Settlement and Coinage in Central Gaul c.200-50 B.C., Parts i and ii 9781407390857, 9781407391984, 9780860540069, 9781407346786

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Settlement and Coinage in Central Gaul c.200-50 B.C. Part i

Daphne Nash

BAR Supplementary Series 39(i) 1978

British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GE�ERAL EDITORS A. C. C. Brodribb, M.A. Mrs. Y. M. Hands

A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. Supplementary Series 39 (I), 1978: 'Settlement and Coinage in Central Gaul c.200 - 50 B.C.' Part I © Daphne Nash, 1978. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407390857 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407391984 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860540069 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407346786 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540069 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

CONTE NTS PART i P age L ist o f i l lustrat ions

I I

L ist o f a bbrev ia t ions

i v

P reface

v i

1 .

I n troduct ion

2 .

S et t le men t i n Cen tra l G au l _ c. 200-c 120/100 B .C. _.

3 .

Early a nd m idd le p hases o f t he c o inage i n Cen tra l Gau l

1 1 1 9

Ear ly p hase s i lver

2 2

Midd le p hase s i lver

4 1

Early a nd m idd le p hase g o ld

6 3

4 .

C en tra l Gau l c .120/ 100-50 B .C.

1 10

5 .

S et t le men t i n Auvergne 1 20-50 B .C.

1 18

6 .

C o inage o f t he Arvern i a nd t he mass if c en tra l i n t he f i rst c en tury B .C.

1 38

7 .

S et t le men t i n Berry c. 120-50 B .C.

1 74

8 .

Co inage o f t he B itur iges Cub i i n t he f i rst c en tury B .0 C .

2 01

9 .

S et t le men t i n P o itou a nd t he w est c .120-50 B .C.

2 35

1 0.

Co inage o f t he P ictones a nd w estern Gau l i n t he 2 46

f i rst c en tury B .C. 1 1.

F irst c en tury s et t le men t i n L i mous in a nd s ou thern2 62

c en tra l Gau l 1 2.

F irst c en tury c o inage o f L i mous in a nd s ou thern2 80

c en tra l Gau l PART i N otes

2 98

Append ix 1 :

Hoards

3 01

Append ix 2 :

T est marks a nd c oun ter marks o n g o ld c o ins

3 19

Append ix 3 :

Amphora f inds i n Gau l

3 21

Ca mpan ian ware f inds i n Gau l

3 29

S pan ish ma ter ia l i n C en tra l Gau l F inds o f c o ins o f Mass i l ia i n Cen tra l Gau l B ib l iography

3 34, 3 36 3 39 3 43

P la tes

3 54f f .

I nd ices

4 17

L IST OF I LLUSTRAT IONS

Maps

P age

F irst c en tury BC c iv itates r eferred t o i n t h is b ook

v i i i

Early s ett le men t i n Cen tra l Gau l c . 3 00-120 BC

1 3

Early a nd m idd le p hase c o in f inds

1 4

Early s i lver c o inage

2 3

West Berry s i lver c o ins

4 2

Ear ly g o ld ( Sa in te-Eanne a nd Tayac t ypes )

6 5

Beaune a nd Chenöves t ype g o ld

7 0

Early B erry g o ld

7 4

Early a nd m idd le p hase g o ld w ith

i 4 '

monogra m

Midd le p hase C en tra l g o ld

8 5 9 1

Midd le p hase B erry g o ld

1 00

Transhu mance i n F rance

1 11

Pre-conquest amphora f inds i n Gau l

1 12

Ca mpan ian ware f inds i n Gau l

1 13

I ber ic a nd C e lt iber ian p roducts f ound i n Gau l

1 14

Co ins o f Mass i l ia f ound i n C en tra l Gau l

1 15

F irst c entury BC Arvern ian s ett le men t

1 21

Arvern ian c o inage I

1 46

Arvern ian c o inage I

1 62

F irst c entury BC s et t le men t i n t he B erry a rea

1 77

F irst c en tury t err itory o f t he B itur iges Cub i

1 81

B itur iges c o inage I

2 03

B itur iges c o inage I

2 11

B itur iges c o inage I I

2 21

F irst c entury BC s et t le men t i n Po itou a nd S a in tonge

2 37

P ictones g o ld c o inage

2 48

P ictones s i lver a nd b ronze c o inage

2 52

F irst c en tury BC s et t le men t i n L i mous in a nd t he s ou thern C en tre

2 65

C rane a nd Trefo i l g o ld

2 82

S evered h ead g roup s i lver

2 88

S outhern C en tra l c o inages

2 92

Draw ings a nd c harts Wooden e x-voto f ro m Cha ma l ibres

1 32

Phases o f t he C en tra l s i lver c o inage

2 1

Br id iers g roup s i lver I , we ight d istr ibu t ion

2 7

Br id iers g roup s i lver I+ I I I , w e igh t d istr ibut ion

3 2

Br id iers g roup s i lver m inor v ar iet ies a nd l ater d evelop men ts, w e igh t d istr ibu t ion

3 7

West B erry s i lver h orse man g roup , we ight d istr ibu t ion

I i

4 4

Maps

P age

West B erry t ype s har ing

4 7

West B erry t wo h orses g roup , w e igh t d istr ibut ion

5 1

West B erry wo lf a nd h orse g roup , w e igh t d istr ibut ion

5 5

West B erry minor v ar iet ies, w e ight d istr ibu t ion

5 7

Go ld a k in t o west B erry s i lver, w e ight d istr ibu t ion

6 1

Go ld S a in te-Eanne a nd Tayac t ypes, w e igh t d istr ibu t ion

6 6

Go ld Beaune a nd Chenöves t ypes, w e igh t d istr ibu t ion

7 1

Ear ly a nd m idd le p hase g o ld c o inages , w e igh t c orrelat ions

7 5

Ear ly Berry g o ld , w e igh t d istr ibu t ion

7 7

Go ld g r if f in a nd e astern Ar mor ican g roups, w e igh t d istr ibu t ion

8 1

Ear ly e astern g o ld w ith R I

8 6

monogra m , w e ight d istr ibu t ion

Western d efaced g roup g o ld , w e ight d istr ibu t ion

8 9

Head o f He l ios a nd S o ings g roup g o ld , w e ight d istr ibu t ion

9 3

Eastern Ar mor ican l yre g roup g o ld , w e ight d istr ibu t ion

9 9

L ate m idd le p hase Berry g o ld , w e igh t d istr ibu t ion

1 04

Arvern ian s i lver w e igh t d is tr ibut ion , o ver 1 .0 g

1 40

Arvern ian s i lver w e ight d istr ibu t ion u nder 1 .0 g , w ith West B erry f ract ions, Arvern ian s i lver a nd C en tra l f ract ions o f u ncerta in t ypes

1 41

A rvern ian g o ld w e ight d istr ibut ion ( 3 c harts )

1 42-4

Go ld ABVDOS g roup , w e igh t d istr ibu t ion

2 05

S i lver sword g roup , w e igh t d istr ibu t ion

2 12

S i lver s word g roup , t ype s har ing

2 18

Western s i lver f ract ions , w e ight d istr ibu t ion

2 54

C rane a nd t refo i l g roup g o ld w e ights

2 83

S i lver s evered h ead g roup w e igh ts

2 89

C adurc i a nd t w isted a n i ma l s i lver , w e igh t d istr ibu t ion

2 95

1 1

ABBREV IAT IONS

ABT

A . B lanchet , T ra itt d es Monna ies g au lo ises ( Par is 1 905 , r epr.. Bo logna 1 971). f o l lowed b y s er ia l n umber :

c o in i n t he c o l lect ion o f t he Musee

d u Berry , Bourges. BN

f o l lowed b y s er ia l n umber :

c o in i n t he c o l lect ion o f t he

B ib l iotheque N at iona le , P ar is. BSFN

Bu l let in d e l a S oc iete f ranc4a ise d e n um is ma t ique.

CAHB

Cah iers d 'Arch&o log ie e t d 'h isto ire d u Berry.

DAG

D ict ionna ire a rcheo log ique d e l a Gau le : A-G P ar is 1 875 ;

( I I )

e poque c elt ique.

( I )

H-Z P ar is 1 923.

f o l lowed b y s er ia l n umber :

c o in i n t he c o l lec t ion o f t he Musee

d e Gueret. JRS

J ourna l o f Ro man S tud ies.

LT

H . d e l a Tour, A t las d es Monna ies G au lo ises, ( Par is 1 892, r epr. L ondon 1 968 ).

MAN

c o in w ithou t i nven tory n umber i n t he c o l lect ion o f t he Mus e d es An t iqu ites n at iona les a t S a in t-Ger ma in-en-Laye. f o l lowed b y s er ia l n umber :

c o in i n t he c o l lec t ion o f t he Mus e

d es An t iqu itts n at iona les. M MAG

a uct ion c ata logues o f Münzen a nd Meda il len A . G., Base l.

MSAC

Md mo ires d e l a S oc iete d es An t iqua ires d u C en tre.

MSSNAC

Me mo ires d e l a s oc iete d es s c iences n aturel les e t d 'archeo log ie d e l a C reuse.

MUSSB

Me mo ires d e PUn ion d es S oc ittes S avan tes d e Bourges.

RAC

Revue a rcheo log ique d e C en tre.

RBN

Revue Belge d e N um is mat ique.

RN

R evue n um is mat ique

NC

The N um is mat ic Chron ic le.

i v

ABBREV IAT IONS FOR FRENCH DEPARTE MENTS U SED I N TH IS BOOK

Avey .

Aveyron

L +Ch .

L a ir-et-Cher

B. Rh .

Bouches-du-R li one

HL

Hau te-Lo ire

Char.

Charen te

L .At i.

L o ire-At lan t ique

Ch . Mar.

Charen te- Mar it i me

L +G

L o t-et-Garonne

Corr.

Core eze

L oz .

L o Are

C. d '0

Cote-d 'Or

M+L

Ma ine-et-Lo ire

Dord .

Dordogne

PD

P uy-de-D i me

E+L

Eure et-Lo ire

S +L

S aöne-et-Lo ire

H. Gar .

Hau te-Garonne

S +M

S e ine-et- Marne

G ir.

G ironde

DS

Deux- Ayres

Her.

Herau lt

T+G

Tarn-et-Garonne

I +V

I l le-et-V ila ine

Vauc.

Vauc luse

I +L

I ndre-et-Lo ire

HV

Haute-V ienne

PREFACE

I t was d iscourag ing , t o s ay t he l east , t o embark o n r esearch i n t he f ace o f t hree s uccess ive r efusa ls f or a D .E.S. g ran t.

Withou t t he g enerous

f inanc ia l s upport o f c erta in i nst itu t ions a t t he U n ivers ity o f Ox ford , Iw ou ld h ave b een f orced t o a bandon my p lans f or p ostgraduate s tudy . I ti s t herefore w ith g reat p leasure t hat It ake t h is o pportun ity t o t hank t hose who d irect ly o r i nd irec t ly made i tp oss ib le f or me t o c o mp lete my D .Ph il. t hes is o n t he Ce lts o f Cen tra l Gau l ( Ox ford 1 975 ).

The C raven Com m it tee awarded me t he

P elham S tuden tsh ip 1 97 1/2 a nd made t wo f urther g ran ts wh ich p rov ided t he g rea ter p art o f my s ubs istence n eeds f or t he f i rst t wo y ears, a nd e nab led me t o v is it F rance f or t he f i rst t ime.

The Barclay H ead f und f or N um ismat ics

made me a f urther g enerous g ran t w h ich mean t t hat Iw as a b le t o d evo te my f i rst y ear t o f u l l-t i me r esearch. L ady Margaret Ha l l e nab led me t o v is it France a t h ird t ime i n 1 973, a nd b y award ing me t he Henr iet ta J ex-B lake s cho larsh ip i n 1 97 4 /5 h elped me t o c o mp lete my t hes is o n t ime. The p resen tb ook d raws o n t he r esearch f or t he f i rst t wo s ect ions o f my t hes is, b u t om its much o f t he mater ial f rom o uts ide Cen tra l Gau l t hat a ppeared t here. I tp rov ides, i nstead , af u l ler a ccoun t o f t he C en tra l a rea a nd Ir egard i ta s s upersed ing d iscuss ion i n my t hes is a nd i n N ash 1 975 a nd 1 976 o n t he c hrono logy o f t he e ar l ier Gau l ish c o inages. Th is w ork w ou ld n o t h ave b een u nder taken i n t he f i rst p lace w ithou t t he e ncourage men t o f my f i rst s uperv isor t he l a te Mr. C . E . S tevens, t he l a te Mr. D . F . A l len who d irected my a tten t ion s pec if ica l ly t owards t he c o ins o f Cen tra l Gau l , a nd Dr. C . H . V . S utherland w ho e ncouraged my i nterest i n c o inage i n my l ast y ear a s a n u ndergraduate. I tw ou ld b e d i f f icu l t t o n a me a l l t he o thers w ho h ave h elped , a dv ised o r e ncouraged me i n my work o n Cen tra l Gau l.

They i nc lude my s uperv isors

P rofessor B . W. Cun l if fe a nd Mr. G . E . M. d e S te. C ro ix ;

M. 0 . Büchsen-

s chü tz w ho g enerous ly l en t me h is u npub l ished mai tr ise t hes is o n t he o pp ida o f Berry a nd h as g iven me much v a lued i n for mat ion a bou t r ecen t work i n t he a rea ;

Dr. A . J . A l la in , M. J -L. Roche a nd M l le. M. Ma in jonet w ho h ave

s upp l ied me w ith i n forma t ion a bou t r ecen t c o in f inds ;

Dr. C . M. K raay ,

Dr. B . M. L ev ick , Mr. C . Hase lgrove; a nd my h usband Mr. T . G . A shp lan t , who h e lped me t hrough t he many r ev is ions o f p rev ious d raf ts o f t h is w ork . The s taf fs o f t he museums Iv is ited i n t he c ourse o f t h is r esearch h ave s hown me a c ons iderat ion a nd f reedo m t o w ork o n t he ir c o l lect ions w h ich I s carce ly h oped f or, a nd wh ich w en t f ar t o c ompensa te f or t he s hort t ime I w as a b le t o s pend i n F rance.

Iwou ld t herefore l ike t o t hank t he s taf f o ft he

Cab inet d es Meda il les i n t he B ib l iotheque n a t iona le i n P ar is ( no t l east f or a l low ing me t o make h undreds o f c asts o n t he ir p re m ises w ith t he ir mater ia ls ), t he Br it ish Museum , t he Mus e d u B erry i n Bourges, t he Mus e d es An t iqu itts

v i

n at iona les i n S a in t-Ger ma in-en-Laye, t he Mus e J oseph-Deche let te i n Roanne , t he Musee Bargo in i n C ler mon t-Ferrand , a nd M me. S . Doub lard d e V igneau , c urator o f t he Muste d e Gueret , who made my v is it t here a s much a p leasure a s a work ing t r ip.

v i i

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F i rst c en tury B C c i v itotes r e fer red t o i nt h is b ook

1 .

I NTRODUCT ION

T he a rchaeo logy o f t he l a T bne p er iod i n F rance i s b ecom ing i ncreas ing ly a ccess ib le f or s tudy a s ar esu l t o f r ecen t w orks o f s yn thes is s uch a s t hat o f Co l l is ( 1975 ) i n Eng l ish a nd e spec ia l ly L a P rel isto ire F ran vise ( 1976 ) i n F rench , a nd t he p ub l icat ion i n G a l l ia e very y ear o f s um mar ies o f r ecen t f i nds a nd e xcavat ions i n e ach a rea o f F rance ( any o ne a rea i s r eported i n a l ternate y ears ).

The p resen t b ook i s n ot i n tended t o b e ac omprehens ive g aze teer

o f s i tes i n C en tra l Gau l , n or a n e xhaust ive c orpus o f i t s c o inage. T he a im o f t he s tudy i s t o e xa m ine t he mater ia l e v idence f or t he p er iod c .2005 0 B .C., wh ich was a t ime o f ma jor s oc ia l c hange r ef lected i n t he Mater ia l a nd l i terary r ecord , a nd t o d o t h is Ih ave a t te mpted t o b r ing t ogether t wo k ey t ypes o f e v idence f or t he h istory o f C en tra l Gau l i n t h is p er iod :

t he mater ia l

r ema ins o f s et t le men t , a nd t he c o inage. S ince t he p resence o f c o inage o n s i tes may b e u sed t o d ate t he mater ia l a ssoc iated w ith t he m, Iw ished t o p rov ide a n a ccoun t o f t he C en tra l c o inage w h ich wou ld n ot o n ly d escr ibe i t s d eve lop men t a nd c hrono logy , b u t wh ich wou ld emphas ise a ny w el l-recorded a rchaeo log ica l c on tex ts i n wh ich c o ins h ave b een f ound i n t he a rea. I n t h is w ay Ia i med t o s hed s ome n ew l i ght o n t he d evelopmen t o f t he Cen tra l c iv itates i n t he 1 50 y ears b efore Caesar. My a ccoun t o f t he a rchaeo logy o f C en tra l Gau l i s b ased a l most e n t irely o n p ub l ished mater ia l , e xcep t f or B erry wh ich i s d rawn h eav ily f rom t he u np ub l ished ma ttr ise t hes is o f 0 . B t ichsenschü tz ( 1968 ). Ih ave c oncen trated my a ccoun t o n t hose s i tes w h ich a re b es t r ecorded a nd h ave t herefore most e v idence t o o f fer f or t he ir d evelopmen t ;

my p r inc ipa l emphas is i s u pon t he

c hrono logy o f t he s i tes a nd t herefore a lso u pon a ny d a tab le ma ter ia l i n t he m. The c o inage o f C en tra l G au l h as u n t i l n ow o n ly r ece ived c lose a t ten t ion i n p ar ts ; t here i s n o work w h ich h as a t te mpted t o c over t he c o inage o f t he w ho le a rea i n t he w ay i n wh ich f or i nstance S . S cheers h as e xa m ined t hat o f B e lg ic Gau l ( 1973;

f orthcom ing a s ab ook i n 1 978 o r 1 979 ).

My a im w as

t herefore t o p rov ide a n a ccoun t o f C en tra l Gau l ish c o inage f rom i t s o r ig ins l a te i n t he t h ird c en tury B .C. d own t o t he Roman c onquest i n 5 0 B .C., a nd , w here p oss ib le, t o r elate i tt o t he s et t le men t p at tern i n t he a rea. Where g ood p ub l icat ions a lready e x ist Ih ave n ot r epeated t he ir f i nd ings i n g reat d eta il —th is a pp l ies p r inc ipa l ly t o c o inages o f t he l ate p hase, i n t he f i rst c en tury B .C.

On t he e ar l ier c o inages t here i s l i t t le o r n o p ub l ished work , s o t hese

a re t herefore p resen ted h ere i ng reater d eta il. The g eograph ica l f ocus o f t h is b ook w il l b e o n t err itory o ccup ied i n t he f i rst c en tury B .C. b y f our ma jor Gau l ish c iv itates — t he Arvern i, B itur iges C ub i, P ictones a nd L e mov ices, a nd i ti s t o t h is a rea wh ich Ir efer b y t he t er m ' Cen tra l Gau l '.

I n s ome c ases , h owever, Ih ave g one b eyond t hese

b oundar ies , p ar t icu lar ly i n t he w est a nd s ou th-west , i n o rder t o p rov ide a f u l ler r eg iona l c on text f or t he s et t le men t a nd c o inage o f t he c en tra l a reas. 1

F ro m t ime t o t ime Ih ave n eeded t o r efer t o s i tes o r c o inages w e l l o uts ide t he C en tre, a nd w here t he mater ia l i s w e l l p ub l ished Ih ave d rawn o n t he p r inc ipa l p ub l ica t ions o f i t ; w here i ti s n ot p ub l ished ( t h is a pp l ies t o s ome c o in g roups ) Ih ave p rov ided s hort a ccoun ts w ithou t a t te mp t ing t o p rov ide f u l l i ndependen t s tud ies. The c hrono log ica l l im its o f t h is s tudy a re l arge ly d ictated b y t he a va ilab le ma ter ia l e v idence. Ev idence f or l a te I ron Age C el t ic s et t lemen t b efore t he l ate s econd c en tury B .C.is e x tre me ly s carce i n C en tra l Gau l , a nd c erta in ly i nsu f f ic ien t a t t he momen t t o p rov ide t he b as is f or a s et o f r eg iona l s tud ies. The s tart ing d ate o f c .200 h as t herefore b een c hosen b ecause i tw as a round t h is d a te t hat Ib e l ieve t he f i rst c o inages w ere s truck i n t he a rea , a nd i ti s t herefore p oss ib le t o g ive a c ons isten t a ccoun t o f a t l east t h is s ect ion o f t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord i n t he p er iod b efore t he d eve lopmen t o f f i rst c en tury B .C. n uc leated s et t le men ts.

The l ower c hrono log ica l l imit i s t hat o f t he

Roman c onquest o f Gau l i n 51/50 B .C.

There w ere many l oca l c o inages i n

C en tra l Gau l a f ter t h is d ate, a nd t he e x istence o f t he most i mportan t o f t he m w i l l b e n oted , b u t t hey w i l l n ot b e d iscussed i n d e ta i l b ecause t he d eve lopmen t o f t he c iv itates u nder Roman a dm in istrat ion i s o u ts ide t he s cope o f t he p resen t b ook , a nd r equ ires a n e x tens ive s tudy o f i t s own , e spec ial ly i n t he mat ter o f a rchaeo logy . There a re c er ta in l im itat ions t o t he mater ia l r ecord f or t he l ate I ron Age wh ich must b e s tated a t t he o u tset , s ince t he p overty o f t he e v idence f or t he t h ird a nd s econd c en tur ies i s t o s ome e x ten t t he p roduct o f t he p at tern o f a rchaeo log ica l i nvest igat ion o f t he a rea.

Monumen ta l o r d efended s i tes

w hether o f Ha l lstat t o r l a Tene I I, a nd a bove a l l , G a l lo-Roman s i tes,have a t tracted more a t ten t ion a nd f u l ler p ub l ica t ion t han l ess g lamorous o r c onsp icuous I ron Age s et t le men ts, a nd a s ar esu lt o f t he ir more d ispersed a nd l ess monumen ta l mode o f s et t le men t t he mater ia l r e ma ins o f t he p opu lat ion i n t he e ar ly p hases o f t he l a te I ron Age a re n o t w e l l k nown o r w el l p ub l ished. F or t he l a ter p hase, e ven where t here h as b een g ood e xcava t ion , ow ing t o l im itat ions o n t ime a nd f inance , f ew s i tes h ave b een more t han s a mp led , s o t ha t a n e xhaust ive a ccoun t c annot b e g iven o f a ny o f t he m. The p reoccupat ions o f l oca l a rchaeo log ists h ave p layed a n i mpor tan t p art i n t he d eve lopmen t o f k now ledge o f t he l a te I ron Age. To t ake t he e xamp le o f t he d eparte men t C reuse, f inds o f t he Ga l lo-Roman p er iod a bound t here a nd a re w el l r ecorded f rom t he e arly n ineteen th c en tury o nwards i n t he l oca l p er iod ica l ( MSSNAC ), wh i le I ron Age mater ia l w as n ot f or t he most p art s ought a f ter o r r ecogn ised a s s uch. Yet i ti s v ery u n l ikely t hat t he o bv iously l arge Ga l lo-Ro man p opu lat ion s prang f ro m n owhere , a nd i ti s k nown f rom t he l i terary r ecord t hat a ma jor I ron Age p opu lat ion ( t he L emov ices , e .g. Caesar BG 8 .46 ) o ccup ied t ha t a rea i n t he f i rst c en tury B .C. C reuse i s i n f act a f fected b y s evera l c ircumstances wh ich a re c om mon t o a l l t he d tparte men ts o f t he mass if c en tra l. S ince t he e ar ly t wen t ieth-cen tury t hey h ave b eco me p rogress ively d epopu lated , a nd a s t here h ave b een f ew l oca l a rchaeo log ists w ith i n terests i n t he l ate I ron Age, t here h as b een l i t t le e xc ava t ion t o i nvest iga te i t . The d ec l ine o f a gr icu lture h as r educed t he h arvest o f c hance f inds, a nd a s most o f t he a rea i s moun ta inous a nd t h ick ly wooded , a er ia l s earches a re u nreward ing.

There i s t herefore a v ic ious c yc le o f 2

meagre i n for ma t ion w h ich f a i ls t o a t trac t money a nd a tten t ion , s o t ha t b et ter i n for mat ion i s n ot g enerated.

To t ake o ne e xamp le f rom C reuse :

a

most p rom is ing s i te, Mon t d e J ouer, w as c ursor ily e xcava ted b efore t he F irs t Wor ld War, a nd a bundan t Ga l lo-Ro man p rbcoce ma ter ia l emerged , b u t t he s i te h as n ot b een e xa m ined s ince t hen u s ing modern t echn iques o f e xcavat i on . S im i lar ly , i n H au te-V ienne, t he v ery l arge d efended s i tes o fV i l lej ouber t h as n ever b een s yste mat ica l ly e xcavated , a l though a t c .350 h ectares i ti s o ne o f t he l argest f ort if ied s i tes i n F rance ( p . 2 72 b e low ). Th is s pars ity o f e v idence f or l ate I ron Age s et t le men t i n much o f C en tra l G au l e xtends t o c o in f inds, a nd makes i te x treme ly d if f icu l t t o e stab l ish t he d istr ibut ion o f c o in t ypes p art icu lar ly i n t he s outhern a reas o f C en tra l G au l. I n t he much b et ter-excava ted a reas n earer t o t he L o ire t here a re s t i l l i mportan t l acunas d ue t o d if feren t c ircumstances. The s i te o f a nc ien t Avar icum ( Bourges ), ' cap ita l ' o f t he B itur iges Cub i ( Caesar BG 7 .15.4 ), h as b een o ccup ied w ithou t b reak s ince i t s f ounda t ion , a nd t he a nc ien t a rchaeo log ica l d epos its h ave b een d is turbed b y p er iod ic r ebu ild ing i n t he c i ty . Very l i tt le, t herefore, i s k nown a bou t p re-Ro man Bourges b eyond t he mere f act o f i t s e x istence. S t i l l i n t he t err itory o f t he B itur iges , t he s i te o f N ov iodunum ( Caesar BG 1 2, 1 4 ) h as n ot b een s ecurely i den t if ied. I ti s i ron ic t hat wh ile Berry h as p rov ided t hree o f t he most i mportan t a nd w e l l-recorded C en tra l Gau l ish l ate l a Tene s i tes ( Sa in t- Marcel , L evroux a nd Chäteaume il lan t ) w e s hou ld k now v irtua l ly n oth ing o f t he o n ly t wo B itur igan s ett le men ts a t tested b y n ame i n Caesar. The f ragmen tary c harac ter o f t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord f or C en tra l Gau l i s t herefore o ne ma jor p rob lem f or a s tudy o f t he L ate I ron Age i n t he a rea. The e ar l ier p hase, c .200-120 B .C., i s a t p resen t k nown a l most e xc lus ively f rom a r istocrat ic b ur ia ls a nd a f ew s ubstan t ia l s et t le men ts i n Auvergne ( p. 1 5f . ) The l ate p hase, f rom t he l a te s econd c en tury t o 5 0 B .0 i s b est k nown f rom e xcava t ions o f ma jor d efended s et t le men ts, sma l l e nclosures s eem ing ly u sed b y aw ea lthy s ect ion o f t he p opu lat ion , af ew o pen s i tes a nd v ery f ew b ur ials. Co ins e x ist f ro m b oth p hases.

I ti s e v iden t , t herefore, t hat t he a va i lab le

a rchaeo log ica l r ecord i s l arge ly c on f ined t o t he mater ia l c u l ture o f t he n ob i l ity.

That o f t he r est o f t he p opu lat ion , a nd e spec ia l ly t he c oarse c eram ic

wh ich may r epresen t t he ma jor ity o f t he i mper ishab le r e ma ins o f t he ir c u lt ure , h as s carcely b een s tud ied.

As a r esu lt , most o f i tc anno t b e d ated w ith

a ny p rec is ion , a nd i ti s t herefore i mposs ib le e ven a t al oca l l eve l t o t race t he c hanges i n s et t le men t p at tern o ver t he p er iod w h ich c u lm ina ted i n t he f orma t ion o f l arge n uc leated s et t le men ts d ur ing t he l a ter s econd c en tury. I t i s l ike ly , h owever, t ha t c urren t e xcava t ions i n Auvergne a nd B erry , e spec ia l ly a t Au lna t , C8tes a nd L evroux , w i l l p rov ide much v a luab le n ew e v idence t o c lar ify t he p icture. I ti s c lear o n a ny a ppra isa l o f t he mater ia l e v idence t ha t t he s econd c entury B .C. s aw i mportan t c hanges i n s oc ia l , p o l it ica l a nd a dm in is trat ive c ond it ions i n C en tra l Gau l. T h is i s e v iden t f rom t he l i terary r ecord ( Nash 1 978a ), f ro m c o inage c hanges b etween t he m idd le a nd l ate p hases , a nd i n t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord w ith t he o nset o f l a I l ene I I.

Id o n ot w ish h ere t o

e n large o n t hese c hanges a nd t he r easons f or t he m i n d eta i l , a s Iam p repari ng a s eparate e x tended s tudy o f t he m, b u t Is ha l l emphas ise t hose a spects o f

3

t he mater ia l r ecord wh ich c onst itu te i mportan t e v idence f or t he m , e spec ia l ly when s et b es ide t he e v idence o f C lass ica l a uthors. Changes i n t he ma ter ia l r ecord a re a f eature o f h istor ica l c hange i n C en tra l Gau l, b ut t o i n fer t he h istory o f t he p er iod o f c hange, a nd t hereby t o e xp la in t he c hanges i n t he a rchaeo log ica l a nd n um is mat ic r ecord p oses i mp ortan t p rob le ms o f i n terpretat ion o f t he e v idence.

The a rchaeo log ica l c ate-

g or ies o f l a T bne I , Ia nd I I a re t echn ica l l abe ls t o d ef ine a sse mb lages o f s pec if ic t ypes o f a rtefacts, e spec ia l ly w eapons, p ot tery a nd s et t le men t , w h ich when f ound t ogether a re c harac ter ist ic o f ma jor s uccess ive p hases o f C e lt ic s oc iety a s i ti s k nown i n n orthern a nd e astern F rance ( l a r ene Ia nd I i n t he Marne a nd Cha mpagne a reas ) o r t hroughou t G au l ( l a t ene I I ). Abso lute d ates f or t he p er iod o f a scendancy o f e ach o f t hese t hree ma jor t ypo log ica l p hases h ave b een g enera l ly a greed u pon , b ased o n i mports a nd t he r elat ive c hrono logy o f s i tes a nd c e meter ies i n a reas w here t he p hases a re w el l r ep resen ted ; t he r ound d ates f or e ach p hase a re : L a Tene

I c .500/480-250 B .C. I -C .250-120 I I

c .120-50

( Ga l lo-Ro manprecoce c .50- m id f i rst c en tury A .D.) What b egan , t herefore , a s al abe l f or a c ategory o f ma ter ia l g oods a nd s et t le men t v ery e as i ly b ecomes a c hrono log ica l t ag , a nd " la f ene I" c an b e u sed t o mean e ither a t ype o f o b ject o r t he p er iod c .250-120 B .C. A s ar es u lt , t he q uest f or t he mater ia l r ecord i n C en tra l G au l c .200-120 B .C. may m istaken ly b ecome a s earch f or g oods o f ap redeterm ined s ort t o t he e xclus ion o f what i n f act was p roduced i n most a reas, a nd i ndeed t here a re b ur ia ls ( p . 1 5f f ) w h ich d o c on ta in l a r ene Io r It ype ma ter ia l t o r eward s uch a s earch. Bu t t hese a re f ew a nd f ar b e tween , a nd a much more d if f icu l t, t hough f i na l ly more i mportan t , i nvest iga t ion w ou ld s et o u t t o e xam ine t he many ' postHa l lstat t ian ' f inds a nd t o c lass ify a nd d ate t he v ery s low ly e vo lv ing c eram ic a nd meta lwork f or ms o f C en tra l Gau l i n t he e ar ly p art o f t he L ate I ron Age. On ly i n t h is w ay w i l l t he h istory o f t he s econd c en tury B . 0 .f ina l ly b e r endered i n te l l ig ib le.

I n t he a bsence o f a ny s uch s tudy , my a ccoun t b e low

w i l l o f n ecess ity b e f ragmen tary , b ased a s i ti s o n t he p ub l ished a rchaeo log ica l r ecord a nd a s tudy o f t he c o inage. Typ ica l l a Tene I I s i tes a re f ound t hroughou t C en tra l G au l , a nd l a r ene I I s i tes a re d ef ined b y t he p resence o f t ypes o f f i ne a nd c o m mon c eram ic, a nd i mports f ound i n p art icu lar a bundance o n l arge d efended s et t le ments a nd t he t ypes o f i ron g oods a nd w eapons f ound i n s i tes a nd b ur ia ls o f t he p er iod ( W echelet te 1 914 : c f . N ash 1 976 ). Iw ou ld a dd t o t he c a ta logue o f g oods c harac ter ist ic o f l a r ene I I t he l ate p hase c o inages d escr ibed b e low . The a scendancy o f t he l a t ene I I ma ter ia l c u l ture i n C en tra l G au l l asted f rom a pprox i mate ly t he e nd o f t he s econd c en tury o r e arly f i rs t c entury t o t he f i rst d ecades a f ter t he Roman c onquest o f 5 0 B .C., w ith i t s p eak e n t ire ly w ith in t he f i rst c en tury . One p rob le m r a ised b y a n a t te mp t t o e stab l ish a c hrono logy a nd h is tory f or t he p er iod o f c hange c overed b y t h is b ook i s t hat o f t he d ef in it ion o f a n o pp idum ( c f . e d. Cun l if fe a nd Row ley 1 976 ).

4

I ti s i mposs ib le t o u se t he t er m

o pp idum t o d escr ibe a l l •h i l l forts , e ven t hose w h ich c an b e s hown t o h ave b een p er manen t ly s et t led , s ince i tt hen h as a r eference t oo l oose t o b e u sefu l ;

i t

w ou ld h ave t o i nclude Ha l lstat t ian s et t le men ts l ike Mon t L as s o is ( V ix ), t he h il lforts o f Br it tany a nd n orthern F rance, a nd t he l arge d efended s et t le men ts o f t he c en tre a nd e ast o f F rance w h ich i ncluded n o t o n ly t hose d escr ibed b el ow , b u t a lso f or i nstance E ssa lo is ( Lo ire ), Mon t B euvray ( N ievre ), a nd A l ise-Sa in te-Re ine ( C äte-d 'Or ;

Co l l is 1 975 :

1 79, 1 75f , 1 73f ).

I ti s more

importan t t o b e a b le t o d eter m ine t he f unc t ion o f d if feren t s et t le men ts w ith in as oc iety t han t o c lass ify t he m s i mp ly b y p hys ica l c haracter ist ics, a nd i n t he f o l low ing a ccoun t Is ha l l a vo id t he u se o f t he t er m o pp idum b ecause o f i t s m islead ing c onnotat ions. There a re s ix i mportan t c haracter ist ics w h ich a n uc lea ted s et t le men t m igh t h ave i n t he l a te I ron Age : 1 .

P o l it ica l f unct ion a s c en tre o f c iv itas o r p agus a dm in is tra t ion , a nd t heref ore, i n most c ases, i ssu ing o r u s ing a l a te p hase t ype o f c o inage.

2 .

Defens ive f unc t ion ( murus g a l l icus, o r l ater, d ump r a mparts ).

3 .

Per manen t o ccupa t ion b y ap opu lat ion many o r most o f whom w ere n ot e ngaged i n p r i mary a gr icu l tura l p roduct ion a nd h ad n o d irect means o f s upport f ro m t he c oun trys ide.

4 .

Presence o f i mportan t manufactur ing i ndustr ies, e spec ia l ly meta lwork .

5 .

Func t ion a s ac en tre o f i n ter-reg iona l a nd f ore ign e xchange, a s w e l l a s l oca l r ed istr ibu t ion .

6 .

Funct ion a s ar el ig ious c en tre. Ih ave a rgued e lsewhere ( Nash 1 978a ) t hat i n t he f i rst c en tury t he a rea o f

Gau l u nder d iscuss ion i n t h is b ook was d iv ided i n to a pprox i ma tely f our ma jor p o l it ica l s tates o r c iv itates , e ach w ith s evera l i mportan t s ubd iv is ions f or a dm in istrat ive a nd m il itary p urposes. N o c iv itas c ould h ave h ad many s et t le men ts w ith a l l s ix f unc t ions d escr ibed a bove, p robab ly n ot more t han f our o r f ive w ith in t he ir t err itory , s o t hat d ist inct ions i n f unct ion must b e made b etween t he many l arge , u sua l ly d efended s i tes i n e ach c iv itas.

On t he

b as is o f a rchaeo log ica l c r iter ia a lone s uch d ist inc t ions a re a l most i mposs ib le t o make a t p resen t , a nd t he w r it ten r ecord i s t oo f ragmen tary t o a l low d et a iled c ompar isons t o b e made b etween t he p o l it ica l o rgan isat ion o f t he f our c iv itates d iscussed b elow.

A l l t hat Ic an d o a t p resen t t herefore i s t o p ose

t he p rob le m, a nd t o s uggest p oss ib le d irec t ions f or e nqu iry . S et t le men ts wh ich p erformed t he f i rst f unct ion a bove a re b y d ef in it ion i nseparab le f ro m t he i nst itu t ion o f t he f i rst c en tury c iv itas t yp ica l o f c en tra l a nd e astern Gau l ( Nash 1 978a ), w ith a c en tra l ly o rgan ised o l igarch ic a dm in ist rat ion a nd f or ma l ly d el im ited a nd s ubd iv ided t err itory . The c hrono logy o f t he t rans it ion t o c iv itas o rgan isat ion i s t herefore c ruc ia l , s ince a n umber o f s et t le men ts wh ich may i n t he f i rst c en tury h ave p erfor med t h is f unct ion ( e .g. Chä teaume i l lan t , L evroux , S a in t- Marce l , Puy d u Tour ) a ppear t o h ave b een s et t led t o al imited e x ten t , a nd w ere r ece iv ing i mports ( f unc t ion 5 ) d ur ing t he s econd h a lf o f t he s econd c en tury , a nd a d ist inct ion must c onsequen t ly b e made b etween wha t s uch s e t t le men ts w ere when t hey w ere f i rst o ccup ied , 5

a nd what t hey l ater b eca me.

Iw ish t o s uggest t hat t here i s a momen t o f

t rans it ion i n t he h is tory o f t hese s et t le men ts, b efore wh ich t hey may h ave s ome o r a l l o f c haracter ist ics ( 2-6 ), b u t a f ter w h ich t hey h ave ( 1 ) a s w el l. There i s i n f act r eason t o t h ink t ha t t he c harac ter o f t hese s i tes c hanged i n s evera l ways d ur ing t he ir e x istence ; t he d efences ( 2 ) w ere n o t t he f i rst f eature o f s o me s i tes , a s e v idenced b y t he f ac t t ha t L evroux o r Chäteaume i l lan t h ave d efences wh ich s tand i n o lder , t hough n ot much o lder, o ccupat ion d ebr is. Recen t w ork o n Cen tra l s i tes ( Büchsenschütz a nd Ra lston 1 975 ) h as s hown t hat t he murus g a l l icus t ype o f d efence w h ich w as w idespread i n Cen tra l Gau l w as n ot o f Caesar ian w ar o r ig in ( defences e rec ted t o meet t ha t c r is is w ere o f d ump t ype ) b u t w as c ons iderab ly o lder.

S ome p robab ly b elong t o t he t ime

when t he s i tes w ere e stab l ished a s a dm in istra t ive c en tres o f t he c iv itates, n ot n ecessar i ly o n ly f or d efens ive r easons ( Avar icum-Bourges w ith i t s c lass ic murus g a l l icus w as a n ' o rna mentum' f or t he c iv itas a s w e l l a s ' p raes id ium ‚: Caesar BG 7 .15.4 ). O ther p re-Caesar ian d efences may e ven b el on g t o t he t roub led p er iod i n t he 1 20s wh ich i s r ef lected i n t he c o inage. On ly d eta iled s tra t igraph ic a na lys is w i l l p rov ide t he c hrono logy f or a ny p art icu lar s i te, a nd r elate i tt o t he c on te mporary c o inages. A t p resen t c o inage must p rov ide a n i mportan t p art o f t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence f or t he s econd c en tury B .0 .i n C en tra l G au l. On t he b as is o f we igh t t he p rec ious meta l c o inages may b e d iv ided i n to t hree d ist inct g roups w h ich may b e s hown o n o ther g rounds a s w el l t o b e w el l s eparated i n t ime ( chart p . 2 1; c f . p .41, 7 3f .), a nd Ip ropose d a tes a t t he e nd o f t he t h ird o r b eg inn ing o f t he s econd c en tury B .0 . , l a te s econd c en tury a nd f i rst c en tury B .0 .f or t he t hree p hases r espect ively. I ti s i mportan t , h owever, t o r ecogn ise t hat t he p hases e ach r epresen t a n e p isode, p robab ly r a ther b r ie f , a nd n ot a l ong p er iod o f r egu lar i ssue o f c o inage.

T he t e mp tat ion t o f i l l t he who le o f t he t ime s pan b etween t he f i rst

a nd l ast p oss ib le d a tes f or a c o inage must b e r es isted , s ince t here i s n o r eason t o s uppose t hat e ven i nt he l ate p hase t he c o inages w ere i ssued o n a ny th ing l ike a r egu lar a nnua l b as is. I ti s much more l i kely , e spec ia l ly i n t he c ase o f t he p rec ious meta l c o inages , wh ich w ere s truck t o make o f f ic ia l p aymen ts p art icu lar ly t o a rm ies ( c f . N ash 1 975 ), t hat t hey w ere i ssued t o meet t he m il itary n eeds o f s pec if ic w ars o r i n terna l c r ises , a nd i n p r inc ip le i ti s p oss ib le t ha t w ho le i ssues w ere s truck w ith in t he s pace o f ay ear's c ampa igns.

I ti s o n ly l a te p hase c o inages t hat a re s uf f ic ien t ly e x tens ive a nd

f ound r egu larly e nough o n o ccup ied s ites t o s uggest t ha t t hey may h ave b een s truck o ver l onger p er iods a nd u sed t o d ischarge t he more r egu lar n eeds o f a n e xpens ive a dm in istrat ion . Y et e ven t hey n eed n o t h ave b een i ssued o ver av ery l ong o r c on t inuous p er iod , s ince i tw as man ifest ly p oss ib le f or c omp lex a dm in istra t ions i n a n t iqu ity t o f unct ion f or l ong p er iods w ithou t ac o inage ( e .g. Carthage ). Iw ou ld t herefore s uggest t ha t t here w ere i mportan t p er iods i n t he m id s econd c en tury a nd a round t he b eg inn ing o f t he f i rs t when c o inage was n ot w idely i ssued a nd p robab ly n ot n orma l ly u sed i n most a reas o f C en tra l Gau l. T ransact ions r equ ir ing a means o f p aymen t o r e xchange w ou ld i n t hese p er iods h ave b een c onduc ted i n s ome o ther ma ter ia l. These p er iods a re r ef lec ted i n t he h ia tus b etween h oards o f e ach e p isode, w h ich a l most n ever c on ta in a ny s pec i mens f ro m l oca l c o inages o f t he l ast e p isode, a s w el l a s b y t he a bsence o f a l l b u t t he c o ins o f t he l ate p hase i n f i rst c entury s et t le men ts. 6

I ft h is c hrono logy i s c orrec t , s econd c en tury s et t le men t l evels , wh ich a re a t p resen t d ated b y t he p resence o f e ar ly C a mpan ian a nd G recoIta l ic amphora f inds, o ught n ever t o c on ta in f i na l p hase C en tra l c o ins.

I ti s n ot

y et p oss ib le t o t est t h is a rgumen t , h owever , s ince t here a re n o t s uf f ic ien t ly d eta i led r eports o f t he e ar l iest s trat igraph ic l eve ls i n t he ma jor s i tes t o work f ro m. For t he p resen t , t herefore , Io f fer t he h ypo thes is t hat i ft he f or ma l i nst itu t ion o f t he C en tra l c iv ita tes o ccurred b etween c. 120 a nd 8 0 B .C. i ti s p robab le t hat i to ccurred i n ap er iod w ithout s ign if ican t c o inage i n Cen tra l Gau l, a nd t hat c o inage t herefore c annot b e r egarded a s ad ef in ing f ea ture o f ma jor a dm in istrat ive c en tres , e ven t hough t he l a te p hase o f c o ina ge b eca me a c haracter ist ic f eature o f t he m a s s oon a s i tw as i n it ia ted. T he c haracter o f t he s uccess ive e p isod ic p hases o f t he C en tra l c o inage i s a n i mportan t p ar t o f t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord f or t he p er iod c .200-50 B .C. The f i rst t wo p hases c ons ist e n t ire ly o f p rec ious meta l c o ins o f h igh v a lue , a nd t he v o lu me o f e ach i ssue w as r elat ively l ow . Co ins o f t hese p hases a re a lmost n ever f ound o n s et t le men ts a nd a re b est k nown f rom h oards ; b oth p hases may t herefore b e r egarded a s c o ined t reasure, t he c o ins b e ing o f u se o n ly a s a r istocra t ic p aymen t a nd s torage o f w ea lth. F ew c o ins o f e ither p hase s how s igns o f g reat w ear, s uggest ing t hat t hey s pen t most o f t he ir e x istence i m mob ile, c hang ing h ands p r inc ipa l ly a s l arge p aymen ts i n g if ts , f ines o r d owr ies ( c f . G r ierson 1 977 ). The e ar ly p hase c o inages h ave t he most d if fuse d istr ibu t ion , a s t hough t hey c hanged h ands o ver w ide d ist ances i n s uch d ea l ings among a r istocrac ies i n d i f feren t a reas ; t he p a t tern o f c ho ice o f p rototypes i t se lf s uggests r egu lar i n terchange b etween C e lts i n w ide ly s eparated a reas. D istr ibu t ion i n t he m idd le p hase i s l ess d if fuse i n B erry , a l though t he Tayac h oard f ro m G ironde ( p . 6 9f) d e monstrates t he p ers istence o f l ongd istance c on tact ; m idd le p hase c o inages a re a lso l i gh ter, b aser a nd c om mens ura te ly g reater i n o u tpu t t han e ar ly i ssues, wh ich Iw ou ld s uggest r ef lects t he ir i ssue i n ap er iod o f i ncreas ing c en tra l isat ion o f p o l it ica l p ower a nd t herefore g reater n eeds f or o f f ic ia l p aymen ts w ith in w ha tever t err itory w as f or t he mo men tu nder c on tro l. The m idd le p hase c o inages o f t he s ou th-west a nd Berry b oth t er m inate w ith b at tered d ies a nd p oorly s truck c o ins , a s t hough p roduced i n h aste t o meet d esperate n eeds ;

Is uggest e lsewhere ( Nash

1 978a ) t hat t he C en tra l c iv i tates a re l ike ly t o h ave h ad t he ir o r ig ins i n ap er iod o f i n terna l a nd e x terna l d isorder. The m idd le p hase c o inages b elong t o t he l ate s econd c entury , ap er iod w hen many s i tes wh ich w ere t o b ecome a dm ini stra t ive c en tres w ere a lready o ccup ied a nd f unct ion ing a s c en tres o f l uxury e xchange, b u t t hey a re n ever f ound o n t hese s i tes. C o inage o f t he l a te p hase o rl a T ene H I i s a n e n t irely n ew p henomenon , j ust a s t he c iv itates wh ich i ssued t he m w ere n ew i nst itut ions. There a re o ne o r t wo p rec ious meta l c o inages f or e ach C en tra l c iv itas, p robab ly s truck a t d if feren t c en tres , e ach o f w h ich may h ave b een r espons ib le f or t he o rgani sa t ion o f as ect ion o f t he c iv i tas a r my a s w e l l a s i t s r eg iona l a dm in istra t ion ( Nash 1 976 , 1 978a ).

These c o inages a re l argely c on f ined t o c iv itas t err itor ies

a s may b e s een f rom t he d istr ibu t ion maps ( p .146 , 2 03, 2 48, 2 52

) , a nd d i f fer

i n t ype a nd w e igh t s tandard f ro m c iv itas t o c iv itas ( chart p . 2 1) — t hey may b e r egarded a s e xpress ions o f t he p o l it ica l s el f-consc iousness o f t err itor ia l ly

c en tra l ised s ta tes.

F ina l ly , sma l l c hange i n t he f orm o f t i ny s i lver f ract ions

a nd b ronze c o in w as i ssued f or t he f i rst t ime a nd i s f ound i n l arge q uan t it ies o n a l l ma jor s et t le men ts a nd o n many s ubs id iary a nd a ssoc iated s i tes , e spec ia l ly c u l t s i tes a nd o pen ' t own ' s et t le men ts l ike l es Arse nes a t L evroux , Roanne ( Lo ire ) o r Varennes-les- M%con ( Saöne-et-Lo ire ; N ash 1 976 : 1 06f.). S uch c o inage c an b est b e i n terpreted a s a means o f p aymen t i ssued t o f ac il it a te t he a dm in istrat ion o f t he ma jor s et t lemen ts t he mselves, f or i nstance f or t he p aymen t o f d ay w ages f or b u ild ing a nd t own ma in tenance, a nd i ti s l i kely t ha t s evera l s et t le men ts i n e ach c iv itas h ad t he ir own b ronze c o inage f or t hese p urposes ( e .g. Auvergne p . 1 25f f ., B erry p . 1 88f f .). The b ronze c o in was t hen u sed b y i t s r ec ip ien ts i n r eta il e xchange, t o s ome e x ten t o r e n t irely r ep lac ing wha tever means o f e xchange h ad b een u sed p rev ious ly ;

a nd a s ar e-

s u lt b ronze c o ins a re f ound o n most o ccup ied s i tes o f t he l a ter f i rst c en tury B .C. The f i na l p hase o f t he c o inage i s t herefore v ery d if feren t i n t ype, u se a nd d istr ibu t ion f rom t he e arl ier p hases a nd r ef lects i t s p roduct ion t o meet t he n eeds o f an ew t ype o f a dm in istrat ion , a nd u se w ith in c hanged c ond it ions o f s oc iety wh ich Iw ou ld c harac ter ise a s t he C en tra l Gau l ish c iv itas. o n h istor ica l g rounds ( Nash 1 978a ;

I ti s l ikely

C aesar BG 7 .4.1) t hat t he o ldest C en tral

Gau l ish c iv ita tes w ere i nst itu ted b etween c .120 B .C. a nd a t l atest t he 8 0s ; t he l a te p hase c o inages o f C en tra l Gau l s ee m o n n um is ma t ic g rounds u n l ikely t o h ave b een s truck much b efore c .80 B .C. a nd c erta in ly n ot b efore 1 00. The c hrono logy o f t he i nst itu t ion o f t he c iv itates i s u ncerta in , b u t i ts ee ms l i kely a t p resen t t ha t l a te p hase c o inages may h ave f o l lowed u pon t he i nst itu t ion o f t he c iv itas a f ter a s ign if ican t i n terva l , w h i le t he g rea test o u tpu t o f mos t p rec ious meta l i ssues s ee ms t o h ave b een o ccas ioned b y t he C ,esar ian war i n t he 5 0s. A l though t he b ronze c o inage w as a l most c erta in ly i ssued i n l arge q uan t it ies b efore t he Caesar ian w ar, i ti s p robab le t ha t p rec ious meta l i ssues w ere o f c o mpara t ively l im ited s ize i n t he f i rst d ecades o f t he ir p roduct i on . I n c onc lus ion , t hen , Iw ish t o p ropose t hat t he s econd c en tury w as t he p er iod o f f or mat ion o f t he C en tra l c iv itates a s t hey w ere k nown t o Caesar, w ith c en tra l ised o l igarch ic g overn men ts , a nd a f or ma l s ubd iv is ion o f c iv itas t err itor ies i n to p ag i e ach w ith r espons ib i l ity f or i t s own i n terna l a dm in istrat i on .

The t rans it ion t o t h is f rom a d ecen tra l ised s oc ia l a nd p o l it ica l

s tructure, s uch a s s ee ms p rev iously t o h ave p reva i led , w as n ot a ccomp l ished i n o ne momen t , a nd a s ar esu l t t he a rchaeo log ica l a nd n um is mat ic r ecord s hows a n amb iguous a nd o ver lapp ing r ecord o f c hange. A n eed f or c o inage, p robab ly r ef lect ing a p ress ing n eed t o p ay a rmed r et inues w as f i rst f e lt i n t he l ate t h ird a nd e arly s econd c en tury B .C., c o inc iden ta l w ith ( and p robab ly a n i nd irect r esu l t o f ) c hanges i n t he s tructure o f p ower i n t he Med iterranean r eg ion a ssoc iated w ith t he s econd Pun ic War , a nd t he c onsequen t c hanges i n d e mands o n t he C elts b y t he ir s outhern n e ighbours. I nstead o f t he mercenar ies who m t he Carthag in ians a nd Greek c ommun it i es h ad r equ ired , a nd h ad i n troduced o ver s evera l c en tur ies t o t he u se o f c o in i n m i l itary p aymen ts, t he Ro mans n eeded s laves ;

s uch a c hange i n

d e mand a l most c erta in ly r esu lted i n i mportan t s oc ia l t ens ion w ith in a f fec ted C e lt ic c om mun it ies , w h ich must f ina l ly h ave i ssued i n c hanges i n t he d ist r ibu t ion o f p o l it ica l p ower i n Gau l.

By t he m id s econd c en tury t here was 8

w idespread r eoccupa t ion o f s trong p o in ts f or n uc leated s et t le men t a nd c ent ra l ised e xchange, t hough n ot t o t he e xc lus ion o f o pen s et t le men ts l i ke Au lnat , a nd t hese s et t le men ts w ere p robab ly n ot v ery d i f feren t i n s oc ia l f unct ion f rom e arly I ron Age o ccup ied h i l ltops l i ke Mon t L asso is. The l a te s econd c en tury was a ga in a p er iod o f w arfare r ef lected i n r enewed c o inage o u tpu t , a nd i ti s p robab le t ha t i n t h is c ase t he c ourse o f c hange w as s t i mu lated b y t he R o man wars i n s ou thern Gau l i n t he 1 20s w h ich d irec t ly a f fected s ome Cen tra l Gau l ish p eop les ( notab ly Arvern i a nd Ru ten i, who a re k nown t o h ave t aken p art ), Ro man wars i n S pa in w h ich a f fec ted s ou th-western G au l ( Ebel 1 976 ) , a nd i ncreas ing Roman d e mands f or s laves f or I ta l ian a gr icu l ture d ur ing t he m id- a nd l a te-second c en tury . The l a te s econd a nd e ar ly f i rst c en tury s aw t he c onstruct ion o f d efended s i tes t hroughou t Gau l a nd t he movemen ts o f t he Belgae a nd C i mbr i a nd T eu tones, s o t hat t he s oc ia l c hanges i n Cen tra l Gau l must b e s een a s p art o f much w ider c hanges i n n orth-western Europe c haracter ised i n a rchaeo log ica l t er ms b y t he t rans it ion t o l a f ene The c o inage o f t he l ate s econd c entury i s n ot , h owever, f ound o n t he s et t lemen ts o f t he t ime ; i t was s t i l l a' t reasure ' c o inage e ven t hough i t s a u thors p robably o ccup ied a nd c on tro l led o ne o r more o f t he ma jor s et t lemen ts i n t he ir a reas ( Au lnat i n Auvergne a nd i n B erry t he s et t lemen ts a t Bourges, L evroux a nd S a in t- Marcel a re p r i me c and idates ). A t s o me a s y et u ndeter m ined p o in t i n t he l ate s econd c en tury o r f i rst d ecades o f t he f i rst c entury B .C., c iv itas a dm in istrat ion w as f or ma l ly i nst i tuted i n e ach a rea , a t a ctua l d ates w h ich n o d oubt v ar ied f ro m c iv itas t o c iv itas , b u t w ere i n a l l c ases a cco mp l ished w e l l b efore t he Caesar ian w ar. The s ea ts o f a dm in istrat ion r ap id ly d eve loped f u l ly u rban c haracter ist ics , a nd w ere most o f ten l ocated a t s i tes wh ich w ere a lready i mpor tan t b ecause o f t he ir a dvan tageous g eograph ica l p os it ion .

N ot a l l o f t he m h ad h ad e x tens ive

p rev ious s et t le men t , h owever , a nd s o me ( f or i nstance G ergov ie ) d o n ot a ppear t o h ave a n a rchaeo log ica l r ecord s tretch ing b ack f ar b eyond t he C aesar ian war ; Iwou ld s uggest t hat i n t hese c ases t he i nst itu t ion o f t he s et t le men t f o ll owed t he i nst itu t ion o f t he c iv itas a s a' n ew t own ', w h i le i n o thers ( f or i nstance L evroux , Bourges , Chäteaume il lan t a nd S a in t- Marcel ) t he l ocat ion o f s eats o f p ower d id n ot c hange.

T he i n tens ive f ore ign e xchange a nd man ifest w ea lth

o f t he m id f irst c en tury B .0 .n uc leated s et t le men ts w ou ld n ot , Ib e l ieve, h ave b een p oss ib le w ith in Gau l ish s oc iety o u ts ide t he f ra mework o f c en tra l ised c iv itas a dm in istrat ion . The d ate o f t he i nst itut ion o f t he c iv itas i n C en tra l Gau l may b e l a ter t han i tw as t o t he e ast ; t he Aedu i may h ave b een a c iv itas a s e ar ly a s 1 20 B .C. ( perhaps w ith Ro man e ncourage men t ), a nd t hey i ssued a t yp ica l l ate p hase c o inage i n o r n ot l ong a f ter 1 20 where i n C en tra l Gau l.

( p . 7 2 ), w h ich i s c er ta in ly e ar l ier t han a ny-

I ti s n ot u n l ike ly t ha t t he Aedu i p rov ided a u sefu l

model f or t he Cen tra l c iv ita tes , a nd c on tact w ith t he Ro mans i n s outhern Gau l a f ter t he t reat ies o f 1 21-120 ( S tevens f orthcom ing ; Ebel 1 976 ) may h ave h ad ap os it ive i n f luence o n t he t im ing a nd p o l it ica l s hape o f t he s oc ia l c hanges i n Cen tra l Gau l. The Ro man c onquest o f 5 1-50 B .0 .l ed t o f urther c hanges i n t he p a t tern o f s et t le men t a nd c o inage i n C en tra l Gau l , w h ich c annot b e c ons idered h ere i n d eta i l. Town l i fe i ncreased a nd s pread , a nd many d efended s i tes w ere

9

r ep laced , a s s o me o f t he f unc t ions t hey p rov ided b eca me o bso lete ( espec ia l ly t ha t o f d efence ), b y Ga l lo-Ro man t owns o n t he l ow g round b elow t he o ld h i l ls. Co inage c hanged i n i mportan t w ays a lso. P rec ious meta l c o inage c eased a l most e verywhere w ith t he Caesar ian w ar ( Nash 1 978b ), a lthough l im ited i ssues o f s i lver c o in w ere s truck i n t he 4 0s a nd 3 0s t o meet t e mporary c r ises. By t he e nd o f t he f i rst c en tury B .C. h oards a re a l most e xc lus ively o f b ronze, r ef lec t ing t he o bso lescence o f p rec ious meta l c o inages ( t he c o inage o f m i l it ary g overnmen t ). A l l t he C en tra l c iv itates c on t inued t o s tr ike b ronze c o ina ges , h owever, t hroughou t t he f i rst c en tury B .0 . , a nd s ome o f t he p ost-war t ypes w il l b e n oted b elow ; i n P o itou t he c hange i s p art icu lar ly n ot iceab le s ince t he t wo p re-war p rec ious meta l c o inages w ere s o f ar f rom c o mpat ib le w ith Roman a nd Gau l ish p ost-war s tandards t hat t hey d isappeared t o ta l ly f ro m s i tes a f ter t hat d ate , u n l ike t he r es idua l u se o f ' s tandard ' s i lver i ssues o f t he Arvern i a nd B itur iges f or s ome t ime a f ter t he Conquest.

1 0

2 .

S ETTLE MENT I N CE NTRAL GAUL c. 200-c . 120/100 B .C.

S et t le men ts o f t he e ar ly I ron Age ( Ha l lstat t p er iod ) i n c en tra l , w estern a nd s ou th-western Gau l a re r ela t ively w e l l r ecorded ( c f . l a P reh isto ire Fran e ise 1 976 f or a c omprehens ive s um mary ), b u t f rom t he momen t o f g enera l a bandonmen t o f t he e ar ly I ron Age s i tes o n h i l l tops a nd p lateaux u nt i l t he e stab l ish men t o f t he l a te I ron Age d efended s et t lemen ts d ur ing t he l ater s econd c en tury B .C., e v idence f or I ron Age s et t le men t i n C en tra l Gau l i s v ery s parse ( l a P r6h isto ire F ranca ise 1 976 :774 ). Even t he d ate o f a bandonmen t o f Ha l lstat t h i l ltop s i tes i s n o t a lways w el l e stab l ished , p art ly o n a ccoun t o f t he p ers istence o f o ld t echn iques o f p o ttery manu facture l a te i n to t he I ron Age, s ince t he c hrono logy o f t hese s i tes must g enera l ly b e b ased o n as tudy o f t he p o ttery f rom t he m. S ome , s uch a s Merp ins ( Charen te, Ga l l ia 1 961:423f .) w ere o ccup ied c on t inuously f rom Ha l lst at t i n to t he l a te I ron Age.

C ötes ( PD ) i s a t p resen t a l most u nda tab le b ecause

o f t he n a ture o f c era m ic f inds, b u t w as p robab ly o ccup ied f rom Ha l lstat t i n to t he l a te I ron Age a lso , c on te mporary w ith t he l ow-ly ing n earby s i te o f Au lnat wh ich i t self h ad a c on t inuous o ccupa t ion f rom t he e ar ly I ron Age u n t il t he f i rst c en tury B .C. The Causses o n t he s ou thern f r inge o f Cen tra l Gau l ( l a P reh isto ire Fran9.a ise 1 976 :692f f .) h ave more i n c om mon w ith Med iterranean Gau l t han Cen tra l Gau l i n many r espects, a nd t here a re many h igh s et t le men ts t here wh ich h ad a r es idua l o ccupat ion f ro m t he e ar ly t o t he l ate I ron Age, t hough o n ar educed s ca le a nd s e ldom u nbroken t hrough t o t he e s tab l ishmen t o f ma jor s et t le men ts o n t he s ame s i tes i n t he s econd o r f i rst c en tury B .C. S ites s how ing more o r l ess u nbroken o ccupa t ion i n t h is a rea a re : L ' I mperna l ( Luzech , L o t ,p . 2 67f . ) L a Gran ' ede ( M il lau , Aveyron ) P uech d e Mus ( Sa in te-E u la l ie-de-Cernon , Aveyron ) Buech d e Buze ins ( Aveyron ) P uech d u Cay lar ( Sa in tChr istophe , Aveyron ) T ruc d e Grezes ( Lozse re ) Tonne ins ( Mon ta ma t , L ot-et-Garonne, Ga l l ia 1 973 :66 , Ha l lstat t-la r f ene I ) Chance f inds o f w eapons o r o rna men ts, c o inage, a nd e spec ial ly b ur ia ls w ith g oods p rov ide t he p r inc ipa l ma ter ia l e v idence f or t he p er iod d ur ing wh ich i ti s a pparen t t hat t he n or ma l mode o f s e t t le men t i n t he C en tra l r eg ion was d ispersed t hroughout t he c oun trys ide. There a re a f ew ma jor c oncent rat ions o f p opu lat ion b y t he s econd c en tury B .C. i n Auvergne ( Au lnat a nd Puy d e Coren t a re c erta inly i nc luded ), b u t f or r easons o u t l ined i n Chap ter 1 i tw il l n ot b e p oss ib le t o i den t ify o ther s et t le men ts o f t he p er iod u n t i l t he p ot tery h as b een more e x tens ive ly c lass if ied a nd d ated.

1

EARLY S ETTLE MENT I N CENTRAL GAUL c . 3 00-120 BC

1 .

L 'I mperna l ( Lot )

2 .

L a Granede ( Aveyron )

3 .

Puech d e Mus ( Aveyron )

4 .

Buech d e Buze ins ( Aveyron )

5 .

Puech d u C ay lar ( Aveyron )

6 .

True d e Grezes ( Lozere )

7 .

T onneins ( L+G )

8 .

C or tra t ( Loire t )

9 .

Bro me i l les ( Loiret )

1 0 .

Deba ts-R iv iere-d 'Orpra ( Loire )

1 1.

Au lna t ( PD )

1 2.

Puy-de-Coren t ( PD )

1 3.

C ournon-d 'Auvergne a nd S ar l ieve ( PD )

1 4.

D iou ( A l lier )

1 5 .

Pret ieux ( Lo ire )

1 6.

C ler mon t-Ferrand ( PD )

1 7.

Busseo l ( PD )

1 8 .

Aur i l lac ( Can ta l )

1 9 .

Prunet ( Cher )

2 0 .

S a in t-Jus t ( Cher )

2 1.

Dun-sur-Auron ( Cher )

2 2.

C haros t ( Cher )

2 3.

B ourges ( Cher )

2 4.

I n .eu i l ( Cher )

2 5 .

S a in t-Den is-de-Pa lin ( Cher )

2 6.

Maubranches ( Cher )

2 7.

Lunery ( Cher )

2 8 .

S a in te So lange ( Cher )

2 9.

Trouy ( Cher )

3 0 .

L izeray ( I ndre )

3 1.

P a l luau-sur-Indre ( I ndre )

3 2.

Mer igny ( I ndre )

3 3.

C ivaux ( V ienne )

3 4.

S a lesses ( Can tal )

3 5 .

Mar manhac ( Can ta l )

3 6.

S a in t-Ybard ( Corr .)

3 7.

Mazero l les ( V ienne )

1 2

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2 1 3 1

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2 2.

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EARLY S ETTLEMENT I N

o

U nbroken

o ccupa t ion

C ENTRAL G AUL

H a l ls ta t t -l a

•

c . 3 00 - 1 20

T ene I I

o r L a T e n e I I c e m e t e r i e sb ur ia ls L a T ene I - I o ccupat ion

F

O ther f i nds

L

L evroux

B

B ourges

1 3

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E ARLY AND M IDDLE P HASE

G OLD AND S ILVER

(f o r d e ta ils s ee maps ••

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h oards

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f or

s tray f i nds

h oard o f m ixed o r ig in

B ourges ( ma in ly g o ld V

i nd iv idua l

V ierzon

( seve ra l g o ld

f i nds ) f i nds) 1 4

C O IN F INDS t ypes

T OGETHER

b e low )

I n t he a bsence o f s uch a c lass if ica t ion , t he o n ly g oods w h ich c an b e a scr ibed w ith c on f idence t o t he t h ird a nd s econd c en tur ies B .0 .a re l uxury g oods , i mports, a r ms a nd c o ins, a l l c haracter is t ic o f t he mater ia l c u lture o f a n a r istocracy a nd i n n o w ay r epresen tat ive o f t he s oc iety a s a who le. I n t he c ase o fb ur ia ls w ith g oods v ery s im i lar t o t hose f ound i n l a r ene Io r I b ur ia ls i n Champagne a nd t he Marne ( espec ia l ly b ur ia ls i n B erry ) t here i s a p oss ib i l ity t ha t t hey a re t he r el ics o f a n i n trus ive a r istocra t ic p opu lat ion , s ince i ti s v ery l ike ly t hat t he f i f th t o t h ird c en tury move men ts o f t he C e lts k nown f ro m C lass ica l l i tera ture a f fected F rance a s w e l l a s I t a ly a nd C en tra l Europe.

Ce meter ies o f l a f ene It ype i n L o iret t o t he n orth o f t he C en tre,

a t C ortrat a nd Brome i l les ( Ga l l ia 1 966 :241; 1 972 :316 ; 1 974:301) m igh t a lso h ave t he s a me h istory , a nd t here i s a lso i mportan t l a rene Io ccupat ion t o t he e ast o f t he Cen tre i n t he F orez a t DAbats-R ivr ere-d tOrpra ( Lo ire ; 1 973 :320 ).

G a l l ia

F or most o f C en tra l Gau l , h owever, s uch b ur ia ls a nd g oods a re more o r l ess a bsen t , a nd c hanges i n ma ter ia l c u lture w ere s l igh t u n t il t he t ime o f t he f ormat ion o f l arge n uc lea ted s i tes i n t he l a ter s econd c en tury. On ly a v ery p art ia l a ccoun t o f s i tes o f t he t h ird a nd s econd c en tury c an t herefore b e g iven , a nd t he emphas is o n l uxury b ur ia ls w ith g oods r ead ily c ompared w ith t hose f urther n orth a nd e ast i n G au l g ives a m islead ing p icture o f t he d istr ibu t ion o f p opu lat ion i n t ha t p er iod. I ti s , h owever, n oteworthy t hat i tw as p rec isely i n t he r eg ion o f t he ' Marn ian ' l a rene Io r Ib ur ia ls i n Berry t ha t t he e arl iest g o ld c o inages o f C en tra l Gau l w ere s truck , u s ing a s model l a te t h ird c en tury c o inages o ft he Burgundy r eg ion ( map p . 1 4;

c f . p . 8 4f .).

I ft he B erry

n ob i l ity was i n trus ive, i ts ee ms l ike ly t hat i t ma in ta ined i t s c on tacts w ith n orthern F rance f or a l ong p er iod ( c f . Caesar BGI.18.6 f or a f i rst c en tury p o l it ica l marr iage b etween a n Aeduan a nd B itur igan n ob le ), a nd t he f a mous i ron o res o f Berry wh ich w ere w orked b y t he C el ts ( p . 1 75 ) w ere v ery l ikely r espons ib le f or t he e arly p rom inence o f t he a rea , a nd t he u nusua l ly h igh n u mber o f e xpens ive f ore ign i mpor ts i n t he e ar ly p er iod. Auvergne h as p rov ided t he b est e v idence f or l a te I ron Age s et t le men t s ites e ar l ier t han t he l ate s econd c en tury B .C. ,a t Au lnat ( PD, p . 18f f .), Puy d e Coren t ( PD, Eychart 1 963, l a rene I ) a nd a h u t a t L es T ro is Ma ins , R io m ( PD, l a P reh isto ire F rança ise 1 976 :744 ) wh ich c on ta ined mater ia l s im i lar t o Au lnat ( a c lay h ear th emp lace men t w h ich c overed a c h i ld b ur ial w ith d amaged s ku l l , a nd ' Au lnat ' d ishes ).

A t Au lnat t he t wo s econd c en tury

B .0 .l evels ( l a Tene I ) c on ta in b ur ia ls, o f ten mu t ilated , o f c h i ldren a nd a do lescen ts , c era m ic t ypes p ecu l iar t o Auvergne ( espec ia l ly t he ' Au lnat ' d ish , p l. 3 3, 2 , wh ich r ese mb les a sma l l c au ldron w ith t wo h ang ing h and les a t t he r im ), a nd i mpor ted g oods i n t he f or m o f Ca mpan ian c eram ic a nd a f ragmen t o f I ber ic c era m ic. Meta lwork was p roduced o n t he s i te a t t h is p er iod , a nd i t was a bandoned i n t he f i rst c en tury B .0 .a round t he t ime o f t he e stab l ishmen t o f t he u rban p hase a t ma jor s et t le men ts i n t he r eg ion , e spec ia l ly Gergov ie a nd Puy d e Coren t. O ther s i tes o f t he t h ird a nd s econd c en tur ies i n Auvergne i nclude ( La P r6h isto ire F ranca ise 1 976:742f f ;

Co l l is 1 975 :183;

P erk ins 1 940 ):

1 5

Ga l l ia 1 965 :405 ;

Ward-

Cournon-d 'Auvergne ( PD, c e metery l a rnne I I I ); rene I c e metery ;

S ar l ibve ( PD, l a

Ha t t 1 943:99 )

D iou ( Al l ier , b ur ia ls l a f ene I I I ) P rtt ieux ( Lo ire, c re mat ion b ur ia ls w ith l a r ene I I I ' Marn ian ' v ases ; P er ichon a nd P errot 1 969 ) C ler mon t-Ferrand ( PD, l a rene I b ur ia ls i nc lud ing o ne c re mat ion w ith a n ' Au lnat ' d ish , 9o ther v ases a nd g lass b eads ; l a P rbh isto ire F ranca ise 1 976 :746 ) Bussgo l ( PD a t P uy-Sa in t-Andre ; c i f ied c haracter ;

l a r ene I d ebr is i n as i te o f u nspe-

Ga l l ia 1 975 :431)

Ab ronze o enochoe was f ound i n t he d epartemen t Puy-de-Döme ;

ag o ld

b racelet o f Rh ineland t ype ( l a r ene I ) w as f ound a t Aur il lac ( Can ta l ) a nd a n I ta l ian b ronze h e lmet c a me f rom t he c e metery o f Martres-de-Veyre ( PD ). Hat t ( 1943 ) a rgued t hat t he c oarse ' c eram ique d es p lateaux ' c haracter ist ic o f t he p opu lat ions i nsta l led o n h igh g round f rom t he e arly I ron Age u n t i l w e l l i n to t he l ate I ron Age, c on t inued t o b e p roduced i n much t he s a me f or ms u n t il t he d om inan t c era m ic f orms o n s et t le men t s i tes i n t he r eg ion w ere t hose o f Au lnat t ype o r l a r ene I I t ype. S ince t h is t ype o f c eram ic i s t yp ica l o f t he p lateau s et t le men t o f C c i tes ( PD, p . 1 22 ) i ti s l ikely t hat i t s o ccupat ion l as ted u n t il , b u t n ot s ign if ican t ly b eyond , t he s econd c en tury B .C. Berry h as y ie lded n o p rec ise e v idence f or s et t le men t s i tes o f t he t h ird o r s econd c en tury , b u t t here a re t wo c ategor ies o f a rchaeo log ica l e v idence f or t he e x istence o f aw ea lthy a r istocracy i n t he p er iod. I n t he f i rst p lace t here w ere ma jor p rec ious meta l c o inages i n t he a rea , d iscussed b e low , i ssued i n a l l p robab il ity a t t wo p er iods, e ar ly a nd l ate i n t he s econd c entury r espect ive ly.

The s econd c ategory o f e v idence c omes p r inc ipa l ly f rom a

s er ies o fb ur ia ls i n t he r eg ion ( i n for mat ion f rom t he Musse d u Berry , B ourges u n less o therw ise s pec if ied ); P runet , c om mune Mortho m iers ( Cher , l a r ene It u mu lus w ith o enochoe ) S a in t-Just ( Cher, l a rene It u mu lus w ith s he l l , l i gn ite a nd g lass amul ets, 1 f oss il s ea-urch in , ab oar 's t oo th a nd a sma l l o b ject o f u ncerta in t ype, a b ronze t orc a nd a h eavy b ronze l eg-r ing ) n ear Dun-sur-Auron ( Cher, l a rene It u mu lus w ith I t a l ian o enochoe ) C haröst ( Cher, l a rene Ib ur ia l w ith b ronze b racelet i n t he f or m o f a t wo-headed s nake ) Bourges ( Cher, l a r ene Ib ur ia ls i nclud ing I c re ma t ion , 1d oub le i nh u mat ion e ach s ke leton o f w h ich b ore 7 0 o r more t h in b ronze a rmr ings o n t he f orear ms, w h i le t he ma le s keleton h ad a n i ron a rm-r ing o n e ach u pper a rm a nd a j ade ite b racelet ;

1i nhumat ion w ith b ronze

s i tu la , o enochoe a nd a s o l id b ronze t orc ) L es V il l iers a nd L e R io-Blanche a t I neu i l ( Cher , l a rene It u mu l i w ith b ronze b race lets a nd a t ore ) S a in t-Den is-de-Pa l in ( s ite l es Chenes- Mon tords , Cher, a t l eas t 2 2 Ha l lstat t t o l a rene Ia nd I t u mu l i a round a h i l lfort :

Ga l l ia 1 959 :312f ;

1 970 :260 ; 1 972:320 ) Maubranches a t Mou l ins-sur-Yevre ( Cher, a t l east 4 l a rene I i nhu med b ur ia ls w ith a r ms i nclud ing s h ie ld b osses , j ade ite b racelets, b ronze r ings a nd b racelets ) 1 6

L a Vergne a t L untry ( Cher , l a Tbne I b ur ia l ) L es F ert isses a t S a in te So lange ( Cher, l a rene I a nd I I f l a t i nhumed b ur ials w ith a r ms , b ronze p endan ts, b race lets a nd a r ing : L augard iere 1 870 ) Bourges ( Cher , l a l ' ne I b ur ia ls i nhumed a nd c re ma ted , b o th t ypes w ith a r ms, i n o ne c ase w ith s pear a nd s word f o lded u p ) L a Grange-Sa in t-Jean a t T rouy ( Cher, l a f ene I b ur ia l w ith a r ms ) L izeray ( I ndre, r ich Ha l lstat t F ina l t u mu lus w ith i n trus ive l a r ene I b ur ia ls a nd f urther r e-use i n t he Ga l lo-Roman p er iod : 3 18 )

Ga l l ia 1 976 :

P a l luau-surIndre ( I ndre, a ? la f ene Is word f ound i n t he r iver : Ga l l ia 1 976 :318 ) A p iece o f t h in b ronze w ith embossed a n i ma l d es ign f ound a t L evroux ( I ndre ) a nd n ow i n t he Musse d e Chä teauroux ( Dechelet te 1 914 :1455-6 ) may i nd ica te e arly u se o f t hat s i te, a s i ti s t hough t t ha t t he workmansh ip s uggests t he midd le p hase o f l a ' e e r ie. A f i nd a t l e Gue d e L 'E mbuche, Mtr igny ( I ndre ) i s d if f icu l t t o d ate, a nd may r epresen t at h ird o r s econd c en tury d epos it o f ar itua l n ature ; t he a rcha ic p o ttery v essels s ee m t o b e l a te v ers ions o f Ha l lstat t f or ms o f f ine c eram ic ( Ga l l ia 1 955 :171f . a nd Musse d u B erry ; s ee p l. 3 2-3 ). H ere, where a s trea m g oes u nderground i n w et w eather t here i s as yste m o f p oth o les, i n o ne o f wh ich h u man s ku l ls a nd p ot tery w ere f ound i n t he c lay . The s ku l ls w ere o f 7a du lts o fb oth s exes, a nd c h ildren .

S o me o f t he c eram ic

was f ine a nd wheel-turned ( t herefore l a te ), b u t o f a rcha ic f or ms w ith p edesta l a nd t a l l, a l most v ert ica l n eck . O ther s herds w ere c oarse w ith t humbna il a nd c ordon d ecorat ion .

Sma l l f inds c ons isted o f a n i ron k n ife b lade , i ron

s ocke ted j ave l in b lade, h a l f o f ah orn o r i vory b racelet , ab ut ton-l ike o b ject w ith a c en tra l h o le; a n i mperfect r ing o f s of t me ta l ( t in o r l ead , 3 2 mm d iam., 6 m m s ect ion ) a nd v ar ious p endan ts w ith s uspens ion h o les, o ne o f murex s he l l , o ne a b oar 's t oo th , o ne a sma l l l imestone p ebb le.

These

sma l l f inds b ear a c erta in r ese mb lance t o t he c on ten ts o f t he l a fene Ib ur ia l a t S a in t-Just ( Cher ) a bove, a l though t he p resence o f wheel-turned c eram ic s trong ly s uggests a d a te w el l i n to t he s econd c en tury i fn ot l ater s t il l. Archa ic c era m ic t ypes d id i n f act s urv ive i n t he C en tre u n t il v ery l a te i n t he I ron Age — f or i nstance t he t u mu lus a t C el les ( Can ta l , Ward-Perk ins 1 940 ) wh ich c on ta ined a bundan t meta l w ork o f l a fene I I b u t c oarse p ot tery o f much o lder f or ms w ith a h istory s tretch ing b ack t o t he e ar ly I ron Age ( c f . p . 1 35 ).

I ti s o n ly i n t h is t ype o f a ssoc ia t ion t ha t c eram ic o f t he ' Ha l lstat t

t rad it ion ' c an s ecure ly b e d ated t o t he l ate s econd o r f i rst c en tury ;

p erhaps

f u ture s tudy may e nab le c eram ic l ike t hat o f Ce l les o r Mer igny t o b e d ated w ith more p rec is ion . E lsewhere i n t he C en tre, d atable e v idence f or t he t h ird a nd s econd c ent ur ies i s s carcer s t i l l. A t C ivaux ( V ienne ) t here i s ab ur ia l g round w ith t wo c re ma t ion b ur ia ls c on ta in ing g oods o f Ha l lstat t t ype b u t p robab ly o f l a ter I ron Age d a te ( Ga ll ia 1 96 1:402 ;

1 963 :453f f .).

a Ga l lo-Ro man t e mp le, a nd n ow b y ac hurch.

The s i te was l a ter o ccup ied b y I nb ur ia l 1t here w ere t wo v ases,

b oth f i ne, o f g rey f abr ic o x id ised t o o range o r r ed o n h e o u ts ide, a nd o ne h ad

1 7

ab lack s l ip c oat ing. f i r ing.

Bur ia l 2c on ta ined a v esse l w ith i t s c lay o x id ised i n

The f or m a nd d ecora t ion o f t he v esse ls ( p l. 3 2-3 ) h as c losest a f f in i-

t i es w ith Ha l lsta t t ian c era m ic o f c en tra l a nd w es tern Gau l ( e .g. l a P r6h isto ire F rança ise 1 976 :738 ), a nd s ince t he b ur ia ls a re d ated t o t he l ate l a Tbne p er iod t hey p robab ly r epresen t al a te p ers istence o f a n e ar ly I ron Age t rad it ion o f p ottery manu facture, a t l east f or b ur ia ls. S im i lar p ot tery , e qua l ly o f l ate I ron Age d ate b u t Ha l lstat t ian f or ms c o mes f rom o ne o f 7t umu l i a t S a lesses ( Sa in t-S i mon , C an ta l , De lporte a nd Vu itternez 1 966 ;

s ee p l. 3 2-5 ).

Archa ic g raph ite d ecora t ion w as u sed o n t he b ow ls i n

b ur ia ls b oth a t C ivaux a nd S a lesses ;

S a lesses c on ta ined t wo v essels, a f ine

b lack g raph ite d ecorated b ow l , a nd a r ough o x id ised r ed d ish. I l l-def ined p ieces o fb ronze a nd i ron w ere f ound i n t he t u mu lus. N earby a t Mar manhac ( s ite Bro ize-Aur iacombe, Can ta l ) a nother t u mu lus i n ag roup o f t u mu l i c ont a ined a r ough b rown v ase w ith t h ick w a l ls, p edesta l f oo t a nd s harp ly c ar inat ed s hou lder, w ithout d ecorat ion a nd w ithout c lose a na log ies, a lthough i t s g enera l a ppearance i nv ited c ompar ison w ith c ar ina ted f orms o f l a fene Ii n t he A isne r eg ion ( e .g. l a Pr6h isto ire F ranca ise 1 976 :793 ).

Con t inu ity o f

b ur ia l p ract ice d ur ing t he I ron Age i n t he s o -u thern r eg ion i s s hown i n a b ur ia l a t S a in t-Ybard ( Correze, l a P reh isto ire F ranca ise 1 976 :742 ) where a Ha l lstat t t u . mu lus w as r e-used f or a n e arly l a r ene b ur ia l. F ina l ly , a t Mazer° l les ( V ienne , Ga l l ia 1 975 :379 ) af unerary e nc losure w ith l a Tene I g oods ( sword , s pearhead a nd c eram ic ) h as c ome t o l i ght .

1 8

3 .

THE EARLY AND M IDDLE PHASES OF THE CO INAGE I N CENTRAL GAUL

S ince t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord f or t he t h ird a nd s econd c en tur ies i n C en tra l Gau l i s s o p oor, c o inage i s p art icu lar ly i mportan t a s e v idence ;

y et

i th as s o f ar r ece ived v ery l i t t le a tten t ion , w ith t he e xcept ion o f t he e ar ly monna ies ä l a c ro ix o f t he Tarn a rea a nd Garonne i sth mus ( Sou tou 1 968, 1 969 ; A l len 1 969 ; R ichard 1 970 , 1 972, R ichard a nd V i l laronga 1 973 ). I n t he f o l low ing a ccoun t Is ha l l a rgue t ha t t he e ar l iest C en tra l c o inages w ere s truck a t t he e nd o f t he t h ird c en tury B .C. a nd b eg inn ing o f t he s econd , s oon a f ter t he e nd o f t he f i rst , a nd d ur ing t he s econd , Pun ic War. A s econd ma jor p hase o f t he c o inage b e longs t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he s econd c en tury , a t at ime w hen t he Ro mans w ere b eco m ing i ncreas ing ly w e l l e stab l ished i n Med iterranean Gau l. Taken a s a who le, t he h istory o f t he c o inage o f t he p er iod f ro m c .200 t o c .120 B .C. s heds s o me u sefu l l i gh t o n t he c on tacts o f t he C el t ic a r istocracy w ho s truck i t .

Fro m t he e ar l iest i ssues, s i lver c o inages s how c lose t i es

w ith t he s ou th-west o f France a nd Cata lon ia, wh ich must r ef lect t he c on t inua nce o f c on tact b etween t hese r eg ions w h ich s tretches b ack w e l l i n to p reh istory ( l a P rgh isto ire F ranca ise 1 976 :676f 1 ., 6 87f f., 7 61f f .; 4 1-52 ).

On t he o ther h and ,

c f . Ebe l 1 976 :

h e g o ld c o inages o f w estern a nd c en tra l Gau l i n

t h is p er iod s how v ery c lose c onnect ions i ndeed w ith c o inages o f t he Rh ineland a nd Burgundy .

I f t here w ere move men ts o f a r istocrat ic g roups a cross France

a t t he p er iod o f t he migra t ion o f t he Cel ts i n to n or thern I ta ly a nd Cen tra l Europe i n t he f ourth a nd t h ird c entur ies, t hese c o inages may r ef lect t he ma in tenance o f p o l it ica l a nd s oc ia l i n terchange b etween t he Ce lts i n t he a reas f ro m wh ich t he m igrat ions o r ig ina ted , a nd t he d augh ter c o m mun it ies. Ih ave d iv ided t he p re-conquest c o inages o f Cen tra l Gau l i n to t hree s uccess ive p hases o r e p isodes o n t he b as is o f d if ferences i n w e igh t , t ype a nd s ep ara t ion i n f inds ;

t hese d eta i ls w il l b e d iscussed b e low i n t he c on tex ts i n

w h ich t hey a r ise.

Each p hase i s s ign if ican t ly l i gh ter t han i t s p redecessor,

h owever, ( chart p . 2 1 ) c en tury s et t le men ts.

a nd o n ly t he t h ird o r l a te p hase i s f ound i n f i rst

I ti s c o ins o f t he f i rs t t wo , o r e ar ly a nd m idd le, p hases

w h ich w i l l b e c ons idered i n t h is s ect ion . The a bso lute c hrono logy o f t he e ar ly c o inages i s p rob le ma t ica l , a nd f or t he c hrono logy a nd h istory o f t he e ar ly s i lver c o inages i ti s u sefu l t o c o mpare t he ir d evelop men t w ith t he s i lver monna ie ä l a c ro ix c o inages o f t he Garonne i sth mus, wh ich l ies o uts ide t he Cen tre t o t he s outh-west.

The p ro to type f or

t he monna ie ä l a c ro ix was t he d rach m o f Rhode o n t he Cata lan c oast ( F ig. 1 ) , wh ich w e ighed c. 4.90 g , a nd w as n ot s truck a fter c. 240 B .C. ( Sou tou 1 968: 1 05 ).

There i s, h owever , s er ious d ispu te a bout t he d a t ing o f monna ies ä l a

c ro ix ( Soutou 1 968, 1 969 a nd A l len 1 969 v ersus R ichard 1 970, Co lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 973a :283f f .;

c f . N ash 1 975 :215f .).

The l ong c hrono logy p ro-

p osed b y S outou a nd A l len i s p referab le t o t hat o f Co lbert d e B eau l ieu a nd

1 9

PHASES OF THE CENTRAL PRECIOUS METAL COINAGES

F or e xac t weigh ts a nd weigh ts o f t ypes n o t s hown o n t h is c har t , s ee t he d e ta i led d iscuss ion o f t he t ypes b e low . S ILVER A

Monna ies a l a c ro ix , S ou tou p er iod I

B

Monnaies ä l a c ro ix , S ou tou p er iod I

C

Monna ies a l a c ro ix , S ou tou p er iod I I

1 .

Br id iers g roup I ( E mpor iae t ype ) ;

2 .

Br id iers g roups I -IV ; 4 .45-4.25 g ;

2 7/38 4 .75-4 .30 g .

g roup I 4 /8 4 .45-4 .30 g ;

g roup I I 4 /7

g roup I V 5 /8 4 .45-4.25 g .

3 .

Br idiers g roup , l a ter d evelop men ts ;

4 .

Wes t B erry

PV ;

9 /12 4 .13-3 .75 g .

5 2/66 3 .50-3 .15 g .

5 .

Wes t B erry t wo h orses t ype ;

6 .

Wes t B erry wo l f a nd h orse t ype 3 2/35 3 .40-3 .0 g .

4 2/48 3 .45-3 .10 g .

7 .

P ictones P IV s i lver ;

8 .

Arvern i u n inscr ibed s i lver 1 2/20 2 .38-2 .15 g ;

9 3/106 2 .99-2.50 g .

9 .

Arvern ian P ICTILOS s i lver 4 /6 2 .27-2 .05 g .

1 0 .

s evered h ead g roup ;

1 1.

S word g roup ;

1 2.

p os t-conques t Arvern ian EPAD ;

1 3.

p os t-conques t P icton ian DVRAT I VLIOS ;

1 8/20 2 .38-1.80 g .

2 6/46 2 .23-2 .10 g ( A a nd B )

6 29/679 1 .99-1.80 g . 9 /12 1 .92-1.79 g . 5 /7 1 .90-1.77 g .

GOLD 1 .

Eas tern t ype w i th A '; 8 /11 8 .44-8 .40 g .

2 .

E as tern midd le p hase t ype w i th A ' ; 1 0/13 7 .75-7.54 g .

3 .

B eaune g roup;

2 9/33 7 .53-7.10 g .

4 .

C henöves t ype :

2 4/30 7 .0-6.75 g .

5 .

S ain te-Eanne t ype ;

1 0/12 8 .58-8 .26 g .

6 .

E ar ly Berry g o ld ( f rac t ions mu lt ip l ied u p ) ;

7 .

Eas tern Ar mor ican g roup ( f ract ions mu l t ip lied u p ) ;

1 0/11 8 .45-8 .15 g .

8 .

h ead o f H el ios g roup ;

9 .

S oings g roup A-B1;

1 3/13 8 .05-7.60 g .

9 /14 8 .0-7.55 g . 8 /8 8 .0-7.55 g .

1 0.

T ayac g roup ;

9 8/100 7 .93-7.55 g .

1 1.

Wes tern d efaced g roup ;

1 2 .

Arvern ian s taters ;

1 3.

ABVDOS g roup s ta ters ; t ype 1 6/6 7 .20-6.76 ; 31 7/19 6 .92-6.75 ;

1 3/14 7 .90-7.40 g .

7 5/95 7 .49-7.30 g . 21 6/21 6 .92-6.72 ;

43 /4 6 .77-6.73 .

1 4.

C rane a nd t refoi l g roup 3 ;

1 5 .

P ictones ;

6 /14 7 .08-7 .02 ;

n o S A 4 3/60 6 .60-6.29 ;

2 0

8 /14 6 .93-6.76

w i th S A 1 3/18 6 .19-5 .30 g .

P HASES

EA RLY

O F

I

CENTRAL

S ILVER CO INAGE

1

M ID DL E

1 LAT E

: QUINAR IUS

1 3 M IM I 1 2M a

1 N 1 0

1 1 1 1

9B

I

M

M

8 7

6 5 4

3 2

I I I I I I I I I I I B

A

C I

I

I

I

4 .50

4 .20

3 .90

I

PHASES

E ARLY

I

I

3 .60

I

3 .30

I 2 .70

3 .0

O F CENTR AL

2 .1 .0

2 .10

1 . 80

1 .50

GOLD C O INAGE

L ATE

M I DD L E

I 1 5

( SA)

1 4 1 3 1 2

1.1 11 .

1

i 0 9

8 7

6 1 11 . 11 11 11 1 1 1.5

3

iI I I II I

2

I 8 .30

i 8 .0

I

7 .70

1

7 .40

I

7 . 10

I 6 . 80

2 1

I 6 .50

6 .20

5 .90

5 .60

5 .30

R ichard o nh istor ica l g rounds, wh i le i n a dd it ion i tr evea ls s tr ik ing p ara l le ls b etween t he d eve lop men t o f monna ies tl a c ro ix a nd t hat o f t he Cen tra l c o inages d escr ibed b elow.

S outou

R ichard 1 970 a nd

p er iod

We igh t

S outou

A l len

4 .41-5.10g

EndI I I

EndI I I

( over 4 .0g )

o r e arly I I

Co lbert d e B eau l ieu

C lose i m itat ions

Monna ies ' al a c ro ix p roper I

3 .0-4.0g

c .200-120

c .1751 20s

( esp. c. 3.50g ) I I

1 .5-3.0g

1 20-50B . 0

1 06-70s

I V

Under 1 .5g

5 0B.C.+

6 0-50

1 21-118

5 01 3.C.+

S outou p er iod Ii s c oncen trated i n t he Tarn a rea , a nd t he c o ins a re o f a pp rox i mate ly t he w e igh t o f t he Rhode d rachm. P er iod I s aw t he g reates t e xpans ion o f monna ies

l a c ro ix .

P er iod I I b eg ins w ith t he c o ins o n t he

w e ight o f t he l i gh t Mass il iot d rachm c .2.73-2.80 g , d ropp ing t o b e low t he w e ight o f a Ro man q u inar ius , c .1 . 93 g .

Monna ies ' al a c ro ix , t herefore, s tarted f rom a p ro totype f rom t he s ame a rea o f Ca ta lon ia a s t he C en tra l s i lver g roups b e low , a nd o n as im i lar w e ight s tandard. Co ins o f S ou tou p er iod Ia re p ara l le l i n w e igh t w ith t he e ar ly p hase c o inages o f t he Br id iers g roup b elow ; p er iod I i s c lose i n w e igh t t o t he l a te s econd c en tury m idd le p hase s i lver i ssues , wh i le p er iod I I i s s im ilar i n t ime , a lthough n o t n ecessar ily i n w e igh t , w ith t he l ate p hase Cen tra l s i lver. P er iod I V i s c on te mporary w ith Cen tra l p ost-war s i lver i ssues. I ti s v ery l ike ly t ha t t h is s im i lar d iv is ion o f monna ies %a l a c ro ix i n to p er iods o r p hases i s d ue t o t he s hared h istory o f Gau l , r ef lected i n t he c o inage. EARLY PHASE:

THE BR IDIERS GROUP AND RELATED HEAVY S ILVER

CO INAGES The e arl iest s i lver c o inages o f C en tra l Gau l a re s evera l r ela ted g roups o f c o ins wh ich s ee m f rom t he f ew r ecorded f indspots t o b elong s ou th a nd w est o f t he Mass if C en tra l , b u t n orth o f t he ma in a rea o f c ircu la t ion o f monna ies ' al a c ro ix ( map p . 2 3 ).

The c lass if icat ion o f t hese c o in g roups i s

s t il l p rov is iona l , a nd o f t he f our ma jor s er ies , t he f ourth l acks a ny f indspots a nd i s p resumed t o b e o f F rench o r ig in s o lely o n t he b as is o f i t s r esemb lance t o t he s er ies wh ich a re l oca l ised i n F rance. I n t he f o l low ing d iscuss ion t hese c o inages w il l b e d iv ided i n to g roups b ased f i rst ly o n t he ir p rototype, a nd t hen w ith in t hese g roups, o n v ar iety a nd w e igh t.

I n a dd it ion t here i s ad ist inct ion b e tween g roups I to I I a nd I V.

2 2

E ARLY

S ILVER C O I NAGE

+x

E a r ly m onna ies a l c c ro ix, s tray f i nds a nd

•®

B r id iers

A

L a ter

g roup , s tray f i nds a nd

d eve lopments, t ype

A

t ype

D 2

t ype

E

2 3

h oards

h oards

The f i rst t hree w ere a l l r epresen ted i n a n i mportan t h oard f rom Br id iers ( Cr euse ), f rom wh ich Ih ave t aken t he n ame f or t he c o inages a s a who le. Group I V w as n ot f ound i n t he h oard , a nd i s t o my k now ledge w ithout r ecorded f indspot . Prototypes a nd Chrono logy The p roto types f or t he f our p r inc ipa l v ar iet ies o f t he c o inage a re i mport an t f or t he l i ght t hey s hed o n t he d ate a t w h ich t hey b egan t o b e s truck . T he most importan t i n f luence was t he d rachm c o inages o f Empor iae, a nd t he most r ecen t c hrono logy f or Empor itan d rachm c o inage i s V i l laronga 1 977 ; R ichard a nd V il laronga 1 973; c f . Guadan 1 969 : a .

Head o f P ersephone/stand ing h orse a nd N ike, c .4.71-4.90 g s truck c . 3 00-241 ( Guadan : t o 2 64 ). F ig. 2 .

b .

Head o f Arethusa w ith d o lph ins/Pegasus, c. 4.71-4.80 g s truck 2 411 95. F ig. 3 -4. F rom 2 18 B .C. f or t he d ura t ion o f t he s econd P un ic War l arge n umbers o f t h is v ar iety w ere i ssued w ith t he h ead o f P egasus i n t he f or m o f ac rouched c h ild ( F ig. 4 ), a nd t h is f orm h ad c ons iderab le i n f luence o n s ome I ber ic a nd Gau l ish i m itat ions. Drachms c on te mporary w ith t he s econd P un ic War w e igh t c . 4 .614 .70 g.

I ti s c lear t ha t t he e ar l ier a nd h eav ier d rachm c o inage w ith Pun ic t ypes was t he mode l f or t he r everses o f t he Empor itan t ype o f t he Br id iers g roup , b u t i n t he l atest v ar iet ies d iscussed b e low , w h ich c annot a t p resen t b e c onf i den t ly c lass if ied o r l oca l ised , t he P egasus t ype a ppears.

On t he o ther

h and , t he Arethusa o bverse w h ich i s p roper t o t he l ater Empor itan d rachms a ppears o n s ome v ar ie t ies e ven o f t he e arl iest p er iod o f t he Br id iers g roup , c oup led w ith ' Pun ic ' r everses , s o t hat i ti s i mprobab le t hat t he ma in v ar iet ies o f B r id iers g roups c hrono logy ).

w ere i ssued b efore 2 41 B .C. ( or 2 64 o n Guadan 's

U se o fI ber ic a nd C elt ic mercenar ies o r a ux i l iar ies i n S pa in

b efore a nd d ur ing t he s econd Pun ic War p robab ly a ccoun ts f or t he f am i l iar ity o f t he s outhern-cen tra l Gau ls w ith t he c o inages o f t he Greek c o lon ies i n Cata lon ia wh ich w ere s o w idely c op ied i n Gau l. A d ate b etween 2 41 a nd 2 18 f or c lose c on tact w ith t he c o inages w h ich w ere u sed a s mode l f or t he f i rs t s i lver c o inages o f Gau l may b e c orrec t ;

as im ilar c hrono logy i s l ike ly a lso

f or Rhode c op ies t o t he s outh o f t he B r id iers g roup a rea.

By 2 18 t he P un ic

d rach ms o f Empor iae w ere n ot o n ly o bso lete, b ut a n a bundan t i ssue o f P egasus c o ins was u nder way , s o t hat h ad t he C e lts f i rst r ece ived p aymen t i n Empor itan c o ins a fter t hat d ate i ti s n ot l ike ly t hat t he P ersephone a nd s tand ing h orse t ype wou ld h ave b een s uf f ic ien t ly c om mon t o p rov ide t he model f or a n a t ive c o inage. Further more, i t may b e a rgued f rom t he ir c lose s im i lar ity i n w e igh t a nd g eograph ica l o r ig in o fp rototype , a nd o ne o verstr ike, I t ha t t he e arl iest Br id iers t ype c o ins a re i n f ac t c on te mporary w ith t he e arly i m ita t ions o f Rhode ( Soutou p er iod I ) wh ich p receded t he i ssues o f monna ies h .l a c ro ix p roper.

S ince Rhode d radhms, wh ich i nsp ired t he i m ita t ions i n

L anguedoc , w ere o n ly i ssued b etween 3 20-237 ( Guadan 1 969 ), Ce lt ic c on tact w ith t he c o inage must h ave b egun n o t l ater t han 2 37, a nd c on tact i n t hat p er iod must h ave b een c ons iderab le, s ince Rhode d rachms a nd t he p re-241 t ype o f Empor iae w ere d om inan t i nf luences o nt he c ho ice o f e ar ly Gau l ish t ypes. 2 4

Whatever c ircumstances w ere r espons ib le f or t he a pparen t ly c lose c ont act b etween s ou th-western Gau l a nd Rhode, Empor iae a nd t he ir h in terland ( serv ice a s mercenar ies o r a ux i l iar ies i s t he most l ike ly c on tex t ; 1 977 ;

K napp

c f . Ebe l 1 976 c h. 3 ) , i ti s l ike ly t ha t t he s ame h istor ica l e ven ts w ere

r espons ib le w ith t he r esu l t t hat s i lver c o inage b egan t o b e i ssued more o r l ess s i mu l taneously i n s evera l a reas o f s outhern-cen tra l Gau l , mak ing u se o f t ypes f rom t he v ar ious c o inages w ith w h ich t hey h ad r ecen t ly c ome i n to c on tact.

I t

was t he d rachms o f Empor iae a nd Rhode wh ich p rov ided t he w e ight s tandard f rom w h ich a l l t he e arl ies t s i lver c o inages o f t he s outh-west o f Gau l d eparted ; t he w e igh t o f t he Mass il ian d rachma w as n ot a dop ted i n t he s ou th-west u n t il S outou p er iod I I, c onte mporary w ith t he a dopt ion o f Roman w e ight s tandards e lsewhere i n Gau l. F urther p rec is ion s t il l c an b e g iven t o t he s tart ing d ate o f t he Br id iers g roup. Type I V ( t he h orse man t ype ), n o t f ound a ssoc iated w ith t ypes I I I I , a nd o f s im ilar w e igh t t o t he l i gh ter v ar iet ies o f t ypes I I I I, a ppears t o h ave b een i nsp ired b y t he e arl iest d enar i i o f I l t irda ( Guadan 1 969 ;

f i g. 2 2 ).

These

were n o t s truck b efore c .200 B .C. ( Knapp 1 977 ), a nd i ti s p oss ib le t hat i n t he p er iod b etween t hen a nd 1 95 when Ca to s acked Rhode, C elt ic h elp was b e ing s ought i n Cata lon ia f rom w hat was b y t hen a r egu lar s ource i n Gau l. The f act t ha t t ype I V f o l lowed t he w e ight n o t o f t he d enar ius , b u t t he h eavy L anguedoc ian ' drachms ' s trong ly s uggests t hat t he l at ter w ere a lready e st ab l ished i n u se b efore t ype I V w as i nst itu ted. Var iety D o f t he Empor itan Br id iers t ype ( F ig. 2 3-5 ), w h ich a ppears l i ght f or t he s er ies a s a who le, s hows a n o bverse t ype wh ich i s c lose ly a k in t o t he b eard less ma le h eads o f t he s ame e ar ly I ber ian d enar i i, wh ich f urther s upports t he p roposed c hrono logy . Types I a nd I I d o n ot p rov ide a ny p rec ise e v idence f or t he d ate o f t he c o inage. Type I t akes f or i t s r everse t ype t he l i on o f Mass il ia , d islocated a t t he h ead a nd s hou lders i n aw ay f a in t ly r em in iscen t o f e arly C isa lp ine c o ina ge o f t he l a te t h ird o r e arly s econd c en tury ( F ig. 3 2 ). Aga in , t he w e ight o f t he Empor iae o r Rhode d rachm was f o l lowed , n ot t he Mass il ian s tandard. Whether t he h eavy f ourth- a nd t h ird-cen tury d rachms o r t he l i gh t i ssues o f t he l a te t h ird a nd s econd c en tury p rov ided t he p roto type i s u ncerta in . T ype I I s hares s o me o bverse d ies w ith t ype I , b ut h as a s i t s r everse t ype t he b iga a nd c har ioteer o f t he g o ld s taters o f Ph i l ip I o f Macedon ( F ig. 4 0 ) wh ich p rov ided t he mode l f or most Cen tra l Gau l ish g o ld c o inage, s ome o f wh ich w as p robab ly i n e x is tence b y t h is d ate.

The f l ower-l ike o b ject u nder

t he h orses ' l egs i s a mod if ica t ion o f t he h ead o f Hel ios m in t- mark o n Maced on ian s taters; t h is was a mot if w idely u sed o n e ar ly g o ld c o ins i n c en tra lw estern Gau l ( p . 9 0f f. ). I ti s n ow g enera l ly a greed t ha t t he e ar l iest g o ld c o inages o f Gau l b e long t o t he l a ter t h ird c en tury B .0 . , a nd t ype I I o f t he s i lver B r id iers g roup may b e s hown t o b e ac lose c on te mporary o f s ome o f t he e arl ies t g o ld c o inage i nt he w est. I tw i l l b e a rgued b e low ( p .64f f.) t hat t he t r iden t s ymbo l i s f ound p art icu lar ly i n t he w estern mar it i me r eg ion o f Gau l , t owards t he mou th o f t he Garonne ;

t here i s ag o ld c o in ( F ig. 4 5 ),

BN 3 429, w e igh ing 8 .42 g w h ich h as n o f indspot b u t i s v ery c losely s im ilar i ndeed i n d eta ils o f t ype t o aB r id iers t ype I IC c o in i n t he Br it ish Museum ( 4 .48 g , F ig. 4 4 ). The t wo a re v ery l ikely t o b e c on te mporary , a nd t he g o ld

2 5

c o in i s w e l l w ith in t he f i rst p hase o f g o ld c o inage.

Th is, t herefore, f ur ther

s upports a d ate o f t he e nd o f t he t h ird c en tury o r e ar ly s econd f or t he p r inc ip a l Br id iers g roup v ar iet ies. These p r inc ipa l v ar iet ies must b e d ist ingu ished f ro m s t i l l e ar l ier c lose i m itat ions o f c o ins o f Empor iae, s ome o f wh ich may b e d ecades o lder t han t he e ar l ies t c o ins o f t he Br id iers g roup, b u t w h ich i ti s n o t a t p resen t p oss ib le t o d a te w ith g rea t p rec is ion .

Drachms o f Empor iae w ere w ide ly i m ita-

t ed i n S pa in a nd t o s o me e x ten t i n Gau l , b u t t hose c erta in ly o f Gau l ish o r ig in a re a t p resen t imposs ib le t o d ist ingu ish f ro m S pan ish c o ins.

F igs. 5 -9 i l -

l ustra te a n umber o f v ar iet ies o f c lose i m itat ions f ro m F rench a nd B r it ish c o l lect ions.

I ti s n ot n ecessary , h owever, t o p ostu late a l ong c hrono log ica l

g ap b etween e arly i m ita t ions a nd l arger c oheren t i ssues, a nd i ti s n ot i nhere n t ly i mprobab le t ha t t hey w ere i n p art c on te mporary.

The g rea ter o u tpu t

o f t he l at ter i ssues a nd c onsequen t ly h eav ier d e mand o n b u l l ion s upp l ies i s s uf f ic ien t t o e xp la in t he c haracter ist ica l ly l ower w e igh ts o f t he ma in g roups a s c o mpared w ith t he e arly i m itat ions. Iw ou ld t herefore s uggest t hat t he o r ig ins o f s i lver c o inage i n s ou th-western Gau l l i e i n t he p er iod f ro m 2 41 t o 2 00, w ith t ype I V, o n a n o n ly s l ight ly r educed w e igh t s tandard , a ppear ing i n t he l ast y ears o f t he t h ird c en tury B .C. L ater d evelop men ts The Br id iers g roup i n i t s t urn p rov ided t he model b o th i n t ype a nd w e igh t f or l ater s i lver c o inages o f Cen tra l Gau l.

These w il l b e d iscussed i n d eta i l

b e low , b ut t he t rans it iona l t ypes w h ich b e long more c lose ly w ith t he B r id iers g roup a re i nc luded h ere a s ad ist inct s ub-sect ion . Most i mportan t a re F igs. 6 0-63, 6 6-7 wh ich a re i n d eta i ls o f o bverse a nd r everse t reatmen t f orerunners o f t he t ypes o f s econd c en tury West B erry c o ina ge ( p. z l if f .).

I n w e igh t t hey a re a l l w el l b e low t he ma in-strea m B r id iers

c o inages b u t w el l a bove t he West Berry s er ies , a nd may t herefore b e p laced c hrono log ica l ly b etween t he m.

F indspo ts a re v ery s carce, b u t s uggest a

d istr ibu t ion s ou th a nd w est o f t he a rea i n wh ich t he l a ter c o inage was u sed. S im i lar ly F igs. 6 8-9, d er ived f rom t he p egasus t ype o f Empor iae, a ppears t o h ave i nsp ired t he l ater s i lver d rach mas o f t he E lusates ( F ig. 7 1) o f L anguedoc.

O ther v ar iet ies o f e ar ly s i lver c o inage d iscussed b e low s ee m

n ot t o h ave h ad a ny t ypo log ica l s uccessors, t hough b y w e ight a nd o bverse t ype t hey b elong w ith t he ma in-strea m Br id iers g roup a t t he e nd o f t he t h ird c en tury . S ILVER BRIDIERS GROUP I ( E MPOR IAE TYPE )

F igs. 1 0-30

P rototype :

F igs. 2 -4 )

F inds :

1 .

s i lver d rach mas o f Empor iae ( p . 2 4 ; N ear Tou louse.

4 .74.

M MAG Dec. 1 972, p . 2 7 n o. 2 17;

ABT p . 2 91 n . 1( Co l l. Changarn ier ). 2 .

Type A l.

Hd. Br id iers ( Creuse, a ppend ix 1 n o. 2 ) G 2 737 4 .30 t ype B 1 G 2 754 4 .35 t ype B 1 BN 2 282 4 .40 t ype C G 2 756 4 .32 t ype C ABT p l. I , 7( p. 2 91), n .w . t ype C 2 6

B R ID IERS

GROUP

WE IGH T

S IL YER

I ( EMPORIAE

T YPE)

D IST R IBU T IC N

5 02

•

•e • B3

•

SO.

• •

•

B 2

B la

A2

•

•

• • •

4 . 80

• 11,

4 .70

4 .60

0 A l

45 0

4 .40

4 .30

4 .20

4 . 10

4 .0

3 .9 0

3 .80

BN 2 280 4 .50 t ype Di BN 2 281 4 .02 t ype D i V ian 1 954 3 .40 I rregu lar t ype X6. 3 .

Muron-la-Cou ture ( Ch .Mar., e xcavat ions ) 4 .39 Type B ia. Ma in jonet 1 975.

4 .

A lb ias ( Cosa, T+G ) 4 .58.

We igh t A l BN 2 290

4 .80

Tou louse c o in

4 .74

BN 2 288

4 .72

BN 2 285

4 .70

BN 2 287

4 .65

The Hague 2 21

4 .61

BN 2 286

4 .60

Bourgey s a le May 1 973, 2 82 The Hague 2 20

4 .60 4 .55

A2 BN 2 279

4 .77

Hun ter ian I I p . 7 12 n o.10

4 .61

B i BN 2 293

4 .60

BN 2 221A

4 .44

G 2 754

4 .35

G 2 737

4 .30

B ia BN 2 283

4 .85

A lb ias c o in

4 .58

Muron-la-Couture c o in

4 .39

Cat . Musee d e L i moges 1

4 .36

B2 Guadan 1 969 f ig. 1 8

4 .65

The Hague 2 19

4 .40

Co l l. Dan icourt , Peronne 3 8 Hess a uct. 2 46 ( 1977 ),18

4 .36 4 .34

BN 2 294

4 .25

BN 2 295

4 .16

B3 BN 2 296

4 .12

2 8

Type B ia.

L abrousse 1 962 :185f f .

BN 2 282

4 .40

M MAG Dec. 1 972, 2 16

4 .33

G2756

4 .32

Co l l . Dan icourt , P tronne 3 9

4 .31

B lanchet RN 1 907, 4 73

4 .05

D BN 2 280

4 .50

BN 2 281

4 .02

D2 BM

4 .39

I rregu lar BN 2 276

4 .75 ( XI)

BN 2 297

4 .75 ( X2 )

BN 2 292

4 .40 ( X3 )

BM

4 .40 ( X4 )

BN 2 277

3 .76 ( X5 )

V ian O ga m 1 954 :

A l

O bv.

2 95f f .

3 .40 ( X6 )

F e ma le h ead l ef t , t i gh t r ound h ead w ith b ound h a ir, o ccas iona l ly w ith d o lph in mot if b efore f ace.

Rev.

Horse p ranc ing l ef t , f igure-of-e igh t N ike a bove, o pt iona l e xe rgue l ine.

A2

( F igs. 1 0-12 )

O bv.

S a me h ead l ef t , o r v ar. w ith o rnate h a ir.

R ev.

Pranc ing h orse r igh t , s a me N ike, s evered h ead l ef t o n e xergue l ine.

( Figs. 1 3-14 )

These t wo v ar iet ies a re c lear ly d ist inct , b u t s ty l ist ica l ly v ery c lose, e spec ia l ly i n t he t reatmen t o f t he o bverse. w ith in t he c o inage a s a who le.

They a re a lso t he h eav iest v ar iet ies

The o bverse t reatmen t i s v ery d ist inct ive

a nd i s n ot c arr ied o ver i n to s ubsequen t v ar iet ies. B 1

O bv.

F e ma le h ead r ight , b ound.

Three-drop e arr ing ;

c o l lar o f d o ts.

R ev.

Horse b ound ing l ef t , f igure-of-e ight N ike a bove, e xergue l ine ( somet i mes d iv ided ) w ith a p i le o f t hree a rcs u pon i t( F igs. , 1 5-17 ).

2 9

B la

O bv.

F e ma le h ead r igh t , c lass ica l h a irsty le. mo t if.

B2

F requen t ly v ery w orn d ies.

Rev.

Horse, p erhaps b r id led , p roceed ing l ef t. N ike o r b ird a bove, o ccas iona l ly i ndeter m inate s ymbo l b elow h orse.

O bv.

H ead a s B 1 .

Rev.

S tand ing h orse r igh t , s hort f ore legs ; e xergue l ine.

B 3

O ccas iona l ly d o lph in

N ike s ymbo l a bove , s o l id

( F ig. 1 8 )

O bv.

H ead a s B 1 a nd B 2.

Rev.

S tand ing h orse r igh t o n s o l id e xergue l ine ;

f igure a bove w ith

n or ma l b ody h o ld ing r ing ( F ig. 1 9 ) The v ar iet ies a re a ga in d ist inct. s uggests a s ing le w orkshop ;

T reatmen t o f t he o bverse i s c ons is ten t a nd

r everse t reatmen t v ar ies.

B la s tands s ome-

w hat a part i n t reatmen t o fb oth d ies, a nd m igh t b e o f s eparate o r ig in , a s i t i s n o t f ound i n t he B r id iers h oard b ut a ppears t o b e f ound i n t he w es t o f F rance. By w e igh t t he ma jor v ar iet ies B I a nd B 2 a re v irtua l ly i den t ica l , a nd l i ghter t han t he A v ar iet ies. C

O bv.

B eard less ma le h ead r igh t w ith o rnate h eavy l ocks ( ' Aqu i tan ic ' t reatmen t ).

Rev.

Horse g a l lop ing r igh t , ' N ike ' a bove ; e xergue l ine w ith p i le o f t hree a rcs h ang ing b elow. ( F igs. 2 0-21)

Var iety C h as a s l ight ly l ower w e igh t a ga in t han v ar iet ies A a nd B , a nd i s o f v ery c ons isten t workmansh ip. A h igh p roport ion o f s urv iv ing c o ins a re f rom b roken o r w orn o u t d ies. The g ender o f t he h ead may b e ma le, a s i th as a n Ada m 's a pp le ;

t he t reatmen t o f t he h a ir i n l arge s epara ted l ocks w i th c ur led-

u p e nds b ecame c haracter ist ic o f s i lver c o inages i n c en tral a nd w es tern Gau l a nd w il l h enceforth b e r eferred t o a s Aqu ita .n ic. O bverse d ies o f t h is v ar iety a re s hared w ith t ype I IA ( Ph il ip I t ype ). D 1

O bv.

B eard less ma le h ead r igh t , h eavy c urly l ocks.

Rev.

Horse b ound ing l ef t , ' N ike ' a bove ; p i le o f t hree a rcs u pon i t .

D2

O bv.

b roken e xergue l i ne w ith

( F igs. 2 4-5 )

B eard less ma le h ead r igh t , o rna te h a ir, t races o f d o lph in mot if b efore f ace.

Rev.

Horse b ound ing l ef t , ' N ike ' a bove ; s o l id e xergue l i ne w ith p i le o f t hree a rcs h ang ing f rom i t . ( F ig. 2 3 )

By w e ight t h is v ar iety 'b e longs t o t he m idd le r ange o f t he g roup , a nd t he r everse i s c lose e nough t o g roup C t o s uggest a c om mon workshop. The o bverse , h owever, i s v ery d ist inct ive a nd t ype D2 p art icu larly b etrays c lose s im i lar ity w ith e arly I ber ic d enar i i o fI l t irda, w h ich may b e d ated t o a round 2 00 B .C. ( Fig. 2 2 ) . I tp rov ided t he model f or a r are l a ter West Berry c o inage o f h orse man t ype ( F igs. 9 7-9 , p , 4 8 ).

3 0

I rregu lar v ar iet ies T here i s aw ide r ange o f v ar iet ies o bv ious ly r elated t o Empor itan t ype Br id iers g roup c o ins, b u t d ist inct f ro m t he m i n d eta i ls o f d es ign .

S ince

n one o f t hese a ppear a t p resen t t o f or m c oheren t g roups, l i t t le may b e s a id a bou t t he ir r e lat ionsh ip t o t he s er ies a s aw ho le. X1

BN 2 276 4 .75 O bv.

Head o f Arethusa t o l ef t .

R ev .

S tand ing h orse r ight ;

' N ike ' a bove i n af or m h a lf-way b etween

ac lass ica l a nd f igure-of-e igh t r ender ing ( F ig. 2 6 ). X2

BN 2 297 4 .75 O bv.

F e ma le h ead t o l ef t , c urly h a ir , n o b ands ; w ith c en tral d rop l onger t han s ide d rops.

R ev.

t hree d rop e arr ing Dot n eck lace.

The r everse d ie i s i n v ery p oor c ond it ion ( t he c o in i t se lf i s f resh ly s truck ), s how ing a h orse t o t he r igh t , f igure-of-e igh t N ike, a nd a p seudolegend

n nnv

i n e x .

f ore o f Ph il ip I t ype , n ot Empor itan . X3

The l egend i s t here-

( F ig. 2 7 )

BN 2 292 4 .40 O bv.

Bound h ead l ef t w ith p ronounced b and b eh ind t he e ar ( Arethusa ; c f. F ig.

R ev.

C o l lar o f d ots.

Horse r igh t ;

N o e arr ing.

' N ike ' r educed t o as che ma t ic b ird

( F ig. 2 8 ) X4

X5

BM

. • c i c t

4 .40

O bv.

C rude h ead l ef t .

R ev.

Horse l ef t w ithout a ny a ccompany ing mo t ifs.

( F ig. 2 9 )

BN 2 277 3 .76 O bv.

C lass ica l f e ma le h ead l ef t w ith t hree-drop e arr ing o f d ots.

R ev.

a nd c o l lar

Traces o f Empor iae l egend.

S tand ing h orse r igh t a nd N ike r endered a s as qua t w inged p erson ( F ig. 3 0 ).

X6

V ian 1 954 :295-8 d escr ibes b u t d oes n ot i l lustrate a c o ins s a id t o b e f ro m t he Br id iers h oard , 3 .40 g. O bv.

Head o f Apo l lo l ef t , o rna te h a ir, c o l lar o f d o ts.

R ev.

Horse g a l lop ing l ef t , b ird a bove, t r iskeles b e low .

Th is c o in i s v ery l i gh t f or t he g roup. c lass i f icat ion i s u ncerta in .

3 1

S ince t he c o in i s n ot i l lustrated , i t s

BR ID IERS

GROUP

II ,

S ILVER

P H IL IP

WE IGHT

D ISTR IBUT I ON

I T YPE

* c SO

•

• •A

I , MASS I L I A

TYPE

• B2

•

4 .60

4 .50

4 .40

•

4 .30

4 .20

4 ,1 0

3 2

4 .0

3 .90

3 .60

3 .70

B 1

3 .60

S ILVER BR IDIERS GROUP I ( MASS IL IA TYPE ) Prototype : F inds :

1 .

F igs. 3 3-9

l igh t o r p erhaps h eavy d rachmas o f Mass i l ia p . 2 5 ;

f i g. 3 1).

Hd. Br id iers ( Creuse, a ppend ix 1 n o. 2 ) G 2 736 4 .32 t ype A BN 2 251 4 .42 t ype A BN 2 250 4 .52 t ype A BN 2 252 4 .37 t ype A ( poss ib ly n o t f ro m t he h oard ) Cahn s a le Dec. 1 972 p . 2 0 n o. 3 72 4 .60 t ype A BN 2 253 3 .82 t ype B 2 ( poss ib ly n ot f ro m t he h oard ) F il l ioux 1 862 :464-5 n .w. t ype B 3.

We igh t A Cahn Dec. 1 922, 3 72

4 .60

BN 2 250

4 .52

BN 2 251

4 .42

BN 2 252

4 .37

G 2 736

4 .32

B 1 BN 2 255

4 .35

BN 2 254

3 .68

B2 BN 2 253

3 .82

The o n ly c erta in p rovenance f or t h is t ype, t herefore , i s t he Br id iers h oard , wh ich o f t ype I c on ta ined a l most e xc lus ive ly v ar iety A .

A

O bv.

Beard less l aure l led ma le h ead t o r igh t.

R ev.

D is located l i on r igh t , w ith h ead r endered l ike t he h ead o f a p rawn .

Opt iona l b roken e xergue l ine;

c au ldron a bove ;

c orn-ear b e low ;

h ang ing

o pt iona l p ile o f t hree a rcs i ns ide b order o f

d ots i n f ron t ( F igs. 3 3-6 ) Th is i s t he p r inc ipa l t ype, a nd b y w e igh t i tb elongs w ith Empor iae g roup B a nd C .

The ma le h ead o n t he o bverse owes i t s l aurel wrea th t o g o ld s taters

o f Ph i l ip I o f Macedon , a nd i t s r ounded t rea t men t p erhaps t o I ber ian d enar i i, a lthough t h is i n f luence i s n ot p ronounced. B I

O bv. R ev.

F e ma le h ead t o r ight , w ith l oose ly r endered h a ir. L ion t o r ight w i th t reatmen t o f mane r ecal l ing s o me C isa lp ine Gau l ish t ypes ; 5 -po in t s tar a bove a nd b lundered r ender ing o f l egend

MAtEA

( F igs. 3 7-8 )• 3 3

B2

O bv . Rev.

Beard less h ead l ef t. L ion r igh t , h ead r endered a s ab unch o f g rapes ; l egs o therw ise a s v ar iety A .

t a il a nd h ind

Cen tre-dot ted c irc le a bove.

( F ig. 3 9 ) B 3

O bv. Rev.

N ot d escr ibed. L ion w ith c rane b eh ind ; l ook ing a t i t s f eet ;

a no ther b ird ( ?crane ) o n i t s b ack

as nake ( ? ) b e low .

Th is t ype was s a id t o b e i n t he Br id iers h oard b yF il l ioux 1 862 :464-5 a nd MSSNAC v o l. I V p . 1 02, b u t t he t ype w as n o t i l lustra ted , n or w as a ny w e igh t g iven.

I ts c lass if icat ion i s t herefore u ncerta in .

S ILVER BR IDIERS GROUP I I ( PH IL IP I TYPE ) Prototype : F inds :

1 .

F igs. 4 1-4

g o ld s taters o f P h i l ip I o f Macedon ( F ig. 4 0 ) Hd. Br id iers ( Creuse, a ppend ix 1 n o. 2 ). G 2 746 4 .27 t ype A BN 4 549 4 .47 t ype A BN 4 550 4 .42 t ype A ABT p l. I , 4n . w. t ype A

We igh t A BN 4 549

4 .47

BN 4 550

4 .42

G 2 746

4 .27

Ra tto s a le 1 909 p . 2 5 n o. 3 77

4 .10 3 .9 1

Ash mo lean A l len 7 8

Rat to s a le 1 909 p .25 3 .15

n o. 3 78

BM

A

4 .48

O bv. Rev.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t , w el l d eve loped t reatmen t. Two-horse c har io t ( b iga ) a nd d r iver t o r igh t ; b elow d er ived f ro m h ead o f Hel ios m in t mark ; e xergue l ine. ( e .g. ..]

' f lower ' s ymbo l c orn e ar b y

I n e x ., b lundered v ers ion o f l egend

n A0N

)F igs.

3 4

4 1-3.

emnnoy

S o me o bverse d ies o f t h is v ar iety a re s hared w ith Empor iae t ype v ar iety C , a nd a re t herefore c on te mporary. B

O bv.

Fe ma le h ead d iade med t o l ef t .

R ev.

Char iot a nd d r iver t o l ef t .

Th is c o in ( Rat to s a le 1 909

P .

2 5 n o. 3 78 ) f ro m c o l l. F roehner was n o t i l lus-

t rated , a nd a t 3 .15 g i s e x tre me ly l igh t f or t he Br id iers g roup.

I ti s o n ly

i nc luded h ere p rov is iona l ly . C

O bv.

Ma le h ead t o r igh t , l aurel led a nd s urrounded b y d o lph ins.

Rev.

B iga t o r ight w i th d r iver;

b lundered O lA t i l r lOy l egend i n e x .

( Fig. 4 4 ) Th is v ar iety i s p robab ly c on te mporary w ith t he g o ld c o in F ig. 4 5 ( p . 2 5 a bove ).

The d o lph ins a re p robab ly i nf luenced b y t he h ead o f Arethusa o f

Empor iae w ho i s d ep icted w ith d o lph ins. Co ins f ro m t he B r id iers h oard w h ich Ih ave n ot s een b u t a re l i sted w ithou t f u l l d escr ip t ion i n n otes t aken b y D . F . A l len o n museum c o l lect ions wh ich h e h ad c onsu l ted : Museum o f Mon tpe l l ier , 3 worn s pec i mens ( 795-705ter ) Museum o f P er igueux , t wo o f Mass il ia t ype ( no. 1 00, 2 22 ), n o t s a id t o b e f ro m t he h oard. S ILVER BRIDIERS GROUP I V ( HORSE MAN TYPE ) Proto type : F inds :

s i lver ' denar i i t o f I l t irda ( F ig. 2 2,

P .

F igs. 4 6-52 2 5 a bove ).

n o t r ecorded.

We igh t : BM

4 .96

BM

4 .85

Co l l. Dan icourt , P eronne, 4 0

4 .64

BN 2 305B

4 .45

1 3N 2 305

4 .40

BN 2 221B

4 .32

BN 2 307

4 .32

BN 2 306

4 .26

Obv.

Bound h ead o f Empor itan Arethusa r igh t w ith d o lph ins ;

o r b eard less

ma le h ead w ith s t if f s tra ight h a ir. Rev.

N aked h orse man r id ing b r id led h orse wh ich i s p ranc ing r igh t ;

h orse-

man c arr ies o va l s h ield a nd f ork o r l eaf-headed s pear. O lA innOY l egend ( F igs. 4 6-52 ). 3 5

An e ar ly c o in BM 4 27 ( 4.85 ) s hows t he h ead o f Arethusa r ight a nd h orse l ef t w ith a w inged r ider a nd t races o f al egend ( F ig. 4 6 ). The p rototype f or t he r everse i s p robab ly C a ta lon ian , a nd most l ikely t hat o f I l t irda.

The d eta ils o f s pear a nd s h ie ld , h owever, w ere a dded b y t he c o ins '

a u thors , a nd t he l egend b e longs t o Ph i l ip I s taters.

The o bverse i s o f

Empor itan o r ig in , t hough t he r oundness o f t he h eads r eca l ls t he t rea tmen t o f I ber ian d en .ar i i.

The t ype i s t herefore o f h ybr id i n f luence, a s i s c om mon i n

t he Br id iers g roup. S ILVER BR IDIERS GROUP , MINOR VAR IET IES There i s ar ange o f v ar iet ies o f s i lver c o in w h ich b y w e igh t a nd g enera l t reatmen tb elong t o t he B r id iers g roup , b u t w h ich c anno t b e p laced w ith in t he ma jor s er ies. A

O bv.

N one h as a f indspot .

Head o f Arethusa t ype t o l ef t ;

d ogl ike a n i ma l r unn ing d own i n

f ron t . Rev.

Horse t o l ef t , b ird f ly ing l ef t a t i t s b ack . BN 2 284 ( 4 .62 ).

O bv . Rev.

o n e x. l i ne.

F e ma le h ead l ef t o f P ersephone t ype w ith u n t idy h a ir. S tand ing h orse r igh t , N ike o r b ird s tand ing i n p rof i le o n i t s n eck ( F ig. 5 4 ).

B

n r 1

F ig. 5 2.

BN 2 298 ( 4 .58 ).

O bv.

Arethusa h ead l ef t o r r igh t w ith d o lph ins.

Rev.

Wo l f t o r igh t ;

o n t he Hun ter ian c o in i ti s b it ing t he b ack o f a n

a n i ma l i n av ert ica l p os it ion f ac ing o u twards ;

i nsect-l ike mot if

i n f i eld a bove ( F igs. 5 5-6 ).

Hun ter ian I I

BM c o in ( 5.02 );

p . 7 12 n o. 1 1 ( 4 .54 ). C

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead r igh t.

Rev.

Horse g a l lop ing r ight o r l ef t , t orso o f r ider w ith h ands r a ised a t e lbows a bove.

BN 1 0305 (2 ), 2 .80 ;

BM p hotograph f i le, u n-

i den t if ied c o in , 3 .09. D

O bv.

Bare ma le h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Pegasus s tepp ing l ef t , c ross b e low , l ine o f d ots j o in ing b ackward f ron t l eg a nd f orward h ind l eg ( Fig. 5 7 ).

E

BN 2 299, 4 .31.

O bv.

Beard less h ead l ef t w ith s em i-Aqu itan ic h a ir.

Rev.

Horse p ranc ing l ef t , s pread-w inged b ird a bove f ac ing , u ncert a in s ymbo l b e low (? bucran ium ). F ig. 5 8. BN 4 590 , 3 .13.

Th is c o in i s o bv ious ly l ater t han t he Br id iers g roup , a nd i ti s p oss ib le t hat i ts hou ld b e c lass if ied w ith f i rst c en tury mass if c en tra l s i lver ( p. 1 38f f . b el ow ), i n wh ich c ase i t wou ld r epresen t a n o therw ise u nrecorded h eavy d eno mi nat ion .

3 6

B R I D I ER S G R O U P , M I N O RV A R I E T IE S W E I G H T D I S TR IB U T I O N

0

0A

• •

B R I D I E R S G R O U P , L A T E R D E V E LOP M E N T S 00 ••• D 2 • •

•

• D 1 0

OC

•B

• • 4 .60

4 .50

4 .40

4 .30

4 .20

3 7

4 10

A • 4 .00

190

3 .80

3 .70

3 .60

F

O bv .

D islocated h ead l ef t ( c f . F ig. 7 2 )

Rev.

P egasus l ef t ( F ig. 5 9 ).

BN 2 301, 2 .85 .

By w e igh t t h is i s al ate c o in i nsp ired b y Empor itan s i lver t ypes ;

t he p egasus

r everse i s n o t n or ma l o n Br id iers g roup c o ins. S ILVER BR ID IERS GROUP , LATER DEVELOPMENTS The f o l low ing m inor t ypes h ave b een i so lated f rom t he r est o f t he Br id iers g roup b ecause t hey a ppear t o h ave b een i mportan t s tages i n t he d eve lop men t o f ma jor r eg iona l t ypes i n t he n ex t p hase o f t he Cen tra l s i lver c o inages. A

Horse man t ype. O bv .

Aqu itan ic h ead l ef t , t races o f d o lph in mot if i n f ron t .

Rev .

Horse p ranc ing l ef t w ith n aked r ider b rand ish ing o va l s h ie ld ; t hunderbo lt s ymbo l b e low ( F ig. 6 0 ).

P roto type : F inds :

p robab ly i nsp ired b y Br id iers g roup I V.

1 . BN 4 460 4 .08 S a in t-Just n ear L i moges ( HV ) 2 . ABT p . 2 97 3 .60 S a in t-Yr ie ix-le-Def a lat ( Corr.)

We igh t : BN 1 0305 ( 1 )

4 .92

BN 4 460

4 .08

ABT p l. I , 3

4 .08

S t . Y r ie ix c o in

3 .60

Th is t ype, f ound w ith in a n a rea o ccup ied i n t he f i rst c en tury B .0 .b y t he L e mov ices , i s l igh ter t han n or ma l Br id iers g roup c o ins.

The r everse t ype

i s t he d irect f orerunner o f t he h orse man g roup o f West B erry c o ins ( p . 4 3f f.) F ig. 7 6-103 ). B

Bounc ing r ider t ype. O bv. Rev.

Bound b eard less ma le h ead t o r igh t . Hu man-headed h orse p ranc ing r igh t , s qua t t ing w inged r ider b ounc ing o n i t s r ump ( F ig. 6 1).

F inds : BM

n o t r ecorded.

4 .09

By w e igh t t h is c o in a lso s tands b etween t he Br id iers a nd West Berry g roups. The h ead o n t he o bverse owes i t s b ands t o t he Br id iers t rad it ion , a nd t he r ound h ead t o t he I ber ic t rea tmen t e .g. o n t ype I V c o ins.

The b ody o f t he

h orse o n t he r everse i s i n a n a t t itude c o m mon o n Empor iae t ype B r id iers c o ins , a nd t he b roken e xergue l ine i s a lso f requen t ly f ound. men ts a re p resen t , h owever.

Two n ew e le-

The h u man-headed h orse wh ich was t o b e-

c o me c o m monp lace o n Armor ican c o inage o f t he l ate s econd a nd f i rst c en tur ies

3 8

h ere makes o ne o f i t s e ar l iest a ppearances.

S econd ly , t he b ounc ing r ider i s

ad irec t p redecessor o f t he b ounc ing r ider t ype w ith in t he West B erry c o ina ge ( Figs. 1 29-134, C

p . 5 8 ).

P ro to- West B erry A O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t.

R ev.

Horse p ranc ing r igh t ; N o r ecorded f i nds.

v ery s i mp l if ied ' N ike ' a bove ; " L . Y b e low.

( F igs. 6 2-3 ).

We igh t : A l len NC 1 969, 3 8

4 .30

M MAG Dec. 1 972, 2 15

4 .13

BM 4 29

3 .85 (? p lated )

BN 2 304

3 .70 ( p lated )

Th is g roup i s c o mparab le i n w e ight w ith A a nd B i ft he t wo p lated c o ins a re d iscoun ted.

I t i s o ne o f t h is g roup wh ich i s o verstruck w ith d ies o f a n e ar ly

Rhode i m ita t ion o r monna ie ' al a c ro ix ( p . 2 4 a bove ).

The o bverse h ead s hows

a we l l d eve loped Aqu itan ic t reat men t a lready f oreshadow ing Po itou a nd Ar mor ican c o ins o f l ater d a te.

The r everse i s i nsp ired b y t he Empor ian

t ype o f t he Br id iers g roup , a s s hown b y t he r eten t ion o f t he ' N ike ', b u t t he s y mbo l wh ich g rows o ut o f t he b roken e xergue l ine i s most s ign if ican t , a s t h is s o-ca l led ' l unet tes ' mo t if i s ac haracter is t ic o f s evera l s er ies o f l a te s econd c en tury West Berry c o ins ( F igs. 8 7-92, 1 04-111, 1 27-8 ). D1

P roto- West B erry B O bv.

E laborate Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t ;

v ar. w ith s inuous l ine r unn ing

a long c heekbone. R ev.

Horse t o l ef t ;

d ies e xhausted , s o f i e ld d e ta ils ( i f a ny ) l ost.

( Figs. 6 4-5 ). No r ecorded f inds. We igh t : BN 2 303

3 .90

BN 2 291

3 .75

These s tand l oose ly a t t he e nd o f t he Empor iae t rad it ion o f t he Br id iers g roup , a nd a re l igh t.

BN 2 303 ( F ig. 6 4 ) i s af orerunner o f t he West B erry h orse man

v ar ie ty P I ( F igs. 7 6-7 ), a l though P I a lways f aces r igh t .

BN 2 291 ( F ig. 6 5 )

i s v ery c lose ly l ike F igs. 6 6-7, c o ins wh ich c o me f rom t he l a te s econd c en tury h oard o f I ssoudun-and-Charn izay , o therw ise e n t ire ly c o mposed o f West B erry s i lver. D2

O bv.

E labora te Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t .

Rev.

Horse b ound ing r igh t , t r iquetra b e low , p incer-headed a n i ma l a bove ( F igs. 6 6-7 ).

F inds :

1 .

Hd. I ssoudun a nd Charn izay ( I ndre ;

3 9

a ppend ix 1 n o. 6 ) .

We igh t : BN 6 015 BN 6 014

3 .79

BN 6 016

3 .85

3 .82

Th is t ype must b e p laced c hrono log ica l ly b etween t he B r id iers g roup a nd t he West B erry c o inages.

Three a re k nown t o h ave c o me f rom t he I ssoudun-and-

Charn izay h oard , s o w ere s t i l l i n e x istence l a te i n t he s econd c en tury . i n ap er iod when

But

c o inage a ppears n ot t o h ave c ircu la ted r ap id ly , t he a ge o f

t hese c o ins, wh ich a re i n f resh c ond it ion , i s i mposs ib le t o d eter m ine.

They

a re c erta in ly h eav ier t han a ny o f t he n or ma l West Berry t ypes, a nd a rguab ly s o mewha t o lder.

The p r inc ipa l d ifference i n w ha t i s o therw ise a v ery s im i-

l ar o bverse e ngrav ing i n t he t wo v ar iet ies ( F igs. 6 4-5 a nd 6 6-7 ) i s t he s inuous l ine a cross t he f ace o f t he f or mer.

Th is l ine i s a lso t o b e f ound o n s everal

t ypes o f midd le p hase g o ld c o ins ( F igs. 2 14-226 ) w h ich Is ha l l a rgue s hou ld b elong t o w estern Gau l ( p . 8 7f f .).

I t s p urpose may b e t o emphas ise a d if-

f erence i n a u thorsh ip b etween t he model a nd t he ' d efaced ' i ssue , a nd i n v iew o f t he s im i lar ity i n t echn ique a nd w e igh t b etween t he t wo v ar iet ies h ere , i ti s v ery l ike ly t ha t t hey w ere c on te mporary . E

P roto-Elusa tes O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead ( var. ) t o r igh t , u pr igh t t r iden t f or e arr ing.

Rev.

BN 2 300 d ie b arely l eg ib le ; d is loca tec t ' w ing ' a bove ;

BN 1 0353 h orse p ranc ing r igh t ,

Ea nd t hree g lobu les i n f ron t ,A o n e x.

l ine a nd t hree d ots ( F igs. 6 8-9 ). F inds :

1 .

Grenade ( Gers ) BN 1 0353 2 .89. 2

We igh t : BN 2 300

2 .94

BN 1 0353

2 .89

The r everse t ype i s u l t i ma te ly d er ived f ro m t he Empor itan p egasus t rad it ion ; t he o bverse w ith i t s h eav i ly-stressed b u lbous l ocks o f h a ir i nsp ired t he d isl ocated t reatmen t n or ma l o n c o ins o f t he E lusates a nd S ot iates o f t he s econd a nd f i rst c en tur ies B .C. ( F igs. 7 0-1).

As t hese f a l l o u ts ide my p r inc ipa l

a rea o f d iscuss ion , t hey w i l l n o t b e t reated i n d eta il ;

t hey a re r ecorded h ere

b ecause t hey w ere i nsp ired b y Br id iers g roup c o inages. ( F igs. 7 2-3 ): h ead t o l ef t ; Gau l.

C f. BN 6 051-2

a nd c f . F ig. 5 9 f or o bverse ) 2 .95 , 3 .07 w ith Obv. l aure l led Rev, h orse t o l ef t ,

b e low , p erhaps a lso f ro m s ou th-western

The o bverse h as a f f in it ies w ith e arly s i lver i nscr ibed VOL f rom t he

Rhone Va l ley ( IL T V I I 2 904 ) a nd t he r everse r eca l ls a t ype o f u ncerta in c en tra l o r s ou th-western o r ig in ( F igs. 7 4-5 ), BN 9 3700 ( 2 .76 ) a nd BN 6 054 ( 2 .57 g ).

4 0

MIDDLE PHASE:

THE WEST BERRY S ILVER GROUP

( F igs. 7 6-133 )

The Br id iers g roup w as f o l lowed t o t he n orth b y a nother s et o f s i lver c o inages. These a re a l most n ever f ound e xcep t i n h oards, b u t t he h oards a re g enera l ly l arge a nd c omposed o f am ix ture o f v ar iet ies. The r elat ive c hrono logy o f t he ma in i ssues i s u ncer ta in , t hough t here i s av ar iat ion o f w e igh t w h ich may b e o f c hrono log ica l s ign if icance , a nd i n p r inc ip le t he v aryi ng c ompos it ion o f h oards s hou ld b e s ign if ican t , b u t u n fortunately t hey a re g eneral ly t oo p oorly r ecorded t o b e u sefu l f or t h is p urpose. There a re t hree ma jor t ypes o f West B erry c o inage : g roup ( w ith s evera l v ar iet ies ); h orse g roup.

I . t he h orse man

I . t he t wo h orses g roup ; I I.

t he wo lf a nd

A l l d isp lay A qu itan ic o bverses, a nd t he r everse t ypes o f t he

h orse man g roup a nd a f ew m inor v ar iet ies a re i nsp ired b y B r id iers g roup t ypes. The a bso lute c hrono logy o f t he c o ins i s ap rob le m.

They a re c lear ly

b y we ight a nd t ype l a ter t han t he ma in l i ne B r id iers g roup , a nd a re n ever h oarded t ogether w ith t hem, a l though t hey may n o t b e v ery much l a ter t han t he Br id iers g roup ' l ater d evelopmen ts ' t ypes , s ince o ne o f t hese ( F igs. 6 6-7 ) was r epresen ted i n t he I ssoudun-and-Charn izay h oard ( p . 3 9 a bove ). o ther h and , t he West Berry g roup c anno t b e v ery l ate.

On t he

They a re n ever f ound

o n f i rst c entury s i tes w hereas l ate p hase c o inage i s c om mon ly f ound o n t he m ; t he t wo c annot t herefore b e c on te mporary .

The West B erry h orse man g roup

was t he i m med ia te p redecessor o f t he l i gh ter P ictones P IV s i lver c o inage o f t he f i rst c en tury B .0 .( p . 2 50 ), a nd a l though t he e ngrav ing o f s ome o bverse d ies o f t he West B erry P i l l h orseman g roup i s v ery c lose t o s ome P IV d ies , a nd t herefore p erhaps n o t f ar d is tan t f rom t he m i n t ime, t he t wo s er ies n ever o ver lap i n h oards. as ign if ican t marg in .

T hey a re t herefore p robab ly s epara ted i n t ime b y

S ince t he l arge n umber o f e x ist ing West B erry s i lver c o ins c ome a l most e xclus ive ly f ro m h oards, i ti s p robab le t hat t hey w ere m in ted f or s ome p art i cu lar p urpose, b u t w ere n ot s ubsequen t ly f ound t o b e o f much u se e xcep t a s immob il ised t reasure ; t here i s t herefore n o e v idence w ha tever t hat t hey c ircu lated f reely i n r e lat ively sma l l p aymen ts l ike p rec ious meta l c o ins o f t he l ate p hase.

Yet s ome h oard c o ins a re w orn : i ti s t herefore l i kely t ha t t hey

h ad a t l east a s hort l i fe a bove g round.

I ti s e v iden t e spec ia l ly i n t he t wo

h orses g roup t ha t t he e nd o ft he s er ies was m in ted c arelessly a nd w ith b roken a nd c lums ily r etouched d ies.

I ti s r easonab le t o d educe f rom t h is t hat t he

o ccas ion f or t he ir i ssue w as a ma jor m i l itary o perat ion , p erhaps c onnec ted w ith t he e ar ly p rocess o f f orma t ion o f t he B itur igan c iv itas i n t he p er iod d uring wh ich s i tes l a ter t o b ecome i mportan t c en tres o f p opu lat ion w ere f i rst b e ing o ccup ied a s s trong p o in ts o r h eadquarters o f aw arr ior n ob il ity .

I ts ee ms

i nev itab le t ha t t h is p hase o f t he c o inage o ccurred d ur ing t he f i rs t p hases o f o ccupa t ion o f s uch s i tes , e ven t hough i ti s n ever f ound o n t he m ( w ith t he p oss ib le e xcep t ion o f B ourges ). These, a nd c on te mporary l oca l g o ld , c o inages w ere s uperseded i n t he f i rst c en tury b y B itur igan g o ld a nd s i lver i ssues ( p . 2 02 ) a nd must t herefore h ave b een o bso lete b y t hen . A t p resen t t he c losest a bso lute c hrono logy a va i la b le must b e e stab l ished i n r e lat ion t o monna ies ä l a c ro ix. The h oard o f 4 1

WEST •

s tray

BERRY

S ILVER C O INS

f ind

0

h oard

2 5

i n h oard

F

f rac t ion

o f monna ies 2 1 l cic ro ix

4 2

L estrade ( Dordogne , A l len 1 969 )

c onta ined 6 -700 worn monna ies " al a c ro ix

' w ith w e l l f or med r ose ' a nd a f ew h orse a nd wo lf t ype West B erry c o ins.

I t

i s u nfortuna te t hat t he monna ies ä l a c ro ix w ere n o t more c lose ly d escr ibed i n t he o r ig ina l p ub l ica t ion , a nd i n v iew o f t he i nc lus ion o f h orse a nd wo l f c o ins t he h oard i s u n l ike ly t o b e e ar l ier t han t hat o f Bdz iers ( where most c o ins we ighed 3 .50-3.65 g ), a s A l len s uggested.

By w e igh t t he West Berry c o ins

a re v ery s im ilar t o t he f irs t ma jor i ssues o f monna ies h l a c ro ix ( p . 2 1 a bove ),' a nd i ti s t herefore n o t u nreasonab le t o s uggest t ha t t hey m igh t b e c on te mporary . P erhaps t he s a me e ven ts i n t he s econd c en tury wh ich b rough t i n to b e ing t he f irst l arge i ssues o f monna ies h l a c ro ix a lso i nd irect ly p romp ted t he p roduct ion o f s i lver c o inage i n Cen tra l Gau l. I n v iew o f t he a bove d if f icu l t ies i ti s imposs ib le a t p resen t t o f ix a n e xact d ate f or t he West B erry s er ies.

I ft he p r inc ipa l Br id iers g roup c o ins b e long

t o t he e nd o f t he t h ird a nd e ar ly s econd c en tury , a nd t he h oards o f e ar ly monna ies ä l a c ro ix b e long t o t he s econd c en tury d own t o c .120, t hen i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he West Berry c o ins, t oo , b e long t o t he l a ter s econd c en tury , p erhaps t o t he d ecades a round 1 20.

The i m med ia te p redecessors o f t he

West B erry g roups n oted o n p . 3 9 a bove t he y ears s oon a f ter 1 50 B .C.

w il l t herefore b elong p erhaps t o

Bu t a l l t hese e arly i ssues a re l ike ly t o h ave

b een t he p roducts o f v ery s hort-l ived m in ts e stab l ished t o meet t he n eeds o f s pec if ic c a mpa igns.

I n t he a bsence o f ac on t inuous ly-produced a nnua l c o in-

a ge i ti s a t p resen t i mposs ib le t o b e v ery p rec ise a bou t t he a ctua l y ears o f t he ir p roduct ion . WEST BERRY S ILVER I : Pro to type :

THE HORSE MAN TYPE

( F igs. 7 6-103 )

u lt i mate ly Br id iers g roup I V s i lver c o ins ;

most i m med iate ly

t ypes A-D o n p . 3 8f . a bove. F inds :

1 .

Hd. I ssoudun-and-Charn izay ( I ndre );

i nc luded a t l east t ypes

P I IA, P I IB, P I I IB, PV ( append ix 1 n o. 6 ). 2 .

S o ings ( L+CH.).

P I I I f ound i so lated.

De l a S aussaye 1 836.

3 .25 g. 3 .

Hd. Buxeu il ( I ndre );

P I I IC a nd o ther P I I I, P I I, P I ( append ix

1n o. 3 ) 4 .

Hd. V ierzon ( as Buxeu il?;

5 .

Hd. Va lencay ( I ndre ), P I, P I T, P I I I ( append ix 1 n o. 1 3 )

6 .

Hd. O bterre ( I ndre ) P I , P I I , P I I I ( append ix 1 n o. 8 )

7 .

N r. I ssoudun ( I ndre ) MSAC 1 1 868 ( 1869 ) p . 3 30 n o. 6 , 5 .30 [ s ic ];

n ot c erta in ly a s tray f ind ;

I ssoudun h oard ( no. 1 a bove ). We igh t : P I Ashmo lean A l len 7 6 BN 4 433 BD 9 65.1.6413

a ppend ix 1 n o. 1 4 )

3 .58 3 .55 •3 .48

4 3

p erhaps r ather f rom t he

WEST BERRY HORSEMAN

GROUP

WE IGHT D ISTR I BUTI ON

SO 00

• • •

•

•

PI L IC

0

F i l l B

••

• 0

0

•

0

0

0

0

0

0 P11 B

0 •

PH A

•

0 •

. O

• S

.

•

•

6

0

PI

I 360

3 ,50

3 .40

3 .30

3 2 0

4 4

3 10

3 .00

2 .9 0

2 . 80

2 .70

BN 4 427

3 .45

BN 4 432

3 .44

BN 4 431

3 .43

BN 4 437

3 .42

BN 4 434

3 .40

BN 4 430

3 .40

BN 4 435

3 .35

BN 4 438

3 .28

BN 4 428

3 .27

B D965.1.6411

3 .17

BN 4 429

3 .10

BN 4 430

3 .07

P I TA BN 4 439

3 .62

Cahn D ec. 1 922, 3 63

3 .50

BN 4 442

3 .50

BN 4 444

3 .45

BN 4 440

3 .45

BN CA o te 1 17

3 .44

BN 4 441

3 .40

Col l . Dan icourt , P eronne 1 39 BN 4 443

3 .34 3 .32

P I IB BM

3 .49

BN 4 427

3 .45

BN 4 431

3 .43

BN 4 437

3 .42

Cahn 2 9 , 1 930, 2 240

3 .40

H irsch x x i, 1 42

3 .40

B D965.1.6412

3 .40

BN 4 436

3 .40

BN 4 435

3 .35

M MAG Dec. 1 972, 2 29

3 .32

BM

3 .28

BN 4 438

3 .28

BN 4 428

3 .27

BN 4 429

3 .08

BN 4 430

3 .07

BM

3 .04

P I I IA BN 4 446

3 .47

B D965.1.6416

3 .44

BN 4 450

3 .39

BN 4 447

3 .38

BN 4 449

3 .36 4 5

BN 4 453

3 .35

BN 4 445 S o ings c o in

3 .28 3 .25

P I I IB BN 4 452 Co l l. Dan icourt , P bronne 1 38

3 .37 3 .33

BN 4 454

3 .18

BN 4 451

3 .15

B D965.1.6417

2 .88

G 2 739

2 .87

P I I IC B D965.1.6415

3 .94

As h mo lean

3 .37

BN 4 458

3 .36

BN 4 457

3 .03

BN 4 459

2 .90

P I I ID BN 4 448

3 .35

B D965.1.6411

3 .17

For t he Horse man g roups If o l low t he c lass if icat ion o f Co lbert d e B eau l ieu 1 971.

H e d ist ingu ished f our g roups o f ' Po itou ' c o ins, d es ignated P I-P ly.

P IV w i l l h ere b e t reated s epara te ly ( p . 2 50 ) i n ad iscuss ion o f f i rst c en tury P ictones c o inage ;

P I-P I I I a re r ecorded h ere a s d ef ined b y Co lber t d e B eau l ieu.

PV h as b een a dded b y me a s as epara te g roup c on te mporary w ith With in t he West B erry c o inage a s a who le, w e ights a re b road ly s im i lar, a lthough marg ina l ly l i ghter a nd h eav ier s er ies may b e d ist ingu ished.

T he

s ize o f t he f lan i s f urther e v idence f or t he r elat ive o rder o f i ssue o f t he v ar iet ies, a s i ti ncreased w ith e ach s tage o f t he h orse man c o inage : a verages 1 4 mm d ia meter ;

P I I a verages 1 5 mm ;

wh ile P IV i n t he f i rst c en tury a verages 1 9 m m.

P I

P I I I a verages 1 7 mm , The c hart ( p. 4 7 ) d isp lays '

t ypo log ica l i n terrelat ions o f t he v ar iet ies o f t he West Berry s i lver c o inage a s a who le.

Th is c o inage i s f ound g eograph ica l ly t o t he i m med iate w est o f

t he c on te mporary m idd le p hase g o ld c o inages o f B erry ( p . 1 01; P I

O bv.

map p . 1 00 ).

Sma l l h ead t o r igh t w ith l aurel-l ike d iade m a nd r ow o f d ots a t t he e dge o f t he c h in-bone.

Rev .

Horse b ound ing r igh t , b e lted h orse man w ith o va l s h ie ld h o ld ing r e ins ;

o pen h and b elow ( F igs. 7 6-7 ).

4 6

C HARTS S HOW ING 1 .

S hared

T YPE S HAR ING W ITH IN

o bverse

D IE

t echn ique

P I T YPE

CONDI T ION

modera te

SMALL

MED IUM-LARGE

HEA D

HEAD

L ARGE

PHA+ B

NOSE

MED .-L ARGE H EAD , C ROSS- OVER H . AL P

P I I IB

P IED PM A + D P I L IA

PIB ,P IZ A

o u t

f resh

2 HA

2 HA

moderate

2 HA

2 HA

2 HA

worn

2 HC

2 HA +C

2HC

worn o u t

2 HA +C

2 HA+C

f resh

WH

moderate

WH

worn

WH

worn o ut NOTE :

_

2 H. TWO HORSES

2 .

P IV T YPE

P I IB

IB ,P I I IA +C P I IB ,P I IB +C P UB , P I I IB F

[ PI]

worn worn

B ERRY S ILVER G ROUP

a nd d ie c ondition

P I IB

P I

f resh

T HE WEST

S hared

T YPE ;

WOLF

AND HORSE

o bverse a nd r everse P I

0 %

OBV

WH

T YPE

d es ign

P II B

_P I IA

P I I I A [ Ply ]

2 HA

2 H B

2 HC

WH

•

•

•

REV

• +

.

.

NECK

. ' _ -. 1 , 0

•

.

.

•

•

• . ,

NECK•

NECK•

NECK

HAI R

CROSSES

VAR IETIES OF:

••

Cb oc g

•

\ D I CbOco

•

•

O VER

•

2

0

4 7

•

•

0

P I TA

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t , l inear c o l lar o r t orques a t n eck , c ross o f f our g lobu les o n c heek .

Rev .

As P I ( F igs. 7 8-80 ).

I n t h is v ar iety , t he h eads o n t he o bverse a re n or ma l ly a l l o f med iu m t o l arge s ize a nd o f as ing le e ngrav ing s ty le. P I IB

O bv. As PHA, b u t n o c ross o n c heek . Rev. As P I ( F igs. 8 1-6 ).

P I IB h as t hree p r inc ipa l o bverse v ar iet ies : i .

sma l l h ead , r eca l l ing t he t reatmen t o f P I i n s o me c ases.

V ery

c o m mon v ar iety ( Figs. 8 1-3 ). i .

l arge h ead , a s P I IA, u nco m mon ( F ig. 8 4 ). med ium h ead w ith p ro m inen t n ose , f a ir ly c o m mon ;

d ies s omet i mes

b ad ly w orn ( F igs. 8 5-6 ). PH IA

O bv .

L arge Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t , n o c o l lar.

Rev.

Horse p ranc ing r ight , r ider w ith o va l s h ie ld h o ld ing r e ins ; s ymbo l

g e

b e low ( F igs. 8 7-90 ).

P I I IA o bverses a re n or ma l ly o f t he t ype w i th l arge n ose ( c f . P I IB i i i ), a nd t he d ies a re o f ten worn o r d irty.

The t reatmen t o f t he h a ir p rov ides a s pec if ic

model f or t he f i rst c en tury P ictones s i lver c o inage i n t hat t he c en tra l l ocks a t t he b ack o f t he h ead c ross o ver ( co mpare F igs. 8 9-90 w ith 6 22-4 ). P I I IB

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t , n o c o l lar .

Rev.

As PH IA, b ut s ymbo l 4 .> 1 ( F igs. 9 1-2 ).

The o bverse t ype i s most a k in t o P I IA a nd P I IB i i. P I I IC

D ies o f ten worn o r d irty.

O bv.

L arge Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t w ith p ro m inen t n ose.

Rev.

As PHIA b u t s ymbo l

9 ?

N o c o l lar.

( F igs. 9 3-4 ).

O bverse t ype c losest t o P I IB i i i a nd PH IA PH ID

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

As PH IA b ut s ymbo l

9 p

( F igs. 9 5-6 ).

The e ngrav ing s ty le i s n ot e as i ly a ss im i la ted t o o ther P I I I v ar iet ies ;

t he

o bverse o f F ig. 9 6 i s c lose t o d ies o f P ictones P IV c o ins , a nd t he d ie i s b roken . PV

As t he c o in i s u nderwe igh t i t may b e p art o f al a te i ssue.

O bv.

Bare c ur ly-headed ma le h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Horse man t o r igh t a s i n o ther P g roups ;

r ough ly r epresen ted

s evered h ead i n f i e ld b e low ( F igs. 9 7-9 ). The o bverse o f t h is v ar iety i s n o t Aqu itan ic, b u t p robably d isp lays I ber ic i nf luence ( c f . Br id iers Empor iae v ar iety D , f ig. 2 3-5 ).

4 8

The r everse t ype

w ith s evered h ead r eca l ls B r id iers Empor iae v ar iety A2 ( F igs. 1 3-14 ). West Berry PV t herefore a ppears t o b e a n i ssue w ith a t ype b ackground af ro m t he p r inc ipa l P II I I v ar ie t ies, b u t n onethe less d er ived f ro m eB r id iers g roup t rad i t ion . 1 .

Hoard ( I ssoudun-and) C harn izay Co l l. Dan icourt , P eronne 1 44; a ppend ix 1 n o. 6

We igh t : BN 4 560

3 .41

Ash mo lean A l len 7 2

3 .40

Charn izay c o in

3 .36

BN 4 558

3 .35

BN 4 459

2 .75

FRACT IONS A p art icu lar p rob le m p osed b y t he h orse man s ect ion o f t he West B erry g roup i s t he c lass if ica t ion o f r are a nd u nprovenanced s i lver f ract iona l c o ins. By t ype t hey a ppear t o b e long w ith t h is s er ies r ather t han w ith t he f i rst c en tury P IV s i lver o f t he P ictones. P I I IM

O bv. Rev.

Two g roups a ppear t o b e r epresen ted :

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t. ( a )

h orse t o r igh t w ith r ider b rand ish ing s h ield ( F ig. 1 00 )

( b )

h orse t o r igh t w ith o va l s h ie ld a bove ( F ig. 1 01)

There i s a pparen t ly n o s ubs id iary s ymbo l o n t he r everse.

Ih ave c lassed

t hese w ith P I I I, t herefore, b ecause t he t wo o bverse d ies s hown o n p l. 4 a re c losest t o Ph i l ) o r wo lf a nd h orse i ssues, b oth o f wh ich may b e r egarded a s c on t inu ing l ate i nto t he s er ies a s a who le. N o f inds r ecorded. We ight : BN 4 311H

0 .33(a )

BN 3 848

0 .41(a )

BN 3 847

0 .29(b ) b roken .

PV M

O bv.

Round Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t.

Rev .

Horse b ound ing t o r igh t , s evered h ead a bove. s ubs id iary s ymbo l.

Apparen t ly n o

( Fig. 1 02-3 )

Ih ave c lassed t hese w ith PV o n t wo g rounds.

The t rea t men t o f t he

h eads i s n o t s tandard Aqu itan ic, e ven t hough t hey a re n ot o f PV t ype e ither. Bu t t hey h ave i n c o m mon t he d ev ice o f t he s evered h ead.

They d o n o t b e long

t o t he f i rst c entury s evered h ead g roup o f s i lver ( p. 2 85f f .) wh ich a re o f v ery d if feren t s ty le. N o r ecorded f inds. We igh t : BN 3 835

0 .70

BN 3 834

0 .57 4 9

The r e lat ionsh ip o f t hese sma l l c o ins t o t he l arger s tandard i ssues c annot a t p resen t b e e stab l ished a s t here a re i nsu f f ic ien t ' m in i ms ' t o e nab le t he ir we igh t s tandard t o b e d eter m ined.

I f , h owever , t hese c o ins d o b e long t o t he

West Berry g roup , t hey a re t he e arl iest C en tra l f rac t iona l c o inage.

We igh ts

may b e c o mpared w ith f i rst c en tury mass if c en tra l a nd Arvern ian s i lver f ract ions ( p . 1 41). WEST BERRY S ILVER I : P rototype :

THE TWO HORSES TYPE

n o s ing le o r ig in .

( F igs. 1 04-121)

There i s al oose r e lat ionsh ip p erhaps w ith t he

Empor iae B r id iers t rad it ion , s ince t he s ymbo l a bove t he t op h orse m igh t b e i n terpreted a s ad islocated w ing, b u t i t wou ld b e most a ccurate t o r egard t he r everse t ype a s ad es ign o f l oca l i nven t ion .

The o bverses a re o f n or ma l

West Berry t ype. F inds :

1 .

Hd. Buxeu i l ( append ix 1 n o. 3 )

2 .

Hd.

I ssoudun-and-Charn izay ;

o ne a t 3 .25 g f ound n ear

I ssoudun i n 1 868 ( MSAC 1 1 868 p . 3 30 n o. 7 ) ;

? a s tray f ind

( append ix 1 n o. 6 ) 3 .

Hd.

V ierzon ( append ix 1 n o. 1 4 )

4 .

Hd.

Va len9ay ( append ix 1 n o. 1 3 )

5 .

Hd.

I ngrandes ( append ix 1 n o. 5 )

6 .

Hd.

O bterre ( append ix 1 n o. 8 )

7 .

1b ronze c o in w ith t hese t ypes f ound a t S a in tes 2 .45 g ( i n for mat ion Ml le. Ma in jonet ).

? a c ore o f ap lated c o in .

We ight : A Cahn Dec. 1 922, 3 85 BN 5 986

3 .50 3 .47

B D965.1.4897

3 .47

BN 5 990

3 .45

BN 5 994

3 .45

Ash mo lean A l len 6 4

3 .44

As h mo lean A l len 6 3

3 .43

B D965.1.4896

3 .42

BN 5 995

3 .40

BN 5 991

3 .39

BN 5 989

3 .36

BN 5 987 BM

3 .35 3 .34

Co l l. Dan icourt , Peronne 1 40

3 .34

B D965.1.4895

3 .33

BM

3 .29

BN 5 992

3 .29

BN 5 993

3 .28 5 0

WEST

BERRY SILVER TWO HORSES GROUP WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION

• ••

•• •••

• • ••• •• ••••••

•• •

•

• •-···· • ••·· •• • ••• • ·-····· 3.so

3.i.o

3.3 0

3.20

3.10

3.oo

51

2.90

2.eo

2.10

2.so

Hunterian III p.702 no. 25 BN 5988 BM Cahn Apr. 1933, 1667

3.27 3.25 3.20 2.85

B BN 6011 BN 6003 BN 6008 B D965.1.4898 BN 6004 BN 6013 BN 6007 BN 6010 BN 6006 BN 6012 MSAC II 1868 (1869), 330 BN 6005 BN 6009 BM B 57.2.9 Ashmolean Allen 66 Cahn Apr. 1933, 1668

3.48 3.45 3.43 3.42 3.36 3.35 3.35 3.32 3.29 3.25 3.25 3.20 3.20 3.03 3.00 2.93 2.66

C BN 5999 BN 6002 BN 5998 BN 6001 MMAG Dec. 1972, 230 BN 5996 B 962.x.10 BN 6000 BN 5997

3.44 3.40 3.38 3.30 3.22 3.20 3 .17 3.13 3.12 *

*

*

*

The two horse type is the most common issue in tqose West Berry hoards for which any figures are available (appendix 1). Group A appears to be the first to have been struck. It is marginally th� heaviest, and, more import­ ant, most of the dies used to strike it were fresh or relatively fresh when compared with groups B and C. Group B in turn is from fresher dies and is heavier than group C, some of which is probab�y struck from the last state of battered and retouched dies used for gro-up B. Unfortunately I have not been able to perform an exhaustive die study as many coins have been des­ troyed, and others are dispersed among collections I have been unable to consult. Group C almost certainly represents the last issues of the West 52

Berry c o inage a s a who le, s truck i n h aste, p erhaps t o meet a p ress ing n eed f or p aymen t i n am il itary c r is is. A

Three ma jor v ar iet ies o f t ype A may b e d ist ingu ished :

A l

O bv. Rev.

Aqu i tan ic h ead t o r ight , w ith o r w ithou t ac o l lar. Two h orses r igh t , o ne a bove t he o ther ,

` ' ,› a bove,

b e low ( Figs. 1 04-107 ). S o me f eatures a re s hared b etween t wo h orses A l a nd t he P g roup. O bverse d ie t echn ique i s s hared : t here a re sma l l c o l lared o bverse h eads l i ke P I IB ( F ig. 1 05 ), s o c lose i n s ty le t hat a c om mon d iecut ter may h ave b een a t work ; t here a re s im ilar it ies a lso i nt he t reatmen t o f l arger o bverses , a nd t he s ymbo l u nder t he h orses i s t he s a me a s t hat i n P I I IA . A2

As A l, b ut t he h ead o n t he o bverse h as a moustache ( F ig. 1 08 ).

The

o bverse d ies s ee m t o s hare a d iecu t ter w ith d ies s how ing s haven l i ps ( e .g. BN 5 986, F ig. 1 07 ). A3

O bv. Rev.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t w ith ' c ross-over ' c en tra l l ocks. Two h orses r ight o r l ef t w ith s ymbo l o r

' g

b e low ;

a bove ' c : DE7

,:e 7›, ( Figs. 1 09-110 ).

BN 5 987 h as a n o bverse t reatmen t e x tre me ly c lose t o BN 4 446 ( P I I IB ), s ugg est ing a c o m mon d iecut ter. O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t .

Rev.

Two h orses t o l e f t , t r iquetra a bove, c ross b e low ( F igs. 11-4 ).

D ies a re s o met i mes c are less ly c u t a nd f requen t ly s how s igns o f w ear. c ut ters a re n ot n or ma l ly s hared w ith g roup A .

D ie-

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t , o f t ypes n or ma l i n g roup A .

Rev.

Type t o l ef t ; ( i ) t r iquetra a bove a nd c ross b elow , a s g roup B ( F igs. 1 15-120 ). ( i i ) a bove a nd c ross b e low ( F ig. 1 21)

Th is v ar ie ty i s t herefore a c oup l ing o f o bverse d ies o f A t ype w ith r everse d ies o f B t ype. D ies o nb oth s ides s how d egrees o f w ear f rom moderate t o s evere ; r etouch ing , s o met i mes c lumsy , w as e xerc ised t o s harpen t he p r inc ipa l o u tl ines o f t he d es ign .

BN 6 001 ( F ig. 17 ) s hows r etouch ing a long t he c h in wh ich

was made t o t ake t he f or m o f as t ipp led b eard.

I ti s l ikely t hat t h is w as t he

t er m ina l i ssue o f t he c o inage. WEST BERRY S ILVER I I : P rototype :

WOLF AND HORSE TYPE ( F igs. 1 22-126 )

The t ype h as n o o bv ious p redecessors.

The o bverse i s o f n or ma l

West B erry t ype , a nd t he c o l lar o f d ots a t t he c h in r ecal ls P I t echn ique. D iec utters a re n ot n or ma l ly s hared w ith o ther Wes t B erry g roups.

5 3

F inds :

1 .

Hd. L est l de ( Dordogne ), mixed w ith monna ies ä l a c ro ix ( p. 4 3;

a ppend ix 1 n o. 7 )

. •

Hd. Buxeu il ( append ix 1 n o. 3 )

3 .

Hd. V ierzon ( append ix 1 n o. 1 4 )

4 .

Hd. I ssoudun-and-Charn izay ( append ix 1 n o. 6 )

5 .

Hd. Va len9ay ( append ix 1 n o. 1 3 )

6 .

Hd.

7 .

Hd. Obterre ( append ix 1 n o. 8 )

8 .

I ngrandes ( append ix 1 n o. 5 )

Bourges ( Cher ), 1 f ound i n Ave. L a mart ine, c e metery F inRenard MSAC XXV I I 1 903 ( 1904 ) p . 2 85.

We ight : A l BN 6 019

3 .39

BN 6 017

3 .37

BN 6 018

3 .26

A2 BN 6 021

3 .36

BN 6 022

3 2 4

B D965.1.4826

3 .23

Co l l. Dan icourt , Peronne 1 41 BN 6 020

3 .10 3 .07

B i BM

3 .43

Cahn Dec. 1 922, 3 21

3 .40

BN 6 023

3 .40

BM

3 .38

B D965.1.4879

3 .35

BM

3 .34

Co l l. Dan icourt , Ptronne 1 43

3 .34

Hunter ian I I p. 702 n o. 27

3 .33

BN 6 027

3 .31

B 8 40.65.12

3 .30

Ash mo lean A l len 6 7

3 .30

BN 6 024

3 .29

Ash mo lean A l len 6 8

3 .29

M MAG Dec. 1 972, 2 32

3 .27

BN 6 026

3 .26

BM

3 .12

BN 6 025

3 .11

B D965.1.4881

2 .85

Cahn Apr. 1 933, 1 665

2 .80 5 4

WEST

BERRY S ILVER

WOLF AND

HORSE

G ROUP

WEIGHT D ISTR IBUT ION

•

•

• •

• • • 3 .40

•

3 .30

•

• A

• B 1

2

A 1

3 . 20

3 . 10

5 5

3 .00

2 .90

82

2 .80

B2 M MAG Dec. 1 972, 2 31

3 .40

BN 6 031

3 .34

Co l l. Dan icourt , P Aronn .e 1 42

3 .27

BN 6 030

3 .19

BN 6 029

3 .15

B D965.1.4883

3 .04

BN 6 028

3 .02

Cahn Apr. 1 933, 1 666

2 .80

The c lass if icat ion o f t h is g roup b y t ype i n to f our c ategor ies d oes n ot a t p resen t r evea l i mportan t d if ferences i n w e igh t o r d ie c ond it ion b ecause o f t he sma l l n umber o f s pec i mens a va ilab le f or s tudy. A l

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t , c o l lar o f d o ts u nder c h in .

Rev.

Horse p ranc ing r ight , t hree-lobe whor l b e low , wo lf s quat t ing o n h orse 's r ump.

MSAC I I ( 1869 ) :

i n t he Buxeu il h oard w ith

X

2 97-305 n oted a v ar iety

b e low t he h orse. ( F ig 1 22 ).

A2

As A l b u t w ith c ross o f f our d o ts o n t he c heek o n t he o bverse ( F ig. 1 23 ).

B 1

As A l b u t o bverse t o l ef t ( F ig. 1 24 ).

B2

As A2 b u t o bverse t o l ef t ( F igs. 1 25-6 ).

F ew , i fa ny , d iecut ters a ppear s hared w ith t he o ther West B erry g roups, a lthough t here a re r ese mb lances b etween t he c o ins.

F ig. 1 26 r eca l ls t he

t reatmen t o f med iu m-large h eads i n t he h orse man a nd t wo h orses s er ies ( e .g. F ig. 14 );

t he h eavy f ea tures o n t he o bverse f aces r eca l l t he h orse man

d ies w i th l arge n ose ( F ig. 8 5 ); s hared w ith P I IA.

a nd t he c ross o f f our d o ts o n t he c heek i s

D ies o ccas iona l ly b eco me w orn , b u t t h is i s n o t ac o m mon

o ccurrence. WEST BERRY S ILVER, MINOR VAR IET IES There a re s evera l t ypes whose c lass if ica t ion i s u ncerta in b ecause t hey a re r are, b ut a s t hey s hare f eatures o f d es ign w ith West B erry c o ins , a re o f s im i lar w e igh t , a nd s o me o f t he m a re f ound i n t he s a me h oards t hey a re i nc luded h ere. A

O bv .

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t.

Rev .

Horse s tepp ing r igh t , 9

No r ecorded f inds.

5 6

1

a bove,

2 , 3

b e low ( F igs. 1 27-8 ).

W E S T B E R R YS I L V E R M I N O RT Y P E S , W E1 0 1 I T S OE

•

0

•

•

• SO A 3 .40

3 . 30

3 .20

3 .10

3 .0

5 7

2 .90

2 .

0

2 ,70

Weight: Ashmolean Allen 7 0 B D965.1.4812 Ashmolean Allen 69 BN 6050

3 • 44 3.37 3.33 3.30

Bouncing man type.

B

Obv. Rev.

Head to right with curly ·sub-Aquitanic hair.

Horse bounding right, symbols rr , )C or % below; kneeling or crouched rider bouncing above (Figs. 129-133).

The reverse type may recall the late Bridiers group type B (P. 38 above). Finds: 1. 2. 3.

Hd. Vierzon (B D965.1.4824; appendix 1 no. 14) ?Hd. Issoudun-and-Charnizay (BN 6031A; appendix 1 no. 6) Hd. Valen9ay. (appendix 1 no, 13).

Weight: BN 6031A B D965.1.4825 B D965.1.4824

3.49 3.38 3.15

Two varieties from the Valencay hoard are illustrated by Beauvais (1900): (a) Obv. Rev.

Aqui tanj c head to right. Horse to right, bouncing rider,

(b) Obv.

Curly head to right (cf. PV or principal variety of bouncing man type) Horse galloping to right, I\ below, kneeling person above horse (Fig. 133).

Rev. C

)�

below (Fig. 132).

Obv.

Aquitanic head to right.

Rev.

Horse galloping right, reversed lyre below, animal with long claws scrambling above (Fig. 134) •

Finds:

1.

Hd. Issoudun-and-Charnizay (appendix 1 no. 6).

Weight: BN 6032 Cahn Dec. 1922, 322

2.72 2.30

These coins are significantly lighter than is normal for the West Berry series, and are probably later, but on the grou:r;ids o{ the Aquitanic obverse and reverse type which is akin to types with wolf or wild animal (Figs. 66-7) they are included here • D

Obv.

Aquitanic head to right.

Rev. Horse to right, � above, 'lyre' below. A coin of this description (not illustrated) was recorded by Buhot de Kersers MSAC III (1869) 297-305 as coming from the Buxeuil hoard. No weight recorded. 58

B iga t ype. O bv.

Head t o r igh t , r ounded l ocks.

Rev.

B iga a nd d r iver t o r igh t .

B 8 40.65.9 2 .96 g .

No p rovenance r ecorded ( F ig. 1 35 ).

Th is u n ique c o in b e longs b y w e igh t l ate i n t he r eg iona l s i lver c o inage o f West B erry , b u t i t s o bverse t ype i s ac lose c opy o f t hat o f Br id iers Empor iae g roup D ( F igs. 2 4-5 ).

The r everse c ou ld b e i nsp ired b y Br id iers Ph i l ip I

t ype c o ins o r c on te mporary l oca l g o ld s taters i n Berry. GOLD TYPES AK IN TO WEST BERRY S ILVER There i s a l most n o e v idence i n a ny o f t he f o l low ing c ases f or c hrono logy a nd g eograph ica l o r ig in .

A lmost c erta in ly t he g o ld s taters a round o r u nder

7 .0 g a nd s i lver l i t t le o ver 2 .0 g a re l ater t han t he p r inc ipa l West B erry t ypes o f s i lver a nd t he g o ld c o inages o f t he s econd c en tury i n B erry a nd Toura ine ( p. 1 01f f . b elow ).

Whether t hey a re c on te mporary w ith t he f i rst c entury

B itur iges, P ictones a nd L e mov ices c o inages r e ma ins u nknown . A l

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t o r r igh t .

Rev.

One o r t wo h orses g a l lop ing t o r igh t ;

w inged t orso a bove,

s pread-w inged b ird b e low ( F igs. 1 36-8 ). N o r ecorded f inds. We ight : BN 4 591

6 .91

BN 4 591A

6 .91

BN 4 594

6 .39

BN 4 593

6 .25

BN 4 592

1 .61 ( 1/4 s tater )

By w e igh t t hese b ase g o ld c o ins b e long t o t he e arly f i rst c en tury B .C. a nd t he o bverse t reatmen t o f BN 4 591A r eca l ls f i rst c en tury g o ld C rane a nd Tref o i l t ypes ( p late 2 7 ). s i lver.

The ir t ype a lso owes s o me i nsp ira t ion t o \ Vest Berry

The t reatmen t o f t he o bverse o f BN 4 591 ( F ig. 1 37 ) r eca l ls t he e n-

g rav ing o f med iu m o r l arge h eads o n s i lver h orse man t ypes ( e .g. F ig. 8 4 ) a nd t he a tt itude o f t he h orses o n t he r everse i s t hat o f many West B erry r ev erses.

The c o ins c anno t a t p resent b e l oca l ised ;

t hey m ight b e c on te m-

p orary w ith a nd a n ear n e ighbour t o t he f i rst c en tury Crane a nd T refo i l g roup o r B itur igan ABVDOS g roup g o ld ( p . 2 02 ), w ith wh ich t hey s hare t he r everse mo t if o f aw inged t orso ( c f . F igs. 4 61-2 ).

They m igh t e qua l ly b e o ne o f t he

l ates t o f t he midd le p hase s er ies o f g o ld c o ins o f t he Berry-Toura ine a rea ( p . 1 01f f .).

Related t o t h is i ssue i s p robab ly BN 4 069A ( 6.98,

w ith t hree r ings u nder t he h orse ;

F ig. 1 39 )

c f . p erhaps West Berry h orse man s i lver

P I I IC ( F igs. 9 9-100 ). B 1

Carnyx t ype O bv.

Head t o r ight w ith r ounded l ocks a nd i n terspersed d ots ; s trands i ssu ing f ro m t he mou th. 5 9

Rev.

Horse p ranc ing l ef t , c arnyx r is ing f ro m b ack , s evered h ead f ac ing l ef t b elow ( F ig. 1 40 ).

N o r ecorded f inds. We igh t : BN 4 551.2

7 .22 g ( one c o in )

The e xact o r ig in o f t h is c o in i s u nknown , b u t a ga in r e lat ions w ith t he West Berry c o inage a nd o thers f ro m t he s a me a rea may b e e stab l ished.

The

t reatmen t o f t he h ead a nd h a ir a nd t he s evered h ead u nder t he h orse r eca l ls s i lver PV ( F igs. 9 7-9 ).

The s trands i n f ron t o f t he f ace a re s im ilar t o t hose

o f e ar ly ABVDOS g roup g o ld c o ins ( P late 1 9 ).

T he c arnyx i s p ecu l iar t o t h is

c o in a nd a p oor ly l ocated g roup o f s i lver c o ins w h ich may b e i nc luded h ere : B 2

O bv.

Head t o r igh t o r l ef t , c ur ly h a ir , s trands i ssu ing f ro m t he mouth i n r igh t-fac ing e xa mp le.

Rev.

Horse p ranc ing l eft , t orso b e low r a is ing a n a rm a nd h o ld ing ab aton ;

F inds :

c arnyx a t h orse 's b ack .

F igs. 1 41-3.

( not mapped ) 1 .

K imes ( Gard ), ABT p . 2 90

2 .

Hod H il l ( Dorset ), A l len c at . S4 29X

We igh t : BN 4 553 A l len Cat. S 4 29X

2 .27 2 .18

BN 4 552

2 .17

M 3 018

1 .86

ABT p . 2 90 F ig. 1 65

n. w.

By w e igh t t hese a re l i ghter t han t he West B erry g roup , b u t h eav ier t han n or ma l f i rst c en tury C en tra l s i lver w ith t he e xcep t ion o f s i lver o f t he mass if c en tra l a nd Auvergne ( p . 1 38f f .).

I n v iew o f t he u ncerta in ty o f t he ir o r ig in ,

t herefore, i ti s n o t p oss ib le t o a scr ibe a d ate t o t he m. Go ld c o in . O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t , e ngraved e xact ly a s West Berry g roups w ith sma l l o r med iu m s ized h ead ( e .g. F ig. 8 5 ). S hort c ha in o f d ots r unn ing b eh ind t he h a ir.

Rev.

Horse t o r igh t , h arnessed t o aw heel b y ar ow o f d ots ; t eer a bove.

c har io-

Uncerta in s y mbo l b e low.

K ress s a le 3 Dec. 1 957 , 2 492 7 .5 g ;

o ne c o in , n o p rovenance.

Quarter-stater o f s im ilar t ype b ut s uper ior t echn ique : De l a S aussaye 1 836 n o. 1 0 , f ound a t S o ings

( L+Ch ), 1 .84 g ( F ig. 1 44 ).

S a me t ype b u t o n t he r everse a t hunderbo lt b e low t he h orse : BN 1 0293, 1 .76 g ;

n o p rovenance ( F ig. 1 45 )

6 0

WE IGHTS

O F

GOLD

T YPES

AK IN

T O

WEST B ERRY

4. 7 8 4

•

75 0 -

7 .40 -

7

.3 0

-

B 1 7 .20 -

7 . 10

-

7 .00

-

17 5

69 0 -

6 .80 -

6 .70

6 ,60 -

6 ,50 -

64 0 -

6 3 0 -

•

6 .20 -

6 .10 -

6 0 0 -

QUARTER- S TATERS

MULT I PLI ED

B Y

4 :

ACTUAL

WEIGH TS

6 1

I N

T HE

C I RCLES

S ILVER

The o bverses o f t hese c o ins a re v ery c lose i ndeed t o West Berry t echn iques, a nd t he ir w e igh t i s c lose t o t hat o f l a te s econd c en tury g o ld c o ins i n t he r eg ion ( p . 1 01 f . ). I t i s p oss ib le t herefore t ha t t hey r epresen t am inor i ssue o f t he l ate s econd c en tury i n c en tra l-wes tern Gau l.

The r everse t ypes a re v ar ia-

t ions o n t he c o m monp lace t he me o f Ph il ip I t ype b iga a nd c har ioteer f ound o n most Cen tra l g o ld c o inage. Go ld c o in . O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t , o rnate v ar iety .

Rev.

Horse p ranc ing t o r igh t , h orse man f ac ing r igh t wav ing a r ms ; o va l s h ie ld b eh ind , u ncerta in s ymbo l b elow ( F ig. 1 46 ).

BN 4 597

1 .96 ( 1/4 s tater ).

One c o in .

The h igh w e igh t o f t h is u nprovenanced c o in may j ust ify a p lac ing among l a te s econd c en tury i ssues ;

t he h orse man a nd s h ie ld t ype may b e i n f luenced b y

h orse man i ssues o f West Berry o r b y t he e cstat ic r ider o n e ar ly c o ins o f t he Redones a rea ( LT XX I I 6 759, 6 761).

A c en tra l-western o r w estern o r i-

g in i s t herefore a p oss ib il ity . Go ld c o ins. O bv.

Aqu itan ic l aurel led h ead t o r igh t .

Rev.

Horse t o l ef t w ith c har ioteer o ver wheel , f our-po in ted s tar w ith c entra l p o in t b e low ( F igs. 1 47-8 ).

N o r ecorded f inds. BN 3 697

6 .07

BN 3 696

6 .90

There i s n o e v idence f or t he o r ig in o f t hese b ase g o ld s taters.

By w e igh t t hey

a re a na logous w ith g roup A a bove, a nd t he ir o bverse t rea tmen t i s i n a ccord w ith e arly c en tra l-western t echn iques.

The r everse may b e c o mpared w ith

F igs. 2 89-90 o f w h ich o ne was f ound a t L e Dorat ( HV ), p . 1 05f f . FRACT IONAL CO INS OF UNCERTAIN CLASS IF ICAT ION ( F igs. 1 49-51; c f . 6 26-31 a nd p . 2 53 ). There a re a n u mber o f sma l l s i lver c o ins i n t he s ame w e ight r ange a s t he h orse man g roup f ract ions a bove ( p .49 f .) a nd o f s im i lar e ngrav ing s ty le, b ut l ikew ise w ithou t r ecorded p rovenance.

T he ir r ela t ionsh ip t o t he West

Berry s i lver g roup i s t herefore u nknown , a l though a n o r ig in i n t he c en tre o r west o f Gau l i s l ike ly o n s ty l ist ic g rounds . 4 A

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Horse b ound ing r ight w ith u ncerta in s ymbo l a bove ( F ig. 1 49.

Bo th r ecorded s pec i mens a re f rom t he s a me d ies, a nd t he r everse d ie h as a ma jor b reak o bscur ing t he a rea a bove t he h orse. BN 4 311A

0 .49

BN 4 311B

0 .55 6 2

S i lver c o ins.

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Horse b ound ing r igh t , r ing a bove , t r iang le b e low ( F igs. 1 50-1).

The o bverse h as i t s h a ir r endered i n as ty le most l ike f i rst c en tury Ar mor ican b il lon c o inage ;

t he h orse o n t he r everse h as n o v ery c lose a na log ies.

S ilver

c o ins. BN 4 311D

0 .28

BN 3 837

0 .32

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t o f Po itou t ype ( c f . t ype B ).

Rev.

Horse b ound ing t o r igh t , u ncerta in s ymbo l a bove ;

r ing o f

d ots w ith c en tra l p o in t b e low . One c o in :

0 .31 g , f ound o n t he s urface a t Muron-la-Cou ture ( Ch. Mar.) i n

e xcava t ions ( Ma in jonet 1 975 n o. 7 ).

S ilver c o in .

O bv .

Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t ( Po itou t ype ).

Rev.

Horse g a l lop ing l ef t , d r iver a bove , s evered h ead t o l ef t i n h e l met b e low .

One c o in :

2 .46 g ( bronze ).

F ound i n e xcava t ions a t Muron-la-Couture ( Ch.

Mar. ), Ma in jonet 1 975 n o. 1 5.

Th is c o in i s p robab ly n o t o f t he s econd c en tury ,

b u t i s p laced h ere o n t he g rounds o f i t s s ty l ist ic r ese mb lance t o t he o bverses o f s i lver t ypes B a nd C .

The h orse o n t he r everse r ese mb les f i rst c en tury

i ssues o f t he Arvern i ( p l. 1 3-14 ). O bv. Rev.

Head t o l ef t , h eavy f eatures , u ncerta in t ype h a ir. Horse g a l lop ing t o l eft w ith r ider.

One c o in ; 0 .39 g ( s i lver ).

F ound i n e xcavat ions a t Muron-la-Cou ture ( Ch.

Mar.) , Ma in jonet 1 975 n o. 8 .

O f u ncerta in v ar iety , t h is c o in i s p laced h ere

b ecause o f i t s h orse man r everse ;

t he o bverse f eatures a re c losest t o t he

o bverses o f t he f i rst c en tury s evered h ead g roup ( P l. 2 7, 6 56-664 ). T hese f ract iona l c o ins, wh ich a l most c erta in ly b elong t o t he f i rst c entury , i l lustra te t he importance o f t he l ate s econd c en tury s i lver i ssues o f West Berry a s models f or t he l ater c o inages o f w estern Gau l ( p . 2 50f f .). GOLD CO INAGES OF THE WEST AND SOUTH WEST I n t he r eg ion o f t he Garonne e stuary t here was a s uccess ion o f g o ld c o ina ges w h ich b egan v ery e ar ly , a nd h ad l i t t le c lose c onnect ion w ith o ther Cen tra l g o ld c o inages.

I ti s i ncluded h ere, h owever, b ecause o f t he l igh t i t

s heds o n t he c hrono logy o f C en tra l c o inage, a nd b ecause i tp rov ides i l lustrat ion o f t he n umerous c onnect ions b etween t he w estern most a reas o f Gau l a nd t he e as t o f Gau l a nd t he Rh ine land ( c f . p . 8 4f f .). The a bso lute c hrono logy o f t he s er ies i s i mportan t b ecause i ts ee ms t o b e c on te mporary w ith t he Br id iers g roup i n i t s e arly p hase a nd t he West Berry c o inages i n i t s l a ter p hase.

A l though i ti s i mposs ib le t o s pec ify t he

h istor ica l c ircu mstances u nder wh ich t hese c o ins w ere s truck , i ti s l ike ly t ha t c o inage d evelop men ts i n b o th a reas w ere i n f luenced i n s im i lar w ays a t t he s ame t ime. 6 3

EARLY PHASE:

THE S A INTE-EANNE GOLD GROUP

( F igs. 1 52-4 )

The d ist ingu ish ing mark o f t h is t ype o f c o inage a nd i t s s uccessor i n t he m idd le p hase i s t he u se o f t he t r iden t s ymbo l, a nd o ne c o in w ith t r iden t , l ong t hough t o f a s C elt ic, b ut wh ich i s n ow r egarded a s a Macedon ian o r ig ina l w as f ound a t P ons i n Charen te- Mar it i me, w e l l w ith in t he g enera l a rea i n wh ich t he Gau l ish c o ins w ith t h is d ev ice a ppear t o h ave b een u sed ( D. N ony , BSFN 1 976 p p. 8 2-3, -ABT p . 2 10 a nd h is p l. 1 .16, 8 .39 g ). A

C lose im itat ion . O bv.

L aure l led ma le h ead t o r igh t.

R ev.

B iga w ith c har io teer a nd l egend O wnnoy

C f . p . 2 5 a bove ;

( F ig. 4 5 ).

t h is c o in i s v ery c lose i ndeed t o av ar iety o f Br id iers g roup

s i lver w ith P h i l ip I t ype r everse ( F ig. 4 4 ) a nd i s a l most c erta in ly c on tempo rary w ith i t .

The s i lver c o ins b e long t o t he e nd o f t he t h ird c en tury o r e arly

s econd , a nd t h is g o ld c o in w ith i t s h igh w e igh t a nd f a ithfu lness t o t he Maced on ian o r ig ina l may a ppropr ia tely b e p laced l a te i n t he t h ird c en tury a lso. N o r ecorded f inds. BN 3 429

8 .42

S a in te-Eanne t ype. O bv. Rev.

Head l aure l led t o r igh t w ith b u lbous c h in a nd f l at tened n ose. B iga t o r igh t , h orses w ith s hort s tra igh t f ore legs ; b e low ;

l egend

( D tA innov

i n e x. ( F igs. 1 52-4 ).

t r iden t W ide f l an

t h in c o ins. F inds :

1 .

S a in t-Ph i lbert-de-Grand-L ieu ( L.At l.) 8 .35 g Co lbert d e B eau l ieu 1 973a p . 1 97 n . 1 30.

2 .

S a in te-Eanne ( DS ) 8 .35 ( Ga l l ia 1 951:107 ).

3 .

" Lower Rhone Va l ley" 8 .50 ( Kress s a le 6Dec. 1 956 p . 2n o. 9 6 ).

N ot o n t he map.

We igh t : L enor man t 1 856

8 .58

BM

8 .55

BN 3 432

8 .55

Cahn Dec. 1 922, 3 92

8 .50

K ress Dec. 1 956, 9 6

8 .50

Ha mburger s a le May 1 929, 8 09

8 .45

S t. P h i lbert c o in

8 .35

S te. Eanne c o in

8 .35

BN 3 431 Cahn N ov.

8 .28 ( made w ith b roken o bverse d ie ) 1 930 , 8 36

8 .26

M MAG J an . 1 953, 2 5

8 .10

B lanchet 1 922, 1 21-2

7 .80

6 4

S A INTE-EANNE

•0 X

AND

T AYAC

T ayac t ype , s tray f i nd S a inte- E anne

6 5

t ype

T YPE

GOLD

a nd h oard

S A I N TE-EA NNE

AND

T AYAC

T AYAC

8 .50

0 •

T YPE

8 .40

• 6 .30

WEI GHT

TYPE

•

• 8 .20

D ISTRI BU T IO N

es 50 • 10 • 00 • 00 • 00 • .5 .. 5000 'MOO 5000 0000 • M O • 0000 555554 ) 100000 05 000 50 50 000 00 5• 555 55S .5.5•5•. • 000 00000 000

S A I N TE- EAN NE

00 SOO

T YPES ,

8 . 10

8 .00

7 .90

7 . 8 0

7 .7 0

7 .60

7 .50

S o me s urv iv ing c o ins h ave b een t est-cut w ith a c h isel : . 8 .445 g ( Ha mburger s a le May 1 929, 8 09 ) 2 .

8 .35 ( co in f rom S a in t-Ph ilbert d e Grand-L ieu )

3 .

7 .80 ( Blanchet 1 922 :121-2 ).

Test- mark ing i n t h is manner w as n o t c onf ined t o a ny o ne a rea o f Gau l , b u t a ppears t o h ave b een e spec ia l ly p reva len t i n t he w est , p erhaps b ecause c o ina ge h ad l i t t le f unc t ion i n t hose a reas o ther t han a s as tore o f w ea lth , i n wh ich c ase i t s i n tr ins ic v a lue w as o f c en tra l i mportance ( c f . a ppend ix 2 ). The r e lat ive c hrono logy o f t he S a in te-Eanne t ype

i s e stab l ished o n t he

b as is o f i t s r ela t ionsh ip t o t he Tayac g roup b e low , f or w h ich i tp rov ided t he p ro totype.

I t i s t herefore e ar l ier ;

a nd a s n o s pec i men w as f ound i n t he

Tayac o r Rouquet te h oards, i ti s p robab ly e ar l ier b y as ign if ican t marg in. I n a dd it ion , t he h igh w e igh t o f t he t ype s ets i t among t he e ar l iest g o ld c o ina ges o f Gau l , s ince i ti s c lose t o t he f u l l w e ight o f t he Macedon ian s tater i t im itates.

Iwou ld s uggest t hat t he S a in te-Eanne t ype i s c on te mporary w ith

t he e ar ly p hase o f t he Br id iers g roup , i n t he l ate t h ird t o e ar ly s econd c ent ury B .C. MIDDLE PHASE: O bv.

THE TAYAC GROUP

( F igs. 1 55-7 )

L aure l led h ead t o r ight w ith f eatures r eca l l ing t he S a in teEanne t ype, e spec ia l ly i n t he t rea tmen t o f t he h a ir.

Rev.

B iga t o r igh t , h orses w ith g lobu lar j o in ts t o t he l egs ; o r d is located t r iden t b e low ;

O l n innoy

l egend.

t r iden t

i n e xergue, r e ma ins o f t he

( F igs. 1 55-7 )

K e l lner ( 1970 ) d ist ingu ished s ix p r inc ipa l v ar iet ies : a .

Head t o r igh t , c lose t o t he S a in te-Eanne t ype/b iga t o r igh t , t r iden t b e low ,

b .

n nnn

i n e x .

Head t o r igh t , h eavy p ara l lel l i ps, h a ir o f l ozenges/as b efore, b u t t he t r iden t o f ten c rosses t he e xergue l ine.

c .

Head t o r ight , l arge S f or e ar, h eavy l ocks/reverse a s b efore ; l arge E f or s ymbo l.

d .

L aure l led h ead t o r igh t/as b efore, b ut s quare mark i nstead o f t r iden t ;

n e .

s o met i mes r educed t o b locks.

O bverse b lank/b iga t o r igh t , f our d o ts i n s quare f or mat ion i n f ron t ,

n n inn f .

i n e x.

Obverse d ie b roken a nd b lank/reverse d ie worn o u t.

Var iet ies ( e ) a nd ( f ) a re n o t c om mon . F inds :

1 .

Hd. Tayac ( G ir.) K e l lner 1 970.

2 .

Hd. Rouquet te ( Dord.) A l len 1 969 n o. 4 ; p . 2 13 n . 5 ;

3 .

ABT n o. 5 4 a nd

L acro ix a nd G r icour t 1 972 ( append ix 1 n o. 9 ).

Near Agen ( L+G ) n . w. ABT p . 2 13 n .5.

6 7

4 .

Hd. S a in t- Medard-de-Gu izieres ( G ir.) A l len 1 969:38 n . ( append ix 1 n o. 1 0 )

5 .

Two f ro m ' Neuenburger S ee ', Sw itzerland ( Kel lner 1 970 :16 ), n ot o n t he map.

We ight :

( Ke l lner 1 970, f o l low ing h is c lass if icat ion )

A 7 .93

7 .98

7 .90 ( 2 )

7 .86

7 .89

7 .79

7 .87

7 .78

7 .85 ( 2 )

7 .72

7 .81 ( 4 )

7 .71

7 .78

7 .70

7 .77

7 .65

7. 76

7 .62

7 .71 ( 3 )

7 .60

7 .70 ( 2 )

7 .47

7 .68

7 .45

7 .67 7 .59 7 .71

7 .93 7 .86 7 .85 ( 3 )

7 .71 Unc lass if ied A-D

7 .83

7 .90

7 .82

7 .81

7 .78

7 .79 ( 2 )

7 .77

7 .78

7 .75 ( 4 )

7 .77 ( 3 )

7 .73 7 .72

7 .76

7 .71

7 .75 ( 2 ) 7 .73

7 .65

7 .72 ( 2 )

7 .62

7 .71 7 .70 ( 3 ) 7 .62 ( 2 )

7 .68

7 .67 ( 2 )

7 .65

7 .66

7 .64

7 .65 ( 5 )

7 .62 ( 2 )

7 .64

7 .61

7 .63 ( 4 )

7 .60

7 .62 ( 2 )

7 .56

7 .60 ( 2 )

7 .53

7 .59 7 .55 1 /4 s tater : 6 8

1 .89

The most i mportan t f ind o f t h is t ype w as i n t he m ixed g o ld h oard f ro m Tayac ( G ir.) p ub l ished b y K e l lner ( 1970 ).

The a uthor o f t ha t p ub l icat ion

o f fered a f u l l c lass if icat ion o f t he t ype, a nd a rgued r ight ly t ha t t h is c o inage w as l oca l t o G ironde.

H e c o m mented o n t he p oor c ond it ion o f many d ies,

t he r esu l t p erhaps o f t he ir h av ing b een made o f s of t meta l , i n h is o p in ion . The d a te o f t he g roup i s o f s ome i mpor tance f or t he C en tra l c o inages a s a who le, a nd t he Tayac h oard i s t he p r inc ipa l e v idence f or d ate. The Rouquet te h oard i s u n fortunately o f l i t t le u se b ecause t he c .550 monna ies sa l a c ro ix i t c on ta ined w ere d estroyed b efore t hey c ou ld b e w -e ighed o r a dequa te ly d escr ibed. There a re t hree c o inages i n t he T ayac h oard wh ich may b e u sed t o d ate i t s c on ten ts a nd mo men t o f b ur ia 1 :5 A .

K e l lner g roup I I, h enceforth r eferred t o a s t he Beaune g roup.

B .

K e l lner g roup I V, o therw ise k nown a s w ide f l an Amb ian i o r Ga l lo-Belg ic A .

C .

One s tater o f t he Venet i , 7 .55 g.

A

K e l lner a rgues t hat h is g roup I I i s al oca l c o inage, a lthough , l ike t he

r n

Tayac t ype , i ti s a lso f ound i n e astern F rance. Ib e l ieve , o n t he c on trary , t ha t i ti s a n e astern Gau l ish c o inage, a nd t hat i th as a h istory wh ich e nab les ac on f iden t d ate t o b e a scr ibed t o i t . THE BEAUNE GROUP F inds :

( F igs. 1 58-161)

1 .

Ruf fey n ear B eaune ( C . d 'O.) ABT :216 7 .18.

2 .

N ear Beaune ( C . d 'O. ) ABT :216 a nd p l. 1 .13.

3 .

N ear Besancon ( Doubs ) i b id.

4 .

Hd. Tayac ( G ir.;

5 .

a ppend ix 1 n o. 1 2 )

N ear Base l ( Sw itzer land ), a n e vo lved v ers ion .

ABT :216 ( of f

t he map ) We igh t : O thers

T ayac c o ins ( Kel lner 1 970 ) 7 .57

7 .60

7 .53

7 .60

K ress 1 957, 2 551

7 .50 ( 2 )

7 .47

Cahn 1 932, 7

7 .49

7 .45

Rat to 1 927, 7 6

7 .45

7 .39

BN 3 671

7 .42

7 .39

Ha mburger s a le 1 929, 8 10

7 .40

7 .30

BN 3 674

7 .38 ( 2 )

7 .25

K ress 1 952, 3 81

7 .37

7 .20

M MAG J an. 1 953, 2 4

7 .35

7 .20

K ress 1 957, 2 552

7 .33 ( 2 )

7 .18

ABT :216

7 .32 ( 2 )

7 .15

M 2 021

7 .31

7 .12

BN 3 693

7 .23

6 .95

BM

7 .10

6 9

BN 3 681

B EAUNE A ND

C HENÖVES T YPE

•C

t ype ,

C

B eaune

C hen8yes

s t ray f i nd a nd i n h oard

h oard

7 0

G OLD

CHENÖVES

A ND

C HENÖVES

T YPES ,

WE IGHT

T YPE

• • •

BEAUNE

•

T YPE

• •

05 760

D ISTR IBUT ION

0 0 0 0

B EAU NE

7 .50

7 .40

7 .30

7 .20

7 1 0

7 1

7 .00

6 .90

6 . 80

6 .70

6 .60

Th is t ype, t herefore, h as more f indspo ts i n t he e ast o f Gau l t han i n t he west , a nd i n a dd it ion w as t he i m med iate f orerunner o f t he g o ld c o inage o f t he Aedu i ( F igs. 1 62-6 ) w h ich p rov ided t he c on ten ts o f t he h oard o f Chenöves ( S+L ; B lanchet 1 934 ;

f or 1 /4 s taters s ee Deroc, C ah iers N um is mat iques 4 9 ). The

Chenöves h oard c on ta ined 3 5 s taters w e igh ing b etween 6 .60 a nd 7 .10 g a nd t here w ere a t l east s ix v ar iet ies o f t he c o inage. These c o ins may b e a scr ibed t o t he Aedu i n o t o n ly o n t he b as is o f t he g eograph ica l p rovenance o f t he Chenöves h oard ( wh ich w ou ld a lone b e i nsuf f ic ien t ), b u t b ecause t he v ar iety w ith l yre was a dop ted f or t he t ypes o f t he ir s i lver c o inage when t he A edu i c hanged f rom g o ld t o s i lver c o inage v ery e ar ly i n t he f i rst c en tury B .C. ( F igs. 1 67-8 );

Co lbert d e B eau l ieu 1 966c :101-29 ).

Iw ou ld l ike t o s uggest t ha t t he Chenöves t ype o f s ta ter was t he l as t a nd p oor ly p roduced p hase o f a n o lder r eg iona l g o ld c o inage, t he B eaune g roup , wh ich i s n ot o n ly f ound i n t he s a me a rea b u t i s a n o bv ious t ypo log ica l p red ecessor.

I ft h is i s t he c ase , t hen t he B eaune g roup must b elong a t l atest

t o t he e nd o f t he s econd c en tury B .C., s ince t he Chenöves t ype w as r ep laced b y s i lver b y t he e ar ly f i rst . The c o ins i n t he Tayac h oard must t herefore h ave b een s truck l ate i n t he s econd c en tury B .0

w hatever t he d a te o f

b ur ia l o f t he c o l lect ion . B

K el lner g roup I V, w ide f l an Amb ian i o r G a l lo-Belg ic A . S . S cheers ( 1969 ) h as p rov ided a t horough s tudy o f t h is t ype a nd d e mons-

t ra ted i t s o r ig in i n t he S om me a rea o f n orthern F rance.

The c hrono logy s he

s uggests f or t he g o ld c o inages o f t he S o m me r eg ion i s ( a ) h a lf-sta ter c o inage o n t he Taren tum mode l a t t he e nd o f t he t h ird a nd b eg inn ing o f t he s econd c entury B .C. ( t herefore c on te mporary w ith t he B r id iers a nd S a in te-Eanne g roups );

( b ) w ide-f lan c o inage i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he s econd c en tury B .C.

Aga in , t herefore , a ma jor c o mponen t o f t he T ayac h oard may b e d ated t o t he l a ter s econd c en tury B .C. The g reat ma jor ity o f t he Tayac h oard i s c omposed o f c o ins o f b road ly s im i lar w e igh t a nd f ineness, a l though o f d if feren t g eograph ica l o r ig in , a nd i ti s t herefore v ery l ike ly t hat t hese c o inages a re a pprox i ma te ly c on te mporary , whatever t he r eason f or t he ir c o l lect ion .

I n t he l i gh t o f t he l a te s econd

c entury d a te o f fered f or t he B eaune a nd w ide-f lan Amb ian i s er ies a nd t he c lose t ypo log ica l c onnect ion b e tween t he e ar ly S a in te-Eanne g roup a nd t he Tayac t ype, t he l at ter may r easonab ly a lso b e p laced i n t he l a te s econd c en tury . C There i s o ne c hrono log ica l p rob le m w ith t he Tayac h oard. T he v ast ma jor ity o f t he c o l lect ion b e longs t o o ne p er iod , b u t t here a re t wo a no ma lous c o ins wh ich a re p robab ly n o t p art o f t he ma in c o l lect ion.

One i s a n o lder

c o in , p robab ly o f He lvet ic o r ig in ( Kel lner 1 970 n o. 4 12, 8 .40 g , c f . p . 8 4f f . b e low ), a nd t he o ther i s as tater o f t he V enet i, 7 .55 g .

A t t h is w e ight , i t

i s a n e arly c o in o f t he l ate p hase o f c o inage i n t he Ar mor ican p en insu la ( pace K e l lner 1 970 :39 ), b u t t he d a te o f fered f or i tb y Co lbert d e Beau l ieu i s a t e arl iest 8 0 B .C.

I ft h is d ate i s c orrect , t hen t he p r inc ipa l c on ten ts o f t he

h oard w ere a dded t o i n t he g enerat ion a f ter i t s f or mat ion .

I n a n a rea where

g o ld c o inage i s n o t f ound w idely d ispersed , a nd may h ave s pen t most o f i t s

7 2

e x istence i m mob i le i n h oards , i ti s p erhaps n o t u n l ike ly t hat a l arge s econd c en tury t reasure may h ave b een p reserved i n tact f or u p t o 4 0 y ears u n t il a no ther s tater w as a dded.

T he a l ternat ive i s t o r a ise t he d ate o f t he Armor i-

c an c o in , w h ich i s w el l w ith in t he w e igh t r ange o f t he l ate s econd c en tury g o ld i ssues o f c en tra l a nd w estern F rance. I ti s , h owever , n o o b ject ion t o t he e ar ly d ate f or t he i ssue o f t he b u lk o f t he c o l lect ion t hat a l a ter c o in may h ave b een a dded t o t he m. It herefore p ropose t he f o l low ing c hrono logy f or t he G ironde c o inages : End o f t h ird/early s econd c entury L ate s econd c entury

S a in te-Eanne t ype T ayac t ype

Th is c hrono logy r uns p ara l le l w ith t he s i lver c o inages d iscussed a bove, a nd t he T ayac t ype ( l ikew ise p roduced i n l arge q uan t it ies a nd p erhaps — t o j udge f rom t he s tate o f t he d ies —under p ressure o f c ircumstances ) s hou ld b e c ont e mporary w ith t he West B erry s i lver c o inages. GOLD CO INAGES OF WESTERN GAUL AND BERRY T here a re a n umber o f g o ld c o inages i n B erry , Toura ine a nd a reas i mmed ia te ly t o t he w est a nd s ou th o f t he m wh ich may b e s hown t o b e c on te mpora ry w ith t he l ate t h ird a nd s econd c en tury s i lver c o inages d escr ibed a bove . 6 There h ave b een more f inds o f e ar ly g o ld c o ins i n B erry t han i n a ny o ther a rea o ft he C en tre, b ut u n fortunately many w ere f ound i n p ast c en tur ies a nd h ave n o t b een r ecorded i n af or m w h ich p erm its t he m t o b e s tud ied i n a ny d eta i l. 7 T hese g o ld c o inages a re u nusua l ly d if f icu l t t o c lass ify , l oca te a nd d ate b ecause f ew s urv ive o f a ny s er ies, a nd e ven f ewer f i ndspo ts a re r ecorded f or most t ypes. Even w here f i ndspots e x ist , i ti s u nw ise t o make a f i rm a tt r ibu t ion o n t he b as is o f o ne o r t wo , b ecause o f t he d e monstrab le e ase w ith wh ich e arly g o ld c o ins t rave l led o ver w ide a reas o f F rance ( c f . Tayac, p . 6 9, a nd e ar ly t ypes p . 8 4f f . ) The b as is o f t he c hrono log ica l o rgan isat ion o f t he c o ins i n t h is s ect ion i s t herefore f i rst ly w e igh t s tandard a nd s econd ly t ypo log ica l a f f in ity . One g enera l o bservat ion i s a lso o f c hrono log ica l r elevance :

n one o f t he t ypes i n

t h is s ec t ion a re f ound i n f i rst c en tury c on tex ts s uch a s s ett le men ts o r h oards o f f i rst c en tury c o ins.

The o ne e xcep t ion i s ag o ld s ta ter i n t he l atest g roup

d iscussed h ere ( F igs. 2 53-5 ) w h ich w as f ound i n af i rst c en tury P ictones s i lver h oard.

A l though t h is may mean t hat t he l yre g roup w as s truck d ur ing

t he f i rs t c en tury B .C., It h ink i t more l ike ly t ha t t he S a in t-P ierre-de- Ma il le c o in i s a n e ar l ier i ssue t han t he r est o f t he h oard , a nd t he g roup i s i nc luded h ere b ecause a t l east i n i t s e ar ly p hases i t was a c on te mporary o f t he m idd le p hase i ssues o f w estern G au l. Three s ubd iv is ions o f t he e arly a nd m idd le p hase c en tra l a nd w estern g o ld c o inages may b e made o n t he b as is o f w e ight , a nd i n t he a bsence o f a ny more r e l iab le e v idence, Is ha l l r egard t he l i ghter c o ins a s l a ter t han t he h eav ier, e ven t hough t he i n terva l may h ave b een v ery b r ief . d iagram p . 2 1 )

T he h eav iest g roups ( see

a re c omposed o f c o ins n orma l ly w e igh ing 8 .0 g o r more;

t he ir h igh w e ight s uggests t ha t t hese a re a pprox i ma te ly c on temporary w ith 7 3

E ARLY

B ERRY

A

E IO IT IV ICO

B

t ype B 2

C

t ype C

7 4

GOLD

GOLD COINAGES :

WEIGHT CORRELATIONS

Mos t c oins a t o r o ver : 8 .0g

E as tern g roup w i th monogra m

A '

Wes tern S a in te-Eanne g roup Eas tern Ar mor ican g ri ff in t ype h eavy q uar ter-s taters E ar ly h ead o f H e lios g roup Ear ly B erry i ssues ( EIQITIVICO a nd t ype w i th meander ) Mos t c o ins a t : 7 .55-8 . O g

Eas tern g roup w i th A ' a nd E b efore f orehead Tayac g roup Wes tern d efaced g roup ma in H ead o f H el ios g roup main E as tern Ar mor ican t ypes Berry S o ings t ype

7 .00-7.45g

La ter B erry t ypes ( quar ter-s ta ters main ly ) Eas tern Ar mor ican l yre g roup La te g r i ff in g roup i n E as tern Ar mor ica

7 5

t he e arl iest g o ld c o inages o f e astern Gau l , a nd t he s i lver Br id iers g roup ( end o f t he t h ird c en tury a nd e arly s econd c entury B .C.). i s

The i n ter med iate g roup

c o mposed o f c o ins n or ma l ly w e igh ing 7 .55 -8 .0 g , w h ich a lso i nc ludes

t he w e ight o f t he e astern Gau l ish p rototype f or s ome o f t he m ( p. 7 5 ).

Co ins

o f t hese w e ights s hou ld l og ica l ly b elong t o t he s econd c en tury B .C., p oss ib ly n ot a s l ate a s t he West B erry s i lver g roup , s ince most t ypo log ica l r ese mb lances b etween t he s i lver a nd g o ld c o ins c oncerns g o ld o f t he l igh test c ategory .

The

l igh t g roups w e igh b etween 7 .0 g ( or l ess ) a nd 7 .54 g , a nd t hese g roups , w ith t he e xcep t ion p erhaps o f t he l a test l yre t ype, o ugh t t o b e long t o t he l a te s econd c en tury B .C., s ince t hey a re n o t f ound i n f i rst c en tury c on tex ts, a nd i n B erry t he c omparat ive ly p ro l if ic g o ld o f t h is p er iod w as r ep laced i n t he f i rst c en tury b y t he ABVDOS g roup wh ich i t must t herefore a n tedate. I .

EARLY GOLD I SSUES OF BERRY , 8 .0 g AND OVER

A

E IQ IT IV ICO ( F igs. 1 69-70 ) O bv.

Crude d uck-b il led h ead t o r ight.

Rev.

B iga t o r igh t , ( a ) M a nd l egend

F inds :

1 .

n nnnvE i

E l? ) t _L IV ICO

( b ) l yre a nd

( F igs. 1 69-70 ).

Gracey ( Cher ) ABT :219, t hen i n t he Mus e d es An t iqu ites n at iona les a t S a in t-Ger ma in-en-Laye n o. 1 732 ( no r ecorded w e ight ).

We igh t : BN 4 844

8 .34

BN 1 0289

8 .33

The o bverse d ie i s s hared b y b oth r everses ( c f . Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 961 ). The r ender ing o f t he b iga i s c lose t o t ha t o n a Macedon ian s tater, a nd t o t he e ar ly e astern g roup o f s taters d iscussed b e low ( p . 8 4f.). The l egend

n nn

E IQ IT IV IC O i s s em i-l itera te ( Q a nd T r eversed ), a nd i t s s ign if icance i s u nc erta in ;

i t may b e t he n a me o f t he a u thor o f t he c o inage.

The o ne f ind s pot

i s i nsu f f ic ien t e v idence f or a f i rm a t tr ibu t ion t o C en tra l Gau l , a lthough t he c rude h ead o n t he o bverse i s o f s im ilar t ype t o t ha t s o met i mes g iven t o t he c har ioteer o n Cen tra l c o ins ( e .g. F igs. 2 74-8 ). B i O bv.

Head t o l ef t w ith c ur ly h a ir.

Rev.

Char iot w ith o ne h orse g a l lop ing t o l ef t , l egend a r ow o f 0 o r ( > . ( 1 b e low ( F igs. 1 71-2 ). Op t iona l s y mbo l Oi l b C)

0

N o r ecorded f inds. We ight : BN 1 0220

2 .10

BN 3 667A

2 .05

K ress 7Dec. 1 957 , 2 466

2 .01

[ Drouot s a le N ov . 1 929 n o r ecorded w e igh t ] 7 6

E ARLY B ERRY G OLD WE IGHTS

F ra ctiona l

c o in weights

•

multip lied

b y

2 ,3

o r

4 ,

•

a ctual

weights

sh o wn

i n

• B2

B 1

2 .O5

• • 8 .60

8 .50

8 .40

8 .30

A

8 .20

7 7

8 .10

8 .00

7 .90

C i rcles

Ha lf-sta ters w ith c lose ly s im i lar t ypes, r everse l egend Onnn i\ a nd a r ing o f d ots o r n o s ymbo l b e low ( F igs. 1 73-4 ). N o r ecorded f inds. We ight : 4 .21

BN 1 0272 BN 1 0273

4 .11

B2 O bv .

Head t o r ight w ith o r w ithout moustache.

Rev.

One o r t wo h orse c har io t t o r ight ; b e low ( F igs. 1 75-6 ).

F inds :

1 .

meander o r

Bourges ( Cher ) o r B erry i n t he 1 870s ( 2 .75 g ;

n inu l MSAC 1 873,

3 36 ). We ight : Bourges c o in

2 .75 ( probab ly 1 /3 s tater )

BN 3 630A

2 .05

K ress s a le 7Dec. 1 957, 2 466

2 .01

The h igh w e igh t o f t hese c o ins marks t he m o ut a s e arly , a nd i n s ty le t hey a re n ot c losely r e la ted t o a ny ma jor C en tra l s er ies.

Prov is iona l ly , t here-

f ore, Iwou ld p lace t he m w ith s er ies A a bove i n t he l ate t h ird o r e ar ly s econd c en tury. t i on.

The s ing le f indspot i s w eak e v idence f or g eograph ica l a t tr ibu-

The K ress s a le c o in i s t est-cu t a cross t he f ace, a s a re many e ar ly

w estern Gau l ish c o ins ( append ix 2 ) , w h ich migh t s upport t he h ypothes is o f a c en tra l o r c en tra l-western o r ig in . C

Head o f Hel ios g roup. O bv.

L aurel led ma le h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

B iga r igh t , h ead o f H el ios s ymbo l a nd A ' monogra m;

en tnnoy F inds :

l egend

( F igs. 1 77-8 ).

1 .

B erry ( B 8 98.3.1) 8 .35

2 .

Mery-sur-Cher ( Cher ), MSAC 1 892 :386 n o. 4 ( 8 .15 ).

We igh ts : 8 .49

S port ing d 'H iver d e Monaco s a le 7 -8 N ov . 1 977 n o. 1 72

8 .35

Berry c o in

8 .15

BN 3 620

On ly t hree s pec i mens o f t h is c o inage a re r ecorded.

BN 3 620 i s s o e xact ly

l ike t he i l lustrat ion o f t he Mtry-sur-Cher c o in i n t he o r ig ina l p ub l icat ion t hat i ti s v ery l ike ly t ha t t hey a re t he s a me c o in .

BN 3 620 a nd B 8 98.3.1 s hare

a n o bverse d ie. On t he g rounds o f w e ight a nd e x tre me c loseness t o t he Macedon ian mode l , t hese c o ins must b e long t o t he e nd o f t he t h ird c en tury o r e ar ly s econd.

I ti s ar e mote p oss ib i l ity t ha t t hey p rov ided a mode l f or

t he v ar iet ies o f c o in w ith a s ymbo l b ased o n t he h ead o f Hel ios wh ich w ere l a ter p opu lar i n w estern Gau l ( p. 9 0f f . ). 7 8

I .

MIDDLE PHASE GOLD I SSUES

( 2 .7.54-8.0 g )

GOLD GR IFF IN TYPE A l O bv.

Bare h ead t o r ight , c ur ly h a ir.

Rev.

Winged h orse p ranc ing t o r igh t , w ith a b ird 's h ead ( henceforth r eferred t o a s ag r if f in ). p seudolegend i n e x.

e

Head o f He l ios s ymbo l

b e low ;

( F igs. 1 79-182 ).

No r ecorded f inds. We igh t : BN 4 604 BN 4 606

2 .04 2 .06

BN 4 600

2 .06

BN 4 602

2 .06

BN 4 605

2 .09

BN 4 603

2 .12

BM

2 .16

BN 4 601

1 .95

BM

1 .90

The o bverse t reatmen t o f BN 4 603 ( F ig. 1 81) r eca l ls t hat o f e ar ly B erry t ype B a bove ( F igs. 1 71-2 ); t he H ead o f H e l ios s ymbo l r ecurs o n Eastern A r mor ic an t ype D b elow . The g r if f in i t sel f may b e a n a no ma ly o f Ar mor ican i nsp irat ion.

Co lbert d e B eau l ieu 1 954c i l lustrates c oun ter marks o f w estern o r ig in

s how ing a h ippocamp o f n ot d iss im ilar i n terpretat ion ( c f . p . 9 2 ).

The h igh

we igh t o f t hese c o ins s uggests t hat t hey a re e ar ly , a nd t h is s uggest ion may b e s upported b y c ompar ison w ith e ar ly c o ins o f t he Rh ine land.

S cheers

( 1973 :119-20 = n o. 3 6 ) d escr ibes a g o ld s er ies w ith f ly ing h orse, t ype BN 8 961-2 wh ich i s o f v ery s im i lar w e ight a nd c oncep t ion t o t he g r if f in t ype, b u t wh ich c erta in ly b elonged t o t he Rh ine land a rea.

A l len ( 1974;

s ee h is map 4 )

d escr ibes a s l ight ly l ater s er ies o f Rh ineland q uarter-staters a t 1 .90-1.95 g wh ich h e a rgues i s c on te mporary w ith t he f i rst p hase o f He lvet ic g o ld c o inage i n Sw itzer land e ar ly i n t he s econd c en tury B .C.

The t ypo log ica l a f f in ity b et-

w een t he g r if f in t ype o f Eastern Ar mor ica a nd t he Rh ine land c o ins o f t he e arly s econd c en tury i s a pparen t ly p ara l lel t o t he t ype s har ing i n t he s econd c en tury b etween t he Trever i o f n orthern Gau l a nd a n Eastern Ar mor ican t ype w i th w inged man ik in ( Al len 1 971 ).

The d irect ion o f t ype b orrow ing i s

a t p resen t u ncerta in , b u t A l len 's s uggest ion t ha t t he Rh ine land p rov ided t he mode l i s v ery l ikely.

I t i s, h owever , l ike ly t hat s uch c lose ly s im ilar c o in-

a ges a re a pprox i mate ly c on te mporary , s o t ha t ad ate e ar ly i n t he s econd c en tury i s p robab le f or t he e ar l iest g r if f in t ype c o ins. A2 O bv.

Bare h ead t o r igh t , E i n f i eld b efore f orehead.

R ev.

Gr if f in g a l lop ing r igh t , c en tre-dot ted c irc le b elow ( F igs. 1 83-4 ).

N o r ecorded f inds.

7 9

We ight : BN 4 614

2 .03

BN 4 614A

2 .04

The o bverse o f t h is v ar iety s hows p art icu lar ly c lose a f f in ity w ith t ypes f ro m e astern Gau l.

The g enera l t reatmen t o f t he h ead o f BN 4 614A i s c lose t o

t hat o f t he Rh ine land p egasus t ype o f A l len 1 974 map 4 , a nd r e lated H elvet ic g o ld c o inages ( i b id., F igs. 1 30-140, 2 09-222 ), a nd t he E b efore t he f orehead i s t he s ymbo l f ound o n a ma jor e arly He lvet ic o r Burgund ian g roup ( F igs. 2 091 0 , t hen 2 65-6 ) wh ich h ad c ons iderab le i nf luence o n t he t ypes o f s econd c entury Cen tra l g o ld c o inage (8 4f f . )

O bv.

D iade med h ead t o r ight .

Rev.

C rested g r if f in t o r igh t , 5p o in ted s tar w ith c en tra l d ot b e low ( F igs. 1 85-9 ).

The o bverse o f t h is v ar iety ( e .g. BN 4 617, f ig. 1 88 ) s hows s trong s ty l ist ic r ese mb lance t o o ther Eastern Ar mor ican i ssues, e spec ia l ly i n t he t rea tmen t o f t he e ar-lobe w h ich e nds i n t hree d ots i n t hese c ases. BN 4 608 ( F ig. 1 89 ) i s av ar iety : O bv.

L aure l led h ead t o r ight o f Eastern Ar mor ican t ype.

Rev.

As b efore, b ut c urv i l inear mo t if i n f i eld a bove :

N o r ecorded f inds.

Three s pec i mens a re p reserved i n t he c o l lect ion o f t he

Musse d u B erry , Bourges wh ich i s c o mposed v ery l arge ly o f c o ins f ound i n t he Berry r eg ion . We igh ts : BN 4 611

2 .03

BN 4 612

2 .02

B 8 40.65.14 BN 4 609

2 .0 1 .95

B D965.1.4829

1 .92

BN 4 613

1 .89

BN 4 608

1 .89 ( var.)

B 8 40.65.15

1 .83

BN 4 617

1 .82

BN 4 610

1 .77

BN 4 607

1 .74

Group B i s l i ghter t han g roup A a nd t herefore i s p robab ly l ater ;

i n t ype i t s

c losest a ff in it ies a re n o t w ith t he Rh ineland b u t w ith E astern Ar mor ica a nd Berry ( co mpare O bv. F igs. 1 86-7 w ith e .g. F igs. 2 85 o r 2 70 ).

O bv. Rev.

q u itan ic h ead t o r igh t. C rested g r if f in g a l lop ing r igh t , L i _ibe low.

One c o in , n o r ecorded p rovenance :

BN 4 616 1 .78 ( F ig. 1 90 ). 8 0

OP I F F I N G ROUP WE IGHT D ISTR IBUT ION

•e

•

• • 001 11 1 1 SOS • •

A 2

• • • • • • 2 .20

2 . 10

E ASTERN

200

A l

1 . 90

1 .80

ARMOR ICAN

GOLD

1 .70

1 . 60

WE IGH T S

D 1

D 2

00 •

8 . 10

8 .00

7 .90

S i

7 ,80

7 .70

7 .60

By w e igh t t h is c o in b elongs l ate i n t he g r if f in s er ies, a nd b y t ype i t s o bverse i s c lose t o West Berry s i lver c o ins o f t he l a te s econd c en tury ( e.g. F igs. 8 5 o r 8 9 ) o r t o P IV s i lver c o ins o f t he P ictones wh ich b e long t o t he f i rs t c en tury ( e.g. F ig. 6 22 ).

A f u l l s tater c orrespond ing t o aq uarter o f 1 .78 g wou ld

w e igh 7 .12 g wh ich i s v ery l i gh t f or Eastern Ar mor ican c o ins, e ven t he l atest l yre i ssues , b u t n ot much h eav ier t han f i rst c en tury B itur igan ABVDOS g o ld i ssues o f t he f i rst c en tury ( p. 2 05f f . ).

I ti s p robab le t hat t he h eav ier g r if f in

c o ins a re e ar l ier t han t h is v ar iety , a nd i fi tb elongs v ery l a te i n t he s econd c en tury , i tw ou ld s uggest t hat t he p r inc ipa l g r if f in s er ies a lso b e longs t o t he s econd c en tury .

More p rec is ion i s n ot a t p resen t p oss ib le.

EASTERN AR MOR ICAN GOLD GROUP A O bv. Rev.

L aure l led h ead t o r igh t , e ar-lobe e nd ing i n t hree d ots. Horse a nd c har io t w ith d r iver g a l lop ing r ight , s y mbo l

ar :1 3

b elow ( F igs. 1 91-2 ). N o r ecorded f inds. We igh t : BN 6 423

2 .0

BN 6 424

1 .94

The e ngrav ing s ty le o f BN 6 423 ( F ig. 1 91) i s v ery d ist inct ive a nd w il l h encef orth b e r eferred t o a s ' Eastern Ar mor ican '. C haracter ist ic f eatures a re t he t reatmen t o f t he e ar ( wh ich was a s p ers isten t i n i t s own s phere o f i nf l uence a s t he Aqu itan ic t rea tmen t o f h a ir was e lsewhere ), t he p ro m inen t w reath o r d iade m, a nd t he s hape o f t he h orse 's h ead , wh ich i s v ery s inewy b etween c heek-bone a nd muzz le.

BN 6 425 h as i t s o bverse a l most o b l iterated

b y ac oun ter mark o f a5 -po in t s tar w ith c en tra l d ot ( c f. s y mbo l o f g r if f in v ar. B a bove ).

O bv.

L aurel led Eastern Ar mor ican h ead t o r igh t .

Rev.

As b efore b u t t r iskeles b elow.

On s taters , t he c har io t i s a

b iga , a nd t here i s i n a dd it ion a c orn-ear w ith s inuous s ta lk b e low t he t r iskeles. F inds :

1 .

( F igs. 1 93-9 ).

S o ings d epos it , o ne s tater 7 .96 g ; S aussaye 1 836, F ig. 7 , 6 ;

We igh t : 8

BN c o l l. Cö te 1 08

8 .05

BN 3 620AA

8 .04

S o ings c o in

7 .96 8

q uarters : S o ings c o in

2 .0

BN 6 428

1 .93

BN 6 427

1 .90 8 2

o ne 1 /4 s tater 2 .0 g ( de l a

a ppend ix 1 n o. 1 1).

A v ar ie ty o f q uarter-sta ter o f t he s a me t ype ( F ig. 1 99 ) 1 .95 g a lso c a me f ro m t he S o ings d epos it.

I n t h is c ase t he t ypes a re c lose t o t hose o f t he

p r inc ipa l B erry g roup ( p.10if f . b e low ), b u t o n t he l at ter t he h ead f aces l ef t. Th is Eastern Ar mor ican g roup w ith t r iske les a ppears t o b e t he o n ly o ne wh ich w as s truck i n t he f u l l s tat er d eno m ina t ion.

O bv.

As b efore.

R ev.

As b efore, b ut s ymbo l

b e low h orses ( F ig. 2 00 ).

N o r ecorded p rovenance. We igh t : BN 6 426

2 .0

D1 O bv .

Eastern Ar mor ican h ead t o r igh t w ith v ery p ro m inen t h ornl ike e ar.

R ev.

As b efore, b ut

f s ä

b e low h orses ( F ig. 2 33, p l. 1 0 ).

N o r ecorded p rovenance. We igh t : BM

1 .98

The e xac t c lass if icat ion o f t h is v ar iety i s u ncerta in ; t he o bverse d eparts f ro m t he n or ma l Eastern Ar mor ican o bverses o f t h is g roup , a nd t he r everse s ymbo l i s c losest t o t he w estern h ead o f Hel ios g roup , e .f. F ig. 2 29 ;

t he

o bverse a lso r eca l ls v ar. B o f t hat g roup , F igs. 2 34-5. D2 O bv.

Bare h ead t o r igh t w ith c ur ly h a ir.

R ev.

As b efore, b u t h ead o f He l ios mot if

b e low ( F igs. 2 01-2 ).

N o r ecorded f inds. We igh ts : BN 6 418 BN 6 419

1 .92

BN 6 420

1 .87

1 .87

Th is v ar iety s ee ms l igh ter t han A -C, a nd t he o bverse t ype l acks t he l aure ls o r d iadem.

I n t h is i th as most i n c o m mon w ith t he g r if f in t ype A a bove, w ith

w h ich i ta lso s hares t he h ead o f H el ios mot if , a lthough b y w e igh t i t may b e c loser t o g r if f in v ar iety B c o ins.

8 3

O bv.

N early i l leg ib le d ie , h ead t o r igh t?

Rev.

Horse g a l lop ing r igh t , d r iver a bove , u ncerta in s y mbo l b e low. ( F ig. 2 03 ).

One u nprovenanced c o in :

BN 6 430 1. 63 g .

Th is c o in o f u ncerta in o r ig in , b u t a pparen t ly Eastern Ar mor ican o r West Berry r everse t echn ique, i s l i ghter s t il l t han v ar iet ies A-D a nd may b e among t he l a test i ssues o f g o ld o f t hese t ypes i n t he a rea. A p rec ise d a te f or t hese Eastern A r mor ican c o inages i s n ot a va i lab le. By w e igh t t hey a re s im i lar t o t he g r if f in g roup .

The d epos it a t S o ings

( append ix 1 ) s ee ms t o h ave c ons isted o f c o ins a l l b elong ing t o t he e ar l iest p hases o f t he C en tra l g o ld c o inage ( de l a S aussaye 1 836 ).

I t c on ta ined n one

o f t he p r inc ipa l l ate s econd c en tury i ssues c o mmon i n t he B erry r eg ion , n or a ny o f t he c o m mon l ater e as tern Ar mor ican i ssues.

I t may t herefore b e

a rgued t ha t t he h eav ier i ssues d escr ibed a bove b e long t o a n e ar ly p hase i n t he r eg iona l c o inages , p erhaps t o t he m id-second c en tury , a lthough t he d urat i on o f e ach i ssue i s who l ly u nknown. WESTERN DEFACED GOLD GROUP P rototype :

The p rototype f or t h is s er ies i s o f c ons iderab le importance t o

t he d evelop men t o f t he g o ld c o inages o f Cen tra l Gau l b ecause d irect ly o r i nd irect ly i tp rov ided t he model f or s evera l ma jor s er ies i n t he a rea. A l len ( 1974 ) d e monstrated t he e ar ly a nd w idespread u se o f g o ld c o inage i n Sw itzerland a nd t he Rh ine land.

One o f t he e ar l iest i ssues, wh ich i s f ound

s cat tered o ver a w ide a rea o f F rance , p rov ided t he p rototype f or a r e marka ble r ange o f o ther Ce l t ic g o ld i ssues.

A l len a rgued f or a d ate a t t he e nd o f

t he t h ird o r e arly s econd c en tury f or t he e ar l iest g o ld c o ins o f t he H e lve t ic a rea , w ith t he l ater d eve lopmen ts t ak ing p lace d ur ing t he s econd c en tury . O bv.

L aurel led ma le h ead t o r igh t , f requen t ly w ith a t iny E o ri- i n f ron t o f t he f orehead a t t he h a ir l ine.

Rev.

B iga g a l lop ing t o r igh t , w ith s ymbo l O t Nnno ly

F inds :

b elow ,

o t n inn cv

o r

i n e x., c orn-ear a nd t hunderbo l t ( F igs. 2 09-10 ).

1 .

N ear V ichy , 3 km f ro m Cusset ( Hou lbert 1 962, p rob. = Hou lbert 1 958 )

2 .

N ear Base l , Sw itzer land ( Cahn Apr. 1 933, 1 627 = Cahn N ov . 1 933, 3 ) 8 .44

3 .

?Luxe mbourg ( Al len 1 974 ) 7 .96

4 .

A lsace 8 .32 ( Al len 1 974 )

5 .

S täfa , c t. Z ur ich ( Sw itzerland ) 4 .12 ( Al len 1 974 )

6 .

P run tru t , c t. Bern ( Sw itzer land ) 2 .03 ( i b id.)

7 .

Caste1 1 b e i TNgerw ilen , c t. Thurgau ( Sw itzerland ) 2 .01 ( i b id.)

8 .

N ear N euchätel ( Sw itzerland ) 2 .14 ( Cahn Apr. 1 933, 1 531, M MAG Dec. 1 972, 3 41)

9 . 1 0.

N ear Re i ms ( Marne ) 2s taters, n .w . ABT :

2 16 a nd h is p l. 1 .6

L onsle-Sau ln ier ( Jura ) n .w. C o lbert d e B eau l ieu 1 973a :201 n .314 8 4

E ARLY A ND M IDDLE

•

E ar ly

x

M idd le

P HASE

p hase

GOLD

W I T H

A '

( Rh ine land o r ig in)

p hase

8 5

MONOGRA M

WE I GHTS

O F E ARLY EASTERN

M I DDLE

E ARLY

8 .50

•

•

•

•

8 .40

8 .30

8 .20

G OLD W ITH A l

P HASE

P HASE

8 . 10

B .0 0

8 6

7 .90

7 .80

7 .70

7 .60

7 .50

1 1.

A l ise-Sa in te-Re ine ( C . d '0. ) 2 .0 g Co lbert d e B eau l ieu 1 955a

1 2.

Tu l le ( Corr. ) n .w . Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 973a :201 n .314

1 3.

Creu i l ly ( Ca lvados ) n . w. i b id.

1 4.

Hdr isson ( Al l ier ) 1 /4 s tater , n .w . ABT :216

1 5.

N ear V ichy , 1 /4 s t . n .w . G lend inn ing s a le J an . 1 944, 4 83

We igh t : 8. 44

Base l c o in

8 .42

Cahn Apr. 1 933, 1 527

8 .40

BM

8 .39

BM

8 .32

BM

8 .32

A lsace c o in

8 .30

Rat to s a le 1 912, 1 41

8 .20

Rat to s a le 1 927, 7 4

8 .14

BN C " o te 1 09

7 .96

Luxe mbourg ( ? ) c o in

Ha lves 4 .12

S tä !fa c o in

Quarters 2 .14

N euchäte l c o in

2 .09

BM

2 .03

P run trut c p in

2 .01

Castel ' c o in

2 .015

K ress s a le 2 2 J une 1 959, 2 96

2 .0

A l ise c o in

One o f t he s evera l ways i n wh ich t he e arl iest c o ins w h ich mode l led t he mse lves o n t h is t ype d if feren t iated t he ir o bverse d ies f ro m t he ir model was b y s o me s ort o f ' deface men t '— t he a dd it ion o f s ymbo ls t o t he c heek ( F igs. 2 11-13 ) o r as inuous l ine s cored f ro m n eck t o n ose a s i n t he g roup f ro m western Gau l h ere i n q uest ion .

The e ar l iest c o ins mode l led o n t he Helvet ic

o r Burgund ian o r ig ina l a re l i gh ter a l though v ery f a ith fu l i n r ender ing o f t he t ypes ;

t hey may r easonab ly b e p laced e arly i n t he s econd c en tury B .0 .

The w estern o r ig in o f t he ' d efaced ' t ype b e low i s n ot p roved b eyond d oubt i n t he a bsence o f a ny r ecorded f indspots , a nd t here i s at ype w ith a s im ilar d efacemen t i n t he l a fene a rea o f Sw itzerland ( Al len 1 973 ).

Two c ircums-

t ances make i t r ather l ikely , h owever, e spec ia l ly i n t he l i gh t o f t he o ther r ecorded c onnec t ions b etween t he c o inages o f w estern a nd e astern Gau l ( c f. t he g r if f in g roup a bove ).

F irst ly , s o me o f .t he c o ins a re c oun ter marked ,

ap ract ice wh ich s ee ms t o h ave b een e spec ia l ly p reva len t i n w estern Gau l ( append ix 2 ).

S econd ly , BN 4 615 ( F ig. 2 26 ) h as a s i t s r everse t ype a g r if f in

o f Eastern Ar mor ican t ype i nstead o f ah orse, s uggest ing c lose t ype c opy ing.

8 7

The o bverses, h owever, owe l i t t le o r n o th ing t o E astern Ar mor ican t echn ique a nd w ere c lear ly p roduced q u ite s epara tely. A O bv.

L aurel led h ead t o r igh t , s inuous l i ne r unn ing f ro m n ape o f n eck t o b r idge o f n ose.

Rev.

B iga a nd c har io teer , s corp ion b e low , b lundered

O in innoy

l egend , t hunderbo l t a nd c orn-ear ( F ig. 2 14 ). BN 3 658

7 .91 g

B 1 O bv.

L aure l led h ead t o r igh t , s inuous l ine r unn ing f ro m s hou lder t o n ose.

Rev.

B iga a nd c har ioteer t o r igh t , e x.

S

b e low ;

p seudo-legend i n

( F ig. 2 15-9 ).

BN 3 657 c oun ter marked w ith a b oar ;

BN 3 668 c oun ter marked w ith a h orse

a nd b ird d r iv ing i t . We ights : BN 3 657

7 .76

BN 3 659

7 .75

BN 3 660

7 .62

BN 3 668

' .56

q uarters : 1 .91

BN 3 664 M MAG J une 1 954,

1 .86

9 73 B2 O bv. Rev.

a s B 1 . a s B i, b u t

X

as ing le d o t b elow . BN 3 656 B 3

b e low h orses a nd d o t ted e xergue l i ne w ith ( F ig. 2 20 )

7 .85 g

Quarter s taters. O bv.

Bare h ead t o l ef t , s inuous l ine o n c heek o r n eck .

Rev.

Horse a nd c har ioteer t o r igh t ,

M 3 016

1 .96

BN 3 651

1 .85

6

b e low.

( F igs. 2 21-2 )

O bv.

L aurel led h ead t o r igh t a s B I.

Rev.

B iga t o r igh t , w hee l b e low , p seudo-legend i n e x.

8 8

( F igs. 2 23-5 )

WESTERN

D EFACED

GOLD

•

G ROUP WE IGHTS

• B 3

•

B 2

G

7 .90

7 .80

7 .70

7 . 60

7 .50

8 9

7 ,40

7 .30

7 . 70

BN 3 661

7 .57

BN 3 662

7 .49

Quarter 1 .81

BN 3 672

Th is t ype a ppears t o b e l i ghter a nd t herefore l a ter t han t he o ther v ar iet ies.

O bv.

L aure l led h ead t o r igh t , s inuous l i ne a long c h in ( c f . M 3 016 , F ig. 2 21).

Rev.

Gr if f in p ranc ing r igh t , w ing g iven a ' head ' t o make a b ird-l ike o b ject a bove ;

whee l b eh ind s uggest ing a c har io t ;

c rescen t

f ac ing l ef t b elow ( F ig. 2 26 ). BN 4 615

1 .98

The r everse o f t h is c o in i s ac ross b etween a h orse a nd c har iot t ype ( t he a n i ma l h as h ooves, n o t c laws ; f in t ype ( beaked h ead a nd w ing ).

t here i s a whee l a nd a ' dr iver ' ) a nd t he g r ifI t i s t herefore p robab ly c on te mporary w ith

t he g r if f in s er ies, a nd p erhaps f ro m t he s a me g enera l r eg ion , wh ich , i fi t w ere t he c ase , w ou ld s uppor t t he p roposed w estern o r ig in o f t he d efaced g roup a s a who le. HEAD OF HEL IOS GROUP The c en tra l o r w estern o r ig in o f t h is g roup i s s uggested b oth b y t he t wo f indspo ts a nd t he E astern Ar mor ican t rea t men t o f many o bverses.

The

s ymbo l u nder t he h orses o n t he r everse wh ich r ese mb les a s ea a ne mone i s u lt i mate ly d er ived f ro m t he h ead o f He l ios m in t mark o n P h i l ip I s taters : v ar ious r ender ings o f t h is mo t if w ere c o m mon ly u sed i n c en tra l-western Gau l ( Co lbert d e B eau l ieu 1 952b , 1 954c.

C f . F igs. 4 1-3, 1 77-8, 1 79-82,

2 01-2, 1 33-5 , 2 54-69 ). A O bv.

L aure l led o r d iade med h ead t o r igh t , f requen t ly o f Eastern Ar mor ican t ype.

Rev.

F inds :

1 .

B iga a nd d r iver t o r igh t , ' h ead o f Hel ios ' b e low ; l egend A novv , t r \ \NE o r n o l egend ( quarters ).

i n e x .,

v noA , vno .j , n ob C .. 3 ,

nOV

F igs. 2 27-232.

Mou l ins ( Al l ier ) BN 4 539 8 .15 g.

2 .

L i moges ( HV ) BN 4 541 7 .70 g.

3 .

N ogen t-l 'Abbesse ( Marne ) 7 .57 g ;

f ound 1 914/ 18, worn t ype

4 543 ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu B SFN 1 951/5 :186 ). We igh t BN 4 539

8 .15

BN 4 538

7 .80

BN 4 543

7 .76

9 0

A

MODLE o

P HASE

• S o ings

C ENTRAL

d epos it

A

H ead o f H e i i o s

B

S o ings

t ype B 2 C 2

11 "

9 1

t ype

G OLD

BN 4 541

7 .70

N ogen t c o in

7 .57

BN 4 540

7 .56

K ress 1 7 N ov. 1 952 :357

7 .40

Cahn Apr. 1 933, 1 566

7 .39

BN 4 546

7 .28

Quarters Cahn Apr. 1 933, 1 567

2 .10

BM

1 .98

K ress 7Dec. 1 957, 2 554

1 .90

The h igh w e igh t o f t he h eav iest c o ins o f t h is g roup s uggest t hat t hey a re c ont e mporary w ith t he h eav iest Eastern Ar mor ican a nd g r if f in g roups; t h is s uggest ion i s s upported b y t he Eastern Ar mor ican t rea tmen t o f t he o bverses wh ich i s i n t he d eta ils o f t he e ar a nd d iade m , v ery s im i lar t o t he o ther t ypes. Co mparab le a lso i s a n e ar ly Ar mor ican i ssue o f g ood g o ld ( F ig. 2 07;

2 .0 g )

w ith a p ure ly Ar mor ican o bverse w ith b oar a bove t he h ead a nd c ha ins o f d ots , a nd o n t he r everse a h ippoca mp w ith Eastern A r mor ican f ace, a ' head o f He l ios '

n on

b e low a nd l egend

( reversed v ers ion o f t he l egend o n t he c o ins a bove ). 9

I t i s t herefore e v iden t t hat t here was a c o m mon s tock o f d ie mot ifs i n Ar mori ca , E astern Ar mor ica a nd w estern Gau l d ur ing t he m id a nd l ater s econd c entury B .C. S o f ew s pec i mens o f t he h ead o f Hel ios c o inage s urv ive t ha t i ti s n ot p oss ib le a t p resen t t o s ubd iv ide i tu sefu l ly ;

i ti s a pparen t , h owever, t hat s o me

s pec i mens a re c onsp icuous ly l igh ter t han t hose n ear t o 8 .0 g , a nd i ti s t heref ore p oss ib le t ha t t h is s er ies, l ike t he g r if f in g roup , h ad a n e x tended d eve lo p men t wh ich i nc luded a l i gh t ' t a il ' , p erhaps a t t he e nd o f t he s econd c en tury . I f t he g roup i s c on te mporary w ith t he Eastern Ar mor ican t ypes, i ts hou ld b elong w ho l ly w ith in t he s econd c en tury B .C.

O bv.

D iade med h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

B iga t o r igh t , i nverted h ead o f H el ios mot if b elow ;

n vnnv

l egend

( F igs. 2 34-5 ).

N o r ecorded f inds. We igh ts : BM

7 .99

BM

7 .92

The o n ly r easons

f or i nc lud ing t h is t ype i n t he w estern s er ies i s t hat t he o b-

v erse t rea tmen t a nd t he h eads o f t he h orses o n t he r everse a re s im i lar i n t echn ique t o E astern Ar mor ican c o ins ( c f . F ig. 2 33; v erse s ee e spec ia l ly F igs. 2 45-8.

p . 8 3 );

f or t he o b-

The l egend r eca l ls t hose o f g roup A

a bove, a nd t he r everse s ymbo l a ppears t o b e as i mp le i nvers ion o f t he n or ma l ' head o f Hel ios '. By w e ight t h is t ype b e longs e arly i n t he p er iod d ur ing w h ich t ype A w as s truck , a nd i t may b e g uessed t hat t he r eason f or t he i nv erted r everse t ype was t o d ist ingu ish t h is t ype f ro m i t s c on te mporary model. 9 2

S O INGS

Open c ircle

denotes

a

T YPE

G OLD

G ROUP WE IGHTS

f racti on

• D

0 C2

• C l

•

• B 2c

•

B 2b

•

• B 2c i

• • B 2

• B 1

0 A3

•

•

•

H EAD

•

0

O F

A2

A l

H EL I OS

GOLD

GROUP

WE I GHTS

SI B

0

I

8 .40

1

• I 8 .20

1

I 6 .00

0

• ••• 00 1 I t I 7 .80

7 .60

OS • I I 7 .40

9 3

A I t 7 ,20

I 7 .00

6 .80

I 6 .60

6 .40

GOLD BERRY ( SO INGS ) GROUP F indspots f or c o ins o f t hese t ypes s uggest t hat t hey b elong t o Berry a nd Toura ine ;

t he p r inc ipa l f ind was t he d epos it a t S o ings ( P• 8 4f .;

n o. 1 1) w h ich may b e long t o t he m id s econd c en tury B .C.

a ppend ix 1

The h igh w e igh t

o f t he f i rst t ype i nd ica tes a n e ar ly p lace i n t he r eg iona l s er ies, p erhaps s l igh t ly l ater t han t he e ar l iest Berry g o ld c o inages (p . 7 6f f. ).

A p rov is iona l

d ate f or i tw ou ld t herefore b e t he m id s econd c en tury B .C. A l O bv.

L aure l led h ead t o r igh t.

Rev .

Horse g a l lop ing r ight , l ong e ar. whee l ;

B eh ind , d ia mond-shaped

b e low , a no ther d ia mond-shaped wheel.

r ow o f 9 99

b e low .

Wavy e x. l ine ;

F igs. 2 36-7.

A la O bv.

As b efore.

Rev.

As b efore, b u t c rescen t w ith d o t i n f ron t o f h orse ; a nd a rc p attern u nder e x. l ine.

F inds :

c irc le b e low

F ig. 2 38.

I .

B erry a rea B 8 40.65.7 8 .0 g ( Al ).

2 .

S o ings d epos it :

d e l a S aussaye 1 836 F ig. 4 ( 7.91 g , A l ) a nd

F ig. 8 ( 1 .95 g , A la ;

a ppend ix 1 n o. 1 1).

We igh ts : 8 .0

Berry c o in

7 .91

S o ings c o in

Quarter 1 .95

S o ings c o in

A2 O bv.

L aure l led h ead t o r igh t.

Rev .

As b efore b u t t hunderbo l t b e low h orse a nd r ow o f ou nder e x. l ine.

F ig. 2 39.

A2a O bv.

As A2, Eastern Ar mor ican t echn ique.

Rev.

As A 2, b ut c rescen t w ith 3 d ots a t e ach e nd b efore t he h orse. F ig. 2 40.

F inds :

I .

S o ings d epos it.

De l a S aussaye 4 336 F ig. 3 .

a ppend ix 1 n o. 1 1). We igh ts : BM

7 .92 ( A2 )

S o ings c o in

7 .91 ( A2a )

Wien 4 0/26. 6 68

7 .71 ( A2 ) =A l len 1 974 n o. 4 7. 9 4

7 .91 g ( A2a ;

I l lustrated w ithou t aw e igh t o r p rovenance : Dec. 1 908

P .

Boud in a nd Bourgey s a le P ar is

3n o. 1 7.

A 3 O bv.

L aurel led h ead t o r igh t.

R ev.

Horse g a l lop ing r igh t w ith d r iver ; i n f ron t , z igzag b elow ;

F inds :

1 .

S o ings d epos it . 1n o. 1).

c rescen t w ith d ot ted e nds

i n e x . 0 00.

F ig. 2 41.

De l a S aussaye 1 836 F ig. 9 .

1 .95 g ( append ix

We igh t : S o ings c o in

1 .95

B 1 O bv .

Head t o r ight , e laborate h a ir.

R ev.

Horse w ith l ong e ars t o r igh t w ith d r iver a nd c har io t whee l; c rescen t c onnec ted t o l ong c ord i n f ron t ; l ine, t races o f p seudo-legend.

; o n e x .

F ig. 2 42.

N o r ecorded f inds. We igh t : BN 5 949A

7 .55

The c rescen t mot if o n t he r everse o f t h is c o in a nd t he f o l low ing t ypes r eca l ls t hat o n t he r everses o fA la, A2a a nd A3 a bove.

The p rovenance f or t ype B 2

s uggests t hat t he p resen t t ype may b e long t o t he s ame r eg ion a s g roup A a bove , a nd i t i s f or t h is r eason t hat t hey a re i nc luded h ere.

The h eav iest c o ins a re

n ot e ar ly , p robab ly c on te mporary w ith t he l ater Berry i ssues b elow ( p . 1 01f f .) a t t he e nd o f t he s econd c en tury. B 2 O bv .

Head t o l ef t w ith e laborate h a ir.

R ev.

As B 1 ( F igs. 2 43-4 ).

F inds :

1 .

L es Aubra is, L o iret ( 7 .15 g ) BN 6 055.

We ights : BN 6 056

7 .17

BN 6 055

7 .15

B 2a

A s B 2 b u t o f p oorer meta l a nd workmansh ip ( F igs. 2 45-7 ).

N o r ecorded f inds. We igh ts : BN 6 058

6 .86

BN 6 059

6 .69

BN 6 057

6 .50

9 5

B2b O bv.

L aure l led h ead t o l ef t .

Rev.

Horse a nd d r iver a s b efore; h ippocamp b e low.

c rescen t a nd c ord i n f ron t ,

F igs. 2 48-9.

N o r ecorded f inds. We igh ts : BN 6 769D

6 .98

BN 4 596

6 .70

B 2c O bv.

C rude h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Horse a nd d r iver t o l ef t , c rescen t i n f ron t , c ross b e low ( F ig. 2 50 ).

N o r ecorded f inds. We igh t : BN 3 704

7 .89

C l O bv.

L aure l led h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Horse a nd d r iver t o r igh t , d og l eap ing r ight o n e x. l ine , o rnamen ta l ' support ' t o e x. l ine.

F inds :

1 .

S o ings d epos it .

F ig. 2 51.

De l a S aussaye 1 836 F ig. 5 .

7 .91 g ( append ix

1n o. 1). We igh t : S o ings c o in

7 .91

Th is c o in , c om ing f rom t he S o ings d epos it a nd w e igh ing 7 .91 g may b e long t o t he m id s econd c en tury . C2

F inds :

O bv.

L aure l led h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Horse a nd d r iver t o r igh t ,

1 .

V ierzon ( Cher ) 1 .69 g .

A

o n e x. l ine b elow.

F ig. 2 52.

MSAC X ( 1882 ):285-306 n o. 1 .

We igh t : V ierzon c o in

1 .69

By t ype t h is c o in a ppears t o b e long w ith t he S o ings g roup o f c o ins , a l though i t s l ow w e igh t i s most c o mparab le w ith t he l ate s econd c entury Berry s er ies o f g o ld c o ins ( p . 1 01f f .).

9 6

O bv.

L aurel led h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Horse b ound ing r igh t , l ook ing o ver i t s b ack . w hee l. I nf ie ld , s evera l c urv i l inear d ev ices ; as quare b anner h ung w ith c ords. F ig. 2 53.

Char ioteer a nd i n f ron t o f h orse,

N o r ecorded f inds. We igh t : BN 6 421A

7 .94

Th is c o in i s i ncluded h ere b ecause o f i t s g enera l s ty l ist ic c onnect ion w ith Toura ine a nd Eastern Ar mor ican t ypes.

The t rea tmen t o f t he o bverse r e-

c a l ls Eastern Ar mor ican t ypes ( p late 8 ) ;

t he u ndu lat ing l ines i n t he d es ign

o n t he r everse r eca l l o ther c o ins im med iate ly a bove.

The b anner b efore

t he h orse a nd t he c ords may b e f orerunners o f t he c ords a nd h ang ing o b jects c o m mon o n many Ar mor ican c o ins o f t he e ar ly f i rst c en tury ( e .g. LT XX I I I 6 879 , 6 881;

XXV 6 969 e tc. ).

Th is c o in a l most c erta in ly b elongs t o western

o r w estern-cen tra l Gau l , a nd i t s h igh w e ight must p lace i ti n t he s econd c en tury , p erhaps c on te mporary w ith t he Eastern Ar mor ican c o ins d escr ibed a bove ( p . 8 2f f .). I I.

LATE WESTERN GOLD I SSUES ( c. 7.0-7.54 g )

EASTERN AR MOR ICAN GOLD LYRE TYPE ( F igs. 2 54-69 ) The f indspots f or t h is t ype o f c o in a re c on f ined t o v ar iety B , wh ich a pp aren t ly b e longs t o t he r eg ion o f Toura ine.

The o bverse t ype o f v ar iety A

i s r elated t o o ther Eastern Ar mor ican t ypes ( e .g. Au lerc i C eno man i, LT XX I I I 6 847-6861), w h i le t he r everse t ype a ppears d er ived f ro m t he e ar l ier Eastern Ar mor ican t ype D ( p . 8 3 a bove ). The H ead o f He l ios mot if o n v ar iety A b eco mes a n i nverted l yre o n v ar iet ies B a nd C . Var iety C n ot o n ly b etrays i nf luence f ro m Eastern Ar mor ican t echn iques ( notab ly i n t he t rea tmen t o f t he e ar ), b u t a lso e choes a s econd c en tury c o ina ge a t tr ibu ted t o t he S equan i ( Al len 1 974 F ig. 7 9;

LT XV I 5 318 ) w h ich h as a

s ideways l yre b e low t he h orses a nd a w avy l ine b e low t he e x. l ine ( cf . e .g. BN 5 951).

Th is s ty l ist ic s im i lar ity r eca l ls t he e ar l ier b orrow ings b etween

t he Rh ine land a nd E astern A r mor ica a nd Cen tra l Gau l ( pp. 6 9f f. ,79f . ) ; a s t he S equan ian c o inage b e longs w e l l w ith in t he s econd c en tury , i ti s l ike ly t ha t v ar iety C ( wh ich i s l i ghter ) b e longs l ate i n t he s econd c en tury , s uggest ing t ha t t h is g roup a s a who le may b e long t o t hat p er iod.

The o n ly d atab le f ind

i s t he v ar iety B c o in f ro m t he h oard o f S a in t-P ierre-de- Ma i l lb.

The r est o f

t he h oard c ons isted o f P IV s i lver c o ins o f t he P ictones ( p . 2 50f f . ) wh ich b el ong t o t he f i rst c en tury B .C.

On t hese g rounds, C o lbert d e B eau l ieu 1 971a

d ated t he g o ld s er ies a lso t o t he f i rst c en tury.

The e v idence i s amb iguous ;

t he s ing le g o ld c o in c ou ld b e o lder t han t he r est o f t he h oard ( i n wh ich c ase t he t ype a s a who le may b e long t o t he l a te s econd c en tury );

o r t he c o inage

may h ave c on t inued i n to t he f i rst c en tury , when i t must t hen h ave b een a b le t o ma in ta in a much h igher w e igh t s tandard t han a ny c on te mporary c o inage i n i t s a rea.

A t p resen t t here i s n o f i rm e v idence t o s et t le t he q uest ion .

9 7

S ince,

however, group B is unlikely to be the latest variety in the series, and C shows c]ose affinity with a second century Sequanian coinage, it is likely that the second century rather than the first is the proper date for these coins. A Obv.

Laurelled head to right of Eastern Armorican type (cf. Aulerci Cenomani).

Rev.

Biga with driver to right, below. Figs. 254-61.

nnnn

in ex.,, symbol

e

or �

No recorded finds. Weights: 7.68 7.53 7.51 7.45 7.40 7.35 7.30

BN 6415 BM BN 5945 BN 3654 BM BN 4547 BN 6416 Quarters BN 3647 Cahn Apr. 1933, 1568 BN 6417 BN 3646A B

1.83 1.80 1.79 1.74

Obv.

Laurelled or bare head to right, untidy hair, sometimes un­ dulating stripe down cheek.

Rev.

Biga to right, inverted lyre below; var. with ex. line and row of chevrons below (cf. var. C). Figs. 262-5.

In type this variety is closest to var. A, but is of much coarser engraving style. Finds:

1.

2.

Hd. Saint-Pierre-de-Maille (Vienne) 7 .42 g Colbert de Beaulieu 1971a (appendix 1 no. 33). Azay-le-Rideau (I+L) n.w. Bulletin de Numismatigue 1891 p. 73; cf. Colbert de Beaulieu 1971a.

Weights: Cahn Dec. 1922, 320 BN 5947B Saint-Pierre coin BN 5949B BN 3675 Cahn Nov. 1933, 5 BN 5946 BN 5948

7.50 7.45 7.42 7.41 7.41 7.40 7.36 7.31 98

E ASTERN

A RMOR ICAN

L YRE

G ROUP

WE IGHTS

1 .65

•

0

0

•

•

•

•

0

0

0

0

•

A

7 .70

00

00 4 1 11 10

I .

7.6 0

7. 50

7 40

0

7 3 0

9 9

7 .20

71 0

7 . 00

6 . 90

G

a;

-

•

8

/

K

I ,

D I

H ,..--�✓-,

,..F ...

-

I I

\

-----

',

I

\ '

I

I

/ (

I I \

/

I

I

I

/

\

\

MIDDLE PHASE BERRY GOLD •1

Bourg es

F

A

Lyre type A (in hoard)

G

01

B

Berry type A1

H

028

C D

A3

K

03

Al+

L

DL.

E

B2

100

I I

Berry type C

I I

I

I

I

I I

I

I

I

. I

I

I

I I

I

I ,,

I t ·, 1

,,. ........

I

BN 5 947

7 .31

BM

7 .30

BN 5 949

7 .22

BN 5 953

7 .16

Cahn Apr. 1 933, 1 662

6 .75

M MAG J une 1 954, 9 67

6 .16

Quarters BN 5 950

1 .78

BM

1 .72

O bv.

Head t o r igh t w ith e laborate c urly h a ir a nd Eastern Ar mor ican e ar;

Rev.

c o l lar o f d o ts.

B iga r igh t w ith d r iver ;

i nverted l yre b e low.

w ith s uccess ion o f a rcs h ang ing f rom i t . KABAAA

( BN 5 957;

V ian 1 954 ).

L inear e x . l ine

O ccas iona l ly l egend

F igs. 2 66-9.

N o r ecorded f inds. V ian 1 954

8 .29 [ s ic ] l egend KABAAA

BN 5 952

7 .32

BN 5 957

7 .11

BN 5 953A

7 .09

BN 5 951

7 .08

Quarters BN 5 954

1 .65

BN 5 955

1 .61

C ahn Apr. 1 933, 1 663

1 .25

Th is v ar iety i s t he l i ghtest o f t he s er ies a nd t herefore p robab ly t he l atest. BERRY TYPE LATE GOLD An e x tens ive s er ies o f g o ld c o ins o f r e la t ive ly l igh t w e ight i s f ound i n Berry ;

s uf f ic ien t f indspots e x ist t o make t h is a s ign if ican t d istr ibut ion . I t

i s l i ghter t han t he S o ings o r e ar ly Berry g roups d iscussed a bove, b ut i ti s h eav ier t han t he g o ld ABVDOS s er ies o f t he f i rst c en tury B itur iges ( p . 2 02f f . wh ich c o mp letely r ep laced i ti n t hat a rea.

As t he t wo t ypes a re n ever a s-

s oc ia ted i n h oards, a nd t he B erry t ype g o ld c o ins a re n o t f ound i n t he o pp ida , i t may b e p resu med t ha t t hey b elong t o t he p er iod l ate i n t he s econd c en tury when t he West Berry s i lver t ypes w ere a lso s truck . I t may b e o bserved f ro m t he d istr ibut ion map ( p. 1 4 ) t hat t he g o ld c o ins a re f ound g enera l ly t o t he e as t o f Berry , a nd t he s i lver i n t he west .

S o me t ypo log ica l c onnect ions

b etween g o ld c o ins o f t he we igh t o f l a te Berry t ypes a nd West B erry s i lver h ave a lready b een n oted ( p. 5 9f f ) . Fu l l s taters o f t he Berry t ypes a re n ot c o m mon , a nd may b e a bsen t f rom t he p r inc ipa l g roups. q uarter-stater.

The n or ma l d enom inat ion w as t herefore p robab ly t he

Few c o ins o f t hese t ypes s urv ive , s o t hat c lass if ica t ion i n-

t o v ar ie t ies a nd s eparat ion f ro m o ther r eg iona l t ypes i s v ery p rov is iona l. 1 01

P rototype :

The p ro totype f or t he p r inc ipa l B erry g roups i s v a luab le f or t he ir

c hrono logy b ecause i tc an b e a scr ibed t o t he e ar ly o r m id-second c en tury. The p rototype i s o ne o f t he s evera l e arly s econd c en tury c o inages mode l led o n t he Rh ine land o r Burgund ian s er ies ( F igs. 2 09-10 ) w h ich p rov ided t he d irect mode l f or t he w estern d efaced g roup ( p . 8 4f f .).

The mode l f or t he

B erry s er ies i s i t sel f c losely mode l led o n t he e ar ly i ssue, a nd i s p robab ly i t s im med iate s uccessor i n t he s a me a rea ;

i tp reserves t he E o r-b efore

t he f orehead o n t he o bverse a nd d oes n o t d isp lay a ny a dd it iona l o r d if feren t iat ing s ymbo ls, b ut i s l i gh ter a nd e ngraved b y d if feren t h ands ( F igs. 2 70-6; map p . 8 5 ). F inds :

1 .

Mou l ins ( Al l ier ) BN 3 615

2 .

N ear Geneva ( Sw itzer land ) BN 5 316

We ights : 7 .94

BN 5 316

7 .79

BN 3 626

7 .79

BN 3 622

7 .78

Cahn 1 933, 1 626

7 .76

BN 3 615

7 .76

BN 3 623

7 .75

BN 3 619

7 .75

BM

7 .66

BN 3 625

7 .63

M MAG 1 972, 3 39

7 .54

BN 3 624

7 .20

ABT :215

7 .06

Co thenet 1 969

4 .85

BN 3 682 ( p lated )

The t wo f indspo ts a re l i t t le e v idence f or a t tr ibu t ion , b u t i ti s a t l east c ons ist en t w ith t he r ange o f d istr ibu t ion o f i t s p rototype ;

t he A l l ier f indspot i s c lose

t o t he a rea o f d istr ibu t ion o f C en tra l i ssues mode l led

o n i t . Th is i ssue

s hou ld b e long t o t he s econd c en tury b ecause o f i t s h igh w e ight a nd c loseness t o i t s v ery e ar ly p roto type ;

t he B erry i ssues , wh ich a re l i ghter s t i l l , mus t

t hen b elong l a te i n t he s econd c en tury .

Th is e astern Gau l ish c o inage p rov ided

t he mode l f or many o f t he B erry i ssues, b oth o n t he o bverse ( co mpare F ig. 2 74 w ith 2 79 a nd 2 81 ) a nd i n t he d eta ils o f t he r everse, w here t he g ra m s o met i mes b eco mes a t r iskeles.

A ' mono-

V ar ian ts o f t he e astern c o inage , o f

u nknown p rovenance b u t t ypo log ica l s im i lar ity b oth w ith e astern a nd c en tra l g o ld i ssues a re : BN 1 0190

7 .70 g ( F ig. 2 72 )

BN 1 0192

7 .44

( Fig. 2 73 )

BERRY TYPES A l O bv.

L aure l led h ead t o l ef t .

Rev.

B iga t o r igh t ,

&

b elow ( F igs. 2 77-8 ).

1 02

F inds :

1 .

N ear F arges ( Cher ) B D965.1.4832 1 .88 g

2 .

N ear Bourges ( Cher ) MSAC I ( 1868 ) 1 869 :

3 28 n o. 2 1 .65 g

We igh ts : 1 .90

K ress s a le 7Dec. 1 957, 2 467

1 .88

Farges c o in

1 .65

Bourges a rea c o in

A2 O bv.

L aure l led h ead t o l ef t.

Rev.

Horse a nd c har iot t o r ight , t r iske les b e low , c orn e ar i n e x . ( F igs. 2 79-81).

F inds :

1 .

N ear Bourges ( Cher ) B 8 68.2.18, 1 .66 g

2 .

B erry i n 1 868.

MSAC I I 1 869 n o. 11.72 g

We igh ts : 1 .87

B D965.1.4831

1 .72

B erry c o in

1 .66

Bourges a rea c o in

I ti s p oss ib le t hat t he Bourges 9 65.1.4831 c o in i s t he s ame a s n o. 2 f ound i n B erry i n 1 868;

t he d raw ing i n t he o r ig ina l p ub l ica t ion i s p oor , b u t n o t u n l ike

t he e x ist ing Bourges c o in wh ich i s f rom a n o ld B erry c o l lect ion .

However,

t he o bverses a ppear t o b e q u ite d if feren t , a nd t he r ecen t w e ight i s a lso f urther a par t f ro m t he o ld o ne t han w ou ld n or ma l ly b e e xpected e ven w ith a n ineteen th c en tury w e igh ing.

Ih ave t herefore t rea ted t he m a s s eparate c o ins.

A 3 Obv.

Head t o r igh t , s o met i mes i n Aqu itan ic s ty le.

Rev .

Horse b ound ing t o r igh t , d r iver a bove, t r iske les o r s nake b elow.

F inds :

( F igs. 2 82-4 ).

1 .

V ierzon , i n t he Cher.

2 .

Berry .

B D965.1.4830

B 8 82.5.1 1 .66 g1 0

3 .

Berry ;

MSAC 1 869 :298 n o. 2 .

1 .83 g F ound i n 1 868.

n •w•

We igh ts : 1 .83

Berry c o in

1 .66

V ierzon c o in

A4 O bv.

L aurel led h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Horse g a l lop ing l e f t w ith d r iver ;

t r iske les o r

b e low

( F igs. 2 85-6 ). F inds :

1 .

Grand- Ma l leray c ne. P r i me l les ( Cher ) i n 1 869. ( MSAC I I 1 869 :299 n o. 4 ).

1 03

1 .64 g

WE IGHTS

O F

L ATE

M IDDLE

8

P HASE

BERRY

GOLD

D5

D 4

03

D2b

D 2a

•

•

B2

7 .08

•

B I

•

A5

•

•

•

•

• L90

We ights o f

s ta ters

h ave

b een

O I

I 1 .80 d iv ided

1 . 70 b y

f our:

A4

A3

SO •

D 1

A2

A l I 1 . 60 a ctual

I 1 . 50

we ights

s ho wn

i n

c irc l es

We ights : 1 .64

Grand- Ma l leray c o in

1 .86

BN 5 964

A5

F inds :

O bv.

Head t o l e f t .

Rev.

Horse g a l lop ing l ef t , b ird a bove h o ld ing mane ( F ig. 2 87 ).

1 .

P resso ir-Houet n ear Bourges ( Cher ) i n 1 867.

1 .69 g MSAC

I ( 1868 ) 1 869 :329 n o. 4 . We igh t : 1 .69

( Presso ir-Houet c o in )

B 1

F ind :

O bv.

Head t o r igh t w ith h eavy d iade m.

Rev.

Horse g a l lop ing r igh t , d r iver b rand ish ing b ushy o b ject ( F ig. 2 88 ).

1 .

N ear Bourges ( Cher ) B 8 68.2.36, 1 .70 g.

We ight : 1 .70

( Bourges a rea c o in )

B 2 O bv . Rev .

As B 1 As B 1 b u t d r iver h o lds n or ma l g oad a nd t here i s at hunderbo lt u nder t he h orse ( F ig. 2 89 ).

F inds :

1 .

F eus ines ( I ndre ) B D965.1.4827, 7 .08 g , c f . ABT :215 a nd p l. 1 .11.

We igh t : 7 .08 ( Feus ines c o in ) The w e igh t o f t h is s tater i s v ery l ow , a nd i t s o bverse d ie i s i n p oor c ond it ion . The h a ir r eca l ls v ar iety D 1 b elow , F ig. 2 92.

I ti s p robab le t hat t h is c o in

b elongs l ate i n t he l oca l g o ld c o inage p reced ing t he ABVDOS g roup , wh ich s tarts a t al i t t le o ver 7 .0 g ( p . 2 05 ). L e Dorat t ype. O bv.

Bearded ma le h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Horse g a l lop ing l e f t , b ird d r iv ing a bove,

e . 4 9 a0 e a

b e low ( F igs.

2 90-1). Proto type :

The o bverse i s p robab ly d er ived f ro m c o ins o f Ph i l ip V o f Macedon

( 220-179 B .C.). F inds :

1 .

For r everse, c f .

F igs. 1 47-8, p . 6 2.

L e Dorat ( HV ) B 8 97.22.1, 7 .23 g

1 05

We igh ts : 7 .24

BN 1 0231A

7 .23

L e Dora t c o in

The g eograph ica l o r ig in o f t h is t ype i s u ncerta in b ecause o n ly o ne f indspot i s k nown , a lthough w estern-cen tra l Gau l i s ap oss ib le h ome f or i t . I t s i mporta nce l i es l arge ly i n i t s p roto type , wh ich s trong ly s uggests a s econd c en tury o r ig in . T he w e ight o f t he c o ins i s l ow , b ut s ince i ts ee ms p robab le t hat b y t he e nd o f t he s econd c en tury w e igh ts v ar ied s ign if ican t ly f rom a rea t o a rea ( c f . p .21 ) , i ti s n ot p oss ib le t o a scr ibe i t ad ate w i th a ny c on f idence. l ate s econd c en tury i s , h owever, a p laus ib le g uess ;

The

t he r everse t ype i s

s im i lar t o t hat o f a nother l a te a nd p robab ly C en tra l g o ld i ssue , F igs. 1 47-8. O rna te t ypes The f o l low ing v ar iet ies a re e ither f ound i n t he B erry a rea o r a re a pparen t ly r elated i n t ype t o B erry c o ins. S ome a re p erhaps more a k in t o t he Eastern Ar mor ican g roup b e low ;

w ith s o l i t t le o f t he c o inage s urv iv ing i ti s n ot p os-

s ib le a t p resen t t o c lass ify t he v ar iet ies v ery e xact ly . D 1 O bv.

Head t o r igh t , d iade med , w isps o f h a ir a t t he o uts ide o ut l in ing t he e dge o f t he h a ir.

Rev .

B iga t o r igh t w ith d r iver ; t hunderbo lt b e low . Vest iges o f l egend o n ,l ong w avy c ord w ith t asse ls a t t he e nds b efore a nd u nder t he h orses ( F ig. 2 92 ).

F inds :

1 .

N ear l es Mou l ins-No irs , c ne. I voy-le-Pre n ear G ien ( Lo iret ), 7 .04 g.

B910.2.1.

We igh t : 7 .04

( Les Mou l ins-No irs c o in )

A c o in w h ich i s p erhaps s im ilar w as r ecorded b y Cothenet 1 969 a s c om ing f rom C ouf f i ( L+Ch. ), 7 .06 g , d escr ibed a s h av ing a h ead o f Apo l lo t o r igh t a nd a c har iot t o r igh t w ith w avy l ine b enea th. Quarter s taters : a .

O bv.

L aure l led h ead t o r igh t.

Rev .

Horse g a l lop ing r igh t , d r iver ;

t hunderbo l t b e low a nd c orn e ar

o n l ong s ta lk ( F ig. 2 93 ). N o r ecorded f inds. We igh t : 1• 9 1

BN 1 0243

b .

O bv.

D iade med h ead t o r ight .

Rev.

Horse g a l lop ing r ight , d r iver a bove, l ong wavy t asse led c ord i n f ron t ( F ig. 2 94 ).

1 06

F inds :

1 .

V ierzon , i n t he Cher.

B 8 82.5.2, 1 .66 g .

We igh t : 1 .66

( V ierzon c o in )

U n l ikethe p rev ious v ar iet ies, t h is v ar ie ty a ppears t o h ave b een s truck i n s tater a s wel l a s q uarter-stater s ize, a nd i ti s p oss ib le t hat i t s d istr ibu t ion w as more t owards Toura ine t han B erry.

The w e igh ts o f t he c o ins a re l ow ,

a nd t herefore i t may b e long l a te i n t he s econd c en tury B .0 C . D2a O bv.

L aurel led h ead t o r igh t , n eck o rna men ted w ith c o l lar o f b eads ; t r iske les a nd Do

; c urv il inear d es ign i n h o l low o f n eck

t runcat ion . Rev.

B iga a nd c har ioteer t o r igh t , t hunderbo l t b elow.

F ig. 2 95.

N o r ecorded f inds. We igh t : 7 .87

BN 3 669

D2b O bv.

As b efore, b u t n o d ecorat ion o n n eck , a nd d o lph in-l ike w isp b efore f ace.

Rev.

Char iot d r iver w ith l ong p la it o f h a ir a bove b iga t o r igh t ; t r iskeles b e low h orses , c ross b e low c har iot wheel a nd p seudol egend o f v ert ica l l ines ( F ig. 2 96 ).

F inds :

1 .

V icq-Exe mp let ( I ndre ) 7 .05 g .

MSAC X IV 1 887 p . 3 05 ( Obv.

d ie v ery worn ). We igh t : 7 .31

BN 3 628a

7 .05

V icq-Exe mp let c o in

A c o in w ith t he s a me mot if u nder t he n eck t runca t ion o n t he o bverse b u t o f d if feren t t ype was f ound a t L oroux-Bot treaux ( L.At l ) 8 .03 g ( Ma in jonet BSFN 1 967 :122 ).

Th is c o in w as o f t he s a me t ype a s BN 6 757B ( F ig. 2 97, 7 .59 g ).

The o bverse o f t h is c o in i s a no ther e arly d er ivat ion o f t he e ar ly e astern Gau l ish c o inage wh ich i nsp ired t he t ypes o f t he Berry a nd w estern d efaced c o inages , a nd i tp reserves t he E o ver t he f orehead ( c f . BN 6 913, 6 .99, F ig. 2 98 ), w h ich a lso h as a s inuous l ine a long t he s ide o f t he f ace r ecal l ing t he d efaced w estern g roup ( P late 9 ).

C f . a lso F ig. 2 99 , aq uarter-stater wh ich

h as a r everse t ype s im ilar t o t he Berry g o ld i ssues w ith t r iske les, o r t he w estern d efaced v ar iety F ig. 2 21.

I t i s l ike ly t hat c o ins w ith s uch c lose

t ypo log ica l i n terrela t ions b elong t o a pprox i mately t he s a me g eograph ica l a rea.

V ery o rnate t reatmen t o f t he d ies a ppears t o h ave b een c haracter ist ic

o f s o me c o inages i n t he Toura ine a nd Eas tern Ar mor ican r eg ion , p erhaps f oreshadow ing t he c lass ica l f i rst c entury Ar mor ican c o inages.

1 07

D3 O bv .

L aure l led h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

B iga t o r ight , c urv il inear mo t if b e low h orses, w ith l yre s ideways b e low t ha t ;

F inds :

1 .

p seudolegend r l •P ( F ig. 3 00 ).

Avord ( Cher ) B 9 08.12.1., 7 .28 g.

We igh t : 7 .28

( Avord c o in )

D4 O bv .

L aure l led h ead t o r igh t , t races o f Eb efore f orehead o n BN 3 655A.

Rev.

B iga t o r igh t , t r iskeles b elow , b lundered l egend 0 1A lr ir lOY ; t wo t hunderbo lts b efore h orses, o ne b e low , a nd c orn e ar o r s pear ;

F inds :

F ig. 3 01-2.

1 .

Berry.

2 .

I ssoudun ( I ndre ) 1 879, 6 .0 g .

MSAC 1 892 :396 n o. 1 , 7 .30 g . MSAC I X ( 1881) :317-24.

We igh ts : 7 .53

BN 3 655A

7 .30

Berry c o in

6 .0

I ssoudun c o in ( ?p lated )

Types D3 a nd D4 a re r easonab ly c lose d er ivat ions f ro m t he p ro totype ( F igs. 2 61-6 o r 2 09-10 ). D5 Four c o ins w ith r e lated r everse t ypes may b e e ither o f Cen tra l o r Eastern Ar mor ican o r ig in w h ich t he ir t ypes m igh t s ugges t , o r o f Rh ine land o r ig in , a s f indspo ts o f v ar. C s ugges t , a l though t he ir g rea t v ar iat ion i n we igh t i nd icates t hat t hey a re n ot c on te mporary w ith o ne a no ther, a nd t hey may n ot a l l b e f ro m t he s a me a rea. O bv. a .

Eastern Arn ior ican h ead t o r igh t.

b .

B erry t ype h ead t o l ef t.

c.

R ing o f d ots.

Rev. a .

Horse p ranc ing t o r igh t , b ird a bove , s corp ion-l ike s ymbo l b e low ( perhaps a n e labora t ion o f t he c an tharos o n s o me Macedon ian c o ins ), l egend EYC b e low ( F ig. 3 03 ).

V ar iety

a lso w ith h orse t o r igh t , b ird a bove p eck ing , c rescen t b eh ind , d ots a nd u nderta in s ymbo ls i n f i e ld ; ( F ig. 3 04 ). l egend

b .

B iga t o r igh t , t r iskeles ;

c .

Horse t o r igh t , d og-l ike a n i ma l a bove ( c f. West B erry s i lver F ig. 1 34 ), t r iskeles;

F inds :

1 .

Quarter-stater.

l egend

X3EDEX

( Fig. 3 05 ).

( F ig. 3 06 ).

N e iderstet ten-S ichertshausen ( Bade- W i irt-

t e mburg ) S cheers 1 973 :33. 2 .

) ( Ae E

l egend VC OEX

Tr ier ( i b id.). 1 08

We ights : BN 6 422

8 .25 ( a )

BN 1 0190A

8 .06 ( a v ar.)

Hess a uct. 2 46 ( 1977 ), 1 6

7 .87 ( c )

BM 1 4

7 .55 ( b )

Co l l. Robert ( Scheers 1 973 p . 3 3 ) BN 1 0190B Quarters :

6 .90 ( c ) 6 .81 ( c )

( a l l v ar. c ;

BM

S cheers 1 973 : 33 ) 2 :04

BN 8 864

1 .92

V ienna

1 .90

S tut tgart

1 .78

K ress 1 958, 4 7

1 .78

Mayence

1 .47

1 09

4 .

CENTRAL GAUL c . 1 20/100-50 B .C.

The o r ig ins o f t he l a Tbne I I p er iod i n C en tra l G au l l i e i n t he s econd c en tury , a nd s evera l l arge f i rs t c en tury d efended s et t le men ts s how e v idence o f h av ing b een o ccup ied d ur ing t he s econd c en tury .

Ev idence f or t h is n or-

ma l ly c ons ists o f e ar ly i mports, p r inc ipa l ly C ampan ian A p ot tery a nd GrecoI ta l ic amphoras . I ti s l ikely t ha t t he d evelopmen t o f l arge d efended s et t lemen ts i n s ome p arts o f C en tra l Gau l w as n o t much l ater t han t hat i mmed iate ly t o t he e ast , a lthough t hey d id n ot a pparen t ly a tta in a d egree o f u rban isat ion a s p recoc ious a s t ha t f or i nstance o f s econd-century Essa lo is ( Lo ire : Co l l is 1 975 :179 , c f . N ash 1 976 :109f .) w h ich i s ap art icu lar ly c onsp icuous e xa mp le o f e ar ly u rban d eve lopmen t . The c o inage o f l a T ene I I ( t he l ate p hase ) i s d iscussed b e low . I ti s l ikely t hat much o f t h is c o inage w as s truck r elat ive ly l ate i n t he p er iod, a nd t hat t he midd le p hase o f C en tra l c o inage o ccurred d ur ing t he p er iod o f t rans it ion t o l a T ene I I a nd t he f i rst s et t le men t o f t he l arge d efended s i tes i n Gau l. Bu t i ti s o n ly c o ins o f t he l ate p hase wh ich a re r egu lar ly f ound o n f i rst c en tury s et t le men ts a nd whose d istr ibut ions c orrespond , i n s o me c ases r a ther c losely , w ith t he t err itor ies o f f i rs t c en tury c iv itates. I ti s f or t h is r eason t ha t t he m idd le p hase c o inages a re e xc luded f rom t h is s ect ion a nd i nstead t reated a bove w ith t he e arly p hase. The C en tra l a rea w i l l b e d iv ided i n to f our r eg ions, e ach c en tred u pon o ne o f f our ma jor Gau l ish f i rst c en tury c iv ita tes —Arvern i, B itur iges Cub i, P icto nes a nd L e mov ices.

These a reas h ad t he ir o wn p at terns o f c o inage a nd

p ecu l iar it ies o f s et t le men t p a t tern a nd i mports. By t he f i rst c en tury , t he b orrow ing o f c o in t ypes b y t he C en tra l a nd w estern Gau ls f ro m t he e ast a nd t he Rh ineland , w h ich may h ave e xpressed i mportan t c u ltura l a nd s oc ia l l inks, h ad c eased. S o , t oo , h ad t he e ven more p ronounced c onnect ions b etween Cen tra l c o inages a nd t hose o f t he f ar s outh a nd C a ta lon ia , a lthough c on tac t w ith t hese a reas w as ma in ta ined , a s i s s hown b y i mports o f monna ies 1 .l a c ro ix a nd o ccas iona l ly S pan ish g oods a nd c o ins ( p . 14 ).

The most c onsp ic-

u ous f ore ign c on tact o f t he C en tra l Gau ls f or w h ich w e h ave a ny a rchaeo log ica l e v idence i s i nstead t he Ro mans, a nd f rom a round t he m id-second c en tury o nwards t here w ere s ubstan t ia l i mports o f I t a l ian g oods ( w ine i n amphorae a nd C a mpan ian c era m ic ), p robab ly i n e xchange f or s laves a nd s ome r aw mat er ia ls ( maps p p . 12, 13 ).

The most a bundan t i mports b elong t o t he f i rst

c entury . The p resence o f i mports i s o n ly a r ough g u ide t o c hrono logy , h owever, a l though i n c ases l ike S a in t-Gence ( HV., p . 2 71 ) where i mports a re c on f ined t o Greco-Ita l ic amphorae, a nd l oca l g oods a pparen t ly c ons ist o n ly o f c oarse ware , i ti s l ike ly t hat a n e ar ly d ate i s i nd ica ted. Au lna t ( P.D., p . 18 ) a lso s hows i mports i n what must b e as econd c en tury c on tex t . There i s, i n a dd it i on , s upport ing t ex tua l e v idence f or a nI t a l ian w ine t rade w ith Gau l f rom a t

10

T RANSHUMANCE

W INTER

I N F RANCE

T RANSHUMANCE

S UMMER

P LA INS

S ource:

R eaders D igest

i ll

G rand A t las d e l a F rance

1 969

P RE-CONQUEST

AMPHORA F INDS I NG AUL

•

G reco-Ita l ic

•

I t a l ic ( D re sse l I )

x

U ncer ta in

o

A dd it iona l f i nds , f r om t he map i n P eacock 1 97 1

F or d e ta i ls o f

t ype

f i nds

o n

t h is

m ap

1 12

s ee

a ppend ix 3

F INDS

f or d e ta i ls

O F C AMPAN IAN

WARE

• C ampan ian

A

•

B ,C o r u ncer ta in t ype

o f f inds

o n

1 13

t h is map

s ee

a ppend ix

3

F INDS O F I BER IC O R C EL T IBER IAN

. 0

C o ins , s t ray

P RODUCTS I N GAUL

f i nds a nd h oards

N C e l t iber ian c o ins o f N arbonens is x

( f inds i nC en tra l G au l o n ly )

I mpor ts o f c eram ic a nd o thergoods

f or d e ta i ls o f f inds

o n

t h is m ap s ee

1 14

a ppendix

3

C O INS O F MASS IL IA FOUND I N G AUL

.0

f or

S ilver

c oins , s tray f i nds a nd h oards

x

B ronze c o ins

e j

M ixed h oa rd

d e ta ils o f

f inds

o n

1 15

t h is

map

s ee a ppend ix

3

l east t he 8 0s ( Cicero P ro Qu inct io 2 4;

c f . P ro F on t. 9 .19 ), wh ich p robab ly

a cce lera ted i n t he 6 0s a s ar esu lt o f Po mpey 's d efeat o f t he p irates a nd t herefore i ncreased emphas is o n e xchange r a ther t han p lunder f or s laves o n t he p art o f t he I ta l ians ( Craw ford 1 977 ). S i lver c o inages o f t he B itur iges i n t he f i rst c en tury c on for med t o t he Ro man w e igh t s tandard ( c f. t he Aedu i who d id t h is i n c .121: Co lbert d e B eau l ieu 1 966c ; t he B itur iges a nd Aedu i h ad ap o l it ica l c onnec t ion : Caesar BG 1 .18.6 ). I n t he Arvern ian a nd w estern a reas o f t he Cen tre , h owever, o lder w e igh t s tandards f or s i lver w ere ma int a ined u n t i l t he c onquest.

C hanges i n t he c o inage may b e c onnected w ith t he

d evelopmen t o f c iv itas a dm in istrat ion a nd t he g row th o f t own l i fe ( p . 7 f f .; N ash 1 978a ). F or t he c hrono logy o f t he l ate p hase c o inages , t he f inds i n t he mass g rave d epos its a t G rds igny-Sa in te-Re ine b y A les ia , t he s i te o f C aesar 's d ec is ive s iege o f 5 1 B .C., a re i mportan t ( Co lbert d e B eau l ieu 1 955a ;

a ppend ix 1 n o. 1 ) .

C en tral Gau l ish c o ins w ere f ound t here i n s uf f ic ien t n umbers t o g ive a r easona b ly r el iab le g u ide t o t he t ypes i n u se i n t he l a te f i f t ies , a l though a bsences, e spec ia l ly i nb ronze c o in w h ich w as p robab ly n o t an orma l means o f p aymen t f or a rm ies , a nd i n c o ins o f f ar-f lung c iv ita tes, d oes n ot n ecessar i ly mean t hat m iss ing c o inages w ere n ecessar ily p ost-conquest i n d ate. There w ere, h owever, i mportan t c hanges i n t he c o inages af ter t he c onq uest.

The p rec ious meta l c o inages i n u se i n 5 7 a l l c eased t o b e i ssued a nd

u sed w ith t he e nd o f t he w ar, p art ly a s ar esu lt o f Roman e xac t ions , b u t p r inc ipa l ly b ecause t he l oss o f a utono mous c on tro l o f m il itary a f fa irs mean t t ha t t he i ssue o f p rec ious meta l c o inages w as n o l onger a ppropr iate.

A f ew

n ew s i lver i ssues w ere s truck i n t he t wen ty y ears a f ter t he war, p r inc ipal ly i n n orthern a nd w estern Gau l ( i nc lud ing t he c o inage o f J u l ius Durat ius , p . 2 57 ), a l most c erta in ly t o f inance t he Gau l ish c on t ingen ts o f Roman a rm ies u sed t o q ue l l i n ter m it ten t r ebel l ions i n t hose a reas. The o n ly importan t C en tra l s i lver c o inage o f t h is d ate i s t hat o f t he p ro-Roman Epasnac tus o f t he A rvern i ( p . 1 63f . ), u n less t hel 3Uur igan CA MBOTRE ( p . 2 10 ) i s a lso o f p ost-conquest d ate.

P ost-conquest s i tes t herefore s how a p at tern o f c o inage

l oss q u ite d ist inct f rom t hat b efore t he w ar, w ith a v ast ly g reater v o lume o f c o inage c ons ist ing l arge ly o f b ronze, a nd a h igh p roport ion o f p ost-conquest t ypes.

B ronze c o ins c on t inued t o b e s truck u n t i l a t l east t he e nd o f t he f i rst

c entury f or t he c onven ience o ft own a dm in istrat ion , a nd i t s v o lume i ncreased a s t he l eve l o f u rban isat ion i t sel f i ncreased ( Nash 1 978b ). There a re s evera l i mpor tan t f eatures o f t he f i rst c en tury c o inages o f Cen tra l Gau l wh ich c on trast s trong ly w ith t he e ar l ier p hases.

The f i rst a nd

most n ot iceab le i s p ronounced d i fferences i n t ype a nd w e igh t b etween i ssues o f e ach a rea , a nd i n most c ases b etween f i rst c en tury i ssues a nd a ny p redecess ors i n t he s ame a rea. I n a dd it ion , t he c lose c onnect ion b etween t he e ast a nd s ou th-west a nd t he C en tre w as b roken , w h i le t he Roman d om inance i n t he s ou th o f Gau l w as r ef lected i n t he a dop t ion b y t he B itur iges o f t he Ro man q u inar ius s tandard f or t he ir s i lver c o inage. The f i rst c en tury d eno m ina t iona l s ys te m w as a lso n ew .

S i lver f ract iona l

c o ins may h ave b een s truck b y t he a uthors o ft he midd le p hase West B erry g roup ( p .49 ) , b u t e x tens ive f ract iona l c o inage w as u nknown b efore t he f i rst c en tury , w hen s i lver a nd b ronze f ract ions b ecame c ommon i n a l l a reas. Unl ike e ar l ier p hases, t oo , c o ins o f t he f ina l p hase a re f ound r egu larly o n l arge d efended s i tes a nd o ther ma jor s et t le men ts, a l though t hey a re n o t f requen t o n 16

a l l s i tes o f t he p er iod , a s w il l b eco me c lear. L ate p hase c o ins, p art icu lar ly t hose o f p rec ious meta l , s e ldom t ravel led f ar f rom t he ir p lace o f o r ig in , e xcep t d ur ing t he Caesar ian w ar a nd i t s a f ter math.

I ti s l ike ly t hat b efore t he

c onquest t he u se o f c o in i n m inor t ransact ions w as c on f ined t o a sma l l s ect ion o f t he p opu lat ion , p robab ly t hose l i v ing i n t he l arge n uc lea ted s et t le men ts. Un l ike c o ins o f t he m idd le p hase, l ate p hase g o ld a nd s i lver c o ins a re f ound o n f i rst c en tury s i tes, a lthough t hey a re v ery r are c ompared w ith b ronze a nd p ot in .

17

5 .

S ETTLE MENT I N AUVERGNE 1 20-50 B .C.

The a rea c overed b y t h is s ect ion i s a pprox i mately t ha t o f t he t err itory o f t he f i rst c en tury Arvern i a nd t he ir d ependen ts a nd n ear n e ighbours, i n d epart e men ts P uy-de-Döme , Hau te-Lo ire, Can ta l a nd L ozere. Most o f t h is a rea i s i n t he v o lcan ic mass if c en tra l , w here t here i s s ummer u p land p asture. Today Auvergne i s s parse ly p opu lated i n t he s outh-east a s f ar i n land a s Aubrac a nd Marger ide ( Corr.); t he f ert il ity o f t he v o lcan ic s o i ls i n V e lay a nd Can ta lDore s omewha t c o mpensa te f or t he h e ight o f t he a rea.

The l ava p la teaux

p rov ide f ine p asture a nd s upport a g reater d ens ity o f a n i ma ls t han t he r est o f t he mass if c en tra l. V a l leys a long t he e dge o f t he v o lcan ic mass if p rov ide g ood a gr icu l tura l l and , a nd where t he v a l leys a re o$n a nd v o lcan ic s o il meets t he p oorer g ran ites t here a re n umerous sma l l market t owns, e specia l ly i n Can ta l a nd t he Dore mass ifs. L arger t owns a re o n t he l im its o f Can ta l : Aur il lac, Maur iac a nd S a in t-Flour , b ut s urveys h ave n o t r evea led l arge d ef ended I ron Age s i tes i n t h is b el t s o f ar. The r idge o f t he F orez b etween t he L o ire a nd A l l ier r epresen ts t he l im it o f t he p resen t s tudy a nd w as t he h istor ica l b oundary b etween t he Arvern i a nd Aedu i.

S ed i men tary b as ins i n t he n orth-east o f t he mass if c en tra l p er m it

d enser s et t le men t t han h igher a reas, a nd i mportan t among t he m i s t he L i magne a long t he A l l ier , wh ich a t i t s s outhern e nd w as t he s i te o f t he most p o l it ica l ly a dvanced Arvern ian c om mun it ies i n t he l a te I ron Age.

As t he l owest l eve ls

a re v ery w et , s et t le men t w as c oncen tra ted o n h igher g round e i ther s ide o f t he v a l ley , e spec ia l ly o n t he w est a t t he f oot o f Dore a nd P uy-de-Döme.

L ow-

l y ing s i tes s uch a s C ler mon t-Ferrand a nd Au lnat w ere f l anked b y h igh s i tes s uch a s Cötes a nd G ergov ie. PUY-DE-DOME P erhaps b ecause t he Gergov ia o f t he B e l lum Ga l l icu m was s i tua ted t o t he s outh o f C ler mon t-Ferrand ( Ga l lo-Ro man Augustone metu m ), t here h as b een c ons iderab ly more e xcava t ion i n t ha t a rea t han i n a l most a ny o ther p art o f t he C en tre.

D ist inct a nd i mportan t e v idence o f p re-Roman o ccupat ion h as

b een f ound a t Au lnat-Sud , C ler mon t-Ferrand , C ha ma l ibres , C han turgues , Cötes , a nd s l igh t ly f urther away a t Merdogne ( o f f ic ia l ly r ena med Gergov ie i n 1 862 ), Puy d e Coren t a nd Puys-de-Vo ingt . I ti s i mportan t t o n ote t ha t c o in f inds o f a ny a bundance a re a l most e xclus ive ly c on f ined t o t he ma jor d efended s ites o f Puy d e Coren t a nd Gergov ie, a nd t ha t t here i s ac ons iderab le c on trast b etween t he d egree o fu rban isat ion o f t he P uy-de-Döme a rea a nd r eg ions f urther s ou th a nd w es t i n t he mass if c en tra l where A rvern ian c o ins a re a lso l ess c ommon t han i n t he i m med ia te r eg ion o f t he L i magne v a l ley . 1 .

Au lnat-Sud ( henceforth ' Au lna t ' )

The s i te a s a who le l i es a bou t 7 km w est-north-west o f C ler mon t-Ferrand ; o ne s ec t ion w as d iscovered i n p reparat ions f or a n a ir b ase a nd a no ther, p erhaps 18

c on t inuous, l i es n earby a t Au lnat-Ganda i l la t.

Th is i s o ne o f t he most i mpor-

t an t r ecorded C en tra l s i tes o f t he l a T ene p er iod b ecause o f i t s e ar ly o ccupat i on a nd i mports f rom t he Med iterranean .

T he f l at o pen s i te i n t he L i magne

v a l ley was a dvan tageous f or a gr icu ltura l p urposes, a l though i t s w et c haracter a nd f ine c lay s o il n ow make e stab l ishmen t o f i t s s trat igraphy d i f f icu l t . Au lnat w as a l arge o pen s et t le men t c omparab le w ith Varennes-les-Mhcon o r Roanne t o t he e ast ( Nash 1 976 :106f . ).

A t t he a ir-base s i te t he c en tre o f t he s et t le men t

s eems t o h ave b een e stab l ished o n as l igh t ly r a ised a rea wh ich h as n ow b een a l most c o mp lete ly d estroyed i n a n e f fort t o l evel i to f f .

Abou t 1 0 h ectares

o f t h is s i te w ere o ccup ied , a nd t here may h ave b een t hree o r f our c lusters o f h ouses s eparated b y s paces w here h ouses w ere more t h in ly s cat tered a nd t races o f o ccupa t ion a re r arer. S et t le men t w as p robab ly c on t inuous f rom t he e nd o f t he e arly I ron Age, a nd t here i s g ood e v idence f or t wo d ist inct p hases o f o ccupat ion d ur ing l a rene I , b ut t he s i te w as most e x tens ive ly s et t led d ur ing t he f i rst c en tury . On p resen t e v idence i ts ee ms n ot t o h ave b een e nc losed , a nd o ccupat ion c a me t o a n e nd a round t he t ime o f t he Caesar ian c onquest. S ubsequen t o ccupat ion w as i n t he f or m o f af i rst c entury A .D. Ga l lo-Roman v i l la : c o ins f rom t he v i l la s i te w ere 1Gau l ish ' w ith h orse man ' , a n a s o f Augustus o r T iber ius f rom Lugdunum , a nd a c o in o f Do m it ian ( f u l ler d eta ils a re n ot g iven b y Hat t 1 942 ), c on te mporary w ith a l arge g rey p la te o f t he s econd h a lf o f t he f i rst c en tury A .D. T he r e lat ion b etween Au lnat a nd t he o ther ma jor Arvern ian s i tes h as n ot b een p rec isely d eter m ined , a l though i ts eems t o h ave b een a w ea lthy s i te. Au lnat 's p r inc ipa l p er iod o f o ccupa t ion w as o ne w hen Gergov ie w as n o t s et t led t o a ny g reat e x ten t , a nd i t s e nd o ccurred s hort ly a f ter t he e stab l ishmen t o f a ma jor s et t le men t o n Gergov ie. T he l owest l evels a t Au lnat-Ganda il lat c on ta in e v idence f or s et t lemen t i n t he C ha lco l ith ic, Ha l lstat t a nd l a Tbne Ip er iods ;

d isturbed t opso i l c on ta ins

n orma l Ga l lo-Roman ma ter ia l f or t he a rea. Houses o f t he f i rst ma jor p er iod o f o ccupat ion a t Au lnat a re o f l a T bne I , s quare, w ith f oundat ions s omet i mes o f d ry s tone a nd o therw ise c u t i n to t he c lay w ith s quared p ostho les , a nd h ear ths s o met i mes o f p ot tery s herds. b een l ocated.

Ap aved a rea, p erhaps a r oad , h as

I n t h is p er iod t here w ere a lready i mpor ts o f Dressel Iamphorae

a nd C a mpan ian A c era m ic ( La mb. 5 , 2 8, 3 6 ). L oca l p o t tery i s o f h igh q ua l ity , o f ten p a in ted , a nd i nc ludes o ccas iona l i m itat ions o f C a mpan ian w are. Ga l l ia 1 967 :306 d escr ibes p o t tery f rom l evel 2 ( m id-second c en tury ).

I n t h is

p er iod a c haracter ist ic f or m o f b ow l i s f ound ( p l. 3 3,2 ) w h ich i s l oca l t o t he a rea , a nd p erhaps made a t s i te, t he j atte d 'Au lnat ' w ith r a ised s uspens ion h and les o n i t s r im i n t he manner o f a sma l l c au ldron .

Ab lue g lass b ead a nd

al a T ene I s word w ere among t he o ther l uxury g oods f ound.

N o t f ar f rom

t he h ouses , t here w ere i nhumed b ur ia ls o f l a Tbne Ia nd I , s ing ly o r i n g roups, s o met i mes w ith c eram ic g rave g oods, o f ten w ith f eet t o t he e ast. S o me s ku l ls were c overed w ith a f l at s tone. I n t wo c ases a t l east t he f eet o f t he b od ies h ad b een r e moved b efore b ur ia l. Houses o f t he l a T ene I I p er iod a re u sua l ly r ound w ith a d ra inage d i tch a nd p ostho les. They h ave b ea ten e arth f l oors a nd r a ised h earth k erbs. Imp orts c on t inued i n t h is p er iod , n otab ly Dressel I a amphoras ( wh ich a re

19

F IRST CENTURY ARVERNIAN S ETTLE MENT

1 .

Au lna t

2 .

C ö tes

3 .

C han turgues

4 .

Puy d e C oren t

5 .

G ergov ie

6 .

C ler mon t-Ferrand

7 .

C ha ma li res

8 .

L iozon

9 .

G ia t-et-Voing t

1 0 .

S a in t-Victor-sur- Mass iac

1 1.

Char mensac

1 2.

Maur iac

1 3.

R of f iac

1 4.

C el les

1 5 .

S a in t-Bonnet-de-Ch irac

1 6.

C lapas-Cas tel

1 7.

S a in t-Georges-de-Leve jac

F IRST C ENTURY ARVER N I AN S ETTLEMENT •

D e fended

o

O pen

•

C u lt s i te

B

B ur ia l

s i te o r p l ateau

s i te

1 21

c om monest ;

Dressel I b h ave b een f ound u nstrat if ied ), a nd Campan ian A

p ot tery . Af ew f i rst c en tury Arvern ian c o ins h ave b een f ound i n t hese l ate c on tex ts ( below ), a nd Co l l is n oted i ron c urrency b ars ( or s word b lanks? ) f ound i n ap it w h ich s hou ld b e a ssoc iated w ith t he g ood e v idence f or meta l work ing o n t he s i te wh ich i nc ludes a f ragmen t o f a mou ld f or c ast ing p e l lets, b locks o f u nworked i ron a nd b as ins f or t rea t ing o re o r r ece iv ing mo lten meta l. There w as a n i mportan t p o t tery i ndustry t hroughou t t he o ccupa t ion o f t he s i te. I n i t s l ater p hase Au lnat p roduced a s er ies o f p a in ted c eram ic f ound l oca l ly : w heel t urned g rey c ups w ith e verted r ims whose s urface w as p a in ted l i gh t b rown a nd d ecora ted w ith p ara l lel l ines w ith d ot ted p a t terns b e tween t hem. The o rd inary p ot tery i s t hat f ound t hroughou t t he C en tre i n t he l a Tbne I I p er iod : b ig g rey d ishes w ith i ncurved r i ms a nd b lack s l ip , s omet imes d ec orated. The o vo id j ars f ound a re a lso o f c ommon Cen tra l t ypes , a nd o f g ood q ua l ity . They u sua l ly d isp lay r oughened s urfaces o n t he b ody a nd s o met imes u ndu lat ing d ecora t ion o n t he u pper p art. F inds a t Au lnat c o mpare f avourab ly w ith o ther e arly s i tes s uch a s Roanne o r Essa lo is ( Lo ire ), d esp ite t he f act t ha t Au lnat d id n o t d irect ly c ommand a ma jor r iver r ou te. S ome p a in ted p ot tery i s v ery f ine ( Ga l l ia 1. 975 :430 ) a nd g raf f it i a re r ecorded ; b one a nd meta lwork ing i s w e l l a t tested a nd g lass b eads a nd b racelets h ave b een f ound , wh ich t ogether w ith impor ts a re a s ign o f t he r elat ive w ea l th o f t he o ccupan ts o f t he s i te. I ti s a pparen t , t herefore, t ha t f ro m a n e ar ly p er iod , a t l east d ur ing l a r ene I , Au lnat w as a p rosperous s i te. Th is i s most e v iden t i n t he f i ne q ua l ity o f p ot tery p roduced , t he p resence o f v a luab les i n g lass a nd meta l o rnamen ts , t he e v idence f or meta l w ork ing , s o l id a rch itecture i n t he m ids econd c en tury , a nd e spec ia l ly i n t he r e lat ively e arly a ppearance o f Med iterr anean i mpor ts.

There a re i nd icat ions o f d irect c on tact b etween t he Arvern i

o f Puy-de-Dö me a nd p eop les a cross t he F orez moun ta ins ( perhaps t he d irect ion f rom wh ich t he i mports c a me ). The p a in ted p ot tery o f Au lnat i s v ery l ike t he p roduc ts o f t he e arl iest p er iod a t Roanne ( wh ich B essou d a tes t o t he e arly f i rst c en tury ), a nd i ti s n oteworthy t hat s ubsequen t L ezoux ( P .D.) p a in ted p ot tery i s a lso v ery s im i lar t o c on te mporary p roduc ts o f Roanne. Co ins : The s carc ity o f c o in f inds a t Au lna t , w h ich was c erta in ly o ccup ied d ur ing t he f i rst c en tury , i s i n s harp c on trast w ith Gergov ie w ith i t s mass ive c o in d istr ibut ion i n t he m id-f irst c en tury .

A l l Au lnat c o in f inds a re i n al ate

l a Tene I I c on tex t : 3i l leg ib le b ronze, ? horse w ith b ird a bove ( 2 .51, 2 .65, 2 .88 g ) 2s i lver o f t he Arvern i : a . 0 .53 g h ead t o r igh t/horse t o r igh t ( p . 1 56f . ) b . 2 .35 g h ead t o l ef t/horse t o l ef t ,

e ND

a bove , t r iske les b elow

( p . 1 50 ). ( Fleury B SFN 1 969 :349f . ). B ib l iography :

Hat t 1 942, 1 945 ; C o l l is 1 975 :185f .;

Ga l l ia 1 967 :306 , 1 969 :332 ; 2 .

1 971:323;

P er ichon a nd V ichy 1 967;

1 973 :445f .

L es Cötes d e C ler mon t-Ferrand ( henceforth ' Cötes ' ) The s i te o n t he p lateau o f l es Cötes d e C lermon t-Ferrand i s t he n ex t most

i mpor tan t e arly s et t le men t i n t he a rea w h ich h as s o f ar b een e xcava ted. The p lateau o f Cötes i s l ess t han f our k i lometres f rom t he c en tre o f C lermon t-

1 22

F errand a nd s tands s ome 2 50 m a bove t he t own i n ad om inat ing p os it ion . T here i s d ry s tone wa l l ing o n t he s i te w h ich may r epresen t r eta in ing wa l ls f or t errac ing r a ther t han r amparts.

The s i te i s n a tura l ly v ery s teep , a nd

t he w a l l ing i s f ound a round t he s um m it. I tc ons ists o f as yste m o f ma jor a nd m inor wa l ls mak ing u p f our o r f i ve p ara l le l r ows e nc los ing a n a rea a bou t s even k i lo metres i n c ircumference.

There a re c ross-wa l ls f rom p lace t o

p lace i n ar egu lar s yste m , a nd t he who le i s c ompared b y Eychart t o w a l l ing s een i n h il l forts i n t he M id i : h e s uggests c ompar ison w ith l a L iqui ere d e Ca lv isson ( Gard , Ga l l ia 1 971:390 ;

1 973 :500f .).

s yste m o f wa l ls h as n ot b een e xam ined.

S o f ar t he i n ter ior o f t h is

The w a l l ing w as b u il t a t o ne t ime

a nd o n o ne p lan , a nd t he n or ma l c onstruct ion i s ' murus d up lex ', b ig b locks o f s tone o n t he o uter a nd i nner f aces w ith a f i l l ing o f r ubb le, a l l w ithou t mort ar.

There i s a lso a n u nderground r efuge b elow p art o f t he w a l l , n ot y et

e xcavated.

A t te mpts t o a scerta in t he d ate o f t he wa l ls h ave n ot p roved

a bso lu tely c onc lus ive, b u t a s t hey r each t o n ear t he b ed r ock a nd a re a ssoc iat ed w ith ' post-ha l lstat t ian ' s herds a t t he b ot tom, i ti s t hough t t hat t hey a re a s o ld a s t he f i rst s et t le men t o f t he p lateau , w h ich o n Eychart 's d at ing w ou ld mean t he Ha l lsta t t p er iod. A d a te f or t he wa l l ing n earer t o t he s econd t han t o t he f i f th c en tury i s a lso p oss ib le, h owever, a l though t he a bsence o f f inds d at ing t o l a Tene I( Eychart 1 963 ) s uggests t hat t he a ppearance o f l a f ene t ype p ot tery i s n ot e ar l ier t han p erhaps t he s econd c en tury.

I ti s n ot t here-

f ore a t p resen t c lear h ow t h is s i te r e lates c hrono log ica l ly t o Au lnat . I ti s r e levan t t o t he c onstruct ion o f s tone w a l ls a nd e ven s tone-bu ilt h ouse f ounda t ions a t Au lnat t hat t he mass if c en tra l i s e x tre mely s tony.

G ran ites

a nd b asa lt a re most c om mon , a nd a re o f ten a lready b roken i n to u sefu l s izes b y w ea ther ing. C reuse, L ozere a nd t he s ou thern r eg ion o f t h is a rea a re o ne o f t he f ew p arts o f F rance w here d ry s tone w a l ls h ave t rad it iona l ly b een u sed t o e nc lose f i e lds, a nd t hey a re v ery much a f ea ture o f t he c oun trys ide t o t h is d ay.

A l though w ood i s a lso v ery p len t ifu l t hroughou t t he a rea , s tone i s s o

r ead ily a va i lab le, e ven t o t he e x ten t o f b e ing a n a gr icu ltura l n u isance, t hat t he d evelopmen t o f ad ry s tone method o f w a l l c onstruc t ion i s n ot s urpr is ing. I t i s s ign if ican t t hat t he n orthern l im it o r p opu lar ity o f d ry s tone w a l ls i n t he l ate I ron Age more o r l ess c o inc ides w ith t he n orthern l im it o f t he mass if c en tra l. On t he s umm it o f Cötes o n ly t here w as a f a ir ly d ense Ha l ls tat t ian p opu lat i on ; a s t he c era m ic t ypes a re n o t m ixed w ith l a rene f orms , Eychart b el i eved t ha t t h is l evel r epresen ts o ccupa t ion f rom b efore 4 50 i n to a ' p ostHa l lstat t ian ' p hase.

I n o ther w ords, t he r ough Ha l lsta t t ian t ype o f p ot tery

h ere, a s e verywhere i n t he C en tre , c on t inued i n u se v irtua l ly u nchanged i n f or m i n to a p er iod w hen t o t he n or th a nd e ast o f Gau l at yp ica l l a Tene Io r I c u lture h ad b een e s tab l ished. Eychart b el ieved t hat Ha l lstat t ian t ypes o f p ot tery i n Auvergne ( l a c eram ique d es p lateaux ) c on t inued t o b e p roduced u n t il t he s econd c en tury ;

t here i s i ndeed s ome e v idence t ha t i tc on t inued i n

u se u n t i l t he Caesar ian c onques t a nd b eyond ( c f . Hat t 1 945 ). F or t h is r eason t h is t ype o f p ottery i n i so lat ion c anno t a t t he momen t b e u sed t o g ive a n a bso lu te d at ing t o as i te ; i n t he c ase o f Cötes i ti s n ot c lear f rom Eychart 's p ubl icat ion h ow e ar ly t he l ate I ron Age o ccupat ion o f t he s i te may h ave b een . The e arl iest t yp ica l l a TM le f i nds a re s ty l ist ical ly l ate; a re made a t Au lnat a nd Puy d e C oren t , b ut s e ldom o n Cö tes. 1 23

l a T ene I f inds Th is may i n

p art b e d ue t o t he r ela t ive p overty o f t he s ite i n g enera l.

L a Tbne I I g oods

a re i n c on trast v ery c o m mon a t Cötes a nd a re f ound a l l o ver t he s um m it , o n t he s lopes a nd b y t he s trea ms a t t he b ase o f t he p lateau , where t here was a s cat tered l a T ene I I o ccupat ion o ver a n a rea o f c .15 h ec tares , p robab ly o f a n a gr icu l tura l n a ture.

The most d ense o ccupat ion w as i n t he v a l ley b etween

t wo s trea ms, a nd a l ate l a r ene b ur ia l was f ound i n t hat a rea. There w as , t herefore, a p ro longed p er manen t o ccupat ion o f t he s i te , a lt hough i n t he a bsence o f d ateab le i mports o r c o ins i ti s d if f icu lt t o b e more p rec ise a bout i t s d a te t han t ha t i t was p re-Ro man .

C e l t ic h u ts h ave b een

f ound a t t he t op o f t he p lateau , a nd t wo w ere b eneath Ga l lo-Ro man mater ia l a t t he s i te o f at e mp le.

One o f t hese h uts c on ta ined a N auhe im f ibu la, wh ich

p robab ly means t ha t o ccupat ion t here c on t inued u n t i l t he t ime o f t he c onquest. A t l eas t f i f ty d if feren t t ypes o f p o t tery h ave b een f ound o n Cötes, a l arge p roport ion o f i t made w ithou t t he u se o f t he p ot ter 's wheel , a lthough i ti nc ludes s o me f ine wheel-turned g rey d ecora ted v essels o f h igh q ua l ity .

Eychart

c ons idered t ha t t he p ot tery o f Cötes was c lose ly c o mparab le w ith t ha t o f Au lna t , a l though t he s et t le men t a t Cötes a ppears t o h ave b een much p oorer t han Au lnat ( a t l east o n t he s lopes ), a nd t here a ppear t o h ave b een n o ' Au lna t d ishes ' o r f ine p a in ted c era m ic.

There a re n o Med iterranean i mpor ts e ither.

I t

i s p oss ib le t ha t Cötes, o n t he s lopes a t l east , h ad a t ru ly p easan t p opu la t ion i n c on trast t o Au lnat ;

t he p r inc ipa l e v idence f or t h is i s t he o verwhe lm ing

p reponderance o f h and-fash ioned c era m ic u p t o ad ate i m med iate ly p reced ing t he a ppearance o f Ga l lo-Ro man p r&coce g oods , a nd t he l ack o f l uxury g oods, impor ts a nd l uxury manufactur ing i ndustr ies. Wha t d oes a ppear f a ir ly c erta in i s t hat t he v ery a bundan t b u t n onluxur ious c eram ic a t Cö tes o n t he s lopes a nd b y t he s trea ms s ee ms t o h ave b een u sed u n t il t he c onquest , a s t here i s a pparen t ly n o a pprec iab le i n terrup t ion o f o ccupat ion b etween t h is s tage a nd t he e stab l ish men t o f Ga l lo-Ro man s ett le men t t here. I ti s v ery l ike ly t hat t he b eg inn ing o f p er manen t o ccupa t ion a t Cötes i n t he l a Tbne p er iod i s a t l east a s e ar ly a s , i fn o t e ar l ier t han , t hat a t Au lna t .

No

c o ins h ave b een r eported. B ib l iography : 3 .

Eychart 1 961, 1 963.

Chan turgues The p lateau o f Chan turgues l i es b etween C ö tes a nd C ler mon t-Ferrand.

Un l ike most o f t he o ther i nhab ited s ites i n t he a rea , C e lt ic o ccupa t ion was n ot f o l lowed b y a ny e x tens ive Ga l lo-Ro man s et t le men t.

I t c learly f or ms

p art o f t he s ame p a t tern o f o ccupa t ion o f t he a rea a s d oes Cötes.

T here i s

wa l l ing o f s im i lar t ype , b u t h ouses h ave b een l oca ted o n t he i ns ide a nd a re o f s quare o r r ectangu lar s hape a nd made o f s tone.

Th is i s c o mparab le w ith

t he e arl ier o ccupa t ion l evel a t Au lna t , a nd a lso p erhaps w ith Essa lo is ( Lo ire : Co l l is 1 975 :179f .).

F ourteen o f t hese s tone h ouses h ave b een l oca ted a t t he

e ast e nd o f t he s i te a lone;

i tw ou ld s ee m t herefore t ha t i tw as a n i mpor tan t

s et t le men t . The p o t tery i s n o t d escr ibed i n d eta il b y Eychart ; ma in ly o f I la l lsta tt ian t t ypes a nd a l i t t le l a rene. a re l ike t hose f rom Cötes.

h e s ays t ha t i tc ons ists

The i l lustrated s pec i mens

The ' l a ' r ene ' p ot tery w as f ound a t t he c en tre 1 24

o f t he p lateau , w as most ly h and made, a nd s ome o f i ti s s a id t o b e s im i lar t o t ha t f ro m Au lnat .

P la tes o f Ga l lo-Ro man p rdcoce t ype s im ilar t o f or ms

a t Mon t Beuvray o r Gergov ie h ave a lso b een f ound. B ib l iography : 4 .

N o c o ins a re r eported.

Eychart 1 963 , 1 964.

P uy d e Coren t T he s et t le men t o n t he s um m it o f Puy d e C oren t 1 4 km s outh-east o f

C lermon t-Ferrand h as n ever b een s yste ma t ica l ly e xcavated. Most r ecords r e la te t o n ineteen th c en tury f i nds o n t he p lateau. I t i s p oss ib le t hat i th ad as ign if ican t s et t le men t w h ich h as y ie lded l a T ' ene I mater ia l , a nd t he q uant i t ies o f s herds o f t ha t p er iod f ro m Coren t a re c ompared b y Eychart w ith f inds f ro m CÖtes. f loor .

An a rea o f b eaten e arth a nd g rave l may b e ac ircu lar h u t

Ap it c on ta in ing c lay w e ights h as b een f ound.

The s et t lemen t h ad a n

importan t Ga l lo-Ro man p hase, w ith s tone b u ild ings a nd a t l east o ne w ith a mosa ic p ave men t ;

o f t he l arge q uan t it ies o f Dresse l I a a nd I b amphorae, s o me

a t l east must b e long t o t he e ar ly Ga l lo-Ro man p hase. C o in f inds o n P uy d e Coren t w ere a pparen t ly n u merous i n t he n ineteen th c en tury ( DAG s .v. Martres-de-Veyre ) b ut h ave n o t b een s yste ma t ica l ly r ec orded ( ABT :502 ).

Many Arvern ian t ypes a re r epresen ted , a nd f inds

i nc luded : 2b ronze MOTVDIACA ( BN 3 991-2 ), p rob. Arvern ian ( p . 1 68f . ) 2r everse d ies o f B itur igan sword g roup c o ins d at ing i n a l l p robab i l ity t o t he Caesar ian w ar

( p . 2 01)

Many b ronzes o f t he Arvern ian f ox t ype ( p . 1 57 ), p erhaps s truck o n t he s i te ( i nc lud ing BN 3 968, 3 978-9 ) 2b ronze IPOS ( BN 3 955-6 ); 1s i lver P ICT ILOS ( BN 4 009 );

Arvern ian ( p . 1 69f .) Arvern ian ( p . 1 66f )

VERCA ( Arvern ian , p . 1 68 ) DONNADV ( Arvern ian , p . 1 67f. ) BR IG IOS ( Arvern ian , p . 1 67 ) 1 .b ronze ADCANAVNOS ( BN 3 874 ); CALEDV;

Arvern ian ( p . 1 65f.)

Arvern ian ( p . 1 65 )

EPAD, wh ich a re c o m mon ( ABT :420-1), Arvern ian ( p . 1 61f f .) 2o bo ls a nd a b ronze c o in o f Mass il ia ( BN 6 17, 6 62, 1 706 ) 1b ronze o f t he B itur iges, w ith p egasus ( BN 4 216, p . 2 25 ) 1b ase g o ld o r b ronze c rane a nd t refo i l c o in ( BN 4 081, p . 2 80f f .) 2s i lver c o ins o f t he Arvern i ( BN 3 789, 3 803 ; ( p . 1 54f. ) ' o bo l ' o f Cen tra l t ype ( BN 3 860 ) B ibl iography : 5 .

Eychart 1 963;

DAG s .v. Martres-de-Veyre ;

Co l l is 1 975 :186.

Gergov ie The p lateau o f Merdogne i s t he l ast i mpor tan t s i te i n t he i m med ia te

r eg ion o f C ler mon t-Ferrand w h ich h as c la i ms t o a n e ar ly o ccupa t ion .

I ti s

t h is s i te wh ich h as b een c alled Gergov ie s ince 1 862, w hen i tw as i den t if ied a s t he G ergov ia o f t he Caesar ian war.

Under t he Ro mans t h is was a f l our-

i sh ing t own wh ich w as p robab ly t he s i te o f t he m in t o f Epasnactus ( Caesar BG 8 .44.6 ).

I t was t herefore o f s o me i mportance a t t he t ime o f t he c onques t

1 25

a nd i m med iate ly t hereaf ter, b u t t he h istory o f t he s i te b efore t hat i s l ess c lear. The o verwhel m ing p roport ion o f t he e xcava ted mater ia l f ro m t h is s i te i s a t e ar l iest Ga l lo-Ro man p r6coce . There i s l i tt le c lear ly p re-Ro man p o t tery t here, a nd most o f t he f a ir ly n umerous c o ins a re l ate a nd t yp ica l o f a n e arly Ga l lo-Ro man c ircu la t ion. Gergov ie i s s itua ted s ome s even k i lo metres s outh-east o f C ler mon tF errand , t he s um m it i s v ery d if f icu lt o f a ccess , b ut t here a ppears t o h ave b een a p er manen t w ater s upp ly i n t he f or m o f s pr ings h igh u p o n t he h i l l , a bove a ny p o in t a t w h ich a n e ne my c ou ld e as ily c ut i to f f .

Therefore t he f ort

a t t he t op o f t he p lateau h ad c ons iderab le d efens ive q ua l it ies.

There w ere

d efences i n t he f or m o f r ough d ry s tone r a mpar ts, a nd t here i s n o s ign o f a murus g a l l icus.

The s ect ion o f r a mpart o nt he w est i s u nusua l ly t h in ( 2 .20 m )

a nd w as o f l ate c onstruct ion a s ap iece o f I t a l ic amphora w as f ound u nder i t . As t he d efences a re , i n t he o p in ion o f B rogan a nd Desforges ( 1940 ), a s ing le s yste m b u i lt a t o ne t ime, i ta ppears t hat t hey must a s a who le b e o f l at e d ate, a nd t hese a uthors c ons ider 5 2 a s t he p robab le d a te o f c onstruct ion .

C o l l is

d ates i tt o Roman b u t p re-Augustan t imes, a nd t he g a te a t t he w est e nd , a t l east , w as b e ing c u t t hrough t he wa l l i n Augustus ' t ime.

I t i s c lear t ha t l ate

I ron Age o ccupa t ion o f t he s i te w as v ery s porad ic , a nd c ons isten t w ith i t s u se i n o r ig in p r inc ipa l ly a s ap lace o f r efuge.

I t was n o t a pparen t ly o ccup ied

i n a ny s yste mat ic w ay u n t i l t he m id- o r l a te-f irs t c en tury B .C. Excavat ions s ubsequen t t o t he p ub l ica t ion o f B rogan a nd Desforges t work h ave r evea led s ometh ing more o f t he p re-Ro man o ccupa t ion o f Gergov ie , b u t i t s t il l amoun ts t o l i t t le w hen c o mpared w ith Au lnat a nd Cötes

L abrousse

s tates t ha t t he e ar l iest o ccupat ion t races a re ' post-Ha l lstat t ian ' h u t f l oors, o f t he t h ird o r s econd c en tury , a pparen t ly b elow t he l igh t t hatched b u i ld ings wh ich s tood i n t he a rt isan q uarter o f t he t own i n t he Augustan p er iod . He d oes n ot g ive f urther i n for ma t ion a bou t t hese e arly c onstruct ions , b u t d oes r eassert t hat t he g enera l o ccupat ion o f t he p lateau o n ly t ook p lace i n t he Augus tan p er iod. The d evelop men t o f Gergov ie i n to what c an g enu ine ly b e c a l led a n u rbs , o r c ity , o n ly t ook p lace i n t he a f ter math o f t he C aesar ian w ar.

G ergov ia i s r e-

f erred t o a s u rbs b y Caesar ( BG 7 .36.1, 7 .47.2 ), b u t i ti s more o f ten r eferr ed t o a s o pp idu m ( e .g. BG 7 .4.3 ).

As t h is w as t he p lace f rom w h ich

Verc ingetor ix w as e xpel led o n p o l it ica l g rounds , i t wou ld a ppear t hat a s et t led t own e x isted i n 5 2, u sed b y t hose w ho w ere p o l it ica l ly f r iend ly w ith t he Ro mans u p t o t ha t d ate, a lthough t h is p oses p rob le ms i n t he f ace o f t he a rc haeo log ica l r ecord.

L abrousse s uggested i n 1 950 t ha t o ne s o lut ion t o t he

p rob le m i s t o r e-da te t he ' Augustan ' t own t o t he Caesar ian p er iod.

H e p o in ted

o u t t ha t Arret ine ware w as f ound i n t he e nc losure l ike t hat f ound a t Ensbrune i n ac on tex t n ot l a ter t han 3 0 B .0 . , a lthough a ga inst t h is i ti s g enera l ly h eld ( e .g. b y Co l l is ) t ha t t he p resence o f Arret ine w are c annot s upport a d a te much b efore 3 0 B .C.

The f act t ha t e ar ly IPAD a nd C ICI IDV.BR I-I IPAD c o ins w ere

a pparen t ly s truck i n t h is t own , a nd h ad d ef in ite ly b een i ssued b y 5 2 b ecause t hey h ave b een f ound o n t he b at t lef ie ld o f A les ia , i s s o me s upport f or L abrousse 's c hrono logy , b u t t here a re i mpor tan t d if f icu lt ies a bou t i t . The f ine p ot tery o f G ergov ie i s a l l o f t ypes n o t n or ma l ly a ssoc ia ted w ith ap er iod p r ior t o t he c onquest i n t he C en tre, a nd i s c haracter ist ic o f d eve lo ped l a Tene I I a nd Ga l lo-Ro man p rgcoce t ypes, e .g. r ou let ted d ecorat ion

1 26

s im i lar t o t ha t c o m mon a t Mon t B euvray ( N i vre ), a nd a t ype o f b ow l p roba b ly f rom Roanne, b u t i fs o o f t he s ty le o f B essou ( 1967 ) p er iod 3 wh ich i s p os tc onques t i n d ate.

N one o f t h is i s v ery l a te , h owever , a nd n ear ly a l l t he c o ins

f ro m t he s ite a re n a t ive i ssues, w h ile most o f t he p ot tery i s o f Ga l lo-Ro man p recoce f or ms. B .C.

Amphoras a re o f Dressel It ype a nd b e long t o t he f i rst c entury

I f L abrousse 's d at ing f or t he t own o n G ergov ie i s a ccep ted , i tp oses

t he p rob le m o f a much f u l ler p enetrat ion i n to t he Cen tre b efore t he c onques t o f Med iterranean g oods a nd t echn iques t han i s n or ma l , a nd t he t own wou ld p rove t o b e e xcep t iona l. On t he o ther h and , i ti s p oss ib le t hat t he d evelop men t o f t he t own w as g iven a b oost b y t he Caesar ian w ar, b u t t hat t he s oph ist ica ted a nd p rosperous Ga l lo-Ro man p hase d id n ot r ea l ly g et u nder w ay u n t i l l a ter. There a re p o l it ica l c auses f or t h is d eve lop men t t raceab le i n t he a ccoun t g iven b y Caesar a nd H irt ius.

Assum ing t ha t i tw as Epasnactus ' am ic iss i mus

p opu lo Ro mano ' who s truck IPAD c o ins, h is c o l labora t ion w ith t he Ro mans u ndoubted ly o r ig inated b efore t he e ncoun ter o f 5 2, a nd h e i s l ike ly t o h ave b een r ewarded f or h is p a ins a f terwards. T he d evelopmen t o f t he f ort a t wh ich h e s truck h is c o ins i n to a t rue u rbs w as f u l ly a ch ieved a f ter t he w ar b u t i t s c onst ruc t ion may h ave b egun d ur ing t he war, when i t s d efences w ere b u i l t.

The

c o inage a nd p ot tery e v idence w ould s upport t h is c hrono logy , a nd t he d ate o f t he t he ' Augustan ' t own n eed o n ly b e r a ised b y ac oup le o f d ecades.

I ti s c o m-

p at ib le w ith t he e v idence t o s uppose t hat t he t own was w e l l d eve loped b y t he t h irt ies , a lthough i n 5 2 i th ad s een l i t t le p er manen t o ccupa t ion s ince t he Bronze Age. As f or t he p rob le m o f i t s d escr ipt ion i n C aesar, t wo f actors may b e c onsi dered r elevan t.

As Caesar c a me n earer t o d efeat a t Gergov ia t han a t a ny

o ther o ccas ion i n t he Ga l l ic w ars, i ti s n ot i mprobab le t hat h e u sed s l igh t ly m is lead ing l anguage t o d escr ibe i t . A les ia a nd Avar icum , t he s ites o f t he t wo o ther ma jor s ieges o f 5 2, a re t he o n ly o ther p laces t o b e c a l led u rbs b y Caesar ( BG 7 .68.3;

7 .15.4 ).

S econd ly , e ven i ft he p la teau o f Gergov ie

i t sel f w as n o t y et a s f u l ly u rban ised a s o ther s i tes i n t he C en tre , t here i s s u f f ic ien t e v idence t ha t t he C ler mon t-Ferrand a rea i n g enera l c on ta ined a c o mp lex o f t own s et t le men ts i n t he f i rst c en tury s o t hat t he d escr ip t ion o f a n a s y e t r e la t ively m inor o ne a s ' urbs ' was o n ly s l ight ly m is lead ing. Wr it ing i n t he e ar ly f i rs t c en tury A .D. S trabo ( 4.2.3 ) r eferred t o N e mossus ( probab ly C ler mon t-Ferrand , s ubsequen t ly Augustone metu m ), n o t G ergov ia a s t he ' metropo l is ' o f t he Arvern i ;

t he h i l lfort o f Gergov ie , l ike B ibracte o f

Aedu i a nd many o thers, w as a bandoned i n f avour o f al ow-ly ing s i te i n a bou t t he t ime o f T iber ius.

The Ga l lo-Ro man p hase a t Gergov ie

was i mportan t

n onethe less , a nd sma l l s tone b u i lt h ouses c o mparab le w ith Mon t B euvray a re d ated b y Augustan c o ins a nd i mported Arret ine p ot tery t o t he p er iod b e tween t he c onquest a nd i t s a bandonmen t ;

s o me h ouses h ad mosa ic p ave men ts.

There w as o ccupa t ion b oth i ns ide a nd o u ts ide t he wa l ls, a nd a p ro l if ic meta l w ork ing i ndustry ;

i mpor ts w ere p r inc ipa l ly Dressel Iamphoras, Ca mpan ian

B , Arret ine ware a nd ACO b eakers. L arge n umbers o f c o ins w ere f ound o n G ergov ie, d at ing t o b efore a nd a f ter t he c onquest , b u t a n e xact i nven tory o f t he m i s n o t a va ilab le.

Arvern ian

t ypes a re most n umerous , a nd t he l arge n umber o f c o ins o f Epasnactus s ugg est t ha t Gergov ie w as t he s i te o f h is m in t b o th i n t he l ate 5 0s a nd a f ter t he war. 1 27

B rogan a nd Desforges 1 940 ;

( a l l b ut 2 2 c o ins w ere Arvern ian )

1 -7

VERCA ( Arvern ian , p . 1 68 )

8 8

Head t o l ef t w ith c urly h a ir/horse t o r igh t , 7 •3

a bove ( Arvern ian ;

ABT :422, 6 ) 9

Head/horse t o r igh t , a s VERCA

1 0

Head t o r ight/horse t o r ight? G

1 1-20

IPAD warr ior ( post c onquest ); t e mp le e nc losure;

b e low , p rob. Arvern ian. n o. 1 3 f ound i n t he e n trance o f t he

Arvern ian

2 1, 2 8-9

v ar. o f l ast , b ronze ;

2 2

T POM S EX F

2 3-5

n o t d escr ibed

2 6

b ronze.

2 7

Arvern ian )

Horse w ith moun ted w arr ior a nd f ly ing c loak ( Arvern ian ,

c f. EPAD;

ABT :420, 4 57 )

Uncerta in .

Head t o l ef t/?

3 0

Uncerta in t ype w ith s tand ing w arr ior ( ? I IPAD )

3 1-6

I l leg ib le

3 7-52

Co ins f ro m a p r iva te c o l lect ion :

3 7

S i lver.

Head/cross , moon a nd c ab le p a ttern ( Monna ie h l a c ro ix ),

ABT : 280-5 3 8

S i lver P ICTILOS ( Arvern i, p . 1 66f.)

3 9

Bronze VERCA ( Arvern i, p . 1 68 )

4 0-2

I l leg ib le

4 3-6

IPAD w ith warr ior ( post c onquest , A rvern i )

4 7

Head t o l ef t/horse t o l ef t , G \O

4 8

( Arvern i ) S ACTNOS ( western Gau l , p . 2 58 )

b eneath = C ICI IDV.BR I IPAD

4 9

Bronze o f Carnu tes w ith e ag le a nd s nake

5 0

Head t o r igh t/horse t o r ight o f e astern Gau l ( ABT : 3 89, 3 98 )

5 1

T POM S EX F

5 2-3

I l leg ib le;

5 2 a s 5 1?

BN c o ins f ro m Gergov ie : 1 638 3 821

Mass i l ia b ronze 2 .28, Arvern ian b ronze w ith h ead t o l ef t/horse t o l ef t , l yre a bove, t r iske les b elow ( p . 1 50 ,

3 901

1 .89 IPAD s i lver ;

f i g . 3 37 )

Arvern ian ( p . 1 63f .)

3 954

1 .97 IPOS b ronze ( Arvern ian , p . 1 69f )

4 180

3 .25 IAROS b ronze ( B itur iges )

8 006

3 .15 CAL IAG I I IS b ronze ( ?Carnu tes )

8 336

3 .0 g p o t in o f L ingones

There a re o ther l ess p rec ise r ecords o f c o in f inds ( Hat t 1 947; 1 948 , 1 950 ;

Ha t t 1 943;

ABT :501).

I n B lanche t 's t ime t he f o l low ing c o ins w ere r ecorded. 3 ADCANAVNOS ( Arvern i, p . 1 65f .) 4b ronze IPAD ( Arvern i, p . 1 61f f .) 1DONNADV 1 , Arvern i, p . 1 67f .)

1 28

L abrousse

1VERCA ( Arvern i, p . 1 68 ) 2C ICI IDV.BR I IPAD ( Arvern i , p . 1 63 ) 1 VA N I ILOS ( ?Carnu tes, n .16 ) 1 CONTOVTOS ( western G au l , p . 2 59; p ost-conquest ) 3a nep igraph ic c o ins o f t he Arvern i 1s i lver DVRNACVS AVSCRO o f t he Rhone V a l ley 2p o t in w ith b u l l t ype ABT f i g. 14 3 /2 a nd 1 /4 a s o f t he Augustan c o lony a t N e mausus 1 /2 a s o f t he c o lony o f Cop ia a t L ugdunu m , a nd BN 3 , a lso o f C op ia Excava t ions i n t he 1 940s y ie lded o ver 1 000 c o ins

i nc lud ing t he t ypes

VERCA ( Arvern i, p . 1 68 ) CALEDV ( Arvern i, p . 1 65 ) C IC1 1 .DVBR I IPAD ( co mmonest s ing le t ype ), Arvern i ( p. 1 63 ) b ronze o f Mass i l ia b ronze o f N e mausus 1i m itat ion Mass i l ia o bo l 0 .35 g T POM S EX F ADCANAVNOS, Arvern i, p . 1 65f . p ot ins w ith b u tt ing b u l l 1 sma l l monna ie ä l a c ro ix 0 .30 g t ype LT I X 3 373 b ron ze t ype BN 6 088 o f t he C arnutes s i lver S EGVS IAVS ARVS 1 .95 ( eas tern Gau l ) s i lver S EQVANO IOTVOS 1 .65 ( eastern Gau l ) 3 GER MA NVS I NPVT ILL I L( l ast d ecade B .C., o f Treveran o r ig in ) B ib l iography :

Ha t t 1 943, L abrousse 1 948, 1 950 ;

Deche let te 1 914;957-8; 6 .

Brogan a nd Desforges

1 940 ;

J u l l ian 1 914 :365-78.

C ler mon t-Ferrand C ler mon t-Ferrand b eca me Ga l lo-Ro man Augustone metu m , b ut i ti s o n ly

r ecen t ly t hat p re-Ro man o ccupat ion h as b een p roved ,

On p resen t e v idence i t

s ee ms l i ke ly t o h ave b een o ccup ied f or a s im ilar p er iod t o Au lnat , a nd t hrougho ut t he Ga l lo-Ro man p er iod. v ery o ld a nd p re-la f ene.

T he o ldest mater ia l a t C ler mon t-Ferrand i s

The s i te o f t he c i ty w ou ld o bv ious ly h ave b een o f

g reat a gr icu l tura l i mportance a s t he p la in o f t he L i magne o n wh ich i ts tands i s v ery f ert ile, a nd t he c i ty i s p ro tected o n t hree s ides b y t he f ooth i l ls o f t he mass if :

Chan turgues, Cötes a nd Cha ma l ieres.

I n t ime o f p eace, a s i n t he

e arly Ro man p er iod , t he s i te o f t he c i ty was v ery s u itab le f or p er manen t o ccupat ion .

The s er ies o f Arvern ian f orts wh ich f l anked i t may h ave s erved

t o d efend t he p la in where t here s ee ms t o h ave b een a c ons iderab le c oncen trat i on o f p opu lat ion. Two h u t f l oors h ave b een f ound i n t he c i ty w ith c era m ic s herds t yp ica l o f Ha l lstat t ian mater ia l i n t he a rea.

Eychart 's r eport s tates t hat Ha l lstat t ian

a nd l a P ane mater ia l i n t he t own a re m ixed a nd t hat s trat if icat ion h as b een u pset b y l a ter c onstruct ion .

However, l a TL ie p o t tery w as l ike t he o rd inary

w are f ound a t Cötes a nd Au lnat , a nd s ome o f t he ' Ha l lstat t ian ' w are may a lso h ave b een v ery l ike t hat f ound a t C ötes.

1 29

Burials of the second century contemporary with Aulnat, and in one case including an 'Aulnat dish', have been recorded (P � 16 above). From refer­ ence by Eychart to the decorations on pottery from a site in Clermont-Ferrand it appears that the quality of the vessels was fairly high and some were painted. Th present evidence does not permit absolute dating, bµt the presence else­ where in the city of Dressel la amphoras, including an important deposit of empties in a pit, and first century coin finds, suggests that there was a first century B.C. settlement on the site of Augustonemetum. On a sit at Rue Descartes four pottery kilns have been excavated which yielded pottery of forms familiar at Aulnat: bowls with inturned rim, jars with roughened sur­ face, 'jattes d 'Aulnat', imitation Campanian ware and stamped ceramic. Although there is at present no structural evidence of extensive pre-Roman occupation at Clermont-Ferrand it would not be surprising if it should even­ tually turn out to have had a settlement comparable with that at Aulnat at the same period. Coin finds made in the city include (ABT :500) 1 silver, 1 bronze of Massilia 1 gold stater with bird over the horse (either Arvernian or crane and trefoil) 2 gold of the Arv rni 1 silver of the Elusates 2 sil er of the Ca urci (p. 239f.) 1 silver PICTILOS (Arverni, p. 166f.) 2 silver of the Allobroges 2 silver of the Volcae (prob. monnaies a la croix) 1 bronze with swastika (Bituriges?, p. 231) 1 bronze with horse to left and three rings below, uncertain origin 1 potin ,vith two-banded he d on the obverse (eastern Gaul) 1 bronze with back-to-back heads, one up and one down/boar 2 potins of th Leuci 'some' bronzes of the Bituriges 'some' bronzes of the Bellovaci (ABT fig. 351) potins with tore-bearer (Belgic Gaul) bronze of the Senones 1 bronze of the Carnutes 1 bronze BRIGIOS (Arverni, p. 167) 1 bronze MOTVDIAC (Arverni, p. 168f.) 1 bronze PIXTILOS (Carnutes) 1 bronze ADCANAVNOS (Arverni,p. 165f.) 1 bronze CICIIDV .BRI IIPAD (Arverni (p. 163) 1 bronze CALEDV (Arverni, p. 165) 1 bronze TIP AD (Arverni, p. 16 iff.) Bibliography: Eychart 1964; Collis 1975:183; Gallia 1959:374; 1965:398f.; 1971 :326f. 7. Chamalieres Chamalieres is now a suburb of Clermont-Ferrand on the west, and la Tene finds are frequently made· there. A first century gold stater was found there (p. 155, type fig. 383-4). In the early Gallo-Roman period, before the in130

t roduc t ion o f s ig i l la ted p o ttery , t here w as a c u l t a ssoc ia ted w ith a s pr ing ' source d es Roches ' , a nd w ooden e x-vo tos d at ing t o t he p er iod i m med iately a f ter t he c onquest h ave b een f ound ( f ig. p . 1 32 ).

The f ind o f e x-votos may

b e c o mpared w ith t he d epos its a t S a in t-Ger ma in-Sources-Se ine ( C . d 'O., Ga l l ia 1 964 :302f .) o r S a in t-Ger ma in-le-Rocheux ( C . d 'O., Ga l l ia 1 960 :339f., 1 962 :447f., 1 964 ;302f ., 1 966 :393f ., 1 968 :487 ; 1 972:445 ), a nd t he f ind a t Cha ma l ieres i s o f i mportance n ot l east b ecause i th as b een f u l ly e xcavated u nder modern c ond it ions.

O ver 5 000 wooden e x-votos w ere r ecovered , a l l

i n t he a rea where t he s pr ing emerged i n to a n atura l b as in .

N o a tte mp t a t

b u i ld ing o n t he s i te was made i n a n t iqu ity b eyond a s or t o f i rregu lar s tone k erb t o p reven t d a mage b y v is itors o r o verf lows , a nd n o t race h as b een f ound o f at e mp le o r s im i lar b u i ld ing. Co ins f ound w ith t he d epos it w ere t yp ica l o f e arly Ga l lo-Ro man c ircu la t ion : s even a sses o f t he Augustan c o lony a t N e mausus a nd o ne Gau l ish b ronze VERCA o f t he Arvern i, s o t ha t a n Augustan d ate f or t he d epos its i s p robab le. S o me o f t he e x-votos o f b usts o f p ersons a re o f h igh s cu lptura l q ua l ity ( i l lust ra ted Ga l l ia 1 973:442-3 ).

L egs w ere t he most c o m mon f ind , h owever, t hen

a r ms, wh i le t here were n umerous ' p ilgr im ' f igures w ith h ooded c loaks, a nd v ar ious h eads a nd b usts.

The o vera l l c o l lect ion i s sma l ler a nd l ess v ar ied

t han t hat a t S a in t-Ger ma in-Sources-Se ine, t hough i ti s s o f ar u n ique i n t he C en tre.

A c arv ing w ith ' t o te m-po le ' a rrange men t o f s uper i mposed h eads

s im ilar t o o ne f ound a t S ources S e ine was f ound a t Cha ma lf eres. c arv ings w ere r are ;

An i ma l

ab ronze p laque w ith e yes t raced o n i t was l ike o ne f ro m

S ources S e ine, a nd a lso a l ead t abe l la d ef ix ion is w ith a Gau l ish t ex t .

A l l

p ot tery f ound was o f Ga I lo-Ro man p rdcoce t ype, wh ich a ccords w ith t he c o ins i n d ate a nd wou ld make t he d epos it a pprox i mately c on te mporary w ith o r e ven s l igh t ly e ar l ier t han ( or o f s horter d ura t ion t han ) t he Co te-d 'Or d epos its. Two p o t ter 's k i lns o f p re-Ro man d ate h ave b een f ound a t C ha ma lf eres, b u t t he b u ild ing o r b u i ld ings a ssoc iated w ith t he m h ave n ot b een l oca ted.

L a T bne

p er iod s herds a re n umerous , a nd v irtua l ly a l l o f t he m w ere made o n t he wheel. The p r inc ipa l t ypes f ound a re o vo id t urns, d ishes w ith i ncurved r i m, p lates a nd l ids.

The o n ly h and-fash ioned s herds w ere p ieces o f d ishes, a nd a re v ery

c lose ly l ike s pec i mens f ro m C ötes :

Cha ma l ibres i s o n ly a f ew k i lo metres t o

t he s ou th o f i t . The c era m ic a t Cha ma l ieres i s o f ten o f l uxury q ua l ity , a nd was f or t he most p art made l oca l ly a s f inds a t t he k i lns d e monstra te ;

s o me o f t he d ecora-

t ions a re s im ilar t o f rag men ts f ound a t C akes , a nd p erhaps t he f iner v esse ls f ro m Cötes w ere a ctua l ly made a t Cha ma l ibres.

C er ta in ty i s i mposs ib le i n

t h is mat ter w ithou t f u l ler p ub l ica t ion o f t he mater ia l , b ut i t wou ld a ppear t hat Cha ma l ieres was t he s i te o f al ater s et t le men t o f t he w ea l thy t han Au lnat , a s t he p ot tery i s o n t he who le o f ah igher t echn ica l s tandard a nd o f l a ter f or ms, p erhaps c on te mporary w ith t he s et t le men t o f Gergov ie, a lthough t here i s a pparan t ly n o r ecord o f Ga l lo-Ro man g rey r ou let ted c era m ic o f t ypes c o m mon a t Gergov ie. Ear ly Gal lo-Ro man s et t le men t a t Cha ma l ieres l i es d irect ly a bove t he p rec onques t C e lt ic l evel , a nd t here a ppears t o h ave b een a g enera l c onf lagrat ion b etween t he m.

I n t he p re-Roman l eve l n o i mports h ave b een r eported , d es-

p ite t he p rosper ity e v idenced i n t he p ot tery .

1 31

F ew c o ins a re r ecorded :

7

C HAMAL I

RE S ( PO ) , WOODEN E X-VOTO

d rawn

f r om 1 32

G a l lia

1 973

a sses o f N e mausus a nd 1 VERCA w ith t he e x-votos , a nd a s tray f ind o f af i rstc en tury Arvern ian g o ld s ta ter ( above ). B ib l iography : 8 .

Ga l l ia 1 963 :395, 1 967 : 3 08, 1 969 : 3 20f ., 1 973 :439f .

L iozon The s ite o f L iozon i s a bou t f i f teen k i lo metres s ou th o f C ler mon t-Ferrand

a nd n ine k i lo metres w est o f G ergov ie.

Desp ite i t s p rox im ity t o t he C ler mon t-

F errand c o mp lex , Eychart w as a b le t o c o m men t i n 1 967 o n t he p oor r ecord o f e xcava t ions i n Basse-Auvergne, o f wh ich L iozon f or ms p ar t. The h i l l o n w h ich t he f ort w as b u i lt i s n atura l ly v ery s teep , a nd Eychart r e marked t ha t al arge n umber o f h i l l-tops i n t h is a rea h ad a t l east s porad ic o ccupa t ion d ur ing t he I ron Age , a l though t he ir u se a s c at t le-pens a nd r efuges mean t t hat t here w as l i t t le o ccupa t ion d ebr is.

Th is p lateau was o ccup ied

c on t inuously u n t il t he s even teen th c en tury a nd h ad a s yste m o f d ry s tone w a l ls 1 .30-6.0 m w ide n early a l l t he way r ound i t .

There was o ne a nc ien t e n trance

i n t he w est , a nd t he wa l l w as s ubd iv ided t o f or m c o mpart men ts; r eca l ls t he s truc ture o f M ess

t h is f ea ture

Ha l lstat t ian t ypes o f p ottery were f ound i n

s o me o f t hese c ompartmen ts a nd Eychart r e marked t hat i tw as o f t he s a me s or t a s t ha t f ound a ssoc ia ted w ith s im i lar s tructures a t Cötes a nd Cha mpgr ill ot n ear R io m ( P .D.). Ha l lstat t ian t ypes o f c era m ic c o mpose t he ma jor ity o f t he I ron Age f inds s o f ar, a nd s herds h ere d if fer f ro m much o ther s uch p ot tery i n t he r eg ion i n n ot n or ma l ly h av ing i nc ised d ecorat ion .

S o me n or ma l l a T äne H I t ype p ot tery

h as a lso b een r ecovered , c ons ist ing o f p ieces o f o va l v ases , d ishes w ith i nc urved r i ms, a nd p lates.

I t s ee ms a t p resen t t ha t t h is w as n ot , a t l east i n

t he v ic in ity o f t he r a mparts, a r ich s ett le men t. N o c o ins a re r eported , a nd i ti s p oss ib le t hat t he s i te w as p er manen t ly o ccup ied a t a pprox i ma te ly t he s a me p er iod a s Au lnat. B ib l iography : 9 .

Eychart 1 967.

G ia t-et-Vo ing t a nd P uys-de-Vo ing t To t he w est o f C ler mon t-Ferrand , n ear t he b order w ith t he L e mov ices,

t here w as a n importan t Ga l lo-Ro man c u lt a rea i n t he r eg ion o f t he c o m munes G iat a nd Vo ingt.

Co ins o f t ypes f ound a t G ergov ie, o f t he p er iod a round a nd

i m med ia te ly a f ter t he c onquest , a re w idespread i n t he a rea , a nd a re a ssoc ia ted w ith t he e ar l iest Ga l lo-Ro man s truc tures.

A GER MA NVS c o in o f t he l ast

d ecades B .C. w as f ound i n aG a l lo-Ro man c on tex t ;

i n t he t e mp le e xcava t ions,

t he t h ird l eve l c on ta ined g rey o r b lack c eram ic w ith w avy p a t terns o r h a tched ' f ish-sca le ' d ecorat ion o f Gergov ie t ypes. L eve l 5w as t he l owest a nd c ont a ined o ne s herd o f Ca mpan ian c era m ic. I n a n u nspec if ied l a T äne I I c on tex t w ere f our c o ins : 1s i lver ADCANAVNOS ( Arvern i ,p. 1 65f .) 1b ronze C ICI IDV . BR I IPAD ( Arvern i, p . 1 63 ) 1s i lver o f t he s ame t ype 1b ronze o f u ncerta in t ype C o in f inds a re r eTa lar ly made o n c u l t s i tes t hroughou t Gau l.

1 33

There are also traces of early occupation at the nearby site lmown as Puys-de-Voingt. There are first century B. C. hut floors by the road with indigenous cera�ic of varieties found at Gergovie, and a sherd of late Cam­ panian ceramic. The settlement may have been defended because large blocks of 9tone are to be found strewn in fields in the vicinity of the settl ment. On the highest p int was a Gallo-Roman temple built on the Celtic pattern of square cella and peristyle; this building had under it traces of a lighter previous construction, unfortunately not dated in the report. If con­ temporary with or prior to the conquest, this is an important finding, espe­ cially if the lighter building can be shown to have been of religious significaijce. The pottery associated with the hut floors is of good quality; Charbonneau commented that although it may be classed as Gallo-Roman precoce, it is not altogether similar to finds at Gergovie and Mont Beuvray, and he noted that 'Hallstattian' forms survived into the Roman period in the west of the depar­ tement. No coins are reported. Bibliography: Gallia 1946:357, 1947:462, 1955:187, 1959:376. Charbonneau 1957.

*

*

*

*

*

It is apparent, therefore, that in Puy-de-D0me, and especially in the region of Clermont-Fe.trand itself, Iron Age occupation was dense, and ma­ jor s ttlements are recorded from at least the early second century B. C. nwards. In this Auvergrte differs from other areas of Central Gaul where nucleated settlement appears to be unknown before the end of the second century. Th relative chronology of the Arvernian sites is uncertain at present. Arvernian coinage is entirely a first century B. C. phenomenon, and is found on few pre-conquest sites except the two major defended settlements on Puy de Corent and Gergovie, and the latter appears to have been the Arvernian olitical 'capital' in the mid first-century. The open sites of Aulnat and Cl rmont-Ferrand may have been l clipsed in importance by the large de­ fended settlements in th first century, although Clermont-Ferrand returned to prominence with the conquest; the defended site of Corent on the other hand seems t have. been occupied from the second century onwards, although ·t is unlikely to have attained its fully urban phase until the fi:r;-st century. The Arverni had reached their first century political form at least a genera­ tion before 51 B. C. (Caesar BG 7 .4; Nash 1978a) and it is probably therefore around· the beginning -of the first century that the origins of the Arvernian civitas should be sought, and any changes in settlement pattern associated with with it (e.g. the foundation of the settlement on Gergovie). It was with the Gallo-Roman precoce period, however, that the fullest extension of early urt\an life was att.ained.

134

CANTAL C an ta l l i es most ly w ith in Arvern ian t err itory , b u t h ere t he r ecord o f e xcava t ions i s v ery p oor. T here i s n ot a s ing le w e l l-documen ted e xcavat ion o f ah i l l f ort , f or i nstance. 1 0.

S a in t-V ictor-sur- Mass iac

Th is p lateau a ppears t ob e as ort o f b arred s pur, b u t w ithou t a n a rt if ic ia l r ampar t ; s herds o f Ha l lstat t ian t ype h ave b een f ound t here ( Ga l l ia 1 955 :183 ). 1.

C har mensac

A t t he w est e nd o f t he c om mune t here i s a sma l l p lateau , n atura l ly d efens ib le , a nd h ere t oo t here h ave b een s urface f i nds o f ' Late Ha l ls tat t ian ' p ot tery a nd s o me g rey a nd b lack s herds t yp ica l o f t he f i rst c en tury . n o e xcavat ions. 1 2.

T here h ave b een

( Ga l l ia 1 954 :196 ).

Maur iac

O n ap la teau s ou th-eas t o f Escoa l ier t here a re r u ins w h ich t he DAG ( s. v. Maur iac ) b e l ieved t o b e a nc ien t : t here i s aw a l l 3 -4 m h igh , 1 0 m t h ick a nd 8 0 m l ong o f sma l l b locks o f b asa lt , g ne iss a nd m ica s ch ist. The b asa lt c ame f ro m o ver a k i lo metre away. The wa l l w as p art ia l ly v i tr if ied. To t he w est t here w ere f i ve e nc losures o f t he s a me t ype, w ith w a l ls o f l arge s tones c overed i n e arth ;

t he l argest e nc losure w as 1 7 m i n d iameter.

A n umber

o f r u ins o fb u ild ings o r h u ts i n d ry s tone w ere f ound i n t he v ic in ity , b u t t here h ave b een n o e xcava t ions t o p rov ide a d ate f or t hem. 1 3.

Rof f iac

Another s i te p oss ib ly d a t ing t o t he I ron Age, b u t n ot a pparen t ly e xcavated u nder modern c ond it ions i s r eported i n t he DAG s .v. Rof f iac. H ere t here w ere t hree g roups o fh u ts i n t he m idst o f d efended ' c amps ', t wo o n t he r ight b ank o f t he L ander a nd o ne o n t he r igh t ( s ic , =l ef t? ). O f t he f i rst t wo , o ne w as o n t he e dge o ft he p lateau P lan ö . ze, t he o ther am id p ine t rees a nd e nc losed b y at r ip le r ow o f w a l ls.

N ine teen th c en tury e xcava t ions o f t he p r inc ipa l h u t

y ie lded p o t tery , f l in ts, b ronz€ a nd i ron o b jects a nd b ones ; t he w a l ls meas ures 8 x 4 m, a nd t he f l oor w as r ough ly p aved a nd c u t 2m i n to t he e arth. A l though t h is c onstruct ion i s c o mpa t ib le w ith C elt ic b u ild ing s uch a s t hat a t Au lna t ( P.D.), t he i nadequa te d escr ipt ion d oes n ot p erm it c lose c ompar ison o r d at ing. 1 4.

C el les t u mu lus The c ustom o f b ur ia l u nder a t u mu lus l asted u n t il t he l a te l a r nne p er iod

i nt h is a rea , a nd a n i mportan t e xcavated e xa mp le i s t hat o f C e l les. The p ot tery t here was most ly r ough a nd h and-fash ioned ware o f t ypes k nown i n t he Ha l lstat t p er iod , b ut t here w ere a lso a f ew f i ne p a in ted w ares , t hough n ot made o n t he whee l. Ward-Perk ins c ons idered t h is t o al a T bne I I a sse mb lage d esp ite t he r e lat ive ly r ough p ot tery . DCchelette r igh t ly c ompared t h is b ur ia l ( a c re ma t ion u nder a t u mu lus w ith a bundan t i ron g oods ) w ith t hat a t Dun-leRo i ( Cher, p . 1 96 ). I n b oth c ases t here was a m ix ture o f g oods c ompr is ing 1 35

w eapons a nd t oo ls o f a l l s orts ;

t he Dun-le-Ro i b ur ia l i nc luded i ron k eys a nd

t he o b jec ts a ppeared t o h ave b een b urn t i n as trong-box ( de L achaussde 1 873 ). The p ers istence o f t umu lus b ur ia ls i n Can ta l e xe mp l if ies t he l ong s urv iva l o f a rcha ic t rad it ions i n t he mass if c en tra l ( c f . p . 1 8 ). B ib l iography :

Dechelet te 1 914 :1051-2, 1 353, 1 359, 1 362, 1 366-8, 1 370-5 ,

1 383-4, 1 387-9, 1 482;

Ward-Perk ins 1 940 ; C o l l is 1 975 :189.

LOZERE L ozbre i s o n t he s outhernmost f r inge o f t he C en tre , b u t t here a re n o s ign if ican t r ecorded f inds t here o f t he c haracter ist ic c o inage o f t he Garonne b as in a nd t he s ou th , monna ies ä l a c ro ix , a nd i n i t sel f t h is j ust if ies i t s i nc lus ion i n as tudy o f t he C en tre a rea. 1 5.

S a in t-Bonnet-de-Ch irac

Th is was o ne o f t he ma jor d efended s et t le men ts o f t he Gaba les , a nd h ad c ons iderab le c on tact w ith t he Med iterranean i n t he s econd a nd f i rst c en tur ies B .C. ( Ga l l ia 1 971:405 ).

There w as a z one o f p er manen t o ccupat ion a long t he

r a mpart , a nd v ery h o mogeneous mater ia l r e ma ins d at ing f ro m c. 120 t o c .20 B .0 . A lthough i n ar ela t ive ly i so lated p os it ion , t o t he n orth- J est o f t he C evennes, i mports were f requen t i n t he l ate I ron Age, a nd c ons isted o f I t a l ic amphoras, C ampan ian c eram ic, He l len ist ic c eram ic, a nd p ottery f rom Empor iae o n t he Cata lan c oast.

E leven c o ins h ave b een r eported , f ro m

s ou thern a nd Cen tra l Gau l , b u t t hey w ere n ot d escr ibed i n t he r epor t.

S ome

p a in ted c era m ic f ro m Roanne ( Lo ire ) h as b eenfound wh ich r evea ls t he d ist ance wh ich t hese p roducts c ou ld t rave l.

There a re e x tens ive r e ma ins a lso

o f f irst c en tury B .0 C . sme lt ing a nd b ronze work ing. 1 6.

C lapas-Caste l , c o m mune l a Cape l le Th is s i te h as b een p art ia l ly e xcavated.

p art p rotect ing a h igh s pur o f r ock ;

I th ad a mu lt ip le d ry s tone r a m-

t he c onstruct ion o f t h is r a mpar t w as

c ons idered b y S ou tou t o b e p r im it ive, o f at ype s uperseded l ater b y t he ' mur p ou trage a sse mb lg h m i-bo is ' f ound f or i nstance a t l a G ranede ( Aveyron , c ne. M i l lau ), a nd wh ich i s o f m id Fa l lstat t d a te.

Th is s uggests t ha t t he

r a mpart o f C lapas-Caste l was c ons tructed a t l a test i n t he e arly I ron Age ; s im i lar s tructure i s f ound a t C lapas-du-Diab le ( Aveyron ).

a

I ns ide t he e n-

c losure a t C lapas-Castel d ry s tone h ouses b acked o nto t he r a mpar t , a nd w ere p robab ly t hatched ;

t hey s tood d irec t ly o n t he s tony e arth w ithou t f oundat ions.

Between t he r a mparts, e nc losures w ere f or med w ith c ross-wa l ls w h ich may h ave b een g ardens r ather t han a n i ma l p ens, a l though o ne may h ave b een a s tab le. The s o i l a t C lapas-Caste l i s s o t h in t hat l i t t le o ccupa t ion d ebr is s urv ived e xcep t i n f i ssures i n t he r ock , a nd t herefore t he i n terna l s tructures a re d iff i cu l t t o d a te.

I ta ppears f ro m t he s parse f i nds, h owever, t hat t here w as a

p er manen t Bronze Age s et t le men t o n t he s i te , a nd n o th ing t hereaf ter u n t i l t he f ina l p hase o f L a Tbne, w ith p ot tery v ery c losely s im ilar t o t hat f ound a t Roc d e l a F are ( cne. L ava l-du-Tarn , L ozer•e ) t en k ilo metres t o t he n orthw est . 1 36

Under t he v i l la o f P ouzet d u Marcayres n ear C lapas-Caste l s im ilar p ott ery a ppeared i n al ate s econd c en tury B .0 .c on tex t , wh ich may h e lp t o d ate t he f inds i n t he h i ll fort. The p o ttery w as e n t ire ly i nd igenous, a nd w as r e lat ed most c lose ly t o p o t tery t ypes f ound i n t he s ou th a nd s ou th-west o f Gau l. Apart f ro m o ne f rag men t o f a n amphora b ody o f I ta l ic o r ig in t here w ere n o i mports wha tever , a nd s o f ar n o c o ins.

S ou tou s uggested t hat t h is s i te was

o n t he a nnua l t ranshumance r ou te u sed f or s heep a nd c at t le i n t he I ron Age, r unn ing f ro m l es Garr igues o f t he Med iterranean u p lands t o t he s u m mer p ast ures o f Aubrac ( c f. map p . 11).

Th is a nnua l p a t tern o f l i fe wou ld h e lp t o

e xp la in t he Med iterranean r ather t han i n land a f f in it ies o f t he p o t tery o n t he s i te. The h ous ing o f C lapas-Caste l i n t he l a T ene p er iod may h ave b een o f wood a nd c lay , a s i t s ee ms s o me s uch c onstruct ions a re t raceab le.

A f ter t he

Ce lt ic o ccupa t ion , w h ich e nded b efore t he a rr iva l o f s ign if ican t q uan t it ies o f Ro man g oods, t he s i te was a bandoned u n t il t he l a te Ro man p er iod.

I t s ee ms

f ro m C aesar 's a ccoun t o f 5 2 t hat t he Arvern i h ad t o g o t o s o me t roub le t o s ecure t he c ooperat ion o f t he Gaba les, w ho w ere a s em i-independen t p eop le t o t he s ou th o f t he ir t err itory ( Nash 1 976 :111 ).

What e v idence t here i s s ug-

g ests t ha t t here w ere c u l tura l d if ferences b etween t he t wo p eop les ( i f t he Arvern i o f Puy-de-Dö me a re t he b as is f or c o mpar ison ) s ince t he Gaba les i n L oz k.e s ee m t o h ave b een more c lose ly c onnected w ith t he p eop les i n t he . Med iterranean a rea , p oss ib ly b ecause o f t he importance o f s heep h usbandry i n t he u p land a nd moun ta inous r eg ion i nhab ited b y t he Gaba les a nd t herefore r egu lar s easona l c on tact w ith s hepherds o f s outhern o r ig in.

I t i s r e levan t

h ere t o n ote t hat i tw as a member o f t he Cadurc i t o t he s ou th-west r ather t han a n Arvern ian w ho was e xpec ted t o b e a b le t o s ecure t he ir p o l it ica l c oo pera t ion i n t he Gau l ish r is ing o f 5 2 B .C. ( Caesar BG 7 .7.2 ). B ib l iography : 1 7.

S outou 1 964 :

G a l l ia 1 964 :508.

S a in t-George s -de-Levg jac Th is i s as pur s i te w ith a r a mpart 5 m t h ick made o f t wo f aces o f s tone,

a med ian s tone wa l l a nd r ubb le i n t he s paces b etween t he m.

Apart f rom a

c o in o f Hadr ian wh ich a ppears t o b e o u t o f c on tex t , mater ia l f ound o n t he s i te was a l l h and-fash ioned p o t tery o f ' Ha l lstat t ian ' t ype, ( Ga l l ia 1 964 :509 ).

1 37

CHAPTER 6 COINAGE OF THE ARVERNI AND THE MASSIF CENTRAL IN IN THE FIRST CENTURY B.C. (LATE PHASE)

The Arverni had access to gold and silver ores in and near their territory (la Prehistoire Fran9aise 1976: 746 ), but there was no early coinage in Auvergne; all the late third and second century coinages traditionally attributed to the Arverni which have any recorded findspots may be s}i.own to have distri­ butions well away from Arvernian territory (Allen 1974; cf. map p � 14, 85, Nash 1975, and p. 84 above). In the first century B. C. , however, the Arverni (and probably other authorities in the massif central) struck extensively in gold, silver and bronze. ii The attribution of the main series of these coinages to the Arverni is cer­ tain since virtually all finds of precious metal coins are confined to Arvernian territory, and on the sites of Gergovie and Puy de Corent silver and bronze coins of these types abound. The chronology of Arvernian coinage depends in the first place on seven hoards of gold coins which are of mixed varieties and include coins in the narr..e of Vercingetorix. They must therefore belong to the mid first century and were no doubt buried and lost as a result of the Caesarian war. In the second place, chronology depends on the presence or absence of particular types in the grave deposit at Alesia (appendix 1 ). Silver coins which share types or diecutting peculiarities with gold are here regarded as contemporary and part of the same series. For the latest issues, absence from Alesia may be regarded as significant, since Arvernian coins are rela­ tively common in that collection. The internal chronology of the Arvernian coinage is very _difficult �o deter­ mine since it is not yet possible to decide how many mints there were. The main se ies may e divided into twc· broad roups (A and B) which have certain peculiarities: the negroid head obvE:rse is typiqal of group A, but is not found in B; in group B animals and birds are common on the reverse and a head with rounded locks and prominent sideboards is very frequent on the ob­ verse. Both of these features are absent from A. Since both A and B are found in the major hoards there is unlikely to be a significant difference in their ages; whether they are successors or (perhaps more likely) the product of different mints is still uncertain. Most of the coinages described below were struck by 51 B. C., since they are fo�d at Alesia or in hoards dating to the Caesarian war. The silver coinage of Epasnactus provides an important clue for dating because his first type with horsem�, which is fowid at Alesia, ls of the normal Arvernian weight standard; his second issue with warrior, which is absent from Alesia, is on the Roman 'qqinarius' standard, and probably represents a new post­ war coinage. All other main silver series adhere to the Arvernian standard 138

( p . 1 40 ).

O fb ronze i ssues , o n ly BR IG IOS ( wh ich i s r are a nd may t herefore

b e a bsen t f ro m A les ia b y a cc iden t) , DONNADV a nd VERCA a re c er ta in ly l a te o n t he g rounds o f t he ir a bsence f ro m A les ia . T he r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he i nscr ibed i ssues a s a who le a nd t he ma in s er ies i s u ncer ta in . T hey c er ta in ly r epresen t as ty l ist ic b reak , t hough t he f act t ha t t he n egro id h ead t ype o f g o ld s er ies A i s ma in ta ined i n ADCANAVNOS b ronze may s uggest a c onnect ion b et ween t he m , a l though i nscr ibed i ssues e qua l ly make u se o f s ubs id iary s y mbo ls n orma l i n g o ld s er ies B . T he i nscr ibed i ssues may a l l b e long t o t he l a ter p ar t o f t he C aesar ian war , a nd/or t o d if feren t min ts f ro m t he t wo ma jor s er ies: t he q uest ion r e ma ins o pen . DENO M INATIONS OF PRECIOUS METAL COIN As i ti s c lear t ha t t here a re s evera l s er ies s truck i n g o ld a nd s i lver , t he q uest ion a r ises o ft he ir i n terre la t ions . T h is q uest ion c annot b e s e t t led w ith a ny c on f idence s ince f ew c o ins r e ma in o n t he b as is o f wh ich we igh t s tud ies may b e c onducted , a nd t he r e la t ive v a lues o f s i lver a nd g o ld a re n ot k nown f or t he f i rst c entury Arvern i .

S im i lar ly , t he r e la t ionsh ip o f t he b ronze c o in-

a ge t o t he s i lver i s who l ly u nknown ; i tc ou ld b e as ubst itu te f or o r af ract ion o f t he sma l lest s i lver c o ins . T he f o l low ing o bserva t ions may , h owever , b e made . 1 .

T he s i lver c o inage i sd iv ided i n to t hree d eno m ina t iona l s izes :

'Un i t '

t

008g w ith a y . we igh t 0 .3

Doub le ' w ith a v

'E igh t ' nt

w ith a v w i th a v

( c f . Mass il ian h em lobo l 0 . 3 2 g : Dupoux a nd R oche 1 975) 170g ( t heore t ica l ly 0 .60g ) we igh t 0 .5 1 o r 2 .35 ( t heore t ica l ly 2 .40) we igh t 2 .3 6 o r 2 .19 o r 2 .22 o r 2 .24 ( t heore t ica l ly 2 .10) we igh t 2 .1

O n t h is s yste m t he we igh t o f as ta ter ( ay . 7 .3856g ) i s c lose t o 2 5 t imes t he ' un i t '

( wh ich wou ld a ctua l ly b e as ta ter o f 7 .50g ) .

I ft he a ctua l we igh t o f t he

a verage s ta ter i s d iv ided b y 2 5 t he r esu l t i s 0 .2954. I ts ee ms p oss ib le , t hen , t ha t t he s i lver a nd g o ld c o inages were o n ac o m mon we igh t s ca le , a l though t he l arge s i lver d eno m ina t ion i s of ten c loser t o 9 /30 t han 7 1 o r 8 /25 o f t he we ight o f t he s ta ter . T here i s a lways t he p oss ib i l ity t ha t t here was a n e f fect i ve o verva lua t ion o f t he p r inc ipa l s i lver d eno m ina t ion i n r e la t ion t o g o ld i n o rder t o s ave me ta l , s o t ha t i x . ,p ract ice many s i lver c o ins were b e low t he ir t heoret ica l ly c orrect we igh t . 2 .

T he h eav iest o f t he Mass if C en tra l s i lver c o inages, EPOMEDVOS

( p . 1 70 ) most c lose ly a pprox i ma tes t o 8 'u n its ' 3 .

o r 8 /25 s tater.

T he c hange f ro m p re-51 s i lver s tandard i n t he c o inage o f E pasnactu .s

( p . 1 61f . )represen ts a d rop f ro m 7 1 ' un its ' t o 6p rec ise ly . 4 . Arvern ian we igh t s tandards i n b oth g o ld a nd s i lver a re h igher t han t he c on te mporary c o inages o f t he ir n e ighbours, a l though s er ies A s evered h ead g roup c o ins ( p . 2 85 ) t o t he wes t a re n earer t o t he Arvern . lan t han t o t he q u ina r ius s tandard . T he l a t ter was a dop ted i n t he l a te s econd c en tury b y t he Aedu i a nd i n t he f i rst b y t he B itur iges a nd t he a u thors o f monna ies ä .l a c ro ix , t o t he n or th a nd s ou th o f Arvern ian t err itory r espect ive ly .

1 39

A RVERN IAN S ILVER WE IGHTS , O VER 1 .0g

B 2

• •• •

•

O •

• •

0 1 1

0

•

•

B1 2 A + B

•

S

O

•

/ 3 7

B1

•

A1 5

•

A l

A1 4

•

2 1 . 0

As 3

2 .30

2 .70

2 .10

2 .00

190

1 40

1 .80

1 .70

1 .60

FRACT IONAL

1 . WEST

S ILVER WE IGHTS

B ERRY T YPES •

•

PV M

PI I M

2 . C ENTRAL

F RACT IONS , U NCERTA IN

T YPES •

•

ARVERNIAN

S ILVER

•

F RACT IONS

•

E

•

C

•

O

B

A

( UNDER

1 .g )

B 12C

•

B 7

• •

•

I 1 .0 0

0 .90

0 .80

I 0 .70

B 1

I 0 . 60

0 .50

0. 40

0 .30

0 .20

ARVERN IAN

•

•

•

•

GOLD WE IGHTS

AB

A/

•

5

•

•

50

A 5

A 5

•

A 4

A3

• •

0 .0 M 0 76 0

A2

5 0 O O .

5 5 5 I

I

7 .50

7 .40

5 0

A l

I 7 . 30

1 42

7 .20

7 .10

7 .00

ARVERNIAN

G OLD WEIGHTS

A l7

A 16

A l5

00

A l4

A l3

A l2

• • 760

7 5 0

7 .40

A 9 7 .30

1 43

7 .20

7 . 10

7 .00

AR V ERN IAN G OLD WE IGHTS

•

C 3

C 2

C)

c i •

B 1 1

•

B 10

•

8 5

•

B5

•

•

S 7 8 0

7. 70

B3

. 7 , 60

B 4

7 .5 0

•

•

•

•

•

•

7 .40

B1 7 .30

1 44

7 ,20

7 . 10

7 .00

6 .90

6 .8 3

I MAJOR S ER IES The ma jor Arvern ian s er ies b e long ing t o t he p reconquest p er iod c ons ist o f g o ld s ta ters w ith s i lver a nd b ronze f ract ions ; t hey may b e d iv ided i nto t wo ma in s er ies, A a nd B . F indspots o f u ncer ta in t ypes, a nd h oards t he c on ten ts o f wh ich a re n ot r ec orded i n d e ta i l a re : 1 .

C lermon t-Ferrand ( P .D .) , 2s ta ters ( ?) o fu ncerta in t ype ( ABT :500 )

2 .

S a in t-A lban-de-L i magno le ( Loz re) s ta ter 7 .45g ( Sou tou 1 968 n . 3 0 )

3 .

H d . Marc i l la t ( A l l ier) , 2 0 s ta ter s i nc lud ing Verc inge tor ix ( ABT n o 1 1;

4 .

C o lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 963d ) H d . Auzances ( Creuse ) g o ld h oard i nc lud ing Verc inge tor ix ( ABT n o 5 0 ;

5 .

H d . C hevene t c ne . C orde l le ( Lo ire) 9 00-1000 g o ld c o ins ( ABT n o 1 36)

6 . 7 .

H d . P ionsa t ( P .D . )l arge g o ld h oard ( append ix 1n o 1 9) H d . V ir le t ( P .D . )c . 2 0 g o ld c o ins ( ABT n o 1 97) . I nc luded Verc ingetor ix ( Co lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 963a , 1 966a ) ; h oard ' near R io m ' .

8 .

H d . c o m mune Orc ines ( P .D . )7 0 g o ld c o ins i nc lud ing CAS ( ABT n o 1 99) .

C o lber t d e B eau l ieu a nd L ef e.v re 1 963)

S ER IES A

G o ld , s i lver a nd b ronze

Character ist ics : n egro id h ead o n o bv . ,r ev , t ype w ith c rane a nd s nake , o r c rescen t . A l

6 N D

,amphora , l yre,

G o ld a nd s i lver . O bv .

( a ) Young b are ma le h ead l ef t w i th n egro id f ea tures ( f ig . 3 13-7 ) ( b ) y oung b ale ma le h ead l ef t w ith p ro m inen t n ostr i l a nd e ar ( F ig . 3 18) ( c ) y oung l aure l led ma le h ead l e f t w ith p ro m inen t n ostr i l a nd 0e ar ( F ig . 3 19)

R ev .

Horse b ound ing l e f t , G e a bove , amphora b e low ; o n s i lver , ?r ing b e low .

F inds :

1 .

' ( F ig . 3 16-7)

Ar in thod ( Jura ) C o lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 953b ;

v ar . l a .

O f f

t he map . 2 . 3 .

Lamothe ( Hau te-Lo ire) 7 .34g ; v ar . l a . BSFN 1 977 p . 1 96 . Yssacla-Touret te ( PD) 7 .21. F ourn ier 1 975 .

4 . 5 .

Hoard P ionsa t ( PD) BN 3 758 , v ar . l c, 7 .36g . s i lver o f t h is t ype f ound i n t he h oard o f l a Chape l le-Lauren t ( Can ta l) ' bf . BN 3 820-I ': h ead t o l ef t /h orse t o l ef t o f Arvern ian t ype , Ss ign a bove, o r u ncerta in s ymbo l b e low. Assoc ia ted w i th P ICTILOS , EPAD ( La faur ie B SFN 1 951-5, 3 40-1) ,

We igh ts : Cahn D ec . 1 922 , 3 89

7 .60

Cahn D ec . 1 922 , 3 88

7 .60

Cahn A pr . 1 933 , 1 529

7 .50

BN 3 759

7 .48 1 45

d EPOMEDVOS

ARVERN IAN

C O INAGE I

•0

Go ld

xe

S i lver s e r ies A +B , s tray f i nd a nd

0

L apte

EZ

s ta ters , s tray f i nd a nd h oard h d . l a C hape l le-Lauren t

h oard

E POMEDVOS s tray f i nd a nd

S

S i lver o f v c .r ie ty ES

A

A les ia 1 46

i n h oa rd

BN 3 768

7 .45

BN 3 708a

7 .44

S chu l man Dec. 1 926, 3

7 .43

Cahn Apr . 1 933 , 1 530

7 .42

Ra t to 1 949 , 1

7 .40

BN 3 756

7 .39

Ra tto 1 912 , 1 42

7 .39

BN 3 758

7 .36

BN 3 746

7 .34

BSFN 1 977 :196

7 .34

Ra t to 1 912 , 1 43

7 .32

BN 3 747

7 .28

MAN n o i nv . n o

7 .25

M 4012

7 .25

Yssac c o in

7 .21

Kress May 1 953 , 2 29

7 .20

BN 3 745

7 .04

P la ted : BN 3 749

4 .95

BN 3 748

4 .58

BN 3 769

4 .36

S i lver : BN 3 770

2 .34

BN 3 820

1 .80

The n egro id h ead o f t h is c o m mon t ype i s c haracter ist ic o f a l l v ar ie t ies o f t ype 1 , a nd i s f ound o n i nscr ibed b ronze c o inage a s we l l ( F ig . 4 26f f ) .

T he

h orse o n t he r everse i s o f as ty le p ecu l iar t o Arvern ian c o inage , a nd i s f ound w ide ly o n a l l me ta ls ;

t he p ranc ing g a it a nd t he t rea t men t o f t he h orse ' sh ead

a nd e spec ia l ly muzz le a re p ar t icu lar ly i mpor tan t . b e r eferred t o a s A2

CAS t ype . O bv .

G o ld o n ly .

y oung ma le h ead t o l ef t w ith f i l le t i n h a ir a nd n egro id f ea tures . l egend CAS .

F inds :

The h orse w i l l h encefor th

Arvern ian '

Rev .

a s A l ( F ig . 3 20-1)

1 .

Hd . Orc ines ( PD) .

We igh ts : BN 3 768

7 .45

Cahn A pr . 1 933 , 1 530

7 .42

Ra t to 1 949, 1

7 .40

BM

7 .32

BN 3 767

7 .31

1 47

A3

VERCINGETOR IX t ype . i .

O bv .

G o ld o n ly .

y oung ma le h ead l e f t , Aqu i l ine f ea tures, l egend VERCENGETORIXS .

R ev .

a s A l.

( F ig . 3 21-3 )

O bv . a s ( I ) . Rev .

a s A l b u t c rescen t a bove h orse ;

v ar . BN 3 777 r everse t o

r igh t ( F ig . 3 24-5) 1 1 . O bv . Rev .

y oung ma le h ead h e l meted t o l e f t , l egend VERCINGETOR IX IS . a s A l;

v ar . w ithou t l egend f ound i n t he g rave d epos i ts a t

A les ia ( Co lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 955a n o. 1 23 ). F inds :

1 .

Hd . P ionsa t ( PD) , BN 3 774 , 7 .44g ( 1 ) ; 3 779, 7 .38 ( i i) ;

2 .

( F ig. 3 26 ).

3 776 , 7 .46g ( 1 ) ;

3 775, 7 .42 ( i i i) .

Grave d epos its a t A les ia ( Gres igny-Sa in te-Re ine, C . d '0 .) C o lber t d e Beau l ieu a nd L efevre 1 963 ; C o lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 966a .

L e Dan tec 1 968 ;

U ncer ta in f ind .

C o in w i thou t

l egend C o lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 955a , n o . 1 23 . 3 .

Craponne-sur-Arzon ( HL )n .w . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 966a .

4 .

S iauges-Sa in t-Ro ma in ( HL ) 7 .85g ( ?) I d ., 1 970b ;

q ues t ioned

i n i d . 1 966a . 5 .

S auvagna t-Sa in te- Mar the ( PD) n .w . i d . a nd L efevre 1 963 ; C o lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 966a .

6 .

L a R oche-B lanche ( PD) n .w . i b id .

7 .

B i l lo m ( PD) n .w . i b id .

T he c o ins o f Verc inge tor ix h ave r ece ived e x tens ive c overage i n as er ies o f p ub l ica t ions : Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 954a ( he l meted h ead ; i d. 1 955a , 1 955b , 1 960 ( Sauvagna t-Sa in te- Marthe c o in ); a nd L efevre 1 963;

L afaur ie 1 966;

money ' ) ; F ourn ier 1 967 ;

Co lbert d e Beau l ieu

Anon . 1 968 ( S tauges-Sa in t-Ro ma in c o in) ;

d e Beau l ieu 1 970a , 1 970b ; We igh ts :

L afaur ie 1 962;

Co lbert d e B eau l ieu 1 966a , 1 967 ( on ' s iege

i d . 1 973v . :

C o lber t

8 2 , 1 07 , 1 96 .

( BN 3 722-3780) 7 .47 7 .46 ( 2 ) 7 .44 ( 2 ) 7 .42 7 .41 7 .38 7 .37

A4 .

CAS t ype . O bv . Rev .

G o ld o n ly .

a s A l, l egend CAS . Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t , l yre a bove , f our-po in ted s tar o r o pen f l ower w ith c en tra l d o t b elow. 1 48

( F ig. 3 27 ).

F inds :

1 .

Hd . P ionsa t ( PD) 7 .46g , BN 3 782 .

We igh ts : BN 3 762

7 .46

Cahn May 1 932 , 5 1

7 .46

BN 3 761

7 .43

BN 3 752

7 .34

BN 3 763

7 .22

A S .

G o ld o n ly .

F inds :

O bv.

y oung b are ma le h ead t o l e f t , n egro id f ea tures .

Rev .

a s A 4 .

1 .

Hd . P ionsa t ( BN 3 753)

( F ig . 3 28-9)

We igh ts : BN 3 753

7 .35

BN 3 754

7 .31

Rat to

7 .30

1 927 , 7 7

A6 .

G o ld o n ly O bv . Rev .

a s A l, l egend CAS . Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t , s y mbo l a bove r ese mb l ing i nver ted f leur-delys ;

c rane p eck ing s nake b e low ( c f . v ar . 1 6) .

( Fig . 3 30-2) N o r ecorded f inds . We igh ts : BN 3 757

7 .34

BN 3 765

7 .31

M 2832

7 .29

A l l t he a bove t ypes a re l i ke ly t o b e c lose c on te mporar ies b ecause o f t he s har ing o f r everse t ypes a nd v ar ie t ies o f o bverse h eads a nd l egends.

S ince

t he Verc inge tor ix c o ins a re p rlbab ly t o b e d a ted t o 5 1 B .C. ,t he g roup a s a who le a l most c er ta in ly b e longs t o t he l a t ter h a lf o f t he Caesar ian war .

The

i nd iv idua l CAS h as n ot b een i den t if ied . A7 .

G o ld o n ly . O bv .

y oung ma le h ead t o l ef t , ( a ) w ith l arge l ocks a nd p o in ted c h in ; ( b ) w ith p ro m inen t n ostr i ls ,

Rev .

j e ar a nd d iade m w ith t ies .

Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t , l yres a bove a nd b e low .

N o r ecorded f inds . We igh ts: BN 3 740

7 .48

M 2 833

7 .41

1 49

( F ig . 3 33-4) .

A8 .

G o ld , s i lver a nd b ronze . O bv .

y oung ma le h ead t o l ef t , l arge l ocks a nd p o in ted c h in ( as A7a ) .

Rev .

Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t , l yre a bove , t r iske les b e low ( l ef tf ac ing ) .

( F ig . 3 35-7) .

s i lver : O bv .

h ead t o l ef t , s tra igh t h a ir .

Rev ,

h orse t o l ef t , l ef t-fac ing t r iske les b e low ,

C '9

a bove , ( F leury

BSFN 1 969 :349-50 ). F inds : G o ld

S i lver

1 .

Hd . P ionsa t ( PD) 7 .60g , BN 3 744 .

2 .

Br ioude ( HL ) , 7 .37 , M .2680 .

1 .

Au lna t-Sud ( PD) , i n e xcava t ions i n 1 967 ( F leury BSFN 1 969 : 3 49-50) , 2 .35g .

Bronze

1 .

A 9.

G o ld o n ly . O bv .

Gergov ie ( PD) BN 3 821, 2 .25g ( F ig . 3 37) .

ma le h ead t o l ef t , s t if f s tra igh t h a ir . o r . . DN I \S C . ..

Rev .

L egend i l iN L .]

( =?SEN0 ) .

Arvern lan h orse t o l ef t , l yres a bove a nd b e low ( as A7) ; l egend o n BN 3 760 OMONDON . ( F ig . 3 38-40) .

F inds :

1

Hd . P ionsa t , BN 3 751, 7 .41g .

We igh ts: BN 3 751

7 .41

BN3750

7 .40

BN 3 760

7 .37

A 10 .

G o ld a nd s i lver . O bv .

y oung ma le h ead t o l ef t , ( a ) l ocks o f h a ir c o mposed o f r ows o f c rescen ts ;

Rev .

( b ) r ounded l ocks a nd p ro m inen t e ar .

Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t , E

b e low , u ncer ta in s y mbo l a bove .

No r ecorded f i nds . We igh ts : G o ld BN 3 738 BN 3 737

7 .45

BN 3 739

7 .37

7 .37

S i lver BN 3 824

2 3 a bove , l yre b e low ;

2 .20

1 50

o n s i lver ,

( F ig . 3 41-4) .

All.

G o ld o n ly . O bv .

h ead t o l ef t , a s A l0a .

Rev .

Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t , u pr igh t c rescen t a bove , d ownwards c rescen t b e low .

F inds :

1 .

( F ig . 3 45-6) .

Hd . P ionsa t ( PD) BN 3 712 , 3 713 .

We igh ts : BN 3 710

7 .53

BM

7 .49

BN 3 708

7 .37

BN 3 712

7 .33

BN 3 7 13

7 .32

Al2 .

G o ld o n ly . O bv .

a s A ll.

R ev .

a s A ll b u t d ot ted c irc les a bove a nd b e low t he h orse ( F ig . 3 47 ) .

No r ecorded f inds . We igh t : BN 3 711 A 13 .

7 .43 G o ld o n ly . O bv .

( a ) ma le h ead t o l ef t , r ough h a ir a nd c o l lar ( F ig . 3 48) ; ma le h ead t o l ef t , h a ir c o mposed o f as er ies o f

( b )

c o m mas ' ,

a nd a d uck-b i l led p erson s tands i n f ron t l ean ing o n as ta f f ( F ig . 3 49-51) ;

( c ) ma le h ead t o l ef t , h a ir o f o b long p e l le ts

a nd v ery h eavy c h in ( F ig . 3 52-3 ) . R ev .

Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t ,

a bove , t r iske les ( r igh t-fac ing )

b e low a nd l egend ATAV I . F inds :

I .

Hd . P ionsa t :

2 .

Gergov ie ( PD) 7 .40g .

BN 3 723 , 3 726 .

We igh ts : BN 3 729

7 .50

BN 3 719

7 .49

BN 3 728

7 .47

BN 3 721

7 .44

BN 3 723

7 .43

BN 3 724

7 .42

BN 3 720

7 .42

Kress 1 7 N ov . 1 952 , 3 467 .40 G ergov ie c o in

7 .40

BN 3 722

7 .37

M 2 449

7 .35

BN 3 726

7 .30

1 51

A 14 .

G o ld a nd s i lver . O bv .

( a ) Bare ma le h ead t o l ef t , p o in ted c h in , f l ow ing l ocks f ra m ing f ace ( Fig. 3 54 );

( b ) b are o r d iade med ma le h ead t o l e f t , c urly

l ocks ( F ig. 3 55 );

( c ) b are ma le h ead t o l ef t , h a ir o f Ss hapes

a nd l ozenges ( Fig. 3 56 ). Rev .

Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t , ' branch ' a bove ( c f . A 13) g

2 f * ;oval

s h ie ld b e low .

o n ly ( F ig . 3 58 ) .

G o ld f rac t ion a ppears t o h ave a d if feren t

s y mbo l b e low t he h orse , F inds :

1 .

o r

S i lver d eno m ina t ion h as s h ie ld ?al ea f ( F ig . 3 57 ) .

Hd . P ionsa t ( PD) s ta ters BN 3 736, 3 731.

We igh ts : G o ld BN 3 731

7 .55

Calm Apr . 1 933 , 1 528

7 .52

BN 3 736

7 .42

MAN n o i nv . n o .

7 .33

BN 3 727

7 .32

G o ld q uar ter BN 3 730

1 .85

S i lver BN 3 783

2 .28

Fract ions o f s ta ters a re v ery r are , a nd i ti s a pparen t t ha t t he n or ma l f ract iona l c urrency o f t he Arvern i was i n s i lver a nd b ronze . A 15 .

G o ld a nd s i lver . O bv .

( a ) d iade med ma le h ead t o l ef t , p ro m inen t n ostr i l, p o in ted c h in

F ig . 3 59) ;

e ar ,

( b ) y oung ma le h ead t o r igh t , c ur ly

h a ir ( Fig . 3 60-1) .

F inds:

Rev .

Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t , f acing b u l l ' sh ead b e low , 6-N D a bove .

1 .

Hd . P ionsa t , s ta ter BN 3 742 .

We igh ts : G o ld BN 3 742

7 .35

S i lver BN 3 813

2 .43

BN 3 812

1 .84

A 16 .

G o ld o n ly . O bv .

y oung ma le h ead t o l ef t , b are a nd w ith c ur ly h a ir .

1 52

Rev .

Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t , h ang ing f l ower a bove ; s nake b e low ( c f . v ar . A 6) .

F inds :

I .

c rane p eck ing

( F ig . 3 62-3) .

Hd . P ionsa t ( PD) BN 3 766 .

We igh ts : BN 3 755

7 .43

BN 3 766

7 .30

A 17

G o ld o n ly O bv .

y oung b are ma le h ead t o l ef t , f l ow ing l ocks, p ro m inen t n ostr i l a nd 5 e ar .

R ev .

Arvern ian h orse t o l e f t , h ang ing f l ower a bove , whee l b e low ( F ig . 3 64) .

F inds :

1 .

n ear l e Pecq ( Yve l ines) , M 3 385 .

We igh t : M 3 385

7 .37

S ER IES B

G o ld , s i lver a nd b ronze .

C haracter ist ics : Young h ead w ith p ro m inen t s ideboards a nd l arge r ounded l ocks ; b irds a nd a n i ma ls, w hee ls ( espec ia l ly • a nd v ar ie t ies o f t ha t s y mbo l o n t he r everse . More e x tens ive f ract iona l c o inage i n s i lver a nd

) ,c 4

b ronze t han i n s er ies A . B 1

G o ld a nd s i lver . O bv .

( a ) y oung ma le h ead t o l ef t w i th l oose r ounded l ocks o f h a ir , ap ro m inen t s ideboard a nd c o l lar o f d ots ( F ig . 3 65-7 ) ; ( b ) y oung ma le h ead t o l e f t w i th l arge e ye a nd n ose , l oose c rescen t-shaped l ocks o f h a ir ( F ig . 3 68-9) ;

y oung ma le h ead

t o l ef t , t igh t c rescen t-shaped l ocks o f h a ir ( F ig . 3 70) . Rev ,

h orse t o l e f t , f i sh-ta i led b ird d r iv ing , whee l b eh ind h orse . Whee l w i th d cts, r ings o r c rescen ts i n q uar ters b e low .

S i lver AO bv . Rev ,

h ead t o l ef t w i th l arge r ounded l ocks . h orse t o l e f t , whee l w ith r ings i n t he q uar ters b e low .

BO bv . R ev ,

' ad t o l ef t , c ur ly o r r ounded l ocks a nd p ro m inen t s ideboard . h orse t o l e f t ,

( Ng a bove , whee l b e low .

( F ig . 3 71-7 ) .

T he u pper s y mbo l o n t he r everse o ft he sma l l s i lver t ype ( B) i s t he s ame a s t ha t o n s er ies A l. F inds :

1 . 2 .

E breu i l ( A l l ier ) M 2 674 , 7 .21. Ba i l largues ( Herau lt ) n .w . ABT : 4 18 , = Mus . Mon tpe l l ier n o . 7 24 ( i nforma t ion f ro m D .F . A l len ) .

1 53

We igh ts : G o ld M MAG J une 1 954, 9 70

7 .66

BN 3 701

7 .58

BN 3 705

7 .42

BN 3 741

7 .41

BN 3 700

7 .39

BN 3 697B

7 .38

BN 3 714

7 .35

BM

7 .34

M1435

7 .30

M 2674

7 .21

S i lver A BN 3 795

2 .14

BN 3 770A

2 .38 0 .511

BN 3 859

047

BN 3 854

.

BN 3 843

s ame o bverse d ie

BN 3 849

0 .29 b lank o bverse ; 0 .28

BN 3 851

0 .26

n ot c er ta in ly o f t h is t ype .

Av ar ie ty w ith c irc le o f d ots u nder t he h orse i s a lso w ithou t p rovenance : s i lver , BN 3 838 B2

0 .53

( F ig . 3 77)

S i lver b ird a nd whee l t ype . Th is s i lver s er ies s ee ms o n t he g rounds o f i t s t ype a nd o bverse s ty le t o

b e long w ith s er ies B 1 g o ld . O bv .

h ead t o l ef t , p ro m inen t s ideboard , c ur ly l ocks .

Rev .

Arvern ian h orse t o ' e f t , whee l a bove , b ird b e low .

( F ig . 3 78-

T he o bverse t ype , e sp . BN 3 799 ( F ig . 3 81) i s at ype f ound o n g o ld o f s er ies B 1 wh ich h as a whee l o n t he r everse ; t o t he

t he b ird o n B2 may p erhaps b e r e la ted

d r iver ' o f B I wh ich i s i n b ird f orm .

F inds:

1 .

Puy d e C oren t ( BN 3 789) .

2 .

G ergov ie ( Cler mont-Ferrand mus. 4 8-1-2129 ) .

3 .

A les ia g rave d epos its ( Co lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 955a ,

We igh ts : BN 3 822

2 .31

BN 3 800

2 .29

BN 3 812

2 .28

BN 3 790

2 .26

BN 3 808

2 .21 1 54

1 27) .

BN 3 797

2 .20

BN 3 798

2 .20

BN 3 786

2 .17

BN 3 802

2 .14

BN 3 787

2 .13

BN 3 817

2 .12

BN 3 785

2 .10

BN 3 789

2 .05

BN 3 794

2 .00

BN 3 791

1 .99

Gergov ie c o in

1 .90

BN 3 799

1 .76

BN 3 796

1 .64 b ase me ta l

BN 3 831

1 .61 p la ted

BN 3 793

1 .43

b ase me ta l

BN 3 810

1 .41

b ase me ta l

BN 3 781

1 .08

b ase me ta l

B2

v ar .

F ind :

O bv .

h ead t o r igh t , w i ld l ocks.

Rev ,

b ird t o r igh t p eck ing b ranch .

1 .

A les ia g rave d epos its ( Co lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 955a , n o . 1 25) n .w .

B3

G o ld o n ly . O bv .

y oung ma le h ead t o l ef t , r ounded l ocks, p ro m inen t s ideboard .

Rev .

Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t , b ird-bod ied

d r iver ' a bove .

( F ig . 3 82) .

No r ecorded f inds . We igh t : BN 3 702 B4

7 .56 G o ld o n ly . O bv .

y oung ma le h ead t o l ef t , f l ow ing l ocks .

Rev .

Arvern ian h orse t o r igh t , s pread e ag le a bove , d og wa lk ing r igh t b e low ( F ig . 3 83-4) .

F inds :

1 .

Hd . P ionsa t ( PD) , BN 3 734 .

2 .

Chama l leres ( PD) , Ga l l ia 1 963:395 , 7 .33 g o r l ess.

We igh ts : BN 3 732

7 .42

BN 3 733

7 .41

BN 3 715

7 .34

Chama l ieres c o in

7 .33 o r l ess

BN 3 734

7 .31

BN 3 717

7 .23 1 55

1 2

1 3 5

F inds:

G o ld o n ly . O bv .

r ough h ead t o r igh t , s ca t tered l ocks,

Rev .

a s B 4 ( F ig . 3 85-7 ) .

1 .

Hd . P ionsa t ( PD) BN 3 735 , 3 716 .

e ar .

We igh ts : BN 3 716

7 .43

BN 3 735

7 .39

BN 3 718

7 .36

1 3 6

F inds :

G o ld o n ly . O bv .

h ead t o l ef t .

Rev .

Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t , c rane a bove ( F ig . 3 88) .

1 .

Hd . P ionsa t ( PD) BN 3 725

We igh t : BN 3 725 1 3 7

7 .32 S i lver o n ly , d og t ype . O bv .

( a ) h ead t o r igh t , p eppercorn l ocks ( F ig . 3 89-90) ; ( b ) o bverse n ear ly b lank ( F ig . 3 91) ;

( c ) h ead t o l e f t a s ( a )

( F ig . 3 92) . Rev .

Arvern ian h orse t o r igh t , u ncer ta in s ymbo l a bove , d og wa lk ing r igh t b e low .

Th is t ype may b e r e la ted t o s er ies B 4-5 s ince t hey s hare w ith i tt he d og s y mbo l o n t he r everse F inds:

1 .

A les ia g rave d eposits ( Co lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 955a , n o . 1 26) , n .w .

We igh ts : BN 3 818

2 .33

BN 3 823

2 .33

BN 3 826

2 .32

BN 3 801 BN 3 827

2 .18

BN 3 825

1 .97

BN 3 829

1 .96

BN 3 828

1 .81

2 .04 p la ted

T here a re f ract iona l c o ins wh ich may b e long t o t h is s er ies : ( a )

( b )

O bv .

h ead t o l ef t , f l ow ing l ocks ( as g o ld B4 , f i g . 3 83-4) .

Rev .

Arvern ian h orse t o r igh t , s ubs id iary s y mbo ls o f f f l an ( F ig . 3 93 )

O bv .

h ead t o r igh t , c ur ly h a ir .

Rev ,

h orse t o r igh t , u ncer ta in s y mbo l a bove .

1 56

F inds :

1

Au lna t-Sud ( PD) F leury , BSFN 1 969 :

3 49-50 , i n e xcava t ions

1 967 . We igh ts : BN 3 858

0 .55 ( a )

Au lna t c o in

0 .53 ( b )

B8

Bronze f ox t ype .

,

These c o ins a re b y t ype c lose t o s i lver B7 a nd B2 ;

t he f ox wh ich f orms

t he p r inc ipa l r everse t ype may p erhaps b e c onnected w ith t he d og o f B4 a nd B7 , wh i le t he whee l i s f ound o n t he s i lver b ird a nd whee l t ype ( B2) . I ti s p oss ib le t herefore t ha t t hese sma l l b ronze c o ins a re f ract ions b el ong ing t o t he s a me c o inage s yste m a s t he s i lver c o ins, a lthough t he ir e xact r e la t ionsh ip i s u nknown .

S ince a l l t he r ecorded f indspots a re o n Puy d e

C oren t , i ti s l i ke ly t ha t t he c o inage was s truck t here . O bv .

y oung ma le h ead l ef t w ith r ounded o r w i ld l ocks .

Rev ,

f oxl ike a n i ma l b ound ing l ef t w ith r a ised t a i l , ( a ) whee l b e low , ( b ) n oth ing b e low .

F inds:

1

( F ig . 3 94-6) .

Puy d e C oren t ( PD) , s evera l i nc lud ing BN 3 968 , 3 978 ; ABT : 4 22 .

We i g h ts ( BN 3 963-3981) : 2 .95 2 .44 2 .36 2 .30 2 .10 1 .72 1 .70 ( 2 ) 1 .69 1 .65 1 .57 1 .35 ( 2 ) 1 .30 1 .25 1 .24 1 .10 ( 2 ) 1 .02 B8 v ar . : O bv .

h ead a s b efore .

Rev ,

h orse b ound ing l ef t , r a ised t a i l , c en tre-dot ted r ing o f d ots b e low ( F ig . 3 97 ) .

F inds:

1 .

Puy d e C oren t ( PD) M 2 664 , BN 3 968 , 3 978 e tc .

1 57

We igh t : 2 .19

M 2 664

A s i lver v ers ion o f t h is t ype ( no we igh t ) was f ound a t A les ia i n t he g rave d epos its ( Co lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 955a , n o . 1 28 ) . B9

Bronze f ox a nd h orse t ype . T h is sma l l g roup a ppears t o b e r e la ted t o t he ma in f ox t ype . O bv .

h orse t o l ef t w ith whee l a bove ( p erhaps n ot o n a l l c o ins)

R ev ,

f ox t o l e f t .

( F ig . 3 98-9) .

No r ecorded f i nds . We igh ts

( BN 3 982-9) : 2 .48 2 .28 2 .25 2 .17 2 .05 ( 2 ) 1 .80 1 .54

B 10

G o ld o n ly . O bv . R ev .

h ead t o l e f t , t endr i ls f or h a ir , p ro m inen t e yebrow . Arvern ian h orse t o r igh t , f l y ing f i gure i n l ong s k ir t a bove , b oar t o r igh t b e low ( Fig . 4 00) .

N o r ecorded f i nds . We igh t : BN 3 718A B li

7 .39

G o ld o n ly . O bv .

c en tra l b ranch l aden w ith t endr i ls.

R ev .

a s B 10 .

( F ig . 4 01) .

N o r ecorded f i nds . We ight : BN 3 718B

5 .73

T h is c o in i s we l l u nder t he we igh t o f B 10 , a nd may b e o u ts ide t he o f f ic ia l i ssue . B l2A

S i lver o n ly . O bv .

y oung ma le h ead t o l ef t , p ro m inen t s ideboard a nd r ounded l ocks.

Rev .

Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t , b oar l ef tb e low ( F ig . 4 02-6) .

1 58

B 12B

a s B 12A b u t o bverse t o r igh t ( F ig . 4 07 ) .

F inds :

1 .

Puy d e C oren t ( PD) BN 3 803 ( B12A) .

2 .

A les ia g rave d eposi ts ( Co lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 955a , n o . 1 24) , B 12B .

We igh ts : BN 3 803

2 .27 B 12A

BN 3 806

2 .25 B 12A 2 .15 B 12A

BN 3 809 BN 3 805

1 .88 B 12B 1 .74 B 12A

BN 3 784 BN 3 811 B 12C

1 .71 B 12A p la ted S i lver min i ms .

A sma l l s i lver f ract ion p robab ly b e longs t o t h is s er ies . O bv .

h ead t o r igh t , p o in ted n ose ( as BN 3 805) .

R ev ,

h orse t o l ef t w ith f ace d ep icted a s a n o pen f igure-of-e igh t , a s BN 3 803 . T he s ymbo l a bove t he h orse i s u ncer ta in b u t p robab ly a whee l o r c ircu lar o rnamen t ; b e low t he h orse t he f l ow ing t a i l o f t he a n i ma l f ac ing l e f t s ee ms more t ha t o f ad og o r h orse t han ab oar ( F ig . 4 08) .

No r ecorded f i nds. We igh t : 0 .50

BN 3 807 S ER IES C C l

G o ld a nd s i lver i rregu lar v ar ie t ies .

G o ld a nd s i lver . O bv .

y oung ma le h ead t o l ef t , w ith l ocks r is ing away f ro m t he s ca lp ( go ld ) o r s ame h ead r igh t ( s i lver ) w ith p ro m inen t n ostr i l a nd c rease b y l i ps .

R ev .

Arvern . lan h orse t o l ef t , ( a ) d r iver a bove w ith r ibbed b ody , et a

i n f ron t ,

l ef t , w inged , w i th

o r 4 .

b e low ( go ld ) o r ( b ) h orse g a l lop ing b e low ( F ig . 4 09-11) .

No r ecorded f i nds. We igh ts : G o ld BN 3 699

6 .86

BN 3 698

6 .72

S i lver BN 3 781

1 .08

O ther l i gh t s i lver c o ins may b e a ssi m i la ted t o t h is s er ies .

1 59

v ar . A O bv .

y oung h ead t o l ef t , n egro id f ea tures .

R ev .

w inged Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t ( c f . BN 3 781) ( F ig . 4 12) .

No r ecorded f i nds . We igh t : BN 3 833

0 .94

v ar . B O bv .

h ead t o l ef t w i th h a ir d ep icted i n b locks o f s tr ipes .

R ev ,

w inged h orse g a l lop ing l e f t ,

b e low .

( F ig . 4 13 ) .

N o r ecorded f i nds . We igh t : BN 4 063

0 .96

v ar . C O bv . Rev ,

h ead t o l ef tw i th s tra igh t h a ir r is ing f ro m s ca lp . h orse g a l lop ing l e f t , d r iver a s o n g o ld C l,

i n f ron t , • : " , k

b e low ( F ig . 4 14) . N o r ecorded f i nds . We igh t : 1 .00g

BN 4 064

T he we igh t o f t he g o ld c o ins o f s er ies C l i s s er ious ly u nder t he n orma l w e igh t f or Arvern ian s ta ters, a nd t he ir r everse t ypes a re a bnorma l . c o ins a re a lso l i gh t f or t he f u l l d eno m ina t ion . d o n ot f orm a p ar t o ft he ma jor s er ies A a nd B .

T he s i lver

I ti s l i ke ly t herefore t ha t t hey T he s i lver c o in i s h ere

t rea ted a s af ract ion o f t he g o ld s ta ters o n t he g rounds o f t he s im i lar i ty o f t he o bverse a nd t he mo t if o n t he r everse s hared b y i ta nd BN 3 699 . C 2

G o ld o n ly . O bv .

y oung ma le h ead l e f t , o b long l ocks .

R ev ,

h orse g a l lop ing l e f t , o rna te b ird a bove , o rna te t r iske les b e low . ( F ig . 4 15) .

F inds:

1 .

Hd . P ionsa t ( PD) BN 3 743 .

We igh t : BN 3 743

6 .62

T h is c o in l i ke g o ld o f s er ies C l, i s v ery u nderwe igh t f or t he s er ies a nd i s o f a bnorma l r everse t ype ;

i ti s p robab ly n ot a p ar t o f t he ma jor Arvern ian s er ies .

1 60

C3

G o ld o n ly .

F inds :

O bv .

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t , h eavy d iade m .

R ev ,

h orse o r h orse w i th e igh t l egs t o l ef t , c har iot whee l a nd d r iver , s ymbo l p. o r o r b e low . ( F ig . 4 16-9) .

1 .

Hd . L ap te ( HL ) wh ich c on ta ined 1 t oge ther w ith t ype f ig . 3 07-10 ( n . 1;

C o lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 958 ;

B lanche t 1 922 ;

H ou lber t 1 958 ) . We igh t : BN 3 678 BN 3 679

7 .83 7 .81

BN 3 673

7 .75

BN 3 670

7 .64

BN 3 665

7 .47

T hese a re h eav ier t han f i rs t c entury Arvern ian c o ins ( wh ich migh t s uggest a l a te s econd c en tury d a te f or t he l yre ' t ype a ssoc ia ted w i th t he m i n t he L ap te h oard , n . 1 a bove ) , a nd t he f i ndspot s uggests a n o r ig in p erhaps t o t he e ast o f t he C en tre d esp ite t he s em i-Aqu itan ic t rea tmen t o f t he o bverse . I t must , h owever , b e n oted t ha t l a te s econd c en tury c o ins c ou ld t rave l f ar ( c f . Beaune t ype p . 6 91. T he r everse mo t if may b e c o mpared w ith t ha t o n t he u nprovena nced s i lver F ig . 4 14 . D .

S ILVER AND BRONZE I NSCR IBED I SSUES

D i

EPASNACTUS g roup . C o ins i n t he n ame o f Epasnactus o ugh t n ot t o h ave b een s truck b efore t he

l ast y ear o ft he Caesar ian war ( 52-1 B .C. ) ; t wo v ar ie t ies a re f ound a t A les ia wh ich i nd ica tes wha t t hey were i n u se b y 5 1 ( Co lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 955a ; f or Epasnactus ' n a me , i d . 1 964) . A l l t ypes a re s o c o m mon o n G ergov ie t ha t i t I s p robab le t ha t t he s er ies was s truck t here ; most c o mmon t ype p . 1 25f a bove) . D IA

F inds :

IPAD b ronzes were t he s ing le

S i lver . O bv .

y oung ma le b ust t o r ight , f i l le t i n t he h a ir , b ead c o l lar , j i n f ron t .

R ev ,

h orse man g a l lop ing r igh t , c loak f l y ing . 4 20) .

1 .

3i n g rave d epos its a t A les ia ( Co lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 955a , n o .

2 .

1 33) . 1a t G ia t-e t-Vo ing t ( PD , c u lt s i te ) w ith t hree o ther Arvern ian c o ins ( p . 1 33

;

Ga l l ia 1 955 :

i n e x . EPAD ( F ig .

1 87) .

We igh ts ( BN 3 884-5) : 2 .38 2 .10 T hese w e igh ts a re w i th in t he n orma l r ange f or Arvern ian s i lver .

1 61

ARVERN IAN C O INAGE I z i

A V IACOS

D D ONNADV

1 A les ia

G

H d . l aC hape l le-Lau ren t

E C IC I IDV .BR I

A

A DCANAV N OS

F

B VC I O S

3 P uy d e C orent

B

BR IG IO S

P

P ICT IL OS

4 G ergov ie

C

IPOS

V

VERCA

5 G ia t-e t-Vo ing t

I PAD

2 C lermont-Fe rrand

6 M ont E 3 euvray 1 62

D IB

B ronze . O bv .

y oung ma le b us t d raped t o r igh t .

Pen tagram b eh ind , l egend

C ICI IDV . BR I i n f ron t . R ev .

a s A , b u t t wo s cro l ls ( F ig . 4 21-2) .

6 \9C/D

b e low o n e x l i ne , l egend IPAD .

O n o bv . l egend s ee C o lber t d e Beau l ieu BSFN

1 956-60 , 2 40 . F inds:

1 .

L ezoux ( PD) e xcava t ions 1 965 , 1 .66g .

I nfor ma t ion f ro m

D .F . A l len . 2 .

Grave d epos i ts a t A les ia , 5 9 f ound ( Co lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 955a , n o . 1 34) .

3 .

Gergov ie ( PD) , c o m mon ( p . 1 28f ) .

4 .

Hd . l a Chape l le-Lauren t ( HL ) w i th P ICTILOS , EPO MEDUOS a nd a nep igraph ic Arvern ian s i lver ( La faur ie BSFN 1 951-5 , 3 40-1) .

5 .

C lermon t-Ferrand ( PD) 1 f ound ( ABT :

6 .

G ia t-e t-Vo ing t ( PD) 1 f ound ( p . 1 33;

7 .

P ierrebuf f iere ( 1V) De lage 1 952 .

5 00) . Ga l l ia 1 955 :

1 87) .

We igh ts ( BN 3 886-3899) : 3 .02 2 .94 ( 2 ) 2 .75 2 .59 2 .55 2 .48 2 .28 2 .06 1 .84 1 .80 1 .79 1 .50 1 .48 D 1C

S i lver a nd b ronze .

EPAD s tand ing warr ior t ype .

O bv .

y oung ma le h e l me ted b ust t o r igh t , s o me t i mes w inged .

R ev ,

s tand ing warr ior h o ld ing w inged s tandard a nd a s pear a nd s h ie ld .

He l me t i n f i e ld ( F ig . 4 23-4) .

T h is t ype was n ot f ound i n t he g rave d epos i ts a t A les ia , a nd i s t herefore p rob ab ly p ost-51.

The p rototype f or t he o bverse i s d enar i i o f L . P lae tor ius

C est ianus ( Craw ford 4 09/ 1) o f 6 7 B . C. ( Scheers 1 969b : 1 972 : F inds :

2 8-9 ;

c f . Red ing

1 99f f ) . ( n ot mapped ) 1 . 2 .

Puy d e C oren t ( PD) f requen t ly ( ABT : Gergov ie ( PD) , s i lver BN 3 901; c o m mon o n t he s i te p . 1 28f;

1 63

4 20) .

s i lver a nd b ronze t ypes

ABT :

4 20) .

3 .

Hd . Bazoches-en-Duno is ( E+L ) , 3 8 i n h oard o f 3 00 c o ins

4 .

Hd . J ersey-6 , 1 i n ah oard o f 7 00 c o ins ( append ix 1n o . 4 9 ;

( Scheers 1 973 n o . 8 ) . S cheers 1 973 n o . 2 9) . 5 .

S a in t-Pau l ien ( HL ) ABT :

6 .

Ca mp d ' Ambo ise ( I +L) i b id .

7 .

Mon t Beuvray i b id .

8 .

P o mm iers ( A isne ;

9 .

'L o ir-e t-Cher

4 21 ( 2c o ins) .

I b id .) 2 c o ins .

i b id .

1 0 .

Ner isles-Ba ins ( Al l ier ) 2c o ins ;

1 1.

V ie i l-Evreux ( Eure) i b id .

i b id .

1 2 .

Car i l lon , S a in t-For t ( Ch . Marc) , i b id .

1 3 .

2s i lver , 1b ronze o n t he T e te lb ierg ( Red ing 1 972 :

1 4 .

R odez ( Avey . )i n e xcava t ions :

1 5 .

Hd . C o mpre ignac ( see a ppend ix ) .

1 6 .

S a in t- Marce l ( I ndre) b ronze 3 .15g ( Cothenen t 1 968 ) .

1 7 .

C ler mon t-Ferrand ( PD) ABT :

1 8 .

L a R oche-B lanche ( PD) s urface f i nd , b ronze ( Ga l l ia 1 963 :

G a l l ia 1 976 :

1 99) .

4 69f f

5 00 .

5 00) . 1 9 .

S a in t-Just-de-Ba f f ie ( PD) 1 c o in ( Ga l l ia 1 965:

We igh ts ( BN 3 900-3906 a nd 5 BM c o ins) : S i lver 1 .99 1 .92 ( 2 ) 1 .91 1 .89 ( 2 ) 1 .88 1 .87 1 .81 1 .79 1 .72 1 .61 Bronze

( BN 3 907-3920) 2 .71 2 .53 2 .26 2 .25 1 .80 1 .74 1 .72 1 .70 1 .65 1 .64 1 .40 1 .05 0 .87

1 64

4 10) .

The w e igh ts o f t h is t ype , wh ich i s n ot f ound a t A les ia , f a l ls who l ly w i th in t he n orma l q u inar ius s tandard f or f irst c en tury Gau l . I tt herefore p robab ly r epr esen ts a d e l ibera te c hange o f s tandard a way f ro m t he o ld Arvern ian s i lver s tandard wh ich h ad b een h igher t han t he q u inar ius ( p . 1 39) . D2

CALEDV b ronze . O bv .

y oung ma le b ust t o r igh t d raped a nd w ith t w isted t orques, CAL IEDV i n s quare f rame i n f ron t , 4 b eh ind .

R ev .

Arvern ian h orse g a l lop ing l ef t , ( F ig . 4 25) .

3

a bove ,

e

b e low

F or t he

whee l ' mo t if o n t he r everse s ee s er ies B g o ld a nd s i lver ( p . 1 53) .

F inds :

1 .

A les ia g rave d epos its, 7 c o ins ( Co lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 955a ; n o . 1 30) .

2 .

G ergov ie ( many ;

3 .

Puy d e C oren t ( PD) ABT :

p . 1 28f ) .

4 . 5 .

Mon t Beuvray ( N ievre) i b id . C lermon t-Ferrand ( PD) ABT :

4 21 5 00 .

We igh ts ( BN 3 931-3935) : 2 .70 2 .47 1 .97 1 .55 0 .95 D3

[ A ] DCANAVNOS s i lver a nd b ronze . O bv .

y oung ma le h ead t o l ef t , n egro id f ea tures ;

Rev .

Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t ,

l egend DCANAVNOS .

a bove , p en tagram o r c en tre-

d ot ted r ing b e low ( F ig . 4 26-8 , c f . 4 29) . Var . : BN 3 881,

? ADCANAVNOS g roup .

O bv .

a s b efore , n o i egend .

Rev ,

h orse s tepp ing i ef t ,

p r

b e low .

T he o bverse t ype i s t ha t o f s er ies A g o ld a nd s i lver ; t he r everse s ymbo l i s n or ma l i n s er ies B .

T here a re t herefore n o g rounds f or r egard ing i ta s a n

i n tegra l p ar t o f e i ther s er ies, a nd i t s c losest a f f in i t ies l i e w ith ADCANAVNOS . T here may b e sma l l f ract iona l b ronze c o ins o f t he ADCANAVNOS s er ies :

BN 4 014 BN 4 015

O bv .

y oung ma le h ead w ith b ound h a ir a nd l ong n eck .

R ev ,

h orse s tepp ing r igh t i n t he s ame a t t itude a s t he h orse o n ADCANAVNOS o r VERCA c o ins . 0 .30 0 .51

1 65

F inds :

1 .

A les ia g rave d epos its ( Co lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 955a , n o . 1 29) 5c o ins, b ronze .

2 .

G ergov ie ( PD) v ery c o m mon ( p . 1 28 f ) , b ronze .

3 .

Puy d e C oren t ( PD) BN 3 874, 2 .35 ( bronze) ;

4 .

l es Chau mes d ' Auvenay n ear Beaune ( C.d ' 0 ., i b id ) .

5 .

C lermon t-Ferrand ( PD) ABT :

6 .

G ia t-e t-Vo ing t ( PD) 1 i n e xcava t ions ( p . 1 33;

ABT :

4 22

( severa l) . 5 00 . Ga l l ia 1 955 :

1 87) . 7 .

l a R oche-B lanche ( PD) Ga l l ia 1 963 :

8 .

P ierrebuf f iere ( HV) De lage 1 952 ( 1 ) .

5 00 , u n . inscr ibed ( 1 ) .

We igh ts : S i lver 2 .10 ( pre-conquest s tandard )

BN 3 865 Bronze ( BN 3 866-75) :

3 .12 2 .97 2 .35 2 .30 2 .25 2 .23 1 .84 1 .80 1 .59 1 .05 D4

P ICTILOS s i lver . O bv .

y oung ma le b ust d raped a nd w ith b ead c o l lar t o r igh t ;

l egend

P ICTILOS . Rev .

Arvern . ian h orse t o r igh t , ed. )

F or t he o bverse c f . EPAD s i lver ( t yi,e A ) ; F inds:

a bove , e ,

b e low .

( F ig . 4 30) .

f or t he r everse c f . CALEDV .

1 .

Gergov ie ( PD) M 1 523 , 2 .25 .

2 .

A les ia g rave d epos i ts ( Co lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 955a , n o . 1 32) 8c o ins .

3 .

Hd . L es Ande lys ( Eure) , o ne i n ah oard o f 6 0 c o ins ( Scheers 1 973 n o . 2 ) .

4 . 5 .

Puy d e C oren t ( PD) ABT : 4 21. Hd . L a Chape l le-Lauren t ( HL ) w ith EPO MEDVOS , IPAD a nd u n inscr ibed Arvern ian s i lver ( La faur ie BSFN 1 951-5, 3 40-1) .

6 .

C ler mon t-Ferrand ( PD) ABT :

We igh t ( BN 4 007-4012) : 2 .35 2 .27 ( 2 ) 2 .25

1 66

5 00 .

2 .05 1 .65 Two sma l l c o ins may b e s i lver f ract ions o f t h is s er ies : O bv .

y oung h ead t o r igh t .

Rev ,

h orse g a l lop ing r igh t ,

c z-

a bove .

( F ig . 4 31-2) .

N o r ecorded f inds . We igh ts : BN 3 839

0 .55

BN 3 836

0 .48

D5

F inds :

BR IGIOS b ronze . O bv .

y oung h ead t o l e f t , l egend BRIG IOS

Rev ,

h orse man g a l lop ing r igh t ( F ig . 4 33-4) .

1 .

G ergov ie ( ABT : 4 22) .

2 .

Puy d e C oren t ( PD) i b id .

3 .

S a in t-Pau l ien ( HL ) i b id .

4 .

C ler mon t-Ferrand ( PD ) ABT :

2 00 .

We igh ts: BN 3 948

2 .52

BN 3 949

1 .79

D6

DONNADV b ronze . O bv .

y oung ma le h ead t o l ef t , b are .

L egend DONNADV b efore ,

c en tre-dot ted c irc le b eh ind . Rev ,

h orse man g a l lop ing r igh t , c loak f ly ing .

cy Dc .rD

b e low

( F ig . 4 35) . C f . t ypes o f Epasnactus A a nd B .

N ot f ound a t A les ia a nd t herefore p erhaps

p ost 5 1. Poss ib le f rac t ion :

F inds :

O bv .

h ead t o l ef t .

Rev ,

h orse g a l lop ing r igh t w i th f l our ish a bove .

1 .

V ie i l le-Tou louse ( H .G .) BN 3 819, 1 .29g ( f ract ion ) .

2 .

Gergov ie ( PD , ABT : 4 21) .

3 .

Puy d e C oren t ( PD , i b id . ) .

We igh ts : ( BN 3 921-30) 3 .02 2 .47 2 .37 2 .14 1 .81 ( 2 )

1 67

( F ig . 4 36) .

1 .65 1 .50 1 .05 0 .75 D7

VERCA b ronze . O bv .

y ou thfu l ma le b ust d raped t o l ef t .

Rev ,

h orse s tepp ing r igh t , r ing w ith c en tra l d o t a bove ( F ig . 4 37 ) .

F or b ib l iography s ee Red ing 1 972 : F inds :

L egend VERCA .

2 01.

1 .

Very c o m mon a t G ergov ie ( PD ,

2 .

l es B o lards ( C. d '0 ) ,

p . 1 28f ) .

1c o in ( Le Dan tec 1 972) .

3 .

S a in t- Marce l e xcava t ions ( I ndre ) ,

4 .

Puy d e C oren t ( PD) , ABT :

p.

18 8f.

4 22 .

5 .

Murv ie l ( Herau l t ) , i b id .

6 .

V ie i l le-Tou louse ( HG , i b id .)

7 .

Mon t-Beuvray ( i b id .)

8 .

Ner isles-Ba ins ( A l l ier , i b id ) .

9 .

Po it iers ( V ienne , i b id .)

1 0 .

Chan tenay , N ievre ( i b id .)

1 1. 1 2 .

Argov ie ( Sw itzer land ) i b id . n ot o n t he map . Te te lb ierg e xcava t ions ( Red ing 1 972 ; 2 01, o ne c o in) .

1 3 .

C hama l ieres ( PD ,p . 1 30f f ;

1 4 .

L ezoux ( PD) s urface f i nd ( Ga l l ia 1 961:

We igh ts :

Ga l l ia 1 973 :

4 39, 1 969:

3 66) .

( BN 3 936-3947) 2 .02 1 .97 1 .90 1 .89 1 .87 1 .75 1 .72 1 .69 1 .67 1 .57 1 .54 1 .48

D8

F inds :

MOTV IDIAC b ronze . O bv .

y oung h ead l ef t .

R ev .

H ippocamp t o l ef t , l egend MOTVID IAC.

1 .

Puy d e C oren t ( PD) BN 3 991, 3 992 ;

2 .

C ler mon t-Ferrand ( PD) ABT :

1 68

5 00 .

( F ig . 4 38 ) .

ABT :

4 22 .

3 20) .

We igh ts :

( BN 3 990-4005) 4 .05 3 .20 2 .97 2 .92 2 .62 2 .57 2 .56 2 .47 2 .38 2 .32 2 .23 2 .10 2 .05 1 .75 ( 2 ) 1 .70

L ike t he f ox g roup ( ser ies B 8) t h is t ype wh ich h as s evera l f i nds o n Puy d e Coren t , may o r ig ina te f ro m t ha t s i te .

Th is t ype was n ot f ound i n t he g rave

d epos i t a t A les ia , a nd i s o f d if feren t e ngrav ing t echn ique f ro m o ther Arvern ian i ssues .

I t may b e o fp ost-conquest d a te .

D9

I rPOS b ronze .

F inds :

We igh ts :

O bv .

b are ma le h ead t o l ef t .

Rev

s tork wa lk ing l ef t , l egend IPOS o r IPO ( F ig . 4 39-40) .

1 .

S a in t- Marce l ( I ndre) o ne , Cothene t 1 968a .

2 .

Gergov ie ( PD) , BN 3 954 ;

3 .

Puy d e C oren t ( PD) , BN 3 955-6 ;

4 .

Av ignon ( B .R h . )Ca t . BN ( Mure t a nd Chabou i l le t ) p . 8 8 .

5 .

N i mes ( B . Rh . )i b id .

6 .

S a in t-Re my ( B . Rh . ) ib id .

( BN 3 950-3962) . 2 .78 2 .46 ( 2 ) 2 .30 2 .08 1 .97 1 .89 1 .88 1 .79 1 .45 1 .31 1 .01 ( 2 ) 0 .88 ( Deroc 1 956)

1 69

ABT :

4 22 . ABT :

4 22 .

D 10

BVCIOS b ronze . O bv .

b earded h ead t o r igh t .

R ev .

Arvern ian h orse s tepp ing h igh .

N ot c er ta in ly o f Arvern ian o r ig in . F inds:

1 . 2 .

S ER IES E :

E l

N ot i n BN .

A les ia g rave d eposits ( C. d '0 ) ABT : 4 22 ; Hd . F ondet tes ( I +L ) , a ppend ix 1n o . 4 8 .

a ppend ix 1n o . 1 .

S ILVER AND BRONZE I SSUES OF ARVERNIAN TYPE BUT OF UNCERTAIN OR IG IN .

EPO MEDVOS s i lver . B lanche t ( ABT : 4 23 ) o bserved t ha t t he l i on o n t he r everse o f t hese c o ins

i s d er ived f ro m t he h igh ly a rched l i on o n t he l a ter d rachms o f Massi l ia . T he ir h igh n or ma l we igh t 2 .40g ) i s we l l a bove t he we igh t o f o ther mass if c en tra l s i lver , b u t t hey c annot b e v ery much e ar l ier t han s er ies A g o ld b ec ause o f t he l a te c on tex t o f s evera l f i nds, a nd t he f act t ha t t he o bverse t ype i s s o c lose ly s im i lar t o n orma l n egro id h ead t ypes t ha t t hey must b e r ough ly c on te mporary . De S au lcy ( DAG I : 1 7) s uggested t ha t t hey s hou ld b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he He lv i i ; B lanche t s a id t ha t C hangarn ier s uggested t he Ve l lav i i . O bv .

t wo y oung ma le b usts t o r igh t , n egro id f ea tures ; b usts d raped , t orques a t n eck .

R ev .

L ion i n c on tor ted p ose mov ing r igh t , t a i l l i f ted , l egend I EPO ME LDVOS .

F inds:

( F ig . 4 41- 2 ) .

1 .

Hd . C han tenay ( N ievre ) , 1i n mixed h oard ( ABT :

4 23 n . 1 ) ,

2 .

A les ia g rave d eposits ( Co lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 955a ) , 2c o ins,

a ppend ix 1n o . 4 5 . a ppend ix 1n o . 1 . 3 .

n ear C lermon t-Ferrand , 3c o ins ( ABT :

4 .

Hd . l a C hape l le-Lauren t ( Can ta l) a ssoc ia ted w ith o ther

4 23 n . 1 ) .

Arvern ian t ypes IPAD , P ICT ILOS a nd u n inscr ibed s i lver ( Co lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 955a ; L a faur ie B SFN 1 951-5 : 3 40-1) . E 2

S i lver . O bv .

y oung ma le h ead t o l ef t w ith p ro m inen t s ideboard , o r w ith c ur ly l ocks , o r w ith r opes o f h a ir .

Rev ,

h orse g a l lop ing l e f t o r r igh t , f l our ish a bove o r r ing o f d ots w ith c en tra l d ot ; b e low . ( Fig . 4 43-6) .

N o r ecorded f i nds . We igh ts : BN 3 814 BM

2 .34 1 .80

BN 3 815

1 .81

Hun ter ian l ip . 7 13 , 1 6

1 .17

1 70

The f l our ish o n t he r everse m igh tb e c o mpared w ith t he f l y ing c loak o n c o ins o f IPAD w ith h orse man ( t ype B 1) . E3

p la ted s i lver . O bv .

y oung ma le h ead t o l e f t , p ro m inen t s ideboard .

R ev ,

h orse t o l ef t .

No r ecorded f inds . We igh t : BN 3 792 E4

1 .45 S i lver . O bv .

h ead w ith c urd-l ike l ocks .

R ev ,

h orse p ranc ing r igh t ,

3

a bove ,

b e low .

No r ecorded f i nds . P la t t s a le ( Co l l .Luneau) 2 6 Mar .

1 922 , p . 1 0 n o . 8 . n .w .

Hun ter ian I I p . 7 32 n o . 9 , 2 .37 . E5

Bronze . O bv .

Head t o l ef t , p oin ted n ose .

R ev .

Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t , s evered h ead b e low ( F ig . 4 47) .

No r ecorded f i nds . BN 4 557 E6

2 .25 S i lver . O bv .

h ead t o l ef t , w i ld h a ir .

Rev ,

h orse p ranc ing r igh t ,

a bove , c rescen t b e low ( F ig . 4 48) .

No r ecorded f i nds . BN 3 816

2 .52

T he we igh t o f t h is c o in r a ther t han i t s t ype s uggests a c onnect ion w ith mass if c en tra l s i lver c oinages. E7

S i lver a nd b ronze . O bv .

ma le h ead t o l e f t , p oss ib ly Aqu itan ic h a ir .

Rev ,

h orse p ranc ing l e f t .

( F ig . 4 49-50) .

N o r ecorded f inds . We igh ts : S i lver BN 3 832

1 .29

BN 3 830

0 .91 1 71

Bronze 2 .36

BN 3 979

T he o r ig in o ft hese c o ins i s u nknown ; t he g a it o f t he h orse may b e d er ived f ro m Arvern ian c o ins . E8

S i lver .

Sma l l s i lver f ract ions o f u ncer ta in c lass if ica t ion b u t p robab le c en tra l o r ig in : a .

O bv .

h ead t o l ef t .

R ev ,

h orse r unn ing l ef t , d r iver a bove .

S nake t o r igh t u nder t he

h orse ( var . BN 4 963-4) . F inds :

1 .

n ear l e Puy ( HL) V ian 1 955 .

0 . 56g .

b .

O bv .

ma le h ead l aure l led t o r igh t .

R ev ,

h orse g a llop ing l e f t , r ider w ith o n ly a h ead a nd r ound s h ie ld : Ab e low .

F inds :

1 .

n ear L e Puy ( HL ) V ian 1 955 .

0 .49g .

c .

T hree l arge ly i l leg ib le c o ins i n t he BN c o l lect ion w ith a h orse o n t he r everse . BN 3 845 BN 3 856 BN 3 846

0 .39 ( horse t o l ef t ) 0 .29 ( horse t o r igh t ) 0 .32 ( horse t o r igh t )

E 9

Bronze c o ins, p robab ly Arvern ian a nd u n inscr ibed .

a .

O bv .

y oung ma le h ead t o l ef t .

R ev .

Arvern ian h orse s tepp ing l e f t , C‚D a bove ,

4 .

b e low .

( F ig . 4 51-2) . N o r ecorded f i nds . BN 3 866

2 .97

BN 3 867

3 .12

b .

F inds :

O bv .

y oung ma le h ead t o l e f t .

R ev ,

h orse t o l ef t , c en tre-dot ted r ing a bove , r ing le t o f d o ts b e low .

1 .

A les ia g rave d epos its, 2 c o ins ( Co lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 955a , n o . 1 31)n .w .

c .

F inds :

O bv .

y oung h ead t o l ef t , c ur ly l ocks .

R ev .

Arvern ian h orse t o l ef t , r ing o f d ots w ith c en tra l d ot a bove .

1 .

A les ia g rave d epos its, 1 c o in ( Co lber t d e Beau l ieu n o . 1 54) .

1 72

1 955a

E 10

S i lver . O bv .

AVIACOS g roup . a .

h ead t o r igh t , l arge l ocks ; b .

a s b efore , w i th l egend

AV IACOS . Rev ,

h orse p ranc ing r igh t , b ird a bove ; t r ica l mot if b e low ; l i ne a nd

F inds :

1

b .

4 .

Hd . Vernon ( V ienne) ;

Ø

i n f i e ld .

a .

a bove ;

e x . l i ne w ith g eo mec .

( AV IACOS ) n o e x .

( F ig . 4 53-6) .

l a te mixed h oard a ppend ix 1n o . 5 1.

BN 4 026 ( rev . b .) 2 .02 . We igh ts : BN 4 027

2 .52

BN 1 084/ 1974 BN 4 026

2 .11 AV IACOS 2 .02

Ca t . L i moges Mus . 2 1

2 .01

BN 4 025 Hun ter ian I I :

1 .95 1 .70

7 12 , 1 4

T he f i rst c entury d a te o f t h is g roup i s l i ke ly o n t he g rounds o f i t s a ppearance i n t he l a te m ixed h oard o f V ernon . I t may b e o f mass if c en tra l o r e ven Arvern ian o r ig in : t he r everse t ype w i th b ird r eca l ls s er ies B s i lver t ypes, b u t i ti su n l ike ly t o f or m p art o f t he ma in s er ies a s i t s t rea tmen t i s d if feren t i n i n a l l ma jor r espects .

I n we igh t i ta ccords w ith Arvern ian p re-conquest s i l-

v er s tandards.

1 73

7 .

S ETTLE MENT I N BERRY c . 1 20-50 B .C.

T he d epar te men ts c overed i n t h is s ect ion a re Cher I ndre I ndre-e t-Lo ire L o ir-et-Cher L o iret A l l ier Th is a rea i nc ludes t he who le o f t he t err itory o f t he B itur iges Cub i a nd p arts o f s ou thern Carnu tan a nd Turon ian t err itory . I n t he f i rst c en tury a nd i n t he Ga l lo-Roman p er iod , t he B itur iges o ccup ied a n a rea w h ich i s g eograph ica l ly w el l-def ined a nd h ad a l ong h istory o f p o l it i ca l u n ity a s t he c iv itas B itur igum , t he d iocese o f Bourges ( un t i l t he r eorgani sat ion o f 1 790 ), t he d uche d e B erry , a nd t he G entral ite o f Bourges.

T he

c en tre o f B erry i s t he l imestone p lateau o f t he c hampagne b err ichonne , r ough ly d iv ided i n a NW-SE d irect ion b y t he r iver Cher a nd i t s t r ibu tar ies. The who le i s s urrounded b y i rregu lar a nd o f ten u nworkab le l and , wh ich e ff ect ively s epara ted t he B itur iges f rom t he ir n e ighbours.

On ly i n t he w est

i s i tp oss ib le t o p ass f ro m t he c hampagne o f B erry t o t hat o f Toura ine w itho u t v ery s tr ik ing t opograph ica l c hanges, a l though Toura ine h as more w oods t han Berry a nd s teeper v a l leys.

O therw ise t he c on trast b etween t he p la in o f

B erry a nd i t s s urround ing c oun trys ide i s p ronounced. To t he n orth i s t he c retaceous e scarpmen t o f t he S o logne p lateau. Th is r el ief c an b e t raced f rom S ancerre t o l a B renne, b ut i s n ot v ery marked e xc ep t t o t he e ast o f t he Cher. On t he s ou th i s aJ urass ic r idge r unn ing r ough ly i t s s lopes a re t opped b y t r ias s ic s ands tone o n wh ich s tands t he F oret

W-E;

d e Tron9a is, a nd i tr ises t o t he g ran it ic p lateaux o f t he Marche a nd B ourbonn a is. The L o ire f l ows a long t he e astern e dge o f t he p la in a nd t he l ands o n t h is e astern b order a re o f ten wooded o r w a ter logged , u na ttract ive t o w ork a nd most ly n ot c u lt iva ted u n t il r ecen t ly. They p robab ly s erved a s t he l im its b etween n e ighbour ing p rov inces b efore b e ing l ega l ly a nd p rec ise ly d iv ided b etween t he m. On t he n orth a nd n orth-east i s t he L o ire f orest wh ich h as f or c en tur ies b een a n a rea o fb rush a nd l akes , l ike t he c lay o f t he v a l ley o f G er m igny w h ich w as t he b order i n t he e ast b etween B erry a nd N iverna is.

On t he west

a nd s ou th-west t he b order a rea b etween Berry a nd Po itou i s c overed i n s ands a nd e ocene c lays.

Th is a rea i s r a ther f l at , a nd b etween t he f ew l ow

s andstone h i l ls t here a re n umerous h o l lows c on ta in ing n atura l o r man- made l akes.

These r e la t ive ly u nappea l ing a nd w a ter logged c ond it ions a re p r inc i-

p a l ly f ound i n ab el t a long t he n orth o f B erry a ssoc iated w ith t he S au ldre a nd B euvron .

To t he n orth-west t he b order a rea w ith Toura ine ( reg ion o f

1 74

Va le rway , I ndre ) i s marked b y t he i ncreas ing p redo m inance o f i n fert i le c lay a nd f l in t s o ils , w ith s harp c on trasts b etween s ter i le p la teau a nd f ert i le v a l leys ( Le L annon 1 964 :59-67 ). By modern s tandards , t he l and h e ld b y t he B itur iges i s a t b est o n ly med iocre; h owever i tw as g ood — e spec ia l ly i n t he l imestone p la in — f or a n I ron Age a gr icu l ture b ased u pon g ra in c u l t ivat ion a nd s heep h usbandry. J u l l ian ( IV :394 ) s aw Bourges i n Ro man t imes a s a bove a l l ab ig a gr icu l tura l t own .

The o n ly a rea wh ich c ou ld s uppor t e xtens ive c a t t le f ar m ing i s t he c lay

r eg ion o f Bo ischau t .

Caesar a nd H irt ius r e marked i n p ass ing o n t he f ert il ity

o f Berry , p ar t icu lar ly i n t he B ourges ( Avar icu m ) r eg ion :

BG 7 .13.3, 8 .2.2,

c f . 8 .3.1, a nd made i tc lear t hat i t was a n i n tens ive ly c u l t ivated r eg ion o f Gau l.

The a ccoun t o f t he m il itary c a mpa ign o f 5 2 i n B erry g ives t he i mpres-

s ion o f aw e l l-stock a nd c u l t iva ted c oun trys ide.

Caesar r eferred t o h erds

( pecus ) i n t hat a rea , wh ich h is h ungry a r my w ere r educed t o e at ing i n t he w in ter o f 5 2 ( BG 7 .17.3 ).

I ti s i mp l ied t ha t i ft here h ad n o t b een e x tens ive

b urn ing o f f ar msteads a s p art o f V erc ingetor ix 's s trategy , t he Ro man a r my wou ld h ave f ound a dequate p rov is ions t here e ven i n s pr ing ( BG 7 .17.3 f or i nst ance ). L e L annon ( 1964 :63 ) r e marked t hat t he med iocre f ert i l ity o f t he s o i l o f t he Berry c ha mpagne h as mean t t hat u n t i l r ecen t ly t here w ere a rcha ic c rop r ota t ions o f 5 -6 y ears w ith 2 -3 y ears ' f a l low among t he m.

The h eavy r e-

l i ance o n s heep i n t he Med iaeva l a nd e ar ly modern e cono my o f t he r eg ion may r ef lect t he p ers isten t n eed f or l arge amoun ts o f a n i ma l manure t o s upport a n i n tens ive a gr icu lture, a nd i t may l eg it i mately b e wondered i fs heep w ere n o t a lready a ma jor f eature o f B itur igan a gr icu lture i n t he I ron Age.

N o t o n ly

d id t he s o il h ave t o p roduce g ra in t o s upport a c ons iderab le p opu la t ion ( a tt e mps a t a n e st i mate, e .g. L o t 1 950, a re s eldom c onv inc ing , b u t t he o vera l l s et t le men t p at tern s ugges ts t hat t he p opu lat ion w as h igh ), b u t a lso c ava lry ( BG 7 .14.3 ), a nd h orses n eed p len ty o f g ra in i n t he ir d iet .

S heep w ere p rob-

a b ly i nd ispensab le i n t he I ron Age i n B erry , a s i n t he M idd le Ages. The l imestones o f Berry a re s trong ly i ron-bear ing , a nd I ron was o f t he g rea test i mportance t o t he B itur iges ( BG 7 .22.2 ).

They h ad a r epu tat ion a lso

f or i nven t iveness i n p rec ious me ta l work ing ( Pl iny NH 3 4.48 ).

Among i ron

o re work ings e xp lo ited i n Roman t imes o r e ar l ier ( map p . 1 81) a re :

B r ives

( I ndre ), Mehun ( Cher ), Azy-le -V if ( N ievre ), Mareu il ( Cher ), S te. L iza igne ( I ndre ), Arden tes ( I ndre ), a nd S ancergues ( Cher ).

I n t he n ine teen th c en tury

t he m ines o f Cher w ere s t il l p roduc ing 2 75 ,000 t onnes o f o re e ach y ear ( Des jard ins 1 876 :411 ).

S lag-heaps o f a nc ien t o r ig in a re f ound i n t he f oret

d 'Al logny ( Ddche let te 1 914 :1540 ).

O ther p art icu lar ly r ich s ources o f i ron

o re i n B erry a re i n t he f or & d e Guer igny , i n t he s ands o f w estern Bo ischau t , a t Cha i l lac ( I ndre ) a nd b etween Mon t lucon a nd Co m men try wh ich i s s o r ich i n o re t ha t t he Berry c ana l w as b u il t i n 1 807 t o l ink t h is a rea t o t he L o ire. The map p . 1 81 s hows k nown a nc ien t o r I ron Age o re e xp lo itat ion a nd a s ugg est ive r ela t ionsh ip t o ma jor a nd m inor s et t le men ts.

A map o f Ga l lo-Ro man

i ron m ines a nd f orges p roduced b y t he Musse d u B erry , Bourges , s hows t hat t hey l ay p r inc ipa l ly i n ab e lt a long n orthern Berry ( c f . map p . 1 3 , s et t le men t i n t h is a rea ).

1 75

e ar ly

F IRST CENTURY B ITUR IGES S ETTLE MENT

1 .

Chä teau me i llan t

2 .

B ourges

3 .

l a G rou t te

4 .

S idia i l les

5 .

Neuyy-sur-Barangeon

6 .

V ierzon

7 .

Leve t

8 .

S a in t- Marce l

9 .

Levroux

1 0 .

Pou ligny-notre-Da me

1 1.

Ve l les

1 2 .

Luan t

1 3.

R ivarennes

1 4.

Br ives

1 5 .

Dun-sur-Auron

1 6.

Ambo ise

1 7.

G ievres

1 8 .

Thesee-Pou i l lh.

1 9 .

N eung-sur-Beuvron

2 0 .

C ou ff i

2 1.

Mon tbouy

2 2.

H er isson

2 3 .

Mr is-les-Ba ins

2 4.

A llogny

2 5 .

F arges-en-Septa ine

2 6.

Mi l lan9ay

2 7.

Mou lins-sur-Cephons

2 8 .

Mou lins-sur-Yevre

2 9 .

Murs

3 0 .

S aciergues-Sa in t- Mar t in

3 1.

P ierref i t te-sur-Sau ldre

3 2 .

S ain te- Myere

3 3.

Thollet

3 4.

S ancerre

3 5 .

Mar tizay

3 6.

Vernou-sur-Brenne

3 7.

L avard in

x 2 1

3 6

. 19 • 1 6

p

, /

-2 6 .

• 3 1

•1 7

' 5

1 1 3

.

I

, - -2, 0

6.

1 3 4.

• 24

1 /

-

'

/ 2 9" / 3 5* ‘

‘

1 3. 2

\3 3 %

•.

. 30 . . 1 .

2 7 •

. 1 2

21

2 *

9

• 7• 15

• 25

1 1

,

1 4 ••

• 1 . 1

. 1 ,6 3 , • -• '

1 0 3 2

, - - \ -- . „

N 1

i f 4 2 . ,,

, . .;

// -

4 2 . 3r! . .

F I RST C ENTURY S ETTLEMENT I N T HE B ERRY AREA

x

C u lt

s i te

•

O ther s i tes

1 77

Mines :

L e N oyer , N euvy-Deux-Cloches ,

S a in tPa la is, M€n& tou-Sa lon ,

S a in t-Elo i-de-Gy , Massay. Forges :

N eu i l ly-en-Sancerre, Henr iche mon t , Menetou-Sa lon , A l logny ,

Vas s e lay , S a in t-Eloy-de-Gy , F arges-Al l icha mps , F arges-en-Sep ta ine , S av igny-en-Sep ta ine, Genou i l ly ,

Da mp ierre-en-Gra9ay , L ury-sur-Arnon ,

G iroux , Gravay , Rebours in , Meunet-sur-Vatan , V i l lan tro is , L ugay-le- Mä le. The f orest o f A l logny n orth o f Bourges w as p robab ly t he b est s ing le s ource o f i ron o re i n a n t iqu ity i n t hat a rea.

The f act t hat modern B erry i s l i t tered

w ith p laces c a l led 'l a F orge ' ,' l es F orges ' o r ' Ferrf ere ' i s e v idence o f t he w idespread e xp lo itat ion o f t he o f ten s ha l low d epos its o f i ron o re i n t he p ast. The e n ig ma t ic ' marde l les ' n ear Dun-sur-Arnon ( Cher ) h ave p roved t o b e t he r e ma ins o f a nc ien t , t hough u nda ted , m in ing f or i ron o re.

A t t he b ot to m

o f p its o f c . 1m i n d iameter o pened sma l l g a l ler ies 1 .20-1.30 m w ide , w h ich f o l lowed t he d irec t ion o f al ayer o f o re.

T he g a l ler ies were j o ined t o

o ne a nother , v au lted a t t he j o in ts, a nd h ad p i l lars t o p rop u p t he r oo f ( Dind inaud 1 969 ).

Worked f l in ts w ere f ound among t he d ebr is i n t he p i ts.

P ink g ran ite ma l lets o f v ery a nc ien t t ype, u sed i n a l l p robab il ity t hroughou t a n t iqu ity , h ave b een f ound i n i ron work ings a t A rgen ton-sur-Creuse , n ear t he i mportan t f i rst c en tury s et t le men t o f S a in t- Marcel , a t l es Cha il lots , l 'Etang- Mar ie, Bourn-O iseau c ne. Argen ton , a nd l a Mart ine c ne. S a in tMarcel ( both a lso n ear t he s i te o f Argen to magus ).

N ear t he minor e nc losure

n ear A l logny ( ca mp d e l a Hau te Brune ) h uge Ga l lo-Ro man ( i f n ot e ar l ier ) s lag h eaps h ave b een f ound ( Ga l l ia 1 961:324 ), a nd t hese may b e d irect ly c onn ected w ith t he c a mp. O ther i ndustr ies i n Berry i ncluded t he p roduc t ion i n l a te Celt ic a nd Ga l lo-Ro man t imes o f s andstone r o tary m i l ls a t aq uarry n ear L ande-Chevr ier , e spec ia l ly a t S a in t-Chr istophe-le-Chaudry ( Cher , L av il le 1 963 ).

Th is i s

c la i med t o b e t he f i rst q uarry i n Gau l k nown t o h ave s pec ia l ised i n t he p roduct i on o f t hese mach ines.

They w ere made o n t he s pot :

a nd h a l f f in ished p ieces w ere f ound. t here.

h undreds o f r e jects

Mortars a nd s tone c ups w ere a lso made

F in ished m il ls f ro m t he q uarry h ave b een f ound a t S a in t-Des iree

( Al l ier ), V esdun ( Cher ), Bruere-Al l icha mps ( Cher ) a nd Drevan t ( Cher );

t he

g rea t w e igh t o f t hese t h ings wou ld h ave made t he m e xpens ive t o t ransport f ar. F ro m v ery e ar ly i n t he Ga l lo-Ro man p er iod t he n orth o f Berry a nd Toura ine b egan t o h ave a n i mportan t p ot tery i ndustry , f or i nstance a t Gr evres ( Ferd iere 1 971 ), a pparen t ly s erv ing a p redom inan t ly r eg iona l market .

The

c lays o f n orthern B erry u ndoub ted ly i n f luenced t he d eve lop men t o f t h is i ndust ry ;

t he w aterways e ncouraged i t s t ransport , a nd s pec ia l ised p roduct ion

was a l most c erta in ly a v ita l f actor i n t he d evelopmen t o f Ga l lo-Ro man t owns i n a n a rea p oor ly p rov ided w ith a gr icu ltura l l and. F or t he t ransport a nd e xchange o f g oods , B erry was wel l s upp l ied w ith r oads a nd wa terways.

R iver a ccess was t o t he L o ire e ither b y i t s t r ibu ta-

r ies t hroughout Berry , o r d irect ly i n t he e ast , a nd t he L o ire h ad a n u mber o f i mportan t I ron Age s et t le men ts a long i t s l ength.

Avar icu m c on ta ined t he

o n ly Ga l l ic f oru m s pec if ical ly men t ioned b y C aesar ( BG 7 .28.1) emphas is ing i t s p resu med f unct ion a s a n empor ion .

1 78

Ma in r oads a nd r iver r outes i n

Gau l l ed d irect ly b etween ma jor s et t le ments o f t h is t ype, a n i mportan t f eat ure i n t he Ce l t ic o rgan isa t ion o f i n ter loca l t rade.

Ro man r oads , g enera l ly

a ssumed t o h ave f o l lowed t he r ou tes o f C e lt ic r oads a t l east i n Cen tra l Gau l , l ed t o Avar icu m a nd o ther ma jor c en tres i n B erry a nd may s t il l b e t raced f or p ar t o f t he ir c ourses ( Gren ier 1 934 f i g. 3 3, 3 4, 1 39 ).

Roads e x isted

f ro m Avar icum t o C enabu m ( Or leans ), Augustodunu m ( Autun ), Caesaro magus ( Tours ), Augustone metu m ( Cler mon t-Ferrand ), L i monum ( Po it iers ) a nd Burd iga la ( Bordeaux ) i n t he a nc ien t i t inerar ies ( Tab le o f P eu t inger a nd I t inera ry o f An ton ine, e d. Des jard ins 1 876 ). N ov iodunum o f t he B itur iges, whose e xact l oca t ion i s n ot c erta in , w as a d efended s i te o n t he r oad f rom C enabum t o Avar icu m ( Caesar BG 7 .12.2 ), a c ase o f as et t le men t n ear t o t he a nc ien t c iv itas b order w hose s tatus w as d eg raded u nder t he c ond it ions o f t he Ro man c onquest .

Argen to magus ( a t S a in t-

Marcel , Argen ton-sur-Creuse ) w as o ne o f t he l argest C elt ic s ett le men ts i n C en tra l Gau l i n t he l ate I ron Age a nd was a t ac rossroads o f t hree r outes, f ro m L i monu m , Burd iga la a nd Avar icu m , a nd f igures o n t he i t inerar ies o f t he l a te emp ire ( T. P . 1b 1 ;

I . An t. Burd iga la t o Augustodunu m ).

The

c o ins o f Mass il ia f ound i n s ign if ican t n umbers t here i n C e l t ic l eve ls , a nd t he e xcep t iona l ly e ar ly e v idence o f f ore ign r es idence i n t he Ga l lo-Ro man p rAcoce p er iod emphas ises t he i mportance o f t he t own a s a n empor ion , p art ly d ue n o d oubt t o i t s p os it ion o n t he r iver C reuse.

I th ad a b r idge i n Ga l lo-

Ro man t imes , a nd p oss ib ly e ar l ier , i n a dd it ion t o i t s a nc ien t p aved f ord ( Al la in , B erthelot a nd Gedel l 1 963;

Ga l l ia 1 968 :328 ).

The s i te a t B r ives ( I ndre ), a ga in a t a n importan t r iver c ross ing , a nd n ear impor tan t i ron work ings, h as s hown e v idence o f t he e arly w ea l th o f i t s i nh ab itan ts f or i ns tance i n t he f ragmen ts o f p a in ted p laster f ound i n e ar ly Ro man o ccupat ion d ebr is ( Ba i l ly 1 966 ).

L evroux ( I ndre, p . 1 91) w as o ne o f

f our k nown l arge s et t le men ts i n B erry i n C e l t ic t imes ;

e nor mous q uan t it ies

o f c o ins a re f ound t here, a nd i ts tood i n Ro man t imes o n ac rossroads o f s ix r ou tes. The d istr ibu t ion o f t heatres a nd amph itheatres i n B erry i n t he Ga l loRo man p er iod may g ive s o me i nd icat ion o f t he l ocat ion o f t he l argest c oncent ra t ion o f p opu lat ion a nd t herefore p robab ly t he ma jor market t owns : t heatres a t L evroux a nd Bourges ;

amph i-

t hea tres a t N euvy-sur-Barangeon , Baugy-

A l l6an , Drevan t , Ne-r is, a nd Argen ton .

O dd ly e nough , Chhteau me i l lan t

w ou ld a ppear t o h ave h ad n e ither , ac ircu mstance p erhaps c onnected w ith t he r e lat ive p overty o f c o in f inds i n t ha t t own , a nd t herefore p oss ib ly i t s a dm in ist rat ive p overty ( in for mat ion f rom t he Musse d u B erry , 1 972 ). The I ron Age e nc losures i n B erry h ave f or t he most p art n o t b een e xcav ated a nd i ti s t herefore d iff icu l t t o g ive more t han a v ery b are o ut l ine o f t he ir p oss ib le i n terre lat ions.

I tr e ma ins p oss ib le t ha t f uture e xcava t ion

w il l r evea l i mportan t s et t le men ts t hat a re a t p resen t n ot k nown t o h ave e xi sted.

I t i s s y mpto mat ic o f t he s tate o f o ur k now ledge t hat o f t he o n ly t wo

B itur igan t owns men t ioned b y C aesar , Avar icum ( BG .7 .13-18, 7 .29-32, 7 .47 , 5 2 ) a nd N ov iodunu m ( BG 7 .12, 1 4 ), Avar icu m c anno t b e e xcava ted t horough ly b ecause o f i t s c on t inuous s et t le men t , a nd t he l ocat ion o f N ov iod unu m i s s t il l u ncerta in .

1 79

Büchsenchütz 1 968 ( c f . Ra lston a nd Büchsenschü tz 1 975 ) l i sts 2 1 ' ence in tes amorphes ' d ef ined a s e nc losures o f i rregu lar s hape d ictated b y t he n a tura l f ea tures o f as i te s u itab le f or d efence, a nd a re l arge, s o met i mes u p t o C . 2 0 h ectares.

The b peron b arre f or m , where t he e nd o f as pur f or med b y t he

c on f luence o f t wo r ivers o r v a l leys i s c ut o f f b y at ransverse wa l l i s p art ic u lar ly c om mon .

The b et ter d ocu men ted s i tes w il l b e d iscussed b elow ;

t he

2 1 l i sted b y Büchsenschütz 1 968 a re a t : A l logny ( Cher ) Cha teau me il lan t ( Cher ) Dunle-Ro i ( Cher ) Farges-en-Septa ine ( Cher ) L evroux ( I ndre ) Mi l lan9ay ( L+Ch.) Mou l ins-sur-Cephons ( I ndre ) Mou l ins-sur- evre ( Cher ) Murs ( I ndre ) Ner isles-Ba ins ( Al l ier ) N eung-sur-Neuvron ( L+Ch. ) S ac iergues-Sa in t- Mart in ( I ndre ) P ierref it te-sur-Sau ldre ( L+Ch. ) S a in t- Marcel ( I ndre ) S a in te-Severe ( I ndre ) S id ia i l les ( Cher ) Tho l let ( V ienne ) V e l les ( I ndre ) N ot d iscussed b y h im a re : Avar icum-Bourges ( Cher ) S ancerre ( Cher ) B r ives a nd Meunet-Planches ( I ndre :Ba il ly 1 966 ) mak ing a t ota l o f 2 5 ' ence in tes amorphes ' i n B erry.

When Caesar ( BG

7 .15.1) s poke o f ' 20 ‹ u rbes ' o f t he B itur iges w h ich w ere b urn t a s p art o f V erc ingetor ix 's s corched e arth p o l icy , i ti s p erhaps t o s o me o f t hese 2 5 s i tes t ha t h e w as r eferr ing. Sma l ler, o f ten s quare o r r ectangu lar, e nc losures p robab ly d a t ing t o t he I ron Age a re a lso d iscussed b y Büchsenschü tz ( 1968 ). S o me may b e Ga l loRo man ; s ing ;

s o me a re a l most c erta in ly c onnected w ith i ron m in ing a nd p roces-

b u t f or t he most p art t oo l i t t le i s y et k nown a bou t t he m t o b e s ure o f

t he ir f unct ion . The r ecen t s ugges t ion o f Büchsensch l itz a nd Ra lston ( 1975) t hat t hey a re V iereckschan tzen a nd may h ave h ad a f unct ion i n f easts o r r it ua ls i s a t tract ive.

N o v ery c oheren t p attern o f l ocat ion o f t hese sma l l s i tes

i s v is ib le o n t he map , b eyond t he c oncen tra t ion o f t he m i n t wo a reas :

a round

Bourges, a nd i n t he c en tra l p art o f s ou thern B erry where t hey f or m p art o f ad ense c oncen tra t ion o f e nc losures a round t he h i l ly b order b etween t he B ituri ges a nd L e moc ives ( map p . 1 81) .

I t wou ld n ot b e s urpr is ing i fi n t h is r ugged

r eg ion s o me h ad a p r i mar i ly p astora l f unct ion . Wa l ls wh ich d iv ide t he e x ist ing e nc losure i n to t wo a re f ound i n an umber o f d efended s i tes i n Gau l , a nd t here a ppears f ro m a g round p lan t o b e o ne a t

1 80

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s e tt lement e nc losure e nc losure o re

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The e x istence o f t hese d iv id ing w a l ls w as n o

d oubt t he r esu lt o f t he e xpans ion o r c on tract ion o f t he d efences d ur ing t he l i fet i me o f t he f or t if ied s i te. I ts ee med , h owever, a t Essa lo is ( Lo ire ) a nd Puy-du-Tour ( Corr., p . 2 75) t ha t t he p rosperous i nhab itan ts who o ccup ied t he s et t le men ts p er manen t ly t ended t o o ccupy o n ly t he p art o f t he e nc losure h ighest u p o n t he s i te. An awareness t ha t t here w as , a t l east a t A les ia , a p r iv i leged a rea w ith in t he e nc losure i s s uggested b y Caesar 's u se o f t he t er m a rx f or a d ist inct a rea a part f ro m t he s et t le men t i n g enera l ( BG 7 .34.1 ), a nd t he s a me d ist inct ion s ee ms t o h ave e x isted a t V eson t io ( BG 1 .38.6 ).

As y et ,

h owever , t here h as n ot b een s u f f ic ien t ly e x tens ive e xcava t ion o f most s i tes t o e s tab l ish w hether t here w as a c onstan t p at tern o f o ccupa t ion w ith in t he s et t le men ts b ased o n as oc ia l d iv is ion o f t he p opu lat ion. The d ate o f t he c onstruct ion o f t he b ig n uc leated s et t lemen ts i n B erry , a s e lsewhere i n C en tra l Gau l , i s ac ons iderab le p rob lem. R ecen t w ork b y B i tchsensch t itz a nd Ra lston ( 1975 ) h as l ed t o t he v ery p laus ib le s uggest ion t ha t t he murus g a l l icus t ype o f d efence c om mon t o most o f t he ma jor d efended s i tes o f t he C en tre , i nc lud ing B erry , a re d ist inc t ly e ar l ier t han t he B e lg ic d u mp d efences a lso f ound , wh ich may b e d a ted t o t he C aesar ian w ar. The r e lat ive c hrono logy o f B itur igan s ites i s s t il l u ncerta in , a lthough i t s ee ms l i ke ly t ha t t he e ar l iest l arge c oncen tra t ions o f p opu lat ion o n d efended s i tes w ere n o t much b efore t he m id-second c en tury B .C. Imports o f t he s econd c en tury a t S a in t- Marcel a nd C häteau me i l lan t s uggest u se o f t hose s i tes b y t ha t t ime, w h i le b ur ia ls o f t he t h ird a nd s econd c en tur ies i n a nd a round Bourges ( 1 3 . 1 5f ) d e monstrates t he e arly u se o f t hat a rea a lso. S et t lemen t c an i n s evera l c ases b e s hown t o h ave p receded t he c onstruct ion o f d efences. Co ins o f t he l a te p hase a re f requen t ly f ound a t B ourges , L evroux a nd S a in tMarce l , emphas is ing t he ir u rban c haracter i n t he f i rst c en tury B .C.; i ti s p robab le t ha t t he ir u rban d evelopmen t a nd t hat o f Chä teaume il lan t may b e c onnected w ith t he e stab l ishmen t o f t he B itur igan c iv itas , p robab ly d ur ing t he l ate s econd o r e arly f i rst c en tury B .C.(Nash 1 978a ). CHER 1 .

Chäteau me il lan t

I n Cher, Chä teaume il lan t i s t he b est e xcava ted s i te, a nd t he most i n for mat ive. I ta ppears t ha t i tw as p er manen t ly o ccup ied b efore t he c onstruct ion o f t he r ampart , a s o ccupa t ion d ebr is p robab ly d a teab le t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he f i rst c en tury h as b een f ound u nder t he w a l l , T he f i rst w a l l i s af or m o f murus g a l l icus b u il t w i thou t n a i ls ( Co l l is 1 975 r efers t o i ta s b e ing o f Ehrang t ype ). Th is p ro totype c onstruct ion i s a lso f ound a t F ou d e Verdun ( Nf ävre, Ga l l ia 1 960 :346f f .; 1 964 :323f 1 .), w here a d a te i n t he e arly f i rst c en tury i s p robab le. As C her i s a bundan t ly s upp l ied w ith i ron o re , i ti s l ike ly t hat t he n a i ls w ere om it ted d el ibera tely. The d ate o f t he w a l l a t C ha teau me i l lan t c anno t b e v ery much e ar l ier t han t he m id-f irst c en tury d esp ite t he mode o f b u i ld ing , b ecause p ot tery d a teab le t o t he Caesar ian p er iod w as a pparen t ly f ound i n i t s c onstruc t ion ;

t here a re

t hree l evels t hrough w h ich t he w a l l r eaches , i nclud ing t he e ar l ies t Ga l loRoman . Büchsenschü tz ( 1968 ) o f fered a d a te f or i t s c onstruct ion i n t he l ate

1 82

s econd c en tury , b u t d id n ot make r eference t o t he l a te p ot tery a pparen t ly a ssoc ia ted w ith i t . A l l o ther e v idence s uggests a n e arly d ate, a nd i n s upport o f i ti s t he f act t hat f or t he w ar i n 5 2 t he d efences w ere c onverted t o t he more e f fect ive B elg ic F eca mp t ype o f r a mpart. I n t he e arly Ga l lo-Ro man p er iod t he w a l l w as p atched w here i th ad c rumb led w ith a s tone f ac ing. was i n t hese r epa irs t hat t he l a te p ot tery a ppeared :

P erhaps i t

t he r eports a re n o t

c lear o n t h is p o in t . Chgteau me il lan t may , t hen , h ave b een o ccup ied a s e arly a s t he s econd c en tury , a nd b y t he b eg inn ing o f t he f i rs t w as p rosperous t o j udge f rom amp hora f i nds. GrecoIta l ic amphoras d at ing t o a bou t 1 00 B .C. h ave b een f ound i n c ons iderab le q uan t it ies, s o me o f t he m d el iberately s tored ; t hese may b e c on te mporary w ith t he f inds a t S a in t-Gence ( 1V , p . 2 71) . About 3 00 I ta l ic amphoras o f Dressel I A a nd I B t ype d at ing f ro m t he e arly a nd m id-f irst c entury B . 0. , i nclud ing many i n t he C aesar ian a nd Ga l lo-Ro man l eve ls, h ave b een f ound i ns ide t he d efences , w h ich i s al arge n umber b y a ny s tandards. S ome o f t he e arl iest o ccupat ion t races a re o n t he t errace b y t he w a l l a nd a t t he c en tre o f t he s i te ( ' quart ier d u c hap itre ' ); o ccupat ion w ere c . 1 00, t hen t he Caesar i

t he t hree e arl iest p er iods o f

p er iod , a nd a bove t ha t ( a f ter

f i re ) ab r ief Ga l lo-Ro man p rgcoce p er iod One c arefu l ly s tored c o l lect ion o f 3 7 i l ic amphoras o f at ype made a round 7 0 B .C. w as f ound i n ac e l lar b e i w ah ouse o f c ommon l i ght C e l t ic c onstruc t ion o f wood a nd c lay w ith a t ha tched r oof ;

t he h u t w as d estroyed i n

af i re w h ich Gourvest a nd Hugon iot a ssoc iated w ith t he w ar o f 5 2, a s t hey c ons ider t ha t t he amphorae c ou ld h ave h ad a l i fe o f 2 0 y ears. Th is a t l east i s p roo f o f p er manen t o ccupat ion a nd V e e x istence o f s ubstant ia l b u i ld ings b efore t he Caesar ian w ar ; i n 1 960 a f urther p re-conquest h ut f l oor w as l oca ted. Amphoras s im ilar t o t hose a t Chäteaume i l lan t h ave b een f ound a t o ther s i tes i n t he r eg ion , n o tab ly C h itray a nd L evroux ;

t hey a re , h owever ,

most n umerous a t ChAa teau me il lan t , a nd o n t ha t s i te p rov ide a n u nusua l ly h igh p roport ion o f a l l f inds.

Ga l l ia 1 959 :299f . s tates t hat c o ins f ound w ith t he

d epos it o f 3 7 amphoras d a te t he f ind t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he f i rst c en tury B .C., b u t d oes n o t d escr ibe t he m. Hugon iot a nd Gourvest n ote t ha t t hree h u t f l oors a nd a wa l l d at ing t o t he Ga l lo-Roman p re-c oce p er iod w ere f ound i n 1 957, a nd t ha t t he h uts w ere o f a d if feren t s ort t han t he h u t a ssoc iated w ith t he amphora c e llar. Pot tery f ound i n p re-conquest c on tex ts i s most ly i nd igenous , t hough t here i s al i t t le C a mpan ian p ot tery i n t he l eve l d ateab le t o t he e ar ly f i rst c en tury . A Ca mpan ian c up f ound i n t he q uart ier d u c hap itre w as p robab ly made i n L anguedoc , wh ich i s s l igh t e v idence i n f avour o f t he s uggest ion t hat s o me o f t he i mports c a me f ro m t he s ou th-west r a ther t han t he Rhone. n a t ive p ot tery i s o f v ery f ine q ua l ity.

Much o f t he

The h eyday o f Chhteau me i l lan t w as t herefore t he f i rst c entury B .C., a lt hough o ccupa t ion o f t he s i te may h ave b egun b y t he l a te s econd c en tury , i n wh ich c ase i tw as p erhaps c on te mporary w ith Au lna t i n Auvergne , a nd l ike Au lnat , i tw as n o t d efended u n t i l a t l east t he e arly s econd c en tury , a l though i td oes n ot s ee m t o h ave b een a s i mportan t a s Bourges, S a in t- Marcel o r L evroux.

1 83

Co in f inds a re n ot f requen t ly made o n Chateaume i l lan l -,wh ich i s ac on trast w ith t he o ther t hree ma jor u rban s i tes i n Berry , a nd most c o ins s o f ar f ound a re p o t ins o f l oca l o r B itur igan manufacture : 2o bo ls o f Mass il ia i n t he s econd o ccupat ion l evel 2 Ro man d enar i i ( one o f c . 3 8 B .C.) i n t he u pper p art o f t he Augustan l evel ah oard o f p ot ins ( append-i x 1 ) b etween Caesar ian a nd Augustan l eve ls 1p lated monna ie a l a c ro ix o n t he s urface a bove t he h oard MSAC XV I ( 1888-9 ) n otes c o ins f ound i n t he s uburb S a in t- Mart in a t C hâ teaume il lan t : 1 GER MANVS I NDVT ILL I L( l ast d ecade B .C., n orthern Gau l ) 1c urly h ead/horse l ef t , c en tre-dot ted r ing a bove,

b e low ( pot in o r

b ronze ) 2b ronzes o f Augustus o f T iber ius ( Lugdunum a l tar s er ies ) 1s estert ius o f N ero 1s estert ius o f Tra jan 5b ronze c o ins f ro m T etr icus t o C onstan t ine MSAC ) 0 ZV I ( 1902 ) a dds : b ronze CAL IAG I I IS , p rob. Carnu tes B ib l iography : Co l l is 1 975 :193f .; Gourvest 1 961; Ga l l ia 1 963 :383f ;

Gourves t a nd Hugon iot 1 957; 1 959 :299f .; 1 961:327f .

Hugon io t a nd

Berry was t he e arl iest r eg ion i n t he Cen tre away f rom t he c oast t o h ave ag o ld c o inage ( p . 7 3 f .) ,

c erta in ly b y t he e arly s econd c en tury B .C.

I ti s

l ike ly t hat t he e ar ly a nd i mpress ive d evelop men t o f Chn teau me t l lan t a nd t he o ther l arge s et t le men ts a t Bourges , L evroux a nd S a in t- Marcel was a n i mport an t a spect o f t he h istory o f ap eop le whose a r istocracy w as mater ia l ly more a dvanced a t a n e ar ly d ate t han s ee ms a t p resen t t o h ave b een t he c ase a nywhere e lse i n t he Cen tre e xcep t i n t he C ler mon t-Ferrand a rea o f Puy-de-Dö me. Further e xcavat ion may p rove t h is c onc lus ion p re mature , a nd t he p icture a va ilab le o f Chäteau me il lan t i s b ased , a s a t S a in t- Marce l , o n e xcava t ions a t t he c en tra l p art o f t he s et t le men t where most t races o f w ea lth m igh t b e e xp ected.

The e ar ly l ead o f Chateau me il lan t was n o t ma in ta ined , h owever, a nd

b y t he t ime o f t he Caesar ian war t here a re n o c lear s igns o f v ery a dvanced t echn iques o f b u ild ing o r g rea t ly i ncreased u se o f c o in o r ad ivers if ied r ange o f imported p roducts c ompared w ith o ther Cen tra l s i tes.

Desp ite t he l arge

n u mber o f amphora i mports f ro m t he Med iterranean , Chäteaume il lan t h ad a c o mp letely C e l t ic r eg iona l c u lture u n t il t he t ime o f t he c onquest. 2 .

Bourges ( Avar icu m ) O ther s i tes i n Cher a re n o t s o w e l l i nvest iga ted a s C h aeau me i l lan t .

Bourges i t sel f i s l argely a mystery b ecause e xcavat ion h as b een d if f icu l t i n at own c on t inuously o ccup ied s ince i t s f oundat ion .

I ts murus g a l l icus r efer-

r ed t o i n C aesar ( BG 7 .23 ) a s t he c lass ica l t ype o f t hat s ort o f f ort if icat ion 1 8 4

h as l ef t n o r e ma ins.

N o c lear s tructura l t races o f o ccupa t ion i n t he l a T ene

I I p hase a t Bourges h ave y et b een f ound , a lthough s hoa ls o f c o ins o f t he l ate i ndependen t a nd e ar ly Ro man p er iods h ave t urned u p i n b u i ld ing works, most ly b ronze o r p ot in c o ins a s w ou ld b e e xpected i n a ma jor t own o f t he f i rst c ent ur ies B .C. a nd A .D.

Bur ia ls o f L a T ene Ia nd I h ave b een n oted a bove

( 1 3 . 1 6) a nd t he d istr ibu t ion o f e ar ly c o ins i n i t s v ic in ity ( p . 7 6f ) . Bourges ( Avar icu m ) was h eld b y t he B iturges o f t he m id-f irst c en tury B .C. t o b e a t own o f t he h ighest p o l it ica l importance ( BG 7 .15.4 ), a nd i n v iew o f i t s e ar ly p rom inence, a nd c o m mand o f a n a rea p art icu lar ly r ich i n i ron , i ti s l ikely t o b e t rue t hat i tw as p o l it ica l ly t he c h ief s et t le men t o f t he f irst c en tury B it ur igan c iv itas. Co in f inds r ecorded a re : ABT : 5 07 : 2b ronze ABVDOS ( B itur iges , p . 2 07f ) 4p o t ins w ith d efor med a n i ma l 1p ot in w ith a n i ma l w ith r a ised t a i l 3 swast ika p ot ins ( B itur igan , p . 2 31) 1 /4 s tater ( go ld ) w ith t r iske les b e low t he

; a ;

t h is must b e ac o in o f t he

s econd c en tury , p robab ly l oca l 1b ronze CAL IAGI I IS ( prob. C arnu tes ) 1p ot in o f t he L euc i 1b ronze o f t he Carnu tes w ith e ag le MSAC I ( 1867 ): Ro man c o ins f ro m Augustus t o Va len t in ian I 4b ronze ABVDOS ( B itur iges ) 3p ot ins w ith a n i ma l , l arge d eno m inat ion 1 sma l ler p ot in o f s im ilar t ype 1 swast ika p ot in ( ?B itur iges, p . 2 31) 1u ncer ta in p ot in 1 /4 s tater f ound 1 867, h ead t o t he l ef t/horse t o r ight a nd t r iske les ( 1.65 g ); p robab ly t he c o in r ecorded b y B lanchet a bove 1 /4 s tater f ound a t P resso ir-Houet n ear Bourges ( 1.69 g ), p . 1 05; s econd c en tury 1 /4 s tat er f ound n ear Bourges, h ead t o r ight/horse t o r igh t , d r iver, t r iske les a nd t hunderbo lt , p robab ly l oca l, s econd c en tury MSAC V ( 1873-4 ): 1ABVDOS b ronze ( B itur iges, p . 2 07 f ) 2p ot ins, t ype f i g. 5 99 ( l oca l, p . 2 31) 2p o t ins, t ype f ig. 5 93 ( l oca l, p . 2 30) 3 swast ika p ot ins (? B itur iges, p . 2 31) 1b ronze c o in o f t he Carnu tes w ith t wo e ag les 2p ot ins t ype f i g. 6 06 ( l oca l, p . 2 32) 3p ot ins w ith d egenerate b oar, p rob. l oca l (p . 2 32f ) 1 Carnu tes b ronze w ith 2 e ag les 7u ncerta in p o t ins 1' n ew ' t ype o f p o t in , p oss ib ly l oca l 1p o t in w ith h ead t o l ef t/b ird t o l e f t i n p rof ile, p erhaps l oca l ( c f. p . 2 33) 1 85

MSAC V I ( 1875-6 ), e xcava t ions a t Rue P ayee : 5b ronze ABVDOS g roup ( Bitur iges, p . 2 07f ) 1b ronze w ith b ird o nb ranch 1b ronze w ith b ird w ith a l ong b eak 1h ead/horse w ith t a i l e nd ing i n t hree d ots ( bronze ) p o t in w ith e laborate h orse 1 TOVTOBOCIO ( Be lg ic Gau l ) p ot in w ith b oar ( perhaps B itur iges, c f . p . 2 32f ) s evera l r ough p ot ins MSAC X I I I ( 1885 ): w ith a b ronze b racelet , s evera l c orroded Ro man c o ins a bove i ta nd s o me p ot ins t ogether w ith i t , 1b ronze CA M ( B itur iges , p . 2 20f ) MSAC XV ( 1887-8 ): 2p ot ins MSAC XV I ( 1888-9 ) : 1b ronze w ith wo l f a nd p egasus, M b e low ( B itur iges, p . 2 25f f ) MSAC 2 0 (V I I ( 1903 ): 1s i lver c o in o f West B erry t ype ( second c en tury ), p . 5 4 3 .

L a G rout te The h i l lfort a t L a Grou t te i s o f e peron b arrt t ype, c .4 h ectares i n a rea ,

a nd h as b een p art ia l ly e xcavated.

A lthough t here a re s l igh t t races o f al a

fene o ccupa t ion i nc lud ing s herds o f a n I t a l ic amphora , i ta ppears t hat t he p r inc ipa l p er iod o f o ccupat ion o f t h is s ite was a t t he b eg inn ing a nd t hen a t t he e nd o f Ha l lstat t o r l a T ene I .

Ear ly p hases o f i t s d efences a re a r a mpart o f

U rn f ie ld d a te a nd a c a lc ined r ampart o f l ate Ha l lstat t o r l a rene I .

T here

was a d oub le l ine o f d efences i n l ater t imes, p oss ib ly l a r ene I I, when a no ther w a l l was b u ilt j ust i ns ide t he Ha l lstat t ian r a mpart w ith what m igh t b e a n i n turned g a teway o n t he w estern s ide , b u t t he i n turn i s s o s l ight i n t he p resen t s tate o f p reserva t ion t hat o n ly e xcava t ion c ou ld d ef in ite ly e stab l ish i t s n ature.

The t ype o f c onstruct ion o f t h is l a ter wa l l i s n ot k nown , a s a l l

t hat h as b een f ound o f i ta re l imestone s labs. h ave n o t b een f u l ly p ub l ished ;

Deta ils o f c o ins f ro m t he s ite

t wo a re r ecorded :

1 .

p ot in w ith b u t t ing b u l l a nd MA t ype BN 5 284

2 .

B itur igan s i lver sword g roup c o in w ith s word ( uncerta in v ar iety ) , 1 .70 g .

Both w ere s urface f inds ( Co thenet 1 969 ). B ib l iography :

Co l l is 1 975 :195 ;

Hugon iot 1 969 ;

Hugon iot a nd Vann ier 1 971;

Büchsenschütz 1 968 :47 ). 4 .

S id ia i l les The f ort o f S id ia i l les i s a n i rregu lar r ec tang le a bout 1 6 h ectares i n a rea.

I ti s d efended b y ar a mpart wherever t he s lope g ives i nsu f f ic ien t p ro tect ion , a nd t here i s at ransverse wa l l a cross t he s i te d iv id ing i ti n t wo , p robab ly r ef lect ing a c hange i n i t s s ize d ur ing i t s h is tory .

1 86

The g a te a t t he w est e nd

h as s trong ly i n turned e dges o f t he r a mpart t o p rotect i t , wh ich p robab ly d ates i t s c onstruct ion t o t he l a T ene p er iod.

Amphoras h ave b een f ound o n t he s ite,

o f t ypes a lso f ound a t L evroux a nd Chäteau me il lan t , w ith o rd inary c era m ic, f unerary u rns a nd s o me Ga l lo-Ro man p ot tery .

T he s i te h as n o t b een s yste-

mat ica l ly i nvest igated , b ut i ti s l ike ly t hat i tw as c onstructed a nd u sed i n t he l ate p hase o f l a Tene, a nd p robab ly h ad s ome u se u nder t he Ro mans a s i t s tood o ver t he r oad b etween C h 'ä teaume il lan t a nd N er is-les-Ba ins.

N o c o ins

h ave b een r eported. B ib l iography : 5 .

Co l l is 1 975 :195 ;

Bi ichsensch t i tz 1 968 :60.

N euvy-sur-Barangeon I n r u ins o f u nspec if ied c haracter , an u mber o f c o ins w ere f ound i n t he

n ineteen th c en tury : 1Repub l ican d enar ius 1b ronze h ead i n h igh r el ief/bu l l t o t he l ef t , Xb e low , a nd

o r A

1b ronze h ead i n h igh r el ief/boar ( probab ly a B erry t ype, c f. p . 2 32f ) 1p o t in w ith b arbarous h ead t o t he l ef t/an i ma l t o t he r igh t 6p ot ins o f Berry t ype A (p . 2 30) MSAC 1 (1867 ): 3 25-44 ; 6 .

I ( 1868 ) :331 n o . 5

V ierzon Co ins d redged u p f ro m t he r iver i n t he n ineteen th c en tury w ere n umerous.

Apart f ro m t he e ar ly g o ld c o ins, t he f inds a re o f a more n or therly c ompos it ion t han i s n or ma l i n t he Cen tre. Ear ly g o ld c o ins : 1 .

Head t o r igh t/horse t o l ef t ,

2 .

.66 g H ead t o r igh t/horse t o r igh t , d r iver a nd c orn e ar ( p . 1 03 ) 1

b elow ( p . 9 5)

1 .69 g

3 .

Head t o r igh t/horse t o r igh t ( p . 1 07 ) 1 .66g

O ther f inds r ecorded b y B lanchet ( ABT : 493 ) 1b ronze TASGET IOS o f t he C arnu tes 4 1 b ronzes o f t he Carnu tes w ith e ag le 4b ronzes o f u ncerta in t ype ( Carnu tes ) 1S enones 1Ar mor ican 1Arvern ian 6P IXT ILOS w ith b oar ( Carnu tes ) 4P LXT ILOS w ith h orse man 1P LXT ILOS w ith l i on 1 TVRONOS CA NTORLX ( Be lg ic ) 1 VOLC AREC ( Sou thern Gau l ) 1 GER MANVS I NDVT ILL I L( post c onquest , n orthern Gau l ) 3S equan i 1d rachm o f Mass i l ia 2h a l f c o ins o f t he Ro man c o lony a t N e mausus.

1 87

7 .

L evet A Ga l lo-Ro man v i l la a t L evet was i nvest igated i n t he l ast c en tury , b u t

a ny f inds made a re n o t r ecorded w ith n o t ices o f t he c o ins. Ro man c o ins f ro m Ga l l ienus t o Constan t ine 1B itur iges s i lver s word g roup ( sword a nd 1B i tur iges s i lver, p robab ly sword a nd

e a

j 3

o r 0)

p ot in , h el meted h ead t o l ef t , p e l let a bove a nd i n f ron t f or t he Eye/bu t t ing b u l l t o l ef t , t a il l i f ted o ver b ack ( probab ly B itur igan ) 1p ot in w ith r ough l ong-ha ired h ead , b order o f d o ts/spread e ag le w ith h ead t o l ef t , 0

o r/ 4. 1 ) a bove t o r igh t ( ?Carnutes )

4t ypes o f ' rough p ot ins ' Buho t d e K ersers 1 873;

MSAC I ( 1868 ) :43-7

I NDRE 8 .

S a in t- Marce l d 'Argen ton ( henceforth S a in t- Marce l ) L es Mersans a t S a in t- Marcel n ear Argen ton-sur-Creuse i s t he s i te o f t he

d efended s et t le men t w h ich p receded t he Ga l lo-Ro man t own o f Argen to magus. T he p r inc ipa l p re-Roman a nd e ar ly Ga l lo-Roman o ccupa t ion was o n t he p lateau a t S a in t- Marce l , n ot o n t he r ight b ank o f t he r iver a s w as o nce t hough t.

There

w as a p aved C el t ic f ord a cross t he C reuse a t t h is p o in t , a nd a b r idge w as a pp aren t ly b u il t i n Ro man t imes, t hough i ti s p oss ib le t hat a n e arly wooden b r idge m igh t h ave e x isted a nd n o t y et c o me t o l igh t. The c en tra l a rea o f t he s i te i n wh ich t he monu men ta l e ar ly Ga l lo-Ro man f oun ta in s tood h as b een most t horough ly e xcava ted.

I ti s n ot s urpr is ing t ha t

t here s hou ld b e a bundan t a rchaeo log ica l r e ma ins i n t h is p lace, a s i ti s a ssoc iat ed w ith t he p r inc ipa l c u l t a rea o f t he t own .

There a re 1 6 d ist inct o ccupa t ion

l eve ls a t t h is s po t , d at ing f ro m p re-Ro man t imes t o t he s econd c en tury A .D. Three a re p re-Augustan , a nd i n t he m n u merous c o ins w ere f ound , a l l Gau l ish a part f ro m 1 4 o r more h em iobo ls o f Mass i l ia.

P re-Augustan l eve ls h ad

s carcely b een r eached b y 1 976, b u t w ere t hought t o r each b ack t o t he s econd c en tury B .0 . ;

c o ins f rom t he m w ere B itur igan b ronzes o f wo lf a nd p egasus

t ype, a nd b oar t ypes, a l l p robab ly l oca l p roducts a nd c erta in ly p re-Augustan. The p resence o f sma l l s i lver c o ins a t t h is s i te i s a n i nd icat ion o f t he u se o f c o in t here i n m inor t ransact ions a nd a t ar elat ive ly e ar ly d ate;

h em iobo ls

a re v ery sma l l ( 2 . 0 .31 g ) , c o mparab le w ith t he sma l lest d eno m inat ions o f Cen tra l f i rst c en tury s i lver ( p . 1 39, 1 41) a nd Mass il ian o bo ls a nd h em iobo ls a re f ound o n many C en tra l s i tes i n e ar ly c on tex ts .1 3 Abundan t f inds o f p re-Ro man p ot tery p rove t hat S a in t- Marcel was o ccup ied b efore t he c onquest , a lthough most e v idence w h ich h as s o f ar c o me t o l i gh t c oncerns t he e arly Ga l lo-Ro man p er iod.

As t he e arl iest Ga l lo-Ro man w are

i s f ound w el l a bove t he e ar l iest o ccupa t ion d ebr is, i t may b e t aken a s c er ta in t hat S a in t- Marce l was o ccup ied b y p eop le w ho u sed c o ined money i n e xchange i n a t l east t he m id-f irst c en tury , a nd t hat t he s i te was f i rst o ccup ied s ign if ic an t ly e ar l ier. I t i s p robab le t hat S a in t- Marcel d eve loped i n t he m id-f irst c en tury o n a p at tern v ery s im ilar t o Gergov ie ( PD ).

The e ar l iest Ga l lo-Ro man mater ia l

i s o f t ypes a lso f ound o n Gergov ie, f or i nstance g rey c era m ic w ith r ou lette 1 88

d ecorat ion .

A lthough t he f i rst Ro man ised s tone b u i ld ings w ere c onstructed

u nder T iber ius, many b u i ld ings e ven l ate i n t he J u l io-Claud ian p er iod w ere o f l igh t wood a nd c lay c onstruc t ion t hough o n d ry s tone f l oors, a nd Gau l ish money c on t inued i n u se u n t i l t he F lav ian p er iod , i n c o m mon w ith most C en tra l s i tes ( Nash 1 978b ).

The Augustan t e mp le a rea w as s tone b u ilt , b u t p re-

Augus tan wooden b u ild ings s tood o n t he s a me s i te ; a b ly a lso f ounded u nder Augustus.

t he f i rs t t heatre w as p rob-

The a rea o f o ccupa t ion a t S a in t- Marcel

b efore t he Ro man p er iod w as s o mewha t sma l ler t han i tw as t o b eco me, a s t here a re n o Cel t ic s tructures u nder t he Ga l lo-Ro man b u i ld ings n ear t he w a l l ; t h is a rea was a l abyr in th i n t he Augustan p er iod. A l la in c o mpared S a in t- Marce l w ith A l ise-Sa in te-Re ine ( C . d 'O ) b ecause o f t he s p lendour o f t he Ro man t own a nd i t s e ar ly d eve lop men t.

T he Augustan

p opu la t ion o f t he t own w as a t l east i n p art l i terate, a s t here a re n u merous g raff it i o n s herds o f o rd inary ware.

I t w as c erta in ly a n u rban c en tre o f

s o me i mportance u nder t he Ro mans , w ith s uch monu men ta l s tructures a s a n amph itheatre, a t hea tre a nd a b ig d oub le t e mp le. u nusua l ly e ar ly f ore ign c o lony r es iden t i n i t .

I t may a lso h ave h ad a n

The p resence o f Arret ine o i l

l a mps a nd a n Egyp t ian amu let i n a n e arly Ga l lo-Ro man c on tex t a re t he p r inc ip a l e v idence f or t he p resence o f f ore igners ;

t he Gau ls d id n ot t ake q u ick ly

t o o il l i ght ing , a nd l a mps a re r are e arly i n t he f i rst c en tury A .D.

T he amu let

i s f rom A lexandr ia a nd a s im ilar o ne was f ound a t F ranquev i l le ( Se ineMar it i me );

i ti s o f at ype p robab ly made i n t he l ast q uarter o f t he f i rst c en tury

B .0 . I f Gergov ie ( PD ) was a lready d eve lop ing a Ga l lo-Ro man p rdcoce c u lture a t t he t ime o f t he Caesar ian w ar , i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he e ar l iest t races h ere t oo may b e t hat e ar ly.

S i lver c o inage o f t he sword g roup ( p . 2 10f f . )wh ich

may h ave b een s truck a t o r n ear S a in t- Marce l i s t he o n ly i mportan t C en tra l c o inage o n t he Ro man w e igh t s tandard b efore t he c onquest , a nd may s uggest u nco mmon ly c lose o f f ic ia l c on tact w ith t he Med iterranean r eg ion b efore t he c onquest . The s tructure o f t he r a mparts a t S a in t- Marce l i s s t i l l u ncer ta in , a l though t hey were p erhaps o f d u mp t ype c on te mporary w ith t he Caesar ian war, a nd t he a rea e nc losed w as a bou t 2 7 h ectares.

As t he s i te i s o ne o f t he f our most

i mportan t i n Berry , t ogether w ith Bourges, L evroux a nd Ch heau me il lan t i t w ou ld n o t b e as urpr ise u l t i ma tely t o f ind s ound e v idence o f o ccupat ion a s e arly a s t he l a te s econd c en tury i n s o me p ar ts o f t he s i te. Co ins f ound o n t he s ite a re v ery n u merous, a t l east 2 000 i n a l l , b u t h ave n o t y et b een p ub l ished i n d eta i l.

M. J -L. Roche i nfor med me t hat i n Dr.

A l la in 's e xcavat ions u p t o 1 976, o f 4 78 Gau l ish c o ins f ound , 2 96 w ere B itur ig an .

A l l w ere f ound i n Augustan o r l a ter c on tex ts s ince t he e ar l ier l evels

h ad s carce ly b een t ouched ;

i n p re-Augustan l eve ls t he B itur igan t ype w ith

b oar a nd r ing h ad b een f ound. Pub l ished f inds : A l la in e tc. 1 966 : 1b ronze ATECTOR I ( western G au l , p . 2 58 , p ost c onques t ) 1b ronze ABVDOS 3 .07 ( B itur iges, p . 2 07 f ) 1b ronze CAL IAG II IS 4 .25 ( prob. Carnu tes , n . 1 6 ) 1p ot in w ith b u l l 3 .02 6B itur igan p ot ins a long t he Ga l lo-Ro man w a l l ( not f urther d escr ibed ) 1 89

Ib ronze P IXT ILOS 3 .02 ( Carnu tes) 1p ot in t ype BN 5 275, k nown f ro m Angers 1p lated s i lver BEL INOS 1 .37 ( post c onquest , w estern Gau l , p . 2 57 ) 1b ronze CONTOVTOS 1 .43

( post c onquest , w estern Gau l , p . 2 59f )

1b ronze w ith Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t/boar 0 .86 ( Bitur igan ;

l oca l? )

Cothenet 1 968a : 4s i lver CA M 1 .87-1.53 g ( B itur iges, p . 2 14) 1s i lver sword g roup , sword a nd c en tre-dot ted r ing let ;

2 .02 g ( B itur iges,

p . 2 16) 1s i lver sword g roup , b oar a nd X , 2 .09 g 2b attered s i lver c o ins , f or me lt ing? 2 Mass il ian o bo ls o r h em iobo ls , 0 .27 g , worn 2s i lver b il lon ' m in i ms ' o f t he Angers r eg ion w ith h ead f ac ing/boar 1s i lver TOG IRLX 1 .85 ( Sequan i ) 1s i lver KAAETEAOY 1 .90 ( eastern Gau l ) 1s i lver t ype BN 7 050 1 .85 ( BI INOS , w estern Gau l , p . 2 57 ) 1s ilver BELINOS 1 .38 (? sa me c o in a s a bove f or 1 966 ) 1 4 b ronze ABVDOS 4 .83, 3 .54-2.21 ( B itur iges , p . 2 07f ) 1b ronze CAL IAGI I IS ( prob. Carnutes, n . 1 6) 1b ronze wo lf a nd p egasus o f t he B itur iges, 2 .0 g ( p . 2 25f ) 1b ronze IPOS o f t he Arvern i, 1 ,80 (p . 1 69f ) 1b ronze IPAD t ype BN 3 900, 3 .15 ( Arvern i,p . 1 61f f ) 1b ronze CONTOVTOS 1 .44 (? sa me a s 1 966 ) 3b ronze ATECTOR I ( t ota l o f f our n ow f ro m t he s i te ) 1 .83-1.87 ( post c onquest , western Gau l ) p ot in ? o f Turones 1b ronze o f t he Carnu tes t ype BN 6 088 2 .41 2o ther p ot ins 1P IXT ILOS 3 .07 ( Carnutes ) 2S enones t ype BN 7 470 1S enones t ype BN 7 585 1b ronze VERCA 2 .27 ( Arvern i p . 1 68 , p ost c onquest ) 1b ronze KAR IGA 2 .13 ( Belg ic ) 1b ronze CABALLO t ype BN 5 958, 2 .63 ( Belg ic ) 1p ot in w ith b ucran iu m ( Belg ic ) s o me l oca l b ronze w ith a b oar o n t he r everse a nd a r ing b etween t he f eet. Co ins o f Mass il l ia ( Dupoux a nd Roche 1 975 ;

c f . A l la in 1 969b ;

Ga l l ia 1 970 :

2 60 ): 2 5 o bo ls a nd h em iobo ls were r ecorded i n a l l , 1 i n l eve ls o f J u l io-Claud ian d ate.

The Ga l l ia r eport n oted 1 4 i n p re-Augustan l eve ls w ith ' numerous '

Celt ic c o ins. A l la in , e tc. 1 964 l i st a s c om ing f ro m Ga l lo-Ro man p its : ( a )

3p ot ins o f l oca l t ype i nclud ing o ne w ith b oars, w ith r ubb ish o f t he e arly Chr ist ian e ra.

( b )

1p ot in w ith b oar 2 .66 ( prob. l oca l , p . 2 32f )

1 im itat ion o f a n a s o f Augustus ( Lugdunu m a l tar s er ies ), n ear t he s urface . 1a s o f C laud ius n ear t he b otto m o f t he p it ( 9 .31 g , L IBERTAS AUGUSTA )

1 90

Al arge p roport ion o f t he Gau l ish b ronze c o ins i n p its i n t he t e mp le a rea w ere d el ibera te ly h a lved o r q uartered ( Ga l l ia 1 974 :309 ), c f . f i g. 5 57.

Under t he

c e l la o f t he sma l l t e mp le w ere 4 0 Gau l ish c o ins , 2h em iobo ls o f Mass i l ia , o ne a s o f N e mausus a nd o ne o f t he L ugdunu m a l tar s er ies.

Many w ere h a lved

o r q uartered , a nd i n s o me c ases b o th p arts w ere f ound ( i b id.).

I n ap i t i n

t he l arge t e mp le d at ing t o v ery e ar ly Ga l lo-Ro man t imes t here were 2 8 c o ins o f wh ich 1 7 w ere Gau l ish a nd 1a h em iobo l o f Mass il ia.

( Ga l l ia 1 976 :319.)

The f o l low ing B itur igan c o ins a re k nown f ro m S a in t- Marcel i n t he r ecen t e xc ava t ions ( i n for ma t ion f ro m M. J -L. Roche ): 2 0 Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t/boar t o l ef t , t r iang le a bove p . 2 29) 2b ronze h ead t o l ef t/horse t o l e f t , whee l b e low ( p . 2 29) 3b ronze wo lf h ead t o r igh t/horse t o l ef t ,

b e low p . 2 29)

4 4 b ronze wo lf h ead t o r igh t/boar t o l ef t w ith s p ind ly l egs a nd r ings ( p . 2 28) 1 8 o f t he s a me t ype , r everse t o r igh t 3b ronze w o lf a nd p egasus w ith G9

,t o r igh t ( p . 2 25f )

1o f s a me t ype b ut r everse t o l ef t 3 3 wo l f a nd p egasus w ith M, t o l ef t ( p . 2 25f ) 6w ith t ype t o r ight 3 9 wo l f a nd p egasus t ype w ith X , t o l ef t ( p. 6s a me t ype t o r igh t 4 5 ABVDOS g roup ( p . 2 07f ) n one o f t he t ype w ith h orse , p lough a nd r ings ( p . 2 23f ) 2 6 o f t he b ronze VANDI ILOS a nd CAL IAG I I IS g roup w ere f ound , wh ich may c onst itute g rounds f or r econs ider ing a B itur igan r a ther t han Carnu tan o r ig in f or t he t ype B ib l iography f or t he s i te a s a who le : 1 974 :309 ;

1 976:319 ;

Ga l l ia 1 966 :252f.;

1 970 :260 ;

1 972:321f .;

A l la in , Co thenet , Pou la in-Jos ien a nd Vau they 1 966;

A l la in , Berthelot a nd Gede l l 1 963. 9 .

L evroux L evroux i s t he o n ly o ther i mportan t s ite i n I ndre w h ich i s c urren t ly u nder-

g o ing s yste mat ic e xcava t ion .

I tl i es 2 0 km n orth o f Chä teauroux , a nd i n

Ro man t imes p erfor med a n i mportan t f unct ion a s ac rossroads , w ith s ix Ro man r oads l ead ing f ro m i t .

Ap iece o f Ca mpan ian p ot tery w as f ound i n

e xcavat ions o f t he Ga l lo-Ro man amph itheatre, a nd c lear ly a n teda tes t he Ro man c onstruct ion wh ich w as o f p os t-Augustan d ate.

The p resence o f

meta lwork ing i s d e monstrated b yb ronze a nd i ron s lag i n t he Augustan l eve l a t t he s i te o f t he amph itheatre w ith ' 3 Gau l ish c o ins '.

N ear t he amph itheatre

l ay a n o pen v i l lage ' l es Arenes ' w h ich i s a t l east a s e arly a s t he s et t le men t o f t he d efended s i te a t L evroux , a nd c on te mporary w ith i t .

I t d ates f ro m

t he e ar ly l a Tene I I p er iod a t l east , a nd w as o ver 8 00 m l ong.

Ca mpan ian

c eram ic h as b een f ound i n t he v i l lage , a nd i t migh t b e c ompared w ith t he s et t le men t a t Au lna t ( PD ). To t he n orth o f t he p resen t t own i s ah i l l w ith s teep s lopes a nd t erraces ; t he s harp l ines o f d iv is ion b etween t he f i e lds o n t he s lopes s uggest t he l ine o f r a mparts, a lthough i ti s o n ly r ecen t ly t hat t he n a ture o f t he d efences h as b een e stab l ished.

There w ere t wo r a mpar ts, o ne o lder t han t he o ther:

a n

o lder i nner r a mpart o f murus g a l l icus t ype a nd a n o uter o ne o f d u mp t ype

1 91

wh ich e ncloses c . 2 0 h ectares.

I t i s e v iden t t herefore t hat t he o r ig ina l

e nc losure o f t he s ite w as o lder t han t hat c onstructed a t t he t ime o f t he Caes ar ian war, a l though i ti s u n l ikely t hat i ti s o lder t han t he e ar ly f i rs t c en tury s ince a c o in o f t he w o lf a nd Pegasus B itur iges t ype was f ound i n i t s f i l l a nd w as p robab ly t herefore c on te mporary w ith i t .

The murus g a l l icus s tands i n

at h in l ayer o f o ccupat ion d ebr is, s o i ti s l ike ly t hat t he s i te w as s et t led b ef ore i tw as f i rst d efended ( co mpare Chäteau me il lan t , p . 1 82) C e lt ic r e ma ins i n t he a rea o f L evroux a nd o n t he s i te a re f requen t , a nd i ti s c lear t hat t he a rea was d ensely s et t led b efore t he c onquest . t an ts w ere i n s o me c ases p rosperous :

The i nhab i-

n ot o n ly h ave t housands o f c o ins b een

f ound , b ut a f ine d agger h i lt a nd a n e arly b ronze ' s itula c over ' (p . 1 7 ) . Büchsensch l itz r e marked o f L evroux t hat a l arge p roport ion o f t he f inds w ere o f ah igh q ua l ity , a nd i ncluded e v idence o f f ore ign imports i n t he f orm o f n umerous I ta l ian amphoras a nd c era m ic s herds.

I n Ro man t imes t he p ros-

p er ity o f t he s et t le men t c on t inued , a nd i tw as o f s uf f ic ien t importance t o h ave h ad a t heatre a nd amph itheatre, w h ile s evera l Ro man v i l las a re s cat tered o n t he c o m mune. The p resence a t a n e ar ly p er iod o f r ich c era m ic r e ma ins, many i mports a nd n umerous c o ins s uggests c o mpar ison w ith S a in t- Marcel , a nd L evroux i s i n t he b elt o f n or th-western B erry where t he m idd le p hase West Berry c o in s er ies was i ssued (p . 4 2) , t i ca l a u thor ity. b een f ound t here : War.

s uggest ing t he p resence t here o f aw ea lthy p o l i-

B lanchet l i sted t he c h ief c o in t ypes k nown a t t ha t t ime t o h ave o ver 2 000 h ad b een r ecorded a lready b efore t he f i rst World

They w ere a l l o f t ypes o f t he l a te i ndependen t a nd i m med iately p ost-

c onquest p er iods i nc lud ing s o me g o ld B itur igan c o ins , b u t t hey w ere p redo mi nan t ly b ronze l oca l o r r eg iona l i ssues w ith s ome a dm ix ture o f s i lver p roduced i n e astern Gau l.

Exact f i gures a re n o t y et a va ilab le f or r ecen t f inds, a nd t he

o lder f inds a re l argely i rrecoverab le b ecause t hey w ere r ap id ly d ispersed. ABT :506 n otes t he f o l low ing t ypes among t he 2 000 c o ins f ro m t he s i te : ABVDOS ( B itur igan ) VAND I ILOS ( ?Carnu tes ) P IXT ILOS ( Carnu tes ) TOG IRIX ( Sequan i ) p o t ins b ronze CA MB IL ( A mb ian i ) b ronze w ith wo lf h ead a nd p egasus ( B itur iges ;

c o m monest s ing le t ype )

s i lver ' w ith b ird o ver t he h orse ' L ema igre RN 1 850 :301-3 s tates t hat 1 000-1200 Gau l ish c o ins h ad b een f ound i n e xcava t ions o n t he s i te : many CAL IAG I I IS ( ?Carnutes ) many VAND I ILOS ( ?Carnutes ) many p o t ins w ith b arbarous h ead t o l ef t/an i ma l t o l ef t w ith l ong r a ised t a il many p ot ins w ith h igh r a ised r ing b order a nd a n a n i ma l many b ronzes w ith b oars t o r ight o r l ef t a nd b irds ( so me o f wh ich a re p roba b ly B itur igan ) l ess c om mon w ere :

1 92

ABVDOS ( B itur iges ) P LXT ILOS ( Carnu tes ) s i lver TOG IRIX ( Sequan i ) a t l eas t o ne t h ird o f t he f inds w ere i l leg ib le. MSAC XV I I 1 889-90 :293f f. d escr ibes a sma l l c o l lect ion o f c o ins f ro m t he L evroux a rea : 1 .

1s i lver , 1 2 b ronze , 1 i l leg ib le ( bronzes? )

b are h ead t o l ef t/horse g a l lop ing l ef t , b ird a bove, c en tre-dot ted r ing b e low , t ype BN 4 070-4091 (? sword g roup )

2 .

ABVDOS b ronze ( B itur iges , p . 2 07f )

3 .

h ead/pagasus t o r igh t , a '3 b e low ( B itur iges , p . 2 25f )

4 -5. 6 .

h ead t o r ight , g lobu lar l i ps/horse w ith l ong n eck t o l ef t , p rob. l oca l p ot in

Head w ith l ong l ocks t o r ight , g lobu lar e ye ./horse g a l lop ing r igh t , d ot a bove a nd b e low.

7 -8. 9 .

h orse g a l lop ing l ef t/head w ith l arge l ocks

u ncerta in o bverse/pegasus r igh t , Ss haped t a il ( B i tur iges )

1 0. h e lmeted h ead t o l ef t/bu tt ing b u l l t o r ight ( prob. p ot in ) 1 1. h ead t o l ef t , l arge l ocks/spread e ag le a s BN 6 170 ( Carnutes ) 1 2. a s l ast , d egenera te 1 3. b arbarous h ead t o l ef t/ three a scend ing l ines 1 4-24.

1 i l leg ib le p o t ins

1Ro man r epub l ican d enar ius w ith Ro ma a nd D ioscur i 1d enar ius o f M. Anton ius , L eg io X I I Co ins f ound i n a n e ar ly Ga l lo-Ro man h ouse o f wood a nd c lay n ear t he d efended s ite; Ro man c o ins w ere f ound u p t o N ero ( i n for mat ion f ro m 0 . Büchsenschü tz; Ga l l ia 1 974 :313f . ) : d enar ius Mn. F on te ius 1b ron ze ABVDOS g roup ( B itur iges ) 3b ronze wo lf h ead a nd p egasus ( B itur iges ) 1b ronze I SVN IS ( B itur iges ) 3b ronze CA L IAG I I IS ( ?Carnu tes ) 3b ronze CAL IAGI I IS g roup ( i l leg ib le ) 2p ot ins o f ete d iabo l ique t ype ( c f . BN 5 674 ) 1b ronze l ate ' anony me d es B itur iges ' 1s i lver

. a0YBN0 ( Aedu i )

1p lated s i lver L ITA t ype BN 5 075 ( Aedu i? ) 1 sma l l u ncerta in b ronze o f t he B itur iges 1b ronze EA KESOVY IS TASG I IT IOS ( Be lg ic ) 1b ronze GER MANVS I NDVT ILL I L( post-conquest , n orthern Gau l ) 1i l leg ib le b ronze o f t he B itur iges 1b ronze? VLLVCCI ( Be lg ic ) 1b ronze o f t he Carnutes t ype BN 6 088 Co ins f ro m L evroux i n t he Mus e d u Berry , Bourges : 2g o ld ABVCATOS , 6 .77 , 6 .84 g ( B itur iges, p . 2 02 f ) 1g o ld c rane a nd t refo il 6 .84 ( Le mov ices?, p . 2 80f ) 1B itur iges s i lver sword g roup w ith sword a nd f l ower let 1 .80 Co ins i n l oca l p r iva te c o l lect ions , many f ro m v ery o ld f inds, ( i n for mat ion f ro m 0 . Büchsenschü tz ): 1 93

Ro man c o ins f ro m t he Repub l ic t o Va lens i nc lude 5 o f t he Repub l ic a nd 1 9 o f Augustus. 1b ronze ABVDOS ( B itur iges ) 1s i lver t ype BN 4 108, 1 .17 ( B itur iges sword g roup , b oar a nd X ) 1i l leg ib le s i lver 1 .66 1s i lver o f t he Aedu i t ype BN 5 252, 1 .56 1b ronze o f t he B itur iges t ype BN 4 239 1 5 i l leg ib le b ronzes 2b ronzes o f t he B i tur iges t ype BN 4 272 1b ronze CA M ( B itur iges ) 1b ronze o f t he B itur iges t ype BN 4 199 1b ronze o f t he B itur iges t ype BN 4 269 3i l leg ib le b ronzes o f t he B itur iges 1f rag men tary b ronze o f t he B itur iges 1b ron ze ABVDOS ( B itur iges ) 2b ronzes t ype LT XXLX 7 333 ( Be lg ic ) 1b ronze ATECTOR I ( post-conquest , w estern G au l , p . 2 58f ) 1b ronze o f t he B itur iges t ype BN 4 243 2b ronzes o f t he B itur iges t ype 4 230 1b ronze o f B itur iges ABVDOS g roup , u ncerta in l egend 1 CAL IAG I I IS ( ?Carnu tes ) 1B itur iges w o lf h ead a nd p egasus b ronze t ype BN 4 250 a nd 1 u ncerta in v ar iety 1 wo lf h ead a nd p egasus b ronze w ith S b efore t he p egasus a nd X b e low 2b ronzes o f t he Me ld i ( c f . BN 7 579 ), 1. 93 , 1 .16 Recen t s ur face f inds ( i n for mat ion f ro m 0 . Buchsenschütz ) 1b ronze I LAVSO ( B itur iges ) 1l ate ' anony me d es B itur iges ' 2b ronzes w ith p egasus, o ne w ith a r ing b eh ind t he w ing, o ne w ith t hree r ings b eh ind t he w ing ; 5i l leg ib le b ronzes

p rob. B itur iges (p . 2 27 )

B ib l iography f or L evroux : Co l l is 1 975 :194; 1 975 ; 1 0.

Büchsenschü tz 1 968 :50 ;

B t ichsenschütz a nd Ra lston 1 975 ;

1 971a , 1 971b , 1 975 ; Ra lston a nd Büchsenschü tz

Ga l l ia 1 976 :317 . P ou l igny-Notre-Da me

Th is s i te i s o ne o f t he b est p reserved r ectangu lar e nc losures i n t he t err itory o f t he B itur iges.

I t measures 1 75 x 1 40 m ( Co l l is 1 975 :196 g ives

1 35 x 1 00 m ) wh ich g ives a n a rea o f a bou t 1 .30 h ectares.

I t was s urrounded

b y ad itch a nd a r a mpart o f t r iangu lar s ec t ion made u p o f m ixed h u mus , c lay a nd s ch ists.

The o n ly e n try was a t t he n or th-east .

I ts f unct ion i s u nknown

a nd t he r e ma ins i n i t a nd t he r e ma ins i n i ta re n o t v ery c oheren t a s y e t : f ragmen ts o f p ottery , a nd p ieces o f I ta l ic a nd GrecoIta l ic amphoras l ike t hose f ound a t ChAa teaume i l lan t ( Cher ).

S o me o f t he p ot tery w as r ough o rd inary

ware , b u t t he r est w as l ike t he f ine ware f ound i n t he Gau l ish l evels a t C l iheaume i l lan t .

The s ite c ou ld h ave h ad r el ig ious, a gr icu ltura l o r l ocal

d efens ive f unct ions ( t h is i s ap o in t n ear t he c om mon b order o f t he B itur iges a nd L e mov ices ), b ut s o f ar t here i s l i t t le e v idence t o d ec ide t he q uest ion. The ma in p er iod o fu se was p robab ly n ot l ong b efore t he c onquest .

1 94

N o c o ins

h ave y et b een r eported f ro m i t . B ibl iography : 1 1.

Ga l l ia 1 965 :361;

Büchsenschütz 1 968 :79;

Co l l is 1 975 :196.

V e l les A t V el les t here i s aq uadrangu lar e nc losure 1 80 x 1 20 m w ith a s i mp le

r a mpar t o n t wo s ides a nd a d i tch o n ly o n t he o thers.

The r a mpart was made

o f h eaped e arth , a nd w hat f ew mater ia l f inds h ave b een made d ate t o t he I ron Age.

L it t le o f ap rec ise n a ture i s k nown o f t he s i te, w h ich i s n ow r azed ,

b ut i ta ppears t hat t here was o nce a f a irly l arge n u mber o f s herds t o b e f ound i n t he e nc losure. B ib l iography : 1 2.

I t s p urpose i s t herefore u ncerta in .

N o c o ins a re r eported.

B t ichsenschütz 1 968:72.

L uan t A t L uan t o n as l ight ly r a ised p lateau i n t he f orest t here i s t he b est

p reserved sma l l e nclosure i n t he r eg ion , y et l i t t le i s k nown o f i ta s i th as n ot b een e xcavated.

I ti s n ear ly s quare , c . 1h ectare i n a rea , t he s ides

measur ing a bout 2 00 m.

I th as a B e lg ic r a mpar t w h ich r ises 7 .8 m a bove

t he s urround ing c oun trys ide a nd 4 m a bove t he i n ter ior o f t he e nc losure. The g ate o n t he e as t s ide h as a s trong ly i ncurved s hape w h ich s uggests, t og ether w ith t he f or m o f r a mpart , ad ate a t t he e nd o f t he I ron Age , p oss ib ly c onnected w ith t he Caesar ian war, t hough t h is c ou ld o n ly b e p roved b y e xcav a t ion . B ib l iography : 1 3.

Büchsenschü tz 1 968:71;

Co l l is 1 975 :196.

R ivarennes A tR ivarennes t here i s a n e nc losure s o me 1 50 x 1 30 m i n a rea w h ich i s

we l l p reserved , a nd o n ly 2 m h igher t han t he l evel o f t he f i e lds a round i t . I t w as d efended b y b anks , a nd a d itch o n t he n orth-west.

I n af i e ld t o t he

s ou th o f t he c a mp b lack c eram ic w ith s ta mped d ecorat ion t yp ica l o f t he e ar ly f irst c entury A .D. h as b een f ound ;

i n t he l ast c en tury t he s and q uarry n ear

t he s i te y ielded p o t tery v ery s im ilar t o t hat f ound a t L evroux .

A l l t he ma-

t er ia l f ound d ates t o t he e nd o f t he I ron Age, a nd t he b eg inn ing o f Ro man o cc upa t ion , a nd I ta l ic amphoras h ave a lso b een f ound.

The s i te i s n ear a r oad ,

a nd may b e c on te mporary w ith L evroux , b u t i t s f unct ion i s u nknown. B ib l iography : 1 4.

Büchsensch t i tz 1 968 :80.

Br ives N ear Br ives t he ' ca mp r o ma in ' p robab ly h ad a murus g a l l icus a nd s tood

b y ak ey c ross ing o f t he T heo 's .

A f urther ' ca mp d e Corny ' i s k nown n earby

( cne. Meunet-Planches ) w h ich h as y ielded Ga l lo-Ro man mater ia l ;

i t may b e

f rom h ere r ather t han Br ives t hat t he i ron c la mps f ro m a murus g a l l icus c a me ( Ba i l ly 1 966 ). 1 5.

Mart izay A t Mart izay t here w as a Ga l lo-Ro man v i l la o ccup ied w ithou t b reak f ro m

t he p recoce p er iod j ust a f ter t he c onquest i n to t he l ate emp ire ; 1 95

o n t he w est

o f t he t own o f Mart izay o n t he b ank o f t he r iver C la ise ' Ha l lstat t ' a nd ' l a Ts e ne ' s herds a re t o b e f ound , t he w ho le i nd ica t ing a c on t inuous o ccupat ion o f t he a rea f ro m t he I ron Age o nwards.

Un for tuna tely t he f inds a re n o t p ub l ished

i n d eta il , a nd i nvest igat ion h as c en tred o n t he Ro man p hase ( Ga l l ia 1 970 :265 ; 1 963 :445 ). 1 6.

Dun-sur-Auron There w as a n i mportan t c re ma t ion b ur ia l a t Dun-sur-Auron ( f ormer ly

Dun-le-Ro i ) o f l a fene I I d a te, c on ta in ing ma ter ia l c lose ly l ike t hat f ro m t he t u mu lus o f C e l les ( Can ta l ). Merov ing ian ;

The o r ig ina l p ub l icat ion c la i med t hat i tw as

f inds i nc luded a l arge n u mber o f i ron i mp le men ts a nd w eapons

i nc lud ing k eys a nd l ocked s trong-boxes. b ur ia l t o t he l a r ene p er iod. b ur ia l w as o f a sm ith ;

Dbche lette c orrect ly a t tr ibuted t he

Perhaps t he r ich i ron g oods i nd icate t ha t t he

i n C e l t ic s oc iety t here w ere o f h igh s oc ia l c lass a nd

wou ld t herefore mer it a l uxur ious b ur ia l. B ib l iography :

d e L achauss6e 1 873;

Deche let te 1 914 :1049, 1 051, 1 371, 1 373,

1 383. I NDRE-ET-LO IRE I n I ndre-et-Lo ire e xcava t ion o f l ate I ron Age s ites h as b een s carce. 1 7.

Ambo ise

A t Ambo ise ( 1 .d . l es C hä te l l iers) t here i s ad e fended p en insu la s i te o f c . 5 0 h ec tares o ccup ied f ro m t he l a r ene I I p er iod u n t i l t he s econd c en tury A .D.

F inds i nc luded Gau l ish b ronze o b jects, a xes, a rrowheads a nd s pear

b lades, k n ives, d aggers, f i bu las, r ings a nd b race lets.

I ti s o ne o f t he

r ichest s ites o f t he l ater f i rst c en tury f or c o in f inds, a nd t he c o ins a re a l l o f t he l atest p hase o f t he Ce lt ic c o inages , ma in ly o f Belg ic r ather t han c ent ra l o r ig in , a nd o f t he m id-f irst c en tury o r l a ter.

More d eta iled i n for mat ion

a ppears t o b e l ack ing o n Ambo ise, w h ich s ee ms t o h ave b een d ensely o ccup ied a round t he m id-f irst c en tury a nd i n t he e arly Ga l lo-Ro man p er iod. t ion i ti s o ne o f t he f ew l arge d efended s et t le men ts i n Toura ine. Co in t ypes r ecorded b y B lanchet ( ABT :508 ) a nd t he D .A.G.: s taters a nd q uarter-sta ters ( not d escr ibed ) s evera l TOGIR IX ( Sequan i ) 2s i lver o f t he Aedu i 1s i lver w ith K u nder t he h orse ( Blanchet f i g. 1 98 ) 1 2 TVRONOS TR ICCOS ( Belg ic ) 2 DRVCCA ( Belg ic ) TASG I IT IOS ( Carnu tes ) " OBNOS" BN 6 311 ( Be lg ic ) 1 2 TOVTOBOCIO ATE P ILVS ( Be lg ic ) 4 KAR IeA ( Be lg ic ) 6 ACVSSROS i nc l. BN 6 394 ( Be lg ic ) 8 ARTOS i nc l. BN 6 386 ( ?Carnutes ) s evera l ACVT IOS i nc l. BN 6 390 ( Belg ic )

1 96

I n a dd i-

many p o t ins ' w ith q uadruped ' i nclud ing sma l l l oca l o nes S ANTONOS ( post-conquest , p rob. Be lg ic ) CABALLOS ( Belg ic ) AREC ( S . Gau l ) DVRNACOS AVSCRO ( Rhone V a l ley ) ATEVLA VLATOS ( post-conquest , Be lg ic ) EPAD ( Arvern i ) ATECTOR I ( western Gau l , p ost-conquest ) VEPOTAL ( uncert. o r ig in ) B ib l iography :

Co l l is 1 975 :193 ;

Ga l l ia 1 966:254 ;

1 972 :331;

DAG u nder

Ambo ise. 1 8.

Vernou-sur-Brenne

The f ind o f ah ut f l oor p robab ly o f p re-conquest d ate a t V ernou-sur-Brenne i s o f s o me importance a s i tc on ta ined a t h ick l ayer o f amphora s herds ( Ga l l ia 1 970 :267 ).

Ga l l ia 1 972 :332 men t ions f inds o f t he Augustan p er iod

w ithout f urther d eta ils. LO IR-ET-CHER L o ir-et-Cher was a r eg ion o f importance f or t he p ot tery i ndustry a f ter t he c onquest , a nd i ti s c lear t hat t he Cher v a l ley w as d ense ly o ccup ied i n t he Ga l lo-Ro man p er iod.

A s er ies o f Ga l lo-Ro man c re ma t ion b ur ia ls a t S a in t-

J u l ien-de-Chedon i s among t he e v idence f or t he d ense o ccupat ion o f t h is a rea a t t ha t t ime ( Ga l l ia 1 970 :267 ). 1 9.

G ievres A t Gr evres t here w as a b ig p opu lat ion f ro m t he f i rst c entury A .D. o nwards ,

a nd a p ot tery i ndustry o f s o me i mportance r eg iona l ly ;

r ecen t e xcavat ions

h ave s hown t hat t here was a p re-Ro man s et t le men t o f u ncerta in c haracter o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he r iver.

Ga l l ia 1 970 :266 r eports t ha t t he s i te a t o ne p ot ter 's

k i ln w en t t hrough f ive s uccess ive

,L ages

o fu se ;

t he t ypes o f p ot tery p roduced

w ere s im ilar t o t hose f ound a t L evroux a nd S a in t- Marcel ( I ndre ), a nd o ne e arly k i ln h as a lso b een l ocated. r ough q ua l ity ;

The I ron Age p ottery f ound t here w as o f

i ti s p oss ib le t hat t he s et t le men t was c onnec ted i n s o me way

w ith t he f ord o r c ross ing-p lace o f t he r iver h ere, a s t he modern n a mes o f t he t wo c o m munes n earest t he o ld r oad a cross t he r iver, Gr evres a nd Chabr is, p robably d er ive f rom t he a nc ien t Carobr iva o r B r idge o ver t he Cher.

I t may

b e t ha t t he I ron Age s et t le men t w as o f s o me i mpor tance, a s i ti s u n l ike ly t hat t he l arge a nd p rosperous p opu lat ion a c en tury l ater w as who l ly w ithou t p rec eden t.

N o c o ins a re r eported.

B ib l iography : 2 0.

Ferd i re 1 971;

Ga l l ia 1 970 :266.

Tht s 6e-Pou i l le A s im i lar s itua t ion must o bta in a t Thtsee-Pou il l ' e ( anc ien t Tasc iaca ) where

t here was a n importan t Ga l lo-Ro man p o t tery i ndustry mak ing v essels o n t rad it iona l Ce l t ic models i n t he f i rst t wo c en tur ies A .D. 1 97

Th is a ga in w as a

r eg iona l i ndustry , t he importance o f t he s et t le men t ow ing much t o i t s r o le a s as tag ing-po in t .

I tf igures o n t he Tab le o f P eu t inger , a nd n umerous Ro man

r e ma ins a re f ound t here a t ap lace ( perhaps s ign if ican t ly ) c a l led ' l es Bordes '. The f i rst Ga l lo-Ro man b u i ld ing was b u il t t here a pparen t ly a round t he t ime o f t he c onquest , a nd a t a ny r ate b efore t he e nd o f t he f i rst c en tury B .C.

Re-

ma ins o f ap re-Ro man p er iod a re n o t y et r eported , b u t t here a re s ome b rooches o f l a r ene I I t ype.

The r ap id ity o f d evelopmen t o f t he Ga l lo-Ro man i ndustry

h ere s urely p resupposes e arl ier s et t le men t o f t he a rea , a s t he Ga l lo-Roman p ot tery b egan t o b e p roduced a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he f i rst c en tury A .D. a t t he l a test . B ib l iography :

Gau me 1 965 ;

Ga l l ia 1 963:416f .

O ther e v idence f or p re-Ro man o ccupa t ion o f L o ir-et-Cher i s i l l-def ined. A t 1 \ i l i l lancay ( cne. Ro morant in ) t here i s a n e nc losure a bout 5 h ectares i n a rea w ith a mass ive r a mpart s im ilar t o t he e nc losures o f N eung-sur-Beuvron ( L+Ch ) o r Murs ( I ndre );

a s y et t here i s n o d a teab le mater ia l f ro m t he s ite

( Edchsenschütz 1 968:51). N eung-sur-Beuvron c ou ld b e t he N ov iodunu m o f t he B itur iges men t ioned b y Caesar ( BG 7 .12.2, 7 .14.1) a s t he modern p lace-na me a s w el l a t i t s s it uat ion w ou ld s u it t h is i den t if icat ion .

The e nc losure t here i s f a ir ly w ell

p reserved , a bou t t en h ec tares i n a rea, a nd t he w ho le o f t he s ite s tands a bou t t en metres a bove t he l evel o f t he p la in .

On t he e ast a nd n orth a mass ive

b ank 3 00 m l ong a nd 5 0 m w ide a t t he b ase s t i l l r e ma ins, w ith a d itch o uts ide ;

s trea ms r un a long t he o ther t wo s ides.

The s i te h as n ever b een e xca-

v a ted , b ut s urface f inds o f l a T ene I I a nd Ga l lo-Ro man mater ia l h ave b een made.

N o c o ins a re r eported ( Co l l is 1 975 :196;

Büchsenschü tz 1 968 :55b ).

A t L avard in b y t he L o ire t here i s as ite, l a To mbe l le, w ith e v idence f or p reh istor ic a nd p rotoh istor ic o ccupat ion ; h u t f l oors h ave b een f ound a nd t he mater ia l r e ma ins s uggest t ha t i t was o ccup ied i n t he n eo l ith ic a nd Bronze Age a nd t hen ' a t t he t ime when Gau l ish c o inage w as f i rst i n troduced ' ( Ga l l ia 1 963 : 4 22 ). 2 1.

Cou f f i On t he s i te o f a sma l l Ga l lo-Ro man b u i ld ing o f u ncerta in c haracter 3 7 c o ins

w ere f ound o ver a n a rea o f 3 0 s quare metres ( Co thenet 1 968b ) : 1q u inar ius L RVBR IVS DOSSENVS 1q u inar ius o f O ctav ian AS IA RECEPTA a s o f COP IA 6a sses o f N e mausus 2a sses o f Augustus , L ugdunum A ltar s er ies I 1a s L ugdunu m a l tar s er ies I ( Augustus ) 1s em is o f T iber ius , L ugdunum a l tar s er ies 1a s o f Agr ippa 2a sses , 1d upond ius o f C laud ius 1a s o f N ero 1a s o f V espas ian 2a sses o f T itus

19 8

5a sses o f D om it ian 2a sses o f N erva I .a s o f Tra jan , 1 01-2 A .D. 2s i lver DVRNACVS AVSCRO ( Rhone V a l ley ) 1b ronze ABVD OS ( B itur iges ) 1b ron ze VANDI ILOS ( ?Carnu tes ) 3b ron ze w o l f h ead a nd p egasus t ype o f t he B itur iges 1p ot in w ith swast ika ( ?B itur iges ) 1i l leg ib le b ronze ( Gau l ish ) An i so lated f ind a t Couf f i ( Cothenet 1 969 ) :

1g o ld s tater 7 .06 g , H ead o f

Apo l lo t o r igh t/char io teer a nd c har iot t o r ight , w avy l ine b enea th ( c f . p . 1 06) LO IRET 2 2.

Montbouy A t Mon tbouy t here i s at e mp le o f Ga l lo-Ro man d ate a ssoc iated w ith a

s pr ing , a nd a wooden f igur ine o f ‚Gau l ish ' t ype w as f ound.

A p oss ib le c o m-

p ar ison may b e made w ith t he c u lts a ssoc iated w ith t he s ource o f t he S e ine ( C . d 'O ) a nd t he s pr ing a t C hama l ieres

( PD, p . 1 30f ; Ga l l ia 1 954 :506 ).

The p oor r ecord o f f inds i m med ia te ly t o t he n orth o f t he L o ire may b e c onnected w ith t he r ar ity o f o ccup ied h il l forts t here , a nd f or p resen t p urposes t he L o ire c onst itutes t he n orthern l im it o f t he Cen tra l a rea.

The c o in f inds

a t Ambo ise , w ith h eavy r epresen ta t ion o f B e lg ic r ather t han Centra l t ypes emphas ises t he d if ference i n g eograph ica l o r ien tat ion o f s i tes t o t he n orth o f t he C en tre.

Sma l ler s ites a re l ess e asy t o f ind a nd a t tract l ess a rchaeo log i-

c a l i n terest t han l arger o nes ;

t he h istor ica l r easons f or t he v ery n ot iceab le

d rop i n d ens ity o f d efended s i tes n orth o f t he L o ire a re n atura l ly u nknown , a lthough i ti s s urpr is ing i n v iew o f t he a pparen t ly d isputed n ature o f s o me o f t he t err itory b etween t he Carnu tes a nd B itur iges ( Caesar BG 8 .4.2 ).

I t c o-

i nc ides w ith a r elat ive a bsence o f Med iterranean i mports ( maps p . 12 , 1 13) i n c on trast w ith B erry a nd L i mous in wh ich a re w e l l s upp l ied b oth w ith i mp orts a nd h il lforts. A LL IER T he p ub l ished a rchaeo log ica l r ecord f or t he l a Tine p er iod i n A l l ier i s v ery p oor.

Most o f t he Departe men t i s t err itory o ccup ied i n t he f i rst c en tury

B .C. b y t he Arvern i, b u t an or thern s ect ion i nclud ing N er isles-Ba ins w as p art o f t he f i rst c en tury t err itory o f t he B itur iges, a nd i ti s t h is a rea wh ich h as f urn ished s o me e v idence f or o ccupa t ion i n t hat p er iod.

There a re i nd ica-

t ions o f s o me Med iterranean c on tacts, t hough n o t n ecessar ily o f as yste mat ic n ature, i n t he f i f th c entury B .C. i n t he f or m o f t wo A tt ic r ed f i gure s herds f rom t he s i te o f BA e gues ( Ga l l ia 1 967 :297 ). y et l i t t le e v idence.

1 99

F or t he l a ter I ron Age t here i s a s

2 3.

Wer isson A t I 1 6r isson t he c a mp d u Chhte loy h as a mass ive B elg ic r a mpart e nclos ing

a n a rea o f a bou t 2 0 h ectares, b u t h as n ot b een e xcava ted.

The p resence o f

a Belg ic r ampar t wou ld s uggest a C aesar ian d a te f or i t s c onstruc t ion ( Büchsenschü tz a nd Ra lston 1 975 ).

Büchsenschütz s uggested t ha t Her isson

was s trateg ica l ly c onnected w ith t he l ine o f f ortresses S a in t- Marcel , Cd ateaume il lan t a nd S id ia il les ( Büchsensch l itz 1 968 :49 ). 2 4.

N o c o ins a re r eported.

N ' er is-les-Ba ins A t N tr is-les-Ba ins t he c ourse o f t he mass ive r a mpart may s t il l b e t raced ,

b ut l arge ly ow ing t o t he c on t inued o ccupat ion o f t he t own , t here h ave b een n o e x tens ive e xcava t ions.

The f or tress w as s eparate f ro m t he t o wn a t f i rst , a nd

may c on ta in p re-Ro man mater ia l , b u t t he Roman t own e ven tua l ly g rew t o i nc lude i t .

The Ro man p er iod i s t he e arl iest f or w h ich t here i s g ood e v idence a t

N er is ;

aT iber ian l evel i s w el l-attested a nd t o t h is p er iod b elong p ot tery k i lns.

As o f ten , t he Ce l t ic p er iod h as n ot a t tracted much a tten t ion c o mpared w ith t he Ro man. There i s n o s yste ma t ic a ccoun t o f c o in f inds f ro m A r is.

B lanchet ( ABT :

5 00 ) l i sts t ypes k nown i n t he n ineteen th c en tury , wh ich a re t yp ica l o f a ny e ar ly Ga l lo-Ro man t own i n C en tra l Gau l : 2b ronze EPAD ( Avern i ) 2 VERCA ( Avern i, p ost-conquest ) 1 MOTVDIACA ( Avern i ) IT POM S EX F 1b ronze ABVDOS ( B itur iges ) 2b ronze CAL IAG I I IS ( ?Carnu tes ) 2b ronze I SVN IS ( B itur iges ) 2b ronzes o f t he Carnutes w ith e ag le 1b ronze TVRONOS TR ICCOS ( Be lg ic ) 3 swast ika p ot ins o f t he B itur iges 1p o t in o f e ar ly t ype w ith MA B ib l iography :

Büchsenschütz 1 968:49f f .;

2 00

Ga l l ia 1 973:459.

8 . CO INAGE OF THE B ITUR IGES CUB I I N THE F IRST CENTURY BC

T here a re t wo p rec ious me ta l c o inages w ith a d istr ibu t ion w ith in t he t err i tory o f t he B itur iges C ub l , t he g o ld ABVDOS a nd s i lver s word g roups, a nd s evera l b ronze c o inages, s o me o f wh ich may b e r e la ted t o t he p rec ious meta l c o inages; c o ins a re p r inc ipa l ly f ound o n t he l arge d efended s e t t le men ts, e spec ia l ly L evro lux , S a in t- Marce l a nd B ourges . T he c hrono logy o ft hese c o inages i s r easonab ly s ecure . T hey b e long t o t he f i rs t c en tury BC, s ince t hey a re a l l f ound o n f i rst c entury s e t t le men ts, wherea s n one o f t he e ar l ier B erry c o inages were ( p . 1 01f ) . S pec i mens o f s evera l f i rst c en tury B itur igan c o inages o ccurred i n t he g rave d epos it a t A les ia ( append ix 1 ) .

F irst c entury i ssues a re n ever f ound a ssoc ia ted w ith t he e ar l ier

B erry c o inages e i ther i n h oards o r o n s i tes, a nd t here was a s harp c hange i n s ty le , t ype a nd we igh t f ro m t he e ar l ier r eg iona l s er ies . I ti s t herefore p roba b le t ha t t here was a s ign if ican t b reak i n t ime a s we l l a s i n c oncep t ion b etween t he c o ins o f t he e nd o f t he s econd c entury a nd t he f i rst c entury i ssues d iscussed b e low . I ti s p robab le t ha t much o f t he o utpu t o f a l l s er ies b e longs t o t he m id f i rst c entury , a nd e spec ia l ly t he C aesar ian war , s ince n ot o n ly was t h is a p er iod w h ich r equ ired l arge p aymen ts t o b e made f or d efence a ga inst t he R o mans, b u t t wo sword g roup d ies w ere f ound o n Puy d e C oren t ( PD) n ear G ergov ia , a s i te s o f ar f ro m B itur igan t err itory t ha t al i ke ly e xp lana t ion f or t he ir p resence t here i s t ha t t hey w ere i n u se f or t he c a mpa ign o f 5 1 a nd a bandoned e i ther when t he ir owners were k i l led o r w hen t he s iege was r a ised a nd t he a rm ies moved o n . T he i n terre la t ions o f t he d i f feren t B itur igan c o inages i s u ncer ta in . T he g o ld ABVDOS g roup c er ta in ly h ad b ronze f ract ions s truck w i th t he s ame t ypes, b u t w i th a l onger s er ies o fn ames i nscr ibed o n t he m .

S ince a n u mber o f t hese

b ronze c o ins were f ound i n t he Al es ia d epos its, i ti s p robab le t ha t t hey were c on te mporary w ith t he g o ld i ssue . T he s i lver g roup , t oo , h ad r are f rac t ions I nb ronze o f q u ite d i f feren t t ype t o t he ABVDOS f ract ions . Bronze s er ies o ther t han t he ABVDOS g roup a re n ot f ound a t A lesia a nd s o me may we l l b e p ostw ar i n o r ig in , a l though i n t he c ase o f ar e la t ive ly m inor c on t ingen t l i ke t he B itur iges, whose c o ins o n ly p rov ide 1 3 o f t he 4 99 Gau l ish c o ins f ound , t he a bsence i s n ot v ery s ign if ican t . T he f i nd o f o ne worn w o lf h ead a nd p egasus c o in i n t he h oard o f S a in t-P ierre-de- Ma i l le ' ( p . 3 10) , i fi td oes b e long t o t he h oard , may s uggest t ha t i ti s ap re-war c o inage . Iwou ld l i ke t o s ugges t t ha t t he m in ts f or t he ABVDOS a nd s word g roup s er ies were s epara te , p erhaps a t B ourges, t he ' cap ita l ' ( p . 1 84) i fn ot L evroux , a nd S a in t- Marce l r espect ive ly . T he l a t ter s i te h as y ie lded s evera l s word g roup c o ins o f h igh w e igh t a nd i n g ood c ond it ion , a nd s tands b y aw orka b le s ource o f s i lver o re . Pre l im inary e xam ina t ion b y X -ray f l uorescence s pectrome try o f f ract iona l c o ins o f sword g roup a nd ABVDOS t ype c o ins r evea l

2 01

t ha t b ronze sword g roup c o ins c on ta in a h igh l eve l o f a rgen t iferous l ead ( ab y-product o f s i lver e x tract ion ) whereas ABVDOS a nd o ther ma jor t ypes , p erhaps o f p ost-war d a te , d o n ot .

1 4

Ih ave s uggested ( Nash 1 978b) t ha t a f ter

t he e nd o f s i lver min t ing c aused b y t he R o man c onquest , b ronze c o ins s truck e ven a t Argen to magus migh t n o l onger c on ta in a rgen t iferous l ead . I ti s n ot y e t p oss ib le t o b e c er ta in where t he m in ts f or b ronze c o ins o f t he v ar ious t ypes were s itua ted , a l though i ti s p robab le t ha t e ach o f t he ma jor u rban ised s i tes p roduced b ronze c o inage f or t he ir own a dm in istra t ive u se . Pot in c o ins w ith t he swast ika a re e spec ia l ly c o m mon a t C hä teau me i l lan t ; t he ABVDOS s er ies i s v ery c o m mon a t B ourges ; b u t a s a l l t ypes a re f ound o n a l l s i tes, e spec ia l ly o nes a s r ich i n c o in f i nds a s L evroux a nd S a in t- Marce l , t he q ues t ion must f or t he mo men t r e ma in o pen .

T he B itur iges n ever s truck a

c o inage o n aR o man mode l , a l though t hey p robab ly c on t inued t o p roduce b ronze c o inage u n t i l t he e nd o f t he f irst c en tury BC.

T he ir s i lver sword g roup ,

h owever , i s t he o n ly l arge C en tra l c o inage t o a dop t t he R o man q u inar ius s tanda rd f ro m i t s b eg inn ing . A . A l.

ABVDOS GROUP, GOLD AND BRONZE U n inscr ibed g o ld O bv .

H ead t o l e f t , h eavy l ocks, f l our ish b efore f ace ( s ta ters o n ly) ;

c o l lar o f a rcs a nd s p ikes . Rev .

B iga ( one h orse o n ly o n f ract ions) t o l e f t , w inged h e l me ted d r iver .

Crescen t i n f ron t ; t r i lobe o rna men t o r r ing o f d o ts w ith c en tra l d ot b e low . U ncer ta in s y mbo l a bove . F inds :

1 .

F ig . 4 57-60

Nerondes ( Cher ) 6 .76 .

MSAC 1 ( 1868 ) , 3 28 .

2 .

A inayle-Chä teau ( A l l ier ) , 7 .17g . B9 51.5 .1.

3 .

Hd . Mou l ins-sur-Cephons ( I ndre) ; l egend o f f f l an ;

c f . F ig . 4 61-2 ;

p oss ib ly ABVCATOS t ype w i th MSAC ( 1893-4) : 3 35f f ;

6 .87g .

We igh t : BN 4 587

7 .20

B951.5 .1

7 .17

BN 4 586

7 .07

Mou l ins c o in

6 .87

Nerondes c o in

6 .76

Quar ter : BN 4 588

1 .81

The f l our ish b efore t he f ace i s a n e cho o f t he Empor itan t rad it ion w ith d o lph ins . T he h igh we igh t o f t h is g roup s trong ly s uggests t ha t i t was t he f irst o f t he s er ies . A2 .

Ep igraph ic ABVCATOS 1 .

g o ld

O bv .. Head t o l ef t , h eavy l ocks ;

d oub le f l our ish b efore f ace , c o l lar

o f a rcs . Rev . r ings b e low ;

H orse p ranc ing l ef t , w inged t orso a bove , t hree c en tre-dot ted l egend ABVCATOS .

F ig . 4 61-2 .

2 02

B ITUR IGES C O INAGE I

•0

A BV D OS g roup g o ld , s tray f ind & h oard

•g A

" S a int-Marce l B ourges

2 03

b ronze

"

T h is t ype i s t rans it iona l b e tween t he u n inscr ibed g roup a bove ( wh ich i s h eav ier) a nd t he p r inc ipa l ABVDOS a nd ABVCATOS s er ies w ith a n e ag le a nd r ings o n t he r everse . F inds :

1 .

Hd . Mou l ins-sur-Cephons ( r ndre ; ( 1895) , 3 35f f , 6 .83g .

a pp mi lx 1 n o . 2 5 . MSAC 1 893-4

We igh t : BN 4 173A

6 .86

Mou l ins c o in 6 .83 B901.13 .1 2 . •

6 .62 O bv .

H ead t o l e f t , l arge c ur led l ocks .

R ev .

H orse p ranc ing l ef t ; f ac ing s pread e ag le a bove , t hree c en tred ot ted c irc les b e low .

F inds :

•

S o met i mes c o l lar o f d ots.

L egend ABVCATOS .

1 .

L evroux ( I ndre) B 8 94 .2 4 .1, 6 .77 .

2 .

Po i t iers ( V ienne) , ABT :

3 .

Ardena is ( Cher ) , ABT : 4 11;

4 .

Hd .

F ig . 4 63-4 .

5 07 , 4 11 . MSAC 1 892 b u l l .

Mou l ins-sur-Cephons ( I ndre ;

1 7p . 3 88 .

a ppend ix 1 , n o . 2 5) , 9c o ins.

C o lber t d e Beau l ieu a nd L abarr iere 1 957 ;

MSAC ( 1893-4) ; 3 35f f .

5 .

L uynes ( I +L ) , 6 .83 , d e l a S aussaye 1 836 p . 7 9 .

6 .

Near Mon t lu9on ( A l l ier ) , ABT : 4 11.

7 .

Near Her isson ( A l l ier ) ABT : 4 11 ( 1c o in) ;

DAG c la i ms 2 ABVDOS .

We igh ts : Hess s a le 1 913 , 9

7 .0

Cahn Dec . 1 922 , 3 78

7 .0

Ra t to 1 912 , 1 45

6 .96

BN 4 174

6 .92

Mou l ins c o in ( MSAC)

6 .90

S chu l man J une 1 966, 1 015

6 .90

Mou l ins c o ins ( MSAC)

6 .89 ( 2 c o ins)

BN 4 173

6 .89

Mou lins c o in ( MSAC)

6 .85

M MAG J an 1 953 , 1 2

6 .85

d e l a S aussaye 1 836, 7 9

6 .83

ANS 2

6 .82

S chu l man J une 1 966, 1 014

6 .80

B 8 94 .2 4 . 1

6 .77

MAN c o in •

6 .74

BN 4 172

6 .72

M I V IAG J une 1 954, 9 69

6.6 6

A 3 .

ABVDOS

O bv .

i . Head t o l ef t w ith l arge c ur led l ocks ( F igs . 4 65-6) I i . S a me h ead t o l ef t , f l our ish r is ing f ro m mou th ( F ig . 4 67) i l l .A s ( i f) b u t c o l lar o f d ots a nd AB o n t he c o l lar ( F ig . 4 68) I v . A s ( i) b u t n o f l our ish a nd ABVDOS d ownwards i n f ron t n g..4 69) v .

A s ( i ) b u t c o l lar o f d ots ( t h ird-sta ters) ( F ig . 4 70)

2 04

GOLD

A BUDOS G ROUP WE IGHTS

4

3

• •

•• S.. • • Of b SOO 000 00 •

• 7 .20

• 7 . 10

S 7 .00

6.. 90

. 6 .60

2

1

6 .70

2 05

6 .60

6 .50

6 .40

6 .30

Rev .

Horse g a l lop ing l ef t , f ac ing s pread e ag le a bove , t hree c en tred ot ted c irc les b e low ;

l egend ABVDOS ( s ta ters) , n oth ing ( t h irds)

o r o ne r ing a nd A ( s ixth-sta ter) . F inds:

1 .

L evroux ( I ndre) B 8 94. 2 4. 2 , 6 .84 .

2 .

A les ia g rave d epos it , o ne c oin ( Co lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 955a ) .

3 .

Hd . Mou lins-sur-Cephons ( I ndre ;

a ppend ix 1 , n o . 2 5, 4 s ta ters,

t wo t h irds a nd o ne s ix th . 4 .

Hd . Bonneu i l ( V ienne ;

a ppend ix 1 , n o . 4 4) , ABT n o . 2 63 ;

5 .

Hd . C ivaux ( V ienne ;

6 .

Hd . Vernon ( V ienne , a ppend ix 1 , n o . 5 1) ;

7 .

Po it iers ( V ienne) ABT : 5 07 , 7s ta ters w ith ' b ird o Jer t he h orse '

Co lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 956e ;

B lanche t 1 910 .

a ppend ix 1 , n o . 4 0) ; B lanche t 1 910 ;

ABT n o . 2 64 . ABT: 4 11.

p erhaps ABVDOS g roup ( not o n t he map) . We ight : B lanchet 1 910

6 .95

Ca lm Apr . 1 933 , 1 578

6 .92

BN 4 153

6 .91

S chu l man Mar . 1 929

6 .90

BN 4 152

6 .86

BN 4 148

6 .85

B 8 94 . 2 4 . 2

6 .84

ANS

6 .83

MSAC (Mou l ins)

6 .82 ( 2 c oins)

BN 4 149

6 .82

BN 4 147

6 .81

BN 4 146

6 .81

BN 4 151

6 .80

BM

6 .79

MSAC ( Mou l ins)

6 .77

BN 4 150

6 .77

Ra t to 1 927 , 2 8

6 .75

Rat to 1 912 , 1 44

6 .38

T h irds B lanchet 1 910

2 .50

B lanchet 1 910

2 .30

BN 4 175

2 .22

Cahn Apr . 1 933 , 1 579

1 .80

BN 4 176

1 .42 ( p la ted a nd b roken )

S ixth Mou l ins c o in ( MSAC)

1 .0

The d iv is ions o f t he s ta ter a re o ne-th ird a nd o ne-sixth , n ot o ne-quar ter a s was most c o m mon i n Cen tra l Gau l a t a l l p er iods, a nd a s was a pparen t ly n or ma l f or t he u n inscr ibed ABVCATOS g roup a bove .

2 06

A4 .

SOL I MA

Obv .

g o ' .d

H ead t o l ef t , l arge c ur led l ocks, f l our ish i n f ron t o f mouth a s i n t he ABVDOS g roup .

Rev .

H orse b ound ing t o l e f t , t hree c entre-dotted r ings a bove ;

l egend

S OL I MA a bove ( F ig . 4 71-2 ) . F inds :

1 .

A les ia g rave d epos i t , o ne c o in ( Append ix 1n o. 1 ) .

2 .

Hd . B onneu i l ( V ienne ,

3 .

Ambo ise ( L+Ch .) , ABT : 4 11.

a ppend ix 1n o . 4 4) , B lanche t 1 910 .

We igh t : BN 4 196

7 .03

BN 4 197

6 .77

BN . Cö te 15

6 .74

BM

6 .73

I n t ype t h is v ar iety i s s l ight ly d if feren t f ro m t he ABVDOS g roup a nd i s c ert a in ly n ot e ngraved b y ah and u sed f or ABVDOS g o ld c o ins .

Excep t f or

BN 4 196 t he c o ins a re l i ghter t han t he ma jor ity o f ABVDOS o r ABVCATOS t ypes ;

i ti s p ossib le t herefore t ha t t h is i s al a te g roup , p erhaps s truck d ur ing

t he Caesar ian war . 5 .

BRONZE I SSUES Apar t f ro m t hose i nscr ibed ABVDOS , t he mag istra tes o r a u thor it ies i n

whose n ames t hese i ssues were s truck a re n o t s hared w ith t he g o ld s er ies, a nd n e i ther ABVCA TOS n or SOL I MA a re f ound o n b ronze .

T he t ypes, h owever ,

a re c onstan t a nd may b e r egarded a s as uccession o f i ssues l i nked w i th t he g o ld c o inage ;

t he ir p rec ise r e la t ive o rder h as n ot y et b een d eter m ined .

A .

ABVDOS b ronze F igs . 4 73-480

a .

Obv .

H ead t o l e f t , l arge c ur ly l ocks .

Rev .

Horse t o l ef t , s pread f ac ing e ag le a bove , ABVDOS b e low ( F ig . 4 73 ) .

b .

a s ( a ) ; r ev . p egasus f ly ing l e f t , A a bove .

P ossib ly a l egend b efore t he

f ace o n t he o bverse . ( F ig . 4 74) . c .

O bv .

Head t o l ef t , ABVDOS d ownwards i n f ron t .

R ev .

Horse t o l e f t , t hree c entre-dot ted c irc les a bove , ABVDOS b e low , ( F igs . 4 75-6) .

d .

a s ( a ) b ut r ev , h orse t o l e f t , t hree c en tre-dot ted r ings a bove , ABVDOS b e low ( F ii . 4 77-9) .

e .

a s ( a ) b ut r ev , h orse t o l e f t , t hree c en tre-dot ted c irc les a bove , AVDOS b e low ( F ig . 4 80) .

Var iety ( d ) i s t he l argest i n n u mber , a nd a l l v ar iet ies a re c lose i n s ty le t o ABVDOS a nd SOL I MA t ype s ta ters .

S o me o bverses ( eg . F ig . 4 64 a nd 4 77 )

may h ave b een e ngraved b y t he s ame a r t ists .

T he r everse i s e ngraved i n

v ar . ( a ) i n t he manner o f ABVDOS g o ld , a nd o n v ar . ( c ) a s i n SOL I MA g o ld . As ABVDOS , I LAVSO a nd I SVN IS were f ound a t A les ia , t he g roup must h ave b een s truck f or t he most p ar t b efore 5 1 BC, c on te mporary w ith t he g o ld . v a lue r e la t ionsh ip w ith t he g o ld s er ies i s who l ly u nknown .

2 07

I t s

F inds:

1 .

L a Grande-Garenne , c ne . Neuvy-sur-Barangeon ( Cher) , B 8 94.2 .1

( d

2 .

L evroux ( many ;

c f . p . 1 92f . 1f ro m e ar ly Ga l lo-Ro man h ut ;

s ev-

e ra l i n l oca l c o l lect ions) . 3 .

Ner is-les-Ba ins ( Al lier) , 2c oins . ABT : 5 00 .

4 .

t treche c ne .

5 .

Bourges ( Cher ) , many ;

O s mery ( Cher) 1 c oin , MSAC X 1 882 , 2 85-306 . ( d ) .

6 .

A lesia g rave d eposit , 9c o ins ( Append ix 1 n o . 1 ) ; A les ia o pp idu m ,

7 .

Dunle-Ro l

8 .

Ouzouerle-Vou lg is ( Se ine-et- Marne) , C o lber t d e Beau l ieu

c f . p . 1 85 ( MSAC I I 1 869, 3 03 ; V I 1 875-

6 , 3 29-44 ; I V 1 873 , 3 38 ;

1 1867 , 3 25-38 ;

V 1 873-4, 3 23-53) .

1c o in ( Le Dan tec 1 968) . ( Dun-sur-Auron ) Cher ( DAG ; c ou ld b e g o ld ) .

Cah iers n um is ma t iques 2 8 ( 1971) : 4 3 , 2 .45 ( e ) . 9 .

L es Bo lards ( C .d '0 ) 5c o ins ( l e Dantec 1 972) .

1 0 .

Hd . l a Me i l lera ie-T i l lay ( Vendee ;

1 1.

Hd . Fondet tes ( L ndre-et-Lo ire ;

Append ix 1 .n o . 5 0) .

1 2 .

S a int- Marce l ( I ndre) a t l east 1 4 ( p . 1 89 a bove) .

Append ix 1 n o . 4 8) 1 5 c o ins.

1 3 .

C ouf f i ( L+Ch) C othenet 1 968 .

1 4 .

Po it iers ( V ienne) 1 0 c o ins, ABT :5 07 .

1 5 .

P ierrebuf f iere ( HV) De lage 1 952 .

We ight : BN 4 162

3 .68 (d )

BN 4 156

3 .45 (a )

BN 4 166

3 .40 (d )

BN 4 170

3 .25(c)

BM

3 .21(a )

BM

3 .16(d)

BN 4 159

3 .11(d )

BD965 .1.4818

3 .02 (d )

BN 4 157

3 .0 ( d )

BN 4 163

2 .97 (d )

BN 4 167

2 .93 (d)

BN 4 154

2 .91

BN 4 161

2 .89(d )

BN 4 168

2 .85(b)

BN 4 155

2 .83 (c)

BM

2 .82(d )

BN 4 183

2 .80 (e)

BD 9 65 . 1 .4 813

2 .72 (d)

BN 4 158

2 .63(d)

B8 94 . 2 .1

2 .57 (d )

BN 4 169

2 .55(c)

BD965 .1.4920

2 .48 (a )

BD 9 65 .1.4822

2 .47 (d)

Ouzouer c o in

2 .45(e)

BN 4 193

2 .41(b)

BN 4 171

2 .37(b)

BN 4 164

2 .11(d)

BD9 65 . 1 .4819

2 .08 (d)

Ash mo lean

2 .04(d)

BN 4 194

1 .90(b) 2 08

B.

ISVNIS Obv. Head to left as on ABVDOS bronze. Rev. Horse to left, three centre-dotted circles above, legend IVNIS, ISVNIS or SIVNIS (Figs. 481-2). See Colbert de Beaulieu BSFN 1956/60:420 for the legend.

Finds:

1. 2.

Alesia grave deposit, one coin (Appendix 1 no 1). Levroux in early Gallo-Roman hut (p. 194). 1 coin.

Weight: BN 4186 BN 4188 BN 4187 BN 4189 BN 4184 B D 965.1. 4814 BN 4165 BN 4185

3.50 2.86 2.77 2.53 2.32 2.58 2.29 2.05

C. HAROS Obv. Rev.

Finds:

Head left as ABVDOS bronze. Horse to left, three centre-dotted circles above, IIAROS below Var. with one cehtre-dotted ring below, three centre-dotted rings above. (Fig. 483 ). 1.

Soings (L+Ch.) associated with early imperial bronze, especially Augustan Lugdunum altar series asses (de la Saussaye 1 37) 2. Hd. Fondettes (I+L), one coin (appendix 1, no. 48). 3. Gergovie (PD) BN 4180, 3.23g. 4. Paris, Pont au Change; BN 4181, 2.90g. 5. Alesia grave deposit, BN 4179 (3. 25g).

Weight: BN 4179 BN 4180 BN 4181 BN 4182 B D 965.1.4816

3.25 3.23 2. 90 2.71 2. 50

D. ILAVSO Obv. Head to left as ABVDOS bronze. Rev. Horse to left, three centre-dotted circles above, legend OS\(\\\ below (=ILAVSO retrograde: Colbert de Beaulieu Cahiers numismatigues (21), 1969: 707ff; id: BSFN 1956/60, 408) Fl.g. 484-5. Finds:

1. Alesia grave deposit (appendix 1 no. 1). 2. Hd. Fondettes (I+L) appendix 1, no. 48 one coin = BN R. t271, 3.25g. 3. Levroux (Indre) at least one (Information 0. BUchsenschUtz; p. 194) 4. Etang de Grandlieu (L.Atl.) Colbert de Beaulieu BSF� 1956/60, 407-8. 209

Weight: BN 4177 BN R.1271 BN 4178 BN 4191 B D 965.1.4819

3.93 3.25 3. 23 3. 21 2.08

E. EMBAV Obv. Head to left as in ABVDOS bronze. Rev. Horse to left, three centre-dotted rings apove, EMBAV below. Fig. 486-7. Find:

1. Hd. of Fondettes (I+ L) appendix 1. no. 48; one coin.

Weight: BN 4190 BN 4192

3.48 2.92

Coins with uncertain legends because of breakage, corrosion or careless manufacture have not been included above in the weight records. Some of these coins which belong to the series as a whole have recorded findspots: 1. Berry (MSAC XVII 1890, 295) 2. Sandy (Bedfordshire) 2.45g (in the British Museum). B. SWORD GROUP SILVER AND BRONZE In their publication of the Moulins-sur-Cephons hoard, Colbert de Beaulieu and Labarriere (1957) classified this series of coins, and it is unnecessary to repeat it here in detail. All types except CAMBOTRE share the types: Obv. Aquitanic head to left, long locks like a jester' s cap. Rev. Horse stepping high to left. I. EPIGRAPHIC COINS I1 CAMBOTRE (Fig. 488-9) Obv. Male head to left with elaborate hair· showing three locks falltng loose at the temple and behind. Rev. Horse galloping left, short sword above, legend CAMBOTRE below. Finds:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

2 in hd. Vernon (Vienne) appendix 1 no. 51. 13 in hd. Moulins-sur-Cephons (Indre, appendix 1 no. 25). Hd. Tendu (Indre; appendix 1 no. 26), 1. 83g. 1 found at Poitiers (Vienne) ABT: 507. Hd. Chauvigny (Vienne),· appendix 1 no. 22. In hoard of Jalesche/Marcillat (Creuse), appendix 1 no. 41; Blanchet 1910. 7. Hd. Combiers (Charente) 6 coins (ABT: 413; Colbert de Beaulieu 1956d).

210

B ITUR IGES C O INA g I

• 0

Swo rd g roup s i lver , s tray f i nd a nd h oard

C

C AMBOTRE Swo rd D

•®

"

!I

g roup s i lver

i n m ixed

h oard

Sword g roup d ies Sword g roup b ronze , 2 11

s tray f ind

a nd

h oard

S ILVER

T O TAL

b oor

X

b oar

0

1

SWORD

1 5

6 1

2

40 %

1

1

oo

1

1

1

2 76

2 22

3

1

5 4

4 2

1

1

9

2

8

9

5

3 1

8

O Y I

G ROUP WE I GHTS

7 0

2 5

1 0

2 4

8

3

1

1 0

3

2

1

1 3

2

1

7

4 1

5 1

1 4

3

3 0

6 4

3 0

1 4

2

4

2

KY

I VRCA g roup

3

CAM

C AMBOTRE 2 .10

2 .05

2 .00

8

1 9

9

6

2 9

22

9

5

1 5

8

3

. 95 1

2 12

1 .90

185

1 .80

1

2

1

1

1 . 75

u nder 1 . 75

T he p resen ta t ion o f c o in we igh ts f or t he s i lver s word g roup f o l lows t he p ract i se o f C o lber t d e Beau l ieu a nd L abarr iere 1 957 , s ince t he ma jor ity o f r ecorde d we igh ts a re o f c o ins i n t he Mou l ins-sur-Cephons h oard , b u t t he a u thors o f t he t he p ub l ica t ion d id n ot l i st i nd iv idua l we igh ts . We igh t :

N o .

1 .95 - 1 .99

5

( B D9 65 .1.4880 ; BN 4 136 ; Ra t to 1 909, 3 90 ;

1. 90 - 1 .94

1 5

( 8 i n Mou l ins h oard ;

1 .85 - 1 .89

8

1 .80 - 1 .84

3

M MAG Dec . 1 972 , 2 25 ;

Ra t to 1 912 , 1 49) . BN 4 131, 4 138 , ANS 3 ;

BM ;

C ahn Dec . 1 922 , 3 79 ; Cahn Apr . 1 933 , 1 584) . ( 4 i n Mou l ins h oard ; ANS 4 ; BM ; BN 4 133 , B894 .1.2) .

P la ted :

BN 4 135 ( 1 .42) ;

Var . i .

( B894 .1.3 ;

BN 4 134 ;

BM ) .

4 132 ( 1 .57) .

O bv .

A s CA MBOTRE, c irc le b efore .

Rev .

H orse t o l e f t , s p ira ls, r ings a nd a t orque i n f i e ld .

F ig . 4 90

BN 4 112 , 1 .33g . Var . i .

O bv .

A s CA MBOTRE.

Rev .

H orse man g a l lop ing l e f t , b oar b e low ; ' e yes ' i n f ie ld . F ig . 4 91.

c irc les, c rescen t a nd

Cast i n D . F . A l len c o l lect ion

( Ash mo lean ) , s a id t o b e f ro m t he Hun ter ia .n museu m , G lasgow ; n o we igh t . CA MBOTRE s tands a par t s ty l ist ica l ly f ro m t he r est o f t he s word g roup .

I ti s

f ound i n l a te h oards, a nd was n ot f ound i n t he g rave d epos its a t A les ia , wh ich may i nd ica te a l a te o r ig in , a l though t he a bsence f ro m A lesia may b e f or tu itous i n v iew o f t he sma l l t ota l n umber o f B itur igan c o ins f ound t here . F indspots f or t he r est o f t he s word g roup , wh ich i s ah o mogeneous s er ies, may b e l i sted t oge ther : 1 . 2 .

Rev , d ie f or CA M f ound a t Puy d e C oren t ( PD) , ABT : 4 13 . R ev .d ie f or s word a nd p en tagram t ype f ound a t Puy d e C oren t ( PD) , ABT : 3 2 ;

Ma th ieu 1 845) .

1 5

3 .

Hd . Chan tenay ( N ievre ) , a ppend ix 1 , n o . 4 5 . 9c o ins.

4 .

H d . Cheverny ( L+Ch ) , o ver 7 c o ins :

5 .

' On t he Garonne ' ,sword a nd p en tagra m t ype ( Forrer 1 908 : 3 2) .

5 OYI KY , 2 CA M a nd o thers.

Append ix 1n o . 3 9 . N ot

o n t he map . 6 .

Hd . J a lesche/ Marc il la t

( Creuse) , o ver 1 3 c o ins ( 5 CA MBOTRE,

9u n inscr ibed , o ne h a lf d eno m ina t ion ;

a ppend ix 1n o . 4 1) .

7 .

Hd . J ersey-6 : 5c o ins i nc lud ing CA M ( ABT n o . 2 75 ; M 1 881; LT XVI I J4 5-6) , a ppend ix 1n o . 4 9.

8 .

O ne i n h oard J ersey-11.

9 .

L eve t ( Cher ) o ne o r t wo ( ABT : 4 13 ; MSAC I V 1 873 , 3 37 n o . 3 ) .

M 1 880 ;

Perhaps

sword a nd f l ower le t o r c irc le w ith c ross i ns ide , p robab ly p la ted . 1 0 .

Hd . Mou l ins-sur-Cephons ( append ix 1n o . 2 5) .

1 1.

S a int- Marce l ( I ndre ) i n e xcava t ions, 6 o r more i nc lud ing 4 CA M 1 .87-1.53g ;

sword a nd c en tre-dot ted r ing le t 1 .02 ; b oar a nd c ross

2 .09 ( Cothene t 1 968 ) .

2 13

1 2.

2 4 i n h d.

1 3.

A les ia g rave d epos it , 6c o ins ( append ix 1n o. 1 ; o ne i n t he d efended

Vernon ( V ienne;

a ppend ix 1 , n o. 5 1) i nclud ing 2 CA MBOTRE.

s ett le men t a t A les ia ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 955a ). 1 4.

Hd. o f Tendu ( Indre ; a ppend ix 1 n o. 2 6 ).

1 5.

L evroux ( Indre ) B 8 94.24.3, 1 .80g ( sword a nd f l ower let );

1 6.

Dunle-Ro i ( Dun-sur-Auron , Cher ) 1 .16g u ncerta in t ype, MSAC 1 885 2 37.

1 7.

Chabr is ( I ndre ) h a lf d eno m inat ion , MSAC XXV I ( 1902 ):228.

1 .17g ( boar

a nd X , i n for mat ion 0 . Büchsenschü tz ).

1 8.

L a Grout te ( Cher ), 1 .70g ( Cothenet 1 969 ;

1 9.

Cha mbon ( Creuse ) 1 CA M ( MSSNAC 1 862 :454 ).

2 0.

Hugon iot 1 969 ).

Tou l l ( Creuse ) ' Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t/horse l ef t , c ircles a bove a nd b elow , T i nf ield ', p rob. sword g roup ( MSSNAC 1 862, 4 54 ).

2 1.

Roanne ( Lo ire ) sword a nd f l owerlet ( Ga l l ia 1 968:565;

Mus e J oseph

Dechelet te, Roanne ). 2 2.

Bov io l les ( Meuse ), ABT : 5 11, CA M ( o f f t he map ).

2 3.

Hd. Goutrens ( Aveyron ), ABT n o. 1 9;

2 4.

Hd.. (? ) Vatan ( Indre ), a ppend ix 1 n o. 2 7.

1 2 CA M a nd e r We igh t : 2 .0-2.04

A llen 1 969 n o. 3 6, a ppend ix 1 n o. 2 4 .

( Fig. 4 92-3 )

N o. 3( Mou l ins-sur-Cgphons ).

1 .95-1.99

6( 5 f ron i Mou l ins;

1 .90-1.94

2 9(26 f ro m Mou l ins;

M 3 917 ).

1 .85-1.89

2 2(17 f ro m Mou l ins; Rat to 1 901, 3 91;

Cahn Dec. 1 922, 3 80;

BM; Ash mo lean

A l len 1 30 ). BN 4 142;

9( 7 f ro m Mou l ins;

1 .75-1.79

1( Mou l ins ).

1 .57

1( Hd. Chan tenay , BN 4 141).

t e k t is

B 9 62.x.3;

BM ).

1 .80-1.84

The s ymbo l

BN 4 140;

BN 4 139;

BM ).

s hared w ith g roup 13 b elow.

The f act t hat a d ie was f ound

a t Puy d e Coren t s uggests t hat t h is t ype was s truck l ate i n t he Caesar ian w ar, p erhaps i n 5 2/1 BC.

The o ther sword g roup d ie f ound a t Puy d e Coren t w as

o f sword a nd p en tagra m t ype ( I I2a ), a nd t hese t wo v ar iet ies h ave v ery c losely s im ilar o bverse d ies, p robab ly t he work o f t he s a me e ngravers ; g roup a lso b elongs c losely w ith t he m.

t he I VRCA

A l l t hree h ave a h igh p roport ion o f

c arelessly made s pec i mens, s uggest ing p roduct ion d ur ing a c r is is.

I VRCA

a nd CA M f urther s hare t he p ecul iar ity o f t he h orse's mane t reated a s as tra ight l ine r ather t han a r ow o f d ots. B lanchet ( ABT : 4 13 n . 4 ) t hought i tu n l ike ly t hat CA M was t he p redecessor o f CA MBOTRE b ecause CA M was p roduced s o l a te i n t he Caesarian war. There i s n o r eason , h owever, why a s harp c hange i n t echn ique c ou ld n ot h ave o ccurr ed w ith in a v ery s hort p er iod :

c f. g roup 13aa/ 1 13 1 3 b elow.

t herefore, o f CA M a nd CA MBOTRE r e ma ins u ncerta in .

2 14

The r e lat ionsh ip ,

I 3 I VRC, I VRC / /A 1 4 VR / / CA 1 5 I VR / / CA 1 6 I VR / / CAV ( Figs. 4 94-6 ) For r ead ing o f t he l egend " SV I" a s I VRC s ee Co lbert d e Beau l ieu Cah iers n um is mat iques ( 2 1) 1 969 :708 a nd i d. BSFN 1 956/60 :117. We ight :

N o.

1 .95-1.99

8( 6 f ro m Mou l ins;

1 .90-1.94

1 9 ( 16 f ro m Mou l ins;

1 .85-1.89

9( 8 f ro m Mou l ins ;

1 .79

1( BN 4 117 )

1 .70

1( BN 4 121)

1 .51

1( BN 4 122 )

1 .43

1( BN 4 119, p lated )

1 7 OY 1 KY

Rat to 1 909, 3 89; ANS;

i b id., 3 93)

BN 4 118, 4 145 )

B 9 62.x.5 )

Type n ot f ound i n t he Mou l ins-sur-Cephons h oard.

Obv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t .

Rev.

Horse s tepp ing h igh t o l ef t , OY 1 a bove, KY b elow. F ig, 4 97-8.

We ight : BN 4 114

1 .73

BN 4 116

1 .69

These c o ins a re u nderwe ight f or t he sword g roup s er ies. 1 8

A a bove t he h orse, c en tre-dot ted r ing b elow.

F ig. 4 99.

One c o in o f t h is t ype i s r ecorded, w ithout a w e ight , f ro m t he Tendu ( Indre ) h oard , MSAC ( 1891) p . 3 95 n o. 7 . I .

UN INSCRIBED VARIET IES

12 r everse w ith sword. 12A sword a nd p en tagra m; as tra ight-l ine mane. We ight : 2 .0-2.04

v ar. ( i ) w ith s ta l l ion ;

v ar. ( i i ) w ith mare a nd

F igs. 5 00-502.

No. 8( 6 f ro m Mou l ins ;

Cahn Dec. 1 922, 3 83;

Cahn Apr. 1 933,

1 585 ) 1 .95-1.99

3 0 ( 28 f ro m Mou l ins;

Cahn Apr. 1 933, 1 586 ;

1 .90-1.94

6 4 ( 60 f ro m Mou l ins;

BN 4 101;

1 .85-1.89

3 0 ( 24 f ro m Mou l ins;

1 .80-1.84

1 4 ( 12 f ro m Mou l ins;

1 .75-1.79

2( 1 f ro m Mou l ins;

MAN )

1 .70-1.74

2( I f ro m Mou l ins;

ANS )

B 9 62.x.2;

BN 4 097 )

Cahn Dec. 1 022, 3 82;

ANS ) Rat to 1 909, 3 85 ;

Ash mo lean A l len 1 28;

M 1 840;

MAN ;

2 15

B 9 61.30.1;

BN 4 099a ;

BN 4 100 )

BN 4 099 )

1. 65-1 . 69

1( Mou l ins )

1 .45

1( BN 4 098 )

0 .96

1( Mou l ins;

h a lf d eno m inat ion , o r p lated? )

One r everse d ie o f t h is t ype was f ound o n Puy d e Coren t ( PD ), p . 1 25 a nd n .15. 12B

sword a nd c en tre-do tted r ing

12C

sword a nd f l ower let (

5 03-5 ).

o r

)( Fig. 5 06 ).

These t wo v ar iet ies a re p robab ly v ers ions o f t he s a me t ype, s ince a r ing s ee ms o n ly t o b e f ound o n c o ins where t he s te m o f t he f l oweret wou ld b e o f f t he f l an , i fp resen t i n t he d ie. We ights :

N o.

1 .95-1.99

7( 6 f ro m Mou l ins;

B 9 09.46.2 )

1 .90-1.94

4 1(38 f ro m Mou l ins;

B 8 83.31.4;

1 .85-1 . 89

5 1 ( 41 f ro m Mou l ins;

B 8 92.8.2;

1. 80-1 . 84

1 4 ( 8 f ro m Mou l ins;

M 3 938, 3 940 ) BN 4 104, 4 103, 4 106;

M 3 936-7, 3 939, 3 941-2 , 3 944 ) BN 4 105;

B 8 94.24.3;

M 3 933-5 )

1. 60-1 . 64

1( Mou l ins )

1 .44

1( Mou l ins )

1. 20

1( BD965.1.4906)

12D

Cahn Apr. 1 933, 1 587;

sword a nd wheel ( E D )( Fig. 5 07-8 ).

We ights :

N o.

1. 90-1 . 94

1 0 ( 9 f ro m Mou l ins;

1 .85-1.89

1 3 ( 10 f ro m Mou l ins;

1 .80-1.84

2( M 3 948, 3 946 )

1 .53

1( Mou l ins )

BN 4 102 ) B 8 92.8.2;

13

t ypes w ith ' f ern ' o r ' branch ' (

I3Aa

b ranch a nd c en tre-dotted c ircle ( ei a nd 0

13b

f ern a nd t hree c ircles (

a nd

o r

M 3 945 , 3 947 )

00 0

) , c f . CA M a bove. )( Fig. 5 09-11).

)( F ig. 5 12-14 ).

These t wo v ar iet ies s hare d ies, a nd a re t herefore t o b e r egarded a s p hases o f t he s a me v ar iety : O bv.

M3918

Rev.

M3918

M3926 I M

0

o ld H M3926

M3920

n ew

M3927 1

*

The o rder o f s tr ik ing o f t he t wo v ar iet ies i s n ot c erta in , a l though t he ' new ' t ypes a re p robab ly more r ecen t i n t hat t hey mark a c hang . , ( l ike CA MB OTRE ) f ro m t he t rad it iona l v ar iet ies.

The b ranch a nd s ing le r ing v ar iety i s t he worst

e ngraved a nd most c arelessly s truck o f a l l t he r egu lar v ar iet ies, a nd might t herefore s tand a t t he e nd o f t he s er ies.

2 16

We igh ts :

N o.

I3Aa 2 .05-2.09

1( Mou l ins )

2 .00-2.04

1( Mou l ins )

1 .90-1.94

3 1(26 f ro m Mou l ins;

1 .85-1.89

2 5 ( 22 f ro m Mou l ins;

M 3 916;

K ress Nov. 1 969, 7 43;

B 8 83.31.3;

M 3 918-9 )

1 .80-1.84

1 0 ( 6 f ro m Mou l ins ;

1 .75-1.79

3( 2 f ro m Mou l ins;

1 .61

1( BN 4 095 )

1 .55

1( Mou l ins )

B 8 92.8.3;

M 3 942;

Ratto 1 909, 3 84;

BN 4 096 )

B 9 61.30.2;

BN 4 094 )

MAN )

I3B 2 .00-2.04

1( Cahn Dec. 1 922, 3 84 )

1 .95-1.99

1( Mou l ins )

1 .90-1.94

8( 4 f ro m Mou l ins;

ANS; M 3 923-4;

1 .85-1.89

9( 4 f ro m Mou l ins;

M 3 920, 3 922, 3 925-6;

1 .80-1.84

5( 3 f ro m Mou l ins;

B 8 94.1.1;

I3Ab

' branch ' a nd l ef t-fac ing c rescen t (

L igh t c o ins :

BN 4 093 ) BN 4 092 )

M 3 921 )

e

a nd

) .

4i n h oard o f Mou l ins-sur-Ce ' phons, 0 .90-1.05g;

p oss ibly h a lf

d eno m inat ions. 14

t ypes w ith b oar.

I4A

b oar a nd c en tre-do tted c ircle ( Fig. 5 15-7 ).

We ights : 1 .95-1.99

N o. 3( Mou l ins )

1 .90-1.94

1 1(10 f ro m Mou l ins;

1 .85-1.89

9( 8 f ro m Mou l ins ;

M 3 932)

1 .80-1.84

2( 1 f ro m Mou l ins ;

B 8 93.14 .4)

1 .33 I4B

As h mo lean A l len 1 29 )

1( BN 4 111) b oar a nd X ( Fig. 5 18-520 ).

We ights : 2 .00-2.04 1 .95-1.99

2( Mou l ins ) 1( M 3 931)

1 .90-1.94

5 4 ( 51 f ro m Mou l ins;

M 3 930 ;

1 .85-1.89

4 2 ( 38 f ro m Mou l ins;

M 3 927-9 )

1 .80-1.84

1 1(7 f ro m Mou l ins;

1 .75-1.79

3( 2 f ro m Mou l ins;

BN 4 107 )

1 .65-1.69

2( 1 f ro m Mou l ins;

BN 4 108 )

1 .60-1.64

2( MAN ;

1 .55-1.59

1( Mou l ins )

1 .50-1.54

1( Cahn Apr. 1 933, 1 580 )

B 9 57.2.7;

B 8 93.14.3; G 2 744;

B 8 92.8.4 )

B8 93.14.5 )

1 .49

1( Mou l ins )

1 .17

1( Levroux , i n for mat ion 0 . Büchsenschütz )

2 17

Ratto 1 909, 3 88 )

S ILVE R

REVERSE

O LD

OBV

NE W OBV

SWORD

E YE

0

GROUP

E YE

' -\

TYPE

E YE

7 7.

SHAR ING

E YE

' `C Y

REV

MANE

REV .

ST RAI GHT

•

0

0

b oar 0

-

•

•

0

•

•

I l

•

l b

0

0

•

o 9

b oar X

•

MA N E

DOT T E D

1 1 1

0

0

0

-

0

0 ,

0

0

0

0

1 0

0

CAM

0

0

0

I V RCA g p .

4 1,

0

0

2 18

1 5

d ot ted c irc les a bove a nd b e low h orse.

We ights :

N o.

1 .90-1.94

3( 2 f ro m Mou l ins ;

1 .85-1.89

1( Mou l ins )

Rat to 1 909 , 3 87 )

I I S ILVER FRACT IONS Apart f ro m t ype I 3Ab a bove m i l ich may b e af ract ion , t he f o l low ing r are f ract iona l t ypes a re r ecorded : 1 .

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t.

Rev.

Horse w ith d o t ted mane t o l ef t , sword a bove. h orse 's b ack ;

One c o in :

u ncerta in s ymbo l b e low.

Ha lf h oop o ver

( Fig. 5 21. )

f ro m h d. Marc i l lat ( Creuse, a ppend ix 1 n o. 4 1), 0 .92g.

B lanchet

1 910. The h orse o n t he r everse i s most l ike CA MBOTRE h orses, a l though t he l eg i s e ngraved l ike s evered h ead g roup h orses w ith a l ine r unn ing f ro m k nee t o w ithers.

The sword i s o f CA MBOTRE t ype w ith n o m idd le r ib a nd w ith

p ro m inen t d ots a t t he h i lt a nd a t e ither e dge o f t he b ot to m o f t he b lade. 2 .

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t o f s word g roup o r s evered h ead g roup t ype.

Rev.

Uncerta in , p robab ly h orse s tepp ing h igh t o r igh t. ( F ig. 5 22.) One c o in , n o p rovenance :

3 .

BN 4 311 M, 0 .51g.

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t , sword g roup t ype.

Rev.

Horse s tepp ing h igh t o l ef t ,

$ 1

a bove,

b e low. ( Fig. 5 23.)

One c o in , f ound a t C habr is ( I ndre ), 0 .80g ( MSAC XXV I ( 1902 ), 2 88 ). 4 .

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t , sword g roup t ype.

Rev.

Horse s tepp ing h igh t o l ef t , u ncerta in s ymbo l a bove. ( F ig. 5 24. ) One c o in , BN 4 311P, 0 .31g , n o p rovenance.

I V

GOLD OF RELATED TYPES A g o ld c o in wh ich s hou ld b e c o mpared w ith t h is s er ies, w hether o r n ot i t

a ctua l ly b elongs t o i ti s : O bv .

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r ight.

Rev.

Horse s tepp ing h igh t o l eft , r ing b elow.

( Fig. 5 25.)

One c o in , BN 4 198, n o p rovenance, 1 .70g. Th is i s aq uarter-stater r a ther t han a t h ird ( g iv ing a f u l l s tater o f 6 .80g ), t herefore o f c o mparab le w e igh t w ith ABVDOS g o ld c o ins, b u t n o t w ith in t he s a me d eno m inat iona l s yste m.

2 19

The r e la t ive o rder o f t he s i lver sword g roup i ssues c annot a t p resen t b e e stab l ished w ith c erta in ty i n t he a bsence o f more f u l ly r ecorded h oards.

L ate

g roups s ee m t o b e CA M, I VRCA , ' branch ' t ypes, sword w ith p en tagra m, a nd , f ina l ly , CA MBOTRE.

Those w ith t he l argest o utpu t w ere a pparen t ly s word

w ith p en tagram a nd b oar w ith c ross;

t he l arge o utput o f t he l at ter may b e

d ue t o t he Caesar ian w ar a s w e l l , b u t t h is i s n ot c erta in ly t he c ase. There a re c ons iderab le s ty l ist ic i n terrela t ions b e tween t he d if feren t v ar iet ies ( chart p . 2 18 ), s uggest ing t he w ork o f s hared a rt ists i n s ome c ases. A c er ta in n u mber o f d ies w ith sword a nd f l oweret s how o bverse t echn ique s im i lar t o s evered h ead g roup d ies ( p . 2 85f f . ) ; t h is i s t he o n ly v ar iety w ith t h is t ype o f h ead , a nd n o r everses e xcep t t he f ract ion ( 1 ) s how t he c haracteri st ic h orse o f t he s evered h ead g roup w ith t he l i ne r unn ing f ro m w ithers t o k nee. The i ssue a s a who le w as v ery l arge ;

C o lber t d e Beau l ieu a nd L abarr i re

( 1957 ) e st i mated t hat o ver 3 00 d ies w ere u sed t o p roduce t he 5 96 c o ins i n t he Mou l ins-sur-C6phons h oard a lone.

The med ian w e igh t b racket f or t he g roup

i s 1 .90-1.94g , t he s tandard ' qu inar ius ' w e igh t f or c en tra l a nd e astern Gau l , s l ight ly h eav ier t han t he n or ma l w e igh t o f s evered h ead g roup s i lver

( p .289) .

S ince t hey w ere i ssued b y d if feren t a u thor it ies i ti s n ot p oss ib le t o r e ly o n w e ight a s ac r iter ion f or t he r e lat ive d at ing o f s word a nd s evered h ead g roups; a l most c erta in ly t hey o ver lap d ur ing t he C aesar ian war. t he r everse t ype i s u nknown .

The s ign if icance o f

S ince t wo d if feren t r everse d ies were f ound a t

Puy d e Coren t i ti s p oss ib le t hat d if feren t t ypes w ere s truck s i mu ltaneous ly , b ut o bverse d ies l ink ing r everse t ypes ( w ith t he e xcep t ion o f ' f ern ' a nd ' b ranch ' t ypes ) a re n ot r ecorded. U se o f sword g roup c o ins c ont inued a f ter t he c onquest , p robab ly d ue t o t he ir s tandard w e ight ;

t hey a re f ound i n l ate m ixed h oards a nd o n e ar ly Ga l lo-

Ro man s ites. The h eavy w e igh t a nd g ood c ond it ion o f s pec i mens f ound a t S a in t-Marcel ( p . 1 89f .) t ogether w ith t he l oca t ion o f t ha t s i te n ear t he c en tre o f d istr ibu t ion o f t he g roup s uggests t hat i t may h ave h oused t he m in t d ur ing p art a t l east o f t he d urat ion o f i ssue o f t he s er ies. I t i s n o t p oss ib le t o o f fer a f i rm d ate f or t he b eg inn ing o f t he s er ies , b u t i ti s c erta in t hat s evera l ma jor t ypes w ere i ssued d ur ing t he C aesar ian w ar ; i ti s v ery u n l ike ly t hat a ny b u t OY I KY a nd CA MBOTRE w ere s truck a f ter t he c onquest . V .

BRONZE I SSUES A n u mber o f sma l l b ronze c o ins may b e c onnected b y t ype a nd t reatmen t

t o s i lver sword g roup i ssues, a nd may b e r egarded a s f ract iona l c o ins c orresp ond ing t o t he s i lver i ssues. 1 .

CA M ( c f. s i lver CA M, g roup I l a bove ). O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t , sword g roup t ype.

Rev.

Horse s tepp ing h igh t o l ef t , CA M a bove, t hree c irc les b e low. ( F ig. 5 26-7 ).

For t he t hree c ircles s ymbo l s ee t he b ranch a nd c ircles g roup ( I I3b ) s i lver , al a te i ssue p robab ly c on te mporary w ith s i lver CA M, wh ich h as t he ' branch ' ( c f . I3a ). 2 20

B ITUR IGES 1 B ourges 2

L eyroux

3

S a int-Marce l

A

H orse ,p lough a nd r ings b ronze

B Wo lf a nd C

B oar

t ypes

C O INAGE

I I

D

P ot in

t ype

A

K

I r regu lar b ronze

P egasus

2 21

t ype

F inds :

1 .

Hd. Fonde t tes ( append ix 1 n o. 4 8 ), 1 c o in .

2 .

Bourges ( Cher ) w ith s evera l i l leg ib le p o t ins a nd b e low i l leg ib le Ro man c o ins;

a ssoc ia ted w ith a b ronze b racelet ( MSAC 1 885 ,

b u l l. X I I , p . 2 39 ). 3. .

1o r more a t L evroux ( p . 1 92f .;

i n for mat ion f ro m 0 .

B i lchsensch t i tz ). We igh ts : BN 4 143

4 .38

BN 4 160

1 .82

2 .

Wo l f a nd c ross ( c f . b oar a nd c ross g roup? ). O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Horse g a l lop ing r igh t , g ap ing w o lf h ead o r b oar t o r igh t a bove c ross b e low ( F ig. 5 28-9 ).

N o r ecorded f inds. We igh ts : BN Cöte 1 24 Ash mo lean 3 .

2 .2 1 1 .0 0

s hared r everse d ie

R ing a nd c rescen t . O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r ight .

Rev.

Horse g a l lop ing r igh t , r ing a bove, d ownward f ac ing c rescen t b elow ( Fig. 5 30 ).

N o r ecorded f inds. We igh t : BN 4 296 4 .

1 .49

O bv.

Head t o r igh t , g lobu lar f eatures, o r Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Horse g a l lop ing r ight , d ot a bove a nd b elow .

F inds :

1 .

( F ig. 5 3 1-3 ).

N ear Chäteauroux ( I ndre ) BN 4 288.

We igh ts : BN 4 288

1 .74

B D965.1.4887

1 .58

BN 4 296

0 .80

The h orse o n v ar iet ies 2 -4 i s c loser i n t ype t o t ha t o n West Berry s econd c en tury s i lver t han t o t hat o n sword g roup s i lver.

Th is may b e as urv iva l

o f ar eg iona l t ype, a nd o ne m igh t c o mpare t he r eappearance o f t he p an t ing wo l f o f t he s econd c en tury s i lver wo l f a nd h orse g roup ( p . 5 3f .) o n t he f i rst c en tury B itur igan b ronze wo l f a nd p egasus s er ies ( p . 2 25 ).

2 22

5 .

Obv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t.

Rev .

Sword g roup t ype h orse s tepp ing r ight ;

r ing o f d ots a bove,

u ncerta in s ymbo l b e low. N o r ecorded f inds. We ight : BN 4 297 6 .

1 .47

Boar, a rrow a nd c ross ( c f. b oar a nd X s i lver g roup ) O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r ight o f sword g roup t ype.

Rev.

Boar s tand ing l ef t ,

a bove,

i n f ron t , Xb e low ( F ig. 5 34-6 ).

N o r ecorded f inds. We igh ts : B D965.1.4810

2 .82

B D965.1.6408

2 .54

Ash mo lean

2. 34

7 .

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t.

Rev.

Horse s tepp ing h igh t o l ef t , p eck ing b ird b e low ( F ig. 5 37 ).

N o r ecorded f inds. We igh t : BN 4 598 8 .

O f u ncerta in t ype ( i nsuff ic ien t d escr ip t ion ) : a .

F inds : b .

F inds : C . 1 .

3 .01

O bv.

Head w ith b ig l ocks t o l ef t .

Rev.

Horse g a l lop ing r igh t.

1 .

Berry , n .w . ( MSAC XV I I 1 890 , 2 95 ).

O bv.

Head t o l ef t , d o t ted d iade m.

R ev.

Horse t rot t ing r igh t.

1 .

n ear V il legenon-et-O izon ( Cher ) MSAC XV I 1 889, 2 70.

OTHER BRONZE OR POT IN TYPES OF B ITUR IGAN ORIG IN 1 6 Horse, p lough a nd r ings.

F inds :

1 .

L evroux ( I ndre ), many i nc lud ing o ne f ro m e xcavat ions o f a n e ar ly

2 .

Bourges ( Cher ) 7f ound , MSAC I I ( 1870-2 ), 3 35-50;

Ga l lo-Ro man h u t ( i n for ma t ion 0 . Büchsensch t i tz ). 8f ound

1 872/3 ( MSAC I V 1 873, 3 38 ). 3 .

' Berry ' i b id., X I I I ( 1855 ) b u l l. X I I n o. 4 , 1c o in .

4 .

l a Grande Garenne , c ne. N euvy-sur-Barangeon ( Cher ), i b id. X I I I ,

5 .

Ter m in iers ( E+L ) BN 4 213.

1 885 , 2 38.

2 2 . 3

a .

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t.

Rev.

Horse t o l ef t , t hree r ings b e low , p lough-l ike ' w ing ' a bove.

( F ig. 5 38-9 ).

We igh ts : BN 4 200

4 .03

BN 4 204

4 .02

BN 4 202

3 .71

BN 4 205

3 .62

B 9 65.1.4823

3 .43

BN 4 208

3 .37

B 9 62.x.1

3 .35

BN 4 203

3 .34

BM

3 .24

BN 4 201

3 .00

BN 4 199

2 .85

b .

Obv.

As ( a ).

Rev.

As ( a ) b ut

i n e x. ( F ig. 5 40-1).

We igh ts : BN 4 211

3 .66

BN 4 207

3 .50

BN 4 206

3 .25

B 8 68.x.28

3 .12

c .

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r ight.

Rev.

Horse t o l ef t , ' p lough ' a bove, t hree c ircles b elow ( F ig. 5 42-3 ).

We ights : BN 4 212

4 .01

BM

4 .00

M 4190

3 .77

DN 4 191

3 .50

BN 4 210

3 .35

BM

3 .13

BN 4 209

3 .03

BM

2 .98

BN 4 215

2 .66

B 9 62 . x.40

2 .60

B 9 65.1.4921

2 .37

BN 4 213

2 .34

d .

Obv.

As ( c ).

Rev.

As ( c ) b ut 7 7 7 /7 / , i n e x. ( Fig. 5 44-5

We ights : BN 4 214

2 .94

B D965.1.4918

2 .88

2 24

The f abr ic o f t h is s er ies i s v ery d ist inc t ive , o f g lossy f in ish ( o f ten w ith a b lack p a t ina ) a nd y el low b ronze meta l.

The a l loy o f t he meta l c on ta ins n o z inc

a s d e monstra ted b y e xa m ina t ion b y X-ray f luorescence s pectro metry b y Dr. D . M. Metca lf , s o t hat t here i s n o q uest ion o f i t s b e ing b rass r ather t han b ronze.

The p repara t ion o f t he f l ans ( F ig. 5 41 ) s o met i mes r esu lted i n a n i r-

r egu lar c ong lo mera ted p iece o f meta l. b een l oca ted.

The m in t f or t h is g roup h as n o t y et

I t was a bsen t f rom A les ia , a nd a s i ti s ac o mmon c o inage i t

may w e l l b e o f p ost-conquest d ate.

The t hree c irc le s ymbo l b elow t he h orse

i s f ound o n g o ld o f ABVDOS a nd t he s i lver sword g roup ;

t he s ymbo l a bove t he

h orse may r eca l l t he s ymbo l a bove t he t wo h orses i n t he West Berry s i lver s er ies o f t he l ate s econd c en tury ( F ig. 1 04 ). 2 .

Wo lf h ead a nd p egasus B lanchet ( ABT : 506 c o m men ted t hat t h is w as s a id t o h ave b een t he c o m mon-

e st t ype f ound a t L evroux i n t he n ineteen th c en tury. t hat i tw as s truck t here.

I t i s t herefore p oss ib le

The p an t ing w o lf r eca l ls t he h ead o f t he wo lf o n

midd le p hase West B erry s i lver i ssues ( F igs. 1 22-6 ). F inds :

1 .

L evroux ( I ndre ).

A l l v ar iet ies, v ery f requen t , i nc lud ing o ne

i n t he e arly Ga l lo-Ro man r ubb le o f t he murus g a l l icus ( ABT: 5 06;

i n for mat ion f ro m 0 . B t ichsenschü tz ).

2 .

Po it iers ( V ienne ), 3 c o ins ( ABT :507, 4 14 ).

3 .

S o ings ( L+Ch ) a ssoc iated w ith Augustan c o ins f ro m L ugdunu m o f t he a l tar s er ies;

many c o ins , o ften w ith c h isel c u ts ( de l a

S aussaye 1 837 ). 4 .

G ievres ( L+Ch.), s evera l a ssoc ia ted w ith a ltar c o ins o f L ugdunum ( Augus tus ).

I b id.

5 .

L a Bast idonne ( Vauc luse ), 1 .

6 .

Couf f i ( L+Ch. ), t hree i n a Ga l lo-Ro man c on tex t w ith c o ins t o

V ian 1 954.

N o t o n t he map.

Tra jan ( p. 1 98 ). 7 .

S a in t- Marce l ( I ndre ), s evera l ;

8 .

C ler mon t-Ferrand ( PD ) ABT :500.

p . 1 89f.

9 .

N ear Bov io l les ( Meuse ) ABT :510.

Not o n t he map.

1 0.

N ear C häteauroux ( I ndre ), BN 4 258, 4 243, 4 281.

1 1.

Hd. S a in t-P ierre-de- Ma i l le, 1 ,w ith s i lver c o ins o f t he P ictones

1 2.

Bourges ( Cher ), 1 ;

( append ix 1 n o. 3 3 ). 1 3.

MSAC XV I 1 889, 2 70.

N ear Bourges ( Cher ) BN 4 233;

c f. ABT :414;

a no ther r ecorded

b y Co lbert d e B eau l ieu B SFN 1 956/60 :255. 1 4.

Vendö me ( L+Ch. ), BN 4 235.

1 5.

Tarqu i mpo l ( Meuse ) BN 4 286, n ot o n t he map.

1 6.

L es A r nes, L evroux ( I ndre ), t ype g ;

i nfor mat ion 0 .

B t ichsensch t itz 1 7.

Mon t-Cgsar ( O ise ), ABT :414.

1 8.

Mon t-Beuvray ( N i vre ), ABT :414.

1 9.

N ear C hartres ( Eure ) Co lbert d e Beau l ieu BSFN 1 956/60 , 2 55.

2 0.

Belesta ( Ar iege ) i b id., n o t o n t he map.

2 25

N ot o n t he map.

a .

Obv.

Pan t ing wo lf h ead t o l ef t , l ong t ongue.

Rev.

Pegasus t o l ef t , X b e low , ' l adder ' w ing,

( i ) w ith l ong

t ongue , ( i i ) n o t ongue. Var. B 9 62 . x.21, h ead t o l ef t a nd h orse t o r ight , ( F igs. 5 46-9 ). We ights : BN 4 255

3 .51

BN 4 251

3 .08 L evroux

BN 4 254

3 .07

Hun ter ian I I, 7 13 n o. 2 1 BN 4 256

2 .85 2 .59

BN 4 244

2 .27

BN 4 245

2 .27

BN 4 248

2 .19

BN 4 243

2 .17 n ear Chäteauroux

B 9 62 . x.21

2 .15

BN 4 249

2 .12

BN 4 247

2 .04

BN 4 246

1 .95

BN 4 250

1 .92

BM

1 .91

BN 4 253

1 .88

BN 4 252

1 .56

b .

Obv.

Pan t ing wol f h ead t o r ight , ( i ) r ecurved t ongue, ( i i ) s tra ight t ongue;

Rev.

( i i i ) n o t ongue.

Pegasus t o r ight , M b elow , ' l adder ' w ing ;

( i ) w ith , ( i )

w ithou t t ongue, ( F igs. 5 50-2 ). We ights : BN 4 240

4 .44

BN 4 239

4 .14

BN 4 242a

3 .69

B D965.1.6405

3 .32

B D965.1.4905

2 .92

BN 4 241

2 .59

BN 4 220

2 .41

S t. P ierre c o in

1 .76

c .

O bv.

Pant ing wo lf h ead t o r ight , r ecurved t ongue.

Rev.

Pegasus t o r ight , G \D b elow , ' l adder ' w ing , l ong t ongue. ( F igs. 5 53-4.)

We ights : BN 4 231

4 .22

BN 4 232

2 .72 L evroux

BN 4 234

2 .64

BN 4 230

2 .60

2 26

BN 4 236

2 .55 Tarqu i mpo l

BN 4 235

2 .35 Ven A me

BN 4 233

2 .32 n ear Bourges

BN 4 237

2 .16

BN 4 238

2 .06

d .

Obv.

Pan t ing wo lf h ead t o r ight.

Rev.

Pegasus t o l ef t , c ross i n f ron t , l ong t ongue, ' l adder ' w ing. ( Figs. 5 55-6.)

We ights : BN Cöte 16

2 .63

BN 4 257

2 .58

e .

O bv.

Pant ing wo lf h ead t o r igh t , r ecurved t ongue.

Rev.

Pegasus t o r ight o r l ef t , ' l adder ' w ing , n o s y mbo l. ( F igs. 5 57-9.)

We ights : BN 4 223

4 .06

BN 4 229

3 .70

BN 4 226

3 .30

BN 4 227

2 .65

BN 4 228

2 .63 ( ch isel c ut )

BN 4 225

2 .60

f .

Var iet ies ( i ) wo lf h ead t o l ef t/pegasus t o l ef t ( Fig. 5 60 ). ( i i ) wo lf h ead t o l ef t/pegasus t o r ight , u ncerta in s ymbo l ( Figs. 5 61-2 ). ( i i i ) wo lf h ead t o l ef t/pegasus ( ? ) t o r ight , t hree c ircles ( ? ) b elow.

( Fig. 5 63.)

We ights : BN 4 221

3 .91

B D965.1.4907

2 .58

B D965.1.4903

2 .48

B D965.1.4893

1 .58

g .

O bv.

Wo lf h ead p an t ing r igh t.

Rev.

Dragon t o r ight , u sua l ly w ithout w ing , p ant ing ;

t a il r a ised ,

s o met i mes i n t he f or m o f at r iskeles, t hree r ings o r

n

b elow ( Figs. 5 64-9 ). For t he r everse s ymbo l c f. m idd le p hase West Berry s i lver F ig. 1 08 e tc. We ights : BN 4 224

3 .76

BN 4 281

3 .48

BM

2 .99

BN 4 278

2 .92

BN 4 280

2 .57 2 27

2 .53

BN 4 279 B D965.1.4802

2 .52

MAN 1 398

2 .14

3 .

Sma l l b ronze w ith w o l f h ead S ince s o me o f t hese t ypes a re f ound a t L evroux , a nd s hare t he o bverse

t ype w ith t he w o l f a nd p egasus v ar iet ies, i ti s p oss ib le t hat t hey r epresen t f ract iona l d eno m inat ions. a .

O bv.

Gap ing w o l f h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Boar t o l ef t o r r igh t ( F igs. 5 70-4 ).

No r ecorded f inds. We igh ts : BN 4 024

1 .97

Ash mo lean

1 .46

B D965.1.4856

1 .45

BN 4 017

1 .05

b .

F ind :

O bv.

Wo l f h ead t o l ef t , e ar r a ised.

Rev.

Boar t o l ef t , r ing b elow a nd b eh ind ( F igs. 5 75-6 ).

1 .

S a in t-Marcel e xcava t ions ( i n for mat ion M. J -L. Roche ).

We ights : B D965.1.4806 BN 4 018

1 .10 0 .88

BN 4 019

0 .61

b . v ar.

O bv .

Wo lf h ead t o r igh t .

Rev.

Boar t o r igh t , t wo g lobu les o n b ody ( F ig. 5 77 ).

No r ecorded f inds : c .

B D965.1.6409 1 .37g.

Wo l f a nd h orse t ype

Most c o ins o f t h is t ype w ith r ecorded f indspots a re f ro m L evroux , w h ich may a lso h ave b een t he m in t f or t he l arger b ronzes w ith w o l f h ead a nd p egasus. I ti s t herefore l ikely t hat t he f o l low ing sma l l b ronze c o ins w ere L evroux c o ina ges , p erhaps f ract ions o f t he l arger i ssue.

( i )

F inds :

O bv.

Wo lf h ead g ap ing r ight.

Rev.

Horse p ranc ing l ef t , t a il u p , t wo d o ts b e low ( Fig. 5 78 ).

1 .

L evroux ( I ndre ), BN 4 282-4.

2 .

N ear C lateauroux ( I ndre ) BN 4 285.

We ights : BN 4 282

1 .72

BN 4 283

1 .57

BN 4 284

1 .47

BN 4 285

1 .27 2 28

( i i )

O bv.

Wo l f h ead g ap ing r igh t.

Rev.

Horse p ranc ing l ef t ,

b elow .

( i v ar. ) a s ( i ) b u t O bv. h u man h ead t o l ef t ( BN 4 292, 1 .44 ) ( F igs. 5 79-81 ). F inds :

1 .

L evroux ( I ndre ), BN 4 295 , 4 289.

2 .

Berry MSAC XV I I 1 890 , 2 95 .

We igh ts : BN 4 295

1 .67

BN 4 292

1 .44

BN 4 289

0 .91

BN 4 295

0 .67

( i i i )

O bv.

Wo l f h ead p an t ing l ef t .

Rev.

Horse p ranc ing l ef t , t hree p e l lets b elow ( F ig. 5 82 ).

N o p rovenance ;

B D965.1.4804, 1 .85.

Uncerta in v ar iety : O bv.

Wo lf h ead p an t ing l ef t.

R ev.

Horse ( ? ) l ef t , t a i l r a ised ( F ig. 5 83 ).

N o p rovenance ; 4 .

Boar t ypes. a .

B D965.1.4894, 2 .98. C f. r everse o f 3 a a nd sword g roup b ronze w ith b oar ( p . 2 23 ).

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t .

Rev.

Boar t o l ef t ( F igs. 5 84-5 ). C f . sword g roup b ron ze t ype 6 a bove, b u t much sma l ler.

F inds :

1 .

N ear V i l legenon-et-O izon ( Cher ), MSAC XV I, 1 889 :270.

2 .

Excava t ions a t S a in t-Marce l ( I ndre ), A l la in e tc. 1 966.

We igh ts : B D965.1.4923

2 .30

S a in t-Marcel c o in 0 .86 b .

O bv.

Aqu itan ic o r h e l meted h ead t o l ef t .

Rev.

B oar t o l ef t , t r iang le a bove ( F i s. 5 86-7 ).

No r ecorded f inds. We igh ts : MAN 2 397

2 .20

B D965.1.4915

2 .00

BN 4 023

1 .63

b . v ar.? O bv. H ead t o l ef t . Rev. Boar t o r igh t , b r ist l ing ; F ind :

1 .

l yre ( ? ) a bove o n i t s s ide.

2f ro m Bourges ( Cher ) w ith v ar ian ts MSAC I V 1 873, 3 38.

2 29

5 .

Pot in t ypes A lthough t he method o f p roduct ion o f c ast p ot in c o ins d i f fers f ro m s truck

b ronze, t here i s n o r eason t o d ist ingu ish b etw een t he m i n t er ms o f f unct ion o r d ate;

t hey w ere b o th f or ms o f f ract iona l c o inage.

I ti s p robab le t ha t t he

B itur igan c en tres p roduced s evera l t ypes o f p ot in c o in , a nd t here i s s l ight e v idence t hat t he t ype w ith swast ika w as p art icu larly c o m mon a t C li ateau me il lan t . There i s a s y e t , h owever , i nsuf f ic ien t e v idence o n wh ich t o a t tr ibute a ny i ssue t o ap ar t icu lar p lace o f o r ig in .

The f o l low ing v ar iet ies a re s uf f ic ien t ly t yp ica l

o f f inds i n Berry f or a t tr ibu t ion t o t he B itur iges t o b e as trong p oss ib i l ity. A .

O bv.

Head t o l ef t w ith h eavy f eatures , l ong n eck , a nd l ong h a ir f a l l ing d own t he n eck ;

Rev.

p eak o f h a ir o r d iade m a t h a ir l ine i n f ron t .

V irtua l ly h ead less a n i ma l w ith s hort l egs t o r ight ( Fi e. 5 88-91).

The t ypes a re o r ig ina l ly t hose o f t he sma l l b ronzes o f Mass i l ia w ith Apo l lo a nd b ut t ing b u l l. F inds :

1 .

6f rom N euvy-sur-Barangeon ( Cher ) MSAC 1 ( 1868 ), 3 3 1 . n o. 1 5.

2 .

2f ro m Cha mp d e Fo ire, Bourges ( i b id.)

3 .

2f ro m Berry ( i b id.)

4 .

1f ro m Bourges ( MSAC I V 1 873, 3 38 ).

5 .

2f rom L evroux i n a n e ar ly Ga l lo-Ro man h ut ,

' c f . BN 5 674 '

( i n for mat ion f ro m O . B t ichsenscht i tz ). 6 .

V erna is ( Cher ), s evera l i n a n e ar ly Ga l lo-Ro man c on tex t

7 .

S a in t-Marcel ( I ndre ) a nd a rea , c om mon ( i b id.).

( Al la in , C othenet , V au they 1 964 ).

We igh ts : B D965.1.4850

3 .72

B 9 62.x.38

3 .18

B D965.1.4904

2 .13

B .

O bv.

L arge h el meted h ead t o l ef t w ith p ro m inen t v isor p eak w h ich r uns t hrough t o t he n eck-guard.

Rev.

S inuous s hort-legged a n i ma l b u tt ing r ight , t a i l r a ised. P ro m inen t g round l ine ( Figs. 5 92-3 ).

F inds :

1 . 2 .

S enne9ay ( Cher ) 3 .70 ;

MSAC 1 ( 1 868 ) 3 31 n o. 1 4.

L evet ( Cher ) i n e ar ly Ga l lo-Ro man c on tex t ( p . 1 88 ), v ar. f ound w ith b ig d ot a bove h ead a nd i n f ron t o f f orehead f or e ye ( MSAC I V ( 1870-2 ), 3 37 n o. 5 .)

3 . 4 .

Bourges ( Cher ), 9 f ound ( i b id.;

MSAC V ( 1873-4 ) 3 23-53 ).

Muronla-Couture ( Ch . Mar,) i n e xcavat ions 1 972, f ound among d ebr is o f Dresse l Iamphoras, 3 .08 ( Ma in jone t 1 975 n o . 1 7 ) .

5 .

Berry ( MSAC X I I I ( 1885 ) b u l l. X I I n o. 2 ;

We igh ts : B 9 62.x .12

4 .13

S ennevay c o in 3 .70 Muron c o in

3 .08

2 30

XV I I ( 1889-90 ) p .295 ).

These l arge c o ins may b e v ar ie t ies o f t he s a me i ssue, a nd t here i s ap oss ib le c oncen trat ion o f t he m i n t he v ic in ity o f Bourges.

N o d a te f or t he m i s a va il-

a b le. C .

O bv.

Round h ead t o r igh t w ith p rom inen t l ine r unn ing f ro m v isor t o n eck ;guard.

T he t ype i s o f ten s i mp ly a g lobe w ith u pr ight

c entra l d iv id ing l i ne. Rev.

P ro m inen t s urround ing r ing.

An i ma l b u tt ing l e f t o n g round l ine, t a il r a ised i n S .

Var. w ith

c en tre-do t ted r ing b e low t he a n i ma l ( F igs. 5 94-6 ). F inds :

1 .

Bourges ( Cher ) MSAC X IV ( 1886-87 ), 2 93; b y 1 872 :

2 .

MSAC I V 1 873, 3 38;

Berry , s evera l ;

3a nd 2 v ar. f ound

2 more MSAC V ( 1873-4 ), 3 23-53.

MSAC V I I I ( 1879 ), 3 63-8;

X I I 1 885 , n o. 3 ;

1 1 868, 3 30 n o. 1. 3 .

F eu lardes n ear Bourges, i n e xcava t ions o f av i l la ( MSAC

4 .

L evet ( Cher ), G a l lo-Ro man s i te ( MSAC I V ( 1870-2 ) 3 38 ).

( 1869 ) , 3 03 ).

C i

O bv.

Hel meted h ead t o l ef t w ith p ro m inen t l ine f rom v isor t o n eckg uard.

Rev.

' An i ma l ' t o l ef t r educed t o ah ead less t r iquetra w ith t a il r a ised ( Figs. 5 97-599 ).

F inds :

1 .

Chäteau me il lan t ( Cher ) w ith swast ika t ype ( append ix 1 ) .

2 .

Berry l oca l f inds ( MSAC 1 ( 1868 ) n o. 1 1).

We igh ts : B D965.1.4841

3 .28

B 9 62 . x .18

3 .15

B 9 08.51.1

2 .99

C i

Vars :

MSAC I n o. 1 2 ( F ig. 6 00 ) i s p robab ly r ela ted t o t ype C i b u t h as a more f u l ly f or med r everse a nd a r ing b e low t he h orse ; i t was s a id t o h ave b een f ound i n B erry. F ig. 5 98 a ppears t o b e ah ybr id b e tween t he swast ika t ype ( D ) a nd t ype C .

D.

O bv.

G lobu lar h ead t o r ight a s ( C ) w ith c en tra l v ert ica l d iv is ion .

Rev.

R igh t-fac ing s wast ika w ith r ounded a r ms ( F igs. 6 01-4 ).

F inds :

1 .

2i n h d.

2 .

Bourges a rea ( 1 ), MSAC X IV 1 887 , 3 27.

Fondet tes ( I +L ), a ppend ix 1 .

3 .

Vernou-sur-Brenne ( I +L ) . 1f ound o n ap re-Ro man s i te w ith a nother p erhaps o f t he s a me t ype ( RAC ( 13 ) 1 974, 2 67-77 ); 2 .69g ( i n for mat ion Ml le. M. Ma in jonet ).

4 .

Berry , 2c o ins ( MSAC 1 1 868, 3 32 n o. 2 0 ).

5 .

Bourges ( Cher ) 3c o ins ( i b id. 1 1867, 3 25-44;

6 .

S a in t- Mart in n ear Bourges ( Cher ) i n a Ga l lo-Ro man c e metery

V 1 873-4, 3 23-53 ).

( i b id. I I 1 869 , 3 03 ) 1c o in . 7 .

Couf f i ( L+Ch. ) i n e xcavat ions o f a Ro man h u t , w ith Gau l ish a nd Ro man c o ins t o Tra jan ( p . 1 98 ). 2 31

8 .

N er is-les-Ba ins ( Al l ier ) 2c o ins ( ABT : 500 ).

9 .

C ler mon t-Ferrand ( PD ), 1 c o in ( ABT :500 ).

1 0.

L audun ( Gard ), Ca mp d e Cesar ( ABT :504 ).

1 1.

V ie il le-Tou louse ( Hau te-Garonne ) 1c o in ( ABT : 506 ).

1 2.

C li ateau me il lan t ( Cher ) s evera l w ith p ot ins o f t ype 5 , e arly Ga l lo-Ro man c on text ( p . 1 84 ), a ppend ix 1 .

1 3.

Mon tans ( Tarn ) n ear Ga il lac, BN 6 292-3.

1 4.

S o ings-G ievres a rea ( L+Ch. ) f a irly c o m mon ( de l a S aussaye 1 837 ).

We ights : BN 6 291

3 .49

BN 6 289

3 .00

BN 6 288

2 .89

BN 6 286

2 .73

BN 6 287

2 .56

BN 6 294

2 .55

BN 6 292

2 .36

Ash mo lean

2 .36

BN 6 284

2 .30

BN 6 293

2 .22

BN 6 290

2 .10

BN 6 286

2 .06

Types 3 a nd 4 may b e v ar iet ies o f t he s a me c o inage, e spec ial ly 3 a a nd 4 , wh ich h ave b een f ound t ogether i n ac o l lect ion o r h oard a t ChAa teau me il lant ( append ix 1 ).

Most s tray f inds a re i n I ndre-et-Lo ire t o t he n orth o f B erry ;

t he e xac t o r ig in o f t hese t ypes i s t herefore u ncerta in , t hough t he f ind a t Chateau me il lan t may i nd icate i mportan t u se o f t he t ype o f t hat s ite. E .

Boar t ype Obv.

Head t o r ight w ith h eavy g lobu lar f eatures, o r Aqu itan ic h ead t o r ight.

Rev.

Boar t o r igh t , w ith a p ronounced l ine f ro m t a il t o e ar r epresen ti ng b r ist les ( Figs. 6 05-6 ).

F inds :

1 .

Bourges, B 9 63.25.1, 2 .23g.

2 .

Berry , MSAC 1 1 868, 3 32 n o. 2 3.

3 .

L evet ( Cher ) i n Ga l lo-Ro man v i l la , MSAC, I V 1 873, 3 38.

4 .

S a in t- Marcel ( I ndre ) i n r ubb ish p it o f C laud ius -Nero d ate ( Al la in , Cothenet , Vauthey 1 964 :354 ).

5 .

N euvy-sur-Barangeon ( Cher ), p rob. t h is t ype ( MSAC I , ( 1867 ) 3 55-44 ).

We ights : S a in t- Marcel c o in 2 .66 B 9 63.25.1

2 .23

BN 4 021

1 .93

BN 4 022

1 .60

The b oar t ype may b e r elated t o s truck b oar t ypes ( p. 2 29 ). 2 32

F .

B ird t ype O bv.

Hel meted h ead t o l ef t w ith h eavy f eatures.

Rev.

B ird s tand ing l ef t i n p rof ile ( Fig. 6 07 ).

F inds :

1 .

Bourges, 6 c o ins g SAC X IV, 1 887 , 2 93 ;

V 1 873-4, 3 23-53;

V I 1 875-6, 3 29-44. 2 . Weight :

Hd. Fondettes ( I +L ), a ppend ix 1 n o. 4 8.

3c o ins.

B 9 62.x.25, 2 .28.

D.

BRONZE AND POTIN TYPES PERHAPS OF BERRY OR IG IN

1 .

Pegasus t y22 . i .

i v.

F inds :

( Figs. 6 08-10 )

Obv.

Wild h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Pegasus r igh t , w ith s prayed w ing.

Obv.

As ( i ).

Rev.

As ( i ) b u t+b elow p egasus.

Obv.

Uncerta in.

Rev.

Pegasus w ith t hree r ings b eh ind t he w ing.

Obv.

Uncerta in.

Rev.

As ( i i i ) b ut o ne c en tre-dotted r ing b eh ind w ing.

1 .

N ear Bourges, BN 4 217 ( i ).

2 .

Puy-de-Coren t ( PD ) BN 4 216 ( i ).

3 .

L evroux ( I ndre ) ( i i i ) a nd ( i v ) i n for ma t ion 0 . B i tchsenschü tz.

We ights : BN 4 217

3 .97 ( i )

BN 4 218

3 .40 ( i i )

BN 4 216

3 .20 ( i )

BN 4 219

1 .90 ( i )

D1 v ar.

Obv.

Boar ( ? ) t o r igh t.

Rev.

Pegasus t o r ight , c ircle b e low.

No r ecorded f inds. Weigh t : D2

BN 4 222

3 .94

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Horse t o r ight l ook ing b ackwards, t a il r a ised ( F igs. 6 11-3 ).

F ind :

1 .

L evroux ( I ndre ) BN 4 303.

Weights: BN 4 302

1 .96

BN 4 303

1 .98

B D965.1 . 4902

1 .70

2 33

D3.

O bv.

C rude h ead t o l ef t , c f . p ot in t ype 1 -2 a bove.

Rev.

Bu l l b u tt ing r ight , t a i l r a ised , c ha in o f d ots b y t a i l ( F ig. 6 14 ).

No r ecorded f inds. We igh t : D4.

E9 57.2.5

2 .-9 0

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r ight .

Rev.

Bu l l s tand ing l ef t , f our g lobu les b e low ( F ig. 6 15 ).

N o r ecorded f inds. We igh t : D5.

B D965.1.4916

2 .65

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o l ef t .

Rev.

Horse t o l ef t ( F ig. 6 16 ).

F ind :

1 .

Berry ( MSAC 1 1 868, 3 30 n o. 1 0 ).

N o r ecorded w e igh t.

Th is

t ype i s p erhaps r elated t o F igs. 5 38-45. D6.

O bv.

C rude h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Horse t o r ight , f i eld a bove f i l led w ith S s hapes a nd r ings.

F ind : D7.

1 .

1f ound Rue P ayee , Bourges ( MSAC V I 1 875-6, 3 29-44 ).

O bv.

Random g lobu les.

Rev.

Ou t l ine o f a n i ma l 's b ody t o l ef t ( F ig. 6 1 .7 ).

F inds :

1 . 2 .

Cha mp d e Fo ire , Bourges ( MSAC I , 1 868, 3 31 n o• 1 3 ). S a in t- Mart in , Ga l lo-Ro man c e metery , n ear Bourges, 2 c o ins ( MSAC I I 1 869, 3 03 ).

3 .

L evet ( Cher ), Ga l lo-Ro man v i l la ( MSAC I V 1 873, 3 38 ).

2 34

9 .

S ETTLE MENT I N PO ITOU AND THE WEST , 1 20-50 BC.

The d epar te men ts c overed b y t h is s ec t ion a re : V ienne Deux-Sevres Vendee Charen te- Mar it i me G ironde Charen te T h is a rea i nc ludes t he t err itory o f t he f i rst c entury BC P ictones, S an tones a nd B itur iges V iv isc i, a nd a l l s hare t he f ea ture o f h av ing a n A t lan t ic c oastl i ne .

T he s a lt- mak ing i ndustry o n t he c oast i s a n i mpor tan t f eature o f t he

a rchaeo logy o f t he a rea . Po itou i s s epara ted f ro m A r mor ica t o t he n or th-west b y t he l im it o f t he v o lcan ic mass if o f Br it tany a nd N ormandy i n V endee .

T he p resen t c oast l ine

i s d if feren t f ro m t ha t i n a n t iqu i ty , e spec ia l ly i n P icton ian t err itory , where much o ft he p resen t p la in b e tween N ior t a nd t he s ea h as s ince b een a dded b y t he r eced ing A t lan t ic . T h is e xp la ins t he l ack o f a nc ien t f i nds f ro m t ha t a rea , a nd c o inage c oncen tra t ions a round N ior t wh ich was t hen n earer t o t he c oast . T he l a T ene I ron Age i n t h is western a rea a s a who le i s v ery p oor ly r ec orded . F ew ma jor s i tes h ave b een l oca ted , a nd n one e xam ined , d esp ite t he o ccas iona l e v idence t ha t t he r eg ion h ad a r ich p re-Ro man h istory , s uch a s Ha l lsta t t ian c ar t b ur ia ls ( l a Preh isto ire f ranya ise 1 976 : 7 70f f ) , e ar ly f i nds o f L a T ene v a luab les, a nd a c o inage h istory wh ich s tar ts v ery e ar ly a nd e x tends t hroughou t t he p re-conquest p er iod . P o itou i s ar eg ion whose c o inage h ad a f f in it ies b oth w ith t he C en tra l a nd s ou th-western c o inages a nd w ith Ar mor ica , r ef lect ing i t s g eograph ica l s i tua t ion , a nd c o in d istr ibu t ions f ro m t hose f ew s i tes f or wh ich r ecords a re a va i lab le s how a p reponderance o f l oca l a nd c en tra l o ver n or thern o r B e lg ic Gau l ish c o in t ypes. V IENNE 1 .

Na in t i :e ( V ieux-Po it iers) Na in tr 'e h ad a n i mpor tan t G a l lo-Ro man p hase a nd many c o ins h ave b een

f ound t here , a l though f ew s tructures d a teab le t o t he p reconquest p er iod a re n oted i n t he r ecen t p ub l ica t ions . G a l l ia 1 975 : 3 79 r ecords l a T ene I I p ostho les a nd p its n ear t he G a l lo-Ro man t hea tre .

I n r ecen t e xcava t ions ( Ga l l ia 1 967 :

2 62) , 3 8 c o ins o f p ost-conques t t ypes a nd o ne o f Massi l ia were f ound , b u t n ot d escr ibed . B ib l iography :

Ga l l ia 1 967 :262 ;

1 971:271;

2 35

1 975 :379 .

F IRST CENTURY S ETTLE MENT I N PO ITOU AND SAINTONGE

1 .

Na in tre-

2 .

S anxay

3 .

Merp ins

4 .

L es Bouchards

5 .

La Va l lee

6 .

Muronla-Couture

7 .

t tau les

8 .

L oireles- Mara ls

9 .

T ha tr e-d ' Aun ts

1 0 .

Pons

1 1.

Pep iron

1 2 .

S a in tes

1 3 .

Fon t -Garn ier

1 4 .

S ou lac-sur- Mer

1 5.

Bordeaux

1 6.

Mou l le ts-et-V i l le mar t in

1 7 .

Vayres

1 8 .

S a in t-Et ienne-de-L isse

1 9.

S a int-August in

2 0 .

Mar ignac

2 36

S .

/

_

1 6

^

F IRST C ENTURY

S ETTLEMENT : P O ITOU AND S A I N T ONGE

o

S a lt

w orks

B

B ur ia l

•

C u l t

•

O ther

s i te s i tes

2 37

2 .

P o it iers The l a te C e l t ic a nd Ga l lo-Ro man s i te o f P o i t iers i t se l f , wh ich w as s et t led

f ro m t he f irst c en tury BC o nwards, h as y ie lded many c o in f inds a lso ; b ut o n ly n ine teen th-cen tury f i nds a re o n r ecord , f ro m a s i te o n Rue d e l 'I ndustr ie : 'many ' s i lver P ly o f t he P ictones ( p . 2 50f ) . 6 5 ATECTOR I ( p . 2 58) , p robab ly P icton ian ; 1 2 V IRETIOS ( p . 2 57 ) , p robab ly P icton ian ;

p ost-conquest . p ost-conquest .

1 7 v ar . VIRETIOS 1 2 V I IPOTAL , p ost-conquest s i lver o f u ncer ta in . o r ig in . 1 0 b ronze GER MANVS I NDVTILL I L , o f T reveran o r ig in , e nd o f t he f i rst c entury BC. 1 0 b ronze ABVDOS o f t he B itur iges

( p . 2 04f ) .

1g o ld ABVCATOS o f t he B itur iges ( p . 2 02f ) . 7g o ld s ta ters w ith b ird o ver t he h orse ( ? ABVCATOS t ype ) . 4b ronze ANN ICCO IOS , p robab ly P icton ian ; p os t-conquest . 1 0 CONTOVTOS , p robab ly P ic ton ian ; p os t-conquest . 1b ronze S ACTNO , p robab ly o f western o r ig in ( p . 2 58) . 2b ronze TOGIANT - SOB IUS , u ncer ta in o r ig in . 1 VRDO . RE, p robab ly P icton ian ;

p ost-conquest ( p . 2 61) .

1b ronze CONNO EPILLVS S EDVLLVS . 1b ronze o f Mass i l ia . 1 Be lg ic b ronze DEIOYICIAC. 4 ACVTIOS . 2 T PO M S EX F . 3b ronze wo lf h ead a nd p egasus ( B itur igan , p . 2 25) . 6b ronze w ith h e l meted h ead/horse . 1 TOVTOBOCIO . 3 CABALLOS 4b ronze o f t he Carnu tes w ith e ag le . 1 TASGI ITIOS ( Carnu tes) . 1b ronze P IXTILOS w ith e ag le ( Carnutes) . 1w ith b ird a nd h and . 3b ronze VANDI ILOS ( prob . Carnu tes) . 1 CA MBOTRE ( B itur iges, p . 2 10) . 1 VERCA ( Arvern i , p . 1 68) . 1 TVRONOS TR ICCOS ( Be lg ic Gau l) . 5b ronze w ith h orse ,

e a nd t wo r ings ( prob . P icton ian c f . p . 2 56) .

T h is, t herefore , i s ah eav i ly western a nd C en tra l c o mpos it ion , w i th a l arge n u mber o f p ost-conquest P icton ian t ypes. B ib l iography :

Ga l l ia 1 975 :379 ;

ABT :507 .

2 38

3 .

S anxay A t S anxay t here i s a Ga l lo-Ro man c u lt c o mp lex w ith a t yp ica l p ost-conquest

c o in s ca t ter ( Ga l l ia 1 967 :266 ;

F or m ige 1 944) .

2V IRETIOS , P icton ian , p ost-conquest . 1 CONTOVTOS , P icton ian , p ost-conquest . 1s i lver ATEVLA VLATOS , p ost-conquest Be lg ic i ssue . 1u npub l ished b ronze t ype , b are ly l eg ib le 1 .55g .

CHARENTE 4 .

Merp ins T he d efended s pur s i te a t Merp ins h as b een p ar t ly e xcava ted .

There a re

t wo l eve ls s how ing s igns o f o ccupa t ion , a nd a l l t he p ot tery a ppears t o b e o f Ha l lsta t t ian t ypes.

N o c o ins a re r ecorded .

T he a u thors o f t he p r inc ipa l r e-

p or t n o te t ha t t h is t ype o f s i te i s n otor ious ly d if f icu lt t o d a te b ecause o f t he v ery l a te p ers istence o f Ha l lsta t t ian t rad it ions o f p ot tery manu facture .

The

most i mpor tan t p er iod o f o ccupa t ion was p robab ly b e tween 8 00 a nd 6 00 BC, d ur ing t he impor tan t Ha l lsta t t ian p hase i n western Gau l . B ib l iography :

P ive teau a nd Q uesne l 1 963 ;

Ga l l ia 1 961:423f ;

1 963 :438 ;

1 965 :353 . 5 .

L es B ouchards a t Rou t l lac T he s i te , e xcava ted d ur ing 1 974, i s a Ga l lo-Ro man o c tagona l s tructure ,

p robab ly a t e mp le . o n t he s i te .

A l l c o ins e xcep t t ha t o f Cr ispus were f ound i n y e l low c lay

Deta i ls o f t he ir s tra t if ica t ion a re n ot r ecorded .

3worn s i lver o bo ls o f Mass i l ia . 2 Ro man r epub l ican q u inar l i ( Syd . 5 87 , 1 054) . 4 /2 a sses o f L ugdunum ( Cop ia?) . 1L . -a sses o f V ienna ( uncu t c o in 1 7 .68g ) . 1 1 a sses o f u ncer ta in mint i n Narbonen is, p erhaps Araus io ( uncu t c o in 1 7 .65g ) . a s o f V ienna ( ?) . 1 3+ 11 /2 a sses o f N e mausus ( 13 g roup I , 2 g roup I ;

n o g roup I I ) .

3 1 a sses o f Augustus, L ugdunum a l tar s er ies I , o ne w ith c oun termark I T IBCAVF1 ( s ic) . 3 a sses o f Augustus, L ugdunu m a l tar s er ies I . 6q uadran tes ( ?) o f Augustus w i th e ag le ( prob . L ugdunu m) . 3i l leg ib le b ronzes o f t he J u l io-Claud ians. 4b ronzes o f t he F lav ians a nd An ton ines ( 1 a s F lav ians ; 1a s Tra jan , Id p . Hadr ian ,

1d p .

M . Aure l ius, 1 78 AD) .

1b ronze o f Cr ispus, n ot a ssoc ia ted w ith t he o thers. 4 s i lver o f t he s evered h ead g roup ( 3 s er ies A , 1s er ies B ) , p rob. L e mov ices ( p . 2 85) . 6s i lver 'o bo ls ' o f Pe trocor i i t ype BN 4 311, 1u npub lished t ype ( p . 2 96) .

2 39

6 6 G au l ish b ronze c o ins o f t he f o l low ing t ypes : 4u n iscr ibed w i th h ead t o l e f t/horse t o r igh t . 4 2 CONTOVTOS , p rob . P icton ian , p ost-conquest . 5 ANN ICCO IOS , p rob . P icton ian . , p ost-conques t . 5 ATECTOR I , p rob . P icton ian , p ost-conquest . 1 LVCCIOS , p rob. P icton ian , p ost-conquest . 9 VRDO . RE ,p rob . P icton ian , p ost-conquest . 2 4 u n iden t if ied . T h is s i te , t herefore , p resen ts a t yp ica l p ost-conquest s ca t ter o f c o ins , w ith n o p re-conquest P ictones t ypes b u t a l l ma jor p ost-conquest b ronze s er ies, c o mparab le w ith t he d istr ibu t ion a t P o it iers ( p . 2 38 ) .

CHARENTE- MAR ITI ME C haren te- Mar it i me p rov ides t he most i nforma t ive p icture o f t he w estern d epar te men ts.

On t he c oast t here were an umber o f i mpor tan t s a l t p roduc ing

s i tes b efore t he c onquest ;

t he p re-Ro man u se o f t hese s i tes i s c er ta in , a nd

i s o f c onsiderab le i n terest . 6 .

L ' l e-de-Breze a t t tau les

T h is was t he s i te o f t he most s ou ther ly k nown I ron Age s a lt works o n t he western c oast ( Ga l l ia 1 967 :246 ; 1 975 :3271 ) . I t was a c t ive f ro m t he f i f th t o t he f irst c entur ies BC w ith a p eak i n t he l a T ene I I p er iod .

Two s or ts o f

c era m ic were f ound , t he f irst f or mak ing s a lt a nd t he s econd f or d o mest ic u se . T he s ty le i s o ft he n orma l r ough 'Ha l lsta t t ian ' t ype w ith m in i ma l d ecora t ion . Th is was e i ther o n t he s hou lder o r t he e dge o f t he n eck , a nd i n g enera l t he d ecora t ion i s s im i lar t o t ha t f ound i n many a reas o f t he C en tre a nd west . T here i s n o men t ion o f l uxury ware o r o f a ny i mpor ts f rom t he Med iterranean : t h is was a n e n t ire ly C e lt ic e stab l ish men t . The d es t ina t ion o f t he s a lt i s n ot c er ta in .

O n p resen t e v idence c eram ic f inds a t E tau les a re

n ot we l l d a ted , b u t c o mpa t ib le w ith f orms o f t he l a te I ron Age . r epor ted . 7 .

N o c o ins a re

T ha ire-d ' A un ts

S a lt was a lso p roduced i n t he p re-Ro man p er iod o n t he b order o f wha t i s n ow t he marsh o f Mou i l lep ied ( cne . T ha ire-d ' Aun is) . T he r e ma ins o f a r ough o ven a nd a l o t o f p ot tery h ave b een f ound , i nc lud ing a s herd f ro m a v ase o f l a T ene I I t ype w ith c o mbed b ody . T here a re n u merous f ragmen ts o f amphoras o n t h is s i te , a nd t he o n ly i den t if iab le r i m was o f Dresse l It ype . I ti s c lear t ha t t he s i te was u sed f or s a lt p roduct ion i n t he l a te i ndependent p er iod , a s f rag men ts o f h ave b een f ound .

b arque t tes t a nd t r ipods w i th o r w ithou t

c oupe l le '

Whether t he s i te was u sed l a ter t han t tau les, o r was

s i mp ly more p rosperous i s u ncer ta in . g iv ing a d a te o f 1 50-50 BC .

A c arbon-14 d a t ing was p er formed

S a lt was a pparen t ly made h ere f or a c onsiderab le

p er iod , a s o ne o ven u nderwen t f our d ist inct p hases.

T he l a T ene I I p ot tery

f ound o n t he s i te i s b oth whee l-turned a nd h and-fash ioned , a s i s c o mmon t hroughou t t he C en tre a nd west b efore t he c onquest . ( Ga l l ia 1 969 :270 ;

1 971:263 ;

1 973 :383) . 2 40

N o c o ins a re r epor ted

8 .

P or t-Cou tard a t l a Va l lee

Ano ther I ron Age s a lt p roduct ion s i te i s r ecorded a t l a Va l lee . T he s i te i s o ne o f t wo n ear R ochefor t , t he o ther b e ing o n t he c o mmune Muron ( be low ) t o t he n or th o f t he r iver Charen te . c o m mune S a in t-H ippo ly te .

Por t-Cou tard i s s ou th o f t he r iver i n t he

T he ma ter ia l f ound was v ery l i ke t ha t f ro m

t tap les ( Pas-de-Ca la is) , a nd f ro m s a l t s i tes o n t he P o iteva in marshes.

Two

t ypes o f c eram ic were f ound a ga in , most ly f or s a lt mak ing , b u t af ew a ssor ted v esse ls a lso f or d o mest ic o r o ther u se .

T here was n o s ign o f f ood r efuse ,

b u t t here were v ery n u merous sma l l q uar tz p ebb les .

T he ma ter ia l f ound c ou ld

b e o f t he I ron Age , a l though i t s e xact d a te i s u ncer ta in . o f s a lt- mak ing v esse l was u nusua l : wa l ls . 2 54 ; 9 .

T he o thers were n ot u n l ike t he

G abe t 1 965) .

One o f t he t wo t ypes

c y l indr ica l w ith a f la t b ase a nd f i ne , t h in a uge ts ' o f Bre ton s i tes ( Ga l l ia 1 967 :

N o c o ins a re r eported .

Muronla-Cou tre I n t he v ic in ity o f as a lt p roduct ion s i te , 2 4 c o ins h ave b een f ound o ver

s evera l y ears . s a lty s o i l.

A l l a re s ur face f inds , a nd t he ir p oor c ond it ion i s d ue t o t he

( Ma in jone t 1 975) .

1 .

s i lver 4 .39g

Empor iae t ype e ar ly c o inage ( p . 2 8) ,

2 .

s i lver 1 .63

Head t o l e f t o f Aqu itan ic t ype/horse t o l e f t , p erhaps w ith r ider , h and b e low . ( p . 4 3f ) .

worn .

Worn n ear ly f la t .

West Berry t ype?

3 .

s i lver 0 .51

H e l me ted h ead t o r ight , c ross b eh ind/horse l ef t .

4 .

s i lver 0 .47

He l meted h ead t o r igh t ( ?)/poor d ie , h orse t o r igh t ( ?) .

5 .

s i lver 0 .37

Head t o r igh t/horse t o r igh t ( ?) .

6 .

s i lver 0 .43

Head t o r igh t/horse t o r igh t ( ?) , v ery worn o r c orroded .

7 .

s i lver 0 .31

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t o f P icton ian t ype/horse t o r igh t ,

8 .

s i lver 0 .39

c entre-do t ted r ing o f d ots b e low ( p . 6 3 a bove) . Aqu itan ic h ead t o l e f t/horse a nd r ider g a l lop ing l e f t ( p . 6 3) .

9 .

s i lver 0 .34

Head t o l ef t w i th s t if f h a ir/horse t o l ef t , r ing b e low ( p . 2 53) .

1 0 .

s i lver 0 .36

H ead t o l e ft/horse t o l e f t , r ing a bove , c f . BN 4 311f .

1 1.

s i lver 0 .20

I l leg ib le .

1 2 .

s i lver 0 .25

I l leg ib le .

1 3 .

s i lver 3 .19

B lank f l an .

1 4 .

c f . BN 4 311e .

g i lded b ronze 1 .62

Head t o r igh t w i th c ha ins a nd o rna men t i n h a ir/very worn d ie , u ncer ta in s ymbo ls . O f western o r Ar mor ican o r ig in ; c f . BN 4 329 .

1 5 .

b ronze 2 .46

Head t o l ef t o f Aqu itan ic t ype/horse t o l ef t w ith d r iver w ith

1 6 .

b ronze 1 .89

b ird ' sb ody ; h e l meted h ead b e low t he h orse , CONTOVTOS , P icton ian , p ost-conquest .

1 7 .

p ot in

3 .08

C f . BN 5 300 , 't e te d iabo l ique ' t o l e f t/an i ma l t o r igh t .

1 8 .

p o t in

2 .74

' Tate d iabo l ique ' t o l e f t , g lobu le b etween n eck a nd s ku l l

1 9 .

p o t in

4 .47

H ead t o l e f t/an i ma l t o r igh t , c f . BN 5 679 .

2 0 .

p o t in

3 .57

H ead t o l e f t/ bu l l t o r igh t , c f . BN 5 679f f .

2 1.

p o t in

3 .04

H ead t o l e f t/ bu l l t o r igh t , c f . BN 5 679f f .

2 2 .

p ot in

2 .07

P o t in w ith b u l l

/ an i ma l t o r igh t .

C f . BN 5 679 .

2 41

C f . BN 4 555 .

2 3 2 4

p o t in a s o f

2 5

Ne mausus 4 .38 a s o f N ero ( ?)

1 0

1 .51

C orroded . PP o n o bverse .

Near t he s a lt works.

F ound a t T ha ire-d ' Aun is .

L o ireles- Mara is

L o ireles- Mara is h ad a n i mpor tan t s a l t w orks wh ich h as y ie lded ' barque t tes ' ,p ieces o f k i ln , f i ne g rey a nd r ed l oca l c era m ic o f t he f i rst c en tury BC a nd mo le t te d ecora ted g a l lo-Ro man p recoce c eram ic . 1 975 :373 ) . 1.

( Ga l l ia

S a in t-August in

As a lt p roduct ion s i te p robab ly u sed a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he s econd c entury BC i s n oted i n G a l l ia 1 975 :373 . 1 2.

P ons.

T here was p ermanen t o ccupa t ion o f t he p la teau a t P ons i n t he l a te I ron Age , b u t s yste ma t ic e xcava t ions h ave o n ly b egun t o b e u nder taken . T he t ype o f d efences, i fa ny , i s n o t y e t k nown , a nd i ti s c lear t ha t t here a re n o t races o f G a l lo-Ro man o ccupa t ion .

N o t i les o r s ig i l la ted p ot tery h ave b een f ound o n

t he s i te , n or a ny p ot tery d ecora ted w i th t he r ou let te , w h ich s uggests t ha t t he s i te was a bandoned a t l a test b y t he t ime o f t he c onquest . I nd igenous p o t tery , s o me t i mes o f h igh q ua l i ty , h as b een f ound . i ti s whee l t urned ;

Most o f

ap ink f abr ic i s most c ommon , w ith g rey o r b lack r arer ,

u s ing a f i ne s and g r it a nd s l ip c o lours r ang ing f ro m l i gh t p ink t o s la te g rey . T he most c o m mon c o lour was p o l ished b lack o r g rey , a l though t here was a lso i n t he a rea a c er ta in amoun t o f c oarser p ot tery d escr ibed a s

l a T ine ' i n t ype .

Decora t ion i s s i mp le , most ly i nc ised c hanne ls a nd b urn ished l i ne d ecora t ion a rranged i n c r iss-cross o r d iamond f ash ion . D ecora t ion i n t r iang les i s k nown o f at ype f ound a lso a t Vayres ( G ir . ) .

T he p ink c o lour o f s o me f i ne

ware i sn ot a f ea ture f ound w ide ly i n C en tra l G au l e xcep t i n t h is c oasta l b lock . Ac ons iderab le n u mber o f amphoras h as b een f ound , most ly b roken , a nd f ro m p ieces o f h and les a nd r i ms i ti s c lear t ha t t hey a re Dresse l Ii n t ype . I n t he t r ia l e xcava t ions a t ' Fon t Barbot ' g ood l a T ene I I ma ter ia l was f ound , a nd t here were s quare a nd c ircu lar p i ts o ne o f wh ich e nc losed a s word , a n a rm le t a nd a s h ie ld b oss. I n ac ircu lar p i t a t i t s b ot to m a c inerary u rn was f ound a nd p ieces o f h arness ; t he d epos its w ere d a ted b y Dresse l Iamphora s herds . T he s i te s ee ms t herefore t o h ave b een o ccup ied d ur ing t he f i rst c entury BC. T he p it w i th u rn a nd h arness may r eca l l b ur ia l p ract ices u s ing p its o r we l ls wh ich were n or ma l i n t he T ou louse a rea a nd g enera l ly i n t he s ou thwest ( l a Preh isto ire f ran9a ise 1 976 :767A) .

The o n ly c o in r epor ted i s a

Macedon ian g o ld s ta ter o f Ph i l ip I w ith t r iden t , t he r everse o f wh ich was t he v ar ie ty u sed a s mode l f or t he western e ar ly p hase g o ld c o inage o f S a in teEanne t ype ( p . 6 4f) .

T h is f i nd i s s uggest ive o f e ar ly u se , a l though n ot n ec-

e ssar i ly s e t t le men t , o f P ons. B ib l iography :

Ga l l ia 1 965 :357f ;

1 967 :247 ;

2 42

1 973 :381f ;

1 975 :373 ;

G abe t 1 966 .

1 3 .

P ep iron

A t P ep iron , c ne . S a in t-Just , u nder a G a l lo-Ro man v i l la , t here a re t races o f a Ha l lsta t t F ina l a nd l a T ene o ccupa t ion . F inds i nc luded amphora s herds, r ough p ot tery w ith f i nger d ecora t ion o n c ordons, o r n a i l i mpressions, s ome f i ne p o l ished p ot tery , sma l l v ases w ith f la t r ims, a nd a lso t h ick c oarse p ot tery . T here a re t races o f Bronze Age u se o f t he s i te a nd a l a ' f ew , i ron sword was f ound , a lso ap seudola T ine I I f i bu la wh ich c ou ld b e o lder , a nd a t orque . I ti s a pparen t ly u nusua l i n t he C haren te a rea t o f i nd s uch a l ong s er ies o f o ccupa t ion p hases o n o ne s i te . A t t he b eg inn ing o f t he Ga l lo-Ro man p er iod most ware was s t i l l g rey , b u t s o me r ed s herds r esu l t ing f ro m o x id ising f i r ing were a lso f ound , most ly p ieces o f wa ter j ugs ;

t he mak ing o f t h is s or t

o fp ot tery i s as ign o f r upture w i th t rad it iona l me thods a nd t he a dop t ion o f I t a l ian o r R o man t echn iques ;

a t t he s ame t ime s o me s or ts o f o vo id v ase w i th-

o u t h and les were a bandoned .

I n t h is c on tex t were a lso f ound wh ite

s herds o f at ype f ound a t S a in tes ( Gabe t 1 966, 1 969 ; 1 4 .

e ggshe l l '

Ga l l ia 1 963 :443 ;

1 967 :249) .

Mar ignac A t Mar ignac t here a re I ron Age r e ma ins u nder a Ga l lo-Ro man l eve l o n

t he h i l lfor t C ond ie ( Ga l l ia 1 967 :246) .

N o c o ins a re r epor ted , o r f ur ther

d e ta i ls o f fered . 1 5 .

S a intes A t S a intes , ' cap ita l ' o f t he G a l lo-Ro man S an tones, i n t he c i me t iere

S a in t-V iv ien , t here h ave b een f ound t races o f t hree l eve ls o f c onstruct ion i n f i ve o ccupa t ion l eve ls r unn ing f ro m t he e nd o f t he f i rst c en tury BC t o t he s eco nd c en tury AD . R epor ts a re n ot v ery i n forma t ive a bou t t he e ar ly l eve l . t he c en tre o ft he o ld c i ty o f S a in tes, c o ins o f Augustus t o T itus h ave b een

I n

f ound w ith c eram ic o f Mon tans ( Tarn ) a nd l a Graufesenque ( Aveyron) . G a l l ia 1 971:260f ; 1 973 :382 . 1 6 .

S a in t-Seur in-d ' U ze t , 1 .d . F on tGarn ier

B lanche t ( ABT :508 ) men t ions c o ins f ound i n t he r iver a t t h is s pot , o f t yp ica l Ga l lo-Ro man c o mpos i t ion : 7 00-800 R o man c o ins f ro m t he R epub l ic t o Arcac l ius . 9 1 b ronze CONVOVTOS , P icton ian , p ost-conquest . 4 ATECTOR I

P icton ian , p ost-conquest .

9 ANN ICCO IOS P icton ian , p os t-conquest . 1 LVCCIOS P icton ian , p ost-conquest . 1 VR IPPANOS P icton ian ( ?) , p ost-conquest .

G IRONDE I n G ironde t here a re a n u mber o f s i tes where p re-Ro man o ccupa t ion i s c er ta in .

F ea tures wh ich emerge f a ir ly c lear ly i n G ironde a re t ha t Med iter-

r anean p roducts a re t ob e f ound i ng rea ter n umbers t han i n t he r eg ions o n ly s l igh t ly f ur ther i n land t o t he n or th , a l though t he C e l t ic c u lture d oes n ot s ee m t o h ave b een r ad ica l ly i n f luenced b y Med iterranean t echn iques, a nd t ha t t here I s as ign if ican t d istr ibu t ion o f monna ies a 'l a c ro ix i n t he a rea , a l though t hey were n o t s truck t here .

2 43

1 7.

S ou lac-sur- Mer A t S ou lac-sur- Mer t here a re t races o f o ccupa t ion o f t he l ast p hase o f t he

I ron Age. The s i te w as o ccup ied i n t he Ha l lstat t p er iod , t o wh ich p er iod d ate c re ma t ion b ur ia ls a nd a w ood ! ' ns tatuet te, a nd f ro m t he m id o r l ate f i rst c en tury B .C. u n t i l t he s econd c en tury A .D. a n t a ct iv ity a t t he s i te t hroughou t. Tene

S a l t p roduct ion was t he d om in-

The p re-Ro man ma ter ia l i ncludes a ' l a

r itua l p it a nd d e monstrates c om mun ica t ion b etween s outh-western

Gau l a nd t h is a rea. f ound ,

Many s herds o f ' Med iterranean ' amphoras h ave b een

o f u nspec if ied t ypes, a nd 6 4 s i lver monna ies %a l a c ro ix w ith t wo o bo ls

o f u npub l ished t ype.

These f inds t herefore c on f ir m t he c lose r e la t ion b etween

t he A t lan t ic e nd o f t he Garonne a nd t he u pper G aronne b as in n earer t o t he Ro man p resence i n s outhern Gau l.

G ironde d id n o t , a pparen t ly , h ave a c o in-

a ge o f i t s own d ur ing t he f i rst c en tury B .0 C . ( c f. n .5 ), a nd t he monna ies ‚ al a c ro ix a re c erta in ly i n trus ive.

P re-Ro man f i nds i nc lude a l a ' I r ene I f i bu la

a nd t here i s al a Tse ne I I c e metery.

( Ga l l ia 1 965 :416 ;

1 973:452;

1 975 :466f .)

Co ins f rom t h is s i te a nd i t s e nv irons were p ub l ished b y Z ittvoge l B SFN 1 970 :334-6. 3 546 s i lver c o ins o f

w h ich a t l east 1 73 w ere monna ies ä l a c ro ix ( t he r e-

ma inder a re n ow n o t a va i lab le f or i den t if icat ion ) were f ound h oarded a t S a in t-Sauveur o r V ertheu i l i n t he a rea ( ABT :562 ) i n 1 886.

' Many a nc ien t

c o ins ' w ere f ound a t S ou lac i n 1 837. Excava t ions i n t he 1 960s y ie lded 6 4 monna ies %a l a c ro ix f ro m t he b each , o f t ypes w ith a n a xe o n t he r everse (

)a nd ' cub ist ' h ead t o t he l ef t ( c f .

t he t h ird h oard f rom L a ttes, Herau lt ).

5 6% o f t he m w e ighed 2 .45-3.12 g ,

wh ich i s t herefore o f S ou tou ' sp er iod I I ( p . 2 2 ) .

I n a dd it ion 2 o bo ls ' w ere

f ound , w ith b are h ead t o l ef t/ free h orse t o l e f t , c en tre-dot ted r ings a bove a nd b elow ( p . 2 53) , 0 .29 g ( both ). 1 8.

Bordeaux A t Bordeaux ( Burd iga la, empor ion o f t he B itur iges V iv isc i :

S trabo 4 .2.1)

among o ther f inds o f t he p er iod t here w as f ound a n I t a l ic amphora w ith t he s ta mp M. PORC wh ich i s h eld t o b e long t o t he l ate f i rst c en tury B .C. a t l atest ( Ga l l ia 1 959 :577f . ) . Further d eta ils o f t he p re-Ro man o ccupa t ion o f Bordeaux a re n o t r ecorded i n t he r ecen t l i t erature. 1 9.

Mou l iets-et-V i l le mart in A t Mou l iets-et-V i l le mart in t here i s as ha l low l eve l o f d ebr is f rom a p re-

Ro man p er iod o f o ccupat ion c over ing a bou t 2 0 h ectares.

A l arge n u mber o f

I ta l ic amphoras h ave b een f ound t here, i nc lud ing s o me whose s tamps i nd icate ad ate i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he f i rst c en tury .

A f ragmen t o f Ca mpan ian p o t tery

a nd wha t may b e ap iece o f c era m ic made i n Ca les i n Ca mpan ia h ave a lso c o me t o l igh t , a nd a s ing le monna ie %a l a c ro ix. The i nd igenous p o ttery i s n o t r e markab le ; i ti s t he c usto mary m ix ture o f Ha l ls tat t ian t rad it ions a nd l a Tene f or ms a nd d ecorat ions.

F ibu las o f l a fene I I f or ms h ave b een f ound,

a nd t wo p oor g o ld s taters whose d at ing i s i mposs ib le f ro m t he r eport ( n . 5 a nd a pp. 1 n o. 3 8 ), (a l l ia 1 967:343 ).

T hese may b e l oca l p roduc ts i m itat ing

t he Bohe m ian c o ins i n t he l ate s econd c en tury Tayac h oard ( p . 6 9f).

2 44

S o me

s l igh t ly l ater ma ter ia l was a lso f ound o n t he s i te, f or i nstance a n a s o f Augustus, wh ich s uggests t ha t o ccupa t ion c ont inued i n to t he Ro man p er iod i n t h is a rea o f t he s et t le men t .

H ere a ga in t here h as a ppeared e v idence o f Med i-

t erranean i mports i n t he f i rst c en tury B .C., b u t t he e xact c haracter o f t he s et t lemen t r e ma ins u ncer ta in. 2 0.

Vayres

L ess w e l l-docu men ted s i tes i n G ironde i nc lude Vayres ( anc ien t Vara tedo) . Under a Ga l lo-Ro man l eve l t here a re T Ha l lstat t ian ' a nd l a I r ene f eatures i nc lud ing a t l east o ne l a F r ene I I h u t f l oor w ith c era m ic d ebr is a nd t races o f c lay a nd wood wa l l ing ;

p ot tery w as most ly o f r ough l a Tene t ypes :

s qua t

s l igh t ly c ar inated b ow ls, l ow d ishes w ith s tra igh t r i m, b eakers a nd w ide d ishes w ith i ncurved r i ms. c ordon d ecora t ion.

' Ha l lstat t ian ' p ot tery c ons isted o f t a l l j ars w ith

Decora t ion o f t he ' La I l ene ' w are was b y c o mb ing , c ir-

c u lar i nc is ions , wavy l ines o r s tamp marks. b lack .

One monna ie " al a c ro ix w as f ound.

S o me o f t he p ot tery w as p o l ished

The Ga l lo-Ro man l eve l b egan

e ar ly a nd c on t inued i n to t he f i rst c en tury A .D. o r l ater, a s s ig il la ted p ot tery was f ound ( Ga l l ia 1 965 :420 ; 2 1.

1 967 :341;

1 969 :356 ;

1 971:345 ;

1 973:458 ).

S a in t-Et ienne-de-L isse

On t he d efended p la teau a t S a in t-Et ienne-de-L isse ( 1 .d. N iort ) t here a re t races o f N eo l ith ic, B ronze Age a nd p art icu lar ly Ha l lstat t a nd l a rene o ccupat i on ;

n o f urther d eta i ls o r a ny c o ins a re r epor ted ( Ga l l ia 1 965 :421 ).

I ti s e v iden t , t herefore, t ha t a l though G ironde was i n r ece ip t o f many imports a nd a n u nusua l n u mber o f monna ies %a l a c ro ix f or a n a rea s o f ar t o t he w est , i t was n ot a r eg ion w here c o inage was i n r egu lar u se d ur ing t he f i rst c en tury B .C., a l though t here a re n ot many ma jor l ate I ron Age s i tes wh ich h ave r ece ived s uf f ic ien t e xcavat ion f or a d eta iled a ccoun t o f t ha t p er iod t o b e c onstructed.

2 45

1 0 .

COINAGE OF THE P ICTONES AND WESTERN GAUL I N THE F IRST CENTURY B .C.

The c oinage o f t he P ictones i n t he f irs t c en tury B .C. may b e d iv ided i n to t hree s ect ions :

g o ld s taters a nd s i lver c oins wh ich b e long t o t he p re-conques t

p er iod , a nd t he p ost-conques t c oinages .

As mos t o f t hese c oinages h ave a l-

r eady b een p ub l ished , as u m mary a ccoun t o n ly w i ll b e p rov ided h ere . A .

GOLD S TATERS Obv . R ev .

H ead t o r igh t o f Aqu i tan ic o r Ar mor ican t ype . Human h eaded h orse w i th d river t o r igh t , o pen h and b elow , s o met imes w i th l e t ters S A e i ther s ide o f i t ( Figs . 6 18-20 ) .

C olber t d e B eau l ieu h as p rov ided t horough p ub l ica t ion o f t he g o ld c oinage o f t he P ictones ( 1 962c ;

c f . 1 971a a nd ABT :296 ) , a nd h as d e monstra ted t hat

t he v ar iety w i th S A b e longs t o t he s a me s er ies a s c o ins w i thou t , b u t t ha t i t b e longs l a te i n t he s eries a s a whole.

I th as t he s a me g eograph ica l d is tribu-

t ion a s s taters w i thou t S A , b u t i to ccup ies a we igh t b racket n ot wel l r epresen ted b y t he r es t o f t he s eries .

1 7

I ti s t here fore p robable t hat t he P icton ian g o ld

c oinage was i ssued o ver a f a ir ly l ong p er iod a nd t hat i tl os t weigh t i n s tages whose d urat ion i s n ot k nown . T he s er ies u nderwen t l oss i n weigh t a nd f ineness f ro m r elat ive ly g ood g o ld c o ins n ear t o 7 .0 g t o b ase S A c oins o f c . 5 .40-6.20 g .

I ti s p robable

t hat t he s er ies i s c on f ined t o t he f irs t c en tury B .C., a l though i t s e xac t c hrono logy h as n o t y e t b een e s tab l ished .

I t was c er ta in ly s t i l l i n u se d ur ing t he

Caesar ian war , a s i t was f ound a t A les ia a nd a ppears i n h oards t ha t s hou ld b e d a ted t o t he p er iod o f t he c onques t . The o bverse t ype i s f requen t ly Aqu i tan ic ( F ig . 6 19 , c f . 6 24 ) o f ad is t inct ive P icton ian t ype , b u t o f ten w i th p ronounced Ar morican i n f luence , a s i n t he a pp earance o f c ha ins a nd s evered h eads a nd f l our ishes ( LT X II I 4 417-9) .

T he

f abr ic o f t he c oins t he mselves i s a lso Ar mor ican , a nd t he c oins u nderwent a d ebase men t wh ich r eca l ls t ha t o f t he Ar mor ican g old t hen s i lver b i l lon s er ies . C o lber t d e B eau lieu t raced i nd iv idua l d ie d es ign e le men ts s hared b y s ta ters o f t he P ic tones , Venet i a nd N a mnetes ,

( 1962c , 1 952b , 1 973a :150 f .) , a nd i n we igh t

t he P ic ton ian s tater c oinage i s c o mparable w i th t he n or ma l s tandards f or o ther Ar mor ican g o ld a nd b i l lon i ssues :

Os is m i 6 .40-6.90 g ( Colber t d e B eau l ieu

1 956a ) ;

R edones 6 .30-6.69 g

,1 963a ) ; V enet i 6 .70-6.0 a nd d own

1 953a ) ;

n or ma l weigh t o f P ictones c oins i n t he C hevanceau h oard :

,

6 .54-6.87 g

( Benus ig lio 1 957) . B ecause o f t he ir o bv ious s i mi lar i t ies , P ic tones g o ld c o ins a re s o met i mes f ound i n h oards p redo m inan t ly o f o ther Ar mor ican t ypes : n ever t rave l led i n t h is way.

P ic ton ian s i lver

Ar mor ican h oards t o t he n or th o f t he L o ire c on-

t ain ing s o me P ictones s ta ters ( map p . 2 48) a re :

2 46

S avenay ( 1 , . .At l .) w i th

Na mnetes c oins ;

S a in t-Dgnoua l ( 1500 Cor ioso l ites, I P ictones) ;

Venet i , 2 -3 R edones , 1P ic tones ) ;

P ipr iac ( 600

Hardanges ( 30 Au lerci C eno man i , 1P ictones ) .

I ti s n o t t herefore n ecessary t o e xp la in t h is s cat ter o f P ictones c oins o n Ar mor ic an t err i tory b y t he f l igh t o f Du mnacus ' a r my d ur ing t he C aesar ian war ( Co lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 962c :165 ).

G iven t he o ver lapp ing d is tr ibu t ion o f v ir tua l ly a l l

C en tra l c oinages , t he P ictones c o ins may h ave t rave l led n or th i n a ny n u mber o f ways d ur ing t heir p er iod o f c urrency .

T he t ypes o f P ictones g o ld c oinage

i tsel f s hows s uch c lose c onnec t ions w ith t he o ther Ar mor ican c oinages t ha t i t i s l i ke ly t ha t i t r ef lec ts c lose p o li t ica l r e lat ionsh ips wh ich migh t r ead i ly r esu lt i n t he t rans fer o f s o me c oinage o ver t he b order , wh ich migh t t hen l ead t o a cc iden ta l i nc lus ion i n p ay men ts a nd h oards w i th in n on-P ic ton ian t err itory. The c onnect ion b etween t he P icton ian g o ld a nd s i lver c o inages i s u ncer tain . C o lber t d e B eau l ieu ( 1 971a ) b e l ieved t hat t hey were c on te mporary b u t f ro m d if feren t mints, a nd t h is i s av ery l i ke ly e xp lana t ion f or t he ir d if ferences; o ne s hou ld c o mpare t he g old a nd s i lver c oinages o f t he B i tur iges , a nd p erhaps t he c rane a nd t re fo il g o ld a nd s i lver s evered h ead c o inages ( p . 2 53) wh ich may a lso h ave i ssued f ro m t wo c en tres i n as ing le t err i tory .

The h and o n t he

P ictones s ta ters d er ives f ro m t he l a te s econd c en tury s i lver Wes t B erry t ype w i th h orse man ( F igs . 7 6-86 );

when t he f irs t c en tury P ictones u sed Wes t

Berry h orse man t ypes a s ab as is f or t he ir s i lver c oinage , t hey u sed o ne e lemen t o f t he s a me p rototype a lso o n t heir g o ld.

B oth g o ld a nd s i lver t ypes

wen t o u t o f u se im med ia tely a f ter t he C aesar ian war a nd a re n ot f ound o n Ga l lo-Ro man s i tes e xcep t f or P oi t iers i tsel f , where t he c on tex t o f t he f ind o f P ic tones P IV s i lver c oins i s n o t r ecorded ( p . 2 38) . F inds : 1 .

Tr izay ( Ch . Mar ., Ma in jonet 1 966 )

2 .

n ear V gngrand ( Ch . Mar ., ABT :296 ) 1c oin

3 .

S au jon ( Ch . Mar ., i b id .) 1 c oin

4 .

H d . C hevanceau , C h . Mar . 6 4 c oins ( Benus ig lio 1 957) , a ppendix 1 n o . 2 8

5 .

S ancerre-Bourges r ai lway l ine ( Cher ) , B 8 95 .16.6, 6 .12 g .

6 .

Drevan t ( Cher ) i n e xcava t ions o f t he f oru m ( MSAC XXX I I I 1 910 , 3 73 )

7 .

Yssandon ( Corr ., ABT :296 ) 1c oin

8 .

A les ia g rave d epos i ts ( C.d 'O . ,a ppendix 1 n o. 1 ) 1w i th S A , 1w i thou t

9 .

Gres igny-Sa in te-Re ine ( C .d '0 )1 c o in ( Co lber t d e B eau lieu 1 962c ; s a me c on tex t?)

1 0 .

H d . G orges n ear C l isson ( L .A t l . ,4 0 c oins ) ABT n o . 1 37;

C olber t

d e B eau lieu 1 962c . 1 1.

Hd . S avenay n ear Nan tes ( L . A t l ., 3 0-40 , mixed h oard ) ABT n o . 1 38 ; C o lber t d e B eau lieu 1 962c .

1 2.

N ear Nan tes ( L .A t l . )ABT :296.

1 3 .

Ver tou ( L .A t l . ; i b id .)

1 4 .

Nan tes

1 5.

Grand-Auvergne ( L. A t l .;

( L . A t l .;

C o lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 962c )

1 6.

Hd . H ardanges (Mayenne , 1i n h oard o f o ther t ypes ) ABT n o . 1 75

1 7.

H d . n ear N iort ( DS ) , c . 4 0 c oins ;

1 8 .

H d . n ear N iort ( DS ) , 1 0 c oins ( Co lber t d e Beau lieu 1 962c ;

1 9 .

Hd . P ar thenay ( DS , i nc l . BN 4 406, 4 417 ) ABT n o . 2 38

i b id .)

2 47

ABT n o. 2 35 f c l . 1 928 )

P ICTONES

•

S tray

0

H oard I n

2 4S

G OLD C O I N AGE

f ind

h oard

w ith o ther c o ins

2 0.

N ear Thouars ( DS ) ABT:296, 1 c o in

2 1.

Hd. Meile ( DS : Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 962c )

2 2.

Hd. Vou il le-les- Mara is ( Vendee ;

2 3.

Hd. Fon tenay-le-Co mte, 2 h oards ( Vendee;

6 3 c o ins ) ABT n o. 2 55 ABT n o. 2 56;

Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 962c ) 2 4.

L a F icaudr ere n ear l a Bo iss ise re-des-Landes ( Vendee ) ABT :296, 1o o in.

2 5.

Cha l lans ( Vendee ;

2 6.

L a Mothe-Achard ( Vendee;

2 7.

L 'Heberge men t , a t Roche-sur-Yon ( Vendee, Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 962c;

2 8.

i b id., 1 c o in ) i b id., 1 c o in )

1c o in )

Hoard o f Po it iers ( V ienne, l ate mixed h oard ) ABT n o. 2 58

2 9.

Po it iers ( V ienne ), s evera l f inds ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 962c)

3 0.

Hd. V ivonne ( V ienne ), l ate m ixed h oard w ith 1 1 g o ld o f t he P ictones

3 1.

Hd. Vernon ( V ienne ),late mixed h oard, a ppend ix 1 , n o. 5 1

3 2.

Hd. Bonneu il ( V ienne ), l ate mixed h oard, ABT n o. 2 63

( ABT n o. 2 59 )

3 3.

Ca mp Bonneu il ( V ienne ), 1 w ith SA 5 .90 ( ABT :299 )

3 4.

Hd. C ivray ( V ienne ) ABT :296

3 5.

Hd. n ear Chauv igny ( V ienne ) i b id.

3 6.

N ear Chätel lerau l t ( V ienne ), p erhaps s a me a s L oudun f ind o f

3 7.

Hd. S a in t- Mart in-de-la-Riv iere ( V ienne , Co lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 962c)

3 8.

Hd. l a C icogne, c ne. l a J onc li ere ( HV, w ith a t l east 3 2 c o ins a nd

3 9.

Hd. S ens-de-Bretagne ( I +V, 1 0 c o ins, o f wh ich 1 g o ld P ictones )

4 0.

Hd. P ipr iac ( I +V, V enet i h oard w ith 1 g o ld P ictones ) Co lbert d e

Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 962c ( ABT :296 ) 1c o in

imper ial d enar i i )Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 962c ;

ABT n o. 2 67

ABT n o. 1 02 Beau l ieu 1 962c 4 1.

c an ton Ret iers ( I +V ) i b id., 1 c o in

4 2.

Qu iberon ( Morb ihan , 1c o in ) Ga l l ia 1 963:429

4 3.

S au mur ( M+L ) i n t he L o ire, 1 c o in ABT :296

4 4.

Durta l ( M+L ) 1c o in , i b id.

4 5.

Mau levr ier ( M+L ) 1c o in , Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 962c

4 6.

Mazieres-en- Mauge ( M+L ), 1 c o in , i b id.

4 7.

l e F ief-Sauv in ( M+L ), 1 c o in , DAG s .v.

4 8.

L is ieux ( Ca lvados, 2 c o ins, ABT :296 o r 1c o in , Co lbert d e Beau l ieu

4 9.

Hd. S a in t-Denoua l ( Cötes-du-Nord, l ate mixed h oard ) ABT n o. 4 3-4;

1 962c ) Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 962c 5 0.

V ie il le-Tou louse ( H.Gar.), 1 p lated c o in Ga l l ia 1 972:491-4. I t was t he f i rst g o ld c o in f ro m t he s i te ;

c f. Co lbert d e Beau l ieu

1 973a :328 n . 6 52 5 1.

N ear Argen ton-sur-Creuse ( I ndre ), 2 c o ins ( MSAC I , 1 868, 3 29

5 2.

Hd. Toutencourt ( Som me ) 1c o in w ith Gau l ish a nd Ro man c o ins t o

n o . 5 ) . Hadr ian ( Vassel le 1 954 :78)

2 49

We ight :

( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 962c w ith a dd it ions n oted i n b rackets )

w ithout SA

n o.

7 .0-7.09

1 .

6 .90-6.99

1

6 .80-6.89

1( Schu l man s a le 1 929, 1 00, 6 .80 )

6 .70-6.79 6 .60-6.69

3 9( G 2 743 6 .65 ;

Rat to 1 933, 4 6 .65)

6 .50-6.59

1 2 ( Cahn 1 932, 2 6 .50;

6 .40-6.49

1 4 ( Ash mo lean 6 .48; 1 554 6 .46 ;

Grabow 1 930, 1 6 .55;

M MAG 1 936, 2 55 6 .40;

B 8 92.8.1

6 .52 )

Cahn Apr. 1 933,

K ress 1 957, 2 474 6 .40 )

6 .30-6.39

5( G 2 745 6 .37 ;

Cahn Apr. 1 933, 1 555 6 .39 )

6 .20-6.29

4

6 .10-6.19

4

6 .0-6.09

2

5 .90-5.99

1

5 .80-5.89 5 .70-5.79

1 1( M MAG 1 953, 1 5 .76 )

5 .30-5.39

1

5 .20-5.29

2

4 .39

1( Rat to 1 932, 3 )

w ith SA 6 .60-6.91

1( Cahn 1 930, 2 232 6 .60 )

6 .40-6.49

1( Cahn Apr. 1 933, 1 574 6 .40 )

6 .30-6.39

1

6 .10-6.19

1

6 .0-6.09

1

5 .90-5.99

2( Cahn Apr. 1 933, 1 573 5 .98 )

5 .80-5.89

1( Schu l man 1 929, 1 01 5 .80 )

5 .70-5.79

3

5 .60-5.69

1

5 .50-5.59

1

5 .40-5.49

1( Ash mo lean , 5 .41)

5 .30-5.39

2

5 .10-5.19

2

B .

S ILVER P IV CO INAGE The p rototype f or t h is c o inage was p rov ided b y t he s i lver West B erry

h orse man t ype o f t he l ate s econd c entury ( F igs. 7 6-96 ) a nd t he s ymbo l u nder t he h orse i s ad irect d escendan t o f t he ' l unet tes ' o f P I I IA.

If o l low Colbert

d e Beau l ieu 's c lass if icat ion ( 1971a ) i n r eferr ing t o t h is f irst c entury c o inage a s P IV.

The d istr ibut ion map ( p . 2 52) s hows t hat t he a rea o f c ircu lat ion o f

P IV i s q u ite s eparate f ro m t hat o f i t s west B erry p redecessors, h owever, a nd i n we ight i ti s v ery much l ighter. c ases ( p . 4 7)

A lthough Ip o in ted o ut a n umber o f

where t he o bverse t ypes o f West Berry i ssues were v ery c lose

t o P IV o bverses, t here a re n o r ecorded i ns tances o f P IV a nd West B erry t ypes b e ing f ound i n a ssoc iat ion i n h oards o r o n s ites. i ssues, P IV i s c erta in ly a f i rst c entury c o inage.

2 50

Un l ike t he West Berry

I t i s f ound o n t he Gal lo -

Ro man s et t le men t o f Po it iers a nd i s f ound i n h oards o f t he m id-f irst c en tury B .C.

T he i ssue a s a who le i s l arge

( t he 1 06 c o ins i n t he S a in t-P ierre-de-

Ma il le h oard s hared a l most n o d ies ), a nd i ti s o f u nvary ing t ype, b u t i ti s i mp oss ib le a t p resen t t o e st i mate t he l eng th o f t he p er iod o ver wh ich i tw as s truck . F ro m t he e v idence o f i t s p resence i n s ome l a te a nd e ven p ost-war h oards, a nd o n t he a ssump t ion t hat t he Caesar ian w ar p rov ided t he o ccas ion f or l arge i ssues o f c o in , i ti s l ikely t ha t i tw as s truck d ur ing t he m id-f irst c en tury ; whether i tb egan l ong b efore t he war i s u ncerta in .

b u t

P erhaps t he s im i lar ity

b etween d ies o f t he l ater West B erry t ypes a nd P IV i nd icates c hrono log ica l c loseness ;

i n t hat c ase P IV w ou ld h ave h ad t o b eg in i n t he e arly d ecades o f

t he f i rst c entury B .C. The h oard o f S a in t-P ierre-de- Ma il le i s i mportan t f or d a t ing t he s er ies ( Co lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 971a ). I tc on ta ined 1 06 P IV , o ne g o ld s tater o f l ate Eastern A r mor ican l yre t ype v ar. B ( p. 9 7f ) a nd a worn s pec i men o f B itur iges wo lf h ead a nd p egasus b ronze c o inage ( p . 2 25 ).

The l at ter c o in , i fi tg enu inely

b elonged t o t he h oard , wou ld e nsure t hat t he c losure o f t he c o l lect ion d id n o t t ake p lace u n t il a t l east t he C aesar ian war ;

t he g o ld c o in i s l ess e as ily d ate-

a ble , a nd may i n f act b elong a t l atest t o t he v ery e arly f i rst c entury r a ther t han t o t he p er iod o f t he war.

I t i s b y n o means n ecessary t o p ostula te t hat

t he w ho le h oard c ons isted o f c o ins o f o ne d ate ;

i t may h ave h ad c o ins o f

t hree p er iods i n i t , a nd i ti s t herefore u nw ise t o r e ly o n t he p resence o f a n e ar ly c o in t o p ush u p t he s tart ing d ate f or s i lver N V.

I ti s , h owever, c er-

t a in t ha t t he h oards w ith a c ompos it ion l ike S a in t-P ierre-de- Ma i l le b elong a t l a test t o t he l ast y ears o f t he C aesar ian w ar.

Tru ly p ost-war h oards i n t he

P icton ian a rea a re t horough ly m ixed i n c o mpos it ion , w ith p re-conquest P ict ones c o ins i n a sma l l minor ity.

The V ernon ( V ienne ) h oard b ur ied n ot b e-

f ore 4 5 B .C. we ighed c . 7k g b u t c on ta ined o n ly a f ew P ictones c o ins ( 3 1 g o ld , 7P IV s i lver a nd 2 3 s i lver DVRAT I VL IOS, a ppend ix 1 ).

B onneu il , b ur ied

n ot b efore 5 0 B .0 .c on ta ins s o me J u l ius Durat ius b u t n o o ther P ictones c o ins. There a re, h owever, a s er ies o f h oards v ery l ike S a in t-P ierre a nd p robab ly a lso a bandoned a s ar esu l t o f t he Caesar ian w ar : Po mpa in w ith 1 50;

Vou il le w ith 3 90 P IV :

l a V i l leneuvela-Co m tesse w ith 2 25.

S a in t-

Absence f ro m a l l

t hese h oards o f c o ins o f DVRAT I VL IOS i s s ign if ican t , a s h is Ro man c i t izens h ip must h ave b een c on ferred a f ter t he w ar. T he w e igh t s tandard c hosen f or t he P IV s er ies i s much h igher t han t he s tandard 'q u inar ius ' we igh t o f n e ighbour ing B itur iges f irst c en tury c o ins, a nd i s p robab ly b ased o n al oca l s yste m o f w e igh ts mod ify ing t he h eav ier West Berry w e ight s tandard.

I t s ee ms l ike ly t hat i n t he f i rst c en tury e ach p eop le

h ad i t s own s yste m o f w e igh ts f or t he ir c o inages ( p. 2 1), w h ile i ti s l ike ly t hat i n t he m idd le p hase o f C en tra l c o inage, t o wh ich t he West B erry s i lver b elongs , s i lver Cen tra l c o ins c orresponded c lose ly i n w e igh t w ith c on te mpora ry monna ies ä l a c ro ix , w ith wh ich t hey w ere v ery o ccas iona l ly h oarded ( p. 4 1f).

S ilver P IV i s h eav ier t han f i rst c en tury monna ies

l a c ro ix , a nd

t here i s n o r eason t o s uppose a c lose c onnect ion a ny l onger b etween t he s ilver c o inage o f t he Garonne v a l ley a nd t hat o f w estern-cen tra l Gau l. O bv . Rev .

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t. Horse s tepp ing r ight , w inged r ider w ith l ong n ose a nd c h in ; It b e low.

F igs. 6 21-4.

2 51

P ICTONES S ILVER AND • 0

S i lver P IV

BRONZE C O INAGE

t ype , s t ray

f i nd

a nd

i n h oard w i th x 3

B ronze c o ins , s tray

f ind

a nd

h oard o ther i n

c o ins

h oard

F inds : I .

Faye-l 'Abbesse ( DS ) 1c o in ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 971a )

2 .

Hd. S a in t-Po mpa in ( DS ) c .150 c o ins ( ABT n o. 2 37 )

3 .

n ear N iort ( DS ) Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 971a

4 .

Hd. Vou il le ( DS ) 3 90 P IV, ABT n o. 2 34.

5 .

Hd. n ear N iort ( DS ), c . 4 0 P IV ( ABT n o. 2 35 i s ag o ld h oard ;

6 .

Ro m ( DS ) 1c o in , ABT :296

Co lbert d e Beau l ieu g ives t h is p rovenance f or a s i lver h oard ) 7 .

L e L angon ( Vendee ) Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 971a

8 .

Hd. S a in t-Pierre-de- Ma il le ( V ienne;

9 . 1 0.

Loudun ( V ienne;

i b id.)

Append ix 1 , n o. 3 3

i b id.)

Hd. Po it iers ( V ienne;

2 36+ c o ins ) ABT n o. 2 58

1 1.

Po it iers ( V ienne ) n u merous s tray f inds ( ABT :507 )

1 2.

Vendeuvre-du-Po itou ( V ienne ) ABT :296

1 3.

Hd. Vernon ( V ienne, l ate mixed h oard ;

1 4.

Hd. l a V il leneuve-la-Co mtesse ( Ch. Mar.) 2 25 c o ins ( ABT n o. 3 2b

a ppend ix 1 , n o. 5 1)

a nd p . 2 96 ) 1 5.

L e F ief-Sauv in ( M+L ;

DAG s .v.)

A p lated c o in , p oss ib ly im itat ing t h is t ype w ith t he r everse t ype t o t he l ef t was f ound a t Bordeaux i n 1 974, 1 .92 g ( i n for ma t ion Ml le. M. Ma in jonet ). A l i ght s i lver c o in BN 4 595 ( 2.0 g ) may b e r elated t o P ictones i ssues, b ut i s n ot p art o f t he s er ies : Obv. Rev .

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r ight Horse g a l lop ing r igh t , ' dr iver ' a bove, u ncerta in s y mbo l ( ?hu man h ead ) b elow ( Fig. 6 25 )

N o r ecorded f inds. We ights o f P IV ( Sa in t-P ierre-de- Ma il le c o ins w ith a dd it ions n o ted i n b rackets ) 3 .20-3.29

1( BN 4 463, 3 .20 )

3 .19-3.10

1( BN 4 462 3 .11;

4 470 3 .11)

3 .09-3.00

7( BN 4 461 3 .07 ;

4 465 3 .08;

2 .99-2.90

3 2 ( BN 4 466 2 .97 )

2 .89-2.80

2 3

2 .79-2.70

2 0 ( BN 4 468 2 .75 )

2 .69-2.60

1 1

2 .59-2.50

7( BN 4 469 2 .57 )

2 .49-2.40

2

2 .39-2.30

1

2 .29-2.20

1

1 .79-1.70

1

C . 1 .

4 464 3 .0;

4 467 3 .05 )

S ILVER FRACT IONS OF WESTERN ORIG IN Obv. Rev.

Ma le h ead t o l ef t w ith s t iff s tra ight h a ir Horse g a l lop ing l ef t , r ings b elow.

( so met i mes c en tre-dot ted) a bove a nd

F igs. 6 26-9.

2 53

WESTERN

S ILVER

F RACT IONS

•

3

2

•

• I 0 .50

SOO OS SO • • SOO I 0 .40

I 0 .30

1

I

I

0 .20

0 . 10

2 54

WE IGHTS

F inds : 1 .

Muron-la-Couture ( Ch. Mar.) Main jonet 1 975 n os. 9 ( 0 .24 ), 1 ( 0.20 ),

2 .

Bordeaux ( G ir.) f d. 1 974 0 .30 ( i n for mat ion Ml le. M. Ma in jonet )

3 .

Puy d e Coren t ( PD ) 0 .39 BN 3 860

4 .

Les Bouchards n ear Angou le me ( Char.) 0 .19 ( i n for mat ion Ml le.

1 0 ( 0.36 )

Ma in jonet ) 5 .

S ou lac-sur- Mer ( G ir.) i n e xcava t ions ( p. 2 44) 0 .29, 0 .29 w ith 6 4 monna ies`a l a c ro ix

6 .

Murcens ( Loc ) DAG n o. 2 79

Weigh t : BN 3 853

0 .45

BN 3 860

0 .39

Ma in jonet 1 975, 1 0

0 .36

BN 3 852

0 .32

BN 4 3lie

0 .32

Bordeaux c o in

0 .30

S ou lac c o ins

0 .29 ( 2 )

BN 3 850

0 .28

BM

0 .26

Ma in jonet 1 975, 9

0 .24

BN 4 311f

0 .23

Ma in jonet 1 975, 1 1

0 .20

Les Bouchards c o in

0 .19

2 .

O bv.

Head t o l ef t , n or ma l h a ir

Rev.

Horse t o l ef t o r r ight , r ings ( so met i mes c en tre-dot ted ) a bove a nd b elow.

F inds :

1 .

F igs. 6 30-1.

L es Bouchards ( Ch. Mar.) f ound 1 97 4 /5 , 0 .25, 0 .25, 0 .35 ( in for mat ion Ml le. M. Ma in jonet )

We igh t : BN 3 840

0 .42

L es Bouchards

0 .35

BM

0 .30

Les Bouchards

0 .25 ( 2 )

3 .

O bv.

Head t o l ef t

Rev.

Horse t o r ight , o ne c en tre-dot ted r ing b elow

F inds :

1 .

L es Bouchards ( Ch . Mar., i nfor mat ion Ml le. M. Ma in jonet )

We igh t : L es Bouchards

0 .21

2 55

D .

BRONZE CO INAGE OF PRE-CONQUEST TYPE O bv.

Head t o l ef t , l arge l ocks

Rev .

Horse w a lk ing l ef t , r ing o f d o ts w ith c en tra l d o t a bove, r ing b etween f ron t l egs ( F ig. 6 97 )

Th is t ype h as b een c onv inc ing ly a t tr ibu ted t o P icton ian t err itory b y P -H. Mitard ( BSFN 1 969 :390-1 ) o n t he b as is o f ac oncen trat ion o f f inds i n t hat a rea. S ince o ne e xa mp le was f ound i n t he g rave d epos its a t A les ia , i ti s p robab le t hat i ti s ap re-conquest c o inage, a l though i t s r elat ionsh ip t o t he o ther l oca l c o inages i s who l ly u nknown .

The d ep ict ion o f t he h orse o n t he r everse i s v ery

r em in iscen t o f Arvern ian t echn iques ( e .g. F ig. 4 28 ). F inds : 1 .

L es Tours- Mirandes, V endeuvre-du-Po itou i n e xcavat ions ( 2 .55 g ), Mitard 2 2. c a.

2 .

P o it iers, 5 c o ins ( i b id.)

3 .

Hd. l a Me il lera ie-T il lay ( Vendee l ate m ixed b ronze h oard ) 2c o ins

4 .

N ear N iort ( DS ) 1c o in ( i b id.)

( i b id. ) 5 .

L uson ( Vendee, 1 c o in , i b id.)

6 .

A les ia g rave d epos its , 1c o in ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 955a ;

DAG n o.

1 54 ) E .

POST- WAR CO INAGES

The c o inage o f t he P ictones c hanged r ad ica l ly a f ter t he c onquest , a nd t here a re s evera l s trong ly Ro man ised i ssues i n s i lver a nd b ronze wh ich b el ong t o t he y ears i m med iately a f ter t he c onquest.

The s i lver i ssue o f J u l ius

Durat ius i s o n t he n or ma l ' qu inar ius ' s tandard p robab ly r ef lect ing a c hange i n p o l it ica l a l leg iance o f t he c iv itas g overnmen t :

c ompare t he c hange i n

w e igh t s tandard o f t he l ater c o inage o f Epasnactus o f t he Arvern i ( p . 1 65) who was a k nown a dm irer o f t he Ro mans.

Dura t ius, t oo , i s men t ioned a s ac o l-

l abora tor i n 5 1 B .0 . ( Caesar BG 8 .26-27 ) a nd h is c it izensh ip was n o d oubt c on ferred s ubsequen t ly a s ar eward.

The s i lver c o inage was o ne o f s evera l

i ssues s truck i n t he a f ter math o f t he Caesar ian war i n t he n orth a nd w est o f Gau l , p robab ly t o p ay f or t he a ux i l iar ies i n Roman a rm ies n eeded t o s uppress i n ter m it ten t r ebel l ions ( Nash 1 978b ). These c o inages, b e ing o f p ost-conquest d ate, f a l l o u ts ide t he s cope o f t h is b ook .

The most c o m mon o f t he m a re t herefore l i sted h ere w ithout d iscuss ion

i n o rder t o emphas ise t he f act t hat t here w ere i mportan t c hanges i n t he P ict on ian c o inage a f ter t he c onquest.

The e xcava t ions o n s evera l Po itou s ites

( p . 2 39, 2 39, 2 40 ) p rov ide a g ood r ecord o f t he c o inage i n u se o n s i tes o f Augustan d a te.

O f Gau l ish c o ins, CONTOVTOS, ANN ICC O IOS , ATECTOR I ,

LVCCIOS a nd VRDORE f or med t he ma jor ity o f f inds wh ile p re-conquest P ic tones t ypes a re a bsen t.

Bronze c o inages l i sted h ere a ppear t o o r ig ina te

i n t he w est o f Gau l a nd may b e P icton ian ;

t he ir r elat ionsh ip t o t he s i lver o f

DVRAT I VL IOS h as n o t y et b een e stab l ished.

2 56

1 .

s i lver DVRAT I VL IOS Obv.

Hel meted h ead t o l ef t , l egend DVRAT i n f ron t

Rev.

Horse g a l lop ing r igh t ,

a bove, l egend I VL IOS b e low.

F ig. 6 32.

F inds : 1 .

Hd. Chan tenay ( Nf evre, 2 c o ins;

2 .

Hd. Co mpre ignac ( append ix 1 , n o. 4 7 )

a ppend ix 1 , n o. 4 5 )

3 .

Hd. J ersey-6 ( append ix 1 , n o. 4 9 ) 4c o ins

4 .

Hd. Vernon ( append ix 1 , n o. 5 1;

5 .

Po m m iers ( Aisne, 1 c o in ) ABT :298

6 .

Hd. Bonneu i l ( V ienne;

2 3 c o ins )

a ppend ix 1 , n o. 4 4;

ABT p . 5 36 )

Weights : BN 4 479

2 .0

Rat to 1 909, 4 04

1 .90

BM

1 .89

BN 4 480

1 .87

BN 4 482

1 .86

BN 4 481

1 .77

BN 4 478

1 .37 Chantenay h d.

2 .

s i lver BEL INOS o r B IENOS ( ABT p . 4 23f.) Cothenet ( 1968a ) b el ieved t h is c o inage migh t h ave c o me f ro m P icton ian

t err itory. F inds : 1 .

S a in t- Marcel ( I ndre, 1 p lated BEL INOS ) A l la in e tc. 1 966;

2 .

Hd. V ernon ( V ienne, a ppend ix 1 , n o. 5 1) 2 2 c o ins

3 .

Hd. J ersey-6 ( append ix 1 , n o. 4 9 ) 1 0 c o ins

Cothenet

1 968a

3 .

b ronze V IREDIOS On t he l egend s ee Mitard B SFN 1 956/60 :107-8 ;

t he meta l c o mposit ion

t here r ecorded was 8 6% c opper , 1 3.9% t in , 0 .3% l ead. Obv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r ight , l ong l ocks;

Rev.

Horse g a l lop ing r igh t ,

t 5 j

l egend V IREDIOS o r V IREDISOS

a bove, wheel b elow ( F igs. 6 33-4 )

F inds : 1 .

Par is ( BN 4 472, 2 .50 )

2 .

L evroux ( Indre, BN 4 475 , 2 .72 )

3 .

Beauca ire ( ABT :297 )

4 .

Po it iers ( V ienne, 1 2 a nd 1 7 v ar.) i b id.

5 .

L ac d e Grand l ieu ( L.At l.) i b id.

6 .

L es Bouchards ( Char.) 2 .90 g ( i n for mat ion Ml le. M. Ma in jonet )

7 .

Beno it-sur- Mer i n 1 965 ( i nfor mat ion Ml le. M. Ma in jonet ;

l egend

V IRTV r etrograde ) 8 .

Hd. l a Me il ler iae-T i l lay ( Vendte, l ate b ronze h oard , a ppend ix 1 n o. 5 0 ) 1 5 i n . h oard ( M itard BSFN 1 956-60, 1 07-8 ) 2 57

9 .

L a Grange-Frangy ( Chh lons-sur-Sabne, S +L ) ABT :494

1 0.

Chavagne ( DS ) o n e arly Gal lo-Ro man s ite ( Gal l ia 1 971:270 )

1 1.

Rennes ( I +V ) Co lbert d e Beau l ieu Anna les d e Bretagne 1 960

We ight :

( BN 4 472-7 )

3 .32 2 .98 2 .72 2 .55 2 .50 2 .20 1 .20 ( Les Bouchards ) 4 .

b ronze SACTNOS ( Fig. 6 35 ) O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r ight

Rev.

Horse g a l lop ing r ight , L i a bove

S AC :TA OS

b e low

F inds : 1 .

L ac d e Grand l ieu ( L.At l.) ABT :300

2 .

Po itou BN 4 515

3 .

Hd. Fondet tes ( l ate b ronze h oard, I +L , a ppend ix 1 , n o. 4 8 )

We ight :

( BN 4 514-6 )

3 .82 3 .32 1 .75 5 .

CONTOVTOS g roup The f indspots f or t he f o l low ing t ypes s uggests a western o r P icton ian

o rig in .

The ir Ro man ised t echn ique, a nd t he o bverse o f CONTOVT OS wh ich

s trong ly r ese mb les t he t r iu mv ir Marcus An ton ius , s uggests t hat t hey were i ssued w el l a f ter t he c onquest , l ate i n t he f irst c entury B .C.

They a re t here-

f ore among t he l atest l ocal i ssues o f p ost-conquest Gau l ish c o in. A .

ATECTOR I For b ib l iography s ee Red ing 1 972:213f f .; Obv.

Bare h ead t o r ight

Rev.

Bu l l w ith g arland r ight ;

Cothenet 1 965.

c rown a bove, ' f lower ' b elow ( Fig. 6 36 )

F inds : 1 .

Hd. Parthenay ( append ix 1 , n o. 3 0 )

2 .

Hd. S a in t-Cyr ( V ienne;

3 .

S a in t- Marcel ( I ndre, i n e xcavat ions ;

ABT n o. 2 60 , e n t irely t h is t ype .

w ith a c ross, a nd 1 a t Argen ton ;

3c o ins o f wh ich o ne d efaced

Cothenet 1 968a ;

A l la in e tc. 1 966

4 .

L es Bouchards ( Charen te ) 5i n e xcava t ions, BSFN 1 97 1 /5 : 775-8

5 .

L uzech ( Lot , o n l ' Imperna l) Ga l l ia 1 976:493 , 1c o in

2 58

6 .

L oc mar in , Qu i mper i n aC laud ian l evel ( 1 .23 g ;

i n for mat ion Ml le.

M. Ma in jonet ) 7 .

Hd. l a Me il lera ie-T i l lay ( Vendte ), a ppend ix 1 , n o. 5 0;

8 .

Po it iers ( V ienne ) 6 5 i so lated f i nds.

7 0 c o ins

9 .

Fon t-Garn ier a t S a in t-Seur in-d Tzet , S a in tes ( ABT :508, 4 c o ins )

ABT :294

1 0.

N iort ( DS ) i b id.

1.

S anxay ( V ienne, i n Ga l lo-Ro man t e mp le ) i b id.

1 2.

L e L angon ( Vendee ) i b id.

1 3.

S ain tes, e xcavat ion a t N otre-Da me ( i b id.;

1 4.

L a Roche ( Vendee;

1 5.

Te te lbierg ( Luxe mbourg , i n e xcavat ions ;

1 6.

L evroux ( I ndre ) 1c o in ;

1c o in )

e xcavat ions o f at e mp le;

i b id.)

Red ing 1 972 :213f.)

p r ivate c ol lect ion ( i n for ma t ion 0 . Büchsen-

s chütz ) We ight :

( BN 4 345-4352 a nd 6 Br it ish museu m c o ins )

1 .84 1 .79 1 .60 ( 2 ) 1 .59 ( 2 ) 1 .53 1 .49 1 .45 1 .42 1 .40 1 .38 1 .35 1 .15 1 .16 B .

CONT OVT OS For b ibl iography s ee Red ing 1 972:211f. Obv .

Ma le h ead t o r igh t , r ese mbl ing M. An ton ius;

Rev. ,

Wo lf s tepp ing r igh t , p an t ing , b ranch b eh ind ; l ow f ron t f oot .

l egend CONTOVT OS b u l l 's h ead f ac ing b e-

F ig. 6 37.

F inds : 1 .

Hd. N iort ( ABT n o. 2 36 ) a l l t h is t ype;

a lso 1 6 i so lated s pec i mens

(1 D id.:293 ) 2 .

Hd. Co mpre ignac ( append ix 1 , n o. 4 7 )

3 .

Excavat ions a t S a in t- Marcel ( Indre ) 1c o in ( p. 1 89f )

4 .

L es Bouchards ( Charen te ), 4 2 i n e xcava t ions ( BSFN 1 97 1 /5 :7 75-8 )

5 .

Vayres ( G ir.) i n e xcavat ions ( BSFN 1 971-5 , 1 20-2 )

6 .

L e Mas-d 'Agena is ( L+G ) BSFN 1 971-5, 5 09-10

7 .

S a in t-Benol i-sur- Mer ( Vendee ) f ound 1 975 ( i n for mat ion Ml le. M.

8 .

Muron-la-Couture ( Ch. Mar.) 1 .89 g , f ound 1 972 ( Ma in jonet 1 975

9 .

Po it iers ( V ienne ) 1 0 s tray f inds ( ABT :293 )

Ma in jonet) n o. 1 6 )

2 59

1 0.

S a mmy ( V ienne ) i n Ga l lo-Ro man t e mp le ( i b id.)

1 1.

L e Fon tGarn ier ( Ch. Mar.) 9 1 c o ins ( i b id. a nd p . 5 08 )

1 2.

S evera l a t Per igueux ( Dord.) i b id.

1 3.

S a in tes, 1 i n ac e metery ( i b id.)

1 4.

S au jon ( Ch. Mar.) 2 c o ins ( i b id.)

1 5.

Gergov ie ( PD ) 1c o in ( i b id.)

1 6.

Beziers ( Herau lt ) 1c o in ( i b id.)

1 7.

Rennes ( I +V ) 1c o in ( i b id.)

1 8.

L e Langon ( Vendee ), ' en n o mbre i ( ABT :294 )

1 9.

L ac d e Grand l ieu ( L.At l.) a f ew ( i b id.)

2 0.

Ca mp d 'A mbo ise ( I +L ) i b id.

2 1.

Ch inon ( I +L ) i b id.

2 2.

V ieil le-Tou louse ( H.Gar.) i b id.

2 3.

Tetelb ierg ( Luxe mbourg ) 1c o in ( Red ing 1 972:211f.)

2 4.

Hd. l a Me il lera ie-T illay ( Vendee ) a ppend ix 1 , n o. 5 0

2 5.

S a in te Her m ine ( Vendee ) 1c o in i n a Ga l lo-Ro man v i l la ( Ga l l ia 1 965 : 3 68 )

2 6.

S a in t- Marcel ( Indre ) i n e xcavat ions, 1 .43 g ( Al la in e tc. 1 966 ; Co thenet 1 968 )

Weight :

( BN 4 316-24 a nd 4 Br it ish Museu m c o ins )

1 .79 1 .74 1 .70 1 .62 1 .57 1 .50 ( 2 ) 1 .49 1 .48 1 .44 1 .40 1 .30 1 .15 C .

ANNICCO IOS For b ibl iography s ee Red ing 1 972 :212f. Obv.

Bare h ead t o l ef t.

Rev.

Boar t o r igh t , t r iske les a bove ,

Nr

b elow.

F ig. 6 38.

F inds : 1 .

Po it iers ( V ienne, 4 s tray f i nds) ABT : 294

2 .

S a in tes a nd a rea ( Ch. Mar. ) s evera l ( i b id.)

3 .

Bordeaux ( G ironde ) a rea, f a ir ly f requen t ly ( i b id.)

4 .

l e Fon t-Garn ier ( Ch. Mar.) 9 c o ins ( i b id.)

5 .

N iort ( DS ) 3c o ins ( i b id.)

6 .

L e L angon ( Vendee ) i b id.

7 .

l ac d e Grand l ieu ( L. A t l. ) i b id.

8 .

Tetelb ierg ( Luxe mbourg ) 1c o in ( Red ing 1 972:212f.)

9 .

L es Bouchards ( Charen te ) 5c o ins i n e xcavat ions ( BSFN 1 971-5, 7 75-8) 2 60

We igh t :

( BN 4 325-4332 a nd 2 Br it ish Museu m c o ins )

1 .65 1 .61 ( 2 ) 1 .58 1 .45 ( 2 ) 1 .41 1 .27 1 .18 1 .05 D.

LVCCIOS Obv.

Ma le h ead l aurel led t o r ight ,legend LVCCIOS

Rev.

Boar t o r ight , p en tagra m a bove,

b elow ( Fig. 6 39 )

F inds : 1 .

Ecorneboeuf ( Dord.) o n h il lfort ( ABT :294 )

2 .

l e Fon t-Garn ier ( Ch. Mar.) 1 c o in ( i b id.)

3 .

L e L angon ( Ven Me ) 1c o in ( i b id.)

4 .

l es Bouchards ( Charen te ) i n e xcavat ions ( BSFN 1 971-5, 7 75-8 )

Weigh t :

( BN 4 340-3 a nd 2 Br it ish Museu m c o ins )

1 .88 1 .65 1 .58 1 .55 1 .48 1 .10 E .

F .

VR IPPANOC Obv.

Young h ead t o r igh t , l egend VRIPPANOC

Rev.

Boar t o r ight , c en tre-dot ted c irc le o f d ots a bove.

F ig. 6 40.

o ne c o in , f ound l e F on tGarn ier ( ch . Mar .) , n .w . ( ABT :294 a nd f ig . 1 73) VRDO .R I o r VRIDO .RVF On l egend s ee Co lbert d e B eau l ieu BSFN 1 956-60 :383.

bORE

Obv.

Hel meted h ead t o r ight , l egend \ R

Rev.

L ion r unn ing r ight , whor l a bove ( Fig. 6 41 )

F inds: 1 .

Po it iers ( V ienne ) BN 4 333, 1 .70 ( c f . ABT:507 )

2 .

Hd. l a Me il leara ie-T il lay ( Vendde ) a ppend ix 1 n o. 5 0

3 .

Gergov ie ( PD ) BN 4 334, 0 .67, w ithou t al egend

4 .

a round Ptr igueux ( Dord.) f requen t ly ( ABT :295 )

5 .

l es Bouchards ( Ch. Mar. ) 9i n e xcavat ions ( BSFN 1 971-5, 7 75-8 )

Weigh t : 1 .70

( BN 4 333-5 ) 1 .03

0 .67

2 61

I.

F IRST CENTURY B .C. S ETTLE MENT I N L I MOUS IN AND SOUTHERN — CENTRAL GAUL

Th is a rea , w h ich i nc ludes t he t err itory o f t he f i rst c en tury B .C. L e mov ices a nd P etrocor i i a nd p arts o f t hat o f t he C adurc i a nd Ruten i , c ons ists o f t he d ' eparte men ts Dordogne L o t Aveyron Haute-V ienne C reuse Corrse ze Dordogne ( approx i ma te ly e qu iva len t t o t he t err i tory o f t he P etrocor i i ) t oday s upports a h eavy p opu la t ion , a nd t here i s g ood e v idence f or a nc ien t s et t le men t i n t hat a rea.

The P etrocor i i a re r ecorded , l i ke t he B itur iges Cub i, a s a

ma jor i ron-produc ing p eop le ( S trabo 4 .2.2 ).

The L i mous in p lateau u p t o

3 00 m ( Bresse ) i s d ense ly p opu lated a gr icu ltura l l and , a nd i ti s l arge ly a l ow p lateau o f g ran it ic s o i ls s urround ing a h igh p la teau o f a nc ien t e rup t ive r ocks u sefu l f or s u m mer p asture a lthough n o t r ich e nough t o f at ten c a tt le.

On t he

h igh p la teau , a gr icu lture i s p oor, b u t t he l ower p lateau h as d eeper s o i l , a m ilder c l i ma te, a nd s upports c erea ls a s w el l a s h av ing w ater meadows f or c at t le.

Sma l l t owns s uch a s Aubusson a nd Gueret i n C reuse a re s i tuated a t

t he j unct ion o f t he l ow a nd h igh p la teaux , a nd t he a rea was c erta in ly w el lp opu lated i n a n t iqu ity , w ith a n u mber o f d efended s i tes i n t he s a me p os it ion b etween t he l ow a nd h igh p la teaux.

Towns o f r eg iona l i mportance a t p resen t ,

a nd a n i mportan t c luster o f I ron Age e nc losures a nd s et t le men ts , f or i nstance Puy d ' Isso lu ( Lot ), P uy d 'Yssandon a nd P uy d u Cha lard ( Coris e ze ) ,are f ound a t t he s ou thern b order o f t he ma in p la teau ; Tu l le ( Cori eze ).

modern t owns i nc lude B r ive a nd

To t he s ou th o f B r ive i s a n o o l ite l imestone p lateau ( l es

p et its Causses ) wh ich r ises t o c . 3 00-500 m. A t t he s outh-eastern e xtre m ity o f t he mass if c en tra l l i e t he g r— a nds Causses 7 50-1000 m h igh , wh ich a re a s tony a nd i n fert i le r eg ion , s u itab le o n ly f or s heep e xcep t i n t he v a l leys. The Causses c onst itute t he s outhern l im it o f t he c en tra l r eg ion d iscussed i n t h is b ook . The meta l o res, e spec ia l ly s i lver a nd c opper , o f Aveyron a re a d om inan t f ea ture i n i t s p reh istory , a nd a ccoun t f or t he a bundance o f s i lver a va ilab le f or monna ie

l a c ro ix c o inages i n t he Causses a nd s ou thern a reas ( e .g. Ga l l ia

1 974 :462, f i rst c en tury B .C. t o f i rst c en tury A .D. m in ing f or c opper a t Mon tagno l , Aveyron , c f . l a P reh isto ire f ran9a ise 1 976 :692 ). The f o l low ing a ccoun t c oncen trates o n t he n orthern p ort ions o f t h is a rea , s ince t he s ou thern p arts s hou ld b est b e d iscussed a s p art o f as tudy o f s outhw estern Gau l a nd t he r eg ion o f u se o f monna ies

2 62

l a c ro ix c o inages.

On ly a

s ke leton a ccoun t w i l l t herefore b e o f fered o f t he more s outher ly a rea , i n t he t err itory o f t he Ruten i a nd C adurc i. Desp ite much s urface e v idence o f a nc ien t s et t le men t , t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord f or t hese s outhern c en tra l d eparte men ts i s n o t v ery f u l l.

Most o f t he

a rea c ons ists o f h igh a nd s tony l and , a nd i s l i ttered w ith d ry s tone e nc losures, most ly n ever s ub jected t o a rchaeo log ica l e xam ina t ion . Many a re smal l , a nd c ou ld h ave h ad u ses c onnected w ith s heep h usbandry a nd t he s easona l n eeds o f t ranshu man t s hepherds a nd c a t t le f ar mers, t he move men ts o f w hom may a ccoun t f or t he c lose c o m mun ica t ion b etween s outhern c en tra l Gau l a nd t he s ou th-west ( map p . 1 11). T he ma jor d efended s et t le men ts o f L o 't( l ' I mperna l , P uy d ' Isso lou , Murcens ) a re t he o n ly s i tes t o h ave y ie lded l arge n umbers o f c o ins , ap a t tern o f c o in d is tr ibu t ion n orma l t hroughou t t he C en tre . DORDOGNE 1 .

S a in t- Medard-de- Murs idan

On a s ite c a l led P la isy , t he b ases o f l arge s ea led v esse ls h ave b een f ound i n a nc ien t b u i ld ings, a nd a bou t 4 0 Dressel I b amphoras l ike t hose o n t he Dramon t w reck ; s tamps i nc luded DA M (A )? a nd P IL IP (VS ). I tw as t hough t b y t he a uthors o f t he Ga l l ia r eport t ha t t he amphoras w ere e v idence f or a s yste m o f e xchange b etween C ampan ia a nd Bordeaux ( c f . p . 2 71) . a re r eported. B ib l iography : 2 .

Co l l is 1 975 :185 ;

N o c o ins

Ga l l ia 1 965 :425.

Cou loun ie ix-Cham iers

A t as i te c a l led l a Curade t here i s ah i l l fort ; i ti s d oubt fu l whether i t s r ampar t was o f murus g a l l icus t ype. R efuse d epos its i nc luded d ebr is o f f i rst c en tury amphoras, a c omp lete g ra in m il l a nd o ne monna ie %a .l a c ro ix ( Ga l l ia 1 971:351 ).

S im ilar f i nds w ere made s ubsequen t ly i nclud ing n umerous

Dresse l I A amphoras a nd o ne ' p la ted s i lver c o in s truck a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he f i rst c en tury i n Cen tra l Gau l ' [ s ic ]. B ib l iography :

Ga l l ia 1 971:351;

1 973 :463;

Whee ler a nd R ichardson 1 957 :207.

LOT L ot h as a n u mber o f ma jor d efended s i tes wh ich h ave a t tracted s ome a rchaeo log ica l a ttent ion , l arge ly b ecause o ft he d es ire t o e stab l ish t he i den t ity o f t he s i te o f Uxe l lodunum ( Caesar BG 8 .32f f .). The c on troversy i s o ld a nd c on t inues ( e .g. L abrousse 1 966 ), a nd Id o n ot w ish t o c on tr ibu te d irect ly t o i t .

Ia ccep t t he i den t if icat ion o f P uy d ' Isso lu w ith t he a nc ien t Uxel lodunum.

3 .

Puy d ' Isso lu , c om mune Vayrac P uy d ' Isso lu h as b een p art ly e xcavated a nd i s o ne o f ag roup o f t he most

s outher ly d efended s et t le men ts t o h ave b een e xcava ted i n t he a rea c overed h ere. The e nc losure i s c . 8 0 h ectares i n e x ten t o n ap lateau 3 17 m h igh a nd 2 00 m a bove t he s urround ing v i l lages.

I ti s most ly p rotected b y n atura l

e scarpmen ts, b ut a bout 4 500 m o f w a l l a lso e x ists.

2 63

The DAG r ecorded a n

F IRST CENTURY S ETTLE MENT I N L I MOUSIN AND THE S OUTHERN CENTRE

1 .

S a in t- Mtdard-de- Murs idan

2 .

C ou loun ieix-Cha m iers

3 .

Puy d 'Isso lu

4 .

Murcens

5 .

L 'I mperna l

6 .

C apdenac

7 .

S a in t-CEre

8 .

l a Bas t ide-Prad ines

9 .

l a , Granede

1 0 .

R odez

1 1.

S ain t-Sern in-sur-Rance

1 2.

L a issac

1 3.

Nan t

1 4.

Naucel le

1 5 .

S a in t-Gence

1 6.

V i lle jouber t

1 7.

P ierrebu ff ik 'e

1 8 .

L i moges

1 9 .

S a in t-Yr ieix-la-Perche

2 0 .

Puy d e Gaudy

2 1.

P ionna t

2 2.

C has tres

2 3.

F laya t

2 4.

Puy-du-Tour

2 5 .

C har la t

2 6.

l e Cha te le t

2 7.

Pon t -Maure

2 8 .

L issac

2 9 .

Marger ides

3 0 .

Puy d u C ha lard a nd Puy d 'Yssandon

3 1.

F on t ja loux

3 2 .

Puy d e S er mus

3 3.

R oche d e V ic

3 4.

F enou i l lac

3 5 .

l a C roix R ouge

3 6.

C ha teauneu f-la-For t ( HV )

3 7.

V erneu i l ( HV )

3 8 .

V ia la-du-Pas-de-Jaux ( Avey.)

,--

_....\'...-..:-.::. -✓

- -- .....,g

J.

,,. _,

' ...

X 11

- - ...

FIRST CENTURY SETTLEMENT: LIMOUSIN AND THE SOUTHERN CENTRE

x

Cu It site

•

Other

265

sites

i nner e nc losure made b y a n e arth b ank w ith a p la t for m i ns ide 1 0-20 m w ide. The s um m it a rea i s r eferred t o a s ' l es T e mp les ' a nd i s l ike ly t o b e t he r iche st a rchaeo log ica l a rea , b u t t he ma jor p art o f t he p lateau h as n ever b een e xcava ted. S tray s urface f i nds h ave i ncluded a f ragmen t o f a n I ta l ic amphora b ase. F inds made b y a gr icu l tura l workers h ave b een v ery f requen t a nd i nc lude much p re-Roman mater ia l : p len t ifu l h and-fash ioned I ron Age c era m ic w ith d ecora t ions i n t he f or m o f c ordons o f t w isted o r i nc ised c lay o n t he s hou lder, o r l ines o f i mpressed t humbna i l o r o ther d ecorat ion a long t he s hou lder. S uch c eram ic i s c om mon o n s i tes i n L anguedoc a nd P rovence , f or i nstance a t Enserune ( Her.), a nd i s t yp ica l o f t he Ha l lstat t p er iod , a l though i tc on t inues i n u se much l a ter, a s w as t he c ase t hroughou t C en tra l G au l. F iner c eram ic f inds a re u sua l ly b lack ish b rown o r b lack , w e l l f i red a nd h ard , b urn ished a nd s o met i mes b r i l l ian t. Typ ica l f or ms a re d ishes o r t r icon ic d ishes w ith s l igh t ly i ncurved r i ms o n ac ircu lar a nd s l igh t ly r a ised f oo t , at rocon ic v ase w ith a w ide a nd s l igh t ly s lop ing mou th , a nd a c y l indr ica l v ase w ith a s im ilar o pen ing. O ther f inds i nc luded a b icon ica l p la te s upport o f s poo l s hape w h ich i s ar are f i nd i n Gau l b u t i s t yp ica l o f s i tes i n S pa in . Th is f ind i s o f s ome i n terest i n as i te t o t he n or th o f t he Garonne b as in , b u t may b e r e lated t o t he e arl ier c onnect ions w ith S pa in made e v iden t i n t he h istory o f s i lver c o inage i n w estern a nd s outhern c en tra l Gau l ( p . 1 9 f .) . P art o f ad ry s tone r ampart w as l oca ted i n 1 914.

T r ia l e xcava t ions a t

L es T e mp les h as r evea led a r ough ly s quare h ut f l oor o f Ha l lstat t d ate w ith aC 14 d a te o f a bout 6 00 b .c.

I tw as p rec ise ly l ike n eo l ith ic h uts a t S a in t-

Michel-du-Touch n ear Tou louse ( H. Gar. ), i mp lan ted i n ad itch w hose s ides w ere h ardened b y f i re, a nd t he f l oor w as b u i l t o f c harcoa l a nd c overed w ith al ayer o f c a lc ina ted p ebb les. F ew c o ins a re r eported. Ga l l ia 1 957 :272f. n otes f rom l es T e mp les a nu nspec if ied n umber o f Gau l ish c o ins w h ich a re n o t d escr ibed , a nd a p o t in o f t he Aedu i o r S equan i w ith t wo-banded o bverse. B ib l iography : s .v . V ayrac. 4 .

G a l l ia 1 957:277-8 ;

1 962 :593f .;

1 970 :431;

1 972 :503;

DAG

Murcens, c om mune C ras

A t c . 7 3 h ectares Murcens i s t he l argest d efended s i te i n Quercy a nd s tands o n ap la teau 3 16 m h igh a t t he c on f luence o f t he v a l leys o f t he Rance a nd V ers , 6 km f rom t he L o t. I th ad a s ubs tan t ia l p opu lat ion i n t he l a P r ene I I p er iod. metres ;

1 8 s andstone r o tary q uerns w ere f ound o ver a s pace o f 3 0 s quare

amphoras a nd n umerous p re-Cons tan t in ian c o ins a re r ecorded.

The s i te h ad s ome Ga l lo-Ro man o ccupa t ion u n t i l w e l l i n to t he Roman p er iod. The p la teau i s d efended b y h igh c l if fs e xcep t a t t he n orth where t here i s a n e arth a nd s tone b ank 2 000 m l ong. T he o uter f ace i s o f l arge s tones w ith i nner f i l l o f s tones, e arth a nd r ubb le. I tw as o f v ery r egu lar murus g a l l icus c ons truct ion , a nd many o f t he n a i ls f or p inn ing t he w ooden f ramework h ave b een f ound.

The wa l l s tood w ithou t f ounda t ions o n t he r ock .

A t t he most

a ccess ib le p art o f t he i s th mus a d i tch 2 m w ide a nd 1 .1 m d eep w as d ug 4 .60 m i n f ron t o f t he w a l l. The r ubb le f i l l o f t he w a l l c on ta ins n umerous I ta l ic amphora s herds , d e monstra t ing i t s r elat ively l a te c onstruct ion ; p horas a re v ery a bundan t i n a l l p arts o f t he s et t le men t .

i n to d isrepa ir u nder Augustus when t he s i te w as d eserted. 2 66

am-

The d efences f e l l

I th as b een c a lcu la ted t ha t t he murus g a l l icus r equ ired 1 3,500 c ub ic metres o f wood a nd 1,200 k g o f n a i ls.

N o Ro man a r ms h ave b een f ound o n t he s i te.

There w as a n i ndus tr ia l q uar ter i n t he s outheast c orner, a nd s evera l h u t s i tes a re k nown , r ound , e l l ip t ica l o r o ccas iona l ly s quare. One r ound h u t h ad p osth o les a nd s tone f oundat ions a nd c on ta ined p ots, n a ils a nd sma l l f i nds. A l l b ur ia ls f ound o n t he s i te w ere amphora c re ma t ions , i nclud ing many i n t he e arth d efences a nd c on te mporary w ith t he m. N o t many c o ins w ere r ecovered.

7s i lver monna ies ` al a c ro ix ( i nc lud ing

DAG 2 75 , 2 76, 2 77 ) a nd t hree sma l l s i lver ' m in i ms ' o f t he Cadurc i ( DAG 2 78-9, p . 2 93 ) , b ronze o f t he c o lony a t N e mausus a nd o ne w o lf h ead a nd P egasus b ronze o f t he B itur iges ( p . 2 25 ; B ibl iography :

DAG n o. 1 16 ).

Whee ler a nd R ichardson 1 957 :183-5 ;

Co l l is 1 975 :189 ;

DAG

s .v. C ras. 5 .

L ' I mperna l , a t L uzech L ' I mpernal i s a nother ma jor I ron Age d efended s i te.

f ort i n al oop o f t he L ot 2 0 I on f ro m C ahors.

I ti s ap romon tory

T he i sth mus i s c ut b y a1 00 m

c ana l a nd t he e nc losure i s c . 1 6 h ectares i n e x ten t.

On t he u napproachab le

e astern s ide, a s a t Murcens , t here i s as i mp le s tone w a l l o r e arth b ank . On t he n or th i s a murus g a l l icus 7 10 m l ong , w ith a n a i led w ooden f rame. T he o uts ide i s s tone f aced. Three p er iods o f o ccupa t ion h ave b een e stab l ished b y t he w a l l :

( a ) ac a lc ined r ampart o f Ha l lstat t d a te ;

o u ts ide i to n i t s r ubb le ;

( b ) a murus g a l l icus b u ilt

( c ) a' b arbar ian ' w a l l o n t he c a lc ined r ampar t. The

murus g a l l icus s tands o n l arge l imestone b locks o n t he e ar l ier r ubb le. The f i l l o f t he murus g a l l icus c on ta ined many amphora s herds , meta l s lag a nd o ccupat ion d ebr is, a nd t here w ere a lso i n fan ts ' s ke letons a nd h uman b ones, i nc lud ing o ne a du lt b ur ia l b etween t he o u ter f ac ing a nd r ubb le c ore. The h ead w as s evered a nd a f l a t s tone w as p u t o n i t s c hes t , wh i le i tw as s urr ounded b y ac a irn o f f l at s tones. w ith t he b u ild ing o f t he wa l l.

T h is b ur ia l w as a pparen t ly c on te mporary

L it t le e v idence o f p er manen t o ccupa t ion w as

f ound , h owever, a l though f oundat ions o f t wo o r t hree Ga l lo-Ro man b u ild ings w ere e xcavated.

T he p r inc ipa l e v idence o f o ccupat ion t herefore i s t he f i l l

o f t he murus g al l icus w ith l a g ene I I I I o ccupat ion d ebr is a nd i mports.

An

i ron w ork ing e stab l ish men t w ith 2 f urnaces w as l ocated , 1f urnace f or r oasti ng a nd o ne f or r educ ing o re.

T hese p robab ly d ate t o t he f i rst c entury A .D.,

s ince c eram ic f ound w ith t he f urnaces w as a m ix ture o f p r im it ive g rey a nd b lack w are , a nd r ed s ig il lated o r p seudo-s ig il lated p o t tery.

T he s quare

C elt ic t e mp le 's l owest l evel , o n t he b are r ock , b e low a G a l lo-Ro man l eve l d ated b y ac o in o f N ero , c on ta ined a n i ron s pearhead , al arge g lass b ead , l a fene I t ype f i bu las i n b ronze , a nd s o me c o ins. Ear ly c o in f inds w ere i l l-recorded.

T hey i nc luded monna ies b .l a c ro ix ,

c o ins o f N e mausus a nd t he Roman emp ire, a nd i n 1 922 i n t he f i l l o f t he murus g a l l icus a p ot in o f a n u ncerta in t ype w as f ound. L ater e xcava t ions o f t he t e mp le y ie lded 1 0 Gau l ish c o ins : 3 monna ies

l a c ro ix w ith t r iangular h ead ( p . 2 9 1) , i. 5-1 . 6 g

4u n iface monna ies'a l a c ro ix , 1 .1-1.2 g , v ery l ike s o me c o ins i n t he C uzance ( Lot ) h oard 2 67

Is i lver o bo l o f Cadurc i t ype LT X I I 4 : J65 , 0 .37 g ( p . 2 92 ) 1p lated monna ie` a l a c ro ix o f Tou louse t ype w ith ' cub ist ' h ead a nd a n a xe i n t he t h ird c an ton o f t he r everse ( c f. G ironde h oard p . 2 44 ) 1s i lver c o in o f E lusates t ype IT X I 3 587 These c o ins a re t herefore a l l f rom t he G aronne b as in .

Four Roman c o ins

w ere a lso f ound i nc lud ing a q u inar ius o f T . C lou l ius ( 2..1 00-97 B .C.), a nd t wo h a l f a sses o f t he e arly Augustan c o lony o f N e mausus.

The Gau l ish c o ins

w ith t he e xcep t ion o f t he p lated c o in w ere f ound i n t he Ga l l ic l eve l j us t a bove t he r oc i : ;

t he o ther p ieces w ere s l igh t ly h igher, a nd t hey w ere a ssoc ia ted

w ith r ou let te d ecora ted e arly Ga l lo-Ro man c eram ic. Ga l l ia 1 976 :493 s tates t ha t t here w ere f our a rchaeo log ica l l eve ls i n t he s outh-west c orner o f t he t e mp le :

( i ) d isturbed s urface s o il w ith a b ronze

c o in o f ATECTOR I a nd p erhaps a n o bo l o f t he C adurc i w ith t r iangu lar h ead ( LT 3 373 ); a t t he j uncture o f l eve ls ( i ) a nd ( i ) t here w as a n a s o f Agr ippa , s o mewha t s urpr is ing ly b eneath t he c o ins j ust men t ioned ;

a nd ( ii ) w as t he

d eepest l evel y et s yste ma t ica l ly e xam ined , w h ich y ielded a b ronze f i bu la w ith f l at t r iangu lar a rch a nd t wo b ronze b eads d ated t o l a t ene I I. B ib l iography :

Wheeler a nd R ichardson 1 957 :186-9;

L abrousse 1 966; 2 77 ; 6 .

1 959 :436 ;

DAG s .v. L uzech ; 1 964 :462;

Co l l is 1 975 :190 ;

G a l l ia 1 954 :230-1;

1 955 :223;

1 957 :

1 976 :493.

C apdenac A t C apdenac t here a re a bundan t Ga l lo-Roman t races i n wha t may h ave

b een a l a te I ron Age H i l lfort .

There a re l a f ene I I h earth emp lacemen ts,

c era m ic d ebr is a nd I ta l ic amphora s herds.

An i ma l b ones , c ook ing r efuse

a nd f rag men ts o f m il ls h ave b een f ound i n t he t own . B ib l iography : 5 46 ; 7 .

Co l l is 1 975 :90;

Ga l l ia 1 970 :427 ;

1 959 :435 ;

1 962 :589 ;

1 968 :

L abrousse 1 966. S a in t-C6re

A t S a in t-C r et here i s ah i l l fort o n as pur , c ut o f fb y ab ank 5 80 m l ong a nd 5 2 m w ide wh ich t he DAG ( s .v . S a in t-C r) c ons iders o lder t han murus g a l l icus c onstruct ions b ecause a l though s im i lar i n b u i ld , i th as n o w ooden b ea ms.

P len ty o f f unerary v ases a nd Ga l l ic c era m ic a re s a id t o h ave b een

f ound o n t he s i te. 8 .

C ordes A t Cordes o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he s tream Auross a bout 3 0 I t a l ic amphoras

o f t he l ate r epub l ic o r e arly emp ire w ere f ound d epos ited i n an ea t r ow ( Ga l l ia 1 959 :443 ).

2 68

O ne o f t he most n oteworthy f eaLures o f t he L ot s ites i s t he f requency w ith wh ich monna ies' a l a c ro ix a re f ound , w h ich i nd icates i t s r e la t ive ly c lose a ssoc ia t ion w ith t he C e lts o f t he Garonne b as in.

I t i s p robab ly f ro m t hat

d irect ion t hat t he I t a l ian i mports c a me , a nd c on tact w as n o d oub t e ncouraged t o c on t inue t hroughou t a n t iqu ity b y t he p rac t ice o f s easonal t ranshu mance o f h erds ( p . 1 11) . AVEYRON A v ery g reat n umber o f sma l l s i tes i n Aveyron h ave b een e xam ined t o a g rea ter o r l esser e x ten t , a nd e v idence f or i mports f rom t he Med iterranean i s a bundan t a nd e ar ly.

On t he o ther h and , n o v ery l arge d efended s e tt le men ts

o f t he t ype f ound i n L ot s ee m t o b e r ecorded. 9 .

L a Bast ide-Prad ines A t L a Bast ide-Prad ines i s ad efended s i te wh ich h as y ie lded Ga l lo-Ro man

a nd s ome e arl ier ma ter ia l , f or i nstance Dressc l Iamphoras a nd r o tary m il ls o f p orous l ava.

E ither s ide o f t he r oad b etween t he h i l l fort L a G ranede a nd

L apanouse-de-Cernon , o n t he e dge o f t he v a l ley o f t he Cernon , t here i s a r ough ly r ectangu lar e nc losure w ith a d ry s tone w a l l 1 .70 m t h ick a round a p aved s urface , a nd d ebr is o f I t a l ic amphoras h ave b een f ound t here ( Ga l l ia 1 959 :410 ; 1 962 :549 ). 1 0.

L a Grad ede The s et t le men t a t l a Gran de ( co m mune M il lau ) s tands a bove l a G raufesenque.

The s i te i s d efended ;

p re-Ro man p ot tery f ound o n t he s urface i nc ludes Ha l les ta-

t ian s herds s how ing U rn f ie ld i n f luence.

Ev idence f or Ha l lstat t Ih as b een

f ound a nd ma ter ia l e x ists f rom a l l o ther p er iods u n t i l l a rene. k iln h as b een l ocated ;

A p ot ter 's

a t t he f oot o f t he r a mpart t here w ere H a l lsta tt ian v ases,

I ta l ic amphoras, s torage j ars a nd v ar ious t yp ica l ly Ga l lo-Ro man r e ma ins. The r ampart s tands a bove e v idence o f Ha l lstat t o ccupat ion , a nd t he p ro mont ory w as o ccup ied t hroughou t t he Ha l lstat t p er iod , p oss ib ly t hen a bandoned f or a t ime a nd r eoccup ied u nder t he Ro mans w hen i tw as g iven a s o l id maso nry w a l l.

There i s aC el t ic t e mp le a t t he c en tre, a s s o o f ten i n s uch s i tes

i n t he r eg ion . The o ldest r a mpart i s c a lc ined a nd c ons ists o f aw a l l o f d ry s tone s upported b y wooden b races b u t n o t w ith t he i ron c la mps o f t he murus g a l l icus.

I tw as

o r ig ina l ly b u ilt a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he Hal lstat t p er iod a nd w as i n r u ins b efore l a rene I I.

The s econd r a mpart i s l a r ene i n d ate a nd h ad a g ate.

A t h ird

wa l l , t o t he w est o f w a l l 2 , i s s uper i mposed o n i tt o t he e as t a nd i s l a te Ro man , b u ilt b efore t he f ina l a bandonmen t o f t he s i te.

Ab u ild ing w h ich

t ouches t h is r a mpart h as s ix o ccup ied l evels f ro m t he b edrock u pwards, a l l w ith d ebr is o f c era m ic a nd a n i ma l b ones. O ld o r M id-Bronze Age ;

f ore t he s econd a nd a re a l l H a l ls ta t t ian ; 1 959 :410f.;

1 962 :550f .).

L evel 5 , b efore t he f i rst w a l l , i s

4t o 1a re c on te mporary w ith t he f i rst w a l l a nd b el eve l 0i s Gal lo-Ro man .

( Ga l l ia

A t M i l lau i t se l f a nd a t l a Graufesenque, I ta l ic

amphoras a nd Ca mpan ian A p o t tery h ave b een f ound i n l a f ene 1 1 c on tex ts ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :472-3 ).

2 69

Co ins a re n o t s yste ma t ica l ly r eported f ro m t hese s i tes.

Ga l l ia 1 972

n otes a b ronze o f TAT INOS i n t he l owest l eve l a t l a Graufesenque w ith Dresse l Iamphoras, Ca mpan ian A p o t tery a nd l a Tene I I o vo id j ars ( l eve l 5 ). 1.

Rodez

A t Rodez ( Segodunu m Rutenorum ) c lear e v idence o f l a r ene I I o ccupat ion h as emerged. A d epos it o f 2 5 Dresse l Iw ine amphoras w as r ecovered , wh ich i nc luded s tamps LVCR IO a nd MN a na w ere t ouna t oge ther w i th b lack m icaceous c eram ic o f l a T ene I I t ype s im i lar t o t hat i n al ow l eve l a t l a G raufesenque ( Ga l l ia 1 962 :552f ).

O ther f i rst c en tury amphoras a nd Ga l lo-Ro man p recoce

mater ia l w ith r ou letted d ecorat ion l ike t hat f ro m Mon t B euvray , G ergov ie o r Tou louse h ave a lso b een f ound ( Ga l l ia 1 966 :416 ). 1 2.

Co in f inds a re n ot r ecorded.

S a in t-Sern in-sur-Rance A t S a in t-Sern in-sur-Rance a sma l l d ry s tone b u ild ing h as t wo a d jo in ing

r oo ms a nd t wo wa ter c ondu its ;

i n o ne r oo m i s a sma l l b as in f ed b y w ater

f ro m a s pr ing t hat u sed t o f l ow n earby .

A sma l l amoun t o f c era m ic w as f ound ,

a nd t he r eport s uggests t hat i tw as a ' rust ic t e mp le ' b u il t i n t he f i rst h a l f o f t he f i rst c en tury B .C. n ear a s acred s pr ing.

N o c o ins a re r eported ( Ga l l ia

1 964 :434 ). 1 3.

L a issac On t he h il l fort Mon tmer le a t L a issac f i rst c entury B .0 .impor ts h ave

b een f ound :

Dressel Iamphoras , Ca mpan ian A p ottery ( La mbog l ia 3 6 ), sma l l

j ugs o f ' Cata lan c oast ' t ype , l oca l c o mbed o r b urn ished u rns a nd t rocon ic b ow ls w ith i ncurved r i ms ( Ga l l ia 1 972:472 ). 1 4.

N an t A t N an t o n t he P uech d 'A mbou ls t here a re t races o f e ar ly f ort if icat ions,

r ough Ha l lstat t ian t ype p ot tery , l a Tene I I c era m ic, a l at e Ca mpan ian A s herd a nd f requen t Dressel Iamphora s herds ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :477 ). 1 5.

N auce l le A t N auce l le were f ound n u merous Dresse l Iamphora s herds, a f rag men t

o f Ca mpan ian A p ot tery ( La mbog l ia 3 6 ) a nd g rey a nd b lack l a

g en e

I I c era m ic

i n t he c on tex t o f ah ut f l oor o r f unerary p it ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :477 ). 1 6.

V ia la-du-Pas-de-Jaux , c o m mune S a in t-Pau l-des-Fon ts On t he p lateau l e L arzac t here a re t wo t u mu l i w ith i nhu med b ur ia ls t o-

g ether w ith f ragmen ts o f Dressel Iamphoras , t wo s herds o f Ca mpan ian B p ot tery a nd p len t ifu l l a rene I I c eram ic , d emonstra t ing t he l a te s urv iva l i n t h is r eg ion o f a rcha ic b ur ia l p ract ices ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :478 ).

2 70

I t i s e v iden t , t hen , t ha t i n t he s outhern d tparte men ts t here a re a n u mber o f f eatures n ot f ound f urther i n to t he C en tre.

The most n o tab le a re t he l arge

n u mber o f sma l l e nc losures a nd b u ild ings wh ich r e ma in , u ndoubted ly d ue i n p art t o t he u se o f l oca l s tone f or b u i ld ing t o a n e x ten t u nknown o uts ide t he mass if c en tra l ; t he e arly a ppearance a nd f requen t f inds o f I ta l ic amphoras e spec ia l ly i n Aveyron a nd L ot-et-Garonne

a nd t he p redo m inance o f monna ie

i tl a c ro ix f inds o ver t hose o f o ther t ypes o f Gau l ish c o in d ur ing t he p re-Ro man p er iod.

The S pan ish p late r est f ro m Puy d ' Isso lu a nd ' Cata lan c oast ' c era m-

i c f ro m L a issac f urther s uggest t he c lose r ela t ions o f t h is a rea t o s outhw estern Gau l a nd n orthern S pa in .

T hese f eatures l ink t h is a rea more c lose ly

t o t he G aronne b as in a nd t he w estern p art o f t he Ro man r epub l ican p rov ince t han t o t he r est o f C en tra l Gau l , a nd t hey a re a c on t inua t ion o f v ery a nc ien t c on tacts w ith t he s ou th-west ( p . l a t . ) .

Hau te-V ienne a nd C reuse c o me w ith in t he t err itory o f t he f i rst c entury B .C. Le mov ices, w hose c o inage i s r ela t ively w e l l k nown .

I ti s ap ity , t here-

f ore, t ha t n e ither d eparte men t i s w el l c overed b y e xcava t ions. HAUTE-V IE NNE 1 7.

S a in t-Gence For Haute-V ienne t he o n ly h i ll fort o f a ny importance y et e xcavated i s t hat

a t S a in t-Gence, s o me 1 5 km n orth-west o f L i moges.

I t w as a t erraced f ort

o f a bou t s ix h ectares i n a rea , w ith r a mparts o n t he s outh a nd e ast w here t here w ere n o n a tura l e scarp men ts.

J ug€ a nd Dupuy c ons idered i t ap oss ib i l ity t hat

t he Po it iers-L i moges r oad p assed b y t h is s i te i n t he I ron Age.

T he most

n umerous f inds i n t he a rea h ave b een f ragmen ts o f Ga l lo-Ro man p ot tery a nd t i les a nd p ieces o f amphora ;

e xcavat ions o uts ide t he r a mparts h ave r evea led

a n impor tan t d epos it o f GrecoIta l ic amphoras o f at ype c urren t i n t he s econd o r e arl ier f i rst c en tury B . 0 .( p l. 3 4 ).

Amphora s herds a re c o m mon t hrough-

o u t t he c o m mune a nd o n t he s i te o f t he f ort , b ut t h is was t he f i rst f ind o f a d e l ibera te c o l lect ion o f t he m , a bout f i f teen i n n u mber.

T he p o t tery w ith

t he m w as e n t ire ly o f r ough 'pos t-Ha l lstat t ian ' t ype, w ith f i nger i mpress ions o n t he s hou lder f or d ecorat ion .

O n ly o ne Ga l l ic c o in o f p re-Roman d ate w as f ound ,

a nd i s n o t d escr ibed i n t he r eport.

The l ack o f c o ins may h ave s o me s ign if i-

c ance i n ap lace where s uch a v ery l arge n u mber o f amphoras a re t o b e f ound ( c f . ChIteau me il lan t , Cher, p . 1 84 ) .

There i s n o men t ion i n t he r eport o f

f inds o f a ny o ther i mports o r o f f iner n a t ive p ot tery . The a uthors o f t he r eport s uggest t hat S a in t-Gence may h ave b een a p lace w here w ine w as t ransferred f rom amphoras t o s o me o ther s ort o f c on ta iner , a nd was a n i mportan t s tage o n o ne o f t he r outes u sed f or w ine b etween Tou louse o r N arbonens is a nd t he i n ter ior.

They a lso s uggest t ha t L i moges

i t self may h ave b een o f l i t t le i mportance a t t h is t ime ( t here a re n o i mportan t t races o f t he Ce lt ic p er iod t here ), a nd t hat S a in t-Gence w as a much more i mp ortan t s et t le men t.

Th is i s an o t i nheren t ly u n l ike ly s ugges t ion , t hough i t 2 7 1 1

wou ld n eed more e x tens ive e xcavat ion t o p rove i t .

The p resence o f s o many

amphoras i s c er ta in ly e xcep t iona l . a s i s t he f i nd t here o f Ro man c o ins o f t he l ate s econd o r e arly f i rst c ent ury . a nd i ti s c om mon f or t he c ap ita ls o f Ga l lo-Ro man c iv ita tes t o b e c los. ; eograph ica l ly t o i mportan t I ron Age s et t lemen ts o n d efended h il ls , f or i ns tarce C ler mon t-Ferrand ( Augustone metu m ) n ear Gergov ia , a nd Autun ( Augus tolu i lum ) n ear Mon t B euvray ( B ibrac te ). The most t hat c an b e s a id a t t he momen t , h owever, i s t ha t S a in t-Gence was, d ur ing t he f i rst c en tury a nd b efor€ I n c , i rr iva o f . Uo man g oods o ther t han w ine , i n ak ey p os it ion o n ar oute u sed f or w ine i n to t he C en tre . p robab ly c om ing f ro m a s outh-wester ly p art o f t he c oas t l ine.

The p ot tery a nd d efences

s o f ar g ive n o u sefu l c lues t o t he c u ltura l a f f in it ies o f t he o ccupan ts o f t he s ite. B ib l iography : 1 8.

J ug , Dupuy e tc. 1 969 ;

Ga l l ia 1 969 :341.

V i l le joubert V il le joubert ( co m mune S a in t-Den is-des- Murs ) t o t he e ast o f L i moges i s

o ne o f t he l argest F rench h il l f orts, b u t h as n ot b een e xcavated.

Ap r inc ipa l

r a mpart e ncloses a n a rea o f a bout 3 50 h ectares , a nd a n i nner d efence e nc loses a bou t 1 20 h ectares.

The murus g a l l icus r a mpar t h as a s tone o uter a nd i nner

f ace a nd s quare b ea m h o les.

The f i l l o f t he r a mpart w as e arth a nd s tones.

Wha t may b e s upp le men tary d efences r un p ara l lel i n s evera l p laces t o t he r ivers a t whose c on f luence t he f ort s tands ; b y a sma l ler c ross r a mpart.

t he i nner e nc losure i s f or med

N o s ign if icant o ccupat ion d ebr is h as b een f ound

o n t he s urface, a l though amphora s herds h ave b een f ound i n a nd a round t he s ite, a s w el l a s f our r o tary q uerns o f Ro man o r Gau l ish t ype.

True murus

g a l l icus c onstruct ion may h ave b een c on f ined t o t he c en tre a nd r igh t e nd o f t he ma in d efence where t here was a s ha l low o uter d itch ; e nd was s upported b y ad eeper d itch. B ib l iography :

t he t imber less l e f t

N o c o ins a re r eported.

Delage a nd Gorce ix 1 924;

Whee ler a nd R ichardson 1 957 :189f.;

Cot ton a nd F rere 1 961. 1 9.

P ierrebuf ff ere

The s i te i s o n as pur a nd mater ia l f ound i s o f L a T ' ene I I f o llowed b y Ga l lo-Ro man p recoce. Co ins h ave b een f ound i n al ow a rchaeo log ica l l eve l ( Delage 1 952 ): b ronze o f ADCANAVNOS ( Arnern i, p . 1 65 ) b ronze o f C ICI IDV.BR I IPAD ( Arvern i , p . 1 63 ) b ronze o f t he L e mov ices [ s ic ] b ronze o f ABVDOS ( B itur iges, p . 2 07) 1s i lver ' im ita t ion o f Empor iae 2 0.

1 .95 g

L i moges A t L i moges i n t he a rchaeo log ica l l eve l d a ted t o C laud ius-Vespas ian t here

h ave b een f ound t hree f ragmen ts o f b ow ls d ecorated i n a manner t yp ica l o f Roanne ( Lo ire ) b ow ls o f g roup C i n t he c lass if ica t ion o f P Ar ichon ( 1964 ), t hereby i nd ica t ing a v ery w esterly d istr ibu t ion f or t h is t ype ( Ga ll ia 1 973 :433f .). L a f ene I I ma ter ia l f ro m L i moges i s p oor ly r ecorded. 2 72

2 1.

S a in t-Yr ie ix-la-Perche A t S a in t-Yr ie ix-la-Perche a er ia l p hotography h as r evea led t he p resence

o f ah il l fort j ust o uts ide t he t own , af am i l iar p a t tern t hroughou t t he C en tre. T here a re s ea ms o f g o ld-bear ing q uartz n earby , a nd t he f unct ion o f t he h i l lf ort may h ave b een t o p rotec t t he m o r e xp lo it t he m ( Def fon ta ine a nd De la marre 1 958 v o l. 3 p l. 2 98 ). The Carte Archeo log ique d e l a Gau le Ro ma ine f or Haute-V ienne ( Par is 1 964 :17 ) b y P igan io l a nd Duva l l i sts f ive h i l lforts wh ich h ad a Ga l lo-Ro man s et t le men t f o l low ing a p re-Roman o ccupa t ion : 1 .

Chä teauneufla-For t

2 .

S a in t-Den is-des- Murs ( V i l le joubert ), n o. 1 8 a bove

3 .

V erneu il , c amp V ia l lebst

4 .

S a in t-Gence, n o. 1 7 a bove

5 .

Puy-Sa in t-Et ienne, wh ich i s d escr ibed a s t he f i rst n uc leus o f L i moges

M inor o r l ess w e l l r ecorded s i tes i n Hau te-V ienne i nc lude a Ga l lo-Ro man c u l t b u i ld ing a t S a in t-Pardoux ( Perr ier 1 965 ), o ne o f t he o n ly t wo s uch r el ig ious s i tes k nown f ro m t he d dparte men t , a nd a n u nusua l ly sma l l o ne. o ther i s o n t he s umm it o f Puy-Château n ear Mon t Gargan .

The

L ack o f e xcava t ion

i s p robab ly r espons ib le f or t h is a pparen t s carc ity , b ecause P err ier n o ted a n umber o f p lace-na mes wh ich may r eca l l t he e x istence o f a n o ld c u lt s i te. T he s i te a t S a in t-Pardoux i s a lso r ecorded i n Ga l l ia ( 1965 :386 ); o f p re-Ro man u se h as y et c o me t o l i gh t . a re d iscussed b y J oudoux ( 1964 ).

n o e v idence

Mon tce ix ( Corr.) a nd P uy-Château

P uy-Châ teau w as p robab ly a s anctuary ,

a nd t here i s n o e v idence y et o f p re-Ro man u se. CREUSE The r ecord f or Creuse i s e ven l ess i l lu m ina t ing ( c f . p . 2 f . a bove ) .

A

c erta in n u mber o f n ineteen th c en tury e xcava t ions o r s urveys o f s i tes i n C reuse a re r ecorded i n t he DAG a nd t he more i n for ma t ive may b e n oted h ere. 2 2.

Puy d e Gaudy Puy d e Gaudy ( co m mune S a in te-Feyre ) w as a n i mpor tan t d e fended s i te

a bou t t hree k i lo metres s ou th o f t he p resen t t own o f Gueret. measures c . 5 60 x 2 25 m a nd i s o f t peron b arre t ype ;

The e nc losure

t he r a mpart b arr ing

t he s ou th-east e nd o f t he s pur i s 1 m w ide, 2 -3 m h igh i ns ide a nd 3 -7 m o u ts ide.

I t i s made o f s trong b locks o f g ran ite wh ich h ave p art ly f used i n a

f i re, e spec ia l ly a t t he b ase, a nd i tw as r azed a f ter t he f i re.

Two r ows o f

g ran ite b locks wh ich h ave n o t b een b urn t a re o n t op o f t he c a lc ined w a l ls , a nd a re p robab ly Ro man . Ro man r e ma ins a re n u merous , a lthough f l in t o b jec ts a nd e ar l ier c era m ic h ave b een f ound. The e nclosure i s s l igh t ly b elow t he t op l evel o f t he p la teau , a nd t here i s al arge t errace b etween t he e arth a nd s tone b ank a nd t he u pper e nd o f t he h il l.

Defences a t tached t o i ta re c on te mporary w ith i t ;

o ne g ate, a t t he n or th-west , w e l l p ro tected b y t he r a mpart.

t here w as

There i s ag ood

s pr ing w ith in t he e nc losure, a nd a mass o f a sh f ro m d o mest ic h earths w as l ocated.

Hut f loors w ere f ound , a nd f l in t a xes a nd a rrowheads, a s w el l a s 2 73

c era m ic d ebr is. Co ins a re n o t l i sted i n d eta i l b ut i nc luded Ro man c o ins a nd o ne Gau l ish c o in o f t he s i lver s evered h ead g roup ( p . 2 85f f . ) . The s i te was a pparen t ly o ccup ied e p isod ica l ly f ro m t he n eo l ith ic t o t he Midd le Ages.

( DAG

s .v. Puy d e Gaudy a nd S a in te-Feyre . 2 3.

P ionna t A t P ionna t i n t he F orbt d e C ha teauv iex t he DAG a ga in r ecords a n e nc losure

whose g ran ite r a mpart h ad b een p art ia l ly f used i n af i re.

The r a mpart e x-

am ined w as a bou t 2m h igh a nd 4 m l ong b arr ing t he a ccess t o t he e nclosure. 2 4.

Chastres S ou th o f Aubusson t he s pur c a l led Chastres b e tween t he r ivers C reuse a nd

Bauze i s b arred b y ar ampart 4 45 m l ong.

H a l f w ay u p t he r a mpart a re s e-

v era l h or izon ta l b eds o f wood w ith b urn t c lay-l ike s o il a bove a nd b elow t he m. Th is i s n ot a t ype o f murus g a l l icus b u t s o meth ing l ess s oph ist icated, a nd i t i s n ot s im ilar f or i nstance t o Puy d e Gaudy.

About t h irty c era m ic s herds

were f ound a nd a b ronze f i bu la w ith a f our s p ire s pr ing a nd a d ecora ted d isc w ith t wo g rooves i n t he f ron t , d escr ibed a s R e inecke l a r ene A i n t ype ( Ga l l ia 1 973 :423 ).

Minor s ites i n C reuse i nclude F laya t ( Ga l l ia 1 959 :3711.) n ear t he h am le t Cou l in ise ge ;

t i les h ave b een f ound , p ink s andstone f rom t he Cha mpagnac

r eg ion , a nd r e ma ins f ro m t he e ar ly Ga l lo-Ro man p er iod.

Dresse l 2 0 amphora

f rag men ts w ere a lso f ound , a nd t he h and les a nd p o in ts o f Dressel Iamphoras , s uggest ing u se o f t he s ite a t l east l ate

i n t he f i rst c entury B .C. i fn ot e ar l ier.

Very l i t t le l a T one ma ter ia l i s s tored i n t he Mus e d e Gueret ;

3 1 c o ins ,

n ot a l l o f wh ich a re l oca l , ah andfu l o f p o ts w h ich c ou ld b e o f a ny d ate a s t hey a re o f r ough ' Ha l lstatt ian ' t ypes, a nd a n u mber o f s tone r el ig ious s tatues wh ich must b e Ga l lo-Ro man .

The e ar ly i ssues o f MSSNAC h ave i n for ma t ion

o n s i tes t hen k nown t o c on ta in a nc ien t ma ter ia l , a l though a Cel t ic l evel was s eldo m o bserved b y a rchaeo log ists b efore t he t wen t ieth c en tury.

A f ew s i tes

r ecorded i n t he j ourna l a re worth n ot ing. 1 843 :116 :

P on tar ion h ad a t e mp le o f P r iapus, d estroyed d ur ing t he n ine-

t een th c en tury ;

t he moun ta in o n wh ich t he t own i s b u i l t i s d escr ibed a s a n

' opp idu m ' , l a ter made i n to a Ro man o bserva t ion p ost s im ilar p erhaps t o t ha t a t Aubusson .

S ites wh ich may b e s im i lar a re r ecorded a s a t Mon t-P i jau

( Mon t J ov is ) n ear Drou i l le ; S a in t-Vaury ;

G len ic ;

Mon t J ouer n ear S a in t-Goussard ;

B ernage n ear

l e Puy-de-Gaudy n ear G lbn ic ; where t he 1 845 i ssue

p . 8 5 r ecords t hat a sma l l ' Celt ic ' l ead w hee l-shaped s p inn ing w e igh t was f ound ;

a nd Thauron .

1 843:113 :

Bre ith ( Br id iers, where i n 1 862 a n e ar ly s econd c entury B .C.

h oard o f Ce lt ic s i lver c o ins was f ound , a ppend ix 1 ) i s s a id t o h ave a l ot o f a nc ien t r e ma ins, g o ing b ack t o t he C e l t ic p er iod.

2 74

1 903 :202f . makes Bre ith

as tage o n t he Ro man r oad f rom Bourges t o L i moges v ia Mon t J ouer, a r ou te wh ich i s n ot s hown o n t he Tab le o f P eu t inger. 1 845 :85 :

Gau l ish v ases [ s ic ] w ere f ound a t Mon ta igu t-le-B lanc, 1 6 km

f ro m Gueret , i n S epte mber 1 844.

T hey w ere r ough , b ad ly f i red, s pher ica l ,

a bou t 3 3 cm i n c ircu mference , a nd were i den t if ied a s l i ds f or l arger v ases. A h o le w as f ound n ear t he ' neck ' o f e ach , a nd i tw as t hought t ha t t h is w as f or f ix ing t he l i ds t o t he l arger v esse ls. 1 903:196f .:

On Mon t d e J ouer t here were f ound Ga l lo-Ro man b u ild ings,

c o ins o f t he c o lony a t N e mausus, o f Augustus, T iber ius, C laud ius, N ero a nd T ra jan , aw e l l a nd w hat c ou ld b e aC e lt ic r el ig ious s tone w ith a l arge s urface ( 2 .20 x 1 .70 m ) a nd a n o va l b as in i n i t . T he Ro man r oad b etween Bourges a nd L i moges p assed n earby . CORREZE Correze i s a lso w ith in t he t err itory o f t he f i rst c en tury B .C. o n t he e ast where i t meets t he A rvern i.

L e mov ices,

Two o f t he b et ter k nown s i tes i n t he

d dparte men t a re a ssoc iated w ith t h is b order a rea—Puy d u Tour a nd Char lat. 2 5.

P uy d u Tour P uy d u Tour i s s i tuated o n t he Dordogne 1 .5 km f ro m Argen tat a t a n i m-

p ortan t p o in t o n t he r iver. Excava t ion h as n o t b een v ery t horough , b u t t he ma in f eatures o f t he s i te c an b e t raced. I tw as n o t o ccup ied u nder t he Ro mans, a nd t he l a test a nc ien t mater ia l i s f rom t he e nd o f t he I ron Age. i s d iff icu l t t o r each.

The s um m it

The r ampar t was o f s tone w ith i t s u pper p arts t imber-

l aced , a nd many n a i ls h ave b een f ound , s uggest ing murus g a l l icus c onstruct ion . Puy d u Tour was p er manen t ly o ccup ied, a s h ouse f l oors h ave b een f ound, c u t i n to t he e arth ;

i n g enera l t ype t hey a re s a id t o b e v ery s im ilar t o t he

c onstruct ions a t Mon t laures n ear N arbonne ( Aude ). a t Puy d u Tour i s i mpress ive.

One b u i ld ing i n p ar t icu lar

L ike o thers, i ti s o f s tone, b u t i s d iv ided i n to

t hree r ooms, i n o ne o f wh ich i s as quare h earth made o f amphora s herds a nd b aked c lay.

Th is p robab ly d a tes t o t he f i rst c en tury , p oss ib ly e arly , a nd

may p erhaps b e c ompared w i th t he f l oors a t Au lna t i n P uy-de-Dö me ( p. 1 19 ) o r E ssa lo is i n L o ire ( c f .p. 1 24 ).

A t P uy d u Tour t here i s g ood e v idence o f

r elat ions w ith t he Med iterranean a nd t he Ro man p rov ince, n o t s urpr is ing i n v iew o f i t s g eograph ica l s i tuat ion. There a re l arge n u mbers o f amphoras o f f i rst c entury I t a l ic t ype , a nd Ca mpan ian c era m ic ( a lthough o n ly a l i tt le, a nd o f t ype C ); s ome o f t he f inest l oca l c era m ic was made i n c lose i m i tat ion o f Ca mpan ian t ypes. Amphoras a re f ound a t a l l l eve ls ;

o n ly o ne c hrono log ica l p er iod i s , h owever, r epresen ted

a t t he s ite , a lthough i tl ef t al ayer o f d ebr is 3 0 cm t h ick w ith t hree a pparen t s ubd iv is ions.

Co ins h ave b een f ound t hroughou t , a nd a re o f m ixed o r ig in.

They i nclude t he most n orther ly k nown a ppearance o f t he N arbonese c o inage NERONCEN

,wh ich p rov ides s upport f or t he c onc lus ions d rawn b y t he r eports

w h ich n o te s im ilar ity i n t he s i te 's c onstruct ion w ith Mon t laures, a nd i s f urther e v idence f or c o m mun ica t ion w ith t he s ou th-west. l and Gau l.

2 75

O ther c o ins a re f ro m i n-

The p o ttery f ound a t P uy d u Tour i s o f t wo t ypes :

t here i s al arge mass

o f ' Ha l lsta tt ian ' p ot tery , made w ithout a p ot ter 's w hee l , a nd o f r ough q ua l ity , o f f or ms c o m mon t hroughou t t he C entre.

T hen t here i s f ine w hee l- made

g rey p ottery , s ome o f t he p ain ted t ypes o f w h ich r ef lec t Med iterranean t astes. S o me o f t he f ragmen ts c a me f ro m S pa in , w h ich a ga in emphas ises t he s outhw estern c on tacts o f t he a rea. P uy d u Tour d e monstrates n ot o n ly t ha t t he r ough ' Ha l lstat t ian ' a nd f ine ' l a r ene t p ot ter ies w ere c on temporary , a s w as f ound a t Au lnat a nd C ötes ( PD ), b u t t ha t t he p eop le w ho made u se o f t he f ine p o t tery a ppear t o h ave l i ved i n a d ist inct q uarter a t t he t op o f t he s et t le men t.

A s ar esu l t o f e xposure t o t he

w eather a p roport ion o f ' l a r f tne ' s herds h ave o ver t ime w ashed d own t he s lopes a nd s e t t led o ver t he p oorer q uarters a t t he e dges o f t he t erraces , g ivi ng a s uperf ic ia l i mpress ion t hat t wo p er iods s ucceeded o ne a no ther.

How-

e ver , e xcava t ions a t t he t op o f t he s i te h ave r evea led a w eal thy o ccupat ion l eve l c on te mporary w ith t he p oor l eve l l ower d own .

A t t he t op t here w ere

f inds o fj ewel lery i nc lud ing a p o lychrome g lass b race let.

I t may a lso b e o f

s oc ia l s ign if icance t ha t i ti s a t t he t op t ha t t here h ave b een f ound o ne u rn o f b asa l t a nd a no ther i n p ink s andstone, b oth o f w h ich ma ter ia ls h ad t o c ome f rom t he mass if c en tra l s ome f i f ty k i lo metres i n land , a nd p ink s ands tone migh t h ave h ad t o c ome f rom s o me d istance f ur ther .1 8 a re p art ly r ecorded ( Mura t 1 962:

C o ins f rom t he s i te

Ga l l ia 1 954 :197f. )

p o t in Q DOC I o f t he S equan i 1s i lver c o in o f t he B itur iges [ s ic ], o bv. h ead t o l ef t ;

r ev,

h orse man t o

r igh t , t r ilobe F l ower b e low , f ound i n l eve l 2 B 1p o t in o f Mass il ia i m itat ion t ype w ith l a T ene I I p o t tery i n l eve l 2 B ( t h is w as t he s econd t o b ot to m o ccupa t ion l eve l ) 1b ronze NERONCEN o f N arbonne 1b ronze ' o f t he B itur iges ', u nspec if ied t ype The c onc lus ions d rawn b y Mura t f rom P uy d u Tour a re t ha t t here w as s outhern i n f luence o n t he l a T ene c u l ture t here, a nd t hat t here w as n o h iatus b etween ' Ha l lstat t ' a nd ' l a Tene '. Th is l at ter p heno menon i s , t here fore, w idespread t hroughout t he Cen tre , a nd Puy d u Tour f urn ishes u na mb iguous e v idence t hat t he a pparen t d ist inct ion b etween t he t wo c u l tures m igh t c o inc ide, a t l east i n t he l arge n uc leated s et t le men ts, w ith d if ferences i n w ea lth o r c lass when t he t wo t ypes o f mater ia l w ere o f c on te mporary manufacture. As t here a re n o Ro man t races o n P uy d u Tour i ti s l ike ly t ha t i t s p ermanen t o ccupa t ion l asted f ro m a bout t he b eg inn ing o f t he f i rst c en tury B .C. u n t il t he t ime o f t he c onquest. B ib l iography : Wheeler a nd R ichardson 1 957 :182-3; Co l l is 1 975 :191; A . a nd J . Mura t 1 967; Murat 1 962 ; Ga l l ia 1 954 :197f .; 1 961:357; 1 971:313. 2 6.

C har la t

T he e peron b arrgat C har la t n ear U sse l a lso l i es n o t f ar f rom t he b order w ith t he Arvern i, c ons iderab ly t o t he n orth o f Puy d u T our. A l a te I ron Age c re mat ion b ur ia l w as f ound t here, a ccompan ied b y p ot tery o f t wo k inds, h and made p ot tery o f t he ' post-Ha l lst at t ian ' s ort f ound a l l o ver t he c en tre , a nd f ine d ecora ted g rey Ga l lo-Ro man p r6coce v ases t ogether w ith d ishes w ith i ncurved r i ms a nd s h iny b lack s urfaces. 2 76

The n orth-eastern s ide o f t he s pur i s d efended b y r a mparts w h ich c ons ist o f a wa l l o f g rave l f aced w ith s tone a nd r e in forced w ith w ood. o f murus d up lex ;

Th is i s af or m

i t was b u i lt a t al ate d a te, a s o ccupat ion t races a re t o b e

f ound u nder t he wa l l , i nc lud ing s herds f rom amphoras ;

t he s i te w as t here-

f ore o ccup ied b efore t he e nc losure w as b u i lt. I ta ppears t hat t he p r inc ipa l p er iod o f o ccupa t ion o f t he s i t € w as d ur ing t he f i rst c en tury B .C., a nd t hat t he s i te h ad n o w a l l t hroughou t t h is p er iod. There h ave b een n o f inds y et o f s et t le ment c orrespond ing t o t he p er iod o f c onstruct ion o f t he d efences.

T he s et t le men t a t i t s h e igh t a ppears t o h ave

h ad s im i lar c on tacts w ith t he Med iterranean a s h ad P uy d u Tour.

T here

a re l arge n u mbers o f amphora p ieces i n a nd u nder t he w a l l a nd i n t he e arth n earby ;

t hese a re o f Dressel It ype, s im ilar t o t hose i n t he s ite o f En tre mon t

( B.Rh. ) d a t ing t o 1 23 B .0 . S herds o f C a mpan ian A a nd B h ave a lso b een f ound , i nd icat ing a f i rst c en tury d ate.

A lthough a f ew p ieces o f Ga l lo-Ro man

p ot tery h ave b een f ound , i ti s c lear t hat t he s ite w as n ot p er manen t ly o ccup ied a f ter t he c onquest.

Even i n t he p resen t r ud i men tary s tate o f k now ledge o f

t he s ite, i t s ee ms c lear t hat i t may b e c omparab le w ith P uy d u Tour, a t l east i n r espect o f i t s Med iterranean i mports. e nd.

N o c o ins a re r eported.

B ib l iography : 2 7.

I td id n ot a pparen t ly s uf fer a v io len t

Vaze i l les 1 950 ;

Cot ton a nd Frere 1 961.

l e C hä telet L e C hä te let ( com mune L a maz i re-Basse ) i s a l most m idway b etween P uy

d u Tour a nd Char lat ( Ga l l ia 1 949 :128-9 ). w ith a b ank b etween t he m.

I ti s o n as pur b arred b y t wo d itches

T he h undred o r s o s herds f ound w ere d ark g rey

o r s h iny b lack , a nd h and made ;

t here w ere a f ew b r ick r ed p o ts o f f ine c lay ,

p oss ib ly w hee l t urned , a nd a lso a b r ick r ed p o t o f c oarse q ua l ity.

A l l a re

s a id t o b e o f Ha l lstat t ian t ype, a lthough t he ir a bso lu te d ate i s u ncerta in . The a u thor o f t he r eport r e marks t ha t a Ha l lstat t ian mater ia l c u l ture was p rol onged i n Auvergne a nd Hau te C orreze, a nd a f ew d ishes w ith i ncurved r i ms o f l a T ene t ype s uggest a p ost-Ha l lstat t ian d ate.

T here a re p oss ib le t races

o f v itr if ica t ion i n t he wa l l , a nd t he p ot tery f ound i s a pparen t ly o f t he s a me mix ture o f ' Ha l lstat t ian ' a nd ' l a T en& a s o ccurred a t Puy d u Tour. 2 8.

P on t-Maure P on t-Maure ( Com mune S grandon ) i s a sma l l r ectangu lar e nclosure ( Cot ton

a nd F rere 1 961 ).

These a u thors s tate t hat t he mater ia l f rom t he s i te w as n o

l onger a va i lab le f or s tudy a s i tw as b y Ward-Perk ins ( 1940 ) .

The l a t ter a r-

g ued t ha t t here w ere r ich s tra t if ied d epos its f rom l a te l a Tene a nd Ga l loRo man p hases, a nd t he ma ter ia l h e p ub l ished w as o f t he s econd p hase o f o cc upa t ion .

The r a mpart was o f h eaped e arth a nd t he d itch h ad a f l at b ot to m.

The p ot tery w as s a id b y Ward-Perk ins t o b e long l arge ly t o ap er iod n ot l ong b efore t he c onquest , a nd t he g rey p ot tery o f t he s econd p hase o f o ccupa t ion o f t he s i te was s a id t o h ave a na log ies w ith Tou louse a nd t he w estern-cen tra l a rea o f F rance.

There a re n o r ead ily a ccess ib le r ecords i n more d eta i l o f

t h is s i te, b u t i ts ee ms t o c on for m t o t he i mpress ion g a ined f rom Puy d u Tour a nd Char la t t hat i n t h is a rea i n t he l a te I ron Age t here w ere i mportan t c u l tura l c onnect ions b etween t he Ce lt ic p eop les i n t he s ou th-west o f t he Cen tre a nd 2 77

t he Garonne b as in , af eature n o t d isp layed i n t he s i tes f urther i n land , e .g. i n Puy d e Do me ( pace Ward-Perk ins 1 940 ) . 2 9.

L a Mout te A t l a Mou t te ( com mune S erandon ) l ate Ha l lsta tt ian t ype s herds w ere f ound

w ith t yp ica l ly l a Tene d ishes i n w ha t a ppears t o b e al a T ene I I c ontex t . S ome amphoras ( not d escr ibed ) w ere a lso f ound , a nd a Ga l lo-Ro man f unerary c o f fer. The s i te i s a bout 7 3 a res i n e x ten t a nd h as a s pr ing n ear t he n orth-west c orner;

t he r a mpart i s a l most e n t irely o f h eaped e ar th a nd t here i s n o t race

o f aw a l l.

The p o t tery f ound i s s a id t o b e l ike t hat f ro m l es B essades ( co m-

mune L a maz iere-Basse ), Puy d u Tour, a nd t he s and q uarry a t Char la t ( Ga l l ia 1 951:111; 3 0.

Cotton a nd F rere 1 961:47-8 ).

L issac O ther s i tes i n Correze o f wh ich a l i t t le i s k nown i nc lude L issac ( 1 .d.

Grot te d e Puy-Gera ld o r d es Con traband iers ) w here t here h ave b een f ound s herds o f h and made p o t tery , s o met i mes p o l ished , o f l ate ' Ha l lstat t ian ' t ypes. The i l lustra t ions s uggest t ypes f ound e lsewhere i n l a T ene I I c on tex ts, f or i nstance c ar inated d ishes a nd s ha l low o nes w ith s l igh t ly i ncurved r ims ;

w ith

t hese was s o me g rey o r b lack Ga l lo-Ro man p recoce p o t tery ( Ga l l ia 1 954 :198 ). 3 1.

Marger ides A t Marger ides t here i s ab ig Ga l lo-Ro man c u lt c omp lex w ith u p t o t hree

b u ild ings.

A c u l t s i te o f t h is s ize a nd i mpor tance may h ave s o me C e l t ic

b ackground , b ut s o f ar e xcava t ions h ave c oncen trated o n t he Ro man p er iod. I t was c onstructed e ar ly i n t he Ro man p er iod a s c o ins o f u nspec if ied Gau l ish t ypes a nd o f t he c o lony a t N e mausus h ave t urned u p ( Ga l l ia 1 967 :299 ; 3 18 ;

1 971:311 ).

1 969 :

A t P rad ines a c u lt c en tre s im ilar t o t hat a t Marger ides h as

a lso b een l oca ted ( Ga l l ia 1 967 :300 ). 3 2.

Puy d u Cha lard a nd P uy d 'Yssandon Cot ton a nd F rere ( 1961 ) men t ion a f ew o ther s i tes i n Correze, i nc lud ing

Puy d u Cha lard a nd Puy d 'Yssandon .

These a re n e ighbour s i tes c onnected

b y ac o l a nd w ere p robab ly o ccup ied i n l a T ene I I t o j udge f ro m o ccas iona l f inds t here.

The DAG u nder Puy d u Cha lard a nd Y ssandon s ays t ha t t he

f or mer s tood 3 00 m o ver t he v a l ley , a nd h ad a n a rea o f a bou t 2 0-25 m w ide a t t he t op.

Re ma ins o f t hree c oncen tr ic e nc losures i n s tone ' o f v ar ious

s izes ' h ave b een f ound , t ogether w ith s ca t tered c o ins a nd a rtefacts.

Co ins

l i sted i n DAG a nd ABT :502 a re ' San tones ' [ s ic ], p robab ly g o ld c o in o f t he P ictones ( p . 2 46f f .) 1s i lver c o in o f s evered h ead t ype ( p . 2 85 f .) 1c o in o f t he B itur iges [ s ic ] 1d rach ma o f Mass i l ia 1p o t in o f t he Aedu i w ith t wo b and o bverse s evera l ' bronze ' c o ins o f c rane a nd t refo i l t ype ( p . 2 80 ) ; B ib l iography :

Co t ton a nd F rere 1 961;

Cha lard a nd Y ssandon .

2 78

Co l l is 1 975 :190 ;

l oca l t ype

DAG s .v. P uy d u

3 3.

F on t ja loux Fon t ja loux ( co m mune S a in t-Et ienne-aux-Clos ) i s o n ah igh p romon tory

o ver a c urve i n t he g orge o f t he C haranon . n or th-west a nd o n ly o ne e n try . p art ly c rowned i n s tone;

I th as a s trong r a mpar t o n t he

There i s n o v is ib le d itch a nd t he r a mpart i s

i n a rea i ti s b etween 2 .25 a nd 3 h ectares.

There

i s a pparen t ly n o i nd icat ion o f t he p er iod o f i t s u se ( Cot ton a nd F rere 1 961:44 ). 3 4.

Puy d e S er mus Puy d e S er mus ( co m mune S a in t-Gen i z-o- Merle ;

Cot ton a nd F rere 1 961:

4 5 ) i s o n ag ran ite h i l l , a nd t he o n ly d efence i s ar a mpart r unn ing e ast t o w est a cross t he s lope o f t he v a l ley a t o ne e nd.

I th as n ot b een e xcavated a nd

t here i s n o a pparen t d itch. T he d efence i s o f d ry s tone a nd i s a bout 3 00 m l ong. I fi ti s v itr if ied , a s may b e t he c ase, i ti s t he f irst o f t he s ort k nown i n Correze. R oche d e V ic 3 5.

Roche d e V ic ( co m mune A lbussac ;

Co t ton a nd Frere 1 961:45 ) i s c . 8 0

a res i n s i ze o n a sma l l mound a bou t 6 36 m h igh .

I th as a r a mpar t a nd

d itch w ith c oun terscarp e xcep t a t t wo e nds where f ort if icat ion was u nnecess ary b ecause o f c l iffs. s tony i n p arts. 3 6.

The r ampart s ee ms t o b e o f h eaped e arth wh ich i s

En try i s a t t he s ou th-west .

F enou i l lac F enou i l lac ( co m mune S a in t-Et ienne-aux-Clos ) i s r ectangu lar a nd o n ly c .

3 0 a res i n s ize .

There i s ar ampar t a nd d itch a l l a round i t ;

t he e n try

a pparen t ly a t t he m idd le o f t he n orth-eastern s ide, b ut t he d itch c on t inues i n f ron t o f t he o pen ing.

B eyond t he d itch i s ah u mp , p oss ib ly a t u mu lus.

s ite h as n o t y et b een e xcava ted. 3 7.

The

( Cot ton a nd F rere 1 961 : 48 . )

l a C ro ix Rouge A t l a C ro ix Rouge ( com mune S a in t-Fre joux ) a n i mpor tan t h o mogeneous

d epos it h as b een f ound , p oss ib ly o f f unerary c haracter a nd d ated t o l a Te m. I t i ncludes c ombed u rns w ith a s hort n eck , c ups a nd d ishes w ith i ncurved r i ms s l ight ly t h ickened o n t he i ns ide a nd a ssoc ia ted w ith l arger v essels s i mi l arly made a nd d one o n t he ' co lomb in ' , f ired i n r educ ing c ond it ions.

Decora-

t i ons c ons isted o f n a i l p r in ts , smooth c ordons o r a wavy l ine a t t he b ase o f t he n eck .

S o me c ordons a re i n a Ha l lsta t t ian t rad it ion a l though f or m ing p art

o f al a T ene c o l lect ion o f p ot tery .

The d epos it i s r ough ly d ated b y t he f ind

o f t he n eck o f a n amphora o f Dressel I B t ype.

The d epos it was v ery n ear

s o me t u mu l i a nd c of fer c re ma t ions ( Ga l l ia 1 973:429 ).

2 79

1 2.

F IRST CENTURY B .C. CO INAGE OF L I MOUS IN AND SOUTH- WESTERN CENTRAL GAUL

There a re t wo ma jor p rec ious meta l c o inages i n t h is a rea, t he g o ld c rane a nd t refo il c o inage a nd t he s i lver s evered h ead t ype.

I ti s n ot , h owever ,

c erta in t hat t hey w ere i ssued b y t he s a me a uthor ity , s ince t he ir d istr ibut ion i s n o t w ho l ly o ver lapp ing.

C o in d istr ibut ion i n L i mous in i s made d i f ficu l t t o

d eter m ine b ecause o f t he p resence o f t he h igh L i mous in p lateau i n much o f t he a rea , i n wh ich f ew c o in f inds a re made. a ges i s t herefore u ncerta in ;

T he e xact a t tr ibut ion o f b o th c o in-

i ti s p robab le t ha t as ect ion o f t he L e mov ices

w as r espons ib le f or a t l east t he s i lver g roup , b u t a t tr ibu t ion o f t he g o ld c o ina ge i s more p rob le ma t ica l.

There a re, h owever, c lose s ty l ist ic a f f in it ies

b etween t he t wo c o inages wh ich w ou ld b e c ompa t ib le w ith t he ir b e ing i ssued w ith in t he s a me c iv itas. A .

THE GOLD CRANE AND TREFO IL CO INAGE Th is s er ies a s a who le h as c losest a f f in i t ies i n f abr ic w ith Ar mor ic an o r

P icton ian s taters , a nd i s t he most s outher ly i nstance o f t ha t t ype o f c o inage. I n s ty le o f d iecut t ing , h owever, i t s a f f in it ies w ere a l most w ho l ly w ith t he s i lver s evered h ead g roup :

g o ld s taters o f t ypes 1 a nd 2 h ave p ronounced ly

s im i lar o bverses t o l ater s evered h ead g roup c o ins ( f igs. 6 62-4 ), a nd t he h orse o n t he r everse i s i n t he s ame h igh-stepp ing a tt itude, a nd h as t he c hara cter ist ic f eature o f al ine r unn ing f ro m k nee t o w ithers.

The s im i lar it ies

a re s o c lose o n s o me s pec i mens t ha t t he w ork o f t he s a me d iecut ters may b e s uspected. F our g roups may b e i so lated w ith in t he c o inage, b u t t he ir r e la t ionsh ip w ith e ach o ther i s s t i l l n o t e stab l ished.

G roups 2 a nd 3 w ere p robab ly b oth

m use i n t he m id-f irst c en tury B .0 .s ince B 9 09.46.1 ( 4 .58 g ) o f t ype 2 w as f ound i n t he J a lesche h oard ( append ix 1 ) w h ich b e longs t o t he p er iod o f t he Caesar ian w ar ; a t A les ia ;

t wo s pec i mens o f t ype 3 w ere f ound i n t he g rave d epos its

t ypes 3 a nd 4 a re f ound o n f i rst c en tury s et t le men ts.

o f r e lat ive ly f ine y e l low g o ld a nd o f l ow w e igh t ; a nd s l igh t ly h eav ier ;

Type 1 i s

2i s o f r edd ish d ebased g o ld

3i s v ery b ase g o ld a nd much h eav ier ;

l ump ish c oppery f l ans a nd i s o f l ower w e igh t a ga in .

4i s made o n

I ti s p oss ib le t hat 4 i s

t he l a test g roup , b e ing t he most b ase a nd mos t f requen t ly f ound o n s et t le men ts. Type 1 may b e t he e arl iest , b e ing o f f inest g o ld , a lthough i t s a no ma lous f indspot r a ises t he p oss ib il ity t hat i tw as a s pec ia l c o inage p ara l le l t o r a ther t han a p redecessor o f g roup 2 .

I ts f ineness may h ave r endered i ts u itab le

a s ap aymen t o u ts ide t he c iv itas w here t he n or ma l b ase s taters w ou ld h ave b een o f l ess v a lue.

The e ngrav ing o f t ypes 1a nd 2 h as most i n c om mon w ith

t ha t o f t he s i lver s evered h ead g roup , wh i le t ypes 3 a nd 4 h ave s tronger t ypol og ica l c orrespondence w ith g o ld o f t he P ictones, a nd t he ir w e igh ts a re a lso c o mparab le w ith P icton ian s tandards.

2 80

P erhaps t hey r ef lect p o l it ica l c loseness

b etween t hese t wo p eop les a round t he t ime o f t he Caesar ian w ar ;

i ft he s evered

h ead g roup b egan e ar ly i n t he f i rst c en tury B .C., t he c rane a nd t refo il g roups 1a nd 2 wh ich most r ese mb le i t may a lso b e long t o t he e arl ier f i rst c en tury , a nd w ere r ep laced b y b ase c o ins o n t he P icton ian mode l n earer t o t he m id c en tury . 1 .

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t , f l our ish i ssu ing f ro m mou th.

Rev.

Horse t o r igh t s tepp ing h igh , ' l adder ' t a il , s trand i ssu ing f ro m mou th.

C rane s tand ing o n i t s b ack , t refo il b e low .

F igs. 6 42-3.

F inds : 1 .

S a in t-Jean-Tro li mon ( F in is t re ) , ABT : 2 95 ; 9 46 n . 1 .

D eche le t te 1 914 :945 ,

( Perhaps f ro m a b ur ia l w ith 4 g o ld , 2s i lver a nd 1b ronze

c o in o n t he d efended s i te o f T ronoen .) We ight : BN 4 065

3 .67

K ress Dec 1 957, 2 470

3 .40 1

BN 4 080

3 .40f

2 .

s hared r everse d ie

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t , a s t ype 1 .

Rev,

a s t ype 1 ;

r ings e i ther s ide o f t he c rane 's h ead.

F igs. 6 44-5.

F inds : 1 .

Hd. J a lesche ( B 9 09.46.1;

2 .

Vau lry ( HV ) h oard ;

a ppend ix 1 , n o. 4 1)

7w e ighed 4 .25-6.80 g ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 973b )

We igh t : BN 4 079

4 .61

BN 4 074

4 .60

B 9 09.46.1 BN 4 072

4 .58 4 .57

BN 4 075

4 .56

BN 4 077

4 .53

BN 4 076

4 .52

BN 4 073

4 .49

BN 4 066 BN 4 078

4 .49 4 .45

3 .

a .

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t , s t if fer l arge l ocks, f l our ish b efore

Rev.

Horse s tepp ing h igh t o r ight , c rane a nd c irc les a bove, t refo i l

f ace. b elow ( F igs. 6 46-9 ). b .

c .

O bv.

a s ( a )

Rev.

a s ( a ) b u t t o l ef t .

a s ( a ) b u t b oth s ides t o l ef t.

2 81

C RANE AND T REFO IL G ROUP G OLD A

T ype

1

®

1

2

•0

„

3 , s tray f i nd & i n h oard

D

I

4

( i n

h oard)

2 82

®

H oard

w ith

0

M ixed

h oard

.

U ncer ta in

t ypes 2 c a nd 3

t ype

C RAN E AN D T REF O I L G RO U P G O L D W El G H T S

7.10

•• •••• •• ··· ••

-

7. 00 -

6.9 0 -

6.70

-

under 6. 4

5

••

00090

-· ••• 2

4.60 -

4.SO -

3. 70 -

3.60 -

•• ••• •

3.50 -

3.4 0 -

----- ·-----··--· . -- --�--.....J ?G3

F inds : 1 .

Hd. Br ive ( Corr.) a ppend ix 1 n o. 3 6.

2 . 3 .

Grave d epos its a tA les ia ( Co lbert d e B eau l ieu 1 955a n o. 1 36 ) 2c o ins. L evroux ( I ndre ) B 8 94.24.2 6 .84.

4 .

Puy d e Coren t ( PD ) BN 4 081, 5 .76 ;

7 ,04, 7 .02, 6 .81, 6 .78

M 2 682 5 .56 g ( very b ronze,

a l most t ype 4 ). 5 .

Hd. Vernon ( append ix 1 , n o. 5 1 ) p rob. t ype C , 2c o ins.

6 .

Hd. Vau lry ( HV ) a nd s evera l s tray f i nds n earby ( Co lbert d e B eau l ieu 1 973b )

We ight : B 9 58.19.2

7 .08

ANS 9

7 .05

ANS 1 3 M MAG J an . 1 953, 1 0

7 .04

ANS 1 2

7 .02

Cahn May 1 932, 5 1

7 .02

S chu l man Apr. 1 965 , 9 07

6 .93

7 .04

M MAG Dec. 1 972, 2 28

6 .86

B 8 94.24.2

6 .84

BN 4 068

6 .82

ANS 1 1 M MAG Dec. 1 948, 3 57

6 .81 6 .80

ANS 1 0

6 .78

BN 4 071

6 .76 6 .11

BN 4 070 MAN n o

6 .04

i nv. n o

BN 4 081

5 .76

M 2 682

5 .56

BN 4 069

5 .54

F ract ions : O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t , f l our ish b efore f ace.

Rev.

H orse s tepp ing h igh t o r igh t , c rane a bove , c ircle b elow . F igs. 6 50-1.

F inds : 1 .

B erry ( B 9 62.x .4, 1 .80 g ) ;

MSAC 1 892 b u l l. 1 7 n o 5s ays

s evera l w ere f ound i n Berry. We igh t : B 9 62.x .4

1 .80

BN 4 091

1 .73

BM

1 .67

4 .

( S ma l l l u mpy b ronze o r v ery b ase g o ld f l ans ) O bv. Rev.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t , s im ilar t o t ype 3 . Horse s tepp ing h igh t o r igh t , c rane a nd c ircles a bove , t refo i l b e low .

F ig. 6 52-3. 2 84

F inds : 1 .

P uy d u T our ( Corr. ) i n e xcavat ions , ( Blanchet 1 910 )

2 .

Puy d u Cha lard ( Corr.) i n e xcavat ions, 4 c o ins ( i b id.)

3 .

Po it iers r eg ion , s evera l ( i b id.)

We igh t : BN 4 084

7 .03

BN 4 090

7 .02

BN 4 083

6 .40

BN 4 085

6 .39

BN 4 084

6 .08

BN 4 088

5 .88

BN 4 087

5 .45

BN 4 086

3 .79

F inds o f u nspec if ied t ype : 1 .

C ler mon t-Ferrand ( PD ) 1c o in ( ABT :500 )

2 .

Po it iers ( V ienne ) 7c o ins ( ABT :295 , 5 07 )

3 .

N exon ( HV ) 1c o in ( ABT :295 )

4 .

Pdr igueux ( Dord. ) 2 0 i so lated f inds ( i b id.)

5 .

S i lver c o ins w ith a ssoc iated t ype Obv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t , f lour ish b efore f ace.

Rev .

Horse s tepp ing h igh t o l ef t , a bove, w hee l b e low .

o r f our-po in ted f l ower

F igs. 6 54-5.

N o r ecorded f inds. We ight : BN 4 067

2 .25

BN 4 113

2 .15

There i s n o r eason t o t h ink t ha t t hese c o ins f or m a ny p art o f t he c rane a nd t refo il g roup , b u t t he s im ilar ity o f a t t itude o f t he h orse, a nd p resence o f a ' f lower ' a bove whose e xecu t ion r eca l ls t he t refo i l o n t he g o ld g roup s uggests t hat t hey m ight h ave b een s truck i n ac on t iguous a rea.

I n w e ight t hey may

b e c o mpared most c losely w ith mass if c en tra l s i lver ( p . 1 40 ) a nd t hey s hou ld p erhaps b e r egarded a s a no ther m inor f i rst c en tury i ssue o f t hat a rea. B .

S ILVER S EVERED HEAD GROUP Co lber t d e Beau l ieu ( 1955c ) h as p rov ided a t horough s tudy o f t h is t ype;

a nd I s ha l l f o l low h is c lass if ica t ion.

He a t tr ibuted t he c o inage t o t he L e mo-

v ices. A .

( a )

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t.

Rev.

Horse s tepp ing h igh , s evered h ead a bove, o ne c en tre-dot ted r ing b elow.

2 85

B .

( b )

a s ( a ) b u t O bv. h ead t o l e f t , a nd h ead o n t he r everse i s c rude a nd l eans f orward.

( c )

a s ( a ) b u t b oth s ides t o l e f t .

( d )

a s ( c ) b u t h ead f aces d ownwards.

F igs. 6 56-61.

As v ar iety Aa b u t t hree c irc les u nder t he h orse ; l arger t han i nA v ar iet ies.

t he f l an i s n orma l ly

F igs. 6 62-4.

Both t ypes w ere a pparen t ly i n c ircu la t ion a t t he t ime o f t he Caesar ian war s ince t he A les ia g rave d epos its c on ta ined 5 v ar iety A a nd 7 v ar iety B . We ights o f e ach ma jor g roup v ary g reat ly , a nd i t may b e t hat l i gh t c o ins a re l ates t , a lthough Co lbert d e B eau l ieu d oubted t hat t he w e ights a lone w ou ld b e s uf f ic ien t e v idence t o e stab l ish t he c hrono logy o f t he s er ies.

The J a lesche

h oard ( append ix 1 ) o f C aesar ian w ar d ate c on ta ined o n ly l i ght c o ins o f t ype A ; o f 3 1 c o ins i n t he h oard , 4a va i lab le w e igh ts a re 1 .25 , 1 .37 , 1 .38 a nd 1 .40 g , a l l w e l l b elow t he s tandard ' q u inar ius ' w e ight o f 1 .80-1.90 g . 5g roup B c o ins w ere a lso p resen t b u t t he ir w e igh t h as n ot b een r ecorded. T he Mou l ins-sur-Cephons h oard ( append ix 1 n o. 2 5 ) i s a lso l a te, a l though p erhaps e arl ier t han J a lesche, a nd t he s o le s evered h ead g roup c o in i n i tw as v ar iety A , 1 .02 g .

I t may t herefore b e s uggested t hat t he h eavy c o ins , o ver 2 .0 g ,

a nd o n as tandard c lose t o t he Arvern ian ( p . 1 40 ) w ere s truck w el l b efore t he Caesar ian w ar. C o lbert d e B eau l ieu a rgues t hat t he d istr ibu t ion f or g roups A a nd B d oes n o t s uggest o utpu t b y ad if feren t a uthor ity. T he g rea ter r epresen ta t ion o f B i n l ate h oards a nd a t ag reat d istance f rom L i mous in may , h owever, s uggest t ha t i tw as i ssued d ur ing t he Caesar ian war. There i s l i t t le f i rm e v idence f or d at ing t he b eg inn ing o f i ssue o f t he s evered h ead g roup , a l though t he e ar ly f i rst c en tury i s as trong p oss ib il ity o n g enera l g rounds. T he s er ies a s aw ho le i s v ery l arge w ith f ew d ie i dent i t ies. Group B may b e long t o t he Caesar ian w ar, a nd a re q u ite d is t inct i n s ty le a nd f l an f ro m t ype A ; t hey a re a lso c loser i n s ty le o f o bverse t o B it ur igan sword g roup c o ins t han w ere g roup B i ssues. c er ta in ly b e ing s truck d ur ing t he C aesar ian w ar.

T he s word g roup was

Group B c o ins a re o ften

c areless ly made u s ing b roken d ies , w h ich s uggests h asty m int ing , c ompat ib le w ith c ircu mstances a ssoc iated w ith t he C aesar ian war. T he s er ies t herefore s tarted h eavy , w e l l o ver 2 .0 g , a nd e nded l i gh t ( Ja lesche c o ins ).

The e ar l iest c o ins a re r egu lar ly h eav ier t han t he n or ma l

w e ight f or B itur igan s word g roup c o ins, a nd m ight b e e ar l ier e xcep t t hat i n t he f i rst c en tury c o inage s tandards v ar ied marked ly f rom a rea t o a rea. Further e v idence i n s upport o f t he c hrono log ica l p r ior ity o f t ype A o ver t ype B i s t he f act t ha t Ap rov ided t he mode l f or f i rst c en tury monna ies a l a c ro ix o f t he t ype f ound i n t he B elv s h oard ( Al len 1 969 f i gs. 1 02-10 , a nd t he Belves c o ins , wh ich may b e long t o t he 5 0s B . C . ,a re a t 1 .8 0-1 .9 0 gl i gh ter t han s evered h ead c o ins b u t o f n or ma l t q u inar ius ' s tandard. The o r ig ina l w e igh ts o f s evered h ead c o ins i s c lose t o t ha t o f monna ies a l a c ro ix w h ich A l len ( 1969 :45 f .) a ssocia ted w i th t he S er tor ian war i n t he e ar ly 7 0s . T he s evered h ead g roup may t herefore b e c on te mporary w ith t he l ast monna ies a l a c ro ix s truck o ver 2 .0 g b efore t he ir r ap id d ec l ine i n w e ight d ur ing t he f i rs t . c en tury . 2 86

F inds : 1 .

P uy d u Tour ( Corr. ) i n e xcavat ions , ( Blanchet 1 910 )

2 .

Puy d u Cha lard ( Corr.) i n e xcavat ions, 4 c o ins ( i b id.)

3 .

Po it iers r eg ion , s evera l ( i b id.)

We igh t : BN 4 084

7 .03

BN 4 090

7 .02

BN 4 083

6 .40

BN 4 085

6 .39

BN 4 084

6 .08

BN 4 088

5 .88

BN 4 087

5 .45

BN 4 086

3 .79

F inds o f u nspec if ied t ype : 1 .

C ler mon t-Ferrand ( PD ) 1c o in ( ABT :500 )

2 .

P o it iers ( V ienne ) 7c o ins ( ABT :295 , 5 07 )

3 .

N exon ( HV ) 1c o in ( ABT :295 )

4 .

Pdr igueux ( Dord.) 2 0 i so lated f inds ( i b id.)

5 .

S i lver c o ins w ith a ssoc iated t ype O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t , f l our ish b efore f ace.

Rev.

Horse s tepp ing h igh t o l ef t , a bove, w hee l b e low.

o r f our-po in ted f l ower

F igs. 6 54-5.

N o r ecorded f inds. We ight : BN 4 067

2 .25

BN 4 113

2 .15

T here i s n o r eason t o t h ink t ha t t hese c o ins f or m a ny p art o f t he c rane a nd t refo il g roup , b u t t he s im ilar ity o f a t t itude o f t he h orse, a nd p resence o f a ' f lower ' a bove whose e xecu t ion r eca l ls t he t refo i l o n t he g o ld g roup s uggests t ha t t hey m ight h ave b een s truck i n ac on t iguous a rea.

I n w e ight t hey may

b e c o mpared most c losely w ith mass if c en tra l s i lver ( p . 1 40 ) a nd t hey s hou ld p erhaps b e r egarded a s a no ther m inor f i rst c en tury i ssue o f t hat a rea. B .

S ILVER S EVERED HEAD GROUP Co lbert d e Beau l ieu ( 1955c ) h as p rov ided a t horough s tudy o f t h is t ype ;

a nd I s ha l l f o l low h is c lass if ica t ion .

H e a t tr ibuted t he c o inage t o t he L e mo-

v ices . A .

( a )

O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r igh t .

Rev.

Horse s tepp ing h igh , s evered h ead a bove, o ne c en tre-dot ted r ing b e low .

2 85

( b )

a s ( a ) b u t O bv. h ead t o l e f t , a nd h ead o n t he r everse i s c rude a nd l eans f orward.

B .

( c )

a s ( a ) b u t b o th s ides t o l e f t .

( d )

a s ( c ) b u t h ead f aces d ownwards.

F igs. 6 56-61.

A s v ar iety Aa b u t t hree c irc les u nder t he h orse ; l arger t han i nA v ar iet ies. F igs. 6 62-4.

t he f l an i s n orma l ly

Both t ypes w ere a pparen t ly i n c ircu la t ion a t t he t ime o f t he Caesar ian war s ince t he A les ia g rave d epos its c on ta ined 5 v ar iety A a nd 7 v ar iety B . We igh ts o f e ach ma jor g roup v ary g reat ly , a nd i t may b e t ha t l i ght c o ins a re l ates t , a l though C o lbert d e B eau l ieu d oubted t hat t he w e igh ts a lone w ou ld b e s uf f ic ien t e v idence t o e stab l ish t he c hrono logy o f t he s er ies. The J a lesche h oard ( append ix 1 ) o f C aesar ian w ar d ate c on ta ined o n ly l i gh t c o ins o f t ype A ;

o f 3 1 c o ins i n t he h oard , 4a va ilab le w e igh ts a re 1 .25 , 1 .37, 1 .38 a nd

1 .40 g , a l l w e l l b elow t he s tandard ' q u inar ius t w e igh t o f 1 .80-1.90 g .

5g roup

B c o ins w ere a lso p resen t b u t t he ir w e ight h as n ot b een r ecorded. T he Mou l ins-sur-Cephons h oard ( append ix 1 n o. 2 5 ) i s a lso l a te, a l though p erhaps e arl ier t han J a lesche, a nd t he s o le s evered h ead g roup c o in i n i tw as v ar iety A , 1 .02 g . I t may t herefore b e s uggested t hat t he h eavy c o ins, o ver 2 .0 g , a nd o n as tandard c lose t o t he Arvern ian ( p . 1 40 ) w ere s truck w e l l b efore t he Caesar ian w ar. C o lbert d e B eau l ieu a rgues t hat t he d istr ibu t ion f or g roups A a nd B d oes n o t s uggest o utpu t b y ad if feren t a u thor ity. T he g rea ter r epresen tat ion o f B i n l ate h oards a nd a t ag reat d istance f rom L i mous in may , h owever, s uggest t ha t i tw as i ssued d ur ing t he Caesar ian w ar. There i s l i t t le f i rm e v idence f or d a t ing t he b eg inn ing o f i ssue o f t he s evered h ead g roup , a l though t he e arly f i rst c en tury i s as trong p oss ib il ity o n g enera l g rounds. The s er ies a s aw ho le i s v ery l arge w ith f ew d ie i dent i t ies.

Group B may b elong t o t he C aesar ian w ar , a nd a re q u ite d is t inct i n

s ty le a nd f l an f ro m t ype A ; t hey a re a lso c loser i n s ty le o f o bverse t o B it ur igan sword g roup c o ins t han w ere g roup B i ssues. T he s word g roup was c er ta in ly b e ing s truck d ur ing t he C aesar ian w ar.

Group B c o ins a re o ften

c are less ly made u s ing b roken d ies , w h ich s uggests h asty m int ing , c ompat ib le w ith c ircu mstances a ssoc iated w ith t he C aesar ian war. T he s er ies t herefore s tarted h eavy , w e l l o ver 2 .0 g , a nd e nded l i ght ( Ja lesche c o ins ).

The e ar l iest c o ins a re r egu lar ly h eav ier t han t he n or ma l

w e igh t f or B itur igan sword g roup c o ins, a nd m ight b e e ar l ier e xcep t t hat i n t he f i rst c en tury c o inage s tandards v ar ied marked ly f rom a rea t o a rea. Further e v idence i n s upport o f t he c hrono log ica l p r ior ity o f t ype A o ver t ype Bi s t he f act t ha t Ap rov ided t he mode l f or f i rst c en tury monna ies a l a c ro ix o f t he t ype f ound i n t he B elv s h oard ( Al len 1 969 f i gs. 1 02-10 , a nd t he Be l es c o ins , wh ich may b e long t o t he 5 0s B . C ., a re a t 1 .80-1 .90 g l i gh ter t han s evered h ead c o ins b u t o f n or ma l ' q u inar ius ' s tandard. The o r ig ina l w e igh ts o f s evered h ead c o ins i s c lose t o t ha t o f monna ies a l a c ro ix wh ich A l len ( 1969 :45 f .) a ssoc ia ted w i th t he S er tor ian war i n t he e ar ly 7 0s .

T he s evered

h ead g roup may t herefore b e c on te mporary w ith t he l ast monna ies a l a c ro ix s truck o ver 2 .0 g b efore t he ir r ap id d ec l ine i n w e ight d ur ing t he f i rst c en tury . 2 86

The h oard o f Bdntven t-l 'Abbaye i s p robab ly e ar ly.

I t s ee ms t o h ave b een

c o mposed e nt irely o f h igh we igh t c o ins ( 2 .10-2.15 g ) a nd o f t ype A o n ly. Th is a ga in s uggests t hat B w as a l ate i ssue. F inds : 1 .

Marger ides ( Corr.) Co lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 973a :301 ( f ract ions o f A a nd B )

2 .

Hd. Vernon ( V ienne, a ppend ix 1 n o. 5 1 ).

3 .

P om m iers ( Aisne ) Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 955c.

A a nd B

4 .

Chastel-sur- Murat ( Can ta l ), A ( i b id.)

5 .

S au jon ( Ch. Mar.) o ne A ( ABT :290 )

6 .

L evet ( Cher ) B ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 955c )

Type B

7 .

P uy d u Chalard ( Corr.) 1A ( ABT :290 )

8 .

A les ia,g rave d epos its, 5A , 7B ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 955a )

9 .

Hd. Beneven t-l 'Abbaye ( Creuse ) a ppend ix 1 .n o. 3 5 ;

g roup A o n ly ,

2 .10-2.15 g 1 0.

Hd. J a lesche ( Creuse, a ppend ix 1 n o. 4 1) A a nd B

1 1.

Puy d e Gaudy ( Creuse, e xcavat ions 1 865-71 ) B lanchet 1 910 ; s ays ' t ype o f Beneven t ' ; J ersey-6;

1 2.

Roze l

1 3.

Bov io l les ( Meuse ), B ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 955c )

a ppend ix 1 n o. 4 9 ).

M 1 880, 2 .11 g

1 4.

Hd. Lav il leneuve-au-Ro i ( Haute- Marne ) B ( ABT n o. 1 69 )

1 5.

Hd. Cheverny ( L+Ch ) a ppend ix 1 n o. 3 9 ;

1 6.

Hd. Mou l ins-sur-Cephons ( I ndre ) a ppend ix 1 n o. 2 5 ;

B . Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 955c

1 7.

Bourbon-Lancy ( S+L ) B ( Colbert d e Beau l ieu 1 955c )

1 8.

Hd. Chauv igny ( V ienne;

A 1 .02 g

a ppend ix 1 n o. 2 2 ) B

1 9.

Hd. Tendu ( Indre, a ppend ix 1 .n o. 2 6 ) B

2 0.

Buss ieres-Bof fy ( HV ) A ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 955c )

2 1.

Puy d e Coren t ( PD ) B ( i b id.)

2 2.

N i mes ( Gard ) M 4 643, 1 .25 g

2 3.

Hd. Mon targ is ( Lo iret , A l len 1 969 n o. 3 0 )

2 4.

DAG s .v .

? A

L es Bouchards ( Charen te ) i n e xcavat ions, A a nd B ( A we ighed 1 .08 ) 4c o ins i n a l l ( BSF N 1 971-5, 7 75-8 a nd i n for ma t ion f ro m Ml le. M. Ma in jonet )

We igh t : BN 4 565

2 .30

BN 4 563

2 .25

BM

2 .23

BN 4 564

2 .22

BN 4 570

2 .22

Hun ter ian I I W. Gau l 4

2 .21

Cahn 1 926, 5 4

2 .20

Cahn Apr. 1 933, 1 569

2 .20

M MAG 1 936, 2 54

2 .20

Gunzberger ( V ienna ) 1 937, 9 73

2 .20

Hun ter ian W. Gau l 2

2 .18

BN 4 562

2 .18 ( B ' endven t )

G 2 735

2 .19 ( Bgr A ren t )

BN 4 566

2 .17 ( B6n6ven t )

2 87

S EVERED

• 0 +

H EAD

G ROUP

S ILVER

T ype A , s t ray f i nd 1 1

B

0

L a te

F

F rac t ions

2 88

m ixed h oard

a nd

h oard

SI L VE R

S EVE R E D

HEA D

GR O U P W E I GH T S

•• •••• ••• •• •

9

••• •••••• I 2.30

2 .20

I

I

I

2.10

2.00

1.90

28 ..

no. und t'r 1.9 0

A

BM BN 4571 CahnApr. 1933, 1572 Cahn Apr. 1933, 1570 Hunterian W. Gaul 5 BN 1571 BM Ashmolean BN 4561 BN 4573 CahnA pr. 1922, 373 BN 4569 BM M 1881 MAN no inv. no. Colbert de Beaulieu 1955c

B 909.46.5 B 893.14.6 M 4643 BN 4567 BN 4568 M oulins sur C�phons

2.16 2.15 2.14 2.12 2.12

2.12 2.11 2.07 2.02 2.02 2.10 2.0 1.98 1.93 1.90 1.40 1.38 1 .37 1.35 1.28 1.28 1.25 1.17 1.13 1.02

(Benevent)

(Jalesche) (Jalesche) (Jalesche) (Jalesche) (Jalesche) (Jalesche)

B Colbert de Beaulieu 1955c BN 4576 Colbert de Beaulieu 1955c BN 4577b BN 4575 BN 4577 BN 4574 M 1880 BN 4572 BN 4577a C.

2.24 (Jalesche) 2.20 2 .18 (Jalesche) 2.17 2.17 2.16 2.12 2.11 Jersey-6 2.08 2.07

FRACTIONS

Fractions of groupA and B have been found in excavations at Margerides (Corr.; Colbert de Beaulieu 1973a:301): A 0.41 0.55 0.20 B 0.82 290

The g roup B c o in may b e ah a lf d eno m ina t ion ; i nat ions , 1/4 a nd 1 /8.

t he A c o ins a re o f t wo d eno m-

A sma l l b ase s i lver c o in a nd a f ew b ronze c o ins a ppear i n t ype t o b e r el a ted t o t he s evered h ead g roup a nd may b e r egarded p erhaps a s f ract ions o f i t . 1 .

s i lver O bv.

V irtua l ly i l leg ib le.

R ev.

Winged h orse s tepp ing l ef t ; 4 .

f or t a i l , c f . c rane a nd t refo i l g roup

Cen tre-do t ted r ing b e low ( F ig. 6 65 ).

N o r ecorded f inds. We igh t : BN 3 782 2 .

0 .35

b ronze O bv.

Aqu itan ic h ead t o r ight ( c f . s evered h ead g roup A ); l egend.

R ev.

Winged h orse s tepp ing h igh t o r ight ; 6 66-7 ).

d oubt fu l

d oubtfu l l egend ( F igs.

N o r ecorded f inds. We i h t : BN 4 619 BN 4 621

2 .99 2 .82

BN 4 620

2 .38

BN 4 618

2 .32

D .

OTHER CO INAGES OF THE SOUTHERN CENTRE

There a re s evera l l a te c o inages t o t he s outh o f Cen tra l Gau l w h ich s hou ld b e men t ioned h ere a s t hey o ccur w ith in t he g eograph ica l s cope o f t h is b ook , a nd b ecause t hey s how s ome a f f in it ies i n t ype a nd w e igh t w ith A rvern ian c o ina ge, a s m igh t b e e xpected f rom t he k nown p o l it ica l c onnect ions o f t he Arvern i w ith s outhern Gau l. Many o ft he s i lver c o ins b e long more p roper ly t o as tudy o f monna ies ä l a c ro ix , h owever , a nd w il l n o t t herefore b e t rea ted h ere i n d eta il ;

t he g o ld c o inages a re p oor ly r ecorded a nd o n ly a b are d escr ip t ion c an

a t p resen t b e g iven o f t he m. 1 .

The C adurc i o f t he r eg ion o f L o t w ere p robab ly t he a u thors o f as er ies

o f f i rst c en tury monna ies a l a c ro ix ( Al len 1 969 :49ff . a nd f i gs. 5 9-66 ) w ith t r iangu lar h ead ( f igs. 6 68-9 ). T he c o inage b e longs t o t he f i rst c en tury , a nd c o ins i n t he C uzance ( Lo t ) h oard w eighed o n ly 1 .3 g . One o f t he t ype was f ound a t A les ia ( Co lbert d e B eau l ieu 1 955a n o. 1 82 ). r ecorded.

F ract iona l d enom inat ions a re

A l len ( 1969 :50 ) l i sts a s f indspots :

Hd. Cuzance ( Lot ) i nclud ing c o ins o f L ucter ius ( Soutou 1 969 :163 ) A les ia g rave d epos its

2 91

S OUTHERN A

C ENTRAL C O INAGES

® Triangular 3

B e lves Smal l R u ten i

h ead

monna i e s ä l a c ro ix

h oard s i lver c o ins o f s i lver

2 92

c o ins

t he

C adurc i

( hoards )

Hd. Cauze ( T+G ) H d. P insaguel ( H. Gar.) Hd. S a in t-Sauveur ( G ir. ) Hd. B laye ( G ir.) Hd. Pa m m iers ( Bez iers , Her. ) 1f ound Mon tauban ( T+G ) 2i n e xcavat ions a t L uzech ( Lot ) 5f ro m V ie il le-Tou louse ( H. Gar.) 4o r 5a nd 3 o bo ls f rom Enserune ( B. Rh.) L ucter ius o f t he Cadurc i ( Caesar BG 7 .5.1 e tc. ) s truck w ith monna ies a l a C ro ix t ypes ( BN 4 369a 1 .33g ; r ead ing

LVXT I IR IO ,

f i g. 6 70 ) i n s i lver a nd b ronze w ith r everse

a nd b ronze w ith a h orse r eca l l ing Arvern ian t ypes ( F ig.

6 71; ABT f ig. 1 62 p . 2 78 f ound o n Puy d ' Isso lou ; 1 973a :291). 2 .

Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 971b ;

The monna ies i .l a c ro ix w ith Aqu itan ic o bverses ( Al len 1 969 :f igs. 1 02-

1 3 ) f rom t he Belv s h oard wh ich w e igh 1 .80-1.90 g a re a t tr ibuted b y A l len t o t he P etrocor i i o r N it iobroges ( F ig. 6 72 ).

A l len a ssoc iates t he m w ith t he

l ighter ' p ictor ia l ' t ype a lthough f indspots a re t oo f ew t o c on f ir m t h is a ssoc iat ion.

S ou tou ( 1969 :168 ) p referred a t tr ibu t ion o f t he ' p ictor ia l ' t ype t o t he

N it iobroges.

Heavy c o ins o f ' p ictor ia l ' t ype ( f ig. _6 73 ) o ver 3 .0 g may h ave

s o me t ypo log ica l a f f in it ies w ith f i rst c en tury Arvern ian c o ins, f or i nstance i nt he p ro m inen t s ideboard o f t he o bverse a nd t he t r iske les o n t he r everse , a lthough b y w e igh t s uch h eavy c o ins s hou ld b e long t o t he s econd r a ther t han t he f i rs t c en tury. 3 .

The Ruten i i n t he f i rst c en tury B .0 C . a lso p robab ly p roduced monna ies

l a c ro ix w ith o n t he o bverse a h ead whose h a ir i s f or med o f as er ies o f S s hapes, F ig. 6 74 ,and c o ins o f s im i lar w e ight a nd f abr ic b ut w ith a b oar o n t he r everse i nstead o f t he c ross ( F ig. 6 75-6 ).

Hoards c on ta in ing t hese c o ins

l i sted b y A l len ( 1969 :54 ) a re : 1 \nze ( H r ) L odbve ( Her ) l a C rousat ie ( Tarn ) Cas tres ( Tarn ) P au lhe ( Tarn ) Gou trens ( Aveyron ) ?l a F a jo l le ( Hr ) Th is d istr ibu t ion i s t herefore g enera l ly t o t he s outh o f t he Cen tre.

The

n or ma l w e igh t f or t hese c o ins i s 2 .15-2.30 g , t herefore c omparab le w ith f i rst c en tury B .C. Arvern ian s i lver ( p . 1 40 ) ;

t he Arvern i a nd Ru ten i w ere

c lose a ssoc ia tes a t t he e nd o f t he s econd c en tury B .C. ( BG 1 .45 ) a nd a ga in d ur ing t he Caesar ian w ar ( BG 7 .7.1).

I t i s t herefore n o t s urpr is ing t ha t

s o me Ru ten ian o bverse t ypes r ecal l f i rst c en tury Arvern ian o bverses ( f ig. 6 76 ), a nd t hat t hey s hared a w e igh t s tandard.

A l len w as u ncerta in whether t o

d a te t hese i ssues t o t he 7 0s o r t he 5 0s, b ut p referred t he f or mer. 4 .

A s er ies o f sma l l s i lver c o ins f ro m t he r eg ion o f t he Cadurc i s hows s o me

r ese mb lance o n t he r everse t o t he h igh s tepp ing h orse o f L i mous in a nd Berry ; f indspo ts s uggest c urrency i n L o t a nd C orr ze , p erhaps e spec ia l ly i n t he ma jor d efended s et t le men ts. 2 93

O bv.

' He l meted ' h ead t o l ef t o r r igh t , 3l arge l ocks f ac ing b ackward l ike t he p anels o f ah elmet .

Rev.

H igh s tepp ing h orse t o r igh t o r l ef t , r ing a bove, l yre b e low. v ar. BN 3 855 ,

\ . )

a bove, X b e low .

F igs. 6 77-81.

F inds : 1 .

Puy d 'Yssandon ( Corr., p . 2 78 )

2 .

Puy d u Cha lard ( Corr., p . 2 78 )

3 .

Murcens ( Lot ), ABT :288 a nd p . 2 67

4 .

I n t he d gparte men t o r r iver L ot ( ABT :288 )

5 .

V ie i l le-Tou louse ( H. Gar. ) i b id.

6 .

L uzech ( Lot ) i n e xcava t ions ( i n format ion v ia D . F . A l len f ro m M. L abrousse )

We igh t : BN 4 366

0 .39

BN 4 365

0 .37

BN 3 855

0 .36

BN 3 857

0 .34

BN 4 311C

0 .30

BN 4 311S

0 .23

40 ) These w e ights t herefore a re c o mparab le w ith A rvern ian f ract ions ( P • 1 5 .

A n u mber o f g o ld c o ins w ith b oar r everse ( no t n ecessar i ly o f o ne s er ies )

a re a t tr ibu ted t o t he Petrocor i i o n t he b as is o f t he ir r ese mb lance o n t he o bv erse t o t he s i lver c o ins t ype BN 4 308-15 f ound i n t he r eg ion o f P gr igueux . They a re o f v ery b ase g o ld. O bv.

Crude h ead t o l ef t o r r igh t .

Rev.

Boar t o l ef t o r h u man-headed b oar t o l ef t ( F igs. 6 82-4 ).

F ind :

1 .

B lanchet ( ABT :292 ) b e l ieved BN 4 305 o r 4 306 was f ro m A l iseS a in te-Re ine, t herefore o f t he m id f i rst c en tury B .C.

We igh t : BN 4 306

6 .94

1 3N 4 305

6 .45

BN 4 307

6 .35

6 .

A sma l l s i lver c o in p erhaps r ela ted t o t ype ( 5 ). O bv.

Hu man h eaded a n i ma l t orso w i th b en t k nee t o r igh t.

Rev.

Boar t o l ef t ( F ig. 6 85 ).

N o r ecorded f ind. We igh t : BN 4 311I

0 .40

2 94

C ADURC I

FRACT IONS

WE IGHTS

•

TW ISTED

A NIMAL

S ILVER WE IGHTS

• • • •• •

•

• • ••

•

08

• D7 • 06

a 200

1 .80

1 . 60

1 .40

1 . 70

1 .00

2 95

0 .80

0 .60

040

0 .20

7 .

S i lver t ypes p erhaps r elated t o t he g o ld c o ins t ype ( 5 ) a re Obv.

Head t o l ef t .

Rev.

Boar t o l ef t o r r igh t ( BN 4 308 , 4 312, 4 314-5 ).

N o r ecorded f inds. We igh t : 1 .99 1 .80 1. 71 1 .70 1. 25 0 .27 8 . P robab ly r e lated t o t he p rev ious t ypes a nd t o t he g o ld g roup b e low a re t wo s i lver f rac t iona l c o inages : ( a )

O bv.

Head t o l ef t , l ocks f or med o f c o m mas.

Rev .

Tw isted b oar -l ike a n i ma l t o l e f t , l egs u pwards , . 4 . a bove. F ig. 6 86.

( b )

Sma l l f ract ions , a s b efore, b u t O bv. w ith s t if f s tra igh t h a ir a nd t he a n i ma l f aces l ef t .

F igs. 6 87-92.

F inds : 1 .

4f ro m A les ia g rave d epos its ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 955a :170 ).

2 .

Many i n t he P dr igueux museu m ( i n for mat ion f ro m D . F . A l len ).

We igh t : a . BN 4 310A

2 .01

b . BN 4 311J BN 4 311 K

0 .36

BN 4 311L

0 .32 0 .29

BN 4 3110

0 .26

BN 4 311N

0 .25

BN 4 311T

0 .24

9 .

Co ins o f b et ter g o ld may b e f ro m t h is a rea o n t he g rounds o f s ty l is t ic

a f f in ity w ith t he f orego ing t ypes, a lthough t here a re n o f indspots ;

w e igh ts

a re c o mparab le w ith f i rs t c en tury B .C. Arvern ian s ta ters. O bv. Rev.

Head t o r igh t , l aure l led ;

' co mb ' i n l ocks.

( a )

b oar t o l ef t , t r iang le i n f ron t F ig. 6 93.

( b )

h orse t o r igh t , d r iver, a nd 3 d ots b e low ; F ig. 6 94.

N o r ecorded f inds.

2 96

% 1 11

i n e x.

We igh t : BN 1 0231

7 .68 ( b )

BN 4 306A

7 .57 ( a )

Hou lber t 1 959

7 .50 ( b )

Another r e la t ively g ood g o ld c o in w ith a n o bverse r eca l l ing s o me Arvern ian t echn iques may b e long w ith t hese i ssues. O bv.

Curly h ead t o r igh t .

Rev .

Boar t o l ef t ,

b e low ( c f. s i lver 8 a a bove ), f l our ish a bove.

F ig. 6 95. No r ecorded f inds. We igh t : BN 4 306B

7 .45 g

An o bscure s i lver c o in s hares s o me f eatures o f t echn ique w ith t he a bove i ssues. O bv.

Head t o r igh t , h a ir o f Ss hapes, S c ross ing c heek .

R ev.

Horse t o l ef t ( c f . g o ld t ype b ), l yre b e low , d r iver a bove. F ig. 6 96.

No r ecorded f inds. BN 1 96 7/58 4, we ight n ot r ecorded.

2 97

Settlement and Coinage in Central Gaul c.200-50 B�C. Part ii

Daphne Nash

BAR Supplementary Series 39(ii) 1978

British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GE�ERAL EDITORS A. C. C. B rodribb, M.A. Mrs. Y. M. Hands

A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. Supplementary Series 39 (II), 1978: 'Settlement and Coinage in Central Gaul c.200 - 50 B.C.' Part II © Daphne Nash, 1978. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407390857 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407391984 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860540069 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407346786 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540069 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

CONTENTS PART i P age L ist o f i l lustrat ions L ist o f a bbrev iat ions P reface 1 .

I n troduct ion

2 .

S et t le men t i n Cen tra l G au l c. 200-c . 120/100 B .C.

3 .

Early a nd m idd le p hases o f t he c o inage i n C en tra l Gau l

1 1 9

Ear ly p hase s i lver

2 2

Midd le p hase s i lver

4 1

Early a nd midd le p hase g o ld

6 3

4 .

C en tra l Gau l c .120/ 100-50 B .C.

10

5 .

S et t le men t i n Auvergne 1 20-50 B .C.

1 18

6 .

Co inage o f t he Arvern i a nd t he mass if c en tra l i n t he f i rst c en tury B .C.

1 38

7 .

S et t le men t i n Berry c .120-50 B .C.

1 74

8 .

Co inage o f t he B itur iges Cub i i n t he f i rst c en tury B .C.

2 01

9 .

S et t le men t i n P o itou a nd t he w est c .120-50 B .C.

2 35

1 0.

Co inage o f t he P ictones a nd w estern Gau l i n t he f i rst c en tury B .C.

1 1.

2 46

F irst c en tury s et t le men t i n L i mous in a nd s ou thernc en tra l Gau l

1 2.

2 62

F irst c en tury c o inage o f L i mous in a nd s ou thernc en tra l Gau l

2 80 PART i

N otes

2 98

Append ix 1 :

Hoards

3 01

Append ix 2 :

Test marks a nd c oun ter marks o n g o ld c o ins

3 19

Append ix 3 :

Amphora f inds i n Gau l

3 21

Ca mpan ian w are f inds i n Gau l

3 29

S pan ish mater ia l i n C en tra l Gau l F inds o f c o ins o f Mass i l ia i n C en tra l Gau l B ib l iography

3 34, 3 36 3 39 3 43

P lates

3 54f f .

I nd ices

4 17

NOTES

1 .

( p . 2 4 )

A l len 1 969 :38;

ac o in w h ich i s al a ter d evelop men t f ro m t he

Empor itan B r id iers t ype v ar iety C ( p . 3 0 ), 4 .30 g i s r eputed ly o vers truck w ith d ies o f a Rhode i m itat ion o r a monna ie a l a c ro ix , t hereby d e monstra t ing t hat t he Br id iers t ype c o in must b e a n e arl ier c on te mpo rary o f t he o vertype.

The v ar iety i n q ues t ion i s l ate i n t he s er ies

a nd n o t f ound i n t he Br id iers h oard ;

t h is p art icu lar c o in i s s o mewhat

h eav ier t han t he o ther t hree e xa mp les Ih ave f ound , a l though t wo a t l east o f t he o thers w ere p lated a nd t herefore u nderwe igh t .

Co lbert d e

B eau l ieu 1 973a :289 d oubted t he a uthen t ic ity o f t h is c o in . 2 .

( p . 4 0 )

S ic.

BN c ata logue.

B lanchet RN 1 907 :473 s tated t hat i t was

f rom G renade-sur-l 'Adour ( Landes ). 3 .

( p . 4 3 )

A l len 1 969 h oards 8 ( l a L oub iere , Avey ., 3 .35-3.60 g ); 9 ( I le

d e N od, G ers , 3 .30-3.40 );

1 0 ( M irande , G ers, 3 .30-3.40 );

E t ienne-des-Landes, Dord., 3 .32 , 3 .35 , 3 .35 , 3 .30 ); Avey .); 4 .

( p . 6 2 )

1 3 ( La Gasse , Avey. );

1 1 ( Sa in t-

1 2 ( Mart iel ,

1 4 ( Nod , G ers.).

An I ron Age s i te e xcavated a t Muron-la-Couture ( Ch. Mar.,

p . 2 41) y ie lded many sma l l s i lver c o ins; a l though o f d if feren t t ypes. I t i s c erta in , t herefore, t hat t h is t ype o f f ract iona l c o in was i n u se i n t he w est o f Gau l a t l east i n t he f i rst c en tury B .C. 5 .

( p . 6 9 ) I t i s p oss ib le t hat s o me g o ld c o ins i n im itat ion o f t he Rh ineland S ch t isse lm i inzen c o ins f ound i n t he Tayac h oard ( G ironde, p . 6 9f f .) a re o f l oca l f abr icat ion .

Two e lectru m s taters ( no w e ight g iven ) w ere f ound

i n l a Tene I I d ebr is a t Mou l iets-et-V i l le mart in ( G ir. a ppend ix 1 n o. 3 8 ). C o ins o f R h ine land o r ig in o f S chusse l munzen t ype a re k nown e lsewhere i n w es tern G au l , f or i ns tance i n t he h oard o f C ourcoury ( Ch . Mar . p end ix 1 n o . 3 7 ) .

a p-

The C ourcoury h oard c on ta ined o ver 1 00 g o ld c o ins ,

( a ) d egenera te h ead o f ab ird a nd o n t he r everse a c ross b etween ' neurons ' w i th 3 g lobu les ; c irc le .

( b ) b en t s nake a nd o n t he r everse 6 g lobu les i n as em i-

C o ins weighed 7 .25-7.30g , a nd w i th t he m were s everal g o ld

i ngo ts , o ne o f wh ich we ighed 2 81.25g . 6 .

( p . 7 3 ) A t reatmen t o f t he f u l l r ange o f e ar ly g o ld c o inages o f t he Ar mor ican p en insu la a nd t he a rea i m med iately t o i t s e ast i s b eyond t he s cope o f t h is b ook , e ven t hough i n t ype a nd t reatmen t s o me s how c lose a f f in it ies w ith t he Eastern Ar mor ican a nd w estern-cen tra l c o inages wh ich a re d iscussed. N otab le among t hose n ot d iscussed i s ag roup b elong ing e ar ly i n t he s econd c entury B .C. a nd n or ma l ly a t tr ibu ted t o t he Redones ( LT ) 0 ( I I 6 756 ) w h ich h as e astern Ar mor ican o bverse t rea tmen t a nd o n t he r everse a n e xstat ic r ider , p erhaps r eca l l ing t he h orseman v ar iet ies o f Br id iers g roup c o ins.

The h ead o f Hel ios mot if

d iscussed b elow ( p . 9 0f .) i s a lso f ound o n e ar ly Ar mor ican c o ins ( e.g. BN 6 412-3 ). 2 98

7 .

( p . 7 3 )

For i nstance C ather inot r ecorded t hat ' ear ly Ph il ip i m itat ions '

w ere f ound a t t he f o l low ing p laces i n Berry d ur ing 1 687 ( MSAC XX I I 1 897-8 :228-9 ) :

1a t P le i mp ied , Ia t S a in te So lange , 4f ro m B erry , 1

f ro m V ierzon .

N o f urther d eta ils a re a va i lab le ;

s uch c o ins must f re-

q uen t ly h ave f ound t he ir way i n to ma jor c o l lect ions h av ing l ong a go l ost a ny r ecord o f t he ir p rovenance. 8 .

( p . 8 2 )

I t i s ar e mo te p oss ib i l ity t ha t d esp ite t he d if ference b etween t he

we igh t r ecorded i n t he n ineteen th c en tury a nd t he a ctua l w e igh t o f t he Cöte c o in , t hat t h is i s t he s a me c o in a s t hat f ound a t S o ings ( de l a S aussaye 1 836 f i g. 2 , h ere f i g. 1 95 ) a s t hey c orrespond v ery c lose ly i ndeed i n i l lustrat ion .

The Cite c o l lect ion i ncludes o ne o ther c o in a l-

most c erta in ly f ro m S o ings ( Cöte n o. 1 10 , 4 . 2 4 g ) a nd i l lustrated a t d e l a S aussaye 1 836 f i g. 1 ( 4 .22 g ). 9 .

( p . 9 2 )

Th is c o in i s p robab ly c on te mporary w ith a nother Ash mo lean

c o in ( f ig. 2 04 ) 1 .87 g w ith Ar mor ican t ype h u man h eaded h orse t o l ef t a nd a w inged man ik in b e low ( probab ly a ncestra l t o c o ins o f t he V enet i i n t he f i rst c en tury ) w h ich s hou ld b y f ineness a nd w e igh t b e long among t he e ar l iest Ar mor ican c o inages.

The e ar ly c o in i l lustrated a t LT XX I I I

6 830 ( 7 .68 g , t ype f i g. 2 05 ) c lear ly b elongs w ith b oth t hese q uarters taters a s i th as a h ippoca mp o f t he s a me t ype a s f i g. 2 07 i n t he h a ir o f t he o bverse, a nd r everse t ype w ith man ik in o f f i g. 2 04.

The b oar i n

t he h a ir o f f i g. 2 08 i s a mot if r epeated o n LT 6 768 ( 7 .75 g ) o f t he Redones ( ? ), o f wh ich i ti s p robab ly a v ar iety , a nd o n l a ter f i rst c en tury c o ins o f t he O s is m i ( c f. LT XX I I 6 541). 1 0.

( p. 1 03 )

Th is c o in i s p robab ly t he c o in p ub l ished i n MSAC 1 ( 1868 ) n o. 3

wh ich w as s a id t here t o h ave b een f ound n ear Bourges i n 1 867. Draw ings a re o f ten p oor, s o t ha t i ti s i mposs ib le t o b e c er ta in w hether t here w ere o ne o r t wo c o ins. 1 1.

( p . 1 38 )

Go ld s taters a nd q uarter-staters w ith l yre a nd i nscr ip t ion MA

k nown f ro m t he h oards o f L ap te ( HL ) a nd S a in t-Uze ( Dröme ) a re p roba b ly n ot Arvern ian , a lthough a t tr ibuted t o t he m b y t he ma in p ub l icat ions ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 958;

C astel in 1 961;

Ho l lbert 1 958 ;

3 10, c f . 3 11-2 f ro m t he h oard o f C rd m ieu ( I s &e . ) .

f i g. 3 07-

By w e ight t hey a re

c o mparable w ith Arvern ian f i rst c en tury g o ld , h owever ( esp. C astel in 1 961 ), a nd i ti s n ot i nheren t ly u n l ikely t hat t hey m igh t b elong t o t he l ate s econd c en tury r a ther t han t o t he f i rst , s ince t he C re m ieu c o ins ( i f r el a ted t o t he L ap te a nd S a in t-Uze s er ies ) a re h eavy. 1 2.

( p. 1 55 )

The c o in was f ound i n Ave. Royat , Cha ma l Ares ;

i tw as f i t ted

w ith a s uspens ion r ing , a nd a pparen t ly w ith t he r ing w e ighs 7 .35 g . The Ga l l ia a rt icle e st i mated t he r ing 's w e igh t a t 0 .5-1.0 g , w h ich i fc orrect wou ld y ie ld a v ery l i ght w e igh t f or t he c o in . 1 3.

( p. 1 88 )

One m igh t c ompare t he c o in f inds o n t he s ite o f Varennesles-

Macon ( S+L ).

Th is i s ap re-conquest o pen s et t le men t w ith a n i mpor tan t

p ot tery i ndustry ;

c o in f inds a re a l most e n t irely o f t wo s orts, Aeduan

p o t ins w ith t wo-band o bverse a nd o bo ls o f Mass il ia ( Ga l l ia 1 968 :503f.; 1 970 :393;

i n for ma t ion f ro m M. A . Barthd le my ).

2 99

1 4.

( p . 2 02 )

Iw ou ld l ike h ere t o e xpress my t hanks t o Dr. D . M. Metca l f

who p erfor med t he a na lys is o n t he c o ins f or me. 1 5.

( p . 2 13 )

Math ieu 1 845 :

t he d ie w as f ound i n ab u ild ing ' o f s o me i m-

p ortance ' t ogether w ith a s andstone c ruc ib le 6 5 mm d eep a nd 4 5 mm w ide s t i l l h a l f f u l l o f ' pot in ' c oo led a t b o i l ing p o in t a nd s tuck h ard t o t he w a l ls.

The d ie was c on ica l a nd o f i ron , 3 3 mm l ong a nd 2 0 i n d i-

ameter a t t he b ase ;

t he e ngrav ing h ad b een a ltered a nd was n ot i n t he

c en tre o f t he f ace o f t he d ie. 1 6.

( p . 2 23 )

Is ha l l n ot h ere i nclude t he t ype w ith e ag le o r e ag les a nd

l egend CAL IAG I I IS o r VANDELOS ( LT 2 0 ( I I 8 000 , 7 988-7981; o n h is p l. X IX ).

c f . t ypes

These c o ins a re f requen t ly f ound i n t he t err itory o f

t he B itur iges , a s may b e s een f ro m t he s i te f inds n oted i n t h is b ook , a nd t he e ag le might b e c o mpared w ith t he b ird o n t he ABVDOS g roup g o ld , b ut t here i s n ot y et s uf f ic ien t ly s trong e v idence t o d ec ide t he ir a t tr ibu t ion i n f avour o f t he B itur iges r ather t han t he Carnu tes o r a n e ighbour ing p eop le. 1 7.

( P . 2 46 )

Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 962c i s t he f u l lest p ub l icat ion o f t he

s er ies a s a who le.

B enus ig l io 1 957 p ub l ished c o ins f ro m t he C hevan-

c eau h oard wh ich e n larges o n t he r ange o f v ar iet ies.

The a l loy c o mpo-

s it ion o f s o me s taters i s g iven i n b oth p ub l icat ions. 1 8.

( p . 2 76 )

There was a q uarry s pec ia l is ing i n s uch v esse ls a t S a int-

Chr istophe-le-Chaudry ( Cher , L av i l le 1 963 ); mortars, s tone c ups a nd a n amphora w ere made t here o n t he s pot o u t o f t he s andstone where i t w as q uarr ied.

The s andstone i s p ink a nd m il ls made t here h ave b een

f ound ma in ly i n t he Berry a rea , s o t here i s n o g ood r eason t o s uppose t hat t h is a ctua l q uarry s upp l ied t he s andstone mater ia l f ound a t Puy d u Tour.

3 00

APPEND IX 1 F INDS AND HOARDS OF PRE-CONQUEST CENTRAL GAULISH COINS

C on ten ts P o i tou

A . 1 .

G rgs igny-Sa in te-Reine , A les ia g rave d epos i ts .

B .

E ar ly a nd midd le p hases :

2 . Br id iers . 3 . B uxeu i l . 4 .

C henöves .

5 . I ngrandes .

2 8 .

C hevanceau .

2 9 .

N ior t .

3 0 .

P ar thenay .

3 1.

P o i t iers .

3 2 .

S a in t-Cyr .

3 3 .

S a in t-P ierre-de- Ma i l lg .

3 4 .

V ivonne .

6 . I ssoudun-and-Charn izay .

L i mous in a nd t he s ou th :

7 .

3 5 .

I Mngven t-l 'Abbaye .

8 . O b terre .

3 6.

Br ive .

9 . R ouque t te .

3 7.

C ourcoury .

3 8 .

Mou l iets-e t-V i l le mar t in .

D .

M ixed p re-conques t h oards :

1 0 .

L es trade .

S a in t- Medard-de- Murs idan .

1 1.

S o ings .

1 2 .

Tayac .

1 3 . Va len9ay . 1 4 .

V ierzon .

C .

La te p hase :

3 9 .

C heverny .

4 0 .

C ivaux .

4 1.

J a lesche/ Marci l la t .

4 2 .

Mon targ is .

4 3 .

R o magne .

1 5 . Auzances .

E .

P os t-war h oards :

1 6 .

L a C hape l le-Lauren t .

4 4.

B onneu i l .

1 7.

C hevene t .

4 5 .

C han tenay .

1 8 .

Orcines .

4 6.

L a C igogne .

1 9 .

P ionsa t .

4 7.

C o mpre ignac .

V ir le t .

4 8 . 4 9.

F ondet tes . J ersey-6.

5 0 .

L a Mei l lera ie-T i l lay .

5 1.

V ernon .

Auvergne

2 0 .

B erry 2 1 .

Cha teaume i l lan t .

2 2 .

C hauv igny .

2 3 .

C o mb iers .

F .

Monna ies ä l a c roix h oards :

2 4 .

G ou trens .

5 2 .

B o mpas .

5 3 . 5 4.

Mon tredon-Labesson ig . Moussan .

2 5 . Mou l ins-sur-C6phons . 2 6 . Tendu . 2 7 . Va tan .

3 01

1 .

A .

A les ia g rave d epos i ts , a t G res igny-Sa in te-Reine ( C .d 'O ). g raphy :

C o lber t d e B eau lieu 1 955a ;

B ib lio-

C rawford 1 969:565 .

To ta ls : G au lish :

1 0 g o ld 2 46 s i lver 1 40 b ronze 5 3 p ot in 4 49

R o mAn :

1 32 d enar i i 2q u inar i i

G au l ish t ypes :

t o Q PO MPEI RVFI ( 54 B . C .)

( Figures i nb rackets p re faced b y CB d enote C olber t d e B eau l ieu 1 955a i nven tory n u mbers )

G o ld 2

P ictones s ta ters , 1w i th S A ( CB 1 6, 2 1).

1

ABVDOS o f t he B i tur iges ( CB 1 44 ) .

1

VERCINGETORIXS o f t hd Arvern i ( CB 6 9 ) BN 3 778 .

2

u n inscr ibed Arvern i ( CB 1 22 ) BN 3 745 .

1

u n inscr ibed Arvern i o f h el meted V ercingetorix t ype ( CB 1 23 ).

1

S OLIMA o f t he B i tur iges ( CB 8 1) BN 4 196.

2

c rane a nd t re foi l s er ies ( CB 1 36 ) BN 4 066.

S i lver 1 6

S EQVANOIOTVOS o f e as tern Gau l ( CB 2 5 ) .

2

KAAETEAOY ( CB 6 2 ) BN 8 291, e as tern Gau l .

5

DVBNOCOV DVBNOREIX o f t he Aedu i ( CB 6 5 , 6 6 ) BN 5 044 ( 1 ) , 5 046 ( 4 ).

1 2

L ITAVICOS o f t he Aedu i ( CB 6 7) BN 5 075 .

5

u n inscr ibed -Arvern i ( CB 1 24-8 ).

8

P ICTILOS o f t he Arvern i ( CB 1 32 ) .

3

EPAD o f t he Arvern i ( CB 1 33 ) .

1

B i tur iges s word g roup w i th b oar a nd X ( CB 1 37).

1

B i tur iges s word g roup w i th s word a nd

1

B i tur iges s word g roup w i th * .

1

B i tur iges s word g roup w i th

1

B i tur iges s word g roup w i th s word a nd p en tagra m ( CB 1 39 ).

1

B i tur iges s word g roup w i th I VRC ( CB 1 42 ) .

1

s evered h ead g roup B ( CB 1 43) .

SP

( CB 1 40 ).

( CB 1 38 ).

e®(CB 141).

5

s evered h ead g roup A ( CB 1 65 ).

6

SOLIMA CO MMA o f e as tern Gau l ( CB 1 48 ).

7

D IASVLOS o f e as tern G au l ( CB 1 49 ).

4

DOYBNO o f t he Aedu i ( CB 1 50 ) .

1

DOYB o f t he Aedu i ( CB 1 51).

3 0

u n inscr ibed Aedu i ( CB 1 59-162 ) BN 5 252 .

1 4

ANORBO DVBNOREIX o f t he Aedu i ( CB 1 63 ) .

4

IPO MEDVOS o f Auvergne ( CB 1 64 ).

2

DVRNACVS AVSCRO ( CB 1 67) o f t he R hone v a l ley .

3 02

4 1 1

P e trocor i i ( CB 1 70 ) BN 4 309 . VEPOTAL o f u ncer ta in o r ig in ( CB 1 71-2 ) , BN 4 484 ( 10 ) , 4 495 ( 1 ).

7 2

TOG IRIX o f t he S equan i ( CB 1 76).

1 8

Q DOCI SA M F o f t he S equan i ( CB 1 77).

1

V indelic i ( CB 1 78 ) BN 9 383 .

1

V e l iocasses ( CB 1 79 ).

1

VOL o f t he Rhone Va l ley ( CB 1 80 ) BN 2 630 .

3

monnaies a l a c ro ix ( n egroid h ead ) ( CB 1 81) BN 2 976 a nd a n o bo l ( CB 1 82 ) .

1

D IA/DIARILOS ( CB 1 84 ) BN 5 437.

2

o bo ls o f Mass i lia w i th MA ( CB 1 69 ).

Bronze a nd p ot in : 1

EA KESOOYIS TASG I ITIOS o f t he C arnu tes ( CB 7 3 ).

2

RE MO/RE MO o f t he R em i ( CB 1 07).

1

AEIOIYCl/AEP ICIAC ( CB 1 09 ) o f B e lg ic G au l , BN 7 779.

5

ADCANAVNOS o f t he Arvern i ( CB 1 29 ).

7

CALI IDV o f t he Arvern i ( CB 1 30 ).

2

P ICTILOS o f t he Arvern i ( CB 1 32 ).

5 9

C ICL LDV. BR I/ IIPAD o f t he Arvern i ( CB 1 34 ).

5

CA MBIL ( CB 1 35 ).

9

ABVDOS ( CB 1 45 ) o f t he B i tur iges .

1

I LAVSO o f t he B i tur iges ( CB 1 46 ).

1

I SVN IS o f t he B i tur iges ( CB 1 47).

6

p o t ins ' c f BN 5 542 ' ( CB 1 52 ).

1

BVCIOS o f t he Arvern i ( CB 1 53 ).

1

b ronze o f u ncer tain , p erhaps P icton ian , o r ig in ( CB 1 54 ) , s ee p .256

4

C arnu tes w i th s nake ( CB 1 55 ) BN 6 077.

1

C arnu tes ( CB 1 56 ) BN 6 088 .

1 9 1 2 1 3 2 1 6 1 2

B .

L ingones ( CB 3 8 ) BN 8 329.

1

VANDI ILOS p erhaps o f t he C arnu tes ( CB 1 57 ). CALIAG I I IS p erhaps o f t he C arnu tes ( CB 1 58 ). L euc i p o t in w i th b oar a nd

( CB 1 66 ).

S enones p o t ins ( CB 1 68 ) BN 7 434. S enones p o t in ( CB 1 73 ) BN 7 458 . YLLVCCI o f B elg ic G au l ( CB 1 74 ) BN 7 493 . A edu i p o t ins w i th t wo-band o bverse ( CB 1 75 ) BN 5 368 .

3

b ronze t ype BN 5 093 ( CB 1 83 ).

2

u n inscr ibed Arvern i ( CB 1 31).

HOARDS OF THE EARLY AND MIDDLE PHASES 2 .

Br idiers , n ear l a S ou terra in , C reuse . B ib l iography : n o . 5 1;

F i l l ioux 1 862 :464-5 a nd MSSNAC I V :102 ;

ABT

Nash 1 973 :6.

F ound i n 1 862 i n ap o t w i th a b lack s l ip . i nc luded Br id iers t ypes :

3 03

Over 4 0 s i lver c oins .

These

v ar .

B 1 ( 2 ) C ( 3 ) D 1 ( 2 ) I rregu lar ( 1 )

I

v ar .

A ( 5 ) B 2 ( 1 ) B 3 ( 1 )

I I

v ar .

A

( 4 )

3 .

Buxeu i l ( I ndre ) . B ib l iography :

ABT n o . 1 15 ;

MS .AC I I ( 1869 ) :300-2;

o ne c o in

MSAC X II I ( 1885 ) :327 ( PI I ) . 4 5 1 0 1 1 2

c oins o f Wes t B erry s i lver t ypes , wh ich i nc luded ( 4 1 c o ins ) : t wo h orses B w i th h ead t o l e f t/ tr iang le a bove , X b elow , t ype t o l e f t . t wo h orses B b u t w i th o bverse h ead t o r igh t . t wo h orses A i w i th h ead t o r igh t/ type t o r igh t ,

pa bove , ' l une t tes '

b e low . 3 5

t wo h orses C w i th h ead t o r igh t/ type t o l e f t . H orse man t ype PH IA h ead t o r igh t/horse man t o r igh t , ' l unet tes ' b e low .

6

H orse man t ype P I IB h ead t o r igh t/horse man t o r igh t , h and b e low .

2

H orse man t ype PH IC h ead t o r igh t/horse man t o r igh t ,

1

H orse man t ype P I

o p

b elow .

2

wo l f a nd h orse t ype A i i h ead t o r igh t , c ross o n c heek/ type t o r igh t .

1 1

wo l f a nd h orse t ype B i h ead t o l e f t , p la in c heek/ type t o r igh t . wo l f a nd h orse w i th h ead t o r igh t/ type t o r igh t ,x b e low .

1

c o in w i th h ead t o r igh t/horse t o r igh t , ' f lower ' a bove , l yre b e low .

1

c oin p erhaps n o t f ro m t he h oard :

h ead t o r igh t , c onvo lu ted l ocks/

h orse t o r igh t , d r iver a bove , a ngu lar s y mbo l b e low . T h is i s p robab ly t he s a me a s t he I ssoudun h oard ( C f ABT n o . 1 15b a nd Anon . 4 .

C ong .

1 873 ) .

B lanche t 1 934.

b ase g o ld s ta ters o f t he A edu i : we igh ts :

5 .

F r .

C henoves ( S+L ) . B ib l iography :

3 5

a rcheo l .

( t ype f ig . 1 62-6 a nd v ars .)

6 .60 ( 1 ) , 6 .70 ( 2 ) , 6 .80 ( 4 ) , 6 .90 ( 9 ) , 7 .0 ( 1 1 ) , 7 .10 ( 3 ) .

I ngrandes ( I ndre ) . B ib l iography :

ABT n o . 1 18 ;

Anon .

C ong .

F ound i n 1 872 i n a sma l l e ar then v ase . s i lver t ypes .

Arch6o l .

F r .

2 8 c oins o f Wes t B erry

T here were s even v ar iet ies :

1 .

P I I Aqu i tan ic h ead t o r igh t/horse man t o r igh t , h and b e low .

2 .

3 .25g . Two h orses t ype w i th r everse t ype t o r igh t , b e low .

3 .

1 873 .

One =

a bove , ' l unet tes '

One = 3 .35g .

Wol f a nd h orse t ype t o r igh t w i th c ross o n t he c heek o n t he o bverse ; o ne = 3 .15 g . 3 04

4 .

Wo l f a nd h orse t ype t o l e f t ;

5 .

Wol f a nd h orse t ype t o l e f t w i th a v ar ian t s y mbo l b e low , 3 .25g .

6 .

o ne = 3 .50g .

Two h orses w i th o bverse t o l e f t/ two h orses t o l e f t , t r iquetra ( ?) b e low , 3 .25g .

7 .

a s l ast , b u t o bverse t o r igh t , 3 .22g .

6 .

I ssoudun-and-Charn izay ( L ndre ). B ib l iography :

ABT n o . 1 15b a nd 1 22.

Wes t Berry g roup s i lver , a verage weigh t 3 .30g ( 3 .0-3 .50g ) ;

c on-

t en ts i nc luded : Two h orses s er ies ( 28 ) BN 5 986-6013 . H orse a nd wol f s er ies ( 16 ) BN 6 017-6031A ;

M MAG Dec .1972 , 2 29

( 3 .40 ). H orse w i th s tylised a n i ma l ( 3 ) BN 6 014-6. B ouncing r ider s er ies ( 1 ) BN 6 031A . P I I h orse man t ype ( Co lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 971a ) BN 4 428-9 , M MAG Dec . 1 972 , 2 29 ( 3 .32 ). P erhaps P I . PV . 7 .

L es trade ( Dordogne , c ne . ABT n o. 5 5 ;

Mou leyd ier ).

A l len 1 969 n o . 3 .

6 00-700 worn monna ies a l a c roix s ome f resh Wes t B erry wo l f a nd h orse t ype . 8 .

Ob terre - Pau lnay ( I ndre ). B ib l iography : Anon .

C ong .

C ou lon RAC 1 975 :227-232 ; Arch .

F r .

ABT n o . 1 19 , 1 19b ;

1 873 .

F ound i n 1 865 a nd d ispersed ;

ap ot h oard .

Abou t 4 00-500 i n t he o r i-

g ina l c on ten ts o f wh ich 8 r e ma in ( 3 i n MAN , 5i n ap r iva te c ol lect ion ) . H oard o f Wes t B erry s i lver , wh ich i ncluded t he t ypes : P 1(2 ). P I I h orse man t ype w i th h and , w i th c ross o n c heek a nd p la in o bverse ( 3) . Two h orses s er ies ( 1 ) . P I I I h orse man t ype w i th ' l unet tes ' ( 2 ). 9 .

R ouquet te ( Dordogne ). B ib liography :

Lacroix a nd Gr icour t

( 1972 ) 1 0-15 ;

ABT n o . 5 4 ;

C ah iers Nu m is ma t iques 3 1

A l len 1 969 n o . 4a nd p . 3 9 n . 2 .

P o t h oard wh ich c on ta ined s o mewha t u nder 5 50 monna ies a l a c roix a nd 6 g old Tayac t ype s ta ters , d escr ibed a s h av ing a h ead o f Apo l lo a nd a b iga w i th E a nd ' l egend ' o f ar ow o f f l. The t ype o f t he monna ies a l a c roix i s n ot k nown a s t hey a re a l l n ow l os t o r d es troyed , b u t t hey a re r epor ted a s b eing c oncave , w i th i nd e ter m ina te o bverse t ypes a nd o f p oor s i lver a l loy .

3 05

1 0 .

S a in t- Wdard-de-Gu izi n.e s ( G ironde ). A l len 1 969 :38 n o . 1a nd 3 9 n . 2 . F ound i n 1 894 ;

t he h oard c on ta ined T ayac t ype g old s ta ters a nd

q uar ter-s ta ters .

1 7 s ta ters a re i n t he Museu m o f " Per igueux w i th

q uar ter-s ta ters ;

1 0 more a re i n t he Museu m o f B ordeaux ( i n for ma-

t ion f ro m D . F . A l len ). 1 1.

S oings ( L+Ch ). ABT :135 ;

d e l a S aussaye 1 836.

C o l lect ion o f u ncer ta in n a ture b u t c ons is ten t d a te ;

f ound o n t he e dge

o f t he l ake a t S oings , n ear a Ga l lo-Ro man b u i ld ing .

8g o ld c oins

were f ound ( 4 s ta ters a nd 4 q uar ters ) : Eastern Ar mor ican t ype B (7.96 , 2 .0 ) , Bv ar . ( 1 .95 ). Ear ly B erry v ar ie t ies A l ( 7 .91, 1 .95 ). A2 ( 7 .91). A3 ( 1 .95 ). 1 2 .

Tayac ( G ir .). S cheers 1 973 n o . 2 1; 2 91 n . 5 47 , c f .

Kel lner 1 970 ;

C o lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 973a :

p . 5 02

2p o t h oards f ound i n 1 893 .

T ota l o f c . 3 25 c oins , 1g o ld t orque

we igh ing 7 62g ( broken i n t wo ) , a nd 3 g o ld i ngo ts ( 53 .40g , 5 5 .5g , 1 6.998g ). C oins : 7 8 1 95

t ype I ' rainbow-cup ' c o ins c . 7 .55-7.60g . s taters a nd 7 q uar ter-s ta ters t ype I ( Tayac g o ld t ype ) c . 7 .61-7.78g . For f ineness a nd me ta l a na lys is s ee Kel lner 1 970 :44 , 4 6.

6 5

t ype I I ( Beaune t ype ) c . 7 .38-7.55g .

6 4

t ype I V ( W ide f lan Ambian i/Ga l lo-Be lg ic A , S cheers S er ies 1 c lass 4 -5 a nd s er ies 2 c lass 1 ) C . 7 .55g .

1

t ype V , Vene t i s ta ter 7 .5 5g t ype BN 6 884 w i th o u ts tretched a r ms . One e ar l ier g o ld s ta ter w i th t ypes c loser t o S a in te-Eanne s er ies ( p . 6 9 f .). The t orques ( Car ta i lhac 1 897 ;

Ke l lner 1 970 ) h as a s te m o f 4w ires

t w is ted t ogether w i th e nds o f h o l low f la t tened s pheres .

A t l eas t o ne

Tayac t ype c oin was t es t- marked w i th a c h ise l ( Kress s a le 1 0 J une 1 958 n o . 2 10 , 7 .60g ). 1 3 .

Va len9ay ( L ndre ). ABT n o . 1 16;

2 5

c ou ld b e p ar t o f t he Buxeu i l h oard ;

B eauva is 1 900 .

c oins o f s i lver Wes t Berry t ypes , 1 9 w i th h ead t o t he r igh t .

1

P I h orse man .

5

h orse man t o r igh t w i th h and b elow ( P I I ) .

4

h orse man t o r igh t , ' l une t tes ' b elow .

1

h orse man t o r igh t , ' 'b e low .

7

t wo h orses t ype t o r igh t ( one w i th mous tached o bverse ).

3 06

4

t wo h orses t ype t o l e f t , c ross b elow .

1

b ounc ing r ider t ype , D C b e low .

1

b ounc ing r ider , A b elow .

1 4 .

V ierzon .

( Cher ).

ABT n o . 3 3 ;

MSAC I I ( 1869 000-2 .

S i lver Wes t B erry h oard f ound i n 1 847.

O f u ncer ta in s ize ;

r ecorded

t ypes a re : Two h orses . P I o r P I I a nd/or P il. B ouncing r ider . C .

LATE PHASE HOARDS Auvergne 1 5 .

Auzances ( Creuse ). ABT n o . 5 0 . sma l l ( ?) h oard o f Arven ian g o ld s ta ters i nclud ing VERCINGETOR IX .

1 6.

L a C hapel le-Lauren t ( PD ). L a faur ie BSFN 1 95 1 /5 : 340-1. Abou t 1 000 c oins wh ich a ppear l arge ly t o h ave b een Arvern ian a nd i nc luded : s i lver P ICTILOS ( BN 4 007 ). s i lver IPAD ( BN 3 885 ). s i lver L IPO MEDVOS . u n inscr ibed s i lver c f BN 3 820-1:

( a ) h ead b are t o l e f t w i th b ig l ocks/

Arvern ian h orse t o l e f t , Sa bove , c en tre-dot ted r ing o f d ots b elow ; ( b ) s a me Obv . /Rev .

Arvern ian h orse t o l e f t , Sa bove , u ncer ta in

s y mbol b e low . 1 7.

C hevene t ( cne . ABT :

C ordel le , Loire ).

n o . 1 36.

P o t h oard f ound i n 1 831 o f 9 00 Arvern ian g o ld s ta ters , a y . weigh t 7 .55g ( l i mi ts 7 .65 , 7 .49 , 7 .33g ). 1 8 .

T ypes n o t r ecorded .

Orc ines ( PD ). ABT n o . 1 99 . 7 0 g o ld s ta ters o f t he Arvern i , a y . weigh t 7 .20g ;

1 9 .

1h ad l egend CAS .

P ionsa t ( PD ) . ABT n o. 1 96. F ound i n 1 853 ;

l arge Arvern ian h oard o f g o ld c oins 7 .32-7.61g ;

t ypes i ncluded A l , A3 , A 7, A ll, A 13 , A 14 , A 16 a nd B t ypes . 2 0 .

V ir le t ( PD ) . ABT n o . 1 97.

C ou ld b e t he s a me a s P ionsa t .

G o ld Arvern ian h oard wh ich i nc luded a bou t 2 0 VERCINGETOR IX . 3 07

B i tur iges 2 1.

C hä teau mei l lan t ( Cher ) . C o thene t 1 962 .

4 8 1 4 7

b ronze c oins n o t i n ac on ta iner , o n t he G a l lerand s i te b e tween C aesar ian a nd Augus tan l eve ls . worn b ronze , p erhaps CAL IAGI IIS o r VANDELOS . p o t ins , ma in ly c rude h ead t o l e f t/crude a n i ma l t o l ef t ( f ig . 5 57 ) b u t s o me ( unspec i f ied n u mber ) o f t ype w i th s was t ika ( f ig . 5 98 ) .

2 2 .

C hauv igny ( V ienne ) . ABT n o . 2 62 . H oard a pparen t ly c ons is t ing o n ly o f CA MBOTRE s i lver .

2 3 .

C o mb iers ( Charen te ) . C o lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 956d ; 6s i lver CA MBOTRE ;

2 4 .

ABT :

4 13 .

o ther c on ten ts u ncer ta in .

G ou trens ( Aveyron. A r len 1 969 n o . 3 6 a nd p . 5 4 , 5 6;

ABT n o . 1 9 ;

C o lber t d e Beau l ieu

1 959 . H oard o f a bou t 1 500 monna ies a l a c roix weigh ing 2 .15-2 .25g , t ype w i th b oar o f t he Ru ten i . A lso i nc luded c . 4k g o f s i lver i ngots a nd af ew s word g roup c o ins o f t he f o l lowing t ypes : s word a nd p en tagra m . b oar a nd X . I VRC . * 2 5 .

00

Mou l ins- s ur-Cgphons ( I ndre ) . C o lber t d e B eau l ieu a nd L abarr i re 1 957;

MSAC 1 893-4 :335 f f ;

B lanche t 1 910 ( go ld ) . C o lber t d e B eau l ieu l is ts o n ly c o ins i n t he Musee d e C hä teauroux ; MSAC a dds c o ins s o ld t o aL evroux j ewe l ler wh ich a re a dd i t iona l . Ye t more g o ld c oins were i n t he h oard a nd were n ot r ecorded . F ound i n 1 894 .

ABVDOS ( 4 ) 6 .95 , 6 .82 , 6 .82 , 6 .77 . ABVCATOS ( 9 ) i nc lud ing 6 .83 , 6 .89 , 6 .90 , 6 .85 , 6 .89 .

B oth v ar ie-

t ies . 1 /3 s ta ter ABVDOS ( 2 ) 2 .30 , 2 .50 . 1 /6 s ta ter ABVDOS ( 1 ) 1 .0g . One u n inscr ibed s ta ter n o t i l lus tra ted ( 6 .87g ) c ou ld b e o f ABVDOS o r ABVCATOS s er ies .

3 08

S i lver CA MBOTRE ( 19 ) . CA M ( 62 ). I VRCA s er ies ( 3 2 ) . S evered h ead g roup A ( 1 ) l i gh t-we igh t ( 1 .02 ). S word a nd p en tagra m ( 142 ) . S word a nd c en tre-do t ted r ing le t ( 13 ) . S word a nd S word a nd

i t f0 (78 ) .

e and

e( 86 ).

e( 20 ) .

c rescen t ( 4 ) .

G roup I3b

eo c ) .( 12 ) .

B oar a nd c en tre-dot ted r ing le t ( 2 3 ) . B oar a nd X ( 1 19 ) . H orse w i th t wo c en tre-dot ted r ing le ts ( 8 ) . H orse t o l e f t w i th n o s y mbo l ( 1 ) . 2 6.

T endu ( I ndre ) =S a in t- Marcel d 'Argen ton . B lanche t 1 910 ;

ABT n o . 1 14 ;

MSAC 1 981:389f f ;

MAN p reserves

H oard o f s i lver s word g roup c oins , 2 49 i n o r ig in . g ib le b ronze c oin . I nco mp le te i nven tory :

One sma ll i l le-

as e lec t ion , n os . 3 916-48 .

CA MBOTRE i nc lud ing B ourges c o in 1 .83g . CA M ( 1 ) 1 .95 . I VRCA s er ies , 6t ypes . S word a nd p en tagra m . S word a nd c en tre-do t ted r ing le t ( 60 ) . S word a nd p la in r ing let ( 10 ) . S word a nd

( 12 ) 1 .80 , 1 .82 , 1 .84 , 1 .87 ( 2 ) , 1 .90 ( 2 ) , 1 .89 ( 2 ) ,

1 .85 , 1 .86 ( 2 ) . S word a nd ( 5 ) , 1 .88 ( 2 ) , 1 .84 , 1 .85 , 1 .83 . ( )1 .90 , 1 .81 , 1 .92 , 1 .87.

e 06 0

e o l ,

( 8 ) 1 .85 ( 2 ) ,

1 .82 , 1 .92 ( 2 ) , 1 .87 ( 2 ) , 1 .80 .

B oar a nd c en tre-do t ted r ing le t ( 1 6 ) 1 .89 . B oar a nd X ( 68 ) 1 .85 , 1 .87 ( 2 ) 1 .95 , 1 .83 . H orse t o l e f t w i th A a bove a nd c en tre-do t ted r ing b elow . 2 7.

V a tan ( I ndre ) n ear h i ll for t B o rman . BSFN 1 951-5 :58 . 2 0 s i lver c oins f ound o n t he s ur face , p erhaps a s ca t tered h oard . A l l o f s word g roup s i lver , i nc lud ing CA M ( no t o therwise d escr ibed ) . T ype w i th b oar was mos t worn .

P ictones a nd t he wes t 2 8 .

C hevanceau ( Ch . Mar .) . G a l l ia 1 963 :439 1 f ;

B enus ig lio 1 957.

6 4 P ic tones e lec tru m s ta ters , ( a ) 1w i th o bv .

3 09

h ead t o r igh t , c ha in

o f d o ts a round i t ; r igh t .

r ev ,

c har io teer a nd h u man-headed h orse t o

B e low , a sma l l h ead t o r igh t ( n ew t ype ).

( b ) 6 1 c o ins r e-

p resen t ing t wo v ar ie t ies o f P ic tones s ta ters w i th o bv . h ead t o r igh t , c ha in o f d o ts ; r ev , c har io teer a nd h uman-headed h orse t o r igh t , h and b e low ( t ype BN 4 395 ) .

V ar . 1 :

4 mushroo m s haped o b jec ts

a round t he h ead o n t he o bverse , a nd b us t n aked ; o b jec ts , a nd s hou lder d raped .

v ar . 2 :

n o sma l l

6 .54-7.87g .

Wi th t he c oins was o ne g o ld i ngo t 3 30g , a l mos t p ure g o ld ( over 9 0% f ine ) i n t he f or m o f ac yl indr ica l p iece o f w ire t aper ing t o ap oin t a nd c ur led u p o n i t sel f . 2 9 .

N ior t ( DS ) . Bu l le t in d e Nu m is ma t ique H oard f ound i n 1 892 ;

3 0 .

1 893 p . 8 8 .

4 0 g o ld s ta ters o f t he P ic tones t ype BN 4 395 .

P ar thenay ( V ienne ) . C o thene t e tc .

1 966.

H oard o f ATE CTOR I b ron zes . 3 1.

P oi t iers ( V ienne ) . ABT n o . 2 58 . P o t h oard o f a n u ncer ta in n u mber o f P ic tones s ta ters a nd a t l eas t 2 36 P ic tones P IV s i lver c o ins .

3 2 .

S a in t-Cyr ( V ienne ) . ABT n o . 2 60 . Sma l l h oard o f ATE CTOR I b ronzes .

3 3 .

S a in t-P ierre-de- Ma i l 16 ( V ienne ) . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu 1 971a . A t l eas t 1 06 P ic tones P IV s i lver c oins .

1

g o ld s ta ter o f l a te E as tern Ar mor ican l yre t ype ( f ig . 2 62-4 ) 7 .42g .

1

worn wo lf a nd p egasus b ronze o f t he B i tur iges . F or we igh ts o f t he s i lver c oins s ee p . 2 53 .

3 4 .

V ivonne ( V ienne ). ABT n o . 2 59 .

1 1 1

g o ld P ic tones s ta ters . s i lver S OL IMA o f e as tern G au l ( pre-conques t t ype ) .

L i mous in a nd t he s ou th 3 5 .

B eneven tl 'Abbaye ( Creuse ) . ABT n o . 4 9 . S evered h ead g roup h oard , c on ta in ing o n ly v ar ie ty A . c oins , C . 2 .10-2 .15g .

A t l eas t 4 4

I nc luded BN 4 561 ( 2 .02 ) 4 566 ( 2 .17 ) a nd G

2 735 ( 27 14 ) .

3 10

3 6.

Br ive ( Corr ze ) . I n for ma t ion f ro m t he Amer ican Nu m is ma t ic S oc iety . H oard o f g o ld c rane a nd t re fo i l g roup c oins ; f ound i n 1 918 .

3 7.

c . 1 20 c oins were

ANS c o ins we igh 6 .78 , 6 .81, 7 .02 , 7 .04g .

C ourcoury ( Ch .

Mar .) .

ABT n o. 3 1 a nd p . 4 76 ;

Nony

BSFN 1 977 :169-72 .

Over 1 00 g o ld c o ins ma in ly o f Rh ine land t ype BN 9 434 ( 7 .25-7.30g , 1 2-13 c ara t g o ld ).

A t l eas t o ne was o f t ype BN 9 421 b u t w i th 5 g lo-

b u les o n t he r everse .

There was a lso a n i ngot o f 2 81.25g .

c oins h ad b een p ar t ia l ly o r who l ly mel ted d own ; o f g old was f ound i n a l l .

S o me

a n e s t i ma ted 1 500kg

T he h oard was d iscovered i n t wo l o ts , i n

1 802 a nd 1 822 , a nd a c en tury l a ter , n earby a t ' t err ier d e l a F ade ' al ot o f g o ld a nd s i lver c oins were f ound , o f wh ich l i t t le i s k nown . As a p heno menon t h is h oard migh t b e c o mpared w ith T ayae ( no . 1 2 ) . 3 8 .

Mou l iets-et-V i l le mar t in ( G ir .). Ga llia 1 967 :343-4. No t c ertain ly a h oard .

Two e lec tru m s taters ( no weigh t g iven ) were

f ound among l a n ne I I d ebr is .

The i l lus trat ion o f o ne s ide o f e ach

s hows : 1 .

ar ow o f t hree a nd a g roup o f t wo g lobu les , a nd a f a in t d oub le l ine .

2 .

af or m less p a t tern o f a bou t 5l arge a nd h a l f ad ozen smal l g lobu les o n t he c oncave ( ?) s ide.

M ixed p re-war h oards 3 9 .

Cheverny ( L+Ch ). ABT n o . 1 33;

C raw ford 1 969 n o . 2 16;

R o l land 1 956 n o . I X ;

c f RN

1 836 p . V II I . Mixed h oard f ound i n al ake. 1 2

4 8 C e lt ic s i lver a nd 3 R o man d enar i i :

TOGIRIX o f t he S equan i . DVRNACVS AVSCRO o f t he Rhone Val ley.

5 2

OYI KY o f t he B i tur iges ( p . 2 15 ) . CA M o f t he B i tur iges . u n inser ibed s word g roup t ypes i nclud ing v ar iet ies w i th

e

Q DOCI S AM F o f t he S equan i . V I IPOTAL o f u ncerta in o r ig in . DVBNOCOV DVBNOREIX o f t he Aedu i . S EQVANOIOTVOS o f E as tern G au l . Denar i i o f M . P orcius L aeca ( 125 B .C .) , Q F abius L abeo ( 124 B .C .) a nd C A l lius Ba la ( 9 2 B . C .). 4 0 .

C ivaux ( V ienne ). Ro l land 1 956, XXX IX ; Mixed h oard :

ABT n o . 2 64.

d enar i i o f t he l a te R epub lic ( ' Ju lia , P orc ia , P os tumia ,

Vo lteia ') . 3 11

TOG IR IX ( Sequan i ) . Q DOCI S AM F ( S equan i ) . KAAETEAOY ( eas tern G au l ) . 2

g o ld ABVDOS ( B i tur iges ) . The l a tes t d a te f or B abe lon c o ins o f t he t ypes a bove a re 3 1 , 4 7/6 , 4 8 a nd 7 8 B . C . r espec t ive ly .

T here a re ' Ju l ia ' i ssues o f 4 7/6 B . C .;

t h is i s p erhaps more l i ke ly t han 3 1 s ince t he G au l ish i ssues d o n ot i nc lude a ny o f t he p os t-conques t v ar ie t ies wh ich wou ld b e e xpec ted i n ah oard o f t he l a te 3 0s o r 2 0s B . C . 4 1.

Marc i l la t ( Ja lesche ) C reuse ; B lanche t 1 910 ;

c ne .

C hä te lus- Ma lva le ix .

c f C o lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 956d ;

D ayet 1 962 ;

MSAC

XX I I ( 1 909 ) wh ich n o tes 4 c oins . F ound i n 1 908 , i n a n e ar then p o t b ound w i th a n i ron b and . Mixed h oard o f 7 9 c o ins a nd a n i ron a xe h ead . 1 3 4

c rane a nd t re fo i l g o ld s ta ters v ar . B ( MSAC r ecords a c oin 4 .70g ) . q uar ter-s ta ters o f c rane a nd t re foi l t ype .

4

CA MBOTRE ( B i tur iges ) .

4

B i tur iges s i lver s word g roup w i th b oar a nd X o r c en tre-dot ted r ing .

1

B i tur iges s i lver s word g roup w i th e i 0 ,h orse w i th n o mane .

4

B i tur iges s i lver s word g roup w i th s word a nd X , ( s ic ;

1

=p en tagra m ) .

o r more B i tur iges s i lver s word g roup w i th s word a nd r ing o f d o ts w i th c en tra l d o t ( MSAC ) 1 .90g .

1 3 1

s word g roup h a l f d eno m ina t ion 0 .92g . s evered h ead s i lver v ar . A ( weigh ts i nc lude 1 .35 , 1 .37, 1 .38 , 1 .40 , 1 .28 ( B 9 09 . 4 6.5 ) 1 .20 ( MSAC ).

1 5

s evered h ead g roup B ( we igh ts i nc lude 2 .18 , 2 .24 ) .

1

TOG IR IX s i lver ( Sequan i ) .

1

AOYNO s i lver ( Aedu i ) .

4 2 .

Mon targ is ( Loire t ) . C o lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 959 . M ixed h oard o f a t l eas t 7 5 s i lver c o ins .

P ar t ia l i nven tory :

2

s evered h ead g roup s i lver ( Aa , A c ) i n f resh c ond i t ion .

4

KAAETELOY g roup o f e as tern G au l , worn ( 1t ype BN 8 242 ; 8 222 ;

1v ar .

1 BN

8 178 w i th K a nd SI; 1 KYI .

1

c o in o f u ncer ta in a t tr ibu t ion f ro m C en tra l Gau l , p erhaps o f t he Aedu i

1

( f resh ) . monna ie a l a c ro ix w i th h ead t o l e f t , c en tre-do t ted r ing a t t he n eck ;

4 3 .

e

( worn ) .

R o magne ( V ienne ) . ABT n o . 2 65 .

3 7 4 3 3

c o ins f ound i n 1 837 . o f t he R o man r epubl ic . G au l ish s i lver i nc lud ing :

3 12

2 1

TOGIRIX ( S equan i ) .

2

Q DOCI S AM F ( Sequan i ).

1

DVBNO

( Aedu i ).

P os t-war h oards 4 4 .

B onneu i l ( V ienne ) =S a in t- Mar t inla-R iv ibre . ABT n o . 2 63 ;

R o l land 1 956 , XLI ;

Mixed h oard . 5 0

s i lver o f t he R o man r epubl ic ' i nc lud ing Ae m i l ia , J u l ia a nd P o mpon ia ' ( down t o a t l eas t C rawford 4 94 = 4 2 B .C . ( Ae m i lia ) ; ( Ju l ia )

2 2 50-300

p erhaps 3 1

) .

g o ld r ings . G au l ish c o ins i nclud ing DVRAT I VLIOS ( P ic tones , p os t-conques t ). AR IVOS S ANTONOS ( Belg ic , p os t-conques t ). Q DOCI S AM F ( Sequan i ). TOG IRIX ( Sequan i ) . G o ld ABVDOS ( B i tur iges ). G o ld SOL IMA ( B i tur iges ). S o me p ot in c oins .

4 5 .

Chan tenay ( N i vre 2 . S cheers 1 973 n o . 1 6 ;

1 77 2 4 09

C rawford 1 969 n o . 4 61;

ABT n o . 1 85 .

d enar ii t o l eg ionary i ssues o f M . An ton ius ( 3 1 B .C .) . q u inar i i . Gau l ish s i lver i nc lud ing :

5

ATEVLA VLATOS ( Belg ic , p os t-conques t ) .

1

Q I VLIOS TOGIRIX ( S equan i , p os t-conques t ).

5

IMIOCI

1

GAIV. I VLI

5 351;

p os t-conques t , p oss ibly wes tern ).

ACEDO MAPATIS ( LT 4 599 ;

p os t-conques t , u ncer ta in

o r ig in ). 2

DVRAT I VL IOS ( P ic tones , p os t-conques t ).

5

S ANTONOS ( Be lg ic , p os t-conques t ).

1 0

AR IVOS S ANTONOS ( Be lg ic , p os t-conques t ) .

8 1

Rhone v a l ley c oins w ith h orse man : 5 7 1 0

6

DVRNACVS AVSCRO . DVRNACVS DONNVS .

2

DVRNACVS ES IANN I .

6

a non .

EDVIS ORGETIR ( Aedu i ) LT 4 823 .

4

COIOS ORC I ITIR IX ( Aedu i ) LT 4 819.

7

ORCITIR IX ATPILL I F ( Aedu i ) LT 4 800 , 4 805 .

5 3

Aedu i LT 5 252 a nd v ar .

2 1

KAAETEAOY o f e as tern Gau l a nd v ars .

2 0

ANORBO DVBNOR IX ( Aedu i ;

1 4

DVBNOCOV DVBNOREIX ( Aedu i ;

2 5

L ITAVICCVS ( Aedu i ;

4 1

Q DOCI S AM F ( Sequan i ;

( LT 8 178 , 8 291).

LT 4 972 ).

LT 5 072 ;

LT 5 026, 5 044 ). 5 075 ) .

LT 5 405 ).

3 13

2 2 1 2 0

TOGIR IX ( Sequan i ;

LT 5 330 ).

EPO MI ID ( Auvergne ,

p . 1 70 ).

S EQUANOIOTVOS ( eas tern G au l ;

4

S EGVSIA/ARVS ( eas tern Gau l ;

9

LVCIOS

3

V I IPOTAL ( LT 4 495 ;

1 0 9

BN 4 622 ) .

LVCIOS ( LT 4 336) e as tern Gau l .

, AOYBNO ( Aedu i ;

wes tern Gau l?)

BN 4 886 ).

B i tur iges s i lver s word g roup i nc luding CA M .

2

SOLIMA COAIMA ( eas tern Gau l ;

7

n o t i den t i f ied .

4 6.

LT 5 351).

BN 9 025 ).

L a C igogne ( La J onch re ) HV . ABT n o . 2 67;

R ev .

S u isse .

Num .

1 902 :306.

P ot h oard . 3 2

g old o f t he P ic tones . S o me s i lver o f t he R o man R epubl ic a nd s o me imper ia l d enar i i ( n ot d a ted ).

4 7.

C o mpreignac ( La J an te , HV ). Craw ford 1 969 n o . 3 43 ;

S cheers 1 973 n o . 1 8 .

Mixed p ot h oard , 6 00-1000 c oins . Abou t 6 0 d enar i i t o P . F on teius , P . F . C api to ;

l a tes t c oin 4 3 B . C .

( I nc luded C rawford 1 973 n o . 2 35/1, 2 81/1, 3 02/1, 3 45/1, 3 64/1 , 3 74/1, 4 23/1 , 4 29/2a , 4 11/16, 4 28/3 , 4 25/1 , 4 27/2 , 4 15/1, 4 86/1). ARIVOS S ANTONOS ( Be lg ic , p os t-conques t ). ANDECO MBO ( pos t-conques t ). ATEVLA VLATOS ( Belg ic , p os t-conques t ). S ANTONOS ( Belg ic , p os t-conques t ). DVRAT I VLIOS ( P ic tones , p os t-conques t ). TOG IR IX ( Sequan i ) . DVRNACVS ( Rhone v a l ley ). VEPOTAL. ANORBO DVBNOREIX ( Aedu i ). TVRONOS? AVLIRCO? ATIS IOS? N INNO. SOLI MA CO M MA ( eas tern Gau l ). ORCITIR IX ( Aedu i ). CAL MLNO? Bronze ABVDOS ( B i tur iges ). EPAD ( Arvern i ). CONTOVTOS ( pos t-conques t wes tern Bronze , L ITAVICCUS ( Aedu i ). 4 8 .

Fondet tes ( I +L ). S cheers 1 973 n o . 2 1;

Ph i l ippon 1 956.

9 04 b ronze c o ins . 3 14

p . 2 59 ).

1b ronze f i bu la , 3f rag men ts o f b ronze b race le ts , 1b ronze d isc , 1p iece o f b ronze , 7i ron n a i ls , c era m ic f ragmen ts a nd b ones a nd a shes . 1

LT 8 416.

1

LT 8 466.

1

LT 7 038 .

1 1 4 1

CA M ( B i tur iges ). ABVDOS ( B i tur iges ) . ABVDOS/ABVDOS ( B i tur iges ).

1

I LAVSO ( B i tur iges ).

1

IAROS ( B i tur iges ).

1

I SVN IS ( B i tur iges ).

1

EMBAV ( B i tur iges ).

1

SACTNOS ( LT 5 414 ;

p . 2 58 ).

2

CONNO EP ILLOS S EDVLLVS ( LT 4 578 ).

1

EA KESOOY IS TASGIITIOS ( LT 6 295 ;

1

LT 5 087.

1

LT 6 077.

1 6

C arnu tes ).

LT 6 088 .

2

LT 6 117.

6

LT 6 188 .

2

LT 6 202 .

4

LT 6 218 .

1

BN 6 215 .

1

BN 6 269 .

2

LT 6 317.

1

CA MBIL ( LT 6 370 ) Ambian i .

3

VOCVNI ILIOS ( LT 7 575 ).

3 4

VANDIILOS ( I .7981-8 ) , CAL IAG I I IS ( ? C arnu tes )

1

LT 7 021.

1

LT 7 545 .

?C arnu tes .

1

BVCIOS ( Arvern i , p . 1 70 ).

1

ABT f ig . 1 81.

2

ABT f ig . 2 1 ( swas tika p o t in o f t he B i tur iges , p . 2 31) .

3

DAG 1 98 .

1

Forrer 1 908 f ig . 5 0 .

2 0

u ncer tain .

1 83

p ot ins w i th b u l l a nd c ross o f t he Toura ine r eg ion .

5 85

s i mi lar sma l l p o t ins w i thou t t he c ross .

4 9 .

J ersey-6 ( Rozel ). S cheers 1 973 n o . 2 9 . Wel l o ver 7 00 c oins ;

l a te mixed h oard .

S epara te f ro m a f ind o f

C or ioso li tes c oins a t t he s a me p lace . 1 3

Ro man d enar i i i nc luding t wo o f M An ton ius a nd Octav ia ( 39 B . C .) .

2 5

Mass i lia o bo ls .

6 5

ATEVLA VLATOS ( Belg ic , p os t-conques t ).

3 15

1 1 5

CVCINACIO VLATO ( Be lg ic , p os t-conques t ). CALEDV S ENODON ( Be lg ic , p os t-conques t ) , 1 0 S cheers v ar . 1 , 5 v ar . 3 .

2 +

CALEDV w ith h el meted b us t ( Be lg ic , p os t-conques t ).

2 8

ANDECO MBO ( pos t-conques t ).

3 0

AR IVOS S ANTONOS ( Be lg ic , p os t-conques t ).

1 0

BELINOS ( wes tern , p os t-conques t ; I VL.

p . 2 57

5

GAIV .

5

I MIOC I ( pos t-conques t ).

AGEDO MAPATIS ( pos t-conques t ).

4

Q I VLIOS TOG IR IX ( Sequan i , p os t-conques t ).

3

NERCOD ( pos t-conques t ).

1

PENN ILI RVP IL ( LT 1 0383 , p os t-conques t ).

1

PERRVCOR I ACINCOVEPVS ( pos t-conques t ).

8

S ANTONOS ( LT 4 520 ) p os t-conques t .

4

DVRAT I VLIOS ( P ic tones , p os t-conques t ).

5

s i lver CA M o f t he B i tur iges .

1

CASS ISVRATOS .. LANTOS ( LT 1 0384 ).

7

D IASVLOS ( Aedu i ).

5

DVBNOREX DVBNOCOV ( Aedu i ).

1 1

EPAD ( Arvern i ).

8

ESVIOS.

6

KAAETE60Y .

4

L ITAVICOS ( Aedu i ).

1

N INNO.

3 8

ORCETIRIX ATP ILLI F ( Aedu i ).

2

COIOS ORCETIR IX ( Aedu i ).

2

b ronze P IXTILOS ( Carnu tes ).

4 0

s i lver Q DOC I S AM F ( Sequan i ).

1

S EGVSIAVS ARVS .

1

S EQVANOIOTVOS ( eas tern Gau l ).

4 2 1 50 5 0

SOL D IA ( eas tern Gau l ) . TOG IR IX ( Sequan i ). VEPOTAL . A s er ies o f sma l l u n inscr ibed s i lver . I n as econd l o t f ro m t he h oard r evea led i n 1 953 , t here were 3 0 s ta ters a nd q uar ter-s ta ters o f Ar mor ica , 4s i lver c oins a nd o ne b ase g o ld c oin .

Th is Ar mor ican c o mponen t i s a t o dds w i th t he r es t

o f t he r ecorded c on ten ts . 5 0 .

L a Mei l leraie-T i l lay ( Vendee ) . C othenet 1 966;

C o lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 973a :240 f ;

G . C hauvet

' Monna ies g au lo ises , l a c achet te d e l a Me i llera ie-T i l lay ' , B u l l d e l a S oc . d es An t iqua ires d e POues t 2 -3 ( 1 919-2 4 :661-203 . 4 20 7 0

b ronze c oins i nc lud ing : ATECTOR I ( wes t Gau l , p . 2 58 ).

3 16

V IRT ( wes t Gau l , p . 2 57) . CONTOVTOS ( wes t Gau l , p . 2 59 ). SACTN ( wes t Gau l , p . 2 58 ) . Hucher I f ig . 1 52 . ABVDOS ( B i tur iges ) . VRDORE ( wes t Gau l , p . 2 61). VANDELOS ( Carnu tes ? ). CONNO EPILLVS S EDVLLVS ( Be lg ic ). ANDVGOVONI . S evera l u n inscr ibed . 1

q uadrans o f Augus tus Lugdunu m a l tar s er ies .

2

i l leg ible a sses o r d upond i i ( ? N e mausus ).

9

h a lf a sses ( ? Ne mausus ).

5 1 .

Vernon ( V ienne ) . ABT n o . 2 61;

C raw ford 1 969 n o . 3 84.

La te mixed h oard ( 7kg o f c oins ). c . 1 200 R o man r epublican d enar i i d own t o t he i ssue o f C aesar w i th Venus a nd Cupid w i th t rophy . 4

d enar i i o f J uba I .

1

V ictor ia tus .

6

q u inar i i .

1

s i lver s es ter tius .

1

d rach m o f Mass i lia . c . 1 200 Gau lish c oins i nc lud ing :

1 4

ATEVLA VLATOS ( Belg ic , p os t-conques t ).

1 2

CVCINACIO VLATO ( Be lg ic , p os t-conques t ).

2 3

DVRAT I VLIOS ( P ic tones , p os t-conques t ).

1 2

IMIOCI SA .

6 0

AR IVOS SANTONOS ( Belg ic , p os t-conques t ).

2 2

B IENOS w i th h orse a nd ' t e mple ', wes tern , p os t-conques t p . 2 57).

1

b ronze NERCOD ( pos t-conques t ).

1

s i lver ( PERR )VCOR I ( pos t-conques t ) .

1

3 . 2 0

9 1 69 3

LE MISO EX SC ( pos t-conques t ). CALEDV . L ITAVICOS ( Arvern i ). BELINOS . V IIPOTAL a nd warr ior ( Aedu i ). V I IPOTAL a nd l i on ( Aedu i ).

1 7

D IASVLOS ( Aedu i ).

1 1

DOVBNO ( Aedu i ) .

6 7

SOLI MA ( eas tern G au l ).

2 0

ANORBO DVBNOR IX ( Aedu i ).

1 1 1 1 2 5

DVBNOCOV DVBNOREIX ( warr ior w i th s evered h ead ) Aedu i . DVBNOCOV DVBNORED C ( warr ior w i th s tandard )Aedu i . S EQVANOIOTVOS ( eas tern Gau l ) . ANDECO MBO. 3 17

2 2 2 0

CA MBOTRE ( B i tur iges ) CA M ( B i tur iges ) S word g roup o f t he B i tur iges ( 14 w i th s word , 5w i th b oar , 1w i th ' branch ')

3 5 0 6 2 4 1 4

s evered h ead g roup KAAETEAOY g roup o f e as tern Gau l ORCETIR IX ATP ILLI F ( Aedu i ) ORCITIR ATPILLI F ( Aedu i ) COIOS ORCETIR IX ( Aedu i )

1

AMBILLI EBVRO ( Rhone v a l ley )

4

DVRNACVS AVSCRO ( Rhone v a l ley )

1

' denar ius ' w i th h orse a nd r ad iate b ird ( ? AVIACOS t ype , p . 1 73 )

1

s i lver ANDV ( horse man c harg ing a n e ne my )

1

b ronze G IA MILOS

7

c oins i n u nspeci f ied me ta l w i th d ot ted c irc le o ver t he h orse 's n eck .

6

g o ld SOLIMA ( B i tur iges )

1

g o ld ABVDOS ( B i tur iges )

2

g o ld c rane a nd t refoi l ( p . 2 80 f f )

2 3

P ic tones s ta ters a nd 8w ith S A ( p . 2 46f f )

H oards o f monna ies a l a c roix . 5 2 .

B o mpas ( Pyrenees o r ien ta les ) Crawford 1 969 n o . 2 90 ;

1 3 6 00 5 3.

A l len 1 969 p . 4 3 .

d enar i i t o P SATR IENVS o r 6 50 monna ies ä l a c roix o f d o lph in t ype , 2 .40-2.75g . Mon tredon-Labesson ie ( Lo t ) , 1 .d . P au lhe. G a l lia 1 959 :445f . P ot h oard .

Monna ies a l a c roix w i th c h isel led f lan 2 .20-2 .30g

( c f . c oins f ro m C as tres/V ina igre , H er .) , s o me w ith b oar i ns tead o f c ross ( p . 2 93 ). 5 4.

Moussan ( Aude ) R ichard , S o lier a nd R iob BSFN

3 1

1 970 :245-6.

monna ies a l a c ro ix i n wha t may h ave b een a n Empor i tan p o t. T ype S ou tou XVII 6 1-78 , XVI II 2 67-74 ; Main ly S ou tou p er iod I .

Weigh t d is tr ibu t ion : 3 .60+ 3 .51-59

1 1 4

3 .42-49

7

3 .30-39

5

3 .20-23

2

2 .37-99

2

3 18

e x tre me weigh ts 3 .64-2.38g .

APPEND IX 2 TEST MARKS AND COUNTER MARKS ON GOLD COINS

The a c t iv i ty o f c oun ter mark ing a nd t es t- mark ing o f p rec ious meta l c o ins was more w idespread i n G au l t han H . B anner t ( 1976 ) wou ld a l low , a nd a l though ar i tua l e xp lana tion may b e a ppropr ia te i n s o me c ases , a s h e a rgues , t he f unc t ion o f t es t ing a nd v a l ida t ing t he p rec ious me ta l c on ten t o f t he c o in i s s ure ly a n impor tan t o ne i n G au l ( Co lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 954c ;

1 973a :267 ).

Mos t g o ld c o ins c oun ter marked a re i n t he r eg ion o f 8 .0g o r l ess , a nd p r inc ipa l ly i nvo lve t he b e t ter midd le p hase i ssues .

C o lber t d e B eau l ieu ( 1 954c )

h as a rgued c onv inc ing ly t ha t s o me G au l ish c oun ter marks a re r e la ted q u i te c lose ly t o Ar mor ican c oinage mo ti fs o f t he l a te p hase , s o t ha t au se f or v a l id a t ing o therw ise ' uno f f ic ia l ' o r o u tda ted c o ins s ee ms l i kely .

I ti s wor th n o t ing

t ha t w i th t he e xcep t ion o f c o ins o f t he P ar is i i a nd t hose o f u ncer ta in o r ig in , a l mos t a l l c o ins c oun ter marked o r t es t-cu t were o f wes tern o r c en tra l G au l ish o r ig in , e spec ia l ly t he f or mer , a nd w i th t he e xcep t ion o f P ar is ian c o ins t hey a re a l l o f weigh ts n ear t o o r o ver 7 .60g , t he l ower l im i t o f t he midd le p hase we igh t s tandard ( p . 2 1). P erhaps t here was a n i mpor tan t p er iod o f t es tmark ing a c t iv i ty a t t he t ime o f t he t rans i t ion b etween t he midd le a nd l a te p hases i n t he c on tex t o f s oc ia l c hanges i n t he l a te s econd c en tury .

S o me t es t- mark ing

p robab ly o ccurred a t a l l p er iods , h owever , t o t es t f or t he p resence o f p la ted c oins . COUNTER MARKS ( Co lber t d e B eau l ieu 1 954c ) : BN 6 897 ( 7 .70g ) o f t he Au lerc i C eno man i o f S ar the . BN 6 954 ( 8 .01 ) ' Ba iocasses '. BN 6 757a ( 8 .01) ' Redone s '. BN 6 757b ( 7 .61) ' Redones t . BN 1 0261 ( 1 .28 ) o f u ncer ta in o r ig in . BN 6 425 ( 1 .94 ) o f e as tern Ar mor ican o r ig in ( f ig . 1 92 ) . R edones s tater i n ap r iva te c o l lec t ion ( 2 c oun ter marks ) . S ta ter f ro m B asse-Gou la ine ( L .A t l . )w i th 2 c oun ter marks . BN 3 657 ( 7 .76 ) w es tern d e faced t ype , w i th c oun ter mark o f b oar a nd l inear o rna men t n o t u n l ike s o me s econd p hase T oura ine/Berry c o in d ies i n d es ign . BN 3 668 ( 7 .56 ) s a me t ype . CH ISEL CUTS E ar ly s ta ter f ro m B ordeaux-Sa in t-C la ire ( S . Mar ., S ou l ignac 1 962 ) . S a in te-Eanne t ype s ta ter 8 .44g ( Ha mburger s a le 1 929 , 3 8 n o . 8 09 ) . 3 19

E ar ly s tater o f u nc lassed t ype ( 8 .33g ; S a in te-Eanne t ype ( 7 .80g ;

S chu l man s a le Mar . 1 936 , 4 40 ).

B lanchet 1 922 :121-2 ).

Ear ly s ta ter w i th h ead t o l e ft/biga t o l e f t , u nc lassed t ype ( 8 .50g ;

K ress

s a le 8 Dec . 1 955 , 3 07 ). Quar ter-s ta ter e xac t ly a s f ig . 1 72 ( Berry ) 2 .01g ( Kress 7 Dec . 1 957 , 2 466). Quar ter-s ta ter 2 .015g o f H e lve t ic o r Burgund ian o r ig in ( Kress 2 2 J une 1 959 , 2 96 ). Tayac t ype g o ld s tater ( Kress 7 D ec . 1 957 n o. 2 549 , p erhaps f ro m t he h oard :

Kress 1 0 J une 1 958 , 2 10 ).

LATER COINS P ar is i i s ta ters ( many ) Banner t 1 976. Vene t i ( ?) s ta ter 7 .60g f ro m P leuguenn .euc ( I +V ) C o lber t d e Beau l ieu a 1 973a :228 n . 3 72.

3 20

APPENDIX 3 1 .

AMPHORA F INDS I N GAUL

( ITALIC AND GRECO-ITALIC ) , map p . 1 12

ALLIER S a in t-Pau l ien a t Marci l lac ;

s evera l Dressel I B G a l l ia 1 973 :

4 49.

ALPES- MAR ITI MES An t ibes :

G reco-I tal ic amphoras i n a wreck , G a ll ia 1 973 :

6 03 .

ARDECHE A lba :

I t a l ic amphoras o f t he e ar ly f irs t c en tury ( Ga l lia 1 971:

S a in t-Jus t-d 'Ardbche :

amphora d ebr is , I t a l ic ( Gal l ia 1 975 :

2 39f f ). 5 34 ) .

AR IEGE S a in t-Jean-de-Verges : 1 972: B • 6 1es ta :

4 69 ;

l o ts o f I t a l ic a nd Greco-I ta l ic amphoras ( Ga l lia

c l 1 964;

1 966 , 1 968 , 1 970 ).

Dressel I B w i th C a mpan ian ware , l a U ne I I ma ter ia l a nd a

monna ie a l a c roix w i th ' cubis t ' h ead ( Ga l l ia 1 976 :

4 63 ).

A ISNE La V i l leneuve-Sa in t-Ger ma in : ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

amphora d ebr is i n l a U ne I I c on tex t

2 94f ).

AUDE B ize- Minervois :

I t a l ic i n l a n ne I I c on tex t ,

c en tury B . C . ( Ga l l ia 1 971:

s econd h al f o f t he s econd

3 70 ).

Esca les :

I t a lic , l a l ' ne I I c on tex t ( Ga l lia 1 971:

Mon t joi :

Dresse l Iw i th l a te C a mpan ian c era m ic , l a U ne I I c on tex t

( Ga l lia 1 971:

3 74 ).

Narbonne ( Dressel I C ; 2 0 e tc .

im i ta tion Dressel I ;

( Ga l lia 1 971:

P eyr iac-de- Mer :

3 74 ;

P o mas e t Rou f f iac : 1 973 :

1 973 :

I t a l ic , s econd o r f irs t c en tury B . C . ( Gal l ia 1 969 :

4 83;

c en tury B . C .; Ferran : G ru issan :

4 84f ;

Dressel

3 75 ).

1 975 :

5 00 ).

S igean , d e fended s i te P ech- Maho : 1 973 :

Dresse l 9v ar ie ty ;

4 80 ).

t h ird c en tury B . C . i bero-Pun ic , G reco-Pun ic a nd Mass i-

l i o t amphoras ( Ga l lia 1 971: 3 88 ;

3 71).

I t a l ic a nd l bero-Pun ic , t h ird o r s econd

a lso G reco-I ta l ic ( Ga l lia 1 969 :

1 975 :

5 001 ).

d epos i ts o f Dressel I A ( Ga l lia 1 973 : I ta l ic a nd Baet ican ( Ga l l ia 1 973 :

3 21

4 77) . 4 77).

3 88 ;

1 971:

3 77;

Mon t ferrand :

Dresse l I( Ga l lia 1 973 :

V ignev ie i l le :

Dresse l I A a nd I C ( i b id ., 4 87 ) .

A zi l le :

I t a l ic , G a l l ia 1 975 :

4 79 ) .

4 93 f .

Du i lh .ac :

Amphoras t ype B en8 i t I IA a nd I IB ( i b id ., 4 96 ) .

Ma lves :

I t a l ic ( i b id ., 4 97 ) .

S a in t-Lauren t-de-la-Cabrer isse :

I t a l ic ( i b id ., 5 00 ) .

AVEYRON L a B as t ide-Prad ines , 1 .d . l as C lapasses : 4 09 ;

1 962 :

5 49 ;

L a G rau fesenque : 1 972 :

1 966 :

D resse l I , s evera l ( Ga l l ia 1 959 :

4 12 ) .

amphoras i n l a T ene I I c on tex t ( Ga l l ia 1 954 :

4 72 f ) .

L a G ranede a bove l a G rau fesenque : 1 959 :

I t a l ic amphoras ( Ba lsan 1 950 ;

G a l lia

4 10f f ) .

V iv iez , o n Puy d u C ay lar , u nda ted amphora d ebr is ( Ga l l ia 1 962 : R odez :

1 93 f ;

2 5 d epos i ted , s ta mps i nc luded LVCR IO , MN ;

( Ga l l ia 1 962 :

5 52 f ;

1 966 :

4 16 ;

1 976 :

4 69 f f ) .

C en tres , o n M ira mon , u nda ted amphora d ebr is ( Ga l l ia 1 962 : S a in te-Eu la l ie-de-Cernon :

5 22 ) .

Puech D eves n ear S a in te-Eu la l ie d e C ernon : c en tury ( Ga l l ia 1 966 : 1 972 :

4 77 ;

1 976 :

I t a l ic amphoras o f t he f irs t

4 17 ) .

I t a l ic , f irs t c en tury ( Ga l l ia 1 970 :

L e Mauna l , c ne .

5 49 ) .

Massa l io t amphoras o f t he 5 th — 3 rd c en tur ies

a nd ' Phocaean ' p o t tery ( Ga l l ia 1 968 :

N auce l le :

5 55 ) .

l a T ene I I c on tex t

4 03 ) ;

D resse l I( i b id .,

4 68 ) .

V ezins , u nda ted amphoras ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :

4 72 ).

C reysse ls : D resse l If rag men ts ( Ga l l ia 1 972 : 4 72 ) . L a issac , o n Mon t mer le : Dresse l Iamphoras ( i b id .) . N an t :

n u merous Dresse l Is herds ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :

V ia la-du-Pas-de-Jaux , c ne .

S a in t-Pau l d es F on ts :

Dresse l Iamphora ( Ga l l ia 1 972 : R iv iere-sur-Tarn : C a mpagnac : Mon tagno l :

4 77 ;

Dresse l I( Ga l l ia 1 974 :

4 62 ) .

f rag men ts o f 1

4 78 ) .

I t a l ic amphoras ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :

Dresse l I( Ga l l ia 1 974 :

1 974 :

4 77f ) .

4 54 ) . 4 62 ) .

BOUCHES-DU-RHONE B ouc-Be l-A ir : R ognac :

I t a l ic amphoras ( Ga l lia 1 967 :

4 02-3 ) .

Mass i l io t amphoras o f t he t h ird o r s econd c en tury ( Ga l l ia 1 967 :

4 05 ) . Mass i l ia ( Marsei l le ) :

L o ts o f I t a l ic amphoras o f a l l p er iods , e g . G a l l ia

1 972 : 5 20f f ; 1 974 :514f .). S a in t-Re my-en-Provence : I t a lic amphoras ( Ga l l ia 1 972 : En tre mon t a t A ix-en-Provence : C orn i l lon :

I t a l ic ( Ga l l ia 1 974 :

5 09 ) .

CANTAL S a ignes :

5 30 f f e tc .) .

G reco-I ta l ic amphoras ( Ga l l ia 1 974 :

Dresse l I( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

4 27 ).

3 22

5 01 ) .

CHARENTE- MAR ITIME P ons :

Dresse l I , c . 1 50-1 B . C . ( Ga l lia 1 965 :

1 973 :

3 81-2 ;

T ha ire-d 'Aun is :

1 975 :

3 57-8 ;

1 967:

2 47;

3 73 ).

I ta l ic , s evera l f ragmen ts i n l a te l a T ene I I c on tex t

( Ga l lia 1 969 :

2 70 ;

1 971 :

2 63 ;

1 973 :

3 83 ).

CHER C hä teau mei l lan t :

G reco-I ta l ic , n u merous ( Ga l l ia 1 965 :

3 61;

1 959 :

a nd Greco-I ta l ic a nd I t a l ic n o t l a ter t han t he mid f irs t c en tury ; l a ter f irs t c en tury . S id ia i l les :

2 99 f f ) a lso

( p . 1 82 ).

I ta lic ( B i ichsenschü tz 1 968 ) .

COTE-D 'OR L es Bo lards n ear Nu i ts :

1 1 i n l a T ene I I c on tex t , t hen n u merous Dresse l

2 0 ( Theveno t 1 948 ) . A l ise-Sa in te-Re ine :

much Dressel Id ebr is , n o t a f ter t he e nd o f t he f irs t

c en tury B . C . ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :

4 43f f ).

CORREZE c ne .

L a maziere-Basse :

L a Mou t te , c ne . 1 11;

1 Dresse l I( Ga l l ia 1 951:

S erandon :

1 10 ) .

s evera l i n ?l a Tene I I c on tex t ( Ga l lia 1 951:

C ot ton 1 962 ) .

Puy d u Tour , c ne . 1 954:

1 97f ;

C har lat , c ne .

Monceaux : 1 961 :

Usse l :

S a in t-Fre joux :

3 57;

Dresse l Ii n t op l a T ene I I l evel ( Ga ll ia 1 971:

3 13 ;

Mura t 1 962 ).

Dresse l I( Co t ton a nd Frere 1 961).

1 Dressel I B n eck i n al a T ene I I d epos i t ( Ga l lia 1 973 :

4 29 ). U zerche :

Dressel I ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

4 42 ).

CREUSE F laya t :

Dresse l Ia nd 2 0 ( Ga l lia 1 959 :

3 71f ).

DORDOGNE S a in t- Medard-de- Murs idan : P ILI (PVS ) ( Ga ll ia 1 965 : C ou loun ieix-Cha m iers : P e t i t-Bersac :

c . 4 0 Dressel Ii nc luding s ta mps DA M(A )?, 4 25 ).

many Dresse l I A ( Ga ll ia 1 971 :

I t a l ic ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

3 51;

1 973 :

4 63 ) .

4 74ff ).

DOUBS B esançon :

n u merous f ragmen ts o f Dressel Ii n al a Tene I I c on tex t

( Ga llia 1 953 : Ma thay :

1 34f f ;

1 968 :

4 43 ;

1 972 :

4 26f ).

n u merous Dressel Ii n l a T ene I I c on tex t ( Ga ll ia 1 964 :

Thora ise : Audincour t :

p i t f u l l o f Dressel If ragmen ts ( Ga l lia 1 972 : I t a l ic w i th l a T ene I I c era m ic ( Ga ll ia 1 976 :

3 23

4 30 f ). 4 13 ).

3 95 f f ).

DRO ME L e P gue :

l a T ne

c on tex t , amphora d ebr is ( Ga l l ia 1 966 :

L es G ranges-Gou tardes :

5 12-4 ).

Mass i l io t amphoras , 5 th-4th c en tury ( i b id ., 5 18 ) .

EURE-ET-LOIRE C har tres :

' Republ ican ' amphoras , i nc lud ing s ta mp ORP ( Ga l l ia 1 970 :

2 53 ) .

F IN ISTERE P lounevez-Lochr is t :

Dresse l Ii nc lud ing s ta mp APOLLAER ( Ga l l ia 1 951:

9 2-3 ) . P logas te l-Sa in t-Ger ma in : ( Ga l l ia 1 971:

s evera l D resse l Iw i th l a T ne I I c eram ic

2 44 ) .

GARD S a in t- Maur a t Mon t faucon :

E truscan a nd Mass i l io t amphoras i n 5 th a nd

4 th c en tury l eve ls ( Ga l l ia 1 971 : N ages-e t-So lorgues :

3 93 ).

Dresse l Ii n m id a nd r ecen t l eve ls w i th C a mpan ian

A ware ( Ga l l ia 1 973 :

5 03 f f ;

1 975 :

5 17f f ).

N i mes :

many , e g . G a l l ia 1 973 :

5 06f f .

G au jac :

I t a l ic a nd G reco-I ta l ic ( Ga l lia 1 975 :

5 14 ) .

HAUTE-GARONNE V iei l le-Tou louse : 1 959 :

4 33f ;

amphoras o f t he f irs t h a l f o f t he f irs t c en tury ( Ga l l ia 1 964 :

4 50 f f ) ;

4 0 G reco-I ta l ic a nd 5 3 I ta l ic w i th a no ther

3 0 G reco-I ta l ic n earby , a nd 1 s ta mp M PORC ( Ga l l ia 1 968 : 1 959 :

3 77f ;

T ou louse :

s ubsequen t f inds G a l l ia 1 972 :

5 37 ;

4 91f f ) .

I t a l ic i n l a T ene I I c on tex t , a nd 2 R hod ian ( Ga l l ia 1 968 :

G reco-I ta lic ( Ga l l ia 1 968 :

5 37 ) ;

5 33f f ) ;

I t a l ic o enochoes , amphoras i nc luding

s ta mp S EST IVS , a lso Mass i l io t amphora o f t he 6 th o r 5 th c en tury ( Ga l l ia 1 970 : Au ter ive :

4 11;

c f 1 974 :

4 70 f f ) .

I t a l ic a nd S pan ish o f t he f irs t c en tury ( Ga l l ia 1 970 :

4 09 ) .

C arborme : F unerary p i t o f t he f irs t c en tury B . C . w i th C a mpan ian A a nd Ba nd I t a l ic amphoras ( Ga l l ia 1 972 : 4 81 ). B azi ge :

c e metery o f t he f irs t c en tury ;

( Ga l l ia 1 974 : C as tane t-To losan :

4 66 ;

1 976 :

amphoras B enoi t I IA a nd I IB

4 72 ) .

f irs t c en tur y amphoras w i th C a mpan ian A ( Ga l l ia 1 974 :

4 68 ) . D onnev i l le : R ieumes :

G reco-I ta l ic ( Ga l l ia 1 974 : 5 0 I t a l ic ( Ga l l ia 1 974 :

4 68 ) .

4 69 ).

GERS R oque laure , o n S iou ta t : Panassac : E auze : Touge t :

I t a l ic , f irs t c en tury B . C . ( Ga l l ia 1 970 :

Dresse l I( Ga l l ia 1 974 :

4 83 ).

f irs t c en tury B . C . ( Ga l l ia 1 976 : f irs t c en tury B . C . ( Ga l l ia 1 976 :

3 24

4 85 ). 4 90 ) .

4 22 ) .

G IRONDE S ou lac-sur- Mer : ( Ga l lia 1 965 : B ordeaux :

'Med i terranean ' amphora s herds i n l a T ene I I c on tex t 4 16 ) .

Dresse l I , f irs t c en tury B . C ., i nclud ing s ta mp M PORC

( Ga l lia 1 959 :

3 77f f ;

1 973 :

4 51 ).

Mou liets-et-V i l le mar tin :

' l arge q uan t i ty o f amphoras ' i n l a T ene I c on-

t ex t ( Gal lia 1 959 :

s ta mp N ALFI N F = 1 50-50 B . C ., G a l lia

1 973 : V ayres :

3 84;

4 61) . l a T ene I I h u t f l oor w i th amphora s ta mped Q .C .R . ( Ga l lia 1 973 :

4 58 .) . HE RAULT R os is , o n P lo d es Bruns : C e i lhes , 1 .d . L ascours :

n u merous I t a l ic ( Ga l lia 1 969 :

a nd mos t ly p ierced ( Ga l lia 1 969 : Maga las , o n Mon tfo :

1 975 :

5 09 ).

3 92 ) .

I t a l ic , E truscan , Mass i lio t amphora s herds o n t he

s ur face ( Ga ll ia 1 969: L a t tes :

3 99 ;

d epos i t o f 1 3 Dressel I A minus n ecks a nd h and les ,

3 76;

1 975 :

5 06f ).

I t a l ic a nd lero-Pun ic amphoras o f t he s econd a nd f irs t c en tur ies

B . C .

( Ga l l ia 1 973 :

N ezignan-l 'Eveque : R om igu ieres : R oqueronde : C essenon :

4 92 ).

I t a lic ( Ga l lia 1 973 :

I t a l ic ( Ga l l ia 1 973 :

4 96 ).

4 97 ).

I t a l ic , a nd C a mpan ian ware ( i bid ., 4 97). G reco-I ta l ic a nd I t a l ic ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

L a T our s ur Orb :

5 04 ).

I ta l ic ( i b id ., 5 05 ) .

HAUTE-LOIRE B r ioude :

Dressel I A ( Ga l lia 1 975 :

4 29 ).

I NDRE-e t-LOIRE V ernou-sur-Brenne :

t h ick l eve l o f amphora d ebr is i n ? l a T ene I I c on-

t ex t ( Ga l lia 1 970 :

2 67).

I NDRE P ou l igny-Notre-Da me : G reco-I ta lic a nd I t a l ic ( Ga l lia 1 965 : C h i tray : I t a lic ( Büchsenschü tz 1 968 ). L evroux :

3 61).

I ta l ic ( i bid .) .

I SERE V ienne :

l a T ene I I c on tex t amphoras ( Ga l lia 1 964 :

w i th C a mpan ian B a nd C c era m ic ; APEL ;

5 11f f ) c on te mporary

Dressel Is ta mps i ncluded NH,

2 amphora b ases c ou ld b e Dressel 9 -11 , 2 3 ;

o ther s ta mps

i nclude S ES , DAV a nd s o me a re f ound a s e ar ly a s t he t h ird c en tury B . C .

( Ga l lia 1 968 :

5 83 ).

3 25

JURA L ongwy-surle D oubs :

I t a l ic ,

( Ga l l ia 1 976 :

4 23 ) .

LANDES S angu ine t :

D ressel I A , I B ;

?c u l t s i te ( Ga l l ia 1 973 :

4 68 ).

LO IRE E ssa lo is , c ne C ha mb les :

amphoras o f t he s econd t o f irs t c en tury B .C . ;

Greco-I ta lic i n t he e ar l ies t l eve ls ( Ga l l ia 1 961 : 1 968 :

5 65 ;

4 22 ;

1 966 :

4 93 ;

s ta mps i nc lude MN , PH I , MA IE , L IPE ;

1 971 :

4 16 ,

f inds i nc luded S pan ish amphoras ;

P reyna t a nd R enaud 1 962 ;

D resse l

Iamphoras i nc luded c o mp le te s peci mens ) . R oanne :

i n l a T ne I I c on tex t , I t a l ic amphora d ebr is ( Ga l l ia 1 971:

i nclud ing Dressel I B i n G a l lo-Ro man p recoce c on tex t ; I t a l ic a lso f ound ( Ga l lia 1 968 :

5 65 f f ;

4 120

I A a nd G reco-

C abo tse a nd P6r ichon 1 966;

B essou 1 967 l i s ts s ta mps PH , D IONCR ,

TE MO , c orn e ar , CL

S EX ) . J oeuvres :

n umerous D resse l I A , I B ( Peacock 1 971 ) .

S a in t- Marce l-de-Fe l ines :

Dresse l I B ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

5 44 ) .

LOT L e R oc :

I t a l ic o f t he f irs t c en tury B . C . ( Ga l l ia 1 974 :

C apdenac :

4 86 ) .

I t a l ic amphoras i n l a T ne I I c on tex t ( Ga l l ia 1 970 :

E spagnac-Sa in te-Eu la l ie : ( Ga l lia 1 970 :

' amphora s herds ' , n o d a te ,

4 27 ).

?l a T ene I I

4 28 ) .

LOT-ET-GARONNE N ear Agen :

Dressel Iw i th s ta mp M PORC ( Ga l l ia 1 959 :

L e Mas-d 'Agena is : ( Ga l lia 1 959 : Agen : S os :

3 77f ) .

I t a l ic amphora s herds i nc lud ing s ta mp M PORC 3 77f ;

1 967 :

3 58 f f ).

4 who le Dresse l Ia nd d ebr is o f o thers ( Ga l l ia 1 969 : Dresse l I A s herds ;

3 65 ) .

l a T ne I I k i lns b e low t he m ( Ga l l ia 1 969 :

3 68 ) .

LOZERE S a in t-Bonnet-de-Ch irac :

I t a l ic amphoras c . 1 20-20 B . C . i n a n o ccup ied

l eve l o n t he h i ll for t T rue ( Ga l l ia 1 971 : C lapas-Cas te l :

4 05 ) .

f rag men t o f a n I t a l ic amphora i n l a T bne I I c on tex t

( Sou tou 1 964 ) . MARNE Mora ins :

l a te l a T ne I I , f rag men ts o f amphoras i n ac re ma t ion b ur ia l

( Ga l lia 1 949 : L a C heppe :

1 16 ) .

t he s ide o f a n amphora i n al a T ne I I c on tex t ( Ga l l ia 1 971:

2 95 ). J uv igny : amphoras i n l a T bne I I c on tex t ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

3 26

4 06 ) .

MORB IHAN B e l le-I le : s ea ;

a bou t 9 km o f f t he c oas t , a Dressel

Iamphora f ound i n t he

a no ther f ound 2 0 km o f f a nd a t h ird i s k nown ( Ga l l ia 1 961 :

L e L oiren t :

t op o f as pher ica l amphora , o f f t he s hore ( Ga l l ia 1 973 :

S a in t-P ierre-Qu iberon : P lumel in :

D resse l I( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

Dressel I ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

3 53 ) . 3 61 ).

3 46 ) .

3 50 ).

MOSELLE Me tz :

I t a l ic amphoras i n al a T ene I I c on tex t ( Ga l lia 1 958 :

3 23 f ) .

N IE VRE C orancy ( l 'Hu isl 'Abbg ) amphoras i n l a T ene I I c on tex t ( Ga l l ia 1 966 : 3 98 ) . PUY-DE-DO ME C ler mon t-Ferrand :

Dresse l Iamphora w i th p ierced b ase ( Ga l lia 1 959 :

3 74 ) ; d epos i t o f D resse l I A amphoras ( i bid . ,1 971 : 3 26f ) . S a in t-Jus t-de-Ba f f ie : D resse l Iamphora i n e ar ly G a l lo-Ro man c on tex t ( Ga l l ia 1 965 :410 ). L a R oche-B lanche : aD resse l Iamphora w i th HLV s hou lder s ta mp ( Ga l l ia 1 963 : A u lna t :

5 00 ) .

amphoras i n l eve l I ( l a T ene I I :

G a l l ia 1 967 :

3 06f ) ;

a t En tre mon t i n t he s econd q uar ter o f t he s econd c en tury . I I l eve l , aD resse l Iamphora ( 1969 : G ergov ie :

3 32 ) ;

t ypes a s I n l a T ene

Dresse l I A ( 1971 :

3 23f ).

Dresse l I( Labrousse 1 948 ) .

PYRENEES ATLANT IQUES B ordes :

I ta l ic , f irs t c en tury B . C . ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

4 88 ) .

RHONE Amp lepu is :

Dresse l I A , C . 1 25-75 B . C . ( Ga l l ia 1 966 :

4 98 f ) .

S AONE-ET-LO IRE Mäcon :

amphora d ebr is i n l a T ene I I c on tex t ( Ga l l ia 1 970 :

S a in t- Mar t in-Be l le-Roche : DA(?) M ( Ga l lia 1 950 : Mar loux n ear Me l lecey :

3 93 ) .

Dresse l Ii nc lud ing s ta mps KHD , K ID , 1 51 ) .

C . 1 5 Dresse l Iamphoras i n al a T ene I I c on -

t ex t ( Ar mand-Ca l l ia t 1 944 ) . V erdun-sur-le-Doubs :

amphoras w i th C a mpan ian A a nd B a nd l a T ene

I I d ecora ted c era m ic ( Ga l lia 1 972 :

4 59 f ).

T ournus ( Cha mp-Se mard ) , l a T ene I I p o ts a nd amphoras ( Ga l l ia 1 972 : 4 60 ) . TARN C ordes : 1 959 :

c . 3 0 I t a l ic l a te R epub l ican a nd e ar ly Imper ia l amphoras ( Ga l lia 4 43 ).

G iroussens :

I t a l ic ;

G a l l ia 1 974 :

4 90 .

3 27

C urva l le :

I t a l ic ( i bid .).

C uqles-V ie l mur : C as tres :

I t a l ic ;

i bid ., 4 89 .

I t a l ic ( i bid .) .

Ambia let :

I t a l ic o f t he f irs t c en tury , l o ts ;

d u-Puech ( Ga l l ia 1 974 : A lb ! :

a lso 7 k m away a t V i l leneuve-

4 88 ).

I t a l ic ( i bid .) .

S oreze :

I t a l ic a nd l a T ene I I c era m ic o n h i l l for t B ern iquan t ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :

5 08 ;

1 974 :

4 95 ;

1 976 :

4 99 ) .

L au trec :

Dresse l I( Ga l l ia 1 974 :

M io l les :

I t a l ic ;

4 91 ).

i b id .

TARN ET GARONNE Mon tech :

Dressel I ( Ga l l ia 1 974 :

4 99 ) .

VAUCLUSE S a in t-Jacques a t C ava i l lon :

af ew f rag men ts o f Mass i l io t amphoras

( Du mou l in 1 965 ) . VAR S o l l ies-Pon t : Taradeau : I lyeres :

I t a l ic amphora ( Ga l l ia 1 973 :

5 63 ) .

amphoras i n l a T ene I a nd I I c on tex t ( Ga l l ia 1 973 : wreck o f f t he c ape w i th D IB c argo ( Ga l lia 1 973 :

5 89 f ;

5 63 ). 1 975 :

5 85 f ) , f irs t h a l f o f t he f irs t c en tury B . C . S a in t-Raphae l :

2 wrecks o f f C ap Dra mon t w i th Dresse l I B amphoras

( Ga l l ia 1 973 : L a Mo t te :

5 93 f f ) .

I t a l ic ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

L e L avandou :

5 63 ) .

wreck w i th Dresse l I A , I C , C a mpan ian A -C a nd Empor i tan

g oods ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

5 90 f ) .

HAUTE V IENNE S a in t-Gence :

s econd o r f irs t c en tury G reco-I ta l ic amphoras , n umerous

a nd i n d epos i t ( Ga l lia 1 969 :

3 41;

p . 2 71 ).

VOSGES P ierre-d 'Appe l , c ne .

E t iva l-C la ire fon ta ine :

I t a l ic amphora d ebr is o f

o f t he f irs t c en tury B . C . ( Deyber 1 972 ) . YONNE C heny :

f ragmen ts o f Dresse l I( Ga l l ia 1 958 :

3 11f ) .

GER MANY Oberaden ( 1 2-8 B . C .) Dresse l I B ( Peacock 1 971 ). H a l tern ( 11 B .C .-9 A .D .) Dresse l T B ( Peacock 1 971 ) .

3 28

2 .

F INDS OF CA MPAN IAN CERA MIC I N GAUL ( p . 13) .

ALPES MAR IT I MES C annes :

E truscan-Ca mpanian a nd C a mpan ian c era m ic ( Ga l l ia 1 973 :

1 975 ;

5 64 ;

5 66 ) .

ARDE CHE S a in t-Jus t-d 'Ar ache : C a mpan ian ware ( Ga l l ia 1 975 ; S a in t- Marcel-d 'Ard che : C a mpan ian ware ( i bid .).

5 34 ) .

A lba : C a mpan ian f rag men ts i n ad eep l eve l , e spec ia l ly l a te A ( Ga l lia 1 971 : 4 39 f f ) . AR IEGE BeMs ta :

C a mpan ian ware w i th Dresse l I B amphoras a nd Monna ies a l a

c ro ix w i th c ubis t h ead a nd l a U ne I I c era m ic ( Ga l l ia 1 976 :

4 63 ).

AVEYRON Nan t :

C a mpan ian A ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :

4 77) .

Puech D ev s n ear S ain te-Eu la l ie-de-Cernon : 1 966 : Mi l lau :

4 17) .

C a mpan ian C ( Ga l l ia 1 970 :

La G rau fesenque : 1 972 :

C a mpan ian ware ( Ga l l ia

4 73 ;

3 98-402 ;

1 974 :

4 56 ).

C a mpan ian c era m ic i nc lud ing A ( Ga l l ia 1 954 :

La issac , h i ll for t Mon t mer le :

C a mpan ian A ( Ga l lia 1 972 :

La R oque-Sa in te- Marguer i te a t Mon tpe l lierle-V ieux : ( Ga l l ia 1 973 :

4 72 ).

C a mpan ian A

4 78 ) .

V ia la-du-Pas-de-Jaux , c ne . 1 972 :

1 93 f ;

B a lsan 1 950 ).

S a in t-Pau l d es P on ts :

C a mpan ian B

4 78 ) .

Nauce l le :

C a mpan ian A ( La mb . 3 6 ) w i th l a T ene I I s herds ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :

4 77 ) . Rodez : C a mpan ian ware ( Ga l l ia 1 974 :

4 63 ) .

AUDE Les Mar tys : Du i lhac :

C a mpan ian ware ( Ga l l ia 1 973 :

C a mpan ian A ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

C arcassonne :

Narbonne : 3 74 f ;

4 96 ) .

b lack g lazed C a mpan ian ( Ward-Perk ins 1 940 ).

B ize- M inervo is : Esca les :

4 78 f ) .

C a mpan ian ( Ga l lia 1 971 :

3 71 ) .

C a mpan ian ( i bid . ,3 87 ) . l arge amoun ts o f C a mpan ian ware o f a l l t ypes ( Ga l l ia 1 971 : 1 973 :

Peyr iac-de- Mer :

5 74f ) . C a mpan ian A ( Ga l l ia 1 969 :

Po mas-et-Rou f f iac , o n l a L agas te : Aa nd B ( Ga l lia 1 969 :

3 88 ;

1 971 : 3 29

3 87 ) .

C a mpan ian a nd im i ta t ion C a mpan ian 3 76;

1 973 :

4 83 1 ).

S igean , o n P ech Maho :

C a mpan ian A a nd B ( Ga l lia 1 969 :

3 88 ;

1 971:

3 77 ) . BOUCHES DU RHONE B ouc-Be l-A ir : R ognac :

C a mpan ian A ( Ga l l ia 1 967 :

4 02 f ).

C a mpan ian A ( i b id . ,4 05 ) .

T arascon :

C a mpan ian A a nd B ( i b id . ) .

En tre mon t a t A ix-en-Provence : Egu i l les :

5 01) .

C a mpan ian ware o n h i l l for t P ierredon ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :

L es P ennes- M irabeau : ( Ga l l ia 1 972 : Mass i l ia :

C a mpan ian ( Ga l l ia 1 974 :

5 19 f ;

1 974 :

5 11 ).

many impor ts o f C a mpan ian ware ( eg . G a l l ia 1 972 :

5 79 f f ; 1 974 : 5 14f ) . S a in t-E t ienne-de-Gres , h i l l for t N o tre-Da me-du-Chä teau : ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :

5 30f f .; 1 975 :

S a in t-R6 my-en-Provence :

1 973 :

C a mpan ian

4 74 ).

C a mpan ian ( Ga l lia 1 974 :

L e P aradou :

5 20 f ;

much , i nc lud ing C a mpan ian C a ssoc ia ted w i th

I t a l ic amphoras a nd a n ACO b eaker ( Ga l l ia 1 972 : C orn i l lon :

5 18 ) .

o n l a C loche , C a mpan ian a nd Mass i l ian i mpor ts

5 30 f f e tc .) .

5 09 ).

C a mpan ian ( Ga l lia 1 974 :

5 09 ) .

CANTAL C has tel-sur- Mura t :

C a mpan ian ( Ward-Perk ins 1 940 ).

CHER C hä teau mei l lan t :

C a mpan ian c up p oss ibly made i n L anguedoc ( Ga l l ia 1959 :

2 99 f ). CORREZE Puy d u Tour :

C a mpan ian C o f t he f irs t c en tury B . C . ( Ga l lia 1 971 :

3 13 ;

Mura t 1 962 ) . C har la t c ne .

U sse l :

C a mpan ian A a nd B ( Co t ton a nd F rere 1 961 ) .

Pon t -Maure :

b lack g lazed C a mpan ian ( Ward-Perk ins 1 940 ) .

DORDOGNE L e P e t i t-Bersac :

C a mpan ian ware ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

4 74 ).

DOUBS B esançon :

1f rag men t o f C a mpan ian ware w i th many f rag men ts o f Dresse l

Iamphoras a nd 1 l a mp o f R epub l ican d a te ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :

4 26f ).

DRO ME L abore l : L e P eue :

C a mpan ian ware ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

5 35 ).

o ld a nd more r ecen t C a mpan ian i mpor ts i n l a T Ane I I c on tex t

( Ga l l ia 1 968 :

5 89f f ;

1 973 :

5 35 f ) .

3 30

EURE ET LOIRE Merouv i l le :

C a mpan ian a nd e ar ly L ezoux s herds ( Ga l lia 1 976 :

3 15 ) .

GARD N ages-e t-So lorgues : C a mpan ian a nd p ro to- C a mpan ian ; C a mpan ian A ; p ro to-Ca mpan ian i n e ar ly l eve ls , Ai n mid a nd r ecen t ( Ga l lia 1 973 : 5 03 f f ; 1 975 : 5 171 ) . S a in t-Ju l ien-de-Peyro las :

C a mpan ian ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

S a in t- C ö me-e t- Marue jo ls :

C a mpan ian i n s econd c en tury B . C . l eve ls

( Ga l lia 1 973 : V i l lev ie i l le :

5 10 ) .

C a mpan ian A ( Ga l lia 1 973 :

G au jac :

C a mpan ian ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

L audun :

C a mpan ian ( i b id . ,5 14 ).

Mon tpeza t :

5 26 ) .

5 12 ).

5 14 ).

C a mpan ian ( i b id ., 5 17 ) .

GERS R oque laure : C a mpan ian A , B , C , ( Ga l l ia 1 970 : 4 22 ) . T ouge t : I t a l ic amphoras a nd C a mpan ian ware ( Ga l l ia 1 976 :

4 90 ) .

G IRONDE Vayres :

sma l l C a mpan ian b ow l w i th s ig i l la ted ware o f ATEIVS a nd ACVTVS

( Ga l lia 1 973 : 4 58 ) . Mou l ie ts-e t-V i l le mar t in : C a les B ordeaux :

1 967 :

1f rag men t o f C a mpan ian ware p robab ly f ro m 3 43f ) .

b lack g laze C a mpan ian ware ( Ward-Perk ins

1 940 ; G a l l ia 1 973 :

4 51f ) . HAUTE GARONNE C arbonne :

Aa nd B w i th I t a l ic amphoras ( f irs t c en tury B . C . f unerary p i t ;

G a l l ia 1 972 : B aziege :

4 81) .

Aa nd B ( Ga l l ia 1 974 :

C as tane t-To losan : V ie i l le-Tou louse : 4 74f ; 1 964 : Au ter ive :

1 976 :

4 72 ) .

4 68 ) .

C a mpan ian A , B , Ca nd im i ta t ions i n af irs t c en tury

B . C . c on tex t ( Ga l l ia 1 959 : T ou louse :

4 66 ;

A ( Ga l lia 1 974 :

4 33f ;

1 964 :

4 50 f ;

1 968 :

5 37 ;

1 974 :

F oue t 1 970 ) . C a mpan ian A w i th l a I l ene I I c era m ic a nd C a mpan ian B ( Ga l lia 4 44f ;

1 968 :

5 33 f ;

1 970 :

C a mpan ian ( Ga l l ia 1 970 :

4 11 ) . 4 09 ) .

HERAULT Enserune c ne .

N issan :

s econd c en tury C a mpan ian ware ( Ga l l ia 1 969 :

3 97 ) . C e i lhes : 3 92 ;

C a mpan ian A a nd B , s econd c en tury B . C . c on tex t ( Ga l l ia 1 969 : 1 973 :

4 90 ;

S a in t-Sauveur c ne . ( Ga l l ia 1 969 : V i l le te l le :

1 975 :

L a t tes : 3 94 ;

1 973 :

5 04 ). C a mpan ian A a nd C o f t he f irs t c en tury 4 91f f ;

1 975 :

5 05 ) .

l a te C a mpan ian o f t he f irs t c en tury a nd p ro to-ca mpan ian o f t he

e ar ly t h ird ( Ga l lia 1 971 :

3 88 ) . 3 31

R os is ( h i l l for t P 16 d es B runs ) : N ezignanl 'Ev ' eque : R oqueronde : Agde :

C a mpan ian ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :

b lack g laze C a mpan ian ( Ga l l ia 1 973 :

5 09 ) . 4 96 ) .

I t a l ic amphoras a nd C a mpan ian ware ( i b id . ,4 97 ) .

C a mpan ian ( i bid . ,5 75 f f ) .

C essenon :

C a mpan ian ( Ga l lia 1 975 :

Maga las , h i l l for t Mon t fo :

5 04 ) .

C a mpan ian ( i b id ., 5 06f ) .

I NDRE L evroux :

C a mpan ian ( Büchsensch l i tz 1 968 ) ;

Ao f t he s econd c en tury i n

d is turbed s o i l u nder t he amph i thea tre ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :

3 29 f ;

1 976 :

3 17 ) .

1 973 :

5 20 ;

I SERE V ienne :

A , B , C ,

( Ga l l ia 1 964 :

5 11f ;

1 968 :

5 83 ) .

JURA C a mp d u C ha teau , S a l ins :

C a mpan ian ( Ward-Perk ins 1 940 ).

LO IRE E ssa lo is e ne .

C ha mb les :

B ( Ga l l ia 1 961 :

4 22 ;

1 968 :

5 65 ;

P reyna t 1 962 ). R oanne :

A , B , Ca nd im i ta t ions ( Ga l lia 1 971 :

5 65 ; Cabo tse a nd P er ichon 1 966 ; S a in t- Marce l-de-Fe lines : ( Ga l lia 1 973 :

5 21 ;

4 12f ;

1 966 :

4 91 ;

1 968 :

B essou 1 967 ).

C a mpan ian i nc lud ing B w i th Dresse l I B amphora

1 975 :

5 44 ) .

LOT E sclauze ls :

A ( Ga l l ia 1 976 :

Puy d 'Isso lud :

4 92 ) .

C a mpan ian ( Ward-Perk ins 1 941) .

LOT-ET-GARONNE Agen :

C a mpan ian ( Ga l lia 1 969 :

3 65 ) .

LOZERE S a in t-Bonne t-de-Ch irac :

C a mpan ian ( Ga l l ia 1 971 :

4 05 ) .

MEUSE B ov io l les :

b lack g laze C a mpan ian ( Ward-Perk ins 1 940 ).

MOSELLE Me tz :

C a mpan ian c era m ic i n l a T bne I I c on tex t ( Ga l l ia 1 958 :

N IE VRE Mon t-Beuvray :

C a mpan ian ( Ward-Perk ins 1 940 ).

3 32

3 23 1 ).

PUY-DE-DOME Coren t :

b lack g laze Ca mpan ian ( i b id. ).

G ia t-et-Vo ingt : 1 87 ; Au lna t :

1s herd o f l ate Ca mpan ian i n l eve l 5( deep ;

Ga l l ia 1 955 :

Charbonneau 1 957 ). Ca mpan ian t ype L a mbog l ia 5 , 2 8, 3 6 i n l a Tene I c on tex t :

C a mpan ian A a nd i m ita t ions ( Ga l l ia 1 969 :332 ; 1 975 :431; Per ichon a nd V ichy 1 967 ). Gergov ie :

1 971:323f.;

s econd c en tury p ink c a mpan ian w are ( Hat t 1 943 );

C a mpan ian w are ( Ward-Perk ins 1 940 );

1 973:444;

b lack g laze

Arret ine ware d ated t o b e-

f ore 3 0 ( Labrousse 1 949 ). PYRE NEES OR IENTA LES Pa lau-del-Vidre :

Ca mpan ian a nd Ga l lo-Ro man c era m ic ( Ga l l ia 1 973:

4 74 ). RHONE Amp lepu is :

Ca mpan ian A a nd i m itat ions ( Ga l l ia 1 966 :498f.).

S AONE ET LO IRE Pet i t-Chauvort n orth o f Verdun-sur-le-Doubs :

A a nd B ( Ga l l ia 1 962 :

4 59f .). Verdun-sur-le-Doubs :

A a nd B w ith amphoras a nd d ecorated l a Tene

I I c era m ic, i n as ite b y af ord ( Gal l ia 1 972 :459f .). TARN A lb i :

Ca mpan ian ( Ward-Perk ins 1 940 ).

Pa l lev i l le : S oreze :

Ca mpan ian ( Gal l ia 1 974 :494 ).

Ca mpan ian ( i b id., 4 95f f .).

VAUCLUSE S a in t-Jacques, c ne. Cava il lon A , B , Ca nd im ita t ions ( Dumou l in 1 965 ). Beaumes-de-Ven ise :

Ca mpan ian ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :536 ).

Va ison-la-Ro ma ine : Ca mpan ian ( i b id ., 5 40f .; 1 974 : 525 ). L e B eaucet : A ( Ga l l ia 1 974 :524 ). VAR L e C annet-des- Maures :

Ca mpan ian w ith l a Tene c era m ic ( Ga l l ia 1 973 :

5 53 ). S a in t- Max im in : Taradeau :

Ca mpan ian ( i b id., 5 61 ).

Ca mpan ian w ith amphoras a nd c era m ic l a Tene I/ I I I ( i b id.,

5 63 ). L a V erd iere e t Varage :

E trusco-Ca mpan ian w are o f t he s econd c en tury

( i b id., 5 64 ). S a in t-Raphael : L e C astel let :

Ca mpan ian w are i n w reck o f f Cap Dra m mon t ( i b id., 5 93f f .). Ca mpan ian ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :559f .).

Hyeres : Ca mpan ian ware w ith Greek g raf f it i ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :562 ); w reck w ith Ca mpan ian B a nd C ( i b id., 5 85f f ., a ssoc iated w ith Dressel I B amphoras ). 3 33

L e L avandou :

Ca mpan ian A a nd C a nd I t a l ic Dresse l I A a nd I C amphoras

o n aw reck ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :590f .). VOSGES P ierre-d 'Appel , c ne. E t iva l-Cla irefon ta ine : 3 .

A a nd B ( Deyber 1 972 ).

F INDS OF SPAN ISH ARTEFACTS I N GAUL

( COASTAL S TR IP NOT FULLY I NVENTOR IED ) AUDE B ize- M inervo is :

I ber ic p a in ted c era m ic a nd Empor iae c era m ic o f t he

s econd h a lf o f t he s econd c entury B .C. ( Ga l l ia 1 971:370 ). P eyr iac-de- Mer : 3 75f .);

t h ird c en tury I bero-Pun ic amphoras ( Ga l l ia 1 971:

c ar ina ted d ishes f ro m Empor iae;

o r Mass il iot amphoras ;

C ata lan c oast amphoras

d ocu men ts o f Pun ic o r I bero-Pun ic o r ig in

i n at h ird c en tury c on tex t ( Ga l l ia 1 969 :387 ). Po mas-et-Rou f f iac o n h il l fort l a L agaste :

e arly f i rst c en tury p a in ted

I ber ic p ot tery , i nc lud ing w are f ro m Empor iae ( Ga l l ia 1 969 :388; 1 973:483 ). S igean , h i l l fort P ech-Maho :

I bero-Pun ic amphoras o f t he t h ird t o

s econd c en tury ( Ga l l ia 1 969 :388 ) a nd Empor itan p ot tery ( 1971:377 ); I ber ic g raf f it i ( 1975 :500f .). F erran :

a n empor itan o lpA ( Ga l l ia 1 973 :477 ).

AVEYRON Mil lau :

Empor iae t echn ique p o t tery ( Ga l l ia 1 970 :398-402 ).

L a Grau fesenque :

I ber ic s ty le v ases ( Ba lsan 1 950 ).

L a issac , h il l fort Mon tmerle :

Ca ta lan c oast c era m ic ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :472 ).

BOUCHES DU RHONE En tre mon t :

I ber ic c era m ic ( Ga l l ia 1 974 :501).

Mon tpezat :

Cata lan c oast c era m ic ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :517 ).

GARD

Nages-et-So lorgues :

Ca ta lan c oast c era m ic ( i b id.).

GERS Roquelaure, p lateau S ioutat :

l a ter f i rst c en tury B .0 .H ispan ic

amphora h and les ( Ga l l ia 1 970 :422 ). HERA ULT Enserune, c ne. N issan :

I ber ic p a in ted c era m ic, Cata lan c eram ic w ith

I ber ic g raf f it i o f t he s econd c entury ( Ga l l ia 1 969 :397 ). C e ilhes : L a t tes :

I ber ic c era m ic o f t he s econd c en tury ( Ga l l ia 1 969 :392 ). I ber ic c era m ic ( Ga l l ia 1 973:492 ).

Maga las ( Mon t fo ):

Cata lan c oast c era m ic ( Ga l l ia 1 975 :506f .).

3 34

I LLE ET V ILAINE R ennes :

b ronze I ber ic e x-voto ( Ga l l ia 1 967 :225 ).

LO IRE E ssa lo is :

s outhern S pan ish amphoras ( Ga l l ia 1 971:416 ).

LOZERE S a in t-Bonnet-de-Ch irac :

Empor iae p ot tery ( Ga l l ia 1 971:405 ).

VAUCLUSE S a in t-Jacques, Cava il lon :

I ber ic c up o f t he f i rst c en tury ( Du mou l in

1 965 ).

3 35

4 .

SPAN ISH AND CELTIBER IAN CO IN F INDS I N CENTRAL GAUL

AUDE P o mas-et-Rou f f iac, l a L agaste :

e ar ly f i rst c en tury Empor iae c o ins

( Ga l l ia 1 971:376 ). A ISNE Cond6-sur-Su ippe :

2b ronzes o f Empor iae ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 973a :

2 41 ). AR IEGE S a in t-Jean-de-Verges :

b ronze o f Empor iae ( Labrousse 1 962 ).

AVEYRON L a Couverto irade, 1 .d. l e Puech :

b ronze B ITOVIOS w ith I ber ic i ns-

c r ip t ion f ro m N arbonens is ( Ga l l ia 1 962 :549 ). CHER N ear Bourges :

im itat ion o f Empor iae c o in ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 955c ).

CORRE ZE Puy d u Tour n ear Monceaux :

1b ronze NERONCEN o f N arbonens is w ith

I ber ic i nscr ip t ion ( Ga l l ia 1 959 :368 ). I n t he d dparte men t : C el t iber ian c o in ( ABT :185 ). COTE-D ' OR A l ise-Sa in te-Re ine :

l ate f i rst c en tury b ronze o f Empor iae ( l e Dan tec

1 971). CREUSE Beneven t-l 'Abbaye :

midd le b ronze w ith C e lt iber ian l egend ( MSSNAC I l

p . 3 43 ). L abr ione :

Empor iae b ronze ( ABT :185 ).

HAUTE GARONNE V ie i l le-Tou louse :

NERONCEN w ith I ber ic c haracters ( Ga l l ia 1 959 :433f . ) ;

2b ronze I NDICA ( E mpor iae ); 4 50f .); NMY ;

1I ber ic b ronze BVRSAO ( i b id., 1 964 :

1b ronze w ith h orse man f ro m L anguedoc l egend A MY o r ' I ber ic c o ins ' w ith 1 6 Gau l ish a nd 1 0 u ncerta in ( 1968 :527;

1 970 :413 );

1I LTIRCESCEN a nd 1 5 I ber ic c o ins i n a l l ;

b ronze o f O sca ( 1970 :412 ;

f i rst c en tury B .C.);

( 1972 :478 ).

3 36

I ber ic

1 4 S pan ish c o ins

HERAULT Ros is, P 12 ) d es Bruns : V i l letel le :

c orroded b ronze I ber ic c o in ( Ga l l ia 1 969 :399 ).

f i rst c en tury I ber ic c o in o n Ambrussu m ( Ga l l ia 1 971:388 ).

LO IRE C ret-Chäte lard :

1C e lt iber ian c o in o f Tarraco a nd Empor iae ( Dechelet te

1 904 ).

GERS L ectoure :

Empor iae b ronze ( Labrousse 1 962 ).

LO IRE E ssa lo is : b ronze i m itat ions o f Empor iae a nd C el t iber ian c o ins ( Renaud 1 962; Dechelet te 1 904 ). N IE VRE Mon t-Beuvray ;

IC e lt iber ian c o in o f Tarraco ( D6che let te 1 904 ).

PUY DE DOME C oren t :

Empor iae c opy ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 955c ).

TARN I n t he d dparte men t :

h oard o f Empor iae a sses w ith I ber ic c haracters

( Soutou 1 968 ). I n t he d dparte men t :

I Empor iae d rachm w ith I ber ic l egend ( i b id.).

L oubers, 1 .d. Ca mp F errus :

As o f mun ic ip iu m Empor iae ( Ga l l ia 1 972 :

5 07 ). S a in te-Su lp ice-la-Po in te :

KAIANTOLOS b ronze, NERONCEN b ronze ;

Empor iae w ith I ber ic l egend ( Ga l l ia 1 962 :604 ). TARN ET GARONNE A lb ias i n t he b ed o f t he Aveyron : s i lver i m itat ion o f Pun ic d rach m o f Empor iae ( c f . Br id iers g roup ; Ga l l ia 1 962 :604 ). C astelferrus, S t. Genes :

a s o f Empor iae, c . 4 5-23 B .C. ( Ga l l ia 1 970 :

4 36 ). TARN Mon tans : L ugan :

b ronze o f Empor iae ( Labrousse 1 962 ).

9 0 Empor iae b ronzes i n h oard Pdde lort ( i b id.). 3 37

HAUTE V IE NNE P ierrebuf f iere i n ' Vil la d 'An tone ', ' E mpor iae im itat ion '? i n s i lver, 1 .95g ( Delage 1 952 ). H ill fort S a in t-N ico las c an t . Cha lus :

3 38

Bronze o f Empor iae ( ABT :185 ).

5 .

CO INS OF MASS IL IA FOUND I N CENTRAL GAUL

HOARDS B ourg ( Ain ) ABT n o. 1 :

mass il iot o bo ls ;

n o. 2 :

Mart igues-Sa in t-Re my ( Bouches-du-Rhöne ):

Mass il ia c o ins.

ABT n o. 2 6 :

Mass il ia c o ins , af ew w ith h el meted h ead/horse man ; d enar ius;

1 5-20 monna ies

l a c ro ix ;

N ear Va lence ( Drö me ) ABT n o. 5 9 ; I A ILKOVES I ( 2.54g );

5 00-600 1Repub l ican

I KA IN I KHT WN.

4 00 Mass i l ia o bo ls, 1 5 Rhone v a l ley

o bo ls w e ighed 0 .58-0.67g , w ith a f ew c o ins o f

0 .35g. N ear S a in tGerva is ( B.Rh. ) ABT n o. 6 2 :

7 000 Mass il ia o bo ls i n a n

amphora. L at tes ( Her. ) :

h oard o f 2 000 Mass i l ia o bo ls f ound 1 965 ;

o f 9 93 o bo ls i n 1 966 ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 973a : L a Mon ta igne-de- aressou ( Her.) ABT n o. 1 01:

as econd h oard

3 20 n o. 6 19 ).

4 000 Mass il ia o bo ls ;

Ga l l ia 1 973:491). S a in t-Ro mans ( I sere ) a t l east 3 000 Mass il ia o bo ls ( Ga l l ia 1 962 :525 ). Cha mba laud , c ne. Bouge-Cha mba laud ( I sbre ) ABT n o. 1 23:

s evera l

h undred Mass il ia o bo ls i n a n a pparen t ly d ecorated v ase. Tourdan ( I sere ) ABT n o. 1 24 :

2 44 c o ins :

5 6 A l lobroges Bouquet in ,

1 5 w ith r unn ing h orse o f Rhone v a l ley ; h ead a nd n eck ;

1t e t r x >bo l o fH ist ia ia i n E ubo ia ;

a nd o ne i n ?c opper ;

1 62 Mass i l ia o bo ls

1' Arvern ian ' o bo l.

L a Repe n ear Bando l ( Var ) ABT n o. 2 45 : H Ares ( Var ) ABT n o. 2 46 : Tourves ( Var ) :

7 8 Rhone v a l ley w ith h orse

s o me Mass i l ia c o ins.

ABT n o. 2 47 :

b ert d e Beau l ieu 1 973a :

C . 2 0 Mass i l ia c o ins.

al arge n umber o f Mass i l ia o bo ls ; Co l-

3 17 n o. 6 17 s tates t hat t here w ere c . 2 400

k g o f o bo ls b y a n e st i mate made i n 1 366. Hyeres ( Var ) ABT n o. 2 47b :

c opper v ase w ith 8 16 Mass i l ia d rachms.

Cava il lon ( Vauc. ) ABT n o. 2 48 : b ronzes o f Mass il ia ;

3d rach ms, 1 0 o bo ls , 5 0 a ssorted

3 sma l l b ronzes o f t he Arecom ic i , 3o f N i mes,

3o f Cava i l lon a nd 1 smal l s i lver CA BE. N ear Ap t ( Vauc.) ABT n o. 2 49 :

sma l l b ronze u rn w ith 8 7 Mass i l ia o bo ls ,

1 3 d rachms a nd 2 o bo ls w ith h ead o f Minerva/spread e ag le. L e Castel lar , n ear Cadenet ( Vauc.) ABT n o. 2 50 :

p len ty o f c o ins o f

Mass il ia f ound o n t he s i te , a nd i n p art icu lar a v ase c on ta in ing o ver 1 000. Cadenet ( Vauc. ) ABT n o. 2 50b : 1 800 d rachms o f Mass il ia. 3 39

Ansou is ( Vauc.) ABT n o. 2 51:

c . 4 000 o bo ls o f Mass i l ia.

Beauregard , c ne. J oncqu iesr es ( Vauc.) ABT n o. 2 53 : 7 4 w ith b ouquet in , 1 11 w ith h orse h ead a nd n eck ;

4c o ins w ith d oe, 2 Mass il ia

d rach ms. Beaumes-de-Ven ise ( Vauc.) ABT n o. 2 54 :

c . 1 00 Mass il ia o bo ls.

Av ignon ( Vauc.) a b lock o f 5 58g o f o bo ls o f Mass il ia f ound i n 1 822 ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 973a : Charbuy ( Yonne ) ABT n o. 2 70 :

3 20 n o. 6 19 ). s evera l Mass il ia d rach ms.

En tre mon t ( B. Rh.) Ben6 it 1 968:

4h oards , ( 1 ) 1 435 o bo ls :

( 2 ) 1 00 o bo ls

w ith 2 d rach ms, 1Ro man q u inar ius a nd 2 V ictor iat i c . 2 40-197 B .C.;

( 3 ) 2 7 d rach ms i n aw ooden b ox ;

( 4 ) 10 o bo ls i n ac lay p ot .

J ersey-6 ( append ix 1 ) c on ta ined 2 5 Mass i l ia o bo ls ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 973a :319 ). Hd. Vernon ( V ienne, a ppend ix 1 ) c on ta ined 1 l ight Massi l ia d rachm ( i b id. ). STRAY F INDS OF S ILVER Po m m iers ( Aisne ) 2 1 Mass il ia o bo ls ( ABT :485 ). Beausse men t-Chauzon ( Ardeche ) 1t h ird c entury Mass il ia o bo l ,

0 . 6 2 g

( Mon t jard in 1 969 ). L a Grau fesenque ( Avey.) 2 0 c o ins o f Mass i l ia a nd im itat ions , s ome i n b ronze , ( Gal l ia 1 951:108f .; Chateaume il lan t ( Cher )

Ba lsan 1 950 ).

2o bo ls o f Mass i l ia ( Ga l l ia 1 963 :383f .).

Puy d u Cha lard ( Corr.) d rach m o f Mass i l ia , l ate s er ies ( ABT :502 ). Gr6s igny-sa in te-Re ine ( C . d 'O. ) 2 Mass i l ia o bo ls ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 973a :319 ). Bengven t-l 'Abbaye ( Creuse ):

d rachm o f Mass i l ia ( MSSNAC I I :343 ).

L e Pegue ( Dro me ) s econd c en tury a nd e arl ier Mass il iot o bo ls ( Ga l l ia 1 968 :

5 89f .;

1 966:512-4 ).

P lougerneau ( Fin istere ) 1d rach m o f Mass i l ia ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 973a :320 n . 6 19 ). V ie i l le-Tou louse ( H. Gar. ) 1 c o ins o f Mass il ia among 1 46 f ound i n o ne y ear , 1 970/1 ( Ga l l ia 1 972:491-2 ). S a in t- Marcel ( Indre ) s ee p . 1 88f .: o ver 2 0 h em iobo ls. Rochefort n ear Grenob le ( I sere ):

Mass i l iot o bo ls ( Ga l l ia 1 962 :646 ).

Roanne ( Lo ire ) 2s econd c entury o bo ls o f Mass i l ia a nd a n im ita t ion ( Ga l l ia 1 968:565 ;

Bessou 1 967 ).

Essa lo is ( Lo ire ) d rach ms o f Mass i l ia ( Renaud 1 962 ). Puy d e Coren t ( PD ) 2 Mass il ia o bo ls ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 973a :319 ).

3 40

Varennes-les- Mäcon ( S+L ) o bo ls w ith p ot ins ( n . 1 3 ). V endeu i l-Cap ly ( O ise ) 4 Mass il ia o bo ls a nd t wo d rachms ;

o ne im itat ion ;

( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 973a :319 ). Mon t Beuvray ( N ievre ) 2 2 o bo ls o f Mass il ia ( Dechelette 1 904 ). A l lonnes ( Sarthe ) 1 1 Mass il ia o bo ls a nd 2 n orth I ta l ian im itat ions o f Mass il ia d rach ms a t 3 .90g ( Co lbert d e B eau l ieu 1 973a :319 ). Berne ( Sw itz.) 3 Mass i l ia o bo ls , a nd i m itat ions ( Co lbert d e Beau l ieu 1 973a :319f .). BRONZE F INDS S a in te-Eu la l ie-de-Cernon ( Avey.) 1b ronze o f Mass il ia ( Ga l l ia 1 962 : 5 54;

1 966 :417 ).

L a Graufesenque ( Avey. ) 2 0 Mass il ia b ronzes o r im ita t ions ( Ga l l ia 1 951:108f .; Ba lsan 1 950 ). Puy d u Tour ( Corr.) c ast i m itat ion o f Mass i l ia i n l evel J IB, b e low IA where a c o in o f B itur iges sword g roup 1 .20g w as f ound ( Ga l l ia 1 954 : 1 97f .). Gau jac ( Gard ) sma l l b ronze o f Mass i l ia ( Ga l l ia 1 971:392 ). Mons-et- Mon te i ls ( Gard ) med iu m b ronze o f Mass i l ia ( Ga l l ia 1 971:392-3 ). V ie il le-Tou louse ( H. G ar.) 2 sma l l Mass il ia b ronzes ( Ga l l ia 1 964 :450f .; 1 968:531) ;

a no ther b ron ze i n t he l ast p er iod o f t he s i te C . 2 0 B .C.

( 1970 :413 );

1 4 Mass il ia c o ins i n a l l w ere f ound a ga inst 3 3 l oca l o r

r eg iona l , 1 6 o ther Gau l ish , 1 5 I ber ic, 1 0 u ncerta in a nd 2 7 Ro man . V i l letel le ( A mbrussum , Her.) sma l l b ronze o f Mass il ia i n ab ig h ouse o f t he f i rst c en tury B .C. ( Ga l l ia 1 971:388 ). V ienne ( I sere ) 1 Mass i l ia b ronze ( Ga l l ia 1 956:263 ) a nd i m itat ion ( Ga l l ia 1 966 :507 ). GO UX ( Jura ) 1 9 sma l l b ronze o f Mass il ia ( DAG ). Roanne ( Lo ire ) b ronze o f Mass i l ia a nd im itat ion w ith 2 o bo ls i n a s econd c en tury ( ? ) l evel w ith 2 sma l l b ronzes ( Ga l l ia 1 968 :565 ; Bessou 1 967 ). E ssa lo is ( Lo ire ) 1 Mass i l ia b ron ze?, 4 16;

s i lver d rach ms ( Ga l l ia 1 971:

Renaud 1 962 ).

G ergov ie ( PD ) b ronze o f Mass i l ia ;

i m itat ion o bo l 0 .35g ( Hat t 1 943;

L abrousse 1 948 ). C ou lo m m iers ( Se ine-e t-Marne ) 1Mass i l ia b ronze i n l a Tene I I c on tex t ( Ga l l ia 1 967 :216 ). Mon t Beuvray ( N ievre ) 5Mass il ia b ronzes ( Ddchele tte 1 904 ). S a in t-Jacques , Vauc luse :

Mass il ia c o ins a nd 1b ronze i m itat ion o f

t he f i rst c en tury B .C. ( Dumou l in 1 965 ).

3 41

Na in tre ( Vienne, V ieux-Po it iers ) 1 Massi l ia c o in o f u ncerta in meta l ( Gal l ia 1 967 :262 ). Po it iers ( Vienne ) 1 Mass il ia b ronze ( ABT :507 ).

3 42

B IBL IOGRAPHY

A l la in , J .

1 969a .

Nouve l les r echerches a u c a mp d e C hou , c o m mune d e

Mou l ins-sur-Yevre ( Cher ) ', CAHB ( 16) 1 969, 4 3-4 . A l la in , J .

1 969b .

L a Campagne 1 968 d e f ou i l les s ur l e s i te g a l lo-ro ma in

d ' Argen to magus ( co m mune d e S a in t- Marce l , I ndre) ' ,CAHB ( 16) 1 969, 4 5-6 A l la in , J .

1 971.

C o mp te r endu d e l a c a mpagne 1 970 s ur l e s i te

d ' Argen to magus, c o m mune d e S a in t- Marce l ( L ndre) ' ,CAHB ( 25-6) 1 971, 2 6-8 . A l la in , J ., Ber the lot a nd G ede l l .

1 963 .

' Pon t g a l lo-ro ma in e t g ue p ave

Argen ton-sur-Creuse ( I ndre) ' RAC ( 2 ) 1 963 , 1 36-42 . A l la in , J ., C othene t , A ., a nd Vauthey , M .

1 964 .

Deux d epoto irs g a l lo-

r o ma ins ä Argen to magus, ( co m mune d e S a in t- Marce l , I ndre) ' ,RAC ( 3 ) 1 964, 3 41-56 . A l la in , J ., C othene t , A ., P ou la in-Jos ien , Th . ,a nd Vau they , M .

1 966 .

' Un Depoto ir August en ä Argen to magus ( Sa in t- Marce l , L ndre) ' ,RAC ( 5 ) 1 966, 3 -40 a nd 1 95-219 . A l len , D .F .

1 969 .

A l len , D .F .

1 971.

'Monna ies-äla-cro ix i , NC 1 969, 3 3-78 . The Ear ly C o ins o f t he Trever i ' ,G erman ia ( 49) 1 971,

9 2-110 . A l len , D .F .

1 973 .

The C o ins F ound a t L a Tene ,E tudes Ce l t iques

1 973 , 4 77-521. A l len , D .F .

1 974 .

' The Ph i l ippus i n Sw itzer land a nd t he Rh ine l a nd ',

R evue S u isse d e Nu m is ma t ique 1 974, 4 2-74 . Anon .

1 873 .

'Monna ies Gau lo ises ' C ongres Archeo log ique d e France

XLe s ess ion , Chä teauroux 1 873 ( 1874) , 6 7-73 . Anon .

1 968 .

'Chron ique Nu m is ma t ique ' ,RAC ( 7 ) 1 968 , 3 68-9 .

Armand-Ca l l ia t , L .

1 944 .

' Les f ou i l les d e Mar loux p res Me l lecey ( Sa ne-

e t-Lo ire) e n 1 943 ' ,Ga l l ia 1 944, 2 5-41. Ba i l ly , P .

1 966 .

Br ives, da ns Ba lsan , L .

1 950 .

' Note s ur q ua tre s te les g a l lo-ro ma ins c onserv es I ndre ' ,CAHB ( 7 ) 1 966, 2 3 . Repr ise d es f ou i l les ä l a Graufesenque ( Conda to magus) ,

c a mpagne d e 1 950 ' ,Ga l l ia 1 950, 1 -13 . Banner t , H .

1 976 .

' Zur Deu tung d er E inh iebe a uf d en Münzen d er Par is h',

JNG 2 6 ( 1976) , 1 1-24 .

3 43

Beauva is, A .

1 900 .

'Monna ies g au lo ises e n a rgen t , t rouvees p res d e

Va len9ay ( I ndre) ' RN 1 900 , 3 76-8 . Benö it , F .

1 954 .

'Amphores e t c eram ique d e l tepave d e Marse i l le ' G a l l ia

1 954 , 3 5-54 . Benb it , F .

1 956 .

'Epaves d e l a Ate d e Provence ;

t ypo log ie d es amphores ' ,

Ga l l ia 1 956, 2 3-34 . B enö i t , F . 1 968 . 'Resu l ta ts h istor iques d es f ou i l les d ' En tre mon t ( 1946-1967) ' Ga l l ia 1 968 , 1 -31. Benus ig l io, J .

1 957 .

u n t it led a r t ic le o n t he C hevanceau h oard , BSFN J une

1 957 , 1 37-8 . B essou , M .

1 964 .

' Notes p re l im ina ires s ur l es f ou i l les d e l 'I nst itu t ion

S a in t-Joseph ä R oanne ( Lo ire) ' C e l t icu m I X ( 1963) 1 964, 1 71-8 . Bessou , M .

1 967 .

L a p oter ie p ein te g au lo ise a Roanne ( Lo ire ) a u l er

s iec le a van t J esus-Chr ist ' ,Ogam X IX ( 1967) , 1 09-127 . B lanche t , A .

1 910 .

' La Trouva i l le d e Marc i l la t ' ,RN 1 910 , 4 61-76 .

B lanche t , A .

1 922 .

'Monna ies g au lo ises i ned ites o u p eu c onnues ' ,RN

1 922 , 1 21-135 . B lanche t , A .

1 934 .

l e De-p ot mone ta ire g au lo ise d e Chenöves ' ,RN 1 934,

1 61-7 . Brogan , 0 . a nd Desforges, E .

1 940 .

Gergov ia ' ,Archaeo log ica l J ourna l

XCV I I ( 1940) 3 -36 . Brou i l le t , P . a nd S ou tou , A .

1 959 .

'Cera m iques e t monna ies g au lo ises d e

L ozere ' ,Ogam 1 959, 3 96-401. Büchsenschü tz , 0 . 1 968 .

L es 'o pp ida ' d ans l a

F or t if ica t ions e n t erre d u Berry .

c iv itas ' d es B itur iges .

Me mo ire p resen te p our l a ma ltr ise

d 'H isto ire s ous l a d irect ion d u p rofesseur G i lber t P icard , Un ivers ite d e Par is, Facu lte d es l e t tres e t d es s c iences h u ma ines, 1 968 . Büchsenschü tz, 0 . 1 969 .

O pp ida d ans l a c iv i tas d es B itur iges e t f or t if i-

c a t ions e n t erre d u Berry ' ,CAHB ( 16) 1 969, 4 0-2 , s u m mary b y P . Ba i l ly . Büchsenschü tz, 0 . 1 971a .

' Pre m iers s ondages s ur l e s i te d e L evroux

( I ndre ) ' ,CAHB ( 25-6) 1 971, 5 5-6 Büchsenschü tz, 0 . 1 971b .

' Eta t d e l a r echerche s ur l es o pp ida e n France ,

p ar t icu l iere men t d ans l e Cen tre ' ,Acheo log icke R ozh ledy XX I I I ( 1 971) 4 06-16 . Büchsenschü tz, 0 . 1 975 .

' Etude a rcheo log ique d u c an ton d e L evroux ', RAC

s pec ia l ' Argen tomagus ' 1 975, 1 27-33 . Büchsenschü tz, 0 ., a nd Ra lston , I .

'Decouver te d 'u n murus g a l l icus ä

L evroux ( I ndre) ' ,Ga l l ia 1 975, 2 7-48 . C abotse , J ., a nd Per ichon , R .

1 966 .

'Ceram iques g au lo ises e t g a l lo-ro ma ines

d e R oanne (L o ire) ' Ga l l ia 2 4 ( 1966) ,

3 44

2 9-75 .

Car ta i lhac, E . 1 897 . L e T orques d 'o r d u mus e d e B ordeaux ', L ' An throp o lg ie V I I I ( 1897 ) , 5 84-6 . Caste l in , K .

1 961.

L es s ta teres Arvernes a l a l yre ' ,RBN ( 108 ) 1 961,

7 1-82 . Charbonneau , G . 1 957 . L es r u ines g a llo-ro ma ines d es Puys-de-Vo ing t , P uy-de-Dö me ' ,Ga l l ia 1 957 , 1 17-128 . C olber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 952a .

'Un monnayage c e l t ique n on a t tr ibue ,

' so le d ans l e n ord-es t d e l 'Ar mor ique ' , Anna les d e Bre tagne 1 952 , 8 1-93 C olber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 952b .

Or ig ine , e vo lu t ion e t mu ta t ions d 'un

d if feren t mone ta ire e n G au le c e lt ique ' ,RBN ( 98) 1 952 , 3 1-9 . Co lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 953 .

' La t rouva i l le d e monna ies Vene tes d e

p ipr iact; RBN 1 953 , 3 1-62 . Co lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 954a .

L e s ta tere d e Verc inge tor ix a l a t ete

c asquee ' ,RBN 1 954, 5 7-74 . Colber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B . 1 954b . O ga m ( 6 ) 1 954, 9 1-4 .

Notu les d e n um is ma t ique c e l t ique I ' ,

Co lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 954c . L a c on tre marque d ans l e monnayage d 'o r g au lo is ' ,Ga l l ia ( 12) 1 954, 5 5-72 .

Co lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 955a .

Nu m is ma t ique c e l t ique d 'A les ia '

RBN ( 101) 1 955, 5 5-83 . Co lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 955b .

' Notu les d e n um is ma t ique c e l t ique V I I I ' ,

O ga m ( 7 ) 1 955, 2 73-80 . Co lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 955c

Monna ies d 'a rgen t d es L e mov ices ' ,

O ga m ( 7 ) 1 955 , 3 94-402 . Colber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 955d

N otu les d e n um is ma t ique c e l t ique X '

1 956a

'L e t resor d e monna ies o s is m iennes d e

I b id ., p . 3 19-24 . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

G u inga mp ( Cötes-du-Nord) ' RBN 1 956, 8 1-141. C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 956b .

BSFN Dec . 1 956 , 8 5 .

C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 956c .

BSFN J une 1 956, 4 4-5 ( on F ondet tes

1 956d .

N otu les d e n um is ma t ique c e lt ique ',

H oard ) . C olber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

Ogam ( 8 )1956, 4 17-30 . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 956e .

' Les l igendes 's o l i ma ' e t' SOL I MYS '

R evue a rcheo log ique d e 1 'e st e t d u c en tre-est ( 7 ) 1 956, 1 48-55 . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 958 .

'Une s u ite d e s ta teres d 'o r a t tr ibuees

a ux Arvernes ' ,RBN ( 104) 1 958 , 6 3-73 . Co lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 959 .

No tes s ur l es monna ies g au lo ises d u

L o ire t e t s ur l a t rouva i l le d e Mon targ is ' ,Revue a rch . d e l 'e st e t d u c en tre-est 1 959, 1 38-41 . 3 45

C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 960 .

L e p re m ier e xe mp la ire c onnu d e s ta tere

d 'o r d e Verc inge tor ix ' ,RBN 1 960 , 3 19-21 . C o lbert d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 961.

' La c harac teroscop ie e t l a d a ta t ion d es

em iss ions g au lo ises d u He s iec le ' ,BSFN O ct . 1 961, 8 0 . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 962a .

' Les monna ies g au lo ises a u n om d e

TOG IR IX ' Revue a rch . d e l 'e st e t d u c entre-est ( 13) 1 962 , 9 8-118 . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 962b .

Un s ta tere d es P ictones d ecouver t

d ans l a p resqu 'l le d e Q u iberon ' ,Anna les d e Bre tagne 1 962 , 4 3-57 . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 962c .

' Re marques s ur l e monnayage c e l t ique

d es P ictones ' ,5 8e c ongres n a t iona l d es s oc ie tes s avan tes ( Po it iers 1 962 ) , 1 53-170 . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 963 .

Un n ouveau l o t i ned it d e l a t rouva i l le

d e S a in t-Jacques-dela-L a nde ', Anna les d e Bre tagne 1 963 , 4 2-5 . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B . 1 964 . L a n um is ma t ique d e l a Gau le ', C ah iers n um is ma t iques ( 1 ) J une 1 964, 9 -14 . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 966a .

L es monna ies d e Verc inge tor ix :

n ouve l les a cqu is it ions ' ,Ga l l ia 1 966, 2 1-8 . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 966b .

' Um lau f u nd C hrono log ie d er g a l loke lt ischen

M i tnzen ' ,JNG ( 16) 1 966, 4 5-62 . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 966c .

' La monna ie d e Ca le tedu e t l es z ones d u

s ta tere e t d u d en ier e n Gau le ' ,RAC ( 5 ) 1 966, 1 01-129 . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 967 .

L es monna ies d e b ronze d 'A les ia a u n om

d e Vercinge tor ix ' ,Cah iers n um is ma t iques ( 12-13) 1 967 , 3 56-72 . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 970a .

' Les p ot ins d its 'ä l a t e te d iabo l ique ' ,

u n monnayage i nd igene d e l a Gau le e n v o le d e r o man isa t ion ' ,RBN 1 970, 9 7-123 . Co lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 970b .

L es monna ies d e Verc inge tor ix :

n ouve l les

a cqu is i t ions ( I I ) ' ,Ga l l ia ( 28 ) 1 970 , 1 -9 . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 971a .

L a t rouva i l le d e monna ies g au lo ises d e

S a in t-P ierre-de- Ma i l le ' ,Ga l l ia ( 29) 1 971, 3 -16 . C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 971b .

' La l im ite s ep ten tr iona le d es monna ies

äl a c ro ix e t l a p o l it ique d e Ro me ' ,RBN 1 971, 1 15-131. C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B . 1 973 ) .

1 973a .

Tra its d e Nu m is ma t ique Ce l t ique I( Par is

C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B .

1 973b .

' Ch r ono lo g ie d es b ronzes g au lo is e t

"Br it ish Pot in c o ins" ',RBN ( 109) 1 973 , 5 -41. C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B, a nd L abarr iere , P .D .

1 957 .

' Les monna ies

d 'a rgen t d e l a t rouva i l le d e Mou l ins-sur-Cephons ' ,RBN ( 103) 1 957 , 3 1-46 C o lber t d e Beau l ieu , J -B , a nd L efevre , C .

1 963 .

Verc inge tor ix ' ,G a l l ia ( 2 1) 1 963 , 1 1-75 . 3 46

' Les monna ies d e

C o ll is, J .

1 975 .

C othene t , A .

Defended s i tes o f t he l a te l a T ene , B .A .R . s upp . 2( 1975)

1 962 .

' Les t rouva i l les mone ta ires g au lo ises d e Cha teau me i l lan t

( Cher ) ' ,Ce lt icu m ( 6 ) 1 962 ( 1963 ) , 9 5-8 . C othene t , A .

1 964 .

L es t rouva i l les moneta ires d e PI nst itu t ion S a in t-

J oseph a Roanne ' ,8 9e C ongres n a t . d es s oc ie tes s avan tes ( Lyon 1 964) , 7 3-8 . Cothene t , A .

1 965 .

' Sur u n b ronze g au lo is, d u t ype ATECTOR I , p rovenan t

d e S a in t- Marce l ( I ndre) ' ,CAHB ( 1 ) 1 965, 2 4f . Cothene t , A .

1 968a .

L es monna ies g au lo ises d ' Argen to magus ' ,RAC ( 7 )

1 968 , 2 04-211. C othene t , A .

1 968b .

'Decouver tes d e monna ies b itur iges e t g a l lo-ro ma ines

C ouf f i ( Lo ir-e t-Cher ) ' ,CAHB ( 12-13) 1 968 , 3 6-7 . Cothene t , A . Cot ton , A .

1 969 .

1 962 .

Bu l le t in n um is ma t ique n o 4 3 ' ,CAHB ( 16) 1 969, 2 8-37 . Que lques e nce in tes r ectangu la ires d e p e t its d i mens ions

e n Ang le terre e t e n C orreze l ,Oga m ( 14) 1 962 , 9 7-106 . Cot ton , A ., a nd Frere , S .

1 961.

Ence in tes d e Pa ge d u F er a u p ays d es

L e mov ices ' ,G a l l ia 1 961, 3 1-54 . Craw ford , M .H .

1 969.

R o man Repub l ican C o in H oards ( London 1 969) .

Craw ford , M .H .

1 973 .

R o man Repub l ican C o inage ( Ca mbr idge 1 973) .

Craw ford , M .H .

1 977 .

' Repub l ican d enar i i i n R o man ia ;

p iracy

t he s uppress ion o f

a nd t he s lave-trade ' ,JRS 1 977 , 1 17-124 .

Cun l if fe , B . W . a nd R ow ley , T ( eds . )

O pp ida :

t he Beg inn ings o f Urban isa t ion

i n Barbar ian Europe , BAR s upp . 1 1 ( 1976) . l e Dan tec, J -P .

1 968 .

monna ies g au lo ises:

a cqu is it ions i ned i tes s ur l e

s i te d 'A l ise-Sa in te-Re ine ' ,R evue a rch . d e 1 'e st e t d u c en tre-est ( 19) , 2 39-41. l e Dan tec , J -P.

1 971.

' une monna ie d ' Ampur ias t rouvee a A lesia ' ,i b id .

( 22) 1 971, 1 67-8 . l e Dan tec , J -P . B o lards ; Deche le t te , J .

1 972 .

'Monna ies g au lo ises r ecue i l l ies s ur l e s i te d es

l e manuscr it d e L ou is R oux ', i b id . ( 13) 1 972 , 4 5-7 . 1 904 .

Deche le t te , J . 1 914 .

L es F ou i l les d u Mon t Beuvray ( 1897-1901) Par is 1 904. Manue l d ' Archeo log ie Preh istor ique c e lt ique e t

s a l lo-ro ma ine v o l . I . 3( Par is 1 914) . Def fon ta ines, P ., a nd De la marre , M .J .B .

1 958 .

A t las A r ien ( Par is 1 958

v o l . 3 ) . De lage , F .

1 952 .

V ienne) '

'F ou i l les d e l a "V i l la d ' An tone" a P ierrebuf f iere ( H te .

Ga l l ia 1 952 , 1 -30 .

De lage , F . a nd G orce ix , C .

1 924 .

L ' Opp idu m d e V i l le jouber t ' ,S oc .

P reh . Franca ise XX ( 1924) , 2 08-29 .

3 47

De lpor te , H ., a nd Vu it ternez, H .

1 966 .

' Le t u mu lus n o . 1d e S a lesse ,

S a in t-S i mon ( Can ta l) ' ,RAC ( 5 ) 1 966 , 1 61-173 . Deroc , A .

1 956 .

Ref lex ions s ur q ue lques monna ies g au lo ises ' ,O ga m

( 8 )1956, 6 7-70 • Des jard ins, E .

1 876 .

G eograph ie d e l a Gau le R o ma ine ( Par is 1 876 , 4

v o ls) . Deyber , A .

1 972 .

L a c era m ique d e l a T ene i i a

o pp idu m d e l a "P ierre

d ' Appe l", c o m mune d 'E t iva l-Cla irefon ta ine ( Vosges) : Revue a rch . d e e st e t d u c en tre-est ( 23 ) 1 972 , 5 5-76 . D ind inaud , G .

1 969 .

' Sur l es "marde l les" d e Dun-sur-Auron ' ,CAHB ( 19)

1 969, 2 2-6 . Du mou l in , A .

1 965 .

L es p u tts e t f osses d e l a c o l l ine S a in t-Jacques a

Cava i l lon ( Vauc luse) ' ,Ga l l ia ( 23) 1 965, 1 -85 . Dupoux , J ., a nd R oche , J -L .

1 975 .

' Les monna ies Mass i l ie tes d ' Argen to-

magus ' ,RAC ( 57-8) 1 975, 1 07-111. E be l, C .

1 976 .

Transa lp ine Gau l ;

t he emergence o f aR o man Prov ince

( Le iden 1 976) . Eychar t , P .

1 961.

L ' Opp idu m d es C ates, Augustone metu m, G ergov ie

( C ler mon t-Ferrand 1 961) . Eychar t , P .

1 963 .

' Con tr ibu t ion a I 'e tude d u p eup le men t g au lo is e t g a l lo-

r o ma in d ependan t d e

o pp idu m d es C ates d e C ler mon t-Ferrand ',

A ctes d u 8 8e c ong . n a t . d es s oc ie tes s avan tes ( Clermon t-Ferrand 1 963) , s ect ion d ' a rcheo log ie p . 7 7-93 . Eychar t , P .

1 964 .

Decouver te d e v est iges n eo l it ih iques e t d es t races d 'u n

h ab i ta t d ' Ha l lsta t t e t d e l a T ene a C ler mon t-Ferrand d ans l e q uar t ier d es L ycees ' RAC ( 3 ) 1 964, 1 9-38 . Eychar t , P .

1 967 .

' Decouver te d 'u n o pp idu m p rotoh istor ique iL iozon

( Co m mune d '0 1 1o ix , Puy-de-Dö me) ' ,RAC ( 6 ) 1 967 , 6 2-8 . Eychar t , P .

1 968 .

'Decouver te d 'u n h ab ita t c e lt ique e t g a l lo-ro ma in r ue

Descar tes a Cha ma l ieres ( Puy d e Dö me) ' ,RAC ( 7 ) 1 968 , 4 7-51. F erd iere , A .

1 971.

'F ou i l les d e G ievres ( Lo ir-e t-Cher ) .

l o t isse men t d es F i l l ioux , A .

1 862 .

S auve tage a u

Perreux" ,Ca mpagne 1 968 ' ,CAHB ( 25-6) 1 971, 3 5-51. u n t it led a r t ic le o n t he Br id iers h oard ,

MSSNAC ( 3 )

1 862 , 4 64 . F or m ige , J .

1 944 .

L e S anctua ire d e S anxay ( depar te men t d e l a V ienne) ' ,

Ga l l ia 1 944 , 4 3-120 . F orrer , R .

1 908 .

K e lt ische Nu m is ma t ik d er Rhe in und Donau lände

( S trasbourg 1 908 ; F oue t , G .

1 970 .

r epr w ith n otes a dded , e d . Caste l in , Austr ia 1 968) .

Vases g au lo is d e l a r eg ion T ou lousane ' , Ga l l ia ( 28 ) 1 970 ,

1 1-33 . F ourn ier , P -F . F .

1 967 .

Chron ique Nu m is ma t ique ' ,RAC ( 6 ) 1 967 , 8 9-91.

3 48

G abet , C .

1 965 .

L e c en tre d 'e xp lo i ta t ion d e s e i d e P or t-Cou tard ' ,

Ce l t icu m ( 12 ) 1 964 ( 1965 ) 2 31-5. G abet , C .

1 966 .

L e s i te g au lo is d e Pons ( Charen te Mar it i me) ' ,C e l t icu m

( 15) 1 965 ( 1966) 4 7-52 . G abet , C .

1 969 .

' La C eram ique g a l lo-ro ma ine r ecue i l l ie ä .F g -p iron

( Charen te- Mar it i me) ' ,G a l l ia ( 27 ) 1 969, 4 5-70 . G au me , G .

1 965 .

'Un h ab ita t g a l lo-ro ma in a T hesee-Pou i l le ( Lo ir-e t-Cher ) ',

RAC ( 4 )1965 , 1 01-123 . G r ierson , P . G ren ier , A .

1 977 .

T he o r ig ins o f Money ( Ath lone Press, L ondon 1 977 ) .

1 934 .

G uadan , A . M . d e

Manue l d ' Archeo log ie Ga l lo-ro ma ine ( I I ) Par is 1 934 . 1 969 .

Nu m is ma t ica I ber ica e l bero-Ro mana ( Madr id

1 969) . Ha t t , J -J .

1 942 .

'Decouver te d 'u n v i l lage g au lo is d e l a T ene I I a u t erro ir

d e F ontv ie i l le s ur l ' emp lace men t d e l a b ase a er ienne d ' Au lna t-Sud ( Puy-de-Dö me) ' ,Bu l l . H ist . e t S c i . d e l 'Auvergne LXX I I ( 1942) , 3 6-48 ' Ha t t , J -J .

1 943 .

' Les f ou i l les d e G ergov ie , l a c ampagne d e 1 942 ', Ga l l ia

1 943 , 9 7-124 . Ha t t , J -J ,

1 945.

'E ssa i d 'u ne c o mpara ison e n tre l a c era rnique c e l t ique

d ' Au lna t-Sud e t l a c eram ique g a l lo-ro ma ine p recoce d e G ergov ie ', Bu l l . h is t . e t s e i . d e P Auvergne LXV ( 1945) 1 51-174 . Ha t t , J -J .

1 947 .

L es f ou i l les d e G ergov ie , c a mpagnes d e 1 943 e t 1 944 ',

Ga l l ia 1 947 , 2 71-300 . H ou lber t , G .

1 958 .

C ons idera t ions s ur u n s ta tere g au lo is i ned it ' ,Oga m

( 10) 1 958 , 2 03-4 . H ou lber t , G .

1 959 .

H ou lber t , G .

1 962 .

' Un s ta tere Arverne i ned it ' ,Ogam ( 10) 1 959, 3 21. Ap ropos d e q ue lques s ta teres Arvernes ' ,RAC ( 1 )

1 962 , 8 7-91. H ugon iot , E .

1 969 .

L ' O pp idu m d u c a mp d e Ce sar ,

l a G rou t te ( Cher ) ',

CAHB ( 16) 1 969, 4 2-3 . Hugon iot , E ., a nd G ourvest , J . Cha teau me i l lan t ( Cher ) ;

1 961.

L ' Opp idu m d e Med io lanu m ,

c a mpagne d e f ou i l les 1 956-60 ' ,Oga m ( 13 )

1 961, 1 93-204 . Hugon iot , E ., a nd Vaun ter , B . 1 971. 'F ou i l le d u r e mpar t d u c a mp d e l a Grou t te ( Cher) ; CAHB ( 25-6) 1 971, 2 2-3 . J oudoux , R .

1 964 .

' Leg v est iges g a l lo-ro ma ins d u Mon t-Ce ix e t d u Mon t-

Gargan ( Fou i l les d e M .

A bbaye J oyeux , p os it ion d u p rob le me) ' ,RAC

( 3 )1964, 1 63-8 . J ugs , R ., Dupuy , P . e t 1 'e qu ipe r eg iona le L i mousine G . A .A . d u T C .F . 'F ou i l les d e S auve tage d e S a in t-Gence ( Hau te-V ienne) ', RAC ( 8 ) 1 969, 2 4-36 .

3 49

J u l l ia .n , C .

1 914 .

J u l l ian , C .

1 920 .

Verc inge tor ix ( Par is 1 914) . H isto ire d e l a Gau le ( Par is 1 920 ;

v o l . I 1 909:

e poque

c e l t ique) . K e l lner , H -J .

1 970 .

Der Fund v on Tayac , e in Z eugn is d es C i mbernzuges ? '

JNG ( 20 ) 1 970 , 1 3-47 . K napp , R .C .

1 977 .

The Da te a nd Purpose o f t he I ber ian Denar i i ' ,NC

1 977 , 1 -18 . L abrousse , M .

1 948 .

L es f ou i l les d e G ergov ie ;

c a mpagnes d e 1 945 e t

1 946 ' Ga l l ia 1 948 , 3 1-95 . L abrousse , M .

1 950 .

' Les f ou i l les d e G ergov ie ;

c a mpagnes d e 1 947 e t

d e 1 949 ' ,Ga l l ia 1 950 , 1 4-53 . L abrousse , M . d ans

1 962 .

' Im i ta t ion g au lo ise d e d rach me ampur ita ine t rouvee

Aveyron , s ur l e s i te d e C osa ( Tarn-e t-Garonne) ' ,Ce lt icu m ( 3 )

1 961 ( 1962) 1 85-93 . L abrousse , M .

1 966 .

Au d oss ier d 'U xe l lodunum '

i n Me langes d ' Arche-

o log ie , d ' Ep igraph ie e t d 'H isto ire o f fer ts aJ ero me Carcop ino ( Par is 1 966) 5 63-86 . d e L achaussee , A .

1 873 .

Exp lora t ion d 'u ne s epu lture a Dunle-RoP ,

MSAC I V ( 1870-2) 1 873 , 5 3-81. L acro ix , L . a nd Gr icour t , J .

1 972 .

' Tresor d e monna ies g au lo ises d e

R ouquet te ' ,Cah iers Nu m is ma t iques ( 3 1) 1 972 . L afaur ie , J .

1 962 .

L a faur ie , J .

1 966 .

u n t it led a r t ic le , BSFN A pr . 1 962 , 1 43 . L e s ta tere d e Verc inge tor ix c asque , t rouve

Gres igny-

S a in te-Re ine ' ,BSFN ( 1 1) 1 966, 7 4-5 . L a lande , Ph .

1 888 .

Note s ur u ne monna ie g au lo ise t rouvee d ans l a c o m mune

d e S a in t-Yr ie ixle-De jä la t ' ,Bu l l . d e l a S oc . s c ien t if ique e t h is tor ique d e l a C orreze 1 888 , 2 97-8 . l e L annon , M .

1 964 .

L es Reg ions g eograph iques d e l a France ;

L a France

S ep ten tr iona le ( 2nd e d . Par is 1 964) . L augard iere , C h . d e

1 870 .

'S epu ltures g au lo ises d es F er t isses, c ne .

S a in te So lange ( Cher ) ' , MSAC I I ( 1869) 1 870 , 7 -23 . L av ine , L .

1 963 .

'Decouver te d 'u ne c arr iere g a l lo-ro ma ine s pec ia l is e

d ans l a f abr ica t ion d e mou les ä g ra in d o mest iques ä S a in t-Chr istophel e-Chaudry ( Cher ) ' ,RAC 1 963 , 1 46-51. L enor man t , Ch .

1 856 .

R ev is ion d e l a n um is ma t ique g au lo ise ( I ) ' RN

1 856 , 2 97-344 . L ot , F .

1 950 .

Recherches s ur l a p opu la t ion e t l a s uper f ic ie d es c i tes

r e mon tan t äl a p er iode g a l lo-ro ma ine ( Par is 1 950) v o l . 2 . Ma in jone t , M .

1 966 .

t i ne monna ie g au lo ise d ecouver te ä Tr izay ( Charen te-

Mar it i me) ' , BSFN Nov . 1 966,

9 4-5 .

3 50

Ma in jone t , M .

1 975 .

Monna ies g au lo ises r eco ltees

Muron ( Charen te-

Mar it i me) ' ,Revue d e l a S a in . tonge e t d e 1 ' Aun . is I( 1 .975) , 4 9-56 . Ma th ieu .

1 845 .

Mon t jard in , R .

u n t i t led l et ter , RN 1 845, 2 50-1. 1 969 .

'U n g ise men t d e l a T ene a Beausse men t-Chauzon

( Ardeche) ' , Oga m ( 21) 1 969, 5 7-70 . Mura t , A .

1 962 .

' A p ropos d e l a p er iode d e l a T ene I I :

a ppor ts r ecen ts

d e l a s ta t ion d u Puy d u T our ( Correze) ' ,Ogam ( 14) 1 962 , 8 5-95 . Mura t , A . a nd J .

1 967 .

'C inquan te a ns d e r echerches a rcheo log iques ä

l a s ta t ion d u Puy d u T our p res d ' Argen ta t ( Correze) ;

L nven ta ire d es

d ecouver tes d e 1 903 a 1 953 ' ,Ogam ( 19) 1 967 , 3 69-96 . Nash , D .

1 973 .

L es monna ies g au lo ises c onserve-e s a u Mus e d e G uere t ' ,

Bu l le t in d es am is d u Musee d e G uere t ( 4 ) 1 973 , 6 -17 . Nash , D .

1 975 .

T he c hrono logy o f C e lt ic c o inage i n Gau l :

t he Arvern ian

" hege mony" r econs idered ', NC 1 975, 2 04-5 . Nash , D .

1 976 .

The g row th o f Urban S oc ie ty i n Fr a nce ', i n e d . Cun l if fe

a nd R ow ley 1 976 : Nash , D .

1 978a .

9 5-133 .

' Terr i tory a nd s ta te f or ma t ion i n Cen tra l Gau l ', i n e d .

C . Hase lgrove ( proceed ings o f ac on ference ' Archaeo logy , An thropo logy , G eography , S t . J ohn ' sc o l lege Cambr idge 1 977) , f or thco m ing 1 978 . Nash , D .

1 978b .

P lus 9 a c ha nge ...;

Currency i n Cen tra l Gau l f ro m J u l ius

Caesar t o Nero ', i n e d . R .A .G . Carson a nd C .M . Kraay , D ona Nu m mar ia R o mana , e ssays p resen ted t o Dr . C. H .V . S u ther land , L ondon 1 978 ( f or thco m ing ) . Peacock , D . P .S .

1 971.

' Ro m a n amphoras i n p re-Ro man Br ita in ', i n e d .

M . J esson a nd D . H i l l , T he I ron Age a nd i t s H i l l-For ts ( Sou thampton 1 971) , 1 61-88 . Per ichon , R .

1 964 .

L a

c gram ique p e in te d ans l a p la ine d u F orez e t d u

R oa rma is ' Ce lt icu m ( 9 , 1 963) 1 964, 1 47-169 . Per ichon , R . a nd Perrot , R .

1 969 .

'S epu ltures d e l a Tene d ecouver tes a

Pre t ieux ( Lo ire) ' RAC ( 8 ) 1 969, 1 49-58 . P er ichon , R . a nd V ichy , M .

1 967 .

' Note d e c era mo log ie :

l es p laques d e

f oyer ' ,RAC ( 6 ) 1 967 , 3 11-8 . P err ier , J .

1 965 .

'Fanu m g a l lo-ro ma in d e c hez R igros ( co m mune d e

S a in t-Pardoux , Hau te-V ienne) ' ,RAC ( 4 ) 1 965 , 1 53-6 . Ph i l ippon , A .

1 966 .

' La Trouva i l le d e F ondet tes ( I ndre-e t-Lo ire) ', Ogam

( 8 ) 1 956, 3 27-8 . P ive teau , J . a nd Quesne l , A .

1 963 .

L es f ou i l les d e l 'o pp idu m d e Merp ins

( Charen te) ' ,C e lt icu m ( 6 , 1 962) 1 963 , 5 9-66 . L a Preh isto ire f ran9a ise 1 976 :

e d . J . G u i la ine .

L a Preh isto ire f ran9a ise

( I I ) N ice 1 976 . Preyna t , J -P , 1 962 .

'Un s i te d e l a T ene e n F orez :

Oga m ( 14) 1 962 , 2 87-314 . 3 51

o pp idu m d 'E ssa lo is ' ,

Ra lston , I . a nd Büchsensch t i tz, 0 .

1 975 .

' La te p re-Ro man I ron Age f or ts

i n Berry ' ,An t iqu ity XL IV ( 1975) , 8 -18 . Red ing , L .

1 972 .

Renaud , J .

1 962 .

L es monna ies g au lo ises d u T e te lb ierg ( Luxe mbourg 1 972 ) . ' Notes s ur

o pp idu m d 'E ssa lo is ( Lo ire) ( 1 ) l e t race e t

L a s tructure d u r e mpar t ' ,Oga m ( 14) 1 962 , 5 7-67 . R ichard , J .C . M .

1 970 .

' Les monna ies g au lo ises ä l a c ro ix e t l e Tresor

d e L a t tes ( Her . France) ' ,JNG ( 20 ) 1 970 , 4 9-62 . R ichard , J .C . M .

1 972 .

'Monna ies g au lo ises d u c ab ine t d e Ca ta logne :

c on tr ibu t ion a l 'e tude d e l a c ircu la t ion mone ta ire d ans l a p en insu le l ber ique a n ter ieure men t ä

e poque d ' Auguste ' , Me langes d e l a Casa d e

V e lasquez ( 8 ) 1 972 , 5 1-87 . R ichard , J .C .M . a nd V i l laronga , L .

1 973 .

'R echerches s ur l es e ta lons . mone ta ires e n E spagne e t e n Gau le d u S ud a n t a e r i e u r e m n t , e poque

d ' Auguste ' ,i b id . 1 973 , 8 1-131, Ro l land , H .

1 956 .

'Monna ies d e l a Repub l ique r o ma ine t rouvees e n Gau le '

Ac tes d u XXVI I Ie c ongres d u F edera t ion h istor ique d u L anguedoc ( Mon tpe l l ier 1 956) . d e l a S aussaye , L .

1 836 .

Meda i l les g au lo ises e n o r t rouvees a S o ings e n

1 826 ' ,RN 1 836 , 7 8-9 d e l a S aussaye , L .

1 837 .

Me mo ires s ur p lus ieur

ma t iques d ecouver ts S cheers , S .

1 968 .

S cheers, S .

1 969a .

e n fou isse men ts n um is-

d ans l a S o logne b leso ise ( par t I I ) ' RN 1 837 , 2 41-50 .

' Le p re m ier monnayage d es Amb ian i ' ,RBN 1 968 , 4 5-73 . Un monnayage amb ien a t tr ibue a ux Be l lovac i ' ,RBN

1 969, 5 -56 . S cheers , S .

1 969b .

L es monna ies d e l a Gau le i nsp ir es d e c e l les d e l a

Repub l ique r o ma ine ' S cheers, S .

1 973 .

( Leuven 1 969) .

L ' H isto ire mone ta ire d e l a Gau le b e lg ique d u D ie a u l er

s iec le a van t J -C ( Leuven 1 973) . S ou l ignac, R .

1 962 .

'S ta tere g au lo is t rouve a u p ays d es Ca le tes ( Se ine-

Mar it i me) ' ,Ga l l ia 1 962 , 4 09-410 . S outou , A .

1 964 .

' L ' e peron b arre d e C lapas-Caste l äl a Cape l le ( Lozere) ' ,

Ga l l ia ( 22) 1 964, 1 89-208 . S ou tou , A .

1 968 .

Re marques s ur l es monna ies g au lo ises a .l a cr o ix ', Ogam

1 968 , 1 01-127 . S ou tou , A .

1 969 .

'Repar t it ion g eograph ique d es p lus a nc iennes monna ies

g au lo ises ä l a c ro ix ' ,Oga m ( 2 1) 1 969, 1 55-69. S tevens , C .E . f or thco m ing .

' Ro me a nd n or th-western Eu r ope ', L a to mus

( f or thco m ing ) . T heveno t , E .

1 948 .

L a s ta t ion a n t ique d es B o lards a Nu its-Sa in t-Georges

( Cö te-d ' Or ) ' ,Ga l l ia 1 948 , 2 89-347 .

3 52

Vasse l le , F .

1 954 .

L es t resors mone ta ires g a l lo-ro ma ins d u d epar te men t

d e l a S o m me ', Revue d u Nord XXXV I 1 954 , 4 47-70 . Vaze i l les , M .

1 950 .

S epu lture p ar i nc inera t ion d u Char la t , c o m mune

d ' U sse l , ( Corr ke) ' Ga l l ia 1 950 , 1 04-106 . V ian , P-C .

1 954 .

'Monna ies g au lo ises i ned ites o u p eu c onnues ' ,Ogam

( 6 )1954, 2 95-8 . V ian , P-C .

1 955 .

1Monna ies

g au lo ises i ned ites o u p eu c on .nues ' ,Oga m

( 7 )1955, 3 25-30 . V i l laronga , L .

1 977 .

Ward-Perk ins, J .B .

The A es c o inage o f Empor ion B .A. R . s upp . 2 3 ( 1977) . 1 940 .

The p ot tery o f G ergov ia i n r e la t ion t o t ha t o f

o ther s i tes i n C en tra l a nd s ou th-western France ' ,Archaeo log ica l J ourna l ( 97 ) 1 940, 3 7-87 . Whee ler , S ir M . a nd R ichardson , K .M . France , L ondon 1 957 .

3 53

1 957 .

H i l l F or ts o f Nor thern

PLATE 1

1 .

Rhode s i lver d rach m

Ash molean .

2 .

Empor iae s i lver d rach m

BM .

3 .

Empor iae s i lver d rach m

Ash mo lean .

4 .

Empor iae s i lver d rach m

M 3 030 .

Empor iae Im i ta t ions 5 .

s i lver

BM , 4 .65g .

6 .

s i lver

Mionne t c as t i n BM , n . w.

7 .

s i lver

BM , 4 .26g .

8 .

s i lver

BM , 4.6 3g .

9 .

s i lver

BN 2 278 , 4 .90g .

Br id iers Group I 1 0 .

A l s i lver

BN 2 285 , 4 .70g .

1 1.

A l s i lver

BN 2 290 , 4 .80g .

1 2 .

A l s i lver

BN 2 286, 4 .60g .

1 3 .

A2 s i lver

BN 2 279 , 4 .77g .

1 4.

A2 s i lver

Hun ter ian f l ip . 7 12 n o . 1 0 4.61g .

1 5 .

B i s i lver

BN 2 221A , 4 .44g .

1 6.

B 1 s i lver

G 2 754 , 4 .35g ,

Br id iers h oard .

1 7.

B 1 s i lver

G2737 , 4 .30g ,

Br id iers h oard .

BN 2 295 , 4 .16g .

1 8 .

B2 s i lver

1 9.

B3 s i lver

BN 2 296 , 4 .12g .

2 0 .

C s i lver

G 2 756, 4 .32g ,

Br id iers h oard .

2 1.

C s i lver

BN 2 282 , 4 .40g .

2 2 .

I l t irda d enar ius

Ash mo lean , 3 .87g .

2 3.

D2 s i lver

BM , 4 .39g .

2 4.

D1 s i lver

BN 2 281, 4 .02g , Br id iers h oard .

2 5 .

D1 s i lver

BN 2 280 , 4 .50g .

4

5

8

11

10

12

16

20

22

23

24

25

PLATE 2

Br idiers Group I 2 6.

X i s i lver

BN 2 276 , 4 .75g .

2 7.

X2 s i lver

BN 2 297, 4 .72g .

2 8 .

X3 s i lver

BN 2 292 , 4 .38g .

2 9.

X4 s i lver

BM 4 .40g .

3 0 .

X5 s i lver

BN 2 277, 3 .76g .

3 1.

Mass i l ia s i lver d rach m , Ash mo lean .

3 2 .

C isa lpine Gau l s i lver d rach m , Ash mo lean :

3 .19g .

Br id iers Group I 3 3.

A s i lver

BN 2 250 , 4 .52g , Br id iers h oard .

3 4.

A s i lver

BN 2 251 , 4 .42g .

3 5 .

A s i lver

BN 2 252 , 4 .37g ,

3 6.

A s i lver

G 2 736 , 4 .32g , Br id iers h oard .

3 7.

B 1 s i lver

BN 2 255 , 4 .35g .

3 8 .

B 1 s i lver

BN 2 254 , 3 .68g .

3 9.

B 2 s i lver

BN 2 253 , 3 .82g ? B r id iers h oard .

4 0 .

Ph i lip I g old s ta ter , Ash mo lean .

? Br id iers h oard .

Br id iers Group I I 4 1.

A s i lver

BN 4 549 , 4 .47g , Br id iers h oard .

4 2 .

A s i lver

BN 4 550 , 4 .42g , B r id iers h oard .

4 3.

A s i lver

G 2 746 , 4 .27g , Br id iers h oard .

4 4.

C s i lver

BM , 4 .48g .

4 5 .

g o ld c oin o f s im i lar t ype , BN 3 429 , 8 .42g .

Br idiers Group I V 4 6.

s i lver

BM , 4 .85g .

4 7.

s i lver

BM , 4 .96g .

4 8 .

s i lver

BN 2 305B , 4 .45g .

4 9 .

s i lver

BN 2 305 , 4 .40g .

5 0 .

s i lver

BN 2 221B , 4 .32g .

2 8

3 0

2 9

3 / ,

3 9

4 5

PLATE 3

Br idiers Group I V 5 1.

s i lver

BN 2 307, 4 .32g .

5 2.

s i lver

BN 2 306 , 4 .26g .

Br idiers Minor T ypes BN 2 284 , 4 .62g .

5 3.

A s i lver

5 4 .

A s i lver

BN 2 298 , 4 .55g .

5 5 .

B s i lver

Hun ter ian I Ip . 7 12 n o . 1 1, 4 .54g .

5 6.

B s i lver

BM , 5 .02g .

5 7.

D s i lver

BN 2 299 , 4 .31g .

5 8 .

E s i lver

BN 4 590 , 3 .13g .

5 9 .

F s i lver

BN 2 301, 2 .81g .

Br idiers Group La ter Develop men ts 6 0 .

A s i lver

BN 4 460 , 4 .08g , S a in t-Jus t ( HV ).

6 1.

B s i lver

BM , 4 .09g .

6 2 .

C s i lver

BN 2 304 , 3 .70g .

6 3.

C s i lver

BM , 3 .85g .

6 4.

D 1 s i lver

BN 2 303 , 3 .90g .

6 5.

D 1 s i lver

BN 2 291 , 3 .75g .

6 6.

D2 s i lver

BN 6 016 , 3 . 8 5g , h d . I ssoudun-and-Charn izay ( I ndre ).

6 7.

D2 s i lver

BN 6 014 , 3 .82g , h d . I ssoudun-and-Charn izay ( I ndre ).

6 8 .

E s i lver

BN 1 0353 , 2 .89g , G renade ( Gers ).

6 9 .

E s i lver

BN 2 300 , 2 .90g .

7 0 .

E lusa tes s i lver ,

Hun ter ian I I p . 6 87 n o . I , 3 .20g .

7 1.

E lusa tes s i lver ,

Ash mo lean , 3 .04g .

7 2.

E s i lver

BN 6 051 , 2 .95g .

7 3.

E s i lver

BN 6 052 , 3 .07g .

7 4.

E s i lver

BN 6 054 , 2 .57g .

7 5 .

E s i lver

BN 9 3700 , 2 .76g .

6 5

7 ?

7 4

7 5

PLATE 4

Wes t B erry S i lver Horse man G roup 7 6.

P I s i lver

BN 4 433 , 3 .55g .

7 7.

P I s i lver

B D965 .1.6413 , 3 .48g .

7 8 .

P I IA s i lver

BN 4 439 , 3 .62g .

7 9.

P IIA s i lver

Hun terian ( not i n c a t ., A l len c as t , n . w. ) .

8 0 .

P I IA s i lver

BN 4 444 , 3 .45g . BN 4 438 , 3 .28g .

8 1.

P I IB s i lver

8 2 .

P I IB s i lver

BN 4 437 , 3 .42g .

8 3 .

P I IB s i lver

BN 4 435 , 3 .35g .

8 4.

P I IB s i lver

BN 4 431, 3 .43g .

8 5 .

P I IB s i lver

BM , 3 .04g .

8 6.

P I IB s i lver

BM , 3 .28g .

8 7.

P I I IA s i lver

BN 4 449 , 3 .36g .

8 8 .

P I I IA s i lver

BN 4 445 , 3 .28g .

8 9 .

P I I IA s i lver

BN 4 453 , 3 .35g .

9 0 .

P II IA s i lver

BN 4 447 , 3 .38g .

9 1.

P L I IB s i lver

BN 4 454 , 3 .18g .

9 2.

P II IB s i lver

BN 4 452 , 3 .37g .

9 3 .

P I I IC s i lver

BN 4 457, 3 .03g .

9 4.

P L I IC s i lver

BN 4 458 , 3 .36g .

9 5 .

P I ILD s i lver

BN 4 448 , 3 .35g .

9 6.

P I I ID s i lver

B D965 .1.6411, 3 .17g .

9 7.

PV s i lver

BN 4 560 , 3 .41g .

9 8 .

PV s i lver

BN 4 558 , 3 .35g .

PV s i lver

BN 4 559 , 2 .75g .

P I II M s i lver

BN 4 311H , 0 .33g .

9 9 . 1 00 . 1 01.

P L II M s i lver

BN 3 848 , 0 .41g .

1 02.

PV M s i lver

BN 3 835 , 0 .70g .

1 03.

PV M s i lver

BN 3 834 , 0 .57g .

7 6

7 7

8 9

9 5

E 100 E i nd icates

7 8

8 1

9 0

9 6

9 7

E l0 1 e n large ment

E l0 2 s ho wn

o n

p late

9 8

E 103 3 9

PLATE 5

Wes t Berry S i lver Two Horses T ype A l s i lver

d . I ssoudun-and-Charn izay. BN 5 988 , 3 .25g , h

1 05 .

A l s i lver

BM , 3 .29g .

1 06.

A l s i lver

d . I ss oudun-and- C harn izay.. BN 5 989 , 3 .36g , h

1 07.

A l s i lver

BN 5 986 , 3 .47g , h d . I ss oudun-and- C ha r n iz a y.

1 08 .

A2 s i lver

d . I BN 5 994 , 3 .45g , h ssoudun-and-Charn izay.

1 04.

1 09 .

A3 s i lver

BM 3 .34g .

1 10 .

A3 s i lver

BN 5 987, 3 .35g , h d . I ssoudun-and-Charn izay.

1 11.

B s i lver

B 5 7.2.9 , 3 .0g .

1 12 .

B s i lver

d . I BN 6 009 , 3 .20g , h ssoudun-and-Charn izay.

1 13.

B s i lver

BN 6 013 , 3 .35g , h d . I ss oudun-and- C harn izay.

1 14.

B s i lver

BN 6 011, 3 .48g , h d . I ssoudun-and-Charn izay.

1 15 .

C s i lver

d . I BN 6 000 , 3 .13g , h ss oudun-and- C ha r n iz a y.

1 16.

Cs i lver

d . I ss oudun-and- C harn izay.. BN 5 996 , 3 .20g , h

1 17.

C s i lver

ss oudun-and- C harn izay.. BN 6 001, 3 .30g , h d . I

1 18 .

Cs i lver

d . I ss oudun-and- C harn izay. BN 5 998 , 3 .38g , h

1 19.

C s i lver

d . I ssoudun-and-Charn izay. BN 5 999 , 3 .44g , h

1 20 .

Cs i lver

B 9 62 .X .10 , 3 .17g .

1 21.

C s i lver

ssoudun-and-Charn izay. BN 6 002 , 3 .40g , h d . I

Wes t B erry S i lver Wo lf a nd H orse T ype 1 22 .

A l s i lver

BN 6 017, 3 .37g , h d . I ssoudun-and-Charn izay.

1 23 .

A2 s i lver

BN 6 002 , 3 .24g , h d . I ssoudun-and-Charn izay.

1 24.

B 1 s i lver

BN 6 023 , 3 .40g , h d . I ssoudun-and-Charn izay.

1 25 .

B 2 s i lver

B D965 .1.4883 , 3 .04g .

1 26.

B2 s i lver

BN 6 030 , 3 .19g , h d . I ssoudun-and-Charn izay.

Wes t B erry M inor S er ies 1 27.

A s i lver

B D965 .1.4812 , 3 .37g .

1 28 .

A s i lver

BN 6 050 , 3 .30g .

1 29.

B s i lver

BN 6 031A , 3 .49g , h d . I ssoudun-and-Charn izay.

1 30 .

B s i lver

B D965 .1.4824 , 3 .15g h d . V ierzon .

1 31.

B s i lver

B D965 .1.4825 , 3 .38g .

1 32 .

B s i lver

Beauva is 1 900 n o . 1 .

1 33.

B s i lver

Beauva is 1 900 n o. 2 .

1 05

1 07

1 1

16

1 09

14

1 8

1 23

1 08

1 9

1 2 1

PLATE 6

Wes t B erry M inor S er ies 1 34.

Cs i lver

BN 6 032 , 2 .72g , h d . I ssoudun-and-Charn izay.

1 35 .

E s i lver

B 8 40 .65.9 , 2 .96g .

G o ld R e la ted t o Wes t B erry S i lver 1 36.

A l g o ld

BN 4 591A , 6 .91g .

1 37.

A l g o ld

BN 4 591, 6 .91g .

1 38 .

A l g o ld

BN 4 592 , 1 .61g .

1 39.

A l v ar . g o ld

BN 4 069A , 6 .98g .

1 40 .

B 1 g o ld

1 41.

B 2 s i lver

M 3018 , 1 .86g .

1 42.

B 2 s i lver

BN 4 553 , 2 .27g .

1 43.

B 2 s i lver

BN 4 552 , 2 .17g .

1 44.

Cg old

d e l a S aussaye 1 836 n o . 1 0 , 1 . 8 4g , S oings d epos i t .

1 45 .

Cg o ld

BN 1 0293 , 1 .76g .

1 46.

Dg old

BN 4 597, 1 .96g .

1 47.

Eg o ld

BN 3 697 , 6 .07g .

1 48 .

Eg o ld

BN 3 696 , 6 .90g .

•

BN 4 551.2 , 7 .22g .

Fract iona l S i lver 1 49.

A s i lver

BN 4 311A , 0 .49g .

1 50 .

B s i lver

BN 4 311D , 0 .28g .

1 51.

B s i lver

BN 3 837 , 0 .32g .

S a in te -Eann .e Type BN 3 432 , 8 .55g .

1 52 .

g o ld

1 53.

g old

BM , 8 .55g .

1 54.

g o ld

BN 3 431 , 8 .28g .

Tayac Group 1 55.

g o ld

Ash mo lean , 8 .06g .

1 56.

g o ld

BN 3 430 , 8 .17g .

1 57.

g old

BN 3 621, 7 .83g .

1 38

1 4 1

1 46

1 42

1 47

1 48

1 44

1 45

E 150

E 15 1

1 55

15 7

E i nd icates

e n large mer it

s hown

o n

p late

2 9

1 56

PLATE 7

B eaune T ype 1 58 .

g old

BN 3 693 , 7 .12g .

1 59 .

g o ld

BN 3 671, 7 .39g .

1 60 .

g o ld

BN 3 674 , 7 .30g .

1 61.

g o ld

BN 3 694 , 1 .76g .

C henöves Group 1 62 .

g old

BN 3 695 , 6 .54g

1 63 .

g o ld

BN 1 0298 , 7 .02g .

1 64.

g o ld

BM , 6 .62g .

1 65 .

g o ld

BN 4 846 , 1 .61g .

1 66.

g o ld

BN 4 843 , 7 .17g .

Aedu i S i lver 1 67.

s i lver

BM , 2 .04g .

1 68 .

s i lver

BM , 2 .03g .

Ear ly B erry G o ld 1 69 .

Ag o ld

BN 1 0289 , 8 .33g .

1 70 .

Ag o ld

BN 4 844 , 8 .34g .

1 71.

B 1 g o ld

BN 1 0220 , 2 .10g .

1 72 .

B 1 g o ld

BN 3 667a , 2 .05g .

1 73.

B 1 g o ld

BN 1 0272 , 4 .21g .

1 74.

B 1 g o ld

BN 1 0273 , 4 .11g .

1 75 .

B2 g o ld

MSAC I V ( 1873 ) p . 3 36, 2 .75g , B ourges .

1 76.

B2 g o ld

BN 3 630A, 2 .05g .

1 77.

Cg old

B 8 98 .3 .1 , 8 .35g ( ? Mery-sur-Cher ) .

1 78 .

Cg old

BN 3 620 , 8 .15g .

1 60

1 6 1

1 65

1 67

1 7 1

175

16 2

1 76

1 72

1 77

1 73

1 63

1 68

1 74

PLATE 8

Gr i ff in Group 1 79 .

A l g o ld

BM , 2 .16g .

1 80.

A l g o ld

BN 4 602 , 2 .06g .

1 81.

A l g o ld

BN 4 603 , 2 .12g .

1 82 .

A l g o ld

BN 4 606 , 2 .06g .

1 83 .

A2 g o ld

BN 4 614 , 2 .03g .

1 84.

A2 g o ld

BN 4 614A , 2 .04g .

1 85 .

Bg o ld

BN 4 611, 2 .03g .

1 86.

Bg o ld

B 8 40 .65 .14 , 2 .0g .

1 87.

Bg old

BN 4 613 , 1 .89g .

1 88 .

Bg o ld

BN 4 617 , 1 .82g .

1 89 .

Bg o ld

BN 4 608 , 1 .89g .

1 90 .

Cg o ld

BN 4 616 , 1 .78g .

Eas tern Ar mor ican Group 1 91.

Ag o ld

BN 6 423 , 2 .0g .

1 92 .

A g o ld

BN 6 425 , 1 .94g .

1 93.

Bg old

BN 3 620AA , 8 .04g .

1 94.

Bg o ld

BN C öte 1 08 , 8 .05g .

1 95 .

Bg o ld

d e l a S nussaye 1 836 f ig . 2 , S o ings d epos i t .

1 96.

Bg o ld

d e l a S aussaye 1 836 f ig . 6 , S o ings d epos i t .

1 97.

Bg o ld

BN 6 428 , 1 .93g .

1 98 .

Bg o ld

BN 6 427, 1 .90g .

1 99 .

Bg o ld

d e l a S aussaye 1 836 , f ig . 7 , S oings d epos i t .

2 00 .

Cg o ld

BN 6 426 , 2 .0g .

2 01.

D2 g o ld

BN 6 418 , 1 .92g .

2 02.

D2 g o ld

BN 6 420 , 1 .87g .

2 03.

Eg o ld

BN 6 430 , 1 .63g .

Ar mor ican T ypes 2 04.

g old

Ash mo lean 1 .87g .

2 05 .

g old

Ash molean 7 .75g .

2 06.

g old

BN 6 769C , 7 .49g .

2 07.

g o ld

Ash mo lean 2 .00g .

2 08 .

g old

BN 6 769B , 7 .64g .

1 79

1 %2

1 90

1 87

1 85

1 91

1 92 1 93

1 96

2 03

1 97

1 98

1 94

1 99

2 00

1 95

PLATE 9

Ear ly H elve tic G o ld 2 09.

g o ld

BM , 8 .17g .

2 10.

g old

BM , 8 .35g , R ei ms .

C oins Mode l led o n F ig . 2 09-10 2 11.

g o ld

BN 3 616 , 8 .32g .

2 12 .

g o ld

BN 1 970/86 , 7 . 8 0g , T ou lon-sur-Arroux ( S+L ).

2 13 .

g old

BN 5 315 , 8 .0 5g , h d . C re m ieu ( I s re ) .

Wes tern De faced Group 2 14.

A g o ld

BN 3 658

7 .91g .

2 15 .

B 1 g o ld

BN 3 659

7 .75g .

2 16.

B 1 g o ld

BN 3 657

7 .76g .

2 17.

B 1 g o ld

BN 3 660

7 .62g .

2 18 .

B 1 g o ld

BN 3 668

7 .56g .

2 19.

B 1 g o ld

BN 3 664

1 .91g .

2 20 .

B 2 g o ld

BN 3 656

7 .85g .

2 21.

B 3 g o ld

M 3 016 , 1 .96g .

2 22 .

B 3 g o ld

BN 3 651

1 .85g . 7 .57g . 7 .49g .

Cg o ld

BN 3 661

2 24.

Cg o ld

BN 3 662

2 25 .

Cg o ld

BN 3 672 , 1 .81g .

2 26 .

Dg o ld

BN 4 615 , 1 .98g .

2 23 .

Head o f Hel ios Group 2 27.

Ag o ld

BN 4 539 , 8 .15g , Mou lins ( A l lier ).

2 28 .

Ag old

BN 4 538 , 7 . 8 0g .

2 29 .

A g o ld

BN 4 543 , 7 .76g .

2 30 .

Ag o ld

BN 4 541 , 7 .70g , L i moges .

2 31.

Ag o ld

BN 4 540 , 7 .56g .

2 32 .

A g o ld

BN 4 546 , 7 .28g .

2 09

2 1 Z .

2 10

2 11

2 15

2 2 1

228

2 16

2 22

2 12

2 29

2 1e

2 17

2 23

224

2 30

2 13

2 25

2 3 1

2 19

2 26

2 32

PLATE 1 0

Eas tern Ar mor ican Group 2 33.

D 1 g o ld

BM , 1 .98g .

H ead o f H el ios Group 2 34.

Bg o ld

BM , 7 .99g .

2 35 .

Bg o ld

BM , 7 .92g .

Midd le Phase B erry ( Soings ) G roup 2 36.

A l g o ld

B 8 40 .65 .7 , 8 .0g , B erry a rea .

2 37.

A l g o ld

d e l a S aussaye 1 836 n o . 4 , 7 .91g , S o ings d epos i t .

2 38 .

A la g old

d e l a S aussaye 1 836 n o . 8 , 1 .95g , S o ings d epos i t .

2 39 .

A2 g o ld

BM , 7 .92g .

2 40 .

A2a g o ld

d e l a S aussaye 1 836 n o . 3 , 7 .91g , S o ings d epos i t .

2 41.

A3 g old

d e l a S aussaye 1 836 n o . 9 , 1 .95g , S oings d epos i t .

2 42.

B i g o ld

BN 5 949A , 7 .55g .

2 43 .

B 2 g o ld

BN 6 055 , 7 .16g , L es Aubra is ( Loire t ).

2 44.

B 2 g o ld

BN 6 056 , 7 .16g .

2 45 .

B 2a g o ld

BN 6 058 , 6 .86g .

2 46.

B 2a g old

BN 6 059 , 6 .68g .

2 47.

B 2a g o ld

BN 6 057 , 6 .51g .

2 48 .

B 2b g o ld

BN 6 769D , 6 .48g .

2 49 .

B 2b g o ld

BN 4 596 , 6 .70g.

2 50 .

B 2C g o ld

BN 3 704 , 7 .89g .

2 51.

C l g o ld

d e l a S aussaye 1 836 , n o . 5 , 7 .91g , S o ings d epos i t .

2 52 .

C 2 g o ld

MSAC X ( 1882 ) , 2 85-306 n o . 1 , 1 .695g , V ierzon .

2 53 .

D g o ld

BN 6 421A , 7 .94g .

Eas tern Ar mor ican L yre S er ies 2 54.

A g o ld

BN 6 415 , 7 .68g .

2 55 .

Ag o ld

BM , 7 .53g .

2 56.

Ag o ld

BN 5 945 , 7 .51g .

2 57.

Ag o ld

BN 3 647 , 1 .83g .

2 33

2 4 1

2 4/ .

2 45

2 49

2 46

2 42

2 47

2 52

254

2 55

2 56

2 57

PLATE 1 1 Eas tern Ar mor ica .1 L yre S er ies 2 58 .

Ag o ld

BN 3 654 , 7 .45g .

2 59 .

A g o ld

BM , 7 .40g .

2 60 .

Ag o ld

BN 6 417 , 1 .79g .

2 61.

Ag o ld

BN 3 646A , 1 .74g .

2 62 .

Bg o ld

BN 5 947A , 7 .31g .

2 63.

Bg o ld

BN 5 946, 7 .36g .

2 64.

Bg o ld

BN 5 947B , 7 .45g .

2 65 .

Bg o ld

BN 5 950 , 1 .78g .

2 66.

Cg o ld

BN 5 951 , 7 .08g .

2 67.

Cg o ld

BN 5 953A , 7 .09g .

2 68 .

Cg o ld

BN 5 952 , 7 .32g .

2 69.

Cg o ld

BN 5 955 , 1 .61g .

Eas tern Gau l ish Pro totype f or La te B erry G o ld S er ies BN 3 615 , 7 .76g , Mou lins ( A l lier ).

2 70 .

g o ld

2 71.

g o ld

BN 5 316, 7 .94g , n ear Geneva ( Swi tz.).

2 72 .

g old

BN 1 0190 , 7 .70g .

2 73.

g o ld

BN 1 0192 , 7 .44g .

2 74.

g old

BN 3 626, 7 .79g .

2 75 .

g old

BN 3 622 , 7 .79g .

2 76.

g o ld

BN 3 646 , 1 .96g .

Midd le Phase B erry G o ld , La te T ypes 2 77.

A l g o ld

B D965 .1.4832 , 1 .88g , n r . Farges ( Cher ). Mou ld f or c as t d a maged a t n ose o n o bverse.

2 78 .

A l g o ld

MSAC 1 ( 1868 ) p . 3 28 n o . 2 , 1 .65g , n r . Bourges .

2 79 .

A2 g o ld

B D 965 .1.4831, 1 .87g .

2 80 .

A2 g o ld

MSAC I I ( 1869 ) n o . 1 , 1 .72g , Berry.

2 81.

A 2 g o ld

B 8 68 .2.18 , 1 .66g , n r . Bourges .

2 82 .

A3 g o ld

B D965 .1.4830 , 1 .83g , B erry .

2 83.

A3 g old

MSAC I I ( 1869 ) n o . 2 , n .w .

2 84.

A3 g o ld

B 8 82 .5 .1 , 1 .66g , V ierzon .

2 85 .

A4 g o ld

BN 5 964 , 1 .86g .

2 86.

A 4 g o ld

MSAC 1 1 ( 1869 ) , 2 99 n o . 4 , l e Grand- Ma l leray .

2 87.

A5 g o ld

MSAC 1 ( 1868 ) n o . 4 , 1 .69g , Pressoir-Houet .

2 59

2 64

2 60

2 6 1

2 65

2 68

2 71

2 73

2 76

2 81

2 82

2 69

2 7 7

2 83

2 78

2 84

2 79

2 80

2 87

PLATE 1 2

te Types Berry M idd le Phase Go ld , La 2 88 .

B 1 g o ld

B 8 68 .2 .3 6 , 1.7 0g , n r . B ourges .

2 89 .

B 2 g o ld

ines ( I ndre ) . B D965 .1.4827, 7 .08g , Feus

2 90 .

Cg o ld

B 8 97.22.1, 7 .23g , L e Do r a t ( HV ).

2 91.

Cg o ld

BN 1 0231A , 7 .23g .

2 92 .

D 1 g o ld

r . l es Mou lins-Noirs ( Lo ire t ). B9 10 .2 .1, 7 .04g , n

2 93 .

D ia g o ld

BN 1 0243 , 1 .91g .

2 94.

D lb g o ld

B 8 82 . 5 .2 , 1 .66g , V ie r zon .

2 95 .

D2a g o ld

BN 3 669 , 7 .87g .

2 96.

D2b g old

BN 3 628A , 7 .31g .

2 97.

D2b v ar . g o ld

BN 6 757B , 7 .60g .

2 98 .

D2b v ar . g o ld

BN 6 913 , 6 .99g .

2 99.

old D2b v ar . g

BN 3 649 , 1 .96g .

3 00 .

D3 g o ld

. B 9 08 .12 .1, 7 .28g , Avord

3 01.

D 4 g o ld

BN 3 655A , 7 .53g .

3 02 .

D 4 g o ld

o . 1 , 7 .30g , B erry . MSAC 1 891 , p . 3 96 n

3 03.

D5 g o ld

BN 6 422 , 8 .25g .

3 04.

D5 g o ld

BN 1 0190A , 8 .06g .

3 05 .

D5 g old

BM , 7 .55g .

3 06.

D5 g o ld

BN 1 0190B , 6 .81g .

2 88

2 93

2 98

3 03

289

2 90

2 91

2 94

2 99

3 0 0

3 04

3 05

3 06

PLATE 1 3

Eas tern L yre T ype Go ld BN 5 283 , 7 .90g .

3 07.

g o ld

3 08 .

g o ld

BN 5 280 , 7 .39g .

3 09 .

g o ld

BN 4 842 , 1 .92g .

3 10 .

g o ld

BN 5 278 , 7 .49g .

3 11.

g o ld

BN 3 672A , 7 .42g .

3 12.

g o ld

BN 5 317, 2 .01g , h d . C r6rn ieu ( I s n-e ) .

F irs t C en tury Arvern ian Ma jor S er ies 3 13 .

A l g o ld

BN 3 745 , 7 .04g .

3 14.

A l g o ld

BN 3 746 , 7 .34g .

3 15 .

A l g o ld

BN 3 748 , 4 .58g ,

3 16.

A l s i lver

BN 3 770 , 2 .34g .

3 17.

A l s i lver

BN 3 820 , 1 .80g .

3 18 .

A l g o ld

BN 3 708A , 7 .44g .

( P la ted ).

3 19 .

A l g o ld

BN 3 758 , 7 .36g , h d . P ionsa t .

3 20 .

A2 g o ld

BN 3 767, 7 .31g .

3 21.

A2 g o ld

BN 3 774 , 7 .44g , h d . P ionsa t .

3 22.

A3 g o ld

BN 3 772 , 7 .37g .

3 23.

A3 g o ld

BN 3 776 , 7 .46 , h d . P ionsa t .

3 24.

A3 g o ld

BN 3 778 , 7 .44g .

3 25 .

A3 g o ld

BN 3 777, 7 .43g.

3 26.

A3 g o ld

BN 3 775 , 7 .42g , h d . P ionsa t .

3 27.

A4 g o ld

BN 3 762 , 7 .46g , h d . P ionsa t .

3 28 .

A5 g o ld

BN 3 754 , 7 .31g .

3 29 .

A5 g o ld

BN 3 753 , 7 .35g , h d . P ionsa t .

3 30 .

A 6 g o ld

BN 3 765 , 7 .31g .

3 31.

A 6 g o ld

BN 3 757, 7 .34g .

3 32 .

A6 g o ld

BN 3 764 , 7 .40g .

30B

309

3 11

310

316

319

3 23

3 20

321

32 6

331

312

317

322

PLATE 1 4

3 33.

A 7 g o ld

BN 3 740 , 7 .48g .

3 34.

A 7 g o ld

M 2 833 , 7 .41g .

3 35 .

A8 g o ld

BN 3 744

3 36.

A8 g o ld

M 2 680 , 7 .37g , Br ioude .

3 37.

A8 b ronze

BN 3 821

3 38 .

A9 g o ld

BN 3 750

7 .40g .

3 39 .

A . 9 g o ld

BN 3 760

7 .37g .

3 40 .

A9 g o ld

BN 3 751

7 .41g , h d . P ionsa t .

3 41.

A l0 g o ld

BN 3 738

7 .45g .

3 42 .

A l0 g o ld

BN 3 737

7 .37g .

3 43.

A 10 g o ld

BN 3 739 , 7 .37g .

3 44.

A l0 s i lver

BN 3 824 , 2 .20g .

3 45 .

A l l g old

BM , 7 .49g .

3 46.

A l l g old

BN 3 708 , 7 .37g .

3 47.

A l2 g o ld

BN 3 711 , 7 .43g .

3 48 .

A l3 g o ld

BN 3 728 , 7 .47g .

3 49 .

A 13 g o ld

BN 3 720 , 7 .42g .

3 50 .

A l3 g o ld

BN 3 722 , 7 .37g .

3 51.

2 6 0 _3 g old

BN 3 723 , 7 .43g , h d . P ionsa t .

3 52 .

A 13 g old

BN 3 724 , 7 .42g .

3 53.

A l3 g o ld

M 2 449 , 7 .35g .

3 54.

A l4 g o ld

M AN n o i nv . n o . 7 .33g .

3 55 .

A l4 g o ld

BN 3 731, 7 .55g , h d . P ionsa t .

3 56.

A 14 g old

BN 3 727 , 7 .32g .

3 57.

A 14 g old

BN 3 730 , 1 .85g .

3 58 .

A 14 s i lver

BN 3 783 , 2 .28g .

7 .60g , h d . P ionsa t . 2 .25g , G ergov ie .j

33 5

3 38

3 40

3 39

3 44

3 36

3 4 1

3 45

3 48

337

3 42

347

350

3 54

3 55

3 57

3 5 B

PLATE 1 5

Arvern ian Ma jor f • , , r ies 3 59.

A l5 g old

BN 3 742 , 7 .35g , h d . P ionsa t .

3 60 .

A l5 s i lver

BN 3 812 , 1 .84g .

3 61.

A l5 s i lver

BN 3 813 , 2 .43g .

3 62 .

A 16 g o ld

BN 3 755 , 7 .43g .

3 63 .

A 16 g o ld

BN 3 766 , 7 .3 0g , h d . P ionsa t .

3 64.

A l7 g old

M 3 385 , 7 .37g , l e P ecq .

3 65 .

B 1 g o ld

BN 3 701 , 7 .58g .

3 66.

B 1 g o ld

BN 3 703 , 7 .36g .

3 67.

B 1 g o ld

BM , 7 .34g .

3 68 .

B 1 g o ld

BN 3 705 , 7 .42g .

3 69 .

B 1 g o ld

BN 3 714 , 7 .35g .

3 70 .

B 1 g o ld

BN 3 741 , 7 .41g .

3 71.

B 1 s i lver

BN 3 795 , 2 .14g .

3 72 .

B 1 s i lver

BN 3 770A ,2 .38g.

3 73 .

B 1 s i lver

BN 3 849 , 0 .28g .

3 74.

B 1 s i lver

BN 3 854 , 0 .47g .

3 75 .

B 1 s i lver

BN 3 859 , 0 .51g .

3 76.

B 1 s i lver

BN 3 851, 0 .26g .

3 77.

B 1 s i lver

BN 3 838 , 0 .53g .

3 78 .

B 2 s i lver

BN 3 790 , 2 .26g .

3 79 .

B 2 s i lver

BN 3 787, 2 .13g .

3 80 .

B 2 s i lver

BN 3 785 , 2 .10g .

3 81.

B 2 s i lver

BN 3 799 , 1 .76g .

3 59

3 50

3 64

3 65

366

3 6B

3 69

E 373

3 71

E 37 /

E 375

3 72

E 376

E 377

t e

3 78

3 79

E

I ndicates

3 80

e n large ment

s hown

o n

p late

3 81

2 9

PLATE 1 6

Arvern ian Ma jor

e r ies

3 82 .

B 3 g old

.56g . BN 3 702 , 7

3 83.

B 4 g o ld

.41g . BN 3 733 , 7

3 84.

B 4 g o ld

BN 3 717, 7 .23g .

3 85 .

B 5 g old

d . P ionsa t . .43g , h BN 3 716, 7

3 86.

B 5 g o ld

.39g , h d . P ionsa t . BN 3 735 , 7

3 87.

B5 g o ld

BN 3 718 , 7 .36g .

3 88 .

B 6 g o ld

BN 3 725

d . P ionsa t . 7 .32g , h

3 89 .

B 7 s i lver

BN 3 801

2 .18g .

3 90.

B 7 s i lver

BN 3 827

2 .04g .

3 91.

B 7 s i lver

BN 3 826

2 .32g .

3 92.

B 7 s i lver

BN 3 829

1 .96g .

3 93.

B 7 s i lver

BN 3 858

0 .55g .

3 94.

B8 b ronze

BN 3 963

2 .09g .

3 95 .

B 8 b ronze

BN 3 974

2 .42g . 1 .70g .

3 96.

B8 b ronze

BN 3 975

3 97.

B8 v ar . b ronze

M 2 664 , 2 .19g , C oren t .

3 98 .

B 9 b ronze

BN 3 986

2 .45g . 2 .15g .

3 99.

B 9 b ronze

BN 3 987

4 00.

B 10 g o ld

BN 3 718A , 7 .39g .

4 01.

B 11 g o ld

BN 3 813 , 5 .73g .

4 02.

B 12A s i lver

BN 3 803 , 2 .27g , C oren t .

4 03.

B 12A s i lver

BN 3 784 , 1 .74g .

4 04.

B 12A s i lver

BN 3 809 , 2 .15g .

4 05 .

B 12A s i lver

BN 3 806, 2 .25g . BN 3 811 , 1 .71g . ( p la ted ).

4 06.

B 12A s i lver

4 07.

B 12B s i lver

BN 3 805 , 1 .88g .

B 12C s i lver

BN 3 807 , 0 .50g .

4 08 .

3 83

3 82

3 87

3 84

3 B6

3 89

3 91

410 3 92

•

3 98

4 03

3 94

E 393

400

3 99

4 04

3 95 .

3 95

4 05

E i ndicates

e nlarge ment

3 97

4 02

4 06

s ho wn

o n

4 07

p late

2 9

E 408

PLATE 1 7

i lver I rregu lar Types Arvern i , G o ld a nd S 4 09.

C l g o ld

.72g . BN 3 698 , 6

4 10 .

C l g o ld

.86g . BN 3 699 , 6

4 11.

C l s i lver

8g . BN 3 781, 1.0

4 12.

C 1A s i lver

.94g . BN 3 833 , 0

4 13 .

C 1B s i lver

BN 4 063 ,

4 14.

C 1C s i lver

.00g . BN 4 064 , 1

4 15.

C 2 g old

BN 3 743 , 6 .62g .

4 16.

C 3 g o ld

BN 3 670 , 7 .64g .

4 17.

C 3 g old

.81g . BN 3 679 , 7

4 18 .

C 3 g old

.47g . BN 3 665 , 7

4 19.

C 3 g o ld

.75g . BN 3 673 , 7

0 .96g .

Arvern i , S i lver a nd Bronze I nscr ibed I ssues 4 20 .

D lA s i lver

BN 3 884 , 2 .38g .

4 21.

D 1B b ronze

BN 3 891, 1 .79g .

4 22 .

D 1B b ronze

BN 3 894 , 1 .83g .

4 23 .

D 1C s i lver

BM , 1 .92g .

4 24.

D 1C s i lver

BN 3 901, 1 .90g .

4 25 .

D2 b ronze

BN 3 932 , 1 .55g .

4 26.

D3 s i lver

BN 3 865 , 2 .10g .

4 27.

D3 b ronze

BN 3 873 , 1 .05g .

4 28 .

D3 b ronze

BN 3 872, 1 .05g .

4 29.

D3 v ar . b ronze

BN 3 881, 2 .49g .

4 30 .

D4 s i lver

BN 4 012 , 2 .32g .

4 31.

D4 f ract .? s i lver

BN 3 839 , 0 .55g .

4 32 .

D4 f ract . ?s i lver

BN 3 836 , 0 .48g .

4 33 .

D5 b ronze

BN 3 948 , 2 .51g .

4 34.

D5 b ronze

BN 3 949 , 1 .75g .

4 35 .

D 6 b ronze

BN 3 921, 2 .36g .

4 36.

D 6 f ract . ?b ronze

BN 3 819 , 1 .29g , V iei l le-Tou louse .

4 10

416

411

417

420

418

4 23

4 26

E431

4 1 4

412

4 27

424

4 28

4 29

E4 32

E

i ndicates

e nlarge m e nt

s hown

o n

p late

2 9

t 1 9

42 5

PLATE 1 8

Arvern i I nscr ibed I ssues 4 37.

D 7 b ronze

BN 3 941, 2 .01g .

4 38 .

D8 b ronze

BN 3 990 , 2 .63g .

4 39.

D 9 b ronze

BN 3 950 , 2 .44g .

4 40.

D9 b ronze

BN 3 951 , 2 .78g .

Massi f C en tra l I ssues 4 41.

E l s i lver

BN 4 030 , 2 .28g .

4 42 .

E l s i lver

BN 4 028 , 2 .37g .

4 43.

E 2 s i lver

BN 3 815 , 1 .81g .

4 44.

E 2 s i lver

BM , 1 .80g .

4 45 .

E 2 s i lver

BM 3 814 , 2 .34g .

4 46.

E 2 s i lver

Hun ter ian I , 7 13 n o . 1 6 , 1 .17g .

4 47.

E 5 b ronze

BN 4 557 , 2 .25g .

4 48 .

E 6 s i lver

BN 3 816 , 2 .52g .

4 49 .

E 7 s i lver

BN 3 830 , 0 .91g .

4 50 .

E 7 s i lver

BN 3 832 , 1 .29g .

4 51.

E 9 b ronze

BN 3 866 , 2 .97g .

4 52 .

E9 b ronze

BN 3 867 , 3 .12g .

4 53 .

E 10 s i lver

BN 4 027 , 2 .52g .

4 54.

E l° s i lver

BN 4 025 , 1 .95g .

4 55 .

E l0 s i lver

BN 4 026 , 2 .02g h d . Vernon .

4 56.

E l0 s i lver

BN 1 084/1974 , 2 .11g .

4 37

4 4 1

4 42

4 45

4 43

4 47

4 53

4 48

440

4 39

4 3

4 49

4 54

446

4 50

4 55

4 56

PLATE 1 9

B i tur iges F irs t C en tury G o ld C o inage , ABVDOS G roup 4 57.

A l g o ld

BN 4 587.2 , 7 .20g .

4 58 .

A l g o ld

B 9 51.5 .1 , 7 .17g , A inay-le-Chä teau .

4 59 .

A l g o ld

BN 4 586 , 7 .07g .

4 60 .

A l g o ld

BN 4 588, 1 .81g .

4 61.

A2.1 g o ld

BN 4 173a , 6 .86g .

4 62 .

A2 .1 g o ld

B 9 01.13 .1, 6 .62g .

4 63 .

A2.2 g o ld

BN 4 173 , 6 .89g .

4 64.

A2.2 g o ld

B 8 94 .24 .1, 6 .77g , Levroux .

4 65 .

A3 g o ld

BN 4 148 , 6 .85g .

4 66.

A3 g o ld

B 8 94 .24.2 , 6 .84g , Levroux .

4 67.

A3 g o ld

BN 4 149 , 6 .82g .

4 68 .

A3 g o ld

BN 4 151, 6 .80g .

4 69 .

A3 g o ld

BN 4 153 , 6 .91g .

4 70 .

A3 g o ld

BN 4 175 , 2 .22g .

4 71.

A4 g o ld

BN 4 196 , 7 .03g .

4 72 .

A4 g o ld

BM , 6 .73g .

4 60

4 6 1

4 65

4 6g

4 70

PLATE 2 0

B i tur iges ABVDOS Group Bronze Ab ronze

BN 4 156 , 3 .45g .

4 74.

Ab ronze

BN 4 171 , 2 .37g .

4 75 .

Ab ronze

BN 4 155 , 2 .83g .

4 76.

Ab ronze

BN 4 169 , 2 .55g .

4 77.

Ab ronze

BN 4 159 , 3 .11g .

4 78 .

Ab ronze

BN 4 166 , 3 .40g .

4 79 .

Ab ronze

BN 4 154 , 2 .90g .

4 80 .

Ab ronze

BN 4 183 , 2 .80g .

4 81.

Bb ronze

B D965 . 1 .4814 , 2 .58g .

4 82 .

Bb ronze

BN 4 185 , 2 .05g .

4 83 .

Cb ronze

BN 1 180 , 3 .23g , G ergovie .

4 84.

Db ronze

BN 4 177 , 3 .93g .

4 85 .

Db ronze

BN 4 178 , 3 .23g .

4 86 .

Eb ronze

BN 4 190 , 3 .48g .

4 87.

Eb ronze

BN 4 192 , 2 .92g .

4 73 .

B i tur iges S i lver Sword Group S er ies CA MBOTRE 4 88 .

I . s i lver

B D965 .1.4880 , 1 .97g .

4 89 .

I l s i lver

BN 4 1 .31, 1 .90g .

4 90 .

I l v ar . s i lver

BN 4 112 , 1 .33g .

4 91.

I l v ar . s i lver

Hun ter ian c as t ( A l len ) , n .w .

4 73

4 78

4 75

4 74

4 79

4 83

4 88

4 85

4 89

4 86

4 90

4 87

4 9 1

PLATE 2 1

B itur iges S i lver S word Group 4 92 .

CA M ( 1 2 ) s i lver

BN 4 139 . 1 .81g .

4 93 .

CA M ( 1 2 ) s i lver

M 3 917 . 1 .95g .

4 94.

I VRC

( 1 3-16 ) s i lver

ANS . 1 .91g .

4 95 .

I VRC

( 1 3-16 ) s i lver

BN 4 145 , 1 .91g .

4 96.

I VRC ( 1 316 ) s i lver

BN 4 121, 1 .70g .

4 97.

OY I KY ( I 7 )

BN 4 116, 1 .69g .

4 98 .

OY I KY ( I 7 )

BN 4 114 , 1 .73g .

4 99 .

1 8 s i lver I 2A s i lver

MSAC 1 891, p . 3 95 n o . 7 .

5 00 . 5 01.

I2A s i lver

BN 4 099A , 1 .85g .

5 02 .

I 2A s i lver

MAN n o i nv. n o ., 1 .81g .

5 03.

I 2B s i lver

M 3 940 , 1 .90g , h d . Tendu .

BN 4 097 , 1 .97g .

5 04.

I2B s i lver

B 8 83 .31.4 , 1 .90g .

5 05 .

I2B s i lver

M 3 941, 1 .85g , h d . Tendu .

5 06.

I2C s i lver

B 8 94 . 2 4. 3 , 1 .80g , Levroux .

5 07.

I2D s i lver

M 3 945 , 1 .88g , h d . Tendu .

5 08 .

I2D s i lver

M 3946, 1 .84g .

5 09.

I 3Aa s i lver

B 8 83 .31.3 , 1 .90g .

5 10 .

I3Aa s i lver

M 3 919 , 1 .92g , h d . Tendu .

5 11.

I 3Aa s i lver

M 3918 , 1 .94g , h d . Tendu ( obv . d ie o f 5 12 ).

5 12 .

I 1 3b s i lver

M 3 926 , 1 .87g . h d . Tendu ( ie o obv . d f 5 11,

5 13 .

I 1 3b s i lver

M 0 920 , 1 .85g , h d . Tendu ( ie o rev . d f 5 12 ).

5 14.

I 1 3b s i lver

M 3 924 , 1 .92g , h d . Tendu .

5 15 .

I 4A s i lver

BN 4 111, 1 .33g .

5 16.

I4A s i lver

B 8 93 .14.4 , 1 .83g .

5 17.

I4A s i lver

. M 3 932 , 1 .89g , h d . Tendu

5 18 .

I4B s i lver

M 3931, 1 .95g , h d . Tendu .

5 19.

I 4B s i lver

M 3 930 , 1 .90g .

5 20 .

I4B s i lver

B9 57. 2 .7 , 1 .80g .

ie o f 5 r ev . d 13 ).

. 4 94

4 97

5 0 1

498

5 02

4 99

5 03

5 04

5 1 1

5 15

5 16

5 07

5 05

5 17

5 08

5 12

5 18

5 19

5 20

PLATE 2 2

B i tur iges S word Group Fract ions 5 21.

I J I1 s i lver

Marc i l la t c oin ( p . 2 19). BN 4 311 M , 0 .51g .

5 22.

1 12 s i lver

5 23.

1 13 s i lver

MSAC 1 902 , p . 2 28 , O . 8 0g , C habr is .

5 24.

1 14 s i lver

BN 4 311P . 0 .31g .

G o ld R ela ted t o Sword Group Types 5 25 .

g o ld

BN 4 198 , 1 .70g .

B i tur iges S word Group Bronze I ssues 5 26.

V 1 ( CA M ) b ronze

BN 4 143 , 4 .38g .

5 27.

V 1 ( CA M ) b ronze

BN 4 160 , 1 .82g .

5 28 .

V2 b ronze

BN C ate 1 24 , 2 .29g .

5 29.

V 2 b ronze

Ash mo lean , 1 .0g .

5 30 .

V3 b ronze

BN 4 249 , 1 .46g .

5 31.

V4 b ronze

BN 4 286, 0 .80g .

5 32 .

V 4 b ronze

B D965 .1.4887, 1 .58g .

5 33.

V4 b ronze

BN 4 297, 1 .47g .

5 34.

V6 b ronze

B D965 .1.4810 , 2 .82g .

5 35 .

V6 b ronze

B D965 .1.6408 , 2 .54g .

5 36.

V6 b ronze

Ash mo lean , 2 .34g .

5 37.

V7 b ronze

BN 4 598 , 3 .01g .

O ther B i tur iges Bronze 5 38 .

C la b ronze

BN 4 200 , 4 .03 .

5 39 .

C la b ronze

B 9 62 .X .1, 3 .35g .

5 40 .

C lb b ronze

BN 4 211, 3 .66g .

5 41.

C lb b ronze

BN 4 206 , 3 .25g .

5 42.

C lc b ronze

BN 4 212 , 4 .01g .

5 43.

C 1c b ronze

M . 4 190 , 3 .77g .

5 44.

C la b ronze

B D965 .1.4918 , 2 .88g .

5 45 .

C la b ronze

BN 4 214 , 2 .94g .

5 21

E 522

5 23

E 524

( i

t .

5 25

5 27

5 32

5 33

5 38

542

5 28

534

3

5 29

5 30

5 35

5 36

540

5 44

5 45

PLATE 2 3

B i tur iges Wo l f Head a nd Pegasus Type 5 46.

a

b ronze

5 47.

a

b ronze

BN 4 245 , 2 .27g . BN 4 250 , 1 .92g .

5 48 .

a

b ronze

BN 4 244 , 2 .27g .

5 49.

a

b ronze

B 9 62 .X . 2 1, 2 .15g .

5 50 .

b

b ronze

BN 4 242a , 3 .69g .

5 51.

b

b ronze

B D965.1 . 6405, 3 .32g.

5 52 .

b

b ronze

BN 4 220 , 2 .41g .

5 53.

c

b ronze

BN 4 234 , 2 .64g .

5 54.

C

b ronze

BN 4 237, 2 .16g .

5 55 .

d

b ronze

BN C öte 1 16 , 2 .63g .

5 56.

d

b ronze

BN 4 257, 2 .58g .

5 57.

e

b ronze

BN 4 228 , 2 .63g .

5 58 .

e

b ronze

BN 4 223 , 4 .06g .

5 59 .

e

b ronze

BN 4 225 , 2 .60g .

5 60 .

f

b ronze

B D965 .1.4903 , 2 .48g .

5 61.

f

b ronze

B D965 .1.4907 , 2 .58g .

5 62.

f

b ronze

BN 4 221, 3 .91g .

5 63.

f

b ronze

B D965 .1.4893 , 1 .58g .

5 64.

f

b ronze

BN 4 224 , 3 .76g .

5 65 .

f

b ronze

BN 4 278 , 2 .92g .

5 66.

1

b ronze

BN 4 280 , 2 .57g .

5 67.

f

b ronze

BN 4 279 , 2 .53g .

5 68 .

f

b ronze

B D965 .1.4802 , 2 .52g .

5 69 .

f

b ronze

M 1 398 . 2 .14g .

5 47

5 48

5 52

5 56

5 54

557

559

5 53

5 66

564

5 55

5 60

PLATE 2 4

B i tur iges Sma l l Bronze w i th Wo lf Head 5 70 .

ab ronze

BN 4 017, 1 .05g .

5 71.

ab ronze

B D965 .1.1856 , 1 .45g .

5 72 .

ab ronze

Ash mo lean , 1 .46g .

5 73 .

ab ronze

B D965 .1.4938 , n .w .

5 74.

ab ronze

BN 4 024 , 1 .97g .

5 75 .

bb ronze

BN 4 019 , 0 .61g .

5 76.

bb ronze

B D965 .1.4805 , 1 .10g .

5 77.

bv ar . b ronze

B D965 .1.6409 , 1 .37g .

5 78 .

C i b ronze

BN 4 283 , 1 .57g , Levroux .

5 79.

C i i b ronze

BN 4 289 , 0 .91g , Levroux .

5 80 .

C ii b ronze

BN 4 292 , 1 .44g .

5 81.

C i i b ronze

BN 4 295 , 1 .67 , Levroux .

5 82 .

C i i i b ronze

B D965 .1.4804 , 1 .85g .

5 83 .

Cu ncer t . b ronze

B D965 .1.4894 , 2 .98g .

Boar T ypes 5 84.

4 a b ronze

B D965 .1.6443 , n .w .

5 85 .

4 a b ronze

B D965 .1.4915 , 2 .0g .

5 86 .

4 b b ronze

BN 4 023 , 1 .63g .

5 87.

4 b b ronze

M 2 397 , 2 .20g .

Po t in Types 5 88 .

Ap o t in

B D965 .1.4904 , 2 .13g .

5 89 .

Ap o t in

B 9 62 .X .38 , 3 .18g .

5 90 .

Ap o t in

MSAC 1 ( 1868 ) p . 3 31 n o . 1 5 .

5 91.

Ap o t in

B D965 .1.4850 , 3 .72g .

5 92 .

Bp o t in

B9 62 .X .12 , 4 .13g .

5 93 .

Bp o t in

3 /SAC 1 ( 1868 ) p . 3 31 n o . 1 4 , S enne9ay .

5 94 .

Cp o t in

B 9 62. X .18 , 3 .15g .

5 95 .

Cp ot in

B D965 .1.4841, 3 .18g .

5 96.

Cp o t in

B 9 08 .51.1, 2 .99g .

5 70

5 76

5 75

5 72

5 71

5 78

5 77

5 79

5 80

5 85

5 82

5 89

5 92

5 93

5 94

5 95

5 96

PLATE 2 5

Berry Pot ins C hä teau mei l lan t ( p. 2 31).

5 97.

C i p o t in

5 98 .

C i p o t in

Chä teau mei l lan t ( p. 2 31).

5 99 .

C i p ot in

MSAC 1 ( 1868 ) p . 3 31 n o . 1 1.

6 00 .

C i v ar . p o t in

MSAC 1 ( 1868 ) p . 3 31 n o . 1 2.

6 01.

Dp ot in

B D965 .1.4899 . 3 .02g .

6 02 .

Dp o t in

Ash mo lean , 2 .36g .

6 03 .

Dp ot in

MSAC 1 ( 1868 ) p . 3 31 n o . 2 0.

6 04 .

Dp ot in

MSAC 1 ( 1868 ) p . 3 31 n o . 2 1.

6 05 .

B oar t ype p ot in

B 9 63.25 .1, 2 .23g , B ourges .

6 06.

B oar t ype p ot in

MSAC 1 ( 1868 ) n o . 2 3 .

6 07.

B ird t ype p ot in

B 9 62 .X .25 , 2 .28g .

6 08 .

D 1 b ronze

BN 4 217, 3 .97g , n r . B ourges . BN 4 216 , 3 .20g , Puy d e C oren t .

6 09 .

D 1 b ronze

6 10 .

D 1 b ronze

BN 4 218 , 3 .40g .

6 11.

D2 b ronze

BN 4 302 , 1 .96g .

6 12 .

D2 b ronze

BN 4 303 , 1 .89g , Levroux .

6 13.

D2 b ronze

B D965 .1.4902 , 1 .70g .

6 14.

D3 p o t in

B 9 57.2.5 . 2 .90g .

6 15 .

D4 p o t in

B D965 .1.4916 , 2 .65g .

6 16.

D5 p o t in

MSAC 1 ( 1868 ) n o . 1 0 .

6 17.

D 7 p o t in

MSAC 1 ( 1868 ) n o . 1 3 .

5 99

5 97

6 0 1

6 08

6 07

6 1 1

6 10

6 09

6 12

6 15

6 06

6 05

60L

6 02

6 13

6 16

PLATE 2 6

P ictones Gold S ta ters 6 18 .

g o ld

6 19.

g o ld

BM G2743 , 6 .65g .

6 20 .

g o ld

G2745 , 6 .37g .

P ic tones S i lver P IV C oinage BN 4 462 , 3 .11g .

6 21.

s i lver

6 22 .

s i lver

BN 4 461 , 3 .07g .

6 23 .

s i lver

BM . 2 .64g .

6 24.

s i lver

BN 4 464 , 3 .0g .

6 25 .

P IV v ar . s i lver

BN 4 595 , 2 .0g .

Wes tern S i lver Frac t ions 6 26.

C l s i lver

BN 3 853 , 0 .45g .

6 27.

C l s i lver

BN 3 860 , 0 .39g , C oren t .

6 28 .

C l s i lver

BN 3 852 , 0 .32g .

6 29 .

C l s i lver

BN 4 311E , 0 .32g .

6 30 .

C 2 s i lver

BN 4 311F , 0 .23g .

6 31.

C 2 s i lver

BN 3 840 , 0 .42g .

P os t-Conques t P ic tones a nd Wes tern C oinages 6 32 .

DVRAT I VLIOS s i lver

BM , 1 . 8 9g .

6 33 .

V IREDIOS b ronze

ABT f ig . 1 79 .

6 34.

V IREDIOS b ronze

BM , 2 .91g .

6 35 .

S ACTNOS b ronze

ABT f ig . 1 87.

6 36.

ATECTOR I b ronze

BM , 1 .45g .

6 37.

CONTOVTOS b ronze

BM , 1 .44g .

6 38 .

ANN ICCOIOS b ronze

BM , 1 .61g .

6 39 .

LVCCIOS b ronze

BM , 1 .88g .

6 40 .

VR IPPANOC b ronze

ABT f ig . 1 73 .

6 41.

VRDO . RE b ronze

ABT f ig . 1 74 .

6 2 1

E 626

6 22

E 627

6 23

6 24

E 626

E 629

6 25

E 630

E 63 1

6 32

6 36

6 39

E

i ndicat es

e nlarge ment

shown

o n

6 40

p lat e

2 9-30

6 41

PLATE 2 7

Crane a nd Tre foi l Group G o ld 6 42 .

1g o ld

BN 4 080 , 3 .40g .

6 43 .

1g o ld

BN 4 065 , 3 .67g .

6 44.

2g o ld

B 9 09 .46.1, 4 .58g , h d . J a lesche.

6 45 .

2g o ld

BN 4 072 . 4 .57g .

6 46.

3g o ld

ANS . 7 .04g . h d . Br ive .

6 47.

3g o ld

ANS . 6 .81g . h d . Br ive .

6 48 .

3g o ld

BN 4 081, 5 .76g ,

6 49.

3g o ld

M

6 50 .

3f ract . g o ld

B 9 62 . X .4 , 1 .80g , Berry.

6 51.

3f ract . g o ld

BM , 1 .67g .

96 82 ,

C oren t .

5 .56g .

6 52.

4g o ld

BN 4 084 , 7 .03g .

6 53 .

4g o ld

BN 4 090 , 7 .02g .

6 54.

5s i lver

BN 4 067 , 2 .25g .

6 55 .

5s i lver

BN 4 113 . 2 .15g .

S evered H ead Group S i lver 6 56.

A s i lver

G2735 , 2. 18g , h d . iMneven t .

6 57.

A s i lver

BN 4 573 . 2 .0g .

6 58 .

A s i lver

BN 4 565 , 2 .29g .

6 59.

A s i lver

BN 4 566, 2 .16g , h d .

6 61.

A s i lver

B 9 09 .46 . 5 , 1 .28g , h d . J alesche.

6 62.

B s i lver

.18g . BN 4 576, 2

6 63.

B s i lver

BN 4 575 , 2 .15g .

6 64.

B s i lver

.10g . BN 4 574 . 2

Fract ions 6 65 .

1s i lver

BN 3 782 , 0 .35g .

6 66.

2b ronze

BN 4 619 , 2 .99g .

6 67.

2b ronze

BN 4 621.

6 42

6 43

6 46

6 47

6 50

6 53

6 52

6 54

6 57

6 58

6 59

6 63

6 64

E6 65

E

i ndicates

e n large ment

s hown

on

p late

6 55

660

6 66

3 0

6 5 1

6 6 1

6 67

PLATE 2 8

6 68 .

Tr iangu lar h ead monna ie a l a c roix . s i lver

BM , 3 .45g .

6 69 .

Tr iangu lar h ead monna ie a L a c roix .

BM , 1 .34g .

s i lver

6 70 .

Lucter ius , s i lver

ABT f ig . 1 61.

6 71.

Lucter ius , b ronze

ABT f ig . 1 62.

6 72 .

Be lvbs t ype monna ie a l a c ro ix .

( 3 73 .

P ictor ia l t ype monnaie ä l a c roix , s i lver

s i lver

Ru ten i S i lver 6 74.

s i lver

BM , 2 .20g .

6 75 .

s i lver

BM , 2 .18g .

6 76.

s i lver

BM , 2 .16g .

C adurc i Fract ions BN 4 311C , 0 .30g .

6 77.

s i lver

6 78 .

s i lver

BN 4 366 , 0 .39g .

6 79.

s i lver

BN 4 365 , 0 .37g .

6 80 .

s i lver

BN 4 311S , 0 .23g .

6 81.

s i lver

BN 4 311 R , n .w .

B oar R everse T ypes ( 3 82 .

5g o ld

BN 4 305 , 6 .45g .

6 83 .

5g o ld

BN 4 306, 6 .94g .

( 3 84 .

5g o ld

BN 4 307 , 6 .35g .

6 85 .

6s i lver

BN 4 3111 , 0 .40g .

Twis ted An i ma l Types ( 3 86.

8 a s i lver

BN 4 310A , 2 .01g .

6 87.

8 b s i lver

BN 4 311J , 0 .36g .

6 88 .

8 b s i lver

BN 4 311 K , 0 .32g .

6 89 .

8 b s i lver

BN 4 311L , 0 .29g .

6 90 .

8 b s if ter

BN 4 3110 , 0 .26g .

6 91.

8 b s i lver

BN 4 311 N , 0 .25g .

6 92 .

8 b s i lver

BN 4 311T , 0 .24g .

G o ld T ypes o f t he S ou th- Wes t 6 93 .

9 a g o ld

BN 4 306A , 7 .57g .

6 94 .

O b g o ld

BN 1 0231, 7 .68g .

6 95 .

9v ar . g o ld

BN 4 306B , 7 .45g .

6 96 .

9v ar . s i lver

BN 1 967/584 , n .w .

Wes terr Bronze v ar . D ( p . 2 56 ' i. 6 97.

Db ronze

DAG f ig . 1 54 .

BM , 1 .67g . BM 3 .39g .

6 69

6 72

6 70

6 73

F 4 - 7,

*• • , 1 7 5 ` . -

5 74

1 -

6 75

E 77

6 76

E678

E 679

1 ( ;b

(

E680

E 68 1

6 83

E 687

6 93

E 688

E68 9

6 84

5 94

E

i ndicates

E6 9 1

E6 90

6 96

e n l arg ement

s hown

on

p late

3 0

E 685

E692

5 97

P LATE

100

1 50

3 76

4 3 2

1 02

10

1 5 1

3 77

3 73

103

3 74

2 9

1 49

3 75

3 93

526

6 2 6

6 2 7

P LATE

3 0

6 28

5 29

6 30

6 3 1

6 65

6 77

6 78

6 79

6 8 '0

6 89

6 8 1

6 87

6 85

6 91

6 92

PLATE 3 1

1 .

S a lesses Tu mu lus ( Can ta l , p . 1 8 );

De lpor te a nd Vu i t ternez 1 966.

2 .

La te Ha l ls ta t t F ina l t u mu lus n o . V , G landon ( HV ) Bo isseau a nd L a mber t 1 975 .

3 .

L a te Ha l ls ta t t F ina l t u mu lus n o . V I I G landon ( HV ) B o isseau a nd La mber t 1 975 .

P LATE

01

Is

a l

I4

3 1

PLATE 3 2

1 .

Bur ia l 2a t C ivaux ( HV ;

( p. 1 7 ) G a l lia 1 961.

2 .

Bur ia l 2a t C ivaux ( HV ;

( p. 1 7 )

3 .

Bur ia l 1 , v ase 2 f ro m C ivaux Ga l lia 1 961.

4 .

Bur ia l 1 , v ase 1 f ro m C ivaux Ga l lia 1 961.

5 .

Mer igny , I ndre ( p . 1 7 )Ga l lia 1 955 .

6 .

Mbr igny , I ndre ( p . 1 7 )G a l lia 1 955 .

G a l lia 1 961.

P LATE 3 2

3

PLATE 3 3

1 .

Mer igny ( I ndre , p . 1 7

)G a l lia 1 955 .

2 .

Au lna t ( PD , p . 1 8

3 .

Broize-Aur iaco mbe ( Can ta l ) D elpor te a nd Vu i t ternez 1 966, n o . 1 0 .

4 .

Broize-Aur iaco mbe ( Can ta l ) Delpor te a nd Vu i tternez 1 966 , n o . 7 .

)Ha tt 1 945 , f ig . XV I .1.

P LATE 3 3

o1

10

0,

CI

1 5

I5

P LATE

G recoIta l ic amphora ( Sa int -G ence [ NV ] , J ug , D upuy e tc. 1 969)

I t a lic

D resse l

4

I A a mphora

( l e L avandou w reck, G a l l ia

1 975: 5 93 )

I1 0

3 4

I NDEX 1 :

GENERAL

ABVCATOS 2 02f . ABVDOS 2 01, 2 02f.; g o ld c o ins 2 02f f.;

b ronze c o ins 2 07ff .;

l egend 2 04f .

ADCANAVNOS 1 39, 1 65f . Aedu i 9 , 1 18;

c o inage 7 2, 16, 1 39, 2 78, n . 1 3

Agr icu l tura l p opu la t ion 3 f f .;

1 24 ( Cötes )

Agr icu l ture 1 18 ( Auvergne );

1 74f . ( Berry );

2 62 ( L i mous in a nd Dordogne )

A l l ier , s i tes i n 1 99f . Amb ian i, w ide f lan c o inage 6 9 , 7 2 Amph ithea tres 1 79, 1 89, 1 91 ANN ICCO IOS 2 60f . Amphoras 1 10f f., 1 12, 1 83, 1 87, 1 92, 1 95 , 1 97, 2 40 , 2 42, 2 44, 2 63, 2 66, 2 68, 2 69, 2 70 , 2 77, 2 78; b ur ia ls 2 67.

GrecoIta l ic 1 10, 1 83, 1 94, 2 71;

amphora

C f . a ppend ix 3

Aqu itan ic o bverse d ie s ty le 3 0 ;

o n monna ies ' al a c ro ix 2 93

Archaeo logy , p at tern o f i nvest iga t ion o f 2 Argen to magus :

s ee S a in t- Marce l ( I ndre )

Argen ton-sur-Creuse ( see S a in t-Marcel , I ndre ) i ron works n ear 1 78 Ar mor ica 2 35 Ar mor ican c o in t ypes 3 8, 6 3, 7 9 , 9 2, 9 7 , 1 07, 3 19, n . 6 , n . 9 ; c o ins, s ee Venet i;

p . 7 2;

r elat ion t o P ictones g o ld 2 46f f .;

Ar mor ican r ela t ion t o

c rane a nd t refo il c o inage , 2 80 Arret ine w are, 1 26 Arvern i , f i rst c en tury s et t le men ts 1 18f f ., 1 99 ;

f i rst c entury p o l it ics 1 26f.,

1 34, 1 37, 2 91, 2 93;

c o inage 1 34, 1 38f f .;

c f. Bronze c o inage ;

A 1 45f f .;

C 1 59f f .;

E 1 70f f .;

1 38;

B 1 53f f.;

D 1 61f f .;

s i lver we igh t s tandard 1 38f f .;

2 91f.;

s i lver c o inage 1 16,

r e lat ion t o s outhern-cen tra l c o ins

r e lat ion t o monna ies ä l a c ro ix 2 93;

e rn-Cen tra l g o ld t ypes 2 96f .;

s er ies

r e la t ion t o u ncerta in s outh-

d ie c u t t ing s ty le 1 47;

b ronze f ox t ype 1 57

Arx , 1 82 ATAV I , 1 51 ATECTOR I , 2 58f. Augustone metu m , 1 27 , 1 29 Au lerc i C eno man i , c o ins o f , 9 7f ., 3 19 Auvergne ;

e arly p er iod , 1 5f .;

f i rst c entury s et t le men ts 18f f.;

o f , 1 18 Avar icum ( c f . Bourges ), 3 , 6 , 1 27, 1 78, 1 85 Aveyron , 2 62;

s i tes i n 2 69f f .

AV IAC OS, 1 73 Ba iocasses, c o ins o f , 3 19 B eard o n c o ins, f ig. 1 17 , 2 90-1 Beaune g roup g o ld , 6 9ff . Be lg ic d efences :

s ee d u mp r a mparts

g eography

GENERAL BEL INOS, 2 57 Berry ; e arly p er iod , 1 6f .; 7 3f f ., 7 6f f .; g o ld 1 01f f .; B IENOS :

l ater p er iod , 1 74f f ., 1 84;

e ar ly g o ld c o inages,

m idd le p hase g o ld , 4 6, 7 6, 8 0 , 9 4f f .; p ro totype f or l a te midd le p hase, 1 02;

l a te m idd le p hase b ronze c o inages 2 20f f .

s ee BEL INOS

B itur iges Cub i ;

( c f . sword g roup c o ins ;

Avar icu m , 3 ; 1 82, 1 99 ;

ABVDOS g roup c o ins ;

t err itory a nd p opu lat ion 1 74f f .;

f i rst c entury c o inages 2 01f f.;

g o ld c o inage 2 02f f., 2 19 ;

min ts )

f or ma t ion o f c iv itas, 4 1,

s i lver c o inage 1 16, 1 89 , 2 10f f ;

b ronze c o inages 2 07f f . ( ABVDOS g roup ), 2 20f f .

( sword g roup ), 2 23f . ( horse, p lough a nd r ings ), 2 25, 2 51 ( wo l f h ead a nd p egasus ), 2 28f f . ( s ma l l b ronze w ith wo l f h ead ), 2 29 ( boar t ypes ), 2 30 f. ( pot in ) B itur iges V iv isc i ;

a rchaeo logy 2 35 ;

Boar mot if , 2 28f f .;

2 93 ( Ruten i );

Burd iga la 2 44

2 94, 2 96f. ( go ld );

2 95 ( southern-cen tra l

s i lver ) Borders ( c f. c iv itas ), 1 74f f ., 1 80 , 1 94, 1 99 , 2 75 Bresse, 2 62 Br idges , 1 79, 1 88, 1 97 Br id iers g roup s i lver, 2 2f f .; g roup I V 3 5 ;

g roup I2 6f f .;

m inor v ar iet ies 3 6 ;

g roup I 3 3;

g roup I I 3 4;

l ater d eve lop men ts 2 6, 3 8 ;

d ie

s har ing b etween g roups Ia nd I I , 3 0 , 3 5 BR IG IOS, 1 39, 1 67 Bronze c o inage, 8 , 1 0 , 2 02 ( use o f );

Arvern ian , 1 50 ( A8 ), 1 57 ( B8 ), 1 58

( B9 ), 1 63 ( DIB, D 1C ), 1 65 ( D2, D3 ), 1 67 ( D5 , D6 ), 1 68 ( 1 )7, D8 ), 1 69 ( 1 )9 ), 1 70 ( 1 )10 ), 1 71 ( E5 , E7 ), 1 72 ( E9 ); P icton ian , 2 56f f .;

s evered h ead g roup t ype, 2 91

BVCO IS, 1 70 Bur ia ls ; e ar ly , 1 5f f .; C e l les, 1 35f .;

a t Au lnat 19 ;

S a in t-Ju l ien-de-Chedon , 1 97;

l ' I mperna l , 2 67 ( i n t he w a l ls );

b ur ia ls i np its :

Cadurc i, 1 37, 2 62f.;

C ler mon t-Ferrand , 1 30 ;

G ironde ( Ha l lstat t ), 2 44;

L arzac , 2 70 ( l a te t u mu lus ); Rouge, 2 79;

Cötes, 1 24;

Dun-sur-Auron , 1 96;

P o itou ( Ha l lstat t ), 2 35 ; Murcens, 2 67 ;

B itur igan ( see B itur iges Cub i );

Char lat , 2 76;

S ou lac-sur- Mer, 2 44;

S a in t-Cdre, 2 68;

l a Mou t te , 2 78;

l e

l a C ro ix

2 42 ( Pons ), 2 70 ( Nauce l le )

c o inage o f , 2 67, 2 91f .;

m in im c o inage 2 93f.

Caesar, u se o f i urbs ', 1 27 CALEDV, 1 65 CA L IAG I I IS , n . 1 6 CA M, 2 14 ( s ilver ), 2 20f. ( bronze );

d ie o f , 2 13

CA MBOTRE, 2 10 , 2 14 Ca mpan ian w are , 10 , 1 13, 1 19 ( Au lnat ), 1 83 ( Chäteaume i l lan t ), 1 91 ( Levroux ), 2 44 ( Mou l iets-et-V i l le mart in ), 1 69 ( La Grau fesenque a nd M il lau ), 2 77 ( Char lat );

im itat ions, 1 19, 1 30 , 2 75.

Can ta l , s ites i n 1 35f f . Can tharos s ymbo l , 1 08 Carbon-14 d ate, 2 40 , 2 66 Carnu tes, 1 99 , n . 1 6 Carnyx , 5 9f . CAS , 1 47 , 1 48, 1 49

S ee a ppend ix 3

GENERAL Cata lon ia , c o ins o f a s p roto types f or C en tra l 10 , 1 36;

1 9f f .;

i ssues,

imports t o G au l ,

s ee a ppend ix 3

Causses, e arly s et t le ment i n , 1 1;

f i rst c en tury s i tes, 2 62

Cen t ra l Gau l d ef ined , 1 Cgram ique d es p lateaux :

s ee c oarse c era m ic

Change i n mater ia l r ecord , 4 Charen te, s i tes i n , 2 39f f . Charen te- Mar it i me , s ites i n , 2 40ff . Chenöves t ype g o ld , 7 2 Cher , s ites i n , 1 82f f . Chrono logy ; c f . c oarse c eram ic ;

l im its o f t he s tudy , 2 ; o f l a T ine I , I , I I ,

4 , 1 10f f ., 1 23, 1 26f .;

o f c iv ita .s , 5 1., 4 1;

o f d efences, 6 , 1 26 ( see a lso

d efended s ett le men ts );

o f c o inage p hases, 6 f., 8 f., 1 9f f ., 4 1f ., 6 7, 7 2f f.,

7 6 , 8 4f f ., 1 01f ., 1 10 , 16f f., 1 38, 1 49, 2 07, 2 14, 2 16, 2 20 , 2 46f., 2 50 , 2 56 , 2 80f ., 2 861., 3 19 ; 1 61;

o f V enet i c o inage , 7 3;

o f B itur iges c o inage , 2 01f .;

C ICI IDV.BRI IPAD s ee Epad ;

o f Arvern i c o inage, 1 38f.,

o f P ictones c o inage 2 46f f ., 2 50ff .

1 63

C isa lp ine Gau l , c o inage, 2 5 C iv itas, s tructure o f , 5 , 7 , 8 , 1 78f f ., 1 85 ; d a te o f o r ig in , 5 f ., 7 ff ., 1 34; 82 ; c ap ita ls 2 72 a nd c o inage, 7 f ., 4 1, 10 , 1 16, 1 Coarse c era m ic ;

; s carcely s tud ied , 3

a s h istor ica l e v idence, 4 , 1 10 ;

24 ( Chan turgues ), 1 29 ( Cler mon t1 23 ( Cö tes ), 1

c hrono logy o f , 1 6 ;

F errand ), 1 33 ( L iozon ), 1 34 ( Puys d e Vo ingt ), 1 35 ( Sa in t-V ictor-surMass iac ), 1 35 ( Char mensac, C e l les );

2 40 ( Etau les ), 2 43 ( Pgp iron ), 2 44

( Mou l iets-et-V il le mart in ), 2 45 ( Vayres ), 2 66 ( Puy-dIsso lu ), 2 70 ( Nan t ), 2 71 ( Sa in t-Gence ), 2 75 ( Mon ta igu t-le-Blanc ), 2 76 ( Puy-du-Tour, Char lat ); 2 78 ( La Mout te, L issac ) Coas t l ine, A t lan t ic , 2 35 Co inage ; p hases, 6 f f., 1 9f f .;

d urat ion o f i ssues, 6 ;

o utpu t , 7 ;

8 f ., 1 0 , 4 1, 6 7 , 1 16, 1 88f ., 2 02, 2 20 , 2 461 ., 2 56, 2 80 ; m idd le p hases , 1 9f f .;

l ate p hase, 16f f .;

Co ins ;

e arly a nd

p rototypes, 2 4 ( Br id iers

g roup ), 8 4 ( Berry a nd w estern d efaced g o ld ); c onquest , 1 161 ., 1 38 ;

u se o f ,

1 05 ( Ph i l ip V );

p ost-

o res f or c o inage meta ls , 1 38

g eograph ica l d istr ibu t ion o f , 3 , 7 , 7 3, 1 10 , 1 16, 1 22, 1 34, 1 82, 1 84,

1 96 , 2 01, 2 35 , 2 38 , 2 40 , 2 43, 2 46f., 2 80 ; 10 , 1 161 ., 2 63;

1 22 ( Au lnat );

o n s et t le men ts, 6 f ., 8 f., 7 3,

1 25 ( Coren t );

1 27f. ( Gergov ie ), 1 30

( Cler mon t-Ferrand ), 1 31f . ( Cha ma lf äres ), 1 33 ( G iat-et-Vo ingt ), 1 83f f . ( Chäteau me il lan t ), 1 891 . ( Sa in t- Marcel ), 1 92f . ( Levroux ), 1 96 ( A mbo ise ), 1 98 ( Couf f i ), 2 00 ( Ngr is ), 2 38 ( Po it iers ), 2 39 ( Sanxay ), 2 39 ( Les Bouchards ), 2 66 ( Puy d ' Isso lu );

2 66 ( Murcens ), 2 74 ( Puy d e Gaudy ), 2 76 ( Puy d u Tour );

o n Arvern ian s i tes, 1 18; V ierzon ;

c u t c o ins, 1 91, 2 25 , 2 27, 2 58;

i n r ivers, s ee

2 43 ( Fon t-Garn ier )

CONTOVTOS, g roup 2 58;

t ype 2 59f .

Copper, 2 62 Correze, s i tes i n 2 75f f . Coun ter marks, 7 9, 8 2, 8 7 , 8 8, 3 191. Crane a nd Trefo il g roup c o inage, 2 80f f.; 2 80 ;

s i lver o f r elated t ype 2 85

r e lat ion t o s evered h ead g roup ,

GENERAL Creuse, 2 f ., 2 62; Cu lt s ites;

s ites i n , 2 73f f .

c o ins o n , 8 ;

1 24 ( Ce stes ), 1 31 ( Cha ma l ieres ), 1 33 ( G iat-et-Vo ing t ),

1 34 ( Puys d e Vo ing t ), 1 88f. ( Sa in t- Marcel ), 1 99 ( Mon tbouy ), 2 39 ( Sammy ), 2 39 ( Les Bouchards ), 2 44 ( Sou lac-sur- Mer ) , 2 67f . ( L ' I mperna l ), 2 69 ( La Granede ), 2 70 ( Sa in t-Sern in-sur-Rance ), 2 73 ( Sa in t-Pardoux ), 2 74 ( Pon tar ion ), 2 75 ( Mon t d e J ouer ), 2 78 ( Marger ides ) Deface men ts, 4 0 , 8 7f., 9 8, 1 07, 2 58 Defended s ett le men ts ( c f. S et t le men ts; U rban s et t le men ts ; Opp idu m ) , f unct ions, 5 ; a s h istor ica l e v idence, 4 ; d efences l a ter t han t he f i rst s et t le men t o f t he s i te, 6 , 1 82, 1 92, 2 66, 2 67 , 2 77 ; 1 10f f ., 1 82 , 1 88f ., 1 92, 2 67 ;

c hrono logy o f , 9 ,

1 25 ( Puy d u C oren t );

1 25f f. ( Gergov ie ),

1 36 ( Sa in t-Bonnet-de-Ch irac ), 1 36f. ( Clapas-Caste l ), 1 80f . ( Berry ) ; 1 83f f . ( Chä teau me il lan t ), 1 85f . ( Bourges ), 1 86 ( La Grou tte ), 1 86f . ( S id ia i l les ), 1 88 ( Sa in t- Marcel ), 1 91f . ( Levroux ), 1 96 ( A mbo ise ), 1 98 ( M i l lancay ), 2 00 ( Hdr isson , N er is ), 2 63 ( Cou loun ie ix-Cha m iers ), 2 63f. ( Puy d ' Iös so lu ), 2 66f. ( Murcens ), 2 67f. ( L ' I mperna l ), 2 69 ( La Bast idePrad ines ), 2 69 ( La G ranede ), 2 71f . ( Sa in t-Gence ), 2 72 ( V i l le joubert ), 2 73 ( Puy d e Gaudy ), 2 75 ( Puy d u Tour ), 2 77 ( Char lat ); i nner wa l ls , 1 80f., 1 86, 2 66, 2 72; 1 94, 1 95 ;

t ransverse o r

r ectangu lar e nc losures :

Berry , 1 80 ,

Correze, 2 77 , 2 79

Deno m inat ions ( c f . Fract iona l c o inage ), m id p hase Berry g o ld , 1 01f ., 1 07; l ate p hase c o ins , 1 16f .;

Arvern i, 1 39f f .;

B itur iges Cub i, 2 01f f ., 2 06,

2 07, 2 17 , 2 19 D ie c ond it ion ; D ie s har ing ;

s i lver West B erry g roup , 4 7 ; Br id iers g roup , 3 0, 3 5 ;

o f He l ios t ype, 7 8;

Tayac g o ld t ype , 6 9, 7 3

E IQ IT IV IC O , 7 6;

Ear ly B erry h ead

sword g roup s i lver , 2 16

D ies , 2 01, 2 13, 2 15 , 2 20 DONNADV , 1 39, 1 67f . L e Dorat t ype g o ld , 6 2, 1 05f . Dordogne;

g eography , 2 62;

s i tes, 2 63

Du mp r a mparts, 6 , 1 82 ( date ), 1 83, 1 89 , 1 91, 1 95 , 2 00 DVRAT I VL IOS, 2 51, 2 56, 2 57 E s y mbo l o n o bverses, 8 0 , 8 4, 1 01, 1 07 , 1 08 IAROS, 2 09 Eastern Ar mor ica ; 3 19;

c o inages , 7 9f f . ( Gr if f in t ype ), 8 2f f ., 9 7ff . ( Lyre t ype ),

e ngrav ing s ty le, 8 0 , 8 2, 9 0 , 9 4, 9 7f f ., 1 06f.

Eastern g o ld c o inage w ith A '

monogra m , 8 4f . ( early );

1 01f. ( m idd le p hase );

v ar ian ts, 1 02 E IQ IT IV ICO , 7 6 E lusates, c o inage, 2 6, 4 0 ;

2 68 ( f ind )

EMBAV , 2 10 Empor iae;

c o inages , 2 4f f .;

c o inage , 2 6f f.;

im itat ions o f c o ins , 2 6;

t ype o f Br id iers g roup

i n f luence o n l ate c o in t ypes, 2 02

EPAD, IPAD c o ins ( c f . Epasnactus ), 1 61f f .;

m in t a t G ergov ie, 1 25f ., 1 61

Epasnactus, 1 16, 1 25 ( m in t a t G ergov ie ), 1 27 , 1 38, 1 39 ( s i lver w e igh t c hange );

c o inages o f 1 61f f.

EPOMEDVOS , 1 39 , 1 70

GENERAL IPOS , 1 69f . Exchange, 1 77f. ( Berry ) Ex-vo tos , 1 31, 1 99 Fore ign r es iden ts, 1 89 Forez , 18, 1 22 Forum a t Avar icu m , 1 78 Fract iona l c o inage ( c f. d enom inat ions ), 1 16f .;

s i lver :

8 , 4 9, 6 2f., 1 39,

1 41, 1 45 ( Arvern ian ), 1 56 ( Arv. B7 v ar.), 1 59 ( Arv. B 12C ), 1 67 ( Arv. D4 ), 1 72 ( Arv. E 8 );

2 01 ( B itur igan ), 2 17 ( B itur igan ), 2 19 ( Bitur igan ),

2 53f . ( western w ith s tra ight h a ir ), 2 90f. ( severed h ead ), 2 91 ( Cadurc i monna ies ä l a c ro ix ), 2 93f . ( Cadurc i m in i ms ), 2 94 ( boar ), 2 96 ( Tw isted a n i ma l );

f ound o n s ites , 1 22 ( Au lnat ), 1 25 ( Corent ), 1 29 ( Gergov ie ), 2 44

( Sou lac-sur- Mer ), 2 41 ( Muronla-Couture ), 2 67 ( Murcens ), 2 68 ( l ' I mpern a l ) , 2 90 ( Marger ides ), 2 93 ( Ensgrune ); A rvern ian g o ld , 1 52;

g o ld 1 /3 s taters, 7 8, 2 06;

Arvern ian b ronze f ract ion , 1 65 , 1 67 ;

g o ld , 2 02, 2 04f ., 2 06, 2 19 ;

B itur igan

B itur igan b ronze, 2 28f.

Gaba les, 1 37 Ga l lo-Be lg ic A :

s ee A mb ian i w ide f lan c o inage

Ga l lo-Ro man p rgcoce;

d ate, 4 ;

c haracter ist ics, 1 0 ;

v i l la , 1 19 ( Au lnat ),

1 37 ( Pouzet d u Marcayres ), 1 88 ( Levet ), 1 95 ( Mart izay ), 1 98f. ( Couf f i ), 2 31 ( Feu lardes ), 2 43 ( Pgp iron );

mater ia l o n s i tes, 1 25 ( Chanturgues ),

1 25 ( Coren t ), 1 26 ( Gergov ie ), 1 31 ( Cha ma l ieres ), 1 33 ( G iat-et-Vo ing t ), 1 83 ( Chäteau me il lan t ), 1 88f . ( Sa in t- Marce l ), 1 93 ( Levroux ), 1 99 ( Mon tb ouy ), 2 00 ( Ndr is ), 2 31 ( Sa in t- Mart in ), 2 35 ( Na in trg ), 2 38 ( Po it iers ), 2 39 ( Sammy ), 2 39 ( Les B ouchards ), 2 43 ( Pgp iron ), 2 43 ( Sa intes ), 2 45 ( Vayres ), 2 66 ( Murcens ), 2 67 ( L ' I mperna l ), 2 68 ( Capdenac ), 2 69 ( l a B ast ide-Prad ines ), 2 70 ( Rodez ), 2 73 ( Hau te-V ienne ), 2 73 ( Puy-de-Gaudy ), 2 75 ( Mon t d e J ouer ), 2 76 ( Charla t ) G ironde , s i tes i n , 2 43f f . G lass o b jects, 1 19, 1 22 ( Au lna t ) Go ld o res, 2 73 Go ld c o inage; 2 19 ;

t ypes a k in t o w est Berry s i lver, 5 9f f .;

e astern p rototype f or C en tra l g o ld , 8 4f f .; 9 7f f .;

t o sword g roup s i lver ,

o f west a nd s ou th-western Gau l , e ar ly a nd midd le p hases, 6 3f f .; l ate midd le p hase western g o ld ,

o rnate m idd le p hase Cen tra l t ypes, 1 06f f.;

w e ight s tandards , 1 39 ;

B itur igan :

s ee B itur iges ;

P ictones, 2 46f f . ( o f Ar mor ican f abr ic );

Arvern ian , 1 38f f .; ABVDOS g roup ;

o f s outhern-Cen tra l G au l ( Petro-

c or i i e tc.), 2 94 , 2 96f. Graf f it i , 1 22 ( Au lna t ), 1 89 ( Sa in t- Marce l ) Gr if f in , 7 9 , 8 7 , 9 0 ;

g r if f in g roup g o ld c o inage, 7 9ff .;

c onnect ions w ith

e astern Ar mor ican g o ld , 8 3 Hau te-V ienne, s ites i n , 2 71f f . Ha l ls tat t p er iod ( see c oarse c era m ic ); 2 35 , 2 39, 2 43, 2 77 ; 2 79 ;

s ites, 1 1, 1 7, 1 8, 1 36, 1 86, 1 99,

f ine p ot tery t ypes s urv ive l ater, 1 7f., 2 39, 2 77 ,

Au lnat 1 19, Cötes 1 23, C ler mon t-Ferrand 1 29 , L iozon 1 33,

Merp ins 2 39, S ou lac-sur- Mer 2 44 , S a in t-Et ienne d e L isse 2 45, Puyd 'I sso lu 2 66 , 1 'I mperna l 2 67 , l a Gran de 2 69

GE NERAL Head o f He l ios s y mbo l , 2 5 , 3 4f., 7 8, 7 9 , 8 3, 9 0 , 9 2, 9 7, n . 6 ;

t ype g o ld

c o ins, 7 8 ( ear ly B erry ), 9 0f f . ( m idd le p hase ) Helvet ic c o ins, 7 2 ( i n Tayac h oard ), 7 9f., 8 4f f. ( go ld ) He lv i i, 1 70 H ippoca mp s ymbo l , 7 9 , 9 2 ( Ar mor ican ), 9 6 , 1 68 ( Arvern i ), n . 9 Hoards ( see s eparate i ndex );

a s c hrono log ica l e v idence, 6 f., 4 1f ., 5 2f.,

6 9f f., 7 3, 1 38, 2 46f ., 2 51, 2 86f .; 3 39f f.

p ost-conquest , 1 0 ;

o f Mass il ia c o ins ,

S ee a ppend ix 1 a nd 3

House c onstruct ion , 1 19 ( Au lnat ), 1 24 ( Cötes, Chan turgues ), 1 25 ( Coren t ), 1 26f . ( Gergov ie ), 1 29 ( Cler mon t-Ferrand ), 1 34 ( Puys-de-Vo ing t ), 1 35 ( Rof f iac ), 1 36f. ( Clapas-Castel ), 1 79 ( Br ives ), 1 83 ( ChAa teaume i l lan t ), 1 89 ( Sa in t- Marce l ), 1 93 ( Levroux ), 1 97 ( Vernou-sur-Brenne ), 2 45 ( Vayres ), 2 66 ( Puy-d ' Isso lu ), 2 67 ( Murcens ), 2 68 ( Capdenac ), 2 70 ( Sa in t-Sern ins ur-Rance ), 2 73 ( Puy d e Gaudy ), 2 75 ( Puy d u Tour ) I LAVSO , 2 09f. I l t irda d enar i i , 2 5 , 3 0 ;

i n f luence o n Br id iers s i lver, 3 5f .

Imports ( see Amphoras ;

Ca mpan ian w are;

Wine t rade );

f rom Med iter-

r anean , 4 , 5 , 1 10f f ., 1 83, 1 89, 1 92, 1 99 ( At t ic ), 2 43, 2 69 , 2 71, 2 75 ; a s e v idence f or d a t ing , 7 , 1 83; i n e ar ly p er iod , 1 5f f .; 1 19f . ( Au lnat ), 1 25 ( Corent ), 1 27 ( Gergov ie ), 1 30 ( Cler mon t-Ferrand ), 1 36 ( Sa in tBonnet-de-Ch irac ), 1 37 ( Clapas-Castel ) I ndre , s ites i n , 1 88f f. I ndre-et-Lo ire, s ites i n , 1 96f f . I ron ; mines, 1 5 , 1 75f . ( Berry ), 1 79, 1 85 ; c urrency b ars o r s word b lanks , 1 22; g oods i n b ur ia ls , 1 96; Petrocor i i i ron , 2 62 I SVN IS, 2 09 I VRCA, 2 15f. J u l ius Durat ius, 2 51, 2 56 L a mps, 1 89 L e mov ices, 2 , 3 8, 2 62ff . ( archaeo logy ), 2 71, 2 75 , 2 85f. L i magne v a l ley , 1 18 L i mous in , s et t le men t i n t he f i rst c en tury , 2 62ff .;

c o inage , 2 80f f .

L o ir-et-Cher , s i tes i n , 1 97f. L o ire, 1 78 L o iret , s i tes i n , 1 99 L ong-d istance c on tacts, 7 , 1 9f f ., 6 3, 6 9f f ., 7 3, 7 9f., 8 7 , 9 7, 1 02, 1 10 L ot , s ites i n , 2 63f f . L ozere, s i tes i n , 1 36f f . LVCCIOS, 2 61 L ucter ius , 2 91, 2 93 LVXT IIR , I0 , 2 93 Lyre g roup w estern g o ld , 7 3, 9 7f f ., 2 51;

l yre s ymbo l , 7 2 , 7 6, 1 08, 1 48f f .,

n . 1 1 Mass i l ia ;

s i lver c o ins a s p rototype , 2 5 , 1 70 ;

t ype o f Br id iers g roup , 3 3f.;

s i lver c o ins o n s ites, 1 79, 1 84, 1 87 , 1 88f., 2 39 , 2 78;

s ee a ppend ix 3

GENERAL Mater ia l e v idence, l im itat ions o f 2 ; Meta l-work ing ( see a lso I ron ;

i n terpretat ion o f , 4 f f .

Mines ), 1 22 ( Au lnat ), 1 27 ( Gergov ie ), 1 36

( Sa in t-Bonnet-de-Ch irac ), 1 91 ( Levroux ), 2 67 ( Murcens ), 2 67 ( L ' I mpern . a l ) Migra t ions , 7 -9, 1 9 Mines ;

i ron , 1 78 ( Berry ), 2 62 ( Dordogne );

c opper a nd s i lver , 2 62 ( Aveyron );

g o ld , 2 73 ( HV ) Min ts ;

Arvern i , 1 38;

B itur iges, 2 01f., 2 20 , 2 28, 2 30 ;

P ictones, 2 47 ;

L e mov ices, 2 80 , 2 86 Monna ies ä l a c ro ix , 1 9, 10 , 1 28, 1 29, 1 30 , 1 36, 1 84, 2 43f ., 2 45 , 2 51, 2 62, 2 63, 2 67f ., 2 69, 2 71;

c hrono logy , 2 2;

o verstr ike, 3 9 ;

r elat ion t o

West Berry s i lver , 4 1f .;

r elat ion t o Tayac t ype g o ld , 6 9 ;

s evered h ead g roup , 2 86 ;

t r iangu lar h ead t ype 2 91f.;

( Belves ) t ype , 2 93;

p ictor ia l t ype, 2 93;

r ela t ion t o

Aqu itan ic h ead

Ruten ian , 2 93

M OTV IDIAC, 1 68f . Mous tache o n c o ins , f ig. 1 08, 1 76 Murus d up lex , 1 23, 2 77 Murus g a l l icus, 6 , 1 82 ( da te ), 1 84, 1 91, 1 95, 2 25 , 2 66, 2 67 ( vo lu me o f mater ia ls u sed ), 2 72, 2 75 Musde d e Gudret , 2 74 Na mnetes c o in ( c f. P ictones ) 2 46 Ne mossus ( Cler mon t-Ferrand ), 1 27 NERONCEN , 2 75 N it iobroges, c o ins , 2 93 Nov iodunum o f t he B itur iges , 3 , 1 79, 1 98 Nucleated s et t le men t ; c hrono logy o f , 9 .

r are b efore s econd c en tury , 3 ff .;

f unct ions o f , 5 ;

S ee Defended s et t le ments

OMONDON , 1 50 Open s ites , 8 , 1 19f . ( Au lnat ) , 1 91f. ( Les Ar nes ) Opp idu m , t er m d ef ined , 4 f f . Os is m i , c o inage o f , 2 46 ( we igh ts ), n . 9 OSVA I I s ee I LAVSO OY I KY , 2 15 Overstruck c o ins , 3 9 Pa in ted p ot tery , 1 19 , 1 22 ( Au lna t ) Par is i i , c o ins, 3 19f . Petrocor i i , 2 62f f . ( s ites ), 2 93 ( s i lver c o ins ), 2 94 ( go ld c o ins ) Ph i l ip I o f Macedon ;

g o ld c o inages a s p roto types , 2 5 , 6 4f f ., 7 6f f .;

o f Br id iers g roup , 3 4f f .;

t ype i n e astern Gau l , 8 4f f .;

t ype

c o in w ith t r iden t

f ound a t Pons , 6 4, 2 42 Ph i l ip V o f Macedon , c o ins a s p roto type , 1 05 P ICT ILOS, 1 66f . P ictones;

P IV s i lver c o inage , 4 1, 9 7, 2 50f f .;

t ype o f P IV , 4 8;

a na logy i n g o ld c o in , 8 2;

c en tury c o inages, . 2 46f f .;

g o ld c o inage , 2 46f f .; a rchaeo logy , 2 35f f .;

r elat ionsh ip o f g o ld t o s i lver, 2 47;

c a l r elat ion t o c rane a nd t refo il g roup , 2 80f .; q uest , 2 56 ( f ig. 6 97 );

p ro tof i rst

t ypo log i-

b ronze c o in b efore c on-

p ost-war c o inages , 2 56f f .

GE NERAL Po itou, c o inage :

s ee West Berry s i lver;

P ictones c o inage;

a ff in it ies o f ,

2 35 Postha l lstat t ian p ot tery :

s ee Coarse c era m ic

Pot tery manufacture, 1 22 ( Au lnat ), 1 30 ( Cler mon t-Ferrand ), 1 31 ( Cha mal ieres ), 1 78 ( Berry ), 1 97 ( Lo ir-et-Cher ), 2 42 ( Pons ), 2 43 ( Pep iron ), 2 69 ( La Gran de ) Pot in c o ins 2 30f., 2 67 ( in murus g a l l icus ), 2 76 Puy d e Dö me, s ites i n , 1 18f f., 1 34 Quarr ies, 1 78, n . 1 8 Redones c o inage, 2 46 ( we igh ts ), 3 19 ( Coun ter marks ), n . 6 , n . 9 Rh ineland;

c o inages o f , 1 9, 7 9f. ( pegasus t ype ), 8 4f f. ( Ph il ip I t ype ), 8 7

( defaced );

b racelet f ro m, 1 6

Rhode , c o inage o f , 1 9f. Road c onstruct ion , 1 19 ( Au lnat ); Ro man c onquest , 9 f.;

r oads, 1 79 ( Berry ), 1 87, 1 91, 2 71, 2 75

c o inages a f ter :

s ee S ilver c o in ;

16f., 2 56

Rotary g ra in mil ls, 1 78, 2 63, 2 66, 2 69, 2 72 Ruten i, 2 62f., 2 70 ;

c o ins o f , 2 93

SACTNOS, 2 58 S a inte-Eanne t ype g o ld c o in , 6 4f f., 3 19 S a in tonge, s ites i n , 2 35f f. S a lt p roduct ion , 2 35, 2 40f f ., 2 44 S an tones, a rchaeo logy o f , 2 35f f., 2 43 S econd c en tury B .C. ( c f. Coarse c era m ic ); 1 10f f ., 1 37, 2 42;

p roble ms o f c hrono logy , 3 f., 8 ;

f or, 6 f., 1 9f f., 7 2, 9 2; 1 11.;

s ites o ccup ied d ur ing, 5 , 1, c o inage a s e v idence

t roub les i n l ater p art o f , 7 , 9 , 4 1;

i n Auvergne,

f ine c era m ic o f , 1 7

S egodnun m Rutenoru m, 2 70 S ENO , 1 50 S equan i, g o ld c o inage o f , 9 7 S et t le men t ;

e arly , 2 f f., 9 , l if f., 1 19 ( Au lnat ), 1 23 (« c ites ), 1 25 ( Puy d e

Coren t ), 1 26 ( Gergov ie ), 1 92 ( Levroux a rea ); o n l ater, 8 , 1 79;

l ater, 2 f f., 1 10ff .;

s tate o f t he r ecord f or, 2 , 2 35;

1 84f., 2 00, 2 43, 2 69, 2 74; 1 82, 1 83f., 1 88f., 2 66, 2 76;

c o ins

c on t inu ity o f , 1 1, 1 19,

r ich f inds c lustered a t c en tre o f s ites, 1 24, a rt isan q uarters, 1 26, 2 67;

h il lforts af ter c onquest , 1 27, 2 66, 2 77;

a bandon o f

i n Berry , 1 74f f., 1 92;

i n Tour-

a ine, 1 99 S evered h ead s ymbo l, 2 9, 4 8, 4 9, 6 0, 6 3, 1 71, 2 41, 2 53; s i lver c o inage g roup , 1 39 ( We ight ), 2 85ff.; 2 91;

t ype s har ing w ith sword g roup , 2 19;

f irst c en tury

f ract ions o f , 2 90f.;

b ronze,

t ype s har ing w ith c rane a nd

t refo il g roup , 2 80 S ilver, 2 62;

s i lver c o inage ( see f ract iona l c o in ),early p hases c hrono logy ,

1 9f f.;

Ro man we ight s tandard, 1 16, 1 38, 1 39, 1 65, 2 20, 2 51, 2 56f .,

2 86f .;

p ost-conquest , 1 .6f. ( c f. Epasnactus );

Arvern ian , 1 38, 1 45 ( Al),

1 50 ( A8, A 10 ), 1 52 ( A14, A 15 ), 1 53 ( B1), 1 54 ( B2 ), 1 56 ( B7 ), 1 58 ( B8 v ar., B 12A ), 1 59 ( B12B-C, C l), 1 61 ( D1A ), 1 63 ( D1C ), 1 66f. ( D4 ), 1 70 ( El, E2 ), 1 71 ( E3, E4, E6, E7 ), 1 72 ( E8 ), 1 73 ( E10 );

B ituriges, 2 10ff.

GE NERAL ( Sword g roup );

Type r ela ted t o c rane a nd t refo il g o ld , 2 85 ;

Cen tra l t ypes, 2 91ff .;

S outhern-

P ictones, 2 50f f .

S lave t rade, 1 16 Smal l c hange, 8 ;

c f. Fract iona l c o in

S oc ia l c hange, 4 f f ., 8 f. S o ings g roup g o ld c o in , 9 4f f. SOL IMA, 2 07 S outhern-Cen tral c o ins, 2 91f f . S pa in ;

c onnect ions w ith Cen tra l c o inage, 1 9f f.;

2 70,

2 71, 2 76;

i mports t o Gau l, 1 14, 2 66,

a ppend ix 3

S tone i n c onstruct ion , 1 23, 2 63, 2 71 SV I s ee I VRCA Swast ika t ype p ot in , 2 31 Sword g roup c o inage ( c f . B itur iges; o logy , 2 19; 2 19 ;

t ype s har ing , 2 14;

D ies );

1 89, 2 01, 2 02, 2 10ff .;

c hron-

t ype r elat ions w ith s evered h ead g roup ,

b ronze t ypes, 2 20f f .

TATINOS, 2 70 Tayac g roup g o ld c o ins, 6 7f f . La Tene;

u se o f t er m, 4 f f ., 2 76;

4 , 1 5f f ., 2 43;

l a Ts e ne I , 1 5f f., 1 86, 2 74;

l a Tene I ,

l a Tene I I, 4 , 9 , 1 10f f.

Terrac ing , 1 22 ( Ce ites ), 1 24 ( Chan turgues ), 1 33 ( L iozon ) Test- Mark ing ;

6 7, 7 8, 3 19f .

Theatres, 1 79, 1 89, 1 92 Toura ine, g o ld c o inages o f , 7 3f f., 9 4f f., 9 7;

s ites, 1 96

Transhu mance, 1 11, 1 37, 2 63 Trever i, c o inage, 7 9 Tr iden t s ymbo l, 2 5, 3 5, 6 4f f . Tw isted a n i ma l s i lver c o ins, 2 96 Underground r efuge, 1 23 VRDO .RI, 2 61 VRIPPANOC, 2 61 Uxel lodunu m, 2 63f. Urban s et t le men ts :

s ee Puy d e Coren t , Gergov ie, Chateau me il lan t , Bourges,

S a in t- Marcel, L evroux , Ambo ise, Po it iers, Puy d ' Isso lu , Murcens, l ' I mperna l, Puy d u Tour ;

i n g enera l, 1 79f f., 2 02

VANDELOS, n . 1 6 Vel lav i i, 1 70 Venet i, c o in i n Tayac h oard , 6 9, 7 2f., n . 9 ;

2 46 ( c f. P ictones );

2 46 ( we ights

o f g o ld c o in ) VERCA, 1 39, 1 68 Verc ingetor ix , 1 26;

c o ins, 1 38, 1 48

Veson t io , 1 82 V iereckschan tzen :

s ee Defended s et t le ments ( rectangu lar e nc losures )

V IREDIOS, 2 57f. V ienne, s ites i n , 2 35f f. We ight s tandards : c o in

s ee Deno m inat ions ;

Fract iona l c o in ;

S i lver c o in ;

Go ld

GENERAL West B erry c o inage ; t ype

b ounc ing r ider t ype, 5 8 ( pro to type, 3 8f.);

I I M, V , VM, 4 3f f ., 2 41;

h orse man

h orse man t ype f orerunner , 3 8;

h orse man t ype a nd P ictones g o ld c o in , 2 47, a nd P ictones s i lver c o in , 2 50f .;

t wo h orses t ype, 5 0f f . ( chrono logy , 5 2f. );

5 3f f .;

s i lver c o inage i n g enera l , 2 5 , 4 1f f .;

3 8f f .;

c hrono logy , 4 3, 4 6;

v ar iet ies, 5 6f f .;

f ract ions, 4 9 ;

wo lf a nd h orse t ype,

p ro totypes i n Br id iers g roup , t ype s har ing , 4 7, 5 3;

g o ld o f s im i lar t ypes, 5 9f f.

Western d efaced g o ld c o in , 8 4f f. ( proto type ), 8 7f f ., 3 19 Western Gau l , s i tes, 2 35f f .;

f i rst c en tury c o inage :

s ee P ictones

Wine t rade, 1 10 , 1 16, 2 71 Wo lf mot if , 2 22, 2 25 , 5 3f f. Wooden s tatuettes : Z inc, 2 24

s ee e x-votos ;

2 44 ( Sou lac-sur- Mer )

m inor

I NDEX 2 :

S ITES

A lbussac ( Corr.), 2 79 A les ia ( C.d '0 ), 1 27, 1 82 A l logny ( Cher ), 1 78, 1 80 Ambo ise ( I +L ), 1 96f. Aubusson ( Creuse ), 2 74 L es Ar nes ( I ndre ), 1 91 Au lnat ( PD ), 1 1, 1 5 , 1 10 , 1 18f f .;

' j ade d 'Au lnat ' , 1 5, 1 19, 1 30

Aur il lac ( Can ta l ), 1 6 l a Bast ide-Prad ines ( Avey .), 2 69 B egues ( Al l ier ), 1 99 B ernage ( Creuse ), 2 74 L es Bessades ( Corr.), 2 78 Bordeaux ( G ir.), 2 44 l es Bouchards ( Char.), 2 39 Bourges ( Cher ), 3 , 6 , 4 1, 1 80, 1 84f ., 2 02;

e ar ly p er iod , 1 6, 1 7 ;

a nd

c o inage, 2 0f. Bre ith :

s ee Br id iers

B r id iers ( Creuse ), 2 74 Br ives ( I ndre ), 1 79 , 1 80 , 1 95 Bro ize-Aur iaco mbe ( Can ta l ) b ur ia l , 1 8 Bro me i l les ( Lo iret ) c e metery , 1 5 Buech d e Buze ins ( Avey.), 1 Busseo l ( PD ), 1 6 Capdenac ( Lot ), 2 68 C e l les ( Can ta l ) b ur ia l, 1 7, 1 35f. Cha ma l iäres ( PD ) 1 30f f . Cha mpgr i l lot ( PD ), 1 33 Chan turgues ( PD ), 1 24f . Char lat ( Corr.) 2 76f . Char mensac ( Can ta l ), 1 35 Charöst ( Cher ) b ur ia l , 1 6 Chastres ( Creuse ), 2 74 Chäteau me il lan t ( Cher ), 5 , 6 , 1 79, 1 80, 1 82 ( Transverse wa l l ), 1 82f f ., 2 02 Chäteauneuf-la-For t ( 1V ), 2 73 l e Chätelet ( Corr. ), 2 77 C ivaux ( V ienne ), b ur ia ls, 1 7 C lapas-Castel ( Loz. ), 1 36f . C lapas-du-Diab le ( Avey.), 1 36 C ler mon t-Ferrand ( PD ) ( c f. C ötes ), 1 6 , 1 18, 1 27, 1 29f f . Cond ie ( Ch. Mar.), 2 43 Cordes ( Lo t ) 2 68 Corent :

s ee Puy d e Coren t

S ITES Cortra t ( Lo iret ) c e metery , 1 5 Cötes ( PD ), 1 1, 1 6, 1 22f f . Couf f i ( L+Ch. ) v i l la , 1 98f. Cou loun ie ix-Cha m iers ( Dord.), 2 63 Cournon-d 'Auvergne ( PD ) c e metery , 1 6 Cras ( Lot ) 2 66f . l a C ro ix-Rouge ( Corr.), 2 79 l a Curade ( Dord.), 2 63 D eats-R iv iere-d 'Orpra ( Lo ire ), 1 5 D iou ( Al l ier ) b ur ia ls, 1 6 Drou i l le ( Creuse ), 2 74 Dunle-Ro i :

s ee Dun-sur-Auron

Dun-sur-Auron ( Cher );

e ar ly b ur ia l , 1 6, 1 35f ., 1 96;

' mardel les ' , 1 78;

d efended s i te , 1 80 Enserune ( 1 16r.), 2 66 Essa lo is ( Lo ire ), 10 , 1 22, 1 24, 1 82 E tau les ( Ch. Mar. ), 2 40 F layat ( Creuse ), 2 74 Farges-en-Sep ta ine ( Cher ), 1 80 F enou il lac ( Corr.), 2 79 Fon t ja loux ( Corr.), 2 79 Fou d e V erdun ( N ievre ), 1 82 Gergov ie ( PD ), 1 18, 1 25f f . G iat-et-Vo ingt ( PD ), 1 33f. G ievres ( L+Ch.), 1 78, 1 97 G len ic ( Creuse ), 2 74 l a Granede ( Avey.), 1 1, 1 36, 2 69 l a Grau fesenque ( Avey.), 2 69 Gres igny-Sa in te-Re ine ( C . d '0 ) :

f or g rave d epos its s ee A les ia ( hoards i ndex )

l a Grot te d e Puy-Gera ld/des Con traband iers ( Corr.), 2 78 l a G rou t te ( Cher ), 1 86f . Her isson ( Al l ier ), 2 00 I le d e Breze ( Ch. Mar.) 2 40 P I mperna l ( Lot ), 1 ( ear ly s et t le men t ), 2 67f . ( f irst c en tury s et t le men t ) I neu il ( Cher ), b ur ia ls, 1 6 L a issac ( Avey .), 2 70 L a maz iere-Basse ( Corr.), 2 77, 2 78 L apanouse-de-Cernon ( Avey.), 2 69 l e L arzac ( Avey.), 2 70 L ava l-du-Tarn ( Loz.), 1 36 L avard in ( L+Ch.), 1 98 L evet ( Cher ) v i l la , 1 88 L evroux ( I ndre ), 5 , 6 , 1 79, 1 80 , 1 91f .; L ezoux ( PD ), p ot tery o f , 1 22

e ar ly f ind a t , 1 7;

a nd c o inage, 2 01

S ITES L i moges ( HV ), 2 71, 2 72, 2 73 L iozon ( PD ), 1 33 l a L iqu iere d e Ca lv isson ( Gard ), 1 23 L issac ( Corr.), 2 78 L izeray ( I ndre ) b ur ia l , 1 7 L uan t ( I ndre ), 1 95 L undry ( Cher ), b ur ia l , 1 7 L uzech ( Lot ), 2 67 Marger ides ( Corr.), 2 78 Mar ignac ( Ch. Mar. ), 2 43 Mart izay ( I ndre ), 1 56 Martres-de-Veyre ( PD ) c e me tery , 1 6;

c f. Puy d e Coren t

Maubranches ( Cher ) b ur ia ls , 1 6 Maur iac ( Can ta l ), 1 35 Mazer° l les ( V ienne ), f unerary e nc losure, 1 8 Merdogne ( PD ) s ee Gergov ie ;

1 18

Mer igny ( I ndre ) r itua l d epos it , 1 7 Merp ins ( Char.), 1 1, 2 39 l es Mersans :

s ee S a in t- Marcel

Meunet-Planches ( I ndre ), 1 80 , 1 95 Mi l lancay ( L+Ch. ), 1 80 , 1 98 Mil lau

(A

v ey.), 2 69

Mon t-Beuvray ( N is e vre ), 1 27 Mon t-Gargan ( HV ), 2 73 Mont d e J ouer ( Creuse ), 3 , 2 74, 2 75 Mon t L asso is ( V ix ;

C .d '0 ), 5 , 9

Mon t-P i jau ( Creuse ), 2 74 Mon tagno l ( Avey .), 2 62 Mon ta igut-le-Blanc ( Creuse ), 2 75 Mon tbouy ( Lo iret ), 1 99 Mon tce ix ( Corr.), 2 73 Mon t laures ( Aude ), 2 75 Mon t mer le ( Avey.), 2 70 Mou il lep ied marsh ( Ch. Mar. ), 2 40 Mou l iets-et-V i l le mart in ( G ir. ), 2 44f . Mou l ins-sur-Cephons ( I ndre ), 1 80 Mou l ins-sur-Yevre ( Cher ), e ar ly b ur ia ls, 1 6;

d efended s ite, 1 80

l a Mou t te ( Corr.), 2 78 Murcens ( Lot ), 2 66f . Muronla-Cou ture ( Ch. Mar. ), 2 41f .; Murs ( I ndre ), 1 80 N a in tre ( V ienne ), 2 35 N an t ( Avey. ), 2 70 N auce l le ( Avey .), 2 70 N er is-les-Ba ins ( Al l ier ), 1 80 , 2 00 N eung-sur-Beuvron ( Li Ch. ), 1 80 , 1 98 N euvy-sur-Barangeon ( Cher ) , 1 87

c o ins f ound a t , 2 8, n . 4 , 2 41f .

S ITES

N iort ( DS ), 2 35 Pa l luau-surIndre ( I ndre ), 1 7 P ep iron ( Ch. Mar.), 2 43 P ierrebuf f iere ( HV ), 2 72 P ierref itte-sur-Sau ldre ( L+Ch. ), 1 80 P ionna t ( Creuse ), 2 74 P la isy ( Dord. ), 2 63 Po it iers ( V ienne ), 2 38 Pons ( Ch. Mar.), 2 42 Pon t-Maure ( Corr. ), 2 77f . Pon tar ion ( Creuse ), 2 74 Port-Cou tard ( Ch. Mar.), 2 41 Pou l igny-Notre-Da me ( I ndre ), 1 94f . Pouzet-du- Marcayres ( Loz.) 1 37 P rad ines ( Corr.), 2 78 P ret ieux ( Lo ire ) b ur ia ls , 1 6 Pr tmet ( Cher ) b ur ia l , 1 6 Puech d 'Arnbou ls ( Avey.), 2 70 Puech d u Cay lar ( Avey . ), 1 1 Puech d e Mus ( Av ey .), 1 1 Puy d u Cha lard ( Corr. ), 2 62, 2 78 Puy-Chnteau ( HV ), 2 73 Puy d e C oren t ( c f . Mar tres-de-Veyre ; PD) ;

1 1, 1 25f , 2 01

Puy d e Gaudy ( Creuse ), 2 73f., 2 74 Puy d ' Isso lu ( Lot ), 2 62, 2 63f. Puy d e S er mus ( Corr.), 2 79 Puy d u Tour ( Corr.), 5 , 1 82, 2 75f. Puy d 'Yssandon ( Corr.), 2 62, 2 78 Puy-Sa in t-Et ienne ( 1V ), 2 73 Puys-de-Vo ing t ( PD ), 1 33f . R io m ( PD ), 1 5 R ivarennes ( I ndre ), 1 95 Roche-de-V ic ( Corr.), 2 79 Roanne ( Lo ire ), 1 19, 1 22;

p ot tery o f , 1 22, 1 27 , 1 36 , 2 72 ( a t L i moges )

Roc d e l a Fare ( Loz.), 1 36 Rodez ( Avey.), 2 70 Rof f iac ( Can ta l ), 1 35 Rou i l lac ( Char.), 2 39 S ac iergues-Sa in t- Mart in ( I ndre ), 1 80 S a in t-Bonnet-de-Ch irac ( Loz.), 1 36 S a in t-C r e( Lo t ), 2 68 S a in t-Chr istophe-le-Chaudry ( Cher ), 1 78, n . 1 8 S a in t-Den is-des- Murs ( HV ), 2 72 S a in t-Den is-de-Pa l in ( Cher ), b ur ia ls, 1 6 S a in t-Et ienne-aux-Clos ( Corr.), 2 79 S a in t-Et ienne-de- L isse ( G ir.), 2 45 S a in te-Eu lal le-c te-uernon ( Avey.), 1 1

S ITES S a in te-Feyre ( C 'reuse ), 2 73 S a in t-Fre joux ( Corr.), 2 79 S a in t-Gence ( HV ), 1 10 , 2 71f f . S a in t-Gen iez-o- Merle ( Corr. ), 2 79 S a in t-Georges-de-L6vd jac ( Can ta l ), 1 37 S a in t-Ger ma in-le-Rocheux ( C. d '0 ), 1 31 S a in t-Ger ma in-sources-Se ine ( C. d '0 ), 1 31 S a in t-H ippo ly te ( Ch. Mar. ), 2 41 S a in t-Ju l ien-de-Chedon ( L+Ch.), 1 97 S a in t-Just ( Cher ) b ur ia l , 1 6 S a int- Marce l ( I ndre ), 5 , 1 79 , 1 80 , 1 88f .;

a nd c o inage, 2 01

S a in t- M6dard-de-Murs idan ( Dord.), 2 63 S a in t- M ichel-du-Touch ( H. Gar.), 2 66 S a in t-Pardoux ( HV ), 2 73 S a in t-Pau l-des-Fon ts ( Avey . ), 2 70 S a in t-Sern in-sur-Rance ( Avey.), 2 70 S a in te-Sdvere ( I ndre ), 1 80 S a in te So lange ( Cher ) b ur ia ls , 1 7 S a in t-V ictor-sur- Mass iac ( Can ta l ), 1 35 S a in t-Ybard ( Corr.) b ur ia l , 1 8 S a int-Yr ie ix-la-Perche ( HV ), 2 73 S a in tes ( Ch. Mar.), 2 43 S a lesses ( Can ta l ) b ur ia ls, 1 8 S ancerre ( Cher ), 1 80 S anxay ( V ienne ), 2 39 S ar l ieve ( PD ) c e metery , 1 6 S drandon ( Corr.) 2 77f . S id ia i l les ( Cher ), 1 80 , 1 82 ( t ransverse wa l l ), 1 86f . S ou lac-sur- Mer ( G ir.), 2 44 Tha ire-d 'Aun is ( Ch. Mar. ), 2 40 Thauron ( Creuse ), 2 74 Thdsde-Pou il ld ( L+Ch.), 1 97f . Tho l let ( V ienne ), 1 80 Tonne ins ( L+G ), 1 1 Trouy ( Cher ) b ur ia l , 1 7 True d e Grezes ( Loz.), 1 1 l a Va l lee ( Ch. Mar. ), 2 41 Varennes-les- Macon ( S+L ), 19, n . 1 3 Vayrac ( Lot ), 2 63f . Vayres ( G ir.), 2 42, 2 45 Vel les ( I ndre ), 1 80 , 1 95 Verneu il ( HV ), 2 73 Vernou-sur-Brenne ( I +L ) 1 97 Veson t io , 1 82 V ia la-du-Pas-de-Jaux ( Avey . ), 2 70 V ierzon ( Cher ),

1 87

V i l le jouber t ( W) , 3 , 2 72 V ix ( C. d '0 ), 5

I NDEX 3 :

A les ia g rave d epos its, 3 02f.;

CO IN HOARDS

1 16, 1 38, 1 48, 1 54, 1 55, 1 56, 1 58, 1 59 , 1 61,

1 63, 1 65, 1 66, 1 70 , 1 72, 2 01, 2 06, 2 07, 2 08, 2 09, 2 14, 2 47, 2 56, 2 80, 2 84, 2 86, 2 87, 2 91, 2 96 L es Andelys ( Eure ), 1 66 Auzances ( Creuse ), 1 45, 3 07 Bazoches-en-Duno is ( E+L ), 1 64 Belves ( Dord.), 2 86, 2 93 Beneven t-l 'Abbaye ( Creuse ), 2 87, 3 10 Bdz iers ( Her.), 4 3 B laye ( G ir.), 2 93 Bo mpas ( Pyr. Or.), 3 18 Bonneu il ( V ienne ), 2 06, 2 07, 2 49, 2 51, 2 57, 3 13 Br id iers ( Creuse ), 2 4, 2 6, 3 1, 3 3, 3 4, 3 5, 3 03f. Br ive ( Corr.), 2 84, 3 11 Buxeu il ( Indre ), 4 3, 5 0, 5 4, 5 6 , 5 8, 3 04 Castres ( Tarn ), 2 93 Cauze ( T+G ), 2 93 Chan tenay ( N ievre ), 1 70, 2 13, 2 57, 3 13f. l a Chapel le-Lauren t ( Can t.), 1 45, 1 63, 1 66, 1 70 , 3 07 Chäteau me il lan t ( Cher ), 1 84, 2 32, 3 08 Chauv igny ( V ienne ), 2 10, 2 49, 2 87 , 3 08 Chenöves ( S+L ), 7 2, 3 04 Chevanceau ( Ch. Mar.), 2 46, 2 47, n . 1 7, 3 09f. Chevenet ( Lo ire ), 1 45, 3 07 Cheverny ( L+Ch.), 2 13, 2 87, 3 11f . l a C igogne ( HV ), 2 49, 3 14 C ivaux ( V ienne ), 2 06, 3 11 C ivray ( V ienne ), 2 49 Co mb iers ( Char.), 2 10, 3 08 Co mpre ignac ( HV ), 1 64, 2 57, 2 59, 3 14 Courcoury ( Ch. Mar.), n . 5 , 3 11 Cre m ieu ( I sere ), n . 1 1, f ig. 2 13 l a Crousat id ( Tarn ), 2 93 Cuzance ( Lot ), 2 67, 2 91 l a Fa jo l le ( H r.), 2 93 Fondettes ( I +L ), 1 70, 2 08, 2 09, 2 10 , 2 22, 2 31, 2 33, 2 58, 3 14f. Fon tenay-le-Co mte ( Vendee ), 2 49 ( two h oards ) Gorges ( L.At l.), 2 47 Gou trens ( Avey.), 2 14, 2 93, 3 08 Hardanges ( Ma3. ' ,, 2 47

HOARDS I ngrandes ( I ndre ), 5 0, 5 4, 3 04f. I ssoudun-and-Charn izay andre ), 3 9 , 4 3, 4 9, 5 0, 5 4, 5 8, 3 05 J alesche :

s ee Mar c i l lat ( Cr euse )

J ersey-6, 1 64, 2 13, 2 57, 2 87 , 3 15f . J ersey-11, 2 13 l a J onchere d iV ), 2 49 Lapte ( HL ), 1 61, n . 1 1 Lat tes ( Her.), 2 44 Lav il leneuve-au-Ro i ( HM ), 2 87 L estrade ( Dord.), 4 3, 5 4, 3 05 Lodeve ( Her.), 2 93 Marc i llat ( Al l ier ), 1 45 Marc i l lat/Ja lesche ( Creuse ), 2 10 , 2 13, 2 19, 2 80 , 2 81, 2 86, 2 87, 3 12 l a Me il lera ie-T il lay ( Vendee ), 2 08, 2 56 , 2 57, 2 59, 2 60 , 2 61, 3 161-. Mel le ( DS ), 2 49 Meze ( Her.), 2 93 Mon targ is ( Lo iret ), 2 87, 3 12 Mon tredon-Labesson ie ( Lot ), 3 18 Mou l iets-et-V ille mart in ( G ir.), 3 11 Mou l ins-sur-Cephons ( I ndre ), 2 02, 2 04, 2 06, 2 10 , 2 13, 2 86, 2 87, 3 08f. Moussan ( Aude ), 3 18 N iort ( DS ), 2 47 ( 2 h oards ), 2 53, 2 59, 3 10 Obterre ( I ndre ), 4 3, 5 0 , 5 4, 3 05 Orc ines ( PD ), 1 45 , 1 47 , 3 07 Pa m m iers ( Her.), 2 93 Parthenay ( DS ), 2 47, 2 58, 3 10 Pau lhe ( Tarn ), 2 93 Pau lnay :

s ee Obterre

P insaguel ( H.Gar.), 2 93 P ionsat ( PD ), 1 45 , 1 48, 1 49, 1 50, 1 51, 1 52, 1 53, 1 55, 1 56, 1 60, 3 07 P ipr iac ( I +V ), 2 47 , 2 49 Po it iers ( V ienne ), 2 49, 2 53, 3 10 R io m ( PD ), 1 45 Ro magne ( V ienne ), 3 12f. Rouquet te ( Dord.), 6 7, 6 9, 3 05 S ain t-Cyr ( V ienne ), 2 58, 3 10 S a in t-Denoua l ( C. d u N .) 2 47 , 2 49 S a int- Mart in-de-la-Riv iere ( V ienne ), 2 49 S a in t- Medard-de-Gu izieres ( G ir.), 6 8, 3 06 S a in t-P ierre-de- Ma i l le ( V ienne ), 7 3, 9 7, 9 8, 2 25, 2 51, 2 53, 3 10 S a in t-Po mpa in ( DS ), 2 51, 2 53 S a in t-Sauveur ( G ir.), 2 44, 2 93 S a in t-Uze ( Dro me ), n . 1 1 S avenay ( L. A t l.), 2 46, 2 47

HOARDS S ens-de-Bretagne ( I +V ), 2 49 S o ings ( L+Ch.), 8 2, 8 3, 8 4, 9 4, 9 5, 9 6, 3 06 S ou lac-sur- Mer ( G ir.), 2 44 Tayac ( G ir.), 7 , 6 7 , 6 9f f., 3 06 Tendu ( I ndre ), 2 10, 2 14, 2 87, 3 09 Toutencourt ( So m me ), 2 49 Va le 'Nay ( I ndre ), 4 3, 5 0 , 5 4, 5 8 , 3 06f. Vatan ( Indre ), 2 14, 3 09 Vau lry ( HV ), 2 81, 2 84 Vernon ( V ienne ), 1 73, 2 06, 2 10 , 2 14, 2 49, 2 51, 2 53, 2 57, 2 84, 2 87 , 3 17f . Vertheu il ( G ir.), 2 44 V ierzon ( Cher ), 4 3, 5 0, 5 4, 5 8, 3 07 l a V il leneuve-la-Co mtesse ( Ch. Mar.), 2 51, 2 53 V ir let ( PD ), 1 45, 3 07 V ivonne ( V ienne ), 2 49, 3 10 Vou il lg ( DS ), 2 51, 2 53 Vou il ld-les- Mara is ( Vendge ), 2 49

I NDEX 4 :

CO IN F INDS OTHER THAN HOARDS

Agen ( L+G ), 6 7 A inay-le-Chateau ( Al l ier ), 2 02 A lb ias ( T+G ), 2 8 A l ise-Sa in te-Re ine ( C.d '0 ), 8 7 , 2 08, 2 14, 2 94 A lsace, 8 4 Ambo ise ( I +L ), 1 64, 2 07, 2 60 ;

s ite f inds, 1 96f f .

Ardena is ( Cher ), 2 04 l es Ar nes ( I ndre ), 2 25 Argen tomagus :

s ee S a in t- Marce l ( I ndre )

Argen ton-sur-Creuse ( I ndre ), 2 49, 2 58 Argov ie ( Sw itz.), 1 68 Ar in thod ( Jura ), 1 45 l es Aubra is ( Lo iret ), 9 5 Au lnat ( PD ), 1 19 ( v il la );

1 22 ( s ite );

1 50 , 1 57

Av ignon ( B. Rh.), 1 69 Avord ( Cher ), 1 08 Azay-le-R ideau ( l +L ), 9 8 Ba i l largues ( H r.), 1 53 Base l ( Sw itz.), 6 9, 8 4 Basse-Gou la ine ( L.At l.), 3 19 l a Bast idonne ( Vauc.), 2 25 Beauca ire, 2 57 Beaune ( C. d '0 ), 6 9 Belesta ( Ar iege ), 2 25 Benof t-sur- Mer ( Vendde ), 2 57 Berry , 7 3, 7 8, 8 0 , 9 4, 1 03, 1 08, 2 10 , 2 23, 2 28, 2 30 , 2 31, 2 32, 2 34, 2 84, n . 7 Besancon ( Doubs ), 6 9 Bez ier.s ( Her.), 2 60 B il lo m ( PD ), 1 48 l es Bo lards ( C.d t0 ), 1 68, 2 08 Bonneu i l ( V ienne ), 2 49 Bordeaux ( G ir.), 2 53, 2 55, 2 60 Bordeaux-Sa in te-Cla ire ( S .Mar. ), 3 19 l es Bouchards ( Charen te ), 2 55 , 2 57, 2 58, 2 59, 2 60 , 2 61, 2 87;

s ite f inds,

2 39 Bourbon-Lancy ( S+L ), 2 87 Bourges ( Cher ), 5 4 , 7 8, 1 03, 1 05 , 2 08, 2 22, 2 23, 2 25 , 2 29, 2 30 , 2 31, 2 32, 2 33, 2 34;

s ite f inds, 1 85

Bov io l les ( Meuse ), 2 14, 2 25 , 2 87 Br ioude ( HL ), 1 50 Buss ieres-Bo ffy ( HV ), 2 87

CO IN F INDS OTHER THAN HOARDS Car i l lon ( Ch. Mar.), 1 64 Caste1 1 b e i THgerw ilen ( Sw itz.), 8 4 Chabr is ( I ndre ), 2 14, 2 19 Cha l lans ( Vendee ), 2 49 Cha ma l ieres ( PD ), 1 30f f., 1 55 , 1 68 Cha mbon ( Creuse ), 2 14 Chan tenay ( N ievre ), 1 68 Chartres ( Eure ), 2 25 Chastel-sur- Murat ( Can ta l ), 2 87 Chäteau me il lan t ( Cher ), 2 32;

s ite f inds, 1 84

Chäteauroux ( I ndre ), 2 22, 2 25 , 2 28 ChAa tel lerau lt ( V ienne ), 2 49 l es Chaumes-d 'Auvenay ( C.d '0 ), 1 66 Chavagne ( DS ), 2 58 Ch inon ( I +L ), 2 60 C ler mon t-Ferrand ( PD ), 1 30 , 1 45 , 1 63, 1 64, 1 65 ,

1 66 , 1 67 , 1 68, 2 25 , 2 32,

2 85 Coren t :

s ee Puy d e Coren t

Cou f f i ( L+Ch. ), 1 06, 2 08, 2 25 , 2 31;

s i te f inds , 1 98

Craponne-sur-Arzon ( HL ), 1 48 Creu il ly ( Ca lv.), 8 7 Cusset ( Al l ier ) , 8 4 l e Dorat ( HV ), 1 05 Drevan t ( Cher ), 2 47 Dun-sur-Auron ( Cher ), 2 08, 2 14 Dur ta l ( M+L ), 2 49 Ebreu i l ( Al l ier ), 1 53 Ecorneboeuf ( Dord.), 2 61 Enserune ( B.Rh.), 2 93 E treche ( Cher.), 2 08 Farges ( Cher ), 1 03 Faye-l 'Abbesse ( DS ), 2 53 Feus ines ( I ndre ), 1 05 Feu lardes ( Cher ), 2 31 l a F icaud iere ( Vendee ), 2 49 l e F ief-Sauv in ( M+L ), 2 49, 2 53 Fon tGarn ier ( Ch. Mar.), 2 43, 2 59, 2 60 , 2 61 Garonne, 2 13 Geneva ( Sw itz.), 1 02 Gergov ie ( PD ), 1 50 , 1 51, 1 54, 1 63, 1 66, 1 67, 1 68, 1 69, 2 09, 2 60 , 2 61; s i te f inds, 1 28f . G iat-et-Vo ing t ( PD ), 1 33 ( s ite f inds ); G ievres ( L+Ch.), 2 25 , 2 32 Gracey ( Cher ), 7 6 l e Grand-Auvergne ( L.At l.), 2 47 l a Grande-Garenne ( Cher ), 2 08, 2 23

1 61, 1 63, 1 66

CO IN F INDS OTHER THAN HOARDS l e Grand- Mal leray , Pr i me I les ( Cher ), 1 03 Grand l ieu, l ake o f ( L.At l.), 2 09, 2 57, 2 58, 2 60 l a Grange-Frangy ( S+L ), 2 58 l a Graufesenque ( Avey.), 2 70 Grenade ( Gers ), 4 0 Grenade-sur-L 'Adour ( Landes ), n . 2 Gres igny-Sa inte-Re ine ( C. d '0 ), 2 47 l a Grout te ( Cher ), 1 86 ( s ite f inds ), 2 14 Her isson ( Al l ier ), 8 7, 2 04 l ' I mperna l ( Lot ), 2 58;

s ite f inds, 2 67f.

I ssoudun ( I ndre ), 4 3, 5 0, 1 08 I voyle-Pre ( Lo iret ), 1 06 La mo the ( HL ), 1 45 l a L angon ( Vendee ), 2 53, 2 59, 2 60 , 2 61 Laudun ( Gard ), 2 32 Levet ( Cher ), 1 88, 2 13, 2 30, 2 31, 2 32, 2 34, 2 87 Levroux ( Indre ), 1 92f. ( s ite f inds ); 2 04, 2 06, 2 08, 2 09, 2 14, 2 22, 2 23, 2 25, 2 28, 2 30, 2 33, 2 59, 2 84 Lezoux ( PD ), 1 63, 1 68 L i moges ( HV ), 9 0 L is ieux ( Ca lv.), 2 49 Loc mar in n ear Qu i mper, 2 59 Lons-le-Sau ln ier ( Jura ), 8 4 Loroux-Bot treaux ( L.At l.), 1 07 Lot , 2 94 Loudun ( Vienne ), 2 49, 2 53 Lower Rhone Va l ley , 6 4 Luson ( Vendee ), 2 56 Luxe mbourg , 8 4 Luynes ( I +L ), 2 04 Luzech ( Lot ), 2 58, 2 93, 2 94 Marger ides ( Corr.), 2 78 ( s ite f inds );

2 87, 2 90

l e Mas-d 'Agena is ( L+G ), 2 59 Mau levr ier ( M+L ), 2 49 Mazieres-en- Mauge ( M+L ), 2 49 Mery-sur-Cher ( Cher ), 7 8 Mon t Beuvray ( N ievre ), 1 64, 1 65 , 1 68, 2 25 Mon t-Cesar ( O ise ), 2 25 Mon t d e J ouer ( Creuse ), 2 75 Mon tans ( Tarn ), 2 32 Mon tauban ( T+G ), 2 93 Mon t lucon ( Al l ier ), 2 04 l a Mo t he-A c hard ( Vendee ), 2 49 Mou l iets-et-V il le mart in ( G ir.), 2 44, 3 11, n . 5 Mou l ins ( Al l ier ), 9 0 , 1 02 l es Mou l ins-No irs ( Lo iret ), 1 06

CO IN F INDS OTHER THAN HOARDS Murcens ( Lot ), 2 55 , 2 94;

s ite f inds, 2 67

Muron-la-Cou ture ( Ch. Mar. ), 2 8, 6 3, 2 30 , 2 55 , 2 59 ;

s i te f inds , 2 41f .

Murv ie l ( Her.), 1 68 N a in trd ( V ienne ), 2 35 ( s ite f inds ) N an tes ( L.At l.), 2 47 N er is-les-Ba ins ( Al l ier ), 1 64, 1 68, 2 08 , 2 32;

s i te f inds, 2 00

N erondes ( Cher ), 2 02 N euchäte l ( Sw itz.), 8 4 N euenburger S ee ( Sw itz.), 6 8 N euvy-sur-Barangeon ( Cher ), 1 87 ( s ite f inds );

2 08, 2 23, 2 30 , 2 32

N exon ( HV ), 2 85 N iederstet ten-S ichertshausen ( Ger many ), 1 08 N i mes ( B.Rh. ), 1 69, 2 87 N iort ( DS ), 2 53, 2 56 , 2 59, 2 60 Nogen tl 'Abbesse ( Marne ), 9 0 O s mery ( Cher ), 2 08 Ouzouer-le-Vou lg is ( S+ M ), 2 08 Par is, 2 09, 2 57 l e Pecq ( Yvel ines ), 1 53 Per igueux ( Dord.), 2 60 , 2 61, 2 85 , 2 94, 2 96 P ierrebu f f iere ( HV ), 1 63, 1 66 , 2 08, 2 72 ( s ite f inds ) P le i mp ied ( Cher ), n . 7 P leuguenneuc ( I +V ), 3 20 Po it iers ( Vienne ), 1 68, 2 04, 2 06, 2 08, 2 10 , 2 25, 2 49 , 2 53, 2 56 , 2 57 , 2 59 , 2 60 , 2 61, 2 85 ;

s i te f inds, 2 38

Po itou , 2 58 Po m m iers ( Aisne ), 1 64, 2 57, 2 87 Pons ( Ch. Mar.), 6 4, 2 42 ( s ite f ind ) Presso ir-Houet ( Cher ), 1 05 , 1 85 Prun tru t ( Sw itz.), 8 4 l e Puy ( HL ), 1 72 Puy d u Cha lard ( Corr.), 2 85 , 2 87, 2 94;

s i te f inds, 2 78

Puy d e Coren t ( PD ), 1 54, 1 57 ( f ox t ype ), 1 59, 1 63, 1 65 , 1 66, 1 67 , 1 68f . ( MOTV IDIAC ), 1 69 , 2 33, 2 55 , 2 84, 2 87 ; 2 01, 2 13, 2 16 Puy d e Gaudy ( Creuse ), 2 74 ( s ite f inds ), 2 87 Puy d ' Isso lu ( Lot ), 2 66, 2 93 Puy d u Tour ( Corr.), 2 76 ( s ite f inds ), 2 85 Puy d 'Yssandon ( Corr.), s ee Yssandon Qu iberon ( Morb.), 2 49 Re i ms ( Marne ) 8 4 Rennes ( I +V ) 2 58, 2 60 Ret iers ( I +V ) 2 49 Roanne ( Lo ire ), 2 14 l a Roche-Blanche ( PD ), 1 48, 1 64,

1 66

l a Roche-sur-Yon ( Vendee ), 2 49, 2 59

s i te f inds, 1 25 ;

d ies f ound ,

CO IN F INDS OTHER THAN HOARDS Rodez ( Avey.), 1 64 Ro m ( DS ), 2 53 Ru f fey ( C. d 'O ) ,6 9 S a in t-Alban-de-L i magno le ( Loz. ), 1 45 S a in t-Benof t-sur- Mer ( Vendee ), 2 57 , 2 59 S a in t-Bonnet-de-Ch irac ( Loz. ), 1 36 ( s ite f inds ) S a in te-Eanne ( DS ), 6 4 S a in t-Gence ( I TV ), 2 71f . ( s ite f inds ) S a in te Her m ine ( Vendee ), 2 60 S a in t-Jean-Tro l i mon ( Fin .), 2 81 S a in t-Just ( HV ), 3 8 S a in t-Just-de-Baf f ie ( PD ), 1 64 S a in t-Marcel ( Indre ), 1 64, 1 68, 1 69 , 2 08, 2 13, 2 25 , 2 28, 2 29 , 2 30 , 2 32, 2 57, 2 58, 2 59, 2 60 ;

s i te f inds , 1 89f .

S a in t- Mart in ( Cher ), 2 31, 2 34 S a in t-Pau l ien ( HL ), 1 64, 1 67 S a in t-Ph ilbert-de-Grand l ieu ( L.At l.), 6 4 S a in t-Rd my ( B. Rh.), 1 69 S a in t-Seur in-d 'Uzet ( Ch. Mar.), 2 43, 2 59, 2 60 S a in te So lange ( Cher ), n . 7 S a in t-Yr ie ix-le-Dd jä lat ( Corr.), 3 8 S a in tes ( Char.), 5 0 , 2 43, 2 59, 2 60 S ancerre/Bourges (Cher ), 2 47 S andy ( Bedfordsh ire ), 2 10 S a mmy ( V ienne ), 2 39 , 2 59, 2 60 S au jon ( Ch. Mar.), 2 47 , 2 60 , 2 87 S au mur ( M+L ), 2 49 S auvagna t-Sa in te- Marthe ( PD ), 1 48 S ennecay ( Cher ), 2 30 S iauge s-Sa int-Ro ma in ( HL ), 1 48 S o ings ( L+Ch.), 4 3, 2 09, 2 25 , 2 32 S ou lac-sur- Mer ( G ir.), 2 44 ( s ite f inds ), 2 55 S täfa ( Sw itz.), 8 4 Tarqu i mpo l ( Meuse ), 2 25 Ter m in iers ( E+L ), 2 23 Tetelb ierg ( Luxe mb.), 1 64, 1 68, 2 59, 2 60 Tha ire d 'Aun is ( Ch. Mar.), 2 42 Thouars ( DS ), 2 49 Tou l l ( Creuse ), 2 14 Tou lon-sur-Arroux , ( S+L ), f i g. 2 12 Tou louse ( H.Gar.), 2 6 l es Tours- M irandes ( V ienne ), 2 56 Tr izay ( Ch. Mar.), 2 47 Tronodn ( Fin .), 2 81 Tu l le ( Corr.), 8 7 Vayres ( G ir.), 2 59

CO IN F INDS OTHER THAN HOARDS Vendeuvre-du-Po itou ( V ienne ), 2 53, 2 56 Vendö me ( L+Ch. ), 2 25 Venerand ( Ch. Mar.), 2 47 Verna is ( Cher ), 2 30 Vernou-sur-Brenne ( I +L ), 2 31 Vertou ( L.At l.), 2 47 V ichy ( Al l ier ), 8 4, 8 7 V icq-Exe mp let ( I ndre ), 1 07 V ie i l-Evreux ( Eure ), 1 64 V ie il le-Tou louse ( H.Gar.), 1 67, 1 68, 2 32, 2 49, 2 60 , 2 93, 2 94 V ierzon ( Cher ), 9 6, 1 03, 1 07, n . 7 ;

c o l lected f inds f ro m , 1 87

V il legenon-et-O izon ( Cher ), 2 23, 2 29 Yssac-la-Touret te ( PD ), 1 45 Yssandon ( Corr.), 2 47 , 2 94;

s ite f inds, 2 78