TAMU KUHYI LULEY (Gurung Language). Volume-V (Class-V)

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tdp sIUopcl npnP

TAMU KUHYI LULEY (Gurung Language) Volume-V (Class-V)

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tdp sIUopcl npnP TAMU KUHYI LULEY (Gurung Language) Volume - V (Class-V)

Prepared By Megraj Gurung 'Kon' Padma Gurung

Published By: Human resource Development Department, Government of Sikkim, Gangtok. I

TAMU KUHYI LULEY Volume - V

Prepared By : Human Resource Development Department Government of Sikkim, Gangtok

Reprint - 2013 Second Edition - 2005 Copy Right - 'kon' Total Print Published on behalf of the Human Resource Development Department, Government of Sikkim and Printed by Jana Pakshyan Prakashan-7, Super Market, Gangtok, at Systematic Designer and Printer Pvt.Ltd. Siliguri.

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e'ldsf jt{dfg /fHo ;/sf/sf] lbzf lgb}zgdf l;lSsd /fHosf ljleGg efiff– efifLn] ;dfg clwsf/ / cj;/ kfPsf 5g\ . o:tf] ;'gf}nf] cj;/ gr'sfO{ o;sf] ;b'kof] ug{ ;Sg' ;DalGwt ;a} hflt ;d'bfosf] 7'nf] lhDd]jf/L xf] . ;g\ !((% df l;lSsddf /fHo :t/Lo dfgotf kfPsf efiff–efifLn] cfh ;/sf/L tf}/d} kf7zf nfx?df cWoog–cWofkgsf] cj;/ kfO{/x]sf 5g\ . >L d]3/fh u"?Ë ‘sf]g’ 4f/f tof/ kfl/Psf] k|:t't k':tsnfO{ kfFrf} sIffsf ljBfyL{x?sf] lglDt lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ;dfj]lzt k|foM /rgfx? df}lns tyf td' hftLo Oltxf; / dxfg JolQmx?sf] hLjg ufyfdf cfwfl/t 5g\. ;a} /rgfx? 1fga4{s, p2]Zod'ns / pkoQm ePsf] 7x/ ub{5' . cj o;nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+u / z}nLdf k9fpg] sfd lzIfsx/sf] xf] . l;lSsddf u'?ª -td'_ efiffsf] k'g?Tyfg / ljsf; sfo{df >L d]3/fh u'?ªsf] of]ubfg ;/fx0fLo 5 ;fy} cfpFbf lbgx?df klg hflt, efiff Pj++ ;+:s[lt ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf o:t} nf]slxtfy{ sfdx? pgLaf6 eO/xf];\ . o; lbzfkl§ nfu]sf pgsf xft / snd slxNo} gyfs'g\ eGg] sfdgf ;lxt k|:t't k':ts ljBfyL{x? ;+dIf k]z ul/G5 .

s]=aL= u'?ª ;efklt clvn l;lSsd u'?Ë -td'_ af}4 ;+3

lbgfÍM !) cu:t @))% ufGtf]s, l;lSsd . III

IV

cfˆgf] egfO{ k|:t't k':ts ætd' SXo'O{ n'n]Æ sIff kfFr sf laBfyL{x?sf] lglDt tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . k':tsdf ;dfj]lzt ;j} /rgfx? ljBfyL{x?sf] lglDt 1fga4{s cf} pko'Qm 7xl/g]5g\ eGg] 7fg] sf] 5' . l;lSsddf u'?ª efiffsf] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] sdL 5 . o;y{, o; efiffsf lzIfsx?n] clt g} kl/>d cf} d]xgt ug{'kg{]5 . k':tsdf ‘tnf]So]’ cGtu{t cEof;x? lbOPsf 5g\ . To;afx]s klg lzIfsx?n] cfˆgf] kf/fn] cWof;x? lbP/ kf7nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg ;Sg]5g\ . cGtdf, k|:t't k':tsnfO{ o; ?k lbgsf nfuL dnfO{ ljz]if ;xof]u k'¥ofafkt >LdtL kb\df td' / l6gf td'k|tL cfef/ k|s6 ub{5' . d]3/fh u'?ª ‘sf]g’ l;lSsd ljwfg ;ef ;lrjfno

lbgfÍ, M @%.)(.@))% ufGtf]s, l;lSsd .

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tfObPa tfOa (Contents) tfObPa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

TkRna nRUifM sRUnf zRyM MPazPa tnP snIkgf rfjnf TmRafzl opUnrlkf Ff. caIbpn anfd TmRcP zlsIsld TsfkIHg uhP qnP el.zl MRwlO

tPTrRO 1 4 8 16 18 22 25 28 32 37

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TLRna xP kVlzpM ! slnQ Hx kphof rHbldR || slcl dl slOcl ml aRO blzQb aHIbldR || TLRna ncldR ml tfgnQ tof nb || nlOU tnfOUcl TsfO zPalOaf nof nb || rpyP rpyPTzR tfg ml || slcl TLRM ndR || TrR TrRa oR rpMtlMPal slcl TzRcp kMbldR || 1

tfOhcl dQbP kpThf = kVlhpMnQ rHIbla dpcl || blzQa = gRUMaQ zQObp || TLRna = TLRmIzl , zQOtfO || tnPOU = vfaQ tfO ktf nRcpblcpM nRa nPOU || nof = tofO || tLRM = kVlzpMcl mlhlM na EsPahfg, ehg || tzRcp = knl sfa TsP ||

tnRTsP 1) Gaf klg :s) TmR kVlzpMnQ tnl kphtldR ? v) TmR kVlzpMnQ tR tR zQ rFbldR ? u) kVlzpMtl vanQ tof nd ? q) kVlzpMcl cpxlM vQnl MfUn tpd ? 2) vRva nb :slnQ, uHIbldR, blzQOa, ndR, mRzPa, TLRM, rpMIblMPal || 2

2) altfO nb :dl, ml, sl, rptP, oR, Hx, tofO, TzRcp, tfg, TsOf

3

nRUzfM

sRnRdcP ! nRUifM tdp hftcl rfFgRUMl tfgegIgf sVxR rfM of alcp tfO sldcPtl MPnvfOcldR || tdp nRUifM TmRcP sVl sVxR rfM tatl g TmRcP dRVh zlsIsldMl sVxliROhtl vRoRb nlOU kpz 15 cfmlalTzP 30 blzdIaMnQ sVxliROhlg kQMIvfM kInkl gQnaf nacl dp || nRUifMcl MlbpaQdf dQbP - nRU dgPm nlOU gP ifM dgPm calTzf nlOU ifM of || mRhRtl rpnQ nRUifM rfnl nRUzpm gl ald || tlaIat, aMIdf, yfclTnfgIF, tfcljfg, hfkfg, dmuRnlof, gPkfn , sRMlof, gPm efMt gP rlgcl tRcl nRUrMPM nRUifM 4

rfM TkPTifd MtM dfblcp nacl oRd || efMtcl xldfrnkVbPz, zlsIsld gPm bfMIhlnlmM apbIblzIH wMIddfblcpdcPcl nQvIvkf tatl rp rfM mlmIyP MtM dfblclgf vacl oRd || rp rfM vgl, vQnl, vQdpnPg sfclt tl dfblnP dgl r tfg nRUM nQhp zMsf dfzM g rp rfM dfblcp nacl oRd || rp rfMnQ mRhRtl nRU cfmlalTzP aMIu LPMIblcpcl MtM, mRhRtl ifM vfnkpn dlOclMPal wlO gRUM GRacl gP mRhRtl ifM nRUcl Exlncl MtM dfblcp nacl oRd || tdp hfttl kpz 15 nQ aMIu cfmlaltzP nRU LPMIblcp tacl EzfTif blgcl MtM dfbldR || TzRsf nRUnQ kInkla gP nRU ifMnQ Exln ala g tdp bfttl dblgf vacl nRUifMcl sVxR dQbP of ta gl kpz 15 zPMP znRU EHRvd zlwpO nkRdcPM TzRsf nkPdcP tfg GMItln vfOd kfnpg blg Mlbp vfOclMPal MTuR blg tRO td || rp dQbPM gl tdp hfttl dfbL vacl nRUifM ofnPUdl kQMIvfM rQdpMltfgl dp || rp blg tdpdcP xVR - xVRzQ wlOM dlUyPa of sVyPdcPmfnl dInfO tRa, wlO MRzQ npmIbf ifM TLfMIbld gP kVlzpM apbIb zLl ifM nlOU TifgInl rnIblMlcP alcl kMkl Mlxla kfnpg nlOa nlOaf rcpdcP rcp ndR || LVP - idldcP dPUnblclMPal npUsP npUgdcP na ndR || 5

Trfml nRU cfmfalTzP nRU nQ nRUsRM ald || nRUsRMnQ inl trRcp nd : gldp, dP, rPO, gafM, sVROcl, zkVl, tR, spUop, tldl, gldP, gul, LRnRU hRur || svl nRUtl sVl nlOU eM rQnIbl nacl td || trpml nlOU nlclM v vfaQcl gl nRU olxld || apbIblzIH wMId tnPOUh zQOhM rp nRUcl yPa rQdpMl dp || nRUmfnlg nfdf tdpdcPtl v vfaQcl ofUaQ, tRuRMaQ gP vaQ TzPcp ndR || EzfTif, cfEzfTif ifg nRUmfnl ipHblcp ndR || TmRcP dRVh zlsIsldM nfkIrl, eRHP , zPMIkf, apsIkf, tlaPHPg, tdp, tfdfm hRuR hfttl tzR TzRg dlmfnl rp nRUifM dfblcp nacl oRd || tnRTsP 1) Gaf klg :s) nRUifM alatl tR sRd ? v) nRUifM va va opUn of nRUdcPM dfbLcp nd ? rp vfa vfa hfttl dfbldR ? u) nRUifM rfM dfblacl dQbP tR hf ? 6

q) nRUifM rfMcl blg TmR tR ndR ? cfalTzP nRUifM vQnl dfbld ? m) nRUsRM alacl tR hf ? hRU mRhR rRTzRcl tdR? tR tR ? r) slV nRUtl MRhR nlOU rQnIbL nd ? i) zlsIsldM tdp nRUifMcl blg sVcliROhlg tlOtRO dp cp cfMP ? dp altzf mRhR tlOcl kMIbld? 2) nRUifM kfMP xVROztl MPacl tfO kVPb || 3) altfO agIblb :nRUifM, rfM, sVxR, dRVh, sVxliROh, dQbP, nlOU zlwpOnkR, tRO, dInfO, dlUyPa, nlOaf, LVQO - idl, gul,EzfTif 4) npmbfM mrhRrRcp MxfcpO td ? wlOM TLfMIblacl nmIbf TmRclMPal MxfcpOdcP dPUnblclMPal kVPb || kfnpg r vROoRb MxfcpOcl dQbP gl apGblb || 7

sRUnf zRyM

LpcPacl dVpzvHlnRU

gPkfncl sfzIsl HRU gRUMlh kMIbla nfcpecp 12000 LlH gpafnMl kMIbldpafa sRUnf zROyM tdp hftcl TzRdkQ HRU of || tdp hft dlUbPd zRO jmIz gluRV cfMIo, gP dmIuRn gRUM hfM tdp hft dmIuRn jmIzMl kMIbla sVl zfrIbl hft of vfanf xVROzQ sIUopcl, tifOnfcp, tkPTif gP npUdcP dR ||

dmuRn jmIzcl vnp dmIuRnlof opUnM tacl of afa doUbPd tnPOUhdldcPcl zQOsVlb dp || tlUcl stgPg dmIuRn hftdcP tlaIat opUn tclgf gPkfn xRacl kldIThf zQxlmRkldcP oRd || rp nlOUnPzRO cRzROcl tfO of tRgkIPUnp hft 8

cfagIblnf, tifncp cfiPHIblnf zxPh cagIblnf || rR azfcl ofUacl sVdM TrRm glaIat LPopcpgf tRcl cpxpM Llmlofacl yf opOd || vfa tlgIat Mg Hlata ncp YnIblcl, vfa TzR TzR TsfO tclMPal gPkfn xRcl || rcp, Hlcp, sRcP gP xVROzQ TvRtRdccl mlhlM tnl aQzl aQcl gPkfn xracl kldIThftl zQxlmRkl nd || tdp hft gl ifg tfbPaM gPkfn LPopacl of ||

sRUnf LPopcp zRcp tdpdcPcl amIzanl cfagIblnf || rpMl vclMPal tdpdcP wMId, sMId, alwl-jlwg hft-yM, zxRh, spn - vTnfg aglblacl oRd || 9

ifgtl vaQtl sRUnf zROyMnQ zLpOtl opUn gl aldR || zLpOtl opUn alatl zLpO aglblacl nROU ala sRd || sRUnf zROyM ofUn tpcpg sfzIsl HRIM kMIbla tRgl gfOzmfnl ncpecp FlK qgIHf hu sQFr ofUcpgf 3085 LlH gpkfM kMIbldpafa sVap FfOFf LPd || rfclnl tP FPK qgIHfcl sRFR kVcp nl 3,372 LlHcl gpkfM kMIbldpafa rSMR vMIs LPd || rpmfnl sRUnf zhlng LPnvfOf || rpmfnl sfzIslcl rlnl gP ofmIhfsRH rPtfg kMIbld || ndhpmcl ephpm, kzfrfcpO, zlmbl, hRuR gfOzdcPmfnl gl sRUnf LPn vfOd || bP r TsfO sfMIslcl tRgO gfOzmfnl ofUa hucl zhln cfMP || tRglmfnl sRUnf ofUcpgf TsfOM 10

kMIbla sVkp FfOFfmfnl qfdMfm, kzufcpO, FFpjf, rlnl, TvRnR, kfTrf, rlkInl, tRMf hRuR tdp gfOzdcP dRVn vfOd || sRUnf zROyM tdp hftcl zRO rRcp yPdcP dPUnblMPal agIblacl nRU cfmfalTzP nRU zRO mfnl LPopclMPal gfOz rpxpafcl nRU ala sRd || tR tnQgl tlofO egIgf 2000 nlOU cRzROzRcp tdpdcPcl vPdtfOd cPt Mpa gfOz rpxpclMPal Hlacl nRU sRUnf zROyM of || zQxlmRkl mlhlM rpM LPxlMPal TmRcpgf yf oROd cl rpM dpacl qMfM - sfMfcl gldmfnl dInRvclMPal gl FnlblvfOacl zlwpOcl npbp, MQbR, spgItp gl tiRtR, rif gP dVpOcl tR Lxla hRMcl MtM nacl opdcl EtR hRuR tlofO gl oROd || tlxlgS cfopUn ofnPOUdldcPcl mlhlM sVl aQafdfmcl tfObPa agIblacl dp rp nRU gPkfn sVxliROhtl rp nRUnQ MRmMldcPnQ TdfMpzl na cfoROa sRclnlgl dpVcl tR Lxla opdcl EtR 11

nRU agIbl gQnaf nn kMIbla (tRa) alcp rlolcp ynIblcldp || cRzRO gP mlzRO opUntP glaM opUntP yMsfbla uRMIvf knIHgcl sVl zfrIbl cup tdp HRop dopOdcP of vfacl kldIthfd gPm tkPTifd sRUnf zROyM of alcpgf tzR cfkMIbl || vfatl tR alnQ gl tdp hft dmIuRn jmIzng zgItfg of || tdp hftcl vfaQ tlUM sInP dpOV dpnf || sInP dpOV egIgf cRzR vdIaf dVpO dpnf ala gl nPdlUcl zQOsVOb dp ||tdp bftcl tlaIatgPaf nR zRMRmz dpnf || utx cfmlalTzP tRuRMIaQ tlaIatM Tmfn zyPa gP rh TtlclMPal kpopva ndpnf ||sInP dpOVcl tlUM sRg cfmlalTzP qRgIFP wlO TzROnl, nPd cfmlalTzP nfdifgP oROU TzRnl gP nd cfmfalTzP nfdf TifOnfcp tzROnl dpnf alTzP dpOVz vPulcl MtM kThp gP nRMl vPuldcP dpnf || zQxlmRklcl mlhlM sInP, kThp gP nRMl yPcl tdpdcPtl tlofO zRcpgl dul gP gscl zPO crf || 12

tdpgP sIUopcl sVxla tfdfm, ysfnl, gP bpMf hft of || hp hftcl kldIThf gP tdp hftgP sVxldI || sRUnf zROyMcl sVl kRUMlzl kQgM dRVh ErPoUzl nn iPzl aglblnvfOacl tdp hftcl dRVh vQnl aofUa tcl rpkfMP vPaQdpm gP aQafdpm ncp rQclgf dp ||

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tnRTsP

s) Gaf klg :1) sRUnf zROyM vgl kMIbldpafa dp ? 2) sRUnf zROyM mRhR LlHcl gpaRnM kMIbld ? 3) tdp hft vfa dlUbPd jmIzM kMIbld ? 4) tdp hft tRcl aQaM gPkfn LPopcl ? 5) vgl LPopclMPal tdpdcPcl zLpO aglblcl ? 6) tRMfmfnl sRUnf ofUcpgf vfa vfa gfOzdcP dRVn oRd ? 7) rRMR vMIs mRhR LlHcl gpaRnM kMIbld ? 8) tfzfM TmRcP vPdfOdcP Hlcl alcp vfa - vfa tfOtl zQxlmRkl nd ? 10) tdp hftcl dVpOnQ tR ald ? 11) tdpdcPtl rtxM tR zyPdPnf gP tR slOclMPcl (kfclMPeal) ofopdpnf ? 12) vPM klOacl tdp yPdcPcl sInP sVlnl kPUnpM kt ipHlblclMPal kVPb || 14

s) altfL agIblb :-

sInP, dpOV, sRUnf zROyM, dmIuRn, rcp, sRcP, Hlata, zLpO, tR, qMfM, cfopUn, TdfMpzl, HRop, rtx,

u) dPUnblclMPal kVPb :-

sRUnf zROyM 3045 dmIuRn rtx sVap FfOFf 12000 rSMR vMIs 3954 tfkMfm vMIs 3,362 tlaIat tdp q) xROVzQ zQbp kVPb :sRUnp zROyM vP vQkf mfcl ? m) dQbP kVPbI :sRg, sInP, nPd, nd || 15

MPaf zPaf tnP tPMP ml MPaf tnP tPMP ml zPaf tnP zpqM rcp rnP zpqM sRcP vlnP zQrlcp gP zafg tclMPal oPUnnQ cRzRO nnP ylxl nclO bRnP cfzla TsP nnP nP nP vPnP nP nP kVRUnP dlUyPaf tnP opUncl zPcp nnP || 16

tnPTsP 1) Gaf klg:s) MPa zPa tnP xlVmfmftl slnQ tR nPOU klOd ? v) dlUyPa tclMPal opUncl mlhlM sltl tR nn tpd ? u) vPasRnIdcPcl sMItkl tR hf ? xVlmfmcl tbRnPM kVPb ? 2) MPa zPa tnP xVlmfm zpMlvzl nb || 3) altfO agIblb :MPaf, zPaf, zpqM, zQrlcp, zafg, cRzRO, vPnP dlUyPaf

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snIkgf rfjnf kInPzrO xpzlcl tnPOU tfObPacl nRkfdlU doUsVPO MfhPz aMIdftl mPyfM zROrRcp LRHR kvclMPal sVl sVl nclgf TLRgtl jlclgf Tmpcl || rp vfacl tzIjlM hf ? gPn cfMIdzHVRm || cRzRO cpnP nclOM LPcp dlUg || blnptl Gaf kOlcl || rp vfa hf ? alclgf mlzRO tzIjlM alcl || MfsPz zMIdf efMtmfnl cRzRO cpnP kQopUMR opUa dlUg || sMgtl Gaf kOlcl || zROzRO LRHR alclgf tP cRzRO bRnlg rp vfa hf ? alclgf Tmpcl || 'snIkgf rfjnf ' tfg vPaf sRnIdQtl tlcpnPM alcl (sVl kfnpM alcl) tifOan sRnRdcP || sldcPtl tfg tzIalMdcP TifOgnl mRzPcl || tlofO M sldcPnQ rp zROzRO LRHRcl dlUg snIkgf rfjnfcl tfObPaM tRcl yfMPa klOdp || nRkfdlUtl aln acl - snIkgfcl sRnRzf nRU efMtM kMIbla sVl TrRa xVgfOzM kltlacl dpnf || r zQOrla dVlTzR dpnf ||r vlcl vPaM aPnl tsPrlkfa ndpnf || tnPOU tfObPa vPcp aPnl zQO ndpnf || trRafg dpcpgfO r - kQopMR zRMRmzl Ma vROMPdpnf nclO zfMfMP tfO ndpnf || kQopUMR cpFblcp dROM dVRdpnf || nclO - zfMM LPacl dROMdcP 18

dRVdpnf || sVRnlg snIkgf rp tfg TsPM nrbzlsR tcl ||

"dgIHp" rcl xpOcla dl dpnf || rtl dxlacl LPnROM LPcpM TsPrlkfa nclMPal vlcl dROM tMfM agIblcl || r efMtmfnl kQopUMRM ofUa cRzRO MlO of || kPn 1997 M r cRzRO cpnP kQopUMRM ofUcl LfaM r iPzl tcl snIkgf rfjnf mlzRO cpnP lPn 2003 cl hgjMl 16 cl blg kQopUMRM ofUacl dpnf (ofUnf) || tpmfalgl rcl yPsVxP zHn sRndIalo TdRvPbRtaQml tcl || vfacl tzlh || LMjMl 2003 cl blg r zlcPnf || snIkgf rfjnfcl dltl efMt opspM tRMlzl nd || nRkfdlU ! M snIkgf rfjnf bRnP agIbld || sVzIgftl alcl nRkfdlU ! ml snIkgf rfjnf bRnP opspM yPhp TsPrlkfa ncpdR aldn gP zpMhtl tlcpnPM alcl || 19

tnRTsP 1) Gaf kVPb :s) kInlzRO mPycl tnPU tfObPacl nRkfdlUtl vPasRnId cPnQ mPyfM vf - vfacl LRHR kvclMPal jlcl ? v) mlzRO LRHR vfatl mRzPcl gP tR alclMPal Gaf klOcl ? u) zROzRO LRHR vfanf dpnf ? vfatl Gaf klOcl ? q) snIkgf rfjnf sRnRzfM vQkf dpnf ? m) sRnRzfM snIkgf rfjnf vfa tfObPa vPcp vRdpnf ? r) snIkgf rfjnfnQ wlOM tR alclMPal cpOcldpnf ? i) snIkgf rfjnf vfa zfnM cRzRO cpnl kQopUMRM ofUcl ? h) snIkgf rfjnf cpFblaQ tPsVnPcl dl tR dpnf ? G) snIkgf rfjnf vfa zfnM mlzRO cpnP kQopUMRM ofUcl gP tR qMIgf tcl ? 20

x) TmR snIkgf rfjnf bRnP opspMIg yPhp tsPrlkfa ndR alclMPal vf vfatl vfanQ alcl ? 2) altfO agIblb :tzIjlM, mPyf, cRzRO, nRkfdlU, tfObPa, efMt TifOan, mRzPcl, yfMPal, xVgfOz, kQopUMR, zfM, TsPulkfa, yPsVxP, dROM

21

TmRafz TmRafzl tnPOUcl HRMILP of || rpM wlOm HlzlHlcl opUn cfopUnM qMIdfdcP dRvn oROd || TmRafzlnlgl opUn -cfopUncl xVPsRtfO yld altzf rMl xVPsRtfO tmRafzlM dRVd ||

TmRafzlM TifOa - TifOa sPTmr (npUg) jlclxldI || oRmblzQ, znaf xVPtfO, zPUa -kVla xVlm sVltufM, zagPkf hRuR TmRafzlM dVrn oRPd || opUtfOcl vfaQ gl nURM vInRxRclgfdpacl sVxR vInRxRzQdcl - knfqLg, kVloRM, bPa, rPgInl, nlkVxl, qpzIzf hRuR TmRafzl jla-fP mM jlxld || opUtfcl bPgp vInRxRzQ cRndIkls, cPzlofcl vInRnrzQ, jMInIFsk knlqlg wlO HlzlHlcl TmRafzlM TmRn oROdI || 22

opUn cfopUncl yPcpyPaf kVfUxpn, sVlUiRhg kVPefklO, kVlzbPzR tfOnRUzld TmrafzlM jlxldI || iSnlg TvPOcl tdRvPbR, vQzn vQxltR, bPUmLPM hRuR qMIgfdcP tmRafzlM jlcldI || tmRafzl jlaPMjfnR rpMIbla rpcl cfup zQgld gl dp || rnQ apzIHM, zIHPalnfclhM, cPgIHlgf cPgIHlgf sPan hRuR aldI || rp tpgcl TrROFPzlnlgl dgP tmRafzl jlaPmM sPTMR dRVGRd || TmRafzl vROtRdblcl kfnRg nPOUklzpm zQxl of || rpcl yrQMl nn MPntpd || sPTmR vzRO TmRMlcpgf tlU bfUz tdI || inlg xVROznQ rxPbla sPTmR dgP TmRndpd || tnRTsP 1) Gaf klg :s) TmRafzl alacl tR hf ? v) TmRafzl gRUmIbl TmR tR tR dVRn vfOd ? 23

u) TmRafzl jlaPmafnR rpMIbla zQgld tR tR hf ? q) mlazl gP TmRafzlcl nPmTzR Llb ? r) TmRafzl kfMP kInlrRcp altfO agIblb || 2) mlaf cp cfmlaf kVPb :s) TmRafzl gRUmIbl opUn cfopUnM qHIblacl qMIgdcP dVRn vfOd ( ) v) mPafzl gRUmIbl opUn cfopUnM qHIblacl qMIdcl{ yln vfO ( ) u) apzIHM, cPgIHlgf hRuR mPafzlM rpMIbla zQxl of ( ) q) Tmrafzl nPOUklzpM zQxl of ( ) 3) altfO agIblb :wlO, cfopUn, mPazl, xVPsRtfO, qMIgf, sPTmR, zPUakVla zagPkf, sVxR, TmRa, dRVa, aQzn, cPgIHlgf, vROtRdbl, tlU, bfUz, xVROz, vQxltR, sVxliROh, kVfUxpn || 24

opUnulkf Ff. caIbpn snfd efMtcl tRuRMIaQ opUnulkf Ff. cP. kl hP. caIbpn snfdcl tMf dl HRcpHM caIbpn kslM hQgpnfablg caIbpn snfd of || r TrRm efMtcl tfdln gfFp dRVh gRUMlh kMIbla MfdPEzfMdMl 15 csIHpaM 1931 Ml Llnf || opUncl zROrRcp gpaRnvnPcl bPtzpOdcP kbIdf efzg, kbIdf jlepzg gP efMt MtIg nlgl TLRgtl 1981, 1990, gP 1997 Ml dlyPzlm tnvfacl Ff. snfd 25 hpnfcl 2002 cl blg efMtcl opUnrlkf TkRa dpyPaf ktM LPn vfOcl ||

rnQ vlcl mlrRcp bPa efMt bVzHl 2020 gP ugItTj efMt : efMtlo opjfdcPcl mlhlM dlTzfa tp yPa iPzln 25

oROcl dp vfaLlM zROrRcp opUn vPawlOtl rnQ cgMPml FfsIHMPHcl yPdl klOdla nacl dR || sVl TzRcfqP ofnfOUdlcl MtM rpxpalm Ff. snfd efMtcl tfgcRzRO cpkuVx spnla rnlazQxl b S.L.V-3 cl iPzlnmfgl TsP tfOU op na dlUg Ff. caIbpn snfd of || sVl iPzl ofnPOUdlcl MtMl rnQ opUn cfopUntl mRzPd || rtl - nPrRcp nRUgldcPcl xVRm gPm sVxliROh TdfMpzl nnvfOacl dp || rpg yPafg dlUnQ opUncl opUn rlkfcl MtMl oROa tful efMtopUndlcl mlhlM tRMlzlcl tfObPa dxPn tpd || kfnpg rcl opUnrlkf kPUnpM efMtcl oRUh, Tsfnlzltf, bRnlzltf, TmRaHp, npUsP gPm kVlzbPzR thf nP Llcl sVxPcpdp alcp tfOM tful efMtopUndl EsPkfm dR || tnRTsP 1) Gaf klg :s) Ff.cP.kl.hP. caIbpn snfd vfa hf ? v) r vgl gP vRoRO Llnf ? u) efMtcl opUnrlkfcl MtMl r vRoRO ktdpm tcl ? 26

q) r vfa vfa bPtzpOdcP nlgl vRoRO bPtzpOd tacl dR ? m) rcl mlrRcp iPzl bPadcP vfa vfa h ? rpnQ mRhRrRcp opUn vPawlOdcPtl FfsIHMPHcl yPdl klOnvfOcl dp ? r) rtl yPTifOa nacl rpkuVxcl dl tR h? q) Ff. cP. kl. hP. caIbpn snfdcl tMf dl tR hf || 3) altfO agIblb :opUnullf, TrPm, dRVh, kbdf epzg, opUnf, dlyPzlm, opUnvPafwlO, ofnPOUdl yPdl, kOldla sVxRrlkf, cpkuVx, tfgcRzRO iPzl, yPafg, yPagQ

27

TmRcP zlsIsld

HRU kInl tclMPal agIblacl TmRcP zlsIsld kInltol HfM gP sfMtl qPMIblacl glmTuf kg kgnRtl kInlacl sVRnlg ipTufO bRnP tclMPal Hlacl dp tmRcl zlsIsld xfmzRg vfn knfkpnptl kfz Hlacl kfVzRg vfn gpif tRclMPal Hlacl stlklclg vfncl tpildcPtl kfz oROacl 28

cRnITuf tdfzP Lfa slOacl sRVnlg jfMfm dp TmRcP zlsIsld || TzR tzRcl cMIslH Hx kfMIblacl sgIrghmIuf stfzpcl sRcPbM Hlacl upMpkbIdf zdIejtl kfz slOacl sVRnlg ipa dp TmRcP zlsIsld || HlzIHf MmIult kVMlacl ifOup, vPrlaPMl, dPgdPg, vfmrpm, upMpFRmdf gP nfUdp dpacl ipTifOcl kfMlgfO aMIzP agIblacl sVRnlg iptifOg of TmRcP zlsIsld || cPzlofcl gPaf rfO zlmzRM dpacl nUMlm, kPLp, bPcprPg, vfFRzRm cpOdcP dpacl MfnRm, LpM, dRdP, opdym, tsp nnf tRacl sVRnlg vRtaR dp TmRcP zlsIsld || stlklclg MRmMldcPcl zQO HRacl MxfcpO cMfcpO npmbftl MxfcpOblacl yP yPa sRclaR, dgIblM, bPal, bPcptftl zhblacl sVRnlg kVlzbPzR nRU of tmRcP zlsIsld ||

29

eRHP, nfkIrP gP gPkfnl sVl tcl dPUnblclMPal Hlacl slV HxkfMl of tmRcP zlsIsld || opUtfcl sVl tlclM dpacl rfnl TmRcP kInfal egIgf vRTaR dfO of TmRcP zlsIsld || kbIdf tdpTzR

tnRTsP 1) Gaf klg :s) zlsIsldM mRhRrRcp HRU dR ? v) xVlmfmcl tbRnPM TmRcP zlsIsld vQkf dp ? u) cRnITuf tdfzP vgl oROd ? q) upMp kbIdf zdIej vgl kfz Hlnf ? m) cPzlofcl gpkf rfO vgl dp gP vfa hf ? r) zlsIsldcl yPtzROdcP vfa vfa hf ? i) zlsIsldcl cpOdcP dl alb ? h) zlsIsldM dpacl MfxdcP dl alb ? G) zlsIsldcl zRO sVxR hftdcP vfa vfa hf ? x) zlsIsld vQkf nRU hf ? tfOtln nb || 30

2) altfO agIblb :zlsIsld, klmTuf, kg, ipTifO, cRnITuf tdfzP, cMIslH, stfzp, kfMlgfO, rfO, npmbf, sRclaR, bPcptf, klVzbPzR HxkfM, vRTaR 3) nPvftl nb :TmRcP zlsIsld xVlmfmcl nPvftl nb || 4) mlMlbp kVPb :TmRcP zlsIsld xVlmfmfcl mlMlbp kVPb ||

31

TsfkIHg uhP qnP el.zl .

TsfkIHg uhP qnP uRMIvf HRU gPkfn, gRUMlh jfMkfs tdp gfOzM kPn 1916 Ml LlaQ dpnf || kRn 1924 M zRsPgIF LlLIt (2/5 hl. cfM) uRMIvf MfclLnIzcl LVgIHloM LRMIzM aRcl eMItlM eMIgf tnf || TrRcpgR gRhlM tfbpMlcP LVQOzl uhP qhP aPnP HfnItifO gP sRtRa dpnf || zQgls zRkRUnM xRcpnO spgIbf Hp rfcpeROnRkf gP sRtRa dpnf || zQgls zRkPUnM xRcpnl spgIbf Hp rlcpeROnRkf gP spgIbf zRO kgnR npbPd caIan tMIrfM sVPvfOcl || rpnl rcl kRzIHlm eMItl npbPd sPgIbV caRHRjfbM nPbPd rlnpeROnRkf MtM tacl r nRU 1947 M efMt gP kfslzItfg Tzr TzR tcpnl kfslzItfgM kMIblcl || gpUxfMl vHIblacl uRMIvf knIHgdcP aMIdfolm-f nl efMt vMlacl hfkfgl zQglsdcPnQ srcPcpM gP rdcPnQ cfHPUa ncpM tzfxfMl vHIbln acl || uhP inPcl knIHg efMtlo sPUdzP 17 Flelhg gRUMlh 48 clgILPgIHVl aVluPFM ulVgRMl dpnf gP g rdcP gl hfkfgP zQglsnQ sRcPcp TsPM vHIblcl || 32

24 zPMP 26 dcl 1043 Ml aMIdfcl rlg xlnIz ala nRUM uhP qnP dpacl sdIkgl gP hfkfgl sPUdzP dfhM yPa gla tcl || rtPUM, uhP qnPtl vl tPgRUMl dpacl kInfHpgcl MRzgpM klOdla tacl dpnf || gla rcpslblcl dpnf, rlg xlnIz ol aHIblMLacl mlxlgInP eRObl eRgl hfkfgl sPUdzPnQ sRclacl nfulM afzf dlcl gfOzM kpMIjl HfM oRgRUM ncpM qlVtRt mtfM dpnf || r nRUnQ oRgRUM ncpM mlcpnP zRcp kfxpazl nnQdgl mlcpnP cfiPzl gP cMIsp aHfnlogcl ml kInfHpgtl dPUnblclMPal nn tpcp dpnf || cRzfkf kfxpazldcPM nPg oRgPcla tacl tatl yPa bRUzg vSbln tpnf gP zROTzRcpnP kfxpazlnQ vfaQ TkRMlhlM iPzl kMIbla g dpnf || inl cRzRO aHIblg nacl uRMIvf LShnQ hfkfgl zQglsdcPtl cgIwwpgIw tRk gP uRnl kVlxPgfdpnf || xVROz xfMlkQ kPUdzP Mnf Mlnl tcpalilcp dVRclMPal rhP qnP Mlztl dl cfdRV || rQufzRcp 33

rnQ gl mRhRrRcp uRnl HafnvfLnl bP uRMIvfdcP mlxlclMPal eRblofUaQ kldIThf vdl cfMP || bPcPtdRaQ tnQ dgl r vlcl Trpxpcl tlzQO cfngf vlcl kInfHpgnQ hRz klOclg kROcl || uRMIvfnl vcl rfnl ztpMLlM ofUzldcPcl sR tP EkRxRclMPal vcl rfnl rdcP gO dpMRTtPa scP (uRMIvfnl vcl) tPclMPal sMfmlgf Mlcl rfnl ztpMdcPnQ kfHfm Hfm gP kpHpm Hpm zcl vfan sV HRjfcl Mlzdl uRMIvf LShcl cpxlM hfkfgl sPUdzPdcP Hlcptlng cvfO || zRcpdcP Trpxp hpcptlcpM gla HSmfnl eRblcl || glacl nlclMl tlUzRcp mjnIbfM ubP qnP sRtl nMkM tnQ gl HlUMlcl nlzRM afzf xlnIz oRgRUM nclMPalg klcl || xROVzQ LPnRO oPMIzR cnfhRcp dnd kHIHl ncp wMl cfofU || rpM glaM gRhHRop gRhM jlclcp sPMRg rnQ elsIHRMlof sVz kOldla nacl of || rnQ gla rnIblMldlcPMQ tlUM rtlUMQ efclzMfo, LlnIb dfMIzn nMIF cRePnmfnl kPn 1944 Ml bLnInlMl elsIHRMlof sVz (el.zl) kbs klOdla nacl dpnf || gPkfncl rtUlMQ dlUsVP zRO sVxliROh hpwb zdIzPMmfnl gl rnQ gPkfn tfMfcl kbs oPMIzl tacl dpnf || 34

elsIHpMlof sVz yPafg gla kbs HRxraf zRMlaf el.zl dcP gRUMl r tfg egIgf yPaf (cfnl) of || rcl kMdRMRcl cupdcP tlxfOgR cndRMf, blnInl gP sfFdfgIJSM Hlcp ncldR || tln tRcl nlU cRzRO dgP r zlofcl || r zlcPcptl sVl zQgls opUtfcl tfmRzPtla zptVyP gPm sVl gPkfn tfMt tP vROcPcl cfTkRcp tzl acPcl || tnRtsP 1) Gaf klg:s) TsfkIHg uhP qnP vfa dpnf ? v) TsfkIHg uhP qnP vRoRO gP vgl Llnf ? u) r cRzRO vfa knIHgM eMIgf tnf ? q) TsfkIHg uhP qnPtl vlcl knIHgcl sQalzQO vQnl tfOkleR nnf ? m) zltPcl uhP qnPcl kMfdRMRdcP tlxfOgR vglvgl dR ? 35

u) rtl elsIJRMlof sVz kns vfacl oRmfnl rfnl vRoRO oROacl dpnf ? q) rtl oROacl kbsdcPcl dl alb || 2) altfO agIblb :elsIHRMlof sVz, knIHg, eMIgf, Lla, sQalzQO, kMfdRMR, HRop, opUntP, cRzRO, tfmRzPtla, zfM 3) dPUnblMPal kVPb :uhP qnP opUntP gla hfkfgL TsfkIHPg mlzRO sPUdzP Lla eMIgf knIHg afMkfs 4) xVROzQ zQbp kVPb :tsfkIHPg uhP qnPmfnl TmRtl tR nlOU oRdR ?

36

MRwlO MRwlO tdp hftcl TzRdfnfM mRzPklOzR of || tlOofgRcp rpnQ npUsP wlO alclMPal gl mRzPcp ndr || MRwlO cl dl klOclMPal tlgRcp TzR TzR nRU of opUn cfopUnM xRHnMPzIHpMfO gl npUsP sInadcP rnIblcp tMlacl oROd || MRwlO tfOh rzR Mttl tdp sIUopclmfnl vacl tfOh of || rp tfOh MpOwlOmfnl algRUa tclgf MRwlO tacl of || rpcl MlbpaQdf dQbPdcP iSa dp 'dpO' alacl MpO gP 'wlO' alacl wlO calTzf MpOcl TsP (Hpxpcp MRxRcp) na wlO || kPUnpnlnlM rpg tfOhnQ gRUjfclMPal MRwlO alclMPal Trl nacl oROd vfOacl dQbP td MRa wlO ||

37

MRwlOM cRzRO cRzRO tR vlcp dfcp tR LVQzl LVQO - idldxP gPm tR sRnf sRnR tfg cpdlMcl dlUdcP dfg tcp ndpnf || tfgtl xVRO - xVROzQ cpdlM zQOhMcl TsP ndpnf || vlcpdfcpdcP tp zpUcl tfO nclgf xVRO - xROzQ TvRtR, kVR, rU - rUdl calTzf kMafM kTzf kzlcl tfO nclg TiR (iR) kPaf, EsPOMf of MfMMl MpO tvQdpnf (kPMbldpnf), spgIbl - rSMl MRxRnf LQOicldcP EsPOMfcl TsP nclgf dVRtRTsptRcl tfO ndpnf ||

r nlcpxlnl sRnf - sRnRdcPcl kfnpMl rdcP gl zPUakVla ndpnf JHIHfkROa gP ipa ndpnf || tdp hftcl rSuf sVRnlm TkPTif tlxfOgRMl acPclgf ofUcl dp || cRzRO cRzRO MRwlO kPTif gpU gPkfncl ndIhpm, sfzIsl, Tzfmhf, tgxpO, uRMIvf, 38

dgfm gPm dpzItfm HRUdcPM oROdpnf || tlxfOgRMl sVlLP ndIhpm gP sfzIsl HRUcl vfaQ vfaQ tdp gfOzdcPM dgP oROd || tlgRcp tdp hftcl rp TkPTif vgl gP vfa tlUzPMP tRO tacl dpdl alcp kfMP aQa aQafdfm tMlcldp || aQafdfmdldcPtl tdp hftcl npUdcP bRnP, qfOM zRMJl, rpMIs kpHkpHP gPm rfmdcPM HRUHP, nRUifM, dfmlblgf hRuR tfObfa LlM gl aQagld nMlcl dR || MRwlO TkPTif kfmlcp tdp hftnQ mRzRala npUdcPM qfOM , zRMJl, rpFIsf, kpHkpHP, sSFf, bRxRMl EsP, TGcpMP zPUa hRuR dR - alcp rp zftcl npUsP kfrfdcPM Hpmgf vQOhFl, kpn - afOzpMl dfObf hRuR kMbld || MRwlO TkPTif vRoROzPMP tRO tacl alcp tfO aQaglg tfObPa agIblcl dpnQ gl MRwlO tdpdcPcl sVRnlg TkPTif of alcpM mlzQOslVb cfMP || 39

tnRTsP 1) Gaf klg :s) MRwlO alacl tR hf ? rp vfacl vQkf mRzPkOlzR hf ? v) MRwlO tfOh vglmfnl vacl hf ? rpcl apn Mt tRnf ? rpcl MlbpaQdf dQbP alb || u) MRwlOcl dlmfnl tlgRcp opUn - cfopUnM tR tR rnIblcp tMlacl dR ? q) MRwlOM vf vfa dfg tcp ndpnf ? m) MRwlOM vlcp - dfcpdcP tR ndpnf ? r) MRwlOM LVQO - idldcP tR ndpnf ? i) tlxfOgRM MRwlO vfa TkRablM dp ? h) MRwlO TkPtif gPkfncl vfa HPUdcPM oRdpnf ? tlxfOgR vfa - vfa HRUM dgP oROd ? G) tdp npUdcP vfa - vfa hf ? x) tdp hftnQ mRzPalcp TzRaRgR kfrfdcP tR tR hf ? 40

2) altfO agIblb :MRwlO, tzRdfnfM, mRzPklOzR, tlofOgRcp, wlO, npU, TzR TzR, nRU, rnIbla, sIUopcl, tfOh, dQbP, MpO, TsP, LVQOzl, xVROzQ, kVRO, iR, MfOM, MfM, spgIHl, MRxRa, dRVzcP, zPUakVla gfOz qfOM, Hpmgf, aQa, tfObPa, mlzQOsVlb ||

41

42