TAMU KUHYI LULEY (Gurung Language). Volume-VII (Class-VII)

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tdp sIUopcl npnP

TAMU KUHYI LULEY (Gurung Language) Volume-VII (Class-VII)

I

II

tdp sIUopcl npnP TAMU KUHYI LULEY (Gurung Language)

Volume - VII (Class-VII)

Concept

Megraj Gurung (B.a. Hons. M.A.)

Translation

Mrs Padam Gurung

Composing / Designing Miss Tina Tamu Pokhara, Nepal

Published By: Human resource Development Department, Government of Sikkim, Gangtok. I

TAMU KUHYI LULEY Volume - VII Class - VII

Prepared By : Human Resource Development Department Government of Sikkim, Gangtok

Second Edition - 2005 Copy Right - 'kon' Total Print - 500

Edition :- 2014 Published on behalf of the Human Resource Development Department, Government of Sikkim and Printed by Jana Pakshyan Prakashan-7, Super Market, Gangtok, Sikkim at Systematic Designer and Printer Pvt.Ltd. Siliguri.

Edition :- 2014 II

k|:tfjgf /fHo :t/Lo dfGotfk|fKt efiffx?dWo] u'?Ë -td'_ efiff klg l;lSsdsf ;/sf/L kf7zfnfx?df k9fpg] sfo{ eO{/x]sf] 5 . o;} qmddf k|:t't k':ts ;ftf} >]0fLsf ljBfyL{x?sf lglDt tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . s'g} klg efiff s]jn af]nrfnsf] lglDt l;Sg / l;sfpg Tolt ufx|f] 5}g hltsf] n]Vo efiff l;Sg / l;sfpg ufx|f] 5 . lsgeg] n]Vo efiffdf ;DalGwt efiffsf] j0f{ Joj:yf, Jofs/0fLo u'0f–bf]if / To;eGbf dfly To;sf] pb\efj, ljsf; / ;flxTo;Dd Wofg k'¥ofpg kg{] x'G5 . o;y{, o:tf] sfo{df nfu]sf n]vs–nlvsfsf] lhDd]jf/L clt uxg / ;Dj]bgzLn x'G5 . dfu{bz{s eP/ sfd ug{' Tolt ;xh 5}g t}klg o; If]qdf w]/} cl3b]lv of]ubfg k'¥ofpb} cfpg'x'g] >L d]3/fh u'?ª Ps ;kmn n]vssf] ?kdf u'?ª -td'_ ;dfhdf :yflkt eO;Sg' ePsf] 5 . pxfF4f/f lgld{t k|:t't k':ts lgZro g} ljBfyL{x?sf lglDt 1fga4Ps cf} p2]Zod'ns /x]sf] 5 . pxfFnfO{ ;fy lbP/ o;df ;dfj]lzt /rgfx/af6 kfOg] 1fg ljBfyL{x?df a';fO{lbg] sfo{ lzIfs–lzlIfsfx?sf] xf] . cGtdf, >L d]3/fh u'?ªaf6 eljiodf klg o:tf kf7\ok':tsx?sf] /rgf x'g]5g\ eGg] s'/f]df d cfzfafbL 5' .

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cfˆgf] egfO{ k|:t't k':ts ætd' SXo'O{ n'n]Æ sIff ;ftf}+ >]0fLsf laBfyL{x?sf] lglDt tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o;df k|fo:h;f] /rgfx? ;+sng u/L cg'jfb u/]/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .t;y{ ;j} /rgfx? ljBfyL{x?sf] lgDtL 1fga4{s cf} u'0f:t/Lo g} 5g\ eGg] s'/f]df d 9'Ss 5' . ;DalGwt lzIfs– lzlIfsfju{n] kf7 cg';f/sf] ts{ / pbfx/0fx? lbP/ kf7nfO{ k|efjzfnL / cem 1fgj4{s kfg{ ;Sg]5g\, h'g pxfFx?sf] cfjZos bfloTj klg xf] . laBfyL{x? hlt v'l8\snf] r9\b} hfG5g\ Tolt g} gofF kf7x? dfkm{t gofF–gofF zAb / cy{x? l;Sb} hfg]5g\ . o;/L 1fgsf] :t/ a9fpb} n}hfg] qmddf k|:t't k':tslq klg lgZro g} s]xL gofF zAbx?sf] k|of]u ePsf xf]nfg\, h;sf] cy{x? vf]h]/ a'emfpg] sfo{ lzIfsau{sf] xf] . k|:t't k':ts lgdf{0f ug{ dnfO{ kf]v/f, g]kfnsL ;'>L l6gf td'n] h]–hlt ;xof]u k'¥ofOg\ To;df d pgLk|lt xflb{s s[t1tf k|s6 ub{5' ;fy} >LdtL kb\df td', h;n] dnfO{ kf7x? cg'jfb ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofOg, pgnfO{ klg wGojfb glbO{ /xg ldNb}g . cGtdf, sfd ug{]x?af6} e'n klg x'g;Sg] ;+;f/sf] lgod g} ePsfn] k|:t't k':tsleq klg sxL st} s]xL e'nx? x'guP ;r]t lzIfsau{n] g} ;RofP/ kl9lbg] / k9fOlbg] cg'/f]q ub{5' .

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V

tfObPa tfOa (Contents)

tfObPa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

TkRna FfsIHM xMIs tdp tfg egIgf eRhleRgl vfa hf ? cfd tfg egIgf nlOaf zQ TzRMIup klOaf kfj of iM efgpasIt cfrfMIo wpMalgcl sfnlnl kfj vd cPnlLPgIHf Hfkpcl TdfMpzl cRndIkls vInRxRa FfsIHM zfaltlV tdpTzR dfMcl opUtf

tPTrRO

1 3 6 14 16 22 29 31 36 40 43 47 51 54 VI

TLRna

xP mlgPzpM ! xP kVlzpM ! ml slng of zgItfg || mlcl opUn xlgIbpzItfg, afMfm dl TifnP opUn yPafg || opspMg tlO ndR slcl wQU ! kVldR opsPMg rm kfgkVla || tp - zpUMl sl sVl rUsf cfaRacl of sl kInfal || of HpMcl sl kVlzpM ! tpzpUM dR sl kfnp || vPgPUMPa TJpzpM cfoRsTnf xP zLlslsPz || sVl dR ml zP kVlzpM , vR klOg nPnP nPU || (xMIshmIuzlm iPtVl)

1

tnRTsP 1) Gaf klOg :s) kVlzlMnQ tnP mPgPzpM ald ? v) TmRcl opUn vfa hf ? rp vQkf dp ? u) TmR vfacl zgItfg hf ? q) rp xVlmfmM kVlzpMgPafnR tR - tR Mlcl dp ? m) rpcl xVlm vfa hf ? r) rp xVlmfmM zQOhM kVlzpM vQkf dR ?

2

FfsIHM xMsI tdp

zmIsng

Ff. xMIs tdp gpU gPkfn ndIhpm HRU gRUMlh kMIbla mfbl vRnf tMfOrP epnepnPMl 5 hgaML 1939 Ml Llnf ||rcl cfkcl dl zpalbfM kfMzfcl tcp gP cfdcl dl dfclzPaR tdpTzR of || rtl TrRdfh nPU slmz hMIb dlnlHPMl vPawlO gjgfOz efMt, cfcl. cP, tVlrgIbV snPh sfJdgIFS, al. cP. cgMIz kHgf opUnvPafwlO (efMt), kRzIH ulVhpcPH alkInRdf clVgjMIu opUnvPafwlO, clzsHTnfgIF gP kl cPrFl clFgaMIu opUnvPafe, clzsHTnfgIFjfnP epuRn tfObPaM kPn 1965 Ml nacl dpnf || TsPtl r epurnzQOTkRa tnQ dgl r TzR TzR HRUcl zQOkRa gl dpnf || itzl rnQ nPOUblzQOdpaQ upgcl kInra dfbln vfOd || r nRkfdlU, yPTifOa, vTsPdl, TzRnl, kVPadlU, kVzfzs, kInPnfa, LRHRufVLM, mRhRgRdl, vInRxRadl, kVRsVxP, opUnzRUcpdl, TrpdlU, gPm hRuRHlafdlU opUnMkQdlUcl nfulM kRa zROklO gP oRMIzlyPa dpnf || r cfmlxlaf gP cfMRzRn dlU dpnf || opUnmfMcl tfOkRalM gl mlcpnP kMIblcl || bP r cftl-cftlcl || r gRUMl gPkfncl dpVzkInRa sfJdgIFSafnP eMtkpM zfMIbln tpd || g gPkfn - efMt kM mfxbfgl kRUMl tR nntpd alcp mlLp 3

zQObptl yPa tfOkROalcl Mt slOcl || tfOkROal dGblclMPal rpMzRcp tcl cp rnQ gPkfng sVl dlunIbla sVxlMatl Ff. xMIsnQ kfzl klOntpd zRcp alcl || r tdp hftlcl nPuRcp ipOhdcPgP zRMRmz dpnf || rng dxPcp gP dt zQOhM nPrPcp iROhdcPcl rpxpaf tacl dpnf || utl TzRnlcl nRzHlaftl nfOU, TsRwlO, rOslOaf gP kPOUd TzRnwlO zdnIbl yPnf || kPOUd tzROnl tgf r unQrf qMIgfMl LzIblclM vPcl || rp qMIgfMl vlcl vfaQ nRbzlsPzl cfMPatl rtl TzROnl ktjfnP kljfnl klOaf tcl || TzROnl ktafnP kljnl klOcpnlcl gl r inlg cfHl || r vTsP Mxlhcl TrROFPsRVUyP, Tgp cPMfcl sVxRyP zRcp aglblcl || zldIdafMl iPzlnl nQ || zpO iaf tatl nPtl rnQ cvRa dlU aldpnf igtnQ r cvRaf cfmlgf TzRMcfkROa dlU, vfaQ tfO cfnRgf kRaf, vfaQgPafnR cfmlxla dlU dpnf || opspMg sVRtzlcl MRzPnjfnP sVxlala na dlU dpnf || iQa nPxlzQ upg gP nPOUtcpcl kInRa xMIs tdp tPMP rp opUtfM cfMP || 22 zPkIHkVRM xPnlskIHM TdRvPbRMl r hlcP || rcl kfnpML sgIrghmIqf oRMIzlMPaf HRU TiRn sPTmRMl ofUacl vQTzR mlTrpclzRO g gPkfnl gPm cfopUncl ofnfOUdl gP zQOTkRadcP zlcP || gPkfncl mlhlM rp tRzRcpcl 4

tfgegIg yPaf bRUzg gP TdRvPbR dfbln vfOd ||

tnRTsP

1) Gaf klOg :s) Ff.xMIs tdp vfa dpnf ? r vRoR gP vg Llnf ? ucl cfk gP cfdcl dl albI || v) rcl nPOU vfa vfa vPO npa iRhdcPjfnP vROoR tnf ? u) r vQkf vQkf tfOkRalM kMIblnf ? r nPOU tzRnl tgf vfa qMIgf LzIblnf ? q) tzROnl ktjfnP klafnl nlcl r tR agIblnf ? m) gPkfncl dlUsVlg dlrnIbla sVxlMatl rnQ vQkf zhcP klOtpd alnf ? r) r vROoR rfnl vgl zlcP ? rgPkfnpMl vQtzR mRhR g zQOTkRadcPcl zlcP ? 2) altfO agIblb :nRkfdlU, TzROnl, vTsP, TdRvPbR, opUtf, zQOTkRa, bRUzg cvRa || 5

tfg egIgf eRhleRgl vfa h ?

slV opUnM sVl ipa vPawlO dpnf || r vPawlOM vPaf dopO sRnRdcP gRUMl sVl dopO sRnR GnInf dpnf || cfta TmpgdcP nclMP rtl nRkfdlYdcPnQ xfclMg ndpnf || dROnQ tRtl yfcptlclcp ? tRcltl gl cfyfcptlcl dp alTzP opUqlgM tnP wpOcpnl cftlof ? doUcl TrrOkhP tldl of alcp tPMPcl doUcl gl tldln tfg dpxl gP dP tnP cfMP ? sVrR cftaf ? iSag TmpgdcP nclMP r nRkfdlUdcPnQ xfclMg ndpnf || dopOsRncl dl dpnf - sMg || sVl tlO vPa nRblMlacl kUPnpM sMgtl Tmpcl - nRkfdlU tfg egIgf eRhleRgl vfa hf ? mlg Tzfd oROa zpMMl nRkfdlUtl alcl -tfgegIgf eRhlaRgl kzpktlgfy of || mRhR tzlhtl kzpktlgfy eRhleRgl hf ? sMgtl tP Tmpg ncl || rp tfO kzpktlgfynQg ofUclMP Tmpb || nRkfdlUcl Gaf || td tfcl alclgf sMg bPclg bPclg kzpktlgfy mfM LPcl gP rtl Tmpcl - tfgegIgf eRhleRgl sl MR || rp tfO sVRg kf ? m eRhleRgl of alclMPal slnQ vfatl alnf ? kzpktlgfytl sMggP Tmpcl || mcl nRkfdlUtl alnf || sMgtl Gaf klOcl || tfO dl mlag of sMg dfap || kzpktlgfytl alcl - tP 6

m egIgf gl eRhleRgl cfupg dR r o, yfU kVlzpM || ylU kVlzpMtl rp opUqlgnQ dldRVa kfMIbld || cfsRclcP ofUclMPal ylOU kVlzpMnQ Tmpb || sMg ylOU kVlzpMmfM LPclMPal - tfgegIg eRjlaRgl sl MR || rR tfO sVRg jf ? ylOU kVlzpMt qmL rlclMPal alcl - tfOd mlag of m rp opUqlgM ddVRa lOd || mcl dldVRa oRanlclg tfg tRL anIblHlMldR gP gl sMg dfap || m egIgf eRhleRgl cfupg dR || r of gfdTzR || mgfdTzRcl tPgRUMl dp || gfd TzRtl cpalcpgf m cfiPzlnl tntpd || cfsRclcP ofUclMRal gfdTzRnQ TmpnvRdR || sMg Tsfcl dfcl vgltQg cfTmRg gfdTzR mfM LPcl gP TzOf tzRO tclgf rtl tP r Tmpg ncl - tfgegIg eRhleRgl sl MR || rp tfO sVRg of ? m eRhleRgl g of || ylOUcl dl dVRanQ m TFfkIknl cpaljfd || gfO opclMPal opUtfnQ klmITuf gP iRa kfMIbln vfPd || bl sMg ! rSuf tclMP gl m cfupclg eMfMMl dp || m egIgf eRhleRgl TvPO dR, ofUclMPal TvPOnQ rp tfO Tmpclb || vRofO sMg TvfOmfM ofUclMPal rnQ Tmpg ncl rm TvPOtl clcl || m eRhlaRgl dp || gfdITzRnQ vgl TeRObfmfdp rclg TeROd || gfOzMk gfPz xVgfOzMk xVgfOz yPaTvPOcl Mt slOclMPal u bpMfna kfMIblnvfOd || tP tPn - tlofO mcl rlgf slOclMPal Hla gl LljfnvfOcldR || r of ofnPOUd || m vgl dp, vgl ofUclgfdp, 7

vfa xMlM kVclgdp, rp tfg tfO ofnPUdldcPnQ yf td || rp dgP cfml, mcl xMlnQ cfiPzlnl kfMIbla tfyPsP gl yPagQ nclgfdR MR || tPMP sMg, slg alb, m tfzlegIgf eRhleRgl alclMP vQnl ala ? itzl m eRhleRgl ofnPOUdl of || sMg dfqp ! rp tf ofnPOUdld cPnQ Tmpb || sMg bPclg bPclg ofnUPOdl mfM LPg, gP rtl TmPcl tfzlegIgf eRhlaRgl sl MR rp tfO sVRg jf ? vfatl alcl? ofnPOUdlcl rp Tmpclg GefM sMgtl tfgtfOcl Trpsptfg alcpnlcl ofnPOUdltl alcl - tfO dl mlag of, tlof ofnPUdldcP sVlcl dl cfspM, sVcl tlOU cfspM TtlclMPal dlUnQ dpMlm agIbla TsPM nRblMlacl dVRdR || dlUnQ nclOtf TdfclMPal zRafPg opUqlgM rfOnvfOcl || tPMP zpsV gP dmIunoPtf vfOclgfcR || xfmm dfclnLlM cpFlblacl cPkuvxtl JlnPU gP epzptgRUMkcl dgP cfml zgRUMkcl gP TspgRU nRclMP yPacl gl TrpsprQ ckfMblg ktItl klOclgfdp || rp tfg tfOcl dlsPtl ofnPOUdlg dp || tP dfap ! rSuf tcP dgl ofnPOUdltl xVPzQnQ tfg eRhleRgl cfdfbl, tnPalTzf mlegIgf eRhleRgl cfupg dR || r of slnQ vPala nRdfbl, tnPalTzf mlegIgf eRhleRgl cfupg dR || r of slnQ vPala nRkfdlU || nRkfdlUtl sl - mlnQUdl egIgf gl eRlhlePgl nRkfdlU of || cfsRclcP oUclMPal xVRzQ nRkfdlUnQ Tmpn vfOd || ofnPOUdlcl iSa Gaf ylclMPal sMg mzlM tcl || tfgegIg ePhleRgl nRkfdlU of alcp mng nRkfdlU dlUyPaftl 8

tnP mnQ rul tsfcldrcl ncp nalcP ? rSag tR - tR zQ rlclMPa sMg nPzRcp sPmlcl || tP tR zQO vclMP of sMg blclMP nRkfdlU mfM LPcl gP rtl Tmpcl - 'tfgegIgf eRhleRgl d slg dpdl tP mnQ tnP ofUtf Tdfalnf ?' 'dfap sMg ! sVRg mtl slnQ opUtl Tdfalcl ||" sMgcl sVM nlOsfzl dfMP || tnPalTzf sltl rRTzRcl sPtfO mPn oRcl, ofUtl dRVcl || csp tfO, slcl alaclmfnl nRkfdlU tfgegIg eRhleRgl of ala gl sRcl || bP ml nRkfdlU dRhleRgl dfml || mltl kldIThfnQ Llcl bP kldIThf cfkVP, o tnPOU vPaloP bP sfnlnl cfnf || mlgpafnR vPasRnIdQ cftfcP gMP ml nRkfdlUn vfaQ rQdpMl ta cMPdpnf || zlbP opUtlM tfgegIg eRhleRgl vPasRnIdQ of || tOlofkcl rpyP rpyP rpyPTzR opUnfMkcl zlkfcl gP vaQcl xVzPa dgP cfml bPdQatfm nacl zpUcl gPm cRzROmPaf ofUncl vQzlalnzl zQOhM vROUkVld, kldIThfdl, ypgfUdl, ofnPOUdl, zxRu zlUTzR, gPm vInRxRadl tfg of || zxRr , ofUn gP hftcl rpg vQzhalnzldcP tfg nacl mlhlM sl vPasRnIdQ of || nbPaf rQacl Hlcl aVxdfgfcl LM dpacl sfnlnlcl nbPaf na tlefMf gl vPasRnIdQLlM g dp || zlbP, sldcP zQLhRzl kOOclMP vPb || ml TsPrlkfa nclMPal vPalcpdR || dQcfup rQacl sfnlnl LMacl LMg Hlcpdp gP zPUcp gPm cRzROMPaf opUncl dQatfOm gl dQatfOm gRUspzl Hlcpdp || cfsRclcP 9

sl xVRzQ zQOnQ xVRzg Tmpg nb - tfgegIgf eRhleRgl cfup tRcl cfml bP mP vPasRnIdQg of || sMfgtl tggmfnl oRacl Gaf gP nlzRMMl xVRzQ nRkfdlUtl nacl sPtfdcP TufgInl sRcl nlzRM xVRzQO nRkfdlUcl sPtf vPasRnIdQg tfgegIgf eRhleRgl of alcp unQ mlta nRblcl || sMgcl zQO sRcl || tnRTsP 1) Gaf klOg :s) nRkfdlUtl tfg egIgf eRhleRgl va alcl ? v) tlzRMlM tfg egIgf eRhleRgl vfa dpdl ? tnP gP vQnl ? u) TvfOmfM LPgf sMgnQ rtl vfa gfg egIgf eRhleRgl alcl ? q) vQef Gaf ylclMPzl sMg mzlM tcl ? m)vQef Gaf ylclMPal sMg mzlM tcl ? r) tfg egIgf eRhleRgl cfup tRcl cfml bP mlg of, alcMPal vfatl vfanQ alcl ? i) rpyP rpyPTzR opUnfMkcl tR tR natpd ? h) sMg vfa vfa mfM LPcl ? 10

G) sMg vQkf dopO sRnP dpnf ? x) sMgtl nRkfdlUnQ tR tR ndpnf gP vQnl ? 2) dfcl klOacl altfOdcP mltaM ( ) cfmltaM ( ) kVlb :s) sMg vPclg - bRclg wlO ofUcl || v) kzpktlgycl alcl mg of tfg egIg eRhleRgl || u) ylOU kVlzpMtl opUqlgM dldVR klOd || q) gfdITzR tfg egIg eRhleRgl of || m) gfdITzRtl cpalcpOgf ylOU cfiPzlnl tntpd || r) m tl gfO klOclMPal opUtfnQ lklmITuf gP ipaf kfMIbln vfOd || i) TvPO TmRtl dVRn vfOd || h) vPafsRnIdQ tl nRkfdlUnQ dfbln tpd || G) vPafsRnIdQ tl nRkfdlUnQ dfbln tpd || x) opUtfM tfg egIg eRhleRgl vPasRnIdQ of || 3) altfP agIblb :ylOU kVlzpM, gfdITzR , TvPO, kzpktlgfy, ofnPOUdl, vPasRnIdQ nRkfdlU, eRhleRgl, opUtf, dpMlm, tlOU, TeRaf, tPgRUMl, tRLl, cpalcpOg, TFfkIknl, aQatfm, nbPaf, sfnlnl, vaQcl || 11

4) vfatl vfanQ alcl :s) nRkfdlU tfg egIg egIg eRhleRgl vfa hf || v) mRhR tzlhtl kzpktlgfy eRhleRgl of || u) tP m egIg gl eRhleRgl cfspg dR r ylOU kVlzpM || q) m rp opuilgM dldVRa klOd || m) cfsRclcP ofUclMPal gfdITzRnQ TmpnvfdR || r) tzfO TzfO tclgf rtl tP r Tmpg ncl || i) m egIg eRhleRgl ofnPOUdl of || h) ml TsPrlkfa nclMPal vRalcpdR || G) ml egIg eRhleRgl cfspg dR r of slnQ vPala nRkfdlU || x) tfg eRhleRgl d slg dpdl tP mnQ tnP opUtf Tdfalnf || 5)) sRxRtP nRU aMIblb :s) sVl tlO vPOa nRblMlacl kPUnpM sMgtl Tmpcl .......................... hf || v) m d .......................... dp .................. cpalcpgf m ...... tntpd || 12

u) mcl .............. tfg ............................... || q) gfO opclMPal ........................ gP .................. || m) ....................... vgl TeRbfmfdp ................... || r) m vgl dp, vgl ............, rp tfg tfO ........... yftd || i) tnPalTzf ................ || r o .................. || h) itzl ................ egIg gl .................. of || G) sldcP ................. vPb || ml............... vPalcpdR || x) xVRzQ .......... of alcp .............. nRblcl ||

13

cfd

cfd ! sl Lla mnQ cd ! sl kInfal kOOla mnQ cfd ! sl wfP m Hx rn o tfg slng rRcp tR dp mn || cfd ! dp sln eRglm gpcPncfvOMPaf cfbpOof kVlcP gl opspMIg opspMg klclOMPal aofPwRM klOdp mnQ mRhRcl mPTzRM || TrPcfvOa slcl upgcl mlhlM tRcl tfO cfMl klOa mafnP opUt rp zhblcpdp TirPa rU sln alclMl uRhPkOlcpdp 14

gRUofMlacl m aglblklOcPdp tfg sVRcpdcPnQ mlTzpnglOcpdp nPOUxl tcl dp sdblcl gpa agIblcpOdp sln m TifOa rU || (xlVm zllbIblrMg zVPzIJ)

tnRTsP 1) Gaf klOg :s) TmRtl cfdjfnP vfa vfa tfO oPcldR ? v) rp xVlmfm zQOhM wpO vfa hf rfnl Hx vfa hf ? u) cfdcl eRglm tnl yPaf td ? q) TifOa rU tcpM vfa -vfa TsP nntpd ? m) tR -tR ngf opUtfM yPa dl td ? r) cfkcl upgdcPcl tfOtln nclMPal kVPb || i) cfdtl vQnl mlTzRM klOdR ? h) TmRtl cfdnQ vQkf agIblclMPal olxlntpd ? 2) altfO agIblb :Lla, opUtf, upg, tfg, cfd, Hx, nPOUxl ||

15

tfgegIg nlOa zQO

zmIsng

vR cR tgp MRaM || dfOkpThptl Hl. al. TuRMlacl vlcl TrROa EsPcl tgpnQ jlxlcl || qmLtl cR | tgptl Gaf klOcl || Hl. jl. nP cfTmRb || dl gRUofd || vR m xVPtfO aldp bl || dfOkpThptl cpafxfOcl || tg MRa sRcP vlclMPal vcl || dfOkpTzp EsPOdl nRUM xROcl || rn tgptl alcl - tR xVP tfO ala dfOkpThp ? aptn d cfalb cRO , mlxld || dfOkpThptl EsPOdlnQ aofO nclgf alcl td, td || tlofO slnQ opOUtfM tfgegIgf nLOa zQ tR hf rcl tfObPaM xVPtfO alc cR || tfOkpThpcl tfO ylcl tgp dfOkpThpgPafnR HfOzIblclMPal xVPtfO mPcp tofd tdl || dfOkpThptl alcp tRncl - TzRdfg efMt nlOUM csaM dlcl sVl yPa dVpO dpnf || rtl sVltlOo MPiRh dpacl TzRnl rfnl cfup yP yPa dlUdcPnQ opUtfM tfg egIgf nlOa zQ tR hf ? alcl Tmpcl || rm vfatl vlnl scl vfatl zPO, vfatl vlcpgl, vfatl hPal alcl || dVpO csamcl MPiRhM alMan dlcl sVlg blzQObyPmxl TzRnl dpnf || rM vRofO rcl kn vcl rm alMantl alcl yPdpV, opUtfM tfg egIgf nlOaf tfO kRn - krg of || rm tpVtl Tmpcl - alMan, opUtfM kRnkrg tfg egI16gf

nlOaf tfO alcl vQnl sl aln vfOdR ? tnP alTzf razQtl L dVPd klclaf dPHlbld TnPM Ezfb vd || bP kRn krgtl rp tfO cft || mnQ tRcl tlU dPnIblMlcP yPdpOV || m opUtfM kRn krgg tfg egIgf nlOa zQ of alcp tfOcl zQxluRkl klOcpcp dVpOtl alMancl tfO mlcl || rcl tRcl tlUnlcl tlkM vcl || rpMl dSsM alMantl dVOp csaMnQ alcl - yPdpV tMP tlkM LPvcl || r xlgIbpdcP yPa rfM of || rtzl m yPdVpOTzRnQ mcl wlOM kVPscl rcpM olxld || tofO nQ yPdVpOTzPnQ kVPscl rcpM mcl wlOM spnIblklg || dVpOtl alMancl tfO mlcl || yPdpOVTzRcl nfulM alMancl wlOM kVfTzr uRTzRcl nlOaf - nlOaf rcp tofd ncl || rpcl nlOayfO kInltcl LPcl || dVpVTzR LPvcl || rnQ yPa ExlngPafnR kVPscl HlnRUM eROcl || alMancl wlcl iSaf nlOaf - nlOaf rcp rclMPal yPdVpOTzR klOcp zQObp gl vcl || kVPscl vfOcl yPdVpOTzRcl dpOVzvHlnRU olofa tlU tcl || iSagMl gRUM HlnRUjfnP alMantl tfgtl ylnInl vlcl vPnkdlUnQ xRbl alcl || tr rM r yPdVpOTzR alcp Mltl rcp racl nUR TifOgInP tfMTifO nb || tfMTifO nb || alMancl tfO ylclMPal yPdVpOTzR Mlztl dl tcl || alMantl alacl altfOtl yPdVpOTzRnQ tn racl nlOaf - nlOaf kVPsclcl gl Ezfb dcPa bRkf tcl || r Mlztl dVpOzvHlnRUcl ofUcl || yPdVpOTzR inl Mlz vclMPal va dVpO csaMtl yf oRcl || rtl dVpOTzRnQ 17

tfg tfO Tmpclgf yPdVpOTzRtl rnQ alMantl r yPdVpOTzR alcp Mltl racl nRU tfMTifO nb || alacl rfnl alMancl r cfnlOaf krg dPsclO tacl, rM ofUclMPal hPaf nlOaf - nlOaf zQ racl vfaQ TsP cfLP alcp tfO alcl || dpOVtl alMannQ jlxlclMPal tipcl - sltl yPdVpOTzRnQ r yPdpOVTzR alcp Mltl racl nRU TifOgInP tfMTifO nbI alclMR tnP alnR ? alMantl alcl yPdpOv yPdpOVTzRcl nfulM kVfTzR nPupMcl nlOafnlOaf kVPscl tofd nnf || rnQ Exln gl TifgInl ncl || kVPacl tfg nlOaf nlOaf dpnf || rSuf o mtl yPdVpOTzRnQ r yPdVpOTzR alcp Ml alcl || rp kugtl d tRcl cfnf || tnPalTzf krgtl L cfkInl || alMancl tfO ylclMPal dVpOtl sRcl || rtl alcl - alMa sl svRnlg nPOU dR blzQObyPmxl dR sVRnlg of ofUtfM tfg egIgf nlOaf kRn - krg of || nlOaf kRn krg EzRsclO bRkf of || cfnlOaf krg dPsclO bRkfg of .............. ||

tnRTsl 1) Gaf klOg :s) vfatl vanQ xVPtfO aldp alcl gP vfatl vfanQ jlxlcl ? 18

v) TzRdfg efMtnlOUM vfa dVpO dpnf ? u) dpOVcl blzQObylmxl TzROnl vfa dpnf ? q) opUtfM tfg egIgf nlOaf zQ tR dpdl ? m) aMantl dVpOnQ vQkf rcp rclMPal vfa tRcl ? r) tR tfOtl yRdVpTzR Mlztl dl tcl ? h) alMancl vlcl sPnkdlUnQ tR alclMPal xRblcl? G) nlOaf nlOaf kRn krg vQkf gP cfnlOaf kRn krg vQkf td ? x) rp xVPtfO tRcl tfObPaM dpnf ?

2) vfatl vfanQ alcl:s) Hl. al. nP cfTmRb | dl gRUofd || v) aPtnd cfalb cR, mlxld || u) yPdpOV opUtfM tfgegIgf nlOaf zQ kRn krg of || q) bP kRn krggl rp tfO tgf cftf || m) tof ncl yPdpOVTzROnQ kVPsclO rcpM mcl wlOM spnIblklOg || r) r yPdpOVTzR alcp Mlcl rcp racl nRU TifgInP tfMTifO nb ||

19

i) slyl yPdpVtzRnQ r yPdVpOTzR alcp Mltl racl nRU TifgInP tfMTifO nb alclMPal tnP alnf ? h) sl sVRnlg nPOU dR, blzQObyPmxl dR || 3) sRxRtp nRU eMblb :s) dfOkpTzp gP EslOdl ................... xROcl || v) dpOV csaMcl MPiROhM ............. dlcl sVlg ......... dpnf || u) yPdVpO csaMcl MPiROzM ......... dlclsVlg ........... dpnf || q) tRcl ................. nlcl ...................... LPvcl || m) rpcl ................ kInltcl ..................... || r) alMancl tfO ............ yPdVROTzR ............. tcl || i) r Mlztl ................ ofUcl || h) sltl ..................... r yPdpOVtzR alcp ............. racl nRU ............... nb ............... tnP .............. ? G) ............ sl sVRnlg ...............dR ................. dR ........... of ............... tfg egIgf nlOaf ........... of || 4) dfcl klOacl altfOdcP mltaM (√) cfmltaM (×) kVPb :s) slnQ opUtfM tfg egIgf cfnlOaf zQOcl xVPtfO aldp ||

20

v) opUtfcl tfg egIgf nlOaf zQO vlnl sclO of || u) opUtfM kRn - krg tfg egIgf nlOaf zQ of || q) yPdpOVTzRcl nfulM alMancl wlOM Trpsptl dfgP rfcp dpnf || m) yPdVpOTzRcl nfulM alMancl wlOM Trpsptl dfgP rfcp dpnf || r) dpOVnQ alclMPal alMannQ nRTif klOcp zQbp gl ncl || i) r tRatl dpOVzvHlnRUol ofUcl || h) alMancl tfO ylclMlal yPdpOVTzR dl tcl || G) nlOaf krg EzRsclO bRkf of || x) dVpOtl dpOVTzRnQ alxlMPal Tmpcl ||

5) altfO agIblb :dfOkpThp, EsPOdl, xPVtfO, csaM , dpOV, dpOVTzR, vlnl sclO, nlOaf, MPiRh, TnP, EzRsclO, Enln, kRn - krg, tfMTifO, cfnlOaf, wlO, sVRnlg, dPsclO, dpOVzvHlnRU, L || 21

TzRMIup klOaf kfj of

zmIsng

sRnPdcP tzRMIup gP kfa alaf tfO slccP TifOgnl MPcldR || ip tfO zfMg cftifOaf of || TzRMup alacl vaQnQ klOacl krg nSUa cfmlalTzP tRcl nalcpcp alclMPal r tfO cfnfaf of || kfa alacl vfaQ nPrpMcl TsP ncpgf ta cfTifOaf tPtfcp || rp ml tfOtl dlUnQ cfvfOEzRu gP gp td || rpg tfObPaM tPMP sldcPtl sVl mlbp xVPtfO vPcpOcp || nP tlU cRzRO vfaQ sVl gfOzM dVRnzcP Hldpnf || r cfvPcMPa gP Trpsp blzQOacl dpnf || rtl vlcl zRkPUn cftf kfOnRY gfOzMg klblacl dPnf || r gfOzjfnP kqMp of xVgfOz krMtl ofUa zQO cfnfdpnf ||iSagM sVltLofO zR iRxpxl vlgP dpacl tRcl dpcl sOclMPal xVgfOz xROcl || rnQ tR slOaf tR cfslOaf tcl || r inlg Tsfcl - cfcl tMlcl ||inl Tdfcl ofUg r sVl slsPz kznM xROcl || rm rtl yPaf slsPig dVRcl || slsPipg dVRclMPal r mzlM tcl || rtl unQ slsPqpg alclMPal mRzPn cfvfO rm utl slsPzdlUnQ r tR hf ? alclMPal Tmpcl dROVnzcPcl tfO ylclMPal slsPzdlU mzlM tcl || rtl rlolcl ||rp vQaf TrpspnMf dRvnzcP of || vfatl slsPqpgzRcp cfmRzRa || rSuf rlofcl slsPzdlUtl r dRVnzcPnQ TrpspnMf 22

agIbla zQObp ncl || rm rtl alcl rpd tRcl LpO of || rpafnP tR td ? rpcl zxlO dnl mRzR h ? mgP dpcl kVf dgP dp || rm slsPzdlUtl mltzpclg alcl - rpcl zxlO dpcl kVfg of || tmROb cfcP rpnQ yRcpnlcl rgRUjfnP dInRTuf kInp tRdR || rpnQ sl eRgP || tPMP mPz gl tcpalifcldR sltl LPcptRtg rpnQ yRcl rpcl kInp TrpspTrpsp TzRnl nclMPal MpOclg || ixnl nacl tRcl qgIHf nlcl rM tR Lld || dRVnzcPtl slsPqpg slclOMPal gfOzol eRcl rfnl wlo LPcptRtg slsPqpg yRcl rcl kInp MpOcl || rQuf nclMPal dVRnzcP rcp - ypOcp nclMPal MRcl || gfMIaQ dpnf , r bpMvofcl || iSagM r opUncl dpOVcl tRsVPkf LSh rM vclMPal tdIap GRcl || tRdcP dRVnzcPcl dRVM MPmPn aQ || MPxPgf dpacl tRdcP TqPcl || i tgf dRVnzcPcl bpM iRMofcl || r MlclMPal kQMp vcl || vlcl dRVM tpcpMp tT mPxPclg TqPcl dpacl dVRclMPal dRVnzcP aPnl zQOtPcl || rtl ofofcl - rp kInp d hPTzf dpdl || mlMR kInlMR qgIHM rul tR Llzl tcl || rSuf rSuf rlol rtl tRdcP wlOcl nfUn aQ || iSagM dVpOcl zlkcldcPtl dVRnzcPnQ MRblcl || tfO - tfOkROal tcl || dQzMg tfO dpOVzRcp LPcl dVRnzcPtl sVRclgf dpOVnQ vlcl xPVtfO alcl || dRVnzcP cfvRcfMPa gP apMIv dpdl ala tfO dpOVtl sRcl || rm dVpOtl alzpd klOcl - vRoROzRcp tR vfan of alaf tfO ktItf cfnSbl rmzRcp dRVnzcP gP zlkcldcP vgl cfofUgP || dpOV gQklOjdlU dpnf || dpOV gQklOadlU dpnf || gfqf tcptRtg rtl Mpk LPMIblcl rfnl 23

dRvnzcPnQ kfnp eRclMPal r slsPzdlUcl kzncl ofUcl || kzn LPcptRtg txn dvpOtl dVRnzcPnQ TsfM nRclMPal Hlcp alzpd klOcl || rpnlcl dVpO slsPzdlUmfM ofUclMPal slsRqpgcl tfObPaM Tmpcl || slsPzdlUtl dpVnQ tPn dVRnzcPnQ alaclg tfO alcl || slsPzdlUcl tfO vlanlcl dpOVtl vlcl sVRzla Mt jocl || rm slsPzdU aRnl cftltlcl, mlxlcl rtl oR rpMIbl zQOkl Mlxln aQ || dpOVtl slsRzdlUnQ xRblclg alcl - slsPzdlU, vfaQg cfMPcfzP dlUnQ inl TzRMIup lklOa dlUcl sMItkl jf ? vfaQnQ tzRMIup klOa yPafg ckMfw of || iSa ckMfe nadlUtl zhQ oRngtpd || rm dvpOcl sVxlyP zRhM r slsPzdlUnQ dRVnzcPcl dpcl kVf ofaln nQ || slsQzdlU TrpwlO spnIblcl rfnl dRVnzcPnQ adIhlblcl aphlblcl gfOzcl spnIblcl || sRnRdcP, tPMP sldcPnQ rp xPtfOcl alacl yf tcl || sldcPtl sRcl - tRh dlUtl cfipnQ TzRMIup olOd, nROUd, rtl xVROznQ TzRMIup td, xVRznQ kfj vd || vfaQnQ TzRMIup klOa yPa kfj of || itzl TmR tfgtl zQ tfMTif yPntpd, tfggPafnR MTifOa kPMf nntfd || rpgg dlUdcPcl sMItkl of || vfatl ngf TmRkM zpU gP vfOEzRm vd ||

24

tnRTsP

1) Gaf klOg :s) kfj alacl tR hf ? kfatl dlUnQ tR nd ? v) dRVnzcP vQkf dpnf ? gR vgl Hldpnf ? u) dRVnzcP tR gRclMPal vgl xROcl ? q) slsPqpg dVRclMPal dRVnzcP vQ tcl ? m) slsPzdlUtl dVRnzcPnQ tR agIbla zQObp ncl ? gP tR of alcl zPcl ? r) slsPzdlUtl slsPqpgcl zxlO mRhR zPcl ?cP tR of alcl zPcl ? i) dRVnzcP tR dVRclMPal tRcl ? gP tR ilofcl ? h) dpOV vQkf dpnf ? x) dpVtl dRVnzcPnQ vQkf alzpd klOcl ? H) slslzdlU dPOVcl sVRzla Mt dVRclMPal tR tcl ? J) slsPzdlUtl vltl nacl TsPtl tR slsPz oROcl ? 2) vfatl vfanQ alacl hf :s) r tR hf ? v) cfcP, rpd tRcl kpO of ||

25

u) rpafnP tR td ? q) rpcl zxlO cpcl kVf of || m) sRVclgf vlcl xVPtfO alcl || r) tPn dRVnzcPnQ alacl tfO zPcl || i) vfaQ cfMPcfzP dlUnQ inl TzRMIup klOa dlUcl sMItkl jf ? 3) dfcl klOacl altfOdcP mltaM (√) cfmltaM (×) kVPb :s) dRVnzcP vPaMPa gP blzQObyPmxl dpnf || v) rtl stlklcl Mftfcp slOcl || u) rtl slsPrpg alclMPal, mRzPng cfvfO || q) cfcP rpd tRcl kpO of || m) slsPqpg slOclMPal rtl rcl || r) tRdcP dRVnzcPcl dVRM MPxPn aQ || i) dROVcl zlkcldcPtl dRVnzcPnQ kInfcl || h) dpOV gQklOadlU dpnf || G) dRVnzcfnQ adIhlblcl - aphlblcl gfOzcl spnIblcl ||

26

4) sRxRtP nRU eMIblb :s) r ................... gR ........................ dpnf || v) slsPqpg ................. r ...................... tcl || u) r ............... TrpspnMf ...................... of || vfat ...................... zRcp cfzPa || q) ............................ mlTzpclgf alcl || m) rpnQ ................. rpgRUjfnP dInRTuf .................. tRdR || r) ..................... tRsVPkf LSh ............ tdIap hRcl || i) rp ............ d hPTzf .................. || mlMR - kInlMR ........ ru ................. Llzl tcl || h) .................. cfvPcfMPa gP ............. dpdl alatfO ....... sRcl || G) ................... LPMIblcl rfnl ............... nQ kfnP eRclMPal ................... ol ................. ofUcl || x) dPVtl ......................... nQ TsfM nRclMPal .......... alzpd klUcl || H) slvPzdlU aPnl .................. , ...................... rtl oR rpMIbl ................... Mxln aQ || J) vfaQnQ ......................... klOa yPafg kfj of || F) cfcP rpd tRcl ...................... of|| K) dpOVtl vlcl ................... Mt jlxlcl || 27

5) altfO agIblb :

s) slsPqpg, q) dRVnzcP TrpspnMf x) kInp

v) dVpO u) xVgfOzf m) TrpwlO r) TzRMIup h) sMItkl G) tRsVPkf

28

iM kRvxRcl dldldPjfnP dRVcl GMblacl Tsp || mcl zQOM kt npOcl xfug Gndn || r Tspcl iMMl eRObl mRhR dp nRacl dRVn vfOcP mRhR rml kb kl Tsp npOacl || ml dlUdcl vRUmcl kVRbR cfMP , iSag gpcPncfvfO tfMTifO Tspcl iM ml gRUM dR dl iSaf afMfm iM xfm dp vQkf tp crIiS dp cfOr opUtf || sal-nsIildlkVzfb bPjsRHf 29

tnRTsP 1) Gaf klOg :s) iM GMblacl dVRgf xVlmnQ vQkf nRblcl ? v) iMMl vQkf eRObl nRclcp ? u) dlUgRUM vQkf iM dR ala xVlmcl alacl dp ? q) xVlmnQ tp mfacl tzlh tR hf ? m) rp xVlmfm zpOM va nbI || 2) altfO agIblbI : s) kVRxR v) Tsp q) cfOr m) jfMfm h) zQO G) kb H) nRa

u) kVRbR r) eRbl x) dldldP

3) dfcl klOacl tfOhcl cpnIHp dQbP sRa tfOh kVPbI : cfOr, Tsp, gRUM, npOa, tp, dp, dRVa, LlM, cfd, tfMTifO.

30

efgpesIt cfrfMIo

zmIsng

efgpesIt cfrfMIof kPn 1861 czfM 29 M Llnf || rtlO sVlzIgfksITucl czIHdl tlyl kMIblnf || gPkfn dVRhcl gpUcl tgxpOM mdIqf dl tacl sVl TrRa gfOz dp efgpesIt rMl gfOzM Llacl dpnf || sVlzIgf cfrfMIo dl tacl slVg MTifOa kgIFlt tgxpM Hlata dpnf || rn rU Hp gRUMl wggIho yPa dpnf || efgpesIt rpxlcl sVlg rO of || zVl sVlzIgf cfrfMIof vlg aPnP MTifOa zQOTkRa tatl itl EsPO efgpesIt cfrfMIofnQ TifOgnl vPa - kVPa EnRcl of zQOTkRa aglblcl || efgpesItcl mlTrp nlOU opgf sVltlO uMlkTzf sVl ilvQzcPgPafnR tRcl || ilvQzcP cfcP sl zQOMk TfOzQO tR dR ? alcl rtl Tmpcl || ilvQclMPtnP gl sVl vpTspnlzRcp tfcltPclMPal zln oROcP optfM dl d Hldpnf alcp rlolzl vpOTspnl tfclgfdp || alcl rtl haf klOcl || ilvQzcPtl alacl tfO rcl ezlM xROcl || efgpesItcl zQOMk zQOy MPcl || rcl zpOjfnP zRkPnzRcp ilol 31

zQO klOcl oROU sdblcl || alg efsfdcP xVR xVRzg tROcPcl || zMEztl bPaltl rnQ xVlmfm ulMa eRbl klOdl a nQ || 1898 M rtl Mfdfofg afnsfgIFcl cgpjfb gpofcl || 1901 M efgpesIt ubfWMcl wlOM mPzol kfz HlcpM LPcl || bP uhfwMcl wlOcfdtl kfz Hlnf cfklO || EsRh ErROh cfupcl wlO cfdRVgf TmfzQ tcl efgpesIt sVl zlwpOdRzl ofUcl rMl dQztlM zltM MROcl || kgfcpnl gfMl MPcl kVfcp TsfM uhfwMcl rU TrRanQ dVRclMPal ubfwM zRtlcl wlOcfd cnuIilgTzRMl dpdl ... alcp efsf kVPcl Tsf sfcl || 1806 M nRUcl kRUclcl afnfhlcl Mdglof nRU dVRgf xVlmnQ MfM rnIblcl || rSuf tlOnlcl mtl tofO afnfhl dVRcl ........ || ala xVclgf rtl zjsl kpMl sfgtIlkpM guMl ........ ala cfrp xVlmfm ulMcl || inlg efgpesItcl vPUkV zfwg tROtacl of || nugHRncl wMIdbtIt ThRtlzlcl dbttl efgpesIttl nRUcl kRzl HRanlcl rnQ hfulM rcp tfOzQ tcl || 1907 M tMfclcl hfulM oROclMPal r rM ofUcl || mltlzRcp hfulM ucpnlcl sVltlO sVxliRh cRMgtfOkVl aphlblg tROcl sVxliROh vcptfUgcl sMkM tcl gP efgpesIt spgIbf mzRcp spdfMrRs TrwlOM GRcl || inl TrpwlO kMIblg spgIbf kInlzRcp rtl Mfdfjgcl coRTwfsfgIF, cMgIosfgIF, slzIslgIwfsfgIF gP zpOgIbMsfgIFcl ulMId 32

ncl gpjfc || sgIbf mzRcp TrpwlO kMIbl 1909 cl Lupg spgIbfM rtl TrpwlOjfnP ipHbln oROcl o wlOM ofUcl rUcl aVtagIw ncl || 1910 M r tP sfJdgIFS vcl of Mfdfjgcl opbIbsfgIF gP cptItMsfgIFcl cgpafb nA gpjfcl || efgesItlo Mfdfofgcl zftsfgIFcl ulMIdl inl nP tlOcl bPxldtl tMf tcl || xVlm efgpesIt cfrfMIotl Mfdfofg kfxlcp esItdfnf , Mfdultf, jwPzlsITif gP kVzIgRtItMdfnf gP cfMIsp LpHsM efsfdcP ulMacl dR || 1925 M efgpesIt cfrfMIo zlcPcl || efgpesIt gPkf nl vRUkVlcl hRuRxVln dfblcR || hRuRxVlm alacl cRzRO xlVm of || efgpIesIt gPkrnl vRUkVlMl cRzRO, EzeRObl xVlm tatl hRuRxlVm alacl of ||

tnRTsP

1) Gaf klOg :s) efgpesIt cfrfMIo vgl gP vROoR Llnf ? v) efgpesIt cfrfMIo vRoR zlcP ? r) mRhRO nlOUM efgpesItcl ilvQzcPcPafnr tRUcl ? rcl EzmP efgpesItMl vQnl kMIbl ? 33

q) rhfwM zRtlcl wlOcfd cnrIilgTzRMl dpdl.............. ala efsf efgpesIttl vROoR kVPnf ? m) xVlm efgpesIt cfrfMIotl kVPacl sVltldcP vfavfa hf ? r) efgpesItnQ tnl hRuRxVlm alacl hf ? i) r vQnl TrpwlO kMIbl ? mRhRO spgIbfzRcp TrpwlO kMIbl ? h) efgpesItnQ vfatl vPa - kVPa EnRcl zQOTkRa aglblcl ? 2) vfatl vfanQ ala hf :_ s) slcl zQOMk tfOzQ tR dp ? v) il vQclMPal tnP dgl sVl vpOTspnlzRcp tfclyPclMPal nln oRcP optlMl dl d Hldpnf alcp rlolzl vpOTspnl tfclgfdp || 3) dcl klOacl altfOdcPM mltaM (√) cfmltaM (×) dPtR GRg :s) efgpesIt slV tPa gfOzM Llnf || s) efgPesIt zRTrp nlOU opgf slVglO sVl ilvQzcPgPafnR tRUcl ||

34

u) uhfwMcl elOcfdtl rnQ kfz klOcl || q) 1906 M tMfclMkQ rfulM oROclMPal r rM ofUcl || m) efgpesIt mftlzROcp TrpwlOM kMIblcl || r) ilvQzcPtl alacl tfO rnQ TifOa nRblcl || i) 1925 afgpesIt cfrfMIofcl zlcP || h) efgpesIt gPkfnl vRUkVl hRuRxVlm dfbldR ||

2) altfO agIbltf :MTifOa, ilvQzcP, xVlmfm, eRObl, wlOcfd, tmfzQ, kMIbl, mf, bPxld, xVlm, cRzRO TrpwlO, vpOTspnl, tifOgInP, Gaf. 5) cpnIHp dQbP va tfOh kVPb :rRa, kgf, gfOz, MTifOa, EsP, cfcP, sln, Gaf, MPcl, mPz, TmzQ, vcl, cROzRO, dpnf .

35

bpMalgcl sfnlnl

-zmIsng

bpMalgcl sfnlnl kPn 1608 mL glbMTnfgIFcl xPz nkMzl dlU zlzfcl sVl iSOnadlUtl nacl dpnf || r bpMalg mltM dpnf gP rnQ agIblcp qfsr nPOTsPnaf nnf cftpnf || gPmbl tfgcRzRO bpMalg sfnlnlcl dsPtf rnQ dp || bpMalgcl sfnlnlcl xVPtfO nPg tmfMofUa dp || sVltlO xPzcl kznQ crS dfblcl || rp tfOnQ tbRnP dfbl xPztl sVl mltM bpMalg agIblcl gP r bpMalgcl cfrSnldl vlcl kznM vfcp vRoRb slOadlUnQ jlclmlcl || rkPn clHfnlcl ofnPOUdl uPnnloR gl bpMalg agIblcp tsPM TsPtpM dpnf || rtl kPn 1609 M iPzl bpMalg agIblacl dpnf || clncl rtl vlcl bpMalgM crIiQ zptVlblcp ncl, nclO gP lylxlcl HfJQdcP zhlnggP dVRn gP Tmrn vfaf agIblcl || ylxO, nclO, zfMdcpnQ rPtfg kfMIblMP TmRn vfaf opUntPcl cRzR bpMalg rg of || rpg bpMalg nlgl rtl aVlxzktlcl cpkuVxcl ktItf nRblacl dpnf || uPnlnloRcl r bpMalgnQ clMfjMIts bpMalg ald || rpclnl cmuVPh ofnPOUdl TgpHgtl sVl cMIspg nPrpMcl bpMalg agIblcl || rpnQ kMfjMIts bpMalg ald || rp 36

bpMalgM nPgIzcl kfnpMl tMkg gl rzlt nacl dpnf || rfclnl cPg, sPzRuVPgtl gl sVl nPupMcl kMPjMIts bpMalg agIblacl dpnf tRh nP eRhleRgl dpnf || rp bpMalgM nPgIzcl kfnpMl gtPbM gP cpgIgtRbM tMkgcl rzlt nacl dpnf || rp vfncl yPaf bpMalg cdPMlsfcl TsfnLRMIglofM dpaQ aPwzfnfM rzlt nacl dp || rp bpMalgcl tfgegIgf yPaf tMkg nQhp 200 clgIr dp gP jhg Tipclmf Hg dp || tfgg bpMalgnQ sRxlcp of alTzP rpcl jzg nQhp 500 Hg LPd || rp bpMalg 80 nfUm cdPMlsl FnMcl dfzIbla gP mltrp nlOUcl tlU GRclMPal tofd kfMIblacl dpnf || opUntfcl tfgegIgf yPaf kMfjMIts bpMalg MPzcl ssPzz LVPbRLlM 2080 dlHMcl gpkM yPacl dp || rpcl nPgIzcl 6 dlHM dp || rpcl jhg nQhp 70 Hg dp || rp bpMalgcl tfgg cpksMg sRxlcp of alTzP rpcl jhg nQhp 827 Hg LPd || rp bPMalg mRhR eRhleRgl dp alcp 1500 dfcln MPuR nPMlacl mltM dRdkb jfnP va dldrVeRhl gl ktItf GRn vfOd || rpOegIgf g yPa, nPgIzcl 10 dlHM tacl bpMalg agIbla TsP rnIbldpacl dp || opUntPcl tfgegIgf yPa ckMfjMIts bpMalg cdPMlsfcl kMIslh aPwzfnfM GRacl dp || rpcl MLtuR 018.90 dlHM gP 101.6 zPgIHdlHM dp || 37

tnRTsP

1) Gaf klOg:s) rp vfa nPOjfnP tPacl hf ? v) vfa tfOnQ tbRnP dfblcl xPztl sVl zltM bpMalg agOblcl ? u) xPzcl tMf dp tRh ? q) cPzcl tMf dp tR hf ? m) nPgIzcl kfnpMl gtRbM gP cpgIgtRbM tMkgcl rzlt nQ bPMalg agIblcp ofnPOUdl vfa hf ? r) kPn 1609 Ml iPzl bpMalg ofnPOUdl vfa hf ? i) uPnlnloRtl agIblacl bpMalgtl tR - tR dVRn gP TmRn vfOdpnf ? h) opUntPcl tfgegIgf yPa kMfjMIts gP ckMfjMIts bpMalg vfgl vfglcl aPwzfnfMl yPacl dR ? 2) dfcl klOacl altfOdcPM mltaM (√) cfmltaM (×) dPtR GRg :s) r bpMalg mltM dpnf ||

38

v) rp vfncl yPa bpMalg cdPMlsfcl TsfnlLRMIglofM dpaf aPwzfnfM rzlt nacl dp || u) cdPMlsfM xPz nlkMzl dlU zlzfcl sVl iSnadlUtl nacl dpnf || q) nPnlnloRtl kPn 1609 Ml iPzl bpMalg agIblacl dpnf || m) uPnlnloR glbMTnfgIFcl ofnPOUdl dpnf ||

39

kfj vd cftpxpb sRnfHf sRnRdcP cfHRUb kfj vd || cfHfnIblb Hx sRnRdcP tofO gP TifOncp eRblofd || cTrpclb cR gPcpgPdP zMfcp dlsInl nRbld || cfzcPb TgRtR cR vfaQ HlclMPal sfn MPclvd || kRM gPU nRbla sVfclMPal zQO kRbld || tpxpn cfvInRxRg sRnRdcP cRFblclMPal aPt cpOd ||

40

zxln cfvInRxRg LrM cfTifOa HfJQ nRbld || g zQO cR gjfa rlclMPal dlsInl kVna || tcMPal Hx bRnP opspMg mlnb gyfm klOcl || opspMg tROa opUtf tRclMPal zPa cfz klOcl || vgltRtg dp MR kVlzpM dp mPg mR r zQObp npUa nRa cfyPg zQOy tRcl nQ (nsIildlkVzfb bPjsRHf) 41

tnRTsP 1) Gaf klOg :s) sRnfHf tnP HRUnf cft ? v) Hx tnP Hfnblnf cft ? u) gPcp gPcpnl trpcpgf tR td ? q) TmRtl vQkf zQOy yPnfcft ? m) tpcpn gP zxln vInRxRcP tR td ? 2) altfO agIblb : s) opUtf v) LpM u) zQO q) gyfm m) Hx r) sRnfHf 3) cpnIHp tfOh kVlb : aPt, kfj, gRbl, cfz , zMfcp , dlsInl 42

cPnlLPgIHf Hfkpcl Tdfmpzl

-zmsng

dpdIaclM Hlcpgf ml tcpnP cPnlLPgIHfcl cpdcP TmRcpM ofUnf || ml dpdIacljfnP uPH jP cL clgIFlof LPcl || rM zdpgIbVMl dRHM - aRHdcP nSblMlnf || ml sVl dRHM - aRHMl ofUclMPal Hlcl || r dRHM - aRH kInlcpM Trp dlgPH nRblcl || Jls sp MfdlcPMQ mlcl dRHM - aRH cPnlLPgIHfol kVPcl || dRHM -aRHMl sVxPOaf gP zdpgIbVcl kVcp na rp mlcl cRzRO dSsf dpnf || TzfnTsf sfMl kVxPcpbRnl cfMSnl dRHM - aRH zdpgIbVMl kVxPclgfdpnf || nQhR : kInlTrpclmf dlgPHMl ml cPnlLPgIHf HfkPMl LPcl || cPnlLPgIHf kVRxR - kgnRtl kInlacl Hfkp dpdl || rpM dlUcl blOrUnl dldgP dpdl || LHf - LpHp hfnxfMldcPcl wlO dRVdR || cPnlLPgIHfcl cpzRcp LPacl nfulM Trpsptl TsfclzRc43p

kVxPntpd || kVRnR vRblclMPal aglblacl yP yPaf HlnRUdcPnQ dlUd cPnlLPgIHfcl cPO alcp dpdl || rp cpOdcP gRUMl vfavfaM bPal - bPjtfcl sQObpdcP dQ || vfa - vfa cpM zfbp - zgIt gp TzRdlUdcP HldRO || cRzROgRcl yPaTvPO - gf gP zdpgIbVl TvPO GROnIbf GnIbf tRcl cpOdcP LpcPnvfOacldp || r LpcPnvfOacl cpOdcPM xRnfcfkLO || r cpOdcP MPuRjfnP TmRntpd || TmRn ngcPscl zbIbP cpOdcP nP cfMP || rpcl svl aPnl yPaf cpO dp || rpcl nzf EtRLlM MxPacl dR || rp cpOM sVl alnTiPg sQObp dp || rpn zRLpO zpO dp ........... svl aVdIxfn sVl, jlzIgpn rfnl sVl zljn || zRgfzR zRPcl zQOy gl TzR - TzRg dR | rp zRsQObpcl dltl gzln dR || sVl cpOM cftf - gfMlEzfMn sQObR dr || rpcl cftf Trpxp zljn gP cftf Trpxp kfMijtln dp || rpMkQ nQhphzr sQObpdcP nPTrpcp tzRTzRMlg dR || cfTzR rpMkQ sQObpdcP tnl inl tlofacl dR ? mtl tcl rlcpM Mfmlacl cfTzRnQ Tmpcl || rp kfkl dlUdcPtl nacl TsP of || cfTzRtl Gaf klOcl || kPnpcl iSaf mlxltTkRcp LpOcln ! r gl TifOncpcl dlMl ! rp kfkl dlUdcP kPnpnQ gl zxlblnfcfvfO ? cPnlLPgIHfMl dgP cfml , tfg efMtmg mlxltTkRcp sQObp -LpOcPn vfOacl dp || rp tfOrlolcpgf zQOg TspclMPal vd || cpO TmRcpnlcl ml Hfkp TmRcpM tRUcP || cPnlLPgIHf Hfkp nPg yPa dpdl || sVl gpOaf nRUM sVxPclMPal TmRgf kInltol zdpgIbV dVQcl || dpdIaclcl xpn gP zpOtPcpnl MPuR dpacl rp HfkpM 44

aPnl vfEzRm dpnf || mlcl zQO tROcl || mPzM mf MfcpzRcp ml HfkpMlg dpnf || tP dRHM - aRHMl sVxPclMPal ml uPH jP cL clgIFlrfMl vcl || rfclnlcl ml dpdIaclcl ml FPMfM olofcl ||

tnRTsP 1) Gaf klOg :s) dpdIacljfnP cPnlLPgIHf HfkpMl ofUcpgf vQnl ofUndpd ? v) clnlLPgIHf vQkf Hfkp hf ? u) dlUdcP tRnQ cPnlLPgIHfcl cpO alcR ? q) cPnlLPgIHfcl cpOdcPcl tfOtln nb || m) cPnlLPgIHfcl cpOdcPcl sVxR -sVxR sQObRdcPcl tfObPaM tR MPcldR kVPbI || r) cPnlLPgIHfcl cROcl sQObRdcP vfatl TzRTzRMPg nnf ? i) tR tfO rlolcpgf zQOg TspclMPal vd || h) cPnlLPgIHf HfkP TmPcpgf zQO tnl tROd ? G) rp kfkl dlUdcPcl TsP of || rp tfO vfatl vfanQ alnf ? 45

2) dfckQ altfOdcP mlta cfMP mlta nclMPal kVPb : s) uPH jP cL clgIalofjfnP cPnlLPgIHf HfkpMl ofUcpgf mOnufMlMl ofUntpd || v) cPnlLPgIHf HfkpMl kInRa - kInRa dlUdcPcl wlO dR || u) cPnlLPgIHfcl vfa - vfa cpOM FfsIHMdcP HldR || i) cPnlLPgIHf HfkpMl vfOEzRm dpnf || m) cPnlLPgIHfcl zRzpO sQObR alzIjPzIjMcl dltl mRzPd || 3) altfO agIblb : s) Hfkp, v) kVcp u) cpO q) gPaf m) eRbl r) zdpgIbV i) sQObR h) hPnlLPgIHf G) kInRa x) dlU

46

cRndIkls vInRxRa

-zmsng



TrpcpnQ tlRifO yLa TzR TzR vInRxRa vInRxRcp vQzalnP dp || vInRxRatl dlUdcPcl sr tfITifO nd || HRzP aJlbld || oR - knl gPn sp eRaf kfMIbld || dlUdcPcl zRkRUnMl ifM cfz cpdMIu aFlblcpMl vInRxRabRtl yPa nSUd ||

nRkfdlUcl sVl trpul tacl tatl vInRxRabRcl nfulM vRoRb gfOz, vRafwlO gPm xIgfOzM rpnQ TrRvPwlOzl kLOacl td || tlofgRcf oPUtfMl nP nPupMcl vInRxRabRcl nfulM vRoRb gfOz, vRafwlO gPm xIgfOzM rpnQ TrRvPwlOzl klOacl td || tlofgRcp oPUtfMl nP nPupMcl vInRxRa vInRxRdR || opUntPMl vInRxRabRcl tfgegIgf yPa ifOh cRndIkls of || cRndIkls vInRxRa vRoRb kInltlM tlcpnR td || cRzROMkQ cRndIkls vInRnRa kPn 2004 Ml uVlzcl dRVzkInRa cPyPgIzMl tnf || 47

vdp cRndIkls vInRxRabR 2008 Mlulgcl dVpzkInRa aPhlmMl tcpdp || rp vInRxRaMl opUtfcl tfghzR opUndcPtl efr slOdR || cRndIkls vInRxRaMl nQOhp tfg nPupMcl vInRxRabR tdR || bPxPa, LpMItp LpMItp, iPgInl, tRsVxPa, blxlaf, GHfMR, TspnIxR, TafHdlgIHg, dpsIsfafhl, knlulg, oRulg, hldIgfzIHls, xdIsl, tlMafhl hROuR || cRndIkls vInRxRcpM efu slOa vInRxRadldcPtl xfmg vInRxRadlnQ HRclMRal rp vInRxRacl TrPMl LPvacl td || opUtfcl apnpcp nRUcl dlUdcP tPTrRaMl vcl cRndIkls vInRxRa TmRdP || rP vInRxRacl MPvptRnMl yPa oROUMlaQn dfzIbla tcp tatl yPOTifOazl opUndcPtl dgP rpcl rnIbla nclgfkvcldR || cRndIkls vInRxRacl cnmRmL tfMTuf MxfcpO LlM cfup Mf MxfcpO sVlc LlM sVl ufOzIblacl tdR || rp vInRxRacl sVxR zQOhR opUtfM TifOazQO aFtlcp gPm vfOTzRm gPM qlVyPgfO yPzlbl tPa of || tfg egIgf cRzR rp vInRxRa uVlzjfnP tRO tnf || cRndIkls vInRxRa tRO ncp rnItl rPTzf dp || vInrxRacl Trl cpxlclol agIblacl dgIuMl sVl TdRnpOaf znslbla nRU agIblacl td || uVlz opUnafnP npOclgf dpaQ TdRnpaf znlslbla nRU agIblacl td || ulVz opUnjfnP npOclgf dpaQ TdRnpOaf kvclMPal rpO TdRnPa znIslblntpd || rclnlcl vInRxRa tRO td || 48

sVl yPa kVPefgPafnR vInRxRa gpcPd || cRndIlks vInRxRa zagPkfMl HRaf vInRxRadlnQ klOa zR nPupMcl kbs td || cRzRO tanQ dfMn, mlTzR tanQ rlbln gP zRTzR tanQ sfOzRn kbs klOd || rp kbsnQ TLRm EzMIgkbs, Mhtkbs gP sfOTzPkbs ald || tnRTsP 1) GaflOg :s) vInRxRabRtl TmRnQ tR -tR dQtf td ? v) cRndIkls vInRxRacl cnmRMl tfMTuf MxfcpOLlM tR ufOzIblacl tdR ? u) cRndIlkls vInRxRacl sVnR zQOhR tR tR hf ? q) rp vInRxRa tfgegIgf cRzRO vgl gP vRoR tnf ? m) yPTifOazl opUndcPtl dgP rp vInRxRa rnIbla na tzlh tR hf ? r) rp vInRxRaM tfgegIgf cRzRO vgl gP vROoR tnf ? i) rp vInRxRaM cRzRO mlTzR gP zRTzR ta vInRxRadlnQ vfa - vfa kbs klOcld ? h) ofUtPML vInRxRabRcl tfgegIgf yPa iRh vfa hf ?

49

G) rp kmItl vfa nPOjfnP slOacl hf ? x) rpM vfa vInRxRacl tfO ncldp ? H) rp vInRxRaMl vfa -vfa nPupMcl vInRxRabrdcP tdR ? J) rp vInRxRa mRhR nlOUM td ? F) rp vInRxRa vQnl tR nd ? K) rp vInRxRa vQnl gpcPd ? g) rp vInRxRaMl klOcla kbs mRhR nPupMcl td gP tR-tR td ? 2) altfO agIblb :tlTifO, vQzlalnP hPTzf, kVPefklO, kbs, gpcPa, ifM, knl 3) dfcl klOacl tfOhcl cpnIHp dQbP nRcpbla tfOh kVlb :tfMtifO, ifM, yPa, vQzlalnP, cpxlclol, nP, oR, gfOz, tfMTuf, Hla ||

50

FfsIHM zfaltlV tdpTzR

-zmsng

FfsIHM zfaltlV tdpTzRcl kPn 1927 cuzIH 1 tfMlscl tfO aMaRHP clnfd gPkfnMl Llacl dpnf || r zlyPcl vJIu axfbpM tdp gP zlyPcl kpTgjtl tdpTzRccl rUdl TrRa dpnf || rcl klcpOcl dl zlyPcl Fl.al. tdp gP rUdlcl dl kpzIkntf tdpTzR of || rtl kRn 1943 Ml zPgIH hRzPL vPafwlO, vMzfmjfnP dPHVlspnPzg nnf || kPn 1956 Ml snstItf dPFlsn snPhjfnP cPd. al.al. cPz, kPn 1960 Ml ngIFg jfnP kRzIH uVhpcPH clg cazIHPHVlsz cPgIF ufclgRnRhl (Post Graduate in Obsterrics and gynoecology) nnf gP kPn 1965 Ml svlx dRVh cdPMlsfjfnP FluVl clg zleln zMIhlug (Degree in civil Surgeon) nnf || rtl kPn 1958 Ml alM bPjfalO sfJdfgIFSOjfnP dPFlsn cLlzMcl MtMl TzPcp tR nnf || kPn 1985 Ml yfkfynl kVzptluVlxMl FfclMPsIHMcl ktzRcp LPcl cfMal oRMIzl nnf || vPaQdpm aQafdfm gP npbPgcl zlnzlnfM 51

rtl sVlx dRVh cdPMlsf aPnfot, rlg, LlnlklgIz, aPMpt, rfgItRs (zlsIsld), hRuR opUn cfmlalTzP nRUdcPcl TdfMpzl nacl dpnf || kPn 1956-57 zfnol hfulMcl bPclaQaMl ufgItRs zlsIsldcl cPz . Hl, cPg , cPd, bPjfwlOMl gl tRcl spgIbf nfulM tnP gl FfsIpHM MtMl TsP ncpM vacl dpnf || inlg kPUnp alM bPafwlO sfJdgIFSjfnP jlxlcpa tanlcl rtl ufgItRs kljfnf || gPkfnMl rtl zfx jmIzlo dpVzvHlnRUcl kMjfM FfsIHM Mg MtMl mRzPdpnf || dpVzkInRa xVgfOz krMMl bRnP gfOzwlOM gl tlTif zRMRmzl zpclzItfdcP tntpd gP cfvPcfMPa, cfmlalTzP sTnfOa opUndlUdcP tlTif zPUcPjfnP nlkltaf tnf cftpMlcP ala rcl svyPzl dpnf || rpg tfObPanQ slOclMPal r nQhp zaofO dVRdpnf || rtl dQa bRkf tlTif HRUMl svxliROhMRzPOnjfnP bPxld cftaM r cftROaf dRVdpnf || vl FfsIpHM dpcpgf tfg bPjfnQ xVRzQg dlU dQclMPal vlclg oRtl zPUcp ndpnf || iSaf zlUcp nadlU cRzRO gPkfnl clzItVlMRu vzQOzdl Ff. zfaltlV tdpTzR tPMP rp opUtfMl cfMP || r 21 zpg 2006 cl tfl cRd czktfn sfJdfgIFSM zlcPnf || ifgtnQ rtl klOclMPal ofUacl klOdRtfUgnQ va vajMtl TmRzQOcl MtM slOclMPal TsP nn tpd || 52

tnRTsP

Gaf klOg :s) Ff. zfaltlV tdpTzR vRoRO gP vgl Llnf ? v) rtl dPHVlspnPzg vfa vPafwlOjfnP nacl dpnf ? cPd.al.al.cPz vgljfnP vfa zfnMl nacl dpnf ? u) rcl cfk, cfd, klcpO gP rUdlcl dl tR tR hf ? alb || q) rtl vfa zfnMl vgljfnP vlcl yPiS tRO nnf ? m) r ufgItRscl vfa bPjwlOMl vfa zfnM vclMPal TsP nnf ? r) rtl vfa tfbPanQ slOclMPal zaofO gPM dctRaf dRVdpnf ? i) rtl aluVl clg zleln zMIhlog vgljfnP nnf ? h) r vRoRO gl vgl zlcPnf ? G) clMjf oPMIzl ta egIg cRzRO rtl vgl rfnl vfa ktM TsP nnf ? x) Ff. zfaltlV tdpTzROcl zRkPUnjfnP TmRtl tR nPOU slOcln tpd ?

53

dfMcl opUtf

-zmsng

TzRdfg dlFfz dl nacl sVl dpOV dpnf || r dfM alcpzPMP xpMpsIs tdpnf || dfMcl kInf, dfMcl LnP, dfMcl dRxM, dfMcl qfg, dfMcl yn -kPnf, inl rtl vlcl oROUefMml trRcfvfOa dfM dfg nclMPal yPacl dpnf || r tlOM nPnPcpnP oROUefMMl ofUcl dfMnQ TmRcl dvIv kMIbldpnf || kbcl dldRerblM r dfM EifnEifn tcl Eifnblcpgf rcl vRUm dopM bRnP zPcp tRO tdpnf || r dfMcl opUtcl HlMldlU dpnf || sVltlO dlFfz vlcl oROUefM gRUM xROcl dvIv tcl dfMcl stlklclnQ TmRcl spOMlacl kPUnpM ucl zQOM sVl zQObp Llcl || rtl rlolcl m tRh zQxlnQ ipcld, r dfMMl sfOLPMIaf tcl mRhR dvIv tdpnR || mlta rgkPUnp dVpOzvHlnRUcl nzQjfnP sxP jfxjfxM vaQtl dRMdRa nQgf alcl dpOV dlFfz ! kgf gfMP sl bpMjfnP ipMIblanlcl sltl ipclcp rRcp zQxl dfMM sfOLPMIaf tcpdR || sl KpsIs tcl Hlb || r ylclMPal dpOV dlFfz sVpcltcl || rtl zQOgPUM alcl, r alcp dlU vfadpnQ gP rtl alacl tfO sRVg bRta tcP mnQ cfup yRcp trcl cfrQbl || 54

kgfcpnP gfMP dpOV dlFfzcl bpM iRMofcl || crS ! r tR dRVMlacl dpnR ? rcl zlcl vM d dfMn dp || rtl cRzROMk tlOcl qMIgf rlolcl || vlcl zQOMk tfzQO tfgl taM r tROcl vMjfnP LpMItlnl MPcl o vlcl cpxlM dpacl dfgg zQxlnQ ipclcp tRO ncl ||vPkVlyP, spOzl, vPcPyP, Tspcl epg, sPnfz - tfg dfMn tcl || rtl Twfn, dfV aPt qpcl gP inl vlcl cpxlMk dfgg zQxl rpclnvfOcl r kQMp tRcPcl || r kVacl aQbf dfMn tcl, MPnlm dfMn tcl || r tROatl LpMItp LpMItpnl gP kROclgf kfMfgfOoo -nkR ipcl || r tfg dfMng tcl || inl dpV dlFfz tRatl zkn agIbl vlcl tfMPyPa kfMlgfOM nPqgIHfzRcp LpMItpLpMItpnl gP zPclgf tfgg zQxlnQ dfMM sfOPLPMIaf nclgf bPMcl || rtl tROacl gpnp cfMPnf || rcp - ypcp tfg dInlzl bPclgf - bPclgf nlxl mfcl vVRa gP klatl Tzf tcl rcp nRUM xROcl || vlcl dVpOtzr gPm slVdgP vRTar rUdl dPMluRnIFnQ dInlclMPal r svlg rcp alzl Hlcl || TsPnaQdlUdcPtl rRTzR - rRTzRcl EzfmnP rcl cpxlM kvclMPal yPcl || xcp xcp zR vMlacl EzfmnP rcl cpxlM kvxlMPal yPcl || xcp xcp zR vMlacl EzfmnQ drVclMPal rcl zpOM Tsp vcl || rcp kfcp alcl rtl yn - kPUn rQMPal vlcl cpxlM eRvcl || r dfgg efMMP dfMn sfOLPMIaf tcl || rtl rdu sfcl, r gl dMn tcl || rtl oRMk dfMcl rdr vlnlsclO efMml GROcl || bP cMP ! vQk uha ! efM d dfMn vlnlsclO vQnl ra ! rtl zPOcl efOMMl rdr GROcl || 55

nS ! tfg zRO dfMng agIblcl || tRh zQxlnQ ipcl, rg dfMn agIblcl || tPMP ra tR ? dpVOnQ vlcl jfbm yf tcl || rtl rQMblclMPal alcl cft, mtl tRh tfO ipcl rg dfMn td elTzP mtl tR rclMPal zRaf ? iRag of alTzP mtl tPMP LtPg zlntpd || rkPUnpMg kfMlgfM rcl kInfal - vRRTaR rUdl dPMluRnIF sVRacl ylcl || r cRMfnIblclMRal sVRMlnf || kpOMltl rljfcl cp, zpxlbltl rlafcl cp alzl dpOV cftltlclMPal kfMlgfOof bPcl || MhspdpMl tlU tlcptnlg svRclg alMlnf || vgl ofUcl mcl jfMfm MxfcpO-xMfcpO HxdcP ! vRcl mcl kfMdTzR, aPnl rdPnl, hfcl hpcl || vRcl mcl Hxcl gyfm mcl ipaf Hx TzRclMPal vatl dfMcl Hx MpOcl ? dpVtl hPclgf ofUclMPal sVRMlacl vlcl rUdlnQ TrfvpclMPal spM HfzIbl || rcl sVRcp HlcPcl || drOVtl rcl sVfOkPM dQ ncpM dtl ipcl || bP crS ! rcl sfOkp d qfsR tcPn vfnf || dPMl cfup dfM cfrQbl || mnQ mcl TzRsf opUtf tcP td, mnQ mcl rUdl rQbld || rSufMgMl tP dRMdRa tcl dlFfz sltl opUtfMl dfMg tfg tfO cfml alcl mlgIbP yf oRcl || dfMegIgf nPxlzxl tfO cfup nP dR || nP dR || sltl xVRzQ jfbfm vRmdfcl, itzl m slnQ 56

r klktjfnP klOalaf nd || slcl vPkVly LlM tspcl tRh epg dp rnQ eRcp gP rcl Tsp r-r zQxlMl kVfb vfa-vfanQ sltl dfMM sfOLPMIaf nacl dR || dpOV bPclMPal epg dpacl nRUM LPcl || tfgcRzRO sltl dPMluRnIF LlM Tsp sVfb || r cpgR tP zRMlal tcl || rtl zlbPO, slsQz-Hx, aQbf, MPnlm, TGn-dfV, vPkVlyl, spOzl sRcPyP- tfgMl Tsp kVfcl || tfgtl tP xVP-xVRzn Mt slOcl || rclnlcl dpOV dfMcl opUtf kljfyP vlcl opUtfMl dVRdROcl || vlcl oRUefMMl ofUclMPal bfUz na tlU r opUncl mfMcl nfulM dfzIblcp ynIblcl ||

tnRTsP 1) Gaf klOg :s) r dfMcl opUtfcl opUncl dpnf ? rMl r alatl vfanQ sRd ? rnQ tnP dfMcl opUndl alacl dp ? v) vlcl oROUefM gRUM sRMLacl kPUnR dpOv dlFfztl tR rlolcl ? u) dpOV dlFfzcl tfOzQO vQnl tMf tcl ? 57

q) tfOzQ tMf tnPcP dgl r tnP cftRO ? m) nlzRM dVpO dlFfzM vQkf sfOLPMIaf dRVcl ? r) dROVtl vlcl TzRsf opUtf gP rUdl oRcl ? vQnl ? i) bPMjfnP iRMIblgf tR dVRclMPal r mzlM tcl ? h) cfrp tRcl cfrQbla dlU vfa hf ? 2) altfO agIblb :TrPcfvfOa, qhlg, zRMla, mfM , zQxl, dldRVeRbl, jfxjfx, sfOLPMIaf, tfgcRzRO , drVh ||

58