0 ). E l izabeth P enn ing ton i n 1 841 , C i ty RO—CR 3 9/56 ). ALLEN , G eorge.

L ove L ane/S tree t .

V oted i n t he

Recorded a ged 7 5 l i v ing w i th Wi l l ia m a nd

( CEN ).

Wi l l made o n 1 2 Dece mber 1 846 ,

( Ches ter

( See A yres a nd P enn ing ton ) .

1 785 .

D ied a ged 5 6 o f f ever , o n 1 3 A pr i l , b ur ied o n 1 5 A pr il 1 785 , ( SJPR ) . ALLENTON , R ichard .

1 767.

A ppren t ice o f J ohn S harp , g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 1 Dece mber 1 767, ALLINGTON , G eorge .

( F ).

1 767.

A ppren tice o f Tho mas J ones g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 2 Dece mber 1 767, ( F ). ALSOP ,

G eorge .

1 783

As on J ohn d ied a ged 3 o f sma l lpox , o n 2 3 Oc tober , b ur ied o n 2 5 O c tober 1 783 , ( SJPR ). AYRES a nd PENN INGTON .

1 840-1848 .

Men t ioned i n d irec tor ies b e tween 1 840 a nd 1 848 o f L ove S tree t .

S pence ( 1942 ,

6 4 ) g ives 1 834 a s t he e ar l ies t r e ference a nd s ugges ts a c o mbina tion o f Tho mas a nd J ohn A ires a nd W i l lia m P enn ing ton . w i th Wi ll ia m P enn ing ton i n 1 841 , ( CEN ).

A ires was r ecorded , a ged 7 5 , l i v ing Wi l l ia m Penn ing ton made h is s ole

e xecu tor a nd b ene f ic iary i n 1 846 , ( Ches ter C i ty RO-CR 3 9/56). BAGE , J oseph . T ook

1 794 .

Edson a s a ppren t ice f or 7 y ears o n 1J anuary 1 794 ( Rol l d a maged )

( A ). BA ILEY , J a mes .

1 749-1756.

A ppren t iced t o J a mes G o ld ing f or 7 y ears o n 2J anuary 1 749 , i nden ture r eg ist ered o n 7A pr i l 1 755 , ( A ).

Freedo m g ran ted o n 1 October 1 756, ( F).

2 29

BA ILEY , R ober t .

1 755 .

A ppren t iced t o T ho mas G ou lding f or 7 y ears o n 6A ugus t 1 755 , BARBER , W i l l ia m .

( A ) .

1 759.

A ppren t ice o f Ma t thew S harp , g ran ted F reedo m o n 1 0 February 1 759 , ( F ). BARTLETT , Wi l l iam .

1 809 .

H is w i fe Mary d ied a ged 4 6 o f c onsump t ion o n 2 7 A pr i l , b ur ied o n 3 0 A pr i l 1 809 , ( SJPR ) . c f . f i g . 7 1? BAXTER , J ohn .

1 709.

D ied ; o f S le t ton ( Oswa ld 1 975 , 1 62 —Ches ter w i l ls ). t raced b y t he p resen t wr i ter .

Th is w i l l h as n o t b een

A Bryan B ax ter o f S u t ton ( Sou th Lancash ire )

was r ecorded i n 1 726-29 , a s ap ipe s e l ler i n t he S t H e lens P ar ish R eg is ter . S le t ton may b e a misread ing o f S u t ton ; w i l ls p roved a t C hes ter i nc lude much o f S ou th Lancash ire d ur ing t h is p er iod . BELLA MY , Wi l l iam .

1 823 .

D escr ibed a t t he b ap t is m o f h is d augh ter S arah , o n 2 0 March 1 823 , a s ' l a te Wi l l iam o f B ough ton ' , t h is d augh ter d ied a ged 4 w eeks , a nd was b ur ied o n 1 6 A pr i l 1 823 , a t ' The H ouse o f I ndus try ' , ( SJPR ).cf . f i g . 7 1? BELL IS , W i l l iam .

1 805 .

D ied a ged 5 5 o f r up ture , o n 1J u ly , b ur ied o n 3J u ly 1 805 , ( SJPR ) . c f . f i g . 7 1? BENNETT , Tho mas .

1 766.

D escr ibed a s T ho mas B enne t t j un ior , a ppren t iced t o J a mes G ou ld ing f or 5 y ears , i n 1 766 ( A ) . BLOOR .

C . 1 850 .

A s ing le p ipe s urv ived i n t he G rosvenor Museu m ( c f . O swa ld 1 975 , 8 5 , f ig . 1 4 , n o . 1 ) .

N o t t raced b y t he wr i ters a nd n o t l i ke ly t o b e o f C hes ter manu-

f ac ture . BORDESSA , P ietro.

1 864 .

D escr ibed i n Morr is ' D irec tory f or 1 864 , a s " auc t ioneer a nd v a luer , p ipe maker , c orkcu t ter a nd s heri f f 's o f f icer" . The N ewga te . BOYNTON , Wi l l ia m Andrew .

1 871-1917.

Recorded i n D irec tor ies b e tween 1 871-1916 a s a t v ar ious ly , The N ewga te , 3N ewga te , a nd N ewga te , S t J ohn S tree t .

A ' P ipe a nd C ork Manu fac tory ' i s

s hown o n t he O S 1 :500 map o f 1 875 ( Shee t x xxv i i i . 1 1 . 2 3 ) a d jacen t t o a nd o uts ide t he wa l ls j us t s ou th o f t he N ewga te .

I n F ebruary 1 973 , work men l aying

ac ab le t rench a cross t he ' Ro man G ardens ', r ecovered a n u mber o fb ow ls marked WB o n t he s pur wh ich c an b e a scr ibed t o t h is maker , ( Davey , 1 974a , 7 6-38) .

S pence ( 1 941-2 , 6 6 ) g ives f ur ther d e ta i ls a s f o l lows : "Boyn ton

2 30

married E l iza Hughes ; h e d ied a ged 5 4 o n 1 4 May 1 885 .

H is w idow c arr ied

o n t he bus iness u n t i l h er d ea th a t t he a ge o f 9 4 o n 2 7 March 1 917. i n C hes ter C e metry" .

Th is i s t he o n ly C hes ter p ipeworks wh ich s urv ived i n to

t he 2 0th c en tury . G roup XV . BRADFORD ,

G eorge .

Both r es t

c f . f i g . 7 1?

1 767.

A ppren tice o f R ichard J ones , g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 1 Dece mber 1 767, BRYAN , Edward .

( F) .

1 758-1805 .

A ppren ticed t o R ichard T insda le f or 7 y ears o n 5J u ly 1 758 , ( A ). E dward b orn o n 2 8 A pr i l , b apt ized o n 2J une 1 78 2 ,

( SJPR ).

H annah b orn o n 2 5 F ebruary , bap t ized o n 1 0 A pr i l 1 78 5 ,

A s on

Ad augh ter

( SJPR ).

H is s on

E dward k i l led a ged 1 0 o n 1 3 Nove mber , a nd b ur ied o n 1 6 N ove mber 1 791 , ( S JPR ).

D ied a ged 6 6 o f d ropsy o n 1 2 J u ly , b ur ied o n 1 4 J u ly 1 805 , ( SJPR ).

H is w i fe Hannah , o f Brough ton , d ied a ged 7 9 , a nd b ur ied i n 1 824 , BRYAN , J ohn .

( SJPR ).

1 758 .

A ppren t iced t o R ichard T insda le f or 7 y ears o n 5J u ly 1 758 , BUCKLEY , Wi l liam .

( A ).

1 831.

O f Lyon S tree t , g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 9 A pr i l 1 831 , ( F) . CARR , J ohn .

1 78 1-1825 .

A ppren tice o f R ichard J ones , g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 3 J anuary 1 781 , ( F) , ( Oswa ld h as 1 975 , h as 1 779 ) . b apt ized 2 1 May 1 78 3 ,

Ad augh ter Char lo t te b orn ( t o w ife F rances ) o n 2 5 Apri l ,

( SJPR ).

Ad augh ter Mary b orn ( t o w i fe Frances ) o n 7

J anuary , b apt ized 1 2 February 1 78 6 , ( SJPR ) .

A s on Wi l l ia m d ied a ged 2 o f

c onvu lsions o n 2 8 J anuary a nd was b ur ied o n 3 1 J anuary 1 78 6 ( SJPR ).

A s on

P au l d rowned a ged 8o n 2 8 May , a nd was b ur ied o n 3 0 May 1 78 6 ( SJPR ).

H is

d augh ter Mary d ied a ged 8mon ths o f c onvu ls ions o n 3S epte mber , a nd was b ur ied o n 5S ep te mber 1 78 6 ( SJPR ).

A s on J ohn b orn ( t o w i fe Frances ) o n 4

N ove mber , b ap t ized o n 1 3 J anuary 1 78 8 ( SJPR ).

A s on Pe ter , d ied a ged 1 0

o f f ever o n 2 5 May , b ur ied o n 2 7 May 1 78 7 ( SJPR ).

A s on Rober t b orn ( t o

w i fe Frances ) o n 2 7 February , b ap tized 1 7 O ctober 1 78 9 ( SJPR ).

H is s on

J ohn d ied a ged 5 o f c onvu ls ions o n 3 1 Dece mber 1 792 , b ur ied o n 4J anuary 1 793 ( SJPR ).

He was b ur ied a ged 7 1 o n 1 4 Oc tober 1 825 , ( descr ibed a s b e ing

o f L itt le S t J ohn S tree t ) ( SJPR ).

H is r e l ict Frances was b ur ied a ged 7 8 o n

3 February 1 829 , ( SJPR ) . CL IFFE ,

Tho mas .

1 721-1766 .

G ran ted Freedo m o n 7O ctober 1 721.

S on o f Tho mas C l i f fe , l abourer , d e funct ,

a nd a ppren t ice o f R ichard G old ing o f C hes ter , p ipe maker , e lection o f 1 732 ( P0 ). A ugus t 1 732 ( F ).

( F).

Voted i n

H is a ppren t ice R ichard Payne made a Free man o n 5

V oted i n e lect ions o f 1 747, ( P0 ).

Probably t he Tho mas

C l i ffe who was b ur ied a t S t J ohns o n 1 3 February 1 766 ( SJPR ).

2 31

CR I MES , Rober t .

1 846 .

Freedo m g ran ted o n 1 1 Augus t 1 842 ; o f L ove S tree t ( NF ). CUL M , Ar thur .

1 73 2-17 8 3.

S on o f J ohn Cu lm , l ea ther s e l ler , a ppren t ice o f R ichard G olding ( d e funct ) , g ran ted Freedo m o n 7 Augus t 1 732 ( F). 1 747 ( P0 ).

Vo ted i n t he e lec t ions o f 1 732 a nd

Took S a mue l H ewi t t a s a ppren t ice f or 5y ears i n 1 75 0/1 ( A ).

H is

a ppren t ices Ben j C u lm g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 Augus t 1 755 , Rober t E vans i n 1 762 ( F ) , a nd G abr ie l Evans a nd R ober t H ough i n 1 767 ( F ) .

D ied o f p a lsy

a t t he a ge o f 7 9 , o n 1 2 J anuary a nd was b ur ied o n 1 4 J anuary 1 78 3 ( SJPR). H is a ppren t ice S amue l H ewi tt g ran ted Freedo m i n 1 78 4 ( F ) .

Mary , r elict o f

Ar thur C u lm , p ipe maker , d ied o f d ecay a ged 7 0 o n 2 1 J une a nd was b ur ied o n 2 4 J une 1 800 ( SJPR ).

P robably t he s a me Ar thur whose c h i ldren were baptized

i n 1 731 , 1 73 4 , 1 736 a nd 1 743 ( W i fe Hannah ) ( SJPR ) . CUL M , Ben j.

1 755

The a ppren t ice o f Ar thur C u lm , g ran ted Freedo m o n i s t A pr i l 1 755 ( F ).

A

s on Ben ja m in d ied a ged 4 mon ths , o f sma l lpox o n 1 0 J anuary a nd was b uried o n 1 4 J anuary 1 78 9 ,

( SJPR ).

A s on Ben ja m in was b orn t o h is w ife S arah o n

1 5 Dece mber 1 78 9 , b ap t ized o n 1 1 A pr i l 1 79 0 , ( SJPR ).

H is s on Tho mas d ied

a ged 7 , o f wor m f ever o n 3J anuary , b ur ied o n 5J anuary 1 800 ( SJPR ) .

Pro-

b ably t he s on o f Arthur a nd Hannah Cu lm ( c f . a bove ) who was bapt ized o n 2 4 O c t 1 731 ( SJPR ) . CUL M , Ben ja m in .

1 812

G ran ted Freedo m o n 1 5 O ctober 1 812 , CUL M , J ohn .

( NF).

1 78 1-17 8 9

Men t ioned i n D irec tor ies a t t he N ewga te , 1 78 9 ( Cowdroy , 4 9 ); 1 949 , 2 89 ;

1 78 1 ( Dyke

1 781 The C hes ter G u ide , 8 4 ).

DAV IES , J ohn .

I( and I )

1 767

AJ ohn Dav ies was g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 1 Dece mber 1 767 ( F).

A s on J ohn

d ied a ged 6 mon ths o f c onvu ls ions a nd c h in c ough o n 2 Augus t , bur ied o n 4 Augus t 1 779 ( SJPR ).

A s on J ohn b orn t o w i fe Mary o n 5J u ly bapt ized o n 4

Augus t 1 78 0 ( SJPR ).

Ad augh ter Mary b orn t o h is w i fe Mary o n 3F ebruary ,

b apt ized o n 9F ebruary 1 783 , ( SJPR ).

Ad aughter Mary , d ied a ged 6 o f sma l l-

p ox o n 6J une , b ur ied o n 8J une 1 78 3 ( SJPR ) .

H is s on J ohn d ied a ged 2 o f

sma llpox o n 1 8 J une , b ur ied o n 2 0 J une , 1 78 3 ( SJPR ) .

Wi fe Mary d ied a ged

4 2 o f c onsu mp t ion a nd c ough o n 2 9 October , b ur ied 1 N ove mber 1 783 ( SJPR ). Ad augh ter Mary d ied a ged 1 o f weakness o n 1 4 F ebruary , b ur ied 1 6 F ebruary 1 784 ( SJPR ) .

AJ ohn Dav ies v oted i n t he e lec t ion o f 1 784 ( PO ) .

Mary , r e lic t

o f aJ ohn Dav ies , p ipe maker o f L it t le S t . J ohn S tree t , d ied a ged 9 8 o n 2 1 March , 1 835 .

E ither t here were t wo J ohn Dav ies o r o ne whose f i rst a nd s econd w ives

were b oth c a lled Mary , DAV IES , J ohn I ( and I I ).

1 841

Recorded a ged 2 0 , i ndependan t , a nd l i v ing w i th h is p aren ts S a mue l a nd Maria Dav ies , a t L ove S tree t i n 1 841 ( CEN ). 2 32

DAV IES , J oseph , j nr .

1 841-1856

Recorded a ged 1 5 , a n a ppren t ice , l i v ing w i th h is p aren ts S a mue l a nd Mar ia Dav ies a t L ove S treet i n 1 841 ( CEN ).

Men t ioned i n S la ters D irec tory o f 1 856,

a t L ove S treet . DAV IES , Mar ia .

1 857

Men t ioned i n Ke l ly :

D irec tory , o f 1 857(403 ) , a s ' Mrs .' , o f L ove S tree t ,

a nd i n Wh i te 's o f 1 860 (155 ) a s o f 1 2 , L ove Lane. DAV IES , Rober t .

1 653

Ad augh ter S usan c hr is tened o n 2 5 S epte mber , 1 653 ( HTPR ) , DAV IES , S a mue l .

( Farra l l 1 914 , 4 5 ).

1 817-1878

Ad aughter , Mary b orn t o w i fe Mar ia a nd b ap t ized o n 1 5 J une 1 817, a t Love Lane ( SJPR ). L ove Lane .

Men t ioned i n D irec tory ( 1818-20 ) ( The C o m mercia l 1 04 ) o f A s on J ohn b orn t o w i fe Mar ia a nd b ap t ized o n 3O ctober , 1 819

a t L ove S tree t ( SJPR ) .

Took J a mes Mi tchel l a s h is a ppren t ice i n 1 820 ( A ).

A s on J oseph b orn t o w i fe Mar ia a nd b ap t ized o n 5 May 1 826 , a t L ove S tree t ( SJPR ).

Men t ioned i n P igo t 's D irec tor ies o f 1 826 a nd 1 828 i n L ove S tree t .

A s on S a mue l , b orn t o w i fe Mar ia a nd b ap t ized o n 4A pr i l 1 828 ( Love S treet ) ( SJPR ).

A s on R ichard b orn t o w i fe Mar ia a nd b ap t ized o n 7J anuary 1 831

( Love S tree t ) ( SJPR ). 1 835 ,

( SJPR ).

H is s on R ichard d ied a ged 4 a nd b ur ied o n 2 1 February

Men t ioned i n S pencer 's D irec tor ies f ro m 1 834-78 i n L ove S treet .

Ad augh ter o f S a mue l a nd Mar ia Dav ies o f L ove S treet , d ied a ged 1 3 , b ur ied o n 1 3 J anuary 1 838 ( SJPR ). 1 840(77) i n L ove S treet .

Men t ioned i n t he Ches ter G enera l D irec tory f or

Recorded , a ged 4 5 , l i v ing w i th Mar ia , a ged 4 5 ,

Wi l l ia m a nd J oseph a t L ove S tree t i n 1 841 ( CEN ).

Men t ioned i n Wi l lia m 's

D irectory o f 1 846(17) a nd 1 848 ,E agshaw 's o f 1 850(118 ) , Morr is ' o f 1 864 , a l l i n Love S tree t a nd i n Ke l ly 's D irec tory o f 1 878 a t 1 1, L ove S tree t . ( Morgan 1 975 ,

P .

6 2 , n o . 6 ) .

DAVIES , Tho mas .

1 846

Men tioned i n Wi l l ia m 's D irec tory o f 1 846(17) , o f L ove S tree t . DAV IES , Wi l l ia m .

1 841-1848

R ecorded , a ged 1 5 , a n a ppren t ice , l i v ing w i th S a mue l a nd Mar ia Dav ies a t L ove S treet ,

( CEN ).

Men t ioned i n Wi l l ia m 's D irec tor ies o f 1 846(17) , a nd

1 848 i n Love S tree t . DUKE , Wi l l ia m H ickson .

1 832-1841

Married Ann Hughes o n 2 5 A pr i l 1 832 ( SJPR ).

Ad augh ter Mary Ann b orn t o

w i fe Ann a nd b ap t ized o n 1 6 February 1 833 ( a t N ewga te ) ( SJPR ) . E l izabeth b orn t o w i fe , S treet ) ( SJPR ).

Ad augh ter

Ann a nd bap t ized o n 1 5 Nove mber 1 835 ( a t N ewga te

Ad augh ter Margaret b orn t o Wi l l iam a nd Ann a nd b ap tized

o n 2S epte mber 1 838 , a t Un ion S tree t ( SJPR ).

Recorded a t C ross G un C our t ,

a ged 2 5 , l i v ing w i th A nn Duke a ged 2 8 , a nd 4 c h i ldren ( CEN ).

2 33

DUTTON , G eorge .

1 769

A ppren t iced t o

1 769

DYKE , Tho mas .

( A R o l l d a maged) .

1 815-1821

Marr ied Mary Ra lphs b y B anns , b o th o f t he s a me Par ish , o n 2 3 August 1 815 , ( SJPR ) .

H enry , s on o f Tho mas J ohnson D yke a nd Mary D yke bap t ized o n 3 1

May 1 816 ,

( SJPR ) .

Ad augh ter S arah b orn t o w i fe Mary , a nd bap t ized o n 3 0

J anuary 1 818 , a t L ove S treet , ( SJPR ). b ur ied a ged 2 6 o n 2 7 J u ly 1 821 ,

Tho mas D yke , o f t he House o f I ndus try ,

( SJPR ).

A s on H enry b orn t o t he l a te Tho mas

a nd Mary D yke , a nd b ap t ized o n 3 February 1 822 ( a t L ove S treet ) , ( SJPR ). H is w idow Mary marr ied Wi l l ia m H ewson , p ipe maker , i n 1 828 ,

( SJPR).

EDSON , A ppren t ice t o J oseph Bage , i n 1 794 ( A R o l l d a maged) . ED WARDS , S amue l. Bur ied o n 4O ctober 1 673 , EVANS , Edward .

( SOPR ).cf . f i g . 3 6?

1 646-1690

E l izabeth d augh ter t o Edward Evans , f isher man a nd p ipe maker , c hr is tened o n 2 0 Dece mber 1 646 ,

( Farra l l , 1 914 , 4 1) ( HTPR ) .

t o a n E dward E vans , p ipe maker .

Th is i s t he o n ly r eference

Holy Tr in i ty P ar ish Reg is ters r ecord t he

b ap t is m o f ad augh ter i n 1 648 a nd a s on E dward i n 1 651 wh ich p robably r efer t o t he s a me Edward .

The Churchwarden 's a ccounts f or Ho ly Trin ity d escr ibe

a n E dward Evans a s " poore" ( i . e . t oo p oor t o p ay ) i n 1 667, i n t he P oor Ra te Assess men t .

H e d oes n ot a ppear i n 1 669.

The 1 664-65 , Hear th Tax i nc luded

a n E dward Evans u nder t he c a tegory o f " persons r e turned u nchargeab le a s n ot r a ted t o , c hurch a nd p oor b y r eason o f t heir p overt ie" .

He h ad o ne h earth .

I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he E dward Evans , b ur ied o n 7S ep te mber 1 690 r efers t o t he s a me p erson ( SJPR ) . EVANS , G abr ie l .

A s ing le p ipe s urv ives ( f ig . 5 , n o . 1 1;

f ig . 4 6 , n o . 1 00 ) .

1 767-1805

A ppren t ice o f Ar thur Cu lm g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 1 D ece mber 1 767, ( F ).

A

s on Ben ja m in b orn t o h is w i fe A l ice , o n 3 0 A pr i l a nd b ap t ized o n 2 4 May 1 781 , ( SJPR ) .

Ad augh ter A l ice d ied a ged 4 o f sma l lpox , o n 1 1 J u ly, bur ied 1 3 J u ly

1 782 , ( SJPR ).

A s on Pau l a ged 1 8 o f c onsump t ion o n 1 7 Nove mber , b ur ied

1 9 Nove mber 1 786 , ( SJPR ).

G abr ie l Evans d ied a ged 7 1 o f p a lsy o n 2 5

S ep te mber , b ur ied o n 2 8 S epte mber 1 805 ,

( SJPR ) .

H is r el ict A lice d ied a ged

7 3 o f d ecay o n 3 0 S epte mber , b ur ied o n 3O ctober 1 809 , EVANS , H ira m .

1 858 .

G ran ted Freedo m o n 3 1 J u ly 1 858 , EVANS , J ames .

( SJPR ).

( o f Duke S tree t ) , ( NF ).

1 784

( Son o f R ober t Evans , p ipe maker ).

G ran ted Freedo m i n 1 784 ( F).

' La te a

b r ick layer ' wr i t ten i n p enci l o ver h is e n try i n t he N a mes o f t he Free men o f Ches ter ( NF ) . 2 34

EVANS , Pe ter .

1 793-1806

As on Peter b orn t o h is w i fe Mary o n 4 Dece mber 1 793 , b ap tized o n 8J u ly 1 796,

( SJPR ).

Ad augh ter Ca ther ine b orn t o h is w i fe Mary o n 1 5 Dece mber

1 796 , bap tized o n 2 6 J une 1 799 ,

( SJPR ) .

Ad augh ter Frances b orn t o h is

w i fe Mary o n 2 7 May , b apt ized o n 2 6 J une 1 79 9 ,

( SJPR ).

H is d augh ter Frances

d ied a ged 9 mon ths o f c h in c ough o n 2 6 F ebrurry , b ur ied o n 2 8 February 1 800 , ( S JPR ).

A s on G eorge b orn t o w i fe Mary o n 9J anuary 1 804.

Ad augh ter

Em ma b orn t o w i fe Mary o n 5J une 1 806 , a nd b o th b apt ized o n 2 6 Nove mber 1 806,

(Wp m .

EVANS , Rober t .

1 819-1824

Married Mar tha F ors ter o f t he s ame P ar ish b y Banns o f 3O ctober 1 819 , w i tnesses Wi l l ia m P enn ing ton a nd Ben jam in L inney , ( SJPR ).

G ran ted

F reedo m i n 18 24 , ( F ). EVANS , R ober t .

1 762-1797

A ppren tice o f Ar thur Cu lm g ran ted Freedo m i n 1 762 ( F ). D irector ies ( Dyke 1 949 , 28 9 ) 1 78 1; i nt he e lect ion i n 1 78 4 , ( PO ). o n 2 5 October 1 784 ,

( F ).

Men t ioned i n

( The C hes ter G u ide 8 7) , 1 781.

Vo ted

H is a ppren t ice R d . R ider g a ined h is f reedo m

Men t ioned i n D irec tory , 1 789 ( Cowdroy , 5 1) .

D ied a ged 6 6 o f d ecay o n 2 9 S ep te mber , b ur ied 2 O ctober 1 797 ,

( SJPR ).

H is

r e l ict J ane d ied a ged 8 3 o f d ecay o n 1 7 F ebruary , b ur ied o n 2 0 February 1 802 , ( S JPR ). EVANS , Tho mas .

1 779-1799

Ad augh ter E l len b orn t o h is w i fe Mary o n 6 May , b ap t ized 2 9 May 1 779 , ( S JPR ). 1 781,

A s on Tho mas b orn t o h is w i fe Mary o n 1 9 May , b ap t ized o n 2 9 May

( SJPR ).

A s on Tho mas b orn t o h is w i fe Mary b orn o n 1 2 March ,

b ap t ized 2 0 Apr i l , 1 783 ( SJPR ).

A s on J ere m iah b orn t o h is w i fe Mary o n

6J u ly , b apt ized o n 2 Oc tober 1 78 5 ,

( SJPR ).

H is s on Tho mas d ied a ged 2

o f sma llpox o n 2 1 J u ly, bur ied 2 3 J u ly 1 785 , ( SJPR.

Ad augh ter Mary , b orn

t o h is w i fe Mary o n 2 9 Augus t , b apt ized 2 3 S ep te mber 1 787,

( SJPR ).

A s on

T ho mas b orn t o h is w i fe Mary o n 5 February , b ap t ized o n 2J une 1 790 , H is d augh ter Mary d ied a ged 2 o f sma l lpox o n 4 February 1 790 ,

( SJPR ).

( SJPR ).

A

d aughter Mary b orn t o h is w i fe Mary o n 9J une , b apt ized o n 2 2 J u ly 1 792 , ( S JPR ).

A s on Rober t b orn t o h is w i fe Mary o n 9J anuary , b ap t ized 2 1

J anuary 1 797 ,

( SJPR ) .

A s on H ira m a nd d augh ter Hannah b orn t o h is w i fe

Mary o n 2 7 March , b apt ized o n 8J une 1 799 ,

( SJPR ).

H is r e l ict Mary o f

L ove S tree t , b ur ied o n 2 5 Augus t 1 833 , ( SJPR ). EVANS , Wi l l ia m I .

1 810-1812

Married Mary J ones , o f t he s a me Parish b y Banns o n 1 6 J u ly 1 810 , G ran ted Freedo m o n 7 October , 1 812 , ( NF ).

( SJPR ).

Two Wi l l ia m Evans , o ne o f

F orega te S treet , v oted i n t he e lect ions o f 1 812 ,

( PO ).

A s on Wi l l ia m b orn

t o h is w i fe Mary , a nd d ied a ged 1 d ay o f c onvu ls ions o n 1J anuary , b ur ied o n 6J anuary 1 812 , ( SJPR ).

H is w i fe Mary d ied a ged 2 2 i n c h i ldbir th o n 3

J anuary, b ur ied o n 6J anuary 1 812 ,

( SJPR ).

2 35

EVANS , Wi l l iam I .

1 812-1815

G ran ted Freedo m o n 7O ctober 1 812 ( F ). Lane ( L inenha l l S tree t ) ( P0 ).

Voted i n e lec tion o f 1 812 , o f Lower

Ad augh ter E l izabe th b orn t o w i fe C a therine

a nd b apt ized o n 8 Augus t , 1 813 , Wi l l ia m Evans h ere d escr ibed a s ' p ipe maker ' o f L ove Lane ,

( SJPR ) .

Men t ioned i n D irectory ( The C o m mercia l , 3 0 ) o f

Love Lane i n 1 814-15 . FARR INGDON , Tho mas .

1 732-1747

Vo ted i n t he e lect ions o f 1 732 a nd 1 747, F ITZ GERALD , J a mes I .

( P0 ).

1 78 4.

S on o f J oseph F i tzgera ld g ran ted Freedo m o n 1A pr i l 1 78 4 , t he e lect ion o f 1 78 4 , o f L ove Lane , o f L ove Lane ,

( PO ).

( P0 ).

( F).

V o ted i n t he e lect ions o f 1 818 a nd 1 823 ,

F i tzgera ld o f L ove S tree t , b ur ied o n 1 6 O ctober 1 835 , F ITZ GERALD , J ames I .

V o ted i n

Voted i n t he e lection o f 1 812 , ( PO ) .

( SJPR ). J ames

1 773-1828

Ad augh ter Mar tha b orn t o h is w i fe Hannah a nd b apt ized o n 5 May 1 773 ,

( SJPR ).

A s on J oseph b orn t o w i fe Hannah a nd b apt ized o n 2 4 March 1 776 , ( S JPR ) Ad augh ter J ane b orn t o w i fe Hannah o n 1J une , b apt ized o n 1J u ly 1 78 1, Men t ioned i n D irec tor ies , 1 78 2 ;

o f L ove Lane.

( The C hes ter G uide , 8 9 ) , 1 781 ;

( SJPR ) .

( Dyke , 1 949, 2 89 ) ,

Ad augh ter E l izabe th d ied a ged 6 o f sma l lpox o n 2 2 J u ly .

J u ly, b ur ied o n 2 4 J u ly 1 78 3 , ( SJPR ). o n 2 4 Dece mber 1 784 .

Ad augh ter Mary b orn t o w ife Hannah

H is d augh ter Mary d ied a ged 9 mon ths o f c onvu lsions

o n 1 6 S ep te mber , b ur ied o n 1 8 S epte mber 1 78 5 , ( SJPR ). b apt ized o n 1 3 February 1 785 , ( SJPR ).

H is d augh ter Mar tha d ied a ged 1 6 o f c onsumption o n 2 8 J u ly ,

b ur ied o n 3 0 J u ly 1 78 9 , ( SJPR ) . 1 792 o f Forega te S tree t . i n 1 792 ,

( F ).

H is s on , a nd a pprent ice , u na med , g ained h is Freedo m

Wi fe Hannah d ied a ged 4 9 o f c onsumpt ion o n 2 3 March , bur ied

o n 2 5 March , 1 798 , w idower ;

Men t ioned i n D irec tory , ( Ban foo l a nd Wi lkes ) ,

( SJPR ).

J ames F i tzgera ld , p ipe maker o f t h is P arish ,

marr ied Margaret Ar t ings ta l l o f t he P ar ish o f S t . Oswa ld , b y

l i cence o n 2 Augus t 1 799 , ( SJPR ) .

Men t ioned i n D irector ies ,

( The C o m mercia l

3 0 ) , 1 814-15 o f Barkers L ane ; ( The C o m mercia l , 1 04 ) , 1 818-20 o f Barkers Lane ;

( P igo t ) , 1 826 o f Barker S tree t ;

F ITZ GERALD , J oseph I .

( P igo t , 2 0 ) , 1 828 o f Barker S treet.

1 716-17 8 5

A l mos t c er ta in ly J oseph F i tzgera ld , c hr is tened w i th h is b rother P e ter , o f Pa tr ick F i tzgera ld o n 1J u ly 1 716 , ( SJPR ).

T he s on o f Pa trick F i tzgera ld

a nd a ppren t ice t o J ohn S harp g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 4 J u ly 1 747, i n e lec t ions o f 1 747, ( P0 ). b ap t ized o n 2 May , 1 749 ,

( F ) .

Voted

J a mes , s on o f J oseph a nd E l izabeth F i tzgera ld

( SJPR ).

J oseph , s on o f J oseph a nd E l izabeth

F i tzgera ld b ap t ized o n 4S epte mber 1 757 , 1 0 May 1 758 , ( SJPR ).

( SJPR ).

A s on J oseph b ur ied o n

H is w i fe E l izabeth b ur ied o n 2 2 Dece mber 1 767 ,

ad augh ter Mar tha b ur ied o n 2 2 March 1 774 , 1 784 , o f L ove L ane , ( P0 ). b ur ied o n 2 3 March 1 78 5 ,

s ons

( SJPR ) .

( SJPR ) .

Vo ted i n e lec t ions o f

D ied a ged 6 8 o f s tone a nd g rave l o n 2 1 March , ( SJPR ).

2 36

F ITZ GERALD , J oseph I .

1 792-1840

A ppren ticed t o h is f a ther J ames f or 7 y ears o n 5N ove mber , 1 792 ,

( A ).

Marr ied Em ma Wi lk inson o f t he s a me Par ish b y l i cence o n 1 2 May 1 801 , ( SJPR ).

A s on J ames , d ied a ged 1 4 d ays o f c onvu ls ions o n 1 2 S epte mber ,

b ur ied o n 1 4 S epte mber , 1 801 , ( SJPR ). G ran ted Freedo m o n 2 4 March , 1 809 ,

( NF ).

Vo ted i n e lect ion o f 1 812 , o f

N ewga te S tree t , ( P0 ) . Men t ioned i n D irector ies ( The C o m mercia l , 3 0) , . 1 814-15 , o f N ewga te ; ( The C o m mercia l , 1 04 ) , o f N ewga te 1 818-20 ; ( P igo t ) o f N ewga te S treet 1 826;

( P igot , 2 0 ) , 1 828 o f N ewga te S tree t ;

7 7) , 1 840 o f N ewga te P lace . 5 5 o n 3J anuary 1 835 ,

( Ches ter G enera l ,

H is w i fe Em ma o f N ewga te S tree t b ur ied a ged

( SJPR ). G roup XV a nd f i g . 6 8, n o . 1 .

F ITZ GERALD , P e ter .

1 716-1747

C hr is tened w i th h is b ro ther J oseph , s ons o f Pa tr ick F i tzgera ld o n 1J u ly 1 716, ( SJPR );

Vo ted i n e lec t ions o f 1 747, d escr ibed a s ' o f R a inford ' , ( PO ) .

Appren t ice o f G awen R ichards o f C hes ter , p ipe maker , g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 5 J u ly 1 747, ( F). FLETCHER , J ohn .

1 669-1690

•

P oss ibly J ohn F le tcher marr ied i n 1 669 ,

( SJPR ).

maker , g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 0 February 1 673 ,

S on o f J ohn F le tcher , f e l t

( F).

H is a ppren t ice ? Tho mas

F le tcher g a ins h is Freedo m i n 1 690 , ( F ). FLETCHER , T ho mas I .

1 690-1732

P oss ibly t he Tho mas F le tcher who g a ined h is Freedo m o n 1 3 March 1 690 , ( F ). H is a ppren t ice Char les R yley g a ined h is Freedo m o n 9J anuary 1 711 , H is s on Tho mas made a Free man , o n 1 5 J anuary 1 715 , J ona than G rasons made a Free man o n 2 7 J une 1 715 ( F ).

( F ) .

( F ).

H is a ppren t ice

Vo ted i n t he e lec t ion

o f 1 732 ( P0 ). c f . f i g . 5 2 , n o . 1 . FLETCHER , Tho mas I .

1 715-1732

S on o n Tho mas F le tcher Imade a Free man o n 1 5 J anuary 1 715 , ( F).

' ( Des-

c r ibed a s ' j un ior' ) , Voted i n e lec t ion o f 1 732 , ( PO ). FOULKES , Benne t t Br iscoe .

1 823-24

R eg istered a s av oter i n e lec t ions i n Cas t le S tree t o f 1 823 , S treet , g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 1 O ctober 1 824 , FOUL KES , Tho mas .

( PO ).

O f Cas t le

( F ).

1 732

Tho mas Fou lkes f ro m Wh i tchurch , s on o f Tho mas Fou lkes o f C hes ter , c arpent er , g ran ted Freedo m o n 9 Augus t , 1 732 , FOX , Tho mas .

( F ).

1 716-1732

Tho mas Fox , p ipe maker o f Hawarden , C o. F l in t , a nd s on o f Tho mas Fox o f Hawarden , b aker , d e funct , g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 2 O ctober 1 716, Hawarden , v oted i n e lec t ion o f 1 732 ,

( PO ).

2 37

( F).

O f

FRANCIS , Wi l l ia m .

1 777

Appren t iced i n 17 77 , ( A ). FRENCH , Wi l l ia m . 1 755-1785 S on o f Tho mas F rench , Yeo man g a ined Freedo m o n 2 2 F ebruary 1 755, ( F ). Vo ted i n e lec t ion o f 1 784, o f L ove L ane , ( P0 ).

D ied a ged 4 3 o ff ever o n 1

F ebruary , b ur ied o n 1 3 F ebruary 1 785 ( SJPR ).

H is d augh ter Anne d ied a ged

1 5 o f f ever o n 2 4 F ebruary , b ur ied 2 6 February 17 85, ( SJPR ). FR ITH , J ohn .

1 841- 1 842

Recorded a ged 2 0 , i ndependan t a nd l i v ing i n L ove S tree t i n 18 41, ( CEN ).

O f

L ove S tree t , g ran ted Freedo m o n 3 0 J u ly 1 842, ( NF ). FR ITH, J oseph .

1 839-1841

O f L ove S tree t , g ran ted Freedo m o n 6J u ly 1 839 , ( NF ).

Men t ioned i n D irec-

t or ies , ( Chester Genera l , 7 7 ) 1 840 , ( Wi l l ia ms , 1 7 ) 1 846;

o f L ove S treet.

Recorded a ged 3 0 , i ndependan t a nd l i v ing i n L ove S treet i n 18 41, ( CEN ). FRITH , N ew ton .

1 841.

O f L ove S tree t , g ran ted Freedo m o n 2 3 S ep te mber 1 841, ( NF ).

R ecorded a s

a ged 2 0 o r y ounger , i ndependan t a nd l i v ing a t L ove S treet i n 18 41, ( CEN ). GIBSON , A braha m . S on

1 731

o f Char les G ibson , a ppren t iced t o Gav in R ichardson f or 7 y ears o n 2 4

J une 1 731, ( A ). GOLBORN , G eo.

1 721

S on o fR ichard G o lborn d efunct , a nd a ppren t ice o f F ranc is Or mes g ran ted Freedo m o n 2 6 S ep te mber 1 721, ( F ). GOLBORN , H . 0 .

C . 1 700-20 .

Marked p ipe s te m i n Grosvenor Museu m , Chester ( Oswa ld 19 75 ) ( F ig. 5 7 , n o . 2 ) .

Bu t p ossibly a p roduc t o f Tho mas Gol born ( below ).

GOLBORN , N oah .

1 703-1758

S on o fR ichard Go lborn , Ta i lor , a ppren t iced t o Hu mphrey S harp o n 2 5 March 1 703 , ( A ).

Gran ted Freedo m o n 6J anuary 1 711, ( F ).

a Free man o n 9August 1 732, ( F).

H is

s on Tho mas made

Voted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 47 , ( PO ).

a ppren t ice Rober t Wa lker g a ined Freedo m o n 1 3 J u ly 17 47 , ( F ). t he N oah Go lborn b ur ied o n 2 5 J anuary 1 758 , ( SJPR ). GOLBORN , Tho mas.

1 702

Gran ted Freedo m i n 1 702, ( F ).

2 38

H is

Probably

GOLBORN , Tho mas .

1 732

S on o f N oah ( above ) g ran ted Freedo m o n 9 August 17 32, ( F ). GOLDING, J a mes I .

17 32-1 7 82

S on o f J ohn Gold ing p ipe maker , a nd a ppren t ice o fR ichard Gold ing o f Chester , p ipe maker , d efunc t , g a ined Freedo m o n 1 8 August 17 32, ( F ).

H is a ppren t ice

E dward Wa lker made a Free man o n 1 6 J u ly 17 47 , ( F ). T ook J a mes Ba iley a s a n a ppren t ice i n 1 74 8 /49 , ( A ). H is w ife Mar tha b ur ied o n 2 4 Dece mber , 1 749 , ( SJPR ).

T ook Rober t Ba iley a s a n a ppren t ice o n 6 August 1 755, ( A ).

H is a ppren t ice J a mes Ba iley made a Free man o n 1Oc tober , 17 56, ( F ). T ook Tho mas Benne t t ( j un .) a s a n a ppren t ice f or 5 y ears , i n 1 766, ( A ). J a mes Gold ing s en ior d ied a ged 7 5 o f l ong d ecay a nd c ough o n 1 9 F ebruary , b ur ied o n 2 1 February 1 782. B e tween 1 735 a nd 1 749 v ar ious c h ildren o f J a mes a nd Mar tha G old ing were men t ioned i n t he S t . J ohn 's Par ish Reg ister , a nd p robably r efer t o t he p ipemaker. GOLDING, J a mes I .

1 771-1831

S on o f J a mes Gold ing made a Free man o n 2 8 October 17 71, ( NF ).

T ook

Wi l l ia m Morgan a s a n a ppren t ice f or 7y ears, o n 1 7 F ebruary 17 77 , ( A ). Men t ioned i n D irec tor ies , l i v ing a t Barker 's L ane , ( Dyke 1 949 , 2 89 ) 17 81, ( The Chester Gu ide , 9 0 ) 1 781.

Marr ied E l izabeth L loyd o f t he s a me Par ish

b y Banns o n 1 0 N ovember 17 85, ( SJPR ). F orega te S tree t , ( PO ).

Voted i n t he e lec t ion o n 1 812, o f

D ied a ged 6 6 o f d ecay o n 8Dece mber , b ur ied o n 1 3

D ece mber 1 812, ( SJPR ).

H is r e l ic t E l izabeth d ied a ged 7 9 a nd was b ur ied

o n 9J anuary 18 31, ( S JPR ). I n 17 77 a J a mes Gold ing was w itness t o t he i nden tures o f Wi l l ia m Morgan , ( A ) , p resu mably h is f ather who l i ved u n t il 17 82 ( above ). GOLDING, J ohn .

1 715-1757

S on a nd a ppren t ice o fR ichard Gold ing g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 0 J anuary , 17 15, ( F ).

H is a ppren t ice J ohn Myers made Free man o n 1 6 March 17 22, ( F ).

s on J a mes made a F ree man o n 1 8 August , 17 32, ( F ). o f 1 732, ( PO ).

Took R ichard T insda le a s a ppren t ice i n 17 40 , ( A ).

t i ce R ichard T insda le g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 8 J u ly 17 47 , ( F ). e lec t ion o f 17 4 7( Po ).

H is

Voted i n t he e lec t ion H is a ppren-

Voted i n

Probably t he J ohn Gold ing b ur ied o n 2J u ly , 17 57 ,

( SJPR ). GOLDING , R ichard I . 1 695-1 7 21 S on o f Mary Gold ing w idow ,and a ppren t ice o f Tho mas J ones g ran ted Freedo m o n 9Oc tober , 1 695, ( F ).

H is s on R ichard a ppren t iced a s a Ta i lor i n 1 697 ( A ).

H is a ppren t ice a nd s on J ohn made a Free man o n 1 0 J anuary 17 15, ( F ). R ichard Hal l a s a n a ppren t ice i n 17 15, ( A ). F ree man o n 1 4 J anuary 1 715, ( F ). F ree man o n 2 7 S ep te mber 1 721 ( F).

T ook

H is a ppren t ice J ohn L ew is made

H is a ppren t ice Randal l Meak in made a Apparen t ly d ied i n 1 721.

Descr ibed i n

F reedo m Rol l o f a ppren t ice Gawen R ichardson a s " defunc t" , o n 2 7 S ep te mber 1 721 ( F).

H is a ppren t ice Tho mas C l if fe made a Free man o n 7Oc tober 17 21,

( F ). c f . f i g . 3 8 , n o . 5 4?

F ig . 4 7 , n o . 1 01? 2 39

Descr ibed i n Freedo m Rol l o f J a mes Gold ing , s on o f J ohn Gold ing , a s ' defunc t ' o n 1 8 August 1 732, ( F ).

Descr ibed i n F reedo m R o l l o f a ppren t ice A r thur

Cu lm , a s ' defunc t ' o n 2 7 August , 17 32, ( F ). GOLDING , R ichard I .

1 7321787

S on o f J ohn Gold ing , a ppren t ice o fR ichard G old ing ' defunc t ';

g a ined Free-

d om o n 8August 17 32, ( F ). T ook J ohn Ph i l l ips a s a ppren t ice o n 9Oc tober 17 4 9( F ). T ook Wi l l ia m J ohnson a s a ppren t ice f or 7y ears o n 2 3 Apr i l 17 53, ( A ).

T ook o ver Tho mas K irkha m f ro m Ma t thew S harp d eceased , o n 9J anuary

1 765, ( A ).

Men t ioned i n D irec tor ies l i v ing a t L ove L ane , ( Dyke, 1 949 , 2 89 ) ,

17 81, ( The C hester Gu ide, 9 0 ), 1 781, a nd h e v oted i n t he e lec t ion o f 1 784, ( PO ).

H is a ppren t ice Tho mas K irku m g a ined h is F reedo m i n 1 784 , ( F ) .

D ied a ged 7 3 o f d ecay o n 1 6 March , b ur ied o n 2 0 March 1 787 , ( SJPR ). On 2 5 August 17 60 a R ichard G old ing marr ied E l izabeth P ickford o f t he s ame Par ish , b y l icence , ( SJPR ), a nd o n 4 Apr i l 1 767 E l izabe th w ife t o R ichard Gold ing was b ur ied , ( SJPR ).

B oth e n tr ies may w el l r efer t o t he p ipe maker .

I n 1 876, t he Wi l l o f Wil l ia m Penn ington a nd mor tgage o f t he p ipeshop e tc., were d escr ibed a s ' f or merly i n t he p ossess ion o fR ichard G old ing '. b elow p . 2 52 ) . GORDON , I .

( see

c f . f i g . 5 2 , n o . 1 0 ; f i g . 5 4 , n o . 1 ? 1 8 th c en tury

Marked p ipe s te m i n Grosvenor Museu m , ( Fig. 5 5 , n o . 1 9 ) The w r i ters a re d isagreed a bou t t h is maker .

O ne ( JAR ) c ons iders i taC hes ter p roduc t t he

o ther ( PJD ) d oes n o t . GOUGH , E dward.

1 689.

S on o f E dward Gough o f S hrewsbury , b u tcher , a ppren t iced t o E l ias Massey o n 2 3 Apr i l , 1 689 . ( A ). GRASON , Geo.

c . 1 700-1 7 16

Men t ioned b y S pence i n 1 700.

( Spence 1 942 , P l . 7 ) .

H is s on J ona than

a ppren t iced t o Tho mas F le tcher f or 7y ears o n 2 4 J une , 17 07.

H is s on

J ona than made a Free man o n 2 7 J une , 1 716. GRASON , George.

17 47

S on o f J ona than , d eceased , g ran ted Freedo m o n 2 1 J u ly 1 747 ( F ). GRASON , J ona than . S on

1 707-1 7 47

o f George Grason , p ipe maker a ppren t iced t o Tho mas F letcher f or 7

y ears , o n 2 4 J une 1 707 , ( enrol led o n 5J anuary 1 708 ), ( A ). o n 2 7 J une , 1 715, ( F ).

J ona than d escr ibed a s d eceased. GREASLEY, Tho mas.

Gran ted F reedo m

H is s on George made a F ree man o n 2 1 J u ly 1 74 7 ,

1 732

Voted i n e lec t ion o f 17 32, ( PO ).

2 40

GREEN , J ohn .

1 6951696

S on o fR ichard Green , l abourer , a ppren t iced t o Hu mphrey S harp , o n 2 4 J une 1 695, ( enrol led 1 9 S ep te mber 1 696 ). ( A ). HA INES , S a muel .

1 724

Ad augh ter Mary b orn t o h is w ife Mary o n 2 5 August 1 723 ( Farra l l 1 914, 1 69 ) , ( HTPR ).

H is d augh ter Mary b ur ied o n 5 Apr il 17 24 ( i b id , 4 77 ) , ( HTPR ).

HALL , J ohn .

17 501818

Appren t iced t o T ho mas C l if t o n 2 4 J une 1 750 , ( A ).

Probably t he J ohn Hal l

who marr ied Mar tha Gold ing , b oth o f t h is Par ish , o n 1 7 February 1 765, ( SJPR ) Gran ted F reedo m o n 1 1 Dece mber 1 767 , ( F ). Poss ibly t he J ohn Hal l who w i tnessed t he I nden ture o f Wil l ia m Morgan i n 1 777 , ( A ).

H is w ife Mar tha

d ied a ged 6 7 o f d ecay o n 8March , b ur ied o n 1 3 March , 1 808 , ( SJPR ). P ossibly t he s a me J ohn H a l l who v oted i n t he e lec t ion o f 1 818 , ( PO ). HALL , J a mes.

1 720

S on o f J ohn Hal l , y eo man , a ppren t iced t o Hu mphrey S harpe , p ipe maker o n 1 3 J anuary 17 20 , ( A ). HALL , R ichard.

1 71 7

S on o f J ohn H a 1 1 ,

l abourer , a ppren t iced t o R ichard Gold ing Io n 3 0 N ove mber

1 717 , ( A ). HALL INGTON , G eorge.

1 784

V o ted i n e lec t ion o f 17 84, ( P0 ), l i v ing a t L ove L ane. HARRISON , S a mue l .

1 673

Ad augh ter E l izabeth b ap t ized o n 2 5 May 1 673, ( SOPR ). HAS WELL , Char les A l mon .

1 831

S on J ona than b orn t o w ife Mary , b ur ied o n 1 4 March , 1 831, ( SJPR ). HARVEY, Thos.

1 8141823

G ran ted Freedo m o n 1 8 N ove mber 1 814, ( NF ). o f Cupp in S treet ; HE WITT , George.

V oted i n e lec t ion o f 1 818 ,

a nd i n 1 823 , o f T ower S treet. 1 732

S on o f Franc is Buck ley , s la ter , g ran ted Freedo m o n 2 6 August 17 32, ( F ). V o ted i n e lec t ion o f 17 32, ( PO ). HE WITT , S a mue l .

1 7501797

Appren t iced t o Ar thur Cu lm o n i st J anuary 17 50/ 1, ( A ). i n 1 784, ( F ).

Gran ted Freedo m

D ied a ged 6 4 o f d ecay o n 1 0 J u ly , b ur ied o n 1 2 J u ly 17 97 ,

2 41

( SJPR ).

H is r el ic t S arah d ied a ged 7 4 o f d ecay o n 1 6 J une , bur ied o n 1 8 J une

1 799 , ( SJPR ). HE WITT, Wil l ia m .

1 801-1812

H is w ife Ca ther ine d ied a ged 3 8 o f c onsu mp t ion o n 9 Apr il , bur ied o n 1 2 Apr i l 1 801, ( SJPR ).

A s on Wil l ia m b orn t o h is w ife Mary , d ied a ged 2 o f c onvu ls ions

o n 1 6 J une , b uried o n 1 8 J une , 1 811, ( SJPR ). 1 812, ( NF).

Ga ined Freedo m o n 1 6 October

Voted i n e lec t ion o f 1 812, o f Barkers L ane , ( PO ).

HE WSON, Wil l ia m 1 826-1841 A w idower , marr ied Mary Dyke o f t he s a me Par ish , S p inster o n 3 Apr il 1 826, ( SJPR ).

Recorded a ged 5 5, l i ving w ith Mary Hewson a ged 5 2, a t Un ion

S treet i n 1 841, ( CEN ). HOCKENHALL , J os.

1 831

Ga ined Freedo m o n 2 0 Apr il , 1 831, ( F ). HOUGH , J ona than .

1 732

S on o f Wil l ia m Hough , b lacks m ith , a ppren t iced t o J ohn Myres f or 7y ears o n 2 6 J u ly 1 732, ( A ). HOUGH , Robert.

1 767

Appren t ice o f Ar thur Cul m g ran ted Freedo m i n 1 767 , ( F ). HUGHES , T .

1 883

Men t ioned i n D irec tory ( Spence 1 941-2 , 6 4 ) , 1 883 , o f 2 7 Ray mond S tree t . HUNT, George.

1 688

Made a Free man o n 2 2 Dece mber 1 688 , ( F ). HUNTT , R ichard.

Master o f E l ias Massey.

1 658-1669

A d augh ter J ane b orn o n 2 7 March a nd c hristened o n 4 Apr il 1 658 ( Farral l 1 914, 1 14;

( HTPR ).

" A y oung d augh ter o fR ichard Hun t , p ipe maker bur ied

i n t he c hurchyard ," ( Farral l 1 914, 4 24), ( HTPR ).

R ichard Hun t b ur ied o n

2 8 J une 1 669 , ( Farral l 1 914, 4 35 ) , ( HTPR ). I NGHAM, Ed.

1 818-1823

Voted i n e lec t ion o f 1 818 , o f Forega te S treet , ( PO ). J ane, a nd b ap t ized o n 6 March 1 821, ( SJPR ). o f Foregate S treet , ( PO ).

A s on J ohn b orn t o w ife

Voted i n t he e lect ion o f 1 823,

A s on S a muel b orn t o w ife J ane o f Forega te S treet

a nd b ap t ized o n 2 Apr il , 1 823 , ( SJPR ). o n 7May 1 823, ( SJPR ).

2 42

A s on J ohn d ied a ged 2 , a nd buried

J OHNSON , S a muel .

1 814

Ad augh ter Amel ia b orn t o w ife Mary o f S t. J ohn 's S treet , a nd b ap t ized o n 5J anuary 1 814, ( SJPR ). J OHNSON , Wi l l ia m .

1 753

Appren t iced t o R ichard Gold ing o n 2 3 Apr il , 17 53 , ( A ). J O INSON ,

J ohn .

1 832-1848

Married E l izabeth E dwards, o n 1 9 Augus t 1 832, ( SJPR ).

Recorded a t S t .

Mary o n t he H i l l , a ged 3 0 a nd l i v ing w ith E l izabeth J o inson i n a nother p erson 's h ouse i n 1 841, ( CEN ).

Gran ted F reedo m o n 2 5 Oc tober , 18 48 , ( NF ), o f

C upp in S treet. J ONES , A l ice.

1 848

Men t ioned i n D irec tory o f L ove S treet i n 18 48. J ONES , Dav id .

1 8401841

Men t ioned i n . D irec tory o f Un ion S treet , ( Chester Genera l , 7 7 ) , 1 840 . F reedo m o n 2 3 S ep te mber 1 841, ( NF).

O f N ewga te S treet.

Gran ted

Recorded a ged

2 1, l iv ing w i th J ane J ones ' a ged 2 5 , a nd Tho mas, i n 1 841, i n ( CEN ). J ONES , Geo.

1 812-1832

Voted i n e lect ion o f 1 812, o f Bakers L ane , ( PO ). O ctober 1 812, ( NF ).

Gran ted F reedo m o n 5

Marr ied Margaret S nelson , s p inster o f t he s a me Par ish

b y l i cence o n 2 0 S ep te mber , 1 813, ( SJPR ). Dav id s on o f George a nd Margaret J ones o f Un ion S tree t b ap t ized o n 1Apr i l , 1 816, ( SJPR ). A s on J ohn b orn t o w ife Margaret o f L ove S treet , a nd b ap t ized o n 1 5 J u ly 18 18, ( SJPR ).

Voted

i n t he e lec t ion o f 1 818 , ( PO ). A d augh ter S usannah b orn t o w ife Margaret o f Un ion S tree t a nd b ap t ized o n 4J une 1 821, ( SJPR ).

A s on Wi l l ia m b orn t o

w ife Margare t o f Un ion S treet a nd b ap t ized o n 2J u ly 1 823, ( SJPR ).

Ad augh ter

Em ma b orn t o w ife Margaret o f Un ion S treet a nd b ap t ized o n 5 Apr il , 1 826, ( SJPR ).

A s on J ohn b orn t o w ife Margaret o f Un ion S tree t a nd b ap t ized o n

2 6 Nove mber , 1 828 , ( SJPR ).

H is w ife Margaret o f Un ion S tree t d ied a ged

4 2, a nd was b ur ied o n 2 7 S ep te mber , 1 832, ( SJPR ). J ONES , J a mes.

1 826-1834

Ga ined Freedo m o n 1 3 J une 1 826 , ( NF).

O f Forega te S tree t.

Men t ioned i n

D irectory i n 1 834. J ONES , J ohn . I 1 7211754 S on o f Tho mas J ones ( below ) g ran ted Freedo m o n 2 5 S ep te mber 1 721, ( F ). H is s on Tho mas made Free man i n 17 44 , ( F ). ( A ).

He t ook a n a ppren t ice i n 17 54,

H is s on Rober t g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 5 J une 17 54, ( F ).

2 43

J ONES , J ohn . I

1 840-1869

Men t ioned i n D irector ies o f L ove S tree t ( Chester Genera l , 7 7 ) , 1 840 ; N ewga te S tree t i n 1 848 ;

o f N ewga te , ( Bagshaw , 18 ) , 1 850 ;

S treet , ( S later , 7 4 ) , 1 856;

o f N ewga te , ( Wh ite , 1 55 ) , 1 860 ;

o f N ewga te S tree t , ( S la ter , 7 4) , 1 869 ; 69 .

o f

o f N ewga te J ones a nd C o

o f N ewga te ( Spence 19 41-2, 6 4) , 1 850-

A Ba l loon v iew o f Chester i n t he Grosvenor Musue m s hows t he f ac tory

o ccupy ing a c ons iderable s pace i n 1 855. J ONES , J oseph . H is r el ic t Mar tha d ied a ged 9 2 o f d ecay , o n 1 5 Dece mber , b ur ied o n 2 0 Dec e mber 18 07 , ( SJPR ). J ONES , Peter. I 1 715 S on o f Tho mas J ones , p ipe maker , g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 7 J anuary , 17 15, ( F ). JONES , Peter. I 17 32 S on o f Peter J ones , woolco mber, g ran ted Freedo m o n 9August 1 732, " ( F). J ONES , Peter.

I I.

1 779

D ied a ged 2 9 o f i n te mperance o n 5 August 1 779 , ( SJPR ).

H is s on J a mes

d ied a ged 1 2 o f f ever o n 3 0 Apr il , b ur ied o n 2 May 1 784, ( SJPR ). J ONES , Rd I .

17 47 -1804

S on o f Peter J ones , woolco mber g a ined Freedom o n 2 1 J u ly 17 47 , ( F ). a ppren t ice Geo : Bradford g ran ted Freedo m i n 1 767 , ( F).

H is

Ad augh ter E l izabe th

d ied a ged 2 weeks o f weakness o n 9S ep te mber , b ur ied o n 1 0 S ep tember 17 79 , ( SJPR ).

A s on J ohn b orn t o w ife E l izabeth o n 2 5 J anuary b ap t ized o n 1 7 March

1 781, ( SJPR ).

A s on Tho mas d ied a ged 1 d ay o f c onvu ls ions , o n 4J u ly ,

b ur ied o n 5J u ly 17 84, ( SJPR ).

A s on George , b orn t o w ife E l izabeth o n 2 3

February , b ap t ized o n 2 3 Apr il , 1 788 , ( SJPR ). Apr i l , b ur ied o n 2 5 Apr il 1 804, ( SJPR ).

D ied a ged 8 1 o f d ecay o n 2 2

H is w ife E l izabeth d ied a ged 6 5 o f

d ecay o n 2 5 J anuary , b ur ied o n 2 9 J anuary 1 810 , ( SJPR ). J ONES , R ichard.

I 17 67-1828

Gran ted Freedo m o n 1 1 Dece mber 1 767 , ( F ).

J ohn C arr , a ppren t ice t o a

R ichard J ones g ran ted Freedo m i n 17 80-1, ( F ).

AR ichard J ones , o f L ove

L ane , men t ioned i n Dyke 19 49 , 2 89 i n 1 781, ( D ). A R ichard J ones o f L ove L ane , v oted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 84, ( PO ). [ These t wo r eferences c ou ld a lso a pp ly t o R ichard J ones I l . R ichard J ones I v o ted i n t he e lec t ions o f 1 812 , 1 818, 1 823 a nd 1 828 , ( P0 ) . Men t ioned i n D irec tor ies , l iv ing i n L ove L ane a nd L ove S treet , ( The C o mmerc ia l , 3 0 ) 1 814-15 , ( The C o m merc ia l , 1 04 ) 1 818-20 , ( P igo t ) 1 826 , a nd ( P igo t 2 0 ) 1 828 .

2 44

J ONES , R ichard. J nr . I I , 1 812-1841 Ga ined Freedo m o n 6 Oc tober , 1 812, ( NF ). ( PO ).

Voted i n t he e lect ion o f 1 818 ,

Men t ioned i n D irec tories, o f Barkers L ane , a nd Barkers S treet ,

( The Co m merc ia l , 1 04) 1 818-20;

( Pigot ) 1 826;

a nd ( Pigot , 2 0 ) 1 828.

Marr ied E l izabeth C rawford , o f t he s a me Par ish i n 1 831, ( SJPR ).

A s on

Wil l ia m b orn t o w ife E l izabe th o f L ove S treet , b ap t ized o n 2 9 Apr i l 1 833, ( SJPR ).

L iv ing a t L ove S treet , v oted i n t he e lec t ion o f 1 834, ( PO ).

Recorded

a s a ged 6 5, a nd l i v ing w i th Ann J ones, a ged 6 0 , i n Forega te S treet , Wh i te H orse Yard , i n 1 841. ( CEN ). J ONES , Rober t.

1 754

S on o f J ohn , P ipe maker g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 5 J une , 17 54, ( F ). J ONES , Tho mas, I , 1 67 8-1 7 21 Gran ted Freedo m i n 1 67 8, ( F). man o n 9October 1 695, ( F ). 1 703, ( F ).

H is a ppren t ice R ichard Gold ing made a Free-

H is s on Tho mas g a ined Freedo m o n 1 4 October

H is s on Peter made a Free man o n 1 7 J anuary 1 715 ( F ).

Descr ibed

a s " defunc t" i n Appren t ice R o l ls o f 1 721 , ( A ) . Wil l ia m J ones, p ipe l inaker, s on o f Tho mas J ones o f Chester , p ipe maker , d efunc t , made a Free man o n 2 5 S ep te mber 1 721, ( F). J ONES , Tho mas , I 1 703-1732 S on o f Tho mas I ( above ) g ran ted Freedo m i n 17 03, ( F ). a Free man o n 2 5 S ep te mber 1 721, ( F). J ONES , Tho mas I I.

H is s on J ohn made

Voted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 32, ( PO ).

1 744-1767

S on o f J ohn , p ipe maker g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 4 Apr il 17 44, ( F ). t he e lec t ion o f 17 47 , ( P0 ).

Voted

i n

H is a ppren t ice Geo. A l l ington g ran ted Freedo m

i n 17 67 , ( F ). J ONES , Wil l ia m , I .

1 721

S on o f Tho mas J ones o f Chester, d efunc t , g ran ted Freedo m o n 2 5 S ep te mber 1 721, ( F ). J ONES , Wil l ia m , I ,

1 747-1799

S on o f Peter J ones, woo lco mber , g ran ted Freedo m i n 17 47 , ( F ). e lect ion o f 17 47 , ( Po ). 1 784 ( F).

Voted i n

H is a ppren t ice Wil l ia m J ones g ran ted Freedo m i n

A d augh ter Mary b orn t o w ife Em ma o n 1 1 Apr il , b ap t ized 5 May

1 789 , ( SJPR ).

A d augh ter A lice b orn t o w ife Em ma o n 1 0 J anuary , b ap t ized

o n 8 August 1 791, ( SJPR ).

A d augh ter J oice , b orn t o w ife Em ma o n 2 6 J u ly,

1 799 , b ap t ized o n 1 6 Dece mber 1 801, d escribed a s " the l a te Wi l lia m J ones" , ( S JPR ).

A d augh ter Ann d ied a ged 1 1 o f c onsu mp t ion o n 2 1 February , b ur ied

o n 2 5 February 1 811, d escr ibed a s " the l a te Wi l lia m J ones", ( SJPR ) .

2 45

J ONES , Wil l ia m , I I .

1 832-1841

A s on J ames b orn t o w ife Anne o f Un ion S treet , b ap t ized o n 3 May 1 832, ( SJPR ). H is s on J a mes d ied a ged 3 , a nd was b ur ied o n 2 9 J u ly 1 835, ( SJPR ). Un ion S treet ,gran ted Freedo m o n 2 8 J u ly 1 838 , ( NF).

O f

Recorded a ged 3 0 a nd

l i v ing w i th Mary J ones , a ged 3 0 i n Un ion S tree t i n 18 41, ( CEN ). K IRKU M , Tho mas.

1 759-1809

Appren t iced t o Ma t thew S harpe o n 5J u ly 1 759 , ( A ).

On t he d orsa l s ide o f

t he i nden ture i s a n a gree men t t o a ssign h im t o R ichard Go ld ing o n 9J anuary 1 765. E l izabeth d augh ter o f a Tho mas a nd Ann K irkha m , b ap t ized o n 1 3 S ep te mber 1 775, ( SJPR ), a nd was b ur ied o n 2 5 Dece mber 1 775, ( SJPR ).

A d augh ter

Ann b orn t o t he p ipe maker a nd h is w ife Anne o n 7F ebruary , b ap t ized o n 8 February a nd d ied a ged 1 d ay o f c onvu ls ions o n 9 February 17 80 ( SJPR ).

A

s on Rober t b orn t o w ife Anne o n 3 March , b ap t ized o n 1 5 Apr il 17 81, ( SJPR ). Ga ined Freedo m o n 5 Apr il 1 784, ( NF).

( K irkha m ) Voted i n t he e lect ion o f

1 784, ( P0 ), o f L ove L ane. A d augh ter Ann , b orn t o w ife Anne o n 1 8 J anuary b ap t ized 2 9 F ebruary 17 84, ( SJPR ). H is d augh ter Ann d ied a ged 1 8 mon ths o f sma l lpox o n 8S ep te mber , b ur ied o n 1 0 S ep te mber 17 85, ( SJPR ).

A-d augh ter

S arah b orn t o w ife Ann , o n 3 0 Apr i l , b ap t ized o n 2 9 May 1 785, ( SJPR ).

A

s on Char les b orn t o w ife Anne o n 3 0 Apr il , b ap t ized 2 9 May , 17 88 , ( SJPR ). H is d augh ter S arah d ied a ged 3 o f weakness o n 1 0 Augus t , b ur ied o n 1 2 August , 17 88 , ( SJPR ).

H is s on Rober t d ied a ged 1 5 o f c onsu mp t ion o n 2 2 J anuary,

b ur ied o n 2 4 J anuary 1 796, ( SJPR ).

H is w ife Ann d ied a ged 5 3 o f f ever o n 1

March , b ur ied o n 1 3 March 1 807 , ( SJPR ).

D ied a ged 5 6 o f c onsump t ion o n

1 4 J u ly, b ur ied o n 1 7 J u ly, 1 809 . ( SJPR ). LA MB , Wi l l ia m.

1 693-1694

S on o f J ohn L amb , c hap man , a ppren t iced t o Humphrey S harp f or 7y ears o n 4J une 1 693 , ( Enrol led i st August 1 694 ) , ( A ). LANCKTON , A lexander .

1 657

Wi tness t o t he marr iage o f N a than iel Thorn ley a nd E l inor T aylor ( Farra l l 1 914, 3 20 ), o n 1 7 August , 1 657 , ( HTPR ). An A lexander L anck ton , o ccupa t ion u nspec if ied i s r ecorded a s l iv ing i n t he Nor thga te Ward i n t he Hear th Tax o f 1 664. 5 5 ) , ( HT ).

H e h ad 3 h ear ths ( Beaz ley 19 06,

An A lexander L anck ton , a lso i n t he Nor thga te Ward was a ssessed

a t 2 d i n al oca l t ax a ssess men t o f t he s a me y ear.

On t h is d ocu men t t he words

” gone —Lawrence S tarkey" h ad b een wr it ten i n ad if feren t h and .

Th is p robably

means t ha t L anck ton moved a way f ro m Ches ter i n 1 664 a nd t hat S tarky t ook o ver t he p ipe s hop f ro m h im

( f or a d iscussion i ndustr ial p ipe d ebr is f ro m

N or thga te ward c f . f igs . 3 9-42 , n os . 6 2-75 . LAZENBY, Rober t.

1 732

Voted i n e lec t ion o f 17 32, ( PO ), LAZENBY, J ohn .

1 732

Voted i n e lec t ion o f 1 732 ( PO ). 2 46

LE WIS , E dward.

1 74 7

G ran ted Freedo m i n 17 47 , ( F). LE WIS , J ohn .

17 15-1 7 32

S on o f Tho mas L ew is , MUS IT IONER [ s ic ], a ppren t ice o f R ichard G o lding , g ranted F reedo m o n 1 4 J anuary 1 715 , ( F ) .

V oted i n t he e lec t ion o f 1 732 , ( PO ) .

H is s on J ohn made a F ree man , o n 9A ugus t 1 732 , ( F ) . 1 747 .

H e was d eceased b y

S on E dward g ran ted F reedo m o n 1 3 J u ly , 1 747 , J ohn d escr ibed a s

" deceased ," ( F ) . I

LE WIS , J ohn .

17 32

S on o f J ohn L ew is , g ran ted Freedo m o n 9 August 17 32, ( F). LE WIS , Tho mas 17 84 S on o f Edward L ew is ,

t anner , g a ined Freedo m o n 2 Apr i l 17 84, ( F).

a t L ove L ane , a nd v oted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 84, ( PO ).

L iv ing

H is r e l ict E l izabeth

o f Un ion S treet , d ied a ged 8 5 a nd was b ur ied o n 2 0 Nove mber , 18 32, ( SJPR ). L INSDALE , Rd.

17 40-1 7 59

S on o fR ichard L insda le , c ooper , a ppren t iced t o J ohn Gold ing o n 1 2 J u ly 17 40 , ( A ). Ga ined Freedo m o n 1 8 J u ly , 17 47 , ( F). Voted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 47 , ( PO ). T ook Edward a nd J ohn Bryan a s h is a ppren t ices o n 5J u ly 17 58 , ( A ). T he R ichard L insda le b ur ied o n 1 2 Apr i l 17 59 , ( SJPR ), p robably r efers t o t he p ipe maker. L INSDE LL , J ane.

1 761

T ook Rober t Ryder a s a n a ppren t ice o n 3October , 17 61, ( A ).

Possibly t he

w idow o f R ichard ( a bove ). L ION , J ere m iah .

1 671-16 7 3

Ad augh ter Mary b ap t ized o n 2 4 Dece mber 1 671, ( SOPR ).

A s on T i mothy

b ap t ized o n 5 October , 1 673, ( SOPR ). LLOYD , E l izabeth .

1 848-1850

Men t ioned i n D irec tor ies o f L ove S tree t , i n 18 48 , a nd ( Bagshaw , 1 18 ) 18 50. LLOYD , Wil l ia m .

1 841

R ecorded a s a n a ppren t ice , a ged 1 5, l i v ing w i th J ohn Powel l i n L ove S treet i n 18 41, ( CEN ). MACQUIEN , J a mes .

17 13-1 7 32

Appren t iced t o J ohn Massey o n 2 5 J u ly 17 13, ( A ).

S on o f S usan Macqu ien ,

w idow a nd a ppren t ice t o J ohn Massey , g ran ted Freedo m o n 2 7 S ep te mber 17 21, ( F ).

Voted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 32, ( P0 ).

Deceased b y 17 47 ;

Descr ibed a s

d eceased i n t he Freedo m Rol l o f Char les Powel l h is a ppren t ice o n 2 5 J u ly 17 47 , ( F )• 2 47

MADDOCK , Roger .

17 32

Ga ined Freedo m i n 17 32, ( F ). MA IRES & SON , C hes ter P ipe i n G rosvenor Museu m , maker o therw ise u nknown .

F ig . 6 8 , n o . 3 ;

f ig . 6 9 , n o . 1 . MARGAREY, J oseph .

17 80

Freedo m g a ined i n 17 80 ( Spence ) , ( F ). MARGAREY, J os.

17 29 17 32

Freedo m g ran ted b y o rder o f Asse mbly , o n 2 3 A ugus t , 1 729 ,

( F ) .

V o ted i n t he

e lec t ion o f 17 32. ( PO ). MASSEY , E l ias.

1 688-?1715

Appren t ice o f George Hun t , g ran ted F reedo m o n 2 2 Dece mber , 1 688 , ( F ). H is s on a nd a ppren t ice J ohn , made a Free man o n 2 2 Apr il 17 04 ( NF). c r ibed i n t he Appren t ice Rol l o f E l isha Massey a s

Des-

" la te o f C hes ter" o n 1 7

J anuary 17 15, t h is e n try p ossibly r efers t o t he p ipe maker , ( A ). F ig . 5 2 , n o . 6? no . 7 . MASSEY, E l isha .

I 17 15-?1 7 21

S on o f E l ias Massey , l a te o f Chester , g a ined Freedo m o n 1 7 J anuary 17 15 ( F ). Descr ibed a s " defunct" i n t he Freedo m Rol l o f h is a ppren t ice George S conces o n 27 S ep te mber 17 21, ( F ). F ig . 5 2 , n o . 7 ? MASSEY, E l isha . I 17 32 Voted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 32 ( PO ). MASS IE , J ohn I 17 04-1 7 32 S on a nd a ppren t ice o f E l ias Massey , g ran ted F reedo m o n 2 2 Apr i l 17 04, ( F ). T ook J a mes Macquien a s a ppren t ice o n 2 5 J u ly 1 713 , ( A ) .

H is a pprent ice

J a mes Macqu ien made a Free man o n 2 7 S ep te mber 17 21, ( F ).

H is s on J ohn

g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 9 August 17 32, ( F). MASS IE , J ohn ,

I 17 32

S on o f J ohn , p ipe maker , g ran ted Freedo m o n 19 August MEAK IN , J a mes.

1 732, ( F ).

1 744-1 8 11

S on o f Rand le , g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 2 Dece mber 17 67 , ( F ).

A d augh ter

Mar ia b orn t o J a mes Meak in , p ipe maker a nd h is w ife Anne o n 1A ugust , b ap t ized o n 1 2 August 17 81, ( SJPR ).

Voted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 84, ( PO ),

H is w ife Anne d ied a ged 5 2 o f f ever o n 2 4 March , b ur ied o n 2 6 March 17 98 , ( SJPR ).

D ied a ged 6 7 o f d ecay o n 1 J u ly, b ur ied o n 1 4 J uly 18 11, ( SJPR ).

Probably t he e n try o n 1 2 August 17 44 o f t he b ap t is m o f as on o f Rand le a nd Mar tha a t S t. J ohn 's r efers t o t h is J a mes Meak in .

S t. J ohns Par ish Reg ister

c on ta ins t wo e n tr ies i n 1 764 a nd 17 73 , r eferr ing t o t he b apt is m o ft wo c h ildren o f aJ a mes a nd Mary Meak in ;

a nd i n 17 76 a nd 17 78 t o t he b ap t is m o ft wo

c h i ldren o f aJ a mes a nd Anne Meak in , ( SJPR ).

MEAK IN , Rand le.

I1 721-1766

S on o f J ohn Meak in , a ppren t ice o fR ichard G o lding g ran ted F reedo m o n 2 7 S ep te mber 17 21, ( F ).

Vo ted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 32, ( P0 ).

( Met ts ) , a s a ppren t ice o n 2 1 J anuary 17 58 , ( A ). F ree man i n 17 59 , ( F ). ( SJPR ).

T ook Henry Mel ts

H is s on Tho mas made a

" Rand le Meak in s en ior" , b ur ied o n 2May 17 66,

H is s on J ames made a Free man i n 1 767 , ( F ), a nd s ons Rand le, p ipe-

maker , a nd R ichard , c ordwa iner , made f ree o n 3 Apr i l 1 784, ( NF ).

Var ious

e n tries i n S t. J ohns P ar ish Reg ister b etween 1 722 a nd 17 44 r ecord ing t he b ap t is ms a nd b ur ials o f c h ildren o f Rand le a nd Mar tha Meak in , a l most c er ta in ly r efer t o t he p ipe maker 's f am i ly , ( SJPR ). MEA K IN , Rand le.

I1 731-1 8 00

P robably t he s on o f Rand le & Mar tha b ap t ized o n 3 1 Oc tober 17 31, ( SJPR ). Men t ioned i n D irec tor ies , o f L ove L ane , ( Dyke 19 41 0 , 2 89 ), 17 81; C hester Gu ide , 1 00 ) . 1 784, ( PO ).

1 781.

( The

Voted i n t he e lec t ion , l i v ing a t L ove L ane , i n

Ga ined Freedo m o n 3 Apr i l 17 84, ( NF ).

D ied s udden ly a ged

6 9 o n 1 1 May , b ur ied o n 1 3 May 1 800 , ( SJPR ). MEA K IN , S a muel .

1 . 747

R ecorded a s ap ipe maker i n t he Freedo m Rol l o f h is s on Wil l ia m , ( Oswa ld ) 1 747.

However a ccord ing t o t he w r i ter h is f a ther ( i .e. Wil l ia m 's ) i s o ne

S a muel , c ordwa iner . MEAK IN , Tho mas. I 17 84 V otes i n t he e lec t ion o f 1 784, l i v ing a t B ough ton , ( PO ). MEAK IN , Tho mas. I 17 36-1 7 92. A l most c er ta in ly t h is was t he s on

o f Rand le a nd Mar tha b orn o n 1 August

17 36, ( SJPR ). S on o f Rand le , p ipe maker g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 0 February 1 759 , ( F ). D ied a ged 5 6 o f c onsu mp t ion o n 2 6 J anuary b ur ied o n 2 9 J anuary 1 792, ( SJPR ).

H is r el ict E l izabeth d ied a ged 7 4 o f d ecay o n 1 2 J anuary ,

b ur ied o n 1 8 J anuary 1 807 , ( SJPR ). Probably t he Tho mas who marr ied E l izabe th Buck ley b y l i cence o n 2 2 J u ly 1 759 , ( SJPR ), a nd whose t wo c h ildren were b ap t ized a t S t . J ohns i n 17 60 a nd 17 68 , ( SJPR ). MEAK IN , Tho mas.

I I

1 826

Gran ted Freedo m o n 1 2 J une 18 26, ( F ). MEAK IN , Wi l l ia m .

17 47-1786

S on o f S a muel , p ipe maker , g ran ted Freedo m i n 17 47 , ( F ). e lec t ion o f 17 47 , ( p0 ).

Voted i n t he

H is w ife L yd ia d ied a ged 5 0 o f weakness o n 8October,

b ur ied o n 1 0 Oc tober 1 783, ( SJPR ).

Men t ioned b y Oswa ld a s

a l ive i n 1 786 .

V ar ious e n tr ies i n S t . J ohns Par ish Reg ister b etween 17 57 a nd 17 73 r ecord ing t he b ap t is ms a nd b ur ia ls o f c h i ldren o f Wil l ia m a nd L yd ia Meak in , p robably r efer t o t h is p ipe maker. 2 49

M ELTS ( METTS ) , Henry.

1 758

Appren t iced t o Rand le Meak in o n 2 1 J anuary 1 758 , ( A) S pe l ling o f s urna me u ncertain . MILLER, Ben ja m in .

1 834

Of Un ion S treet ,d ied a ged 2 4, b ur ied o n 5 May 1 834, ( SJPR ). MILLER, E l izabeth .

1 840-1848

Men t ioned i n D irec tor ies, o f L ove S treet , ( The C hester General ) 1 840; ( Wil l ia ms' , 1 7 ) 1 846; MILLER, J a mes.

a nd i n 1 848.

1 808-1833

A s on J a mes b orn t o w ife Margaret o n 3 0 Apr il , b ap t ized o n 1 0 J une 1 808, ( SJPR ).

A d augh ter E l izabeth d ied a ged 5 o f f ever o n 2 5 J anuary , b ur ied o n

2 6 J anuary 1 809 , ( SJPR ).

A s on J ohn b orn t o w ife E l izabeth o n 2 4 May,

b ap t ized o n 1 2 J une 1 811, ( SJPR ).

Gran ted Freedo m o n 7October 1 812, ( NF ).

Men t ioned b y S pence ( 1941-2 , 6 4 ) , o f L ove S tree t , aF ree man , b e tween 1 812 a nd 1 834.

A d augh ter E l izabeth b orn t o w ife E l izabeth o f L ove Lane , a nd

b ap t ized o n 2 4 F ebruary 1 815, ( SJPR ).

A s on Wil l ia m b orn t o w ife E l izabeth

o f L ove S treet , a nd b ap t ized o n 7October 1 818 , ( SJPR ). o f 1 818, ( PO ). MILLER , J ohn .

Voted i n t he e lec t ion

D ied a ged 5 1, a nd b ur ied o n 1 3 August 1 833, ( SJPR ). I 1 777-1784

Th is J ohn Mi l ler was p robab ly t he w i tness t o t he I ndentures o f Wi l l iam Morgan i n 1 784 ( A ) .

Appren t ice o f Wi l lia m J ones g ranted F reedo m o n 3 1 March 1 784 ,

( F ). MILLER, J ohn .

I .

1 841-1856

Recorded a s a ged 2 5, i ndependan t a nd l i v ing w ith h is mother E l izabe th Mil ler , a ged 6 5 a t L ove S treet i n 1 841, ( CEN ). S treet ( Bagshaw , 1 18 ) 1 850;

Men t ioned i n D irec tories, o f L ove

a nd u nder Wil l ia m a nd J ohn Mil ler ( S la ter ),

1 856. MILLER, Wil l ia m .

1 841-1882

Recorded a s a ged 2 0 a nd l i v ing w ith h is mother E l izabeth Mi ller, ( aged 6 5) a t L ove S treet i n 1 841, ( CEN ). 2 6 J u ly 1 841, ( F).

Gran ted F reedo m , l i v ing a t L ove S treet , o n

Men t ioned i n D irec tor ies, l i v ing v ar iously a t No. 1 0 L ove

L ane, 1 3 L ove S treet , a nd L ove S treet , 4 03) 1 857 ; 1 864;

( Spence 1 9 41-2, 6 4) 1 857-90 ;

( S la ter, 7 4) 1 869 ;

( Morr is ) 1 874;

( Wh ite , 1 55) 1 860 ;

( Ph il l ipson a nd Golder ) 1 870;

( Kel ly ) 1 878 ;

MITCHELL , J a mes.

( S later) 1 856, " and J ohn";

( S la ter , 1 9 ) 1 880 ;

1 871;

( Ke l ly ,

( Morr is ) a nd 1 876-77 ;

a nd 1 882.

1 820

" A p oor b oy" a pprent iced t o S a mue l Dav ies o f L ove S treet f or 8 y ears o n 6 J u ly 1 820 , ( A ) .

2 50

MORGAN , Wi l l ia m , 17 77 S on o f J ohn Morgan g ardener , a ppren t iced t o J a mes G ou ld ing o n 1 7 F ebruary 1 777 , ( A ). MYRES , J ohn .

1 722 17 47

T he y ounger s on o f J ohn Myers o f Chester , c loth worker , a nd a ppren t ice o f J ohn Gold ing g a ined Freedo m o n 1 6 March 17 22, ( F ). a s a ppren t ice o n 2 6 J u ly 17 32, ( A ). NAYLE , Tho mas.

Took J ona than H ough

Voted i n t he e lec t ions o f 17 47 , ( PO ).

1 721

T he s on o f Ca ther ine Naylor , w idow a nd a ppren t ice o fR ichard Or mes o f C hester , p ipe maker , g ran ted Freedo m o n 2 6 S ep te mber 17 21, ( F ). ODION , J ohn .

1 784

G ran ted F reedo m o n 3 Apr il 17 84, ( F ).

O f F orega te S treet , v o ted i n t he

e lec t ion o f 17 84, ( PO ). OR MES , F ranc is.

17 03-?1 7 62

G ran ted Freedo m i n 17 03 , ( F). H is a ppren t ice Geo . G u id ing g a ined F reedo m o n 2 6 S ep te mber 17 21, ( F ). Vo ted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 32, ( p0 ). H is s ons J ohn a nd J a mes made Free men o n 7August 17 32, ( F ).

Voted i n t he e lec t ion

o f 17 47 , ( PO ), I n 1 745 t he d augh ter o f aF ranc is a nd Anne Or mes was b apt i zed , ( SJPR ), a nd a Franc is Or mes was b ur ied a t S t . J ohns o n 7May 17 62, b o th e n tr ies p robab ly r efer t o t he p ipe maker . OR MES , J a mes.

1 732

T he s on o f Franc is , a nd b rother o f J ohn ( below ) , g a ined Freedo m o n 7August 1 732, ( F). ORMES , J ohn .

17 32

T he s on o f Franc is , a nd b rother o f J a mes , ( above ) , g a ined F reedo m o n 7 A ugust , 17 32, ( F).

He v oted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 32, ( P0 ).

En tr ies i n S t .

J ohns Par ish Reg is ter i n 17 2 8a nd 17 34 men t ion b ap t is m o f c h i ldren o f a J ohn a nd E l izabe th Or mes;

i n 17 31 t he d augh ter o f aJ ohn 0 rmes i s b ur ied ;

a nd i n 17 39 a d augh ter o f aJ ohn a nd Mary Or mes i s b ap t ized .

There a re

t hree e n tr ies r ecord ing t he b ur ia l o f aJ ohn Or mes , o n 3 0 March 17 41; 4 Apr il 17 59 ;

o n

a nd 1 3 J une 17 62, a nd o n 3 0 J u ly 17 62, a Mary Or mes, w idow

w as bur ied , ( SJPR ) OR ME, Rober t .

17 09

T he s on o f Tho mas Or me , p ipe maker , g a ined Freedo m o n 2 3 S ep te mber , 1 709 , ( NF ). OR MES , R ichard .

1 69 6-?1 7 39

S on o f Tho mas Ormes , p ipe maker , made Free o n 1 4 Oc tober , 1 696, ( NF ). H is a ppren t ice G eorge Golborne made a Free man o n 2 6 S ep te mber 17 21, ( F ). 2 51

V o ted i n t he e lec t ion o f 1 732 , ( P0 ) .

Descr ibed a s d eceased ( Oswa ld , 1 975 , 1 64 )

i n 1 747 , a nd i n t he F reedo m R o l l o f h is s on J ohn , c ab ine t maker , d a ted 2 1 J u ly 17 47 , ( F ).

Var ious e n tr ies i n S t. J ohn 's Par ish Reg ister b e tween 1 731 a nd

1 736 c ou ld r efer t o t he p ipe maker , ad augh ter Anne b ap t ized 2 6 S ep te mber , 17 31, a s on a nd d augh ter o fR ichard a nd E l izabe th O r me , b ap t ized o n 2 6 N ovemb er , 1 736, a nd a s on b ur ied o n 1 0 May 17 34, ( SJPR ). aR ichard Or mes was b ur ied a t S t . J ohns.

On 1 4 February 17 39 ,

ORMES , Tho mas. I 1 69017 09 H is a ppren t ice Hu mphrey S harpe g a ins Freedo m o n 1 5 March , 1 690 , ( F). H is s on R ichard g a ins F reedo m 1 4 O c tober 1 696 , ( F ) , H is s on R ober t g a ins F reedo m o n 2 3 S ep te mber , 1 709 , ( NF ) . c f . f i g . 4 2 , n o . 7 9? F ig . 5 2 , n o . 2 ? F ig . 5 5 , n o . 2 2? ORMES , Tho mas. I 17 17 Ga ins Freedo m i n 1 71 7 -18 , ( F).

A Tho mas Or mes was b ur ied o n 2March

17 64, ( SJPR ). ORMES , T i mo thy.

1 71 7

Gran ted F reedo m o n 3 May 17 17 , ( F ).

Voted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 32 , ( PO ).

A T i mothy Or mes was b ur ied o n 1 6 May 17 47 , ( SJPR ). PARRY, George.

18 41

Recorded a s a ged 2 0 , i ndependan t a nd l i v ing i n L ove S tree t i n 18 41, ( CEN ). PARRY, J ohn .

1 818

O f N ewga te S treet , g ran ted Freedo m o n 2 5 F ebruary 1 818 , ( NF).

L iv ing a t

N ewgate S tree t , v oted i n t he e lec t ion o f 1 818 , ( PO ). PAYNE, R ichard .

1 732

The s on o f Tho mas , a nd a ppren t ice o f Tho mas C l if fe g ran ted Freedom o n 5 August , 17 32, ( F). PAYNE, Tho mas.

17 20-1732

Gran ted Freedo m i n 17 20 , ( F ).

H is s on R ichard made a F ree man o n 5

August , 17 32, ( F). PENN INGTON , E l izabeth .

1 869-1871

Men t ioned i n D irec tor ies a s l i v ing a t L ove S treet , ( S la ter , 7 4) 18 69 , a nd p oss ibly i n 1 871. PENN INGTON , Wi l l ia m .

1 823-1876

O f L ove S tree t , v oted i n t he e lec t ion o f 18 23, ( PO ).

Wi l l ia m P inn ing ton o f

Forega te S tree t g ran ted F reedo m o n 6 Oc tober 1 824, ( NF ) a nd ( Oswa ld 19 75, 1 64 ).

A s on Wil l ia m b orn t o w ife E l izabeth o f F orega te S treet , b ap t ized o n

2 6 F ebruary 1 823, ( SJPR ).

A s on Tho mas b orn t o w ife E l izabeth o f F orega te

2 52

S treet , b ap t ized o n 1 6 March 1 825 , ( SJPR ). A d augh ter Mary b orn t o w ife E l izabeth o f L ove S tree t , b ap t ized o n 2 3 March , 1 827 , ( SJPR ). A s on R ichard b orn t o w ife E l izabe th o f L ove S tree t , b ap t ized o n 8J u ly 18 29 , ( SJPR ).

A

s on Henry b orn t o Wil l ia m a nd E l izabe th P inn ing ton o f L ove S tree t , b ap t ized o n 2 5 Apr i l , 1 832, ( SJPR ). A d augh ter Mar tha b orn t o Wil l ia m a nd E l izabe th o f L ove S tree t , b ap t ized o n 2 2 March , 1 835, ( SJPR ). A d aughter Ann b orn t o Wil l ia m a nd E l izabe th o f L ove L ane , b ap t ized o n 1March 1 837 , ( SJPR ). R ecorded , a ged 4 0 , l i v ing w i th E l izabeth a lso a ged 4 0 , a nd Tho mas Ayres , a ged 7 5, i n L ove S tree t , i n 1 841, ( CEN ). Men t ioned i n D irector ies v ar iously l i v ing a t 2 1 L ove L ane , a nd L ove S tree t , ( Bagshaw , 1 18 ) 1 850 ; a nd Penn ing ton ); ( Morr is ) 1 864;

( Spence ) 1 850-69 , ( possibly t he s uccessor o f A ires

( S la ter ) 1 856;

( Kel ly , 40 3 ) 1 857 ;

( spel t P inn ing ton ).

( Wh i te , 1 55 ) 1 86 0 ;

Wil l ( Chester C i ty R . 0 . —CR 3 9/59 )

d a ted 9Dece mber 1 873 —"Th is i s t he l ast w il l a nd t esta men t o f me Wil l ia m P enn ing ton o f P on tefrac t i n t he C oun ty o f York A mortgage ( Ches ter C i ty R . 0 . —CR 3 9/62) , d a ted 1 8 August 1 876.

Mor tgage

o f Freehold c ot tages i n t he C ity o f Chester t o s ecure £ 660 a nd i n terest b etween Wil l ia m T i ther ing ton a nd Ben ja m in S . R iley —" a l l t hose t hree mersuages o r d wel l ing h ouses a nd t he p ipe makers workshops s heds a nd o u t b u i ld ings t here t o o r t he s a me o r o ne o f t he m b elong ing o r a pper ta in ing,

-r ecen tly

c onverted i n to f i ve mersuages o r dwel l ing h ouses

,s itua te , l y ing

a nd b eing o n t he E ast S ide o f L ove S treet ---- f or merly i n t he p ossession o fR ichard Gold ing, af terwards o f S a mue l A ires t hen o f Tho mas a nd Wil l ia m J ackson more r ecen tly o f Mary A l mond , E l izabeth P enn ington a nd Mar tha L i t tle a nd n ow o f Martha L i t t le , E l izabeth P enn ing ton , J a mes S weeney a nd t wo emp ty t PH I LL TPS , J ohn .

1 7491785

Appren t iced t o R ichard Gold ing o n 9Oc tober 1 749 , ( A ).

Tho mas , s on o f

J ohn Ph il l ips , p ipe maker , a nd Mar tha h is w ife was b orn o n 1 6 F ebruary , b ap t ized o n 4 Apr il 17 79 , ( SJPR ).

Gran ted Freedo m o n 2 Apr i l 1 784, ( F ).

H is w ife Mar tha d ied a ged 3 6 o f f ever o n 2 7 Dece mber, b ur ied o n 3 0 Dece mb er 17 85, ( SJPR)

F ig . 6 8 , n o . 4 .

PH IL IPS , Tho mas.

1 784

L iv ing a t Barkers L ane , v oted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 84, ( PO ). P ICKFORD , S a mue l .

1 827

H is r el ic t Margare t d ied a ged 7 1, a nd was b ur ied o n 8March 1 827 , ( SJPR ). P IERCE , J ohn .

1 841

R ecorded a s a ged 2 7 , l i v ing w i th Mary P ierce , a ged 2 8 , J ohn Rober ts a ged 1 4 , a nd E l len P ierce a ged 1 3 a t N ewga te S treet i n 1 841, ( CEN ).

Ga ined

F reedo m o n 2 5 August , 1 841, ( NF). P IERCY , J ohn .

1 828-1830

Marr ied Ann Dodd , o f t he s a me Par ish o n 2 2 J une 1 828 , ( SJPR ). E l len b orn t o w ife Ann , b ap t ized o n 1 5 March 1 829 , ( SJPR ). Ann d ied a ged 6 d ays , b ur ied o n 1 7 Oc tober , 1 830 , ( SJPR ). 2 53

A d augh ter

Ad augh ter Mary

P IERCY , Wi l l ia m .

1 836-1841

Marr ied Mary J ones , o f t he s a me Par ish o n 9Oc tober 1 836, ( SJPR ).

A

d augh ter E l izabeth b orn t o Wi l l ia m a nd Mary P iercy , o f Un ion S tree t , b apt i zed o n 1 0 Oc tober 1 837 , ( SJPR ).

A d augh ter E l len b orn t o Wi l l iam a nd

Mary P iercy o f Barkers L ane , b ap t ized o n 3F ebruary , 1 839 , ( SJPR ).

Recor-

d ed a s a ged 2 5 , l i v ing w i th Mary P iercy , a ged 2 5 , a nd t hree c h ildren a t F oreg a te S treet , C rown C our t , i n 1 841, ( C EN ). POWELL , Charles,

1 747-1784

An a ppren t ice o f J a mes Macqu ien , g ran ted Freedo m o n 2 Apr il 1 747 , ( F ). Vo ted i n t he e lec t ion o f 1 747 , ( P0 ). e lec t ion o f 1 784, ( PO ).

L iv ing a t L ove S tree t , v oted i n t he

H is s on J ohn g a ined F reedo m i n 1 784, ( F ).

a ged 7 0 o f d ecay , d escr ibed a s

D ied ,

" Char les P owe l l s en ior" o n 1 6 Apr i l , b uried

o n 1 8 Apr il 1 784, ( SJPR ). c f . f i g . 5 4 , n o . 3 ? PO WELL , J ohn .

I 1 710-1721

Gran ted Freedo m i n 1 710. 1 715, ( F ).

H is s on Edward made a Free man o n 1 7 J anuary

H is s on George , g uns m ith , made a F ree man o n 2 5 S ep te mber

1 721, ( F ). POWELL , J ohn .

I 1 784

The s on o f Char les , g a ined Freedo m o n 6 Apr i l 1 784, ( F ). PO WELL , J ohn .

I I

1 841-1850

Recorded a ged 2 0 , l i v ing i n L ove S tree t i n 1 841, ( CEN ). i n Un ion S treet , ( Bagshaw , 1 18 ) i n 1 850 . POWELL , Michael .

Men t ioned , l i v ing

1 721

The s on o f Edward Powel l o f Chester , d efunct , made a Free man o n 2 5 S ep te mb er 1 721, ( F ). PO WELL , Pe ter.

1 812-1836

A s on Wil l ia m b orn t o w ife Mary , a nd d ied a ged 3 d ays o f c onvu ls ions Augus t , b ur ied o n 2 7 Augus t 1 812 , ( SJPR ) .

o n 2 5

Ad augh ter Mar tha b orn t o w ife

Mary o f Un ion S tree t , b ap t ized o n 3 0 J anuary 1 818 , ( SJPR ).

A s on J ohn

b orn t o w ife Mary o f L ove S treet , b ap t ized o n 2 7 Dece mber 1 819 , ( SJPR ). A s on Wi l l ia m b orn t o w ife Mary o f L ove S treet , b ap t ized 8Apr i l ;

d ied a ged

3d ays , b ur ied o n 1 4 Apr il 1 822, ( SJPR ).Ad augh ter J ane b orn t o w ife Mary o f L ove S treet , b ap t ized o n 1 3 Oc tober 1 826, ( SJPR ) Peter Powel l d ied a ged 6 0 , a nd was b ur ied o n 2 0 J u ly , 1 836, ( SJPR ). RALPHS , R ichard.

1 812

Gran ted F reedo m o n 1 0 Oc tober , 1 812, ( NF ). i n t he e lec t ion o f 1 812, ( PO ).

2 54

L iv ing i n Barkers L ane , v oted

RALPHS , Wi l l ia m .

1 8121826

O f Bough ton , v oted i n t he e lec t ions o f 18 12 a nd a ga in i n 1 818 , ( PO ).

A s on

H enry, b orn t o Wil l ia m a nd E l izabe th o f Newga te S tree t , b ap t ized o n 1 0 Oc tober 1 813 , ( SJPR ).

As on E l l iss b orn t o Wil l ia m a nd E l izabe th Ra lphs o f

S t J ohn S treet , b ap t ized o n 2 5 J anuary 1 816, ( SJPR ).

A d augh ter Em ma ,

b orn t o w ife E l izabeth o f Brook S tree t , b ap t ized o n 7J anuary 1 819 , ( SJPR ). Ad augh ter E l izabeth , b orn t o w ife E l izabeth o f Handbr idge , b ap t ized o n 5 J anuary 1 826, ( SJPR ). READ , Tho mas.

1 809-1811

H is w ife Ann , d ied a ged 7 4 o fd ecay o n 1 4 N ove mber , b ur ied o n 1 8 N ove mber 1 809 , ( SJPR ) .

D escr ibed a s "W idower" .

Marr ied Anne R ober ts o f t he s a me

P ar ish b y B anns , o n 1 5 A ugust 1 810 , ( SJPR ) .

D ied a ged 7 3 o f d ecay o n 2 8

March , b ur ied o n 3 0 March 1 811 , ( SJPR ) . R ICHARDSON , Gawen .

1 721-1 7 47

T he s on o f J oseph , a ppren t ice o fR ichard G old ing d efunc t , g ran ted Freedo m i n 17 21, ( F).

T ook Abraha m G ibson a s a n a ppren t ice o n 2 4 J une 17 31, ( A ).

Vo ted i n t he e lec t ions o f 17 32, a nd 17 47 , ( p0 ).

Descr ibed a s Gawen R ichards

i n t he Freedo m Rol l o fP eter F i tzgerald i n 17 47 , ( F ). R IDER , Rd.

1 7791784

( ?1 8 07 )

As on Rober t d ied a ged 2 o f t hroa t f ever , o n 2 9 March , b ur ied i n S p i t tle o n 3 1 March 17 79 , ( SJPR ).

A s on J ohn d ied a ged 9 mon ths , o f sma l lpox o n 1 7

August , b ur ied i n S p i t t le o n 1 9 A ugus t 1 779 , ( SJPR ) . L iv ing a t Bough ton , v oted i n t he e lec t ion o f 1 784, ( P0 ). E vans , g a ined F reedo m o n 1 0 Apr i l , 17 84, ( F).

Appren t ice o f Rober t

H is w ife Mary d ied a ged

7 7 o f d ecay o n 1 4 F ebruary , b ur ied i n S p i t t le o n 1 6 F ebruary 1 807 , ( SJPR ). ROBERTS , J ohn .

1 780

Ad augh ter b orn t o w ife Frances, o n 2 2 October , b ap t ized o n 1 2 Nove mber , 1 780 , ( SJPR ). ROBERTS , R .

1 828

Men t ioned i n D irec tor ies o f N or thga te S tree t Row , ( P igot ) 1 826;

( Pigot , 2 0 )

1 828. ROGERS , J ohn .

1 727-1 7 32

Gran ted Freedo m o n 8J u ly 17 27 , ( F ). RYDER , J ohn .

Voted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 32, ( PO ).

1 810

D ied a ged 6 2 o f d ecay , o n i st May , b ur ied o n 3May 1 810 , ( SJPR ). RYDER, Rober t.

1 761-1783

Appren t iced t o J ane T insdel l o n 3 Oc tober 17 61, ( A ).

On 1 7 March 17 72, a

d augh ter Ann o f aR ober t a nd L yd ia Ryder was b ap t ized , ( SJPR ), a nd a s on

2 55

Tho mas o f Rober t a nd L yd ia was b ap t ized o n 2 9 N ove mber 17 78 , ( SJPR ).

A

d augh ter Mary b orn t o w ife L yd ia o n 3 0 May , b ap t ized o n 2 5 J une 17 80 , ( SJPR ). Ad augh ter S arah d ied a ged 5 mon ths o f c onvu ls ions o n 3 February , b ur ied o n 4 February 17 83 , ( SJPR ). RYDER , Tho mas.

1 778

H is s on Tho mas b ap t ized o n 2 9 N ove mber , 17 78 , ( SJPR ). RYLEY, C har les.

17 11-?1 7 47

S on o f J ohn Ry ley , p lasterer , a nd a ppren t ice o f Tho mas F letcher g ran ted Freedo m o n 9J anuary 17 11, ( F ). S CONCES , G eo.

He w as d eceased b y 17 47 ,

( Oswa ld , 1 975 , 1 64 ) .

17 21

S on o f J ohn S conce , f e l t maker , a nd a ppren t ice o f E l isha Massey o f Chester , p ipe maker , d efunct , g ran ted F reedo m o n 2 7 S ep te mber , 17 21, ( F ). S ELLERS , J ere m iah .

p re 1 810

H is r el ic t A l ice d ied a ged 8 4 o f d ecay o n 3 1 Oc tober , b ur ied o n 3N ove mber , 18 10 , ( SJPR ). S HARP, Hu mphrey.

1 690- ? 17 27

Appren t ice o f Tho mas Or mes , g ran ted F reedo m o n 1 5 March 169 0 , ( F ). Wi l l ia m L a mb a s h is a ppren t ice i n 1 693 , ( A ). t i ce on 2 4 J une 1 695, ( A ). 17 03 , ( A ). ( F ).

T ook

T ook J ohn Green a s h is a ppren-

T ook N oah Go lborn a s h is a ppren t ice o n 2 5 March

H is a ppren t ice N oah Go lborn g a ined Freedo m o n 6J anuary 17 11,

H is s ons Ma t thew a nd J ohn g ran ted F reedo m o n 2 5 S ep te mber 17 21, ( F ) ;

An u n .a med a ppren t ice g ran ted Freedo m i n t he s a me y ear. a s h is a ppren t ice o n 1 3 J anuary 17 21, ( A ).

Took J a mes Ha l l

A Hu mphrey S harp was b ur ied

o n 5S ep te mber 17 27 , ( SJPR ). c f . f i g . 4 4 , n o . 8 6 ? S HARP, J ohn .

17 21-1 7 88

S on o f Hu mphrey S harp , p ipe maker , g ran ted Freedo m o n 2 5 S ep tember 17 21, ( F ).

H is a ppren t ice J oseph F i tzgerald g a ined Freedo m o n 1 4 J u ly 1 74 7 , ( F ).

Vo ted i n t he e lec t ions o n 17 4 7a nd 17 84, ( PO ).

H is s on S a muel , g rocer a nd

mercer , g a ined Freedo m o n 1 4 Oc tober 18 55, ( F ). A l ler ton g a ined Freedo m i n 17 67 , ( F ).

H is a ppren t ice Rd.

D ied a ged 8 5 o f c hol ick o n 6S ep tember

b ur ied o n 1 0 S ep te mber , 17 88 , ( SJPR ). S HARP, Ma t thew.

17 21-?1 7 79

S on o f Hu mphrey S harpe , p ipe maker , g a ined Freedo m o n 2 5 S ep tember 17 21, ( F ).

Vo ted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 32, ( PO ).

b ur ied o n 2 2 F ebruary , 17 32, ( SJPR ). Freedo m o n 1 1 J u ly 17 47 , ( F ). Free man o n 1 0 J u ly , 17 57 , ( F ). Freedo m i n 17 59 , ( F ). 17 59 ,( A ).

Ad augh ter o f a Mat thew S harpe

H is a ppren t ice Wi l l ia m J ones g ran ted

H is s on Hu mphrey , s top maker , made a H is a ppren t ice Wil l ia m Barber g ran ted

T ook Tho mas K irkha m a s h is a ppren t ice o n 5J uly

B ound Tho mas K irkha m o ver t o R ichard Gold ing ( Dorsa l o f a bove ) ,

2 56

o n 9J anuary 17 65, ( A ).

A Mat thew S harp b ur ied o n 1 4 Dece mber 17 79 ,

( SJPR ). S HEPHERD , Rd .

1 818-1823

L iv ing a t Un ion S treet , v oted i n t he e lec t ion o f 1 818 , ( PO );

Re jec ted a t t he

p ol l i n t he e lec t ion o f 1 823, l i v ing i n L ove S treet , ( PO ). S IMCOCK , J ohn .

1 690

Appren t ice o f Edward Tho mpson , g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 5 March , 1 690 , ( F ). c f . f ig . 4 4 , n o . 8 6? S TAR K _EY, L awrence.

1 664-1673

A L awrence S tarkey , p robably t he p ipe maker , t ook o ver a h ouse p rev iously o ccup ied b y A lexander L angton i n N or thga te Ward i n 1 664, ( TA ), a nd a L awrence S tarkey i s r ecorded f or t ax o f i s 4 d f or a h ouse s ubsidy i n 1 67 2, ( TA ).

H is s on J ohn b ap t ized o n 1 0 J anuary , a nd b ur ied o n 1 1 J anuary 1 67 0 ,

( SOPR ).

A d augh ter Mar tha b ap t ized o n 8S ep te mber 1 672, ( SOPR ).

H is s on

L awrence b ur ied o n 8May 1 673, ( SOPR ). c f . f i g . 4 4 , n o . 8 7 ? S U MPTER , Henry.

1 850

Gran ted Freedo m o n 3 1 J u ly 18 50 , o f L ove S treet , ( NF). S UMPTER , J a mes.

1 83 0 -1 8 50

Marr ied Frances C rawford , o ft he s a me P ar ish o n 1 4 February 1 830 , ( SJPR ). Recorded l i v ing i n F orega te S tree t , Wh ite H ouse Yard , a ged ? 2 5 , w i th F rances ? 2 4, a nd t hree c h ildren , ( CEN ).

Gran ted Freedo m o n 3 1 J u ly 1 850 ,

o f Un ion S treet , ( NF). TASKER , George.

1 826.

A s on George , ( w ife Mar ia ) d ied a ged 3 mon ths b ur ied o n 1 0 S ep te mber 18 26, o f Bough ton , ( SJPR ). TAY LOR , Tho mas.

1 722- ? 17 48

S on o f J oshua , c ordwa iner , d efunct , made F ree man o n 3 1 March 1 722 , ( F ) . V oted i n t he e lec t ions o f 17 32, a nd 17 47 , ( PO ) ,

A Tho mas Taylor b ur ied o n

1 6 March 17 48, ( SJPR ). TAY LOR , Wi l l ia m .

1 82618 28

Men t ioned i n D irec tor ies, o f N or thgate S treet , ( Pigot ) 18 26; 1 828. THO MPSON , Tho mas.

17 32.

V o ted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 32.

( PO ),

2 57

a nd ( Pigot 2 0 )

THORNELEY, N a than ie l .

1 656-1657

H is w ife E l izabeth b ur ied o n 1 9 March 1 656, ( HTPR ).

Marr ied E l inor Taylor

o n 1 7 August 1 657 b efore Mr . Wi l l ia m L uce A lder man a nd J us t ice o f t he P eace , R ichard Dobbe , s hoe maker , a nd A lexander Lanck ton p ipe maker , w i tnesses , ( Farra l l 1 914, 3 20 ) , ( HTPR ). c f . f i g . 4 5 , n os . 9 3-4? TOML INSON , J ohn .

17 67

S on o f J ohn , wheelwr igh t , g a ined Freedo m 1 D ece mber 17 67 , ( F ). TOMPSON, Edward .

I 1 673-1 7 07

Ga ined Freedo m o n 1 0 F ebruary 1 673, ( F ). g a ins Freedo m o n 1 5 March 1 69 0 , ( F). 1 4 O ctober 1 696, ( F ).

H is a ppren t ice J ohn S i mcock

H is s on R ichard made a Free man o n

Bur ied o n 1 3 March 1 707 , ( SJPR ).

Tho mas Wa l l g a ins F reedo m o n 2 7 S ep te mber 1 721 , TO MPSON , R ichard .

An a ppren t ice

( F).

1 696

S on o f Edward T o mpson ( a bove ) , g ran ted Freedo m o n 1 4 Oc tober 1 696, ( F ). Deceased b y 17 24, ( Oswa ld 1 975 , 1 64 ) . UR MESTON , Tho mas.

1 676

S on o fR ichard Ur meston , o f Chester , l abourer g ranted Freedo m i n 1 67 6 , ( F )• WALKER, Edward.

1 74 7

S on o f George a nd a ppren t ice o f J a mes Gold ing g a ined Freedo m o n 1 6 J u ly 17 47 , ( F ).

Voted i n t he e lec t ion o f 17 47 , ( PO ).

WA LKER , Rober t .

17 47

S on o f George a nd a ppren t ice o f Noah G o lborne , made F ree man o n 1 3 J u ly , 1 747 ( F ) . WALL , Tho mas.

17 21.

S on o f Edward Wa l l , c ordwa iner , a nd a ppren t ice o f Edward To mpson g a ined Freedo m o n 2 7 S ep tember 1 721, ( F ). WILBRAHA M, Tho mas.

1 850

Men t ioned i n D irec tory , o f L ove S treet , ( Bagshaw , 1 18 ) 1 850, WILL IA MS , Hugh .

1 831

Ga ined Freedo m o n 1 9 Apr il 1 831, ( F). WILL IA MS , J ohn .

18 26-1828

Men t ioned i n D irector ies , o f Br idge S treet Row , ( Pigot ) 1 826; 1 828.

2 58

( P igo t , 2 0 )

WILLINGHAM, J a mes.

18 41

Recorded a ged 1 9 , l i ving w i th S arah Wil l ingha m , a ged 1 8 a nd E l len a ged 3 mon ths a t S t . J ohn 's S tree t i n 1 841, ( CEN ). WINSTANLEY , Tho mas.

1 858

G a ined Freedo m o n 2 8 J u ly 1 858 , o f L ove S tree t , ( NF). WOOD, Geo . 17 21 S on o f George Woods , c ordwa iner , g ran ted Freedo m o n 2 5 S ep te mber 17 21, ( F ). WOODS , George. ( jr .)

1 74 7

Vo ted i n t he e lec t ion o n 17 47 , ( PO ).

2 59

APPEND IX 2 K ILN MATER IAL ( f ig . 8 4 ) E v idence f or p ipe k i lns G iven t he e x tens ive n a ture o f t he c lay t obacco p ipe i ndustry i n C hester i t i s r a ther s urpr ising t ha t k i ln s i tes a nd k i ln s truc ture/ furn iture s hou ld b e s o r are .

The e v idence i s s u m mar ised i n F ig . 1 , where f i nds o f k i ln ma ter ia l

o r p robab le was ters a re marked w i th a n o pen s tar w i th in a c irc le a nd t he o ne k i ln s i te i ndica ted b y ab lack s tar w i th in a c irc le , i .e . F ig . 1 , n o . 2 3 NGB 1 972-3 , 0 03B (2 ) S F 5 36 .

F ig . 8 4 .

C orner f rag men t o f

muf f le wa l l i n a l mos t p ure p ipe c lay r e inforced b y t en s te m f rag men ts w i th s o me s and t e mper ing .

B ore d a te f or t he s te ms 1 671 a nd f or t he w ho le g roup

o fp ipes f ro m t he l ayer 1 672 ( 5 x8 /64";

1 5 x7 /64"; 6 x 6 /64") .

The s hape

o f t h is f rag men t i mp lies a r ec t i linear muf f le . F ig . 1 , n o . 4 4 HSS 1 979 , I ( 3 ) . p ipe s te ms ( bo th 6 /64") .

Sma l l muff le wa l l f ragment r e inforced b y t wo

The b ore d a te f or t he who le g roup a ssoc ia ted w i th

t he f rag men t i s 1 698 ( 14 x 8 /64"; 1 0 x4 /64") .

1 09 x 7 /64"; 3 77 x 6 /64";

5 6 x5 /64";

A s f ragments o f 1 9th c en tury ma ter ia l a re i nc luded i n a n o ther-

w ise 1 7th c entury g roup , t he l ike ly d a te i s p robab ly 1 680-90 .

A s t he g roup

i nc luded s o many e xa mp les o fl ozenge s tamps i ti s t e mp t ing t o s uggest t ha t t hese were made v ery c lose t o t he s i te . F ig . 1 , n o . 2 5 The B oynton f actory s i te ( Group XV ) . t ura l ma ter ia l . F ig . 1 , n o . 3 0

LBS 1 974-5 ,

I (105 )

F urni ture , b ut n o s truc-

( Group 1 1 ) Th is i nc luded a n u mber o f

p oss ib le was ters o r , a t b es t , u nused s econds ( F ig . 3 , n os . 2 3 &2 4 ) . F ig . 1 , n o . 2 L ower B r idge S tree t .

Though t b y N ews tead t o b e i n t he v ic in i ty

o f ap ipeshop o n t he b as is o fn u mbers o fu nused p ipes . There a re , u nfortuna te ly , n o f i nds o fp ipes o r k i ln ma ter ia l g iven t h is p rovenance i n t he G rosvenor Museu m c o l lec t ions . F ig . 1 , n o . 5 P rincess S t . 1 939 ( Group I V ) .

T here a re l arge n u mbers o f

u nused a nd was ted p ipes i n t h is g roup ( F igs . 4 -11) .

The s a mp le o f c lay f rom

t he s i te i n t he G rosvenor Museu m c o l lec t ions i sn o t as tructura l f rag men t a s imp l ied b y N ews tead ( i . 2 l i t t . c f . Group I V t ex t ) . F ig . 1 , n o . 6 6 i n t h is c on tex t .

HSS 1 979 ( I I (107) .

A sma l l r im f ragmen t o f muf f le o ccurred

I th as n o p ipe-s te m r e inforce men t .

p ipes i n t he l ayer i s 1 658 ( 9 x7 /64";

The b ore d a te f or t he

5x 6 /64" ) , s o t h is may b e t he e ar l ies t

f i nd o f i t s t ype f ro m C hes ter . Af ew c urved f rag men ts o f s te m h ave b een r e tr ieved f ro m GFC 1 975-8 ( 3 6) a nd AG 1 975-8 ( 32) a s we l l a s a sma l l c o llec t ion f ro m V icars C ross s ome way t o t he e ast o f C hester .

Wh i le t hese may b e wasters t hey b ear r e markab le

r ese mb lance t o 1 9 th c en tury n ove lty p ipes w i th t w is ted s te ms , a nd a l l h ave sma l l b ores . 2 60

F rag ment ( 1 :1)

\ 1 1

2 61

The d is tr ibut ion o f t hese a dm i t ted ly s can ty r e ma ins o f t he i ndus try i s a n i n teres t ing o ne .

The t o ta l a bsence o f ma ter ia l f ro m t he L ove Lane a rea c an

p robab ly b e e xp la ined b y t he a l most c omp lete r e-p lann ing o f t ha t p ar t o f C hes ter d ur ing t he l a t ter p ar t o ft he 1 9 th c en tury , t ogether w i th a l ack o f i nv es t iga t ive e xcava t ions i n more r ecen t y ears .

T he 1 7th c entury f i nds f ro m

t he n or th-west q uadran t o f t he C i ty c onf ir m t he i mpress ion f ro m a v ar iety o f d ocu men tary s ources t ha t s o me a t l eas t o f t he e ar lies t p ipe makers t o work i n C hester l ived i n t ha t a rea .

Three o f t he s i tes a re i n S t . O swa ld 's p ar ish a nd

i n N or thga te Ward , a nd t i e i n w i th s o me o f t he e ar l ies t e v idence f ro m Par ish R eg is ters a nd Taxa t ion r ecords .

T he l oca t ion a nd c o mp le te e xcava t ion o f o ne

o f t hese e ar ly p roduc t ion s i tes i s n ow a p r ior i ty f or f u ture p ipe s tud ies i n C hester .

2 62

APPEND IX 3 WIG CURLERS ( f igs . 8 5 &8 6) These w ere a n i mpor tan t s ide l ine manufactured b y p ipe makers a nd were i n c o m mon u se f rom t he mid-seven teen th u p t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he n ine teenth c en tury . Ha ir was c ur led f or t he manufac ture o f w igs b y f i rs t w rapp ing i ta round a nd t y ing i tt o v ary ing s izes o f t hese sma l l o b jec ts d epend ing o n t he l eng th ; a t w hich s tage t hese b und les w ere a ctua l ly k nown a s ' p ipes ' .

T hese were t hen

f i rs t b oi led , a l lowed t o d ry a nd t hen b aked , t he who le p rocess t ak ing s evera l h ours t o c o mp le te ( Che minan t 1 978 , 1 87-191 ) .

B ecause o ft he n u mbers o f

w ig c ur lers f ound i ti s p robab le t ha t t hey w ere n ot o n ly u sed i n t he manufacture o fw igs b u t a lso b ough t t o t i e u p t he c ur ls a nd s e t w igs wh i le t hey w ere n ot b e ing worn ( perhaps t he f i rs t ' hea ted c ur lers ') . I n F rance where t hey o r ig ina ted , t hey a nd t he sma l l wooden t ogg les t ha t b egan t o r ep lace t he p ipe-c lay w ig-cur ler f ro m a bout 1 750 , w ere c a l led ' b igoud is ' .

B oxwood c ur lers w ere a lso k nown a s ' b i lboque ts ' a nd c ane o r

o ther s u i tab le w oods w ere a lso u sed a nd t he t erm ' rou leaux ' s ome t imes a pp l ied .

As t o t he manufacture o f c lay c ur lers , Mr . C hem inan t h as s hown t ha t

' rou leaux ' was a t erm a lso u sed i n t he making o f c lay p ipes a nd s ugges ts t ha t ' b igoud is ' were r o l led o u t i n t he s ame way a nd r equ ired l eng ths c u t o f f a long t he v ary ing t h ickness o f t he ' rou leau ' .

H e r efers t o D idero t 's E ncyc loped ie

o f 1 776 wh ich i n as u m mary o f p ipemak ing i n N or thern F rance h as a n i l lust ra t ion o f r o l led-ou t a nd r ough ly s haped p ipes d escr ibed a s ' rou leaux ' .

A l though

C he minan t 's c hrono logy h as b een f o l lowed ( 22 . c i t ., 1 88) , n os . 2 , 1 3 a nd 1 5 c an b e i ndependen t ly d a ted t o c . 1 750 o r e ar l ier a nd n o . 5 was f ound i n t he s ame c on tex t a s G roup N o . X ( p . 8 2 ) . 1 . One e nd o f al arge c rude ly s haped r ound e nded w ig c ur ler ; AG 1 975-78 , SF 1 2 ;

C . 1 690 .

2 . A l arge c h ipped b ut c omp lete b ored c ur ler w i th ab urn ished s urface a nd k n ife t r im med e nds ;

AG 1 975-78, S F 2 42 ;

B ore d ia me ter 6 /64";

c . 1 690-

1 700 . 3 . At h in b ored c ur ler w i th a b urn ished ( ?pared d own ) s urface a nd c ut e nds ; ' Quain tways ' , NGS 1 975

( see Mason , 1 976 , 2 6 );

B ore d ia me ter 5 /64";

c . 1 700 . 4 . A we l l f or med , f l a t e nded c ur ler w i th a b urn ished s urface ; SF 4 21; 5 .

LBS 1 974-75 ,

C . 1 700 .

Pared-down p ipe s te m f rag men t , G roup X ( p . 8 2 ) ;

B ore d ia me ter

6 /64"; b y a nao logy w i th t he g roup c . 1 710-30 . 6 . One e nd o f a' d umb-be l l ' s haped c ur ler w i th a d ished-in e nd a nd b urn ished s urface ;

AG 1 975-78, S F 8 25 ;

c . 1 730-50 .

7 . One e nd o f af a ir ly l arge c ur ler w i th a n a ngu lar p rof i le a nd c u t-of f e nd . C lose a ga ins t t h is c ut a re f ound i nden ta t ions wh ich may b e a n i l leg ib le makers mark .

T he s hape o f t he c ur ler s eems t o h ave c harac ter is t ics

o fb o th t he e ar l ier more a ngu lar f or m a nd t he ' du mb-be l l ' c ur lers w i th c u t-of f e nds ;

NGB I1 972-73 , S F 5 09 ;

2 63

f i rs t h a lf o f t he 1 8th c en tury .

c p

' D O u ' D

•

• Wig C ur lers

•

' 7 \ 1

•

0

0 . 2 64

Wig C ur lers , n os .

•

• S I

S

•

2 65

•

8 . An arrow-wa is ted c ur ler o f ' du mb-be l l ' f orm w i th c u t e nds . s urface i s c rude ly b urn ished ;

NGB I1 972-73;

S F 5 13 ;

Mos t o f t he

C . 1 740 .

9 . Al arge c ur ler o f ' du mb-be l l ' f or m w i th a f a ir ly n arrow wa is t , w ith b o th e nds i mpressed w i th a f l owerl ike s tamp ; u nprovenanced b ut p robab ly f ound i n C hes ter ;

c . 1 750 .

1 0 . Al arge c ur ler w i th a n arrow wa is t a nd c ut-of f e nds ; N o . 2 07 .55 ;

CC 1 955 , Mus . A cc .

c . 1 750 .

1 1 . One e nd o f al arge s ta ined , b uf fb od ied c ur ler o f ' du mb-be ll ' s hape w i th a n o b l ique ly c u t e nd ; NGB I1 972-73 , S F 5 16; c . 1 750-80 . 1 2 .

Al arge a l mos t c y lindr ica l c ur ler w i th s l igh t ly b u lbous c ut e nds ; Unp rovenanced b u t p robab ly f ound i n o r n ear C hes ter , Mus . Acc . N o . 4 1 . L .58; c . 1 750-80 .

1 3 . T he midd le s ect ion o f ac ur ler ma l i gh t b rown c o loured f abric ; AG 1 9757 8 , S F 2 702;

c . 1 750 .

1 4 . P art o f a' du mb-be l l ' s haped c ur ler ;

GS 1 973 , S F 3 145 ;

mid- t o l a te-18th

c entury . 1 5 . O ne e nd o f a' du mb-be l l ' s haped c ur ler w i th a s l igh t ly e longa ted c ut-of f e nd a nd b urnished s urface .

Ac rackl ike h o le e x tends f ro m t he c ut e dge

i n to t he b ody o f t he c ur ler ;

AG 1 975-78 , S F 8 29;

C . 1 750 .

1 6 . Af a ir ly l arge ' dumb-be l l ' s haped c ur ler w i th an arrow wa ist a nd p oin ted e nds .

O n e ach e nd t here i s t he i mpress ion o f a sma l l s ta mp w i th a n i n-

c use c rown ,t he i n i t ia ls ' WB ' a nd a d o t ( see t he s imi lar ly s tamped c ur ler f ro m t he c o lon ia l Wi l liamsburg C o l lec t ion , i b id . ,1 88, n o .

1 6 ) ; u nprov-

e nanced b u t p robab ly f ound i n o r n ear C hes ter , Mus . A cc . N o . 4 1 .

L . 5 8 .

B y a na logy w i th w ig c ur lers f ound i n L iverpoo l ad a te s o met i me i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he 1 8th c en tury s ee ms p robab le . 1 7 . One e nd o f a n e longa ted ' du mb-be l l ' s haped c ur ler ; C . 1 800 .

2 66

AG 1 975-78 , SF 2 ;

APPEND IX 4 A NOTE ON THE S TE M-BORE RESULTS

Pre l i minary r esu lts d ea ling w i th a n u mber o fg roups f ro m C hester , e xc avated b etween 1 971 a nd 1 975 were d iscussed a nd p ub lished s o me y ears a go ( Davey 1 975 ) .

These s ee med t o i ndica te t ha t , i n g enera l , u p t o C . 1 730-50

s te m-bore d a tes were r easonab ly r e liab le , e ven o n q u ite sma l l s a mp les , b ut t ha t f or l a ter g roups were q ui te u se less .

I n g enera l , t oo , c onvent iona l b ow l

t ypo logy p rov ided e qua l ly a cceptab le r esu lts .

They a lso d e monstra ted t ha t

h is togra ms f or a ny p art icu lar e xcava ted g roup c ou ld s upp ly u sefu l i nfor ma t ion a bout t he h istory o f t he c on tex t f ro m wh ich t hey h ad b een e xcava ted . The p resen t s tudy , b ased a s i ti s o n a much l arger b ody o f ma ter ia l w i thin wh ich f or ma l a nd d ecora t ive e le ments a re c ons idered i n s o me d e ta i l t ogether w i th s tra t igraph ic e v idence , p rov ides a g ood o pportun i ty t o a ssess Whether t hese p re li minary r esu lts were we l l f ounded . The f if teen e xcava ted g roups p rov ide t he f i rs t p oin t o f a na lysis .

The

' r e liabi l i ty ' o f t he s te m-bore r esu lts c an b e a ssessed i n r e lat ion t o b oth t he d a te r ange o f t he p o t tery p resen t a nd t he t ypo log ica l d a te o ft he a ssoc ia ted p ipe b ow ls : D iagra m 9 G roup I

B ore Da te

P ipe B ow ls

Assoc ia ted P o t tery

1 649

1 620-1650

1 610-1640

I I

1 661

1 620-1650

1 640-1660

I V

1 680

1 640-1720

1 640-1680

V

1 664

1 640-1670

1 650-1670

W

1 670

1 660-1680

1 650-1680

V I I

1 660

1 660-1680

1 660-1680

V I I I

1 668

1 660-1700

1 660-1690

I X

1 711

1 660-1720

1 690-1720

X

1 733

1 700-1730

1 710-1730

X I

1 728

1 690-1740

1 710-1740

X I I

1 757

1 660-1770

1 667-1770

X II I

1 739

1 770-1810

1 750-1790

X IV

1 754

1 800-1820

1 810-1840

XV

1 748

1 800-1900

1 830-1850

F ro m t h is i tc an b e s een t ha t t he b ore d a tes a re q u i te a ccep tab le u p t o Group I X .

Group X t urned o ut t o b e more mixed t han was o r ig ina l ly t hough t , b ut

G roup X I i s a lso a r easonab le b ore d a te .

S ubsequent g roups g ive b ore d a tes

wh ich a re p rogressive ly t oo o ld; a l l t he r esu lts

c en tring a round 1 750 , wha t-

e ver t he a ctua l d a te a s measured b y b ow l t ypo logy o r a ssoc ia ted p o t tery .

2 67

A lthough i n g enera l r esu lts b efore C . 1 730 a re g ood , f ur ther e xam ina t ion o f t he e ar lier g roups d oes r evea l at endency f or t he b ore d a tes t o b e more c onc en tra ted a round c er ta in d a tes t han wou ld b e s ugges ted b y t he p o t tery a nd p ipe b ow l d a tes .

F or g roups I , I I a nd I V t he b ore d a tes s ee m r a ther t oo

l a te , wh i le V I I a nd V I I I s ee m t oo e ar ly .

I n b oth c ases t he r esu lts a re we l l

w i th in a s tandard d ev ia t ion o f ±1 5 y ears .

G roups V a nd V I , b y c on trast ,

a ppear t o l i e a t t he c en tre o f t he d a te r ange s ugges ted b y o ther e v idence . Wh i le p ipe d a tes m igh t b e e xpec ted t o l i e a t t he e nd o f t he r ange o ft he a ssoc iat ed p o t tery , p ipes h av ing a v ery s hor t l i fe , t h is c ou ld o n ly e xp la in t he b ore d a tes o f G roups I , I I a nd I V .

A no ther p oss ib le e xp lana t ion i s t ha t c luster ing

o fb ore d a tes o ccurs b ecause o f t he i n terva ls b e tween t he d ia meter o f t he d r i l ling b i ts ( 6 4 ths") u sed f or measuring t he s tem b ores . Af urther p ossib i l i ty i s t ha t a ma jor n arrow ing o f t he w ire u sed t ook p lace i n t he midd le o f t he 1 7th c en tury .

Th is i s p erhaps t he mos t l i ke ly s o lu t ion , g iven t he d istrup t ion i n

e cono m ic a c t iv i t ies a nd t he p ro lifera t ion o f l oca l p ipe mak ing c en tres which s ee ms t o h ave o ccurred a s ar esu lt o f t he C iv i l War . I n g enera l t hen , t h is s tudy h as c onf irmed t he i mpress ion o f e ar l ier work i n C hes ter a nd e lsewhere .

Wh i le t he b ore me thod p roved v ery v a luab le a s

at oo l f or s or t ing o u t t he g enera l c hrono logy o ft he d ecora ted s te ms , wh ich a re r are ly a ssoc ia ted w i th a ctua l b ow ls , f or most e xcava ted g roups o f a ny s ize t he c harac ter o ft he b ow ls p resen t a re l i ke ly t o b e more u se t han t he s te m-bore d a tes . G iven t he l arge n u mber o fp ipes i nc luded i nt h is s tudy a nd t he i mportance o f t he C hester I ndustry , t he e v idence o f t he p roduc ts o f i dent if iab le makers i s s urpr ising ly s l igh t i n c ons ider ing t he s te m-bore r esu lts . E ven a n i mportan t maker s uch a s A lexander L anckton , whose p roduc ts were a l most c er tain ly t hose marked AL , i s o n ly k nown a t t wo d a tes ( 1 657 a nd 1 664 ) , n e i ther o f wh ich mark , n ecessar i ly t he b eg inning o r e nd o f h is w orking l i fe .

Mos t o ft he r e-

ma ining 1 7th c en tury s tamps , wh ich were a l mos t c erta in ly t hose o f C hester makers , c anno t b e a ss igned w i th a ny c onf idence t o a ny k nown maker .

The

l ozenge s ta mps marked TF a re p robab ly t he p roduc ts o f Tho mas F le tcher 1 . Wh i le t he s tem b ore d a tes f or t hese p lace t hem w e l l w i th in t he l as t d ecade o r s o o f t he 1 7th c en tury , wh ich c onfor ms h app i ly t o F le tcher 's F reedom i n 1 690 , t he f ac t t ha t h e v o ted , a long w i th h is s on i n t he e lec t ion o f 1 732 i nva l ida tes t hese p roduc ts a s a means o ft es t ing t he b ore d a tes . T he r o ller s ta mps b earing t he b us t o f Q ueen A nne p roduce a b ore d a te o f a round 1 715 . Wh i le t h is i s o ne y ear a f ter s he d ied , h er r e ign was t oo s hor t a nd t he n umbers o fp ipes measured t oo f ew f or a ny u sefu l c onc lus ions t o b e d rawn .

The o n ly i ncon trover t ib le e v idence

p rov ided b y ag roup o f marked p ipes , a re t hose wh ich were r ecovered f ro m t he B oyn ton s i te ( Group XV ) . The B oyn ton s i te w as i n p roduc t ion f rom 1 871 t o 1 917 a nd t he s te m b ore d a te i s j us t p r ior t o 1 750 .

Th is , s adly , o n ly c on-

f i r ms wha t i s a lready w e l l-known v iz , t ha t l a ter 1 8th a nd 1 9 th c en tury b ore d a tes a re u se less .

2 68

B IBL IOGRAPHY A lebon , P . H ., Davey , P . J . a nd Robinson , D . J ., 1 976. Chester 1 972', CAJ A lvey , R . C ., 1 979 .

' The E astga te,

5 9 , 3 7-49 , F ig. 2 1.

Derbysh ire T obacco P ipe maker , BAR , 6 3 .

A tk inson , D . R ., 1 975. S af fron Wa ldon .

Tobacco P ipes o f Broseley , S hropsh ire, Hart-Ta lbot ,

B eazley , F. C ., 1 906.

' Hear th Tax Returns f or t he C i ty o f C hester 1 604-5 '

LCRS 5 2 . Bradbury , F ., 1 979 e d.

Bradbury 's Book o f Ha l l marks , J . W. N or thend

L td., S hef f ie ld . Buchanan , M., J ermy , K . E . a nd Petch , D . F ., 1 975.

' Wat l ing S treet i n

t he Grounds o f Ea ton Ha l l ', CAJ , 5 8, 1 -14. D avey , P . J ., 1 973a.

' Chester ( SJ : 4 0726634 )-Forega te S treet ' CAB , 1 ,

1 5. Davey , P . J ., 1 973b.

' Chester ( SJ : 4 0376665 ) —Nor thga te Brewery ( Phase

One ) CAB 1 , 1 8-19 D avey , P . J ., 1 973c. 2 1.

' Chester ( SJ : 4 0646646 ) —Ca thedral Garden ', CAB

D avey , P . J ., 1 973d .

1 ,

C hester N or thga te B rewery I n ter im R eport P hase O ne ;

Grosvenor Museu m E xcava t ions , C hester . Davey , P . J ., 1 974a.

' Chester ( SJ : 40766615 ) —Ro man Garden ', CAB, 2 ,

3 7-38 , f ig. 1 2. Davey , P . J ., 1 974b.

' Chester ( SJ : 4 43663 ) —S ite o f Un itar ian Chapel Grave-

y ard ', CAB, 2 , 3 7. Davey , P . J ., 1 975.

' S te m Bore Ana lysis o f C hester C lay T obacco P ipes ',

CAB , 3 , 2 9-34 , f i gs. 1 4 a nd 1 5. D avey , P . J ., 1 977 . P ipes '

' Beeston ( SJ : 5 37 5 93) —Beeston Cast le C lay T obacco

CAB, 5 , 1 4-18 ,

Davey , P . J ., 1 978.

f ig . 4 .

Ra in ford C lay P ipes 1 650-1750.

S urvey o f Merseys ide , Report 3 , s ity o f L iverpool. D e Franc isc is, A ., 1 972. Dyke, E ., 1 949.

Po mpe i i

Archaeolog ical

I nst i tute o f Ex tension S tud ies Un iver-

Napol i.

' Chester 's Earl iest D irector ies 1 781 a nd 1 782' , CAJ , 3 7

p l. i , 2 43-293. Farrel l , L . M., 1 9 14.

'Par ish Reg ister o f t he Holy a nd Und iv ided Tr in ity

i n t he C i ty o f C hester 1 532-1837 ' . F resco-Corbu , R ., J u ly 2 0 , 1 974.

' Fancy French C lay P ipes ', Ar t a nd

Ant iqu it ies , 1 8-21.

2 69

F r iedrich , F . H . W., 1 975 .

P ijpe log ie ;

Da tering v an De Hol landse K le ip i jp;

Archeo log ische Werkg meenschap v oor N eder land — Monograf ie n o . Groo mbr idge , M. J ., 1 950 . C i ty o f C hester;

2 .

G u ide t o t he C hes ter P la te o f I nsign ia o f t he

C hester C i ty C ounc i l _

Hughes, T ., 19 04.

' The Registers o f Chester C a thedra l 1 687-1812 ' , The

Par ish Register S oc iety , 5 4. L e C he minan t , R ., 1 978 .

' The Develop men t o ft he P ipec lay Ha ir C urler —A

Prel im inary S tudy ,' The L ondon Archaeologist , 3n o. 7 , 18 7-191. Mason , D ., 1 975.

' Lower Br idge S treet ' CAB. 3 . 4 0-41.

Mason , D ., 1 976a.

' Lower Bridge S treet ( phase I ) 1 975', CAB, 4 , 2 5-26.

Mason , D ., 19 76b.

' Qua in tways ', CAB 4 , 2 6.

Mason , D . e t a l .

Chester Excava t ions :

a d jo in ing s i tes ( prov isiona l t i tle ).

1 1-15 C astle S treet 19 76 a nd Chester C .C. f orthco m ing.

Mc Peake , J . C ., 1 974.

' Goss S treet ' CAB. 2 , 1 5-16.

Mc Peake, J . C ., 19 75.

' N icholas S treet ' CAB. 3 , 4 1-42.

Mc Peake , J . C ., 1 976.

' Abbey Green ' CAB. 4 , 2 2.

Mc Peake , J . C . a nd S trick land , T . J ., 19 77.

' Abbey Green ' CAB. 5 , 18 -19.

Morgan , D . E . M., 1 975a.

' ( SJ 40 4663) —N icholas S treet ' CAB. 3 , 6 2, n o.i.

Morgan , D . E . M., 1 975b.

t ( SJ 4 05663) —Northga te S treet '

CAB

3 . 6 2-63,

n os. 2 -10. N ewstead , R ., 1 928 ,

' S . Michael 's S treet.

Messrs Brown & C o 's N ew

Ex tension 19 26-27. s i tes x xxv i i , x xxv i i i ', N ewstead , R . a nd Droop , J . P ., 19 42.

CAJ , n s . 2 7 p art I , 1 26-143 .

' Excavat ions a t Chester 1 939.

The

Pr incess S tree t C learance Area ', CAJ , n o. 3 4, p art I , 5 -44. N ewstead , R . 19 48.

' Records o f Archaeologica l F inds, Pepper S treet North

( 1941-42 ) , CAJ , n s. 3 6, p art I , 6 1-64. Oswald , A ., 1 975.

' Clay P ipes f or t he Archaeologist ', BAR. n o. 1 4,

Oxford. Pe tch , D . F . a nd T ho mpson , F . H ., 1 959. S treet , C hester 1 954-56:

' Excava t ions i n Co mmonhal l

The Granar ies o f t he L eg ionary For tress o f

Deva ', CAJ 4 6, 3 3-60. R ich mond , I . A . a nd Webster G . 1 951. 19 48-9 ', CAJ , 3 8 , R ut ter , J . A ., 19 75. ' Chester ( SJ :

' Excava t ions i n Goss S treet , Chester

1 -38 , p l . v i i i. ' The Pot tery ', i n Ward , T . E . a nd R ut ter , J . A .

4 041 6 60 4 )-34 C upp in S tree t ' , CAB , 3 ,

R ut ter, J . A ., 1 977.

3 8-39 .

' The p ot tery ' i n Ward , T . E ., Carr ington , P . a nd

Ru tter J . A ., ' Y. M.C. A. ( Old B ishops Pa lace ) ', CAB. 5 , 3 3-35. R u t ter , J . A ., 1 980.

' The F inds ', i n Ward , S . a nd Ru tler , J . A .

S treet ', CAB , 6( f or thco ming ) .

2 70

' K ing

S pence , G . C ., 1 942 . ' No tes o n C lay Tobacco P ipe Makers i n Chesh ire ', TLCAS , 5 6, 4 5-66 . S tr ick land , T . J ., 1 974.

' Crook S treet ' ,

S tr ick land , T . J ., 1 975 .

' Crook S tree t ', CAB , 3 , 3 8 .

T ho mpson , F . H ., 1 961.

CAB , 2 , 1 6-17 .

' Abstrac t o f Proceed ings;

Excavat ions ',

CAJ ,

4 8, 4 8. Tho mpson , F . H ., 1 976.

' The Excava t ion o f t he Ro man Amph ithea tre a t

Chester ', Archaeologia , 10 5, 1 29 -23 9 . Thursf ie ld , T . H ., 1 907 .

' Ear ly S a lop ian P ipes ', TSANHS , 7( 3rd s eries ) ,

1 60 -165 . Wa lker , I . C ., 1 977 .

C lay Tobacco P ipes w i th P art icu lar R eference t o t he

Bristol I ndustry . Branch;

Parks

Canada , N a t ional H istoric Parks a nd S ites

Canada.

Ward , S . 19 77.

' Grey Friars C our t ',

CAB , 5 , 2 8 .

Ward, S . a nd S tr ick land , T . J ., 1 978 . N or thgate Brewery , Chester 19 74-75 '.

' Excava t ions o n t he s ite o f t he Chester : C hester C i ty C ounc il

( Grosvenor Musue m Excava t ions Monograph , 1 ). Webster , G ., 19 55.

' A S ec t ion Through t he L eg ionary Defences o n t he Wes t

S ide o f t he F or tress ', CAJ , 4 2 , 4 5-47 . Webster , G ., 19 56.

' Excavat ions o f t he Ro man Re ma ins Eas t o f T rinity

S treet 19 50 -1953' CAJ , 4 3 , 2 7-33 . Webster , G . a nd Barton , K . J ., 19 57.

' An 1 8th C entury R ubb ish P i t ,

Tr in i ty S tree t , 19 53', CAJ , 4 4 , 1 9-28 . Wil l ia ms, W. J ., 1 954a.

' Miscel lanea , Ro man ma ter ia l f ro m t he Bars, '

CAJ , 4 1, 8 5 &8 7-88 . _ Wil l ia ms, W. J ., 19 54 1 3. Miscel lanea , The Telephone Exchange S i te , S t . J ohn 's S tree t ' , CAJ , 4 1, 8 9 .

-

Wil l ia ms , W. J ., 19 64.

" Abstract o f P roceed ings;

Excava t ions 19 63.

C ity C en tre Develop men t ( Newgate S treet -Pepper S treet ) ',

CAJ , 5 1 ,

8 0.

JOURNAL ABBREV IATIONS CAB

C hesh ire Archaeolog ica l Bul l .

CAJ

J ourna l o f t he Chester Archaeolog ical S oc iety

TSANHS

Transac t ions o f t he S hropsh ire Archaeolog ica l a nd N a tural H is tory S oc iety.

L CRS

L ancash ire a nd Chesh ire Record S oc iety.

BAR

Br i t ish Archaeolog ica l Reports.

TLCAS

T ransac t ions o f t he L ancash ire a nd C hesh ire Ant iquarian S oc ie ty 9r71

AKNO WLEDGE MENTS The c o mp i la t ion o f t h is w ork wou ld h ave b een i mposs ib le w i thou t h e lp a nd c o-opera t ion f ro m a l arge n u mber o fp eop le .

I n p ar t icu lar t he v ar ious owners

o fp ipes a nd d ocu men ts r e levan t t o t he m , t he e xcava tors , t he many o ther workers mos t ly c onnec ted w i th t he G rosvenor Museu m e xcava t ions s ec t ion who h ave a ss is ted i n p rocess ing o r i n c arry ing o u t d ocu men tary work o ver t he y ears a nd h e lpfu l d iscuss ions w i th a rchaeo log is ts a l l o ver t he n or th-west a nd f ur ther a f ie ld . Owners The Bro mborough S ocie ty ( Group I V );

C hester C ol lege;

The C ura tor a nd S taf f o f t he Grosvenor Museu m ;

Mr. Doxa t-Pra tt ;

Mr. & Mrs. L owe ;

Merseys ide C oun ty Museums ( Group I V ) ; Mrs . Wi l lia ms . D ocu men tary Ev idence T he Bro mborough S oc iety ; L ibrary ;

C hester Archaeolog ica l S oc iety ;

C hester C i ty Record O f f ice;

A l ison Gran t ( Barnstable a nd B ideford P ort Books ); L ibrary ;

Chester C ity

Chester C ounty Record O f f ice; L iverpool Un iversity

T he P ubl ic Record O f f ice.

The Excava tors K . J . Barton ; S . Ward ;

D . Mason ;

T . E . Ward ;

J . C . McPeake;

D . F . Pe tch ;

T . J . S tr ick land ;

G . Webster.

For a ss istance i n c arry ing o u t t he work E . Ba i ley ; J . C oss ins; J . Goose;

D . B irch ;

J . A . L aw ton ;

D . E . M. Morgan ; J . Ru t ter ;

P . A . B rown ; M . B u l l : t ier ;

E . K . D . Davey ;

S . D iggle;

G . L loyd-Morgan ;

S . N icholson ;

P . C arr ing ton ;

J . T . Dr iver;

B . N oake;

P .

C larke ;

M. G i l l ison ;

C . N . Moore; F . R . P ope ;

D . R obinson ;

M. Warhurst .

For t he ir d raw ings P . A lebon ( t he s te m d ecora t ion ) ; G . B evan a nd J . Q u icke ( t he b ow ls ) . F or v a luable a ss istance a nd a dv ice D . R . A tk inson ;

M. O 'Dwyer ;

A . Oswa ld ;

H . Oak-Rh ind .

The w riters a re g ra tefu l t o t he e d i tor a nd c ounc i l o f t he C hester A rchaeolog ica l S oc iety f or p ermiss ion t o r epubl ish t he E l ias Massey l ozenge s tamp a nd b order f ro m T r in ity S t . ( f ig. 1 7 , n o. 9 ) .

2 72

AN EARLY CLAY P IPE I NDUSTRY I N NORTH WALES b y J . Ben t ley , P . J . Davey a nd H . M. Harr ison

Recen t e xcava t ions o n p o t tery s i tes i n Buck ley a t P in fo ld L ane ( S ite 2 ) a nd Brookh i l l ( S ite 1 ) ( c f . Davey 19 76 , 1 8 ) h ave p roduced c onsiderable q uant i t ies o f c lay t obacco p ipes.

S tudy o f t hese a nd t he ir marks a long w ith t he

Hawarden Par ish r eg isters s uggests t ha t t he ma jor i ty were a ctual ly made i n . Buck ley a t s o me t ime b e tween c . 1 680 a nd 1 730 ( Ben t ley a nd Harr ison 19 75 ). T he Makers S o f ar e ight Buck ley p ipe makers ha ve b een i den t if ied f ro m t he r ecords. On e f am ily , t he Hayes ( a lso s pel t Heys o r Hays ) d om ina tes t he i ndustry , t he t rade b eing h anded o nf ro m f a ther t o s on . J ohn Heys Tho mas Heys

c . 1 653-1 7 08 _ 1 67 6-1 7 20

T ho mas Heys

1 702-

( Freedo m o f Chester 1 727 ;

J ere m iah Hayes I

1 744-

( Marr ied Margaret J ones 17 82 )

J ere m iah Hayes I

1 783-1836

marr ied 1 743 )

T hree o ther l oca l makers a re a lso r ecorded : T ho mas F ox o f Hawarden J oseph Monnax o f H awarden P e ter Morr is

1 716 ( Freedo m o f C hes ter ) 1 748 ( W i l l a dm in istered a t H awarden ) c .1 850 ( Works n ear B istre C hurch c losed d own _ c f . C ropper 1 906, 4 4 ) .

T he P ipes A . 1 .

The Bow ls ( F ig . 1n os . 1 -6;

F ig . 2n os . 7 -12 ;

i l lus tra ted X I )

C lu ms ily made b ow l ; l oca l c lay ; 6 /64" s te m b ore.

A l most c er ta in ly a

NW f or m ( c f . C hester B/F —Davey 19 75, 3 2-33 ) a nd q u ite p ossib ly a n e ar ly Buck ley p roduct . 2 .

Wel l- made b ow l ; 7 /64".

1 640-70.

m il led r im ; p o l ished s urfaces; I B s ta mp o n t he h eel ;

Probab ly a S ou th L ancash ire p roduct ( c f . Davey a nd P etch 19 76,

1 4, f i g. 9 , I N a nd RL s ta mps ), b u t s t i l l q u ite c lose t o Brose ley Type 1 B ( Atk inson 19 75 , 2 4, 1 640-60 ). 3 .

Wel l- made b ow l i n l oca l c lay ; h igh ly p o l ished s urfaces w i th f ine s h in ing l ines; sma l l i rregu lar h eel ; 6 /64". Th is i s av ar ian t o f A tk inson 's Broseley Type 5 ( 1975, 2 5-29 ), b u t i n v iew o f4 -6 b elow was p robably made i n Buck ley . 1 680-1 7 00.

4 .

Wel l- made b ow l i n l oca l c lay w ith h igh ly p o l ished s urfaces a nd f ine s h in ing l ines; s quare s ta mp d iv ided i n to t hree h or izon ta lb ars; marked THO/MAS/HEYS , o n at a i led h eel ;

i rregu lar ly p laced m i l l ing;

Brose ley Type 5 b ow l ( Atk inson 19 75, 2 5-29 ). 2 73

6/ 64 ".

Made i n Buck ley 1 680-1 7 2O .

2

5

6

F ig.

1

T he

B owls,

2 74

n os.

1 -6

7

0

8

9

F ig.

2

T he B owls,

2 75

n os.

7 -12.

1 6

1 8

F ig.

3

T he M arks,

2 76

n os.

1 3-21

5 .

Bow l a s4 , marked I ERE/HATC/HETT ;

6 /64" .

P robab ly Buck ley

1 680-1720 . 6 .

Bowl a s 4 , marked TH i n as i mple s quare f ra me ;

6 /64" .

Buck ley

1 680-1720 . 7 -10. We l l- made b ow ls i n i mpor ted c lay ;

a l l 6 /64" .

These a re c lose t o

Ches ter f orms G , 4 K ( Davey 1 975 , 3 2) a nd a re o f t he t ype wh ich o f ten h ad d ecora ted s te ms ( c f . Webs ter a nd Bar ton 1 957, 2 4 , a -c ).

Nos . 7

a nd 8 a re r e la ted t o B rose ley T ypes 6A a nd 6B ( Atk inson 1 975 , 3 2) , b u t n os . 9a nd 1 0 a re more s lender a nd e legan t t han p ub lished p ara l lels f ro m t ha t s ource. 1.

Made e i ther i n Ches ter o r Buck ley 1 700-1730 .

Broken b owl a nd s te m w i th l ea f p a t tern o ver t he mou ld ing o n t he b ack o f t he b ow l ;

p o in ted s pur marked WB ;

5 /64" .

Th is i s ap roduct o f

t he f actory o f Wi l l ia m B oyn ton o f Ches ter wh ich was work ing b etween 1 870 a nd 1 916.

I t was s i tua ted j us t o u ts ide t he N ewga te o n t he s i te o f

wha t i s n ow t he i 'Ro man G arden" ( Davey 1 974 , 3 6-37). 1 2 .

A wel l smoked e xamp le o f al a te s purred p ipe ;

5 /64" .

Made i n London

e i ther b y Adolph o r Dav id P osener o f Mansel l S t ., L ondon b e tween 1 866 a nd 1 899 ( Oswa ld 1 975 , 1 42 ).

A tk inson ( i n c orrespondence ) n o tes t he

s a me mark f ro m a r ubbish d epos i t a t B ow d a t ing f ro m 1 870-80 a nd s im i lar marks a t o ther s i tes f ro m 1 890-1900. B )

The Marks ( F ig . 3 , n os . 1 3-21;

1 3 .

THO/MAS/HEYS

1 4 .

THO/MAS/HEYS

F ig . 4 , 2 2-28;

S quare mark i n r e l ief i n t hree l ines o n at a i led h ee l .

L e t ters l arge a nd t h in ;

b ars ;

t he E a nd b o th S 's a re r eversed .

v ersed ; THO/MAS/HEYS

n o h or izon ta l

S quare mark a s a bove , p ane ls d ef ined b y h ori zonta l l i nes .

1 5 .

i l lustra ted x 2 )

L e ttering u n t idy , t he f i rst S r e-

M o u ts ized .

Spare mark a s a bove , b u t sma l ler a nd b oth S 's a re c orrect ly p laced ;

Y wr i t ten a s V ;

M a nd

s econd H c rooked ( on b owl n o . 4a bove ). 1 6 .

THO/MAS/HEYS

S quare mark a s a bove ;

Ev ery e longa ted a nd

j oined t o t he M. 1 7 .

TH

S quare mark i n r e l ief o n at a i led h ee l ( on b ow l n o . 6a bove ).

1 8 .

TH ( l iga tured )

C ircu lar mark o n at a i led h eel ( broken ).

1 9 .

TH

S epara te l e t ters i n r e lie f o n e i ther s ide o f t he s pur .

2 0 .

I ERE/HATC/HETT

S quare mark i n r e l ief o n at a i led h ee l ( on b ow l n o . 5 ) .

2 1 . 2 2 .

I l W g aun t le t I

C ircu lar mark i n r e lief o n ac ircu lar h ee l . S ub-rectangu lar mark o n at a iled h ee l ; o ver b oth l e tters .

2 77

as tar

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 5

2 6

2 7

F ig.

4

2 8

T he M arks,

2 78

n os.

2 2-28

2 3.

C g aun t let I

O va l mark o n at a iled h eel ( broken ).

2 4.

RD

H ear t-shaped mark o n at a i led h ee l .

2 5.

Rol ler-sta mped s te m w ith a ? c ockerel i n a n o va l f ra me w i th l a t t ice d ecora t ion .

Probably a Chester I nn-S ign p ipe o f t he e arly 1 8th c en tury

( Webster a nd B ar ton 1 957 , 1 9-21, 2 4 ). 2 6.

I B

2 7 .

I B

I rregu lar ' i nden ted ' c ircle mark o n ac ircu lar h eel. C ircu lar mark o n ac ircu lar h eel.

Deta ils o f s ta mp a nd

b ow l f or m ( c f . n o. 2 a bove ) i nd ica te a S ou th L ancash ire o r ig in ( Davey a nd P etch 1 976, 1 2-13 , I B ( 1 ) ) . 1 660-1680. 2 8.

S em i-c ircu lar mark w ith a c rest o n ac ircu lar h eel.

I B

Th is

i s t he most c o m mon o f t he S ou th L ancash ire I B marks i n t he t yp ica l f ra me o f t ha t a rea ( Davey a nd P etch 1 976, 1 1-14 ). S uch f ra mes a nd s ta mps were d esigned t o g o o n t he b acks o ft he b ow ls b u t o ccas iona l ly , a s i n t h is c ase , a re u sed o n t he h eel .

1 660-80.

The p rob le m w i th t he Tho mas H eys a nd TH marks i s t o d ecide t b wh ich o ft he p ipe makers o f t ha t n ame t hey b e long .

I ti s imposs ib le t o s epara te p ipes

b ear ing t he f u l l n ame f ro m t hose w i th i n i t ia l marks o n a ny o ther t echn ica l o r t ypo log ica l c harac ter is t ic .

A l l a re o n B rose ley T ype 5 A b ow ls w i th p o l ished

s ur faces a nd i rregu lar mi l l ing . t ypes o f mark .

S te m b ores a re i nvar iab ly 6 /64" f or b o th

T h is t ype o f b ow l wou ld d a te i n B rose ley f ro m 1 680-1730 , b u t

a s t he Buck ley e xamp les a re t h ick-wa l led a nd l ack t he s tra igh ten ing u sua l i n t he l a ter B rose ley p roducts , i ti s l ike ly t ha t b o th Buck ley marks i n s quare f rames b e long t o Thomas H eys t he f irs t a nd were made c . 1 700-1720.

The

TH mark o n t he s pur m igh t a lso b e long t o t he s ame maker a s t he e legan t s purred b ow l r epresen ted h ere was a lready p roduced i n t he a rea b y 1 700 ( e .g . i n C hes ter - Davey 1 975 , 3 2 , G ) .

As , h owever s uch p ipes were p roduced we l l

i n to t he 1 8 th c en tury t here i s n o r eason why t h is mark s hou ld n o t b e long t o T ho mas H eys t he s econd . A f ur ther p rob le m i s p osed b y t he I H mark .

A l though i ti s t e mp t ing t o

t h ink o f t h is a s b eing t he mark o f J ohn Hayes ( f f . 1 670-1703 ) , t he d iscovery o f ap ipe marked I ere H a tche t t ( 5 ) , wh ich may a lso b e al oca l p roduc t , p laces t h is d es igna t ion i n d oub t . The a t tr ibu t ion o f t he W g aun t le t I , Cg aun t le t Ia nd RD i s e ven more d i f f icu l t .

A l l t hree a re i n af ragmen tary c ond i t ion , b u t a ppear t o b e o n Brose ley

T ype 5 t a i led h ee ls s o may e i ther b e t he p roducts o f t ha t o r s im i lar c en tre o r o f u nknown B uck ley makers . h ee l i s n o t k nown .

The s ource f or t he I B c ircu lar mark o n ac ircu lar

D iscuss ion The p resence i n Buck ley o f ac lay p ipe mak ing i ndus try f ro m t he l a te 1 7 th c en tury o nwards , c lear ly d e mons tra ted b y t hese f inds , p oses a n umber o fp roble ms .

Why s hou ld s uch a d eve lop men t h ave o ccurred s o n ear t o Ches ter 2 79

( 12 km ) wh ich a lready h ad i t s own i ndus try we l l e s tabl ished b y t ha t t ime? Why were t he Buck ley p ipes made i n d is t inct ive ly B rose ley f or ms?

Where

was t here a marke t f or t he Buck ley p roduc ts? Buck ley 's r e la t ionsh ip w i th Ches ter i s h ard t o a ssess .

Wh i ls t f i nds

f ro m e xcava t ions c on f ir m C hes ter a s a ma jor c onsumer o f B uck ley p o t tery d ur ing t he 1 7th a nd 1 8 th c en tur ies , n o Buck ley c lay p ipes h ave y e t b een r ec overed f ro m t here . Th is may b e b ecause C hes ter p ipe makers e xerc ised a monopo ly o ver t he s a le o f p ipes w i th in t he C i ty a nd p oss ibly e xpla ins w hy t wo Buck ley/Hawarden makers ( Tho mas F ox a nd Thomas H eyes t he s econd ) f el t i td es irab le t o b eco me F ree men o f C hes ter .

C hes ter 's i nsecur i ty i n t h is

ma t ter was p robab ly d ue t o t he f ac t t ha t t he Buck ley makers c ou ld u se t he ir o wn wh i te f ir ing c lay s ources a nd c heaper f ue l s o c ou ld u ndercu t t he ir c i ty r iva ls who were d ependan t o n c lay i mpor ted f ro m D evon ( Oswa ld 1 975 , 1 2 ). The c lose r e la t ionsh ip b e tween B uck ley a nd B rose ley i s d i ff icu l t t o e xp la in .

N one o f t he Buck ley makers c o incide w i th , o r h ave t he s ame s ur-

n ames a s t hose r ecen t ly p ub l ished f ro m B rose ley ( A tk inson 1 975 ) a nd B uck ley i s a t ac ons iderab le d is tance f ro m . t ha t c en tre ( 70 km ) .

The p robab le a nswer

i s t ha t s o me c on tact e x is ted b e tween t hese t wo s im i lar d eve lop ing c oa l f ie ld a reas a nd t ha t t h is r esu l ted i n aB rose ley c lay p ipe s ta mp maker c om ing t o Buck ley , o r b e ing c om m iss ioned t o make t he Buck ley s ta mps .

Tha t B uck ley

i t se l f i n f luenced f ur ther n ewer p ipe p roduc ing c en tres i s s ugges ted b y t he a pparan t s pread o f H ayes p ipe makers t hroughou t t he n or th o f Eng land , p ar ticu lar ly Lancash ire , d ur ing t he 1 8 th a nd e ar ly 1 9th c en tur ies . ( c f . A ppend ix ). S o f ar f ew B uck ley p ipes h ave b een r ecovered f ro m e lsewhere .

' Oswa ld

( correspondence ) n o tes f inds o f THO/MAS/HE WS marks o n a Brose ley T ype 5b ow l w i th b ars b etween o n as quare f rame f ro m B as ingwerk Abbey , Wes tons uper- Mare a nd S a f fron Wa ldon .

I ft he d is tr ibu tion o f Buck ley p o t tery i s t o

b e a ny g u ide t he mos t p robab le marke ts wou ld b e t he N or th Welsh c oas ta l a nd marke t t owns a nd o verseas t o t he I s le o f Man a nd I re land .

I tr e ma ins f or t he

s ys te ma t ic e xcava t ion o f s i tes o f t h is p er iod a nd d e ta i led s tudy o f t he P or t B ooks t o e s tab l ish t he p rec ise c hrono logy a nd d e ta i led e conomies o f c lay p ipe mak ing i n B uck ley . B ib l iography A tk inson , D . R ., 1 975 . T obacco P ipes o f B rose ley . B en t ley , J ., H arr ison , H . M ., 1 975 .

' Buck ley C lay T obacco P ipes f ro m

Recen t E xcava t ions '. ( Unpub l ished MSS . C lwyd C oun ty R ecord O f f ice ). C ropper , T ., 1 906.

' Ear ly T obacco C lay

P ipe Mak ing a t B uck ley ' , C hesh ire

S hea f , 3 rd S er ies , v o l . v i , May , 4 3-44 . Davey , P . J ., 1 974. ' F inds f ro m t he R o man G arden ' , Bu l le t in , 2 , 3 6-37.

C hesh ire Archaeolog ica l

Davey , P . J ., 1 975 . ' S te m-bore Ana lys is o f C hes ter C lay T obacco P ipes ' , C hesh ire Archaeo log ica l B u l le t in , 3 , 2 9-34 . Davey , P . J ., 1 975 . 4 , 1 6-29 .

' Recen t F ie ldwork i n t he B uck ley P o t ter ies ' , B uck ley -

2 80

Davey , P . J ., P etch , T ., 1 976.

' 1 7th C en tury C lay P ipe S ta mps f ro m War-

r ing ton ' , C hesh ire Archaeolog ica l Bu l let in , 4 , 1 1-14 . O swa ld , A ., 1 975 .

' Clay P ipes f or t he Archaeolog is t ' , Br i tish Archaeo log ica l

Repor ts , n o . 1 4 . Webs ter , G ., Bar ton , K ., 1 957.

' An 1 8 th C en tury Rubb ish P i t , Tr in i ty S tree t

1 953 ' , J ourna l o f t he Ches ter a nd N or th Wa les Arch i tectura l , Archaeol og ica l a nd H is tor ic S ociety , 4 4 , 1 9-28 . A cknowledge men ts The wr i ters w ish t o r ecord t hanks t o t he f o l low ing :Mr . A . Oswa ld a nd Mr . D . R . A tk inson f or many v a luable c o m men ts ; Mr . P . Hayes f or i n for ma t ion a bou t h is f am i ly ; a t H awarden a nd P res ton f or much a ss is tance ;

2 81

t he s ta f f o f t he R ecord O f f ices B ev is S a le f or t he d rawings .

APPENDIX P ipe makers c a l led Hayes o u ts ide Buck ley ( Re ference t o Oswa ld 1 975 u n less o therwise s ta ted ) J a mes Hayes

1 688

C o lches ter

S a mue l Hayes

1 721

L iverpoo l

J ere m iah Hayes

1 770

L iverpoo l

Abe l Hayes

1 774

L iverpoo l

J ere m iah Hayes

1 780

Lancas ter

Tho mas Hayes

1 790

L iverpoo l

E dward Hayes

1 791

L iverpoo l

J ohn Hayes

1 798-1823

L eeds

J oseph Hayes

1 811-53

L eeds

J ohn Hayes

1 816-39

L eeds

J ohn Hayes

1 822-44

P on te fract

J ohn H eyes

1 827

Ra in ford Par ish R eg is ters

Wi l l iam H eyes

1 829

Ra in ford Par ish R eg is ters

J ohn H eyes

1 830-48

Ra in ford Par ish R eg is ters

J ames H eyes

1 832

Ra in ford Par ish R eg is ters

Tho mas Hayes

1 835

P en y Br in , Denbigh

J a mes Hayes

1 848-61

Burn ley

Wi l l iam H eyes

1 849

Ra in ford Par ish R eg is ters

2 82

TWO GROUPS OF CLAY TOBACCO P IPES FROM S TAFFORDSH IRE b y K . W. S her idan

K ing S tree t , Ta mwor th ( N .G.R. SK 2 0630400 ) Fo l low ing t he d e mo l i t ion o f t wo p roper t ies a t t he c orner o f Marke t S tree t a nd K ing S treet i n Ta mwor th i n 1 971, a sma l l e xcava t ion was c arr ied o u t a t t he r ear o ft he s ite b y t he a u thor. Pr ior t o t he ir d e mo l i t ion t he b u ild ings h ad b een r ecorded b y Mr. R . A . Meeson . 1 Among t he f ea tures e xcava ted was a b r ick-l ined w el l c on ta in ing many p o t tery a nd p ipe f rag men ts. The p o t tery f ro m t he w el l c o mpr ised a v ar ie ty o f 1 7 th-18th c en tury f abr ics o f w h ich t he most d ist inc t ive was a t h in l i ght-bu f f f abr ic w ith a mot t led b rown g laze.

The t ype i s g enera l ly f ound i n c y l indr ica l , h and led v essels d e-

c ora ted e x terna l ly w i th h or izon ta l r ibb ing a nd d a t ing l oca l ly b etween c . 1 680 a nd 1 720.

The p ipes c on for m t o t h is p er iod i n f or ms a nd makers ' d a tes where

i den t if iable. Among t he p ipes were 2 3 s ta mped e xa mp les, t he s ta mps o n t wo o f wh ich w ere u nreadable , t hough a pparen t ly t he s a me maker. 1 3 s ta mp t ypes.

The r e ma inder e xh ib i ted

De ta i ls o f t hese a re g iven b elow :2

1 .

Frag men t o f f oo ted p ipe ; 1 670-97 )

s ta mped J OHN I A MS ( John J a mes, Brose ley ,

2 .

Frag men ts o f 7f oo ted p ipes;

s ta mped I OHN MATS ( John Ma ts, 1 648-89 )

3 .

Frag men ts o f 2f oo ted p ipes ;

s ta mped I OHN MATS , 1 698.

( Th is d a te i s

l ater t han t he l a test d a te g iven b y O swald f or t h is maker a nd may b e i n e rror f or 1 689 ) 4 .

Frag men t o f f oo ted p ipe ;

s ta mped TB

5 .

Frag men t o f f oo ted p ipe ; s ta mped MICH BRO WNE ( Michae l Brown : d augh ter b ap t ized a t Wen lock , S a lop i n 1 681)

6 .

Frag men t o f f oo ted p ipe ;

7 .

Frag men t o f f oo ted p ipe; s ta mped I S

8 .

Frag men ts o f 2f oo ted p ipes ;

9 .

Frag men t o ff oo ted p ipe ; p o in ted s tars a bove

1 0.

s ta mped TB

s ta mped I S

s ta mped I S w ith g aun t le t b e tween a nd t wo s ix-

Frag men t o f f oo ted p ipe ; s ta mped MD.

( Possibly Morr is Deacon o f

Brose ley , 1 683-98 ) 1 1.

Frag men t o f s purred p ipe ; s ta mped J I B o nt he r ear o f t he b ow l

2 83

L AM S 1

2

3

4

e 6

7

8

E S 1 0

1

1 2 1 3

1 1 1

1 4

F ig.

1

=I

D

L P

«

2

C

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 8

S tamped c lay p ipes f rom K ing S treet, T amworth ( 1-13), a nd W ater S treet, S tafford ( 14-15). S cale: p ipes 1 :2, s tamps

2 84

' 1 :1

1 2.

Frag men t o f s purred p ipe ; s ta mped E S o n t he r ear o f t he b ow l

1 3.

Frag men t o f s purred p ipe; s ta mped I P w ith f l eur-de-l is a bove o n t he r ear o f t he b ow l .

Wa ter S tree t , S taf ford ( N . G. R . S J 9 2052304 ) I n 1 971 Dr. P . Rob inson , t hen o f t he S taf ford Museu m a nd Ar t Ga l lery , a nd Mr. G . Coupe c arr ied o u t a n e xcava t ion a t t he r ear o fS t Mar t in N oe l 's A lmshouses , S taf ford . Among t he f ea tures f ound o nt he s ite was t he b ase o f a sma ll s quare r efuse p i t , t he r e ma inder o f wh ich h ad b een q uarr ied away b y t he e xcava t ion f or t he c onstruct ion o f an ew r eta in ing wa l l a t t he r ear o f t he a l mshouses . 3 The c on ten ts o ft he p it i ncluded t wo S toke-on-Tren t t ea-po ts t oge ther w ith ma tch ing s aucers o fb lue o n wh ite c h ina. These were d a ted b y Mr. J . K e l ly o f t he C ity o fS toke-on-Tren t Museum a s c . 1 770 o r l a ter.

A l l o f t he

p ipes f ro m t h is f ea ture were o f t ypes o f ad ate s o me 7 0 y ears e arl ier , t h is b e ing c on f ir med b y t he k nown d a tes f or t he makers where i den t if iab le.

Th is

s uggests a c on siderab le l i fe f or t he p ipes i n q uest ion , a nd i ti s i n terest ing t o n o te t ha t t he e xa mp le b y J ane Over ton o f Broseley ( No. 1 4 ) h ad b een f i led smoo th f or r e-use a t t he p o in t o f f racture o f t he s te m. The g roup c on ta ined a t o ta l o f 1 6 f rag men ts o fb ow ls o f wh ich 1 2 were f oo ted a nd 4 s purred.

F ive o f t he p ipes b ore makers ' s ta mps.

Deta ils o f

t hese a re a s f o l lows : 1 4.

Foo ted p ipe, f i led f or r e-use a t f racture; s ta mped J ANE OVERT ON ( Jane Over ton , B rose ley , c . 1 700 )

1 5.

Frag men t o f f oo ted p ipe ;

s ta mped [

1 0S HVGHES.

( Probably J oseph

Hughes o f Brose ley , c . 1 680-1700 ) 1 6.

Frag men t o f f oo ted p ipe;

s ta mped THOM EVANS ( Tho mas Evans, Brose ly ,

C . 1 700 ) 1 7.

Frag men t o f f oo ted p ipe ;

s ta mped THOM [

1 8.

Frag men t o f f oo ted p ipe;

r ound s ta mp u nreadable.

N o tes 1 .

R . A . Meeson a nd K S her idan , ' Eigh th Repor t o f Excava t ions a t Ta mwor th , S taf fs., 1 971 —a T i mber-Fra med Bu ild ing i n Market S treet ', Transact ions o ft he S ou th S taf fordsh ire Archaeo log ica l a nd H istor ica l S oc ie ty , x v f or 1 973-1974 ( 1974 ) p p . 5 sqq.

2 .

A l l makers ' n ames a nd d a tes, where g iven , a re t aken f ro m A . O swa ld , ' Eng l ish C lay Tobacco P ipes" , J ourna l o f t he Br it ish Archaeo log ica l Assoc iat ion , Th ird S er ies , x x i i i ( 1960 ) , a nd C lay P ipes f or t he Archaeo log ist , Br it ish Archaeo log ica l Repor ts , 1 4 ( 1975 ).

3 .

Iam i ndebted t o Dr. P . Rob inson f or t he d eta ils o f t he c ircumstances o f t he e xcava t ion .

2 85

SEVENTEENTH AND E IGHTEENTH CENTURY CLAY TOBACCO P IPES EXCAVATED FRO M TONG CASTLE , S HROPSH IRE b y A lan Whar ton

Th is r epor t i s b ased o n t he c lay t obacco p ipes e xcava ted f ro m t he u pper l ayers o ft he O u ter Moa t f i l l .

T he 1 6th c entury c as t le was d es troyed d ur ing

t he C iv i l War a nd t he e xcava ted l ayers were d epos i ted d uring l eve l ling a f ter t h is d es truc t ion a nd b efore a nd d ur ing t he c onstruc t ion o f t he 1 8th c en tury c as t le , c o mp le ted i n 1 765 . The l as t d epos i t was i n t he n or th e as t t ower a rea o ft he e ar l ier c as t le a nd c onsis ted o ft h ick l ayers o f s and , a sh a nd mortar , p laced t here b y t he c raf ts men a nd workmen , o ver ly ing a nd a t t imes merg ing w i th t he e ar l ier d emo l i t ion r ubb le l ayer .

The ma in d epos i t was s ea led b y t he g rave l t rack t o t he 1 8th

c entury c as t le . C a ta logue—F igs . 1a nd 2

2 .

la t b ase . round r im , f B ow l , mi l led r ou le t t ing a la t b ase . round r im , f Bow l , mi l led r ou le t t ing a

3 .

la t h ee l w i th whee l p a t tern . round r im , f Bow l , mi l led r ou le t t ing a

1 .

B ore 2 .8 m m c . 1 600 . B ore 3 .0 m m 1 620-40 . B ore

2 .8 m m c . 1 640-50 . 4 .

round r im , f la t b ase w i th f l ower p a t tern . Bow l , mi l led r ou let t ing a

B ore

2 .6 m m c . 1 640-50 . 5 .

f r im , f la t h ee l . round p ar t o B ow l , mi l led r ou let t ing a

B ore 3 .0 m m

c . 1 650? N ote A l though t he a bove b ow l f or ms h ave p ara l le ls w i th b o th B r is to l a nd Ches ter , t hey a re n o d oub t b ased o n t he e ar ly L ondon t ypes .

D . R .

A tk inson n o tes t ha t e ar ly p ipes , u p t o t he C iv i l War p er iod , d o n ot n or ma l ly s how a ny r eg iona l c harac teris t ics , t he mou ld p robab ly b e ing s upp l ied i n i t ia l ly f rom L ondon o r c op ied f a i thfu l ly f ro m t he L ondon e xa mp les .

A

l arge n u mber o ft he sma l l e ar ly p ipes a re u n marked a nd , a part f ro m t he o ccas iona l i n i t ia ls , i ti s t he whee l , s tar o r s un t ype o ft rade mark wh ich a ppears mos t f requen t ly t hroughout t he c oun try . 6 .

B ow l ( x3 ) f l a t h ee l w i th TR s tamp —poss ib ly Tho mas R ober ts-A tk inson t ype 3 b .

7 .

B ore 2 .8 m m c . 1 624-78 .

B ow l , mi l led r ou le t t ing a round r im , f la t h ee l w i th T :I s tamp —Tho mas J ones —A tk inson t ype 3 b .

8 .

B ore 3 .0 m m c . 1 670-1700 .

Bow l , mi l led r ou le t t ing a round r im , f la t h ee l w i th WILL BR ION s ta mp— Wi l l iam B r ion—A tk inson t ype 5 a .

B ore 3 .0 m m c . 1 673-1740 .

2 87

3

6

7

9

8

1

C D

1 2 F ig : 1

9 .

Para l le l s pur w i th AB s tamp-Andrew B rade ley-A tk inson t ype 4 a .

B ore

2 .4 m m c . 1 690-1700 . 1 0 .

Bow l , mi l led r ou le t t ing a round h a lf o f r im , p ara l le l s pur w i th TH s tamp Tho mas Har tshorne-A tk inson t ype 4 .

1 1 .

B ore 2 .2 m m c . 1 690-1720 .

Bow l , mi l led r ou let t ing a round h a lf o f r im , f la t h ee l w i th TG s ta mp Tho mas G e th ing-A tk inson t ype 5 .

B ore 2 .0 m m c . 1 700-50 .

1 2 .

F la t h ee l a nd s te m , w i th TP s ta mp- maker a s y e t u nknown -A tk inson t ype

1 3 .

Bow l , mi l led r ou le t t ing a round h a lf o f r im , b roken s pur .

1 4 .

Bow l , mi l led r ou le t t ing a round r im , p ara l le l s pur .

5 .

B ore 2 .2 m m . B oe 2 .0 m m .

B ore 2 . 4m m r ef .

A tk inson t ype 4 . 1 5 .

Bow l , p ara l le l s pur ( x2 ) .

1 6 .

B ore 2 . 4m m .

B ow l , f i ne s ec t ion , b roken s pur .

B ore 1 .6 m m c . 1 720-40 ( Oswa ld 1 975 ,

p p . 5 0-7a ) . 1 7 .

B ow l , t apered s pur , s of t b r i t t le f abr ic ( x 7 ) .

B ore 2 .0 m m c . 1 720 .

B ow l

g enera l ly a s B rose ley ( Oswa ld 1 975 p . 5 0 n o . 6 ) . 1 8 ,

B ow l , t apered s pur , s te m w i th f l eur d e l ys a nd I H s tamp ( x 1 0 ) -John Harper - t ype 7 c .

B ore 2 .2 m m c . 1 704-44 .

S tamps a c ons tan t 6 5 mm

f ro m s pur . 1 9 .

Bow l , t apered s pur , h ard p o l ished f abric , s tem w i th I OHN . BRAD . LEY s tamp ( x3 ) -John B rade ley .

B ore 1 .8 ! T im C . 1 740-60 .

S ta mps a c ons tan t

7 0 mm f ro m s pur . 2 0 .

B ow l , f la t h ee l , s of t b r it t le f abr ic , d ecora ted s te m ( x 3 5 ) . c . 1 720-80 . s te ms .

B ore 2 .2 m m

D ecora t ion v ar ies i n p os i t ion a nd s tamps t end t o d efor m

A l l s tems h ave c o m mon r ou le t ted b order w i th d if ferent s tamp

d es ign . a .

T he P hoen ixl ikened t o t he 1 8th c en tury I nsurance s igns-ref . C hes ter O va l N o . 1 2 ( Rut ter & Davey 1 980 ) .

b .

T he S h ie ld a nd C orone t-tha t o f t he G rosvenor A r ms o f C hes ter , b earing mo t to MA INT IENS LE DRO IT r ef . C hes ter Ova l N o . 9( Rut ter & Davey 1 980 ) .

c .

T he H are a nd Whea tshea f-poss ib ly f ro m t he C i ty a nd C ounty A r ms o f C hes ter , a l though n one s i mi lar f ound i n C hes ter .

d .

C o m mon r ou let ted b order -ref . C hes ter B order N o . 5 2 ( Ru t ter a nd Lavey 1 980 ) . -c los ing d a te c . 1 730 .

N o te Bow l f or m i s t ha t o f A tk inson a nd O swa ld t ype 2 5 f ro m t he L ondon t ypo logy ( 1969 ) -for m a lso o ccurr ing i n N ot t ingham , c los ing d a te c . 1 780 . Oswa ld s ugges ts q ua li ty i s t ha t o f

A .

D u tch p ipes a nd t he work o f aD u tch

mou ld maker . 2 1 .

Decora ted s tem w i th s p ira l f l ut ing , p o lished .

B ore 2 .4 m m .

S tamped

d es ign d ep ic t ing S t . G eorge a nd t he D ragon-ref C hester Ova l N o . 3 1 ( Rut ter a nd Davey 1 980 ) . R ou le t ted b orders -ref . C hes ter B orders N os . 1 22 a nd 1 6a lut ter a nd Davey 1 980 ) . S p ira l f l u t ing-ref . Ches ter N o . 1 ( undecora ted ) ( Rut ter a nd Davey 1 980 ) . N o te A .

O swa ld s ugges ts t ha t i tc ou ld b e t he w ork o f E l ias Massey ( 2 ) C . 1 715-32 .

2 89

20a

20b

I tL

20c 20d

// i i / 7 1A

2 1

F ig . 2

2 2

2 2 .

L eng th o f s te m w i th I OHN . HARTS . HORN a cross t he s te m —John Hartshorn —A tk inson t ype 7 c .

B ore 2 . 0m m c . 1 720-40 .

CO M MENTS—Bow ls N os . 1 7-20 The b ow ls a nd mou thp ieces e xcava ted were a l mos t e qua l i n n u mber a nd t he c a lcu la ted s te m l eng ths t o a c tua l p ipe l eng ths s ugges ts t ha t a l l t he c lay p ipes were w ith in t he e xcava ted d epos i ts , i n o ne f or m o r a nother . The s crap ing o f t he b ow ls a nd s te ms was c arr ied o u t b y ak n ife i n l ong s tra igh t l i nes f ro m t he r im o f t he b ow ls , a long t he s te m a nd t aper ing o ut a t t he mouthp iece .

T he d ep th o ft he s crap ing d epended o n t he h ardness o ft he

f abric w i th a d eep s crap ing o n t he C hes ter t ype p ipes a nd a l i gh t s craping o n t he Brose ley p ipes , t he o n ly e xcep t ion b e ing t he J ohn B rade ley p ipes wh ich w ere g enera l ly p o l ished a nd o f h ard f abric . The i ns ide o f s o me o ft he C hes ter t ype b ow ls was c lean a nd s o me a ppeared n ever t o h ave b een u sed ; t h is c ou ld b e t he r eason f or t he s te m l eng ths ,b e ing l onger t han u sua l , h av ing b roken d uring t rans i t r a ther t han t hrough u se . MOUTHP IECES :

amongs t t he 6 0 mouthp ieces e xcava ted were t wo w i th a r ed

p rotec t ive g laze a t t he e nd , o ne f u l ly f l uxed a nd t he o ther u nder-f ired .

The

mouthp ieces v ar ied i n b ores f ro m 1 .8 m m t o 2 .6 m m w i th t he 2 . 2m m a nd t he 2 . 4m m b ores b e ing s l igh t ly o f f-cen tre a nd t he e nds o va l s haped .

A l l were

g enera l ly c lean . REFERENCES A tk inson , D . R . 1 975 .

T obacco P ipes o f B rose ley , S hropsh ire .

A tkinson , D . R . a nd O swa ld , A . 1 969 .

' London C lay T obacco P ipes '

J ourna l o ft he B r i t ish A rchaeo log ica l A ssoc ia t ion v o l . XX I I ( 3rd s er ies ) 1 969 p p .

1 71-227 .

O swa ld , A . 1 975 .

C lay P ipes f or t he A rchaeo log is t B r i t ish A rchaeo log ica l

R epor ts 1 4 , 1 975 . P ri tchard , J . E . 1 923 . t he ir Makers . 4 5 ( 1923 ) p p .

' Tobacco P ipes o f B ris to l o f t he 1 7th C entury a nd

B r is to l a nd G louces tersh ire A rchaeo log ica l J ourna l v o l . 9 1 a nd 1 65 .

R ut ter , J . A . a nd D avey , P . J . 1 980 .

' C lay P ipes f ro m Ches ter ' .

Archaeo logy o ft he C lay T obacco P ipe . Webster , G . a nd B ar ton , K . 1 953 . S tree t , C hes ter .' p . 2 1 .

The

p resen t v o lu me .

' An 1 8th C entury R ubbish P i t , T rini ty

Ches ter A rchaeo log ica l S oc iety J ourna l V o l . 4 4 ( 1953 )

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS The a uthor w ishes t o t hank D . R . A tk inson , R . E . J ames a nd A . O swa ld f or t he ir h e lp a nd c ons truc t ive c o m men ts a nd a lso J . A . R ut ter o ft he G rosvenor Museu m , C hes ter .

2 91

MORE WILTSH IRE CLAY TOBACCO P IPE VAR IET IES b y D . R . A tk inson F .S .A.

I NTRODUCTION F our c lay p ipe p apers h ave b een p ub l ished i n t he Wi l tsh ire Archaeo log ica l Magazine s ince 1 964 , d escr ib ing t he p ipes a nd p ipe makers o f Mar lborough , o f S a l isbury a nd o f t he maker J e f fry H un t , whose p ipes o ccur f requen t ly i n t he c oun ty .

S ince t he l as t o f t hese p apers Ih ave c o l lec ted more i n for ma t ion

o np ipes f ro m t he a rea , wh ich i s d e ta i led i n t h is p aper . The p aper was o r ig ina l ly i n tended t o a ppear i n t he Wi l tsh ire Archaeo log ica l Magazine , b u t t h is b eca me i mposs ib le . H owever , i ti s u navo idab le t ha t r ef erences t o p rev ious n umbers o f t ha t j ourna l a ppear i n t he t ex t a s t hey a re n ecessary t o a id i den t i f ica t ion o f t he p ipes a nd makers b e ing d iscussea .

R eaders

s hou ld h ave n o d i f f icu l ty i n g a in i ng a ccess t o o r ig ina l c opies i ft hey w ish b u t i ti s r egre t ted t ha t o f fpr in ts o f t he a r t ic les o n Wi l tsh ire p ipes a re a l l s o ld o u t a nd n o l onger a va i lab le. O f t he p ipes d escr ibed t hose t o wh ich Ih ave a ctua l ly h ad a ccess h ave b een d rawn . Any wh ich a re n o t i l lus tra ted h ave n o t b een e xa m ined b y t he wr i ter , t hough Ih ave s een d raw ings , o r r ubb ings o f t he marks . S ources o f p ipes f ound i n t he c oun ty h ave b een f ie lds a nd p r iva te g ardens , r iver a nd l ake b eds , t he p os t- med ieva l l ayers o f e xcava t ions a nd c on te mporary r ubbish p i ts a nd d epos i ts .

D ocumen tary s ources i nc lude p ar ish r eg is ters ,

a ppren t ice r o l ls a nd i nden tures , t ax r e turns a nd r a t ing a ssess men ts a s we l l a s v oters ' l i s ts , t rade d irec tor ies a nd t he c oun ty a rch ives .

The l as t i n p ar-

t i cu lar h ave p roduced s evera l p ipe makers ' w i l ls . N o tes o np rev ious ly r ecorded makers a nd marks 1 . F ox , S a l isbury . A maker o f t h is n ame c lear ly worked a t S a l isbury d ur ing t he s even teen th c en tury a nd t he p ipes f ound may we l l r epresen t a t l eas t t wo makers f ro m t he s ame f am i ly .

The e ar l ies t s een i s t ha t s hown i n WA M 6 7,

p .140 , n os . 1 6/17 , av ery t iny p ipe n o l a ter t han c . 1 600 . t hose s hown i n WA M 6 5 ( 1970 ) , p .178 n os . 2a nd j .

C o m moner a re

The f ox o n n o . 2 , wh ich

i s af a ir ly c o m mon f ind i n S a l isbury , i s a lways s tand ing o n i t s t a i l i n a n u pr igh t o va l f ra me , p o in ted a t t he b ase , a nd t hese a re sma l l , e ar ly p ipes o f c .1630 .

Th is s ame mark , i .e . t he s ame d ie , h as n ow b een f ound , s tamped

s i deways s o t ha t t he f ox i s t he r igh t way u p , o n t he h ee l o f a much l arger p ipe d a t ing t o C . 1 670 . T he mark o n n o . 3 , u pr igh t i n ah ear t-shaped f rame , wh ich i st ha t mos t f requen t ly e ncoun tered , o ccurs o n med ium-s ized b ow ls o f c . 1 650 , b u t o ne s peci men t i s n ow k nown o n t he sma l l , e ar l ier t ype o f n o . 2 . A l l t h is s hows t ha t t h is f am i ly o f makers n o t o n ly k ept t he ir o ld mou lds a nd r ever ted t o t he m o n o ccas ions b u t a lso k ep t t he d ies f or s tamping t he ir t rade marks . F rom p resen t e v idence i t may b e s a id w i th c er ta in ty t ha t p ipes marked w i th 2 93

F ig.

1

F ox p ipes m entioned i n t he

2 94

t ext.

t he f ox were b e ing p roduced a t S a l isbury f or t he f irs t 7 0 y ears o f t he 1 7th c en tury , d ur ing wh ich t ime a t l eas t f our mou lds ( probab ly more ) a nd t hree s tamping d ies were i n u se . The d ies f or t he t rade marks were u ndoubted ly a f f ixed t o t he e nd o f a s hor t s t ick a nd were p robably c u t f ro m a s o f t me ta l s uch a s p ew ter , b rass o r l ead , o r p erhaps b one o r e ven i vory , s ubs tances wh ich l end t he mse lves t o e ngrav ing w i th a s harp s tee l t oo l , a s s een b y t he many l e t ter s ea ls wh ich s t i l l e x is t i n e xce l len t c ond i t ion .

H owever , a s t he d ie-head h ad t o b e o i led r egu-

l ar ly b efore t he s o f t ( par t ia l ly d r ied ) c lay was impressed , o ne h as t o b ear i n mind t he p oss ib le c orros ive e f fec ts o ft h is p rocedure .

Un for tuna te ly , t o t he

k now ledge o f t he wr i ter n o p ipe maker 's s tamping d ie h as e ver b een f ound , e xcept t hose u sed i n t he S ou thorn f actory a t B rose ley u n t i l t he midd le o f t he p resen t c en tury .

A sma l l wooden d ie , i n o ne p iece w i th a h and le , was r ecen t ly

d ug u p i n t he Thames i n L ondon b u t t he d ie-head , t hough t he c orrect s ize f or ap ipe maker 's mark , d id n o t c orrespond w i th a ny k nown L ondon mark o f t he 1 7th o r 1 8 th c en tur ies .

I t s p reserva t ion was d ue t o i t s h aving b een t rapped i n

al ayer o f t h ick p las t ic c lay s o me d is tance b e low t he s ur face o f t he r iver b ed . 2 . J ohn G reen land . T h is maker was work ing a t Mar lborough , where h e l i ved i n B lowhorn S tree t i n 1 705 ( no t Barn S tree t a s r epor ted p rev ious ly ) u n t i l a t l eas t 1 736.

A l l p ipes f ound t here s tamped o n t he s te m ( or o ccas iona l ly o n

l a te h ee l p ipes ) h ave J OHN/GREEN/LAND i n v ar ious f rames .

H owever , e ar-

l i er h ee l p ipes o f c . 1 660 a re k nown f ro m Wi l tsh ire s tamped I OHN/GREN/LAND o n t he h ee l ( Dev izes a nd S a l isbury museums ).

N ow t wo s te ms o f ' spur ' p ipes

h ave t urned u p a t S a t isbury , c lear ly f ro m a d i f feren t mou ld t o a ny o f t hose u sed b y t he Mar lborough maker , a lso s tamped I OHN/GREN/LAND.( i ) .

Th is

s eems t o i nd ica te a c on te mporary maker o f t he s ame n ame a s t he Mar lborough J ohn b u t work ing e lsewhere i n Wi l tsh ire , a nd e i ther t he s ame man a s h e who p roduced t he e ar l ier h ee l p ipes w i th t he d i f feren t s pe l l ing , o r as uccessor . I t w i l l b e n oted t ha t t he ( c o m mon ) e ar ly R ichard G reen land p ipes w i th t he n ame o n t he h ee l h ave GRENLAND wh i le t he D ev izes maker o f t he s ame n a me work i ng b etween a t l eas t 1 688 a nd 1 736 s pe l ls h is n ame GREENLAND o n a l l h is p ipes , b oth h ee l a nd s pur v ar ie t ies . 3 .

W. H iggens . P ipes s ta mped W/H IGGENS/SARU M ( p ) a re o ccas iona l ly

f ound a t S a l isbury w i th t he s tamp i nc ised o n t he s te m ( WA M65 , p .186 ). d a te f or t hese s hou ld b e amended f ro m c .1720-40 t o c . 1 700.

The

E d . H iggens

p ipes a re v ery n umerous a t S a l isbury a nd h e a nd W . H iggens mus t h ave b een r e la ted .

H owever i t s ee ms t ha t t h is p erson was o n ly i nb us iness f or a v ery

s hor t t i me a nd h is mark was t aken o ver b y a no ther , a lso f or o n ly a s hor t t ime , f or a c u t-down v ers ion o f i to ccurs o n t h ick s te ms s o t ha t i t r eads H IGGENS/ S ARU M o n ly ( q ) .

T he r eason f or t h is i s u nknown a t p resen t .

4 . E d . H iggens . One o f t he f ew S a l isbury makers f or who m r ecords s urv ive , h is marr iage b e ing i n 1 698 a nd a no ther men t ion i n 1 710 . . F or many y ears t he o n ly k nown p ipes o f t h is man f ro m S a l isbury were o f t he t ype s hown i n WA M65 , p .182 , n o . 1 8 . S ubsequen t ly s evera l s im i lar b u t d i f fer ing s purtype p ipes h ave o ccurred a nd t here a re a t l eas t t hree s epara te d ies o f t he mark , e ach v ary ing s l igh t ly i n d e ta i l t hough w i th t he s ame a rrange men t o f l e t ters . Ano ther mark o ccurs w i th EDW/H IGG/ENS (1 ) , b u t s o f ar f ew e xamples a re k nown .

2 95

I t wou ld a ppear f ro m r ecen t d iscover ies a t S a l isbury , h owever , t ha t E dward H iggens was work ing i n t he c i ty f or s o me y ears b e fore t he d a te o f h is marr iage a s a t l eas t f our d i f feren t v ar ie t ies o f h ee l p ipe h ave n ow b een f ound b ear ing h is s tamp ( g ,h , j& k ) .

T he mos t u nusua l i s t he n orma l h eel

b ow l o f t he s econd h a l f o f t he 1 7th c en tury w i th s tamp o n t he s te m ( g ) .

2

Par t

o f as im i lar b ow l h as t he mark o n t he h ee l ( h ) wh i le t wo o thers , o f t he t ype s hown i n WA M65 , p .182 , n os . 1 5 a nd 1 6 , h ave t he mark o n t he h ee l ( j ) a nd s te m ( k ) r espec t ive ly .

3

Thus i t wou ld a ppear t ha t b e fore s e t t l ing d own t o t he

p roduc t ion o f t he t yp ica l Wi l tsh ire ' spur ' p ipe E d . H iggens o b ta ined a nd u sed ( t hough i n a pparen t ly v ery sma l l q uan t i ty ) s evera l d i f feren t mou lds o f t he ' hee l ' v ar ie ty a t a bou t t he t ime t hese were d y ing o u t , b e tween C . 1 680 a nd 1 700 .

I th as n ow ( 1 978 ) b eco me p oss ib le t o e s tab l ish whe ther t he G louces ter-

s h ire E d . H iggens p ipes h ave a ny c onnec t ion w i th t he S a l isbury o nes .

Nu mer-

o us a s t hey a re a t S a l isbury t hey a ppear t o b e e qua l ly p len ti fu l a t C irences ter a nd i t s i m med ia te l oca l i ty . E xamp les o f t he mark wh ich Ih ave e xam ined s how t ha t t hey a re u ndoub ted ly f ro m t he s a me d ies a s t he S a l isbury e xamp les , i nc lud ing b o th t he ED/H IGG/ENS s ta mps ( 2o r 3d ies ) a nd t he r arer ED W/H IGG/ ENS v ar ie ty.

C lear ly t h is maker worked a t b o th p laces .

H e was marr ied a t

S a l isbury i n 1 698 a nd t he S a l isbury ' hee l ' marks a pparen t ly p re-da te t h is , wh i le a l l t he s te m marks s how c harac ter is t ics ( i .e . aw ide s te m b ore ) o f t he l a te s even teen th c en tury , a s d o t he b ow ls .

Mos t o f t he G louces tersh ire s pec i-

mens a re o n s te ms b u t o ne o r t wo h ee l marks a re a lso k nown .

On p resen t

e v idence i t s ee ms l i ke ly t ha t E d . H iggens worked a t C irences ter

i n t he l a te

1 7th c en tury a nd moved t o S a l isbury when h e was marr ied , c arrying o n h is b us iness t here u n t i l a t l eas t 1 710 . The o n ly o ther p oss ible e xplana t ion i s t ha t h e h ad a p ipeworks i nb o th t owns a nd moved a bou t f ro m o ne t o t he o ther . 5 .

Tho mas H i l l . Th is maker d ied i l l i tera te i n 1 710 a nd was p robab ly p ro-

d ucing p ipes a t F isher ton Anger f or 2 0 y ears a s h e u sed s evera l mou lds a nd h is marked s te ms a re v ery n u merous .

Mos t o f t he marks ( o f ten p oor ly im-

p ressed ) , t hough c lear ly f ro m s evera l d i f feren t d ies , a re v ery s im i lar , t he l e t ters b e ing sma l l a nd o n ly t he f rame v arying i n s hape ( see WA M65 , p . 1 82 ) . N o t k nown u n t i l r ecen t ly was t he f act t ha t h e u sed b r ie f ly a mark o f q u i te d i f feren t t ype , t he l e t ters o f THO/H ILL b e ing much l arger a nd i n ah ear ts haped f rame ( r ). 6 .

T he o n ly e xamp les s een s o f ar h ave b een o n s te ms .

Tho mas Sm i th . H is p er iod o f work ing mus t h ave s tar ted a bou t t he s a me

t ime a s T ho mas H i l l b u t h e p robab ly o u t l ived h im b y s o me y ears a s s o me Sm i th p ipes o ccur i n much l a ter d epos i ts t han t hose o f H i l l .

Smi th 's marks

a re a lso v ery s im i lar , w i th sma l l l e t ters a nd THO/S M I/TH i n f rames o f v aryi ng s hapes , mos t ly o va l i n f or m .

Two s te ms h ave n ow b een f ound w h ich h ave

v ery l arge , i ncuse THO/SM I/TH , u n framed , n o t p rev ious ly r ecorded ( s ).

I t

l ooks a s i ft h is mark was f ar t oo l arge f or t he p urpose a nd was d iscarded a f ter a s hor t t ime o n ly .

An e ar ly Tho mas Smi th p ipe i s s hown i n WA M65 ,

p . 1 82 . I t may b e n o ted t ha t many o f t hese p ipes were b eau ti fu l ly p o lished o n t he b ow l , b u t t ha t e xcept i n af ew i ns tances t he s te ms w ere l e f t u n trea ted . The p o l ish ing was d one b y s crap ing t he p ar t ly d r ied s ur face o f t he p ipe b e fore f ir ing w i th ap iece o f s em i-prec ious s tone o r p erhaps smoo th b one ( s ome ti mes c a l led s troke-burn ish ing ). C lear ly , t o h ave t rea ted t he who le p ipe i n t h is manner wou ld h ave b een a t ime-consum ing o ccupa t ion f or t he a lready ( probab ly )

2 96

p oor p ipe maker , p ar t icu lar ly when s te ins h ad r eached a l eng th o fu p t o 1 0 o r 1 2 i nches , h ence t he many e xa mples f ro m S a l isbury wh ich

h ave o n ly t he

b ow l p o l ished . One maker who d id , a pparen t ly , p o l ish t he who le o f e very p ipe h e made was R ichard S ayer ( o f Eas t Woodhay ) b u t h is p ipes mus t h ave b een r enowned f or t he ir h igh q ua l i ty ( as were t hose o f t he 1 7th c en tury G aun t le ts ) b ecause h e a ch ieved a much w ider market t han a ny S a l isbury maker a nd h is p roduc ts a re e ven k nown f ro m Amer ican s i tes , s o me th ing t he h u mble S a l isb ury men f a i led t o a ch ieve : The sma l ler 1 7th c en tury p ipes , l i ke t hose o f J e f fry Hun t a re more o f ten f ound w i th o vera l l p o l ish ing . 7 .

R . M. R e ference t o WA M67 , p .150 w i l l s how mark n o . 2 2 , RM i n ah ear t

w i th a d ec . i n r e l ie f , a nd t he n o te o np .152 s ugges ted a d a te o f c . 1 690 f or t hese marks o n s te ms , w i th t he o bserva t ion t ha t i t was i n t he s ty le o f t he e ar l ier ( Saru m ) h ee l marks .

T ha t t h is ( unknown ) maker was i ndeed work ing

b e fore t he s pur p ipes were i n troduced ( around 1 690 ) i s s hown b y t he f ind ing o ft wo h ee l p ipes a t S a l isbury w i th t he s ame mark s tamped o n t he b ase ( d ). 4 R . M. was o ne o f s evera l makers whose work ing p er iod c overed t he c hange f rom o ne s ty le o f p ipe t o a no ther i n Wi l tsh ire , ac hange n ecess i ta ted b y t he r educt ion i n t he c os t o f t obacco t owards t he e nd o f t he 1 7th c en tury , r esu l t ing i n ad e mand f or l onger smokes wh ich o n ly a n ew a nd l arger t ype o f b ow l c ou ld p rov ide .

I ti s i n teres ting t o o bserve h ere t ha t i n more wes tern c oun t ies l i ke

S o merse t , D orse t a nd D evon a t t he s ame t ime makers c on tinued w i th t he o ld ' h ee l ' p ipes when t h is d e mand b egan , w i th t he r esu l t t ha t s o me v ery c rude a nd i ncongruous v ar ie t ies a ppeared , p ar t icu lar ly i n t he more r ura l a reas ,

5

u n t i l

t he n ew f ash ions f i l tered t hrough f ro m B r is to l a nd L ondon . 8 .

Wi l l iam L awrence. The i nco mp le te mark f igured i n WAM67 , p .150 , n o .

4 0 , c an n ow b e c on f irmed a s b e ing o f t h is maker .

T he f u l l mark r eads

W ILLI/A M .LA W/RENCE i n t hree l ines ( v ) a nd s evera l e xa mp les h ave n ow a ppeared a t S a l isbury .

I n v iew o f t he n umber f ound i tw ou ld a ppear t ha t a l-

t hough Wi l l iam Lawrence w orked a t Winches ter ( 1 715 t o C . 1 730 ) h e s o ld h is p ipes a s f ar a way a s S a l isbury .

T he r eason why many o rt hese marks a re

i nco mp le te i s t ha t t he l i nes o f l e t ter ing a re f ar t oo l ong f or a s a t is factory i mpress ion t o r esu l t o n t he n o t v ery b road s te ms o f mos t o f L awrence 's p ipes . 9 .

R .S . The mark s hown ( c ) h as b een f ound o n t wo h ee ls a t Mar lborough b e-

l ong ing t o b ow ls wh ich p robab ly d a te t o c . 1 680 , t he b ow l wa l ls h av ing b een t h in a nd t he s te m b ore r e la t ive ly n arrow f or p ipes o f t h is t ype .

T he o n ly maker

t here t o who m i t may a pply i s R ichard Sm i th , who t ook a n a ppren t ice i n 1 668 . O ne s te m mark i s k nown f or h im , a n e ar ly o ne o f c . 1 690-1700 b u t t h is i s o n ly s urpr is ing f or b e ing t he o n ly o ne k nown s ince R ichard Sm i th was s t i l l a t Mar lborough i n 1 698 ( WA M67 , p . 1 50 , n o . 8 ) .

H owever , t h is RS mark h as

n ow o ccurred a t S a l isbury o n ap o l ished s te m o f med ium t h ickness w i th a f a ir ly n arrow b ore .

T h is t ype c anno t h ave b een i n u se b e fore a bou t 1 730 a t

t he e ar lies t , wh ich p oses a n i n teres t ing p rob le m . T he d ie i s t he i den t ica l o ne t o t ha t f ound o n t he e ar l ier h ee l p ipes a t Mar lborough b u t was u sed , a t a r easonab le e s t i ma te , 4 0 y ears l a ter , s o i ti s q u i te c lear ly i mposs ible t ha t R ichard Sm i th c ou ld h ave u sed i to n t he s te m . I t mus t b e a ssumed ( s ince n o l a ter R ichard Sm i th p ipe maker i s r ecorded ) 5a t ha t a no ther maker , whose l oca tion i s u nknown , w i th t he s ame i n i t ia ls c ame i n to p ossess ion o f t he s tamp a nd u sed i to n t he s tems o f s pur p ipes .

2 97

Ap ara l le l t o t h is i s t he s tamp o f J ohn B uck land , wh ich o ccurs o n h eel p ipes i n t he Mar lborough-Dev izes a rea d a t ing t o c . 1 67 0 a nd h as a lso b een f ound o n t h in s te ms o f t he mid-18 th c en tury i n t he s ame t wo p laces .

A st hese

d ies were h and-cu t i ti s n o t d i f f icu l t t o t e l l when t he s ame o ne h as b een u sed s ince e ach o ne h as p ar t icu lar c harac ter is t ics i n t he c u t t ing o f t he i nd iv idua l l e t ters . Makers o r marks p rev ious ly u nrecorded 1 .

G eorge H owe l l .

P ipes o f t h is me mber o f t he w e l l-known 1 7th c en tury

p ipe mak ing f am i ly h ave b een f ound i n v ar ious p laces b u t where t hey w ere made i s s t i l l u nknown . 6 H e was a no ther p ipe maker who was work ing when t he s ty les c hanged , r a ther s udden ly , b e tween c . 1 68 0 a nd 1 700 , w i th t he r esu lt t ha t we f ind t he s ame mark b o th o n h ee l a nd s pur p ipes .

The f u l l-name s te m

mark ( e ) was f ound i n ag arden a t S teep le Ash ton a nd i s a lso k nown o n ah ee l p ipe f ro m S toke-under-Ham ( Taun ton Museum c o l lec t ion ) , wh i le t he s l igh t ly a bbrev ia ted h ee l mark o n al a te e xample o f t he t ype ( b ) c o mes f ro m S a l isbury , t he b ow l b eing p o l ished a nd u nm i l led .

6a

P ipes o f R ichard H owe l l7 a re a lso

f ound w i th t he s ame mark o n e i ther h ee l o r s pur p ipes a nd h e mus t h ave b een ac on te mporary o f G eorge H owe l l . 2 .

Thresher . T he i ncuse mark s hown ( x ) i s f ound o n f a i ly t h in s te ms wh ich

mus t d a te t o t he m idd le o f t he 1 8 th c en tury .

Two a re k nown s o f ar , b o th f ro m

S a l isbury g ardens , wh ich p oin ts t o al oca l maker b u t b y t heir s carci ty p erhaps o ne whose c areer was s hor tl ived .

A t t he t ime h e may h ave b een work ing

t here was a t e mporary d ec l ine i n p ipe-s mok ing o w ing t o t he p opu lar i ty o f s nu f f , a n o ccurrence wh ich e ven Dr . J ohnson f ound w or th n o t ing .

T h is d id

n o t , h owever , a pp ly t o a l l p ar ts o f t he c oun try , t hough i n s o me p laces t he l ack o f p ipes o f t he s econd h a l f o f t he 1 8 th c en tury i s q u i te marked ,

f or e x-

amp le a t Mar lborough , whereas i n S ussex t hey a re r e la t ive ly c o m mon . ) 8 P ipe makers u sua l ly i nc luded a n i n i t ia l o r C hr is t ian n a me i n t he ir marks , t he l ack o f i tb e ing a n o dd f ea ture o f t h is o ne . 3 .

Wi l l . P ryor . Al arge , l a te , p o l ished 1 7th c en tury h ee l p ipe i s s tamped

o n t he b ase w i th a c ircu lar r e l ie f WILL/PRYOR i nb eaded f rame ( a ) , f ro m S a l isbury .

T h is p ipe i s u nusua l b ecause a l though t he b ow l s hape i s v ery s i mi-

l ar t o n o . 1 4 ,

WA M6 5p91 7 8wh ich h as t he r e l ie f T udor R ose mark ( o f which

more t han o ne h as b een f ound a t S a l isbury ) r e l ie f n ame marks d o n o t a ppear t o h ave b een u sed b y l oca l makers i n t he 1 7th c en tury , t hose wh ich o ccur b eing s tamped o n t he h ee l i ncuse ( John Mer i f i ld ( s ic ) , T ho . Sm i th f ie ld , J e f fry Hun t e tc ) .

There fore we mus t l ook f ur ther a f ie ld f or t he o r ig in o f t h is p ipe .

Be-

c ause o f i t s s hape i ti s c lear ly a s ou thern t ype a nd t he s tyle o f mark i s t ha t f ound i n t he Ox ford a rea , where R ober t G adney , r ecorded f ro m h ear th t ax a ssessmen ts , was s tamping v ery s im i lar r e l ie f c ircu lar f u l l-na me marks o n s te ms o f h is s pur p ipes ( London s ty le ) a s e ar ly a s 1 667-77.

O ther s tem marks

i n r e l ie f f ro m c en tra l s ou thern Eng land h ave d is t inc t a f f in i t ies w i th t hose u sed b y t he B rose ley makers , o f ten b e ing s quare , a nd t he t ype s preads a cross f ro m G louces tersh ire a nd H ere fordsh ire , d oub t less d ue o r ig ina l ly t o t rade d own t he R iver S evern .9 I t s hou ld b e n o ted , h owever , t ha t t h is maker was u nknown b efore t he f ind ing o f t h is e xamp le , wh ich was p robab ly made i n c . 1 670-80 .

2 98

a .

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WILLI A MLA W RE NCE

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P reviously u nrecorded W iltshire m akers a nd m arks

2 99

4 .

W. Winbou l t . A s te m f ro m Mar lborough b ears t h is i ncuse s tamp o f a

p rev ion is ly u nknown maker ( m ). mus t d a te f ro m c . 1 730-50 . Wi mbo l

The p iece i s o f med ium t h ickness/bore a nd

The o n ly p oss ib le c onnect ion h ere i s E dward

whose s te m marks h ave b een f ound a t Winches terl° ( and Mar lborough -

s ee WA M60 , p . 9 1 , n o . 8 6 ) , f or t he n a me E dward Winbo l t o ccurs i n l oca l r ecords a nd t h is h as b een t en ta t ive ly a t tr ibu ted t o t he p roducer o f t he s te m mark w i th s l igh t ly d i f feren t s pe l l ing , t hough t he t rade o f t he p erson r ecorded i s n o t men t ioned .

The i nc idence o f o n ly o ne e xa mp le o f t h is mark i n t he a rea

c ou ld mean a p roduct o f a maker f ro m we l l o u ts ide t he l oca l p ipe d is tr ibu t ion r ange b u t a l terna t ive ly i tc ou ld i nd ica te a maker whose p er iod o f work ing was b u t abr ief . one .

Ano ther p oss ibi l i ty i s t ha t Winbou l t d id n o t u sua l ly mark h is

p ipes , s ince s o me 1 8 th c en tury makers , s uch a s t he S idneys o f S ou thampton d id u ndoubted ly l eave many o f t he ir p ipes u nmarked , p erhaps p u t t ing o n ly o ne s tamped o ne i n t he t op o f e ach b ox .

1 1

S ince t he a bove was wr i t ten t wo f ur ther

e xamp les o f t h is mark h ave c o me t o l igh t , o ne f rom S tra t ton S t . Margarets n ear S windon , wh ich h as c rossed p ipes b e low t he n a me , a nd t he o ther f ro m N ewbury ( w i thou t c rossed p ipes ) ,t he l a t ter b e ing a n u npo l ished p ipe o f t he t ypica l Wi l tsh ire s pur t ype f ound we l l i n to t he 1 8 th c en tury . 5 .

I .F. I ncuse , u n framed s te m marks f ro m Mar lborough ( u ) S a l isbury ( t )

a nd a lso O ld S w indon , d a t ing t o c . 1 740-50 b y t he med ium t h ickness o f t hb s te ms/bores , ' l arger .

One t ype h as s an— s ser i f l e t ters , t he o ther s er i f a nd s l igh t ly

The maker was p robab ly J ohn F i lder o f B rad ford-on-Avon who i s

r ecorded b y I . C . Wa lker a s work ing i n 1 737 ( Br is to l A ppren t ice Ro l ls ) . I t may b e n o ted t ha t B r is to l makers f requen t ly s tamped t he ir p ipes w i th i ncuse , u n framed i n i t ia ls b o th i n t he 1 7th a nd 1 8 th c en tur ies , wh ich a re n o t u sua l e lsewhere , p ar t iu l lar ly o n t he s te ms o f Wi l tsh ire s pur p ipes . 6 .

B .S .

Two e xa mples f ro m S a l isbury o n f a ir ly t h in s te ms w i th i ncuse BS

u n framed ( y ) , t he Sb eing r eversed . Winches ter .

One o ther s pec i men i s r ecorded , f ro m

These p robab ly d a te f ro m j us t a f ter t he mid-18 th c en tury when

s te ms were b eco m ing much t h inner .

The maker a nd h is l oca t ion a re a t p re-

s en t u nknown . 7 .

W. H .

Two f a ir ly t h in s te ms d a t ing t o C . 1 750-70 h ave l arge r e l ie f

l e t ters WH i n c ircu lar f rame ( n ) . 8 .

T . M.

B o th f ound a t S a l isbury b u t maker u nknown .

I ncuse mark o n as te m f ro m B ishop 's C ann ings ( f ) .

Th is a ppears

t o b e t he s ame a s o ne o n ah ee l p ipe f ro m B r idgewa ter , S o merse t , a nd i s a lso k nown f ro m Mar lborough ( WA M60 , p . 8 9 , n o . 3 0 ) .

P oss ibly Thomas

Monks o f B r is to l who t ook a n a ppren t ice i n 1 669 , t h is p la in s ty le o f mark b e ing u sed b y s o me 1 7th c en tury B r is to l makers . l eas t 3 0 y ears a f ter t he d a te men t ioned , h owever . 9 .

W. P .

Th is s te m must d a te t o a t

I ncuse u n framed marks w i th l arge , s er i f l e t ters o n p o lished

s te ms f ro m Mar lborough .

These were p robab ly p roduc ts o f Wi l l eP earce

whose i ncuse f u l l-name marks a re more u sua l ly f ound ( WA M60 , p . 9 1 , n o . 8 5 ). c . 1 700-20 . 1 0 .

D ev ice w i th f l eur-del is .

Th is r e l ie f mark , o n a n e ar ly 1 8 th c en tury

t h ick s te m , h as b een f ound a t Hy the , S ou thamp ton . Af ur ther e xa mp le i s n ow k nown f ro m S a l isbury . ( W ) . The mark l ooks more l i ke a l e t ter-sea l t han a p ipe maker 's mark .

I ta ppears t o r epresen t ab ird o r a n i ma l u nder a l i ly.

3 00

1 1 . A . Vernon .

Large s pur p ipes f ro m S a l isbury w i th med iu m s te ms/bores

h ave a ppeared r ecen t ly w i th a n u nusua l s ta mp i n r e l ie f o n t he s te m .

Th is

c ons is ts o f a n o va l c ar touche e nc los ing a l aure l-wrea thed b us t i n t he s ty le o f aR o man Emperor , r ound wh ich a re sma l l r e l ie f l e t ters A . VER/NON ( o ) . Th is d oes n o t a ppear t ob ea .maker 's mark b u t more p robab ly s o me f or m o f c o mme mora t ive s tamp.

I th as b een s ugges ted t ha t i tr efers t o t he v ic tory

o ver t he S pan ish b y A dm ira l V ernon a t P or tobe l lo i n 1 739 d ur ing t he War o f J enk in 's Ear .

S ince d ur ing t he o f f ice o f R ober t Wa lpo le E ng land h ad n o t b een

i nvo lved i n a ny wars f or many y ears i t may b e t ha t s uch a v ictory was c e leb ra ted a t S a l isbury b y ac iv ic b anque t , a nd o ne o f t he l oca l makers a t t he t ime p roduced t hese p ipes a s as pec ia l o rder .

C er ta in ly c o m me mora t ive s ta mps

were u sed b y t he 1 8 th c en tury o n c lay p ipes a s e xa mples a re a lready k nown f or t he a ccess ion o f K ing G eorge Ii n 1 714 1 2 ( 1 763 ).

a nd t he n o tor ious J ohn Wi lkes

S im i lar a re t he s pur p ipes f ound i n t he c i ty wh ich a re s tamped o n

1 2

t he s te m w i th a d oub le e ag le i n r e l ie f ( WAM67 , p . 1 50 , N o . 1 5 ) wh ich were p robab ly o rdered s pecia l ly f or smok ing d ur ing mee t ings o f .t he C i ty C ounc i l . They a re p o l ished o vera l l , v ery much t he e xcep t ion r a ther t han t he r u le w i th l oca l makers i n t he m id-18 th c en tury , wh ich i nd ica tes s o me s pecia l p urpose i nt he ir p roduct ion .

1 3

1 2 . E d . B eas ten .

T h is n ame f irs t a ppeared among t he Mar lborough ' takers

i n c o l lect ions made b y b oys a t t he c o l lege b o th b e fore a nd a f ter t he l as t war . S ince t hen f ur ther e xamp les o f h is s te m marks h ave b een r epor ted f ro m S a l isbury , O ld S windon , Over ton ( Han ts ) , S troud ( G los ) , N ewbury ( Berks ) a nd e ven C rab tree Whar f , Fu lham .

The o n ly b ow l , wh ich h as a s tumpy , f la t

s pur , was f ound a t N ewbury i n 1 973 , a nd i s p o l ished .

S evera l s te ms w i th

t he mark o f t h is maker h ave a lso b een f ound i n t he g arden o f a n o ld c o t tage

a tN ewbury wh ich s ugges ts t he p oss ibi l i ty o f B eas ten b e ing a l oca l maker . 1 3a 1 3 . W . Tay lor .

C ircu lar s te m marks a re r epor ted f ro m C irences ter a nd

Daw a tsy n ear Woo t ton B asset t , p robab ly f irs t h a l f o f t he 1 8 th c en tu r y .1 4 1 4 . Tho mas J ones . H is k i ln s i te h as b een l oca ted i n Ma l mesbury b u t n o o ther d eta i ls a re a va i lable a t p resen t .1 5 1 5 . R ichard Darby .

B orn i n 1 671 a nd d ied 1 742 t h is maker worked a t

Ash ton Keynes b u t n o p ipes a re k nown s o s ta mped . 1 6 . J ohn F os ter .

1 6

Ap ipe f ro m O ld S windon w i th a f la t s pur , C . 1 720-40 i n

s ty le , h as I OHN/FOSTER s tamped i ncuse o n t he s te m o ver c rossed p ipes . 1 7 1 7. J ohn C rockwe l l .

S te ms s tamped w i th t h is n a me , i ncuse , h ave b een

f ound a t O ld S w indon a nd H ighwor th , p robab ly e ar ly 1 8 th c en tu r y .1 8 1 8 .

G i les C haper l ine .

h e was a lso a p ot ter .

Th is maker i s r ecorded a t Ash ton K eynes ( w i l l ) where H is s te m marks o ccur i n t he C irences ter , S w indon

a nd Ch ippenha m a rea a nd a lso a t H ighwor th a nd Ma l mesbury . c en tury.

E ar ly 1 8 th

1 9

1 9 . Wi ll Chaper l ine .

H e worked a t Ma l mesbury a nd d ied i n 1 710 ( w i l l ) .

B o th h ee l a nd s te m marks a re k nown f or h im a nd l ike s evera l o thers h e made t he c hange f ro m h ee l t o s pur p ipes a round 1 690 .

3 01

2 0

N o te o n u nmarked p ipes A t t he b eg inn ing o f t he 1 8 th c en tury p robab ly e very S a l isbury maker was s tamping h is p ipes w i th t he n ame o r t rade mark o n t he s te m .

A f ter c 1 720

t he n umber a ppears g radua l ly t o h ave d im in ished , f or more a nd more o f t he l arger s pur p ipes f ro m t he midd le d ecades o f t he c en tury a re f ound w i th n o mark o n t he s te m .

The q ua l i ty o f t he p ipes d im in ished t oo , a nd l ess t rouble

was t aken w i th t he s tandard o f f in ish , t he t r imm ing o f f o f t he mou ld marks b eco m ing p oor a nd t he p o l ish ing o f t he b ow ls b e ing d iscon tinued .

O f t he l oca l

makers Tho mas Mason ( so met i mes s pe l t Masen ) was p robab ly t he l as t t o s tamp a l l h is p ipes o n t he s te m , t he l a ter o nes , d a t ing t o c . 1 750 b e ing v ery t h in . Dur ing t he t ime h e was work ing W. S ayer , who p robab ly l i ved a t Wes t We l low , b egan s upplying h igh q ua l i ty p ipes t o s hops a nd t averns i n t he c i ty a lways s ta mped o n t he s te m W/SAYER o ver c rossed p ipes .

C lear s tr ikes

s how t ha t o n e i ther s ide o f t he W i s a sma l l Tudor r ose . S ayer 's p ipes a re e qua l ly n umerous a t S ou thamp ton a nd j udg ing b y t he q uan t i ty wh ich o ccur h is p er iod o f work ing mus t h ave b een c ons iderab le a nd h is p roduc ts much i n d emand a t at ime when o ther maker 's work h ad d ec l ined i n s tandard .

C er ta in ly

S ayer 's p ipes a re b eau t i fu l ly made a nd f in ished o f f a nd o ccas iona l s peci mens r ece ived a n o vera l l b urn ish . When h e a nd Tho mas Mason s topped w ork ing , p robab ly b y t he midd le o f t he c en tury , t here was ap er iod when n o marks were u sed a t a l l , b efore , w i th t he a dven t o f t he Morgan f am i ly , London-s ty le mou lds were i n troduced o n wh ich t he maker 's i n i t ia ls were mou lded i n r elief o n t he s ides o f t he s pur ( WA M65 , p . 1 82 , n o . 2 4 ) . F or a s hor t t ime , a round 1 780 , h owever , o ne o f t he t wo c on te mporary B en ja m in Morgans s ta mped s o me p ipes o n t he s te m o r t he b ack o f t he b owl w i th a n a t tract ive o va l mark r ead ing B/ MOR/GAN ( WA M67 , p . 1 50 , n o. 2 4 ). V ery f ew o f t hese a re k nown , s o t he i n troduct ion o f t he mou lded i n i t ia ls , wh ich t he Morgan f am i ly f avoured r igh t u p t o t he m idd le o f t he 1 9 th c en tury s ounded t he d ea th-kne l l o f t he s tamped maker 's mark a t S a l isbury , af ea ture o f t he C i ty 's c lay t obacco p ipes f or n ear ly 2 00 y ears . N o tes a nd R e ferences 1 .

I ti s n ow a ccep ted t ha t p ipe makers ' mou lds , wh ich were made o f meta l , d e ter iora ted d ur ing u se d ue t o g radua l c orros ion .

2 . 3 .

S te m marks o n ' hee l ' p ipes o f t he 1 7th c en tury a re e x tre me ly r are . P rev ious ly o n ly T ho mas H i l l a nd Tho mas Sm i th were k nown t o h ave p rod uced t h is l as t f orm o f ' hee l ' p ipe a t S a l isbury .

Unmarked e xamp les

a lso e x is t b u t t hose wh ich Ih ave e xam ined a ppear t o c o me f rom Tho mas Sm i th 's mou ld . 4 .

The s l igh t ( apparen t ) d i f ference i n d es ign i s d ue t o t he f act t ha t e xa mples s tamped o n t he s te ms were a ppl ied w i th l ess c are t han t hose o n t he h ee ls ( or b y a worn o r d amaged d ie ) r esu l t ing i np ar t o f t he d es ign s o me t imes b eing a bsen t .

5 5 .

There i s a n e x tens ive c o l lec t ion o f t hese i n T aun ton Museu m f rom v ar ious Wes t C oun try s ources a nd s im i lar p ipes a re k nown f rom Chard ,

3 02

Ly me R eg is , P ly mou th , E xe ter e tc .

S ee A dr ian Oswa ld " C lay P ipes

f or t he Archaeo log is t" , B r i t ish Arch . R epor ts 1 4 , 1 975 , F igure 1 0 . I n t h is e xce l len t w ork O swa ld i l lus tra tes a nd d iscusses a l l r eg iona l t ypes . 5 a .

E . G . H . Ke mpson r ecords R ichard Sm i th , s uperv isor o f S t . P eter 's , 1 713 , a nd R ichard Sm i th j un ior , c ons table o f K ingsbury Ward , 1 734 , b oth a t Mar lborough , b u t n o t rade i s men t ioned f or e i ther .

As t he

R ichard Sm i th , p ipe maker , o f Mar lborough i s men t ioned i n 1 666 , 1 668 a nd 1 698 i n t he B orough Arch ives i t s ee ms u n l ike ly t ha t t he s ame p ers on c ou ld s t i l l h ave b een work ing i n 1 713 , 4 5 y ears a f ter h e t ook a n a ppren t ice , t hough i ti s p oss ible t ha t as on o f t he s ame n ame c ou ld h ave b een a t work i n 1 734 , p art icu lar ly a s t h is d a te ma tches t he p oss ib le o ne f or t he s te m mark .

Assu m ing t ha t a l l t hese p eop le were mak ing

p ipes a t Mar lborough , h owever , i td oes n o t e xpla in t he i nc idence o f o n ly 4 marked p ipes f or 6 6 y ears o f work ing .

The o n ly s o lu t ion wou ld b e

t ha t t he R ichard Sm i ths o n ly marked t he ir p ipes o ccas iona l ly . 6 .

I t i s a n o dd f ea ture o f t he p ipes o f G eorge , R ichard , N a than ie l a nd J ohn Howe l l t ha t a l though b e tween t he m t hese makers were a t work f or a bou t 6 0 y ears n obody h as d iscovered a ny r ecord o f where t hey worked .

Th is

may we l l b e n o t b ecause d ocumen ta t iondoesno t e x is t b u t s imp ly b ecause n o r esearch i n to t he s ub jec t h appens t o h ave b een d one i n t he t own (s ) where t hey l i ved .

'

I t may a lso b e c ons idered t ha t t he f requen t d isas trous

f ires i n c oun try t owns i n t he 1 7th a nd 1 8 th c en tur ies may h ave d es troyed a l l r ecords i n s o me p laces . 6 a .

At h ird G eorge H owe l l mark f ound o n h ee ls d a t ing t o C . 1 670-80 h as GE OR/HO WELL/

. I n t he midd le o f t he f irs t word i s al arge f leur-

d e-l is a nd t here i s a no ther , w i th a sma l l s tar e ach s ide b e low HO WELL . Two o f t hese i ncuse marks a re k nown , f ro m H indon a nd H ey tesbury. 7 .

Large q uan t i t ies o f t hese marked o n t he s te m h ave b een f ound a t E as t Know le , H indon a nd S ha f tesbury , w i th t wo o n ly f ro m S a l isbury.

8 .

S ee " Sussex C lay T obacco P ipes a nd P ipe makers" b y D . R . A tk inson , 1 977, p ubl ished b y C ra in S erv ices , 1 6 C rown S tree t , E as tbourne , @ 9 0p p lus p os tage.

9 .

For a d iscuss ion o n t h is s ee l a in C . Wa lker , " No tes o n E igh t G louces ters h ire P ipe makers" , Trans . B r is to l & G louc . Archaeo l . S oc . V o l . 9 2 ( 1973 ) .

1 0 .

Edward Wi mbo l l ( s ic ) p robab ly worked a t Eas t Woodhay , where a p ipe maker o f t ha t n ame i s r ecorded i n 1 707.

1 1 .

Th is i s b orne o u t b y s evera l e xcava ted g roups f ro m S ou tha mpton i n wh ich o f n u merous i den t ica l s pur p ipes o n ly o dd o nes b ear t he S idney s ta mps , t he r es t b eing u nmarked .

1 2 .

Ap ipe o f C . 1 710-20 f ro m t he R iver Thames ( 1 977 ) h as t he s tamp GOD/ BLESS/K I—NG/GEORGE o n t he s te m , wh i le a no ther s te m ,f ro m F u lha m ( 1975 ) i s s tamped w i th t he r oya l monogram " Crown o ver G . R ." i n s cr ip t l e t ters .

S te ms s tamped "W ILKES N o . 4 5" i n c on junc t ion w i th

3 03

t he maker 's n ame s ta mp a re f ound a t B rose ley ( makers R ichard L egg &G eorge B rad ley ) . 1 3 .

C i ty A r ms b egan t o a ppear a f ter C . 1 750 mou lded o n t he b owls o fp ipes , a nd c on t inue f or o ver 1 00 y ears i n v ar ious f orms .

1 3a .

I n for ma t ion f ro m S . D . F ord , N ewbury .

1 4 .

I n for ma t ion f ro m A . A . P eacey , S troud .

1 5 .

I n for ma t ion f ro m A . A . P eacey , S troud .

1 6.

I n for ma t ion f ro m B . Ph i l l ips , S w indon .

1 7.

I n for ma t ion f ro m B . P h i l l ips , S w indon .

1 8 .

I n for ma t ion f ro m B . Ph i l l ips , S w indon .

1 9.

I n for ma t ion f ro m A . A . P eacey a nd B . P h i l l ips .

2 0 .

Wi l tsh ire R ecord O f f ice , T rowbr idge .

3 04

EXETER : I TS CLAY TOBACCO-PIPE I NDUSTRY AND CO M MERCIAL RELATIONS b y C . J . Arno ld a nd J . P . A l lan

Exe ter was i n t he s even teen th c en tury a nd e ar ly e igh teen th p erhaps t he t h ird o r f our th p rov inc ia l c i ty o f Eng land ( S tevens 1 958 , 8 ;

H osk ins 1 935 , 1 8 ).

A f ter t he C iv i l War i tg rew r apid ly , d eve loping i mpor tan t t rades w i th Amer ica a nd t he Low C oun tr ies ( S tevens 1 958 , p ass im ). t he y ears c . 1 675 -4720 .

I t s p eak o f p rosper i ty was i n

I t was a t t h is t ime t he l arges t p or t o n t he s ou th c oas t

o f E ng land w i th impor tan t d is tr ibu t ive a nd i ndus tr ia l f unct ions ( Hosk ins 1 935 ; C lark 1 960 , p ass im ) .

T he p roduc t ion o f t obacco-p ipes f or med a sma l l b u t n o t

i ns ign i fican t s ec t ion o f t h is t rade a nd i ndus try .

Wh i le E xe ter n ever r ose t o

b ecome a ma jor manu fac turer a nd e xpor ter o f p ipes l i ke B r is to l , L ondon a nd S ou tha mpton , t he i ndus try t here i s a n i n teres t ing o ne , p ar t icu lar ly when c o mp ared w i th i t s ma jor c o mpe t i tors .

Ad eta i led s tudy o f t he c lay p ipe i ndus try

a t S ou tha mp ton h as b een p ub l ished ( Arno ld 1 977 ) a nd a l lows a c o mpar ison t o b e made o f t he f or tunes o f t he i ndus tr ies o f t hese t wo s ou th-coas t p or ts , t he o ne a modes t i ndus try , t he o ther a ma jor p roducer e xpor t ing i n terna t iona l ly o n al arge s ca le . I n forma t ion r egard ing t he i ndus try i n E xe ter h as b een o b ta ined f ro m t he f o l lowing s ources : t he C i ty F reedo m R o l ls , E xe ter P or t B ooks , p roper ty l eases ( Exe ter C i ty R ecord O f f ice ) , s even teen th-cen tury t ax a ssess men ts ( Hosk ins 1 957) a nd t he l arge n umber o f n ine teen th-cen tury d irec tor ies . work c ou ld b e d one o n P ar ish R eg is ters a nd p roper ty r ecords . : Ro l ls p rov ide mos t n ames .

More

The F reedo m

These a re we l l p reserved a nd a d e f in i t ive p ub l ic-

a t ion o f t he m i s n ow a va i lab le ( Rowe a nd J ackson 1 973 ) .

S ince t he u se o f a n

o ccupa tion was r es tr ic ted t o F ree men a nd t he l i s t h as o n ly a f ew g aps i n t he 1 620s , t he l a te 1 670s a nd 1 680s , mos t manu fac tures s hou ld b e r ecorded . T h is h owever i s c lear ly n o t t he c ase b e fore t he 1 690s .

I tw i l l b e s hown b e low

t ha t t he e xpor t o f p ipes was a lready w el l u nder way i n t he 1 660s , a nd s evera l o f t hose employing n ew a ppren t ices i n t he 1 690s a re n ot l i s ted i n t he a dm iss ions

.

o f F ree men . P er iod ic a t te mp ts were made t o e n force t he F reedo m ( i bid , x x-xx i i i ) , a nd t he s udden l i s t ing o f many makers i n 1 691 p erhaps r epresen ts o ne s uch e n force men t .

The E xe ter P or t B ooks ( Pub l ic R ecord O f f ice E .190 .)

p rov ide i n forma t ion a bou t t he l eve ls o f i mpor ts a nd e xpor ts . f ew s urv ive b e fore t he m id 1 670s .

Un for tuna te ly

T here a re F oreign B ooks o f o n ly e leven

y ears i n t he p er iod 1 600-1675 , w i th o n ly t wo b e tween t he b ooks o f 1 638 a nd 1 676. T he b eg inn ings o f t he e xpor t t rade a re t here fore s o mewha t o bscure . 1 676 t he ma jor i ty o f b ooks s urv ive a nd t he e v idence i s f u l ler . d i f f icu l t t o j udge h ow c o mpe te i s t he p ic ture t hey p resen t . t axab le c o m mod i ty .

T hey p a id e xpor t s ubs idy a t 5% .

A f ter

E ven s o , i ti s

C lay p ipes were a

C landes t ine e xpor ts were

l i ab le t o s eizure i fd e tec ted , a nd t here a re e xamples o f t h is i n t he E xe ter B ooks . B y t he e ar ly e igh teen th c en tury e xpor ts were g enera l ly s o u nder-va lued i n t he

3 05

B ooks o f R a tes t ha t t hey were o f ten p aying o n ly c .21% o f t he ir v a lue .

Mer-

c han ts t hus h ad much t o l ose a nd l i t t le t o g a in f rom c oncea l men t ( C lark 1 938 , 7 5 ).

On t he o ther h and t here i s o ccas ion l ly e v idence o f s uch i nco mpe tence

a nd c orrupt ion o f t he E xe ter c us to ms o f f ic ia ls ( S tevens 1 958 , x x i i i ) t ha t t he r ecords mus t b e d efec t ive .

F ur ther , e xpor t o f v ery sma l l c argoes o fp ipes

may h ave b een a l lowed t o p ass w i thou t r ecord .

T here a re n o t many c argoes

o f l ess t han 5 g ross , a l though s o me a re v ery sma l l ( e .g . 6d ozen p ipes t o V irg in ia i n 1 697) . Wh i ls t t he q uan t i t ies r ecorded may b e c ons iderab ly l ower t han t he r ea l l eve ls o f e x p or ta t ion , t hey d o a l low c o mpar ison b e tween p or ts a dm in is tered u nder t he s ame s ys te m , a nd , w i th r eserva t ions ( C lark 1 938 , 5 3-56 ) s how f luc tua t ions i n t rade . T he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence o f t he i ndus try i s b eco m ing e x tens ive . c o l lec t ion i n R ouge mont Museu m , E xe ter ( Oswa ld p p . 3 25-336 b e low ) h as n ow b een c o mp le men ted b y al arge s tra t if ied c o l lec t ion e xcava ted b y Exe ter Archaeo log ica l U n i t .

Mr . O swa ld h as s hown t ha t d epos i ts o f t he e ar ly s even teen th

c en tury c on ta in i mpor ted p ipes f ro m L ondon a nd H o l land . F ro m a bou t 1 640 d is t inc t ive l oca l f or ms b eco me p ro minen t a nd d om ina te t he marke t u n t i l c .1 730 . The e xcava t ions h ave b een p ar t icu lar ly r ich i n g roups o f t he p er iod c .1 670-1720 c on ta in ing h undred o f l ocal p ipes a nd v ery f ew i mpor ts .

T hese i ncluded a

l arge c o l lec t ion o f k i ln d ebr is f ro m B ar tho le mew S tree t , a nd sma l l q uan ti t ies o f s im i lar was te f ro m o ther p ar ts o f t own . p or t ion o f B r is to l-s ty le p ipes .

L a ter g roups i nc lude a h igh p ro-

I tw i l l b e s een t ha t Mr . O swa ld 's c onc lus ions

c orrespond we l l w i th t he p ic ture o f t he i ndus try d er ived f ro m d ocu men ts .

Very

f ew l oca l p ipes o f t he s even teen th a nd e igh teen th c en tur ies b ear i n i t ia ls a nd mos t a re c o mp le te ly p la in .

T hose f ro m Bar tho le mew S tree t a re i den t ica l t o

a sma l l q uan t i ty o f k i ln was te f ro m t he S h i lhay , p oss ib ly d er ived f ro m n earby Rack S tree t , s o i ti s n o t p oss ib le t o a ss ign many p ipes t o t he ir makers .

I n

t he n ine teen th c en tury t hey a re c o m mon ly marked , ( Oswa ld i n A l lan f or thco m ing ) . The e ar l ies t r ecorded p ipe maker i n E xe ter i s E dward Tr ibb le (? G r ibb le ) .

I n 1 654 h e c la i med a t t he C i ty S ess ions t ha t as uspec ted w i tch c a l led

f or f ire a t h is h ouse , wh ich h e g ave h er , a nd f or o ne mon th a f terwards h e c ou ld n o t make h is p ipes t o h is s a t is fac t ion

( Exe ter C i ty R ecord O f f ice ).

T here i s

e v idence o f c on t inuous manu facture o f p ipes f ro m t ha t t ime u n t i l t he m id-e igh te en th c en tury.

Ad miss ions o f F ree men a re p ar t icu lar ly n umerous i nt he p er iod

1 690-1712 ( Fig . 1 ) , s ugges t ing t he i ndus try was t hen a t i t s h e igh t .

A dm iss ion

o f aF ree man was p resu mably f o l lowed b y a n a c t ive w ork ing l i fe , s o t he d ec l ine i n a dm iss ions i m med ia te ly a f ter 1 710 n eed n o t b e as ign o f r apid d ecl ine . H owever t he s ubsequen t s teady f a l l i n a dm iss ions u n t i l t he l as t e n try i n 1 741 i nd ica tes t he g radua l d ecay o f t he i ndus try .

There i s n o e v idence o f p ipe mak ing

i n t he p er iod 1 753-1800 s ugges t ing t ha t i th ad e i ther c eased o r was c on t inued o n a sma l l s ca le . Absence o f p ipe makers f ro m t he F ree men R o l ls i s n o t c onc lus ive e v idence t ha t p roduc t ion h ad c eased , s ince n one o f t he n ineteen th c ent ury p roducers i s l i s ted t here , n or i s J oseph Tho mas , t he o n ly k nown m ide igh teen th c en tury maker .

The f ac t t ha t t he n ine teen th c en tury p roducers were

work ing i n t wo a reas k nown t o h ave b een c en tres o f p roduc t ion i n t he p er iod 1 690-1720 s ugges t t ha t t here may we l l h ave b een c on t inuous p roduct ion . On ly o ne p ipe maker i s r ecorded i n t he E xe ter M i l i t ia L is t o f 1 803 ( Hosk ins 1 972). There were a bou t f our i n t he p er iod 1 820-1850 . D ec l ine f o l lowed , a nd p rod uc t ion c eased

i n t he 1 890s when t he R eyno lds 'k i ln f i na l ly c losed .

3 06

r 4

0

L r )

s Jalewed

3 07

0

' 0N G raph s how ing n u mbers o f k nown p ipe makers i n E xe ter .

The F ree men R o l ls a lso i nc lude a mos t i n teres t ing e n try o f O c tober 2 1 , 1 707.

Wi l l ia m H arry was a dm i t ted w i th An thony H eard , p ipe maker , ' There n o t b e ing a S u f f ic ien t n u mber o f f ree men o f t ha t C orpora t ion f or t he o f f ices o f Mas ter a nd Warden .

( Rowe a nd J ackson

1 973 , 2 14 ). I t wou ld a ppear f ro m t h is r e ference t ha t t he E xe ter p ipe makers , l ike t hose o f L ondon , G a teshead , B r is to l a nd B rose ly h ad f or med t he mse lves i n to aC orpora t ion , a move s trong ly r es is ted i n o ther t owns ( Arno ld 1 977 , 3 14-315 ) . N o o ther i n for ma t ion r egard ing t h is o rgan isa t ion h as b een f ound a nd t he p ipemakers ' a r ms d o n o t h ang b es ide t hose o f t he o ther C orpora t ions i n E xe ter G u i ldha l l .

The C orpora t ion mus t h ave b een s hor t l ived a nd i ti s l ike ly t ha t i t

was f or med s hor t ly b e fore 1 707.

I ti s s ign i f ican t t ha t a t t h is t ime t here was

as hor tage o f p eop le s u i table f or o f f ice i n t he C orpora t ion a s t he n umber o f p ipe makers was d ec l in ing f ro m a bou t t ha t t ime ( F ig . 1 ) . A t t he h e igh t o f t he i ndus try i n c . 1 700 t here s ee m t o h ave b een a t l eas t f our o r f ive manu fac tor ies emp loying s evera l i nd iv idua ls :

t hose o f

G r ibb le , Mug ford , S y mons , Burges , a nd p erhaps Wh i te ( s ee b e low ) .

T he

p os i t ion o f t he p ipe makers ' workshops c an b e s ugges ted i n a t l eas t s ix c ases , a nd t hey p resumab ly were o f ten h anded d own f rom o ne maker t o a no ther:

I n

t he n ine teen th c en tury i ti s p oss ib le t ha t Ann G i l l , Wi l l iam Wh i te a nd R ober t R eyno lds were u s ing t he s ame k i ln (s ) i n C heeks L ane ( now C heekes S treet ). Th is a rrange men t was i n o pera t ion i n L ewes , S ussex , where s evera l p ipemakers u sed t he s a me k i ln e i ther j o in t ly o r s uccess ive ly ( Norr is 1 970 ) . E l isha C hannon h ad ap ipe maker 's s hop i n Rack L ane , a nd R ober t Mug ford ( 2 ) may a lso h ave l eased p re m ises i n t h is s tree t ( F ig . 2 ) .

A n umber o f o ther

p ipe makers l i ved a nd worked i n t he s ame p ar ishes , S t . S idwe l ls i n t he n or th a nd S t . Mary Ma jor i n t he s ou th , a l though t he ir e xac t a ddresses a re n o t k nown . These i nc lude R ober t Mugford ( 1 ) a nd E zek ie l G ribb le .

The p overty o f many

p ipe makers h as r ece ived c o m men t e lsewhere ( Oswa ld 1 970 , 2 30 ;

A rno ld 1 977 ,

3 15-6 ) a nd i n E xe ter J ohn S low was r ece iv ing p oor r e l ie f i n t he p ar ish o f Mary Ma jor i n 1 699.

I ndeed t he d is tr ibu t ion o f p ipe makers s hows a s tr ik ing g roup-

i ng i nt he p oores t p ar ts o f t own . a rea o f g rea tes t p over ty .

T he e x tramura l a rea o f S t . S idwe l ls was t he

A l l Ha l lows-onthe- Wa l ls , where t he Burges f a mi ly

was work ing , was a v ery p oor a rea , a nd s o was t he l ower p ar t o f S t . Mary Ma jor Par ish wh ich i nc luded Rack S t . ( S tevens 1 958 , 1 55 ; 1 15 f f .) .

H osk ins 1 935 ,

The c on tr ibu t ions o f p ipe makers t o t he P oor Ra te o f 1 699 w ere g en-

e ra l ly l ow . S y mons 1 d .

Wi l l iam Burges p a id l d ., E zek ie l G r ibb le 2 1d ., a nd R ichard ( Hosk ins 1 957 , 9 7 ,105 , 1 12 .) .

I n t he e ar ly s even teen th c en tury t he P or t B ooks p rov ide n o e v idence o f p ipe e xpor ts b u t i nc lude a f ew r e ferences t o t he ir i mpor ta t ion .

I n 1 636 t wo

b a tches o f t obacco p ipes , t o ta l l ing 8 0 g ross , were impor ted f ro m R o t terda m ( P .R .O . E .190 . 9 49/9) , a nd i n 1 627 t he i mpor t o f t wo b oxes o f p ipes f ro m L ondon i s r ecorded ( P .R .O . E . 1 90 . 9 46/9 ) .

E xpor ts f ro m E xe ter a re f irs t

r ecorded i n 1 666 when a t o ta l o f 2 70 g ross was s h ipped a broad .

These s h ip-

men ts were t o E uropean marke ts ( Mor la ix , G a l loway a nd B i lbao ). r ecorded s h ip men t t o Amer ica i s o f 1 678 .

T he e ar l ies t

The p reserva t ion o f more P or t

B ooks i n t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he s even teen th c entury wou ld p robab ly h ave p rov ided e ar l ier r eferences .

Therea f ter t obacco p ipes were e xpor ted i n b u lk

3 08

F ig . 2

The l oca t ion o f t obacco-pipe makers i n Exeter . t o l ist o fp ipe makers .

3 09

N u mbers r efer

t o S pa in , P or tuga l a nd t he C hanne l I s les , a nd t here a re o ccas iona l s h ip men ts t o S candinav ia , n or thern F rance a nd e ven A fr ica .

Amer ica p rov ided t he

ma jor marke t t hroughou t t he p er iod 1 670-1730 , w i th 3 9% o f k nown f ore ign e xpor ts b etween 1 666 a nd 1 700 , a nd 5 8% o f f oreign e xpor ts b e tween 1 702 a nd 1 730.

The impor tance o f t he Amer ican market may i ndeed b e u nder-represen ted

i n t he P or t Books .

S h ips g oing t o S pa in o r Por tuga l , t hen o n t o Amer ica ,

wou ld b e r eg is tered u nder t heir f irs t d es t ina t ion , a l though s o me c argoes wou ld b e u n loaded i n Amer ica . may b e e xaggera ted .

S i mi lar ly t he i mpor tance o f t he N ewfound land t rade

One Por t B ook e n try s ta tes a s h ip i s b ound f or ' New-

f ound land a nd N ew Eng land '.

The e n try o f as ubsequen t c argo o f t he s a me

s h ip g ives i t s d es t ina t ion a s N ew found land ;

t he c argoes may h ave t ravel led

t o N ew Eng land . Expor ts r ose v ery r apid ly i n t he l a te 1 690s t o r each t he h igh l evels o f 1 454 g ross i n 1 697 , 3 387 g ross i n 1 698 a nd 1 350 g ross i n 1 699 ( F ig . 3 ) .

The

Foreign P or t B ooks o f b oth t he C us to mer a nd C on tro ller o f Cus to ms a t Exeter s urv ive f or 1 698 .

Bo th g ive d es t ina t ions o n ly s porad ica l ly , b u t u sed t ogether

t hey e nable mos t t o b e i den t i f ied ( Tab le 1 ) .

I n t h is y ear , i fi t may b e a ssu med

t ha t ag ross was a lways 1 44 p ipes , r a ther l ess t han h a l f a mi l l ion p ipes were e xpor ted f ro m Exe ter . was £ 141.

Va lued f or t ax p urposes a t 1 0d . p er g ross , t he ir v a lue

Th is v a lua t ion i s p robab ly t oo l ow , a nd t hose o f impor ted c argoes

o f Du tch p ipes a t 1 6d . a nd 1 8d . p er g ross a re p robab ly more a ccura te , g iv ing v a lues o f £ 225-£254 , p ass im ).

( b u t

f or p roble ms o f

s uch v a lua tions s ee C lark 1 938

Th is i s c lear ly a s izeable s um , s im i lar f or e xa mp le t o t he t o ta l

v a lue o f Exeter 's impor t o f Du tch e ar thenwares a t i ts h eigh t i n a bou t 1 700 , a nd r a ther more t han t he t o ta l a nnua l v a lue o f i ts s toneware impor ted a t t ha t t ime ( A l lan f or thco ming ) .

I ti s t here fore n o t s urpris ing t ha t impor ted p ipes

a re s uch r ar i t ies i n e xcava t ions i n t he C i ty. p le tely u nknown .

Impor ts a re n o t , h owever ,c o m-

I n 1 690 , 4 80 g ross were impor ted f ro m Rot terdam ;

ab ox o f t obacco p ipes was impor ted f ro m L ondon .

i n 1 707

The e ar ly y ears o f t he

e igh teen th c en tury s how e xpor ts a t al ower l evel , c o mparab le t o t ha t i n t he 1 670s a nd 1 680s , f o l lowed b y a marked d ec l ine a f ter c . 1 720 ( Fig . 4 ) .

I n t he

e igh t a va i lab le y ears i n t he p er iod 1 720-30 o n ly 1 65 g ross were e xpor ted.

No

e xpor ts h ave b een f ound i n t he B ooks o f 7y ears b etween 1 731 a nd t he l as t Foreign P or t B ook o f 1 753 , s o i t s ee ms t ha t e xpor ta t ion h ad b y t hen c eased . A sma l l c oas ta l e xpor t h ad b egun a t l eas t b y t he 1 670s .

I n 1 673 a bar-

r el o f t obacco p ipes was s en t t o P ly mou th a nd t wo h ogsheads t o London .

When

t he i ndus try was a t i t s h eigh t i n t he 1 690s t he C oas ta l Books c on ta ined v ery l i t t le d eta i l , s o p ipes a re n ot men t ioned .

The P or t B ooks f or t he a d jacen t p or t

o f Dar t mou th d o , h owever , r efer t o t he e xpor t o f l arge q uan t i t ies o f E ng l ish c lay p ipes .

F or e xa mple , i n 1 699 ( P .R . O. E .190 . 9 75/3 ) 3 40 g ross w ere s en t

t o Mor la ix a nd 1 70 g ross t o Guernsey.

S ince t here i s n o e v idence o f a n i n-

d us try a t Dar t mou th , t hese may b e r e-expor ts o f E xe ter p ipes .

Exe ter 's e ar ly

e igh teen th c en tury Books a re much f u l ler , a nd r ecord e xpor ts o f p ipes t o P lymou th , Dar t mou th a nd S a lco mbe ( Tab le 1 ; t he c ol lapse o f t he f oreign e xpor t t rade ;

F ig .

6 ) .

Th is t rade s urv ived a fter

i n 1 736 a t o ta l o f 3 6 g ross w ere s en t

t o Fa l mou th f o l lowed b y 4 0 g ross i n 1 737 a nd more i n 1 739.

I n 1 741 ab ox o f

t obacco p ipes was s en t t o Dar t mou th ( P .R .O . E .190 .1000/9-1003/5 ) . e xpor ts were n o ted i n t hree y ears o f C oas ta l B ooks o f t he 1 750s , e xpor ts may a lso h ave c eased b y t hen .

3 10

N o p ipe

s o c oasta l

0 0 0 e r

I

i 0 0 0

i

(SSO A ) S T. 10d X 3

3 11

1 000-

b -5 00a

• •• •

1 730

1 710 Y ears A .D . F ig . 4

Graph s how ing a nnua l e xpor t o f t obacco p ipes f ro m E xe ter ( shaded) a nd S outha mpton ( dot ted o u t l ine ) 1 700-30 ( af ter Arno ld 1 977 , F ig . 5 ) .

2

2 2 00u ) 0 a . 1 7 10

1 730 Y ears AD .

•F ig . 5

G raph s how ing a nnua l impor t o f t obacco p ipes t o E xeter 1 700-30 .

3 12

Th is d ec l ine i n e xpor ts c orresponds we l l t o t he d ec l ine i n t he n umber o f p ipe makers k nown t o b e work ing i n t he C i ty ( F ig . 1 ) . w ere a t l eas t n ine makers ;

Whereas i n 1 701 t here

t he f igure h ad d ropped b y 1 730 t o o n ly t hree , w i th

p erhaps o n ly o ne i n t he 1 750s .

I ta lso c orresponds t o t he i ncrease i n t he n u mber

o f p ipes b eing i mpor ted ( Table 1 ;

F ig . 5 ) .

R egu lar i mpor ta t ion o f p ipes i n t he

e igh teen th c en tury b eg ins i n 1 716 , when 3 0 g ross were s h ipped f ro m L ondon i n N ove mber .

The n umber o f impor ts s tead i ly i ncreased a nd i n 1 729 a lone

1 70 g ross were s h ipped f ro m Dar t mou th , P or ts mou th , S ou tha mp ton , L iverp oo l a nd e spec ia l ly L ondon a nd B r is to l whence c ame 7 5% o f t he t o ta l impor ts f or t he p er iod 1 716-1730 .

Dur ing t h is p er iod a t o ta l o f 4 6 , 0 80 p ipes were i m-

p or ted i n to E xe ter i nt he 1 2 y ears f or wh ich r ecords a re a va i lab le . The P or t B ooks a lso g ive e v idence o f t he o rgan isa t ion o f t he e xpor t o f p ipes .

P ipes were a lways a sma l l a d junct t o s h ips ' c argoes .

e xpor ts were l arge ly o f D evon c lo th .

The E uropean

Amer ican c argoes were much more

v ar ied ; w i th t he p ipes wen t aw ide r ange o f d o mes t ic g oods s uch a s h aberd ashery , w indow g lass , c arpe ts , f e l t h a ts a nd p ew ter g oods , t oge ther w i th c lo th .

N ear ly a l l w ere s h ipped i n E xe ter o r T opsha m v esse ls .

k nown p ipe makers a c ted a s merchan ts o f t heir o wn p roduc ts .

S o met i mes Th is s ys te m

was i n u se a s e ar ly a s 1 666 ( see E zek ie l G r ibb le i n fra ) a nd s ee ms t o h ave b een p ar t icu lar ly c o m mon i n t he p er iod o f g rea tes t e xpor ta t ion i n t he l a te 1 690s . T hese e n tr ies h ave t he g rea t i n teres t o f s how ing s o me o f t he s ca le o f o u tpu t o f i nd ividua l p roducers ( i n fra ) . s en t t he p ipes .

More c o m mon ly , e s tab l ished l oca l merchan ts

S evera l merchan ts migh t o n o ccas ion e ach p lace a c argo o f

p ipes w i th o ther g oods o n o ne v esse l .

S o me , l i ke R oger P rowse i n t he 1 690s ,

s eem t o h ave s pec ia l ised i n t he b uy ing a nd a sse mbl ing o f c argoes f or e xpor t t o t he N ew Wor ld .

P rowse f requen t ly o ccurs i n t he E xe ter P or t B ooks a s a n

i mpor ter o f Rhen ish g oods , wh ich h e s ubsequen t ly r e-expor ted t o Amer ica w i th Eng l ish h ouseho ld g oods ( A l lan f or thco m ing ).

These i nc luded c lay p ipes ,

wh ich were c er ta in ly Eng l ish s ince t hey p a id e xpor t s ubs idy . R e-expor ts were n ot s ub jec t t o t h is s ubs idy . The e xpor ts d iscussed i n t h is p aper p a id s ubs idy a nd a re t herefore Eng l ish .

The a rchaeo log ica l e v idence t ha t l oca l

p ipes were t he o n ly o nes c o m mon ly a va i lab le i n E xe ter a t t h is t ime i nd ica tes t ha t t hese mus t l arge ly b e l oca l p roduc ts . T opsham i s as econd p oss ible s ource ( R ippon 1 917 , 1 13-4 ). The i ndus try i n E xe ter mus t h ave emerged i n v ery f avourable c ircums tances .

The l oca l marke t was l arge , a nd t he e s tab l ished p a t tern o f E xe ter 's

e xpor ts p rov ided a f ra mework f or o verseas s a les . f or t rade w i th Amer ica .

E xe ter was we l l p os i t ioned

I ta lso h ad t he a dvan tage o f e asy a ccess t o t he ma jor

s upply o f p ipe c lay i n t he a rea o f B ovey Tracey .

T h is was e xpor ted f ro m t he

T e ign e s tuary , wh ich l ay w i th in t he E xe ter C us to ms P or t , s o l oca l c onsu mpt i on i s n o t r ecorded , b u t t he e ar l ies t r e ference o f i t s e xpor t we h ave f ound i s o f 1 680 , when 8 t ons o f t obacco p ipe c lay were s en t t o L ondon ( P .R .O . E .190 . 9 58/1). B y t he 1 690s i ti s ar egu lar f ea ture o f c oas ta l t rade . The s ubsequen t e xpans ion o f t he t rade i s d escr ibed b y Bu l ley ( 1 955 ) . o f t he i ndus try a re much l ess c er ta in .

R easons f or t he d ec l ine

H osk ins h as p o in ted o u t t ha t a f ter a

p er iod o f i ncreas ing p rosper i ty t here was a p ro longed s lump i n E xeter 's t rade a f ter C . 1 715 .

H e a t tr ibu tes t h is t o c o mpe t i t ion f ro m o ther s ou th-wes tern p or ts

a nd t he g row th o f t hose more f avourab ly e ndowed f or o verseas t rade l ike B r is tol , L iverpoo l a nd S ou thampton ( Hosk ins 1 935 ).

3 13

Wh i ls t i ti s c lear ly

F ig.

6

M ap

s howing E nglish s ources

( closed c ircles)

o f

t obacco p ipes

a nd e xports f rom E xeter

i mported

t o E xeter

( open c ircles),

1 700-1730.

e < 1 0 0

01 00 -300 0

>3 00 t e o ,

NE WFOUNDLAND

NE W ENGLAND BOSTON V IRG IN IA

CHANNEL I SLANDS

CAROL INA

V ?‘ •

B ILBA l i

• CZ

• OPORTO

‘ ZZ3, c s

SEBAST IAN S T

r

4 I LI SBON 0 G IBR

A L T A R MALAGA

F ig . 7

Map s how ing o verseas d istr ibution o f E xe ter c lay t obacco-pipes 1 700-30 . 3 14

r e la ted t o E xe ter 's g enera l p rosper i ty , t he t rade d oes s ee m t o h ave c on trac ted a round 1 700 wh i le t he l oca l e cono my was s t i l l s trong .

The c orrespondence

b e tween t he l oss o f t he p ipe e xpor t marke t a nd t he s harp d ec l ine o f k nown p rod ucers s ugges ts t ha t t h is marke t was v ery i mpor tan t t o t he m .

A s tudy o f t he

p ipe i ndus try a t S ou tha mpton ( Arno ld 1 977 ) h as s hown t ha t p roduct ion a nd e xp or ta t ion t here was i ncreas ing f ro m c . 1 700 a nd r eached a p eak a f ter 1 735 ( F ig . 3 ) . There was n o t ad ec l ine i n S ou thamp ton 's i ndus try u n t i l t he 1 760s , w hen S ou thampton l os t much o f t he A t lan t ic t rade t o L iverpoo l , a l though i t r e ta ined i t s d o minance o f t he s upp ly t rade t o t he C hanne l I s les .

Wh i ls t E xe ter

was s h ipp ing t he g rea ter p ropor t ion o f i t s p ipes t o t he Amer ican c o lon ies , t h is c o mpr ised a sma l l s eg men t o f S ou tha mpton 's e xpor ts ( Arno ld 1 977 , F ig . 2 ) . O therwise t he d es t ina t ions o f p ipes f ro m t he t wo c en tres a re s im i lar .

I ti s

i n teres t ing t ha t t he l as t q uar ter o f t he e igh teen th c en tury s aw a n a bsence o f p ipe makers i n S ou thampton a nd t he i ndus try o n ly r ecovered a t t he e nd o f t he c en tury .

Th is a ppears t o c orrespond w i th a d epress ion i n E xe ter 's i ndus try .

P erhaps b o th were h ard h i t b y t he g row th o f L ondon a nd B r is to l a s manu fac turi ng c en tres .

C lay p ipe manu fac ture may h ave b een p ar t icu lar ly s ens i t ive t o

f l uc tua t ions i n at own 's f or tunes . Exe ter c lay p ipes s hou ld t here fore b e f ound i n e xcava t ions i n t he Amer ican c o lon ies a nd much o f S pa in , P or tuga l a nd France . p rov ide u se fu l d a tab le h or izons i n e xcava t ions t here .

They s ho u ld

I n t he p er iod 1 660-1720

t he a verage y ear ly f ore ign e xpor ts i n t hose y ears w i th s urv iv ing P or t B ooks w ere 3 88 g ross , i .e . 5 5 , 8 00 p ipes , g iv ing a t o ta l e xpor t o f a bou t 3 ,350 ,000. T he s urv iva l o f B ooks o f t hree c onsecu t ive y ears when e xpor ts were a t t he ir h e igh t i n t he l a te 1 690s may b e a n e xaggera t ing f ac tor , b u t u nrecorded e xpor ts a nd e xpor ts v ia o ther l oca l p or ts mus t b e a dded t o t he t o ta l . f ragmen ts o f r a ther more t han o ne mi l l ion a round e as tern Amer ica ( Tab le 1 ) .

We e s t i ma te t ha t

E xe ter p ipes mus t b e s ca t tered

I n Amer ica t he i den ti f ica t ion o f E xe ter

p ipes w i l l b e i nd ica t ive o f t rade w i th D evon .

The ir d is tr ibu t ion s hou ld b e

c ompared t o t ha t o f N or th Devon p o ttery ( Ma lco l m Wa tk ins 1 960 ) o r o ther D evon c argoes , s uch a s S ou th Devon r oo f ing s la te .

The d is tr ibu tion o f t hese

c argoes may a lso i nd ica te s o me o f t he migra t ions a nd c o lon isa t ions f ro m S ou th- Wes t E ng land , a nd may make i tp oss ible t o mon i tor s uch move men ts i n t he Amer icas . T he P ipe makers o f E xe ter 1 .

TR IBBLE , E dward 1 654 Exe ter 's e ar l ies t k nown p ipe maker i s r ecorded a t t he C i ty S ess ions o n

A ugus t 1 2 th , 1 654 .

H e c la i med t ha t as uspec ted w i tch , D iana C ross , c a l led

f or f ire a t h is h ouse , wh ich h e g ave h er , a nd f or o ne mon th a f terwards h e c ou ld n o t make h is p ipes t o h is s a t is fac t ion . T hey were e i ther o ver o r u nder b urn t . The w i tch a lso c as t h er e v i l e ye o n ab oy i n h is emp loy a nd t he b oy g rew d is trac ted a nd ' p ined away i n b ody ' . 2 .

WH ITE , Wi l l ia m 1 690-1710 ( F ig . 2 )

I n 1 690 Wi l l iam Wh i te , p ipe maker , b ecame a F ree man o f t he C i ty b y a ppren t icesh ip , a l though h is mas ter i s n o t r ecorded ( Rowe a nd J ackson 1 973 , 1 81 ) . I n 1 708 a W i l l ia m Wh i te t ook a l ease f or 7 y ears o n p roper ty i n t he p ar ish o f S t . S idwe l ls wh ich i nc luded ' 3f i elds o r c loses o f l and b e tween t he

3 15

O lde workhouse a nd t he G arden Wa l l o f t he n ew H osp i ta l a d joining t he H ighway l ead ing f ro m Par is S treet t o H eav i tree a nd c on ta in ing a bou t 5a cres o f l and ' f or a n a nnua l r en t o f £ , 10 . 5 s .O d .

( Exeter C i ty R ecord O f f ice ).

The i den ti fi-

c a t ion o f t h is man w i th t he p ipe maker i s t en ta t ive , a s Wh i te i s s uch a c o m mon n a me i n t he C i ty.

I n t he

1 699 P oor Ra te t wen ty-one Wh i tes a re l is ted , n one

o f t he m a Wi l l iam Wh ite .

Wh i te worked i n t he C i ty f or a t l eas t t wen ty y ears .

G eorge E fford , h is a ppren t ice , b ecame a Free man i n 1 710 .

( Rowe a nd J ackson

1 973 , 2 21). 3 .

BURGES , Wi l l ia m ( 1 ) 1 691-1701 The a dm iss ion o f Wi l l ia m Burges ( 1 ) i s n o t r ecorded , a nd h e i s f irs t

men t ioned whenAn thony Tayler , a n a ppren t ice t o Burges , b eca me a F ree man o n S epte mber 2 1s t , 1 691.

H e t ook h is s ons Wi l l iam a nd P eter a s a ppren t ices

i n 1 695 a nd 1 701 r espect ive ly . a nd b eca me a F ree man i n 1 695 . s on 1 973 , 1 87, 1 94 , 2 06 ).

J a mes Parker was a lso a ppren ticed t o B urges A l l a re l is ted a s p ipe makers ( Rowe a nd J ack-

Two Wi l l iam Burges a re r ecorded i n t he P oor Ra te

o f 1 699 ( Hosk ins 1 957 , 9 7 a nd 1 06 ).

The f irs t was i n Mary Ma jor p ar ish , t he

s econd i n t he p ar ish o f A l l Ha l lows-on-the- Wa l ls .

T he f or mer t ook a n ew l ease

i n O ctober 1 704 o f p re m ises d escr ibed a s a' Dwe l l ing h ouse i n Rack L ane ' f or ar en t o f 1 6d .

( Exeter C i ty R ecord O ff ice ).

l a t ter who was t he p ipe maker .

I td oes h owever s ee m t o b e. the

The Par ish R eg is ters f or A l l Ha l lows-on-the-

Wa l ls i nc lude t he n a mes o f Wi l liam Burges a nd h is s ons Wi l lia m a nd P e ter , a nd g ive s o me d eta i ls o f t he ir marr iages .

Th is i den ti f ica t ion n ow a ppears t o

b e c on f ir med b y t he e xcava t ion o f l arge q uan t i t ies o f p ipe makers ' was te a t a s i te i n Bar thole mew S tree t l y ing w i th in t he p ar ish o f A l l Ha l lows-onthe- Wa l ls . The p ipes a re u nmarked , b u t Oswa ld d a tes t he ir s ty le t o c . 1 690-1720 a nd t h is d a te i s s uppor ted b y e v idence f ro m s tra ti f ied l oca l g roups .

The Burges manu-

f actory was o ne o f t he mos t i mpor tan t e xpor ters i n t he l a te 1 690s . f am i ly merchan ted a t ota l o f 5 92 g ross o f p ipes t o N ewfound land , H igera . 4 .

I n 1 698 t he

Cad iz a nd

Th is c o mpr ises 1 7% o f Exe ter 's t o ta l e xpor t f or t ha t y ear . MUGFORD , R ober t ( 1 ) Mug ford was a p ipe maker b e fore 1 691, when h is s on Rober t ( 2 ) a nd h is

a ppren tice Francis H u tch inson , p ipe makers , b ecame Free men ( Rowe a nd J ackson 1 973 , 1 85 , 1 86 ) .

An R . Mug ford l i ved i n Mary Ma jor par ish i n 1 660

c on tr ibu t ing 1 2d . t o t he P o l l Tax a nd a no ther i n n earby Mary S teps p ar ish i n 1 671 ( Hosk ins 1 957 , 5 0 , 7 8 ). 5 .

MUGFORD , R ober t ( 2 ). 1 691-1734 ( Fig . 2 ) R ober t ( 2 ) b eca me a Free man b y s uccess ion i n 1 691 ( a bove ).

l a te 1 690s t he f am i ly was e xpor t ing c argoes a broad . s en t 3 0 g ross o n t he Adven ture , p robably t o Amer ica .

I n t he

I n 1 697 Rober t Mug ford I n May a nd J u ly o f

1 698 h e s en t at ota l o f 8 0 g ross i n t he Amer ica t o C adiz.

I n October 1 704 a

Rober t Mug ford t ook a l ease o n ap roper ty i n Mary Ma jor p ar ish .

I t s a nnua l

r en t was 5 s .

I ti s d escr ibed a s a' house w i th a b rew ing man t le a nd w e l l i n

Rack Lane '.

( Exe ter C i ty R ecord O f f ice ).

c ordwa iner o f t he s ame n a me . man i n 1 734 b y s uccess ion .

Th is may b e t he p ipe maker o r a

H is s on , R ober t Mug ford ( 3 ) , b eca me a F ree-

B o th a re t hen l is ted a s p ipe makers .

J ackson 1 973 , 2 55 ).

3 16

( Rowe a nd

6 .

HUTCH INSON , F rancis 1 691 S ee R ober t Mug ford ( 1 ) a bove .

7 .

TAYLER , An thony 1 691 S ee Wi l lia m Burges ( 1 ) a bove .

8 .

SY MONS , R ichard 1 693-1708 R ichard S y mons t obacco-pipe maker b ecame a Free man i n S epte mber

1 693 f or a f ine o f £ 5 .

H e i s r ecorded t ak ing t wo a ppren t ices , Rober t Gubb i n

1 701 a nd J ohn S a l ter i n 1 708 , b o th p ipe makers . ( Rowe a nd J ackson 1 973 , 1 89 , 2 05 , 2 16).

A R ichard S y mons l ived i n Mary Ma jor p ar ish i n 1 699 p aying l d .

i n t he Poor Ra te ( Hosk ins 1 957 , 1 05 ).

S y mons was e viden t ly a ma jor p roducer ,

s end ing l arge q uan t i t ies o f p ipes a broad . t he A dven ture , p robab ly t o Amer ica .

I n Augus t 1 697 h e s en t 2 00 g ross o n

I n J anuary 1 698 h e p laced 1 07 g ross o n

t he N icho las f or L isbon , i n J une 1 10 g ross o n t he Adven ture f or B i lbao a nd i n J u ly 5 0 g ross o n t he Amer ica f or Cad iz. t he Adven ture t o N ew Eng land .

I n March 1 699 h e s en t 1 00 g ross o n

I n 1 698 a Tho mas S y mons , p erhaps a r ela tive ,

s en t 3 3 g ross t o G rea t Mar lyns . 9 .

G ILL , L ione l 1 693-1712 G i ll b eca me a F ree man i n S epte mber 1 693 f or a f ine o f £ 5 .

I n 1 712 h is

a ppren tice J ohn T igg ins a lso b eca me a F ree man ( Rowe a nd J ackson 1 973 , 1 89 , 2 24 1 0.

W ARREN , R ichard 1 693 Whe ther Warren was a p ipe maker i s u ncer ta in .

An e n try i n t he Mayor 's

P or t Book i n S epte mber 1 693 r ecords t ha t Warren , a' t obaccon is t ', b eca me a F ree man b eing a n a ppren t ice t o J oseph Hussey , a lso a t obaccon is t .

Another

e n try d escr ibes Warren a s at obacco-pipe maker ( Rowe a nd J ackson 1 973 ,

1 90 ).

Warren i s s uch a c o m mon n ame t ha t t here a re s evera l p oss ib le i den ti fica t ions o f h im i n t he 1 699 P oor Ra te . 1 1.

GR IBBLE , E zek iel E zek iel G r ibb le i s l i s ted i n t he P or t Book f or 1 666 wh ich r ecords h is

s h ip men t o f 1 20 sma l l g ross o f t obacco p ipes t o B i lbao .

H e i s p resu mably

e i ther t he E zek iel G r ibb le l is ted i n Mary Ma jor p ar ish i n t he P o l l Tax o f 1 660 o r t ha t i n Tr in i ty p ar ish i n t he H ear th Tax o f 1 671 ( Hosk ins 1 957, 5 1, 6 5 ).

I n

t he P oor Ra te o f 1 699 a n E zek iel G r ibb le was l i s ted i n S t . S idwe l l 's p ar ish ( Hosk ins 1 957, 1 12 ).

The n a me i s s o u nusua l t ha t t hese t hree e n tr ies may r e fer

t o t he s a me p erson , o r p erhaps t o f a ther a nd s on .

Hav ing s erved h is a ppren-

t i cesh ip , t hough n o t w i th a Free man , a n E zek ie l G r ibble , p ipe maker , was a dm i t ted b y f ine o f 5 s i n Augus t 1 694 .

H is f irs t r ecorded a ppren t ice was h is

s on E zek ie l ( 2 o r 3 ) i n 1 701, a nd t here f o l lowed Tho mas Bur lace i n 1 708 a nd R ichard Berry i n 1 722 ( Rowe a nd J ackson 1 973 , 1 90 , 2 01, 2 16 , 2 33 ). 1 2.

BURGES , Wi l l ia m ( 2 ) 1 695-1734 Burges b eca me a F ree man a s a ppren t ice t o h is f a ther , Wi l l ia m Burges

( 1 ) , i n 1 695 ( above ).

Three a ppren t ices , a l l p ipe makers , b eca me Free men :

R ichard S tock man i n 1 715 , P e ter Ga le i n 1 722 a nd S tephen Hooper i n 1 734 ( Rowe a r id J ackson 1 973 , 1 94 , 2 29 , 2 32 , 2 54 ). 3 17

1 3 .

PARKER , J a mes 1 695 S ee Wi l l iam Burges ( 1 ) a bove .

1 4 .

S LOW , J ohn 1 699 S low i s r ecorded a s ap ipe maker i n S t . Mary Ma jor p ar ish i n t he Poor

Ra tes o f 1 699. 1 5 .

H e was p a id i s . p oor r e l ie f . ( Hosk ins 1 957 , 1 08 ).

BURGES , P e ter 1 701 S ee Wi l l iam B urges ( 1 ) a bove .

1 6.

GR IBBLE , E zek ie l ( 2 ) 1 701 A ppren t iced t o h is f a ther E zek ie l ( 1 ) , h e b ecame a F ree man i n 1 701

( a bove ) .

I n Augus t 1 706 a n E zek ie l G r ibb le t ook a l ease o n ap roper ty i n t he

' Wes t Toune o f C red i ton ' f or a r en t o f £ 6. 1 0s . O d .

The p re m ises w ere d e-

s cr ibed a s a' Dwe l l ing h ouse c ons is t ing o f 3g round r oo ms w i th 4 c hambers o ver t he s a me , w i th t he b ack e n try , l inney , c ur t i lage e tc .' R ecord O f f ice ). 1 7.

( Exeter C i ty

Th is p erhaps i nd ica tes t ha t h e n o l onger worked i n E xe ter .

GUBB , R ober t 1 701 S ee R ichard S y mons a bove .

1 8 .

HARRY , Wi l l ia m 1 707

H arry was made a F ree man i n Oc tober 1 707 f or a f ine o f £ 1 w i th An thony H eard who p a id £ 1. i s . 6 d . ' There n o t b eing a S u f f ic ien t n umber o f f ree men o f t he C orpora t ion f or t he o f f ices o f Mas ter a nd Warden ' ( Rowe a nd J ackson 1 973 , 2 13 ). 1 9.

HEARD , An thony 1 707 S ee Wi l l iam Harry a bove .

2 0 .

BURLACE , Tho mas 1 708 S ee E zek ie l G r ibb le N o . 1 1 a bove .

2 1.

MARSHALL , J ames 1 708 Marsha l l i s men t ioned i n t he F reedo m R o l ls when h is a ppren t ice , Tho mas

Woodward , p ipe maker , b ecame a F ree man i n March 1 708 ( Rowe a nd J ackson 1 973 , 2 17 ). 2 2.

WOOD WARD , Tho mas 1 708 S ee J ames Marsha l l a bove .

2 3.

SALTER , J ohn 1 708 S a lter b ecame a F ree man a s a ppren t ice o f R ichard S y mons i n 1 708

( above ).

Ap ipe , p oss ib ly made b y S a l ter , was e xcava ted i n Woo ls ter S tree t ,

P ly mou th , d a ted 1 680-1720 a nd marked I S ( i ncuse ) o n t he b ack o f t he b ow l ( Oswa ld 1 969 , 1 32 , F ig . 5 5 , N o . 3 3 ) . 2 4 .

EFFORD , G eorge 1 710-34 E f ford s erved h is a ppren t icesh ip w i th Wi l l iam Wh i te ( above ).

H e was

s t i l l work in g i n 1 734 when h is s on Tho mas E f ford , p ipe maker , b ecame a F ree man ( Rowe a nd J ackson 1 973 , 2 47 ) . 3 18

2 5 .

T IGG INS , J ohn 1 712 S ee L ione l G i l l a bove .

2 6 .

STOCK MAN , R ichard 1 715 S ee Wi l l ia m Burges ( 2 ) a bove.

2 7.

KN IGHT , P eter ( 1 ) 1 716-1741 Kn igh t was a dm i t ted a s a Free man f or a f ine o f 1 0s . i n 1 716.

H e was

s t i l l ap ipe maker i n 1 741 when h is s on P eter , p ipe maker , b eca me a Free man b y s uccess ion ( Rowe a nd J ackson 1 973 , 2 29 , 2 68 ) . 2 8 .

BERRY , R ichard 1 722 S ee E zeke iel G r ibb le N o . 1 2.

2 9 .

GALE , P eter 1 722-1738 An a ppren tice o f Wi l lia m Burges ( 2 ) , h e was made a F ree man i n 1 722

( above ).

H is a ppren t ice I saac C lay b eca me a F ree man i n 1 738 when G a le was

s t i l l d escribed a s at obacco-pipe maker . ( Rowe a nd J ackson 1 973 , 2 59 ). 3 0 .

LEY , J ona then 1 725 Ley was a d mi t ted a Free man f or a f ine o f £ 1 . 1 0s . O d . i n 1 725 ( Rowe

a nd J ackson 1 973 , 2 38 ).

P ipes , p oss ib ly made b y L ey , a re k nown f ro m P ly-

mou th ( Oswa ld 1 969 , 1 38 , F ig . 5 7, N o. 6 6a ) a nd i n t he c o l lec t ion o f C .J .A . ( F ig . 8 .7) w i th r eeded b ow l a nd i n i t ia ls I L ( re lief ) o n t he s pur . 3 1.

EFFORD , Tho mas 1 734 S ee G eorge E f ford a bove .

3 2 .

HOOPER , S tephen 1 734 S ee Wi l l ia m B urges ( 2 ) a bove .

3 3 .

M UGFORD , R ober t ( 3 ) 1 734 S ee Rober t Mug ford ( 2 ) a bove .

3 4 .

CLAY , I saac 1 738 S ee P eter Ga le a bove .

3 5 .

KN IGHT , P eter ( 2 ) 1 741 S ee P e ter Kn igh t ( 1 ) a bove .

3 6.

THO MAS , J oseph 1 753

J oseph Tho mas o f S t . S idwe l l p ar ish , p ipe maker r eceived a marr iage l icense i n 1 753 ( Mann 1 947, 1 , 7 8 ). 3 7 .

CHAPPELL , J ames 1 803-1822 J a mes Chappe l l , p ipe maker , i s l i s ted a s av o lun teer o f t he Exe ter R eg i-

men t i n t he E xe ter M i li t ia L is t o f 1 803.

H e l ived i n S t . S idwe l l 's a nd was t hen

u nmarr ied a nd a ged b etween 1 7 a nd 3 0 ( Hosk ins 1 972 , 1 06). i ng p ipes i n S t . S idwe l l 's i n 1 822 ( P igo t 1 822 ).

3 19

H e was s t i l l mak-

1

3

5

7

F ig . 8

Exe ter c lay t obacco-p ipes n os .

3 20

1 -7 .

3 8 .

GRANGER , Tho mas 1 822 Granger i s l i s ted a s ap ipe maker i n Pigo t 's D irectory o f 1 822.

l ived i n Par is 3 9.

H e

S treet i n S t . S idwel l 's p ar ish .

REYNOLDS , J ames 1 822 P igot 's D irectory o f 1 822 l i s t J ames a nd R ober t R eyno lds a s p ipe makers

i n ' Cheeks Lane - P ar is 4 0 .

S treet '.

REYNOLDS , R ober t 1 822-1853 ( Fig . 2 ) Reynolds i s l i s ted a s ap ipe maker i n Cheek S tree t i n as er ies o f

D irec tor ies b etween 1 822 a nd 1 853 ( P igot 1 822 , Bes ley 1 828 , Trew man 1 839 , S la ter 1 852 , B es ley 1 853 ) .

H e i s n o t l is ted i n 1 856 ( Kel ly 1 636 ).

I n 1 838

Reynolds r en ted p re mises f ro m Margare t Youde d escr ibed a s a' Fron t t enemen t a nd b ack h ouse f or mak ing p ipes ' i n C heeks Lane . £ 13 a nd i t was r a ted a t £ , 10 ( Exe ter C i ty R ecord O f f ice ).

I t s g ross v a lue was S ix e xa mples o f

R eyno ld's p ipes a re i l lus tra ted ( F ig . 8 . 1 -6 ) , f our w i th f lu ted b owls , t wo o f t he m w ith p lan t d ecora t ion a long t he f ron t a nd b ack mou ld ing s ea ms , o ne p la in b owl a nd a no ther w i th f la t p anne ls . 4 1 .

A l l b ear t he i n i t ia ls RR i n r el ief .

CHANNON , E l isha 1 838-1837 ( F ig . 2 ) I n 1 838 s he a nd G eorge C hann ing owned a ' Dwe l l ing h ouse i n t he c orner ,

w i th p ipe maker 's s hop e tc .' i n Rack S tree t , i n t he p ar ish o f S t . Mary Ma jor , wh ich h ad a g ross v a lue o f £ 30 a nd was r a ted a t £ 24 ( Exe ter C i ty Record O f f ice ).

B i l l ing 's D irectory i nd ica tes t ha t E l isha Channon was s t i l l i n b us iness

i n R ack S treet i n 1 857 • 4 2.

G ILL , Ann 1 838-1856 ( Fig . 2 Ann r en ted a h ouse i n Cheeks Lane i n 1 838 d escr ibed a s a' dwel l ing

h ouse , y r d , p ipe-k i lns , l inhays e tc .'.

T he p re mises h ad a g ross v a lue o f

£ 21 a nd a r a teable v a lue o f £ . 16.10s . ( Exeter C i ty R ecord O f f ice ) .

S he i s

l is ted a s ap ipe maker t here i n 1 839 a nd 1 853 a nd s t i l l l i ved t here i n 1 856 ( Trew man 1 839 , B es ley 1 853 , Ke l ly 1 856 ). 4 3 .

HEATH , Ann Ann H ea th p ipe maker l i ved i n H ira m P lace i n 1 850 ( Wh i te 1 850 ).

4 4.

JORDAN , R ober t 1 850-1857 Between 1 850 a nd 1 857 J ordan , ap ipe maker , l i ved i n B lackboy Road

( Wh i te 1 850 , B i l l ings 1 857 ). 4 5 .

Th is i s a n o u t lying p ar t o f S t . S idwe l l 's p ar ish .

MIDDLETON , Wi l l ia m 1 850 I n 1 850 Midd le ton worked i n Cr ick lepi t Lane , b u t h e i s n o t l i s ted i n

1 852 ( Wh i te 1 850 , 1 852 ). 4 6.

The s i te i s c lose t o t he b ot to m o f Rack S tree t .

REYNOLDS , G eorge 1 878-90 Reyno lds s ucceeded t o t he f ami ly b us iness b e fore 1 878 when h e i s l i s ted

i n Wh i te's D irectory .

B es ley l is ts h im b etween 1 881 a nd 1 890 b u t n o t l a ter .

H e g ives h is a ddress a s 1 7 Cheeke S treet . 1 895 , 1 901) .

3 21

( Bes ley 1 881 , 1 885 , 1 890 , 1 893 ,

Tab le 1 . Quan t i t ies o f t obacco-pipes e xpor ted a nd i mpor ted t hrough E xeter 1 666-1730 ( PRO E .190 9 54/7 - 9 97/20 ) .

To ta ls a re f or 1 5 y ears

b etween 1 666 a nd 1 700 a nd 2 5 y ears b etween 1 702 a nd 1 730 . ( Note : I nc ludes k nown d es t ina t ions o n ly.

I ti s c lear f ro m a d jacen t

e n tr ies i n t he P or t B ooks t ha t N ewhaven i s i n N or mandy).

Foreign e xpor ts

A l l e xpor ts

I mpor ts

1 666-1700

1 702-1730

1 700-1730

G ross

%

G ross

Ga l loway

1 00

1 .6

Guernsey

7 10

1 1.5

3 50

5 .6

5 0

0 .8

150

1 8 .7

J ersey Mor la ix N ewhaven ( l e Havre ) B i lbao S an S ebas t ian Cad iz

1 017

G ross

1 20

4 .3

1 00

3 .6

2 0

0 .7

4 0

1 .4

1 6.5

L isbon

1 07

1 .7

1 10

4 .0

Opor to

1 55

2 .5

2 0

0 .7

2 00

7 .3

4 0

0 .6 3 15

1 1.4

A fr ica

5 6

0 .9

G rea t Mar lyns ( ? Ma l ines )

3 3

0 .5

Rot terdam

6 0

0 .9

N orway

2 4

0 .3

B ergen

3 6

0 .5

G othenburg

1 0

0 .2

6 99

1 1.3

3 45

1 2.5

7 1

1 .1

Ma laga H igera ( S igur ia ) G ibra l ter

New found land N ew Land , Terra Nova ( ? Newfound land ) New Eng land Bos ton N ew York V irg in ia

1 233

2 .0

4 00

1 4.6

2 75

4 .4

3 0

1 .0

9 0

1 .4

1 51

2 .4

9 0

3 .2

4 15

1 4.7

P ly mou th

4 20

1 5 .3

S a lco mbe

3 0

1 .0

Dar t mou th

8 0

2 .9

Carol ina Des tina t ion n ot s ta ted

2 022

P or ts mou th London S ou tha mpton Br is to l L iverpool To ta l

%

8 439

2 735

3 22

1 0

3 .0

1 0

3 .0

1 30

3 9.7

2 0

6 .1

1 30

3 9.7

2 0

6 .1

3 20

A cknowledge men ts The a u thors w ish t o a cknowledge t he a ss is tance g iven b y t he Arch iv is ts o f t he Exe ter C i ty R ecord O f f ice .

Much o f t he i n i t ia l r esearch b y C .J . A. was

c arr ied o u t i n c ol labora t ion w i th Dav id C ook who a lso k ind ly made h is c ol lecti on o f p ipes a va i lable f or t h is p aper .

P rofessor W. B . S tevens g enerous ly

l en t h is t ranscr ipt ion o f as er ies o f s even teen th c en tury P or t B ooks , f ro m wh ich t he r eferences t o i mpor ts i n 1 627 a nd 1 636 h ave b een t aken .

The E xeter

Archaeolog ica l Un i t e xcava ted t he p hys ica l e v idence o f t he i ndus try a nd Mr . A . O swa ld r epor ted o n i t .

B IBILOGRAPHY A l lan , J . P . f or thco m ing Exe ter Archaeolog ica l R epor ts Vo l . 3 . Arno ld , C . J . 1 976 ' The n ine teen th c en tury c lay t obacco-pipe i ndus try a t P or tches ter , Han ts .' P roc Ha mpsh ire F ld C lub Archaeol S oc . 3 1 , 4 3-52. Arno ld , C . J . 1 977 ' The c lay t obacco-pipe i ndus try :

a n e cono m ic s tudy ' i n

P ottery a nd Ear ly C o m merce ( ed .) D . P . S . P eacock , London , 3 13-336 . B es ley , 1 828 , 1 853 , 1 881 , 1 885 , 1 890 , 1 895 , 1 901 B es ley 's Exe ter D irec tory E xeter . B i l l ings 1 857 A D irectory o f Devon E xeter . Bu l ley , J . A . 1 955 ' The b eg inn ings o f t he Devonsh ire b a l l-c lay t rade ' Trans Devonsh ire Assoc 8 7, 1 91-198 . C lark , E . A . G . 1 960 T he P or ts o f t he Exe Es tuary Exe ter . C lark ,

G . N . 1 938 G u ide t o Eng l ish C o m mercia l S ta t is t ics , 1 692-1762 L ondon .

H osk ins , W. G . 1 935 I ndus try , Trade a nd P eople i n Exe ter 1 688-1800 ( H is tory o f Exe ter Research G roup Monograph 6 ) Manches ter . H osk ins , W. G . 1 957 E xeter i n t he s even teen th C en tury :

Tax a nd Ra te Assess-

men t 1 602-1699 ( Devon a nd C ornwa l l Record S ocie ty , N ew S er ies 2 , Torquay. H osk ins , W. G . 1 972 E xeter Mi li tia L is t , 1 803 London . Ke l ly 1 856 K el ly 's P os t-O f f ice D irectory o f Exe ter London . Ma lco l m Wa tk ins , C . 1 960 ' North Devon P o t tery a nd i t s e xpor t t o Amer ica i n t he S even teen th C en tury ' Bu ll Smi thson ian I ns t i tu te 2 25 , 1 7-59. Mann , J . H . 1 947 The Marr iage L icences o f t he D iocese o f Exe ter 1 734-1762 E xeter . N orr is , N . E . S . 1 970 ' A V ictor ian p ipe k i ln i n L ewes ' P os t- med ieva l Archaeo l 4 , 1 68-70 . Oswa ld , A . H . 1 969 ' Marked c lay t obacco-pipes f ro m P ly mou th , Devon ' P os tMedieva l Archaeo l 3 , 1 22-42. Oswa ld ,A. H .

1 970 ' The c lay t obacco-pipe:

i t s p lace i n Eng lish c era mics '

Eng l C era mic C irc le Trans 7 ( 3 ) , 2 22-45 . 3 23

P igot & C o . 1 822 D irectory o f Devon a nd C ornwa lL R owe , M . M . a nd J ackson ,A . M. 1 973 ( eds .) E xeter F ree men 1 266-1967 ( Devon a nd C ornwa l l R ecord S ociety , Ex tra S er ies 1 ) Exe ter . R ippon , A . 1 917 ' Ancien t Devon Tobacco-pipes ' D evon C ornwa ll N

q9 ,

1 13-115 . S la ter 1 852 S la ter 's Devonsh ire D irec tory E xeter . S tephens , W . B . 1 958 S even teen th-cen tury Exeter ( H is tory o f Exeter R esearch G roup Monograph 9 ) Exeter . Trew man , R . T . 1 839 The E xeter J ourna l Exeter . Wh i te 1 850 , 1 852 , 1 878 Wh i te 's D irec tory : Devon E xe ter .

3 24

TOBACCO P IPE COLLECTIONS I N EXETER MUSEU M b y Adr ian Oswa ld .

The Museu m p ossesses t wo i t e ms i n i ts c o l lect ions o f o u ts tand ing i n teres t t o s tudends o f c lay t obacco p ipes .

These a re a n A lbu m o f d rawings o f t he

c o l lection o f p ipes made b y Hannah B in f ield i n 1 823 ( P ls . 1 , a nd 2 ) wh ich s ee ms t o b e t he e ar l ies t s uch r ecord , a nd a f ine c o l lec t ion o f p ipes , t ogether w i th a c ard i ndex , made b y Ar thur R ippon b e tween c . 1 910-20 . ( F ig . 2 ) .

I n a dd i t ion

t here i s o ther ma ter ia l a s f ol lows :( 1 ) 8 7 b owls mos t ly marked w i th a g aun t let , c . 1 610-30 f ro m I de C o ttage , p resu mably a t I de ( Fig . 1 . N os . 1 -4 ). ( ? ) 3 7 u ns igned b owls , c . 1 720-50 f ro m n ear t he Museu m s i te . (F ig .1 . No . 8 ) .

-

( 3 )A c ol lect ion o f p ipes f ro m Ma iden Brad ley , Wi l ts , made b e tween 1 903-09 w i th t heir f ind s pots r ecorded ( F ig . 1 . N os . 1 1-16a ) . ( 4 ) S undry o ther p ipes , t he mos t i n teres t ing r ecorded i n F ig . 1 . N os . 5 , 6 , 7 , 9a nd 1 0 . The Hannah B in f ie ld A lbum Th is i s as l im v o lu me i n ar ed l ea ther b ind ing . marked SMITH & ALLNOT 1 821.

The p aper i s wa ter-

The f ron t ispiece ( P1. 1

)h as ' Augus tus

J ohn Havel l , w i th h is Aun t Hannah 's k ind l ove , Xmas d ay 1 832 ' c en tre a nd a bove ' Hannah B in f ie ld ' ( crossed o u t ) ' 1823 '. g rove- Know le , n Bks?'

B elow a nd u ps ide d own ' The

There i s af ur ther i nscr ip t ion a t t he b ack o f t he

a lbum ' Augus tus J ohn H avel l , R ead ing '. The i n ter ior o f t he v o lume c ons is ts o f p ages o f t he p aper , d iv ided b y p enc i l i n to o ne i nch s quares , e igh t b y s ix .

Wi th in t hese s quares Hannah B in-

f i e ld h as d rawn h er marks l igh t ly i n i nk , a bou t t wice t he s ize o f t he o r ig ina ls , w i th n o i ndica tion o f whether t hey a re r e l ief o r i ncuse , where t hey were f ound o r o n wha t s or t o f p ipes .

S he d rew 1 12 marks a nd Have l ' a dded 1 3 i n h eav ier

i nk n ot s o we l l d rawn ( P1 , ?I H , b o t to m o f t he p age ). I t i s p oss ib le t o r ecogn ise s o me t h ir ty-two o f t he B in f ie ld p ipes i n t he R ippon c o l lect ion e .g . ' Mr W. Q.' ( F ig . 2 . N o. 2 0 ).

I n a dd i t ion t o t hese

R ippon h ad c opied t h ir ty marks f ro m t he a lbu m wh ich h e s ta ted were i n Taun ton Museu m p lus t wo c er ta in ly n o t i n t he B in f ield C o l lec t ion .

A l though t he p hoto-

g raph ic p la te b ears ' A .R ippon d el 1 919 ' c o mpar ison w i th t he B in f ield d rawings s hows t ha t mos t mus t h ave b een c opied a nd r educed b y p ho tography a nd t hen moun ted.

Th is mus t mean t ha t t he a lbu m was i n R ippon 's h ands a t t ha t t ime

o r t ha t h e h ad a cqu ired i tt oge ther w i th mos t o f t he 3 2 p ipes f ro m Taun ton Museu m .

I n f act R ippon d rew t wo marks , a , a nd b . ( P l . 3 ) wh ich d o n o t

a ppear i n t he a lbu m a l though t he s tyle i s t he s ame .

S ince c a nd B . FOX a ppear

t o b e s t il l i n Taun ton Museum i t wou ld s ee m l ike ly t ha t R ippon a cqu ired t he

3 25

F ron t isp iece o f t he B inf ie ld A lbu m

P la te 2 A p age o ft he B inf ie ld A lbum

a lbum v ia t he Museum a nd p resumab ly s o me o f t he B in f ie ld p ipes w i th i t . H owever , o f t he marks a dded b y H ave 1 1 o n ly t wo a re i n t he R ippon c o l lect ion , c o mpared w i th s o me s ix ty o r s o o f Hannah 's marks . c o l lec t ion was b roken u p .

I t wou ld a ppear t ha t t he

J us t p oss ib ly t wo o f t he p i e s f igured b y H i l ton

P r ice i n 1 900 1 may h ave b e longed t o t he B in f ie ld c o l lec t ion , n a me ly I A ( Pr ice F ig . 1 3 ) a nd I L ( F ig . 8 ) .

T hese marks a re v ery d is t inc t ive a nd a l though we

h ave n o r ecord o f t he s hape o f t he B in f ie ld p ipes a par t f ro m t hose i n t he R ipp on c o l lec t ion , i td oes s ee m p oss ib le t ha t P r ice , a n a v id c o l lec tor , a cqu ired t hese p ipes b e fore 1 900 f ro m t he B in f ie ld c o l lec t ion . t he Museum o f L ondon . F ro m whence c a me t he B in f ie ld p ipes?

B o th p ipes a re n ow i n

On ly t he i n terna l e vidence o f

t he marks i s a va i lab le i n t he a lbum b u t t he p ipes i n t he R ippon c o l lec t ion wh ich c lear ly o r ig ina ted f ro m H annah 's s tore s how h er s ources were L ondon , Hu l l , t he N . W. B r is to l a nd t he Wes t C oun try , B arns tap le , B ideford , C hard , T opsham a nd E xe ter .

H ave 1 1 's p ipes s ee m t o h ave o r ig ina ted , b y t he marks ,

f ro m B rose ley a nd L ondon . I n s o me i t wou ld s ee m t ha t H annah B in f ie ld was c o l lect ing a nd s tudying p ipes e ven b e fore C ro f ton C roker who i n 1 835 p ub l ished s o me c onc lus ions o n h is c o l lec t ion i n t he Dub l in P enny J ourna l .

2

The R ippon C o l lect ion Th is c o l lec t ion o f o ver 3 00 n u mbered p ipes was f or med b y Ar thur R ippon p robably i n t he f irs t t wo d ecades o f t h is c en tury .

The o n ly a ccoun t

h e wro te was ' Anc ien t D evon T obacco P ipes ' i n D evon a nd C ornwa l l N o tes a nd Quer ies v o l LX 1 917 p p.113-5 . A t t h is d a te t he B in f ie ld A lbu m must h ave b een a va i lab le t o h im f or t he i l lus tra t ion h e u sed , f or h is c on tr ibu t ion s hows s o me o f H annah B in f ie ld 's d raw ings .

S o me o f t he p ipes t oo mus t h ave b e longed

t o h im f or h e r e fers t o t he ' Mr W. Q .' mark a nd s ta tes t ha t i t was f ound o n I saac P rance 's s po i l h eap a t Topsha m .

S ince t h is mark was i n t he B in f ie ld

c o l lec t ion n ear ly 1 00 y ears e ar l ier t he i n for ma t ion o n t he f ind s pot mus t h ave c o me t o h im w i th t he p ipe o r t he a lbu m . Mos t o f t he p ipes i n

t he c o l lec t ion h ave t he ir p laces o f o r ig in r ecorded

a nd F ig . ?s hows t hose f ro m t he Wes t C oun try o n ly , e xclud ing Br is to l .

S o me

o f H annah 's d rawings a re s hown w i th t he R ippon p ipes f or c o mpar ison , o thers a re g iven i n h is d raw ings o f marks a t T aun ton i n 1 919 ( P l . 3

)

R ippon was a s er ious s tuden t a nd l e f t w i th h is c o l lect ion a l arge i ndex o f marks , u n for tuna te ly n o t f acs im i le a nd p ipes n o t a ccura te ly d rawn o r t o s ca le .

H e r ecogn ised l oca l t ypes i n h is a r t icle a nd p rov ided t he Museu m w i th

ar are n uc leus o f d ocu men ted p ipes .

3 28

P late 3

A . R ippon 's d raw ing o f marks e n t i t led ' Anc ient Tobacco P ipe Marks i n Taun ton Museu m ' .

3 29

T ypes g iven a re t hose o f Oswa ld A . H . C lay P ipes f or t he Archaeolog is t '. B r i t ish Arch .

R epor ts . N o . 1 4 . 1 975 .

F igure 1 1 -4 .

F ro m I de C o t tage , p resu mab ly a t I de , 1 1 - mi les S .W . o f Exeter . T hese p ipes f or med a g roup o f 8 7 b ow ls o f t wo t ypes .

N os . 1 -3 h ave

f la t b ases ( Types 2 /3G ) a nd 5 9 o f t hese b ore i ncuse g aun t le t marks , w i th a f ur ther 1 0 u n marked .

There were a f ur ther 1 8 p ipes a s N o . 4

w i th sma l l s purs ( Type 1 6G ) . Mos t o f t hese p ipes were u ns moked a nd s o me h ad s pots o f g reen a nd y e l low g laze f used o n t he b ow ls . H owever t here were n o was ters o r s econds among t hem a nd t he g lazing may h ave b een d ue t o o u ts ide f actors . mou thp iece was N o . 1 .

The o n ly c o mple te e xa mp le w i th a p inched

Th is g roup s ee ms t o b e t he l arges t marked

g aun t le t c o l lec t ion i n t he c oun try . There a re f our d ies o f t he mark .

The c lay i sb u f f-wh i te , t he b ow ls

s y m me tr ica l , mou ld l ines r e moved a nd s ur face smoo th t o p ol ished . B ores were 1 0 @ 9 /64 , 7@ 8 /64 , 3@ 7 /64. The s tock o f ap ub l ic h ourse o r s hop s ee ms p robable . 5 .

Th is i s t he sma l les t p ipe f ro m t he C i ty . h igh ly p o l ished a nd s troke b urn ished .

6 .

B ore 8 /64 .

G rey c lay ,

Da te c . 1 600 . T ype 2 /3 G . Mark

S im i lar f ro m Ludga te C ircus , Museum o f L ondon .

wh i te h ard c lay . 7 .

T ype 1 6G ( sma l l ) .

F ro m N or thumbr ian Avenue , n ear t he G rand H o te l . i n r e l ie f .

D a te c . 1 610-30 .

G rey ish

B ore 8 /64 . c . 1 620-40 .

F ro m a c e l lar a t 1 7 Smyther S t . F ound o n 3 1s t March 1 880 i n at i nb ox w i th ap iece o f p aper d a ted 1 737.

T ype L (b )

t ype wou ld s ee m t o d a te c . 1 680-1700 .

( Excava t ion R epor t ) .

Th is

Th is p ipe may b e t he p roduct o f

a n o ld mou ld . 8 .

F ro m a g roup o f 3 7 u ns igned a nd u ns moked b ow ls f ro m n ear t he Museu m s i te . 6 /64 .

9 .

Hard wh i te c lay w i th t he s pur c u t o f f a t a n a ng le . P oss ib ly t he s tock o f l a b us iness .

B ores ma in ly

C . 1 720-50 .

Ta l l t h in b ow l a nd s te m . B/B u pr igh t i n r e le i f o n s pur . B ore 5 /64. S im i lar ly marked p ipes s o me w i th t he a rms o f H anover f ro m t he e xc ava t ions s ugges t al oca l maker .

1 0 .

Th ick b ow l a nd s te m . L oca l t ype 2 ( Excava tion F or thcoming ) . Marked I B/TAVN/TON i ncuse . B ore 6 /64 . The s a me mark a s d rawn i nt he B in f ie ld a lbu m s hown f or c o mpar ison . ( a ) .

1 0b .

J e f fry Hun t , s ee 1 1 b e low . e lsewhere .

T h is mark i n r everse a nd r e l ief u nknown

S l igh t ly p o l ished .

7 /64 .

Marked ' Hewi t t , D ub l in '.

?P lace

o f o r ig in . 1 1-16a .

Marked p ipes f ro m a c o l lec t ion f ro m Ma iden B rad ley , Wi l ts .

T hese

were f ound b e tween 1 903 a nd 1 909 a nd t he f ind s po ts a re marked o n t he p ipes . On ly marked p ipes a re i l lus tra ted .

3 30

2

3 31

1 1.

P ipes o f J ef fry Hun t h ave b een s tud ied b y A tk inson ( D . R . A tk inson , J ef fry Hun t p ipes , Wi l ts . Arch . Mag .66. 1 971. p p 1 56-161). a . A tk inson t ype 1w i th p robab ly mark A . r ou le t t ing .

Bore 6 /64 .

b . Type u ncer ta in . 1 2.

Probab ly GB .

P o l ished b owl a nd s te m , n o

F ro m Ma iden B rad ley House , C . 1 650-60 .

Mark E w i th r eversed N .

Pro jec t ing r ound b ase.

Fro m Dunker ton c . 1 650-60 .

S im i lar p ipes a nd marks f ro m

e xcava t ions a t Downs ide Abbey , C heddar a nd Cadbury C ongresbury. Probably G eorge B u t t , S tre tton o n F osse a nd p robab ly Taun ton C . 1 6701 700. 1 3.

Fro m t he P r iory.

P ipes b y E dward S andel l .

Th is maker i s n o ted b y A tk inson ( D . R .

A tk inson ' C lay Tobacco P ipes f ound i n S ha f tesbury '. 1 970 . p p . 2 06-215 ) a nd a d a te c . 1 660 s ugges ted .

D .N .H .A.S . 9 1.

Exa mples o f h is p ipes

f ro m S ha f tesbury a nd H indon , Wi l ts . a . F ro m t he P r iory.

B ore 8 /64. ( b ) u nspeci f ied 7 /64 . ( c ) 6a nd 7 /64

f ro m C hurch S t . a nd Char ley N ew ton 's G arden . 1 4 .

I ncuse Gaun t le t , Bore 6 /64.

1 5.

1 6.

G eorge Adams .

S im i lar marks f ro m Mar lborough , S a lisbury , a nd

S ha f tesbury.

B ore 7 /64.

J ohn S i mes .

Winches ter 1 691 ( marr iage ) -1 717 ( A tk inson u npublished

r epor t ). 1 6a .

F ro m Mi les ' G arden , c . 1 650 .

F ro m L ock 's Garden .

S i mi lar marks f ro m Winches ter a nd H indon , Wi lts .

S te m mark .

R ich . H owe l l .

Large n u mber o f s im i lar marks f ro m

H indon s uggest a Wi l tsh ire maker .

C . 1 700 .

The R ippon C o llect ion F igure 2 1 7-23 . 1 7.

Fro m Topsha m .

P ipes o f I saac P rance , d . a nd s te ms .

b apt . 1 788 ( P . Regs ).

G rey ish wh i te c lay.

Th ick p ol ished b owls

7d i f feren t d ies a -f . gf ro m t he B in-

f i e ld a lbum d i f fers i n d e ta i l a nd i s n ot r epresen ted i n t he R ippon c ollect ion .

B ore 7 /64.

1 8 .

Mark a s ( a ) d i f feren t b ow l t ype .

B ore 7 /64 .

1 9.

S tyle o f mark a s P rance , p lace n a me o n ly .

2 0 .

T ype p robab ly a s 1 7.

7 /64.

Marked Mr W. Q . p o l ished g rey wh ite 7 /64.

Th is

mark i s r ecorded i n t he B in f ie ld A lbum b u t c ame i n to R ippon 's p ossess ion a nd was i l lus tra ted b y h im , w i thou t t he p ipe , i n h is n ote ' Ancien t Devon Tobacco p ipes ' i n Devon a nd C ornwa l l Na nd Q . LX . 1 917 p p. 1 13-115.

H e s ta tes i tr e fers t o , p erhaps , Mr . Wi l l iam Qu ick a s h ip-

mas ter o f T opsham a nd Barns tap le a nd was f ound o n' Prance 's s poi l h eap , b u t t here i s n o r e ference t o t h is i n t he B in f ield A lbu m . 2 1.

Whee l mark , i n r e lie f .

8s pokes .

2 2.

G rey wh i te s of t c lay. B ore 7 /64. d o ts b o th s ides o f b ow l . 3 32

B ore 3 /64 .

L ondon t ype 4G c .1640 .

Typica l D u tch p ipe c . 1 640 .

Ra ised

1 8

1 7

3 33

2 3.

F leur d e us i n l ozenge o n b ase . S of t b u f f wh i te c lay . r ou lett ing o n s te m . Du tch-type mark .

2 4-26. 2 4 .

Fro m Exe ter .

Unmarked b owl .

2 5 .

Bore 7 /64 .

T ype 2G C . 1 600.

F leur d e l i s i n l ozenge o nb ase .

Wh i te c lay s em i-po l ished .

S of t b u f f wh i te c lay .

Du tch p robab ly

c . 1 640-50 . 2 6.

Mark a Tudor r ose s urrounded b y s ix d ots o r a n e ga ln t ine. wh i te b owl .

B ore 8 /64.

P o l ished

The t ype i s t ha t o f 2f ro m t he B ar tho lo mew S t .

k i ln ( Excava t ion Report F or thco m ing ) C . 1 700 .

9l ozenges w i th c riss-cross

i n r e l ief o n t he b ack o f t he b ow l , f our o n t he f ron t w i th a s even-pointed s tar s urrounded b y f our d o ts . o f a me ta l moun t . 2 7.

Fro m Taun ton . Bore 8 /64 .

The s te m h as c uts i n i ts ugges t ing t he u se

F ro m t he C a thedra l Yard .

Marked EC/TAVN/TON . T ype 1 7W .

S te m i nden ted f or a meta l moun t .

S em i-po l ished .

c . 1 700 .

The mark

o ccurs i n t he B in f ie ld a lbu m a nd i s a lso n o ted b y R ippon a s b e ing i n t he Taun ton Museu m . 2 8 .

Fro m Ly me .

I ncuse mark .

B owl t ype u ncer ta in .

Wh i te c lay.

B ore

8 /64. F igure 3 2 9.

Fro m Barns tap le.

Marked I EF/FRY . H/VNT.

b owl .

A tk inson ( No . 1 1 F ig . 1 .) t ype 2 . mark A . c . 1 650-70 .

3 0-31 . 3 0 .

Bore 8 /64.

P o l ished mediu m wh i te

Fro m Chard .

Marked WEBB/ IN/CHARD , Type 1 7W .

G rey wh i te p o l ished .

B ore

8 /64. C . 1 700. 3 1.

Marked GE/ORGE/ WEB . C . 1 660-80 .

3 2-33 . 3 2.

T ype 6B .

Wh i te s em i p o l ished , Bore 8 /64 ,

Fro m B ideford .

Marked S E , Type 1 2W .

Grey wh i te p o l ished .

Mark a nd b owl s ty le

r ese mb le t ha t o f S i mon Ear le ( 1 ) o f B od m in 1 673-96.

Mark o ccurs i n

B in f ie ld A lbu m . 3 3 .

Marked TG .

P ol ished b ow l .

B ore 6 /64 .

P erhaps a p ipe o f Tho mas

G ran t o f Wes tbury o n Try m n ear Br is to l who a ppren t iced h is s on t o a c arpen ter i n 1 673 .

( see a lso E xcava tion r epor t F orthco m ing ) .

o ccurs i n t he B in fie ld A lbu m .

The mark

Bo n F igure = t racing f ro m t he B in f ie ld

a lbum .

3 34

3 2

3 3

F ig. 3 .

3 35

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1 .

T . G . H . Pr ice ' Notes u pon s o me e ar ly C lay Tobacco P ipes f ro m t he 1 6th t o 1 8 th c en turies f ound i n t he C i ty o f London i n t he p ossess ion o f t he a u thor '. Arch . J ourna l LVI I . 1 900 p p.224-40 .

2 .

T . C . Croker . ' Ancien t Tobacco P ipes ' T he Dub lin P enny J ourna l I V . No . 1 60. 2 5 J u ly 1 835 p p.28-30 .

3 36

THE CLAY TOBACCO P IPE I N THE POOLE AREA b y A . J . A . C ooksey

I n troduct ion The E as t D orse t r eg ion o f E ng land h as b een worked a s ac lay p roducing a rea a t l eas t f rom t he t ime o ft he R o man o ccupa t ion o f B ri ta in , o r p oss ib ly e ar l ier .

There a re s o me 1 00 R o man c lay w ork ings a nd K i ln s i tes i n t he P oo le

H arbour a rea t ha t h ave b een i den t if ied t h is c entury .

1

Before c ons idering t he t obacco p ipe c lay i ndus try i t se lf i ti s i n terest ing t o t race t he g eo log ica l r easons a s t o h ow t he c lay c ame t o b e d epos i ted i n t h is e as tern c orner o f t he c oun ty o f D orse t . Th ir ty t o f if ty mi l l ion y ears a go , i n t he T ert iary p er iod o fg eo log ica l h ist ory , a movemen t o f s ands tone a nd g rani te s tar ted i n t he wes t o f E ng land , w h ich e ventua l ly d epos i ted i t se lf i n t he s ubs id iary v a l ley k nown a s t he ' Poo le T rough ' .

T he v eh ic le f or t hese minera l c on ta in ing r ocks was t he a nc ien t

F ro me-So lent r iver .

A s ar esu l t o f t h is l ong-ter m g eo log ica l e ar th s urface

r econs truct ion , t he P oo le T rough r eg ion i s c rowned w i th v ar ious d epos i ts o f c lays , s ands , a nd g rave ls .

T hese c rys ta l line g ran i te r ocks , b rough t d own

f rom t he wes t o f E ng land , a nd d epos ited h ere , c on ta in q uar tz , mica , a nd f e ldspar .

T he d ecompos i t ion o f f e ldspar i n to a n i mpure f or m o fk ao lin , g ives

t he a l l-impor tan t f u l ly p las t ic ' Ba l l C lay ' d epos i ts i n t he s o-ca l led ' Bagshot B eds ' o f t he P oo le-Purbeck r eg ion , 7 0 t o 8 0 me tres t h ick , f or wh ich D orse t i s f a mous . •T hese c lays , f ound o n ly i n D evon a nd D orse t a re a n i mportan t c onst ituen t i n t he p roduc t ion o f t he ' Wh i teware ' a nd ' S toneware ' t ypes o f p o t tery . Much o ft he wh i te c lay , of ten c a l led ' P ipe C lay ', u sed f or t he manufacture o f c lay t obacco p ipes , c ame f rom t he P oo le a nd P urbeck a reas o f D orse t .

2

L oca l H is tor ica l B ackground S o me o ft he e ar l ies t r ecords o ft he P oo le t obacco p ipe c lay t rade a re t o b e f ound i n t he f i les o ft he D orse t R ecord O f f ice .

O ne d ocumen t , d a ted 1 7th

A pr i l 1 619 3 i s i n t he f orm o f al ease b e tween o ne Sw i then B onham a nd S ir J ohn Webb a nd S ir T homas B rudene l l o f D eane , N orthamp tonsh ire , a nd i s w orded a s f o l lows : ' Th is I ndenture i s made t he s eventeenth d ay o f A pr i l i n t he s ix teen th y ear o ft he r e ign o f o ur s ovre ign L ord J ames , ( 1 619 ) , b y t he g race o fg od , o f E ng land , F rance a nd I re land , k ing a nd d efender o ft he f a i th , a nd o f S cot land , t he f if ty-f irs t . B e tween S ir J ohn Webb , K n igh t n n t he o ne p ar t , a nd Sw i then B onham o ft he T own a nd C ounty o f P oo le , g en t leman , o f t he o ther p ar t .

3 37

Wi tnesse th Tha t t he s a id S ir J ohn Webb f or c ons idera t ion h i m mak ing d o p ermi t t he s a id Sw i then B onham , h is e xecutors a nd a ss ignees , t ha t h e s ha l l a nd may h ave a nd t ake a ny e ar th o r s ha le f or t he mak ing o f t obacco p ipes i n a ny t he was te g round o f C anford o r P oo le , b e long ing t o T homas B rudene l l K n igh t a nd Barone t f or t he t er m o f s even y ears n ex t i ssu ing w i thou t

o ft he s a id S ir T homas o r t he s a id S ir

J ohn Webb y ie ld ing a nd p ay ing t hereof y ear ly d uring t he s a id t er m t he s um o f t en s h i l lings a t t he f eas t o f S a in t M ichae l t he Arch A nge l a nd t he Annuncia t ion o f O ur L ady b y e qua l p or t ions ;

a nd t ha t d ur ing t he

s a id t erm n o o ther p erson b y a ny a u thor i ty o r i n teres t s ha l l d ig o r g a in a ny s uch c lay w i thout l eave o f t he s a id S ir J ohn Webb a nd Sw i then B onham p rov ided a lways t ha t i ft he s a id r en t b e n o t p a id o n t he d ays a foresa id o r b y t he t er m o ft en d ays t hen t h is p resent g ran t b e n u l l a nd v o id . I N WITNESS whereof t he p ar t ies a foresa id t o t he p resen t i nden ture h ave s e t t he ir h ands a nd s ea ls h ereon t he d ay a nd y ear f i rs t b efore wr i t ten . SW ITHEN BONHA M ' . N . B .

Sw i then B onham s igned t he 1 619 C har ter o f t he T obacco P ipe Makers C o mpany a s ap ipemaker .

4

I n 1 625 S ir T ho mas B rudne l l o f D eane s igned a s i mi lar l ease w i th o ne Wi l l iam C ooper o f Th ickfurzes , P oo le . i n H u tch in 's H is tory o f D orse t ,

5

( Th ickf urzes o r H ickf ie ld i s ment ioned

a s af ar m o f 1 30 a cres n ear Parkstone .

H ickf ie ld R oad s t i l l e x is ts i n L ongf lee t , P oo le . ) C ooper 's l ease i s w orded : ' Th is I nden ture i s made t he 1 9 th d ay o f N ove mber i n t he ( f irst ) y ear o f t he r eign o f O ur S overe ign L ord C har les , b y t he g race o f G od o f E ng land , F rance a nd I re land , K ing a nd D efender o ft he f a i th , t he f i rs t . BET WEEN T homas B rudene l l o f Deane i n t he C oun ty o f N or thamptonsh ire , k n igh t a nd b arone t , o f t he f i rs t p ar t , a nd W i l l iam C ooper o f Th ick furzes i n t he c oun ty o f D orse t , G ent leman , o ft he o ther WITNESSETH Tha t t he s a id T homas B rudene l l i n c ons idera t ion o f t he r en ts c o m mi tt ed a nd a l lowed b y t h is i ndenture d o th a l low u n to t he s a id W i l l ia m C ooper a nd h is a ss ignees t he f ree l i ber ty t o d ig a nd t ake a s much o f a ny c lay a nd e ar th o ft he c o m mon o r waste g round i n t he manor o f G rea t Ca nford i n t he C oun ty o f D orse t , t he s a id Wi l lia m C ooper s ha l l t ake a nd i n a ny way u se o r s e l l i n E ng land o r t o s e l l a nd t ranspor t t o a ny p ar t o f t he w or ld o r t o p rocess t he s a id c lay a s d es ired b y t he s a id Wi l l iam C ooper o r h is a ss ignees . TO HAVE a nd t o h o ld t he s a id l i ber ty o fd igg ing t ak ing s e l l ing a nd t ranspor t ing t he s a id c lay t hereof u n to t he s a id Wi l l iam C ooper h is E xecu tors a nd a ss ignees f r om t h is d ay o ft he d a te h ereof f or d ur ing a nd u n t i l t he f u l l t er m o f t wenty-one y ears n ex t f o l low ing . Y IELDING a nd p ay ing t herefor y ear ly d ur ing t he s a id t erm u n to t he s a id T ho mas B rudene l l h is e xecutors .a nd h is a ss ignees t he r en t o r 3 38

s um o f t en s h i l l ings l awfu l money a t t he u sua l f eas ts , t ha t i s t o s ay , a t t he f eas t o ft he A nnuncia t ion o f t he B lessed Mary V irg in a nd S t . Michae l t he A rch A nge l b y e qua l p or t ions AND i fi ts ha l l h appen t he y ear ly r en t o f t en s h i l l ings l aw fu l money o r a ny p ar t t hereof s ha l l b e u npa id i n f u l l b y t he f if teen th d ay n ex t a f ter t he s a id f eas t d ay o f p aymen t a s a foresa id i n wh ich i to ugh t t o h ave b een p a id t hen t he s a id Wi l l iam C ooper h is e xecutors a nd a ss ignees s ha l l f orfe i t l ose a nd p ay o r c ause t o b e p a id u n to t he s a id T ho mas B rudene l l h is e xecut ors a nd a ss ignees t he s um o f f our p ounds t en s h i l l ings f or d efau l t a nd a bout t he b efore men t ioned r ent o f t en s h i l l ings p rov ided i n t hese p resents AND t he s a id T ho mas B rudene l l h is e xecutors a nd a ss ignees d o th d ev ise a nd g ran t t he s a id Wi l liam C ooper h is e xecutors a nd a ss ignees i n t he manner a nd f or m f o l low ing t ha t i s t o s ay n o o ther p erson a t t h is t ime o r a t a ny o ther t imes h ereaf ter d uring t he s a id t erm s ha l l d ig a nd t ake a ny c la im w i th in t he s a id c om mon o r was te g round o f t he Manor o f C anford t o s e l l o r t ranspor t o r t o manufacture t obacco p ipes t herefro m f or s e l l w i th in t he s a id r ea lm o f E ng land o ther t han f or t he b enef i t o r c o mfor t o ft he s a id Wi l l iam C ooper h is e xecutors a nd a ss ignees AND t he s a id T ho mas B rudene l l f or h imse lf i n a manner a nd f or m f o l low ing t ha t i s t o s ay t ha t t he s a id Wi l l ia m C ooper h is e xecu tors a nd a ss ignees s ha l l o n l aw fu l d emand f ro m t ime t o t ime a nd a t t imes d ur ing t he s a id t erm I N WITNESS whereof t he s a id p ar t ies t o t h is I nden ture i n ten t iona l ly h ave t o s e t t he ir s ea ls t he d ay a nd y ear f i rs t b efore wr i t ten WILL IA M COOPER . A nother d ocu men t i n t he D orse t R ecord O f f ice wh ich , u nfortuna te ly , i s u nda ted , i s t he l is t c omp i led b y C ap ta in P eter J o l l ife o f t he l oca l c lay w ork ings o f an u mber o fp eop le i n a n a rea e x tend ing i n to Wareham a nd t he P urbecks , a t ranscrip t o f t he d ocumen t6 i s a s f o l lows : ' Cap ta in J o l l ife 's a ccoun t o f t he C layp i ts n ear Wareham a nd P oo le HAYTOR :

H as c lay o f h is own a bout 2 mi les a nd f ro m Wareham . H e c arr ies b y l and t o Wareham B r idge a nd t he b oa ts 1 /- at one f or c arry ing i tt here t o t he s h ips a nd p ut t ing i to n b oard .

B u t f or a s much c lay a s i s n ecessary t o

b a lance t he s h ips h e g ives t he s h ips _ l a t on t he s ame b e ing c arr ied t o P oo le Harbour .

T h is C lay y ie lds

g enera l ly 1 /- o r 2 /- at one more t han a ny o ther . GOULD :

H as c lay o f h is own a bout 1 mi le o r more f ro m Wareham . H e c arr ies i tt o Wareham B r idge a nd s ends i ta f terwards b y b oa t t o b e s h ipped a t t he s ame r a tes a s Hay tor g ives .

AUSTIN :

G ives S ir J ohn Webb £ 15 p . a . a nd Mr G ou ld g ave l a te ly £ 10 p .a . f or t he s ame a nd f or a l l S ir J ohn Webb 's c lay t ha t l ys c onven ien t f or e xporta t ion .

T he p i t ts a re s o

n ear t he wa ter t he s h ips l ye t ha t c arry t he c lay , y he l and a nd wa ter c arr iage c o mes t o a bout 8 d . at on .

3 39

HYDE :

G ives

f or a l l h is c lay a t U pton b y t he w a ter s ide

1 2d at on t he l and lord b e ing a t n o c harge t he l and c arr iage i s s o l i t t le o r n oth ing a nd t he b oa ts h ave t he s ame HYDE :

a s H ay tor g ives . T h is i s v ery g ood c lay . G ives Mr E la f or a l l h is c lay l y ing b y t he wa ter s ide t he s ame p r ice b y t he t on a s h e g ives a t U pton a nd t he l and a nd wa ter c arr iage a re much a bout t he s ame .

HYDE :

D ea ls f or Mr P it t 's c lay a tA rne f or wh ich g round r en t o f 1 2d . Mr J o l lif f .

T h is c lay i s v ery n ear t he wa ter

where t he s h ips c arry i ta nd t he b oa ts p ut i to n b oard f or 4 d . at on . OAKDENE(? ) :

H as c lay l y ing c onven ien t f or e xpor ta t ion a nd Mr

A us t in i s a bout t o a gree w i th t he t rus tees f or t he s ame . C lay a t t h is t ime y ie lds f rom 1 4/- t o 1 8/- a t on i n L ondon .

T he

f re igh t t o L ondon i s 7 /- a t on , s e ldom u nder . A us t in c lay c os ts h im 2 '6 p er t on d igg ing a nd t hrough ing o u t a nd l ys 6f oo ts f rom t he s urface .

T here a re n o c lay merchan ts t ha t b uy

c argo f ro m t he s h ips a nd r e ta i l i to ut t o t he p ot ters a nd p ipemakers . T he p o t ters , p ipemakers , b uy f rom t he s h ippers a nd wha t t hey d on 't b uy o f f i n 6d ays i s p ut i n to a c e l lar a nd s o ld o ut .

T hey b uy a t a l l

t imes o ft he y ear b u t c red i t mus t b e g iven f requen t ly wh ich n ow a nd t hen i s a t tended w i th a l oss a nd s omet imes , t hough n ot of ten , t he s h ip a nd c argo a re l os t .

T here mus t b e a n a gent k ep t a lways i n L ondon

t o d ispose o ft he c lay b efore i t s s ent u p t o a t tend t o t he c lay s e l ler . ' N . B .

C ap ta in P e ter J o l l ife d ied i n 1 730 a t t he a ge o f 7 2 .

I n J . S ydenham 's H istory o f P oo le , d a ted 1 839 ,

7

i n t he s ect ion c overing

Mar i t ime H is tory , t here i s a n i n teres t ing a ccoun t o f ap e t i t ion b y t he i nhab it an ts o f Wareham , i n 1 666 o r 1 667, t o t he K ing i n C ounci l c la iming t ha t t he p eop le o f P oo le ' ex torted ' d ues a t t he q uay w h ich t hey h ad n o r igh t t op ay . T he p eop le o f P oo le a c tua l ly s uppor ted t he ir r igh t , a nd a n o rder i n c ounci l was a ccord ing ly made , t ha t Wareham was o n ly e xemp t f ro m p ay ing d ues f or t obacco p ipe c lay . Af ter much p e t i t ioning a nd c ross p e t i t ioning b e tween t he p eop le o f P oo le a nd Wareham , t he a rgumen t was f i na l ly s e t t led b y a n a ct o f p ar l iament p assed i n t he 2 9th y ear o f G eorge I ( 1 756) .

Th is a ct s ta ted t ha t

' f or t he b et ter a sser ta in ing , r ecover ing a nd c o l lect ing c er ta in d ut ies p ayab le u pon t he i mpor ta t ion a nd e xporta t ion o fg oods a nd merchand ises i n to a nd o ut o ft he h arbour o f t he t own o f P oo le ....' T h is a c t e xemp ted t obacco p ipe c lay f rom a l l d ut ies wha tsoever . T he H ydes h ave h ad l ong c onnec t ions w i th t he t obacco p ipe c lay t rade , a nd a lso p roduced t wo mayors o f P oo le , Thomas Hyde i n 1 696 a nd George Hyde i n 1 757 .7 T he f ami ly p i ts w ere a t Arne a nd t hey a l so h ad t he ir own q uay , wh ich i s s t i l l marked a s ' Hydes Q uay ' o n t he l arger s ca le O rd inance S urvey maps o ft he a rea . T he H ydes w ere o bv ious ly c arry ing o n af l ourish ing t rade i n c lay f or p ipes , b ecause i n 1 766 t hey s igned a n a greemen t w ith J ohn C a lcrof t a t R emps tone ' t o d ig a nd t ake t obacco p ipe c lay f rom t he e sa ta tes a nd l ands o fJ ohn C a lcrof t i n t he I s le o f P urbeck .' A pparen t ly a f ur ther a greemen t was made f or a 2 1 y ear l ease , t o d ig p ipe c lay o n R o l l ing ton C om mon .

3 40

H yde a lso

h ad a c on trac t , d a ted 1 771 , t o s upp ly J os iah Wedgewood w i th wh i te p ot ters c lay f ro m t he R o l l ing ton C o m mon p i ts a t t he r a te o f 1 400 t ons p er a nnu m . T h is a greemen t s t i l l e x is ts a nd c an b e s een a t t he D orse t R ecord O f f ice . A lso i n t he D . R .0 i s ad ocu men t wh ich g ives a n i nd ica t ion o f t he s ize a nd e x tent o ft he l oca l t obacco p ipe c lay t rade . I ti s ad raf t b i l l i n c hancery , d a ted 1 669 .

8

T h is d ocu men t t e l ls o f ad raf t a gree men t , i n 1 669 , b e tween

A lexander F e l lows a nd Tho mas C orne l l , merchan t . F e l lows h ad a greed t o s upp ly C orne l l w i th p ipe c lay f ro m t wo p i ts , i n t he I s le o f P urbeck , owned b y T homas B rown a nd E dward H ay tor .

T h is c lay was

t o b e e xpor ted b y C orne l l , b u t F e l lows h ad t he r igh t t o s e l l c lay f or u se b y t he p eop le o f P oo le .

T he p roduc ts o f t he t wo p i ts w ere t o b e s upp l ied i n t he

f o l low ing r a t ios , o ne t h ird f ro m B rown , a nd t wo t h irds f ro m Hay tor 's p i t . C orne l l h ad p ro m ised t o b uy o n ly f ro m F e l lows , a nd s upp ly s uch b oa ts , b arques , a nd s h ips a t R usse l P oin t o r P oo le Q uay w i th t he f o l low ing p r ice a d jus t men ts ; ' . .. F or e very t on o fc lay f ro m B rown 's p i t , d e l ivered b y F e l lows t o R usse l P o int , 5 , 7 4 p er t on , t o P oo le Q uay 5 /8 .

F ro m Hay tor 's p i t , t he p r ice o fd e l ivery

b y F e l lows t o R usse l P oin t was 5 /7 p er t on , a nd t o P oo l Q uay 5 /112 Corne l l h ad t he h ir ing o ft he n ecessary b oa ts w i th wh ich t o s upp ly p ipe c lay t o t he f o l low ing p or ts :

LYNN ( L INGS LYNN ) , HULL , NE WCASTLE , BOSTON ,

NORTH YAR MOUTH , ( GT . YAR MOUTH ) , COLCHESTER , MALDON ( ESSEX ) , ROCHESTER , RYE , DOVER , S AND W ICH , DEAL , MARGATE , LY ME ( REG IS ) , a nd PLYMOUTH , a nd made c on trac ts w i th o ther merchan ts t o mee t t he d e mand f or c lay .

A pparen t ly C orne l l c ou ld n o t g e t r id o f t he c lay f as t e nough , a nd s o

H ay tor a greed t o l ease h i m ah ouse a nd y ard i n Wareham r en t f ree , i n a greement w i th F e l lows . F or s ome r eason o r o ther i ta ppears t ha t F e l lows h ad r efused t o l oad s o me s h ips , wh ich r esu l ted i n t hem b e ing s en t b ack t o t he ir h o me p or ts empty . c ase was e ventua l ly b rough t

A

a ga ins t F e l lows a t t he K ing 's B ench , f or l osses

i ncurred b y C orne l l d ue t o F e l lows ' b reach o f c ontrac t . F e l lows a lso a ppears t o h ave g o t h i mse lf i n to t roub le e lsewhere , b ecause i n i n t he D o mest ic S ta te P apers ,

9

we f i nd :

' Pe t i t ion o f G eorge K irk a nd J ames Maxwe l l i n a nswer t o t he p e t i t ion o f A lexander F e l lows .

Whereas F e l lows a l leges t ha t h e h ires h ea lthy

g round i n P urbeck f i t f or mak ing o f t obacco p ipes a nd b rough t a b arque t hereof t o L ondon i n c on temp t o f t he K ing 's G ran t ... wh ich c lay was s e ized a bou t 1 2 weeks a go b y t he a ss ignees o f Messrs K irk a nd Maxwe l l , p ar t o f wh ich h e v io len t ly r escued b y b reak ing u p t he whareh ouse i n wh ich i t was s tored , a nd s e l l ing i tt o t he p ipemakers .

I n

h is p e t i t ion h e a l leges t ha t h e h as a l l t h is t ime wa i ted f or a n a nswer t o h is f i rs t p e t i t ion t o t he L ords , a l though h e h as s ince r e turned t o t he i s land a nd b ough t a no ther b arque t o L ondon wh ich was l i kew ise s e ized b u t a ga in r escued b y h im w i th t he a ss istance o f o ne E l l iot . I ta lso a ppears t ha t F e l lows i s e i ther a c h ief e xpor ter o ft obacco p ipe c lay , o r a n a ss istan t t here to , f or i nforma t ion was g iven t o t he A t torney G enera l a bout M ichae l mas l as t o f 2 00 t ons t ranspor ted t o R o t terdam l as t s u m mer b y o ne C orneh i l l , ap ar tener o f F e l lows ....

3 41

S o f ro m t he a bove i t wou ld s eem t ha t F e l lows was q ui te a n impor tan t f igure i n t he c lay i ndus try , a nd h ad b een i nvo lved i n i tf or s o me t wen ty-e igh t y ears a t l eas t . O ther d ocu men ts i n t he D orse t R ecord O f f ice i nc lude t he d eeds o f Tyneham 1 665 t o 1 763 , wh ich i nc lude a r eference t o t obacco p ipe c lay a t Pov ing ton H ea th , a nd a map o f B rownsea I s land , P oo le H arbour , d a ted e . 1 770 . map h as t he f o l low ing n o te i n t he u pper c entre o ft he i s land :

Th is

' Tobacco P ipe

C lay f ound h ere ' . I th as of ten b een t hough t l oca l ly , t ha t p ipes were made o n B rownsea I s land , b ut c onf ir ma t ion o f t h is h as o n ly r ecent ly a ppeared . A l oca l r es iden t , h as s hown t o t he a u thor , a n A r mor ia l P ipe ,

1 0

f ound o n S toney

I s land , ( see F ig . 1 , n o . 9 ) , wh ich was embossed a long t he r im o f t he b ow l ' I s le ' o n t he l ef t h and s ide , a nd ' Brownsea ' o n t he r igh t .

U nfortuna te ly t he r igh t-

h and s ide o f t he r i m was s ubsequent ly d amaged b y ac a t a nd t he B rownsea i nscr ip t ion i s n ow miss ing . A t t he L ondon P ub l ic R ecords O f f ice t here a re t he P or t B ooks f or S outhamp ton . 1 1

I tw ou ld a ppear f ro m t hese t ha t c lay t obacco p ipes were b eing

e xpor ted f rom P oo le i n t he l at ter h a lf o f t he 1 7th c entury .

Two s h ipments

were made f ro m P oo le t o C owes , b y as h ipper c a l led J ohn B a tche lor , o n t he 3 0 th A ugus t a nd i s t S ep te mber 1 666 ; t ai ni ng s ix g ross o fp ipes .

e ach s h ip men t was o f o ne b arre l c on-

I n l a ter b ooks i ta ppears t ha t p ipes were b e ing

manufactured i n C owes b ecause o n t he 1 2 th J anuary 1 700 , o ne Thomas Hyde j un ior , s ent 1 5 t ons o ft obacco p ipe c lay t o C owes . T obacco P ipes a nd C lay e xpor ts f ro m t he p or t o f P oo le O ne o ft he b es t s ources o f i nfor ma t ion o n P or t B ooks a t t he P . R .0 . i s t o b e f ound i n ' The E ng l ish C oas ta l T rade ' .

I n t h is b ook t here a re o ver t h irty

r eferences t o P oo le i n t he 1 7th a nd 1 8th c entur ies .

F ro m W i lan 's b ook i t c an

b e s een t ha t P oo le was o ne o f t he c en tres o f t he E ng l ish t obacco p ipe c lay t rade d ur ing t h is p er iod , c lay b e ing t he p redo m inan t c argo i n t he 1 7 th c entury ; c lay a nd s tone i n t he 1 8th c entury .

I t mus t b e s a id t ha t t here i s a lways s o me

c onfus ion i n t h is w ork a s Wi lan d oes n o t d if feren t ia te b e tween t he i mpor t a nd r e-expor t o f c lay t ha t h as o bv ious ly o ccurred a t s o me o f t he p or ts ment i oned . Among Weymou th 's i mpor ts i n 1 627, w e f i nd t obacco c lay p ipes f ro m P oo le .

B e tween C hr is tmas 1 632 a nd C hr is tmas 1 633 , P oo le s h ipped 4 59

t ons ( 30 c argos ) , o fp ipe c lay c oas tw ise . a s mas ters a nd merchan ts ,

A t t ha t t ime f ive men , d escribed

a ccoun ted f or o n ly 9 7 t ons o f c lay b e tween t he m ;

mos t o f t he c lay wen t t o L ondon , a nd s ome t o C o lches ter . a lso g o ing t o G rea t Y ar mou th a nd I psw ich . f ound a marke t i n B r idgewa ter .

B y 1 638 c lay was

L a ter , i n 1 681 , P oole 's p ipe c lay

O ne y ear l a ter N ewcast le was r ece iv ing

P oo le 's c lay , a nd L ondon h ad 5 1 s h ip men ts . A lso H u l l , C h ichester ( 1 2 t ons ) , P lymouth a nd R ye a l l b ough t c lay f rom P oo le . H u l l i nciden ta l ly , r e-exported c lay t o n earby B r id l ing ton .

S ix ty-four c argoes o fp ipe c lay f ro m P oo le r eached

B os ton i n t he t rad ing y ear 1 685-86 . O ne y ear l a ter P oo le p ipe c lay w ent t o C owes , a nd p ipe c lay , p ipes , a nd t obacco t o S outhamp ton . T here was a marked i ncrease i n t he manufac ture o f c lay t obacco p ipes i n t he l a t ter h a lf o f t he 1 7th c en tury , p oss ib ly d ue t o t he i ncrease i n e xpor ts t o t he Amer icas .

T he s pread o fh o me p roduct ion o fp ipes i n E ng land w as w ider , 3 42

w i th a c orrespond ing r ise i n P oo le 's e xpor ts o f c lay .

The P or t B ooks s how t ha t

i n t he y ear e nd ing C hr is tmas 1 691 , P oo le 's t o ta l e xpor ts amoun ted t o 3 ,114 t ons , b u t o n ly 2 12 t ons were l i sted a s b e ing c lay . o ft he c argoes were p ipe c lay .

Wi lan s ugges ts t ha t mos t

S o me 2 ,215 t ons g o ing t o L ondon , t he r es t went

a s f ar a s Dar t mou th i n t he wes t , a nd N ewcas t le i n t he n or th e as t . Dur ing t h is p er iod , P oo le was a lso s h ipp ing f i n ished p ipes t o o ther p orts . F or e xamp le , 4 82 g ross , 2h ogsheads , a nd 3 c hes ts w ere e xpor ted , o f wh ich 2 16 g ross , t he h ogheads a nd t he c hests went t o P or tsmouth , 1 30 g ross t o Wey mouth , t he r e ma inder t o C owes , N ewcas t le a nd P lymou th .

I ti s i nterest-

i ng t o n o te h ere t ha t a bout t h is t ime , s ix w orkers c ou ld p roduce 6 0 g ross o f p ipes p er week , s o t he l oca l t rade manufacturers was o f s o me c ons iderab le s ize .

A t t he e nd o ft he 1 7th c entury , L yme R eg is was a lso o n t he l i s t o f i m-

p or ters o f c lay f rom P oo le . Pass ing t o t he 1 8th c en tury , we f i nd , i n t he P or t B ooks f or T ruro , t ha t P enryn a nd H e ls ton a lso f ea tured i n t he P oo le t obacco p ipe t rade , a s i mpor te rs .

L iverpoo l t oo was n ow r ece iv ing c lay a nd p ipes .

We c an g e t s o me i dea

o f t he s ize t o wh ich t he t rade h ad g rown , i n Wi lan 's b ook , when h e q uotes t he f o l low ing i nfor ma t ion :

' I n t he h a lf y ear e nd ing C hr istmas 1 743 , t hree mer-

c hants s h ipped 7 0% o f P oo le 's p ipe c lay , wh ich was f our t imes a s p lea t a s i n t he p er iod 1 632-33 .'

C hes ter a ppears a s a n i mpor ter o f P oo le 's p ipe c lay

s o me s ix y ears l a ter i n 1 749 .

I n t he h a lf y ear e nd ing Chr is tmas 1 749 , P oo le

s h ipped o u t s o me 1 717 t ons o f c lay , o f wh ich 1 135 t ons were f or L ondon b ut n o p ipes were e xpor ted d ur ing t h is p er iod .

B es ides L ondon , c lay e xpor ts

w ere made t o C o lches ter , G rea t Yarmouth , Ch iches ter , S outhamp ton a nd H u l l . The t own o f P oo le h as h ad l ong t rade a ssoc ia t ions w i th N ew found land , a nd many P oo le merchan ts o f t he 1 7th a nd 1 8th c enturies made t he ir f ortunes s upp ly ing g oods t o B r i ta in 's o ldes t c o lony . s upp l ied .

T obacco p ipes were among t he g oods

The e ar l iest r eference t o p ipes b e ing e x -por ted t o N ew found land

a ppears i n al i s t o f e xpor ted g oods i n aP oo le C us to ms H ouse B ook d a ted , 1 798, b ut n o d e ta i ls a re g iven .

C orrespondence w i th N ew found land 's P rov incia l

A rch ives i n S t . J ohns h as p roduced t he f o l low ing :

a n i nvoice b ook o f t he f i rm

o f SLADE E tS ONS , POOLE , h as t h is e n try : ' Goods o n b oard t he FA ME , H enry G reen , Mas ter , f or F ogo , Newf ound land . 4 /10/0 '

Apr i l 1 828 , W . D owda l l , 2B ars p ipes- 3 6 g ross a t 2 /6-

U nfortuna te ly t here a re o n ly a f ew o f t hese b ooks i n e x is tance i n S t . J ohns a nd n one i n P oo le . There i s s o me e v idence o fp ipes b e ing e xpor ted t o Amer ica , f or e xamp le aP or t B ook o f 1 769 men t ioned t obacco p ipes b e ing e xpor ted t o S outh Caro lina . P oo le T obacco P ipe Makers Genera l ly s peak ing , i ti s d if f icu l t t o f i nd o ut a ny c o mp le te i nfor ma t ion r egard ing p ipemakers , o u ts ide t he b igger t owns i n t h is c oun try .

I ti s p ar-

t i cular ly s o f or P oo le , a s o ne o ft he b es t s ources f or t h is ma teria l h as , s o f ar , n o t b een l oca ted . h e ld b y a l l t owns .

T h is r efers t o t he Appren t ice R o l ls a nd I nden tures

O ther s ources a re t he P o l l T ax R e turns , F reedo m R o l ls , 3 43

1 3

Wi l ls a nd Par ish R eg is ters , a nd l a ter C ensus R eturns a nd H earth T ax Returns . N ine teen th c entury s ources a re u sua l ly a ided b y P ost O f f ice , T rade , a nd T own D irector ies .

I n P oo le t he P os t O f f ice a nd K e l ly 's D irector ies a re s upp le men ted

b y t he P oo le & S outh Wes tern H era ld n ewspaper s ince 1 846 .

More r ecent ly

a mass o f d ocu men ts wh ich h ave b eco me a va i lab le i n t he f or m o ft he t o wn a rch ives , wh ich a re n ow b e ing s tud ied i n d ep th , a nd may r evea l o ther makers . F ro m t hese a nd o ther s ources t he f o l low ing l i st o fk nown a nd p oss ib le p ipemakers f or P oo le h as b een c o mp i led . 1 .

1 619 .

S w i then B onham .

2 .

1 625 .

Wi l l iam C ooper . ( ? )—a lso t ook a ppren t ices a t B risto l 1 640-2 (? )1 5

3 .

1 675 .

J ohn G uy .

4 .

1 703 .

J ohn G rout .

( ? )14

I ndenture . D . R . 0 .

1 6

A ppren t icesh ip L ist .

1 7

5 .

1 758 .

E dward L ockyer . —Quar ter S ess ions .

6 .

1 773 .

J ohn B o l t . —Tes tmen t r e D eb t .

P resentments 1 6

7 .

1 777 .

T ho mas N oads . —Tes tmen t r e D ebt .

8 .

1 796 .

J ohn S we tman . — Ma in tenance o rder a ga ins t D owda l l 's s on .

9 .

1 823 .

Wi l l iam D owda l l . I (? )—P . R . 0 . C ensus R e turn .

1 6

1 0 .

1 851 .

E dward Hymer . —D irec tory .

1 1 .

1 880 .

Wi l l iam D owda l l . I (? )—D irec tory .

1 6 1 6

1 8

1 9 2 0

I n t he P oo le A rch ives t here a re s evera l r eferences i n t he Q uarter S ess ions P resen t men ts , t o a' P ipemakers L ane ' .

As y e tn o o ne h as b een a b le t o e s-

t ab l ish e xac t ly where t he l ane was l oca ted i n t he t own . P oo le T obacco C lay P ipes I n t he p as t t en y ears o r s o t here h ave b een ac ons iderab le amoun t o f modern isa t ion a nd r e-bu i ld ing a c t iv i ty i n t he P oo le t own a rea .

T hese e xcava-

t i ons h ave b rough t t o t he s urface a l arge n u mber o f c lay p ipe f ragmen ts e tc . A rchaeo log ica l d igs h ave a lso b een c arr ied o ut t ha t h ave y ie lded amass o f ma ter ia l wh ich i s n ow b e ing p rocessed f or i den t if ica t ion .

When t he f i na l r e-

p or t i s a va i lab le i t may b e p oss ib le t o e stab l ish a c hrono log ica l p a t tern f or many o f t he l oca l p ipemakers , i n p ar t icu lar t hose o f t he 1 7th a nd 1 8 th c ent ur ies .

I ti s t herefore o n ly p oss ib le t o i l lus tra te s o me o f t he p ipe t ypo logy

t ha t c ou ld h ave b een l oca l f or t hese e ar ly p er iods .

T he p icture i n P oo le i s

o f ten c onfused b y t he f ac t t ha t b e ing a p or t , many o f t he p ipes f ound i n t he a rea c ou ld h ave b een b rough t i n b y t he s a i lors v is i t ing t he a rea .

3 44

R eferences 1 .

The H istory o f P oo le b y H . P . Sm i th .

2 .

The C yc lopead ia o ft he U sefu l Ar ts , 1 838 .

3 .

Dorse t R ecord O f f ice l ease N o . J .4 5 .

4 .

P ub l ic R ecord O f f ice L ondon .

5 .

H utch in 's H is tory o f D orse t , 3 rd E d t ion p . 3 0 .

6 .

T ranscrip t b y M iss J . S . B arnard , B lue P oo l , F urzebrook , D orse t .

7 .

J . S ydenham 's H is tory o f P oo le 1 839 .

8 .

Dorse t R ecord O f f ice N o . 9 366 .

9 .

P ub l ic R ecord O f f ice , L ondon .

1 0 .

C 66/2206 1 7Jas I , 5O c t , N o . 6 .

C har les Ip . 5 67 1 641-3 .

B . A . R . N o . 1 4 , C lay P ipes f or t he A rchaeo log is t , Adr ian O swa ld , p . 9 8 , Nos . 6t o 8 .

1.

P or t B ooks f or S outhamp ton , P ub lic R ecord O f f ice , L ondon E 190 .

1 2 .

E ng l ish C oas ta l T rade 1 650 t o 1 750 , T . S . Wi lan , 1 936 .

1 3 .

P r iva te c o m mun ica t ion w i th t he l a te D r . E .

1 4 .

Men t ioned i n t he P ipe Makers G u i ld C har ter o f 1 619 .

1 5 .

P r iva te c o m mun ica t ion w i th Mr . Adr ian O swa ld .

1 6 .

S upp l ied b y Mr . D er ick B eamish , P oo le Arch ives G roup .

1 7 .

S upp l ied b y M iss Margre t H o l mes , D orse t C oun ty A rch iv ist .

1 8 .

P ub l ic R ecord O f f ice , L ondon .

1 9 .

H un t &C o 's D irec tory o f D orse tsh ire .

2 0 .

Ke l ly 's D irec tory f or Dorse tsh ire .

2 1 .

F . J . Ma thews o f P oo le .

1 07294 , 1 3 . 1 2 C ensus R eturns . 1 851 .

1 880 .

B . A . R . N o . 1 4 , C lay P ipes f or t he A rchaeo log is t , Adrian O swa ld , p . 7 9 a nd p . 8 8 f i gure 1 6 , N os . 2a nd 3 .

2 2 .

C lay T obacco P ipes f ound i n D orset , E l izabe th Wa tk ins , p p . 2 28-9 , f igures 1 1 a nd 1 2 .

D orse t Na tura l H is tory a nd A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty

P roceed ings V o l . 8 8 . 2 3 .

B . A . R . N o . 1 4 , C lay P ipes f or t he A rchaeo log is t , Adrian O swa ld , p . 5 9 , f igure 1 0W , N o . 1 4 .

2 4 .

L ondon C lay T obacco P ipes , Dav id A tk inson a nd Adr ian O swa ld , p . 1 97 , f igure 1 0F .

2 5 .

F ro m a d raw ing s upp l ied b y Mr . Derek Marke l l o f ap ipe f ound a t t he Haven H ouse I nn , Mudeford Q uay , D orse t .

2 6 .

March 1 976 .

Dona ted t o t he P oo le Museum C o l lec t ion b y t he P oo le a nd D orse t H era ld Newspaper , t he n ew owners o f t he p re m ises .

3 45

1 0 .

I 2

6 3 : » t e g z e ze :

s a

P O OL .E , --i . .. .-- -< _ .

I S .

E.

3 46

F ig . 1

P oo le T obacco C lay P ipes

1t o 6 T hese s ix p ipes g ive a g ood e xamp le o ft he s o-ca l led " H" t ype p ipes , wh ich h ave b een f ound ma in ly i n D orse t a nd Wi l tsh ire .

2 1

T here a re many f ound i n P oo le a nd s o me h ave b een r ecorded i n B landford ,2 2 a nd Wimborne . T h is g roup s pans t he 1 7th t o t he 1 8th c entur ies , 1a nd 2b e ing i ncuse , 3t o 6b e ing i n r e l ief w i th t he ir v ar ious f or ms o ft he " H" mark ing o n t he h ee ls . 7

T h is i s t yp ica l o n t he many u nmarked h ee l p ipes f ound i n t he P oo le a rea wh ich c ou ld b e a t tr ibuted t o t he k i lns o f l oca l makers(? ) c over ing t h is s ame p er iod , c . 1 700 .

8

Ano ther "Wes t C oun try" p ipe , C . 1 690-1710 , f ound i n P oo le , t he " IG" c ou ld i nd ica te t he w ork o f J ohn G uy .

9

2 3

T he " Armor ia l" t ype i nd ica ted h ere , i l lus tra tes t he t ype f ound o n S toney I s land i n P oo le H arbour w i th B rownsea I s le i n r e l ief a round t he r im .

Two p ipes a s i l lus tra ted h ave b een f ound o n B rownsea

I s land , b ut t hey c ou ld b e o f L ondon o r ig in , e xamp les b ear n o i n i t ia ls ( ? ) . 1 0

2 4

b u t t hese r a ther c rude

T h is v ery c rude d ecora ted p ipe , b ear ing t he P oo le Arms o n t he r ear o ft he b ow l , h as t he i n i t ia ls T o r J , a nd B i n r e l ief o n i t s s pur . I t was f ound d uring a n a rchaeo log ica l d ig o n t he s i te o f f ormer A l ms H ouses i n Wes t S tree t P oo le . T here i s s ome e v idence t ha t a p ipe k i ln h ad e x is ted o n t he s i te , a nd J ohn B o lt was e s tab l ished a s ap ipemaker i n t he t own b y 1 773 ,

1

l o

ap oss ib le maker f or t h is p ipe .

T he s pur f rag men t i l lus tra ted w i th W a nd D i n r e l ief i s p robab ly a n e xa mp le o ft he w ork o ft he f i rs t Wi l l iam D owda l l ( ? ) , whose e ar l ies t k nown e x is tance i n P oo le i s 1 823 . 1 8

1 2

Th is F reemason P ipe f ragmen t c ame f rom n earby Mudeford ,

2 5

i s

p oss ib ly t he work o ft he l a ter Wi l l iam D owda l l w ork ing i n P oo le c . 1 880 ( ? ) . 1 3 .

Ap ipe f ound i n t he r oof o f t he f ormer B u l l I nn i n P oo le H igh S tree t .

3 47

2 6

D ISTR IBUTION OF CLAY TOBACCO P IPES ROUND THEIR PLACE OF MANUFACTURE b y Hugh O ak-Rh ind

When d epos i ts o f c lay t obacco p ipes , whether a t t he s i tes o f k i lns o r f rom f or mer r ubb ish p i ts, h ave b ecome a va ilable f or s tudy , t hey h ave u sua l ly b een f ound i n t owns i n wh ich t he p ipes w ere made. I so la ted f inds o f p ipes i n t he c oun trys ide a round d o n o t p rov ide much h elp i nt ry ing t o e st i ma te h ow f ar a f ield a p ipe maker may h ave n or ma l ly s en t h is p ipes f or s a le. Wh i le t he amoun t o f i n for ma t ion n ow a va i lable a bou t i nd iv idua l p ipe makers i s c onsiderab le , a l l t ha t i s r ea l ly k nown a bou t t he d istr ibu t ion o f t he ir w ares i s t ha t i tw as u sua l ly d one w i th t he a id o f ap ack h orse , o r o f ah orse a nd c ar t , a s i s o f ten e v idenced i n i nven tor ies a t tached t o w il ls.

Fro m t h is

me thod o f t ranspor t i th as b een d educed t ha t ap ipe maker p robably c overed a n a rea o f n o t more t han a bou t 2 0 m iles r ad ius r ound h is p lace o f w ork .

The

o n ly e xcep t ions t o t h is, i th as b een a rgued , a re t o b e f ound i n t he work o f p ipe makers i nt he ma jor c i t ies s uch a s L ondon a nd Br isto l . Recen t ly i th as b eco me ' p ossible t o s tudy t wo d eposits o f p ipes f ound i n c oun try v i l lages i nW i l tsh ire. I n t he c ase o f H indon , s i tua ted i nS ou th West W i l tsh ire a t N . G.R. S T 9 10329 , t he v i l lage was f or mer ly o f c ons iderable i mp or tance a s a marke t t own , whereas Br inkwor th , i n t he N or th ( SU 0 13845 ) was , d ur ing t he p er iod c overed b y t he d epos i t , n ever more t han a n a ppendage t o t he e s ta te o f t he L ord o ft he Manor. For r easons o u tside t he wr iter 's c on tro l i th as n o t b een p oss ible t o p inp o in t t he p os it ion o ft he H indon d epos it ; t here i s l i t t le d oubt t ha t i tc omes f ro m ar ubbish p i t , b u t w hether c o m muna l o r f ro m a f or mer i nn r e ma ins a ma t ter o f c on jecture. The d epos it t o ta ls s o me 1 300 p ieces o f s te m a nd u nmarked b ow ls w i th s te m a t tached , a nd 9 7

marked p ieces s how ing 2 0 d iferen t marks.

For t he Br inkwor th d epos it f ar more i n for ma t ion i s a va ilable w ith s o me d ocu men tary e v idence t o s uppor t i t . There i s l i t t le d oubt t ha t i th as b een f ound , a nd c on t inues t ob e d ug , o n t he s i te o f af or mer v i l lage i nn , p ar t o f i t s g rounds n ow f or m ing a p or t ion o ft he wr i ter 's g arden , a nd p ar t o fh is i mmed ia te n eighb our 's.

Th is i nn w as k nown t hroughou t most o f t he 1 8th c en tury a s t he Wh ite

L yon [ s ic ] , a nd i s t he s ub jec t o f s evera l l eases a nd a ssoc ia ted d ocumen ts i n t he a rch ives o f t he E ar l o fS u ffo lk n ow a t t he Wil tsh ire R ecord Of iee, Trowb r idge.

I ti s l ike ly t ha t i tw as d e mo l ished s hort ly b efore 1 800 , a nd s ubsequen t ly

at wo-up a nd t wo-down c ot tage was b u il t o n p ar t o f t he s i te , w ith p oss ibly a s econd a nd s im i lar c o t tage a d jo in ing.

Much l a ter , a f ter 1 918 , av i l lage h al l

w as bu il t o nt he s i te o ft he c on jectured s econd c o t tage , t he s i te b e ing b y t ha t t ime v acan t. Beh ind t he h al l a nd s t il l w ith in t he g rounds o f t he Wh ite L yon i s n ow a t elephone e xchange.

The who le a rea b elong ing t o t he i nn amoun ted .to a t

l east 1 ,600 s quare y ards , a nd t he s i te , n ow o ccup ied b y t wo v egetable p lots, 3 49

wh ich h as y ielded t he Br inkwor th p ipes c overs o n ly a bou t o ne t h ird o f t his a rea .

A t al a ter d a te f ur ther d igg ing may r esu l t i n t he c onclusions o f t h is

r epor t b e ing mod if ied. The s ta t ist ica l d a t ing 1 o f s te m b ore ma ter ia l t o o bta in a mean y ear f or t he d epos it i s v iab le p rov id ing t he s a mp le i s l arge e nough , a nd t he f or mu la f ina l ly e vo lved b y Harr ing ton a nd B in ford h as b een a pp l ied t o t hese t wo g roups o f s te ms.

F or t he H indon g roup t he a na lys is i s :

b ore : p ieces :

4/ 64

5 /64

6 /64

4 5

3 20

4 84

7/ 64

8 /64

3 45

Mean y ear Y = 1 931.85 - 3 8.26X

9 /64th o f a n i nch

1 00

6

1 300

X = mean b ore o f d epos i t

Y = 1 931.85 - ( 38.26 x 6 .11) Y = 1 698.08

s ay 1 698

For t he Br inkwor th g roup t he a na lysis i s : b ore : p ieces :

3 /64 3

4/ 64

6 36

5 /64

6 /64

7/ 64

1 960

7 50

5 23

8 /64 9 9

9 /64ths o f a n i nch 6

3 977

Mean y ear Y = 1 931.85 - ( 38.26 x 5 .40 ) Y = 1 725.24

s ay 1 725

The s te m b ore measure men ts a re s hown i nt he f orm o f h istogra ms i n F ig. 1 . The p ropor t ion o f marked p ieces t o t he t o ta l d eposi t i n t he H indon g roup i s 6 .9% , a nd i n t he Br inkwor th g roup 3 .4% .

Th is may we l l r ef lect t he d i fer-

e nce t o b e e xpec ted f ro m t he s or t o f p ipes l ikely t o c ircu la te i n ao nce f lour ishi ng market t own a nd a v il lage wh ich was n ever more t han p ar t o f t he L ord o f t he Manor 's e sta te. There i s n o p o in t i n a t te mp t ing t o a pp ly s te m b ore a na lysis t o t he marked p ieces i n e i ther g roup , s ince t he s a mp le i s f ar t oo sma l l f or a ny r esu l ts t o b e v a l id , a nd i nt he c ase o f t he H indon g roup t he d ispropor t iona te n u mber o f R ichard Howe l l s te ms wou ld c lear ly o verwe igh t t he t o ta l o f 6 /64" s t em b ores. The marked p ieces must s peak f or t he mse lves r ely ing o n wha t i s k nown

2

a bou t t he ir makers. I n t h is t he wr iter h as d rawn h eav ily o n t hree p ub l ica t ion s , a l l f ro m t he p en o f D . R . A tk inson , w i thou t w h ich i den t if ica t ion wou ld h ave b een impossible. Here t he wr iter wou ld l ike t o make a mos t h ear t fel t a ppeal f or l i sts o f p ipe makers t o g ive t he ir n a mes a s t hey a ppear o n t he a ctua l p ipes , w i th r a t iona l ised modern s pe l l ing a ppended i ft hought n ecessary .

I n s uppor t o f t h is

c ons ider Wil l ia m FERY whose n a me a ppears t hu s o n h is p ipes , bu t w ho t urn s o u t t o b e FRY a ccord ing t o h is w il l .

When a n i mpress ion o n ap ipe i sh alf

b roken a way , a nd h as t aken b ad ly a nyhow , i ti s f ar more h e lpfu l t o h ave l i sts o f n a mes a s t he r esearcher i s l ikely t o s ee t he m , t han a s o ne migh t h ope t hey wou ld b e s pel led . I n t he l i sts b e low t he n umbers i n t he f i rst c o lu mn r efer t o t he p hotographs wh ich a cco mpany t h is r epor t.

Where n o p ho tograph i s p rov ided t h is i s u sual ly

b ecause t he i mpress ion i s t oo mu t ila ted t o b e o f a ny u se , s ee No. 3 i nt he H indon g roup wh ich h as b een e n larged t o f our t imes l i fe s i ze , a nd s t i l l i s f ar f ro m c onv inc ing.

Wherever p ossible , p art icu lar ly i n t he c ases o f s ymbols s uch a s t he 3 50

1

H INDON

5 0

4 0

3 0

e t

2 0

0 *

U )

I U ) ,

1 0

' el

t

»

8

f •

7

I

" gl i

8

«

' C t

i d

9

4 ;

STEM WORE D IAMETER

B R INK WORTH

60

50

40

1 0

3j

e4

4

I

4

f c

V

44

44

.) , 64

v 6 4

4

' S TEM BORE D IAMETER

F ig.

1

S tem-bore

r esults

f or

t he H indon a nd

3 51

B rinkworth .G roups

t udor r ose a nd o thers, l ikely d a tes h ave b een d er ived f ro m O swa ld 's s tandard t ypo logy .3

Nu mbers i n p aren theses a f ter t he i den t i f ica t ion i nd ica tes t he n umber

o f p ieces f ound w ith t he p art icu lar mark .

On ly e nough i n for ma t ion h as b een

g iven t o s uppor t t he i den t if ica t ion , a nd f or f u l l d e ta i ls r eference s hou ld b e made t o t he r epor ts men t ioned i n t he b ib l iography a nd f oo tno tes .

Where n ew i nfor-

mat ion h as c o me t o l i ght d ur ing r esearch i n to t hese t wo g roups o f p ipes, i th as b een i ncluded. H indon g roup :

( a l l p ho tographs t w ice l i fe s ize , e xcep t N o . 3 )

1 .

RE o n s te m

c . 1 700

N o t i den t if ied ( 1 )

2 .

R ich Gren land

C . 1 650-70

Th is i s p robab ly R ichard Green-

( Richard G reen land ) 3 .

Wi l l Harden

l and o f Marlborough ( 2 ) c . 1 700-20

I den t if ica t ion u ncerta in .

Prob-

a bly S a lisbury ( 1 ) ( Sca le :

f our t imes l i fe s ize ) .

4 .

Wi l l Har is

c . 1 650-80

5 /6.

Ed H iggens

c . 1 690-1710

S a l isbury .

m. 1 698

f ound .

c . 1 660

Three makers o f t h is n a me a t

7 .

J ohn Hun t

2 ) P erhaps Dev izes ( 1 4 marked s te ms

N o s ign if ican t v ariat ions.

B risto l ( 2 ) 8 .

Tho H il l

d . 1 710

F isher ton Anger, S a l isbury. Wil l WRO . Arch. S arum 17 10

9 .

Geo Howel

c . 1 690-1 7 00

A l most i den t ica l mark i n Dev izes mu seum.

F irst n a me c ou ld b e

G eorge o r Geof frey ( 1 ) 1 0.

R ich Howel l

d . 1 706

S im i lar mark f ro m S haf tesbury . Mere " Just ice Book" ( WRO .229/ 1 ) s hows " Richard Howel l p ipe mak er b ur ied 1 706".

N o th ing more k nown

o f t h is man , b u t al arge n u mber o f Howel ls a re r ecorded a t Mere b etween 1 711 a nd 17 98 ( 4 8 ) 1 1/ 12

1 3.

Tho Hun t

TH

IH

1 667-96

Mar lborough.

Much k nown o f t h is

a t l east

p ro l if ic maker. 2 ( 1 )

1 667-96

A lso a scr ibed t o Thomas Hun t

a t l east

( see a bove ) ( 2 )

c . 1 750

Un iden t if ied.

I n it ials e i ther s ide

o f b ow l a t b ase o f p o in ted s pur ( 1 ). 1 4.

W H

1 670-80

N o p ho tograph a va i lable.

G en era l ly a t tribu ted t oW il l ia m Hun t who i s t hought t ob e long t o t he Taun ton a rea ( 1 )

1 5.

CM

c . 1 750

P la te I . H indon g roup .

2 I

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 0

9

1 3

1 2

1 4

1

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 6.

Tho Masson

c . 1 720-50

( Tho mas Mason )

S a l isbury .

N a me a lso i s s pel led

MASSE N . Under WRO . S ub. Dean 1 775 i s t he w il l o f aJ ohn Mason p ipe maker o f S a l isbury .

Ed Mi l ls

1 680-1703

Mar lborough.

N o p ho tograph

a va i lab le ( 1 ) 1 7.

TM i nh ear t

c . 1 650-70

N ot i den t if ied.

Perhaps S a l isbury

a rea ( 1 ) 0o n h eel 1 8.

, 1 3 ,

c . 1 650 • c .

1 650

N o t i den t if ied .

No p ho tograph ( 1 )

P erhaps i n tended f or JR , o r e xa ggera ted s er if t o R.

N o t i den-

t i f ied ( 1 ) 1 9.

Edw S andel l

c . 1 660

s l oca l t o S haf tesbury. Perha p The mark o n t he r igh t i s t he " wrong" way u p ( 2 )

2 0.

J oel S anger

work ing 1 745

S t. Mart ins , S a l isbury .

d . 1 750

WRO . S ub. Dean S arum 1 760.

W i l l

Appears t o h ave b een i nn -keeper ( 1 ) 2 1.

J ohn S i mes

c . 1 680

Tho S i ms

Per-

h aps i nS o merset ( 2 )

( John S im (m )s ? ) 2 2.

P lace o f work n o t i den t if ied .

c . 1 680-1720

Poss ibly a t S ha f tesbury ( 1 )

( Tho mas S im (m )s ? ) 2 3.

" Gaun t let" o nh eel

One o f s ix s uch marks , a l l d iff eren t2 ( 6 )

2 4.

Tho Sm ith

2 5.

L ozenge; t udor r ose ;

c . 1 700 • a l l

c . 1 670

f l eur d e U s ( ? ) — —

P erhaps l oca l t o S al isbury ( 2 ) No t o therw ise i den t if ied ( 1o f e ach )

Br inkwor th g roup : 1 .

Rog Andrus

1 725-50

( Roger Andrews )

Marlborough.

Appren t iced t o

Tho Widos ( g .v.) 1 718.

Ca me

f ro m C laverto-n , n ear B a th ( 19 ) 2 .

Ed B easten

3 .

EB

4 .

Gabr iel Ba i l (ey )

c . 1 700 • c .

1 650-70

P lace o f work n o t y et k nown ( 2 )

P la te H .

H indon g roup .

1 8

2 0

1 9

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 5

5 .

J ohn Buck land

c . 1 660

May h ave b een work ing a f ter 1 700. P lace o f work n ot y et k nown .

6 /7.

G iles C happ l in

b . 1 656

L ived a t Ashton K eynes , n ear

( G i les Chap l in )

d . 1 714

Ma lmesbury .

Bro ther a nd e xe-

c u tor t o Wil l ia m Chap l in o f Ma lmesbury ( 7 ) 8 .

Wi l l Chapperl ine

d . 1 710

Ma imesbury .

( W i l l ia m Chap l in )

Wi l ts 1 710.

Wil l WRO .

Arch.

Money b equests

t o ta l l ing £ 100 t o 4d augh ters. Exors. G iles C happer l in ( a .v.) a nd b ro therin-law J ohn T render b o th o f A shton K eynes ( 2 ) 9 . 1 0.

WC

c . 1 750

Un iden t if ied ( 1 )

R ichard Earle

c . 1 660-90

P lace o f work n ot y et k nown . P ipes f ound a t S al isbury , Bath a nd Taun ton ( 1 )

1 1.

Wi l l ia m F ery

Marlborough.

c . 1 700

( W il l ia m F ry )

S arum 1 712.

Wil l WRO Cons. I nven tory t o ta l

£ 55-19-0 ( 2 ) 1 2.

R ich Green land

1 68 8-1 7 36

D ev izes. t h is n a me ,

Two p ipe makers o f 2

a t Marlborough 1 650-

7 0 , a t D ev izes 1 688-1736; o f t he l a t ter a f a ir amoun t i s k nown ( 1 1) 1 3.

J ohn Green land

c . 1 700-37

Two p ipe makers o f t h is n a me; b o th Marlborough.

F irst d ied

1 737 , w il l WRO Cons. S aru m 1 737 .

S econd p a id t i thes 1 739

( 19 ) 1 4.

FH

1 5.

J ohn Howe l l

c . 1 670 • c .

N o t i den t if ied ( 1 )

1 650

A t tr ibu ted b y A tk inson t o Marlb orough .

B r isto l a lso s uggested

b u t u ncon f ir med ( 3 ) 1 6.

N a th Howe l l

C . 1 640-50

( Na than iel Howel l )

P lace o f work n o t y et k nown . P ipes f ound a t Marlborough , Dev izes , S a l isbury , Taun ton . A t tr ibu t ion t o Br isto l n o t c onf i r med ( 4 )

1 7/ 18

J ef fry H (un t )

c . 1 650-70

A tk in son2 r ecords o n ly h eel marks f or t h is man .

The s te m mark i n

p ho tograph 1 8 may i nd icate a no ther maker o f t h is n a me ( 6 ) 1 9. t o

Tho Hun t

1 667-96

A tk inson 2 r ecords 1 4 d i f ferent

a t l east

h ee l marks , a nd more t han 2 5

2 3.

s te m marks .

P ho tographs s how

1 0 d if feren t s te m marks a nd 3 56

t hree d if ferent h ee l marks f ro m B rinkwor th ( 28)

P la te I I .

1

Br inkwor th g roup .

2

5

4

3

6 7

1 0 8

9

1 5 1 4

1 3

1 2

1

1 6

1 7

2 4 .

2 5 .

Wi l l H .... ?

Tho J ones

c . 1 700 _

M igh t b e Wi l l Harden , H iggens o r H ughes; o r ?( 1 ) A l l S a l isbury .

c.. 1 720 _

Ma l mesbury .

Fragmen ts o f

k i ln , a nd many Tho J ones p ipes were r ecen t ly d ug u p i n ag ard en o f f Ho l loway , Ma l mesbury . ( 3) 2 6 .

Ed M i l ls

1 680-1703

Mar lborough ; t ook a n a ppren-

a t l east

t i ce 1 680 ; l i v ing Ox ford S tree t 17 03 . ( 2 )

2 7 .

Widdo M i l ls

p ost-1700

Presu med w idow o f E d M i l ls a bove .

No te c harac ter ist ic

i nden ta t ion a t e nds o f s tra igh t s trokes o f l et ters. ( 2 ) 2 8 .

2 9 .

Wi l l ia m T ovy

Tho Widos

c . 1 670 _

H i ther to u nknown , a nd n o th ing

17 18

Work ing 17 18 when R og Apdrus

f ur ther k nown . ( 2 )

( Tho mas Widows)

was a ppren t iced t o h im . Mar lborough .

3 58

( 2 )

P la te I V.

Br inkwor th g roup .

1 9

2 0

1 8

2 2

2 1

2 4

2 5

2 8

2 6

2 7

2 9

I ti s n ot s uggested t ha t a ny c onc lus ions o f g rea t s ign if icance s hou ld b e d rawn f ro m t h is s tudy .

Wha t emerges i s s o me e v idence t o s uppor t t he i dea

t ha t p ipe makers o f t he 1 8 th c entury work ing o u tside t he l arger t owns p robab ly d id n ot n orma l ly s e l l t he ir wares o utside a n a rea o f , a t t he g rea test , more t han 2 5 mi les r ad ius r ound t he ir p lace o f work , a nd more p robab ly n ot more t han a bout 1 5 m i les .

I n t h is c onnect ion i t may b e n o ted t ha t t he mean d istance

f or t he l i ke ly s ource o f a l l marked p ieces f ound a t H indon i s 2 2 m i les, a nd f or Br inkwor th 1 3 mi les .

D iscoun t ing a l l b u t marked p ieces a ppeara ing i n q uan-

t i ty , i .e . R og Andrus, G i les a nd Wi l l C happ l in , J ohn a nd R ichard G reen land f or Br inkwor th ;

Ed H iggens a nd R ichard Howe l l f or H indon , o ne f i nds Ma l mes-

b ury/Ash ton K eynes ( 5 m i les) a nd Mar lborough ( 14 mi les) a s t he ma in s ources o f s upp ly f or Br inkwor th ;

a nd Mere ( 6 mi les) a nd S a l isbury ( 15 m i les) f or

H indon , p rov id ing a r e markab ly s im i lar p icture f or b oth p laces ( F ig . 2 ) . C lear ly many more s tud ies o f t h is k ind migh t e nhance o r mod i fy t he p icture , a nd i ti s t o b e h oped t ha t t h is may b ecome p ossib le i n o ther a reas . I n t he mean t i me t h is s tudy may s erve t o p rov ide f ood f or f ur ther t hought .

B ib l iography 1 .

O swa ld , Adr ian , 1 975 :

C lay P ipes f or t he Archaeo log ist ;

B r i t ish

Archaeo log ica l Repor ts 1 4, c hap . 6 . 2 .

A tk inson , D .R . ,1 970 :

C lay T obacco P ipes a nd P ipe makers o f S a l is-

b ury , W i ltsh ire ; The Wi ltsh ire Archaeo log ica l a nd Na tura l H istory Magaz ine , Vo l . 6 5 . A tk inson , D .R . ,1 969 : C lay T obacco P ipes a nd P ipe makers o f Mar lb orough ; i b id ., Vo l . 6 0 , 1 965, r epr in ted w i th a dd i t ions a nd c orrect ions . A tk inson , D .R ., 1 970 :

C lay T obacco P ipes f ound i n S haf tesbury ;

Proceed ings o f t he Dorse t Natura l H istory a nd Archaeo log ica l S oc ie ty , Vo l . 9 1 . 3 .

O swa ld , Adr ian , 1 975 :

C lay P ipes f or t he Archaeo log ist ;

c haeo log ica l R epor ts 1 4 , c hap . 4 .

3 60

B r i t ish Ar-

1 " 1 0m i les

MALMESBURY M4

SW INDON

MARLBOROUGH

S AL ISBURY F ig.

2

M ap o f W iltshire

s howing p osition o f H indon a nd B rinkworth 3 61

THE DATING AND TYPOLOGY OF CLAY P IPES BEARING THE ROYAL AR MS b y D . R . A tk inson a nd Adr ian O swa ld

SUM MARY C lay P ipes b ear ing Roya l A r ms o ccur o n s i tes o f t he 1 8th a nd 1 9 th c en tury a nd a re r ead i ly r ecogn isab le.

An a t te mp t i s h ere made

t o d a te s o me o f t he d ecora t ive d eta i ls s o t ha t e ven f rag men ts may b e u sed a s t oo ls f or d a t ing d eposits. P ipes b ear ing a r ms , Roya l a nd o therw ise, h ave b een d escr ibed b y Audrey N oe l Hu me i n Post Med iaeva l Archaeo logy .

1

H er i l lustra t ions w ere o f s uch

p ipes f ound i n d eposi ts a t Co lon ia l Wi l l ia msburg f ro m c . 1 750-1800 a nd t hese a nd h er t ex t t hrew n ew l i gh t o n s im ilar p ipes f ro m L on—d on d escr ibed b y t he w r i ters . 2 These p ipes a re b eing f ound more f requen t ly o n p ost- med iaeva l s i tes a nd i ts ee ms d esirable t o e stabl ish , i fp oss ible, a d ated s equence o fb ow l s hape a nd d ecora t ion wh ich may e nab le e ven f rag men ts t o b e d a ted.

On ly p ipes b ear ing

Roya l Ar ms a nd P r ince o f Wa les F ea thers h ave b een c onsidered h ere, s ince p ipes w ith C i ty a nd C o mpany a r ms h ave a much more r es tr ic ted c ircu lat ion a l though t hey , t oo , a re b e ing f ound more f requen t ly .3 F inds f ro m L ondon , L ou isbourg a nd Co lon ia l Wil l ia msburg s how t ha t t he manu fac ture o f t hese p ipes b egan i nt he d ecade 1 740-50 a nd l asted f or a bou t ah undred y ears w i th d ecaden t e xa mp les s t il l o ccurr ing a f ter 1 850 ( see t able 1 ) . I n Ho l land p ipes b ear ing a r ms o ccur f ro m c . 1 680 , b u t Roya l A r ms s ee m t o h ave b een made f ro m 1 740 o nwards w ith mou ld ing d e ta i l much s uper ior t o t he Eng l ish. 4 I ts ee ms p robable t ha t t he Eng l ish s er ies s tar ted af t er t he i n trod uc t ion i n to c era m ics o f p laster o f Par is mou lds a bou t 1 740 5 b u t t he u se o f f ine mou lded d ecora t ive b ow ls was p rac t ised b y t he Du tch f ar e ar l ier.

Apart f ro m

b ow l s hape where 1 8 th c en tury Du tch p ipes d ifer marked ly f ro m t he Eng l ish ,

6

n o Du tch a r mor ia l p ipes s ee m t o h ave t he l eaf a nd f l ower d ecora t ion c oncea li ng t he mou ld l ines wh ich i s ac harac ter ist ic Engl ish f ea ture s how ing e vo lu t ion i n p at tern . There a re t wo means o f d a t ing t hese p ipes s o e stabl ish ing a p oss ible e vol u t ion o f f or m a nd d ecora t ion .

The f i rst , b y means o f d epos its d a ted b y o ther

a r t ifacts o r b y h is tor ica l d ocumen ta t ion ; t he s econd b y t he i den t if ica t ion o f maker 's marks w i th k nown makers. The f ew p ipes , a t p resen t , k nown f ro m d a ted s tra t if ied d epos its a re g iven i n Table 1 .

I den t i f ica t ion w ith makers i s p rov ided i n Tab le 2 w i th t he c avea t

t ha t makers l i sts f or t he s econd h a l f o f t he e igh teen th c en tury a re b y n o means c omp lete a nd e ven s o s evera l makers may h ave t he s a me i n it ials. 3 63

Ar mor ia l P ipes f ro m d ated d eposits

3 64

Port Roya l , J a ma ica

Co l. Wil l ia msburg

C i )

N oel Hu me ( above ) V .A .

N oe l Hu me ( above ) V I . A .a nd p ost-1769.

I

Reference a nd Re marks

o fb usiness C . 1 740.

M f d L s e u m o u o n o n .

C o l . W i l l iamsburg

b efore 1 755

Da te o f d eposit

+ Deno tes

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Wood S t. L ondon

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1 795-1825

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Table 1 s hows c learly t ha t

t he e ar l iest o ccurrence o f a r mor ia l p ipes i s a bou t 1 740 a nd Tab le 2 s hows t ha t t he f ash ion l asted u n t il a bou t 1 850 . t he Pr ince o f Wa les '

d epos its o f c . 1 867-83. Table 1 .

A t

F or t S tevenson , N . Dako ta a p ipe w i th

F ea thers o n t he s ide a s i nF ig. 5 N o . 6 6 was f ound i n 9

Table 2 must b e c on sidered more p rob le ma t ica l t han

The s econd h a lf o f t he e igh teen th c en tury i s n o t w el l d ocumen ted f or

makers a nd i den t ica l i n i t ia ls c on fuse t he i ssue , b u t w hen n u mbers o f p ipes w i th t he s a me i n it ia ls o ccur i n a sma l l a rea i ti s r easonable t o l ook f or a l oca l maker ( e .g. Table 1 ( a ) ). The g rea test c oncen trat ion o f a r mor ia l p ipes i s f ound i n L ondon a nd s ugg ests t ha t t he manu fac ture o f t h is f ash ion o r ig ina ted t here.

The e ighteen th

c en tury p ract ice o f p lac ing c rowns , c rosses , h arps a nd r oset tes a bove i n it ia ls o n t he s ides o f t he s purs o f p ipes i s f ound ma in ly i n L ondon ( A &0N o te 2 p . 2 04 ).

Therefore w here t hese s y mbo ls o ccur o ver i n i t ia ls o n a r mor ial p ipes

i t wou ld s ee m l og ica l t o r ela te t hese mark s t o L ondon makers.

For t h is

r eason makers o f p ipes ( e ) t o ( h ) i n Tab le 1 may b e s ought i n t he L ondon l i s ts a nd r e in force men t o f t h is r eason ing i s f ound i n al i st o f e xpor ters t o Hudson Bay ,I ° t o w here t he p ipe maker Tho mas Dor mer ( Table 2 .10 ) o f L ondon was e xpor t ing f ro m 1 748-70 a nd t o w here t he f a ther o r g rand fa ther o fW i l l ia m Manby ( Tab le 2 .16 ) w as e xport ing a s e arly a s 1 681.

Bu t Table 2 d oes s h ow

t ha t t he a r mor ia l f ash ion w as b e ing c op ied i n t he p rov inces b y t he l a t ter p ar t o ft he e igh teen th c en tury. U s ing t he Tables a n a t te mp t h as b een made t o c onstruc t at ypo logy f or t hese p ipes ( F ig. 1 ) . These d iv ide i n to t hose w i th p o in ted s purs a nd t hose w i th s quare s purs o r b ases. Bow ls w i th p o in ted s purs :

N os. 1 -6

1a nd 4 s how t he s pur n ear ly v er t ica l w hereas i n 2a nd 3 i tp o in ts wel l f orward.

The b ow ls o f 1a nd 4 a re w ider t han 2 a nd 3b u t a s w ith t he s purs

b o th f eatures s ee m t o o ccur i n e ar l ier a nd l a ter e xa mp les.

However i tc an

b e s a id w i th s o me a ssurance t ha t t he b ow ls b efore a bou t 1 770 a re much t h icker a nd l ess b r i t t le t han t he l ater o nes a nd h ave t h icker s te ms.

Fro m t h is d a te

o nwards b ow ls a nd p ar t icu larly s te ms b eco me s tead i ly t h inner a nd more f rag i le a nd a t t he t urn o f t he c en tury t he s purs b eco me s hor ter a nd of ten r ounded i n o u t l ine a s 5 .

I n t he n ineteen th c en tury t he b ow ls a re much sma l ler a nd i n-

c reas ingly t h inner a nd 6 r epresen ts t he s tandard s hape. I n i t ia ls o n s purs d ec rease p rogress ively i n s ize. Bow ls w i th s quare s purs :

N os. 7 -12

The e ar l iest b owls, 7 , a re t h ick a nd s o me t i mes s l igh t ly o vo id w ith t h ick s te ms a nd l ong b ases u sua l ly c arry ing l arge i n i t ia ls.

These a re s urv ivors o f

e ar ly e igh teen th c en tury b ow ls a nd merge w ith t he n arrower b ow ls o f 8 , o f ten s t i l l t h ick w ith a n arrower b ase. 9 , t he c o m mon t ype b y 1 780 h as a w ide b r i t t le b ow l a nd t h in s te m ; t he mou ld l ine o n t he b ase o ft he b ow l i s s t il l t r i m med o f f l eav ing t he b ase smoo th. c osts o n t r imm ing.

By 1 800 t h is l ine i s u sua l ly l ef t o n t hus r educ ing

Th is p rov ides a d ist inc t ion i n d a te b etween 9 a nd 1 0 wh ich

o therw ise wou ld b e h ard t o make.

A f ter t he t urn o f t he e ighteen th c en tury

b ow ls d ecrease i n s ize w ith t h in f rag ile s te ms a nd t he o u t l ine o f t he b ase o f ten r ounded o w ing t o t he l ack o f t r i mm ing. 3 70

F igs. 2 -5 i l lustra tes t he e vo lu t ion o f d ecora t ive d eta i l a s s hown o nb ow ls d a ted f ro m Tab les 1 a nd 2 . T he most u sefu l f ea ture i s u ndoubted ly t he p at tern f ound o n t he mou ld l ines a t t he f ron t o f t he b ow l : 1 740-60

Very l arge l eaves

1 740-70

L arge l eaves a nd f l owers.

For ma l ised Pr ince o f Wa les '

F ea thers 1 770-90

Med iu m s ized l eaves a nd s o me f l owers

1 780-1820

Sma l ler l eaves a nd more f l owers

1 790-1820

F lowers o n ly

1 810-50

V ery sma l l l eaves a nd f lu tes .

There a re o f c ourse e xcep t iona l t ypes o f d ecora t ion , N os. 1 6, 2 9 , 3 0 a nd P l . 3N o. 8 . O ther d eta ils a re n o t s o h e lp fu l b u t s o me p rogress ion c an b e s um mar ised : Ar ms :

These a re u sua l ly Hanover ian .

Anne a re u sua l ly f au l ty i n d eta il .

The r are e xa mp les o f Wil l ia m I I a nd

Af ew p ost-Hanover ian a r ms a re k nown b u t

Hanover ian a r ms w i th t he h ouse o f Hanover c on t inue wel l i n to t he n ineteen th c en tury.

Those a nachron is ms r ender t he a r ms u nrel iable f or d a t ing f i urposes.

S o me f ro m t he L ondon a rea c arry P r ince o f Wa les ' F eathers i n t he p lace o f a r ms a s No. 5 9 a nd P l. 2 , N o . 6 . Pr ince o f Wa les ' F ea thers :

On t he b ack o f t he b ow l .

1 740-90 .

These a re

u sua l ly l arge a nd w el l d eta i led w i th s epara te f ea thers a nd b er ibboned mo t toes. 1 790-1820.

F ea thers a re sma l ler , o f ten j o ined t ogether w ith mo t toes i n

p la in c ar touches. There a re s o me p ipes, ma in ly i n t he P oo le a rea w ith f ea thers o n t he f ron t o f t he b ow l a nd Hanover ian a r ms o n t he b ack . Crowns :

c . 1 740.

N o. 3 1 p erhaps Pr ince o f Wa les ' c oronet.

1 740-80 Rose a nd t h ist le a nd s pr igs e ach s ide o f c rown . 1 800-50.

b ecome

sma l ler a nd c onven t iona l ised .

N os. 3 3, 3 4.

N o. 3 8a nd 3 5, w ith

l ion c rest 1 750-70 a nd 3 7 , f l a t tened 1 780-1810 s ee m r a ther e xcep t iona l . S uppor ters :

There a re d if ferences i n a t t i tude a nd i n t he p os it ion o f t he l egs

wh ich s o met i mes r es t o n t he mo t to a nd s ome t i mes o n as uppor t a bove i t( Hu me , o p.c i t . P l. V i.b ) b u t t here a ppears t o b e n o u sefu l d a t ing.

Much t he s a me may

b e s a id o f t he l i on 's t a i l , N os. 3 9-45. Mo t toes :

c . 1 740-80 .

1 740-60. C . 1 750-70.

J e Ma in t iendra i.

N os. 5 4,55 ( A Du tch p ipe C . 1 805 )

D ieu e t Mon D ro t o r d o i t.

I ch D ien o ccurs w i th Roya l Ar ms c .

P l . 1N o. 2 a nd a lways w i th P r ince o f Wa les 'Feathers e xcep t

where t hese t ake t he p lace o f t he Roya l a r ms. L et ters a bove t he Ar ms :

FP a nd GR, P 1 p resu mably r efer t o F reder ick L ou is,

Pr ince o f Wa les 1 729-51 a nd t o G eorge I I. r efer t o t he maker.

3 71

O thers RB , HT a nd TD s ee m t o

F ig. 1

Bow l Types o f Ar mor ial P ipes

Table Ref . Po in ted S purs 1 .

1 7 7 1

F igured b y Duha mel d u Monceau i n P ipe.

1

a s a n Engl ish

Th is, b ears u ndescr ibed a r ms w ith f i gures a s

s uppor ters, p robable Co mpany Ar ms, a nd s hows t he p o in ted s pur wel l d eveloped b y t h is d a te.

2 .

R/B. Wood S treet , L ondon .

3 .

VW .

S ou thwark , L ondon .

1 7 40-50

c .

Th is t ype o f s pur i s f ound

1 7 70

i n t he Bed ford S quare d eposi ts c .

4 .

B/T. c .

c . 6

Ebury S treet , Ba t tersea.

2 5

Fu lha m Po t tery

1 7 40-70

2 3

5 .

I /R.

Oyster S treet , Ports mou th.

6 .

W. D i tchburn .

1 8 32-45 .

C .

1 7 90 18 20

1 9

Edward S treet , S tepney

1

S quare S purs

7 .

H/B.

Ga teway House, L ondon .

8 .

T/D.

( On t he b ow l a bove t he a r ms.)

( Mayes

9 .

R/S.

1 9 7 2

N o te

7 )

C .

1 1.

I /A. G/B.

1 7 40

1 7 50

b .3

Por t Royal ,

N orw ich , Cast le a nd S trangers Ha l l Museu ms.

N o mou ld l ine o nb ase. 1 0.

c

L ondon .

c .

1 7 60 -80

Wil ls Museum , Br isto l , Harr is Co l lect ion

George Benson ,

1 8 0 2-20 .

Pen tonv ille , L ondon.

Mou ld l ine o nb ase

1 2 .

V B.

N orw ich.

J oseph Brown S nr.

l ine o nb ase.

3 7 2

1 810-40.

Mou ld

c .1 0 2 1

2 4

7

1 760-80

1

1 2

1 800-3

3 73

1 810-40

F ig. 2

F ron t o f Bowl Deta ils Tab le Refs.

1 .

W/M.

Co l. Wi l l ia msburg ( Noel Hu me

P l. V I.a ) 2 .

C rowned W/M.

3 .

TD a bove a r ms.

4 .

WH.

5 .

W/B.

6 .

HT a bove Ar ms.

L ou isbourg. ( Wa lker )1 2

Bren tford K iln ( Lancaster Co l l.) Ga teway House , L ondon .

T/D.

TD a bove Ar ms.

Por t Roya l ( Mayes 1 972 )

b u t o ccurs a t Po in t land Port ,

1 1. 1 2.

e .10

1 735-70

1 3, a

C . 1 750

d .7

1 745-74

2 4

p re-1760

f . 15

p re-1755

e .10

c .1740 1 765-80

e .10

Hu me P i. V . a )

p re-1760

h .21

I /F.

1 765-85

1 2

Crowned F/S.

Co l. Wil l ia msburg ( Noel

Oyster S treet , Ports mou th

Unsigned .

Br isto l ( Atk inson Co l l .) ( op

Append ix Ia nd V I Br isto l C lay P ipes )1 5

c .1780-90

1 3.

R/S.

N orw ich Museu m

1 750-90

2 2

1 4.

R/P.

Queenh ithe, L ondon ( Che m inan t 1 750-80

1 8

1 780-1810

1

Co l l.) 1 5.

.

N ew

Brunsw ick 1 4 1 0.

1 740-70

Co l. Wil l ia msburg ( Noel Hu me

P l. V I.b ) 9 .

1 6

Co l . Wil l ia msburg ( Noel Hu me

P l. V I.a ) 13 8 .

1 720-70

S ou thwark ( Gu ildhal l

Museu m ) R/M.

g .16

Ch isw ick ( Gunnersbury

Pk . Mus )

7 .

1 740-50

I /A.

L ondon .

Cu m ing Mus.

3 74

2

6

1

7

1 2

4

3

8

1 3

3 75

9

1 4

1 0

1 5

F ig. 3

F ron t o f Bow l Deta ils

Tab le Refs. 1 6.

I /A.

Pu tney ( Lancaster Co l l.)

1 780-1810

1 7.

I /A.

B lack fr iars ( Harr is Co l l . Wil ls

1

Mus. Br isto l )

1 780-1810

1 8.

B/T

1 745-90

2 3

1 9.

I /R.

O yster S t. Ports mouth

1 790-1810

1 9

2 0.

J /B.

S ax mundha m , S u f fo lk

1 810-40

4

2 1.

J /B.

N orw ich.

1 820-40

4

2 2.

I /C.

Oyster S t. Ports mou th ( Pl . 1N o. 3 )

1 810-40

8'

2 3.

T/F.

S outha mp ton

1 804-43

1 3

2 4.

G/B.

S ou thwark ( Garner Co l l. Museu m

o f L ondon )

1 795-1825

2

2 5.

W. D itchburn/Edward S t. S tepney o n s te m

1 820-50

1

2 6.

J /L.

N orw ich.

Mou ld l ine l ef t

1 830-65

1 4

2 7.

R/B.

Wood S t. L ondon ( Mus. o f L ondon )

1 735-50

c . 6

I /W.

Ch isw ick .

p re 1 750

P l. 4 N os.13,15

( w ith p ipes o f Wil l ia m Hea th )

1 735-70

1 3.a

R/B.

1 750-80

6 .a

2 8.

Ebury S t. L ondon ( Atk inson Co l l.)

Mou ld L ine l ef t

( Gunnersbury Pk . Mus.)

Maker u ncerta in 2 9.

3 0.

W/S.

Bren tford K iln ( Lancaster Co l l.)

S ou tha mp ton

3 76

1 6

2 0

2 7

2 1

2 2

1 9

1 8

1 7

2 3

2 8

2 4

2 9

3 77

2 5

2 6

3 0

F ig . 4 3 1 .

C rowns

Unsigned . T hrone .

T ab le Refs . P erhaps c orone t o f H eir t o

P or t R oya l ( Mayes E xcay . )

c . 1 740

c p . e

T 735-70

1 3 . a

1 740-70

b . 3

3 2 .

W/H .

B ren tford K i ln ( Lancaster C o l l . )

3 3 .

H/B .

L ondon ( Gui ldha l l Mus . )( No te 2 .

A & )F ig . 1 1 .1) 3 4 .

T/D , W/M , T/ W .

C o l . Wi l lia msburg , d .g . 1 0 ,16 ,25

L ondon ( Noe l H u me P l . V I ) G ui ldha l l Mus .

1 720-80

3 5 .

P/R .

L ondon ( Cu ming Mus . )

1 750-70

2 0

3 6 .

T/ W .

L a mbe th ( Excay .)

1 750-80

2 5

3 7 .

I /A .

P e t t icoa t L ane ( Cu ming Mus . )

Ar ms o f Anne

1 780-1810

1

J /B .

1 810-40

4

1 740-70

b . 3

1 740-55

e . 1 0

p re-1760

f . 1 5

1 740-50

g . 1 6

L ondon ( Gui ldha l l Mus . )

1 750-80

C . 1 0 ,25

4 4 .

T/F .

S outha mp ton

1 805-45

1 3

4 5 .

W/H .

B ren tford K i ln ( Lancaster C o l l . )

1 735-70

1 3 .a

3 8 .

S ax mundha m .

Ar ms 1 815-37

L ion 's Ta i l 3 9 .

H/B .

As N o . 3 3

4 0 .

T/D .

P or t R oya l ( Mayes 1 972) C o l .

Wi l lia msburg ( Noe l H u me V I .b ) 4 1 .

R/M .

4 2 .

W/M .

C o l . Wi l lia msburg ( Noe l H u me

P l . I V .a ) C o l . Wi l l ia msburg ( Noe l H u me

P l . V I .a ) 4 3 .

T/D , T /W .

L ou isbourg a s N o . 3 , a nd

Mot toes 4 6 .

D ieu e t Mon Dro t o r Do it .

N /A , R /M 1 735-80

1 5 , 1 6, 2 1

H/B

1 740-70

b . 3

D ieu e t Mon Dro i t .

P /R

1 750-70

2 0

D ieu e t Mon Dro i t .

W/M

1 720-70

g . 1 6

D ieu e t Mon Dro it .

H/B , Banks ide , p re-1770

b . 3

W/ M , F /S 4 7 .

D ieu e t Mon Dro i t .

4 8 . 4 9 . 5 0 .

L ondon ( Oswa ld C o l l . ) 5 1 .

U nsigned , a s N o . 1 2 F ig . 2

5 2 .

D ieu e t Mon Dro it .

5 3 .

D ieu e t Mon Do i t .

5 4 .

J e Ma int iendra i .

c .1 780-90

J /B H /T .

T/D .

C h ichester

1 810-40

4

1 745-74

2 4

p re-1755

e . 1 0

C o l .

Wi l lia msburg ( as N o . 8 ) 5 5 .

a .f .g . h .

Du tch p ipe , C . 1 805 w i th Hanoverian Ar ms a nd l i on a nd u n icorn s uppor ters d a ted ( v . N ote 4 F ig . 4 5 )

5 6 .

I ch D ien w i th R oya l Ar ms .

c . 1 805 T/ W ,

P u lborough ( P l . 1N o . 2 )

1 750-80

3 78

2 5

2 ° 1C A -00 9 3 2

3 .0 0

4 0

1 ° ° ° rZ ni 7)

C g ettl . 0 . )

3 6

3 7

4 1

81 4 2

4 3

4 5

4 4

£ : r

4 6

4 7

4 9

DIEVE 5 1

5 4

1

3 79

5 0

M ONDR 0

5 2

5 5

4 8

5 3

5 6

F ig. 5

Pr ince o f Wa les ' F ea thers Tab le Refs.

5 7.

Unsigned.

Co l . Wil l ia msburg

( NoV1 Hu me P l . V I I I.a )

1 740-50

5 8.

H/T.

1 745-74

2 3

5 9.

T/ W.

L a mbeth , ( Excay.) a lso w ith FP

o ver.

( Museu m o f L ondon ) N ote :

F ea thers r ep lacing Ar ms ( Pl. 2 N o. 4 )

1 750-80

2 5

6 0.

I /A.

Pu tney ( Lancaster Co l l.)

1 780-1810

1

6 1.

W/S.

Un iden t if ied , a s N o. 2 9

1 735-70

1 3.a

6 2.

A s N o. 5 9.

1 750-80

2 5

1 790-1810

1 9'

1 795-1825

2

1 820-50

1

6 3,64 I /R.

S ou thwark a s N o. 6

L a mbeth ( Excay.)

Oyster S t. Ports mou th

6 5.

G/ 1 3.

L a mbeth ( Excay.)

6 6.

W. D itchburn , S tepney a s N o.25

3 80

5 7

5 8

5 9

6 0

6 1

6 4

6 2

6 5

3 81

6 3

P la te . 1. S ca le a bout 2 :1.

Tab le 2 r eferences i n brackets .

Arms o f H anover 1 . W/B .

L et ters GR o ver s uppor ters.

D ieu e t Mon Dro it .

1 755-85 ( 7 )

Fro m S outha mpton . 2 .

TAW .

I ch D ien .

3 .

I /C.

D ieu e t Mon Dro it .

1 8

1 750-80(25)

Fro m Pu lborough . 18 00-30 ( 8 )

Fro m Por ts mouth . D .R . A tk inson, Pho tographs .

3 82

2

3

P la te 2 . S ca le a bout 2 :1.

T ab le 2 r eferences i n b racke ts.

Pr ince o f Wa les F ea thers . 4 .

T/W .

FP o ver a rms .

I ch D ien

1 750-80

( 25)

Fro m L a mbeth e xcava t ions . 5 .

T/W .

FP o ver a rms .

I ch D ien

1 750-80

( 2 5)

Fro m Greenw ich . 6 .

RIP .

F ea thers r ep lace Roya l Arms .

R ose a nd

t h ist le r ep lace s uppor ters. Hon i S o l t Q u i Ma l yP ense .

1 750-80 ( 18)

Fro m Q ueenh ithe ( Che m inan t Co l l ) 7 .

GIB .

I ch D ien

1 795-1825 ( 2 )

Fro m L ambe th Excava t ions . D .R . A tk inson . H . Oak Rh ind .

3 84

P ho tograph 5 . Pho tographs 4 , 6 , 7 .

4

6

5

7

P la te 3 . S ca le a bout 2 :1 . Fron t Mou ld d esigns. 8 .

T ab le 2 r eferences i nb rackets .

A l l a rms o f Hanover e xcep t 1 0

W/C A d ist inct ive d es ign a nd u nusua l p a t tern .

c . 1 770 .

Poss ib ly b y

Wi l l ia m C larke o f H igh H o lborn who t ook a S un A ssurance p o l icy i n 1 768 . Fro m Mer ton Pr iory . 9 .

H/B w i th T udor R ose a bove o n f ron t mou ld l i ne . Fro m Hy the ( Han ts) .

C . 1 750-70 .

Th is a ppears t o b e b y ad if feren t maker f ro m ( 3 )

work ing p erhaps i n t he Ha mpsh ire a rea .

O ther e xamp les a re k nown

f ro m S ou tha mp ton a nd Mar lborough . 1 0 . I /F .

Pr ince o f Wa les F ea thers .

I ch D ien .

1 765-95 . ( 1 2 ) .

Fro m P or ts mouth . 1 1. Uns igned .

Th is f l ower p at tern o ccurs o n p ipes W/S a nd D/C f ro m t he

k i ln o f Wi l l ia m Hea th a t Bren t ford . 1 750-80 . 1 2 . Unsigned .

O n t he b ack Bacchus o n ab ai -re l .

Fro m Ba t tersea . G aun t le t h o ld ing R ose a nd T h ist le .

1 760-80 .

Fro m Tower Br idge , S ou thwark a lso r ecorded a t P utney .

D .R . A tk inson , P ho tographs .

3 86

8

1

9

1 0

1 2

P la te 4 . S ca le N os . 1 3-15 a bou t 1 :1.

1 6 a nd 1 7 a bou t 2 :1.

1 8 a bou t 4 :1.

Fron t Mou ld Designs 1 3 .

I /W .

Arms o f Hanover , n o s uppor ters o r mot to o n t he b ack .

1 750-70 .

Bren t ford Excava t ions . 1 4 .

M/H .

Ar ms o f Hanover o n t he b ack w ith D ieu e t Mon Dro i t

a nd s uppor ters .

Probab ly Mary H ea th w idow o f Wi l l ia m H ea th . 1 764-74 .

Bren t ford Excava t ions . 1 5 .

I /W .

Pr ince o f Wa les F ea thers o n t he b ack w i th I ch D ien .

17 60-80

Rose a nd Th ist le i n ter tw ined o n t he f ron t . Bren t ford Excava t ions . 1 6 .

Uns igned .

Very s im i lar t o ( 6 ) F ig . 3N o . 2 7 .

1 740-60 .

Fro m Banks ide P ower s ta t ion . 1 7 .

RIP .

Fron t o f No 6 , P l . 2 .

17 50-8 ( Y . ( 18)

Fro m Q ueenh i the ( Che m inan t Co l l) 1 8 .

I n ter ior o f p ipebow l c . 1 750 f ro m S toney S tra t ford s how ing c ross marks .

( Oak R —h ind A . O swa ld .

Pho tographs 1 3-15 .

H . O ak Rh ind .

3 88

Photographs 1 6-18 .

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 7

D istr ibu t ion o f Ar mor ia l P ipes Ad istr ibu t ion map i s g iven i n O swa ld ( 1975 ) ( Note 6 ) .

A t p resen t t he

n u mber o f s pec i mens f ound i n L ondon , k nown t o t he wr iters i s o ver 2 00 a nd f or t he r est o f t he c oun try o ver 8 0.

Th is d oes n o t merely r ef lect t he i n tens i ty

o f s earch i n L ondon , f or i nstance among t he v ast q uan t it ies o f p ipes r ecovered i n e xcava t ions a t Exeter o ver t he p ast s ix y ears t here a re o n ly t hree a r mor ia l p ipes.

L ondon wou ld s ee m t o b e t he p lace o f o r ig in w i th t he market s pread ing

o ver t he Ho me Coun t ies c oastw ise westwards a nd t o al esser e x ten t i n to East Angl ia .

The ir r ela t ive a bsence i n t he N or th a nd M id lands c anno t b e e xp la ined

b y l ack o f r esearch f or t he N or th East , N o t t ingha msh ire a nd L inco lnsh ire h ave b een c losely s tud ied .

The ir s pread t o t he p ar ts more r e mo te f ro m L ondon

s ee ms t o h ave b een d e layed u n t il t he t urn o f t he e ighteen th c en tury. I n L ondon t he d istr ibu t ion i s c h ief ly i n t he C i ty , S ou thwark a nd L a mbe th a nd a long t he Tha mes.

N oe l Hu me ( No te 1 ) was a b le t o s how t ha t t hese p ipes

were ma in ly a va i lable i n t averns i n Co lon ia l Wi l l iamsburg a nd t here i s s o me e v idence t ha t t h is i s a pp l icable t o L ondon .

The G reenw ich f i nds a ppear t o b e

a ssoc ia ted w ith t he e ighteen th c en tury ' Bar ley Mow ' t avern , n ow t he ' Yacht ' .1 6 The l arge n u mber f ro m Pu tney may p oss ibly h ave o r ig ina ted f ro m t he ' Swan ' b u i l t i n 1 698 b u t h ere t he e v idence i s l ess c onclus ive. 1 7

I n t he C ity t her .e i s a

c lear a ssoc ia t ion w ith ' To m 's Cof fee House '. ( Tab le 1 .c.)

They o ccur i n m i l i-

t ary i nsta l la t ion s i nt he Un i ted S ta tes a nd Canada. Ac know ledge me n ts The wr iters w ish t o t hank t he of ic ia ls o f a l l t he Museums men t ioned i n t he t ex t a nd t he f o l low ing f or h elp ing i n many ways. J ohn A l len , R . C . A lvey , R .

L e C he m inan t , D r . a nd Mrs .

N oe l H u me ,

R . G . L ancaster , H . Oak Rh ind , J . E . Parsons , D r. I . C . Wa lker , S tephen Wa lker a nd P . K . Wel ls.

N o tes 1 .

A . N oe l Hu me , ' Engl ish C lay Tobacco P ipes b ear ing t he Roya l A r ms f ro m Wil l ia msburg , V irg in ia ' , Post- Med . A rch. ( 4 ) 1 970. 1 41-6.

( Re-

f erred t o a s N oe l Hu me.) 2 .

D . R . A tk inson a nd Adr ian O swa ld , ' London C lay Tobacco P ipes ' , J . B.A . A. 3 rd S er. 3 2 1 969 , 1 71-227.

3 .

( Referred t o a s A a nd 0 .)

Exa mp les o f C i ty Ar ms a re f ound a t Boston , C hester , Hu l l , N orw ich , N o t t ingha m , P ly mou th , S a l isbury , S ou tha mp ton a nd o f c ourse L ondon . Co mpany a nd o ther a r ms a re k nown f ro m C hester , York , No t t ingha m , N orw ich a nd L ondon .

4 .

F . W. H . F r ieder ich i n ' Pi jpelog ie ' , Arch . Werke meenschap v . N ederl and .

Monograph N o. 2 . ( 1975 ) f i gures Du tch a r mor ia l p ipes d a t ing

f ro m

1 680 o n P l . 2 3 a nd o n P l . 4 5 o ne , w h ich h e d ates t o 1 805 w i th t he

l i on a nd u n icorn , t he Hanover ian a r ms a nd t he mo t to J e Ma in t iendra i ( seeF ig. 4 N o . 4 5 ).

3 90

5 .

S . S haw.

H istory o f t he S ta f fordsh ire Po tter ies ( 18 29 ) 1 63.

6 .

For t he d ifferences b etween Du tch a nd Engl ish p ipes s ee D . R . A tk inson a nd A . Oswald , ' A b r ief g u ide f or t he i den t if ica t ion o f Du tch C lay Tobacc o p ipes f ound i n England ', Post- Med. Arch. 6 ( 1972) 1 75-182 a nd Adr ian Oswald ' Clay P ipes f or t he Archaeo log ist ', Br it. Arch. Reports 1 4 ( 1975) p p. 14-15.

7 .

P . Mayes, ' Port Royal , J a ma ica. p . 1 15 N o. 2 5.

Excavat ions 1 969-70 ', ( K ingston 1 972 )

The d raw ing s hows t he i n it ia ls a s I D b u t t he t op o f t he T

a ppears t o h ave b een c u t o f f w i th t he b ow l t r im , f or a d up l ica te p ipe w ith al i t t le o f t he c ross b ar l ef t was f ound a t L ou isbourg a nd i l lustra ted b y I . C . Wa lker i n t he Bu l let in o f t he Archaeo log ica l S oc iety o f V irg in ia 2 0 No. 4 1 966 p . 9 0 F ig. 3 . 8 .

( Referred t o a s Mayes 1 972.)

Miss D . L e Faye k ind ly s ub m it ted t o A .O . ag roup o f p ipes r ecovered f ro m d eposits i n Bed ford S quare f or wh ich i s s uggested b y Miss Mav is B i mson a d a te a round 1 770 ( Trans .

E ng . C eram ic C irc le V P t . 5 , 1 964

p . 2 92 ). 9 .

Sm ithson ian I nst. R iver Bas in S urvey N o . 1 9.

Archaeo log ica l I nvest iga-

t ions a t t he S i te o f For t S tevenson , N orth Dakota.

1 960 , p . 2 25 " Pl . 5 4.

1 0.

E . R . K rause Mss.

I n for ma t ion s upp l ied b y I . C . Walker.

1.

H . L . Duha mel d u Monceau , ( Par is 1 771) F ig. 2 0.

1 2.

I . C . Wa lker , ' T. D. P ipes —A Prel im inary S tudy ' , Bu l l. Arch. S oc.

L 'Art d e Fa ire l es P ipes ä f u mer l e Tabac

V irg in ia ( 1966 ) 2 0 , N o. 4 , 9 0 F ig. 3 . 1 3.

A .

N oe l H u me s ta tes p . 1 42 t ha t 9a r mor ia l b ow ls h ad a c ross a t t he b ase

o f t he i n ter ior o ft he b owl a nd t hat 1 2% o fb ow ls i n it ial led RIM f ro m Cap t . Orr dwel l ing a t C ol. Wil l ia msburg h ad s im ilar c rosses ( A. Hu me , ' Clay Tobacco P ipe Dat ing i n t he l i gh t o f r ecen t e xcava t ions' , Bu l l. Arch. S oc. V irg in ia 1 963, Vo l. 1 8 N o. 2 ).

The i n ference i s t hat t h is p a t tern i s t he

p roduct o f t he R/M maker ( see P l. 4 N o. 1 8 ). 1 4.

J . R . Harper. ' Port land Po in t ', N ew Brun sw ick Mus. Pub. 1 956, 3 8. Pho tograph i n A .G .'s p ossess ion .

1 5.

R . G . J ackson a nd R . H . Pr ice , ' Br isto l C lay P ipes ' Br isto l Mus. Research Monograph N o. 1 ( 1974 ) f igure p . 1 32 a v ery s im ilar p ipe f ro m t he Rose mary S t. K i ln wh ich , h owever , i s p robably t o b e a ssoc iated w ith I srael Cary 's p ipes, ( Append ix 1 ) d ated c . 1 792-82.

1 6.

I n for ma t ion f ro m J u l ian Wa tson .

1 7.

I n for mat ion f ro m Denn is Hase lgrove.

1 8.

F igured b y D . R . A tk in son , ' Sussex C lay Tobacco P ipes a nd P ipe makers, Cra in S erv ices.

Eastbourne , 1 976.

3 91