TAMU SAJIL KHEY. Volume - VI. Class VI

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tdp zhln vP TAMU SAJIL KHEY

VOLUME - VI

CLASS VI I

II

tdp zhln vP TAMU SAJIL KHEY Volume - VI

Composed By: RUP RAJ GURUNG

First Edition 2008

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Published on behalf of the HRD Department, Government of Sikkim and Printed ByKwality Stores, National Highway, Gangtok (Sikkim).

II

e'ldsf jt{dfg /fHo ;/sf/sf] lbzf lgb}zgdf ljleGg efiff–efifLn] ;dfg clwsf/ / cj;/ kfPsf 5g\ . o;sf] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;Dk"0f{ td'sf] st{Jo aGb5 . ;g\ !((% b]lv l;lSsddf td' efiffn] /fHo :t/Lo dfGotf kfPsf 5g\ cfh ;a} ;/sf/L tf}/d} kf7zfnfx/df cWoog–cWofkgsf] cj;/ kfO/x]sf 5g\ . k|:t't k"ts at{dfg efiff lzIfs – lzlIfsf 4f/f sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{ x?sf] lglDt tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] ‘o;df k|fo cg'jfb /rgfx? ;dfj+z u/]tf klg ljBfyL{x?sf] lglDt 1fga4{s, p4]Zod'ns tyf pko'Qm /rgfx? g} kgP ePsf 5g\ . l;lSsddf u'?Ë -td_ efiffsf] ljsf; sfo{df of] klxnf] hdsf] xf] / eljiofdf klg hflt, efif, Pj+ ;+:s[lt ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf o:t} nf]slxtfy{ sfdx? oxfFx?af6 e}/xg] 5 ;fy} oxfFx?sf] xft / snd slxNo} gyfs'g\ egg] sfdgf ;lxt k|:t't k':ts ljBfyL{x? ;dIf k]z ul/G5 .

ljgf]b u'?ª ;efklt clvn l;lSsd u'?Ë -td'_ af}4 ;+3 lbgfÍM #! h'nfO{, @))% u+u6f]s, l;lSsd .

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cfˆgf] egfO{ k|:t't k':ts ætd' ;lhn Nx]+Æ u'?Ë ;/n kf7 sIff ^ sf] lglDt xf] . l;lSsd ;/sf/ sf] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; ljefu clwg:o efiff zfvf M clvn l;lSsd u'?Ë -td'_ af}4 ;+3sf]] efiff ljsfz ;ldltsf] lgoGq0fdf oxfF kf7\o k':ts lgwfl/t ul/Psf] xf] . ljBfyLx?sf] l;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ k|fo g]kfnL kf7\o k':tsdf 5fkLPsf] kf7af6 g} cg'afb ul/Psf] 5 . cGtdf o; kf7\o k':ts n]vg tyf cg'afb sfo{df k|f]t;fxg lbg'ePsf]df clvn l;lSsd u'?Ë td' af}4 ;+3sf ;efktL >Ldfg ljgf]b u'?ËHO' k|tL td' efiff k|]dL cleefjs Pj+ lzIfs– lzlIfsfu0faf6 ;Nnfx cfzf /fVb5f} . ;–wGojfb

!= ?k /fh u'?Ë @= t]h axfb'/ u'?Ë #= buf{ aL/ u'?Ë $= k"0f{ axfb'/ u'?Ë %= rGb| u'?Ë lbgfÍ, M ^ dfr{, @))* ufGtf]s, k"j{ l;lSsd .

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tfObPa tfOa (Contents) tfObPa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

tPTrRO

tfLhRbR-ml tfOhcl (Mpk Mfh tdp) nPO zQOd tcl (tPh axfbpM tdp) Tsp bPjtf gP zlypzM (Mpk Mfh tdp) tfgegIgf vRTaR zQgld (tPh axfbpM tdp) gpildcpn zpcp-klM (kpMIg af. tdp) zpUtp (tPh axfbpM tdp) rQbla tfOdcP (tPh axfbPM tdp) tR Lpna/rFbla (bpMIualM tdp) rlcp sVl sfMvfgf wlO (bpMIualM tdp) kVPU cfml (ugIbV tdptzR)

1 4 8 14 18 24 26 30 33 37

VII

VIII

tfOhRbR - ml tfOhcl ml TzRclop agblMPal cfml sVlg TzR tclMPal kVMla dp || mlTsfM LInRa cfml sVlg TsfM clnblMPal kVn dp || tRTzRnQ TrfvpclMPal cfml nlTzRcl mlhlM rla dp || sIUoPcl TmpcP zRtfg of rpcl zfOrblana dp yPa-TrRacl LVlna afyPcl opnRml nclMPal dldldP sVxlcpdp zQOd nclMPal TmRnP sVlcpnP "slVylg eRO of" ala nPOUnQ || sVl tclMPal nPTsP nclMPal TmRnP rlzl TmRcl dfMfm nlTzRnQ || 1

LPnR TmRcP sVlg dp sIUopcl npU gl dlnIblMPal afnR TsP nnP nlcl va aRnRdcPnQ alclMPal || tfOhcl dQbP :TzRclop - TzRcl ilcp tacl nRU || oRnRml - cfupafnR oR dlnIblMPal || nPTsP - nP TsP nd || nlTzR - nlcl va tlOcldcP || dldldP - kVRbRcl tfgegIbf MfclMP nRU || tRTzR - tRuRcl tlU, zR lkn || tnPTsP 1) dfcl klacl Tmpgcl Gaf kVPb :s) ml vQa tclMPal kVn dpd ? 2

v) TmRtl nlTzRcl mlhlM tR nntpd ? u) tdpdcPcl sIUopcl gP npU sVlg td cp TzR TzR td ? q) Tmrcl zRtg tR hf ? 2) sVRgI cl TzpM Llb :s) TmR sVl tn tpd v) TmR ml TsfM LInPclMPal kVn tpd u) TmRtl yla TrRacl LInPclMPal kVn tpd q) sVlyl g eROa of m) TmRtl dl nIblmPal TsP nn tpd

( ( ( ( (

) ) ) ) )

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nP zQOd tcl sSMj gP kfgIFj cfuPO-cnl dpnf || sSMj mfg dpnf || rdcP xztlgfkpMn dpOrUdcP dpnf || r dpOVrUn nRkfdlU bVSgfMIo dpnf || tlMR nRkfdlUtl mVRzQO rpyPdcPnQ sVl nPL klcl || nPOcl cl dpnf - "Mlz cfnb " || nPO klclMPal nRkfdlUtl alcl - "dpOVrU of, rdcPtl rp nPO kgfzRcpM vpnfnP na rfnl mnQ ala ||" kgfcpnP opwlzIJM algf tfgtl nPO ylcl - "Mlz cfnb " || opwlzJMtl alcl - 'nRkfclU, MnQ nPO zQOd cftcldR ||' tlMR , mlMR ncpg mlMR ofUcl || opwlzJMtl nPO cfyl || bdf nRkfdlU bVRgfrfMotl MlzvclMPal 4

Tmpcl -'oPwlzJM , rSuf tlOnvfcl || sln cnldcP tfgtl nPl yLvfcl || slnQ alTzP nPO zQOd na zQObp cfMP cfml ? 'cfml nRkfclU, nPO zQOd na yPa zQObp dp bR mnQ rp nPO zQOd cft ||' opwlzJMn Gaf ylcl nrkfdlU bVRgfrfMIo Mlztl dl tcl || rtl opwlzIJMnQ svl oRTxfk sVPOcl rfnl xpbl nnP || rSuf tcpgf gl opwlzJM upcprfcp, vfOEzRm tclMPal Mfacpcl || vRof nRkfdlU rpcp nRnP bdf opwlzIJMtl alcl nRkfdlU, tPMP mnQ nPOzQOd tcl - "Mlz cfnb ||" nRkfdlU vVRgfrfMIo mzlM tpcl rfnl Tmpcl 'rp yPa tlOclzRcp slnQ rSuf TrRa nPO zQOd cftcldpnf || mtl oR Txfk klnafnR slnQ vQnl nPO zQOd tcl ?' opwlzJMtl alcl - nRkfdlU, rp TrRa nPO vpnfnP nclMPal ala mRhR gl qfsR cfMf || rnQ

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nclMPal dVRa qfsR dp || itzl mtl zQObp ncl cp-vaQt MnQ kROa ncpg, xpbl ncpg cTifOa cTifOa zQOm alcpg gl MnQ Mlz cfMPcpalTzP, m vfEzRm tclMPal HlnPvfcl alTzQ , mnQ kRM abPa dlUnQ idf klnvfcl alTzP dgP mtl rp nPO zQOd nacl, vpnf nP nacl TsP nRbld || iSag tlofO sltl mnQ xfbl nRntcl, oP txfk nRbla tcl bP mnQ slafnR Tupsptl gl Mlz cfMPg || itzl slnQ alTzP "nPO zQd tcl || tcl " || opwlzJMn tfO ylcl nRkfdlU bVRgfrMIo, aPnP zQyRO tcl || rtl tfgnQ alcl - dVpO rUdcP of, vaQ tfO vRclMPal vpnfnP nclMPal dgP cft || rnQ opwlzJMtl bPnP nclMPal dVRn vfntpd || bdf dgP r TifOa clU agbln vfd || tfOhcl dQbP :zQOd - ofb, nPO - kfJ, dpOVrU - MfhdpdfM , 6

vpnfnP - dpvzIt, oRTxfk - ykIkM , rpcprfcp - rpkrfkf, mzlM - isIs, qfsR - sJlg, xpbl - ufnl, zQOm - arg, kROa - spHklH , zbPOa - kpMfcpg, kRM -rRH, rpcp - rpk, Mfacpcl cpelMoR, dl - cfiR || tnRTsP

1) Gaf klg :s) sSMj gP kfgIFj vgln dVpOrU dpnf ? v) dVpOrUdcPn nRkfdlU tR dpnf ? u) nRkfdlUtl rpyPdcPcQ vQa vfncl nfO klcl ? q) opwlOzIJM vQa vfncl dVpOrU dpnf ? 2) altfO agblb :dpOVrU, rpyP, mlMR , kRM , nPO, xpwl ||

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Tsp bPjtf gP zlypzM

vfaQ gfOzM dlUsVl sTnfOa zlypzM tlObl yPhp nPTsP nclMPal zlm yPclMPal rnQ ilcpMcl xVgfOzMl rpclMPal xVROzQ zRkPUn rnbldpnf || zRtfgcl dlM rcl sVlg tx dpnf || rpg jxlkVlcl nRUatl r xVROzP L bMlgfdpnf || sVl tlO zlypzM vfaQ Tufcpncl ilcpM zlepO yRMlgfdpnf || ufMlktzf rcl oRafnP tx iPclMPal TufcPnMl tlcQ || r Tufcpn nP dfMPrR dpnf || itzl r zltpzMtl xVROzQ tx TtPa cvfO ||

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vfaQnQ nRUacl nfulM kRcp alTzP rM ilcpM vfaQgl cfMPnf || tRcl ylhlm cfdRgf r sVRa - qPa yROnQ || r sVPacl - qPa cl r Tufcpncl Tsp bPjtftl ylcl || rtl r zlypzMcl cpxlM xVROzQ tfg rlcp jclclMPal Tmpcl "xP zlypzM ! slnQ tR tcl gP ifnl sl tnl sVPa0qPa nMlacl ?" zlypzMtl gl xVROzQ tfg tp Tsp bPjtfnQ jlcl || rp ylclMPal tsp bPatf TspM xRclMPal qMltl nlcl tPMlcl || rcl uRM dfMcl nP jfMfm td dpnf || u tx zlypzMnQ jxlclMPal Tmpcl || zlypzMtl tx sln af cp ? " alclMPal Tmpcl || zlypzMtl tx TmRclMPal "cfml, mn tx iSaf cfMlnf " alclMlal Gaf klcl || iSaf Gaf ylclMPal Tsp bPjtf tP TspM xRcl gP qMltl nlcl sVl rfOblcl tx oRM eRclMPal Tsp kQMp tRMlcl || rtl cROzRO bRnP zlypzMnQ rp tx sln jf cp?" alclMPal Tmpcl || zlypzMtl tP gl "cfml, mn tx iSaf cfMPnf " alclMPal Gaf klcl || iSaf Gaf oRclMlal Tsp bPjtf tP TspM xRcl rfnl qMltl nlcl zlypzMcl tx oRM kfclMPal tPMlcl || zypzMtl 9

xVROzQ tx mRzPclMPal nP zQOtR tclMPal " of, mn tx rpn o" alcl || r zlypzMcl zRt kPxpM gP sVRg zQObp dVRclMPal Tsp bPjtf ctltRa tcl || zlypzMnQ dfM gP rfOblcl mlLpg tx afnR rcl xVROzQ tx gl bPtzpO klclMPal Tsp bPjtl cdlTzf tcl || zlypzM gl zQOtR tclMPal r dfcpdlzQ bPtfzpO kfclMPal wlO clvcl || rtl gfOzcl ypdcPnQ tfg sVRg tfO alcl || rSaf crScl tfO ylclMPal sVlg cfup zlypzMcl zQOM npcp LlzPa tcl gP rtl xVROzQ mIqRcl glxltf na tcl || oRM tx kfclMPal r npcpyPa zlypzMtl gl rMl nRUM ofUclMPal zlwpO yRaf zpnaf nclMPal xROzQ tx Tufcpn gRUM hROcl gP r sVRa-qPa tROnQ || qMltl nlcl Tsp bPjt tRzl tcl || r npcpyPacl zQhR sRclMPal cROzRO bRnl dfcl tx kfclMQal rnQ jxlcl || r npcpyPa zlOyPzMt dfMcl tx dVRclMPal || Tsp bPjtf nQ alcl -:kVlzpM ! mn tm rpg of || " 10

rQuf alclMPal r dfcpdlzQ tx xVROzQ agIbla zQOhRtl oR tRacl dgP dpnf Tsp bljtf dfMcl tx afnr cdlTzf tcl || cpcpM tpclMPal cfsVRtpzl kRacl tatl r cfsVRtzl zlypzMtl xVRVOzQ tx gl cfoR || r npcpyPa zlypzM Lalcptl Tsp Tsp tcl rfnl wlO clvcl ||

ufM tfOhcl dQbP :zlypzM - zlm yRa dlU || cfsVRtpzl - cftacl tfO, cmlna || LlzPa - Llbla || npcpyla -npcp nacl dlU || tRzl - tPMla || cdlTzf - dcPa, cfdRVaf ta ||

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tnRTsP

1) Gaf klg :s) TspbPjtf zlypzMcl cpxlM tnl vcl ? v) Tsp bPjtf gP zlypzMcl tR tR tfO tcl ? u) mlTzR zlypzM tnl Lalcptl Tsp Tsp tcl ? q) rp nPLafnP tR nPOU oRd ? 2) dfcl kVPacl tfOhdcP altfOM uzlt nh :oRa, zlypzM, dfMPur, Tufcpn , cdlTzf , cfsVRtpzl, crScl, zpnaf, npcpyPa || 3) sRxRtP nRU eMIblb :s) sVl tlOcl zlypzM vfaQ ................ ilcpM zlwpO ................. dpnf || v) r Tufcpn ...................... dpnf || u) rcl oRjfnP tx ................ tufcpnM tlcQ || q) cROzRO zlypzMcl ................ gP ............ zQObp 12

dRVclMPal Tsp vPjtf ctl tRa tcl || m) mlTzR zlypzMtl dfMcl tx ...................... Tsp bPjtfnQ rpg mn tx of alcl || u) cfsVRtpzl kRacl tatl r ............ Tsp Tsp tcl || q) TmRtl opspMg .......................... kVRn tpd ||

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tfgegIgf vRTaR zQgfd nP cRzRO nlOU efMtMl csaM tl nacl dVpO dpnf || rn dVpOblO nP nPOUx TzROnldcP dPnf || rgRUM alMan tfgagIgf blzQObylmxl dpnf || tlMR dVpOblOM alMan cdpnf || dpV cup TzrOnlgP tfO nacl dpnf || rltlMl ml nlOU LPacl dVpOuU znld nrUacl dpnf || rtl tRtP kRnMl tR-tR alcldpnf || sRnR rUn nRUn TmRcpg gP tRtP kRa ylclMPal dpOV csaM zQtROtl uhIub tcl || rtl znldnQ spspM slOcl rclnl rtl zQObp ncl - 'TxptfM tfg egIgf vRTaR zQgld tR Tnl" rQuf rlMPal rtl TzRnldcPnQ Tmpcl - 'TzROnl of, TxptfM tmRcP nfulM tfgegIgf vRTaP zQgld tR tnvfd ?" tzROnldcPtl rR - rRTzR Gaf klcl || mRhRgtl dVpOnQ zQtRO agIbla 'xVRzQO rUg Txptfg tfgegIgf vRTaR of' || mRzRtl 14

tR alcl, mRzRtl tR || bP dVpOnQ rdcPn Gaf zQO ctRcl || rpM Ttl iROhM alMan vnLPcl || bdf csaMtl rnQ cRzROn tmPg Tmpcl || alMantl Gaf klcl - "dlUyPa dVpO, TxptfM tfgagIgf vRTaR zQgld xVRzQO i td || dlUtl tfg egIgf nP Taf xVRznQ nd ||" csamtl alcl - 'alMan , rp tfOn kVdfg klnvfdR? "vfd dVxliROh " xlcl alMantl dVpOwlO mfMacln slV Mfxn Tsp tRa nRblcl inlu sVl MfxMl sVlg tldlTzR xVRzQO sRnRnQ iPazl rQnRcl || cnSnl Tsp agItlnMPal tldlTzRn vMlzRcp LPcP || iUnl tcpg rtl sRnRdcPnQ xVRzQO sVzPtfcl yRxl || bP vRof Tsp aMItlnMPal zpOzRcp LPcl, tldlTzR ctfnlg rQnRcl || Tsp qMltlM gpspzRcp Llcl, rcfup iHkHfcpg iQnRcl || rtl mlgmlg xVRzQ sRnRnQ zMl yPcl gP r inlg sRnRtfcl sVxPcl || 15

rfnl alMantl dVpO csaMnQ alcl - "dlU yPa dpOV mtl alacl tfn kVdfg rpMl of || TmRcl nfulM tfgIegIgf vRTaR zQgld TmRcP xVRzg Trpcp, xVRzQO i of || dlUtl xVRznQ cfkM cfkMIblzRcp dgP cfupn Taf nd || cfkt vclnlcl dInPd || r tldlTzRtl xVRzQ i zRa tR ncl, u tfO mPtl TmRntcl ||" dpOV csaMtl zQOtR tcl - "TufzfhP alMan" alTzP || cfup TzROnldcPtl LfalcPtl sVzP spMIacl || tfOhcl dQbP :vRTaR _ TkfMR , zQgld - rlh, dVpOwlO - bMIjfM , tzROnldgItVl zQtRO - vpzl , spsp-sfv, slOcl - nlcP, TnlxRnf blzQObyPmxl - apbldfgl, iROh - zef, sVfO -zpsIvf, vfaeMIgp, tlMR - sVl dQz , rQnRcl - yTsR, iPazl hRufcpgp, rQnRcl - yfnoR, tlclTzR - afbMIgl, zMl- efcldf, sVxPclrMlV , i - kVfg, zRal - arfcpg, dlUyPa dpO - dxfmfzf, 16

Llalcp-zMd, spMIacl- glxpMfcP, mltl- xzpMnP || tnRTsP 1) Gaf klg :s) alMan vQa vfncl TzROnl dpnf ? v) dVpO csaMcl rUcl dl tpnf ? u) dlUcl tfOg egIgf vRTaR rQgld tR of ? 2) sRxRtP nRU eMIblb :s) rgRUMl alMan tfgegIgf ............... dpnf || v) opUtfM ................ tR Tnl || u) dlUtl tfg egIgf nP Taf .............. nd || q) dpVO csaMtl zQOtRO tcl - "................" alcl || 3) altfO agIblb :vRTaR, dpOVwlO, zQOtR, spsp, i, iROh || 17

gpildcpn zpcp - klM vfaQ kgnRM TqROzlwpOcl sVl gpa zlOwp dpnf || rpM sVPcpgPcp, gStR, gRzl, klnIrMl , dPOUnp hRuR nP gdPbu Hldpnf || rp gRUMl sVl sVR suf gl dpnf || rt nP tfO xVaclcpnf || dQzcl TtlM tfg gdPbu TqROzlwpOcl dfcl vclMPal Hlcpnf rfnl sufjfnP TxpUn - cfxpUncl dhfcptl slzf tlOdpnf || rdcP dfhM sVl sVROcl gl dpnf || r sVlzQO klclMPal slzf ylOdpnf rfnl dfh - dfhMl suf afnRg rRTzR-rRTzRcl Tmpg Tmpcldpnf || tlMR dQzMl sVROcl rpM tRcl mlg vcl || rpnQ dRVcl cfuf nP gdPbu gl rM vcl || sufnQ TLRa nclMPal sVROcl Hld || tP rdcP dfhM tfO tRncl || suf - alb sROVcl, tlOof sl vQnl mlg vcl ? sVROcl - tlOof m gdPbucl nP yPaf zpcp 18

gpcl tfObPaM tsRnQ ala rPUbldp || suf - tR tfO of ? gdPbunQ vfa tfOn zpcpgp dp ? sVROc-rpM vclgf naf mtl sVl nRUM nP gdPbu slVsfnlM tfO nclgfdpnf || "dlU mRhr cza agblgfdp || rdcPtl wpO - kPMj yPclgfdp, rpg wpO - kPMjM TmRtl Hlacl nfulM ErR agIbldR ||" vuf-sltl r gdPbunQ rdcPn xVROzQ ErR mlzR zlObpm agIblb alclMPal tRnP cfalnf ? sVROcl-bP doUdcPtl ErP tacl dfup zlOwp cfyRa alclMPal r gdPbunQ vQnl EsPkf td ? suf - dRVsPn nfulM nP znRU rPUblacl tatl dlUtl kgnR yRclMPal unQ dVRsPkfMlM LPMIbln nclgfdp || 19

sVROcl-dlU cRzRO gl dpnf gP tlofO gldp, tP dRVsPn nfulM kgnR yRUa tRnP vfOr tcl ? suf-un tzph of dlUn dlUtPTrRa aHbLacl tatl nP Tmfn rPUbld, itzl dVRsPkfMl gl nP rPUbld || sVROcl- kgnRcl yRUa rfnl tPUgR qHblacl tzlhtl TgRtP - gpildcPn zpcp - gp nP aHblacldp || rpnQ TrRu nacl nfulM tP yzlM dp ? suf-rpM TrRu eRcp nfulM sVl yhlm zlOwp nkRcl zRyP na nP cfMPcfta dp || tPUgRcl klmITrfatlTvPO zpt HlMld || zlOwpcl tfg kfOkf vfaQ g vfaQ TsPM yrQMl td, itzl, kgnR rfnl zlOwp nkR yRclMPal bxfz naftl dlUdcPnQ gRxP td || sVROcl-tP dlUdcPtl xVRzQO TifObcl nfulM tRnP 20

cfrlclbcl of ? suf-czPgfnl - czPgfnl dlUtl xVRzQO cmlna sRclgfcp || rtzl zlObp nkR Mpcla TsP nclMPal xfMpkfnl aHblaf TsP taclgfcp || sROVcl -iSaf tcP r cRriP dQg gdPbunQ tPMP TgRtR-gpildcPn zRkPUn zpU tcpdR alclMPcl alcpcp || suf-sln tfO Jlsg of || opUtfcl tfg TgRtRd cPM doU tfMPtfO of || rdcPtl nP rlclMPal nd || dlUd cPtl tPUgR aHblcpdr || rpM dnl dlUdcP gP cfup TgRtR-gpildcPn TifbQ dp || sufcl tfO ylclMPal tfg gdPbu aPnP zQOtR tcl || dQzcl cfOr aHbldpnf, utzl tfg gpildcP sufnQ tLRa nclMPal xVR - xVRzQ ErRM ofUcl || 21

tnRTsP s) Gaf kVPb :1. zlObpM vcl -= vcp gdPbu Hldpnf ? 2. gdPbu sufjfnP tR yLdpnf ? 3. dVRsPn nfulM kgnR yRUa tRnP vQzlalnP tcl ? 4. gdPbu sVlvfnlM tR tfO nclgfdRnf ? 5. kgnR rfnl wpO-kPMj jfnP tR dQtf dp ? 6. dlU vcp gRUMl tfMPtfO dp ? 7. rp nPO jfnP sltl tP nPOU oRd ? v) TrpafmL klacl tfOhdcP jfnP mlta tfOh uzlt nclMPal altfO tMf ncpb :1) gdPbuMl sVl ........................ suf gl dpnf || (sVR, sRnR) 2) sROVcl sVlzQO klclMPal ...................... yldpnf || (xVlmfm , slzf) 22

3) dlU mRhR ................. agblacldp || (cza, nof) 4) dRkfmLn nfulM nP .................... uPUbld || (kVRxR , znRU) 5) wpO kPMj .................. yRUa cfy || (rlclMPal, tRoRdp ) tfOhcl dQbP :cfOr - cTwfMR , ErR - upOM , tfMPtfO - alaPszln, cRrIiP dQg - aluMf , sRV-aRMR , TrRu - sdl , qHgp, gRxP - xfgl, xfMpkfnl - xMfeMf , ncRb agblb - agfcp, yhlm - cpkfo, sVlvfnlMcPs - cfbzdg, cfrlclbcl - gzRrPsR, dQtf - nfe. cza - bpzIH, kVRxR - kxfM , znRU hdlg, TqROzlwpO - sHpzsR MRv, sVPcpgPcp - zpuf, gpil - kmil, dQzcl - MftsR || 23

zpU tp zRkPUn kVcp tPMP cRzRO zMIbldp alTzP kR td || aldp alclMPal dgP cfg, nd alTzP kR td || zpU gl TifOa, tp gl Tifa, mldp alTaP kR td || nP MlTsR zRkPUn kV cp, ufMMl nP tpcl dgP, zpU - tp oPcl glTzfg - glTzpg ofUM alTzP kR td || zpU oRcl alTzP tROa cft, tp oRcl alTzP m t csVR zpU cfupcl, tp kR xVRzQ JfgIbldp alTzP kR td || tfhcl dQbP :zpU - zpv, Tsl-afHR, cfsVR-MpgIg, tp-bpv, MlTsRnfdR, mldp-dfgip, zRkPUn-zljg, ufM-hu, cfup24

cMIsf, rR-enR, glTzpg- xfzbQ, JfgIbldp- JfgIip, nMf - nfHR, tROa - xMIzlt, kVcp - oftVf || tnRTsP 1. Gaf klg:s) zRklUn kVcp cRzRO zMIblcl alTzP tR td ? v) rR rQbla dlU tnl nMf of ? u) rp opUnM tR tRn dgP nP dP ? q) zpU gP tp oRcpg mltl tR nntpd ? m) TmRcP zRkPUncl kVcp vQa dp ? 2. altfO agIblb :zRkPUn , opUtf, kVcp, zpU, tp, glTzpa, nMf ||

25

rQbla tfOdcP zRncl nfrulM mlnQ nP tfO rQbld || rgRUml ra tfL, dpcl, eRObl gP Ttl sVxR of || tPMP rR tfgn tfOblM tRcl tfO MPnP ra tO :- ra tfO cfrcl ml zRn cfvf || ra tfOM sclO, kQbf, HfO Hp gP cfup nP tfO kMIbld || ra tfO Mpcpg nfulM nP Ttl gP TsPrlkfa rQbld || tcptfM tLOcl dlU aMItln dp || dlU aMItlcl ra tfO nP Mpcpg cfv || rtzl vaQtl nP ra oRd, vaQtl cfoR || ra cfoRcl mRhR LvVPa dlUdcP sldcPtl dVRclndR || vaQ opUnM ra cfoRcl tlOcl tlO tlOclg nP dlU zlcPdp || rtzl xVRztl ra vfa dgP xVrzQ kfnRUM slntpd || aQnf GRvfclnlcl 'ua zQO cfn' alclMPal TeROaf cft || sVl-sVl yRkf Tsp dfg ncpg nP tsp td || tlLp - tlLp kfn dfg ncpg nP aRMf eRMbld || rtzl mltl sVl -sVl zltf sclO dfg ncl 26

alTzP rtzl nPgnQ oRd || mltl ra tfO vRoRO vPM teRn cft || dpcl :- ra tfO slOa, sRcP slOa gP EdP slOa dpcl rQbld || rtzl cfup nP tfOn nfulM gl dpcl cftcl cft || dSsfMl xlMf LRMIbla cpvfg sldcPtl ylcldR || vQzlalnP kMIblcl TtlM nP dpcl vMIr nn kMblcl td || rtzl cfrQbla tfOM dpcl vPM teROn cft || eRObl :- tRz TsP nacl nfulM gl eRObl rQbld || rp eROblnq ml cpMIhf aldp || dHIbltPn, kPHVPn, alhpnl, ylOx hRuR jfnP cpMIhf tPd || rdcPjfnl sclO rpOa, atl dVRxRb dPzlgdcP rnbla hRuR TsP nfulM cpMIhf oRnvfd || rtzl rp zQxln cfrzlt nnf cft || Ttl :- TmRcP zRkPUn Ttln gl yPa rQdlMltfgl dp || Ttl altlofd rnQ vfaQtl yRclMPal yRcl cft, yPclMPal 27

gl iPclcft altl vfcln Ttl cfclv rtzl Ttl vPM teRncft || nnkMIbl TsP mlta TtlM nn tpd || vPa TtlM vPn tpd || nRUa TtlM nRUn tpd || MRa TtlM MRn tpd || vfaQ g vfaQ TsP nclgdp || kInPsp nclMPal Hlcl alTzP TtlM TsP cft, rfnl tp oRd || tfOhcl dQbP :zRncl - afrgsR, rQbld - rfnlgi, rgRUMl tldTwP, eRObl -zsItl, kQbf - bfn, HfO Hp - zfu-zaIhl, TsPrlkfa - dQgt, Mpcpg - Lnfcpg, tlOcl tlOclg - blg blgQ, LvVPa - eRsf, oUn - zgIbfM , zlcPcldp dMPsRi, TeROaf - TLfsgp, nPgnQ -wPMQhgf nfcl, vQzlalnP - cfjTzfs, tRh - hpg, ylOx -qfd, rpOa - azfnIgp, dRVxRb-afngp, cfrzlt - bpMIkVoRu, Ttl -zdIo, rQdpMltfgl - dxEtkpMIg, iPclcft-iPsbQg, mltaJls, nRUa - vPngp, MRa-zptgP, kInPsp-cnil, tpbpv || 28

tnRTsP

1) Gaf klg :s) zRncl nfulM mlnQ rQbla sVxP tfO tR-tR of? v) TifOa ra tfOM tR kMIbld ? rfnl ra tfO Mpcpg nfulM mltl tR nn tpd ? u) rpcl tpn nfulM rQbld ? q) cpMIhf tR afnP tPd ? rfnl tRn nfulM eRObl rQbld ? m) dlUdcPn zRkPUnM TtlnQ vQnl rzlt nn tpd ? 2) altfO agIblb :aRObl, Ttl, dpcl, ylOx, tp, kInPsp, vPa, nRUa || 3) sRxRtP nRU aMIblb :s) zRncln nfulM mlnQ ............................ gP .......... sVxr of || v) mltl ra tfO .........................TeROn cft || u) kInPsp tclMPal HlclalTzP ............. TsP cft || 29

tR Lpna / rFbla dxlafOMl cfkhln kphofg M tR rFblcp HxkfMlg vf dpd Hxafnf tR rFblcp || opUtf tfg ipk dloRg m tR dRa sQFR m opUncfkcl tR rFblcp, tR zhblcp || dxlafOMl opUncfkcl kphof g m tR rFblcp tMIa r ylOxnQ dloR g m tR cpOcla

30

sVRa of EsP mn tR m LVla, tR zpgblcp opUtfg vfdp tlOof gROUacl alg tR Mfcp || dxlafOMl opUncfkcl kpThf m tR rFblcp dgIblM dp vftlOof zOg scP tR zpgblcp || opn - kVlzpM dR vgl EsP m ofUcl zpgblcp kVlzpM r dR gP rpMl rlUg ofUcl rFblcp || dxlafOMl opUncfkcl kphof g m tR rFblcp dlcl rp dlsInl mn tprIi kphof rpg rFblcp || 31

tfOhcl dQbP :-

dxafOMl - zdIGgfdf, kphof - ePHl, dloR- blk, tMIa- rdIsObR, sVRa- MRbg, gROUa- euIg, sclEwgl, rlU - rgIbg, dlcl - gofgsR ||

tnRTsP

1) Gaf klg :s) xVlmtl tR rFblcp alcl tnP bRwfMMl kMIbldp ? v) xVlmtl vanQ tR - tR rFblcp rQbldR ? u) xVlmtl nlclMlM tnP dlsInl rFblcpa zQOwRzl ncl ? 3) altfO agIblb :rFblcp, Hxafnf, dloR, sQFR, tMa, ylOx, gROUa, scP, rlU, kVlzpM ||

32

rlcp sVl sfMvfgf wlO tlOof ml tmRcP rlcpgRUM vn - kpMIhfdcRtl nacl TsPn tfObPaM ml - kInl tf ng || TmRcP rlcpM zRO kfOUnR dR || sVzPcl bPx gP Trpgl - zRbaf || sVzRM mlTrpkVl Mpcl bPx mfTrpHp Mpcl gP Trpdl -zRbafM sVl kVf mlTrpml Mpcln npObpdcP dR || tfg na dfg mlkVf Hpkp MpcldcP dxPnblMPal wpOcla nclMP tmRcP rlcpn MRz agblacl dp || rnQ sOsfn ald || rp sOsfnnQ mltl sVl sfMvfgf wlO rlolcl td || rpnQ Tzf gP Hlkltl cpaQcl dp gP rpgRUM Tzftl agIblacl nPgR snkpMIhfdcP dR || vRoRb snkpMIhftl rlcpn zRYPcl mlhlM TzR - TzR TsP nMlacl dR || zR, z, nR, dInRTsf LRsRU TrP - yPa gfOUgp dxPnblMPal rcp krbla TsP ndR || gpsp sUnRTsf, EnR, dxPnblMPal rlcpgRUM zpqM TvlO nROn na gP gRUMjfnP cTifOa TvfO kQMp tPa TsPnd || spsp gP TrRa - yPa sRn gnldcP 33

dxPnbl tfg rlcpeM sInl Llhfcpbl gP sInl tacl sRnQ tP EnRol zQa rM LRM nclMP tlOxlcl tRMITsfoln ml kfOUnRMcl dfGafnP epcla tP tfg rlcPM rRcPcldR || MPdrn, Hlkl, sInldfV, dptVfzo gP TrPa - yla gfUgpdcP dnPnbl ckr LPM kclrPcPdcP rlcpzPMP kQOMpM teROalg TsP ndR || MpclnQ mltl sVl sfMIvfgf rlclacl dR || rp sfMvfgfcl sVxR vRkVlwlO td TmRcP dzItls || rpg dzItsjfnP rlcpn vRoRb kfOUnRM TrRa - yPa rdcP tpOUaQ HlnlLRgcl tfMwlO bRnP ErRcPcl cR || rSnl tfMwlOjfnP nRU - nRUM zSrfMdcP spna gP oRa na TsP td rSag rp rdcP gRUM dzItlstl rlcpn vRoRb kfOUnRM zSrfMdcP oRa nd gP vRoRb kfOUnRM zSrfM sPna TsP nd || bRnP mlnQ vgl ofUcpgPM dzItlstl knlnQ kVaf hfgsfMl kld gP ml kVxPd || tRcl zxl sfggPM oRnQ cfblz kld gP ml oRtl sfadR rlcpM vg kRM mfcl dzItlsM zSrfM 34

LPdp gP tR tR natpd of, rn iROhnclMPal ml ndR || dzItlstl aof, tof iPMIaf, dQUzl TifOaTifOa oRhgfdcP tofd nclML nd - cnd gQMO ndR || rpcl cwlgMl rlcpn gfg TrpdldncP rnbld ||

tfOhcl dQbP :rlcp - zMlM , Trpcl - zRbaf - cOu - LVtLu, Mpcl - xKIKl, wpOcla - hRMgR, Mrz - KfOrf, rlolcl - zdIGP, nPgR - czOTvs, dInRTsf - cgIgnl , LRsRU - lfvtznl, sUnRTsf - Ezfzgnl, EnRol - LRszRtlM , tlOxlcl - dpHp, TeROalg - TLfsvlgP, rdcP - gzfxMp , iRMIaf - qlVgf , dQUzl - zIdMg, gQMP - glMIgo ||

35

tnRTsP 1. Gaf klg :s) TmrcP rlcpM mRhR kfOUnR dR, tR tR ? v) TmRcP bPxMl MRhRzRcp Mpcl dR ? u) TmRcP rlcpn MRz vQnl agIblacl dp ? q) va va Trpdl dlnblMPal TifOa TvfP slOa gP cTifOa TvfO TerOalg TsP nd ? 2. altfO agIblb :Trpdl, Mpcl, Hlkl, zSifM, rlcp, MRz

36

kVPU cfml kVPU cfml nP blgcl zRn dp sVlLP ml blgcl, sfnl dp mcl rp zRkPUncl rjfklO tfOg ml blgcl || TifObP xVlOa Trpuptl cfMP , zQtRO gl rp ml blgcl tlU gQ tlUcl cfMP zQO cfsRUaf dlsInl gl rp ml blgcl || ml blgcl rp kVcp mcl mRzPbl sVlLl ml blgcl opUtfcl dUcl, aofO TtpMPzl aofO sVlLP ml blgcl ||

37

qfM tfOhcl dQbP :

kVPU - rjfklO - Trpuptl - mRzPkl -

kVOUcP, kVPOU || ua tfO || tpdptl, tpMltl, tRcl dftlV, TGpuptl || mRzPcpzRcpd ||

tnRTsP 1. 's' nPUgMl tacl tfOhdcPnQ 'v' tacl mpTrfacl tfO dQbP afnRg sVl nb : 's' 'v' mRzPkl kVlylal kVPU tPcl dgP aofO kVUcP Trpiftl ra tfO rafklO dof opUtf mRzPcpzPcpd 38

2. tfcl nPUg 's' cl tfOhdcP hRclMPal altfO tMf nb || s) Trpuptl blgcl ................ tclMPal oRUn TifOa yPyP oRd || v) zltf sVlg kVa ..................... gl cdf gIbld || u) tugafnR ................... tcP xVROzQ dlU aHIbldp || q) TzfdnQ .......................... tfOdcPtl va zROsROa cfkfMIbl || m) dlUnQ rcla ..................... slLQ zRabpzRcp of || 3. mlaf (√) cfmlaf (×) kVPb :s) dlU rp opUtfMl nP blgcl kVPU of v) zRkPUn tlU - tlUtl dftVP kInlOgfcl cft u) opUtfMl ml va oRd r ml blgcl dgP of q) TifO dgP rp oRUtMl opspMIgcl nfulM HlMldR m) dUcl gl jofOn TtpMRzl gl Mla tlUMl vd

( ( ( ( (

4. 'kVPU cfml' xVlmfmcl tRalnp zhln sIUopclMl kVPb ||

) ) ) ) ) 39

5. Gaf klg :s) 'kVPU cfml' xVlmfmtl xVlmtl TmRcP zRklUn ml blgcl dftVP alclMPal tR ala rclbldp ? v) dUcl gl aofOcl TtpMRzl svP blgzRcpnQ HlMldR ? u) tlU gl TifO tR dlUn zRkPUnMl opspMg HlMldR ?

40