The Initial Magdalenian in France, Parts i and ii 9781407389479, 9781407389486, 9780860541042, 9781407352541

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The Initial Magdalenian in France

M. F. Hemingway

Part i

BAR International Series· 9o(i) 1980

B.A.R.,

B.A.R.

122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 78P, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, E.Se., :.I.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, �I.A.

B. A. R. S-90 (i): "The Initial Magdalenian in France", Part i ©M. F. Hemingway, 1980. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407389479 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407389486 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860541042 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407352541 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541042 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

PREFACE

When i n 1 975 Ib egan my r esearch o n t he Magda len ian Ih oped t o b e a b le t o emp loy i t s r ich a nd v ar ied d a ta i n t he d eter m ina t ion o f l iden t ity c onsc ious s oc ia l g roups ' a s ap re l im inary t o i nvest iga t ing g roup t err itor ies , a nd p a tt erns o f move men t a nd c on tact , a s t hese c hanged w ith c hang ing c l i ma te a nd v egeta t ion o ver t he c los ing p er iod o f t he l ast g lac ia l .

A s my s tud ies p rogressed

i tb ecame a pparen t t ha t t he b as ic s tructure o f t he Magda len ian — i t s i ndustr ia l v ar ia t ion a nd d eve lop men t — was , i n s p ite o f t he a t ten t ion g iven t o t he more s pectacu lar d a ta , a l most e n t ire ly u nexp la ined ;

a nd f ur ther t ha t Ic ou ld n o t

c arry o ut t he d eta i led a na lyses p lanned w ithout a p roper u nderstand ing o f t ha t s tructure .

A ccord ing ly Ib egan a n i nvest iga t ion o f t h is , e ven tua l ly h av ing t o

c on f ine myse lf t o j ust t he e ar ly p ar t o f t he Magda len ian . R ead ing , d iscuss ion , a nd s tudy o f mater ia l s uggested t ha t 4 0 s i tes c ont a ined c lear e v idence o f I n i t ia l Magda len ian , a l l o f t he m i n F rance . more s i tes t han t h is h ave b een f ound , a nd e ven more e x isted .

C lear ly

S o me o f t hose

p o ten t ia l I n it ia l Magda len ian s i tes w i th wh ich Iam a cqua in ted w ere t oo b ad ly m ixed o r s e lected , o r t oo u ncer ta in , t o b e i nc luded , wh i le o ther s i tes must b e s i t t ing u npub l ished o r u nknown i n t he d rawers o f museu ms a nd p r iva te c o l lect i ons a l l o ver F rance .

Unknown a nd more a bundan t a re t he s i tes d estroyed o r

u nd iscovered , o f wh ich t he most r egret ted a re t hose n ow l ost b enea th t he s ea , w ith e v idence , p robab ly , f or a who le s easona l p a t tern . C er ta in o f my c onc lus ions d if fer f ro m t hose g enera l ly a ccepted b oth i n a nd o uts ide F rance , b u t s uf f ic ien t d a ta h as Ih ope b een p resen ted t o s ubstan t ia te , o r a t l east s trong ly s uppor t , t he l east o rthodox o f t hese .

T ha t Iwas u nab le

t o s ee ma ter ia l f ro m s o me s i tes means t ha t my r esu lts must b e s ub ject t o r ev is ion when d eta i ls o f t h is ma ter ia l b eco me a va i lab le , wh i le f ur ther d isc over ies , a more e x tens ive s er ies o f C 14 d a tes , a nd f uture a na lyses w i l l c ast an ewer , a nd p erhaps c learer , l igh t u pon t he s ub ject . I n t hese c ircu mstances t he p resen t v o lu me c annot b e c ons idered a s a n e ssay a t d ef in it ion , b u t o n ly a s ac on tr ibu t ion t o ac on t inu ing d eba te . The r esu l ts o f my r esearch o n t he I n it ia l Magda len ian were p resen ted i n t he f or m o f aP h .Dt hes is a t t he Un ivers ity o f C a mbr idge i n O ctober 1 979 , a d egree a pproved i n March 1 980 .

T he t ex t o f t he p resen t v o lu me i s t he l arge ly

u na ltered t ex t o f t ha t t hes is , w ith many o f i t s f au lts o f p resen ta t ion , most p ar t icu lar ly a n i nsuf f ic ien t n u mber o f i l lustra t ions o f ma ter ia l .

I n s p ite o f

my c onsc iousness o f t hese f au lts , Ip referred t o p resen t my r esu l ts f or c r i t ic is m a s q u ick ly a s p ossib le , a nd i n t he ir o r ig ina l f or m , a s ac on t inuous a rgu men t .

F ur ther s ubstans ive work , r a ther t han improved p resen ta t ion

wou ld h ave b een n eeded t o make t h is a rgu men t s tronger . F or p er m it t ing a ccess t o ma ter ia l i n F rance Iam g ra tefu l t o P rof . F . B ordes ( Lauger ie-Haute ) , F . Cha mpagne & R . E sp ita l ie ( Le P iage ) ,

H. Delporte (Blot, and the Cheynier collec­ H. & J-Y. Crochet (Birac III), tions from Badegoule and Lachaud), Dr. J. Gaussen (Le Breuil, Croix de Fer, Guillassou), J-M. Le Tensor er (Cassegros), D. Sacchi (Lassac, La Riviere), B. Schmider (Deuxieme Redan), M-R. Seronie-Vivien (Pegourie), M. Sireix (Rouleau, Pourquey), M. Soubeyran (Mazerat), and J. Virmont (Cottier). L. Balout and R. de Bayle des Hermens granted me access to the Bouyssonie collection from Jean Blanc Terrace conserved at the IPH. Prof. J. Sackett kindly communicated some of the unpublished results of his work at Solvieux, and F. Bazile details of his work at Camparnaud. I profited from discussions with, and benefited from the hospitality of, many of the above. For further useful discussions I should like to thank Dr. J. Allain, Patty Anderson, Michel Lenoir, and Mme D. de Sonneville­ Bordes. The generous hospitality, and continual welcome of the Sylvain family of Vendome, and the Tassin family of Paris, made the work much pleasanter and easier. My early researches, like my undergraduate studies, were watched over by the late Professor C. B. M. MacBurney, who sadly did not live to see their fruit. I also benefited from the advice of Dr. P. L. Carter, Dr. P. Mellars, and especially Dr. R. M. Jacobi, from whose friendly aid has come only profit. My debt, both scholarly and personal, to many others cannot be acknow­ ledged in detail, but I should like to thank in particular the staff of the Haddon Library, Cambridge, especially Ms Lynda K. Oates; and my parents-in-law, George and Mavis Askew. This volume is dedicated with deep gratitude to those who through the course of my research gave me such unstinting aid, encouragement and support, my parents, Chris and Sheila Hemingway, and my wife Amanda.

Ascot, 1980.

CONTENTS

Page Preface Contents List of Tables List of Figures Map and Plates Abbreviations and Conventions employed PART I. PROLEGOMENA

1

Notes

6

Chapter 1

HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION

Tuning up The 1912 Overture Development of Themes Modern Developments (Dissonance) Finale Notes Chapter 2

THE DATA

Sites e xcluded Sites included but uncertain The data base: the most acceptable Initial Magdalenian sites Absolute dating Notes Chapter 3

NATURAL SETTIN G AND CLIMATIC BACKGROUND

The sites in their setting Principal data sources for climatic reconstruction Data for an external chronology 'External' climatic chronology_£. 20-14000 BC A diversion on faunal interpretation Discussion Notes Chapter 4

TYPOLOOICAL ANALYSIS

Introduction and assemblage analysis Introduction to typological analyses Explorations in the internal relative chronology of the Initial Magdalenian

9 9 12 14 21 25 26 27 27 34 35 43 43 53 53 54 57 63 67 76 77 87 87 90 93

P age F ur ther e xp lora t ions i n t he i n terna l s tructure o ft he I n i t ia l Magda len ian E x terna l c o mpar ison o f e le men ts o f t he I ni t ia l Magda len ian l i th ic i ndus try

1 08 1 11

D iscuss ion

1 13

N o tes C hap ter 5

1 00

WHOLE FLAKE ANALYS IS

1 49

T he s a mp les

1 49 1 50

Me thods A na lys is o f me tr ica l a t tr ibu tes

1 54

I n troduc t ion

P la tfor m a t tr ibutes

1 61

D iscuss ion

1 63

N o tes THE RACLETTE

The q ues t ion o f r ac le t te b lank manufacture The q ues t ion o f f unc t ion P rev ious s tud ies o f r ac let tes Me thods o f s tudy

1 69 1 72 1 73 1 74 1 75 1 77

S a mp les O bserva t ions o n l eng th , b readth , a nd t h ickness O bserva t ions o n r e touch d irec t ion O bserva t ions o n c or tex

1 79 1 80 1 80 1 80

A ssoc ia t ions o f r ac le t tes Ana lys is o f a t tr ibutes o f r ac le t te r e touch C onc lus ions

1 81 1 86 1 87

N o tes C hap ter 7

1 58 1 61

C ortex

C hap ter 6

1 50

BONE I NDUSTRY , ORNAMENT , AND ART WORK

1 95 1 95

B one-work ing t echno logy C o mponen ts o ft he b one i ndus try

1 97

' Ornamenta l p ieces '

2 04

Decora t ive mo t ifs a nd mob i liary a r twork

2 05

D iscuss ion

2 07

N o tes

2 07

C hapter 8

2 27

CONCLUS ION

I n troduc t ion

2 27

I n troduc t ion t o t he t heor ies

2 27

The e ar ly I n i t ia l Magda len ian , a nd r e la t ion t o t he S o lutrean

2 33

L ascaux :

2 39

Da tes , P o l len , S tra t igraphy , I ndustry

The l a te I n i t ia l Magda len ian , a nd r e la t ion t o t he l a ter Magda len ian

2 45

The I n i t ia l Magda len ian :

2 56

N o tes

f or m a nd d yna m ics

2 57

Page PART I Appendix

I .

I n it ia l Magda len ian s i te d e ta i ls , a nd s tone i ndustry c o l lec t ions

2 65

Abri d e JEAN-BLANC

2 67

Abris d e M AZERAT

2 74

Abri d e LAUGERIE-HAUTE East

2 78

BADEGOULE

3 42

Abri LACHAUD

3 59

Abri i nfer ieur d e RAYMONDEN

3 64

SOLV IEUX

3 67

LE CROD C DE FER

3 70

GU ILLASSOU

3 74

LE BREU IL

3 78

Abri d e PECH DE LA BOISSI RE

3 80

L e P IAGE

3 81

Grot te d e 1 : ) C i -OURIt Grot te d e CASSEGROS

3 84 4 00

MAUB IN

4 08

B IRAC i f i

4 10

Abri ANDRE RAGOUT

4 16

Abri FR ITSCH

4 18

LA PLUCHE

4 21

SAINT- F IACRE

4 23

GRAND-PRESS IGNY S ILO

4 27

LA- CHAPE LLE-SAINT- MES MIN

4 30

BEAUREGARD , N e mours

4 33

L e GRAND SURPLO MB , N e mours

4 34

DEUX I ME REDAN , N e mours

4 34

BALLANCOURT- S UR- ESSONNE Abr i d u BLOT

4 46 4 48

Grotte d e COTT IER

4 52

Grotte d u RUND DU BARRY

4 58

CAMPARNAUD

4 61

LASSAC

4 63

LA R IV I RE

4 68

Appendix I . B ib liography

Type l i sts emp loyed i n a na lysis

4 71 4 77

L IST OF TABLES

Page

Tab le 2 .1

S i tes o f I n i t ia l Magda lenian .

2 .2

S u m mary e va lua t ion o f c er ta in q ua li t ies o ft he 4 0 I n i t ia l

3 .1

3 .2

Magda len ian s i tes .

4 8

L auger ie-Haute s edi men t b ased c l i ma t ic d educ t ions , p a lyno log ica l i ndica t ions , a nd n otes o n s edi ment .

7 9

F auna l l i s ts emp loyed i n t he f auna l a na lys is i n S ec t ion 3 .5 .A .

3 .3

8 3

Q uan t if ied microfauna l l i s ts f ro m I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages .

3 .7

8 2

N on q uan t i f ied f auna l i ndica t ions f ro m I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages .

3 .6

8 1

Q uan t if ied f auna l l i s ts f or 4 U pper S o lutrean a nd 5 I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages .

3 .5

8 0

P ercen tages o f t he f our f auna l g roups i so la ted i n t he g enera l a na lys is i n t he 1 4 a sse mb lages emp loyed .

3 .4

4 6

8 4

N on-quan t if ied microfauna l i ndica t ions f or I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages .

8 5

3 .8

Av ifauna i n I n i t ia l Magda len ian s i tes .

8 6

4 .1

P ercen tages o f ' Re touched ', ' Cores ', a nd ' O ther P roduc ts ' i n 1 8 a sse mb lages .

1 14

R a t io o f I nco mp le te :C o mp le te u nre touched f l akes f or t he 1 8 a sse mb lages .

1 14

4 .3

R a t io o f B ur in s pa l ls :Bur ins i n 2 2 a sse mb lages .

1 15

4 .4

P ercen tages o f ma jor b ur in c lasses w i th in t he b ur ins .

1 16

4 .2

4 .5

P ercen tage o ccurrence o f ‚micro li ths ' i n 2 9 I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages .

4 .6

R ank o rder o f 2 8 I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages o n r ac le t te p ercentage .

4 .7

1 17

1 18

R ough c hrono log ica l o rder ing o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages i n Tab le 4 .6 i n t he l i gh t o ft he a na lys is i n s ec t ion 4 .3 w i th s idescraper p ercen tages i ndica ted .

1 19

Tab le

Page

4 .

8

P ercen tages :

4 .

9

Rank o rder , B ur ins .

1 21

4 .10

Rank o rder , E ndscrapers .

1 22

4 .11

Rank o rder , E ndscraper :burin r a t io .

1 23

4 .12

Rank o rder , O ther Too ls .

1 24

4 .13

4 .14 4 .15

E ndscrapers , B urins , O ther Too ls .

C orre la t ion c oef f ic ien ts c a lcu la ted f or t he f our v ar iab les d iscussed i n s ec t ion 4 .4 . B .

1 25

Reduc t ion o f t ype l i st t o 1 7 c lasses .

1 25

P ercentages o f 7' m inor t oo l ' c lasses a s p roport ions o f t he g roup t ota l .

4 .16

4 .17

C lasses o fp oint t ypes .

4 .18

P resence o fp o in t c lasses i n I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages .

1 28

1 29

1 30

P ercen tage o ccurrence o f ' poin t ' c lasses i n ac o mpara t ive s er ies o f U pper P a laeo li th ic a sse mb lages .

4 .21

1 27

P resence o fp oin t c lasses i n I n i t ia l Magda lenian a sse mb lages w i thou t r e liab le t ype l i sts .

4 .20

1 26

C orre la t ion c oef f ic ien ts c a lcu la ted b etween t he 7 ' minor ' t oo l c lasses t abu la ted i n Tab le 4 .15 .

4 .19

1 20

1 31

P ercen tage o ccurrence o f r ac let tes , TON b urins a nd s p lintered p ieces i n ac o mpara t ive s er ies o f U pper P a laeo li th ic a sse mb lages

4 .22

1 41

P ercentage o ccurrence o f TON b ur ins , s p lin tered p ieces , mu lt ip le p er9o irs , a nd t h ick e ndscrapers i n I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages .

1 47

S amp les emp loyed i n who le f l ake a na lys is .

1 64

5 . 2

Means o f me tr ica l a t tr ibutes o f who le f l akes .

1 65

5 .

3

P ercen tages o f f lakes i n b readth :leng th c lasses .

1 66

5 .

4

P ercentage f requenc ies o f p la tfor m t ypes .

1 67

5 .

5

C ortex p resence a nd l oca lisa t ion .

1 68

5 .

6 P ercen tages o f b lades i n an u mber o f I n i t ia l Magda lenian a sse mb lages .

1 68

1 Me tr ica l a t tributes o f f our r ac le tte s a mp les .

1 88

5 .

6 . 6 .

1

2

B readth/ leng th r a t io c lasses o f who le f l akes a nd who le r ac le t tes c o mpared f or t wo s a mp les .

6 .

3

1 88

R e la t ionsh ip b etween r e touch p osi t ion a nd B readth/Leng th r a tios f or t he t wo s a mp les .

1 88

Page

Tab le 6 .4

D irec t ion o f r etouch o n r ac le t tes .

1 89

6 .5

P resence o f c or tex o n r ac le t tes .

1 89

6 .6

R ac le t te r e touch emp loyed i n t he manufac ture o f o ther t oo l c lasses .

1 90

6 .7

A ssoc ia t ions o f r ac let tes w i th o ther t oo ls .

1 91

6 .8

Mean v a lues f or r ac let te r e touch a t tr ibutes f or 2 0

6 .9 7 .1

a sse mb lages .

1 92

A sse mb lage d ivergence f ro m t he mean f or e ach a t tr ibute .

1 93

C o mponen ts o f i ndus tr ia l a sse mb lages i n b one i n t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian .

2 20

7 .2

S aga ies i n I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages .

2 21

7 .3

App l ied work o n s aga ie b eve ls .

2 01

7 .4

' Orna men ta l ' e le men ts i n I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages .

2 22

7 .5

Gasteropods i n I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages .

2 22

7 .6

P erfora ted t ee th i n I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages .

2 23

7 .7

Decora t ive mot ifs o n i t e ms o f I n i t ia l Magda len ian b one 2 24

a sse mb lages . 7 .8

C o mponen ts o f i ndus tr ia l a sse mb lages i n b one i n t he 2 25

l a ter S o lutrean . 8 .1

C orre la t ion t ab le o f L av i l le & Tex ier f or L e Ma lpas a nd L auger ie-Haute .

2 59

8 .2

D istr ibu t ion o f i ndus tria l ma ter ia l i n t he s i te o f L ascaux

2 60

8 .3

R e la t ionsh ip b etween I n i t ia l a nd l a ter Magda len ian i n 1 2 s i tes w i th b o th p resen t .

2 60

PART I I . 1 J ean-B lanc E ast a nd West .

O ld T ype l i st

I . 2 J ean-B lanc T errace , B ouysson ie c o l lec t ion . I . 3 Abris d e Mazera t , De lug in c o l lec t ion .

2 69 N ew t ype l i s t

N ew t ype l i st

2 70 2 75

I . 4 S tudies c arr ied o ut o n l i th ic ma teria l f ro m L auger ie-Hau te E as t

2 81

I . 5 Lauger ie-Haute E ast F ina l S o lu trean .

2 84

I . 6 LHE F ina l S o lu trean .

O ld t ype l i st

N ew Type l i st

2 86

I . 7 LHE L eve l 2 0 .

N ew t ype l i st

2 89

I . 8 LHE L eve l 2 0 .

O ld t ype l i s t

2 91

I . 9 LHE L eve ls 2 0/18 .

N ew t ype l i s t

2 94

I .1 0

LHE L eve ls 2 0/18 .

O ld t ype l is t

2 95

I .11

LHE L eve l 1 8 .

N ew t ype l i st

2 97

1 .12

LHE L eve l 1 8 .

O ld t ype l i st

2 99

Tab le 1 .13

Page LHE L eve l 1 6.

N ew t ype l i st

3 03

1 .14

LHE L eve l 1 6 .

O ld t ype l i st

3 04

1 .15

LHE L eve ls 1 6/14 .

N ew t ype l i st

3 06

O ld t ype l ist

3 07

I .1 6

LHE L eve ls 1 6/14 .

1 .17

LHE L eve l 1 4 .

N ew t ype l i st

3 08

1 .18

LHE L eve l 1 4 .

O ld t ype l i st

3 09

1 .19

LHE L eve l 1 2 .

N ew t ype l i st

3 11

I .2 0

LHE L eve l 1 2 .

O ld t ype l i st

3 13

I .2 1

LHE L eve l 1 0 .

N ew t ype l i st

3 19

I .2 2

LHE L eve l 1 0 .

O ld t ype l i st

3 21

I .2 3

LHE L eve l 8 .

N ew t ype l i st

3 25

I .2 4

LHE L eve l 8 .

O ld t ype l i s t

3 26

I .2 5

LHE L eve l 6 .

N ew t ype l i st

3 29

I .2 6

LHE L eve l 6 .

O ld t ype l i st

3 30

I .2 7

LHE L eve l 4 .

N ew t ype l i st

3 31

I .2 8

LHE L eve l 4 .

O ld t ype l i st

3 33

I .2 9

LHE L eve l 2 .

N ew t ype l i st

3 36

1 ,30

LHE L eve l 2 .

O ld t ype l i st

3 38

I .3 1

Badegou le L eve l 6 .

O ld t ype l i st

3 47

I .3 2

Badegoule L eve l 7 .

O ld t ype l i st

3 53

I .3 3

Lachaud t oo l l i sts .

C heynier a t tr ibut ions

I .3 4

S olv ieux .

O ld t ype l i st

3 63 3 68

I .3 5

G ui l lassou s ondage/excava t ion .

N ew t ype l i s t

3 75

I .3 6

Gui l lassou s ondage/excava t ion .

O ld t ype l i st

3 76

I .3 7

Pegour ie L eve l 9 .

N ew t ype l i st

I .3 8

Pegour ie L eve l 9 .

O ld t ype l i st

3 88

I .3 9

Pegour ie L eve l 8 .

N ew t ype l i st

3 93

I .4 0

Pegour ie L eve l 8 .

O ld t ype l i st

I .4 1

Cassegros L eve l 1 0 . N ew t ype l i st

4 01

I .4 2

Cassegros L eve l 1 0 .

4 02

I .4 3

Cassegros L eve l 9 .

I .4 4

Cassegros L eve l 9 .

O ld t ype l i st N ew t ype l i st O ld t ype l i st

I .4 5

Maubin .

I .4 6

B irac I I .

O ld t ype l i s t

I .4 7

B irac M.

I .4 8

S a in t-F iacre .

Type l i st af ter C ordier & Th ienne t

1 .49

S a in t-F iacre .

Type l i st af ter L ap lace

I .5 0

Grand-Pressigny S i lo .

4 12

Type l i st af ter Berthouin & C ordier

L a-Chape l le-Sain t- Mes min .

1 .52

Beauregard East .

Type l i st a f ter Noue l

I .5 3

Deuxr e me Redan a nd Gros Monts - Ma jor c lass a t tr ibut ions

O ld t ype l i st

b y De larue , V ignard , Vacher Deuxr e me Redan C han t ier I .

I .5 5

Ba l lancourt/Essonne . B lot .

4 05 4 06 4 11

O ld t ype l i st

I .5 6

3 95

4 08

N ew t ype l i st

I .5 1

I .5 4

3 87

4 24 4 25 4 28 4 30 4 38 4 40

O ld t ype l i st

Type l i st a f ter Delarue & V ignard

Type l i st ( part ia l )

4 41 4 47 4 49

I .5 7

C otter L eve ls I & I I .

I .5 8

Rond d u Barry L eve l F 2 .

O ld t ype l i st

I .5 9

C a mparnaud .

O ld t ype l i st

O ld t ype l i st

4 53 4 59 4 61

Table

Page

I.6 O Lassac surface. Old type list I. 61 Lassac Locus I, bed 2. Old type list I. 62 La Riviere. Old type list

464 465 468

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 2.1

Absolute dates (excluding those clearly too young) for the Initial Magdalenian, with the 2 standard error range marked.

44

3.1

Percentage occurrence of AP and ivy pollen at Fritsch.

3.2

Upper and Final Solutrean sites in France.

64

3.3

Dendrogram of the relationship of the 22 species employed in the general faunal analysis (Section 3.5.A.).

68

3.4

Analysis, after the method of HBkr (1951) of Group A isolated in the general faunal analysis.

70

3.5

Percentage histograms of the four faunal groups isolated in the general analysis in the 14 assemblages employed.

71

3.6

Location of the Cottier eave in relation to local topography.

73

3.7

Percentage histograms of the four faunal groups isolated in the general analysis for 4 Solutrean and 5 Initial Magdalenian assemblages.

75

4.1

Ternary diagram illustrating the relationship of 18 assemblages on percentages of Retouched Pieces, Cores, Others.

88

4.2

Percentage change in certain categories of material from level to level at Laugerie-Haute East.

92

4.3

Ternary diagram showing the relationship between 31 assemblages on percentages of the major burin classes.

95

4.4

Summary of various changes in the proportion of certain tool classes in relation to the outline seriation of Table 4.7

98

4.5

Ternary diagram showing the relationship between 29 Initial Magdalenian assemblages on percentages of endscrapers, burins and other tools.

102

Dendrogram of the relationship of 29 assemblages on CLUSTAN analysis of 17 type groups.

104

Bulbar, and Maximum Length Orientation measurements of a blade showing the difference that may be introduced in an extreme case.

153

4.6

5.1

P age

F igure 5 .2

5 .3

C hange i n a t tr ibutes o f who le f l akes f ro m l eve l t o l eve l a t L auger ie-Haute E as t . P ercen tage h is togra ms o fb readth : leng th c lasses , a nd c ortex o ccurrence a t L auger ie-Hau te E as t .

5 .4

P ercen tage h istogra ms o fb readth : leng th c lasses a t Badegou le , Deuzf e me R edan , a nd P egour ie .

5 .5

Dendrogra m o f t he r e la t ionsh ip o f 1 6 a sse mb lages o n t hree me tr ica l a t tr ibutes o f who le f l akes .

5 .6

6 .1 6 .2

Dendrogra m o f t he r e la t ionsh ip o f 1 0 a sse mb lages o n

1 55

1 56

1 57

1 59

me tr ica l a nd p la tfor m a t tr ibutes o f who le f l akes .

1 60

S pec i men r ac le t te a t tr ibute r ecord s hee t .

1 76

R e la t ionsh ip o f f our r ac let te ' popu la t ions ' t o t he p aren t who le f l ake ' popu la t ions ' .

1 78

6 .3

E dge a ng le , a nd e dge t h ickness measuremen ts .

1 78

6 .4

Dendrogra m o f t he r e la t ionsh ip o f 2 0 a sse mb lages o n r ac let te r e touch a t tr ibu tes .

6 .5

Dendrogra m o f t he r e la t ionsh ip o f 1 7 a sse mb lages o n r ac le t te r e touch a t tr ibutes .

7 .1

S aga ie s haf t a nd p o int f rag men t c ross-sec t iona l d ia me ters : P egour ie l eve ls 8 a nd 9 .

7 .2

S aga ie s haf t a nd p oint f ragmen t c ross-sec t iona l d ia me ters :

1 83

1 84

1 98

L auger ie-Hau te E as t l eve l 1 2 .

2 00

7 .3

B one ma ter ia l :

LHE l eve ls 2 0 , 2 0/18 , 1 6/14 .

2 09

7 .4

B one ma ter ia l :

LHE l eve l 1 6/14 .

2 10

7 .5

B one ma ter ia l :

LHE l eve l 1 2 .

2 11

7 .6

B one ma ter ia l :

Badegou le l eve l 6 .

2 12

7 .7

B one ma ter ia l : .

Badegou le l eve l 7 .

2 13

7 .8

B one ma ter ia l :

Badegou le l eve l 7 .

2 14

7 .9

B one ma ter ia l :

B adegou le l eve l 7 .

2 15

7 .10

B one ma ter ia l :

P egour ie L eve ls 9 a nd 8 .

2 16

7 .11

B one ma ter ia l :

P egour ie L eve l 8 .

2 17

7 .12

B one ma ter ia l :

P egour ie L eve l 9 .

2 18

7 .13

B one ma ter ia l :

C assegros l eve ls 1 0 a nd 9 ; p endan t :

D irac I I ; 8 .1

C la i med s ea l e ngrav ing f ro m L achaud .

P lan o f t he c ave o f L ascaux .

2 19 2 40

Page

Figure 8. 2

Section at the entry to the cave of Lascaux (Section A).

242

8. 3

Magdalenian sites with absolute dates in the 17th/16th millennia be.

249

8. 4

Magdalenian sites with absolute dates in the 15th millennium be.

250

8. 5

Magdalenian sites with absolute dates in the 14th millennium be.

252

PART II Figures: (selected stone tools unless otherwise stated) I. 1 I. 2 I. 3 I. 4 I. 5 I. 6 I. 7 I. 8 I. 9 I. 10 I. 11 I. 12 I. 13 I. 14 I. 15 I. 16 I. 17 I. 18 I. 19 I. 20 I. 21 I. 22 I. 23 I. 24 I. 25 I. 26 I. 27 I. 28 I. 29 I. 31 I. 31 I. 32 I. 33 Map

Jean Blanc Terrace. Bouyssonie collection Mazerat. Delugin collection Laugerie-Haute East. Section Laugerie-Haute East Level 20 Laugerie-Haute East Level 18 Laugerie-Haute East Level 18 Laugerie-Haute East Level 14 Laugerie-Haute East Level 12 Laugerie-Haute East Level 12 Laugerie-Haute East Level 10 Laugerie-Haute East Level 8 Laugerie-Haute East Level 4 Badegoule. Localisation of excavations Badegoule. Section Badegoule Level 6 Badegoule Level 7 Badegoule Level 7 Lachaud. Sections Raymonden. Section Histograms of maximum dimension classes for four lots of material from Croix de Fer Le Piage Level C-E Pegourie Level 9 Pegourie Level 9 Pegourie Level 8 Pegourie Level 8 Cassegros Level 10 Nemours. Localisation of the sites Deuxieme Redan Chantier I Deuxieme Redan Chantier I Deuxieme Redan Chantier. I Blot Cottier. Sections Cottier Level II and Plate

Map I · Initial Magdalenian sites in France. Plate 1

Scraped bone baguette: Badegoule level 7.

273 277 283 293 301 302 310 317 318 324 324 335 345 346 351 355 357 362 365 373 383 390 392 397 399 404 435 444 445 446 451 456 457 50 215

Notes on abbreviations and conventions employed (abbreviations for site names are given in Table 2. 1 ): Abbreviations, and some special terms ADB Adj. AFAS Ang. Angle on break burin AOB Bertonne retouched piece

Angle dihedral burin Adjacent Association Fran9aise pour l 'Avancement des Sciences Angle Angle burin on snapped blade Angle on break burin These have transverse parallel and 'plan' ventral surface removals. Rare elsewhere, they abound at the site of La Bertonne (cf. Lenoir

CCTR Cone. Conv. CVTR DDB es. fl. and bl. hedron IPH JBE and JBW LHE limon

Burin on Concave ret. trunc. Concave Convex Burin on Convex ret. trunc. Dejete dihedral burin Endscraper Flake and Blade the spall removal surface of a di-hedral burin Institut de Paleontologie Humaine, Paris Jean-Blanc East and West Laugerie- Haute East "slime, ooze,mud" (Baker 1920 p. 358). Pre­ sumably refers to a fine sediment, the French is preferred to perhaps 'silt'. Musee des Antiquites nationales Mousterian of Acheulian Tradition oblique Burin on o blique ret. trunc. retouched straight Dihedral burin shouldered Solutrean A small thorn like bee or per90ir (cf. Fig. I. 24, 3) straight Burin on straight retouched truncation surface Table Transverse burin on lateral retouch Transverse burin on notch truncation Transverse unprepared

1976a)

MAN MTA obl. OTR ret. SDB sh. Sol. Spine. str. STR surf. Tab. TLR TON trunc. Tsv. unpr.

C onven t ions : I n d raw ings o f s tone p ieces , a n a rrow i ndica tes a r e mova l ( o fb urin o r B ertonne r etouched p iece ) , a n a rrow w i th a c rossed t a i l t he p os i t ion o f t he b u lb , a nd s t ipp l ing c or tex . I n t ab les o f mu lt ip le t oo ls , an u mber i n p aren theses i ndica tes t ha t t he t wo p ieces a re a d jacen t o n o ne e nd o f as uppor t , an u mber w i thout p aren theses i ndica tes t ha t t hey a re o pposed e .g . TON S TR

1

S TR ( 1 )1

wou ld i ndica te t ha t t here were t hree d oub le b urins , o ne o pposing a b urin o n s tra igh t r e t . t runc . t o at ransverse b urin o n n o tch , o ne o pposing t wo b urins o n s tra igh t r etouched t runca t ion , a nd o ne w i th t wo b ur ins o n s tra igh t r e touched t runca t ion a d jacen t o n o ne e nd o f ap iece , a nd p robab ly o n t he t wo e nds o f t he s a me t runca t ion .

" On ly r epea ted e xp lora t ion i n t he c lass if ica t ion a nd a rrange men t o f t he d a ted e ven ts o f c u ltura l c hanges c an s uggest a dd i t iona l q ues t ions , t he f or mu la t ion o f n ew a nswers , o r t he r ef ine men t o f o ld o nes ." ( Hodgen 1 974 p . 9 5 )

PROLEGOMENA The scope of this volume can best be indicated by means of annotations to the title-The Initial Magdalenian in France. The two words-Initial Magdalenian-are regarded as a label for the cultural/industrial remains from a number of localities, of which it is posited: that the material from the different localities, whilst showing certain variations, possesses sufficient elements in common to be regarded as 're­ lated' in some manner or fashion; that it occupied a certain area of space, and section of time (or areas of space in sections of time) to the exclusion of other and different associa­ tions of cultural/industrial material; that it represents a part of what would traditionally be described as the Magdalenian culture/industry/ civilisation/technocomplex; and that it represents the earliest part of that technocomplex, equivalent to the material described under various terms by various authors-Magdaleni­ an O and I, Magdalenian ancien raclettes, Badegoulian or Protomagdalenian (I) in the sense of Cheynier. 1

a

The use of the capital I is intended to symbolise the distinction between the earliest Magdalenian, and earliest Magdalenian occupation. Thus, by 'Initial', I do not mean just the earliest manifestations of material that might be ascribed to the Magdalenian technocomplex in those areas where the first Magdalenian occupation took place at a later period, representing a colonising process, and where the cultural/industrial content shows certain regular dif­ ferences from that of the chronologically earliest Magdalenian. The geographical limitation-to 'France'-could be considered redundant since materi�l which I would define as Initial Magdalenian does not seem to occur beyond the present political boundaries of France. Palaeolithic research in France took off in the decade beginning in 1860, particularly with the work in the Pyrenees and Perigord of Edouard Lartet. The first schemes for structuring the material found were created during this decade, based on the model of the successful arrangements of material in geology, palaeontology and theoretical biology. Over the succeeding forty years, the details or the scheme were elabora­ ted and explored, and in 1912, with the publication of Breuil's 'Les subdivisi­ ons du Paleolithique superieur et leurs significations', the classificatory scheme received its apotheosis. Work in the very nearly seventy years since has continued to make use of the scheme, or tl1e type of scheme, created by Breuil, with a series of 1

cultures divided into a series of stages-just as a geological era might be divided into a series of stages-the stages marked and distinguished by their various 'fossils'. Simple classificatory models are a necessary preliminary stage in the arrangement of information in domains of phenomena that are under explora­ tion. Just as systems of myths integrate the social and.natural worlds, and mark off chaos and uncertainty, so such classificatory models provide an intellectual structure to live and work within, and from which to approach the multitudinous variety of data. While such schemes have the advantage of clarity, making them appeal­ ing to the pedagogue, they have the disadvantage of fossilising views, and creating items of 'internalised lmowledge' that may never again be questioned, while at the same time they explain nothing. The effect of the method is to create a mental conceptualisation of the Palaeolithic past as a series of stages, each distinguished by a group of type fossils, or tool ratios, or percentages; and each one distinct, representing a different ethnic entity from the next. With the joins one can do what one wishes. Groups can coexist, migrate, be wiped out by plague, or by barbari­ ans, hybridise, divide, invade. A series of fossilised moments are linked by episodes of violent change. 2 The vitality of the approach is demonstrated by the form of presentation in textbooks (Bordes 1968, Coles & Higgs 1968 ), and in research, both in France, and abroad. In recent years, however, there has been an increasing sense of the in­ adequacy of this conceptual scheme, not only in explaining the past-which it has never done-but even in structuring the evidence adequately, within the archaeological community. This sense of inadequacy has shown itself in certain 'displacement' activities: criticisms of the typological method em­ ployed, criticism of the primacy or meaning of the industrial materials, etc. Other .critics of what can be characterised as the French scheme, have chosen to work in other fields or areas-they have looked on the works of Ozymandias, and despaired. This unease is a consequence of a new critical sense and outlook that is unwilling to accept meekly the assumptions that underlie the existing scheme, and of the accumulation of data that is increasingly difficult to accommodate within the accepted categories. There has been an increase both in the range of data recovered (from debitage, to ground plans, to absolute dates), and in the geographical spread of areas providing good and relevant data. Like a classic paradigm, the structure distorts itself in the effort to assimilate the discordant information, but it has reached the point where only replacement will allow further progress. The restructuring is less a matter of changing our data than in changing our way of looking at it. While site plans may be studied, lithic exploitation strategies explored, tool function elucidated-and all are, relevant and of value-overall syntheses must exist as well, to provide researchers with something to respond or react to. As Hodgen says in the quotation I have 2

t aken a s my t ex t : "On ly r epea ted e xp lora t ion i n t he c lass if ica t ion a nd a rrange ment o f t he d a ted e vents o f c u ltura l c hanges c an s ugges t a ddi t iona l q ues t ions , t he f ormu la t ion o fn ew a nswers o r t he r ef inemen t o f o ld o nes" . My r esearch h as d eve loped w i th my own awareness o f t h is s truc tura l i na dequacy , p art icu lar ly i n r e la t ion t o t he Magda len ian , a nd i ti s i n tended a s a c on tr ibut ion t o t he r es truc tur ing o ft he c onceptua l s che me o f t he E uropean U pper P a laeo l i th ic . Wh i le i ti s c oncerned w i th t he s truc ture , a nd t o ac er ta in e x ten t w i th t he ' h istory ' o f t he e ar l iest Magda len ian , s o me o f my c onc lus ions a re r e levan t t o t he l a ter Magda len ian , a nd t o t he S o lutrean , a l though t he r el a t ionsh ip t o c on te mporary ' Gravet t ian ' i ndustr ies e lsewhere i n E urope , h as n ot b een e xp lored . C er ta in o ft he f ea tures t ha t h ave c o me t o b e a ssoc ia ted w i th t he o ld s yst em a re d e l ibera te ly r e ta ined i n my a pproach t o t he ma ter ia l t o b e d iscussed b e low . F or e xamp le Ih ave emp loyed t he t ypo log ica l s che me o f d e S onnev i l leB ordes & P erro t , a nd i t s d er iva t ives , a nd w i th c er ta in q ua li f ica t ions , I a ccep t t he v a lue o f wha t migh t b e c ons idered ' t ype f ossi ls ' —par t icu lar ly t he r ac le t te . T he d e S onnev i l le-Bordes/Perro t t ypel ist e labora ted i n t he e ar ly 1 950s h as w i th s o me l oca l mod if ica t ions b eco me e stab lished a s a ma jor t oo l i n U pper P a laeo li th ic s tud ies i n E urope a nd t he c ircu m-Med iterranean z one . Var ious o f i t s a spec ts h ave b een c r i t ic ised ,

3

b ut i td oes s ee m t o a l low t he

r ecord ing o f al arge p ar t o f t he o bservab le v ar ia t ion i n a ssemb lages o f s tone t oo ls .

4

B es ide t he f ac t o f i t s e x istence , a nd a pparen t a dequacy f or t he t asks

Ir equ ired o f i t , i t s u se was f avoured f or p rag ma t ic r easons t oo , i n t ha t i t a l lowed me a ccess t o ma ter ia l t ha t Iwas u nab le t o s tudy myse lf b ut wh ich h ad b een s tudied a nd p ub l ished i n t he s ame t er ms . The o n ly c o mpe t i t ive p oss ib i l i t ies were t he e labora t ion o f an ew t ypel is t f or my own u se , o r t he emp loy men t o f a no ther e stab l ished t ypo logy . The f i rst a l terna t ive wou ld h ave b een e xpens ive o f t ime , a nd wou ld h ave made b y r es u lts i naccessib le t o o thers , a nd t he ir u nusab le b y me , f or p robab ly l i t t le i f a ny g a in .

I n t he c ontex t o f s tudies i n wes tern E urope , t he o n ly r ea l c o mpe t i-

t or was t he t ype-l ist o f L ap lace ( c f . L ap lace 1 966) , emp loyed b y workers i n I t a ly , s outhern S pa in , a nd s outh-eas t F rance . T he t ypo log ica l methods o f L ap lace a nd d e S onnev i l le-Bordes/Perro t a re me thodo log ica l ly d ist inc t , a nd b ased o n d iferen t p aradigma t ic p os i t ions . The L ap lace t ypo logy w as e labora ted ' d ia lec t ica l ly ' i n at heore t ica l v acuu m , a nd i s i n tended t o min im ise t he d is t inc t ion b e tween a sse mb lages , r ef lec t ing a c onc ern t o d e mons tra te c onnec t ions b e tween a sse mb lages o f ma ter ia l t radi t iona l ly c ons idered d is t inc t .

T he d e S onnev i l le-Bordes/Perro t l i st c omb ines t ypes

t radit iona l ly c ons idered a s s pec if ic t o g roups o f a ssemb lages l im i ted i n s pace a nd t ime ( e .g . N oa i l les b ur in ) , a nd l og ica l ly d is t ingu ished c a tegor ies ( subt ypes o f d ihedra l a nd t runda t ion b ur ins ) , b e ing e labora ted i n f u l l c ogn izance o ft he h is tory o ft ypo log ica l a na lys is i n t he s phere a nd a rea o f c oncern , a nd h av ing .as i t s p urpose t he d e mons tra t ion o f t he d if ferences b etween a sse mb lages o f ma ter ia l a lready c ons idered a s d ist inc t . 5 3

My t wo ma jor r eserva t ions a bout t he S onnev i l le-Bordes/Perro t t ype l i s t c oncerned c erta in o ft he c a tegor ies , a nd t he s ys tem o f l abe l l ing . c ipa l r eserva t ion a bout t he c a tegories c oncerned t he b urins .

The p rin-

H ere s ub types

o fb ur in o n r e touched t runca t ion a re d ef ined o n t he s hape o ft he t runca t ion , o r i t s o r ien ta t ion r e la t ive t o t he l ong a x is , wh i le d ihedra l b ur ins a re s ubdiv ided o n whe ther t he b ur in ' poin t ' i s a x ia l o r o n t he a ng le o f t he p iece . ' p lan ' b ur ins f i t i n n e i ther s e t . 6

C ore a nd

My r eserva t ions a bout t he l abe ls were c oncerned w i th t he p sycho log ica l i mp lica t ions o f c er ta in o ft he t erms . A s w i l l b e n o ted i n c hap ter 1 , t he s upp os i t ion o f a n A ur ignac ian r e la t ionsh ip f or t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian r es ts l arge ly o n t he p resence o fp ieces c harac ter ised a s ' Aur ignac ian ' b lades , o r o n t h ick e ndscrapers r eferred t o a s ag roup a s ' Aur ignac ian ' e ndscrapers . Wh i le t he p resence o f c er ta in t ypes r egarded a s ' Mouster ian ' ( e .g . s ides crapers , n o tches , d en t icu la tes ) l eads t o i mp lica t ions o f ' archa ism ' . O bv io us ly o ne c ou ld a vo id t h is p rob lem b y mak ing u se o f al abe l ling s ys tem w i th n o embedded c u ltura l p resuppos i t ions o r imp l ica t ions , c o mposed o f l e t ters o r n u mbers , s uch a s h as b een d one b y L ap lace ( 1 966) , a nd C ampbe l l ( 1 977) , b ut t he r esu lt i s c u mberso me , u naes the t ic , a nd c onveys n o i m media te mean ing . I n mak ing u se o ft he S onnev i l le-Bordes/Perro t t ype l i s t , Ih ave t aken t he p os i t ion t ha t t he t er ms a pp l ied a re l abe ls , a nd n o more t han t ha t , s ome o f wh ich r efer t o d is t inc t ive t ypes c harac ter ist ic o f s ome s ec t ion o f s pace a nd t ime , b u t s o me wh i le s ee m ing t o d o s o , d o n o t . D ist inc t ive t ypes c harac ter ist ic o f s ome s ec t ion o f s pace a nd t ime , o r ' t ype-foss i ls ', c an b e s a id t o e x ist . C er ta in t oo l f or ms o r t ypes f or f unc t iona l , f ash ionab le , o r i d iosyncra t ic r easons c o me t o t ake o n impor tance a t c er ta in p er iods , a nd i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th c er ta in a sse mb lage g roups l im i ted i n s pace a nd t ime . 7 N o a bso lute a ssoc ia t ion i s h owever i mp lied, a nd t he o ccas iona l o ccurrence o f a' t ype-foss i l ' i s n o t r egarded a s an ecessar i ly a t tr ibu t ive i t em . Two t rad it iona l c oncep ts n o t emp loyed a re t hose o f t he c lass ic o r ' t ype ' s i te a r id a rea .

' Type'/ 'c lass ic' s i tes/areas e x is t i n c onsequence o f a

s er ies o f h is tor ica l a cc iden ts . T he p recoc i ty o f e xp lora t ion , a nd t he r ichness a nd n u mber o f s i tes i n t he s outh-wes t o f F rance , t ogether w i th t he g enera l ly g eo log ica l b ackground o ft he i nves t iga tors , l ed t o ah abi t o f r egarding c er ta in s i tes a s c onta ining s equences ' t yp ica l ' o f ' cu ltura l ' d eve lop men t , a nd o f c ert ain l eve ls a s c on ta in ing ma ter ia l ' t yp ica l ' o f c er ta in s tages o f ' cu ltura l ' d eve lop men t . F ur ther o ccurrences a re t hen measured b y t heir s im i lar i ty t o t he t ype l oca lity , p rov iding a b as is f or s i mp le mode ls o fd er iva t ion , b u t i gnoring f ac tors o f v aria t ion s uch a s s i te t ype , s eason o f s i te o ccupa t ion , p ar t ia l d a ta r ecovery , mixture i n mu lt ileve l s i tes , b es ide g eograph ica l a nd c hrono log ica l v ar ia t ions o n l arger a nd sma l ler s ca les . I n terpre t ive p roced ures a re t hen l im i ted t o t hose o f a ssemb lage r e la t ion i m ita t ive o f b io log ica l l i neage ' t rees ' w i th t he ir v er t ica l a nd h or izon ta l r e la t ionsh ips .

8

Theore t ica l ly , Ib e l ieve , n o s i tes s hou ld b e t rea ted a s i n tr ins ica l ly more i mpor tan t o r more t yp ica l t han o thers . E ach i s ap ar t o f t he e v idence r el a ting t o h u man o ccupa t ion i n a n a rea o ver a c er ta in p er iod , a nd o ur mind mode l s hou ld b e o f ac ube w i th i t s b asa l d i mens ions r epresen t ing a rea l e x ten t ,

4

a nd i t s v ert ica l d i mens ion t ime , a nd h av ing , i n t ha t s pace , s ca t tered d o ts t ha t r epresen t o ccurrences , r a ther t han o ne o f s i te l i neages . C onsc ious t ha t t he l ong h is tory o f s tudy o f t he s ub jec t h as c rea ted t he s ub jec t a nd many o f i t s p rob le ms , t he v o lu me o pens w i th a h is tor ica l i n troduct ion c oncerned w i th t he g row th o f t heor ies , h ypo theses , a nd c oncepts a bou t t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian , a nd t o al esser e x ten t t he Magda len ian i n aw ider s ense . The s econd c hap ter e xa mines t he d a ta r e levan t t o ar eassess men t o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian .

Ra ther o ver 9 0 s i tes—to t he b es t o f my k now ledge —have

b een c la i med a s I n i t ia l Magda len ian , a nd t hese c an b e c ons idered t o r epresen t f our g roups o fd a ta . I n t he f i rs tg roup a re c . 2 0 s i tes wh ich d o n ot c on ta in a ny I n i t ia l Magdal en ian , a l though o ccas iona l ly h av ing r ac le t tes o r t ransverse b ur ins , r egarded i n t he p as t a s s uf f ic ien t f or a t tribut ion .

A s econd g roup c on ta ins p oor o r

b ad ly m ixed s i tes , a nd s i tes w i th n o s urv iv ing ma ter ia l , b ut i n wh ich s o me o r a l lo ft he c o mponen ts migh t r epresen t , o r migh t h ave r epresen ted I n i t ia l Magda len ian , b u t where t h is c annot b e s ta ted w i th c er ta in ty . O ver lapp ing w i th t he l ast g roup , t he t h ird g roup c on ta ins s i tes wh ich a lt hough s t i l l n o t a t tr ibutab le w i th c er ta in ty t o t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian , d o s ee m , o n t he a va i lab le e v idence , more a ccep tab le . The f i na l g roup c on ta ins t hose t ha t a re f u l ly a ccep tab le a s members o f t he g roup o f a sse mb lages Iwou ld l abe l a s I n i t ia l Magda len ian . S tra t igraph ic d eta i ls a nd d e ta i ls o ft he s tone i ndus try o f mos t o f t hese a re g iven i n Appendix I , wh i le i n c hap ter 2 t he c ontr ibut ion o f t he s i tes i s a ssessed i n t er ms o f t he q uan t i ty a nd q ua li ty o fd a ta t hey p rov ide , a nd d e ta i ls o f t he s i tes n ot i nc luded i n Appendix Ia re g iven . T he c hap ter c onc ludes w i th a d iscuss ion o f t he a bso lu te d a tes a va i lab le . C hap ter 3 s e ts t he p hys ica l s cene a nd s e ts t he s i tes w i th in i t , a ssesses t he d a ta r e levan t t o c l i ma t ic a nd e nv iron men ta l r econs truc t ion , a nd e labora tes a n e x terna l r e la t ive c hrono logy b ased o n a pparent c l ima t ic f l uc tua t ions . . Chap ters 4 -7 a re c oncerned w i th t he a na lys is o f t he d a ta c o l lec ted , t he f i rs t t hree c oncerned w i th t he l i th ic i ndus try . C hap ter 4 d ea ls w i th t he who le a sse mb lages , a nd t he t oo l l i s ts , a nd c ont a ins a r ange o f s t udies d es igned t o e luc ida te v aria t ion w i th in t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian , a nd mos t p ar t icu lar ly t he a t te mpt t o d is t inguish a n i n terna l r e la t ive c hrono logy b ased o n c o mponen ts o f t he l i th ic a sse mb lages . C hap ter 5 i s c oncerned w i th t he t echno log ica l b as is a s r ef lec ted i n t he a sse mb lage o f who le f l akes , wh i le C hap ter 6 e xp lores t he i n ferences t ha t may b e d rawn f ro m s tudy o f o ne t oo l t ype— the r ac le t te . C hap ter 7 d ea ls w i th t he t echno logy a nd c on ten t o f t he a ssemb lage o f b one a nd a n t ler t oo ls , a nd w i th o rnamen t a nd a r twork . The f i na l c hap ter d raws t oge ther t he o bserva t ions t ha t c an b e made a bou t t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian , a nd a bou t i t s o r ig ins a nd d eve lop ment i n r e la t ion t o t ime a nd g eography , c onc luding w i th a s hort e ssay t ha t s eeks t o p lace t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian i n aw ider S o lutrean a nd Magda len ian c ontex t . I n my s ta t is t ica l a nd g raph ica l p resen ta t ion Ih ave p referred s imp le me thods t ha t Iu nders tand a nd c an a pp ly myse lf . The t wo p r inc ipa l s i mp le 5

s ta t is t ica l t echn iques emp loyed a re t he c h i-square t es t f or t es t ing t he r e lat i onsh ips b e tween c er ta in a sse mb lages , a nd t he S pear mans Rank C orre lat ion C oef f ic ien t , f or measur ing t he c orre la t ion b e tween v ar iab les emp loyed i n a n u mber o f a na lyses .

F or t he a pp lica t ions a nd t echn iques o ft hese me thods I

h ave r e l ied u pon t he c lear e xpos i t ions i n H a mmond & McCu l lagh ( 1 974 e sp . p p . 1 92-200 ) , a nd i n McCu l lagh ( 1974 e sp . p p . 6 -12 , 4 9-55 ) . As a work ing h ypo thes is , i t was a ssu med w i th c orre la t ion c oef f ic ients ( un less o therw ise s ta ted ) t ha t av a lue s ign if ican t w i th 9 5% c onf idence i ndica ted mean ingfu l c orre la t ion , wh i le t hose a t t he 9 9% c onf idence l eve l were c ons ide red ' h igh ly i n teres t ing ' c orre la t ions . I n s evera l s tud ies s upp lemen tary c o mpu ter a ided a na lyses h ave b een c arr ied o u t . E xcep t where o therw ise s ta ted t hese emp loyed o p t ions a va i lab le o n t he CLUSTAN I c p ackage ( W ishar t 1 975 ) . N o tes 1 .

I n my t ex t , P ro to magda len ian i s u sed f or t he C heyn ier a pp lica t ion o f t he t er m—to t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian ( Cheyn ier 1 939) ;

P ro to- Magda len ian f or

t he P eyrony a pp l ica t ion o ft he t er m—to a l a te G rave t t ian ( D . a nd E . P eyrony 1 938) . I n q uota t ions , t he c on tex t s hou ld e xp la in t he mean ing o f t he t er m emp loyed . 2 .

Th is c harac ter isa t ion a pp l ies t o i n terpre t ive p rac t ice i n Wes tern E urope , p ar t icu lar ly F rance . I n C en tra l, a nd p art icu lar ly E as tern E urope d if fere nces i n t he t ypes o f s i tes , d is tr ibut ion o f s i tes , t ypes o fd a ta r ecovered , a nd p ar t icu lar ly i n t he g overning i deo logy , h ave l ed t o ad if feren t s e t o f i n terpre t ive p rac t ices .

3 .

C f . d e S onnev i l le-Bordes ( 1 974-1975 ) f or a l uc id a nd e n ter ta in ing c o mmen tary o n t hese c r i t ic is ms .

4 .

B y a' t oo l ' i s meant a p iece t ha t s hows c lear s igns o f modif ica t ion t ha t r ef lec t as eries o fa c t ions a pp l ied t o t he s tone p iece t ha t i n t he ir t urn r ef lec t c er ta in men ta l images , p rac t ices o r h ab i ts r e la ted t o c u l tura l c oncep ts a bout f unc t iona l morpho logy a nd t he s y mbo l ic a spec ts o f f or m . U se o fu n modif ied s tone p ieces f unc t iona l ly ( i .e . a s t oo ls ) i s a dm i t ted , b u t wha t i s o f i n teres t t ypo log ica l ly i s t he i mposed modif ica t ion t ha t marks o f f c er ta in c a tegor ies .

5 .

The t wo me thods c ou ld a lso b e c onsidered l og ica l ly d is t inc t , w i th t he S onnev i l le-Bordes/Perro t l i s t s yn the t ic ap os teor i , a nd t he L ap lace l i st s ynthet ic a p r ior i—and t hus me taphys ica l .

6 .

These l og ica l p rob le ms h ave b een r e l ieved b y t he p roduc t ion o f ar ev ised v ers ion o ft he U pper P a laeo li th ic t ype l i s t b y a work ing p ar ty mee t ing a t B ordeaux . U nder t he n ew l i s t , b ur ins o n r e touched t runca t ion a re d iv ided i n to a x ia l a nd a ng le , a nd t runca ted p ieces d iv ided a s t o whe ther t he ir t runca t ion i s o r i s n o t o b l ique t o t he l ong a x is . S evera l o f t hese a l tera t ions r econc i le s o me o ft he d if ferences b etween t he t ype l i sts o f L ap lace a nd d e S onnev i l le-Bordes a nd P erro t .

7 .

C o mpare t he i n terpre ta t ion b y S traus o ft he p lace o ft he S o lu trean p oin t i n t he S pan ish S o lutrean ( S traus e t a l . 1 978 p p . 1 09-110 ) . 6

8 .

S uch a s truc tur ing i s o f c ourse f am i liar t o t he o ther ma jor c ontr ibu tory s trea m i n a rchaeo logy—h is tor ica l a nd g enea log ica l s tud ies .

7

CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION

1. 1 Tuning up During the first seven decades of the 19th century, the accumulation of evidence from geology, palaeontology, biology, and archaeology, combined to defeat the accepted view-in the Western world-of a divine creation with a short and recorded history, prcxlucing a change in general thinking analo­ gous to a shift in paradigm in a particular discipline. Excluded by discipline after discipline, religious beliefs lost their place providing the structure for the individual universe, instead becoming a part of it, while real structure was sought in the findings of the Sciences. During the decade 1860-1870, following the acceptance of the significance of the discoveries of Boucher de Perthes, prehistoric-particularly Palaeo­ lithic-archaeology emerged as a discipline, and set about elaborating another evolutionary sequence to stand beside those of geology, palaeontology, and theoretical biology. Palaeontological concepts were basic to the work of these other fields, and Palaeolithic archaeology employed its successful principles in the cons­ truction of its first classificatory scheme, and although the emphasis later moved to its own particular data, the conceptual approach and terminology have remained much the same. Early in the decade, Edouard Lartet formulated a sequence based on fauna.: 1. 2. 3.

Epoque de l 'Hippopotame. Epoque du Grand Ours et du Mammouth. Age du Renne.

Within the second epoch, Lartet noted differences between the sites of Moustier and Aurignac, and in the third between Laugerie-Haute and Laugerie­ Basse, although whether he regarded these divisions as representing chrono­ logical differences is not clear from his own writings. In 1864, writing of the Laugeries, he speaks of Laugerie-Haute as being a centre for the manu­ facture of flat retouched points, and of Laugerie-Basse as a centre for the manufacture of tools in antler, speaking with surprise of the absence of leaf points there (Lartet & Christy 1864 p. 27). The arrangement of th_e Prehistoric part of the Paris Exposition of 1867 by G. de Mortillet, as the secretary of a committee pr,esided over by Lartet, may give a clearer idea of Lartet's views. Here the ordering is Moustier, Aurignac, Laugerie-Haute, Laugerie-Basse, with Aurignac and Laugerie­ Haute (as the original type site for the Solutrean) put in the 'premiere epoque des cavernes', and Laugerie-Basse in the second (de Mortillet 1867). 1 9

Although Lartet is not explicit about the chronological relationship between the Laugeries, de Mortillet is. At Laugerie: "Il y a... deux stations d'epoque differentes, celle de Laugerie-Haute, la plus ancienne, et celle de Laugerie-Basse, la plus recent" (de Mortillet 1867 p. 195). In the same year, Dupont pointed out that the: "Age de Laugerie-Haute n 'est...pas une transition directe vers l 'age de la Pierre polie; il a ete suivi d'une veritable decadence dans l'art de tailler le silex, lequel a repris ses progres posterieure­ ment l'age du renne" (Dupont 1867 p. 469),

a

making it clear that Furfooz (as the equivalent of La Madeleine) represents this period of decline in the ability to work stone. In 1869 de Mortillet explicitly rejected the use of palaeontological criteria as a basis for classification, preferring to use "les produits de l'industrie." He established two divisions, each subdivided once, with the principal division between those sites whose industry was dominated by the use of flint, and those using predominantly bone (de Mortillet 1869). Moustier and Solutre went in the first group, connected by their stone points, Aurignac and La Madeleine in the second, connected by the use of bone and antler in the manufacture of points. Although based on a false theoretical position, the scheme provides the basis for all later Palaeolithic studies in Western Europe. In 1872, de Mortillet introduced the use of stage terms mimicking geo­ logical stage names and taking the names from type sites. The Aurignacian was now regarded_ as a transition that could be included in the beginning of the Magdalenian (de Mortillet 1872). The de Mortillet scheme reigned almost uncontested past the turn of the cenru:ry, with the Aurignacian disappearing completely in 'Le Musee Pre­ historique' (de Mortillet & A. de Mortillet 1881), although split based bone points were published as Magdalenian sagaies (pl. XXV, fig. 188-189), 2 the authors considering there was no significant difference if 'the point was in­ serted into the shaft, rather than the shaft �to the point'. Piette, in the late 19th century proposed various subdivisions and rela­ tionships based on raw material and art, some of which were incorporated by the de Mortillets into their scheme (cf. de Mortillet & A. de Mortillet 1900 p. 237) but which have little apart from historical interest now. The appearance of art in final Solutrean levels was regarded by the de Mortillets as an indication of connection between Solutrean and Magdalenian: "Le grand developpement de l'art pendant le magdalenien a ete precede de son eclosion· vers la fin du solutreen. Cela montre qu 'entre ces deux epoques...il y a, comme entre toutes les epoques precedentes, transition et passage insensible" '(de Mortillet & A. de . Mortillet 1900 p. 238).

10

Final Solutrean here may mean Aurignacian, since in the argument with Breuil over the position of the Aurignacian, Adrien de Mortillet moved the Aurignacian to a special facies of the final Solutrean, making it clear that the levels are still regarded as marking the transition (A. de Mortillet 1906). The principal modification to the de Mortillet scheme came at the 1905 Congres Prehistorique de France, when Breuil, supported by Cartailhac argued-principally on stratigraphic grounds-that th·e place of the Aurignacian was between Mousterian and Solutrean. �position from the sons of de Mortillet was determined, and corrupt (cf. P. de Mortillet 1911 and Breuil 1912 p. 167 fn. 1). By 1908, and the publication of Dechelette's 'Manuel d'Archeologie Pre­ historique', the battle had been lost and won, although the de Mortillets persisted with their corrupt texts for a few more years. The clear appraisal by Dechelette of the state of contemporary lmowledge about the Upper Palaeo­ lithic, marks the end of the domination of the scheme of de Mortillet. Four years later, Breuil was to enunciate, in his 'Les subdivisions du Paleolithique Superieur', the scheme which has had the 'Biblical' status since 1912, that the views of de Mortillet had from 1869 to 1905. During this period of theoretical development, the 'excavation' and rifling of sites was continuous. Le Placard, Laugerie-Haute, Badegoule, amongst others suffered extensively, but only two early contributions concerned with the excavation of sites are of particular interest here. Capitan excavated at Laugerie-Haute in the early 1890s and again in 1901, in association with Breuil and Denis Peyrony. In the publication of the results of these latter excavations (Capitan & Breuil 1902) is what is perhaps the first mention of the tool type later to be named the 'raclette'. The excavations in 2 m of 'hearths' in the Western part of the site provided material for what Capitan and Breuil (1902 p. 772) claim to be the first proper description of the lithic component of a Magdalenian assemblage. Noting the presence of 'classic' Magdalenian pieces in the upper levels, they describe the rest of . the material as an "industrie du silex fort grossiere" (ibid. p. 771), with amongst the stone tools, endscrapers "sur des eclats de forme a peu pres quelconque'i"-convex, square or concave. Beside these are per9oirs, burins on random flakes, and many composite tools; the assemblage as a whole being "destine au travail de l'os et de la corne" (ibid. p. 772), although they note that in the bone industry well made pieces are scarce. In 1908, D. Peyrony published the results of his excavations at Badegoule. Above the Solutrean, he recognised two levels of Initial Magdalenian, noting the presence in the upper of these of the abruptly retouched flakes noted by Capitan and Breuil at Laugerie-Haute. He pointed out that the Magdalenian levels differed from the Solutrean in the use of bone rather than stone-the contrast already pointed to by Lartet between Laugerie-Haute and Laugerie­ Basse, and by de Mortillet; and noted that some endscrapers in the Magdal­ enian were comparable to. those lmown from the Aurignacian, adding that this should cause no surprise since the type also occurred in Upper Magdalenian sites such as Limeuil, and the grotte des Eyzies. In concluding, he echoes the de· Mortillets saying that: 11

"nous assistons au passage insensible du solutreen au magdalenien" (Peyrony 1908 p. 116) 1. 2 The 1912 Overture At the 1912 Congres International d'Anthropologie et d'Archeologie Pre­ historique, held in Geneva, Breuil published a guide to the Upper Palaeolithic, the fruit, he says in his introduction, of ten years work between 1902 and 1912 excavating sites, especially in the Perigord, and travelling to compare material (Breuil 1912 pp. 168-169). He makes it clear that he is dealing only with Western Europe-although with some reference to East and Central Europe, and North Africa-and in contrast to de Mortillet points out that the area differs from others, and is not itself uniform. I shall concern myself here with the Magdalenian section of the essay only. Greater modifications have been introduced into the section on the Aurignacian (cf. e.g. Peyrony 1933, 1936, Garrod 1938, Pradel 1952, de Sonneville-Bordes 1955, 1960, Laplace 1966), while the Solutrean has been least affected. In 1902, with Capitan, Breuil had given, for the first time, "l'aspect reel­ de l 'industrie lithique d'une station magdalenienne" (Capitan & Breuil 1902 p. 772). Five years later in publishing the material from the La Goulaine cache he used a lithic criterion-the presence of burins on oblique retouched truncation-to attribute the material to a 'lower or middle Magdalenian' (Breuil 1907). The 1912 schema shows a major change of emphasis, stone material is practically ignored, and the outline is established on the basis of the bone material. The upper part, based on no particular site, and on the develop­ ment of harpoons, has survived almost unchallenged up to the present. The_ lower part, based much more questionably on the material from Placard, has lost most of its original value, but the criteria established by Breuil may still be seen referred to, and the number of stages he created has been adhered to religiously. stone material is referred to only four times, in separate contexts, in the Magdalenian section (Breuil 1912 pp. 201-216): 1)

The crudity of the material associated with the earliest Magdalenian is pointed out;

2)

The flint industries of Pyrenees and Perigord-Charente are contrasted, a contrast it is suggested, related to difference in the raw material available;

3)

Recurrence of final Aurignacian (Gravettian) types with stage Vis noted;

4)

The occurrence of special to_ol types in theFinal Magdalenian is pointed out-round and square endscrapers in the Pyrenees, shouldered and stemmed points and a few round and carinated endscrapers in the Peri­ gord, and bec-de-perroquet burins in both areas.

The numbering system-of six stages, the last subdivided-was not intro­ duced by. Breuil in this essay, although it was employed in the second edition (Breuil 1937), and had come into general use before then (e.g. Burkitt 1921 12

pp. 13 4-13 9). Indeed six stages were not clearly established, and Breuil seems to have thought that all the material above his level with rudimentary harpoons might be included in one stage (Breuil 1912 p. 205). During the argument with Breuil about the Aurignacian, A. de Mortillet had used as vehicles two publications on the site of Placard (A. de Mortillet 1906, 1906a). In these he dealt with the excavations of de Maret. The exca­ vator had recognised four Magdalenian levels, but had grouped the material into two pairs. De Mortillet dealt therefore with the material from the lower two levels (4 & 5) together, but observed that the indications on some of the pieces suggested that the industry "n' est pas restee stationnaire du rant la longue periode qu'elles embrassent" (A. de Mortillet 1906 p. 253). Breuil based his lower three stages on Placard where, he says: "Trois vastes assises assez facilement discernables y sont observees, sans qu'aucun prototype de harpon apparafse encore, sans qu'aucune oeuvre d'art comparable la serie classique puisse etre encore signalee" (Breuil 1912 p. 205).

a

The stratigraphy was reconstructed by Breuil on patina and matrix adhering to some pieces, while the levels were distinguished principally on sagaie types. In spite of Breuil's confidence in his own ability to separate mixed collections into their component parts, Placard cannot be considered to provide anything but the shakiest foundation for the structural weight and disciplinary confidence the Breuil scheme has borne. Magdalenian I contains 'puissante', lanceolate sagaies, with enlarged, elongate, thinned bases grooved on one face with rays or an ear-of-corn pat­ tern. Magdalenian II has sagaies with clearly marked bevelled base or pointed base, rounded, elongated shaft, and fine dorsal groove. Magdalenian II has smaller sagaies, those with single bevelled base being especially small, with one, or two opposed grooves, and bipointed sagaies with two deep lateral canals. . Sagaies with double bevelled bases appear in the harpoon levels. Mag­ dalenian IV has rudimentary harpoons, V has uniserial harpoons, and semi­ circular rods 3 striated on the flat and decorated on the rounded face. These latter may, he suggests, have an earlier history. Magdalenian VI has biserially barbed harpoons, and can, Breuil suspects, be divided into an earlier stage with harpoons with elegant curved barbs, and a later with less appealing trapezoidal barbs in which flat harpoons of Azilian type appear, and in which double bevelled base sagaies are especially in vogue. Breuil 's comments on the Magdalenian begin in determined style: "S'il est un fait certain en prehistoire, c'est que les premiers magdaleniens ne sont pas des solutreens evolues: c'etaient bien des nouveaux venus dans ces endroits, aussi inhabiles dans l'art de tailler et de retoucher- le silex que leurs predecesseurs y excellaient. . . . l'examen du plus ancien magdalenien r,evele un changement radical avec les temps precedents; les eclats de silex sont massifs, lourds, mal venus, souvent de mauvais qualite, mal retouches, par­ fois d'une maniere presque eolithique" (Breuil 1912 p. 201). 13

These statements, taking up the thread introduced by Dupont 45 years earlier, have had a profound influence on all later thinking and writing about the Initial Magdalenian industries of France. They find a direct echo nine years later in the first edition of 'Prehistory' (B urkitt 1921), a University textbook up to the 1960s, in which the chapter on the Magdalenian (pp. 134-141) is a direct translation of .the Magdalenian section of B reuil (1912). Having departed from the 'passage insensible' of de Mortillet and Peyrony, B reuil is forced to look elsewhere for an origin. He points to analogies in the Pyrenean final Aurignacian (Gravettian) in parietal art, the widespread use of hunting tallies, and the enlarged and flattened form of the sagaie bases, suggesting that the absence of Solutrean in the area would allow connection, and that the absence of good flint would explain the inability of the Magdalenians to work flint well. Although, he admits, a pure hypothesis: "il semble toutefois qu'au moins des elements fondamentaux de l'aurignacien superieur ont contribue, par quelque voie incertaine, constituer le noyau de la civilisation magdalenienne, durant que l'episode solutreen se deroulait" (Breuil 1912 p. 203).

a

He goes on to suggest possible connections to the East on similarities between the artwork of the Magdalenian 2 of Placard, and of sites in Austria, and Poland; and finally he suggests that since a specialised Magdalenian appears later in the Urals and the Baltic provinces, both areas could have a source at the extreme of habitable land in the North-East. The 'eskimo' affinities of the Chancelade skeleton (Testut 1889, but cf. Hardy 1891 for the excavators' scepticism) are recruited in support of this hypothesis, although the presence of Cro Magnon man in Aurignacian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian levels suggests continuity of population through these transformations. This fairly lengthy treatment of Breuil's scheme is I feel justified by its later :tnfluence. With rare exceptions, later work either bases assumptions on it, or reacts to it, either altering or adding. It provides the overture whose themes are developed or elaborated later. 1. 3 Development of Themes The development of European prehistoric studies, interrupted by the First World War, picked up only slowly after the armistice, and not until the 1930s were there important modifications to the scheme of Breuil. Peyrony's textbook 'Elements de Prehistoire' (Peyrony 1927) harks back more to Dechelette than to Breuil. No indications of Magdalenian subdivision are given, and in speaking of a decline in the quality_ of stonework, and an efflorescence of bonework, at the end of the Solutrean, he implies the 'passage insensible' claimed at Badegoule ·2 0 years before. Ne:i.ther are the Breuil terms mentioned in the publication of the pre-war excavations at La Madeleine (Capitan & Peyrony 1928), although the upper part was s6 well illustrated at the site;_ the only comparisons made being to the divisions of Piette.

14

Over the next twenty years, and for most of the next forty, most of the alteration to the Breuil scheme affected the first three stages, based as they were on less satisfying industrial criteria than the upper three, and on a site with an uncertain stratigraphy. Breuil, Denis Peyrony, and Andre Cheynier were the principal contributors to this debate. 4 In 1930 Cheynier christened the abruptly retouch� flakes noted by Peyrony at Badegoule in 1908, and by Capitan and Breuil at Laugerie Haute in 1902, raclettes. In this and subsequent papers, he elaborated on its function, attri­ butes, technique of manufacture, and chronological status (Cheynier 1930, 1932, 1933 cf. Chapter 6 below). Its Magdalenian status was, he said, con­ firmed by its position above the Solutrean, where it occurred associated with the multiple per�oirs that were the type-fossil of the level below the raclette level, and above the Solutrean. In these papers he introduced his concept of a special technique of debitage for the. production of flakes for conversion into raclettes-the 'sausage slice' technique-in which flakes were removed perpendicular to the edges of special sausage shaped cores. Working out of cores during this process helped explain their scarcity in these levels. In 1931, and 1934 E. Peyrony published the results of his excavations at Pech de la Boissiere, and in 1934 also published, with his father an account of the 1912 and 1931 excavations at Jean-Blanc (E. Peyrony 1931, 1934, D. and E. Peyrony 1934 (cf. D. Peyrony 1912) ). Little of theoretical importance was added in these papers, but one can note the statement that raclettes are characteristic of the two lower levels at Placard, and thus equivalent to stages 1 and 2 of the Breuil scheme, 5 and the observation (D. and E. Peyrony 1934) repeating that made by D. Peyrony (1912), that Fayolles and Feaux in their 1899 excavations at Laugerie-Haute had recovered 'raclettes' in the Solutrean, an observation-probably a consequence of mixture-which may be related to Peyrony's adherence to the 'passage insensible'. As D. Peyrony had observed in 1908, E. Peyrony (1934) notes the associa­ tion of raclettes with carinated endscrapers, without repeating his father's observation that this should cause no surprise since the pieces occur in Upper Magdalenian contexts. In 1937, Breuil produced a second edition of 'Les subdivisions...', which differs in several details from the consideration of the Magdalenian in the edition published a quarter of a century before. Most of the changes are in details: the sagaies of the different stages are characterised a little more clearly, the 'evolution' of the semi-circular sectioned rods is traceable in more detail, the new tool types in the stone industry of the Late Magdalenian are related to eastern influence (Swidry, Ahrensbourg, Hamburg), etc. The only maj or addition is in the origins section. Here, the three comparisons of 1912-to the Pyrenean Final Aurignacian, to the Polish and Austrian sites, and to a common-ancestor with the Ural/ Baltic industries (characterised here as Maglemosian)-are repeated, and one is added. This introduces_ the site of La Colombiere (Ain), excavated by Mayet & Pissot, where, says Breuil, material attributable to a pre-Magda­ lenian occurs beneath a Magdalenian 3? (this latter has been completely removed, and the material from it lost (Desbrosse 1966) ) . In the 'pre­ Magdalenian', a banal industry, without Solutrean affinity, is associated with

15

mobiliary art regarded as comparable in quality to that of the Late Magdalenian, while differing from it, and being 'curiously similar' to the rock art of Norway. Burkitt (1921 p. 113, fn. 1) describes the matBrial as 'Proto-Magdalenian', and describes it as "probably developed Aurignacian equivalent in time to the Solutrean". Peyrony's Proto-Magdalenian level from Laugerie-Haute, where a late Gravettian with Aurignacian features (in fact a consequence of mixture) contains a perforated baton sculpted with mammoths, and regarded as com­ parable to the Magdalenian is also mentioned. These statements of Breuil imply that the 'Gravettian' of La Colombiere, and less directly of Laugerie­ Haute, played an important role in the origin of the Magdalenian, while the North too made its contribution. In the same year, the distribution of the Initial Magdalenian extended north of the Loire, with the publication of La-Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin (Nouel 1937), and the reattribution of the material from Beauregard, Nemours (Daniel 1937), in which latter publication, the term 'Initial Magdalenian' re­ ceived its first use. Based on observations made at various sites, but especially at Laugerie­ Haute, Peyrony (1936a) created the scalene triangle Magdalenian. The earliest Magdalenian, in Laugerie-Haute Level I', characterised by raclettes, and sagaies with single bevelled bases, is equivalent to Breuil 's Magdalenian 1 and 2. Above this is his scalene triangle level, and this latter is overlain by a level equivalent to Breuil's Magdalenian 3, with grooved sagaies. Here Peyrony is adding a level to the Breuil scheme on lithic criteria, and on his association of Breuil's 1 and 2, with what might be termed the 'lower unit' of de Maret. With the scalene triangles he notes other backed bladelets, and sagaies with single bevel base, and further differentiates the level on the presence of saiga antilope-a palaeontological criterion that came to be used as a defining cri­ terion for the stage. This Magdalenian II may he says have appeared from the east, driving the saiga herds before them. In the site report on Laugerie-Haute (D. & E. Peyrony 1938) the scheme for the early Magdalenian is set out in detail: Magdalenian I, with the abruptly retouched pieces, called 'raclettes' by Cheynier, and used for scraping wocx:l and bone, associated with abundant thick endscrapers, while backed bladelets are rare; Magdalenian II, with backed bladelets and scalene triangles, while abruptly retouched flakes and thick endscrapers are rare; and Magdalenian ill, with grooved bone objects, no or rare triangles, while backed, often denticulated, bladelets are frequent. Referring to his Proto-Magdalenian levels, with the Aurignacian (edge retouched blades and carinated endscrapers), 'Perigordian' (backed bladelets), and Magdalenian (art, dihedral burins, and prototype bec-de-perroquet burins) features he suggests that: "Il semblerait...qu'industriellement cette culture serait un melange ...evoluant vers des formes nouvelles tendance magdalenienne" (D. & E. Peyrony 1938 p. 32),

a

and speculates that pressured by the Solutrean hordes coming from the east, Cro-Magnon (Aurignacian) and Combe-Capelle (Perigordian) men formed a common group containing the forms later to be seen in the early ( vieux) Magdalenian. 16

The 'passage insensible' position has clearly been abandoned. In 1939, Cheynier published an important article on the 'primitive Mag­ dalenian' of Badegoule. In this he applied the term 'Proto-Magdalenian' to the early Magdalenian (stages 1-3 of Breuil), noting its use by Peyrony in a footnote. In this publication a great difference between the earliest and the later Magdalenian is suggested for the first time: "Ce stade n'a pas seulement pour caracteristique d'etre le debut du Magdalenien, mais aussi de lui ressembler fort peu, peut-etre mains qu d'autres industries plus eloignees dans la stratigraphie. Pour preciser, ces niveaux du plus ancien Magdalenien s 'appartentent plus ou mains al'Aurignacien proprement dit, celui d'Aurignac...dans l'allure de l'outillage et le detail de certaines pieces" (Cheynier 1939 p. 354).

'a

Individuality of the levels compared with the Aurignacian, is however in­ dicated by the occurrence of raclettes, the abundance of burins on notch on flake, multiple per�oirs, and the number of multiple tools. The differences of these levels from those of the later Magdalenian, and their absence from the eponymous site of La Madeleine, are suggested as sufficient justification for the new term. While the bulk of the article is concerned with typological and technological details of the Badegoule material, more general observations are given at the end, including a subdivision of the raclette 'Protomagdalenian': Ia with few raclettes, and many tools on flake particularly burins on notch; Ib with many raclettes, fewer endscrapers, and many multiple tools; and Ic with raclettes, but with backed bladelets appearing-"c'est un niveau · de transition" (ibid. p. 395). This 'evolution' is similar to that which I would propose, and is visible from a study of the published material alone. In his conclusion, Cheynier describes the end of the Solutrean: "une brutale disparition... Il n'est pas possible d'imaginer que cette race Solutreenne si habile ait pu cesser tout d 'un coup de fabriquer ces belles ffeches de silex. Force est de dire qu'une autre race a tout d'un coup pris sa place dans nos stations de Perigord et Charente" (ibid. p. 395). Cheynier suggests a connection of this earliest Magdalenian to the Aurignacian, on the burins and· endscrapers (both thick endscrapers, and those on retouched blade).· However, on his own observations, husked burins are rare, while the thick endscrapers are more common in his upper level, being scarce in the lower.

17

The source of the Magdalenian is left vague, from the north is suggested, and the absence of final Solutrean north of the Loire is mentioned in implica­ tion. The end of the Solutrean is equally vague-destroyed by plague or some other catastrophe, or just pushed to the south where they developed eventually into the Neolithic. 6 Cheynier indicates that the raclette Magdalenian should be regarded as equivalent to the Magdalenian I of Breuil. The Second World War seems to have had less effect on the practice of archaeology than did the first, perhaps because hostilities were less open, perhaps because of the greater development of the discipline. Laws for the protection of archaeological sites came into effect in 1941; excavation con­ tinued both by Frenchmen, and by Germans (e.g. at Roe de Marcamps (Gironde), where their spoil may protect undisturbed deposit (Lenoir pers. comm.) ); and publication too continued. In 1941, the Peyronys published on the site of Crabillat (D. & E. Peyrony 1941). They subdivided their Magdalenian II into an earlier stage with elongated triangles (e.g. Laugerie-Haute I"), and a later stage with scalene triangles, and angle burins on break or truncation (e.g. Crabillat, Jolivet, Puy de La.can). The origin for this Magdalenian II with triangles, lay in the Upper Palaeolithic of Italy, under Capsian influence, and its northward movement drove the Magdalenian I groups further to the north. Peyrony in 1938 had abandoned the 'passage insensible'. Magdalenian III-VI form a block in his view, and as the 1938 publication indicates, the criteria of Breuil were considered adequate for their comprehension. I and II he considers independent. The 1941 publication on Crabillat dealt with II, and in 1944, he turned his attention to I. As for Breuil (1937), the Proto-Magdalenian of Laugerie-Haute provides evidence for the existence of Magdalenian below the Solutrean, with Colombiere as another link. Between the two, links are sought in sites to the north of the Massif Central. The grotte de la Chevre (Mayenne) has a level with carinated endsc11apers, gravette points, backed bladelets, and three raclettes between the Mousterian and Solutrean; the nearby Rochefort cave has two raclettes in a comparable poor level; raclettes occur in the 'Upper Perigordian' of two caves in the Pays de Saulges; while one comes from the Upper Perigordian of Haut-le-Roe (Seine-et-Marne). 7 The occurrence of 'Perigordian' pieces at Beauregard,Nemours, is taken as providing a link in the earliest Magda­ lenian. An origin for the raclette Magdalenian is suggested in the 'Upper Peri­ gordian' north of the Massif Central, in the valleys of Eure and Loing, with spread southward, followed by retreat northward in the face of the Magdalen­ ian II invaders, before both are overrun by the spread of Magdalenian III from the Pyrenees. In the final edition of his 'Elements de Prehistoire' (1948), Peyrony re­ tains the unstructured Dechelette type presentation, even though his own work on the Perigordian and Magdalenian showed him to be no ,opponent of stadial

18

methods. The only significant alteration from the 1927 edition is in the in­ troduction of a paragraph on the "peu elegante'' stone industry of the first Magdalenians. In the unaltered reference to the decline of stoneworking in the final Solutrean, with increase of boneworking, the echo of the "passage insensible" remains (D. Peyrony 1948 pp. 92-93). Between 1947 and 1950 Bordes developed the typological and statistical techniques that have contributed so much to European Palaeolithic archaeology. Applied first to the Middle and late Lower Palaeolithic of France (Bordes 1950), the system was adapted by de Sonneville-Bordes and Perrot for the stone industry of the West European Upper Palaeolithic (de Sonneville-Bordes & Perrot 1953-1956a). The impact of the modification is difficult to assess, most particularly because a new and more sensitive technique was applied to the existing conceptual framework, and used to defend old established distinct­ ions. The details of the type list, and the arguments connected with its use are considered in Chapter 4 below, all that I would like to note here, is that the introduction of a consistent type list, and statistical methods at the mid­ point of the century, represented a revolution in technique, not in interpreta­ tion. In 1954 on the occasion of the 5oth anniversary of the French Prehistoric Society, Breuil in his resume of the Magdalenian in the celebratory volume contented himself with a repetition of the scheme set out in 'Les subdivisions.. . . ', asking Cheynier to contribute an appendix on the structure of the stone industry (Breuil 1954, Cheynier 1954). The schema of Cheynier repeated that set out in a paper three years before (Cheynier 1951). In this latter paper, his Protomagdalenian I or 'type de Badegoule' divided into three as in 1939, is followed by Protomagdalenian II ('type de Parpallo'), and Protomagdalenian III ('type de Lacan'). He elaborates a scheme in opposition to that of Peyrony which had a Magdalenian II of ultim­ ately Capsian derivation with two subdivisions (elongated and scalene triangles), followed by a Magdalenian III without triangles. Cheynier denied the status of the triangles of Peyrony in Laugerie-Haute I", and seems to have considered the level as transitional towards his III, seeing the obliquely truncated bladelets as precursors of triangles. The triangle became the 'type fossil' of his Protomagdalenian III, while backed bladelets played the same role in II. The data base for the scheme is poor-a couple of levels with triangles (Puy de Lacan and La Souquette) are attributed to Magdalenian III by their excavators; the triangles of Laugerie-Haute level I" are attributed to the backed bladelet category; at Lachaud the Initial Magdalenian levels are overlain by a level with backed bladelets but no triangles;8 at Parpallo levels II and III of Peri­ cot, without triangles, can be associated with Protomagdalenian II, while the overlying level attributed to IV by Pericot on the strength of proto-harpoons in its upper part contains triangles, and can be considered equivalent to Protomagdalenian III; finally, if as Peyrony suggests, the barbs of the earliest harpoons were supports for flint barbs, and as Vesigne suggests semi-circular rods could be combined in pairs with flint barbs between to make harpoons, then scalene triangles could represent these barbs, and scalene triangle levels would logically precede harpoon levels.

19

The significant point, is that Cheynier still seems to visualise a develop­ ment between the Protomagdalenian stages. Daniel (1952) commented on this article, agreeing with the essential of the Cheynier scheme, but introducing much of the theory of Peyrony-separate origins for Magdalenian I and II, and subdivision of the triangle leva. into elongated and scalene triangle marked levels. The two early stages, independent of one anoth�r and the later Mag­ dalenian, yet provide the substrate for the later Magdalenian. He accepts the value of the term Protomagdalenian for the industries preceding the stages III-VI regarded as a block by Peyrony, but suggests a less rigid structure, with an earlier group containing the sites with raclettes, and a later less well understood group with triangles and backed bladelets. On origins, Daniel follows the suggestions of Peyrony (1944 ). The 'Perigordian' sites of the Eure, Cure, and Loing "auraient donne naissance par evolution au vieux magdalenien raclettes" (Daniel 1952 p. 275). The raclette Magdalenian develops from Aurignaco-Perigordian levels such as at Laugerie-Haute in the Proto-Magdalenian (mixed as noted above), and at Colombiere, levels which might better be referred to as 'Magdalenien primitif pre-Solutreen' to avoid confusion with the Protomagdalenian of Cheynier. Comparable material occurs at sites in the north of France such as grotte du Loup and Trilobite (Arcy-sur-Cure, Yonne), and Roche-au-Loup (Merry, Yonne). The industrial material of these levels then developed into the rich raclette Magdalenian of the lower levels of Beauregard, Nemours, which then spread southward.

a

The point stressed is the independence of the I and II subgroups, which differ from the later Magdalenian "et... logiquement devraient en etre separes" (Daniel 1952 p. 275). M. & R. Daniel (1953) suggest that two sub-groups of the Initial Magdal­ enian may be recognised at Beauregard, Nemours. The one, on the east of the promontory, comparable to that of Badegoule Levels 6 and 7, the other around the Orientation Table and showing elements of 'Perigordian' type (M. & R. Daniel 1953 pp. 222, 224). Schmider (1971 pp. 98-101) while allowing that the latter group might represent a later phase comparable to that found at the ·abri Andre Ragout, notes the occurrence of disturbed Gravettian sites elsewhere on the promontory, and counsels caution. Since the Perigordian elements include stemmed points, such doubt seems very justified. In 1953, in the first detailed publication on Lachaud, Cheynier proposed a general theory for the European Upper. Palaeolithic. This visualises a point/backed bladelet tradition originating in Palestine, and running parallel to a non-lamellar tradition to the end of the glacial period. Accepting the parallel Perigordian and Aurignacian traditions of Peyrony, the theory con­ trasts the Initial Magdalenian with this tradition, suggesting that the lamellar tradition may have persisted at the Baume Perigaud contemporaneously (Cheynier 1953). The following year, de Sonn�ville-Bordes made her first detailed con­ tribution to the discussion. Her arguments rest on statistical analyses of the material excavated by Peyrony at Laugerie-Haute. �ccepting as triangles those pieces so described by Peyrony, she contrasts the Magdalenian II in appearance of cumulative graph with Levels I' and I "' , emphasising the backed bladelet content of Level I" as an indicator. 9 The Proto-Magdalenian 20

of Peyrony she suggests may be ancestral to both the Magdalenian II and I/ill traditions, with les Fadets (Vienne) as an intermediary term between the Proto-Magdalenian, and Magdalenian II. lO The comparability of the Proto­ Magdalenian to some Perigordian levels might she says be explicable if a 'buissonante' rather than a layer cake model is employed (de Sonneville-Bordes 1954 p. 222 fn. 2). While accepting the technologica� difference Cheynier claims between his Protomagdalenian and the later Magdalenian, she points to typological continuity between the two making it difficult to deny their rela­ tionship. The suggestions of Breuil, Peyrony, Cheynier, and de Sonneville-Bordes, and the contradictions between them, were integrated into a scheme for the early Magdalenian in the 'Lexique Stratigraphique Internationale' by Combier (1957). After the raclette Magdalenian is a three phase Magdalenian II, the phases characterised by backed bladelets, elongated triangles, and scalene triangles respectively, and thus combining the II and ill of Cheynier, and reflecting the caution of Daniel (1952). Magdalenian III is represented by Laugerie-Haute I"', noted as comparable to Magdalenian I, but really based on the bonework. This is a logical adaptation, since the Protomagdalenian III of Cheynier based on stone industry, does not correspond to the Magdalenian ill of Breuil and Peyrony based on bone industry; it fits with Peyrony's conception of a Mag­ dalenian III-VI block after I and II, and integrates the observations of de Sonneville-Bordes. This compromise sketch of Combier can be regarded as establishing a conceptual scheme for the early Magdalenian complementary to the bone and art based scheme of Breuil (1912, 1937). The elaboration of the 'paradigm' also provides a convenient marker, for over the following twenty years, the evidence has accumulated that has emphasised the limitations of the simple stadial model, and which suggest to me the need for its replacement. 1. 4- Modern Developments (Dissonance) The activity of the last 20 years can be divided into two equal parts, the Bordes' years, from 1958-1961, and the Allain years from 1967 to the present. In the earlier part were contributions by Cheynier, and other workers in the Paris area. Over these 20 years, the late glacial has been accorded a good deal of attention, culminating in a colloquium at Bordeaux in May 1977 (de Sonneville-Bordes 1977). Over the same period the Initial Magdalenian has received less attention, except in the publication of excavations at particular sites. In 1958, the first detailed publication of a modern excavation in a site with multiple levels of Initial Magdalenian-Laugerie-Haute East-appeared (Bordes 1958). In 1960, the thesis of Madame Bordes on the Upper Palaeo­ lithic of the Perigord was published, using the material from the Peyrony excavations at Laugerie-Haute, together with other old collections, in the consideration of the early Magdalenian (de Sonneville-Bordes 1960). The thesis of Smith on the Solutrean, based on the material from the Bordes ex­ cavations at Laugerie-Haute, and a detailed Upper Palaeolithic synthesis by 21

Madame Bordes appeared in 1966 (Smith 1966, de Sonneville-Bordes 1966). Two years later, Bordes textbook 'The Old Stone Age' appeared (Bordes 1968 ). The view these publications develop of the Initial Magdalenian can be sum­ marised as follows: T�1e Initial Magdalenian is a crude flake-based industry. Magdalenian '0' with scarce raclettes, transverse burins on notch, and star shaped per9oirs, is followed by Magdalenian 'I' with more raclettes, multiple per9oirs, splintered pieces, and fewer transverse burins on notch. A great change is visualised between the Magdalenian 'I' and the bladelet and triangle dominated II which succeeds it, and while the comparability of the stone industry from Magdalenian II to the end of the Magdalenian is pointed to, the Magdalenian III is also seen as closer to I, with some 'influence' from II. A possible origin in the Peri­ gordian on similarity in the transverse burins is vitiated by the near absence of backed pieces in the Initial Magdalenian, while comparability to Aurignacian V on transverse burins, and retouched and strangulated blades is made difficult by the absence of carinated endscrapers. Connection to the Solutrean is impossible. In 1966 de Sonneville-Bordes speaks of the cataclysmic disap­ pearance of the Solutreans, due, perhaps, to plague. While noting the 'peu de continuite' between Solutrean and Initial Magdalenian, Smith (1966 pp. 368370) notes certain elements of resemblance, particularly in bonework and art, and concludes:

a

"Dans l'ensemble, nous inclinons penser qu 'il y eut quelque sorte de contact direct entre le Solutreen et le Magdalenien dans certaines regions et meme peut-etre quelque degre de coexistence; mais ceci se limita probablement la diffusion de certaines idees plutot qu l'assimilation totale des derniers Solutreens par les Magdaleniens. qui arrivaient" (Smith 1966 p. 370).

a

'a

Where the Magdalenians came from is not suggested. In a number of publications in the early 1960s, particularly by the group of Parisian workers including Daniel and now Cheynier, a clear separation between the Initial and later Magdalenians was being suggested. The work of Vignard on �he Nemours 'Gros Monts' sites (see Appendix I p. 434) began in 1950. Gravettian, Magdalenian, and Initial Magdalenian material turned up, and was dealt with in a series of publications between 1956 and 1965. As early as 1958, Delarue and Vignard remark that the Protomagdalenian I should not be so described, resembling as it does the Magdalenian or even the Protomagdalenian II so little, while having undeniable connections to the Aurignacian (Delarue, Delarue & Vignard 1958, pp. 538, 536). In 1963, the same authors suggest the term 'Badegoulian' for the material as being the best attribution, but 2.ccept that the use of Protomag�aleniai--i I by Cheynier limits them to this. In this same publication, while refusing to be explicit, Vignard suggests a relationship of the material to that from Nag-Hamadi, in Egypt, which he had in 1957 re-attributed to the 'Protomagdalenien raclettes' (Vignard 1921, 1929, 1957, Delarue & Vignard 1963 pp. 203-204) principa�ly on the presence of transverse burins, together with some raclettes. Vacher and Vignard (1964 p. 44) while again canvassing the advantages of

a

22

Badegoulian as a term, suggest that Protomagdalenian I at least be qualified by raclettes'. By the following year (Vignard & Vacher 1965), the term Badegoulian has come into its own.

'a

a

The same year, in his book 'Comment vivait l'homme des cavernes l'age du Renne', Cheynier made use of the term, and emphasised the individ­ uality of the period. The Solutrean civilisation with their genius for flat re­ touch, and for bonework (that culminated in the eyed needle) disappeared: "Une fin de monde se produit qui laisse la terre de France vide d'habitants". The Badegoulians "barbares nordiques" repeople it, only to disappear in their turn, perhaps 2000 years after, leaving the land to the Magdalenian groups moving northward from Italy and Mediterranean France (Cheynier 1965 pp. 222-223 cf. 1966 p. CXXXV). The term, and its implications, were taken over by Allain to describe the material from his excavations at the abri Fritsch (Allain & Fritsch 1967), distinct he suggests from Solutrean before, and Magdalenian later. Even if connection to either of these were later to be demonstrated, the term will still, it is suggested, have value. This initial article of Allain & Fritsch is the first detailed statement on the structure of the Initial Magdalenian since the 1939 article of Cheynier on Badegoule. A Badegoulian marked by use of the flake, by the abundance of transverse burins on flake, the presence of 'Aurignacian' style end-scrapers, 'Mousteri­ oid' sidescrapers, short multiple per�oirs-sometimes star shaped-and ab­ sence of backed bladelets, is divided into two stages, an early stage, with no, or few raclettes, and abundant burins on notch, is followed by a stage with raclettes, that increase in number upwards. The originality of this Bade­ goulian it is suggested may be related in part to the occupation of open air sites (Allain & Fritsch 1967 pp. 92-93). The separation was criticised by de Sonneville-Bordes (1967), who pointed to the evidence for continuity between Magdalenian I and II, in resemblance of cumulative graphs, and certain other features, and pointed cogently to the parallel provided by the Solutrean, which began with a flake based industry lacking backed bladelets, and evolved towards a more laminary industry with backed bladelets, while all were still attributable to the same industrial complex. Vignard (1968) comes to the support of Allain, pointing to Nemours as an example, contrasting the 'Protomagdalenien raclettes' to the local Magdal­ enian II.

a

In replying to de Sonneville-Bordes, Allain (1968) attempts to put the argument on a "strictly logical" basis, stating that a set of criteria must be defined that would include all Magdalenian assemblages, and only Magdalenian assemblages, if unity were to be preserved. No attribute of the bone industry will suffice, and Bordes insists in any case that stone criteria must be used, since bone preserves less well. No attribute of the stone industry will suffice either to define all and only the classic Magdalenian of Breuil. Allain says that he is then forced to choose another term, and Badegoulian is the best of 23

those available. In an aside he suggests that the Magdalenian '0' of Laugerie­ Haute, with its few raclettes is equivalent to level 5a of Fritsch, while level 6, and the Indre-et-Loire sites, with no raclettes must be earlier. Much. of the feeling of discordance in the Magdalenian over the past few years has been induced by the accumulation of data, and most particularly, by the accumulation of absolute dates. Perhaps the most important theoretical shake at the structure was the short paper of Bouvier (1969)-Existence de Magdalenien superieur sans harpons. While noting at Chaire-a-Calvin an assemblage with Upper Magdalenian features, and a stratigraphic position that could accord with such a dating, Bouvier notes the absence of harpoons in the bonework. In the stone industry are scalene triangles, and amongst the sagaies, some with grooves on the shaft. In the early 1970s, a number of sites in the Gironde, Lot, and Charente were reattributed from Middle to Later Magdalen­ ian, or suggested as not clearly indicating membership of one stage or the other. l 1 With these reattributions, no absolute type fossils for a middle Magdalenian remained, and all middle Magdalenian claims without absolute dates became uncertain. To this I return in Chapter 8 below. The use of the term Badegoulian quickly gained currency, being applied by Schmider in her study of the Upper Palaeolithic of the fte-de- France (Schmider 1971), and being employed as a term in university courses at least at Cambridge, and in Paris. Allain has continued to favour it, and has added another criterion-the use of percussion rather than grooving in the working of antler (Allain et al. 1974). The work of Allain at Fritsch has led him to propose an original theory for the genesis of the Initial Magdalenian, which is in fact a modernisation of one of the suggestions of Breuil-that of an origin in an area lacking good flint (Allain et al. 197 4, Allain 1976 p. 1317, pers. comm.). At Fritsch, in an area with some of the finest flint in France, other materi_al-metamorphic pebbles, quartz, hard limestone-was extensively employed. This suggests to Allain that the groups in question must have be­ come habituated to the use of such materials, in circumstances in which they were constrained to use them. Choosing the Massif Central, rather than Brittany, on grounds of geographical proximity, he suggests that Solutrean groups, forced to live in the Massif Central, and lacking good flint, would make crude assemblages that, in the absence of bonework dissolved by the acid soils, would probably be mistaken for Mousterian if found. On moving to the lowland of the Creuse-Claise valleys, the groups persisted with their established practices, in spite of the availability of better raw material. Moving southward, the groups then gradually acquired Solutrean character­ istics-grooving in antler debitage, dihedral burins, backed bladelets, etc. This is the most coherent theory yet proposed for the Initial Magdalenian, and will be considered in Chapter .8, as well as commented on in the intervening chapters. Two recent contributions to interpretation have been'made by Laville & Texier (1_972), and by Allain (1979). Laville and Texier suggest, on the strength of sedimentological studies, that the Upper Solutrean of Le Malpas,

24

Dordogne, is contemporary with the Initial Magdalenian (0 and I) of Laugerie­ Haute _£. 30 km away. This suggestion will be discussed in Chapter 8. In discussion of the 'status' of the industrial material from Lascaux Allain (1979 pp. 116-117) argues for a complete separation of 'Badegoulian' and the Magdalenian II-equivalent to the Magdalenian II of Peyrony-to which he attributes the Lascaux material, and which he derives from the late Gravet­ tian "si opportunement nommees protomagdaleniennes" (Allain 1979 p. 116). This thesis with which I am wholly in disagreement will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 8, as part of the detailed discussion of the site of Lascaux. 1. 5 Finale As stated in the Prolegomena, the subject of this study is the structure, and to some extent the history, of the Initial Magdalenian. Three foci are immediately apparent-origin, internal variation, and end- and all of these have received some attention i� the past. Origins have been suggested in the Gravettian by Breuil, Peyrony, and the Bordes; in the Aurignacian by Cheynier, Vignard et al. , and the later Breuil (Breuil & Lantier 1959 p. 192); and in the late Palaeolithic of Egypt (Delarue & Vignard 1963 ). Early suppositions of development from the Solu­ trean were abandoned in 1912, and have only been approached again in the recent suggestions by Allain of an origin in a displaced Solutrean. The rare discussions of internal development compare with one another, and are in general agreement with the conclusions of my own research about the changes taking place, if not about the mechanisms of change. The internal variation of the Initial Magdalenian has attracted a lot of my attention, and in my discussion I have had to consider the significance of particular types, . and to set out to try and explain some of the reasons for the particular and distinctive features of the Initial Magdalenian. Separation of the Initial from the later Magdalenian has since the remark of Cheynier (1939 p. 354 cf. p. 17 above) come to be more and more accepted, culminating in its characterisation during the 1960s under a separate name­ the Badegoulian. One can note that the theoretical structures propo·s ed to date have been based upon the analysis of material either from a single site, or from a few sites in a small area: thus Allain on Fritsch, de Sonneville-Bordes on Laugerie­ Haute largely, Cheynier on Badegoule and Lachaud, etc. My own work has concerned a large number of sites from the entire range of distribution of the Initial Magdalenian, and the conclusions to which I have come differ in some measure from those suggested by other workers. Stated simply, my work would suggest that the most economical explanation of the available data is in terms of: -development of the Initial Magdalenian from the Solutrean with disappearance of the leaf points. 'typical' of the latter; and internal develop­ ment within the Initial Magdalenian towards an industrial structure that is 'fully' Magdalenian, with the final stages of this develqpment taking place in the south of France, in the Mediterranean zone.

25

Notes 1. This does not correspond with some other characterisations of the views of Lartet. Laplace (1966 p. 1) p�ts Aurignac in the Epoque du Grand Qirs, and the Laugeries in the Epoque du Renne, while Smith (1966 p. 6) puts all three in the Reindeer period. 2.

Plate :XXV.190 is a fork-based bone point.

3. Semi-circular rods-the 'baguettes demi-rondes' of uncertain function. It has often been suggested that they were used in pairs as javelin fore­ shafts, or with microliths between as prototype harpoons (cf. Cheynier 1951). The possibility of their being components of composite bows is argued against by Rausing (1967 p. 32 fn. 14). 4. It is unclear how much pre-publication contact there was between the different workers, and accordingly I have treated publication dates as communication dates. Clearly Breuil was talking to Sollas and Burkitt in England, and was in some contact with Cheynier, but the publications suggest a certain antipathy between Peyrony and Cheynier. 5. Placard and its stratigraphy raise many questions. A. de Mortillet (1906, 1906a) published four levels of the de Maret excavations in a Lower and an Upper unit. Breuil (1912) speaks of 'trois vastes assises'. Roche (1963) speaks of three Magdalenian levels, but refers to the section pub­ lished by de Mortillet (1906 p. 635) which shows four Magdalenian levels. Burkitt (1921 p. 136) speaks of 'six or seven' Magdalenian levels in the site, the lower three of which are Breuil 's Magdalenian 1-3. 6. A last vestige here of the theories discussed by Smith (1966), that suggest persistence of the Solutrean contemporary with the Magdalenian, and culminating in the Neolithic. 7.

In

the case of the Mayenne sites, Cordier (1956 pp. 379-380) suggests there is reason to accept the Mousterian and Solutrean, and to doubt e\ferything else claimed. Haut (or Hault)-le-Roc was studied by Schmider (1971 pp. 46-48) who recognised no raclettes in the Gravettian collection.

8. The later Magdalenian of Lachaud could as well be considered Upper as Middle Magdalenian. 9. The smaller percentage of raclettes in Peyrony Level I' than in the Magdalenian I of Bordes Levels 16-10 increases the impression of simi­ larity between I and III. 10. There is no reason to suggest that the grotte des Fadets contains anything other than Solutrean (cf. Lwoff 1962 fig. 42), and a later Magdalenian. 11. E. g. Roe de Marcamps, Gironde (Roussot & Ferrier 1970); Saint­ Germain-la-Reviere, Gironde (M�rmier & Tre�olle 1973); Fontarnaud, Gironde (Roussot & Ferrier 1971); Chaire-a-Calvin, Charente; Combe­ Cullier, Lot (Clottes 1973 pp. 517-519-although one Cl4 date indicates that part of the material is fairly early: Ly-978 13 bSO ± 330 be (Evin et al� 1976 p. 80) on layer IX); and Montgaudier, Charente (cf. especially Bouvier & Duport 1970). 26

CHAPTER 2 THE DATA The major part of this study is concerned with the structure of the Initial Magdalenian. Insofar as a structure represents a mental construct on the part of the observer, it will reflect his biases and limitations. Biases, including those reasons, conscious or not, for the selection of a subject, if not made explicit will probably emerge in any structure proposed: "Essentially the investigators' structural model should make sense of the data in terms of his interest in them" (Beattie 1964 p. 82). The principal bounding limitation, apart from ability, is the data, the limitations of which can be visualised as a series of concentric circles of decreasing size. The largest represents all the data, and will show an in­ crease over time; the second the material available to the worker, dependent on his luck, charm and persistence, and on the helpfulness of others; the third represents the material selected for study, dependent on the judgement, resources, and interest of the worker; and the fourth the aspects of the ma­ terial considered, and the data recorded, which will reflect the general intel­ lectual and professional climate. Chapters 4-7 deal with the aspects that I studied-my own fourth circle-while in this chapter I shall deal with the first three circles, and the limitations that they impose. First the data must be delimited. In the Prolegomena it was stated that the sites fell into four groups: excludable, excluded but uncertain, included but-uncertain, and those most acceptable. I shall deal with the first two groups first, then with the third group, and finally with the group of most acceptable sites in relation to the second and third circles-the quality of material, its availability, and my studies on it. 2. 1 Sites Excluded In past publications and some recent writings a number of sites have been attributed, or compared, to the Initial Magdalenian, that cannot, or cannot easily, be accepted. The two largest groups of these are of sites that contain raclettes, and to a lesser extent transverse burins on notch, but which are not Initial Magdalenian, and of sites that contain one or other of these type fossils · but in a mixed context where Initial Magdalenian cannot be clearly claimed. Both Cheynier (cf. Cheynfer 1967 carte 5) and Peyrony (cf. Peyrony 1949 pp. 50-51) seem to have treated the raclette as an absolute type fossil of the very earliest Magdalenian. As will be noted in Chapter 4 (cf. Table 4. 21) raclettes occur as an occasional element in the Azilian, Gravettian, and Aur­ ignacfan, and as a fairly regular element in the Solutrean and Later Magdalenian; 27

while the transverse burin on notch is similarly widely distributed. With rare exceptions however, the percentage occurrence of these two is low outside certain Initial Magdalenian levels. Seven sites claimed by Cheynier and/or Peyrony can be considered Later Magdalenian containing raclettes: La Madeleine, Dordogne (Cheynier, Peyrony). De Sonneville-Bordes (1960 p. 353, Tab. XII) notes raclettes in all three of the Magdalenian levels dis­ tinguished by Capitan & Peyrony; 18 in Magdalenian IV (0. 48%), 5 in V (0. 16%), and 19 in VI (0. 38%). Capitan & Peyrony (1928) speak of raclettes in the basal level, with a Solutrean piece or two, while clearly describing the rest as later Magdalenian. Daniel (1952) repeats this, suggesting that Initial Magda­ lenian occurs at the base sometimes mixed with Magdalenian IV. The recent, painstaking excavations of Bouvier in a small part of the immense site indicate no early Magdalenian (cf. Bouvier 1973). Cap Blanc, Dordogne (Cheynier, Peyrony) is attributed by Peyrony (1949 p. 33) to Magdalenian I-II-III on the strength of several raclettes found with a burial and a scalene triangle. De Sonne¥ille-Bordes (1960 p. 405) comments "Ce point de vue nous semble errone". It could perhaps be argued that the site contains Initial Magdalenian disturbed by the burial, the attribution must remain doubtful. Corgnac-Saint-Front, Dordogne (Cheynier, Peyrony) of which de Sonneville­ Bordes (196 O p. 453) says "du magdalenien, sans doute final". Reference to earlier publications (cf. Masfranc 1888) allows no further comment. Grotte d'Abzac, Dordogne (Peyrony). The lower level is referred to Mag­ dalenian I-II by Peyrony on the strength of a raclette and a scalene triangle it seems (Peyrony 1947). Petit abri de Mazerat, Dordogne. Peyrony (1949 pp. 50-51) lists both the large and small Mazerat shelters as Initial Magdalenian; Cheynier (1967 cte. 5) lists just 'Mazerat'; de Sonneville-Bordes (196 O p. 386) lists just the small shelter as having Initial Magdalenian. My own study of the material from the two shelters conserved at Perigueux (Appendix I pp. 27 4-277) indicates that only the large shelter contains Initial Magdalenian, with the single acceptable raclette from the small shelter insufficient to allow attribution. The raclette illustrated by de Sonneville-Bordes (1960 p. 386 fig. 11. 3) is catalogued as coming from the large shelter (no. 10577), although note my caution in Appendix I. Puy de Lacan, Correze (Cheynier). The three levels distinguished, A-C, con­ tain a few raclettes (A- 0. 16%, B-0. 16%, C-0. 34%), beside many backed blade­ lets and triangles (de Sonneville-Bordes 1960 pp. 397-400, 507-508). Peyrat, Dordogne (Cheynier). The excavations of Cheynier were discontinued before completion. Bordes (196l_pp. 239-240), Beucher (1962), and Cheynier (1966 ), note the presence of Azilian, Magdalenian VI, and perhaps Magdalenian V. Cheynier (1965 p. 124) lists Peyrat with Puy de Lacan, and Le Moustier plaine as a small site, with a few raclettes, that swells the number of Initial Magdalenian sites. The unpublished material in the MAN might repay study.

28

Two sites have later Magdalenian with transverse burins and raclettes: Bois d'Apres, Indre-et-Loire (Cheynier 1967) has nine transverse burins (2. 39%), not all on notch, and three raclettes (0. 80%) (cf. Joannes & Cordier 1958). Saint-Amand-Mont-Rond, Cher (Cheynier 1967, Alla� 1976 p. 1317) is a rich surface site, dominated by burins, of which there are more than 400. Only eight of these can at the most charitably be classed as transverse on notch. There are two raclettes. The excavator suggests a middle Magdalenian date (Hugoniot 1952). Three sites are Solutrean with transverse burins or raclettes: Moulin-a-Vent, Dordogne (Cheynier 1967). Published as just Solutrean by Barriere (1959), Smith (1966 p. 198) regards the stratigraphy as uncertain. Fressignes, Indre. Allain (1966 p. 479) notes the presence of many trans­ verse burins on notch with the Solutrean that might suggest some mixture with 'Badegoulien ancien sans raclettes'. Trotignon (1972) and Allain (1976) do not repeat the observation, and it may be set aside. La Tannerie, Vienne. Guillien (1972 p. 391) describes the 1971 excavations of Chollet as having produced evidence for Solutrean and raclette Magdalenian. Chollet (pers. comm. 1979) says that material surviving in fissures on the terrace before the cave is Solutrean with transverse burins on notch, adding that such pieces are not out of place in the Solutrean. Gohaud, Loire-Atlantique discovered in 1971, and excavated 1972-3 by Allard was first described as resembling Birac III and Laugerie-Haute East (L'Helgouach 1973 pp. 428-431) and perhaps representing "un rare exemple de passage entre l'Aurignacien et le Magdalenien" (ibid. p. 431). The attribu­ tion was changed to Aurignacian (L'Helgouach 1975 pp. 545-6), an attribution repeated by Allard (1978) in the final publication, where he notes 3. 03% raclettes. · Two sites have single raclettes found in isolation: Tourtoirac, Dordogne (Cheynier 1967, Peyrony 1949). Font-Saint-Pey, Dordogne (Gaussen in press, pp. 322-324). and must be excluded. The second large group of sites consists of those which contain, or have been claimed as containing, rr.clettes or transverse burins, but in contexts which are too mixed for certainty. One group of these, suggested by Michel Lenoir, illustrates that detailed knowledge of old and often unpublished ma­ terial, might indicate the possibility of a denser pattern of settlement than that suggested by the best and second best sites. La Bertonne, Gironde (Lenoir 1976, 1976a) has a single raclette (0. 20%), 'Aurignacian' type endscrapers, transverse burins, and a large number of splintered pieces (12. 13%). Beside these are 118 Bertonne retouched pieces (23. 09%) in the mixed collection. Lenoir (1976a) suggests that the site might be Initial Magdalenian, and (1976) lists it as such. Although occasional 29

Bertonne retouched pieces occur in Initial Magdalenian assemblages (e.g. Laugerie-Haute East level 10) they also occur in the later Magdalenian (e.g. LHE level 4). Non-recognition of the type probably artificially restricts the distribution. Only the high percentage of splintered pieces-a feature rarely observed outside the Initial Magdalenian-might support the attribution, but the selected and mixed collection is best excluded. Croute Charlus, Gironde (Lenoir pers. comm.) is a mixed surface collection containing transverse burins, that Lenoir suggests might represent Initial Magdalenian. Again I prefer to exclude the mixed collection. Beauregard, Gironde (Lenoir pers. comm.) is a hilltop site with mixed material-Achulean to Upper Palaeolithic-that contains two good raclettes. Although probably containing Initial Magdalenian, I was constrained to exclude this as well. Viaud, Vignes du Moulin, and Moulin de Barrail, Gironde, all listed by Lenoir (1976 p. 1255) must be similarly treated Five other sites are excluded because of mixture: Butte Saint-Martin-de-la-Roche, Essonne (Schmider 1971 pp. 104-107) yielded 60 pieces to Courty and Daniel, including a single raclette, beside sidescrapers and Levallois flakes, backed bladelets and burins. Daniel, on the raclette, Mousterian type pieces, and flake based debitage, attributed the material to Initial Magdalenian. Schmider is cautious in accepting it, and I prefer to ex­ clude it on the few known indications. Rocher de Chantreauville, Seine-et-Marne (Schmider 1971 p. 104) deserves the same caution. M. & R. Daniel (1953 p. 230) attribute some pieces from the base of a Mesolithic 'level' to the early Magdalenian. Schmider saw 21 pieces, including three atypical raclettes, and six backed bladelets, with no other pieces typical of the Initial Magdalenian. Nouel (1945) notes one or two raclettes from his collections on the mesolithic site. Again I prefer to exclude the site. ·Cotes de Montfaute, Yonne, provided a surface collection from a vineyard containing a laurel leaf point fragment, and crude burins of 'Aurignacian or Early Magdalenian' appearance (Joly 1959 pp. 101-102). Le Vilhain, Allier (Delporte 197 4 p. 592) has a mixed (Middle Palaeolithic­ Neolithic) surface collection including raclettes, husked burins, and a Chatelperron point. En Creusilly, Cote d'Or, has, like Poron des Cueches (see below) material in secondary po�ition, moved into a fissure by cryoclastic processes (Joly 1959 pp. 93-94). Based on blades and bladelets, with bladelet cores, bees, etc., the presence of 'raclettes' leads Joly to suggest an Initial Magdalenian attribution. The one illustrated 'raclette' is not very convincing. Nine sites claimed contain no indices that might explain an Initial Mag­ dalenian attribution: Liveyre, Dordogne (Cheynier 1967, Peyrony 1949) excavated by Lartet (Lartet & Christy 1864), Riviere (1906) and Bourlon. De Sonneville-Bordes (1960 pp. 429-30, 520) notes neither raclettes nor transverse burins. 30

Marthon, Charente (Cheynier 1 967, Balout 1 958 p. 6 1 0 fn. 29) excavated.£· 1 880 by Dulignon-Desgranges. The surviving material, studied by Debenath (1974 p. 379) contains no Initial Magdalenian types. La Rouguette, Dordogne (Cheynier 1 967, Peyrony 1949) has recently been re­ excavated by Vautier (Bordes 1 968 p. 457), who found Solutrean in soliflucted deposit, and Magdalenian with denticulated backed bladelets (R. Jacobi pers. comm.). Le Ruth, Dordogne is listed by Cheynier ( 1 965a, p. 90) as Initial Magdalenian. I can find no justification for this, but can note that Cheynier ( 1 960 p. 405) reproducing the Ruth section from Peyrony ( 1 909) 1 adds raclettes" to the "Magdalenien ancien" label on the uppermost archaeological level. The at­ tribution is not given elsewhere, or repeated.

"a·

Laugerie-Basse and abri de Marseilles, Dordogne are suggested by Daniel ( 1 952). De Sonneville-Bordes ( 1 960 pp. 375-380) indicates that both sites contain only later Magdalenian. Balot, Cote d'Or, compared to Farincourt cave ill material by Mouton & Joffroy ( 1 956); the publication by Joffroy, Mouton, and Paris ( 1 952) makes it clear that the material is a scalene traingle Magdalenian. Les Battuts, Tarn (Cheynier 1 967) has two sites, a cave and a shelter (Pajot 1 968 p. 1 6 1 ). The shelter has Gravettian with some Aurignacian and Solutrean. The cave has, with Gravettian and Solutrean, pieces in the Daniel collection that can be considered Magdalenian including a sagaie with single bevel base. Cheynier and Daniel were friends, and this piece may be the source of the attribution. An alternative is that Cheynier confused it with the site of Peno­ vaire, Tarn, which has a dozen raclettes surviving in a mixed and selected collection, that Pajot ( 1 968 p. 90) prefers to attribute to Middle rather than Early Magdalenian. Montgeon, Seine-Maritime is a cemetery, one area of which yielded to Cayeux ( 1 97 1 pp. 1 02- 1 05) 255 pieces attributed to a raclette Magdalenian. The col­ lection is dominated by burins, including some described as transverse. The single raclette is not convincing in illustration, while other pieces illustrated by Cayeux (cf. esp. 1 971 pl. 1 8.2-5) raise certain doubts about his competence as a typologist. On three sites I have no comparative data: Pigeonnier de Laussel, Dordogne (Cheynier 1 967, Peyrony 1 949) has material from unpublished excavations by Riviere (Peyrony 1949 p. 33). No other publication on _the site exists, and it is not even mentioned by de Sonneville­ Bordes (1960). Le Moustier plaine, Dordogne (Cheynier 1 967), noted as a site with a few raclettes. No such site is mentioned by de Sonneville-Bordes ( 1 960), Smith ( 1 966 ), or Schmider ( 1 968), although Riviere ( 1 902). deals with a sandstone lamp supposed to have come from near the village of Moustier. It may re­ present a Cheynier surface find. Pouzet (or Pouget), Dordogne (Cheynier 1 967, Peyrony 1 949) near Lachaud was cleared out in the 1 860s after a short excavation by Lalande (1 867, 1867a, 31

1868 cf. G. de Mortillet 1867a, 1868). Lalande notes a scarcity of bone and antler tools, while noting the good preservation of both raw materials. Some Solutrean material from the site is preserved at Perigueux. A raclette with the Cheynier Lachaud collection labelled 'Pouget 3' does not indicate this site, since Cheynier (1965a p. 5) applies the term to Lachaud. On one site I can find nothing at all: Bugey (Cheynier 1967). The map of Cheynier shows this site as probably in the department of Saone-et-Loire. No site of the name is listed by Schmider (1968). Bugey is the name of a part of the department of Ain. Inquiry to Pr. J. Combier elicited a response to the effect that neither in Bugey, nor in Saone-et-Loire, are any Initial Magdalenian sites known (Combier pers. comm.). Exclusion of the 39 sites considered above does not greatly affect the area of distribution of Initial Magdalenian sites. Six other sites listed by Cheynier (1967 cte. 5) do however fall beyond this range, four in Belgium, and two in Spain. The claim for Initial Magdalenian in Belgium rests on an article by Destexhe-Jamotte (1953) describing material sieved from a talus at Moha, Liege. The Moha collection was described as containing backed pieces, scarce endscrapers, per�oirs, sidescrapers, etc., and 72. 2% raclettes, and was placed in a local evolutionary sequence of raclette material, with an Aurignacian raclette industry from Engihoul, followed by Moha, and ending with the post-Gravettian, pre-later Magdalenian material from Goyet, the whole having its origin in Mousterian of the type seen at Fond-de-Foret. Moha was unusual amongst Initial Magdalenian sites, in its northerly position, the warm aspect of its fauna, and its typological composition. Un­ sure whether I would be able to see the material, I made enquiries of Michel Dewez, who comments (pers. comm. 1978): ·

"Les articles faisant allusion a des 'raclettes' a Goyet OU ailleurs en Belgique sont malheureusement une source d'erreur... Les 'raclettes' des gisements belges provient autant du Paleo. moyen que de Paleo. Sup., ce sont des eclat s, souvent epais, dont la re­ touche abrupte est accidentelle et due a des perturbation naturelles dans les gisements... Jusqu'a present en Belgique,nous n'avons pas trouve de traces de Magd. Ancien".

The two Spanish sites listed by Cheynier are Parpallo and Castillo: Parpallo, excavated by Pericot (1942, Pericot et al. 1947) has never been fully published, and has only rarely been seen. Pericot described his lowest Magdalenian level (3. 5-4 m) as Magdalenian I (1942 pp. 73-79), illustrating a series of sagaies with single bevelled bases, and a- few stone tools, none of them typical of Initial Magdalenien.2 Cheynier (1965 p. 123) comments that at the site "il y a plus d� cent raclettes, petites comme tous les silex". Sacchi (1976 p. 90 fn. 14 bis) comments that the stone industry of Parpallo "est differente des industries de Lassac et de la couche 5 de la petite grotte de Bize, ·malgre la presence de quelques raclettes parfaitement typiques". De Sonneville-Bordes (pers. comm.) likewise does not consider the material 32

to represent Initial Magdalenian. Fortea Perez (197 3) uses the raclette as a type, noting its presence in Late Solutrean levels at Barranc Blanc and Mallaetes, and in his 'epi-Gravettian 13 (Fo-.:-tea Perez 1973 p. 77). However (ibid. p. 31) he notes that Magdalenian 1 and 2 of Parpallo contrast with Epi­ gravettian I in the absence of backed bladelets in the Magdalenian. Pericot (1955 p. 49) notes the "collapse of... techniques of fine flint work" with the beginning of the Magdalenian at Parpallo, but gives rio reason for the remark, while (1964 p. 39) after commenting that at Parpallo are abundant indices of Magdalenian I, he says that comparable material comes from the Charente (probably Placard) and from Poland, suggesting that comparison is being made on bonework alone, and is to material that Breuil (cf. 1912 p. 203) would class in his Magdalenian 2, and thus probably a later Magdalenian. In view of the admitted (Pericot 1942 p. 73) mixture with Solutrean material, the recognition by Fortea Perez of raclettes in the Solutrean might be employed as an explanation of those at Parpallo. El Castillo, Cantabria, may also have raclettes, and was studied by Cheynier. However, one can note the comment of Jorda (1964 p. 53) that in Cantabria: "no existe...Magdaleniense I y II. Nuestra sequencia da comienzo con niveles que se pueden paralelizar con el Magdaleniense III frances". While none of th,ese comments on Parpallo and Castillo is evidence unim­ peachable, the weight of comment seems to justify exclusion of Castillo. The case of Parpallo is less clear, but the evidence does seem against acceptance. In both cases one can note that the absolute dates for the Solutrean in Spain­ particularly in the north-run much later than those in SW France.4 The final site to be noted in this section is that of Lascaux, Dordogne_. The site has not been claimed as Initial Magdalenian, but its dating and recent hypotheses based on it mean that it must be considered. The cave was not properly excavated, but rather progressively exposed as pipes and machinery were installed, and the paintings exposed, apart from one or two small ex­ cavations, particularly in the 'Puits'. Archaeological material, charcoal, and pollen samples were collected, and the floral evidence was interpreted as representing the Lascaux oscillation (Jacquiot 1960, Arl. Leroi-Gourhan 1962), which I argue in Chapter 3 is contemporary with the Initial Magdalenian. The scattered early publications on the site did not give any detail of the archae­ ological material, nor allow any interpretation of the relationship between the archaeological material, the stratigraphy, the pollen diagram, and the three absolute dates: Sn.-102 GrN-1632 C-406

14 150 ± 500 be 15 240 ± 140 be 13 566 ± 900 be

The material has recently been brought together in a single publication (Arl. Leroi-Gourhan & Allain [ed.] 1979) without ho�ever all of the problems being resolved. I have reserved consideration of the site until the conclusion where it is more relevant.

33

2. 2 Sites included but uncertain Overlap between these sites, and those included in the previous section is apparent. Gabastou, Dordogne is an open air site on the edge of a plateau overlooking the Dordogne. A. de Paniagua collected and made sondages over an area of 50 x 6 O m recovering material that showed localisations· corresponding to localisations of particular tool types, a distribution that might suggest occupa­ tions of different periods, as observed at Solvieux (de Paniagua 1911). The site is remembered principally for having yielded a 'giant piece', actually found separately in 1895 (Conil 1914, de Paniagua 1921, Kelley 1960). Beside endscrapers, per9oirs, and burins-including bec-de-perroquet-de Paniagua (1911 p. 142) notes: "Ce qui paraft bien caracteriser la station est surtout un burin, assez abondant, tres trapu, epais, plus OU moins allonge quelque fois, le plus souvent presque discorue, la pointe obtenue par des eclats bi-lateraux, et quelquefois aussi par des eclats longitudinaux sur un cote et, sur l'autre cote, par un martellement ayant produit des esquillements obtus perpendiculairement au plan de la piece (fig. 1)". Figure 1, rudimentary as it is, suggests a transverse burin on notch. Cordier & Thiennet (1959 p. 469) in seeking to date the giant piece early also note the appearance of the burins. The suggestion by de Paniagua (1921) that the arch­ aeological material is Upper Magdalenian, seems to be related to the contem­ porary assumption that giant pieces were contemporary with that found at Laugerie-Basse. Les Roches, Abilly, Indre-et-Loire contains in its uppermost, disturbed, level a number of raclettes suggesting the presence of Initial Magdalenian disturbed at some time in the past (Bordes & Fitte 1950 p. 153). La Maligniere, Creuse (Delporte 1968 pp. 439-440) yielded to Lasnier a col­ lection of 5000 pieces, including some Neolithic, but also burins, endscrapers, backed bladelets, multiple per9oirs, and raclettes. Two of these latter are illustrated, and show extensive inverse retouch. The site is under study by Allain, who (1976 p. 1317) lists it as an Initial Magdalenian site. Genouilly, Cher (Allain 1972 p. 367) has_ an industry based on flakes, in which "burins sur coche et transversaux" exceed dihedrals, and raclettes are absent. Allain compares it to Initial Magdalenian sites without raclettes such as La Pluche, and the lower levels of Fritsch. The presence of occasional backed bladelets, rectangles, and microburins is explained as due to passage by a later group.5 Battants, Haute-Loire has a shelter group explored by a number of recent workers (e.g. Bout [1955 cf. de Sonneville-Bordes 1955a, P. & J. Bouchud 19551, Virmont, Alaux [Delporte 1968, Alaux 1972, 1'972aJ, and Carre). Carre (1977) suggests the presence of an Initial Magdalenian with raclettes and multiple per9oirs in shelter II, illustrating one rac1.ette. Virmont (pers. comm.)_ suggests caution for the present. One can note that Alaux found a raclette, as well as a number of splintered pieces in the late Magdalenian of the shelter (Alaux 1972). 34

Fees de la Bade, Cantal is suggested by J. & F. Virmont (1973) as the only Initial Magdalenian site apart from Blot known at the time near Cottier. Ex­ cavated c. 1910 by Maury, more recent excavations by Vinatie (Delporte 1970 pp. 462-463) produced an ill-defined Upper Palaeolithic, which some of the illustrated pieces suggest might be Initial Magdalenian (no. 14 seems to be a raclette, while nos. 1 & 2 may carry raclette retouch). Collias, Gard, discovered by Escalon de Fonton (1967 p. 168), the site can no longer be found (Bazile 1977 p. 58 fn. 4). 2. 3 The data base: the most acceptable Initial Magdalenian sites Table 2. 1 lists the 40 sites which are most clearly attributable to the Initial Magdalenian, in the order in which they are marked on Map 1, and with the abbreviations employed in Table 2. 2 and occasionally elsewhere in the text. Table 2. 2 seeks to give a rough assessment of the sites on certain cri­ teria relative to their study and to their use in this study-site details, col­ lection details, and the extent of my studies. The ordering on this table is roughly qualitative, with the greatest influence being the extent of my studies. In the remainder of this section the sites will be considered, in the order in which they are given on this table. Oltline details of the bulk of the sites only are given, with full details of these sites being given in Appendix I. Greater detail is given of those sites to which no space is given in Appendix I: Cabrerets, Layrac, Pourquey, Rouleau, Le Placard, Poron des Cueches, Farincourt cave III, and the petite grotte de Bize. Pegourie, Lot (Appendix I pp. 384-399) was discovered in 1963, and has been excavated by Seronie-Vivien since 1967. Two levels of Initial Magdalenian are distinguished at the base of the industrial sequence, and I was able to carry out extensive analyses of the stone and bone material from these. Faunal, sedimentological, and palynological analyses are under way, and some pre­ liminary results of these are available. Since only a part of what may be a large site has been excavated, some partial excavation bias may be expected. Qu�lity of excavation and recovery (including water sieving) have been high. Laugerie-Haute East, Dordogne (Appendix I pp. 278-341) is part of a long rock shelter, knOMl and excavated since the 1860s. The site is normally treated in two parts-East and West-separated by a 'baulk' supporting the curator's house. Excavations (1921-1935) by D. Peyrony distinguished three Magdal­ enian levels, seen most clearly in the ·East, the lowermost of which contained Initial Magdalenian. This material was studied by D. & E. Peyrony (1938 pp. 47-54), and the stone industry by de Sonneville- Bordes (1960 pp. 339-341 Tab. XXXVIII) and Laplace (1966 p. 470 Tab. XVI). Rescue excavation by Bordes (1955-1960) of the witness sections left by Peyrony allowed recognition, _in the East, of six Initial Magdalenian levels. Since Level I' of Peyrony re­ presented these combined, it was decided that re�tudy of that material would be of little profit. For details_ of the Peyrony colle�tion, and of bone industry and fauna recovered by him I have relied on the published accounts. I was able to study the material· from Borde's excavations extensively, extending my study to the Solutrean immediately below, and the 'later Magdalenian above� Sediment from these levels has been studied by Laville (1964), the fauna by Delpech (1975), and the pollen by Paquereau (unpubl. but details in Delpech), and I have drawn on these sources where appropriate. 35

I t must b e b orne i n mind t ha t t he c o l lec t ion i s f ro m a v ery sma l l a rea o f av ery l arge s i te , a nd t he mean ing o f a pparent v ar ia t ions b e tween l eve ls mus t b e c ons idered c r i t ica l ly i nt he l i gh t o f p oss ib le d is tr ibut iona l b iases . B adegou le , Dordogne ( App . Ipp. 3 42-358) h as s uf fered f ro m t he a c t iv i t ies o f many ' excava tors ' s ince t he v is i t o fJ ouanne t i n 1 834 .

The b es t work h as b een

t ha t o f D . P eyrony ( 1908) , C heyn ier ( 1928-1939 ) , a nd C , ouchard .

B o th

P eyrony a nd C heyn ier r ecogn ised t wo I n i t ia l Magda len ian l eve ls , wh ich c an b e c ons idered e qu iva len t .

D e S onnev i l le-Bordes ( 1 960 p p . 3 81-383 Tab . XL I )

s tudied t he P eyrony ma ter ia l , c o mb ined a s as ing le a sse mb lage , a nd t he s e lec ted c o l lec t ion o f P eyr i l le .

C heyn ier p ub lished h is c o l lec t ions i n s o me

d e ta i l ( Cheyn ier 1 939 ) , a nd o n h is d ea th h is c o l lec t ions wen t t o t he MAN where Iwas a b le t o s tudy t he m .

T he s urv iv ing b one i ndustry i s s carce , whi le

f or f auna Ih ave r e l ied o n t he n otes i n C heyn ier ( 1939 , 1 949 ) .

Aga in i t mus t

b e b orne i n mind t ha t t he c o l lec t ion c o mes f ro m p ar t o f a n e xtens ive s i te , a nd t ha t e xcava t ions emp loy ing modern t echn iques migh t we l l d ist inguish more l eve ls , a nd r ecover more ma ter ia l . Deux ie me R edan , N e mours , S e ine-e t- Marne ( App . Ip p .434-437 , 4 40-446) i s ap ro mon tory p ro jec t ing f ro m t he Mass if d e B eauregard , a l though t he t er m i s e x tended b oth b y S chm ider ( 1971 ) a nd myse lf t o c over s i tes b eh ind t he s pur , o n t he p la teau .

Ma ter ia l e xcava ted b y V ignard h as b een c ons idered b y

S ch m ider ( 1971 p p . 1 01-104 ) .

I n 1 971-72 , S chm ider e xcava ted a t t hree p o ints

o n t he ' s i te ' , a nd a t o ne o f t hese r ecovered wha t s ee ms t o b e ah o mogeneous I ni t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lage , wh ich s he k ind ly p er m it ted me t o s tudy . F auna , a nd b one i ndustry a re n o t p reserved . C assegros , L o t-e t-Caronne ( App . Ip p . 4 00-407 ) was r ecogn ised af ter a c land es t ine e xcava t ion i n 1 972 , a nd h asbeen e xcava ted b y L e Tensorer s ince 1 973 . F ive o r s ix l eve ls may e ven tua l ly b e a t tr ibutab le t o t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian , a l though a t p resen t o n ly t wo ( 9 &1 0 ) h ave p rov ided c lear e v idence a nd mode ra te ly l arge c o l lec t ions . 1 977 .

I n e ar ly 1 978 Is tudied t he ma ter ia l c o l lec ted u p t o

B one i ndus try was p reserved a nd s tud ied , wh i le p re l im inary f auna l

r esu lt, a nd s o me s edi men to log ica l d e ta i ls a re a va i lab le ( Le Tensorer 1 979) . I t mus t b e b orne i n mind t ha t t he e xcava t ion i s i n o n ly a p re li m inary s ta te . T he s i te p rov ides a n i n teres ting i l lustra t ion o f t he e f fec ts o f l oca l isa t ion o n t he s truc ture o f at oo l a sse mb lage .

L eve l 9t hough t a t f i rs t t o b e a' t yp ica l '

I n i t ia l Magda len ian w i thou t b acked b lade le ts , p roduced i n a n a rea 4 0 cm i n d ia me ter 2 2 b acked b lade le ts , 1 6 o ft he m made f ro m t he s a me c ore .

Af ew

more f ound l a ter e x tended t he d ia me ter o ft he a rea o f d is tr ibu t ion t o n o more t han o ne me tre . a t p resen t .

These b acked b lade le ts f or m j us t o ver 2 0% o ft he a sse mb lage

G u i l lassou , Dordogne ( App . Ip p . 3 74-377) i s a n o pen a ir s i te , h a lf d es troyed b y e rosion , wh ich y ie lded a l arge c o l lec t ion f ro m s urface c o l lec t ion , wh ich i ti s s uspec ted may r epresen t ma ter ia l f ro m d if feren t l eve ls .

A sma ller

c o l lec t ion r ecovered i n as ondage a nd e xcava t ion c ou ld b e c ons idered h o mog eneous , a nd Ir es tudied t he s epara ted t oo ls f ro m t h is , t oge ther w ith t he r ac le t tes .

B one was n o t p reserved .

L assac , A ude ( App . r pp . 4 63-467 ) was a v as t o pen a ir s i te w i th r ich l i th ic a nd f auna l ma ter ia l , a nd e v idence o f s truc tures .

D iscovered i n 1 964 , t he p ropri-

e tor was u nhe lpfu l , a nd i n 1 973 d es troyed t he s i te , g iv ing t ime f or o n ly a 3 6

short rescue excavation of a small area by Sacchi which gave some strati­ graphic information. The material from both surface collection and excava­ tion had been analysed by Sacchi, who kindly allowed me to restudy the excavated tool assemblage and raclettes. For the surface collection I have relied on the analysis of Sacchi. Some fauna was preserved, but details are as yet unavailable. La Riviere, Aude (App. I pp. 468-469) yielded a surface collection from a small area. The material had been analysed by Sacchi, and I was able to re­ study the retouched pieces, and study the raclettes. Cottier, Haute-Loire (App. I pp. 452-457) first described as Early Magdalen­ ian by Bordes (1953) on the strength of old collections and those of Bout. Ex­ cavations by Virmont have clarified the stratigraphy, and a full range of faunal, sedimentological, and dating analyses have been performed (Virmont 1976, Debard 1976, Delpech 1976, Mourer-Chauvire 1976, Chaline 1976, Evin 1976). Cottier is the best studied and best published Initial Magdalenian site so far. Unfortunately it has produced only a handful of tools from a pre­ Magdaleriian level (ill), and an Initial Magdalenian level (II). I studied these small collections, and analy�ed two samples of raclettes, those excavated from level II, and those sieved from the waste. Blot, Haute-Loire (App. I pp. 448-451) discovered in 1934/35, visited by Combier in the 1950s, the site has been under excavation by Delporte since 1966. The principal excavation has a series of levels running back to a late Gravettian (Proto-Magdalenian) with, in poor truncated levels near the top some quartz pieces, and some Initial Magdalenian pieces in flint. I studied these latter at the MAN, but not the quartz pieces. Details of bone industry and fauna, if preserved, are unpublished. Birac III, Gironde (App. I pp. 410-415) a surface site, discovered in 1960 and collected by the Crochets. The subject of a preliminary note (Crochet 1967), further work has extended the collection and I studied this extended collection. While all the tools could be found, it is clear from the figures that I did not see all the debitage. The collectors suggest that most of the material came from a concentration 10 m in diameter. Le Breuil, Dordogne (App. I pp. 378-379) was excavated by Gaussen in 19591960, and its major interest lies in the well-defined 'cabin' floors identified. The small collection (27 tools) from excavation and surface collection was studied. Bone was not preserved. Pourquey, Gironde (Sireix pers. comm. ) is a surface site collected since the moment of its discovery, during deep ploughing, by Sireix. The site com­ mands extensive views in all directions over the rolling Entre-Deux-Mers region. The quality of collection can be presumed high, although pieces could still be picked up from the surface during an assiduous search in May 1978. This might not affect th� statistical picture any more than partial ex­ cavation biases the assemblages from cave deposits, although it can be sup­ posed that smaller pieces� and those with colour mos� similar to the matrix, will be selectively lost. The material was under study at the time of my visit, but I was able to look through it and assure myself of its nature and note some features. The site contains a relatively high percentage of raclettes, com­ parable to Solvieux, or Birac III. 37

Camparnaud, Gard (A pp. I pp. 461-462) is a surface site destroyed by deep ploughing. Collected by Vailhe, later aided by Bazile, since 1965, the material was analysed by Bazile (1977) on whose analysis I have relied. A few pieces sent to Sacchi at Carcassonne included three with raclette retouch that showed the same distinctive features observed on the raclettes from Lassac and La Riviere. No bone was preserved. Maubin, Lot-et-Garonne (A pp. I pp. 408-409), a surface site disturbed by cultivation, discovered in the last century, and rediscovered and collected in the 1960s-1970s by Monmejean. The site has yielded c. 850 Initial Magdalenian pieces, that can be separated on patina from a smaller Neolithic collection. I have relied on the analysis of this collection by Le Tensorer (1979 pp. 575598). Layrac., Lot-et-Garonne (Le Tensorer 1979 pp. 599-601) lies on a narrow promontory at the confluence of Gers and Garonne, dominating the floodplains of the two rivers by 100 m. Monmejean collected.£· 100 pieces from an area of some hundreds of square metres, including 28 tools. Of these five are classed as raclettes, and one as a transverse burin on lateral retouch. Solvieux, Dordogne (A pp. I pp. 367-369) comprises an area of 2 hectares, with a number of separate occupations of different periods from Mousterian to late Neolithic. Two levels of Initial Magdalenian were excavated by Sackett, and the material taken to the USA for study. The material is unpublished, but Prof. Sackett has kindly communicated to me a type list for the richer lower level, and I have relied upon this. Saint-Fiacre, Indre-et-Ldre (A pp. I pp. 423-426) has an in situ archaeological level, 7 sq m of which was excavated by Cordier and Thiennet. Circa 3,500 pieces were recovered, including just over 100 tools. The material has been analysed by Cordier & Thiennet (1959), and by Laplace (1966 p. 356). The material is in the collection of Cordier, who reserves it for his own study. I have relied on the descriptions of the material by Cordier & Thiennet, and particularly by Laplace. Rond du Barry, Haute-Loire (A pp. I pp. 458-460) is the most important Initial Magdalenian site in the east of France. Excavations by de Bayle des Hermens began in 1966, and have demonstrated an Initial Magdalenian level in eboulis. The excavator is unwilling to give any information about the site, or to allow the material to be seen, and all details o.f the site come from the preliminary publication (de Bayle des Hermens 1974). A ndre Ragout, Charente (A pp. I pp. 416-417 ) was excavated by Balout from 1956 for a number of years. The only major description (Balout 1958) has needed extensive modification in the light of later excavation, and the short notes published on these. These modifications mean that the published type list cannot be regarded as describing a single homogeneous assemblage. The material was not available for restudy. Fritsch, Indre (A pp. I pp. 418-420) discovered in 1960, and excavated by Fritsch since 1960, with the collaboration of A llain froni 1963. The site has a series of levels with stone and bone industry, radiocarbon dates, amino acid racemisation data, and faunal, pollen, and sedimentological analyses. The material is under study by a collabatrice of A llain, and I was,unable to 38

the material, while the results of most of the specialist analyses remain to be published. The details that I have of the small but important collections have been gleaned from the publications of Allain and others. Grand-Pressigny Silo, Indre-et-Loire (App. I pp. 427-429) has an in situ archaeological level, but at great depth-_£. 4 m-a corner of which was crossed during a deep excavation. · The 357 pieces recovered, including 40 tools, are in the collection of F. Berthouin, although I did not know this in time to make use of the collection, and rely on published details. La Pluche, Indre-et-Loire (App. I pp. 421-422) is a surface collection from part of a scatter estimated to extend over 1. 5 hectares. High quality of col­ lection is indicated by the recovery of burins on bladelets, and burin spalls. Homogeneity of the collection is argued on physical state, technique, and 'relative localisation'. The material is in the possession of the collector (Cordier pers. comm. ), but I did not lmow this in time to make use of it, and again rely on published details. Raymonden lower shelter, Dordogne (App. I pp. 364-366) is below the famous Upper Magdalenian shelter. Excavation by Didon, and later by J. Bouyssonie, between 1927 and 1929 produced evidence for Initial Magdalenian in a small exposure at the base of the waterlogged sequence. I have thus far been unable to locate the collection, and rely on the details given in the publication by Cheynier (1955). La-Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin, Loiret (App. I pp. 430-432) provided a surface collection from an undisclosed area, published by Nouel (1937), in sufficient detail for some use to be made of the analysis. I have not yet located the collection which was retained by the collectors. More recently Maviel has made an abundant collection from the site (Allain 1970 p. 350), including _ some fauna, but I have not yet been able to make contact with M. Maviel, to obtain details. Farincourt Cave m, Haute-Marne is one of a series of caves on the right ba� of the Rigotte brook, 1 km south of Farincourt. Some excavation in these has taken place, and they were investigated after the Second World War by Mouton and Joffroy (1956). Cave III was protected by eboulis from the activities of earlier excavators, producing a section, top to bottom: A-Top soil with Medieval potsherds B-Contains Magdalenian pieces and the breccia remnant (C) D-7 0-8 O cm of eboulis sealing the lower archaeological level E-A thin occupation level-Initial Magdalenian F:- Alluvium. A few pieces said to have 'sunk' into this from E were not separated by the excavators. A pavement of limestone plaques on the sur­ face of F is suggested as an attempt at consolidation. The material from E/F has a flake basis, and an assemblage dominated by burins-mostly dihedral, but some angle on retouched truncation, and transverse on notch. There are no proper endscrapers, but a few denticulated bladelets; while raclettes are 'fairly numerous' and 'typical', but thin and made with a 'grignotee' (nibbling) retouch, with some on blade fragments made with semi-abrupt retouch. The collection is in the Musee de Langres, but was excluded from study for lack of time. 39

Raclettes on the terrace above the cave may indicate external activity/ occupation. Croix de Fer, Dordogne (App. I pp. 370-373) is a partially eroded open air site, with cryoturbated archaeological levels, published by Gaussen as an Initial M agdalenian with a large Levallois component. On my study of the ma­ terial, !was unable to agree widi br. Gaussen, and as .argued in Appendix I, I regard the materia_l as repres_ent_ing_lnitial Magdalenian_and Mousterian · mixed by cryoturbation. Le Piage, Lot (App. I pp. 381-383) is a cliff foot site excavated for.£· 10 years from 1958 by Champagne & Espitalie. An upper level with Solutrean points, raclettes, and backed bladelets was divided arbitrarily into two 'levels', Solutrean and Initial Magdalenian. I was able to study the retouched pieces summarily during a visit to Paris. Solutrean pieces and raclettes show no general differences on patina, although many of the backed bladelets have less patina than either group. &lggestion of the presence of. later Magdalenian would support the hypothesis of artificial mixture of Solutrean and Magdalenian, increasing the chronological range of material represented. Lachaud, Dordogne (App. I pp. 359-363) recognised by the Bouyssonies, was excavated by Cheynier (1941-1944) who distinguished two Initial Magdalenian levels. Stratigraphic disturbances, perhaps due to fox burrowing, introduced complexities that made me approach the site with some trepidation, and when I was unable to locate all the pieces listed by Cheynier, in the collection at . the MAN, I decided to leave the site aside. Some reference is made to the details published by Cheynier. Jean-Blanc, Dordogne (App. I pp. 267-273) has two adjacent shelters separated by a rock pillar, with one (Initial) Magdalenian level in the larger right (East) shelter, and two Magdalenian levels, the lower Initial, and the upper with scalene triangles and some raclettes, in the left (West) shelter. Much dis­ turbed by earlier excavators, the major collection is from the 1910-1912 excavations of D. Peyrony. This material has been analysed by de Sonneville­ Borde� (1960 pp. 383-385 Tab. XLII), and I rely on this analysis for details of the stone industry, and on the publications of Peyrony for details of bone industry, ornament, and fauna. A second collection is from the excavations of Bouyssonie and Chastaing in 1913, on the terrace. Smith (1966 p. 214) suggests that the material from level A (A') of these excavations can be at­ tributed to Magdalenian '0'. This material I was able to study at the IPH at Christmas 1978. The structure of the assemblage is curious, and it might be suggested that the collection is selected (cf. Chapter 4). Grand abri de Mazerat, Dordogne (App. I pp. 274-277) has a collection re­ covered by Delugin from deposit cleared from the shelter and spread on near­ by gardens (Delugin ms.) .. I was able to study the small surviving mixed and certainly selected collection in th·e Musee du Perigord. 11 of the surviving 64 pieces are raclettes. No other data is available. Pech de la Boissiere, Dordogne (App. I p. 380). E. Peyrony excavated in remnants of deposit from 1929-1931, distinguishing a level of Initial Magda­ lenian ab�)Ve a rich Solutrean. The small tool assemblage (55 pieces) was studied by de Sonneville-Bordes (1960 p_p. 385-386) and I have relied on this 40

for the stone material, and on the publications of Peyrony for. bonework, art, and fauna. Houleau or du Touron, Gironde, is a .rock shelter near the crest of a hill dom­ inating the wide valley of a small left bank tributary of the Dordogne. Dis­ covered in 1953, and excavated to 1961 by Sireix. A small sondage "assasine" with a pick at a break in slope on the left of the shelter produced Initial Mag­ dalenian. The composite stratigraphy (Bordes 1961 pp. 233, 235, Lenoir 1977 p. 562) shows beneath C-D with a later Magdalenian, level B, a thick yellow pebbly bed with the Initial Magdalenian. Laplace (1966 pp. 297-298,. 456, Tab. XVI) publishes a collection attributed to the level including 50. 6% 'abrupts', amongst 283 tools. Lenoir (1977 p. 562) publishes a slightly smaller number of tools (256), but includes 219 of them (85.83%) as raclettes. Lenoir indicates that the collection is selected, and one can note that only the upper level at Fritsch even approaches such a percentage of raclettes. Until new excavations take place, the site can be regarded as of little use to us. Cabrerets, Lot has a group of four adjacent rockshelters-Louradour, Vertut, Dimanche, and Garrigue-excavated by Lemozi. In these: "immediatement au-dessus des foyers solutreens... restes de foyers magdaleniens, avec silex, dont quelques-uns du magdalenien ancien . (abondance r'elative de raclettes) meles des 'bois' et OS fragmentees" (Clottes 1969 p. 53).

a

A depth of Magdalenian deposit of.£· 90 cm is indicated. The illustrated pieces include a backed bladelet and two raclettes, and Smith (1966 p. 204) notes a 'Magdalenien ancien raclettes' above four Solutrean levels. I have not been able to see the material, or obtain further details. Clearly the sites contain Initial Magdalenian, above a Solutrean with shouldered points, bu� it is not clear that later material is not present too.

a

Le Placard, Charente, a cave opening in the steep flank of a hill of Bajoctan limestone on the left bank of the Tardoire and 16 m above the level of the val\ey floor. The cave, a trape:,zoidal chamber 17 m long and averaging 9 m wide, extended by a sinuous corridor traced over a length of 27 m, faces SE. The difficulties connected with interpretation of this site have already been touched upon in Chapter 1. Excavation may have started in 1853, and contin­ ued through the 19th century, particularly by de Maret (1878-1888 ), Masfrand, and Chauvet. The accounts by A. de �ortillet (1906, 1906a) of the de Maret excavations and the schematised section (A. de Mortillet 1906a p. 635) indi­ cate a series of four Magdalenian levels each clearly separated from the others by sterile eboulis, combined by de Maret into two units each containing the material from two levels. Chauvet (1891 pp. 616, 1075) shows the same number of Magdalenian levels on his section. Masfrand (1902) does not sub­ divide his Solutrean and .Magd�lenian levels. Breuil studied the de Maret col- · lection while still intact, basing his lower three Magdalenian stages on it by use of a combination of sagaie features, and adhering matrix. Breuil carried off part of the de Maret cqllection to Paris (MAN and IPH)� Some of the raclettes from these are illustrated by Cheynier (1939) who lists just over 20% raclettes from the selected remnants of the two lower levels of Magdalenian (of Breuil) in the Paris collections (Cheynier 1939 p. 394 Ta b. p. 393). In 1958-, Roche began to reinvestigate the waste, remnants, and talus. During 41

waste clearance a breccia remnant was found and excavated (Roche 1963, 1965), producing Middle and Upper Magdalenian material. 6 01 the talus (Roche 1971), the remnants of three Upper Palaeolithic levels were recognised above a suite of Mousterian levels, one attributed to Middle, and two to 'Lower' Magdalenian. Placard certainly contained Initial Magdalenian, an.d multiple levels may have been recognised since the early excavations. The role of the site as a basis for subdividing the early Magdalenian is one to which it should never have been put, and one that there is no reason to respect. The site is not usable. Beauregard, Seine-et-Marne (App. I pp. 433-434, 438-439) is_ a spur on the_ north of the massif de Beauregard. It has yielded a large quantity of material to various excavators. The quality of collection is uncertain, and the com­ pleteness of surviving collections may also be doubted in certain cases. I have used one of the type lists prepared by Schmider (1971) for one of the Daniel collections. Some fauna was noted. Grand Surplomb, Seine-et-Marne (App. I p. 434) is a low shelter at the edge of the Beauregard site. No usable lithic details are available, but both fauna and bone industry were recovered. Ballancourt-sur-Essonne, Essonne (App. I p. 447) has Initial Magdalenian material as part of a collection excavated from a disturbed site. I have relied on the publication of Delarue & Vignard (1964) for the few details of the small collection. Poron des Cueches, Cote d'Or, near the summit of the Montagne de Nan, just to the west of the village of Nan-sous-Thil, and on its south slope, has been the subj ect of two sets of investigations-by Boyard (1909-1914), and Mouton & Joffroy (1953-1955). These latter investigations showed the following se­ quence (top to bottom): Levels VII-I contain Post-Glacial material Rbdent bed Level VIII, breccia Level IX, several metres of deposit with sparse Initial Magdalenian. Levels Vill/IX are interpreted as representing a solifluction flow from higher on the hill into the fissure where it is now found, that was later dis­ turbed by cryoturbation. The indications seem to be that the rodent bed was either deposited after the solifluction, or was caught up in the flow; in either case it cannot be associated with the occupation. P. & J. Bouchud (19 57) do associate the rodents with the archaeological material, suggesting cold condi­ tions (presence of Dicrostonyx torguatus (collared lemming) and Lemmus lemmus (banded lemming))for the period. Bouchud (1965 pp. 128,137) uses the rodents to date the archaeological material to Magdalenian II, a suggestion that has no basis in the comments of Mouton & Joffroy. (1957), nor in the arch­ aeological material. Circa � 0 tools are distinguished, half of which are said to be raclettes, and 12 retouched flakes. 22 other tools ,·are listed-endscraper (3), burin-per9oir (2), per9oir (4), dihedral burin (3), angle burin (3), burin on retouched truncation (4), backed bladelet (2), backed and truncated blade­ let (1), Details of fauna and bone industry are considered in Chapters 3 and 7.

42

Petite grotte de Bize, Aude was excavated by Genson and the Helena's before the Second World War. The manuscripts left by the Helenas, and the surviving collections, have been studied by Sacchi (cf. Sacchi 1969). Level 1 of the Helena stratigraphy-a pebbly bed with sandy-limon matrix-and Level 5 of the Genson excavations (the basal archaeological level in both cases) contained Initial Magdalenian material. The collection of Helena (Musee de Narbonne) has 88 pieces including 7.95% raclettes, and a shouldered point. The Genson collection (Musee de Beziers) has 246 pieces, including 45. 93% raclettes. Although it might be suggested that the two collections represent two different assemblages, the risk of poor collection, selection, or mixture make me prefer not to use the published type lists in statistical analyses. Fauna and bone industry are referred to in Chapters 3 and 7. 2. 4 Absolute dating Absolute dates are available for eight sites: Laugerie-Haute, Pegourie, Andre Ragout, Fritsch, Blot, Cottier, Rond du Barry, and Lassac. It can be noted that three of these are sites I could not study, while two have only small assemblages. The dates are discussed in the relevant sections of Appendix I, and from there it is clear that only eleven dates are usable: Cottier Level II Laugerie-Haute 20/18 Fritsch 6 Pegourie 9 Pegourie 8 Pegourie s Fritsch 5b Fritsch 4 Fritsch 3a · Rond du Barry F2 . Lassac

16 600 ± 550 be 16 310 ± 360 be 16 030 ± 350 be 15---390 470 ±- --be 540 ± 520 be 15 ---15370 ± 460 be 15 330 ± 350 be 14 580 ± 550 be 15 180 ± 550 be 15 150 ± 450 be 14 800 ± 250 be

Ly-719 Ly-972 Ly-1124 _Ly-18�� Ly-1394 Ly-1834 Ly-1123 Ly-1122 Ly-1121 Gif-3038 Gif-2981

Figure 2. 1 shows the date distribution, with the two standard error range marked for each date. Except for the Lassac Gif-2981 date, and the three dates in the 17th millennium be, the date ranges overlap at two standard er­ rors. While I feel it quite proper that the dates should be displayed in such a way as to indicate the higher possible error, the dates do in general cor­ respond, in their sequence, to the relative ordering that will be suggested on other criteria. Notes 1.

Not 1908 as Cheynier (1960) indicates.

2.

Fig. 47.14 might illustrate a raclette.

3.

The Epigravettian of Fortea Perez is compared to the post Magdalenian (Azilian, Romanellian etc.) industries of France.' It is noted that the highest percentage occurrence of' raclettes is 2.3%.

43

F igure 2 .1

Abso lute d a tes ( exc luding t hose c lear ly t oo y oung ) f or t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian , w i th t he 2 s tandard-error r ange marked

1 000 y rs . b c _

I I I I I

1 4-

-

. _

1 .

-

1 5-

-

. -

1 6-

_

-

-

1 7-

-

-

I

COT 2

_ I

LHE 2 0/ 18

F R1 6

I

F R I 5 b

i

F R I 4

4 4

I

F R I 3 a

I

P EG 9

I

F EG 8

I

P EG 8

1

PD9 F 2

1

L AS e xc

I

4.

Straus et al. (1978 p. 110) publish dates for Solutrean levels that run up to 14 350 ± 1500 be, and suggest that two levels otherwise classed as Magdalenian (Riera 11, Urtiaga F) with dates in this range could repre­ sent a Solutrean without Solutrean points. The post 18th millennium be dates are: Riera 14 Parpallo 4. 75-5 m Aitzbitarte IV Chufin 1(a) Riera 18 Riera 13 Mallaetes

m

16 16 16 15 15 15 14 14

250 130 000 470 260 120 950 350

± 610 be ± 850-770 be ± 100 be ± 200 be ± 350 be ± 230 be ± 200 be ± 1500 be

GaK-6983 BM-861 GrN-5993 CSIC-258 GaK-6446 GaK-6444 GaK-6445 KN-1918

(all of these sites have lead points) One can note a date of 15 986 be Birm-521 from the 4-4. 25 m unit (b) at Parpallo, immediately below the Magdalenian I, and the regression line constructed by Bofinger & Davidson (1977), which would indicate a date for the Parpallo Magdalenian I shortly after this date. While the calcula­ ted regression of dates shows a high correlation with depth, one can note that there is only one date-of 11 850 be (Birm-519), on the Magdalenian m, above the lower cluster, with no dates for the intervening 2. 3 metres to increase stratigraphic control. 4(a)

Boyer-Klein (1980 p. 104) publishes a pollen diagram for the Solu­ trean of Chufin which indicates an association with a mild oscilla­ tion-probably Lascaux. Boyer-Klein lists a C14 date for the level as of 15 530 ± 120 be.

4(b)

Shotton et al. (1975 p. 273) list this date as 15 950 ± 340 be, and indicate that it falls on the 6-6. 25 m depth unit, well below the earliest Magdalenian in the site.

5.

Allain (1972 p. 368) notes that at Vesdun, Cher, material has been found running from "Badegoulien initial un Mesolithique franc", and that a general similarity of this material is due to its scarcity and poor quality.

6.

This probably corresponds to the 'bone breccia' noted by Masfrand (1902).

a

45

� �

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

19

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

11

10

9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Abri de Jean-Blanc Grand abri de Mazerat Abri de Laugerie-Haute East Badegoule Abri Lachaud Abri de Raymonden Solvieux .Crobc de Fer Guillassou Le,Breuil Abri de Pech de la Boissiere Le Piage Grotte de Pegourie Abris de Cabrerets Grotte de Cassegros Layrac Maubin Pot,1rquey - Birac III Abri Houleau Grotte du Placard Abri Andre Ragout Abri Fritsch La Pluche Saint-Fiacre Grand Pressigny Silo

Bourniquel Couze Les Eyzies Bersac Terrasson Chancelade st- Louis-en-1 'Isle St-Germain du Salembre Neuvic/l'Isle & st-Leon/l'Isle Neuvic/1 'Isle Carsac Fajoles Caniac-du-Causse Cabrerets Trentels Layrac Beaupuy Castelvieil St-Silpice-et-Cameyrac Sainte-Florance Vilhonneur Vilhonneur Pouligny-Saint-Pierre Yzeures/Creuse Bossay /Claise Grand Pressigny Indre Indre-et-Loire

Charente

Gironde

Lot-et-Garonne

Lot

Dordogne

JBE/W MAZ LHE BAD LAC RAY SOL CDF GUI LEE PDE PIA PEG CAB CAS LAY MAU POU BIR HOU PLA ARA FRI PLU STF GPS

Abr. Commune Site Name No. Department _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 2. 1 Sites of Initial Magdalenian ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(contd. )

-.;:J

�

La-Chapelle-Saint-Me smin Beauregard Le Grand Surplomb Deuxieme Redan Ballancourt/Essonne Poron des Cueches Farin court Cave III Abri du Blot Grotte d.e Cottier Grotte du Rond du Barry Camparnaud La Riviere Lassac Petite grotte de Bize

La-Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin Nemours Nemours Nemours Ballancourt/Essonne Vic-sous-Thil Farincourt Cerzat R.etournac Sinzelles Vers Pont-du-Gard Villarzel-Cabardes Salleles-Cabardes Bize Gard Aude

Essonne Cote-d'Or Haute-Marne Haute-Loire

Loiret Seine-et-Marne

RDB CAM LRI LAS BIZ

car

LCSM BEA LGS DRE BSE PDC FAR BLO

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Department Abr. Commune Site Name No. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 2. 1 contd.

Table 2. 2

Summary evaluation of certain qualities of the 40 Initial Magdalenian sites. Rank order is based on this assessment, with personal know­ ledge of the assemblages a major influence on the order.

Key to the categories employed: S= sheltered, 0= Q)en air A= excavated, B = collected A= since 1960, B = 1960-1939, C= 19391914, D= pre-1914 (date for principal series) A= good (* indicates water sieved, ( * ) D. Collection quality: probably water sieved) B= uncertain, C= poor A= good, B = uncertain, C= poor E. Preservation quality: A= easy (A) = not easy of access, B= F. Availability: whereabouts not known in time, C= whereabouts not known, D= unavailable A= seen by me, B= not seen by me G. Study: A= more than 100 tools, B = 30-100 tools, H. Collection size: C= less than 30 tools A= ± undisturbed, B = partly disturbed, Site disturbance: I. C= extensively disturbed X J. Stratigraphic problems: A= own, B = other Sonneville-Bordes/Perrot K. Typological analysis: analysis, C = other analysis, D= no analysis available L. Analysis of whole flakes carried out-X M. Analysis of raclettes carried out-X N. Bone preserved-A, not preserved = B _____________________________________________________________________ A. Site type: B. Collection type: c. Excavation/Collection date:

A B F G C D E Site H I J K L M N ______________________________________________________________ PEG LHE BAD DRE CAS GUI LAS LRI COT BLO BIR LEE POU CAM MAU LAY SOL

s s s

0

s

0 0 0

s s

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

A A A A A A A/B B A A B A B B B B A

A B C A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

A* A

A A B A A A A(*)A A A A(*)A A A A* A A* A A A A A A A A A A .A A A A A

A A A A A A A A A A A A A (A) A A D 48

A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B B B

A A A A A A A A C C A C A A A C A

A B B B A B A/C C A A C A C C C C A

A A A A A A B B A A A A D B B B B

X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X

A A A .... B A B A B A B B B B B B B B (contd. )

Tab le 2 .2 c ontd . S i te

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

ROB

S

A

A

A (* )A

D

B

B

A

B

A

STF

O

A

B

B

B

O

B

A

A

C

B

ARA

S

A

D

A

B

ID

E

B

B

B

A

FR I

S

A

A

A

A

O

B

A

A

D

A

GPS

0

A

B

B

B

B

B

B

A

C

B

PLU

O

B

B

B

B

B

B

A

C

C

B

RAY

S

A

C

B

B

C

B

A

A

C

A

LCSM

O

B

C

B

D

C

B

A

C

C

B

FAR

S

A

B

B

A

(A )

B

A

A

C

A

CDF

O

A

A

A

A

A

A

( B )

C

X

A

B

P IA

S

A

A

A

A

A

A

( A )

A

X

A/B

B

X

C

LAC

S

A

B

B

B

A

A

A

B

MAZ

S

B

D

B

C

A

A

C

C

A

A

C /D

B

B

A

B

A

B

A/B

A

A

C

B

B

A

B

B

B

B

A

JBE/ W

S

A X

A

PDB

S

HOU

S

A

B

C

B

A

A

A

A

X

C

A

CAB

S

A

B

B

B

B

B

?

A

X

D

? A

PLA

S

A

D

C

C

(A )

B

?

B

D

BEA

0

A/B

C /D

B

B

( A )

B

A

C

B

B

LGS

S

A

C /D

C

C

( A )

B

C

C

C

A

BSE

O

A

B

B

B

(A )

B

( B )

C

C

B

PDC

0

A

B/D

B

A

( A )

B

B

C

C

A

B IZ

S

A

C

B

B

(A )

B

A

A

B

A

4 9

M AP I I N ITIAL MAGDALEN IAN S ITES I N FRANCE ( Key o n Tab le 2 .1)

5 0

P

e .

CHAPTER 3 NATURAL S ETT ING AND CLIMATIC BACKGROUND

3 .1

The s i tes i n t he ir s e t t ing The l and a rea a ssoc ia ted w i th t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian was l arger t han

t he p resen t .

A ccu mu la t ion o f i ce o n l and l ed t o af a l l i n s ea l eve l , t ha t a t i t s

max i mu m , d ur ing t he 1 7th mi l lenn iu m BC r eached a l eve l b e low 100 m . 1 As t he a ddi t ion o ft h is 100 m c on tour t o t he maps i ndica tes , t h is a dded a l arge a rea o fp robab ly f a ir ly l eve l l and t o t he F rench c oas t i n t he n or thern a ng le o f t he g u lf o f G ascony , e x tending more t han 1 00 km o f f L a R oche l le , c o mpared w i th t he 7 0 km b e tween L a R oche l le a nd t he + 100 m c on tour .

I n t he

s outhern a ng le o ft he b ay , a sma l ler a rea was a dded , w i th a s tr ip l i t t le more t han 1 0 km w ide o f f t he n or th S pan ish c oas t .

I n t he s outh af a ir ly l arge a rea

was a ga in a dded o f f t he p resen t c oas t o f L anguedoc a nd P rovence , b ut n arrowi ng a t b o th e nds where A lps a nd P yrenees mee t t he s ea . A t p resen t a l l o f t h is l and r epresen ts a ' b lack b ox ' i n o ur d ata .

S o me

e v idence a ssoc ia ted w i th i n land s i tes —of p ar t icu lar ly t he l a ter Magda len ian — d oes a l low a n i n terpre ta t ion t ha t wou ld s ugges t t hese c oas ta l z ones , a t l eas t i n t he west o f F rance , p layed a n impor tan t s easona l e cono m ic r o le . A s Map Ii ndica tes , t he d is tr ibu t ion o f a ccepted I n i t ia l Magda len ian s i tes i s a ssoc ia ted w i th t he Mass if C en tra l , a nd i t s Mesozo ic a nd T er t iary f ringes , w i th n o e v idence a t p resen t f or t he e x is tence o f I n i t ia l Magda len ian i n N or th E as t a nd N or th Wes t F rance , t he A lps a nd t he P yrenees . .The u ncer ta in ty o f t he d a t ing o fg lac ia l a c t iv i ty i n t he Mass if C en tra l i s i ndica ted b y Go r d e H erve & V eyre t ( 1 976 ) , b u t i fg lac iers d id e x is t h ere c ont e mporar i ly w i th t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian , i ts ee ms t hey wou ld h ave a f fec ted t he v o lcan ic mass ifs s epara t ing t he Wes t F rench s i tes f ro m t hose i n t he u pper p ar ts o f t he b as ins o f L o ire a nd A l lier .

2

The t hree s i tes i n Haute-Loire a re

t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian s i tes a t h ighest a l t i tude , b etween 5 00 a nd 7 00 m a bove s ea l eve l , i n r iver v a l leys , a nd s urrounded b y p eaks a nd p la teaux r ising r ap idly t o o ver 1 000 m . I n t he n or th-east marches o f t he Mass if , t he s i tes o f P oron d es C ueches a nd F ar incourt o ccupy c ontras t ing s i tua t ions .

P oron d es Cd eches l i es i n

s econdary p os i t ion n ear t he c res t o f a n o u t lier o f t he d issec ted p la teau , a t a n a lt itude o f j ust u nder 5 00 m .

F ar incour t C ave I I l i es i n as trea m v a l ley c ut

i nto t he e dge o f ab asin t ha t i t se lf l i es 1 00 m b e low t he p la teaux t ha t l i e b etween t he Marne a nd S a6ne . N or th , i n t he T er t iary P ar is B asin , t he N e mour s i tes a nd Ba l lancourt o ccupy p la teaux o f s ands tones a t a n a lt i tude o f C . 1 00 m, d o mina t ing t he a ll uv ia l p la ins b y s teep s lopes c . 6 0 m h igh .

5 3

O n—t he s ou thern f ringe o ft he b asin ,

o ver look ing t he L o ire , L a-Chape l le-Sa in t- Mes m in o ccup ies a l imes tone s pur a t s im i lar a l t itude . T o t he wes t o f t he Mass if , i nc ised p la teaux o f s ands tones a nd l imes tones d ec l ine i n to t he more g en t ly r o l ling l ow lands o f Aqu i ta ine .

S i tes h ere o ccupy

ar ange o f l oca t ions f ro m v a l ley f l oor l eve l , e i ther u nder o verhangs o r o n a l luv ia l t erraces , t o h i l l t ops d om ina t ing t he s urrounding c oun try—again e i ther s he ltered o r o pen a ir .

O n ly o ne o f t he wes tern s i tes —Pegour ie — ly ing a t 4 00 m

o n t he e xposed p la teau o f t he C ausses d u L ot i s a t a ny a lt itude . T o t he s ou th o f t he Mass if , t he A ude s i tes l i e i n t he l imes tone v a l leys b e low t he Montagne N o ire , t he s outhern e dge o ft he o ld mass if , wh i le C a mparn aud o ccup ies a c o mparab le p os i t ion o n t he s outh e as t e dge o ft he mass if . The l oca t ion o f s o me o f t hese s i tes i s r e levan t t o c l i ma t ic i n terpre ta t ion , p ar t icu lar ly t he o pen a ir s i tes , t he h igh a l t i tude s i tes , a nd t he n or thern s i tes , a nd t h is Is ha l l t urn t o i n s ec t ion 3 .4 b e low .

The i n terven ing s ec t ions a re

c oncerned w i th t he c ons truc t ion o f ac l i ma t ic r e la t ive c hrono logy f or t he p er iod i n p ar t o f wh ich t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian d eve loped . 3 .2 P rinc ipa l d a ta s ources f or c l i ma t ic r econs truc t ion Three p r inc ipa l c lasses o f e v idence a re a va i lab le f ro m I n i t ia l Magda len ian s i tes —f lora l , s edi mento log-i ca l , a nd f auna l —and t hese w i l l b e c ons idered i n t urn . A .

F lora l :

B es ide L ascaux , p o l len a na lyses h ave b een c arr ied o ut a t t hree

s i tes —Fr i tsch , L auger ie-Hau te , a nd P egour ie .

O f t hese F r i tsch h as b een

t he s ub jec t o f ap re liminary p ub l ica t ion ( An. L ero i-Gourhan 1 967 , 1 967a ) ; L auger ie-Haute , a na lysed b y P aquereau , i s u npub l ished , a l though c er ta in d e ta i ls a re g iven b y De lpech ( 1 975 p . 7 9 ) ;

a nd a t P egour ie , t he a na lys is b y

Ar l . L ero i-Gourhan h as o n ly j us t b een c o mp le ted , a lthough s o me o f t he imp lica t ions h ave b een c o m mun ica ted t o me ( Seron ie-V iv ien p ers . c omm . ) . B ias i n p o l len s pec tra d er ived f ro m c ave a nd s he lter s edi men ts a l though w ide ly p resu med , h as n o t b een t he s ub jec t o f d e ta i led i nves t iga tion . An. & A . L ero i-Gourhan ( 1964 p p . 4 -11 ) d ea l w i th s o me p rob le ms c onnec ted w i th p o l len s tudies i n g enera l , a nd t he s tudy o fp o l len f ro m c aves i n p ar t icu lar . I n p ar t icu lar t hey n o te t ha t t he p r inc ipa l mode o f i n troduc t ion o fp o l len w i l l b e o n t he s k in a nd f urs o fp eop le a nd a n i ma ls e n tering t he c ave , w i th o n ly a minor f rac t ion i n troduced b y t he w ind .

Th is f ac tor w i ll l ead t o o verrepresen-

t a t ion o f ' f ie ld ' a nd ' shrub ' l ayer ( B ishop 1 973 p p . 6 -10 ) p lan ts , a t t he e xpense o f a rborea l e le men ts .

T hus c on te mporary c ave a nd p ea t b og p o l len s a mp les

w i l l s how d if feren t p roport iona l r epresen ta t ions o f a rborea l p o l len ( AP ) .

The

c on tras t i n mi lieu b e tween c aves a nd p ea t b ogs w i l l l ead t o o ther d if ferences b etween p o l len s pec tra f ro m t he t wo s ources , w i th a g rea ter r epresen ta t ion o f s tepp ic n on-arborea l p o l len ( NAP ) —pr inc ipa l ly C o mpos i tes a nd g rasses — i n c ave s i tes , a nd more p o l len o f h ygroph i le e le men ts i n p ea t a nd l ake s ed imen ts .

T he d if ference i n mode o f i n troduc t ion o f p o l len i n t he t wo c ases w i l l

make c ave s a mp les more r epresenta t ive o f t he i m med ia te l oca l e nv iron men t ,

3

a nd b og a nd l ake s ed i ment s a mp les more i nd ica t ive o ft he g enera l e nv iron men t . A r l ; &A . L ero i-Gourhan

c i t . )a lso t ouch o n t he p rob le m o f mixture

o f l eve ls , a nd t he i n troduc t ion o f o ld p o l len f ro m t he b edrock . 5 4

B es ide t hese

s o me o ther p o ten t ia l s ources o f e rror o r b ias may b e s ugges ted :4 t he n eed f or c oncen tra t ion o f s a mp les f ro m l arge v o lu mes o f ma tr ix when p o l len i s s carce ( e .g . when s edi men ta t ion h as b een r ap id ) ; u ncer ta in ty a bou t t he mode o f i n troduc t ion o f f ore ign s edi men ts a nd c on ta ined p o l len 5 i n to c aves ; p erco lat ion o fp o l len i n l arge g ra ined s edi men ts ; a nd f i na l ly , a l though t he d if feren t ia l p reserva t ion o f p o l len g ra ins i n a c id ic e nv iron men ts h as b een s tudied , t he p oss ib i li ty o f s uch s e lec t ion i n a lka line e nv iron men ts r e ma ins u ninvest iga ted . B es ide t hese a re more g enera l q ues t ions o f t he d if f icu lty o f c orre la t ion o f s equences i n t he a bsence o f a bso lu te d a tes , o r c lear a ssoc ia t ions o f c lear ly d a ted a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l;

a nd o f n on-recogni t ion o f d iscon t inui t ies i n

s ed i men ta t ion —a lthough h ere o ne c an n o te t he u se made b y Ar l . &A .

L ero i-

G ourhan o fp o l len i n s tra t igraph ic s tudy , a nd t he p a lyno log ica l r ecogni t ion o f s tra t igraph ic d isturbances n o t p icked u p b y e ye . I n s p i te o f a l l t h is o ne c an n o te t ha t t he c ave s equences a na lysed d o s ee m t o p rov ide e v idence f or o sc i l la t ions o f c l i ma te/vege ta t ion c o mparab le t o t hose d is t inguished i n b og a nd l ake s ed i ments , a s d o p o l len s pec tra f ro m mar ine c ores—where t he p o l len r epresen ts t he r e mnan t af ter a l arger n u mber o f s e lec t ive p rocesses ( c f . Wes t 1 973 ) —to wh ich r eference w i l l b e made i n t he d iscuss ion b e low . B .

S edi men t :

More e x tens ive ly u sed t han e i ther f l ora l o r f auna l t echn iques

f or r e la t ive c l i ma to log ica l d a t ing i n t he c ave a nd s he lter s i tes o f SW F rance , i s d educ t ion f ro m t he r esu lts o f s ed i ment a na lys is .

S uch a na lyses e x is t f or

a t l eas t s even I n i t ia l Magda len ian s i tes—Lauger ie-Hau te , Pe gour ie , C assegros , F r i tsch , B lo t , C o t t ier a nd R ond d u B arry—a l though d e ta i ls , o r e ven a n o u tl i ne , a re n o t i n e very c ase p ub lished . S edi men t° logy h as a l ong a nd v ar ied h is tory ( c f . L o mbard 1 976) , a nd o ver t he l as t t wen ty y ears , s edi men to log ica l a na lyses o f c ave a nd s he lter d epos i ts h ave b eco me i ncreas ing ly p opu lar ( c f . B u tzer 1 971 p p . 2 04-214 ) .

C o l lcut t

( 1979) h as p roduced a d e ta i led c r i t ique o f t he me thods o f s tudy a nd i n terpre tat i on i n g enera l u se , t ha t h as t ended t o c onf ir m my own i n tu i t ive u ncerta in t ies a bout t he me thod . The g enera l p rac t ice i n F rance s ee ms t o p roceed f ro m t he a na lys is o f a s edi men tary s equence b y ar ange o f t echn iques f ro m f i e ld o bserva t ion t o X -ray d if frac to me try ( Le Tensorer 1 979 ) , a nd t he s tudy o f t he micro morpho logy o f s ed i ments ( Go ldberg 1 979) , t o t he r ecogn i t ion o f s edi men tary c hanges , a nd t hen t o t he i n terpre ta t ion o f t hese c hanges i n t er ms o f c hanges i n c l i ma te , a nd p r inc ipa l ly i n t he p ara me ters o f t e mpera ture a nd h um idi ty .

O nce a s e-

q uence o f c l i ma t ic ' phases ' h as b een e s tab lished , t hose d educed f ro m t he a na lys is o f s edi ment i n o ther c aves c an b e c o mpared t o i t .

L av i l le ( 1973 )

h as emp loyed t he r esu lts o f h is a na lyses o f c ave a nd s he lter s edi men t s equences i n t he e labora t ion o f as er ies o f c l i ma t ic p hases c ons idered v a lid a t l eas t f or t he P er igord .

Th is s che me h as s ince b eco me a b as ic d atu m , a nd f or e xa mp le ,

De lpech ( 1975 ) g roups h er f auna f or a na lys is i n to p hases c orresponding t o t hose o f L av i l le . C o l lcut t ( 1979 ) c r i t ic ises t he s amp l ing a nd measur ing t echn iques emp loyed , a nd t he i n terpre t ive c r i ter ia a pp l ied t o t he r esu lts , wh i le L e Tensorer ( 1979 p . 5 0 ) a rgues f or c au t ion , a nd t he u se o f d a ta o ther t han s edi men to log ica l a lone i n c l i ma t ic i n terpreta t ion .

F ro m a l ay v iewpoin t , t he u ncer ta in t ies s ee m 5 5

g rea t :

t he i nf luence o f microenv iron men ta l f ac tors t e lescop ing c l i ma t ic p hases

i n o ne p lace , o r c ausing a more s ens i t ive r esponse i n a no ther ;6 t he p ossib i li ty o f n on-recogn ised h iatuses ; a s we l l a s t he s uite o fp os t-depos i t iona l p oss ibi l it ies o ut l ined b y C o l lcut t ( 1979 p . 2 95 ) , a nd s uch d isagree men ts b e tween me thods a s t he o bserva t ion b y Go ldberg ( 1979 p . 4 5 ) t ha t i l luv ia t ion f ea tures i n terpre ted c lass ica l ly a s d ue t o s o i l f or ma t ion d id n ot e x is t a t t he micro- morpho log ica l l eve l . The s ugges t ion b y L av i l le & Tex ier ( 1972 ) o f c onte mporane i ty o f S o lutrean a nd I n i t ia l Magda len ian o n s edi ment b ased c l i ma t ic c orre la t ions b e tween L auger ie-Haute a nd L e Ma lpas i s a n e xa mp le o ft he misuse o f t he ,t echn ique i n i n terpre ta t ion , a nd w i l l b e d iscussed i n more d e ta i l i n C hap ter 8 b e low . T he r esu lts o f s ed i men to log ica l a na lyses w i l l o n ly b e r eferred t o h ere a s p rov iding a s ubs idiary s e t o f i nd ica t ions . C . F auna : Th is i s t he mos t a bundant ly a va i lab le c lass o f d a ta , w i th s o me q ua l ita t ive i ndica t ions f ro m 1 8 o f o ur 4 0 s i tes , a nd s o me q uan t i ta t ive i ndicat ions f ro m s ix o f t hese . The t radi t iona l u se o f f auna l a sse mb lages i n F rance , a s w i th p o l len a nd s ed i men t , i s i n t he e labora t ion o f c hrono log ica l ly s ign if ican t c l i ma t ic z ones a s a n a id t o t he r e la t ive d a t ing o f a rchaeo log ica l a sse mb lages .

7

T o t h is e nd

t he p r inc ipa l c harac ter isa t ion o f f auna i s i n r e la t ion t o p ara me ters o f t e mpera ture a nd h um id i ty , o r v ege ta t ion z ones c ons idered i ndica t ive o f t hese p arame ters .

A l though t h is h as t o s o me e x ten t d e manded t ha t a t ten t ion b e p a id t o

t he d if feren t e co log ica l d e mands o fp ar t icu lar s pec ies , n o a t te mp t h as b een made t o d e ter m ine whether p ar t icu lar a sse mb lages o f s pec ies e x is t , a nd i f t hey d o t o a t te mpt t o d e ter mine t he ir r e la t ion t o s uch f ac tors a s g enera l c l i ma te , l oca l t opography , s i te p os i t ion , s eason o f o ccupa t ion e tc .

A l though

i ti s t he c l i ma t ic a nd e nv iron men ta l s ignif icance o f a nima l s pec ies t ha t i s i mpor tan t t o u s h ere , t he r eason f or t he p resence o f s pec ies i n af auna l a ss e mb lage i s r e levan t t o t h is i n terpre ta t ion . I n t hose l eve ls w i th h u man o ccupa t ion , h u man e cono m ic n eeds—for f ood , f ur , r aw ma ter ia ls —w i l l b e ap o ten t ia l c ause o f s e lec t ion w i th in t he a va i lab le f auna . Where o ther l arge c arn ivores/o mn ivores a re p resen t ( e .g . b ear , wo lf , h yena , l i on ) t h is may b e d ue t o t he ir s e lec t ion b y h u mans , o r t o t he ir p resence d ur ing p er iods o f h u man a bsence , i n wh ich c ase o ther b ones p resen t may r epresen t t he ir k i l ls o r c o l lec t ions .

Th is may a f fec t t he i n terpre ta t ion o f a n

a sse mb lage c o l lec ted a t o ne s eason b y h u mans , b y t he i nc lus ion o f e le men ts f ro m t he p er iod o f h u man a bsence . The sma l l ma m ma l s amp le i s u n like ly t o r ef lec t h u man a c t iv i ty , b ut t he a c t ions o f t he a n i ma ls t he mse lves , a nd o fb irds a nd ma m ma ls o fp rey .

R e m-

n an ts o fp reda tor b ird p e l le ts may we l l r ef lec t t he g lean ings f ro m a n a rea s evera l k i lo me tres i n d ia me ter ,

8

wh ich i n b roken c oun try w i l l c o mp l ica te

e co log ica l i n terpre ta t ion , a l though t he s a mp le migh t b e l ess s e lec ted i fc o ll ec ted b y a ma m ma l p reda tor . C li ma t ic i n terpre ta t ions o f f auna w i l l b e r eferred t o i n t he d iscuss ion i n t he n ex t t wo s ec t ions c oncerned w i th t he e labora t ion o f ac l i ma t ic r e la t ive c hrono log ica l s che me .

I n S ec t ion 3 .5 a more d e ta i led a na lys is o f t he f auna

w i l l b e u nder taken , d es igned t o i nves t iga te p oss ib le f auna l a sse mb lages a nd

5 6

t he ir i n terpre ta t ion .

D iscuss ion t here i ndica tes t ha t , l i ke s edi ment , t he f auna

mus t b e u sed w i th c are i n c l i ma t ic r econs truc t ion . 3 .3

Da ta f or a n e x terna l c hrono logy The s equence f or wh ich d a ta w i l l b e p resen ted i n t h is s ec t ion r e lies o n

t he i mp l ica t ions o f ar ange o f ma jor a nd minor s ources o f e v idence .

The o ut-

l ine i s f or t he p er iod f ro m c . 2 0 0 00 BC t o t he b eg inning o f t he l a te g lac ia l , a nd i n t h is s ec t ion Ii n tend t o p resen t e v idence f or a s equence b eg inn ing w i th a' war m '9 p er iod , t ha t migh t b eg in a s e ar ly a s 2 0 0 00 BC , f o l lowed b y as hor t c o ld o sc i l la t ion a t c . 1 6 5 00 BC , wh ich i s i nt urn s ucceeded b y a' war m ' o sc i ll a t ion b eg inn ing c . 1 6 0 00 BC .

C o lder c ondi t ions b eca me r e-estab lished

t oward t he e nd o ft he 1 6th mi l lenn iu m BC , o r i n t he 1 5 th mi l lenniu m , a nd t he n ex t c lear war m ing o ccurs d ur ing t he 1 3th mi l lenn iu m BC —the Ang les o sc i ll a t ion o f B as t in ( 1 975 ) . The t wo war m o sc i l la t ions h ave b een n amed i n F rance , L augerie a nd L ascaux , n a mes wh ich h ave b eco me g enera l ly e stab l ished i n E urope ( c f . Ar l . L ero i-Gourhan 1 968, Gäbor i-Csänk 1 978) .

The t wo a re s o me t i mes r eferred

t o ac o mpos i te i n ters tadia l , t he ' Lauger ie-Lascaux ', o r e lse , i n SW F rance , t he L auger ie o sc i l la t ion a lone i s r egarded a s e qu iva len t t o t he Wt ir m I I/IV i nters tad ia l d is t ingu ished i n l oess d epos i ts i n N or th F rance , w i th L ascaux a mi ld o sc i l la t ion i n t he e ar ly p ar t o f Wt ir m I V—Phase I V . 2o f L av i l le .

Iemp loy

L auger ie a nd L ascaux a s s hor thand t er ms f or t he t wo war m o sc i l la t ions .

The

i nterven ing c o ld o sc i l la t ion a ppears t o c o inc ide w i th t he max i mu m e x tens ion o f i ce s heets d uring t he

Wir m/ We ichse l g lac ia t ion .

Mov ius ( 1960 p . 3 63 )

r e marks t ha t " the l im i ts o f t he max i mu m ( i ce ) a dvance i n N or thern E urope a re c lear ly d ef ined b y t he B randenburg mora ines o f N or th Ger many", a nd I w i l l u se B randenburg a s as hor thand t er m f or t h is c o ld o sc i l la t ion .

F or t he

p os t-Lascaux c o ld , Ip refer ' pos t-Lascaux ' t o t he u ndef ined ' O ldest Dryas ' . I n t he r e ma inder o f t h is s ec t ion Iw i l l d e ta i l t he p rinc ipa l d a ta s ources , wh ich w i l l b e s yn thes ised w i th s o me a ddi t iona l o bserva t ions i n S ec t ion 3 .4 Accep tab le a bso lute d a tes f or t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian h ave a lready b een l i s ted a t t he e nd o f C hap ter 2 . A .

L auger ie-Hau te :

s edi men t a nd p o l len .

The c l i ma t ic i n terpre ta t ions o f

L av i l le f or t he S o lu trean a nd I n i t ia l Magda len ian l eve ls o f L auger ie-Haute a re s e t o ut i n T ab le 3 .1 t oge ther w i th t he p o l len b ased i ndica t ions o f P aquere au ( af ter De lpech 1 975 p . 7 9 ) , a nd w i th s o me d escr ip t ion o f t he l eve ls af ter L av i l le ( 1 964 ) . The L auger ie o sc i l la t ion i s e qu iva len t t o t he I l/IV i n terstadia l o f L av i l le , t o wh ich h e a t tr ibu tes t he s edi men t o f LHE L eve ls 2 8-22 , a nd LH W L eve ls 7 -2 , a l though t he l eve l d escr ip t ions i ndica te l i t t le v ar ia t ion r igh t t hrough t he S o lutrean , a nd s ee m t o i nd ica te t he p resence o f c ryoturba t ion f ea tures w i thin t he l eve ls a t tr ibuted t o L auger ie .

There a re n o C 14 d a tes f or LHE 2 8-22 ,

a lthough l eve l 3 1 i s d a ted : 1° G rN-1888

1 8 9 40 ± 3 00 b c

LH W L eve ls 7 -2 y ie ld a s er ies o f d a tes :

5 7

B urn t b one

L eve l 5

L eve l 2

G rN-4495

1 7 7 90 ± 1 40 b e

B one/hu mus

G rN-4442

1 7 6 50 ± 1 40 b e

B urn t b one

G rN-4441

1 8 0 50 ± 2 40 b e

B urn t b one

G rN-4605

1 7 9 20 ± 1 90 b e

B one/hu mus

wh i le l eve l 1 2 p rov ides t hree more : L eve l 1 2d G rN-4573

1 8 8 00 ± 1 50 b e

B one/hu mus

L eve l 1 2a G rN-4446

1 8 8 60 ± 2 30 b e

B urn t b one

G rN-4469

1 8 2 10 ± 1 00 b e

B one/hu mus

LH W 1 2d i s d a ted o n i ndus tr ia l g rounds b y Sm i th ( 1 966 p . 1 43) a nd o n s edimen to log ica l g rounds b y L av i l le e ar l ier t han LHE 3 1 , wh i le LH W 2 i s c o mp ared b y b o th Sm i th ( 1966 p . 1 46) a nd L av i l le t o LHE 2 2 . The p o l len a na lys is o f P aquereau i ndica tes i ncrease i n AP i n l eve ls 3 0/11 a nd 2 8-22/7-2 , w i th i ncrease i n o pen s pace e le men ts i n 3 1/12a-b , a nd 2 9/10-8, t he l a t ter p hase a ppear ing more s tepp ic . LHE l eve ls 2 1-18 a re a t tr ibu ted t o t he c o ld o sc i l la t ion e quiva len t t o o ur B randenburg ( W t ir m I V . 1 . o f L av i l le ) .

A s l igh t

i ncrease i n ma ter ia l i n ter-

p re ted a s t her moc las t ic i n o r ig in , a nd a d ec line i n t he i ndices o f a l tera t ion l ead L av i l le t o c harac ter ise t hese l eve ls a s h av ing a c o ld , d ry , c l i ma te ( Lav i l le 1 964 , 1 973 p . 6 93 ) .

The p o l len a na lys is i ndica tes a d ec line i n d ec id-

u ous e le men ts t o t he a dvantage o f o pen c ountry e le men ts .

The l eve l h as a

s ing le C 14 d a te , o n t he e ar ly I n i t ia l Magda len ian , o f : L eve ls 2 0/18

L y-972

1 6 3 10 ± 3 60 b e

LHE L eve ls 1 7-9 a re a t tr ibu ted t o t he s ucceeding war m o sc i l la t ion , W t ir m I V . 2o f L av i lle , f or wh ich h e d educes mi ld a nd more h um id c ondi t ions t han i n 2 1-18 .

I n t he p o l len o f t hese l eve ls P aquereau n o tes a n i ncrease i n

AP , a nd i n t he p o l len o f wa terlov ing p lan ts , a gree ing w i th t he d educ t ions o f L av i l le . B .

F r i tsch :

p o l len .

The p o l len s pec tru m f ro m t he a br i F r i tsch ( An. L ero i-

G ourhan 1 967 , 1 967a , c f . F igure 3 .1) s hows t wo AP p eaks , s epara ted b y a s hort d ec l ine .

The f i rs t war m o sc i l la t ion , t he s tar t o f wh ich i s u nrepresen ted

i s a ssoc ia ted w i th U pper S o lutrean ma ter ia l .

AP r eaches 1 9% , l arge ly S co ts

P ine , w i th h aze l a nd a lder , b ut a lso i nc lud ing t he mar it i me p ine ( P inus a s ter ) t ha t a t p resen t o ccurs i n F rance o n ly o n t he western s eaboard , a nd wh ich h as a g enera l ly Medi terranean d istr ibu t ion ( c f . Mirov 1 967 p . 7 5 ) , a lt hough L ero i-Gourhan n otes t ha t i tc an w i ths tand t e mpera tures a s l ow a s 30°C .

S co ts P ine e ndures much l ower t e mperatures —to b e low 65 0 C—in

S iber ia ( Mirov 1 967 p . 4 40 ) .

The U pper S o lutrean o f l eve l 8 d i s a ssoc ia ted

w i th a C 14 d a te o f : G rN-5499

1 7 3 30 ± 2 30 b e

B urnt b one

( De l ibr ias & Ev in 1 974 p . 1 50 ; A l la in 1 978) . Af ter t h is f i rs t war m o sc i l la t ion , t he AP r epresen ta t ion f a l ls t o 3 % ( Sco ts p ine , a lder , b irch ) .

5 8

F igure 3 .1

P ercen tage p resence o f a rborea l p o l len ( 1 ) , a nd i vy p o l len ( 2 ) a t t he a br i F r i tsch ( af ter An. L ero i-Gourhan 1 967 p . 9 6)

L eve l C 14 y rs b c

60( 2 )

70

( 1 )

3

1 5 1 80±550

4 /5c t

1 45 80±550

I I I%

«I

905 a

1 00 1 0-

5 b

1 5330±350

5b / c

1 20 1 30-

6

1 4 0-

1 60 30

± 350

1 50, 1 60 1 70-

l ' O

1 5

5 9

8 2 '5

1 7 3 301 :2 30

L eve l 6a ssoc ia ted w i th t he b eg inn ing o f t he s econd war m o sc i l lat ion h as a C 14 d a te ( A l la in 1 978) o f : L y-1124

1 6 0 30 ± 3 60 b c

B one c o l lagen

The u pper l eve ls o f F r i tsch , a ssoc ia ted w i th I n i t ia l Magda len ian ma ter ia l , a re c on te mporary w i th t he s econd p er iod o f AP i ncrease .

AP r ises o ver 2 0%

i n l eve l 6 , a nd w i th s l igh t o sc i l la t ions r eta ins t h is l eve l a l mos t t o t he e nd o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian s equence .

S co ts P ine d om ina tes t he AP , a ssoc ia ted

w i th P . p inaster , o ak , a lder , h aze l , e lm , l ime , h ornbea m , a nd b ox .

F erns

d eve lop , a nd i vyll ( Hedera h e lix ) i s f a ir ly c onstan t ly p resen t , i nc lud ing i n t he u pper mos t l eve l o f I n i t ia l Magda len ian . The u pper mos t I n i t ia l Magda len ian l eve l— leve l 3—da ted a t : L y-1121

1 5 1 80 ± 5 50 b c

i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a s econd AP d ec line , t ha t migh t b e s ugges ted a s marking t he e nd o f L ascaux .

O ne mus t n o te h owever t ha t t he e x tre me o f t h is d ec line

i s a ssoc ia ted w i th t he 1 5 cm o f d eposi t b e low a h ia tus t ha t r epresen ts t he r ema inder o f t he L a te-G lac ia l , a nd wh ich migh t r epresen t ab reak i n s edi ment a t ion , a nd p o l len d es truc t ion o r i nf i ltra t ion migh t h ave a f fec ted t he s pec tru m o f t h is u pper p ar t .

The ma tr ix o f l eve l 3i s d escr ibed a s l arge g ra ined :

a

" ca i l lout is c a lca ire e nroban t q ue lques b locs p lus v o lu mineux" ( A l la in & F r i tsch 1 967 p . 8 5 ) . C .

Marine c ore 6 932 : p o l len a nd p lank ton .

Ana lysis o f t he p o l len a nd p lank ton

c on ten t o f ac ore t aken a t ad ep th o f 43 00 m i n t he G u lf o f G ascony C . 3 00 km f ro m l and (T hron 1 974 ) p rov ides i nteres t ing i nfor ma t ion . T he r e levan t s ec t ion o f t he c ore i s z ones ki . ThQ p lankton f ro m t hese z ones s hows a c hange t o mi lder mar ine c ondit ions , a nd b ack a ga in .

P lank ton d om ina ted b y 9 5-98% l ef t c o i led G lob iger ina p achy-

d er ma i n t he l ower l eve ls , i s r ep laced i n ki b y a n a sse mb lage w i th 5 0% , l arge ly r igh t c o i led , G . p achyder ma , w i th s ub trop ica l s pec ies s uch a s G lob ora ta l ia h irsuta ( mos t ly l ef t c oi led) a nd G lobora ta l ia t runca tu lo ides ( mos t ly r igh t c o i led ) .

Above z one iG . p achyder ma f orms o ver 9 0% o f t he a sse mb lage ,

a nd i s mos t ly l ef t c o i led ( Cara lp e t a l . 1 974 , P u jo l & Turon 1 974 ) .

A l though

d e ta i ls a re n o t g iven , b oundary d a tes b ased o n as er ies o f r adiocarbon d a tes a re s uggested ( Cara lp e t a l . 1 974 p . 3 7) o f 2 0-21 0 00 BC f or t he b ase o f k , a nd 1 6 0 00 BC f or t he e nd o f i —both d a tes e ar lier t han o ther s ources wou ld s ugges t . The p o l len s a mp le i s c o mposed l arge ly o f a rborea l p o l len , w i th t he d ist i nc t ion b e tween war m a nd c o ld z ones b ased o n t he r e lat ive p ropor t ions o f

6 0

P inus a nd o f d ec iduous s pec ies ( Quercus , C ory lus , B etu la ) (T hron 1 974 ) . P o l len a l lows t he d is t inc t ion o f t he t hree z ones , w i th mi lder c ond i t ions i n k a nd is epara ted b y t he c o lder j .

Z one k s hows t he most marked d ec line i n

P inus , l arge ly t o t he a dvantage o f B etu la .

I n z one jB e tu la d ec lines , a nd

P inus i ncreases , t he d ec l ine o fb irch b e ing i n terpreted a s r ef lec t ing a f a l li n h um id i ty , a nd t he p ine i ncrease , i ncreas ing c o ld ( Pu jo l &T hron 1 974 ) .

I n

z one i , AP i s more a bundant t han i n k / j , wh i le t he p ercen tage o ccurrence o f p ine f a l ls a ga in , b ut t h is t ime t o t he a dvan tage o f Q uercus a nd C ory lus r a ther t han B etu la , wh ich T hron ( 1974 P . 4 85 ) s uggests may b e r e la ted t o t he e stabl i shmen t o f c l i max mixed o ak f ores t v ege ta t ion . Wi th t he p lank ton c hange a t t he i /h b oundary , p ine s hows a mass ive i ncrease , a nd d o mina tes t he p o l len d ur ing t he r e ma inder o ft he g lac ia l p er iod . A l though t he p o l len s hows a war m-co ld-war m s equence , a na lys is o f t he p lank ton s hows a s ing le s e t o f mi lder c ond it ions f or t he p er iod .

S im i lar ly t he

0 -18 c urves o fd a ted d eep s ea c ores e .g . P -6304-8, P -6304-9 ( Rona & Em i lian i 1 969 p . 6 7) s how a s ing le 0 -18 p eak .

Thus i ts ee ms t ha t t he s hor t

i n terna l c o ld o sc i l la t ion , wh i le h av ing a measurab le efec t o n p o l len d is tr ibut i on , d id n o t s ign i f ican t ly a f fec t t he mar ine e nv iron men t , o r t ha t a ny e f fec t was t oo sma l l t o s urv ive mixing o f s ed i men t b y s ea f l oor o rgan is ms ( Shack le ton 1 975 p . 3 ) , o r t o b e d e tec tab le . D .

Padu l :

p o l len .

The p o l len s equence f ro m P adu l i n s outhern S pa in ( Men-

e ndez Amor & F lorschu tz 1 963 , 1 964 , F lorschutz e t a l . 1 971) , s a mp led a t i nterva ls o f 5 0-100 cm , s hows o n ly a s ing le war m o sc i l la t ion marked b y AP i ncrease , a nd p robab ly e qu iva len t t o t he who le o f L auger ie-Lascaux , w i th a C 14 d a te ( F lorschu tz e t a l . 1 971 p . 2 58) o f : GrN-2327 E .

1 5 0 50 ± 1 45 b c .

Tenag i P h i lippon : p o l len .

The z one o f AP i ncrease a t P adu l a ssoc ia ted

w i th G rN -2327 i s s a id t o c orrespond t o t he P h i lipp i i n ters tadia l d escr ibed f ro m t he Tenag i P h i l ippon c ore i n NE Macaedon ia ( W i j mstra 1 969 , v an d er H a m men e t a l . 1 971 ) .

Th is i n terstadia l i s marked b y a n i ncrease i n AP

( l arge ly P inus n egra ) , a nd s hows t wo p eaks i n terna l ly , a t b eg inning a nd e nd . The f i rs t o f t hese , wh ich may c orrespond t o L auger ie s hows t he g rea ter i nc rease i n AP . Da tes f or t he s tage b oundar ies c a lcu la ted f ro m a s er ies o f C 14 d a tes s ugges t ar ange f ro m 1 8-14 0 00 BC f or t he Ph i lippi i nters tadia l a s a who le . F .

H ungary :

f oss i l s o i ls .

Two f oss i l s o i ls i n t he l oess s tra t igraphy o f t he

H ungar ian b asin h ave g iven C 14 d a tes t ha t s ugges t t ha t t hey migh t b e a t tr ibut ed t o t he t wo h a lves o ft he L auger ie-Lascaux ( Gäbori-Csänk 1 970 , 1 978) . S ägvär , t he t wo h or izons a re d a ted ( Gäbor i-Csänk 1 978 p . 8 )1 2 L ower h or izon

G rN-1783

1 6 6 50 ± 1 50 b e

U pper h or izon

G rN-1959

1 5 5 40 ± 1 00 b e

G .

E v idence f or t he max i mu m e x ten t o f W i lr m i ce .

A t

a t :

A t D im ling ton , i n Y ork-

s h ire , s i lts c on ta in ing mosses a nd b ee t le r e ma ins a re o ver la in b y t i l l d epos i ts o f t he max i mu m e x tens ion o f t he i ce s hee t ( Penny e t a l . 1 969) . h ave b een d a ted a t :

6 1

The mosses

I-3372 Birm-108

16 550 16 240

± ±

400 be 250 be

The beetle species present indicate that the ice front was nearby at the time of formation of the silt. Wood samples (mostly spruce) buried under the till .deposited by the ad­ vancing North American ice sheet have given dates (in the Scioto lobe in Ohio) for the maximum extent of the Wisconsin ice of: Y-448 W-91 W-331

16 550 16 100 16 050

± ± ±

420 be 400 be 400 be

(Goldthwait et al. 1965 pp. 88-89). H. Pegourie: pollen. Pollen from Pegourie analysed by Arl. Leroi-Gourhan indicates mild conditions associated with the Initial Magdalenian levels 9 & 8, with comparable percentages of AP. Between the lower and upper levels how­ ever is a shift in NAP from Gramineae to Compositeae which might suggest cooler conditions in the upper level. The AP percentage falls sharply in the upper few centimetres of level 8, and it could be suggested that this indicates the end of Lascaux. However here, as at Fritsch, one must note the existence of a sedimentological break (cf. Seronie-Vivien & Le Tensorer 1977) above the Initial Magdalenian levels and extending to the end of the glacial, although Le Tensorer suggests on the basis of this sedimentological analysis that the uppermost part of level 8 was formed under cold, humid conditions. While a late dating of level 8 would fit with certain details of the stone industry, the Cl4 dates might seem too early. I. Observations of Delpech on the fauna. The change in temperature/humidity and vegetation intepreted for levels 28-22/7-2 of Laugerie-Haute by Laville on sediment, and Paquereau on pollen seem to have had little effect on the fauna. Delpech (1975 Tl pp. 77-87, T2 Tab. 16) indicates little variation in the fauna right through the Solutrean, with predominant reindeer and horse interpreted as representing cold conditions, with the presence of red deer in levels 30/11, and LHW 7-2 (0. 21%) regarded as indices .of increased humidity at these moments. She concludes that "en ce qui concerne 'l'interstade' Wurm III-IV, l'association des Herbivores n'indique aucune amelioration du climat" (ibid. p. 85), while the lack of any major occurr�nce of her 'forest' elements dis­ agrees with the sedimentological and palynological indications of greatly in­ creased humidity. Delpcch also attributes to Laugerie fauna associated with Upper Solutrean at the grotte des Eglises, st-Martin-d'Excideuil, Dordogne, and Sainte-Eulalie, Espagnac, Lot (QQ. cit. pp. 296-297). The presence of red and roe deer, and pig, at the grotte des Eglises is, she notes, more conformable to the deductions of Laville, although Sainte-Eulalie is interpreted as cold and dry. The con­ trast is interpreted in climatic terms, Delpech suggesting that the more northerly grotte des Eglises experienced an oscillation of greater amplitude (QQ. cit. p. 296).

62

Only the LHE fauna is attributed to Brandenburg and Lascaux, and is analysed in two units, LHE 20-18, and 16-10, corresponding to the two divisions as defined by the sedimentological analysis of Laville. LHE 20-18 with decline in reindeer, increase in horse and chamois, and appearange of sa11?;a is interpreted as reflecting dry and cold conditions, and comformable therefore with the results of the sedimentological ana�ysis, although the presence of red deer is taken as suggesting a more humid oscillation internally. Disappearance of sa11?;a, and decline in horse in the LHE 16-10 assemblage is interpreted as evidence for more humid conditions, while it is suggested that the high percentage of reindeer may reflect deliberate selection in hunting. J. Observations of Chaline on the microfauna. Chaline defines warm and cold "climatozones" on assemblages of rodents (cf. Chaline 1972, 1977 in press). The presence of either of the Arctic tundra lemmings-Lemmus lemmus and Dicrostonyx torquatus (cf. Kowalski 1977 p. 345 )-in a faunal assemblage is considered sufficient for the designation of an arctic fauna, and the recognition of a cold 'climatozone'. Very little attention seems to be paid to the potential effects of variation in local topography or conditions on the composition of the assemblage, even though a division into 'ecozonal' groups is made. The present scheme of Chaline has a generally arctic environment (presence of lemmings) interrupted by a series of warm oscillations, that do not however alter the microfauna over the whole of France. Equivalent to Laugerie is the 'climatozone de Rochebertier' for which the type assemblage is that of Andre Ragout level C (Solutrean with shouldered points), characterised by steppic elements. 13 The succeeding 'Cottier cold stadial' and Lascaux 'interstadial' proved more complex to interpret.

Cottier

m and II dated by sedimentology to the

WUrm III/IV interstadial (presumably in the sense of Laville), and the begin­ ning of WUrm IV (presumably = WUrm IV. 1 of Laville) respectively (although Chali.ne treats this III/IV as equivalent to Lascaux (sensu stricto), and the Level II microfauna as equivalent to the post-Lascaux) have a fauna with the arctic lemmings; Fritsch, while having evidence in AP increase for Lascaux, also has an arctic/open microfauna; while Lascaux itself has yielded a micro­ faunal assemblage with woodland elements. This difference is explained by the supposition of a warmer Lascaux oscil­ lation in the Dordogne, with extensive fo·rest; extension of forest in the valley of the Creuse to explain the pollen of Fritsch, with arctic tundra on the inter­ fluves to explain the microfauna; and a relict arctic fauna at altitude in the Massif Central. 3. 4 'External' climatic chronology c. 20-14 000 BG The probable existence between 20 and 14 000 BC of two warm oscilla­ tions separated by a single cold oscillation is apparent in the pollen sequences from the Fritsch and Laugerie-Haute rock shelters in th'.e Dordogne, from Gascon marine core 6932, and from the lake core from Tenagi Philippon, and in the paired fossil soils of the Hungarian loess.

63

F igure 3 .2

Upper a nd F ina l S o lutrean s i tes i n F rance ( a f ter Sm ith 1 966)

U pper a nd F ina l :

•

U pper o n ly

: +

F ina l o n ly

: o

•

g e e

•

• AK: 3c4° • •• • • • 1 •

•

0

• •

• •

6 4

•

•

The first mild oscillation, which we have called Laugerie, is associated at Laugerie-Haute on pollen and sediment with levels containing Upper and Final Solutrean, and with Cl4 dates ranging from 18 050 to 17 650 be. At Fritsch an AP peak considered to represent Laugerie is again associated with Final Solutrean, and with a C14 date of 17 330 be, while the lower of the two fossil soils in Hungary has dates in the early part of tp.e 17th millennium be. Mapping of Upper and Final Solutrean sites in France (fig. 3. 2 after Smith 1966 pp. 156-157, 364-369) shows a distribution limited to SW. France, with no extension north of the Loire, 14 or into the upland of the Massif Central, and an apparent scarcity of open air settlements-indeed none of those listed as Upper/Final Solutrean by Smith can properly be considered open air. This may be related to the typological structure of the Solutrean, with no distinctive elements apart from the Solutrean retouched pieces, or to the impossibility of determining whether surface finds of Solutrean points with Upper Palaeolithic material represent Solutrean, or the mixture of lost points with earlier /later scatters. However, it might also be considered as evidence that Laugerie was not particularly mild, and that as Delpech notes from her study of the fauna, the association of herbivores in Wurm ill/IV "n'indique aucune ameliora­ tion du clima.t". A possible exception to this settlement pattern however, is the Cottier occupation with its two C14 dates (Evin 1976) of: level

m

Ly-663 Ly-730

17 930 ± 520 be 19 150 ± 600 be

If the scanty material, with its marginal raclettes and backed bladelets were interpreted as a Solutrean with no leaf points preserved in the collection, then Ly-663 would date it contemporary with the Upper/Final Solutrean of Laugerie­ Haute, and with the Laugerie oscillation. Ly-730 however would date the level contemporary with the Proto-Magdalenian of the abri Blot (cf. App. I p. 449) Although the archaeological material of Cottier IIT is too scarce for clear at­ tribution, an association with the late Gravettian, known from Blot to have pene"trated the upland, rather than with the Solutrean, for which there is no other evidence in the upland Massif Central, and thus a preference for the Ly-730 date would seem to be arguable. The 'Brandenburg' cold oscillation, apparently associated with the maxi­ mum extent of the southern edge of the WUrmian/Weichselian ice, 15 has at­ tributable dates in the second half of the 17th millennium be in England and North America. In France it seems to be associated with a sharp drop in AP representation at Fritsch and at Laugerie-Haute, and a similar drop in AP is seen in the Tenagi Philippon core, while marine core 6932 shows a Pinus peak. At Laugerie-Haute (levels 20-18), and Cassegros (level 10 [Le Tensorer 1979 pp. 512-517] ), 'thermoelastic' deposits associated with the oscillation contain early Initial Magdalenian material, with a date, at Laugerie­ Haute, of 16 310 be. A date of c. 16 000 BC was assumed by the CLilVIAP project for the maximum extension of ice during the last glaciation (cf. McIntyre et al. 1976, 1976a, Gates 1976). The second warm oscillation- Lascaux-is marked by AP increases at Laugerie-Haute, Fritsch, and Tenagi Philippon, and is, it seems, also re­ presented at Pegourie. Level 6 of the abri Frits-ch with a Cl4 date of 16 030 65

b e f a l ls a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he o sc i l la t ion , wh i le l eve l 3 wh ich f a l ls a t t he e nd o f t he Wt tr m ian s equence i n t he s i te , a nd migh t mark t he e nd o f L ascaux , h as ad a te o f 1 5 1 80 b c .

O ther d a tes a t t he Rond d u Barry , a nd P egour ie f a l l i n

t he s a me r ange , a l l a ssoc ia ted w i th I n i t ia l Magda lenian .

A t L auger ie-Haute

t he d epos i ts a t tr ibuted t o L ascaux a lso h ave I n i t ia l Magda len ian . A t F r i tsch t he r ange o f d ec iduous s pec ies r epresen ted i s w ider t han d ur ing t he L auger ie o sc i l la t ion , a nd i n c ore 6 932 , o ther d ec iduous s pec ies t han b irch , c o m mon i n L auger ie , i ncrease a t t he e xpense o fp ine d ur ing L ascaux , l eading Turon t o s ugges t t ha t ac l i max mixed o ak f ores t v ege ta t ion was e s tab lished o n l and .

De lpech o n h er s tudy o f t he f auna o f L auger ie-Haute s ugges ts t ha t a n

i ncrease i n h um idi ty c an b e d is t ingu ished , a lthough t he f auna d oes n o t i ndicate mi lder c ond i t ions . A more d e ta i led d iscuss ion o ft he f auna w i l l b e a t te mp ted b e low ( Sec t ion 3 .5 ) . Tha t mi lder c ondi t ions may h ave p reva i led d ur ing L ascaux t han d uring L auger ie may a lso b e i ndica ted b y s e t t le ment e v idence . C o mpar ison o f Map I , o f I n i t ia l Magda lenian s i tes , w i th t he map o f U pper a nd F ina l S o lutrean s i tes ( F ig . 3 .2 ) s hows s o me c lear d if ferences i n d is tr ibut i on .

I n t he I n i t ia l Magda lenian , s i tes e x tend t o t he n orth a nd n or th-eas t o f

t he L o ire ( Par is b asin , F ar incourt , P oron d es Cd eches ) , a nd i n to t he u p land ( Haute-Lo ire s i tes , P oron d es Cd eches , P egour() , wh i le a s ubstan t ia l p rop or t ion o f t he s i tes ( i n f ac t 2 0 o f t he 4 0 b est s i tes ) a re o pen a ir .

I t migh t b e

s ugges ted t ha t a n i ncreased war m ing d ur ing L ascaux f avoured t he s e t t le men t o r v is i ting o f a reas n o t o ccup ied f or s evera l t housand y ears a pparen t ly , a nd o n t h is mode l , t he d a t ing o f t he b u lk o f t he n orthern , a nd o ft he o pen-a ir , I n i t ia l Magda len ien s i tes t o L ascaux , wou ld s ee m r easonab le . Da ting t he e nd o f L ascaux i s ad if f icu lt ma t ter .

R eturn t o c o ld c ond i t ions

a f ter t he L auger ie-Lascaux i s marked i n d eep s ea c ores ( 0-18 , p lank ton a nd p o l len ) , a nd a t T enag i P h i lippon .

A t L auger ie-Hau te h owever t he p o l len

s pec tru m s tops a t t he e nd o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian l eve ls , wh i le a t F r i tsch a nd P egour ie , as ucceeding s edi men tary h ia tus means t ha t t he t op f ew c en t ime tres mus t b e t rea ted w i th c aut ion .

A t P ouyferre i n t he P yrenees , t he

b ase o f t he p o l len s pec tru m s ee ms t o r epresen t L ascaux , a nd a C 14 d a te f ro m t he p os t-Lascaux c o ld l eve ls g ives 1 3 8 50 b e ( quoted A r l .

&

A . L ero i-

G ourhan 1 964 p . 1 7) ; wh i le a p os t L auger ie-Lascaux 0 -18 minimu m i n mar ine c ore P -6304-8 h as a d a te ( Rona & Em i lian i 1 969 p . 6 7 ) o f 1 3 5 10 ± 2 20 b c . The r eturn o f c o ld c ondi t ions s ee ms t o h ave a f fec ted s o me I n i t ia l Magd a len ian s i tes —the ma ter ia l f ro m P oron d es Cd eches i s i n s econdary p os i t ion h av ing b een s o l if luc ted f ro m n ear t he s u mm i t o f t he Mon tagne d e N an , a nd a t C ro ix d e F er , c ryoturba t ion h as mixed Mous ter ian a nd I n i t ia l Magda len ian ma ter ia l —and may a lso h ave h ad a c ons iderab le efec t o n s e t t le men t , w i th t he e nd o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian marked b y a n i ndustr ia l a nd s tra t igraph ic b reak o ver mos t o f F rance .

Ab reak i n o ccupa t ion u n t i l t he l a ter Magda len ian

i s v is ib le i n t he P ar is B as in ( c f . S chm ider 1 971 c h . 4 ) , a t F ar incour t , i n t he H aute-Lo ire s i tes , a nd o n 'the e xposed C ausse d e C an iac i n L o t b etween P egour ie l eve l 8 , a nd t he o ccupa t ion o f B erger ie .

A t n o I n i t ia l Magda len ian

s i te i s t here d irec t s uperpos i t ion o f ma ter ia l t ha t migh t b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he e ar ly p art o f t he l a ter Magda len ian —un like t he s i tua t ion a t t he S o lutrean/

6 6

I n i t ia l Magda len ian i n terface —and i n o n ly a f ew ( LHE , J ean-B lanc , S o lv ieux ) i s t here a ny s uperpos i t ion a t a l l . The d ata a va i lab le i nd ica tes t ha t L ascaux e nded a t s ome t ime b etween 1 5 a nd 1 4 0 00 b e . The o n ly d a ted I n i t ia l Magda len ian s i te t ha t f a l ls i n t h is t ime r ange i s t ha t o f L assac , i n t he Medi terranean z one t o t he s outh o f t he Mass if C en tra l , w ith a d a te o f 1 4 8 00 b c . T he a bsence o f d e ta i l o f t he r e indeer b ones t ha t f or m a l mos t t he e n t ire f auna l s amp le d oes n ot a l low a ny c l i ma t ic d educt i on c oncern ing t he s i te t o b e made a t p resen t .

The r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he

e nd o f L ascaux a nd u nders tanding o f t he e nd o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian a nd i t s l a ter d eve lop men ts i s o ne o f t he more i mpor tant q ues t ions t ha t my work c o mmen ts o n , a nd t o f ur ther i n terpre ta t ion o f t h is Is ha l l r e turn i n C hap ter 8 , a f ter t he p resen ta t ion o ft he d a ta i n C hap ters 4 -7 . 3 .5 A d ivers ion o n f auna l i n terpre ta t ion I t was n o ted a bove ( 3 . 2 .C )t ha t t he t radi t iona l u se o f f auna i n F rench P a laeo l ith ic s tudies was a s a n a d junc t t o s ediment a nd p o l len i n t he r e la t ive d a t ing o f a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l; a nd i n 3 .3 . Ia nd J , t he c o mmen ts o f De lpech a nd C ha line o n t he z ona t ion o f L auger ie-Lascaux were n o ted .

The

p rinc ipa l f au lt o f t h is a pproach s eems t o me t o l i e i n t he d es ire t o i n terpre t f auna l a sse mb lages a s t yp ica l o f az one o f t ime a nd l arge a rea o f s pace , wh i le t he f i rs t r e la t ion o f a ny f auna l a ssemb lage mus t b e t o i t s s i tua t ion . a nd t he v ar ia t ion d ue t o l oca l c ondi t ions , a nd t o h u man a c t iv i ty mus t b e a ccoun ted f or b efore w ider i mp lica t ions a re d rawn . T o i nves t iga te f auna l v ar ia t ions , Ic arried o ut , i n e ar ly 1 978, a n a na lysis o f an u mber o f f auna l a ssemb lages . Th is a l lowed t he r ecogn i t ion o f c ovary ing g roups o f s pec ies w i thin t he f auna l a ssemb lages , i n terpre ta t ion o f wh ich i nd ica ted t he c o mp lex i ty o f t he s ub jec t t o me . I n t h is s ec t ion If i rs t p resen t t he g enera l a na lys is , w i th s o me i n terpre t ive c o mments , b ut w i th n o c la im t o f u l l e xp lana t ion , a nd t hen d iscuss t he I n i t ia l Magda lenian f auna l s amp les i n r e lat i on t o t he g enera l mode l , a nd t he c o m men ts o f D e lpech a nd C ha line . A .

The g enera l f auna l a na lys is .

The a na lys is u sed a c o mputer p rogram

modif ied b y P . C a l low f ro m o ne wr i t ten b y D r . L . J . S la ter d es igned t o c a lc u la te p ercen tages f ro m r aw d a ta , t ransfor m t he m t o a rcs ined p ercen tages , t hen t o p roceed t o t he c a lcu la t ion o f c orre la t ion c oef f ic ien ts a nd t he h ierarch ic a l l i nkage o f v ar iab les . A t t he t ime q uan t if ied f auna l l i s ts were a va i lab le f ro m 1 4 a sse mb lage u n i ts .

B ecause o f v aria t ion b e tween s ources i n t he

e x ten t t o wh ich micro ma m ma ls were s tudied , t hese were e xc luded; a nd a lso e xc luded were t hose s pec ies t ha t o ccurred i n o ne l i s t o n ly a nd c ou ld t herefore c orre la te w i th n o o thers : l ynx , b eaver , wo lver ine , ma mmo th , a rc t ic f ox , c ave h yena , c ave l i on , a nd s heep . Two p a irs were c o mb ined t o p reven t t he ir e xc lus ion—Lepus s p . w i th L epus e uropeas , a nd b ear s p . w i th b rown b ear .

Th is l ef t 2 2 s pec ies , a nd t he ir o ccurrence i n t he 1 4 a ssemb lages i s

s hown i n Tab le 3 .2 .

1 6

The t o ta l n u mber o fb one f ragmen ts i den t if ied was

u sed a s d ata , a l though t here a re p rob lems c onnec ted w i th t he ir u se , a nd min i mu m n u mber o f i nd iv idua ls h as b een p referred ( Payne 1 972 p p . 6 8-71 ) . The u se o f t o ta l f rag men ts was d e term ined b y t he s carc i ty o f l i sts w i th t he MN I c a lcu la ted , a nd b y t he n eed f or s uf f ic ien t ly l arge s a mp les .

6 7

F igure 3 .3

Dendrogra m o ft he r e la t ionsh ip o f t he 2 2 s pec ies emp loyed i n t he g enera l f auna l a na lys is i n S ec t ion 3 .5 .A

0 .1

0 .5

09

A BC D E F G H A .

R . t arandus B .

s crofa

I JK L M N O P Q

C . e laphus C .

F . M . me les

C . c apreo lus

G . M . mar tes

K .

R . r up icapra

P .

U . s pe leaus

Q .

L . Mus te l. as p .

U .

U/U . a rc tos

V . S . t a tar ica

C . l upus

M .

D .

F . s y lvestr is .

H . L /L . e uropeas ' Can ids '

R . Bovines

6 8

RS T U V E . S .

I . Rabb i t J . C . i b ex

N . L . t im idus 0 . F ox s p .

S . E . c aba l lus

T . R . t ichorinus

The r esu lt o ft he a na lys is i s s e t o ut i n t he d endrogram ( F ig . 3 .3) .

F our

g roups a re d is t ingu ished . R eindeer , t he o n ly s pec ies t ha t o ccurs i n e very s a mp le , i n p ercen tages r ang ing f ro m 0 .09-96 .23% , o ccurs i n ag roup o f i t s own . O ne c an p erhaps s uppose i ndependence o f r e indeer , wh ich migh t s ugges t u b iqui ty— in e nv iron men ta l r ange , a nd a bso lute d is tr ibut ion . O f t he o ther t hree g roups d ist ingu ished, t wo a re o n ly l oose ly l i nked , b ut a l l t hree a re i n teres t ing i n v iew o f t he s pec ies c o mb ined . Mos t i n terest ing , a nd mos t s trong ly l i nked , i s g roup A , wh ich w ith r ed a nd r oe d eer , w i ld c a t , p ig , b adger , mar ten , r abb i t a nd E uropean h are migh t b e c harac ter ised a s a woodland t e mpera te g roup . Ana lysis o f t he g roup u sing t he me thods o f H ökr ( 1951) , wh ich a re b ased o n s tudy o f t he c onte mpora ry d is tr ibu t ion o f s pec ies i n t he S ov ie t U n ion , s ugges t ( c f . F ig . 3 .4 ) f a ir ly c ons is ten t t e mpera ture r equ ire men ts f or t he g roup , w i th i n g enera l aw ide r ange o ft o lerance i n p rec ip i ta t ion , q uant i ty o f f rozen g round , a nd e co logica l z ones , w i th o n ly t undra b eing c ons is ten t ly a voided . G roup 1 3i s l ooser , b ut l i nks t he moun ta in a nd c o ld p referring s pec ies w i th t he g enera l ly t o leran t c arn ivores . G roup C , a lso l oose , c onta ins , a par t f ro m t he b ear , t he l arge h erb ivores wh ich migh t b e a ssoc ia ted w i th o pen s teppe o r g rass land . T ab le 3 .3, a nd F igure 3 .5 s e t o ut t he p ercen tages o f e ach g roup i n e ach o f t he 1 4 a sse mb lages .

Two g roups o f a sse mb lages a re i m media te ly s tr ik ing .

To t he l ef t o f F ig . 3 .5 a re f our r eindeer d om ina ted a ssemb lages , a l l f our l a ter Magda len ian l eve ls i n D ordogne .

T o t he r igh t o f F ig . 3 .5 a re f ive a s-

s e mb lages d om ina ted b y G roup C a n ima ls , a l l i n G ironde o r L andes . O f t he r e ma in ing f i ve a sse mb lages , t wo ( Cot t ier I I , L achaud MI ) a re d o mina ted b y g roup B , t wo ( Rond d u B arry D a nd B erger ie ) a re d om ina ted b y g roup A , wh i le R ond d u B arry E s hows t he mos t b a lanced r epresenta t ion o ft he f our g roups amongs t t he a sse mb lages . B . I n terpre ta t ion o ft he r esu lts . i n Tab le 3 .3 i s n o t a n e asy t ask .

I n terpre ta t ion o f e ven t he s imp lif ied d a ta C a lcu la t ion o ft he a verage n u mber o f

s pec ies i n e ach a sse mb lage i ndica tes t ha t r e indeer d om ina ted a sse mb lages h ave 5 .5 s pp . e ach o n a verage ; G roup C d om ina ted a sse mb lages h ave 7 .4 ; a nd G roup A d om ina ted/no d om ina t ion a sse mb lages h ave 1 3 .7 s pec ies e ach ( and o ne c an n o te t ha t 7o ft he 8 e xc luded s pec ies o ccur i n t hese t hree s i tes ) . The a n t ler t ha t P ra t ( 1 962 ) d escribes f ro m Gare d e C ouze , a nd t ha t s tud ied b y D e lpech ( 1970 ) f ro m F lageo le t I . I X s ugges t w inter o ccupa t ion .

I n

t erms o f a mode l o f s easona l move men t f ro m c oas ta l o ccupa t ion i n s u m mer t o o ccupa t ion o f s i tes i n t he western f oo th i l ls o f t he Mass if C en tra l s he ltered f ro m s now c arr ied b y o nshore w inds i n w inter—a mode l s ugges ted b y s o me e v idence i n t he l a ter Magda len ian—then t he r e indeer d om ina ted s i tes c ou ld b e s ugges ted a s w in ter o ccupa t ion s i tes .

C o mparab le e v idence i s n ot a va i l-

a b le f or t he g roup C d om ina ted s i tes , b ut t he b ov ine/sar ga d om ina ted g rot te d es F ees/Roc d e Marca mps ( G ironde [ De lpech 1 975 T .2 T ab . 4 0 1) a lso h as w in ter r e indeer a n t lers ( Lacorre 1 938) . Age a t d ea th o f j uven i le i bex a t t he R ond d u B arry ( Pou la in 1 969 , c f . Morris 1 965 p . 4 28) s ugges ts s u m mer o ccupa t ion o f t he s i te . To e xp la in t he

6 9

F igure 3 .4

Ana lys is , af ter t he me thod o f H ökr ( 1951) o f Group A i so la ted i n t he g enera l f auna l a na lysis ( rabb i t e xc luded )

Annua l t e mpera ture c urve

3 0

1 .

Max . Te mp . c urve f or C . c apreo lus , F . s y lves tr is , M . me les , L .

2 5

e uropeas .

2 0 1 5 1 0

2 .

Max . t e mp . c urve f or C . e laphus

3 .

Max . t e mp . c urve f or M . mar tes

4 .

Min . t e mp . c urve f or F . s y lvestr is

2

5 .

Min . t e mp . c urve f or L . e uropeas

3

6 .

Min . t e mp . c urve f or M . mar tes

7 .

Min . t e mp . c urve f or S . s crofa

8 .

+ 5

Min . t e mp . c urve f or C . e laphus , M . me les

6

9 .

Min . t e mp . c urve f or C . c apreo lus

7

10 20 3 0 40 F

2 .

M

A

S pec ies

M

P rec ip i ta t ion

P er mafros t

G eograph ic z ones

C ervus e laphus

3 00+ m m

1 -5

1 ,3-4

C apreo lus c apreo lus F e l is s y lves tr is

2 00+ m m 3 00+ m m

2 -5 1

1 ,3-5 1,3 _6

S us s crofa

2 00+ m m

1 -4

1 ,3-4

Me les me les

1 00+ m m

1 -5

1 ,3-6

Mar tes mar tes

3 50+ m m

1 -3

1 ,3-4

L epus e uropeas

1 50+ m m

1

1 ,3-6

P er mafros t :

1 -Absen t , 2 -sporad ic f rozen i s lands , 3 -disconnec ted f rozen

i s lands , 4 -predo m inan t ly t haw ing s o i ls , 5 -thaw ing i s lands , 6 -per ma fros t . Geograph ic z ones :

1 - Moun ta in , 2 -tundra , 3 -ta iga+fores t , 4 -fores t-s teppe ,

5 -s teppe , 6 -se m i-deser t .

7 0

Figure 3. 5

A

B

Percentage histograms of the four faunal groups isolated in the general analysis in the 14 assemblages employed.

C D E Reindeer

F

H

G

I

Group A

A Gare de Couze, upper 10 cm

B Gare de Couze, lower unit C Flageolet II, level 9 D Lachaud Magdalenian 'II' E Lachaud Magdalenian l F Bergerie levels 6/7 G Rond du Barry level E

J K L Group B

Groupe

H Rond du Barry level D

I

Cottier level ID Duruthy Ma�dalenian IV Fontarnaud L Faustin M Fongaban level 2 N Fongaban level 3

J K

71

N

greater range of species taken at the three sites with no/Group A dominance, three hypotheses .can be made: a.

in line with the observation that number of species decreases as one moves further from the equator, it could be suggested that they represent milder conditions;

b.

it might be suggested that they represent the start bf a shift towards broad spectrum hunting in the late glacial;

c.

that they represent seasonal broad spectrum hunting-perhaps when greater ranging or a greater r_ange of hunting techniques were possible.

Between beds E and D of Rond du Barry, reindeer and group C animals decline in representation to the advantage of the woodland temperate group, perhaps suggesting milder conditions in D. The shift in lagomorphs 17 from the vary­ ing hare in level E to brown hare and· rabbit in D, although potentially explic­ able in terms of a shift from forest to open country (cf. Kurten 1968 pp. 229230), would point to the same conclusion, and one can note that of the species excluded from this analysis, arctic fox and mammoth were identified from E, and lynx and beaver from D, reinforcing the impression of climatic change. In view of the evidence for climatic change between levels with comparable numbers of species I reject the first hypothesis. The contrast with sites with industrially comparable material elsewhere (lowland sites in western France) leads me to prefer the third to the second of my hypotheses-broad spectrum upland hunting in summer. It might then be suggested that we have parts of two systems here-the winter end of one system (Group C/reindeer dominated sites) in the west of France, and the summer end of another in the east. The two group B don;iinated assemblages are early, one Initial Magdalenian, and one pre-Magdalenian. The assemblage from the Initial Magdalenian levels of Lachaud is dominated by fox. As noted in Appendix I and chapter 2, doubts about the stratigraphy mean the site cannot be used, and it might be suggested that the large quantity of fox bones represent the cause of much of the strati­ graphic disturbance. If fox is excluded, the assemblage image conforms closely to the other Dordogne assemblages, with reindeer domination. Cottier III demonstrates other complexities. The site (cf. Fig. 3. 6) stands in a river valley at an altitude of.£· 500 m, with peaks of more than 1000 m within 5 km. At present the valley floor, in the rain shadow of the massif, has a much lower rainfall than the surrounding plateaux, and the same might be posited of the late Glacial. In t'erms of the limitations suggested by H�kr, the requirements of several of the species (including rodents) present are mutually exclusive, with the collared lemming (Dicrostonyx torguatus), contrasting with ibex and particularly Eliomys guercinus, the Garden Dormouse. Clearly a range of ecotones from ( ?)dry valley floor to (?)cold, wet plateaux were available for exploitation here within a short range of what has been interpreted as a transitory lnmting site (P. & J. Bouchud 1953, Debard & Virmont 197 6). Even this cursory interpretation of the analysis suggests that faunal as­ semblages reflect a complex of factors, with beside climate, the range of 72

Figure 3. 6

Location of the Cottier eave � relation to local topography Radius of circle = 10 km

I I I I

73

e co tones a va i lab le , a nd p o ten t ia l ly t he s eason o f s i te o ccupa t ion o f i mportance . C .

F auna l a sse mb lages o ft he I n i t ia l Magda len ian .

Q uan t if ied l i s ts o ft he

l arger f auna e x ist f or o n ly f i ve I n i t ia l Magda len ian l eve ls a t p resen t—Co t t ier LHE 2 0-18, LHE 1 6-10 , P egour ie 9 , P egour ie 8—and t hese a re l i sted i n Tab le 3 .4 .

U nquan t if ied i ndica t ions f rom a n u mber o f o ther a sse mb lages a re

s hown i n Tab le 3 .5 .

Q uan t if ied microfauna l l i s ts a re g iven i n Tab le 3 .6, w i th

u nquan t if ied i ndica t ions i n Tab le 3 .7 .

The l i s t o f a v ifauna f ro m R ond d u B arry

F 2 i s g iven i n Tab le 3 .8 w i th t he s carce i ndica t ions f ro m o ther s i tes . F igure 3 .7 s e ts o u t h is tograms f or t he f our S o lutrean f auna l a sse mb lages emp loyed b y De lpech t o c harac ter ise L auger ie , a nd t he f i ve I n i t ia l Magda len ian q uan t if ied a sse mb lages i n t er ms o f t he f our g roups d ist ingu ished i n t he g enera l a na lys is . The l arge ma m ma l a ssemb lage o f C o t t ier I c lear ly c o mpares w i th t ha t o f C ot t ier I l ( c f . F ig . 3 .5 ) w i th i bex d om inan t .

R ond d u B arry b y c ontras t i s

d om ina ted b y h orse , w i th s carce i bex a nd r e indeer . H ere o ne c an n o te d iff erences i n s i te p os i t ion a nd t ype . C o t t ier l i es i n a sma l l b asin i n t he v a l ley o ft he L o ire , w i th s teep ly r is ing g round a round i t , wh i le R ond d u B arry , a lt hough a t as l igh t ly h igher e leva t ion , b orders ap la teau o n t he l ef tb ank o f t he r iver .

C ot t ier p reserves o n ly s parse o ccupa t ion t races , p erhaps i ndica t ive

o f at rans i tory h un t ing s top , wh i le R ond d u B arry p reserves a much r icher i ndus tr ia l a sse mb lage , a nd p erhaps c an b e i n terpre ted a s ab ase c amp t ype o f s e t t le men t .

The r ange o f e co log ica l p references o ft he microfauna l a sse m-

b lages o ft he t wo s i tes ( c f . T ab le 3 .6 & K ur ten 1 968) , l ess v ar ied p erhaps f or t he sma l l s amp le f ro m C o t t ier I , s ugges ts t ha t t he c harac ter isa t ion o f e i ther a s ' arc t ic '1 8 t ions .

i s ag ross o vers i mp lifca t ion o f t he v ar ia t ion i n l oca l c ond i-

The a sse mb lages f ro m t he n orth-eas t a nd t he P ar is B asin a re l ess c ert a in ly a ccep tab le . O ne c an n o te t he d o mina t ion b y h orse a t t he e leva ted s i tes o f P oron d es C u ' eches a nd G rand S urp lomb , N e mours , wh i le t he v a l ley s i te o f F ar incour t i s d o mina ted b y r e indeer . A t F r i tsch , t he microfauna l a sse mb lage i s p erhaps mos t e xp l icab le i n t er ms o ft he mode l s ugges ted b y C ha line—in term it ten t f ores t i n t he r iver v a l ley , a nd s teppe/ tundra o n t he i n terf luves . O f t he a sse mb lages f ro m t he wes t o f t he Mass if C en tra l , i n t he d epartmen ts o f Dordogne ,L ot , a nd L o t-e t-Garonne , a l l h ave a l arge r epresen ta t ion o f r e indeer . O ft he f our q uant if ied I n i t ia l Magda len ian a ssemb lages , P egour ie 9a nd LHE 2 0-18 c on tras t w i th t he o ther a ssemb lages . P egour ie 9 w i th i t s l arge p ercen tage o fg roup C ( l arge ly b ov ines ) c ompares mos t c lose ly p erhaps t o D uruthy , a l though i n t h is l a t ter , h orse i s a more s ign if ican t e le men t . T he a sse mb lage f ro m LHE 2 0-18 a ssoc ia ted w i th t he B randenburg o sc i l la t ion , i s mos t c lose ly c o mparab le t o P egour ie 9 , a nd t o t he s amp le f ro m t he g ro t te d es E g lises , d a ted t o t he L auger ie o sc i l la t ion , e xcep t i n t h is l a t ter c ase f or t he d if ference i n t he r epresen ta t ion o fg roup A . Whe ther t he s h if t away f ro m Group C a n i ma ls i n P egour ie l eve l 8i s r e la ted t o t he d ec line o f G ram ineae i n t he v egeta t ion , i nd ica ted b y t he p o l len a na lys is , c an o n ly b e a mat ter f or s pecu la t ion .

74

F igure 3 .7

P ercen tage h is tograms o f t he f our f auna l g roups i so la ted i n t he g enera l a na lys is f or f our S o lutrean a nd f ive I ni t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages

, _

•

A B

C

D E

F

G

H

I

S y mbo ls a s i n F igure 3 .5 S o lutrean : A G ro t te d es E g l ises

C LHW L eve ls 7 -2

B S a in te-Eu la lie

D LHE L eve ls 2 8-22

I n i t ia l Magda len ian : E LHE L eve ls 2 0-18

H P egour ie l eve l 8

F LHE L eve ls 1 6-10

I C o t t ier l eve l I

G P egour ie l eve l 9

7 5

. •

Of the non-quantified assemblages in the west, only the upper level of Badegoule is properly distinct, with its high representation of horse. Satka, used by Delpech as an indication of dry conditions in attributing LHE 20-18 to a cold oscillation, also occurs in the samples from Laugerie-Haute I' (mixed), Jean-Blanc West, Pech de la Boissiere, and Badegoule level 7. My analysis of the industrial material suggests that the three latter Initial Mag­ dalenian levels are all later than LHE 20-18, and probably contemporary with material attributable to Lascaux. 19 3. 6 Discussion Employment of a range of sources has enabled me to construct an outline �limatic chronology for the period from c. 20 000-14 000 BC, with the two ends of the range least well understood at present. Pollen has provided the principal data source, with supplementary use of other data sources, including sediments. It was however suggested that the interpretation of faunal assem­ blages is complicated, and their use in simple climatic zonation accordingly hazardous. During the discussion the relation of a number of Initial Magdalenian assem?lages-principally those with absolute dates-to the relative climatic chronology was noted, and these indications provide an initial ! priori chron­ ology for our approach to the interpretation of the structure of the Initial Magdalenian. Material from LHE 20-18, with a C14 date of 16 310 ± 360 be, is associa­ ted with deposits that on sediment and pollen content can be associated with our Brandenburg cold phase. Cassegros level 10, again on sediment may be dated to the same phase, while level 6 at Fritsch-which unfortunately could not be used in analysis-is dated on pollen to the beginning of the subsequent warming-Lascaux. At Fritsch, a series of Initial Magdalenian levels associated with 'Lascaux' have Cl4 dates ranging up to 15 180 ± 550 be, and 14 580 ± 550 be. On indus­ trial grounds I feel it can be argued that the latter, out of sequence date, for Fritsch level 4, is the one of the two that should be set aside, and I shall re­ turn to this in Chapter 8, after the analyses of industrial material. Dates in the same range from Pegourie level 8, and Rond du Barry F2 associated with Initial Magdalenian, might also be referred to Lascaux, espe­ cially since it was argued that the milder conditions of Lascaux permitted extension of settlement to the North, and· into the uplands of the Haute-Loire, Cote-d' Or, and the Causses du Lot, compared with settlement extension in Brandenburg, or even in Laugerie. The great number of open air sites of the Initial Magdalenian-especially compared with the Upper and Final Solu­ trean-it was suggested might also be explicable in terms of an association with the milder conditions of Lascaux. While it was clear from a number of data sources· that Lascaux was suc­ ceeded by a return to colder· conditions, the relationship of the Initial Mag­ dalenian to this was unclear. At Pegourie the upper level of Initial Magdal­ enian, has been described as colder than the lower, and at Fritsch, the upper few centimetres of the sequence of Initial Magdalenian is associated with a 76

s udden d ec line i n t ree p o l len .

I n b o th c ases h owever , i th ad t o b e o bserved

t ha t t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian l eve ls were s ucceeded b y h ia tuses t ha t r epresen ted a l l o r n ear ly a l l o f t he r e mainder o ft he l a te G lac ia l . The l a tes t C 14 d a te o n a n I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lage i s t ha t o f 1 4 8 00 ±2 50 b c a t L assac i n t he s outh o f F rance , where n o c l i ma t ic o bserva t ion c an b e made a par t f rom t he s i mp le n o te t ha t a t l eas t s easona l ly t he c ondi t ions d id n ot e xc lude t he p resence o f r e indeer . I n t he s ucceeding c hap ters , al arge p art o f my emphas is w i l l b e o n t he ' i n terna l ' e v idence f or d eve lop men t a nd c hange , i n c hanges i n t he t oo l k i t a nd i t s t echno logy , o ver t ime .

S o me r eference w i l l b e made t here t o t hese a

p riori i ndica t ions o f r e la t ive c hrono logy . N o tes 1 .

C f . F aure 8 7E louard 1 967, d e L um ley 1 976 p . 3 21 , B arusseau e t a l . 1 976 g . 3 49 , C happe l l &V eeh 1 978 e tc .

2 . The e x is tence o fg lac iers i n t h is z one wou ld b e as trong a rgu men t a ga ins t t he p resence o f I n i t ia l Magda len ian a t F ees d e l a Bade , c onverse ly t he p resence o f I n i t ia l Magda len ian t here migh t a rgue a ga inst s uch g lac iers a t t he t ime . 3 .

A t L a Marche , V ienne , t he p resence o f l arge q uan t i t ies o f l ime i n t he p o l len s a mp le f ro m t he midd le Magda len ian a rgues f or t hese h eavy p o ll ened t rees o ccurring i n q uan t i ty a round t he c ave e n try ( Ar l . L ero iG ourhan 1 973 ) .

4 . Imust h ere t hank D r . C . T urner f or h is s uggest ions . 5 .

H ere o ne c an n ote t he c a lcu la t ion o f Kerekes t ha t t he q uan t i ty o f n onc a lcareous s ed i men t i n s evera l c en tra l E uropean l imes tone c aves e xceeded t he amoun t t ha t wou ld b e e xpec ted f ro m s o lut ion o f t he l imes tone c orresp ond ing t o t he v o lu me o f t he c ave ( Butzer 1 971 p . 2 10 ) .

6 , V aria t ion b etween s i tes , a nd w i thin s i tes mus t b e a ccounted

h ere ( c f .

S chm id q uo ted B utzer 1 971 p p . 2 05-207) . 7 .

C f . R igaud & Vander meersch e d . 1 976 p p . 1 87-197 where t he t hree d a ta s ources a re emp loyed i n t h is r o le .

A lso . c f . De lpech 1 975 , C ha line

1 969 , 1 972 , 1 977 i n p ress , F abre 1 970 e tc . 8 .

" A c o l lec t ion o f r oden t b ones b rough t t o as i te b y ow ls w i l l h ave c o me f ro m a t err i tory o f a bout 1 2 h ec tares ... w i th in 1 0 km o f t he s i te" H iggs & V i ta-F inz i 1 972 p . 2 8 .

9 . The u se o f t he t er ms war m , c o ld , a nd mi ld , i s n ot i n tended t o d escr ibe a bso lute c ondi t ions , b u t a pparen t r e la t ive c hanges i n c ond i t ions i n r e lat i on t o im media te ly p receden t o r s ubsequen t p er iods . 1 0 .

L auger ie-Hau te d a tes f ro m De l ibr ias & E v in 1 974 p . 1 51 .

1 1 .

There i s ad oub le t e mperature c on tro l o n i vy , i tr equires a modera te ly h igh s u m mer t e mpera ture , a nd w inter t e mpera tures n o t b e low 1 .5 0 C a s t he a verage f or t he c o ldes t mon th ( Godw in 1 956 p . 1 35 ) .

1 2 .

G äbor i-Cs ' ink ( 1970 p p . 4 , 1 0 ) l i s ts G rN-1783 a s h av ing a d a te o f 1 6 9 50 ±1 00 b c , a nd G rN-1959 a s h av ing o ne o f 1 5 8 10 ± 1 50 b c . 7 7

1 3 .

O ne c an n o te t ha t t h is r efers t o as a mp le c a lcu la ted a s r epresen t ing a mini mu m o f j ust s ix i ndiv idua ls ( Cha l ine 1 965 ) .

1 4 .

Sm i th a lso l i s ts S o lutre a s h av ing l a te S o lutrean , b ut C o mb ier ( n .d . ) makes i tc lear t ha t t he s i te h as o n ly Midd le S o lutrean .

1 5 .

Mörner ( 1977) s ugges ts t ha t a s t he Wür m/ We ichse l/ W iscons in d eve loped , t he i ce s hee ts b eca me g radua l ly d isp laced s outhward , a nd t ha t t he max imu m e x tens ion o f t he n or thern e dges o f t he s hee t i s a ssoc ia ted w i th t he e ar lies t i ce max i mu m o f t he g lac ia l p er iod .

B oth s ealeve l c urves , a nd

t he p robab ly i ce v o lu me r e la ted 0 -18 c urves i n mar ine c ores ( Shack le ton 1 969 , 1 975 ) i nd ica te t ha t t he max i mu m i ce v o lu me e x is ted a t t he e nd o f t he g lac ia t ion , a t a round t he d a te o f 1 8 0 00 BP s e lec ted b y t he CLIMAP p ro jec t ( McIn tyre e t a l . 1 976 , 1 976a , Ga tes 1 976) . 1 6 .

The g ro t te d es F reydieres ( Drö me ) was a lso e xc luded , b ecause i t s f auna l l i s t was d om ina ted b y mar mo t t ( 8 6 . 4 % ) , wh ich o ccurred i n n one o f t he o ther 1 4 a sse mb lages ( Bocque t &L equä tre 1 973 ) .

1 7 .

De lpech ( 1975 ) c o m men ts o n t he d if f icu lty o f s epara t ing L epus t im idus a nd L epus e uropaeus o n b one ma ter ia l , b u t i n t h is c ase o ne c an n ote t ha t t he i den t if ica t ions a re b y as ing le , r ecen t , worker , d ea ling w i th l arge s a mp les o f ma ter ia l .

1 8 .

C f . C ha line q uoted b y d e B ay le d es H er mens 1 974 p . 3 5 :

" Les r esu lta ts

c onf ir men t l es o bserva t ions d es a nnees p receden tes , c 'es t-ä-dire l e c arac tere f ro id a rc t ique d es c ouches F e t E , i l yae n e f fe t d u L emm ing äc o l l ier ( D icros tonyx t orqua tus ) e n F " . 1 9 .

An a l terna t ive e xp lana t ion o f t he c ontras t b e tween t he r e indeer/group C d o mina ted s i tes a nd t he n o/group A d om ina ted s i tes t ha t migh t a lso b e s ugges ted i s t ha t wood land was more e x tens ive i n t he e ast o f F rance—and p erhaps i n al oca lised manner n ear B erger ie .

More e x tensive wood land

i n e as tern F rance d ur ing t he U pper Magda len ian i s a lso s ugges ted b y t he f a ir ly w idespread o ccurrence o f e lk ( A lces a lces ) i n t he Rhane v a l ley ( c f . Desbrosse & P ra t 1 974 ) . 2 0 .

Abbrev ia t ions emp loyed i n Tab les 3 .4 a nd 3 .5 :

R . t- Rang ifer t arandus ,

C . e- C ervus e laphus , C . c- C apreo lus c apreo lus , C . i- C apra i bex , R . r-R up icapra r up icapra , E . c - Equus c aba l lus , B oy - B ov ine , S . tS a iga t a tar ica , E . p-E lephas p r im igen ius , C .1 - C an is l upus . 2 1 .

S ources f or Tab le 3 .5 :

a . D . P eyrony 1 912 , D . & E . P eyrony 1 934 ;

b . D . & E . P eyrony 1 938;

c . D . P eyrony 1 908; d . C heyn ier 1 939;

e . E . P eyrony 1 934 ; f . L e Tensorer 1 979 5 67-568; g . A l la in & F ri tsch 1 967;

h . S chm ider 1 971; i . Mouton & J of froy 1 957; j . Mouton & J of froy

1 956; k . B ouchud i n d e B ay le d es H er mens 1 974 p . 3 4 ; 1 . S acch i p ers . c om m .; m . S acch i 1 969 . 2 2 .

N . B . h ere If o l low S u tc lif fe & Kowa lsk i ( 1976) a nd t rea t Micro tus a n c r l icus a s as ynonym o f M . g rega lis , a nd Micro tus r a t t iceps a s as ynony m o f M . o econo mus .

2 3 .

H a l l 8 1 Ya lden ( 1978) n o te t he d if f icu lty o f s epara t ing M. g rega l is ,and M . a rva lis o n s ke le ta l e v idence . 7 8

Tab le 3 .1

L auger ie-Haute s edi men t b ased c l i ma t ic d educ t ions , p a lyno log ica l i ndica t ions , a nd n otes o n s edi ment L av i l le

P a lyno log ica l

C o m men t o n

a t tr ibut ion

i ndica t ions

d eposi t

L eve l Wes t

E as t Ma ter ia l

S andy

9 1 0

Magd I d

1 1 1 2

Mi ld

1 4

Appearance o f

a nd H um id

C lay

i n NAP

Magd I a

1 7 1 8

C lay Magd 0 -2

1 9 1

C lay

h ygroph i les

Magd l b

1 5 1 6

AP .

Magd I c

1 3

S andy

I ncrease i n

2 0

Magd 0 -1

2 1

F ina l S o l

C o ld

F ewer h ygroph i les

C ryoturba ted

r e la t ive ly

a nd d ec iduous

C lay

d ry

e le men ts .

O pen

s pace e le men ts

S andy w i th

i ncrease

t her moc last ic e bou lis

2

2 2

F ina l S o l

2 3

F ina l S o l

3

2 4

F ina l S o l

4

2 5

5

2 6

6

2 7

7

2 8

8 9

2 9

1 0 1 1

3 0

Abundan t S co ts " te mpera te"

P ine , Haze l ,

?Cryoturba ted

Wi l low e tc .

S andy

v ery h um id

C ryo turba ted S andy

Upper S o l

S andy

Midd le S o l

C o lder

R ich i n o pen s pace

Midd le S o l

r e la t ive ly

e le men ts , w i th

Midd le S o l

d ry

s o me s tepp ic e le ments

Midd le S o l

Mi ld , h um id

AP h igh ( 28% ) many d ec iduous e le men ts

1 2a/b

3 1

L owerSo l

C o ld

Do m inan t o pen s pace

r e la t ive ly d ry e le men ts

7 9

. 0 C . ) C O e l L C D C V C V

1 i

1 4

C Z C e D e

P : 1

; • I r 4

L C Z

h o

0

a • ) P L I

h i ) c d

•

e

4 2

C 3-z

7 11

L C D C q 1 1 C D

. 0 Q Q C l •

• • f c d

C r >

N

. ` " ) ; f

O 4

; • 4

c p

C O L Z

C Z

1 C D 0 0

C Z C

1 1

1 f

0 0 1 i

I D

c e

C C ) C V

°

14

1 7 : 3

ri

0

C Z

- L C D r i r I

e

L C D C T ) C Z r 1

C -

c o C T Z

L C D

o o 1 1

C . C ) 7 1 1

7 : 3

0 0

G O

1 4

C Z 1 4

CC

i n

N i n

0 0 C f ) C l ri r f

C C

G O

c m 4 C V

N C V C Z

c o C Z C V 0 0 C l

0

0 • • E . 0 C . ) C Z C D C -

C . 0

o7 : 3

C V

• r 4 •▪

o p C . 0

r n

1 4 C C

T f

L C D e

r i L C D

r 4 1 f N

L I Z

1 1

C l

1 1

C C 1 1

0 0

C Z

Cl

C C

C Z

C )

N

L C D

CV

C D

c %f

4 . ;4 4 g ) • . , . 5

C l

C . ) a ) C Z 0 0

C 7 3 1 4

C l L I Z

-c r )

C U L I D

L C D C Z

L f D C . 0

C D

CV

CV

1 4

N

r — i

N 7 f1 r 4

L C D C 3-z 1 4 C l

Q . )

. . 0 C U . 0 C . )

S us s crofa

Tab le 3 .2

C l ) c d a ) C 2 . 4 0 Z C . ) c i ) • Z 4

> ) .

c r ) Z

c o

c n

4.4

C r l n ) U)

Z z , i , C 2 C D z s z C ) Tij r n C U • c e

Z

• c d Z 4 -ci i

\.

c i )

C i )

c d

c

X

$ 4 . 1

C . ) c d

U )

C D 4 -

c d

c n • , 4 4

u) 0

( 1 ) T l c d ) i c C % . )4

>

c d ; • 4 n . ( 1 )

• C m ) 4 ) C A ( 1 ) c d • r • 4

( 1)

c d

4 J

• r 4

U )

" a . ' '

C e

7 : 5

g

0 c z o z

a )

C V C O C T )

w > C l ) C . ) T ) C D ; 4 C • N z Z C 3 0 C

Ct

80

C . )

r 4

Tab le 3 .3

P ercentages o f t he f our f auna l g roups i so la ted i n t he g enera l a na lys is i n t he 1 4 a sse mb lages emp loyed

S i te-leve l

Re indeer

Group A

Group 1 3

Group C

Gare d e C ouze , u pper 1 0 cm

9 6 .2

0 .5 .

1 .9

1 .4

Gare d e C ouze , l ower u n i t

9 5 .4

0 .5

0

4 .1

F lageo le t I , l eve l 9

9 4 .1

2 .6

0 .6

2 .7

L achaud Magda len ian I

6 4 .8

5 .6

1 1 .1

1 8 .5

L achaud Magda len ian I

2 6 .9

0 .4

7 1 .9

0 .8

B erger ie l eve ls 6 /7

3 5 .1

4 3 .3

1 8.7

2 .9

Rond d u Barry E

3 5 .8

1 3 .7

2 1.8

2 6 .6

0 .7

6 9 .1

1 8.9

1 1 .3

0

8 0 .8

0

Rond d u B arry D C ot t ier l eve l I I

1 9 .2

Duruthy Magda len ian I V

2 3 .6

2 .3

0 .7

7 3 .3

F on tarnaud

1 0 .1

6 .4

7 .3

7 6 .2

F aust in

1 0 .0

2 5 .4

6 .4

5 8 .2

F ongaban l eve l 2

2 .6

0

0

9 7 .4

F ongaban l eve l 3

0 .1

0

0

9 9 .9

8 1

H are 0 .08

A . 1

e

0 r 7 . 4

C . ;

r 4

e

0

LtD

c;

N

' 11

e

r . 4 4 >

r i 5

C 7 3 M

N C

c e

d

0 C O

0 0 C M

0 C . , ,

N C D

c . )

C3 CO

C V

C O C

C;

c s 3

' M P N

C D N

C . , 0 ( )

t o 0

C r ; c l

C \ 7

4

4

0

0

0 t r i c l

LHE 2 8-22

t o

L r 3

00 C D . to

rj

N ` e

L I ' D C Z

c;

c;

C D e

rj

0

. . . . -

C; C O

CV I N

=

4

C 7 3 N

. c • J L e z

cb

C O

, -

, s

C l

c o

c z

c )

C O

a ) .

N

m r, i n

z

e l

e

0 ` C t i

C V In

0 ( 5 3

i l L S D

eo C O

C D 0

; CC 00

L ri C D

cr 3 N C

O C )

L C

0 ,

r t '

0 0

T I

f r 4 I C L ) 4

• , i c d

C /)

-: , 0 Cl

.0

,r )

c d

c d

C . )

e

d

82

C o t t ier l eve l I

P egour ie l eve l 8

P egour ie l eve l 9

LHE 1 6-10

LHE 2 0-18

LHE 2 8-22

a )

S a in te-Eu la l ie

c d

Gro t te d es E g lises

c z 1 _,

B ensch e t a l . u npub l ., b .

"F g

c d C O

c p c . ) C O

c a

a

4 , • r 1 . 0

+

-

+

C q

7 . 3 +

+

▪ +

+

+

+

+

+

" 0

▪ +

c • 1

4 I i , " c 0 Z C f ) 4 + + + + C M + l ' 4 + C Y Z + + + + + + + + + + t + +

+

c r )

C \ 1

+

+

+

+ A

+

+

H

+

+

+

C l )

A +

•

• +

+

+

T " ' + • r ' + ? "4

" 0 0

" C 3

C . ) "0

( 1 ) e l 1

+ +

C l )

( 1 )

J ean-B lanc West

J ean-B lanc

C I ) C l ) • , 4 0

w =

h 0 G )

t e C I )

S O C L )

b C C 1 ) . .

+

+

, ( 2 + P +

. — !

+

+

C Z +

S C

I. -

. -Z C ) .0

7 i ) C D C I ) C D C D _ c d, 0 C f) ( i ) z z z( D . , 4 o 0 o o 0 b l )

+ +

( 1 ) C -) c f ) c l)

5 cl C d

j3

C I )

, . o 5,

c p

4

-C 3

0

"c Cd "c 9 " c g 7 3 . ) c r n "0 4 c d C a ) a o 4 P f i l 1 : 1 P q g i U r , c D g i

8 3

; 4

c d g r 1

1 7 : 3

0

c d C I )

c d

B ize ( He lena )

+

Far incour t

+

c l ( 1 ) " C

C I ; • 1 G O

C S )

C V

1 r D r 4

C . C .

C V

6 3

C )

) 1 ) — f 7 — I

1 4

C ha line 1 965;

r 4

C ha l ine 1 976;

r I

h C 1 i 9 5 3 e n y e r ; h C l i d i l P d a n e n e a y e s

0 0 C V

C O r 1

microfauna l l i sts f ro m

C i

C V C l )

C / D

•m 4 4)

c d

44

C / )

Cd

CD

bI )

g . 4

C l )

T ab le 3 .6

• C 2 . . •

c r )

Ce • . . 1

•r 4 . 4=

8d c

; • 1 • <
2% microliths, 2 while in the second column, membership of the 'Early' or 'Later' group on the burin ternary diagram is indicated by a capital E or L. These three criteria suggest a possible division of Table 4. 6 into four units: Unit I contains the six assemblages with more than 35% raclettes, all of which fall in the later group on the burin diagram, and three of which have more than 2% microliths. Unit II contains six assemblages that have between 13. 2 and 27% raclettes. One assemblage-Pegourie 8-has a large percentage of microliths, and falls in the later group on the ternary diagram, while two assemblages-LHE 16 and 14-fall in the early group on the burin diagram. Unit III contains eight assemblages with between 7. 5 and 13. 2% raclettes. Of these seven (excluding LHE 12) have more than 2% microliths, and five (including LHE 12) fall in the later group on the burin ternary diagram. Unit IV contains eight assemblages with less than 7. 5% raclettes. Of these one-La Riviere-has more than 2% microliths, and falls in the later group pn the burin ternary diagram, while 6 of the assemblages fall in the early group on the burin ternary diagram. · Working for the moment on the assumed seriation on burins and micro­ liths, then one would suggest that Unit IV (excluding La Riviere) represents the earliest group, and thaJ Unit III represents the latest group. Between these two the balance js in favour of Unit II (excluding Pegourie 8 and Lassac surface), followed by Unit I. The resulting model of raclette seriation is of an early period with few raclettes, followed by a period with more raclettes, then a rapid increase in the_percentage of raclettes, followed by their decline in a final phase. E. Discussion. Tracing the 'evolution' of the co:rµponents of stone tool as­ semblages is not a popular interpretive activity in archaeology, but I felt that an understanding of internal change would provide me with a finer internal chronology than either absolute dates or my external relative chronology could p provide, while being of great importance for the inter retation of the history of the Initial Magdalenian, both industrial and geographical. None of the . approaches used above provides an absolute seriation of levels, each is only 97

Figure 4. 4 Summary of various changes in the proportion of certain tool classes in relation to the outline seriation of Table 4. 7. The site sequence suggested is only approximate. What is suggested is that early, middle, and late groups of Initial Magdalenian assemblages can be discerned on the pro­ portion of certain tool types. Within each group the ordering is more or less arbitrary, governed by external indic�tions of relative assemblage chronology. Columns 1-4 set out the clearest indicators of the seriation: transverse burins as a proportion of the burins, raclettes, microliths, and sidescrapers. Column 5 sets out the proportion of dihedral burins amongst the burins. While it is clear that an early group-corresponding to the group with more transverse burins-exists, the seriation is not as clear as with these latter due to the variable influence of burins on retouched truncation. Columns 6 and 7 set out the proportions of endscrapers (6) and thick end­ scrapers (7). A lower endscraper percentage in the middle of the seriation correspon'.ds to the high raclette percentage group. Comparison of columns 6 and 7 indicates that thick end scrapers tend to be more frequent in the later assemblages, tending to emphasise the observation made on the LHE sequence (cf. Chapter 4. 3A, Fig. 4. 2) that flat endscrapers show a peak before raclettes. The graph supports the observation made in Chapter 4. 4B that endscrapers tend to be more frequent in early assemblages. Two assemblages-La Chapelle Saint Mesmin and Rond du Barry-tend to contrast with sites placed close on the seriation, having higher percentages of sidescrapers and endscrapers, and low percentages of dihedral burins amongst the burins. While it might be suggested that the two sites are mis­ allocated on the seriation, an explanation in terms of site function or some other idiosyncratic feature might be equally applicable.

98

F igure 4 .4

P ropor t iona l c hanges i n c erta in t oo l c lasses i n r e la t ion t o t he o rdering o n Tab le 4 .7 .

1 . T ransverse b ur ins , 2 . R ac le t tes ,

3 . M icro li ths , 4 . S idescrapers , 5 . D ihedra l b urins , 6 . E nds crapers , 7 . Th ick e ndscrapers

C

c n

( JI

—

,

I s ,

u ,

L u

0 v,

-,

. — ,

sJ

U

V

f

C-

0

0 2

C Y

0

I

C

— 1

c o

,L 1

c o

L u

< I

—

111

C Z

1

L O

I l

l

1 11

1

1

1

9 9

u . 8,

I

1

—C

indicative. But taken in combination they do provide a rough seriation that corresponds to those� priori dating indications that we have in absolute and relative dates, and sequences (cf. Fig. 4. 4). The earliest Magdalenian assemblages have few raclettes, a high percent­ age of transverse burins amongst the burins, and no microliths, later, rac­ lettes increase in number, and microliths begin to appear. As raclettes in­ crease in number to form a major component of the assemblage, transverse burins become less frequent, and dihedral burins more abundant. In a late stage, raclettes become less abundant, while microliths take on an increased importance. Further analyses in this chapter and subsequent chapters will provide evidence that may support this scheme or call it in question, while other evidence may provide information on internal variation not explicable just in terms of chronology. In some studies� priori datings based on my conclusions here are used to explore the data. Six� priori Early assemblages are selected: LHE 20, 20/18, 18, Badegoule 6, Guillassou, and Cassegros 10; and six� priori Late: Lassac excavation., Lassac surface, La Riviere, Rond du Barry, Pegourie 8, and LHE 10. 4. 4 Further explorations in ·the internal structure of the Initial Magdalenian A. Sidescrapers. In discussing the sequence at Laugerie-Haute East, it was noted that the percentage of sidescrapers, high in the Solutrean and lower levels, fell between levels 16 and 14. Table 4. 7 places the assemblages in the rough chronological order sug­ gested by the analyses in Section 4. 3, with internal sub-ordering in Units I and III on microlith percentage, with next to each the percentage of sidescraper_s, and with those levels with more than 3. 5% sidescrapers marked with a capital S 2. As can be seen, all but two of the levels that fell in Units II and IV on the raclette analysis have more than 3. 5% sidescrapers, while only two of the 'later' levels have more than 3. 5% sidescrapers. In general then, it seems that sidescrapers are a more common feature of the early Initial Magdalenian, although high percentages can occur in sites that would be assumed late. One can note that both of the assemblages assumed 'later' (in one case on� priori grounds), and containing many sidescrapers also differ from the other 'later' assemblages in having a high proportion of burins on retouched truncation amongst the burins (although the Rond du Barry sample is very small). The similarity in the proportion of the burin types between La­ Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin and Saint-Fiacre is striking (cf. Table 4. 4 and Fig. 4. 3), and might suggest that the relative dating of these two sites on the model applied here is uncertain..

-

B. TyPe list analysis-Three classes. Certain tool ratios have traditionally been considered to have cultural significance, and am�ngst these is the end­ scraper-burin ratio (for a recent example cf. Allain 1979 p. 116). In this analysis I am concerned with investigating the relationship of these two classes to one another, and to the remainder of the tools in the site, and to the sites themselves. In the analysis multiple tools have been counted as 100

single pieces, while composites have been included with the 'Other Tools'. By this, the problem of whether to break down, for example, multiple per�oirs, multiple notches, double sidescrapers, raclettes with more than one zone of raclette retouch etc., is avoided, and in view of the scarcity of the pieces bias is unlikely to result. Percentages of the three groups-Endscrapers, Burins, and other Tools­ were calculated for 29 Initial Magdalenian assemblages, and these are given in Table 4. 8. The relationship between the assemblages on the three variables is indicated on the ternary diagram Figure 4. 5. Looking at the contributory tool counts, the absence or near absence of notches and denticulates from the analyses of the Jean-Blanc assemblages, La-Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin, and Beauregard East, suggests that there has been some selection of these assem­ blages either in collection or study. The absence of truncated pieces from the La-Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin list may also relate to non-recognition of the type by the analyst. These potential biases show no regular effect on the analyses. Table 4. 9 sets out the rank order of the assemblages on the percentage of burins, with beside each an indication of site type-�en (0), Cave (C), Shelter (S)-and beside 12 an indication of� priori Early (E), or Late (L) dating. The a priori dated sites show no clear correlation with the rank order, but open sites seem to cluster at the upper end of the table. Means of the per­ centages of burins for the open and sheltered sites were calculated: n =12 �en air Cave/Shelter n =17

X

S.D.

30. 01

6.86

21. 69

7.52

Only one of the open air sites-the microlith dominated Lassac-has a burin percentage lower than the mean for sheltered sites, and only two of the 17 sheltered sites have a percentage higher than the mean for open sites. The ternary diagram (Fig. 4. 5) shows this separation of the open sites, with Lassac excavation in its isolated position, and, it seems, two groups amongst the other open sites-with a greater or smaller number of endscrap ers. At this gross level, one might suggest, that the activities for which burins are employed seem to be preferentially associated with open air sites. Re­ ference to section 4.3. C indicates that this is the case no matter what the proportion of the different burin types� Table 4. 10 sets out t�e rank order of the assemblages on the percentage of endscrapers, and Table 4.11 on the endscraper:burin ratio, again with indications of site type and� priori dating. Neither of the tables shows the same clear patterning observed on Table 4.9, but some patterning can be observed on both. On Table 4.10, the� priori Early assemblages tend to cluster in the upper part of the table, and we can _recall that in the analysis of the Laugerie-Haute sequence, an association of endscrapers with the early levels, and varying inversely fo raclettes was noted. On endscraper:burin ratio, is a more pronounced clustering of early sites to the top of the table, together with a tendency for open air sites to cluster in the lower part of the table. Means for the different groups were calculated on the endscraper:burin ratio:

101

F igure 4 .5

Ternary d iagra m s how ing t he r e la t ionsh ip b etween 2 9 I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages o n p ercen tages o f e ndscrapers , b ur ins , a nd o ther t oo ls . S i te k ey o n T ab le 4 .8 . i ndica tes o pen a ir s i te

C

)

C

D ;

L%

E l

0

A

0 C2 )

0O t herToo ls

5 0

1 02

1 00

X

Open air Cave/Shelter

n = l2 n=17

0.56 0.92

_

X

S.D. Early Late

0.33 0.66

n=6 n=6

0.96 0.83

S.D. 0.26 0.74

The separation of Early and Late levels is made more striking if the high ratio from Rond du Barry is excluded. The mean for the five remaining sites is then: x 0.53 S.D. 0.08 a much more striking separation. Table 4.11 sets out the rank order on the percentage of 'Other Tools', again with site types and suggested datings. The dated sites show no exclusive patterning, although sheltered sites in this case tend to cluster towards the upper end of the table. Correlation coefficients were calculated for the four variables, and these are given in Table 4.13. For 29 cases on Spearmans Rank, Hammond & McCullagh (197 4 Appendix 9), indicate statistical significance values of 0.311 for 95%, and 0.440 for 99% confidence in the significance of the result. The strong positive correlation between endscraper percentage and end­ scraper:burin ratio, and strong negative correlation between burins and the ratio is predictable in view of the way the ratio is calculated. Other Tools show strong negative correlations to both burins and endscrapers, which in the case of burins is clearly explicable in terms of the observed tendency for burins to associate with open, and Other Tools with sheltered sites. While this might also be a factor in the contrast between endscrapers and Other Tools, the rank order of endscrapers does not provide clear evidence of it. Probably a more significant factor, is the observed tendency of the Early sites to have a larger percentage of endscrapers, while raclettes, a component of the 'Other Tools' show an inverse tendency. The k>wer endscraper: burin ratios in open air sites reflect the tendency for burins to be preferentially associated with open air sites. C. TyPe list analysis-17 classes. After various analyses on material from Ksar Akil, Azoury & Hodson (1972 p. 303) conclude that "compared with a long type-list, a reduced list has not sacrificed any information relevant to the overall patterning of the assemblages". Pilot studies on my data using both a full and a reduced type-list suggested that the same observations could be made on the material with which I was dealing. In my detailed type­ list analysis therefore, I have employed only a list reduced to 17 classes. The reduced type-list is given in Table 4.14. My 17 classes do not correspond to those selected by Azoury & Hodson, and clearly other systems of reduction could have been applied, particularly if only new list analyses were used-for example opposing angle to axial burins. In the particular circumstances however, the subgroups selected represent I think the best reduction. An additional attraction of using a reduced list,· lay in the ability then to employ all 29 assemblages used in previous analyses,. several of which could not have been used with a more detailed typological breakdown. Percentages for the 17 types were calculated for the 29 assemblages, and these were used as the basis for a cluster analysis employing the CLUSTAN 103

F igure 4 .6

Dendrogra m o f t he r e la tionsh ip o f 2 9 a sse mb lages o n CLUSTAN a na lysis o f 1 7 t ype g roups

200

1 50

1 00

Z A2

50

e i _ L

A BC DE FG H IJ KL MN OP OR

TU V WX YZ a b c

K ey t o F ig . 4 .6 A .

JBE

B . JB W

C . BAD 7 D . MAU

I . LHE 2 0/18

J . LHE 1 8

K . RDB

0 . PEG 9 P .

LHE 1 4

CA M

Q .

E . B IR

F . SQL

L . LHE 1 2

R . LAS S urf

V . DRE W . BAD 6 X . GUI Y . LCS M

M .

S . LRI

Z . BEA

1 04

G . JBT

LHE 1 0

N .

H . LHE 2 0

LHE 1 6

T . PEG 8 U . CAS 9

a . CAS 1 0 b . STF

c . LAS e xc .

package (Wishart 1975). In this a distance matrix was calculated, and this transformed by Ward's method to create a fusion hierarchy. The result of this analysis is reproduced as Figure 4. 6. Some of the structure is clearly explicable in terms of particular type classes. Lassac isolated as stem III by the dendrogram has a very high per­ centage of microliths, and its nearest neighbour assemblages on the analysis are Cassegros 9, La Riviere, and Pegourie 8, which reference to Table 4. 5 indicate are the next three ranked assemblages on microlith percentage. The six sites on stem I correspond to the Unit I sites on the raclette rank order Table (Table 4. 6) with high percentages of raclettes. Within the sites on stem II, structure becomes progressively more diffi­ cult to explain as the influence of single dominant variables falls. Saint-Fiacre on stem IIB is isolated on its high percentage of notches and denticulates, and its nearest neighbour assemblages are LHE 20 and Pegourie 9 both with a high percentage of notches, and relatively few raclettes. Jean-Blanc Terrace (IIAl) has a high percentage of endscrapers, and its nearest neighbours are the next three sites on the endscraper rank order table (cf. Table 4. 10). Cassegros 10 (IIA2a) has a much higher percentage of splintered pieces than other assemblages, and though its nearest neighbours-LHE 20, 16, and 12-all have high percentages of splintered pieces, some other assemblages have more-the contributory factors to the variation increase. On the five remaining subgroups of stem IIA2, some observations can be made: IIIA2b: Contains four of the six sites with the highest percentages of end­ scrapers-Badegoule 6, Guillassou, La-Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin, and Beaure­ gard East. Of the other two in the top 6, Jean-Blanc Terrace is already isloated, while LHE 18 although having a comparable percentage of endscrapers (and in all cases flat endscrapers predominate), falls well beyond the range of the others on 'burins on retouched truncation' (2% cf. with 10. 5-15%), and notches/denticulates (17% cf. 0:-9%). IIA2c: Deuxieme Redan Chantier I. Although with the next highest percent­ age of raclettes after the stem I sites, the gap between the two is quite consid­ erable (almost 10%). Apart from this the only clear difference is in the per­ centage of sidescrapers (6. 43% cf. 0. 58-1. 97%). IIIA2d: Pegourie 8 and Cassegros 9. These two combine relatively high percentages of raclettes and of microliths. The sites of IIAeii approach them in this, but also differ from these two sites in having a smaller percent­ age of peryoirs, and a higher percentage of dihedral burins. IIIA2eii: Camparnaud, Lassac surface, and La Riviere. An interesting grouping of three of the four Mediterranean zone assemblages, all of them from surface collections. · Their features have been indicated above, in con­ trast to Pegourie 8 and Cassegros 9: raclettes, microliths, dihedral burins. IIA2ei: Rand du Barry F2, Pegourie 9, and the Laugerie-Haute ·East levels. It is interesting to find all the Laugerie-Haute East levels grouped by this 105

analysis. The group has no particular distinctive features, but have in com­ mon a regularly low percentage of microliths (less than 3. 18%1 ! and a rela­ tively high percentage of notches and denticulates (11. 11-25. 77%). Most of the interest of this analysis is as a commentary on some of the relationships already discerned in our studies of particular sections of the data, no particular new insights into assemblage relationships can be gleaned from it. D. Relationship of 'minor' tool classes. In this study I was concerned to investigate the possible relationships existing between certain classes of tool to which little attention is commonly paid. The classes with which I was concerned were: Truncated pieces, Notches and denticulates, Raclettes, Sidescrapers, Microliths, Splintered pieces, and Per9oirs. The method by which I proceeded was that of the measurement of the cor­ relation coefficients between the different groups, and the working hypothesis was that visible relationships might be interpretable as suggesting functional relationships. Totals were calculated for each of the seven groups in 27 assemblages (Jean-Blanc Terrace was excluded on numerical grounds, and La-Chappelle­ Saint-Mesmin since two classes had been selected against in study it seemed), and expressed as percentages of the total of the seven classes (Table 4. 15). Spearmans Rank Correlation Coefficients were then calculated between each pair of the seven, and these are shown in Table 4. 16). Hammond & McCullagh (1974 App. 9) list significance values of 0. 323 for 95%, and 0. 454 for 99% confidence in the significance of the result with 27 cases. On

these criteria, the following relationships are significant:

Positive correlation

(99% (95%

confidence) Splintered piece-Per�oir confidence) Notch/denticulate-Splintered piece Notch/denticulate-Per�oir Notch/denticulate-Sidescraper

Negative correlation (99% confidence) Notch/denticulate-Raclette Per9oir-Microlith (95% confidence) Notch/denticulate-Microlith Splintered piece-Raclette Per�oir-Raclette The correlation coefficients distinguish a group containing Per�oirs, Splintered pieces, Notches/Denticulates, and more distantly Sidescrapers. This group is negatively correlated with Raclettes, and with Microliths, which latter two show no significant relationship. The evolutionary model developed in section 4. 3 suggests that raclettes as a component of tool assemblages are replaced in the later Initial Magda­ lenian by microliths. Thus the relationships distinguished could be considered to demonstrate a more or le�s constant group of elements possibly related to the working of more or less solid substances, while one pon-correlated element-the raclette-is replaced by another-the microlith group.

106

Solvieux, three, fragments of Solu trean points were found on the Initial Magdalenian floors. In both cases, the patina of the fragments differed from that of the Initial Magdalenian pieces (Gaussen pers. comm. for information on Solvieux). Scalene triangles-on the traditional model the 'type-fossil' of the earliest Middle Magdalenian-occur in two sites both considered late� Pegourie 8, and Lassac excavation. Azilian points have been attributed from Jean-Blanc East, Pegourie 8, and the grand abri de Mazerat. The Mazerat collection is mixed, the Jean­ Blanc collection comes from an old excavation, while in the case of Pegourie 8, intrusion from the overlying Azilian could be argued. An atypical Gravette point is described from the Helena collection from Bize, together with a Magdalenian shouldered point, while Vachons points (one from each) are described from Lassac surface, and Camparnaud. Again the collections are not of the most reliable, but again one can also notice that the sites are attributed by my model to the late part of the Initial Magdalenian. Of greatest interest however are the 'atypical or Perigordian shouldered points' examples of which are described from three sites-Jean-Blanc East, Pegourie 8, and the Grand abri de Maze�at. Again one of the sites has an unreliable collection (Mazerat), one has an old collection (Jean-Blanc East), and in the final one-Pegourie 8-the example comes from the top of the bed, where rodent activity was noted during excavation. However, these points are not of a type that occur in the later Magdalenian. To the long stemmed, short pointed Magdalenian shouldered points (cf. Lenoir 1975), they oppose a short stem, and a long point (cf. Appendix I Figs. 2. 2; 24. 6), and while called 'Perigordian', the comparable example illustrated by de Sonneville­ Bordes & Perrot (1956a Fig. 2. 12) is from the Upper Solutrean of Badegoule, and Smith (1966) treats comparable pieces as a subtype (A) of the Solutrean shouldered point, and illustrates many examples (e. g. Fig. 33. 12, 53. 5-7, 60-8. 9, 61.4 etc.). While Mazerat contains Solutrean pieces, and at Jean-Blanc there is Solutrean beneath the Initial Magdalenian, there is so far no evidence of Solutrean in ornear Pegourie, where the shouldered point has the same patina as much of the Initial Magdalenian. Carriage of the piece from elsewhere could be suggested, but all that can be done for the present is to note the occur­ rence. B. Raclettes. The percentage of raclettes in our Initial Magdalenian sites has already been discussed in Section 4. 3. E. Table 4. 21 column 1 gives the percentages of raclettes described for other Upper Palaeolithic assemblages. As can be observed,. raclettes are a fairly regular, if scarce element in later Magdalenian assemblages-in only 14 sites do they exceed 1%, and in only five of these (Oullins 2%, �hateau des Eyzies s1,1p. 6. 25%, Valojoulx 2. 58%, Loubressac 2. 16%, Sainte-Eulalie IV 4.10%) do they exceed 2%. In the Solutrean similarly, their occurrence is fairly re�lar, but in only 11 assemblages do they exceed 1%, and in only five of these (LHW 6 2. 17%, Malpas 1 2. 44%, 3 3.17%, 5 4. 17%, and Olllins 8 3. 28%) do they exceed 2%.

107

4. 5 External comparison of elements of the Initial Magdalenian lithic industry A. Points and microliths. Perhaps the most striking contrast between the bulk of Initial Magdalenian assemblages, and later Magdalenian and Solutrean assemblages, is in the absence or near absence of pieces that might be cons­ idered as armatures for points (e. g. Solutrean points, Azilian points, Gravette points) or as elements employable in composite armatures (backed bladelets and other microliths) in the Initial Magdalenian. While it may be argued that leaf points had only symbolic or decorative value, or that backed bladelets were used as files (Verheyleweghen 1951), general assumptions and ethnographic parallels would argue for their use­ singly or in combination-as points. Evidence for the mounting of lithic elements is scarce in the Palaeolithic. The adherence of mastic to backed (and unbacked) bladelets at Lascaux (Allain 1979 pp. 100-101) provides evidence for their mounting. At La Garenne (Allain & Descoutts 1957) flint slivers in the groove of a sagaie might repre­ sent an association of flint with a bone support, but the surviving examples of 'armed' points (Stellmoor, Holmegaard IV, Tvaermose, Loshult, Vinkel Mose) are all later. The various point or composite element types on the type lists were divided into five groups (Table 4. 17), and the percentage of these classes in 29 Initial Magdalenian assemblages is shown on Table 4. 18, with mentions of their occur­ rence in those sites for which I do not have reliable type lists in Table 4. 19. Table 4. 20 gives the comparative fi�res for assemblages for which type lists are available from the remainder of the French Upper Palaeolithic. It is clear from this that only the Aurignacian shows a comparable scarcity of stone points/composite elements. In the Solutrean, flat retouched points, and to a lesser extent backed bladelets form a significant component of as­ semblages, while in the later Magdalenian-particularly in the recent excava­ tions with good recovery-backed bladelets form a significant element. Nor do bone points make up for this paucity of stone points, for, although it is difficult to measure their occurrence in view of problems of survival and fragmentation, they seem no more abundant than in Solutrean or Gravettian, and less abundant than in the Aurignacian and much of the later Magdalenian. Before discussing those specimens in Initial Magdalenian assemblages, the observation can be made that the structural equivalent of the flat retouched points of the Solutrean, and the microliths of the later Magdalenian, in the Initial Magdalenian, is the raclette. Microliths we have already dealt with, and we have suggested that they become numerous towards the end of the Initial Magdalenian. Solutrean type pieces are listed from 7 assemblages-LHE 20, 20/18, 18, and 12, Jean-Blanc Terrace, Guillassou, and Solvieux. In the first five cases, the Initial Magdalenian levels overlie Solutrean, and the Solutrean pieces could be assumed derived. LHE 14 which has a straight dihedral burin worked on a broken laurel leaf point with no difference in patina, must also be cons­ idered to have obtained the piece from below. At Guillassou, one, and at 108

In the Gravettian assemblages they are a much less regular element, and amongst those with lists, they do not exceed 0. 5%. In the Aurignacian they do not form as regular an element as in the Solutrean or Magdalenian, although in eight cases they exceed 1%, and in six of these (Les Roches I 2. 13%, La Bombetterie ser. 1 3. 48 %, ser. 2 3. 61%, ser. 3 2. 99%, ser. 4 2. 66%, and Gohaud 3. 30%) they exceed 2%. However I am uncertain whether these earlier raclettes can properly be compared to those of the Initial M.agdalenian-the matter is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 6. Thus the raclette may be seen as a fairly regular element in assemblages through the Solutrean and Magdalenian, and those that I have seen from Solu­ trean and later Magdalenian contexts are in general acceptable as raclettes, an element which becomes abundant for a short period during the Lascaux oscillation. C. Transverse burins on notch. Table 4. 22 column � lists the percentage of TON burins for 29 Initial Magdalenian assemblages, and Table 4. 21 column 2 gives the same information for _a series of other Upper Palaeot'ithic levels. Although a regular element in the later Magdalenian, they exceed 1% in only five assemblages, and 2% in only one (Bois d'Apres 2."39%). A less regular element in the Solutrean they exceed 1% in only 5 assemblages-all of them Upper or Final Solutrean-and 2% in only two of these (Malpas 5 2. 38%, Badegoule (Peyrony colln) 2. 03%). A scarcer element in the Gravettian and Aurignacian, they exceed 1% in only two Gravettian and three Aurignacian assemblages, and 2% in none. While abundant TON burins are clearly an Initial Magdalenian-and only early Initial Magdalenian-feature, they begin to take on a greater importance in the later Solutrean, and persist in the later Magdalenian as the minor and occasional element they represent at the end of the Initial Magdalenian. D. Splintered pieces. At Laugerie-Haute, it was noted that splintered pieces formed a regular and abundant :element in all levels, while being scarce in the preceding Solutrean and the Magdaleniart ofl evel 8. Table 4. 22 column 2 lists the _percentage of splintered pieces in 29 Initial Magdalenian assemblages, while Table 4. 21 column 3 lists the percentage of splintered pieces in a number of other Upper Palaeolithic assemblages. As can be seen, they form an abundant element in the Romanellian of .· Valdue 2 (10� 42%), and in the Azilian of two Breton sites they exceed 2% (Roc'h Toul 2. 23%, Guennoc 4. 76%). In the Magdalenian while forming a fairly regular element in recently excavated/analysed collections, they ex­ ceed 1% ip only eight assemblages, and 2% in only- one-again no�thern-La Haie Pallet (8. 00%)_. In the Solutrean they form a very regular element, exceeding 1% in 21 assemblag�s, and 2% in 12 of these, notably in some assemblages from the East of France, which seem at present to be associated with absolute dates that would place them contemporary with the early Initial Magdalenian in the west of France-Solutre, and Chabot (but at Olllins as well). 109

In the Gravettian they are an irregular element, exceeding 1% in only four sites, but exceeding 2% in three of these (Font-Robert 8. 80%, Pre-Aubert 4. 44%, Les Morts 5. 85%). In the Aurignacian again they are a regular element, exceeding 1% in 16 sites, and 2% in 14 of these. The association of the splintered pieces in some of these sites with abundant Dufour or backed bladelets (Font-Yves points), might suggest that they represent micro-cores as suggested by Escalon de Fanton (1969), and White (1968). However, the removals from splintered pieces tend to be flakes rather than bladelets, and for those pieces which I have classed as splintered pieces, I incline towards the view that they repre­ sent pieces used as wedges, and thus tools created by use, the 'outils � posteori' of Bordes (1967, 1970) and the New type-list. 3 Such an explanation would fit with the experimental work of Allain et al. (1974 p. 67) on antler, and R::mere (1975) on wood, and with the fairly regular use in the Initial Magdalenian of scrapers, with a worked wedge front, for whatever tasks create splintered pieces. Detailed study of the function of the class would be of interest in under­ standing its role in certain assemblages or groups of assemblages where it abounds. E. Multiple per9oirs and thick endscrapers. In this section I am not con­ cerned so much with external comparisons, but with the occurrence within_ the Initial Magdalenian of two elements considered typical, one of which is potentially 'indicative' in considering the question of derivation. Table 4. 22 column 3 gives the percentage of multiple per!roirs for the 29 Initial Magdalenian assemblages. One can note, that they are not a particu­ larly abundant element, and that although perhaps more typical of the earlier levels-as suggestd by Cheynier (1930, 1951)-they can occur in some number in 'late' levels (cf. LHE 10, and Pegourie 8 ). Amongst the multiple per�oirs, star shaped per!roirs are very scarce, for example of the 38 multiple per�oirs/ bees of LHE 12, only one is a true 'star shaped per�oir'. Table 4. 22 column 4 gives the percentages of thick endscrapers (types 11, 12, 13, 15, 16) for the 29 assemblages. In discussions of an Aurignacian origin for the Initial Magdalenian these pieces have played their part. As can be noted from the table, they are not an abundant component of those Initial Magdalenian assemblages analysed, and when they are found in greater abundance, this tends to be in the later levels. At Birac III they form a fairly significant component, and at this site occur some carinated endscrapers of a distinctive type, that occur as a particular element at Pourquey. Pour­ quey with a percentage of raclettes comparable to that of Birac m, and the sites comparable to the latter, should again be a fairly late assemblage on the model applied here. Distinguished by Sireix (pe_!s. comm. ), these pieces have flakes removed on the sides of the endscrapers, thinning the pieces (cf. App. I Fig. 22. 2 for an example from Pegourie level 9). Although compared by Sireix to the Aurignacian� such pieces are illustrated. from the later Magdalenian (cf. Bourlon & Bouyssonie, A. & J. 1912 fig. 4. 3 for a very clear example of the type from Laugerie-Basse), as well as occurring in Initial Magdalenian contexts. 110

4. 6 Discussion The construction of an outline 'external' climatic chronology in Chapter 3, and the consideration of some Initial Magdalenian sites with absolute dates, permitted certain� priori observations about the chronological structure of the Initial Magdalenian to be made_ in the discussion to that chapter. The greater part of this chapter has been concerned with the search for chrono­ logically related change in the components of the stone industry within the range of Initial Magdalenian assemblages. The 'behaviour' of certain elements -particularly burins, raclettes, microliths, sidescrapers, and endscrapers­ within sequences, and in relation to the� priori chronological observations, allowed the recognition of certain 'time trends' in the occurrence and relative proportion of certain tool classes, and permitted the elaboration of an approx­ imate seriation of a group of 28 Initial Magdalenian assemblages. This seriation is set out in Table 4.7 and Fig. 4.4. 1) Early levels, some of which may fall in Brandenburg, have many TON , burins, scarce raclettes, and even scarcer microliths, but good numbers of flat endscrapers, and sidescrapers e.g. LHE 20, 20/18, 18, Badegoule 6, Cassegros 10, and Guillassou. Fritsch 6/5d is probably comparable. LHE 16 and 14, and Beauregard East, although having many TON burins have more raclettes than other members of the group. The endscraper dominated Jean­ Blanc Terrace assemblage might be attributable, but the scarcity of burins in the burin analysis, and the high probability of selection must be borne in mind. 2) These are followed, certainly during Lascaux-or a part of it-by assemblages with more raclettes, a decline in the representation of transverse burins as a component of the burin assemblage, and their replacement, in general, by dihedral burins, and a gradual increase in the occurrence of· microliths, which begin to become abundant in some assemblages that might fall late in Lascaux (e.g. Pegourie 8). 3) Microliths form a major component of the assemblage from Lassac excavation, whose absolute date falls beyond those dates for Initial Magdalen­ ian that can clearly be attributed to Lascaux. Material comparable to that from Lassac excavation, but probably suffering from bias selecting against the smaller tool classes, and in favour of large pieces, comes from surface collections at La.ssac, La Riviere, and Camparnaud. These later sites show a decline in the percentage of raclettes, and an increase in the representation of dihedral burins and microliths, with amongst these latter, the occasional occurrence of triangles-suggesting an Initial Magdalenian developing towards the later Magdalenian. Accepting this model, which compares with the proposals of Cheynier (1939) as far as this latter goes, then certain obs_ervations might be made: a)

Neither LHE, nor Fritsch, represent the full Initial Magdalenian sequence, both lacking the late _stages;

b)

at Badegoule the lower level represents a fairly early Initial Magdalen­ ian, and the upper level a fairly late one; and at Cassegros, Level 10 represents an early Initial Magdalenian, and level 9 a fairly late one; 111

C )

B oth l eve ls a t P egour ie d a te f a ir ly l a te w ith in t he I n i t ia l Magda lenian d eve lop men t ;

d )

w i th in t he t er ms o ft he mode l ' t ypica l ' v ery l a te I n it ia l Magda len ian l eve ls s ee m t o o ccur o n ly i n t he Medi terranean z one . Is ha l l r eturn t o c ons idera t ion o f t he s truc ture o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian

i n t he C onc lus ion —Chap ter 8 . A lthough t he ma jor p urpose i n c arrying o ut t he a na lyses d escr ibed i n t h is c hap ter was t he e labora t ion o fa n ' i n terna l ' r e la t ive c hrono logy , c er ta in o bse rva t ions o f v ar ia t ion were made t ha t d id n o t s eem t o r e la te t o t ime . H ere o ne c an n ote p ar t icu lar ly t he o bserva t ion t ha t b urins s eem t o b e more s trong ly a ssoc ia ted w i th o pen a ir o ccupa t ions . S ince b one e tc . a re n o t p reserved o n t hese s i tes , e xcep t a t L assac , wh ich i s t he e xcep t ion t o t he h igh b ur in p ercenta ge r u le , t h is o bserva t ion i s d if f icu lt t o i n terpre t . F unc t iona l a na lys is o f b ur ins migh t h e lp r eso lve t he q uest ion , a l though i t was n o ted t ha t t he a ssoc iat i on was n ot r e la ted t o a ny p ar t icu lar c lass o fb urin . A lso n o ted was a s trong ly c ovary ing g roup o f minor t oo ls—sp l in tered p ieces , p er2o irs , n o tches/den t icu la tes , a nd t o al esser e x ten t s idescrapers — t ha t s ee med t o b e n ega t ive ly c orre la ted t o b o th r ac let tes a nd micro li ths , wh ich l a t ter t wo s howed n o r e la t ion t o o ne a nother .

Th is wou ld s ee m t o s ug-

g es t t ha t t he t oo l g roup a nd r ac let tes/m icro li ths r e la ted t o u nassoc ia ted s e ts o f t asks , o r l ess l i ke ly t ha t t hey were f unc t iona l ly e quiva len t , a nd t ha t r acl e t tes a nd micro li ths were u nre la ted . I n r e la t ion t o t h is l a t ter p o int h owever , o ne must n o te t he o bserva t ion made i n S ec t ion 4 .5 .D t ha t r ac le t tes a re t he s tructura l e quiva lent i n t he I n i t ia l Magda len ia n o f t he p oin ts a nd b acked b ladel e ts o ft he G rave t t ia n , S o lu trean , a nd l a ter Magda len ian . T he e v idence f or a d ec l ine i n f l a t e ndscrapers a ssoc ia ted w i th t he i ncrease i n r ac le t tes a t LHE t oge ther w i th t he o bserva t ion t ha t e ndscrapers a re more a bundant i n e ar ly a sse mb lages , a nd r ac le t tes more a bundan t l a ter , migh t s ugges t f unc t iona l e quiva lence o ft he t wo c lasses . H owever a s w i l l b e s een i n C hap ter 6 , r ac le t tes a re v ery p oor s crapers—the r e la t ionsh ip i s c lear ly more c o mp lex t han t h is . T he f i na l s ec t ion o ft he c hap ter was c oncerned w i th mak ing s o me e x terna l c o mpar isons o f c erta in f ea tures o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian s tone t oo l a sse mb lage . O f t he t wo e le men ts c ons idered p ar t icu lar ly d ist inc t ive o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian t he TON b ur in i s p resen t i n t he S o lutrean , s how ing a l arger r epresen ta t ion i n s o me l a te l eve ls , a nd p ersists a s af a ir ly r egu lar e lement i n t he l a ter Magda len ian , a nd t he r ac le t te o ccurs a s af a ir ly r egu lar e lemen t i n b oth S o lutrean a nd l a ter Magda len ian . A more s trik ing c on trast wh ich h as n o t b een s tressed b efore l i es i n t he a r ma ture g roup .

A r ma tures , r epresen ted b y t he f l a t r e touched p oin ts i n t he

S o lutrean , a nd i ti s s ugges ted b y c o mpos i tes o fm icro l iths i n t he l a ter Magd a len ian , a re , more o r l ess , a bsen t f ro m t he ma jor i ty o f I n i t ia l Magda len ian l eve ls . N or , a s we s ha l l s ee i n C hapter 7 , i s t h is s carc i ty c o mpensa ted f or b y t he s urv iv ing b one p o in ts . C hap ter 8 .

T o t h is q ues t ion , a ga in , Is ha l l r eturn i n

1 12

T hus t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian c on trasts w i th t he S o lutrean i n n o t h av ing t he , s pec ia l ly r e touched s tone p oin ts , a nd w i th t he l a ter Magda len ian i n t he g enera l s carc i ty o f micro li ths , a lthough micro l i ths c an o ccur i n I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages , a nd p erhaps e ven ( c f . P egourie 8 ) , S o lutrean p o ints ;

a nd i t

c on tras ts w i th b o th i n s how ing a h igher p ercentage o f TON b ur ins a nd r ac le t tes , ' t ypes ' wh ich a re h owever p resen t i n b o th S o lutrean a nd l a ter Magda len ian . Two e le men ts s ugges ted a s d ist inc t ive o ft he I n i t ia l Magda len ian , t h ick e ndscrapers , a nd mu lt ip le —par t icu lar ly s tar s haped —per2o irs , a re n ot p art icu lar ly a bundan t e le men ts i n t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian , a nd t he f or mer c lass s ee ms t o b e more a bundan t i n l a ter I ni t ia l Magda len ian l eve ls , making i ta n u n l ike ly i ndica tor o f a n Aur ignac ian c onnec t ion . A r ange o f f a ir ly s i mp le a na lyses a pp lied t o af a ir ly l arge s a mp le o f I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages , h ave a l lowed t he r ecogn i t ion o f s o me ' i nt erna l ' i ndus tr ia l d eve lop men t , a nd t he r ecogn i t ion o f s o me n on-chrono log ica l v aria t ion ; a nd s o me e x terna l c o mpar isons b egin t o c ast l igh t o n t he p oss ib le e x terna l r e la t ions o f t he I n it ia l Magda len ian .

T o t hese q ues t ions , o f s truc ture ,

o f o r ig in , a nd e nd , Is ha l l r eturn i n C hap ter 8 . N otes 1 .

C f . e .g . A l la in 1 979 p . 9 4 :

" Deux p ieces o n t e te , f aute d e mieux ,

c lass es p ar m i l es p ies ." 2 .

The f igures o f more t han 2 % micro l i ths , a nd more t han 3 .5% s idescrapers a re a rb i trary , a nd n o t i ntended a s ' i ndexes ' f or I n i t ia l Magda len ian a tt ribut ion .

T hey h ave b een s e lec ted s o a s t o emphasise t he s tructure o f

t he r e levan t t ab les . 3 . 4 .

C f . a lso N ewco mer a nd H iverne l-Guerre 1 974 . S ources i n Tab les 4 .20 a nd 4 .21 :

a . E sca lon d e F onton 1 966; b . E sca lon

d e F onton & O nora t in i 1 974 ; C . O nora t in i 1 974 ; d . C o mb ier 1 967; e . d e S onnev i l le-Bordes 1 960 ; f . O nora t in i e t a l . 1 977; g . C ha mpagne & E sp i ta l ie 1 970 ;

h . G io t e t a l . 1 977; i . Dan ie l 1 970 ; j . R ousso t &

F errier 1 970 ; k . R igaud 1 -9 7 0 ;

1 . Dan ie l 1 971; m . Gen ty & Gen ty 1 971;

n . L eno ir & Terraza 1 971; o . R ousso t & F err ier 1 971; p . A l lard & G uyo t 1 972 ; q . A laux 1 972 ; r . S chm ider 1 971;

s . D an ie l 1 972; t . d e

S onnev i l le-Bordes 1 972; u . G rue t &J aouen 1 957;

V . J oannes & C ordier

1 958; w . P rade l & P rade l 1 960 ; x . O nora t in i 1 977; y . Lwof f 1 974 ; z . L eroi-Gourhan & B rez i l lon 1 966; a a . Gaussen 1 953; a b . d e B ay le d es H er mens 1 969;

a c . C re m i l leux 1 969; a d . L orb lanche t e t a l . 1 973;

a e . Sm i th 1 966; a f . Mon te t- Wh i te 1 973; a g . 1 974 ; a l .

C ouchard 1 96 7 ; a h . S traus

F err ier & R oussot 1 973; a k . Mon me jean e t a l . 1 964 ; a k .

P rade l 1 965 ; a l . De lpor te 1 972; am . De mars 1 977; a n .

L e Tensorer

1 974 ; a o . De lpor te 1 968; a p . S ch m ider 1 969 ; a q . Dan ie l & S ch m ider 1 972; a r . O nora t in i &G irard 1 974 ; a s . 1 973; a u .

P erpere 1 973; a t .

De mars

V ez ian & . Vez ian 1 966; a y . Perpere 1 977; aw . B r icker &

L av i l le 1 977 .

1 13

Tab le 4 .1

Percen tages o f ' Re touched ' ,

' Cores ' a nd ' O ther Products ' i n 1 8

a sse mb lages Asse mb lage

Re touched

L auger ie-Haute East S o l

O ther Prod .

C ores

1 230

2 5 .61

6 8 .70

5 .69

1

LHE L eve l 2 0

7 29

3 4 .02

5 7 .89

8 .09

2

LHE L eve l 1 8

8 11

2 4 .78

6 7 .20

8 .01

3

LHE L eve l 1 6

3 75

3 6 .00

5 6.53

7 .47

4

LHE L eve l 1 4

6 61

2 6.78

6 5 .96

7 .26

5 6

LHE L eve l 1 2

8 970

2 0 .91

7 7 .07

2 .02

LHE L eve l 1 0

9 11

2 9 .09

6 7 .73

3 .18

7

LHE L eve l 8

9 48

2 0 .04

7 3 .42

6 .54

8

Badegou le L eve l 6

6 775

6 6 .33

2 9 .24

4 .43

1 1

Badegou le Leve l 7

6 292

5 0 .21

4 5 .63

4 .16

1 2

Pe gour ie L eve l 9

2 051

1 1 .17

8 5 .76

3 .07

1 3 g our ie L eve l 8

2 219

2 1 .63

7 6 .12

2 .25

Cassegros Leve l 1 0

4 98

3 4 .74

6 3 .05

2 .21

1 3

C assegros L eve l 9

4 24

3 6.08

5 9 .20

4 .72

1 4

5 836

1 0 .26

8 7 .71

2 .02

1 7

Deuxie me Redan Chant ier I C a mparnaud Lassac s urface Lassac e xcava t ion

Tab le 4 .2

9 1 0

8 97

2 9 .32

6 3 .10

7 .58

1 6

9 329

3 1.41

5 3 .52

1 5 .07

1 8

1 071 / 1

7 .45

9 1 .30

1 .26

1 5

Ra t io o f I nco mp le te :C o mp lete u nre touched f lakes f or t he 1 8 a sse mb lages o n Tab le 4 .1

Asse mb lage

I nco mp le te

( N .D . A . =N o Da ta Ava i lab le ) C o mp lete

I nco mp lete/Co mplete

LHE S o l

7 21

9 5

LHE L eve l 2 0

3 26

7 0

7 .59 4 .66

LHE L eve l 1 8

4 20

1 04

4 .04

LHE L eve l 1 6

1 54

5 2

2 .96

LHE L eve l 1 4

3 46

7 8

4 .44

LHE L eve l 1 2

5 059

9 78

5 .17

LHE L eve l 1 0

4 49

7 0

6 .41

LHE L eve l 8

5 31

1 19

4 .46

Badegoule Leve l 6

7 60

6 19

1 .23

Badegou le L eve l 7

1 220

1 110

1 .10

Pegour ieL eve l 9

8 22

2 34

3 .51

Pegour ie L eve l 8

8 67

2 35

3 .69

C assegros Leve l 1 0 Cassegros L eve l 9 Deuxr e me Redan C han t ier I

N .D .A . 1 85 4 824

3 1

5 .97

2 30

2 0 .97

C a mparnaud

N . D .A .

Lassac s urface

N .D . A .

Lassac e xcava t ion

N .D . A .

1 14

Tab le 4 .3

Ra t io o f B urin s pa l ls :Burins i n 2 2 a sse mb lages

Asse mb lage LHE S o l

B urin s pa l ls 7

B ur ins

B ur in s pa lls/Bur ins

3 9

0 .18 0 .5 1

LHE L eve l 2 0

2 5

4 9

LHE L eve l 1 8

2 1

3 0

0 .70

2 4

0 .2 5

LHE L eve l 1 6

6

LHE L eve l 1 4

1 2

3 6

0 .3 3

LHE L eve l 1 2

6 67

4 84

1 .38

LHE L eve l 1 0

5 2

6 9

0 .75

LHE L eve l 8

3 1

5 5

0 .5 6

Badegou le l eve l 6

6 02

1 241

0 .49

Badegou le l eve l 7

5 41

6 54

0 .8 3

Pegour ie l eve l 9

6 1

6 4

0 .95

Pegour ie l eve l 8

1 11

7 0

1 .59

Cassegros l eve l 1 0

2 0

2 3

0 .87

Cassegros l eve l 9

2 0

1 3

1 .5 4

6 6

0 .12

Maubin D irac I I Deuxie me Redan C hant ier I fond d u Barry

8 1 38

2 06

0 .67

6 5

1 49

0 .4 4

1 01

1 4

7 . 2 1

Ca mparnaud

2 4

8 4

0 .2 9

Lassac s urface

4 4

4 88

0 .0 9

Lassac e xcava t ion

4 4

6 4

0 .6 9

4 3

0 .1 4

La R iv iere

6

1 15

Tab le 4 .4

Percen tages o f ma jor b ur in c lasses w ithin t he b urins

S ite-Leve l

f ig .

D ihedra l

O n r e t . t runc .

Transverse

n

( A )

( B )

( C )

LHE S o lutrean

a

3 9

6 1 .54

3 0 .77

7 .69

LHE L eve l 2 0

b

4 9

3 6 .73

8 .16

5 5 .10

LHE L eve l 2 0/18

c

9 9

5 0 .51

2 8 .28

2 1 .21

LHE L eve l 1 8

d

3 0

4 0 .00

6 .67

5 3 .33

LHE L eve l 1 6

e

2 4

5 8 .33

8 .33

3 3 .33

LHE L eve l 1 4

f

3 6

4 7 .22

1 1 .11

4 1 .67

LHE L eve l 1 2

g

4 84

6 3 .43

2 8 .10

8 .47 4 .35

LHE L eve l 1 0

h

6 9

5 9 .42

3 6 .23

LHE L eve l 8

x

5 5

7 6 .36

1 6 .36

7 .27

Badegoule 6

i

1 241

4 2 .06

3 6 .34

2 1 .60

Badegou le 7

j

6 54

5 8 .87

3 1 .65

9 .48

Pegour ie 9

k

6 4

6 8 .75

2 8 .13

3 .13

1

7 0

6 1 .43

3 0 .00

8 .57

2 3

5 6 .52

2 1 .74

2 1 .74

Pe gour ie 8 Cassegros 1 0

m

*Cassegros 9

n

1 3

8 4 .62

1 5 .38

0

D irac I I

o

2 06

6 9 .90

2 5 .73

4 .3 7

De ux r e m e Red a n

p

1 49

5 0 .34

3 3 .56

1 6 .11

Gui l lassou

q

4 4

3 6 .36

3 1 .82

3 1 .82

J ean-B lanc Eas t

1

3 4

7 3 .53

2 0 .59

5 .88

J ean-B lanc Wes t

2

4 0

8 5 .00

1 5 .00

* Jean-B lanc Ter n

3

1 1

9 .09

6 3 .64

Maubin

4

5 7

6 6 .67

2 2 .81

1 0 .53

S ain t-F iacre

5

1 21

4 7 .11

4 0 .50

1 2 .40

La-Ch . S t . -Mes m

6

9 5

3 8 .95

4 8 .42

1 2 .63

Beauregard East

7

1 06

1 9 .81

5 3 .77

2 6 .42

Lassac e xcay .

8

5 9

6 6 :10

2 8 .81

5 .08

9

3 98

6 8 .59

1 6 .33

1 5 .08

3 4

6 1 .76

2 6 . 47

1 1 .76

Lassac s urface La R ivr ere

1 0

7

0 2 7 .27

*Rond d u Barry

1 1

4 2 .86

5 7 .14

0

C a mparnaud

1 2

4 5

7 2 .97

2 5 .68

1 .35

S o lv ieux

1 3

9 32

6 4 .16

3 1 .87

3 .97

*p ar t icu lar ly p oor s a mp les

1 16

Tab le 4 .5

P ercentage o ccurrence o f ' m icro liths ' i n 2 9 I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages , w i th i ndicat ion o f ' da t ing ' o n b ur in t ypes ( E=Ear ly , L =La te )

S i televe l

P ercentage

Lassac e xcava t ion

5 2 .56

Cassegros l eve l 9

2 3 .77

La R iv iere

1 7 .74

Pegour ie l eve l 8

1 5 .56

J ean-B lanc Eas t

7 .67

Lassac s urface

6 .74

Ca mparnaud

6 .15

J ean-B lanc Wes t

5 .84

L a- C hape l le- S a in t- Me smin

4 .23

Pegourie l eve l 9

3 .18

LHE l eve l 1 0

3 .17

S o lv ieux

2 .67

Bond d u Barry

2 .56

De ux r e m e Red a n

1 .19

LHE l eve l 1 6

1 .14

Beauregard Eas t

0 .90

LHE l eve l 1 8

0 .85

LHE l eve l 1 4

0 .81

D irac I I

0 .58

LHE l eve l 1 2

0 .53

Badegou le l eve l 7

0 .23

Badegou le l eve l 6

0 .18

J ean-B lanc Terrace

0

LHE l eve l 2 0

0

LHE l eve l 2 0/18

0

S aint- F iacre

0

Maubin

0

Cassegros l eve l 1 0

0

Gui l lassou

0

1 17

B urin ' da t ing '

Tab le 4 .6

Rank o rder o f 2 8 I ni t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages o n r ac let te p ercen tage , w i th i ndica t ion o f micro li th o ccurrence ( M= more t han 2 % micro li ths ) , a nd ' da t ing ' o n b ur in t ypes ( E=Ear ly , L =Late )

S i televe l

P ercentage

Micro li ths

J ean-B lanc Eas t

6 0 .41

M

J ean-B lanc Wes t

4 7 .83

M

B ur in ' da t ing ' L

D irac I I

4 0 .34

L

Maubin

3 9 .52

L

Badegou le l eve l 7

3 6 .98

L

S o lv ieux

3 6 .34

Deuxr e me Redan

2 6 .60

Pegour ie l eve l 8

2 4 .31

LHE l eve l 1 4

1 8 .55

L assac s urface

1 6 .64

LHE l eve l 1 6

1 3 .64

Beauregard E as t

1 3 .24

Cassegros l eve l 9

1 3 .11

LHE l eve l 1 2

1 2 .33

LHE l eve l 1 0

1 2 .17

M

L

M

L E E

M L M

L

L a-Chape l le-Sain t- Mes min

1 0 .27

M

1 0 .26

M

C a mparnaud

1 0 .15

M

Lassac e xcava t ion

9 .50

M

L

Pegour ie l eve l 9

7 .59

M

L

G ui l lassou e xcava t ion

7 .25 5 .83

L a R ivr ere

5 .71

I I L

E E M

L

LHE l eve l 2 0/18

4 .95

E

LHE l eve l 1 8

3 .31

E

LHE l eve l 2 0

2 .91

E

Cassegros l eve l 1 0

1 .46

E

S ain t-F iacre

1 .01

1 18

I

M

Rond d u Barry

Badegou le l eve l 6

I

I V

T ab le 4 .7

R ough c hrono log ica l o rder ing o f t he I n it ia l Magda lenian a sse mb lages i n Tab le 4 .6 i n t he l i gh t o ft he a na lys is i n S ec t ion 4 .3 , w i th s idescraper p ercentage i ndica ted a nd t hose w i th more t han 3 .5 % marked ( S )

S iteleve l

S idescraper %

Lassac e xcava t ion

1 .50

Lassac s urface

2 .4 4

Cassegros l eve l 9

1 .6 4

La R ivf ere

1 .6 1

Pegour ie l eve l 8

1 .67

Ca mparnaud

3 . 0 8

L a- Ch ap e l le -S a in t- M esm i n

1 1 . 2 7

Pegour iel eve l 9

0 .64

LHE l eve l 1 0

0 .5 3

Rond d u Barry

8 .9 7

LHE l eve l 1 2

1 .30

J ean-B lanc E as t

1 .0 5

J ean-B lanc Wes t

1 .95

S o lv ieux

0 .5 8

Badegou le l eve l 7

1 .9 7

Maubin

1 .83

B irad i l l

1 .54

Deuxie me Red a n

6 .43

LHE l eve l 1 4

0

LHE l eve l 1 6

6 .82

Beauregard Eas t

5 .9 7

Gui l lassou

1 .49

Badegou le l eve l 6

3 . 5 9

LHE l eve l 1 8

4 .2 4

LHE l eve l 2 0/18

6 .77

LHE l eve l 2 0

4 .2 9

Cassegros l eve l 1 0

9 .6 3

S aint- F iacre

6 .8 0

19

( S )

Tab le 4 .8

P ercen tages :

E ndscrapers , B urins , O ther T oo ls E s :Bur .

S ite L eve l A

J ean B lanc East

E ndscrapers

B urins

O ther Too ls 7 9 . 8 6

r a t io

8 .8 7

1 1 . 2 6

0 .7 9

9 .3 2

2 2 . 9 8

6 7 .7 0

0 .4 1

5 0 . 8 5

1 8 .6 4

3 0 . 5 1

2 .7 3 O .6 7

B

J ean B lanc Wes t

C

J ean B lanc Terrace

D

LHE 2 0

1 5 . 1 2

2 2 . 6 7

6 2 . 2 1

E

LHE 2 0/18

2 1 . 2 0

2 9 . 3 3

4 9 . 4 7

0 .7 2

F

LHE 1 8

2 8 . 9 3

2 0 . 6 6

5 0 . 4 1

1 .4 0

G

LHE 1 6

1 4 . 7 7

2 2 .7 3

6 2 . 5 0

O .6 5

H

LHE 1 4

1 1 . 2 9

2 5 . 0 0

6 3 . 7 1

O .4 5

I

LHE 1 2

1 4 . 9 6

2 6 . 7 7

5 8 . 2 7

0 .5 6

J

LHE 1 0

1 1 . 6 4

2 5 . 9 3

6 2 . 4 8

0 .4 5

K

Badegou le 6

3 1 .54

3 2 .40

3 6 .07

0 .97

L

Bad e gou le 7

1 7 . 0 3

2 3 . 9 9

5 8 . 9 8

0 .71

M

Gui l lassou e xcavat ion

3 1 . 1 6

3 0 . 4 3

3 8 . 4 1

1 .0 2

N

Pegour ie 9

1 3 . 9 2

3 4 .8 1

5 1 . 2 7

0 .4 0

O

P egour ie 8

9 .94

1 8 .78

7 1 . 2 7

0 .5 3 0 .8 9

P

C assegros 9

6 . 5 6

7 .3 8

8 6 . 0 7

Q

C assegros 1 0

1 3 . 1 4

1 3 .87

7 2 .99

O .9 5

R

Maub in

6 . 5 9

3 2 . 3 3

6 1 . 0 8

O .2 0

S

D irac D I

T

S t F iacre ( Lap lace )

1 1 . 4 7

2 9 . 6 4

5 8 . 8 9

0 .3 9

6 . 0 6

3 1 .65

6 2 . 2 9

0 .19

U

L a- C hape l le-S t- Mes min

2 7 . 0 5

3 2 . 5 3

4 0 . 4 1

O .8 3

✓

Beauregard E as t

3 1 .18

2 6 .47

4 2 .35

1 .18

W

Deuxr e me Redan C h . I

1 3 .30

3 0 .40

5 6.29

0 .44

X

R and d u Barry F 2

2 6 . 9 2

1 1 . 5 4

6 1 . 5 4

2 .3 3

Y

Caraparnaud

2 3 .86

3 6 .04

4 0 .10

O .6 6

Z

Lassac s urface

1 5 .97

3 3 .61

5 0 .42

0 .48

a

Lassac e xcava t ion

5 .7 9

1 1 . 1 6

8 3 . 0 6

0 .5 2

ß

L a R iv iere

7

S o lv ieux

1 7 . 8 6

2 7 . 1 4

5 5 . 0 0

0 .6 6

6 .3 3

3 8 . 7 7

5 4 . 9 0

0 .1 6

1 20

Tab le 4 .9

Rank o rder , Bur ins

S i te l eve l S o lv ieux

3 8 .77

0

C a mparnaud

3 6 .04

0

Pegour ie 9

3 4 .81

C

Lassac s urface

3 3 .61

0

La-Chape l le-S t- Mes min

3 2 .53

0

Badegou le 6

3 2 .40

S

Maubin

3 2 .33

0

L E

S a in t-F iacre

3 1 .65

0

G ui l lassou e xcava t ion

3 0 .43

0

Deuxr e me R edan C h . I

3 0 .40

0

B irac I I

2 9 .64

0

LHE 2 0/18

2 9 .33

S

E

La R iv iere

2 7 .14

0

L

LHE 1 2

2 6.77

S

Beauregard E as t

2 6 .47

0

LHE 1 0

2 5 .93

S S

E

L

LHE 1 4

2 5 .00

Badegou le 7

2 3 .99

S

J ean B lanc West

2 2 .98

S

LHE 1 6

2 2 .73

S

LHE 2 0

2 2 .67

S

LHE 1 8

2 0 .66

S

E

Pegour ie 8

1 8 .78

C

L

J ean B lanc Terrace

1 8 .64

S

C assegros 1 0

1 3 .87

C

E

Rond d u Barry F 2

1 1 .54

C

L

J ean B lanc E ast

1 1 .26

S

Lassac e xcava t ion

1 1 .16

0

7 .38

C

Cassegros 9

E

L

Tab le 4 . 1 0

Rank o rder , Endscrapers

S ite l eve l J ean B lanc Terrace

5 0 . 8 5

S

Badegoule 6

3 1 .54

S

Beauregard Eas t

3 1 . 1 8

0

Gui l lassou e xc .

3 1 . 1 6

0

E

LHE 1 8

2 8 .93

S

E

La-Chape l le-S t- Mes min

2 7 . 0 5

0

Rond d u Barry F 2

2 6 . 9 2

C

Ca mparnaud

2 3 .86

0

E

L

LHE 2 0/18

2 1 . 2 0

S

E

La R iv iere

1 7 .86

0

L

Badegoule 7

1 7 . 0 3

S

Lassac s urface

1 5 .97

0

L

LHE 2 0

1 5 .12

S

E

LHE 1 2

1 4 . 9 6

S

LHE 1 6

1 4 . 7 7

S

Pegour ie 9

1 3 . 9 2

C

De ux r e m e Red a n

1 3 .30

0

C assegros 1 0

1 3 . 1 4

C

E L

LHE 1 0

1 1 .64

S

D irac I I

1 1 . 4 7

0

LHE 1 4

1 1 .29

S

Pegour ie 8

9 .9 4

C

J ean B lanc Wes t

9 .3 2

S

J ean B lanc Eas t

8 .8 7

S

Maubin

6 .59

0

C assegros 9

6 . 5 6

C

S o lv ieux

6 .33

0

S aint-F iacre

6 . 0 6

0

Lassac e xc .

5 .7 9

0

L

L

Tab le 4 .11

Rank o rder , Es :burin r a t io

S ite l eve l J ean B lanc Terrace

2 .7 3

S

Rond d u Barry F 2

2 .3 3

C

L E

LHE 1 8

1 .40

S

Beauregard Eas t

1 .1 8

0

Gui l lassou

1 .02

0

E

Badegou le 6

e xcava t ion

0 .9 7

S

E

Cassegros 1 0

0 .95

C

E

Cassegros 9

0 .89

C

La-Chape l le-S t- Mes min

0 .8 3

0

J ean B lanc E as t

0 .79

S

LHE 2 0/18

0 .7 2

S

Badegou le 7

0 .71

S

LHE 2 0

0 .67

S

Ca mparnaud

0 .66

0

La R iv iere

0 .66

0

LHE 1 6

O .6 5

S

LHE 1 2

0 .56

S

Pegour ie 8

0 .5 3

C

L

Lassac e xc .

0 .5 2

0

L

Lassac s urface

0 .48

0

L

LHE 1 4

0 .45

S

LHE 1 0

0 .45

S

Deuxr e me Redan

0 .4 4

0

J ean B lanc Wes t

0 .4 1

S

Pegour ie 9

0 .4 0

C

D irac I I

0 .39

0

Maubin

0 .20

0

S aint-F iacre

0 .1 9

0

S o lv ieux

0 .16

0

E E L

L

Tab le 4 . 1 2

Rank o rder , O ther Too ls

S i te l eve l Cassegros 9

8 6 . 0 7

C

Lassac e xcava t ion

8 3 . 0 6

0

J ean-B lanc Eas t

7 9 . 8 6

S

Cassegros 1 0

7 2 . 9 9

C

E L

Pegourie 8

7 1 . 2 7

C

J ean B lanc Wes t

6 7 . 7 0

S

L

LHE 1 4

6 3 . 7 1

S

LHE 1 6

6 2 . 5 0

S

S ain t- F iacre

6 2 . 2 9

0

LHE 2 0

6 2 .21

S

E

Rond d u Barry F 2

6 1 . 5 4

C

L

LHE 1 0

6 1 .38

S

L

Maubin

6 1 .08

0 S

Dadegou le 7

5 8 .98

B irac i f i

5 8 .89

0

LHE 1 2

5 8 .27

S

Deuxie me Red a n

5 6 .29

0

La R iv iere

5 5 . 0 0

0

S o ly ieux

5 4 .90

0

L

Pegour ie 9

5 1 . 2 7

C

Lassac s urface

5 0 . 4 2

0

LHE 1 8

5 0 .41

S

E

LHE 2 0/18

4 9 . 4 7

S

E

Deauregard Eas t

4 2 . 3 5

0

La-Chape lle-S t- Mes min

4 0 . 4 1

0

L

C a mparnaud

4 0 . 1 0

0

Gui l lassou e xcava t ion

3 8 . 4 1

0

E

Badegou le 6

3 6 . 0 7

S

E

J ean B lanc Terrace

3 0 . 5 1

S

Tab le 4 .13

C orre la t ion C oeff ic ients c a lcu la ted f or t he f our v ariab les d iscussed i n S ec t ion 4 .4 .B

E nd s craper

O ther Too ls

Burin

0 .155

Burin O ther Too ls E ndscraper :Burin

Tab le 4 .14 N u mber

0 .868

0 .635

0 .724

0 .443

0 .287

Reduc t ion o f Type-list t o 1 7 c lasses Descr ipt ion

Type n u mbers

F la t e ndscrapers

1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6,7,8,9 ,10 ,14 , Broken

Thick e ndscrapers

1 1,12 ,13,15 ,16

C o mposi tes

1 7,18,19,20 ,21,22

Per9o irs

2 3 ,24 ,25 ,26

D ihedra l b urins

2 7 ,28,29 ,31,32 ,33

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

3 0

Burin o n r e t . t runc .

3 4 ,35 ,36,37,40 ,42

Transverse b urins

3 8 ,39

O ther b urins

4 1 ,43 ,44

Points a nd b acked p ieces

4 5 ,46,47,48,49,50 ,51 ,52 ,53,54 , 5 5 ,56,57,58,59

X I

Trunca ted p ieces

6 0 ,61 ,62 ,63 ,64

X I I

Th ick r e t . b lades

6 7,68

X II I

Notched p ieces

7 4 ,75

X IV

S p lintered p iece

7 6

S idescraper

7 7

Rac le t te

7 8

Micro li ths

7 9 ,80 ,81,82 ,83 ,84 ,85 ,86,87 ,88,

XV XV I XVI I

8 9 ,90 ,91 N o te :

The t ype n u mbers r efer t o t he o ld Upper Pa laeo li th ic Type l i st ( see Appendix I )

1 25

Tab le 4 . 1 5 Percen tages o f 7' minor ' t oo l c lasses a s p ropor t ions o f t he g roup t ota l .

T runca ted p ieces ( 1 ) , Notches/Den t icu la tes ( 2 ), Rac let tes

( 3 ) , S idescrapers ( 4 ) , Micro li ths ( 5 ) , S p lintered p ieces ( 6 ) , Per9o irs ( 7 ) S i te l eve l J ean-B lanc East

1 1 .37

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 .46

8 0 . 8 2

1 .37

1 0 .50

O .9 1

4 .57

J ean-B lanc Wes t

3 .03

5 . 0 5

7 7 .78

3 . 0 3

9 .09

LHE l eve l 2 0

6 .59

4 6 . 1 5

5 .49

7 .69

0

LHE l eve l 2 0/18

4 .59

3 9 . 4 5

1 2 . 8 4

1 6 . 5 1

9 .17

1 7 . 4 3

LHE l eve l 1 8

1 .92

3 8 . 4 6

7 .69

9 .62

1 .92

1 1 .54

2 8 . 8 5

LHE l eve l 1 6

3 .85

2 5 . 0 0

2 3 . 0 8

1 1 . 5 4

1 .92

1 5 .38

1 9 . 2 3

0

0 1 3 .19

2 .02 2 0 . 8 8

LHE l eve l 1 4

3 .95

3 8 . 1 6

3 0 . 2 6

0

1 .32

9 .21

1 7 .11

LHE l eve l 1 2

5 .83

2 4 . 2 0

2 3 . 9 1

2 .48

1 . 0 2

1 6 . 0 3

2 6 . 5 3

LHE l eve l 1 0

6 .67

2 0 . 0 0

2 1 . 9 0

O .9 5

5 .71

1 1 .43

3 3 . 3 3

Badegoule l eve l 6

2 .81

1 8 . 3 3

2 0 . 5 2

1 2 .60

0 .63

1 1 .25

3 3 . 8 5

Badegoule l eve l 7

1 .37

8 . 49

6 8 . 3 5

3 .60

0 .43

4 .46

1 3 . 2 9

G ui l lassou

2 . 1 7

2 6 . 0 9

2 1 .74

4 .35

0

2 .17

4 3 . 4 0

S o lv ieux

3 .26

1 2 . 0 0

7 1 .81

1 .1 1

5 .14

0

6 .68

Pegour ie l eve l 9

1 3 . 4 8

3 3 . 7 1

1 3 .48

1 .12

5 .62

1 .12

2 0 . 2 2

Pegour ie l eve l 8

4 .90

1 4 . 6 9

3 5 . 9 2

2 .45

2 2 .86

2 .04

1 7 . 1 4

C assegros l eve l 1 0

6 .32

2 8 . 4 2

2 .11

1 3 . 6 8

Cassegros l eve l 9

5 .10

1 7 . 3 5

1 6 . 3 3

2 .04

Maubin

4 .40

6 .59

7 2 . 5 3

3 .30

D irac H I

2 .45

1 0 . 1 4

7 3 . 7 8

2 .80

S ain t- F iacre

6 .21

8 0 . 2 3

1 .69

1 1 . 3 0

0

0

0 .56

De ux r e m e Red a n

3 . 1 1

1 4 . 2 2

4 9 . 7 8

1 2 . 0 0

2 .22

9 .78

8 .89

Beauregard Eas t

9 .91

2 .70

4 0 . 5 4

1 8 . 0 2

2 .70

2 .70

2 3 . 4 2

Rond d u B arry

2 .27

2 2 . 7 3

1 8 .18

1 5 . 9 1

4 .55

2 0 .45

1 5 . 9 1

C a mparnaud

4 .35

1 8 . 8 4

2 8 . 9 8

8 .70

1 7 .39

8 .70

1 3 . 0 4

L assac s urface

9 .27

1 7 . 2 7

3 6 . 1 8

5 .2 7

1 .45

5 .82

1 1 . 6 4

L assac e xcava t ion

2 .41

1 0 . 1 6

1 2 . 3 0

1 .87

6 5 .78

4 .01

3 .48

1 0 . 5 3

2 4 . 5 6

1 4 . 0 4

3 . 5 1

3 8 .60

1 .75

7 . 0 2

La R ivr ere

1 26

2 8 .42

2 1 . 0 5

1 3 .27

1 6 . 3 3

0

2 .20

1 0 . 9 9

1 .05

O .3 5

9 . 44

0 2 9 .59

Tab le 4 .16

C orre la t ion C oef f ic ien ts c a lcu la ted b e tween t he s even ' minor ' t oo l c lasses d iscussed i ns ec t ion 4 .4 .D , a nd t abu la ted i n Tab le 4 .15 .

1 - Trunca ted p ieces , 2- N otches/Den t icu la tes , 3-

Rac le t tes , 4- S idescrapers , 5 - Micro liths , 6-S p lintered p ieces , 7- P er9o irs 1

2

3

4

5

2

0 .310

3

0 .297

4

0 .003

0 .215

5

0 .034

0 .324

0 .177

0 .311

6

0 .057

0 .380

0 .415

0 .359

0 .185

7

0 .165

0 .411

0 .339

0 .223

0 .516

6

0 .807 0 .299

s ign if ican t w i th 9 9% c onf idence s ign if ican t w i th 9 5% c onf idence

1 27

0 .585

Tab le 4 .17

C lasses o fp o in t t ypes o r p oten t ia l c o mpos i te p o in t t ypes emp loyed i n t ab les 1 8-20

G roup 1 :

B acked p oints ( New l i s t-49-52 ,54 ,89 ,96-97; 9 1;

O ld l i s t-46-51 ,54 ,

L ap lace—PD1 ,2 ,4 ) .

C ha te lperron p o in t , a typ ica l C ha te lperron p o in t , C ones p o in t , G rave t te p o int , a typ ica l G ravet te p o in t , Vachons p o in t , Microg rave t te , F leche t te , Az i lian p o in t , L auger ie-Basse p o int , Dar t . G roup 2 :

S hou ldered a nd s te m med p oin ts ( New l i s t -98-100 ,55 ,56;

O ld l i s t

5 5 ,56 ; L ap lace —PD5-7) . S hou ldered P er igordian p o in t , s hou ldered Magda len ian p o in t , Tey ja t p o in t , H a mburg ian p oin t , Ahrensbourg ian p oin t . Group 3 :

F la t r e touched p o in ts ( New l i s t -65-69;

O ld l i s t -69-72 ;

L ap lace —

F 2 ,3 ,5 ,8) . U n ifac ia l p oin t , L aure l l eaf , Wi l low l eaf , S o lu trean s hou ldered p oin t . G roup 4 :

Geo me tries ( New l i s t-77-82 ;

O ld l i s t -79-83;

L ap lace—G m1-8) .

Tr iang le , s ca lene b lade le t , Rec tang le , Trapeze , Rho mbo id , S egmen t . Group 5 :

Backed b lade le ts e tc .

( New l i st-83-88 ,90-95; O ld l i s t-52 , 8 4-90 ) .

F or ms o f b acked , t runca ted , d en t icu la ted , n o tched, r e touched b lade le ts , F on t-Yves p oin ts a nd b lade le ts .

1 28

Tab le 4 .18

P resence o fp oint c lasses i n I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Group 5

JBE

0 .34

0 .34

0

0

7 .51

J IAV

0

0

0

0

5 .59

JET

0

0

3 .39

0

0

LHE L eve l 2 0

0

0

4 .65

0

0

LHE L eve l 2 0/18

0

0

6 .01

0

0

LHE L eve l 1 8

0

0

2 .48

0

0 .83

LHE L eve l 1 6

0

0

0

0

1 .14

LHE L eve l 1 4

0

0

0

0 .81

LHE L eve l 1 2

0

0

0 .53

0

0 .53

LHE L eve l 1 0

0

0

0

0

3 .17

BAD L eve l 6

0

0

0

0

0 .18

BAD L eve l 7

0

0

0

0

0 .23

G ui l lassou

0

0

0 .72

0

0

S o lv ieux

0

0

0 .13

0

2 .60

PEG L eve l 9

0

0

0

0

PEG L eve l 8

0 .28

0 .28

0

0 .28

CAS L eve l 1 0

0

0

0

0

CAS L eve l 9

0

0

0

0

Maubin

0

0

0

0

0

D irac I I

0

0

0

0

0 .57

S a int-F iacre

0

0

0

0

0

3 .16 1 5 .19 0 2 3 .77

LCSM

0

0

0

0

4 .11

Beauregard E as t

0

0

0

0

0 .88

2 e Redan

0

0

0

0

1 .19

R ond d u Barry

0

0

0

0

2 .56

Ca mparnaud

0 .51

0

0

0

6 .09

Lassac s urface

0 .08

0

0

0

L assac e xcava t ion

0

0

0

0 .83

La R ivr ere

0

0

0

1 29

,0

7 .36 5 0 .83 1 5 .71

Tab le 4 .19

P resence o fp oint c lasses i n I n it ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages w i thout r e l iab le t ype l i sts

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

G roup 5

-

-

-

1 /10

-

-

1/5 5

3 /59

Raymonden C roix d e F er L e Breui l

-

Pech d e l a B o issf ere

-

-

F r i tsch

-

-

La P luche

-

-

Grand-Press igny S i lo

-

-

B lo t

-

-

C ot t ier I

-

-

1 /59

1/5 9

-

-

Da l lancourt/Essonne

-

-

_

_

P oron d es C ueches

-

-

_

_

3 /60

Darincour t C ave I I

-

-

-

-

+

-

Grand a br i Mazera t

L ayrac

-

D ize ( He lena )

-

( Genson )

0 .4%

-

-

1 .13%

-

-

1 2 .50%

0 .4%

-

-

1 .62%

N o d a ta a va i lab le f or P ourquey , Hou leau , L e P lacard , Andre Ragout .

1 30

-

L I Z

L O CZ

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C Z CD

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C O N L

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C

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C r )

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•

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11

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C q

0

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0

0

0

0

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C 'D

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CD

0

0

0

0

C O C O e q • • • • C . - C DC > C C Z C i

L t Z

1 4

C V

0

0

C D C D C D C D

C D C > 0 0 C D C > C D C D C D 0

C D

C O r C D C D C ; C D

C D r i 1 . 0 e Cq 1 . . i I n C > C D C . ; c g o o o o 4 c g

L C Z C >L C N O Z C D C Z •e• •

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c \ I N C Oc ) C O t • e ' C O C O • • • • N C O C Z N C T > C D C D C Z 1 4 C O

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R o mane l l ian :

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C . )

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c . )

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c k ) c . ) 2 > < " c 3 a ) 7 ) 1

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b I D" c 7 z d 0 c d • 4 4 g i 4

R oc d 'Abe i l les

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C o lo mb ier 3

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C o lo mb ier 1 -2

C 2 4 Z 0 4 C D

C orn i l le 9 B

C q

C orn i l le 1 0A

r i . 0

C D

C D 0 0 0

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C D

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C , Z 0 0 I n i r D r 4r4 c r4

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c l

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t i z

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c z c l

c o

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C l t e i

t • •

C i n l O

C ' Z

c c

C I ) C D

g

C D

. .

C . ) •. 2 -

C O

Cl , ` L °r ` -,. 0 b 0 4 3T.52 1 rC2i 2 e , g 1 44 . 1 W W W W Wr . 1 4 C D 2 C

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

3

< P O C . -

c o

5 0 b z i C D

C d

" C C 3 d

P

P I : 1

t -

N

6 3

C O

•, 4

,, . / . • •, 1

=

,

c o

; I P 00

/C I ) X a ) C Z

o u te

bA

g i g i

Tab le 5 .4

Percen tage f requenc ies o f p la tfor m t ypes

S i te l eve l

S a mp le

Unfac .

8 3

6 9 .9

7 .2

6 .0

1 .2

8 .4

LHE S o l

D ihedra l

F ace t .

P unc t .

C ortex

Un measur . 7 .2

LHE 2 0

1 0

7 5 .7

8 .6

7 .1

1 .4

1 .4

5 .7

LHE 1 8

1 04

6 4 .4

8 .6

3 .9

5 .8

9 .6

7 .7

LHE 1 6

5 2

6 9 .2

7 .7

3 .8

5 .8

-

1 3 .5

LHE 1 4

7 8

6 5 .4

1 6 .7

1 .3

1 0 .3

-

6 .4

LHE 1 2

2 00

7 3 .5

7 .5

3 .0

5 .5

5 .0

5 .5

LHE 1 0

7 0

7 1 .4

4 .3

1 .4

2 .9

1 .4

1 8.6

LHE 8

1 19

7 4 .8

2 .5

-

1 2 .6

-

1 0 .1

P egour ie 9

2 34

7 1 .8

6 .8

1 .7

8 .5

3 .0

P egour ie 8

2 35

6 0 .4

6 .0

3 .4

1 6 .2

3 .0

Tab le 5 .5

8 .1

C ortex p resence a nd l oca lisa t ion-percentages , a nd r a t io o f L ef t t o R igh t l oca lisa t ions

S i te l eve l

Absent

Lef t

R igh t

A l l

Par t

Dors .

Dors .

P la t-

Lef t

T ip

f or m

R igh t

LHE S o l

4 5 .78

2 2 .89

1 3 .25

3 .61

1 0 .84

2 .41

1 .20

1 .7

LHE 2 0

4 5 .71

1 4 .29

7 .14

1 1 .43

1 1 .43

8 .57

1 .43

2 .0

LHE 1 8

4 9 .04

1 7 .31

1 3 .46

5 .77

7 .69

7 .69

2 .88

1 .3

LHE 1 6

4 8 .08

1 9 .23

1 1 .54

3 .85

1 1 .54

3 .85

1 .92

1 .7

5 .13

7 .69

7 .69

1 .28

0 .7

1 0 .50

5 .50

1 .50

0 .9

1 .43

2 .0

LHE 1 4

5 1 .28

1 1 .54

1 5 .38

LHE 1 2

5 4 .00

1 1 .50

1 3 .00

4 .00

LHE 1 0

5 5 .71

1 7 .14

8 .57

8 .57

4 .29

4 .29

LHE 8

6 2 .18

1 5 .97

5 .88

2 .52

5 .88

7 .56

Pegour ie 9

6 1 .54

1 0 .68

9 .83

2 .56

6 . 41

7 .69

1 .28

1 .1

Pegour ie 8

6 4 .68

1 0 .64

7 .23

3 .83

6 .81

5 .96

0 .85

1 .5

Badegou le 7C

7 4 .87

Presen t -2 5 .13

1 67

2 .7

Tab le 5 .6

P ercen tages o fb lades i n an u mber o f I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages

S i te l eve l LHE 2 0

% 1 7 .14

%

S i te l eve l P egour ie 9

1 8 .37

LHE 1 8

9 .61

P egour ie 8

1 9 .15

LHE 1 6

7 .69

Maubin

1 2 .31 +2

LHE 1 4

8 .97

L a P luche

1 2 .06 +1

LHE 1 2 LHE 1 0

9 .00 1 2 .86

Grand-Press igny S t F iacre

2 4 .85 +1,2 2 9 .45 +1

B adegou le 6 A

2 7 .00 +3

R ond d u B arry F 2

B adegou le 6B

2 5 .50 +3

C a mparnaud

B adegou le 7 A

1 7 .50 +3

L assac s urface

B adegou le 7 D

1 6 .50+3

L assac e xcava t ion

1 3 .06 +1

B adegou le 7 C

1 6 .58 +3

L a R ivr ere

1 4 .02 + 1

LHE S o l LHE 8

8 .42

Deux ie me Redan

5 .67 o r 7 .63 4 5 .58 +1,2 7 .46 + 1

4 .50 +4

3 1 .09

N o tes : + 1

H ere t he p ercen tage h as b een c a lcu la ted f ro m f our c a tegor ies —re touched a nd u nre touched f lakes a nd b lades .

+ 2

Th is p ercen tage i s c a lcu la ted e xc luding ' deche ts d e t a i l le ' a t G rand P ress igny , a nd ' debr is ' a t C a mparnaud a nd Maub in .

I ft hese c lasses

a re i nc luded i n t he f l ake t o ta l , t hen t he b lade p ercen tages b eco me , f or G rand-Press igny 1 5 .19% , f or C a mparnaud 3 7 .65% , a nd f or Maub in 7 .88% . + 3

I ti s s ugges ted t ha t s e lec t ion i n f avour o f b lades may h ave b een made d uring c o l lec t ion o f ma ter ia l f ro m t hese l eve ls , a nd t ha t t he s e lec t ion p erhaps o pera ted more s trong ly o n l eve l 6 .

+ 4

I ti s s ugges ted t ha t b lades may h ave s uf fered d a mage d if feren t ia l ly i n t h is o pen a ir s i te .

S ource i n Tab le 5 .3 f or my own a na lyses , i n Appendix If or t he o thers

1 68

CHAPTER 6 THE RACLETTE

" Rac le t te —ar t c u lin .

Var ie te d e f ondue a u f ro mage , s pec ia le

a u c an ton d e V aud ( Su isse ) , p reparee e n p resentan t ' al a f la m me u n g ros morceau d e f ro mage d u p ays , d on t o n r ac le l a p ar t ie r a mo l l ie , a u f ur e t ä mesure q u 'e l le c o m mence ä f ondre" ( Larousse 1 963 t . 8 p . 9 84 ) The t er m ' rac le t te ' was f i rs t emp loyed t o d escribe a s tone t oo l b y C han tre i n 1 866 ( Brezi l lon 1 968 p . 3 46) .

I n t h is c ase i ts ee ms t o h ave b een a pp l ied t o

t he s ing le s tone t oo l —"un s eu l e t a ssez b on s i lex t a i l lee e n c outeau o u r ac le t te" — f ound a ssoc ia ted w i th a s ke leton i n aN eo li th ic b ur ia l c ave a t B e thenas i n I sere ( Chan tre 1 866 p p . 3 99-400 ) . I n 1 923 , V ignard a pp l ied t he t er m t o p ieces f ro m h is u pper ( m icro li th ic ) l eve l o f ' Seb i lian ' a t K o rn Ombo , c lear ly emp loy ing i tt o d escr ibe a g roup o f d is ta l ly t runca ted f l akes a nd b lades ( V ignard 1 923 p p . 4 2 ,43; p l . XXI I n o . 3 8-54 ) . I n 1 930 , C heyn ier a pp l ied t he t er m t o t he a brupt ly r e touched p ieces r ec ogn ised i n e ar ly Magda len ian c on tex ts a t L auger ie-Haute b y C ap i tan & B reu i l ( 1902) , a nd a t B adegou le b y P eyrony ( 1908) , a nd h i mse lf .

I n as er ies o f

p apers ( Cheyn ier 1 930 , 1 932 , 1 933 , 1 939 ) h e d ef ined a nd g ave c hrono log ica l s ta tus t o t he t oo l w i th in t he e ar ly Magda len ian s equence . The c ontex ts i n wh ich r ac le t tes h ave b een c la i med , a nd t he r ange o f p ieces t ha t h ave b een c la i med a s r ac le t tes , a re w ide; a nd t h is i s a l most i ne v i tab le i n v iew o ft he d if f icu lty o f d ef in ing wha t i s ar ac le t te , a nd t he c onseq uen t p rob le m o fd ec iding wha t i s ar ac le t te . The d escr ip t ion o f e dge d a maged f lakes f ro m B e lg ian s i tes a s r ac le t tes b y Des texhe-Ja mo t te ( 1953 ) h as b een n oted a nd d iscussed i n C hap ter 2 . C hert ier ( 1976a p . 4 67 f i g . n o . 5 .6 .11 ) d escr ibes r ac let tes f ro m a c ha lco l i th ic s i te i n t he Marne , b u t Iwou ld n o t a ccep t t he p ieces i l lus tra ted .

Mi l lo t te

( 1960 p . 2 00 ) d escribes s o me f lakes w i th f i ne a brup t r e touch a s ' pseudor ac le t tes g eo me tr iques ' . S ch i ld e t a l . ( 1 975 ) emp loy t he t er m f or t hree t oo l c lasses i n t he ir a na lys is o f L a te Meso li th ic ma ter ia l f ro m P o land, a nd ' rac le t tes ' h ave b een d escr ibed f ro m a n u mber o f c on tex ts i n t he P a laeo l i th ic . The r ac le t te i s i nc luded b y B ordes a s at ype ( no . 3 9 ) o n h is t ype l i s t f or t he L ower a nd Midd le P a laeo l i th ic ( Bordes 1 961a p . 3 7) .

B ordes r egards

t he m a s c lear ly d if feren t f ro m Magda len ian r ac le t tes , a nd made w i th f i ne , c on t inuous , a brup t o r s em i-abrupt r etouch , u sua l ly o n f lakes .

1 69

P rade l ( 1956

p . 8 40 ) wh i le a l low ing t ha t c er ta in Mouster ian r ac le t tes h ave " leurs r e touches ( courtes e t e n b iseau ) , r egu lf eres e t d 'apparence i n ten t ione l le . ( s ur ) . b eaucoup d 'au tres e t .. l a g rande ma jor i te d e c e l les d e F on t maure , l es r e touches s em ia brup tes s on t i rregu lf eres e t a ssoc iees ' ad es d en t icu les , c renaux e t e p ines p lus o u mo ms n o mbreux , c o m me s i r e touches e t c rene lures e ta ien t d ues a u n t rava i l i n tense d u b ord d e l ' ins tru ment c on tre u ne p ar t ie d ure" .

G irard ( 1 978)

who n o tes p ercen tages o f r ac le t tes i n t he Mous ter ian l eve ls o ft he g ro t te d e l 'Hi ene ( Yonne ) v ary ing f ro m 1 .85 t o 5 .00 , c omments o n t he s a mp le o f 1 00 f ro m l eve l I Vb1 " La r e touche a brupte e stparfo is e pa isse e tp roche d e r ac le t tes magda len iennes ma is g enera le men t e i le e s t a ssez mince" ( G irard 1 978 p . 1 40 ) . N one o ft he i l lus tra ted e xa mp les ( e .g . f i g . 5 0 n o . 9 .11 .14 .15 ) s hows e x tens ive r e touch c o mparab le t o t ha t w i th wh ich Iam f am i liar . I n as er ies o f e xper i men ta l s tud ies , K an tman ( 1970 ) s howed t ha t a more o r l ess a brup t r e touch a s we l l a s n on-abrupt r e touch , t ha t migh t b e c lassed i n t he r ac le t te g roup c ou ld b e o b ta ined b y s crap ing a n u nre touched f l ake e dge o n b one o r a nt ler , t he a ng le a nd i nvas iveness o f t he r etouch d epending o n t he i n i t ia l a ng le a nd t h ickness o f t he e dge .

I n a n a na lys is o f 2 65 r ac le t tes f ro m

Achu lean a nd Mous ter ian l eve ls o f C o mbe-Grena l , a nd Mous ter ian l eve ls o f P ech d e l 'Aze , o n ly 8 .68% c arr ied a brup t r e touch , wh i le 6 4 .91% c arr ied s em ia brup t , a nd 2 6 .97% n on-abrup t r e touch , a nd a c ompar ison o f r e touch t ypes d e monstra tes " la f a ib le p ropor t ion d e r e touche v er i tab le a brup te i n tent ione l le" ( Kan t ma ,n 1 970 p . 3 00 ) . Thus i ts ee ms t ha t most A chu lean a nd Mous ter ian r ac le t tes a re c rea ted b y t he u se o f f l akes i n s craping h ard ma ter ia ls , a nd t ha t t he r e touch i s r are ly a brup t , a nd of ten i rregu lar a nd n on-abrup t . A s t he c o mpara t ive t ab le emp loyed i n C hap ter 4 ( Tab le 4 .21) i nd ica tes , t he r ac le t te i s d escr ibed a s a n o ccas iona l e lement i n e ach o f t he ma jor d iv is ions o f F rench U pper P a laeo li th ic ma ter ia l , s carces t p erhaps i n G rave t t ian a sse mb lages , b ut n ever p resen t i n more t han a sma l l p ercen tage , a nd i n g enera l n ot c onsidered a d ist inc t ive o r n o tewor thy f ea ture . I n t he A ur ignac ian h owever r ac le t tes a re o ccas iona l ly d escr ibed i n g rea ter n umbers . A t L es R oches , I ndre ( Perpere 1 973 p . 6 92 ) , a nd L a B o mbet ter ie , C ori eze ( Demars 1 973 p . 3 13 ) more t han 2 % r ac le t tes a re n o ted; wh i le a t G ohaud, L o ire-A t lan t ique , t he 3 .30% r ac le t tes ( A l lard 1 978 p . 4 0 ) , were a t f i rst ( L 'He lgouach 1 973 p . 4 31 ) t aken a s i ndica t ing t he a sse mb lage " puisse r epresen ter u n r are e xe mp le d e p assage e n tre l 'Aur ignac ien e t l e Magda len ien" . G rea ter p ercen tages o f r ac let tes h ave h owever b een c la i med f ro m t he v ar ious l eve ls o f t he g ro t te d u Renne , Y onne .

B a i l loud ( 1 953 ) n otes t he p resence o f r ac let tes i n t he P ost-

Mouster ian , a nd C ha te lperron ia n l eve ls ( Xi -vm ) , b efore n ot ing f ro m t he A ur ignac ian o f l eve ls V I I a nd V I , 1 9% a nd 1 2% r espec t ive ly o f r ac let tes . Wh i le s tudy ing t he ma ter ia l f ro m t he Deux ieme R edan C han t ier I , a t t he D irec t ion d es A n t iqu i tes p reh is tor iques i n P ar is , Iwas a b le t o e xa m ine t he ma ter ia l f ro m l eve l V I I o ft he g ro t te d u R enne . B eside c ar ina ted e nd s crapers , Aur ignac ian b lades , a nd many s p lin tered p ieces , w ere many p ieces w i th s hor t s tre tches o fr ac le t tetype r etouch , o r i rregu lar r ac le t te r e touch . N one o f t he p ieces s een was e x tens ive ly worked a s ar ac le t te , a nd s ub jec t ive ly I wou ld h ave h ad d oub ts a bout a ccep t ing many o f t he p ieces w i thout s urer i ndicat ors . Th is b rings u s b ack t o t he q uest ion o f t he d ef in i t ion a nd d is t inc t ion o f r ac let tes i n t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian . 1 70

The difficulty of defining raclettes is widely recognised: "Si l'on veut decrire ces outils on leur trouve un certain nombre de caracteres qui leur donnent un 'air de famille' grace auquel on les reconnaft premiere vue; mais aucun des caracteres n'est constant" (Cheynier 1933 p. 220)

a

Raclettes "ont maintes fois ete decrits (Capitan & Breuil 1902...). Tous ces auteurs reconnaissent bien le 'type' raclette, mais il semble tres difficile d'isoler des criteres precis permettant de fixer cette typologie" (Le Tensorer 1979 p. 584). Cheynier regarded a small group of attributes as characteristic of rac­ lettes: that they be on small flakes-from the size of a 50 centime piece to that of a 5 franc piece (Cheynier 1930), or, more prosaically, 3-4 cm long by 2-3 cm wide and 5-6 mm thick on average (Cheynier 1939 p. 382)-often wider than they are long, and only rarely on blades; that they carry one or more zones of 'rectilinear' retouch (Cheynier 1930, 1932, 1933, but loosened in 1939); and that they be made by generally abrupt retouch. A number of ancillary observations are made: the retouch follows "une disposition abso­ lument quelconque" (Cheynier 1932 p. 76), with spines or projections conserved between the zones of retouch, or producing a sinuous edge; that the supports for the raclettes be obtained by a 'sausage-slice technique', and be 'mauvais et gauchis'. Although the presence of abrupt retouch is usually considered an essential characteristic in the definition of raclettes, it can be observed that Cheynier is quite catholic in the matter. In 1933 (Cheynier 1933 p. 214) he says that raclettes can have flat retouch, and (ibid. p. 224) while noting that the aver­ age retouch angle falls betwen 70 ° and 85°, he gives a minimum edge angle of 20/25 °. In dealing with the raclettes of Badegoule level 7 (Cheynier 1939 p. 383) he notes a retouch angle mean of 77.50 for his 'typical' raclettes, and of 51 ° for his 'atypical' or 'bevel-edged' raclettes. Bailloud (1953 p. 342) notes 'typical' raclettes "avec debitage en rondelle de saucisson et retouches abruptes...bien qu'en proportion infime" appearing in the Gravettian of grotte du Renne V/IV. In 1956, the raclette was included in the Upper Palaeolithic type list (de Sonneville-Bordes & Perrot 1956a p. 552), defined as an: "Eclat ou plus rarement fragment de lame, de forme variable, re­ faces subparalleles, generalement petit et assez mince, touches continues, portant generalement sur tous les hordes".

a

a

Later studies have generally accepted this definition� De Heinzelin (1962 p. 27) recognises three types of raclettes: Ordinary­ which seems to correspond tc;> the Mousterian raclette; Abrupt; and 'en bout', with the retouch at the end of an elongated flake. If Abrupt is to be equated with the Magdalenian type of raclette, and it is accepted that the retouch can take any shape or position, separation of this latter class seems to have little just_ification. 171

The only potentially significant qualification of definition is applied by Allain, who (1979 p. 102) insists that a racletfo have not just abrupt retouch, but be retouched on "tout ou presque de la peripherie du support". By apply­ ing this criterion, he changes the status of two (apparently incomplete) re­ touched flakes from Lascaux (Allain 1979 fig. 77 no. 2. 3), at least one of which (no. 2) I would probably accept as a raclette-if only angle edged. The significance of the additional criterion may however extend further. As noted in Chapter 4, Allain describes the earliest levels (6/5d) of the abri Fritsch as lacking raclettes. Amongst the conclusions that the analyses to be described in this chapter have led me to, is the observation that both edge angle, and the percentage of the edge of raclettes that is retouched, increase over time, with those in the earliest levels having less than 30% of their border retouched (mean). Until the material of the abri Fritsch is available for study, there must remain the possibility that raclettes of this 'earlier' type have been defined away by Allain. I cannot claim to have any more certain definition of raclettes than other workers. They can have any form, occur on almost any type of flake or blade. They have a more or less abrupt retouch, that seems to differ from that employed in backing bladelets or blades, with U-shaped flake scars left, rather than parallel edged removals that run right across the back, but with­ out showing sufficiently regular or distinct characteristics for definition. Eventually all one can do is agree with Cheynier that they have an "air de famille" that allows them to be recognised when they occur, although it must be stressed that before the term is applied the typologist would be well re­ commended to actually study a fairly large and accepted series. 6. 2 The question of raclette blank manufacture From his first publication on the raclette, Cheynier linked with its defini­ tion a particular method of debitage for procuring the supports on which the tools were worked. This involved the production of a series of flakes by debitage of the long thin cores that it was assumed would be present as a by­ product of blade production, perpendicular to their long axes, the resulting sausage-slices (or 'pile of plates' [Mouton & Joffroy 1957 p. 18]) being em­ ployed for the manufacture of raclettes in particular. The flakes so produced would show prominent bulbs, and a number of dorsal surface ridges. While it can be noted that raclettes can occur on almost any sorts of flakes, a large proportion do tend to be made on fairly thin flakes, that could be produced by such debitage of a prismatic or pyramidal core. Sireix (pers. dem.) has produced them experimentally on a pyramidal core, and it is clear that the continuation of debitage of this type on such a core would lead to the production of a globular core, a type regularly noted as abundant in Initial Magdalenian levels. Without accepting a technique so explicit as the 'sausage-slice' technique for the production of blanks for raclettes, it does seem guite plausible to sup­ pose that cores-especially in those sites with numerous raclettes-would be worked in a special way, if a special sort of flake were required. What is clear from the raclettes is that it is not the plan form that is important, al­ though the sectional shape might be. 172

6. 3 The question of function When Cheynier suggested the term 'raclette' in 1930, it was intended to cover both the small size of the pieces, and a suggested use scraping wood. In 1933, defending the term, lE remarks that it is habitual to name stone tools after their probable major employment. Also in 1933 (Cheynier 1933 p, 2 24) he suggests a pattern of wear that affected the angle of the retouched edge in concavities, while leaving spurs unaffected, and in 1939 (Cheynier 1939 �382) comments that "cet outil semble avoir ete destine a racler des baguettes de bois, a la maniere dont le savetier racle son cuir avec des debris de verre casse". Balout (195 8 pp. 611-612) remarks that on his small sample the wear traces -at a magnification of xl0-xl8-were always in the concavities of the prepared edge, suggesting use in the scraping of reindeer antler. Balout also suggests that the pieces were used progressively, zone by zone, around the circumference. Although wear patterns were not studied in any systematic fashion, in those cases where use had been so marked for wear to be clearly visible to the naked eye, it was more likely to be on convex or more or less straight edges in those samples I studied, than in concavities. A set of experimental studies carried out using raclettes manufactured in both Sussex and Les Eyzies flint indicated that abrupt edged raclettes (with edge angles between 75° and 85°) had almost no effect when scraping of wood or bone was attempted. A similar conclusion was reached by Kantman (1970 p.2 97): "Les pieces dont les bords portent des retouches...intentionnel... tres abrupts...ne nous ont pas permis de racler le bois ou l'os". Kantman (loc.cit. ) also notes that the visible polish on the working edge is a byproduct of the manufacture of the abrupt edge by percussion, rather than a result of use. Although, again, no systematic studies were carried out, Patty Anderson (University of Bordeaux), and Emily Moss (University of London), both looked at one or two examples of raclettes from Laugerie -Haute East, studying the micropolish visible at high magnification (cf. Keeley 1975, Keeley & Newcomer 1977), and both concluded that the polish seemed to them comparable to that produced by the experimental scraping of dry hide. Thus one might suppose, in the words of Cheynier, that the tools were not used to scrape wood or bone, but used la maniere dont le savetier racle son cuir avec des debris de verre casse". Equally my experimental studies did indicate that although a poor scraper, the raclette was very efficient at polishing or smoothing scraped wood surfaces. Although both micropolish and experiment seem to point in a similar direction, it must be stressed that a larger series needs to be studied more systematically before more detailed conclusions can be drawn.

"a

I should also note here, that the typical fairly thick raclette type retouch whether abrupt or semi-abrupt could not be produced by use in my experiments, but only by deliberate manufacture.

173

6 .4

P rev ious s tudies o f r ac le t tes

I n h is v ar ious p ub l ica t ions , C heyn ier makes f our s e ts o f o bserva t ions o n r ac let tes— measure men ts o f s ize a nd e dge a ng le , d irec t ion o f r e touch , r e lat i onsh ip o f r e touched e dges a nd t he ir e x ten t ,a nd o n a ssoc ia t ions o f r ac le t te r e touch . I n 1 932 a nd 1 933 , h e a pp l ied t he s ta t is t ica l t echn iques o f B arnes ( 1 929 ) a nd n o tes median measure men ts f or h is r ac le t te s amp le f ro m Badegou le o f : L eng th 3 5 .2 m m , w idth 2 3 .3 m m , t h ickness 5 .5 m m , a nd t h ickness o f r et ouched e dge 2 .7 m m . I n 1 933 h e p rov ides i nd ica t ions o n t he e dge a ng le o f t he r e touched e dge o f h is s a mp le , w i th a r ange f rom 2 0/25°- 1 10° , a l though w i th t he b u lk b e tween 7 0° a nd 8 5° , wh i le i n 1 939 a s n o ted a bove , h e g ives mean e dge a ng les f or h is t yp ica l r ac le t tes o f 7 7 .5 ° ,a nd f or t he a typ ica l o f 5 1° . The d iv is ion o f r ac let tes i n to t he t wo s er ies , b y C heyn ier , i s af unc t ion o f e dge a ng le , w i th a brup t e dges r egarded a s t yp ica l , a nd b eve l o r a ng le e dges a s a typ ica l . I n 1 933 h e n otes t ha t o n ly 2 % o f h is s amp le s how i nverse r e touch , wh i le 1 0% h ave a l terna te r e touch . O bserva t ions o n r e touch e x ten t a re a lso g iven i n 1 933 ( p . 2 23 ) , where p roceeding f ro m h is i n i t ia l c r iter ion t ha t r ac let te r e touch o ccurs i n r ec t i linear z ones , h e n o tes t ha t 2 5% o f h is s a mp le h ave o ne e dge r e touched , 1 5%) h ave t wo c ont iguous e dges r e touched , 1 0% h ave t wo o pposed e dges r etouched , a nd 5 0% h ave t hree o r more e dges r e touched , wh i le t he l eng th o f r e touch z ones c an v ary f ro m 1 0-50 m m . F ina l ly ( Cheyn ier 1 939 p . 3 83 ) , h e l i s ts t hosep ieces t ha t c arry r ac let te r e touch p resu mab ly a s ac o mponen t o f o ther t oo l c lasses , f ro m B adegou le l eve l 7 , n o t ing 2 8 p er2o irs , 1 6 p oin ts o r b ees , 1 0 k nives , a nd 2 4 b ur ins . S acch i ( 1 969 p . 1 8) p ub lished a t ab le b reak ingdown t he 1 10 r ac le t tes o f t he G enson s er ies f rom B ize o n t wo s e ts o f c r i ter ia—direc t ion o f r e touch ( d irec t , i nverse o r a l terna te ) , a nd e x ten t o f r e touch ( t ota l , t ota l e xcept f or b u lb , a nd p ar t ia l ) .

Th is a na lys is i ndica ted t ha t 5 .45% c arr ied i nverse , a nd

t he s ame p ropor t ion a l terna te r e touch ; wh i le o n ly 1 ( 0 .91% ) was t ota l ly r et ouched , a nd 1 2 .7% were c o mp le te ly r e touched e xcep t f or t he b u lb .

H e a lso

n otes t wo r ac le t te-bur ins . The mos t d e ta i led p ub l ished a na lys is h owever i s t ha t o f L e Tensorer ( 1979 p p . 5 84-593 ) s tudy ing a s amp le o f 6 6 r ac le t tes f ro m Maubin , a nd o f 1 16 f ro m LHE L eve l 1 2 .

Th is a na lys is h as t hree s tages .

L e Tensorer b eg ins w i th a b reakdown o f r ac le t tes c omparab le t o t ha t o f S acch i , w i th t he s a me r e touch d irec t ion a t tr ibu tes , a nd f our r e touch e x ten t c lasses ( Tota l , 3 /4 , 1 /2 , a nd p ar t ia l ) , n o t ing a t Maub in 4 % i nverse , a nd 6 % a l terna te , w i th 6 % t o ta l; a nd i n LHE 1 2 , 5 .22% i nverse , a nd 4 .35% a l terna te , w i th 9 .57% t o ta l . T he s econd s tage o f a na lys is p roceeds f rom measuremen t o f l eng th , b readth , t h ickness , a nd t he t h ickness o f t he r e touched e dge , t o t he c ons truct i on o fd ispers ion d iagra ms c o mpar ing l eng th t o b readth , a nd t he t h ickness measure men ts t o o ne a no ther , a nd c u lm ina t ing i n t he r ecogn i t ion o f f our

1 74

types-small, large, normal, and elongated (B/L= � 0. 5). It must be noted that no indication of which dimension was measured is given, and that it seems that incomplete as well as complete pieces must have been measured. The final stage is the elaboration of a type-list for raclettes, with 10 sub­ types considered distinguishable: Convex (which seems to correspond to the 'en bout' of de Heinzelin [1962 p. 27]), nosed, straight (with 2-4 rectilinear zones), denticulated, with bees or spines, elongated, small, large, mixed/ broken/diverse, and partial (less than one third of edge retouched). The raclettes of the two assemblages were then divided into these ten groups. In spite of its relative detail, because it was applied to only two samples, and only relatively few observations were made, no worthwhile conclusions can be drawn from the analysis of Le Tensorer. My own studies of raclettes have been concerned with a larger number of raclette series, and have proceded from the measurement of a series of at­ tributes that seemed either� priori, or after initial studies potentially rele­ vant to the measurement of variation between raclette samples, rather than from a series of subjectively defined and discrete categories of retouch ex­ tension, or raclette 'sub- type', via a range of analyses of varying complexity, to a series of conclusions that seem relevant to the interpretation and under­ standing of the Initial Magdalenian. 6. 5 Methods of study My study of the raclettes themselves took place in three stages. 1. During primary analysis of assemblages, five categories of raclette were recognised: abrupt (equivalent to the typical of Cheynier), angle edged (equivalent to the atypical of Cheynier), marginal (with very thin, but abrupt edge retouch), those with short stretches (well under 10 mm) of raclette re­ touch, and those with occasional or intermittent raclette retouches. Also during primary analysis, associations of raclette retouch with other tool types were noted, as were certain boundary examples (e. g. those classed as endscrapers or raclettes, which I have tended to regard as abruptly re­ touched endscrapers), and the employment of what was considered to be raclette-type retouch in the manufacture of other tools-e. g. per�oirs, or burins on retouched truncation (with the retouch of raclette type). 2. After the assemblage analysis, the abrupt and angle edged raclettes were studied in detail. No further study of those classed as marginal, short stretch or occasional/intermittent raclettes took place for two reasons: a) pragmatic, they could not be measured for all the attributes distinctive of raclettes with any reliability; and b), experiment indicated that they were more likely to result from accident or use. Details were recorded on specially prepared sheets, an example of which is given in Figure 6. 1. Co.mplete raclettes had their length and breadth measured on bulbar orientation. All had their maximum surviving length, and the greatest width perpendicular to this measured, and the maximum thickness. The thickness of the retouched edge was measured, and the angle

175

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CHAPTER 7

BONE INDUSTRY, l ORNAMENT, AND ARTWORK "Industrially the Magdalenian... made a complete break with the immediate past. For whereas in the Solutrean period the working of flint was brought to its highest pitch of perfection, the flint tools of the Magdalenians are in general carelessly made and inferior to the earlier late palaeolithic types; but in compensation for this the industry in bone, neglected by the Solutreans, was developed with the utmost skill and art" (Coates 1951 p. 290). The Magdalenian is traditionally characterised as having a little varying and featureless stone industry associated with a rich, abundant, and varied industrial assemblage in bone, antler, and ivory. In the early interpretive outline for the French Upper Palaeolithic elaborated by G. de Mortillet, the major contrast was between the 'stone point' using Mousterian and Solutrean, and the 'bone point' Aurignacian and Magdalenian. In 1902, Capitan & Breuil giving for the first time "l'aspect reel de l'industrie lithique d'une station magdalenienne" suggest that the whole assemblage is destined for the working of bone, and yet they note at the same time the scarcity of well made bone. tools. Breuil (1912) used bone material as the basis for his subdivision of the Magdalenian, and the quotation given at the head of this chapter-which could be duplicated many times-testifies to the persistence of the image of the Magdalenian as an industry notable for its use of bone. In Chapter 4 I concluded that the Initial Magdalenian stone industry con­ tained no elements absent before or after, and that the Solutrean-apart from its leaf points-contained no elements that would not be in place in the full range of Initial Magdalenian assemblages. Chapter 5 demonstrated that the whole flakes of the final Solutrean of Laugerie-Haute were metrically com­ parable to those of the Initial Magdalenian in the site. What is apparent from study of the publications of Initial Magdalenian sites, and from examination of Initial Magdalenian collections is that the bone industry of the Initial Mag­ dalenian is distinctive neither in quantity or quality, and shows little of the "beautiful decorative work" for which "the Magdalenians are famous" (Bray & Trump 1970). 2 In this chapter I shall deal with four aspects of t�e material: technology, the industrial components, 'ornamental' pieces, and decorative motifs and mobiliary artwork. 7. 2 Bone-working technology I am not concerned here with the techniques of manufacture of the partic­ ular types of bone tools, a subject in which there has been increasing interest 195

o ver t he l as t f ew y ears ( c f . C amps-Fabrer [ e d .] 1 974 , CNRS 1 977 ) , b ut w i th t he b as ic t echn iques f or t he p roduc t ion o f ' b lanks ' f or b one t oo ls .

T he n eces-

s i ty f or d ea ling w i th t h is a spec t o f t he ma ter ia l a r ises f ro m a n a r t ic le b y A l la in e t a l .

( 1974 ) wh ich f or ms p ar t o f h is g enera l t heore t ica l i n terpre ta t ion

o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian . I n t h is a r t ic le A l lain _ e t _ a l . a rgue t ha t ad is t inc t ive me thod o fb lank p rod uc t ion c an b e r ecogn ised i n l eve l 4o f t he a br i F r i tsch . N o ting t ha t e v idence f or t he u se o f t he ' groove a nd s p l inter ' t echn ique i s l acking , a nd t ha t s p l in ters o f a n t ler r ese mb le t he b one s p lin ters i n t h is l eve l , wh ich l a t ter i ti s b e l ieved a re p roduced b y d irec t p ercuss ion , a n a n t ler was e xper i men ta l ly w orked b y d irec t p ercuss ion b y A l la in .

A n a n t ler r od was p roduced , w ith , a s ab y-

p roduc t , s p linters s im i lar t o t hose p resen t i n t he a rchaeo log ica l s a mp le . Three s upp le men tary o bserva t ions a re made :

t ha t f l in t b lades may b e u sed

a s wedges t o h e lp i n s p l i t ting a n t ler , a nd t ha t i fs truck w i th a f l in t h am mer p roduced p ieces t ha t migh t b e d escr ibed a s ' sp lin tered p ieces ' ( t h is c o mpares w i th t he o bserva t ions made b y R anere [ 1975 ] i n h is e xper i men ta l work o n wood ) ; t ha t b urin t ypes a ccord w i th s uch a n i n terpre ta t ion , w i th s carc i ty o f t he d ih edra l b ur ins emp loyed i n g roove-and-sp linter work ing , a nd r e la t ive a bundance o fb ur ins o n n o tch , a nd t ransverse b urins wh ich i f " rad ica le men t i ncapab les d e r a inurer p rofonde men t l e b o is d e r enne , s on t d 'une e f f icac i te r e marquab le d ans l e f a9onnage d es ma t ieres o sseuses" ( A l la in e t a l . 1 974

P .

7 0 ); a nd t ha t

t he me thod w i l l p roduce l ong b lanks w i th a b road c ross-sec t ion f ro m wh ich t he o va l-sec t ioned s aga ies t yp ica l o f t he I n it ia l Magda len ian a re made , i n c on tras t t o s quare s ec t ioned b lanks p roduced b y t he g roove-and-sp lin ter t echnique , f ro m wh ich c ircu lar s ec t ioned s aga ies w i l l b e made . U se o f d irec t p ercuss ion i n t he working o f a n t ler t hen b eco mes a no ther i t e m marking t he o r ig ina li ty o f t he who le t ypo log ica l c o mp lex ( o ft he I n i t ia l Magda len ian i s imp lied) a nd c on tr ibutes " pu issa m ment ' aj us t if ier l e ma int ien d u t er me

‚B adegou lien '

a uss i l ong te mps q ue l a t ypo log ie e t s on s uppor t t ech-

n o log ique d e meuren t l a b ase d e l a c lass if ica t ion p reh is tor ique" ( A l la in e t a l . 1 974 p . 7 1 ) . A l la in e t a l . n ote t ha t g roove a nd s p lin ter t echn ique h as b een l i s ted a s p resen t , o r a t l eas t t ha t i t s a bsence h as n ot b een o bserved i n r ac let te Magd a len ian l eve ls i n t he P er igord , a nd b es ide t he n otes o f u se o f t he t echn ique a t B adegou le ( Cheyn ier 1 939 p . 3 77) , L achaud ( Cheyn ier 1 965 p . 7 2 ) , a nd P oron d es Cd eches ( Mouton & J of froy 1 957 p . 1 8) , i tc an a lso b e s een c lear ly o n ap erfora ted b ä ton f ro m LHE 1 6/14 ( see 7 .3F b e low , a nd F ig . 7 .4 ) . F or t he h ypothes is o f A l la in t here i s l ess e v idence .

The e v idence i n

F r i tsch l eve l 4c ons is ts o f 4 -5 a n t ler b ases , a nd a n t ler f lakes —but n o r ods r esu l t ing f ro m d irec t p ercuss ion .

I ti s f a ir t o n o te t ha t r ods p roduced b y

f lak ing , a nd p erhaps b roken , a nd a n t ler f l akes wou ld p robab ly b e i nc luded w i th t he f auna , a nd Id id n o t s tudy t he f auna l s a mp les t o s earch f or s uch p ieces ;

a nd t ha t o nce t he r ods were worked , t races o f t he p ar t icu lar t ech-

n ique wou ld d isappear .

S p lin tered p ieces c annot b e t aken a s e v idence f or t he

u se o ft he t echn ique , f or t hey o ccur i n a bundance i n l eve ls where n ot o n ly i s t here n o e v idence o fd irec t p ercuss ion o f a nt ler o r b one , b u t where a n t ler a nd b onework i s s carce ( e .g . C assegros l eve l 1 0 ) . i n t he r epresen ta t ion o f d ihedra l b ur ins was n oted i n

1 96

At ime r e la ted i ncrease C hapter 4 , w i th a

complementary decrease in transverse burins, and while this could fit with a shift towards increased use of groove-and-splinter working of bone/antler, it is not evidence for the use of a direct percussion technique. As will be noted in Section 7. 3C, sagaies in Initial Magdalenian contexts quite regularly have oval and flat sections, but the implication of Allain et al. that the use of the groove-and-splinter technique will result in the production of square blanks and indirectly of circular sectioned sagaies seems to have no basis. 3 In summary, the evidence for the use of direct percussion for the pro­ duction of bone tool blanks is scarce at Fritsch, and so far absent elsewher�, although this absence may, it is accepted, be a consequence of non-recognition. However, even if evidence of the technique does become more widely and regularly recognised-and one can hope it will now be looked for-the use of its occasional presence to mark off a technocomplex from others would still depend upon an analysis of the full range of techniques available and employ­ able in the full range of comparable sites. Generalisation from a single ins­ tance is unacceptable. 7. 3 Components of the bone industry A. Terminology. Like the nominal system for stone tools, that for bone tools was also developed in France, and French terms are quite regularly used in non-French publications. In this section I employ a mixture of French and English terms. English terms are employed where no functional interpreta­ tion is implied by them-e.g. perforated baton-or where the apparent function is clear-e. g. needle. French terms are employed where no single English word provides a good translation-e.g. sagaie (assegai, javelin, spear... ?)­ or where I do not like the functional implications of the English term and employ the French term as a label only e.g. lissoir, ciseau. Each term is explained in its place. Details of bone industry exist for only 15 sites. This is largely B. Samples. a consequence of preservation, with no bone at all preserved in the majority of our open air sites. Table 7. 1 lists the types present in the various samples from tlie 15 sites, in terms of the classes to be employed in the discussion below. 4 The major problems connected with the bone material concern definition and delimitation of types, problems related to the scarcity of material, its fragmentation, and variability in the association of attributes. Definitions vary from worker to worker, and period to period, and it cannot with certainty be assumed that similar pieces are being described under similar terms. A function for the 'ciseau' as some form of intermediary in percussion seems to be assumed in the discussions of Deffarge et al. (197 4, 1976 ), and such a piece is listed by Peyrony (1912) from Jean-BlanQ East, however the piece seems to be reclassified as a 'r�d' by D. & E. Peyro:°y (1934). Four classes of material will be dealt with separately-sagaies, poin9oins, needles, and perforated batons-while other pieces will ,be considered together. C. Sagaies. It is assumed that the pieces included in this class are points that were originally hafted. Table 7. 2 lists by assemblage unit the number of sagaies .or assumed sagaie fragments, with some indication of the presence of decoration or other applied work. 197

F igure 7 .1

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1 2

1 4r am

21 assemblages from 9 sites contain pieces referred to the class. Only 6 of the assemblages with quantitative indications contain more than six sagaie fragments: the three sites with the largest 1ithic assemblages (Badegoule 6, Badegoule 7, LHE 12), together with Pegourie 8 and the two assemblages from Bize. The ratio stone tools: sagaie fragments ranges from 4. 2 in the probably selected Bize (Helena) collection to 179. 6 in Badegoule 7. Comparative data is scarce. The various collections from Fontales (Tarn-et-Garonne) produced .£· 500 sagaies, and just over 200 harpoons in association with.£· 4900 stone tools, a ratio (assuming harpoons are point equivalents) of 7 (Pajot 1968), while abundant sagaies and harpoons come from the Bruniquel shelters, al­ though no comparative figures for the stone industry exist (ibid.). However at Duruthy (Landes), the Magdalenian VI level has just 95 sagaies and harpoons with 7540 stone tools-a ratio of 79. 4 (Arambourou 1978 pp. 27-44), and the Magdalenian IV level has 22 sagaie fragments with 5237 stone tools, a ratio of 238 (Arambouroul978 pp. 47-60). In all these cases however, backed bladelets, probably composite point elements, are abundant. Bone projectile tips are not abundant in Initial Magdalenian levels, but it is difficult to assess how unusual a situation this is in relation to other Upper Palaeolithic technocomplexes. What is perhaps clearer, is that bone points do not 'make up' for the scarcity of projectile tips, or potential pro­ jectile tips, in stone in the Initial Magdalenian that was noted in Chapter 4. Treatment of sagaie shaft sections is usually impressionistic, thus Allain speaks of oval sectioned sagaies as characteristic of the Initial Magdalenian, Cheynier (1939 pp. 375, 388) speaks of most of the sagaies of Badegoule having oval sections, and Peyrony (1908 pp. 108-110) notes an oblong sectioned sagaie from the same site. In my own studies I did not make such attributions regularly, although I illustrated a large series from Badegoule level 7 (Figs. 7. 7, 7.8), and measured the two perpendicular cross-sectional diameters of the pieces from Pegourie and Laugerie-Haute Figure 7. 1 shows .the scatter for shaft and point fragments from the two levels of Pegourie on these two measurements. On the ordinate is the max­ imum surviving width (msw), and on the abcissa the maximum surviving thickness (mst). In each case the larger dimension has been called conven­ tionally the width, and in all cases where external and internal surfaces were visible on the support this reflected reality. Due to the condition of pieces, and my own inexperience, I was -rarely able to ascribe pieces to 'bone' or 'antler', but in those cases where I was more certain, this attribute has been shown. Two groupings are clear. The first (I) is distributed along a line that runs close to that corresponding to a circular section, and contains 4 of the 5 pieces from Pegourie 9, 6 and 8 of the 13 from Pegourie 8. Of those for which an indication of probable support was noted, the two suggested as bone are at the 'finer' end of the distri_bution, those three noted as antler are more 'robust'. The second grouping (II) contains the remaining pieces. All are broad, and where a section was noted it was flat. All w�re suggested as made in antler. Figure 7.2 presents the same information for point and shaft fragments from LH� Level 12 in the same way. Here only a single grouping is discernible, 199

F igure 7 .2

S aga ie s haf t a nd p oint f ragmen t c ross-sec t iona l d ia me ters : L auger ie-Haute E ast l eve l 1 2

E E 1 6 1 4 1 2 1 0 8

, 0

6 4 2 4

•

2 00

8

1

1 2 mm

comparable in its distribution to the first grouping on the Pegourie scatter­ gram. No subgroups are apparent in the sample of sectional diameters from LHE Level 12, and with slight variation, all might be described as circular to slightly oval. At Pegourie, one group of sagaie pieces corresponds to the LHE distribution, but a group of broader, flatter, sagaies is also apparent, all of which are probably made in antler. While it might be argued that these could indicate employment of direct percussion and groove and splinter working in the site, one can note the absence of evidence for percussion work­ ing, and the scarcity of transverse burins associated by Allain et al. with the technique, and again observe that there is no basis for supposing that broad blanks cannot be produced by grooving. What the explanation for the separa­ tion of these pieces is, is a subject for further research. Breuil (1912) associated single bevels with his Magdalenian stages 1-3, and the association has been adhered to in general since. While the majority of sagaies published, and the majority of those seen by me have single bevels, occasional occurrences of double bevels can be observed. De Bayle des Hermens (197 4 p. 28, fig. 5. 4) publishes a sagaie base with double bevel from Rand du Barry F2, and I noted examples in LHE Level 12, Badegoule Level 6 (Fig. 7. 6, 2) , and Badegoule Level 7 (Fig. 7. 8, 2). Some form of secondary working applied to bevels was noted in 11 assem­ blages. It is often difficult to compare different terms employed by different workers, for example to lmow the distinction between striations, lines, in­ cisions, and grooves. In all cases it might be supposed that the applied work is functional, intended to improve the contact between the sagaie 'point' and its hypothetical haft, however there are differences in the formalisation of the work that seem to extend from manufacture marks to deliberate patterns. Table 7. 3 gives the distribution of applied work in terms of five rough cate­ gories. Incisions are the simplest form, and are cut marks oblique, longi­ tudinal, or horizontal, that may represent marks resulting from manufacture, or deliberate scarification (cf. Figs. 7. 6, 1; 7. 10, 4). Grooving is more intense working, and two examples are illustrated-of oblique grooves (Fig. 7. 11, 1), and oblique and longitudinal (Fig. 7. 5, 1). The last of these might be interpretable as a variant of the 'ear-of-corn' motif. In its classic form

Table 7. 3 a Incisions Oblique grooves Oblique and longitudinal grooves. Longitudinal grooves 1 Ear of corn variants

b

c

d

e

f

1

1

1

1

g

h

1 1 1

i

j

2

3 1

k

1

Key: a = JEE, b = JEW, c = LHEI', d = LHE12, e = BAD6, f = BADF, g = BAD7, h = PDE, i = PEG9, j = PEGS, k = RDB. 201

1

t h is l a t ter h as a c en tra l l i ne , w i th o n e i ther s ide o b lique l i nes l i ke t he g ra ins o n c orn e ars , w ith t he p o in t o ft he t r iang le f or med b y e ach p a ir o f s ide l i nes p oin t ing d is ta l ly . A l l t hree I n i t ia l Magda len ian e xa mp les v ary s l igh t ly . The e xamp le f ro m J ean-B lanc E as t h as t wo p ara l le l c en tra l l i nes ( D . &E . P eyrony 1 934 ); t ha t f ro m LHE L eve l

h as n o c en tra l s ta lk ( D . & E . P eyrony 1 938 p .

5 0 ); a nd t ha t f ro m R ond d u B arry h as n o c en tra l s ta lk a nd h as t he d iagona l i nc is ions r eversed , t he t r iang le p oin ts mee t ing p rox i ma l ly ( de B ay le d es H er mens 1 974 f i g . 5 .4 ) . G roov ing o f s haf ts was a ssoc ia ted b y B reu i l w i th h is Magda len ian 2 a nd p ar t icu lar ly 3 , a nd i n t ime c ame t o b et rea ted a s a l mos t at ype-foss i l f eature f or t he e ar ly p ar t o ft he Midd le Magda len ian . was n oted i n 1 1 a sse mb lages .

7

App lied work o n s aga ie s haf ts

S even o f t hese a sse mb lages h ave d ecora t ive

mo t ifs , a nd t hese w i l l b e d iscussed i n s ec t ion 7 .5 b e low . g rooved s haf ts :

LHE L eve l 2 0/18 ( 1 e xa mp le ) ;

B adegou le l eve l 6( 1 e xamp le );

F ive h owever h ave

LHE L eve l 1 2 ( 3 e xa mp les ) ;

B adegou le l eve l 7( 3 e xa mp les , o ne w i th f our

p ara l le l g rooves t ha t migh t p erhaps b e p ar t o f ad ecora t ive mot if [ Cheyn ier 1 939 P l . X I I .2 ]) , t wo w i th s ing le g rooves ( Cheyn ier 1 939 P l . X I I .1;

F ig .7 .7 ,4 )

a nd B ize ( He lena ) ( 2 e xamp les ) .

We c an a lso n o te u neven g roov ing o n as aga ie

f ro m P egour ie 9 ( F ig . 7 .12 ,1) .

( I l lus tra ted s aga ies :

1 -3; 7 ; 8 , 1 -4 ; D .

P oinQoins .

F igs . 7 .3 ,1;

5 , 1 ; 6 ,

1 0 ,3 ;11 , 1 ; 1 2 .) Th is i s a n e x tre me ly d iverse c lass .

I n p rinc ip le i tc on ta ins

p oin ted p ieces—rang ing f ro m h igh ly p repared a nd p o l ished p ieces , t o p o lished s p l in ters —tha t i ti s p resu med were n o t h af ted , o r a t l eas t n o t i ntended t o a rm p ro jec t i les .

C lear ly t he b oundary w i th t he s aga ie may b e d iff icu lt , a nd i n

s o me c ases i ts ee ms t ha t s aga ies h ave b een r eused a s p o in9ons . As Tab le 7 .1 i ndica tes p o inc9ins h ave b een n o ted f ro m 1 9 I ni t ia l Magda li an a sse mb lages ( apar t f ro m L achaud) .

J ust ' po in9oins ' a re i ndica ted f ro m

J ean-B lanc E as t ( Peyrony 1 912 , D . &E . P eyrony 1 934 ) ; & E . P eyrony 1 938) ;

B adegou le D a nd B adegou le F ( Peyrony 1 908) ;

6a nd 7 ( Cheyn ier 1 939 ) ; C assegros 9 ;

LHE L eve l

( D .

B adegou le

P ech d e l a B o issf ere ( E . P eyrony 1 931, 1 934 ) ;

F ar incour t I I ( Mouton & J of froy 1 956) ; a nd t he He lena a nd

Genson c o llec t ions f ro m B ize ( Sacch i 1 969 ) .

I n a l l c ases where r aw ma teria l

i s i ndica ted t h is i s b one . O fp ar t icu lar n o te a re t he f o l low ing : mo t ifs f ro m LHE L eve l 2 0/18;

ap oin9on f ragmen t w i th d ecora t ive

ap o l ished b one s p l inter n arrow ing t o as pa tu-

l a te p oin t i n LHE L eve l 1 6; ap o in9on t ha t r eworks a s aga ie f ro m LHE L eve l 1 2 .

O rig ina l ly a s aga ie w i th ' l en t icu lar s ec t ion ' t he b ase h as b een r eworked

t o ar ounded b ut t , wh i le t he s hor t o r b roken p oin t i s r eworked t o ap oin9on . O ne b one s p linter f ro m P egour ie 9 c arr ies p o lish n ear t he p oin t , a nd o n o ne f ace , a nd i s p erfora ted p rox i ma l ly ( F ig . 7 .10 ,2 ) . The e igh t p ieces f ro m P egour ie 8 f or m a n i n teres t ing g roup .

F our a re

morpho log ica l ly c o mparab le i n s p i te o f sma l l v ar ia t ions , a nd o ne o ft hese i s i l lus tra ted ( F ig . 7 .11 ,2 ) .

Morpho log ica l ly s i mi lar t o t hese i s ap iece p ub-

l i shed b y S eron ie- V iv ien ( 1971-72 p . 5 0 ) a s ap oss ib le h arpoon b arb ( F ig . 7 .11 ,3 ) .

B es ide i t s c o mparab i l i ty t o t hese p o in9ons , t here i s p o l ish o n

wha t wou ld b e t he f rac ture s urface i ft he p iece h ad b een a h arpoon b arb , a nd a s as ke tch ( F ig . 7 .11 ,3B ) i nd ica tes , t he p iece wou ld n o t s tand p erpendicu lar t o t he s haf t o ft he h arpoon . 2 02

Finally from the Rand du Barry is a large ivory poin�oin (de Bayle des Hermens 1974 Fig. 6. 2), the surviving part of which is 140 mm long, and at the break has a near circular section, with diameters 20 mm by 17 mm. E. Needles. Palaeolithic eyed needles have been the subject of a recent mono­ graph by D. Stordeur-Yedid (Stordeur-Yedid 197 9). This notes the appearance of the eyed needle in Final Solutrean levels in the west of France (2£. cit. pp. 2 40), and lists examples from eight Initial Magdalenian sites: Badegoule, Lachaud, LHE, Pech de la Boissiere, Placard, Cottier, Bize, and Fritsch. As Table 7. 1 indicates, needles are present in 18 Initial Magdalenian assem­blages (apart from Lachaud, and Placard), from 10 sites. This adds Jean­Blanc, Pegourie, Cassegros, and Rand du Barry to the list of Stordeur-Yedid. No pieces are of especial note apart from one needle from LHE Level 12. Stordeur-Yedid (1979 p. 149) notes that when points are remade, the shaft is merely sharpened down like a pencil might be. This example from LHE 12, broken at the level of the eye, had also been broken at the point, but here the point had been resharpened by bevelling from both faces. F. Perforated batons. These 'classic' pieces, originally named 'batons de commandement', and variously interpreted as symbols of power, fibulae, tent pegs, arrow shaft straighteners, and rods for divining the location of animal herds, 9 are scarce in the Initial Magdalenian, being noted in only four assemblages. In Badegoule level D Peyrony (1908) lists the presence of three perforated batons, one complete, and 40 cm long with a large perforation, one broken 'during manufacture', and a minor fragment. From LHE Level 16/14 comes an incomplete example, made on an antler that has clearly been worked by the groove and splinter technique, probably for the extraction of needle blanks, before perforation (Fig. 7. 4, 1). From Cassegros level 9 comes a very small example (Fig. 7. 13, 2). lO Finally from the Peyrony excavation at Laugerie-Haute, is a fragment of a perforated baton (D. & E. Peyrony 1938 fig. 40. 2) apparently decorated with two mammoths. G.

Other classes:

i. Rods (="baguettes") are prepared rods of bone or antler, either in the process of being worked, or forming· part of some piece (sagaie/poin�on/ needle etc. ) the exact nature of which cannot be determined (Fig. 7. 8, 5 ). Plate 7. 1 and Fig. 7. 9, 1 show a bone rod in a stage of preparation with facets and scrape marks clearly visible. Cheynier (1939 p. 389) suggests that it has been scraped by a raclette, but the scrape marks could be thought too 'clear', and my own experimental work, and that of others (cf. Chapter 6) suggests that this is unlikely. One rod from LHE I'- (D. & E. Peyrony 1938 fig. 39. 2) seems to carry two parallel intermittent lines, while one from LHE level 10 has a series of oblique grooves, parallel to one another, and average 8 mm apart. ii. Ciseau, perhaps employed as intermediaries in stone percussion are noted from four assemblages, The extremity from Bize is unillustrated. 203

That claimed by D. Peyrony (1912 ) at Jean-Blanc seems to have been reat­ tributed as a 'rcxl, perhaps a sagaie fragment' by D. & E. Peyrony (1934). That from Pegourie 8 was originally a bipointed piece, probably a sagaie, battered at both ends. The piece from LHE I' (D. & E. Peyrony 1938 fig. 39. 1) is decorated. iii. Lissoir, usually a thin blade of bone. iv. Poignard (lit. = dagger). From LHE I' is a dagger shaped implement in antler, the blade incomplete, and reconstructed on the model of a piece found in waste (D. & E. Peyrony 1938 fig. 38. 1). The 'haft' is decorated, and perforated proxim2Jly. The pieces from Badegoule D and Pech de la Boissiere probably do not compare. They are unillustrated, and those from Badegoule D (Peyrony 1908) are described as 'large points on bone splinters', in one case 22 cm long. v. Gouge. These pieces were distinguished by me in LHE Level 12. Three are proximal sagaie fragments, with a single bevel on one face, and worked on the opposite face a concave gouge. I do not know of observations of other such pieces, and cannot speculate on function. A fourth piece, a shaft fragment, carries the end of such a gouge. 11 vi. Retoucher (Cheynier 1939 p. 377). These pieces from Badegoule 6 are described as having use polish on one end, or hammer marks on one face. vii. 'bipointed needle'-a type occasionally interpreted as a fishhook. v111. 'paper-knife'. This designation covers two pieces, one from Cas­ segros level 9 (Fig. 7. 13,3) described as a 'lissoir' by Le Tensorer ( 1 979 p. 560), and one from Rond du Barry (de Bayle des Hermens 1974 fig. 6. 1) described as a 'poin9on' by its excavator. I was struck by the morphological similarity between the two pieces, and felt that a separate designation would emphasise this. ix. Diverse. This covers a range of pieces. Those illustrated include a shaped bone fragment (LHE 2 0 Fig. 7. 3,2), a semi-circular sectioned rod (LHE 2 0/18 Fig. 7. 3,5) with what Bordes ( 1958 p. 226) suggests are tally marks; a bone fragment with decorative motif (LHE 16/ 14 Fig. 7. 3,6); an example of a type noted in LHE 12 (Fig. 7. 5,2 )-a flat thin bone, with exten­ sive cut marks in all directions, that it might be suggested was held in the palm, while something (perhaps meat) wa� cut on it. x. Reworked sagaie. Reuse of a sagaie as a poin�on (LHE 12), and per­ haps as a ciseau (Pegourie 8) has already been noted. Also from Pegourie 8 is a piece that was probably originally a sagaie, with an almost undamaged single bevel, but with a probably broken shaft reworked to a rounded front. Again I prefer not to speculate on function (Fig. 7. 10, 4). 7. 4 'Ornamental pieces' Under this designation, I ?Jlclude those pieces that it might be suggested were carried on the body either as items of personal adornment, or perhaps as charms 12 -perforated teeth, perforated shells, and pendant�. Unperfor­ ated shells, a clearly imported raw material in most cases can also be in­ cluded. 2 04

Tab le 7 .4 s ets o ut t he a sse mb lages w i th r ough c lasses o f o rna men t p resen t . T ab le 7 .5 s e ts o ut t he s pec ies o f s he l l p resen t where t h is i s i ndica ted w i th u nperfora ted s he l ls d is t ingu ished b y b e ing e nc losed b etween p aren theses . The t wo c aches o f s he l ls f rom b e low L acha id l eve l 3 , wh ich i t was a rgued i n A ppendix Iw ere mos t l i ke ly t o b e a t tr ibutab le t o t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian , i f t he s tra t igraphy o f C heyn ier w ere a cceptab le , a re i nc luded, b ut mus t s t i l l b e t rea ted w i th s o me c aut ion . O n t he i den t if ica t ions a lone , i tc anno t b e s ta ted whe ther t he s pec ies p resen t were d er ived f rom f oss i l o r c on temporary s ources . Tab le 7 .6 s e ts o ut t he s pec ies/genus , a nd t oo th t ype o f t he p erfora ted t ee th p resen t i n t he a sse mb lages .

N o p art icu lar d om ina t ing t ype c an b e d is-

c erned . P ieces t ha t m igh t b e d escr ibed a s p endants d er ive f ro m f our a sse mb lages .

1 4

F ro m LHE I 'D . &E . P eyrony ( 1 938 p . 4 9 ) d escribe a ' per le d ' ivo ire ', b ut n o f ur ther i n for ma t ion i s g iven , a nd t he p iece i s n ot i l lus tra ted . 1 0 , L e T ensorer d escr ibes a p erfora ted r e indeer s esamo id 1 5

F ro m C assegros ( F ig . 7 .13 ,1) .

F ro m D irac I I i s a sma l l p endan t i n a micaceous s la te , p o l ished , a nd p erfora ted n ear o ne margin .

Wh i le i t migh t b e s ugges ted t ha t t he p iece i s l a ter , I

d o n ot k now o f c o mparab le p ieces f ro m t he l oca l N eo l i th ic .

1 6

t he a br i F r i tsch c o me f our sma l l ' bu t tons ' i n b oneor i vory .

F ina l ly , f ro m The i l lustra ted

e xa mp le ( A l la in 1 966 p . 4 82 ) s hows a f a t p ear-shaped p iece , w i th a b icon ica l p erfora t ion t hrough t he n eck .

The p ieces a re s a id t o c o me f ro m ' 3 l eve ls ',

b ut o n ly o ne p rovenance i s g iven , o f t he i l lus tra ted e xamp le , t o t he s urface o f 5 b . 7 .5

D ecora t ive mot ifs a nd mob i liary a rtwork D ecora t ive ( whe ther f unc t iona l , r i tua l is t ic , o r o rna men ta l ) mo t ifs a pp lied

t o i t e ms o f t he b one i ndustr ia l a sse mb lage , a nd i t ems o f mobi liary a r t a re b o th s carce i n I n i t ia l Magda len ian a ssemb lages . Tab le 7 .7 s e ts o ut t he s i tes a nd s uppor ts f or mo t ifs , w i th t he mo t if s ke tched o r d escr ibed . These p ieces o f a pp l ied work s ee m f a ir ly c lear ly i n ten t iona l .

A much l arger g roup o f ma ter ia l

h as p roduced c ut marks t ha t o ccas iona l ly s ee m p at terned , b ut wh ich a re p roba b ly b utchery marks . Amongst c o mparab le mo t ifs o ne c an n ote t he ' paren theses ' o ccurring i ndiv idua l ly o n as aga ie f ro m P egour ie l eve l 8( F ig . 7 .10 ,3 ) , a nd d escr ibed o ccurr ing i n p a irs o n a n e xa mp le f ro m F r i tsch ; a nd t he ' decor o vor de f orme d 'une c anne lure f er mee c on tenan t d es s tr ies o b l iques e t p ara l le les ' d escr ibed f ro m B ize , a nd i t s ee ms p resent o n ap iece i l lustra ted b y B oyard ( 1 912 f i g . 4p . 5 20 ) f ro m P oron d es C ueches . The mos t s tr ik ing g roup o f mot ifs , a nd t ha t c onta in ing t he e xa mp le most d eserv ing o f c o m men t , i s wha t It er m t he ' wavyline mot if ' . Deep g rooves o n ab one f rag men t f ro m LHE 1 6/14 ( F ig . 7 .3,6) c an p erh aps b e i nc luded i n t h is g roup , a nd a p iece s ketched b y S acch i ( 1969 F ig . 2 .8) may a lso c arry t he mot if—in t h is c ase o n as aga ie s haf t .

The t wo c learest

e xamp les h owever a re o n s aga ie s haf ts f rom LHE L eve 112 ( F ig . 7 .5 ,1) , a nd P egour ie L eve l 8( F ig . 7 .11,1 ) . I n b o th c ases t he mo t if c omb ines t hree p ara ll e l l i nes u ndu la t ing more ( LHE ) o r l ess ( Pegour() r egu lar ly , a nd i n b o th

2 05

c ases t he r epresen ta t ion i s i nco mp le te , t he d is ta l e nd b e ing b roken away o n t he LHE e xamp le , a nd t he d is ta l e nd , a nd o ne e dge , d amaged o n t he P egour ie e xamp le . T echn ique h owever d if fers , a nd makes t he P egour ie e xamp le more d eserv ing o f s pec ia l n ote . T he g rooves o n t he LHE e xamp le a re p roduced b y l ong i tudina l g roov ing , t he ' usua l ' t echn ique i n mob i liary r epresenta t ion . T he g rooves o n t he P egour ie s aga ie h owever a re c o mposed o f as er ies o f s hort , o b l ique , a nd a d jacen t g ouges t ha t c o mbine t o c rea te t he mot if . I tm igh t b e p oss ib le t o a rgue t ha t s uch w ork ing r epresen ts a n e ar ly s tage i n t he p roduc t ion o f l ong i tudina l g rooves , l a ter t o b e smoothed o ut , b ut f or t he p resent a l l t ha t c an b e d one i s t o n ote t he o ccurrence , a nd o ne o r t wo c o mparab le p ieces . 1 7 The mos t s tr ik ing e xamp le i s f ro m t he U pper S o lutrean o f A i tzb i tarte I V i n t he S pan ish B asque p rov inces . O n as aga ie s haf t , t he mot if a ga in c o mb ines t hree p ara l le l wavy l i nes e ach o ne c o mposed o f s hor t o b lique g ouges ( Barandiaran Maestu 1 966 p . 5 0 , f i g . 1 2a ;

1 967 p l . 6 ;

1 973 p . 2 56, f i g . 2 4 , p l . 1 26) .

T he l eve l h as

ar ad iocarbon d a te o f G rN -5993 1 6 0 00 ± 1 00 b c ( S traus e t a l . 1 978 p . 1 10 ) p ut t ing i ti n t he g roup o f S pan ish l a te S o lu trean s i tes c on te mporary w i th t he F rench I n i t ia l Magda len ian .

B arandiaran c om men ts t ha t as im i lar mot if

s eems t o o ccur o n ap iece p ub lished b y C hauve t f rom L e P lacard . T he o ccurrence o f a mot if made b y as pec ia l t echn ique i n a n I n i t ia l Magd a lenian l eve l , a nd a r ough ly c on temporary S pan ish S o lutrean l eve l , i s i nt r iguing , a nd we h ave a lready ( Chap ter 4 ) n o ted t he p resence o f as hou ldered p oint q ui te t yp ica l o f t he S o lutrean a t P egour ie . t h is f or t he p resen t , a nd j us t n o te i t .

Ip refer n o t t o s pecu la te o n

Mob i liary a r t i s e ven s carcer t han d ecora ted b onework , b e ing n o ted f ro m 4s i tes o n ly . A t J ean-B lanc D . &E . P eyrony ( 1 934 ) d escr ibe f ro m l eve l Bi n t he Wes tern s he lter a n a n i ma l t orso o n t he r egu lar ised s urface o f ap ebb le . They a lso i mp ly t ha t a no ther p ebb le w i th a n e ngraved g a l loping b ison i s f rom t h is l eve l , a l though D . P eyrony ( 1 912 ) i ndica tes t ha t t h is p iece i s f ro m t he l a ter Magda len ian o f l eve l D . F ro m LHE L eve l D . &E . P eyrony ( 1938) d escr ibe f our ' ar t ' p ieces : a n a nt ler e ngraved a round t he s haf t o f a' c iseau ' ( i b id . f i g . 3 9 .1) ; t he h ead o f a n i bex , e ngraved w i th f i ne l i nes , a nd a pparen t ly f o l lowed b y as econd a n ima l , o n af i ne r ed s ands tone p laque ( f ig . 3 9 .3 ) ; o ne o r t wo ma mmo th o n af rag men t o fp erfora ted b a ton ( f ig . 4 0 .2 ) ; a nd a v ery d oub tfu l l ook ing a nima l e ngraved o n al imestone ' anv i l ' ( f ig . 4 0 .1 ) . L achaud a gain c annot b e u sed , a nd t he c la imed a r t p ieces i n t he u pper l eve l o f I n it ia l Magda len ian—a c ontour d ecoupee o f af i sh , a nd a h orse h ead e ngraved o n a' re toucho ir ' might we l l b e d er ived .

The o ne s ugges ted r e-

p resen ta t ion f ro m t he l ower l eve l —a c rude s ea l e ngraved o n af la t p ebb le— c anno t b e a ccep ted a s s uch , a s my v ers ion o f t he p iece ( F ig . 7 .13 ,5 ) i ndica tes , F ro m P ech d e l a B o issf ere ( E . P eyrony 1 931 , 1 934 ) c o mes a g lobu lar p ebb le o f s ch is t , w i th i rregu lar s urface , o n wh ich i s e ngraved a s chema t ic ( but c lear ) i bex h ead . F ina l ly , f ro m t he a br i F r i tsch c o mes a c ran ia l f ragmen t e ngraved w i th ab ov id ( A l la in 1 974 p p . 4 78/482 ) . 2 06

7.6 Discussion As this examination of the bone industry of Initial Magdalenian assemblages indicates, the Initial Magdalenian lacks the range of bone 'tools', decorative motifs, mobiliary artwork, considered so characteristic of much of the later Magdalenian. In terms of basic technology, evidence exists for the use of the groove and splinter technique employed in the later Magdalenian, and it seems in the Solutrean as well (cf. Cheynier 1965a pp. 22-24, Smith 1966), despite the affirmation of Allain (1979 p. 114), at a number of sites. Evidence for the use of a ' direct percussion' technique is at present sparse, and at best cir­ cumstantial. Although having a less elaborate bone industry, and less mobiliary artwork than the late Magdalenian (particularly the classic stages 'IV' and 'V'), the Initial Magdalenian bone industrial assemblage compares with that of the Solutrean both in range (cf. Table 7.8), and quantity (cf. Smith pp. 56, 128, 18 The major difference between the Initial Magdalenian and 1 32, 1 36, etc.). Solutrean series lies in the greater quantity of ivory work in the Solutrean, particularly in the range of ornamental pieces - bracelets, rings, pendants, and buttons. Although scarce such pieces do however occur in the Initial Magdalenian, and we can note the ivory 'l:uttons' from Fritsch, and the 'perle d'ivoire' p.iblished by D. & E. Peyrony from Laugerie-Haute. A number of observations can be made in consequence of this study of the bone industry of the Initial Magdalenian: i. The bone point component in no way compensates for the observed scarcity of stone point elements in the Initial Magdalenian. ii. A number of features regarded as chronologically later can be ob­ served in the Initial Magdalenian: e.g. grooves on sagaies and double bevelled bases. m. The range and quantity of Initial Magdalenian bone industrial material compares with that observed in the Solutrean. Notes 1.

'Bone' here is intended to cover the full range of hard animal material, including bone, antler, ivory, tooth and horn.

2.

The reference is to the section on the ' Magdalenian' •

3.

Azilian harpoons provide the clearest examples of groove and splinter technique associated with the production of flat blanks for bone points.

4.

Lachaud, Andre Ragout, and Placard are excluded as elsewhere because of our doubts about the stratigraphies as {llblished.

5.

Sources for Table 7. 1 a. D. Peyrony 1912 b. D. & E. Peyrony 1934; c. D. & E. Peyrony 1 938; d. M. F. H.; e. D. P,eyrony 1908; f. Cheynier 1939; g. Cheynier 1949; h. E. Peyrony 1934; i. Le Tensorer 1979; j. Allain various refs. cf. App. I; k. Schmider 197 1 ; 1. Mouton & Joffroy 1957; Boyard 19 12; m. Mouton & Joffroy 1956; n. Virmont 1976; o. de Bayle des Hermens 1 974; p. Sacchi 1969. 207

6.

Although three of the pieces from Pegourie 9 were classed as proximal fragments, all three preserved part of the shaft as well as the bevel.

7.

Cf. e.g. the description by D. & E. Peyrony (1938 p. 56) of their bed I" as the "niveau des objets en OS incisions et cannelures."

8.

Stordeur-Yedid is concerned to minimise the presence of the needle in the Final Solutrean, but has to admit the example from LHE, making it easier to admit others. Her arguments against some of the other Final Solutrean needles are unconvincing, and the discussion on pp. 36 and 37 is undermined by the observations made in this thesis. While her premiss - that the needle is a typically Magdalenian tool - for linking ' Badegoulian' with later Magdalenian is inadmissable, I agree with the conclusion - of connection - and would be happy to extend it to connect the Initial Magdalenian with the Final Solutrean (cf. Stordeur-Yedid 1979 p. 190).

9.

Cf. Schmider 1968 Ti 211-212 for a full bibliography to 1968.

a

a

10.

A comparable piece comes from the later Magdalenian of the abri Mege, Teyjat (Capitan�.�- 1906 p._ 207 fig. 70.8).

11.

Jacobi (pers. comm.) indicates comparable pieces in the Hamburgian, and suggests a possible function as thonging tools.

12.

Cf. Levine 1979 p. 44 who notes the carrying of reindeer left incisors as charms for good teeth.

13.

Sources for Table 7.4: a. D. Peyrony 1912, D. & E. Peyrony 1934; b. D. & E. Peyrony 1938; c. M. F. H.; d. D. Peyrony 1908; e. Cheynier 1939, 1949; f. E. Peyrony 1934; g. M. F. H.; i. Crochet 1967; j. Allain various refs. cf. App. I; k. Mouton & Joffroy 1957; 1. Mouton & Joffroy 1956; m. de Bayle des Hermens 1974; n. Sacchi 1969.

14.

This excludes the pendant in 'jais de tourbe' described as coming from near one of the skulls, and in the disturbed deposit at Lachaud, but attributed to 'Proto-Magdalenian 1c' by Cheynier (1965a p. 72).

15.

This piece seems to me to be too large, and of the wrong form to be described as a sesamoid.

16.

I sould like to thank C. J. Scarre for his advice on this subject.

17.

The parallel to the Aitzbitarte IV piece was pointed out to me by M-R. Seronie-Vivien.

18.

Cf. Smith 1966 p. 56: the Solutrea n bone industrial range "tendent etre monotones, et restreints la fois en quantite absolue et dans le nombre de types utilises. "

a

208

a

F ig . 7 .3 1 -4 .

L auger ie-Hau te E as t L eve l 2 0 . 1 .

D is ta l p ar t o f s aga ie ;

2 . S haped b one f rag men t; 3 . P erfora ted wo lf

c an ine ; 4 . P erfora ted b ov ine i nc isor . 5 .

L eve l 2 0/18 S em i-c ircu lar s ec t ioned r od w i th " ta l ly" marks .

6 -8 .

L eve l 1 6/14 . 6 . B one f rag men t w i th wavy l i ne mo t if ; 7 . P erfora ted r e indeer i nc isor ; 8 .

P erfora ted f ox c an ine .

2

2 09

F igure 7 .4

L auger ie-Haute E ast L eve l 1 6/14

1 . P erfora ted b ä ton , i n a n t ler t ha t h ad p rev ious ly b een u sed f or t he e x trac t ion o f s p lin ters .

1

2 10

F igure 7 .5 1 .

L auger ie-Haute E as t L eve l 1 2

P rox i ma l p ar t o f s aga ie w i th wavy l i ne mot if ; 2 . F la t b one w i th c ut marks .

1

G rz 277-77 .7 2Z772

2 11

F igure 7 .6 1 .

B adegou le l eve l 6

S aga ie b ase , s ing le b eve l .

s haf t f rag men t . 6 .

2 . S aga ie b ase , d oub le b eve l .

4 . P erfora ted h orse i nc isor .

I nc isor w i th t h inned r oot .

-

5 . P erfora ted wo lf c an ine .

7 . E dge n o tched p iece .

-

-

-

3

-

-

3 . S aga ie

F igure 7 .7 1 -4 .

Badegou le l eve l 7

S aga ie s haf t f rag men ts , n o . 4w i th a g roove .

1

2

-

3

r . -

2 13

F igure 7 .8

Badegou le L eve l 7

1 .3 .4 S aga ie s haf t f rag ments . f rag ment .

2 . S aga ie b ase f rag ment .

6 . F rag ment o f ' po lisher ' .

1

2

6

2 14

5 . Bague t te

F igure 7 .9

Badegou le L eve l 7

1 . a nd P la te I .

S craped b one b ague t te .

3 .4 P erfora ted i nc isors .

2

3

2 15

2 . T ip o fp oin9on ( or p erhaps s aga ie ) .

F igure 7 .10 1 .2

P egour ie L eve l 9 .

o r s aga ie . 3 .4 f ace .

1 . F ragmen t o ft r iangu lar s ec t ioned p o in t o fp o in9on

2 . P oin9on w i th p rox i ma l p erfora t ion .

P egour ie L eve l 8 .

3 . D is ta l f rag men t o f s aga ie w i th c urved g ouges o n

4 . Ar eworked s aga ie , l ong b eve l , a nd r ounded e nd .

4

3

-

2 16

F igure 7 .11 1 .

P egour ie L eve l 8

S aga ie w i th o rna men ta l mot if ( photo M-R . S eron ie-V iv ien ) .

3 . P oin9on t ha t migh t b e ar eused h arpoon b arb . o f t he ' barb ' o n to a ' shaf t ' .

3B .

2 . P oin9on .

S ketch r econstruc t ion

4 . P erfora ted a nd e dge n o tched c erv id c anine .

1

i

;

3 .

F igure 7 .12 . 1 . 2 .

P egour ie l eve l 9

A l mos t c o mp le te s aga ie w i th i rregu lar g rooves o n o u ter s urface . S aga ie w i th l ong s ing le b eve l b ase .

1

1 1 1

2

2 18

F igure 7 .13 1 .

C assegros L eve l 1 0 .

L eve l 9 .

P erfora ted r e indeer t sesa moid ' .

2 . Sma l l p erfora ted b a ton .

( ha lf n a tura l s ize ) .

3 . ' Po l isher ' .

5 . L achaud c la i med ' sea l ' e ngrav ing .

1

-

2 19

2 .3 . Cassegros

4 . D irac I I P endan t

Tab le 7 .1

C o mponen ts o fi ndustr ia l a sse mb lages i n b one i n t he I n it ia l Magda len ian

S i te l eve l

S ource 5

S aga ie

JBE

a ,b

+

JE W

b

+

LHE I '

c

LHE 2 0

P oin9on

N eedle

' Rod '

O ther

+

+

C iseau

+

+

+

+

L issoir , P oignard , P erfora ted b ä ion , C iseau

d

+

1

4

+

D iverse

LHE 2 0/18

d

+

1

1

LHE 1 8

d

+

LHE 1 6

d

+

LHE 1 6/14

d

LHE 1 4

d

*

D iverse D iverse

1

D iverse P erfora ted b ä ton , D iverse +

LHE 1 2

d

+

6

LHE 1 0

d

+

2

3 3 1

BAD D

e

+

2

3

+

Gouge , D iverse

+

D iverse P o ignard , P erfora ted b ä ton

BAD 6

f ,g ,d

+

8

2

BAD F

e ,

+

1

1

BAD 7

f ,g ,d

+

+

T ube , Retoucher B ipointed n eedle +

PDB

h

+

+

+

P o ignard

PEG 9

d

+

4

2

D iverse

PEG 8

d

+

8

CAS 1 0

i ,d

CAS 9

i ,d

2 2

+

C iseau, r eworked s aga ie , D iverse

2

4

L issoir

6

P erfora ted b ä ton , ' Paper-kn ife ', D iverse

FR I

j

LGS

k

PDC

1

FAR

m

COT

n

+

+

D iverse + 1

L isso ir , D iverse 2

RDB

o

+

3

B IZ ( He lena )

p

+

1

B IZ ( Genson )

p

+

1

D iverse *

' Pousso ir '

6

' Paper k nife '

1

C iseau

:v arious c ut a nd s haped f rag men ts

2 20

+

I

1 +

I

1 +

1

1 +

1

1 +

I +

1

1 +

+

+

+

+

+

1

I +

1

1

I

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

N

I

1

I

I

1

=

1

1 r 4

1 +

+

1 +

+

I

1 +

I

+

c r J

. r

I

I

C D

C 1

1 C 0 C0

+

1,f

1 1 4

+

!

r i

0

44 Cd

I

I

1

I

I

1 r 4

C . )

I

1 el r 1

1

1

I

0

C V

N

M I "-

C /D

7 dI

L I D 1

C V

c f )

I

I

1

+

1 4

1 1

1

1

I r I

1

1

N r I

1

I

1

I

0 0 r 1

C O

C V

1

1

1

I C Y ' J CV

r 4

I

1

I

I

. .4

t . . . . 4

1

1

+

1 0

re

I

1

I

I

1

1 +

I

1 C-3 C O

1

0 0 r 4 0

N CD

> ; LI

> n i n

CD

0

N CD

> C D

C D > C D

C L) C D > > ( 1 ) C D

0

C D > 0 . ) p 7 . 4

1 4

1 4

A c r ) C I )

... 1

C L )

. . .. I

M

0 , )

Z = = 0 0 0 0 b u t= t e b . f ) C I ) C I) C D O p

" P d" F tr g M

OO

, CD , 1 : 1)

• r . 1 4 0

• 1

4 Z 0

. . ,

• ' ' C r ? , 4 3 0 r4

n .e .11 )

P l z 1 f a 4

nn

4. 4

n• I

1

I

Tab le 7 .4

' Orna men ta l ' e le men ts i n I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages

S i te l eve l JBE

S ource 1 3

P erf . s he l l

a

1

U nperf . s he l l P erf .t ooth Work .t ooth P endan t 1 1

LHE P LHE 1 6/14

2 2

LHE 1 2

1

LHE 2 0

BAD D

5

8

BAD 6

4

6

BAD 7

4

1

1 2

3

PDB PEG 9

1

PEG 8

8

CAS 1 0

3

E IR

3

1 1

FR I

4 1

PDC FAR

1

1

RI DE

1 1

5

B IZ ( Genson )

Tab le 7 .5

G as teropods i n I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages T ur ite l la

S i te l eve l

c o m mun is

N er i t ina C er i th iu m

D en ta l iu m

JEE

1

-

-

BAD D

-

4

-

BAD 6

-

-

4

( 1)

4

BAD 7

-

LAC CACHE 1 LAC CACHE 2

-

( 32 ) -

-

PDE

-

_

+

CAS 1 0

-

_

-

FR I

-

_

FAR RI DE

-

_

2 22

p ie ta

S ca l lop

-

1

n ot i d .

( 32 )5 2 4 _

-

+

-

_

-

+

-

_

1 -

5

Tab le 7 .6

P erfora ted t ee th i n I n i t ia l Magda lenian a sse mb lages

S i te l eve l

H orse

B ov ine

R e in-

Red

d eer

C erv id

I

I

CI

d eer

I bex

C

C

I

c arn iv . Wo lf F ox n .i d C

C

C

JBE

-

1

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

LHE I ' LHE 2 0

-

1

-

- - -

-

-

-

-

1

-

+ -

LHE 1 6/14

-

-

-

- 1

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

LHE 1 2

-

-

-

- -

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

BAD D

-

+

_

- _

+

_

-

-

+

-

-

BAD 6

4

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

1

1

-

BAD 7 PDB

2 -

1 -

_

- - +

_

_

-

-

_

_

_

PEG 9

-

-

-

1 -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

PEG 8 CAS 1 0 FR I

-

_

5 _

3 1 _

_

_

_

1 -

-

-

1 +

PDC

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

RDB B IZ(Genson )

-

-

-

- - -

-

1 -

-

-

-

-

1

B es ide t hese a re a worked h orse i nc isor f ro m LHE 1 2 , a nd a t oo th w ith a t h inned r oot f ro m BAD 6 . A s econd r oo t w i th e dge n otches Id id n ot r ecognise a s t ooth ( F ig . 7 ,6 ,7 ) a l though C heyn ier ( 1939 ) d escribes i ta s s uch . F igs . 7 .3 ,3 ,4 ,7 ,8; 7 .6,4-6; 7 .9 ,3 ,4 ;

2 23

7 .9 ,4

I l lus tra ted t ee th :

r z . 4

E dge n o tch ing ( 7 .6 ,7

?Wavy l i ne ( 7 .3 ,6 )

n e r

b n

c a

" c s

a )

C l ) C l )

c d

0 o I

0

0 , 0

z 0

C I

a )

C I ) ( 1 )

" a a ß C Z

4 C) F . . 4

L )

1 1 C i ) . 0 . i

. . .. a )

( 1 ) \C L )

C l )

C i . ) W C D

O 4Q ) M

a, c ) zr 4 i O9 , 0 4 0

0

• , 4 c e

• , 0 0

0

› . ) c d 4 1

224

.-

• r I

• F 4

. -

B ise ( Genson )

• r I

P oron d es C ueches

E — I

P ech d e l a B o issf ere

. 7 : ) 1 c d

LHE L eve l P

t -

J ean-B lanc E as t

• p I

•

C 3 '

C U 4 c d 0 .

$ 2 .4

1 : 3 C L )

7 : 3

Z 3

4_ ,

a ) 4

c . c ) c n 0 • 3 C D r i • r I

Q .,1 2 c . , „ c )

C S

C D c n

1. ) )

—

1

0 0 C I )

1

1

-

I

1

I G . ) C L )

1

Z 4

0 r i D C l ) •• . . . 1 .. 1

" "Ll

U

a . )

s ,

C .1 , o )

0

=

g. •P. 0

4 2 1 ( 1 )

>

" C S c o

1 . » .. 1

4.>

C " . '

c v

c . ) 42

' s

1 .-01

c;

M '

C i ß )

S t ( 1 ) C . )

e• 4 .. . . =. f ..

"^ r n C D z n

0 5 : ) . 4

•F4

" Z D

e ..

m

0

c n r A . , . I

"g =

0

4E 3 r e,

!

1

1

-

-

c e )

- e . m C I . ) > C J

1

c i ) .— • -

•.4

Z • • • 1

. . 1

C . )

z i . ) >

== = = x

4 4 4 4 4

" C D g 1 " C3

.-

C . )

C . ) P 1

MS S t P err ier

1

1 +

•

I stur i tz F l i

U pper Terr .

0 0

F ourneau-du-D iab le

+

1

1

L a C rouze t te

1

LH W l eve l

1

S : 2 4

N o tched b one

P erfora ted t ee th

L . f 0

R od , s emi-c ircu lar r od

i vory p endants

i vory b race le t

n otched b one ,

▪ S . ! C 1 ) 0 4

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION 8. 1 Introduction My research has been concerned with the elucidation of certain structural details of a 2000 year sectioJ! of the prehistoric past in a small area of western Europe. It was observed in the Finale to Chapter 1 (cf. 1. 5 above) that the three principal foci were the origin, internal structure, and end, of the Initial Magdalenian. Most of my analyses have been concerned with the internal structure; more detailed consideration of origin and end would have demanded that I deal with larger series of Solutrean and later Magdalenian material than time permitted. Nevertheless the Solutrean and later Magdalenian assem­ blages studied have provided intriguing details, while details of the internal structure of the Initial Magdalenian elucidated in the analyses, compared in a general fashion with earlier and later material, cast further light on the interpretation of origin and end. The internal 'typological' development of the Initial Magdalenian has been considered in some detail in chapter 4, and it was noted there, as in chapter 1, that it is with regard to the internal structure that there is most - although not entire - agreement between workers. It is in the· interpretation of the two ends that opinions have differed most, and most of the discussion in this conclusion is concerned with these. In the short essay which concludes the chapter, the argument elaborated in this thesis, and in the discussion which is to follow, will be summarised into an interpretation of Initial Magdalenian ' form and dynamics,_ 1 8. 2 Introduction to the theories As the resume of the history of study of the early Magdalenian in chapter 1 showed, a number of suggestions have been made on the origin and end of the Initial Magdalenian since the displacement of prevailing concepts of in­ sensible transitions between industrial phases in 1912. The early theories of 'insensible transition' derived the Initial Magdalenian from an Aurignacian regarded as a final phase of the Solutrean. Recognition by Breuil that the Aurignacian preceded the Sqlutrean, brought Solutrean and Initial Magdalenian into contact, and the contrast made between the 'crude aspect' of the earliest Magdalenian stone industries and the Solutrean, who_se flat retouched points were considered to represent the zenith of stone working ability, led to the denial of any development of Initial Magdalenian from Solutrean. This view has persisted as the dorrµnant interpretation. To D. & E. Peyrony (1 938) a Solutrean intrusion produced the Magdalenian by amalgamation of Aurignacian and Perigordian under pressure. Cheynier speaks of the end of the Solutrean as a " brutale disparition" (1939 p. 395), or a " fin de monde" (1965). 227

Bordes (196 8 pp. 159, 161) speaks of the sudden disappearance of the Solu­ trean due perhaps to " invasions, wars, or epidemics" . With this denial, another source became necessary. Setting aside the suggestion by Vignard of relationship to the l:ite Palaeolithic of Egypt, a number of 'hypotheses' based on different elements present in the Initial Magdalenian remain. Connection to the Aurignacian (sensu stricto) was first made by Cheynier (1939 p. 354) on general appearance, endscrapers (thick and on reto1.,1ched blade), and burins, although certain original features were noted (raclettes, TON burins, multiple percoirs, composite tools). The source of the Magda­ lenian is left vague, but it is implied that it lay to the north of the Loire. Delarue, Delarue & Vignard in 195 8 underline the connection to the Aurig­ nacian, and Breuil & Lantier (1959 p. 192) speak of the Aurignacian 'V' of Laugerie-Haute in this connection. On the observations of Cheynier himself one can note however that husked burins are rare, and thick endscrapers more common in his upper level. Our own analysis (Chapter 4.5 E, Tab. 4.22 c. 4) of a series of InitLll Magda­ lenian assemblages indicates that thick endscrapers are not particularly abundant, and where they are more common, this tends to be in later levels. While thick endscrapers and bhdes with 'scalar' retouch can occur in Initial Magdalenian assemblages, neither element is absolutely distinctive of the Aurignacian. The presence of fairly abundant raclettes in some northern Aurignacian assemblages (e.g. Renne, Yonne) was noted in Chapter 6, where however it was observed that these raclettes were ' stylistically' different from those of the Initial Magdalenian. If, as has been observed in Chapter 4, raclettes are scarce in the earliest Initial Magdalenian, then the search for � origin in assemblages rich in raclettes is as absurd as the search for an origin for the Proto Solutrean - with its scarce unifacially trimmed points - in 'industries' with established bifacial working. Breuil himself first suggested the Gravettian as a source, specifically that of the Pyrenees, using parietal art, hunting tallies and enlarged sagaie bases as his argument, and noting that the absence of good flint in the area would explain the inability of the Magdalenian groups to work stone, and the absence of Solutrean would allow connection. One can observe that the connecting 'traits' are too general or unassociable (parietal art), that the lack of good flint did not inhibit the Gravettian or later Magdalenian toolmakers, and that Solutrean occurs in the Pyrenean foothills (cf. Smith 1966 pp. 319-339, Straus 1974). 2 In 1937, Breuil produced a second Gravettian source route, this time from the Proto-Magdalenian of Laugerie-Haute via the pre-Magdalenian of La Colom­ biere, with mobiliary art providing-the connecting link. This route was taken up and elaborated by D. Peyrony (1944) with sites north of the Loire thought to contain ocld raclettes introduced between the LHE Proto-Magdalenian and Colombiere; and was accepted by Daniel (R. Daniel 1952, M. & R. Daniel 1953) and early on by de Sonneville-Bordes (1954).

228

There a re t hree b asic e rrors a t t he r oot o f t h is a rgu men t :3 1 ) .

The t endency t o u se t he r ac let te a s a n a bso lute i nd ica tor o f t he I n it ia l

Magda len ian o r s o me r e la t ion t o i t ; 2 ) .

I n t he t endency t o s ee t he Magda len ian a s ab lock , a nd n ot a s ad eve lop-

men t , s uch t ha t a r t c onsidered c o mparab le t o t ha t b e ing p roduced i n t he l a ter Magda len ian , b ut n ot , a s w e h ave s een , i n t he I n it ia l Magda len ian , c an b e t rea ted a s a n i nd ica tor o f t he s tar t o f t he d eve lop men t ; 3 ) .

I gnorance o f t he f act t ha t t he m ixed A ur ignacian-Gravet t ian a ppearance

o f t he Proto- Magda len ian o f P eyrony, was a c onsequence o f a r t if icia l mix ture o f A ur ignacian a nd Grave t t ian ma ter ia l ( Bordes & d e S onnevi l le-Bordes 1 966) .

4

I n 1 965, w ithout b eing more s pecif ic, C heyn ier s peaks o f t he I n it ia l Magdal en ian g roups a s "b arbares n ord iques"

—ref lect ing a nother o f t he s uggest ions

o f B reui l, a nd ma in ta in ing h is own imp lica t ion o f 1 939 o f as ource n or th o f t he L o ire .

Sm ith ( 1966) wh i le a gree ing w ith t he B o r des '

— i f more c aut iously —

i n r e ject ing a S o lutreanIn it ia l Magda len ian c onnect ion i s a lso n ot s pecif ic a bout a s ource f or t he I n it ia l Magda len ian . The t endency t o s epara te t he I n it ia l f ro m t he l a ter Magda len ian h as d ev e loped s ince t he r e mark o f C heyn ier ( 1939 p . 3 54) t ha t t he I n it ia l Magda len ian " n ' ap as s eule men t p our c aracte-r ist ique I 'e tre l e d ebut d u Magda le-n ien , ma is a ussi d e l u i r esse mb ler f or t p eu."

Tha t C heyn ier d id n ot h owever r egard t he

t wo a s d ist inct i s i nd ica ted b y h is d escr ip t ion ( 92 . c i t p . 3 95) o f Magda len ian I c — n o t p resen t a t Badegou ie — a s a "n iveau d e t ransit ion" t owards t he l a ter Magda len ian . Two y ears l a ter h owever, D . &E . P eyrony ( 1941) h ave a Magda len ian I b orn ' i n I t a ly u nder Capsian i nf luence s pread ing n or th a nd d isp lac ing Magdal en ian I .

I n 1 944 ( D . P eyrony : 1 944) Magda len ian I I i s a lso g iven a s epara te

o r igin —in t he P yrenees . I n 1 951 C heyn ier s t i ll imp lies c on t inuity o f Magda len ian Ia nd I , a l though Dan iel ( 1952 ) marry ing t he c bserva t ions o f C heyn ier t o t hose o f P eyrony , r e in troduces t he s epara te o r ig ins f or Magda len ian I , I , a nd I I . De S onnevi l le-Bordes ( 1954) c on trasts Magda len ian I t o Ia nd I I w i th s epara te d er iva t ions f ro m a c o m mon s ource i n t he LHE Proto- Magda len ian o f P eyrony f or t he t wo s trea ms. B ordes ' ,w i th B ordes ( 1968 p .

Th is p osi t ion h as b een ma in ta ined b y t he 1 63) r e mark ing t ha t Magda len ian I d oes n ot

s ee m t o f o l low o n l og ica l ly f ro m I , wh i le I I d oes d er ive l og ica lly f ro m I , b ut w ith s o me i nf luence f ro m I . The r ea l impe tus f or s epara t ion c a me f ro m a sma ll g roup o f workers i n P ar is i n t he 1 950s a nd e ar ly 6 0s .

I n 1 958 De larue 8 , :V ignard r e marked t ha t

t he c ontras t b e tween P ro to magda lenian Ia nd l a ter Magda len ian —inc luding P ro to magda len ian I , t o wh ich t hey a t tr ibuted t he N e mours l a ter Magda len ian —was s o g rea t t ha t P ro to magda lenian Is hou ld b e d if ferent ly n a med .

I n 1 963

( De larue & V ignar6 1 963 ) t he t er m Badegoulian was s uggested, c anvassed a ga in i n 1 964 ( Vac l-e r

V ignard 1 964 ) b efore b e ing f i na l ly t aken u p i n 1 965 b y

V ignard & V acher , a nd b y C heyn ier .

2 29

S epara t ion o f t he t wo h as b een more c lear ly a rgued i n ar ecen t s er ies o f p apers b y A lla in , p roduced s ince h e j o ined t he e xcava t ion a t Fr itsch , o f wh ich Is ha ll c onsider f our h ere :

A l la in & F r itsch 1 967 , A l la in e t . a l .

1 974,

A l la in 1 976a , a nd A lla in 1 979 . I n 1 967 t he 'o r ig ina l ' c haracter o f t he ma ter ia l f ro m F r i tsch l eve ls 6 -3 was emphas ised , t he l ower l eve ls w i th n o r acle t tes a nd many TON b ur ins d eve lop ing i n to l eve ls w ith a bundan t r ac let tes, w ith b acked b lade lets a bsen t f ro m t he e n t ire s equence.

A l though i ti s a ccep ted t ha t l eve ls w ith b acked

b lade lets t rans it iona l t o t he S o lutrean b e low , a nd t he l a ter Magda len ian a bove, may e ven tua lly b e r ecogn ised , t he i ndustr ia l ma ter ia l was r egarded a s e asier t o s epara te f -o m t he Magda len ian t han t he A z i l ian , a nd e qua l ly d eserving o f ad if feren t n a me :

t he B adegoulian .

The c ons idera t ion i n 1 974 i s a ga in l arge ly c oncerned w ith Fr itsch , a nd c er ta in d if ferences o f t he Badegoul ian o f F r itsch f ro m r aclet te l eve ls e lsewhere a re n o ted :

e x tre me r ar i ty o f b lades a nd d ihedra l b ur ins, a nd t he a bsence

o f t he g roove-and-sp lin ter t echn ique f or w ork ing a n t ler .

P o in ts o f c o mpar ison

e x ist i n t he p resence o f r ac let tes, t he r e la t ive impor tance o f f l akes a nd 'moust er io id ' s idescrapers, t he a bsence o r e x tre me r ar i ty o f b acked b lade le ts, a nd t he p resence o f l ong , l arge, f l a t tened s aga ies w i th t ongue s haped b ases .

I t

i s t hen s uggested t ha t t he o r ig ina l f ea tures o f t he Badegoul ian o f Fr itsch , a s w e ll a s h e lp ing t o c onf ir m t he o r ig ina li ty o f t he whole Badegoul ian c o mp lex , i nd ica te t ha t i ti s c loser t o t he 'e p icen tre ' o ft he 'c ulture ' . I n 1 976, t he r o le o f t he b acked b lade let i s a ga in emphas ised , i t s a bsence f ro m t he Badegou l ian t end ing t o i so late "r ad ica le men t" t he i ndustry f ro m t he S o lutrean b efore o r Magda len ian l a ter . I n

4

97 9 ,i n t he s tudy o f L ascaux , t he s epara t ion i s a pproached f ro m t he

o ther s ide, a nd t he i n terpre ta t ion o f t he r e la t ionsh ip o f I n it ia l a nd e ar ly l a ter Magda len ian i s e x tended .

H ere ( A lla in 1 979 p p . 1 10-117 ) as et o f m in i ma l

c r iter ia f or d ef in it ion o f a n i ndustry a s Magda len ian a re p roposed :

t ha t i tb e

l am inary , t ha t b ur ins e xceed e ndscrapers, a nd t ha t amongs t t he b ur ins d ih edra l b e t he d om inan t g roup , wh ile where b one i ndustry i s p reserved , t he e yed n eed le b e p resen t , a nd t he g roove a nd s p lin ter t echn ique emp loyed .

5

The g roove a nd s p lin ter t echn ique i s c la i med a s b e ing p resen t i n t he P ro toMagda len ian o f LHE, t hen a bsen t f ro m t he S olutrean , a nd a l l b ut a f i na l p hase o f t he Badegoul ian .

6

L escaux i s d ef ined a s n on-Badegoulian b ecause o f i t s u se o f t he g roove a nd s p lin ter t echn ique , i t ' sb lade b asis, a nd t he p resence o f b acked b lade lets a nd t he e yed n eed le .

The p resence o f t he s ca lene t r iang le a l lows i tt o b e c o mpared

t o L eve l I " o f LHE, a nd o f l ong e ngraved s aga ies t o t he Magda len ian 2 o f Breui l d ef ined o n t he s aga ies o f P lacard .

7

The mot ifs p resen t c on f ir m t h is

a t tr ibut ion , t he b acked b lade lets a l low c o mpar ison t o t he Magda len ian I o f L achaud , a nd t he p resence o f t r iang les, a nd t he s aga ie t ypes c onf ir m a d a t ing b efore Magda len ian I I . O f t h is ma 'e r ia l i ti s p os ited t ha t i t r epresen ts t he o ldes t ' t rue ' Magda len ian , a nd t ha t i td enves f ro m t he Pro to- Magda len ian s een a t L auger ie-Haute, e nr iched b y t he e yed n eed le p icked u p f ro m t he f i na l S olutrean .

2 30

I ti s f ur ther s uggested t ha t t he i ndustr ia l ma ter ia l d a tes t o t he L ascaux i n terstad ia l, a nd t o t he t wo o lder C -14 d a tes f ro m L ascaux : S a-102

1 4 1 50 + 500 b .c .

GrN-1632

1 5 2 40 + 140 b .c .

The L y-973 d a te f ro m UTE ( 15 0 90 ± 4 40 b .c . )i s r egarded a s c on f ir m ing t h is d a t ing o f

Magda len ian I '.

Da t ing o ft he Badegoul ian t o L ascaux i s c lear f ro m

Fr i tsch , a nd t he L y-1122 d a te f ro m Fr i tsch ( 14 5 80 + 5 50 b .c. )i s c onsidered a s p rov id ing e v idence f or t he c on te mporane i ty/near c on te mporane ity o f t he Badegoul ian a nd t he Magda len ian o f L ascaux , w i th t he t wo i ndustr ies b e ing t oo d if feren t , a nd t oo c lose t oge ther i n t i me "p our q u ' o n p uisse a d met tre e n tre e ux u ne f i l ia t ion q uelconque" ( A l la in 1 979

P .

16) .

S o me c on tact b e tween t he t wo i s a ccep ted , w i th t he Badegou l ian t ak ing u p u se o ft he g roove a nd s p l in ter t echn ique , w i th c onsequen t i ncrease i n t he r ep resen ta t ion o f d iherdra l b ur ins, a nd t he Magda len ian , s aga ies w i th t ongue s haped b ases , a nd t he

e ar-of-corn ' d ecora t ive mo t i f .

Wha t s ee ms t o b e b e ing imp lied , i s t ha t t he Badegou lian f a l ls i n to t wo p ar ts. T he f i rst p ar t b efore t he r e-e mergence o f t he l a te Grave t t ian a s t he e ar l iest Magda len ian , w i thout g roove a nd s p l in ter w ork ing o f a n t ler , a nd w i th — b y imp l ica t ion — t ransverse r a ther t han d ihedra l b ur ins ;

a nd t he s econd p ar t w i th

g roove a nd s p lin ter work a nd d ihedra l b ur ins , c onsequen t u pon c on tact w i th a n a n t ler g roov ing l i neage ' i n t he Dordogne . T o t he d a t ing o ft he i ndustr ia l ma ter ia l o f L ascaux Is ha l l t urn i n s ect ion 8 .4 b e low , b ut a s er ies o f p re li m inary r e marks c an b e made o n t h is s che me e labora ted b y A l la in . 1 ) .

A s we s aw i n Chap ter 4 , b acked b lade le ts o ccur i n ag ood n u mber o f

I n i t ia l Magda len ian a sse mb lages, a nd c an b e i n terpre ted a s i ncreasing i n r epresen ta t ion o ver t i me , a s p art o f t he i n terna l d eve lop men t o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian .

Th is i ncrease c ou ld b e s ubsu med u nder t he A l la in mode l a s a n

i nf luence o f t he Magda len ian . 2 ) .

The r ep lace men t o ft ransverse b ur ins o vera l l b y d ihedra l b ur ins,

a ga in i n terpreted i n Chap ter 4 a s p ar t o f t he i n terna l c hronolog ica l d eve lopmen t o ft he I n it ia l Magda len ian i s i n t he s a me way s ubsu mab le b y t he A lla in mode l . 3 ) .

A lthough A l la in s peaks i n ag enera l f ash ion o f t he ' Badegou lian ', h is

o bserva t ions a re b ased v ery l arge ly o n t he e v idence o f Fr i tsch , w i th n o e xt ensive c o mpara t ive s tudy .

A lthough i n 1 974 c aut ious a bout t he e x ten t o fu se

o f p ercuss ion i n a n t ler work ing , w i th o n ly s carce e v idence f ro m F r i tsch l eve l 4 , t he 't ra i t ' i s g enera l ised t o t he who le o f t he e ar ly p ar t o ft he Badegoul ian i n 1 979 .

T ha t t h is i s a t p resen t u n just if iab le i s s uggested b y o ur d iscussion i n

C hap ter 7 .2 .

A s econd p o in t i s t ha t F r i tsch i s t rea ted a s t hough r epresen t ing

a l l o r n ear ly a l l o ft he Badegoul ian d eve lop men t .

H owever o ur i n terpreta t ion

i n Chap ter 4 o f t he i n terna l d eve lop men t o f t he I n it ia l Magda len ian s uggests t ha t t h is i s n ot s o, a nd f ur ther , t he p ossib i l i ty t ha t t he a pparen t d ecl ine i n AP i n t he t op f ew c en t i metres o f I n i t ia l Magda len ian d eposi t a t F r i tsch migh t n ot r epresen t t he e nd o f L ascaux h as b een s uggested i n C hap ter 3 . 2 31

4 ) .

The mo t ifs t ha t A lla in s uggests c onf ir m t he d a t ing o ft he L ascaux

s aga ies a l l o ccur i n t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian :

e ar-of-corn mot if ( A l la in 1 979

f i g . 8 7 , 2 ,90 .2 ) a t J ean-B lanc , LHE , a nd Rond d u Barry ; 8 7 .1 , 9 0 .1) a t F r i tsch ;

p unct ifor m ( i b id .,

p aren theses ( i b id ., 8 8 .2 ) a t P egour ie a nd F r i tsch , a nd

p erhaps a t Andre Ragout ( Ba lout 1 958 f i g . 9 .4 ) ;

a nd a v ar ian t o n t he s tar

( i b id ., 9 1 .1) a t LHE ( c f . C hap ter 7 .5) . 5 ) .

The ma ter ia l o f L achaud I c annot o n i t ' st ypo logy b e d a ted t o a ny

p ar t icu lar p ar t o f t he l a ter Magda len ian , a nd o ne c an n ote i n p ar t icu lar t he a bsence o ft r iang les. 6 ) .

8

The L y-973 d a te f ro m LHE c anno t , f or t he r easons g iven i n Append ix

I( p . 2 82 ) , b e a ccep ted a s d a t ing Magda len ian 7 ) .

a t p resen t .

The d a te u sed i n t he a rgu men t f ro m F r i tsch ( Ly-11 .22 ) i s n ot t he

u pper most d a te , s tra t igraph ica l ly , f ro m t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian l eve ls, b ut f a l ls o n l eve l 4 .

T h is i s n o t s ta ted b y A l la in , n or b y An. L ero i-Gourhan &

G irard ( 1979 p . 7 7 ) who a lso q uo te t he d a te .

I th as b een s uggested a bove t ha t

t he a na lysis o ft he d eve lop men t o ft he I n i t ia l Magda len ian b ased o n al arge s er ies o f a sse mb lages i n C hap ter 4 i nd ica ted t ha t t he F r i tsch s equence d oes n o t c on ta in t he l a ter p ar ts o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian d eve lop men t .

Th is s a me

e v idence would a lso s uggest t ha t o n c o mpar ison w i th t he ma ter ia l o f d a ted l eve ls e lsewhere , t he L y-1122 d a te o n F r i tsch 4 , r a ther t han t he L y-1121 d a te o n l eve l 3( 15 1 80 + 5 50 b .c . )s hould b e c onsidered a s t he more o ut o f s equence . 8 ) .

The s che me i gnores t he e v idence p rov ided b y t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian

o ft he Dordogne wh ich h ad g roove a nd s p lin ter w ork ing , b acked b lade le ts a nd d ihedra l b ur ins b efore t he s uggested c on tacts w i th 'L ascaux ' Magda len ian . Th is l ong p re l im inary c o m men tary o n t he most r ecen t p osi t ion o f A lla in i s , If ee l , n ecessary , s ince i n my own s tud ies Ih ave d eve loped a n a l terna t ive mode l f or t he e nd o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian t ha t h as c er ta in a dvan tages o f e cono my a nd s i mp l ic i ty o f e xp lana t ion o ver t he mode l o f A l la in . S uggest ions t ha t t he r ac let te , a nd l a ter Magda len ian , l eve ls s hou ld b e s epara ted w ere n ecessi ta ted b y t he o bserva t ion — b y P eyrony i n t he Dordogne , B ordes a t L auger ie-Haute , V ignard e t a l . i n t he P ar is B asin , a nd A l la in b e tween F r i tsch a nd L ascaux — o f ac lear b reak i n t he n a ture o f t he i ndustr ia l ma ter ia l . The B ordes ' a re n o t e xp l ic i t a bout t he s epara t ion o r i t s mean ing , V ignard 9 . 1a t, wh i le emphas ising t he impor tance o ft he d if ference , d o n ot o f fer a n e xp lana t ion o f t he b reak o r s uggest a s ource f or t he l a ter Magda len ian , b ut d o s uggest a l ong c hrono log ica l g ap b etween t he t wo ( Vacher & V ignard 1 963 p . 8 06) .

T o t he P eyronys, a nd i n 1 965 t o C heyn ier , t he b reak i s r ea l , a nd

r epresen ts t he r ep lace men t o f o ne h u man g roup , b y a no ther g roup moving n or thward f ro m I t a ly o r t he Med i terranean c oast o f F rance .

To A l la in a lso

t he b reak i s r ea l, w i th t he e nd o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian u nexp la ined , a nd t he s tar t o f t he Magda len ian t rad i t ion wh ich was t o r ep lace i t , d er ived f ro m t he l a te Grave t t ian b y a nu n traceab le r oute , p laced c on te mporary w i th i t .

2 32

What I suggest, and argue for in section 8. 5, is that the 'typological' gap is real, but that it also represents a real gap in human occupation over most of France, and that where - in the Mediterranean zone - the apparent gap is least, a development from Initial to later Magdalenian can most reasonably be suggested. 8. 3 The early Initial Magdalenian, and relation to the Solutrean A combination of indications from C-14 dates, relative stratigraphic posi­ tion, and the interpreted climatic dating, suggest that material from LHE 2 O, 2 0/18, 18, Badegoule 6, Cassegros 10, and Fritsch 6/5d represents an early grouping of material within the Initial Magdalenian. Analysis of the com­ ponents of the stone tool assemblage, and of certain characteristics of the raclette demonstrates the internal comparability of this assemblage group, at the same time suggesting that the Guillassou assemblage can be linked with it, and indicates certain differences from other Initial Magdalenian assem­ blages. Characteristics of the stone tool assemblages of these levels include: - few raclettes - a relatively high percentage of transverse on notch burins - absence or near absence of microliths - relatively high percentages of flat endscrapers and of sidescrapers. None of these distinctions is however absolute. La Riviere has fewer raclettes than Guillassou or Badegoule 6, while Saint-Fiacre has fewer than any other analysed assemblage; LHE 16, 14, Jean-Blanc Terrace, and Beauregard East have percentages of TON burins as high as the group; Maubin, Saint-Fiacre, and JB Terrace lack microliths; while high percent­ ages of flat endscrapers can be noted at JB Terrace, and of sidescrapers at Saint-Fiacre, Beauregard East, .ijond du Barry, and La-Chapelle- Saint­ Mesmin. The number of times that Jean-Blanc Terrace and Saint-Fiacre figure in the list of exceptions suggests that they too might be classed in this early group, and such has been claimed for both assemblages. Smith (1966 p. 214) suggests that the collection from the Bouyssonie/ Chastaing excavations on JB Terrace can be identified as Magdalenian '0'. While it may be argued that the collection has been selected, the existence of the raclette was recognised by this time in this area. The single raclette associated with the collection at present, which contrasts with the 'typical' early raclette in being extensively and abruptly retouched, is of a different raw material from the remainder of the assemblage, and might be considered intrusive. The other assemblage features, although a little idiosyncratic, do compare with other sites in the early group, and while caution should be observed, it might be argued that the observation of Smith can be accepted as correct. Saint-Fiacre, La Pluche, and Grand Pressigny Silo, already linked by Cordier & Thiennet (1959 p. 480) in a 'Proto-Magdalenien tourangeau' , are joined by Allain (Allain & Fritsch 196 7 p. 91, Allain 19 76a p. 103) with Fritsch 233

6/5d in his 'Badegoulien sans raclettes'. These sites show fairly high per­ centages of transverse bu rins, lowest at Saint-Fiacre (12.4%) occuring on at least 61.3% of the burins from GPS, and on 43.4% of those from La Pluche, and noted as exceeding the sum of other burin types at Fritsch (Allain 1976a p. 102). La Pluche and GPS have few tools a.part from burins, and amongst this remainder neither raclettes nor microliths figure. The published asse m­ blage details, on comparison with assemblages with external dating indications, suggest that these open air sites might also be considered as early Initial Magdalenian. One contrast between Fritsch and the three open air sites is in the claimed percentage of blades in the debitage. Allain (Allain et al. 1974) indicates few blades ( < 1% on the implied comparison with Fritsch 4) for Fritsch 6/5d, while the other three sites have percentages ranging from 12. 06-29.45 (cf. Tab. 5.6). In Chapter 5 it was observed that it might be possible to distinguish two groups on blade percentage in the early Initial Magdalenian - relatively high per­ centages at LHE 20, Badegoule 6 (possibly selected), and now at the Indre­ et-Loire sites; and relatively low percentages at LHE 18, and also claimed for Guillass.ou and Fritsch 6/5d. Interpretation of the contrast, whether re­ lated to raw material, to the tool assemblage, to time, or to chance, is not at present clear, however the difference in blade percentage between the two groups, and between Fritsch and the three Indre-et-Loire sites, means that this feature cannot be taken as a cultural identifier associated with absence of raclettes. The suggestion by Allain et al., (1974) that Fritsch and the Indre-et-Loire sites, with few or no raclettes, and evidence for percussion rather than groove and splinter working of antler, are closer to a hypothetical 'epicentre' of Initial Magdalenian dispersion, and that this may indicate origin in flintless areas of the Massif Central may be criticised from three angles: 1). There is no reason to suppose that the two 'traits' - absence of raclettes within a range of industries that have varying low percentages of raclettes (and the possibility that atypical raclettes may have been defined away at Fritsch has been referred to in Chapter 6); and percussion working of antler, interpreted from one site-level that is not actually included in the early group - should be interpreted as 'primitive' rather than just different. 2). On both absolute dates, and the indications of the relative climatic chronology developed in Chapter 3, the lowest Initial Magdalenian levels at Fritsch date later than the lowest Initial Magdalenian at IBE and Cassegros. 3). The argument back from observations of technology (flakes) and raw material, and an assumption that a habit of using poor raw material will per­ sist over many hundreds of years, to an origin in a black box in our data and understanding must be considered _methodologically unacceptable. Analysis of raclette retouch at�ributes of raclette samples from the early group separated them from other raclette samples studied, with the percen­ tage of the edge retouched a major influence on this separation, and edge angle also of importance.

234

Before leaving this early group, one other assemblage must be considered - Cottier level II. Thus far I have ignored the implications of it's absolute date -16 600 ± 550 b. c. (Ly-719)- - the earliest date that we have for an Initial Magdalenian assemblage, but to this we must now turn. In terms of relative stratigraphic position, the material of level II is well separated from a Terminal Magdalenian above, and from the poor collection below. The only useful indication of relative dating to the external climatic chronology is in the sedimentological analysis of Debard (1976), a data source about which I have expressed doubts (Ch. 3. 2. B). That analysis places levels III and II in two warm periods, that it is suggested correspond to those inter­ vals which I have chosen to term Laugerie and Lascaux. A dating to Lascaux would suggest that the central value of Ly-719 is too old. The industrial material - scarce as it is - cannot be compared with our early group. One can note in particular the high proportion of raclettes (8 of the 22 tools), while analysis of raclette retouch attributes (cf. figs. 6. 4 and 6. 5) associates the Cottier II, and waste, samples with assemblages particularly LHE 10, Pegourie 8, Lassac and La Riviere - which it is sug­ gested fall late in the Initial Magdalenian development. Evin (1976 p. 20) indicates that the Ly-719 determination was made on a sample of bone fragments collected over two seasons from level II, and it might be argued that there could have been admixture of bone from deposit antedating the level II occupation. In view of the attributed sedimentological dating, the dated material, and most particularly the aspect of the industrial assemblage, and the attributes of the raclettes, I prefer to treat Cottier II as though undated. At present it is the only exception to what I consider to be a fairly powerful interpretive model. If further absolute dates, on assemblages that I would consider late in terms of the model, were to fall in the same date range, then the model would require reinterpretation. However, a single date, in these particular circumstances, is, I suggest, insufficient, and the most economical procedure for the present is to reject the date. In section 8. 2, we have already commented upon the claimed connections of the Initial Magdalenian to Aurignacian and Gravettian. While some specific points were raised there, three general observations may be made on these two suggestions : 1). There are no specific points of resemblance between the Initial Magda­ lenian and the Aurignacian/Gravettian, that would demand connection. Superficially the Initial Magdalenian is more similar to the Aurignacian since both lack the backed points of the Gravettian. 2). There is a break in the 'industrial sequence' over France and Spain, between Aurignacian/Gravettian and Initial Magdalenian during which the Solutrean develops. While Grav·ettian industries persist to the south and east, there is no reason to suggest development of these into the Initial Magdalenian. 3). On presently available radiocarbon dates there is a long chronological gap in France between Aurignacian and Gravettian, and Initial Magdalenian. Setting aside Ly-719 from Cottier II for the present, the earliest Initial Magda235

lenian date is Ly-972 (16 310 ± 360 b. c.) from LHE 20-18. Delibrias and Evin (1974, 1976), and Evin et.al., (1976, 1978) list five C-14 dates more recent than 18 000 b. c. -for the Gravettian: 17 830 ± 170 (GrN-2123), 17 700 ± 300 (GrN-3255), 17 350 � 170 (GrN-1885), on the Proto-Magdalenian and 16 520 ± 280 (GrN-1864) on the underlying 'Perigordian' of Pataud; and 15 050 ± 700 (Gif-1604) from Le Rozel. The last date is described as on a sample low in carbon, and probably rejuvenated by recent carbon. If a stratigra­ phically late date for some Aurignacian industries is to be accepted, and I am inclined to doubt the claims at least from western France, the same date gap exists. Only two dates younger than 18 000 b. c. are listed: 400 ± 900 a.d. (Ly-647) from Solutre, and 8 950 -+ 250 b.c. (L-340 B) from Renne, Yonne, both clearly too young.9 The lack of connecting industries, the great chronological gap, and the lack of any elements demanding a connection mean that suggestions of con­ nection to the Aurignacian and Gravettian can be set aside - unless no better potential sources can be found. The most economical explanation of the origin of the Initial Magdalenian is to place this in the Solutrean. Comparison of Map 1 with Fig. 3.2 shows that the sites in our early Initial Magdalenian group lie within the area of distri­ bution of the Upper/Final Solutrean, in the SW of France. The contrast between Solutrean and Initial Magdalenian, as has been ob­ served above, is based on a contrast made between the 'high status' leaf points of the Solutrean, and the '. low status' flake based industry of the Initial Magdalenian (cf. Breuil 1912 p. 201 (p. 13 above) and Cheynier 1939 p. 395 (p. 17 above) ). The analyses carried out in my research allow a further series of comments to be made on this oppo sition. In terms of components of the stone tool assemblage, the clearest contrasts between the Solutrean and Initial Magdalenian lie in the virtual absence of accep­ table Solutrean points in Initial Magdalenian assemblages, and in the very high percentages of transverse burins, and of raclettes, in some Initial Magdalenian assemblages. Apart from these, the remainder of the assemblages can be compared, and one can note most particularly, in late Solutrean assemblages, high percentages of flat endscrapers, and of sidescrapers, noted as features of the early group of Initial Magdalenian assemblages.10 In Chapter 4.5 it was noted that both raclettes and TON burins occur in Solutrean assemblages, raclettes fairly regularly, if never mimerous, and TON rurins less regularly, but of note particularly in later Solutrean assemblages. Thus at the Solutrean-Initial Magdalenian boundary one can observe: con­ tinuity in high percentage presence of sidescrapers and flat endscrapers, and in the presence of raclettes; increase in the percentage occurence of trans­ verse burins; and disappearance of leaf-shaped, and shouldered stone pro­ jectile tips. Analysis of the assemblage -of whole flakes from the final Solutrean of LHE demonstrated it' s comparability to the assemblages from the Initial Magda­ lenian levels of the site(c. Ch. 5.7), suggesting that if a common basis for comparison is taken, the contrast between the two is even further reduced.

236

Measure men t o f t he a t tr ibutes o f r aclet tes f ro m t he f ina l S olutrean o f UTE i nd ica tes a n a verage e dge a ng le o f 7 5 .7 ° c o mparab le t o t he LHE 2 0 & 1 8 s a mp les,

1 1

wh i le t he p ropor t ion o f t he e dge r etouched , wh ile n ot measureab le

f or t hese , i s i n e ach c ase o n ly sma l l ( < 2 5% max i mu m o n e st i ma te) . C o mpar ison o ft he b one i ndustry o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian t o t ha t o f t he S o lutrean ( c f . C h . 7 .6) d e monstra ted t he s im i lar i ty i n t he r ange o f t ypes p resen t . I n t he i n terpre ta t ion o f t he S o lutreanIn i t ia l Magda len ian b oundary , t he most impor tan t s ing le p roble m r e la tes t o t he p o in ts — l ea f a nd s hou ldered — c haracter ising t he f or mer .

C an o ne s uggest t ha t g roups would j ust s top mak ing

s uch p ieces, o r must o ne a gree w i th C heyn ier ( 1939 p . 3 95) t ha t " I I n 'es t p as p ossib le d ' imag iner q ue c e t te r ace S olutreenne s i h ab i le a i t p u c esser t out d 'un c oup d e f abr iquer c es b e l les f l eches d e s i lex" ? The i den t i ty i n r ange o f d istr ibut ion o f l a te S o lutrean a nd e ar ly I n i t ia l Magda len ian , t he c o mparab i l i ty o f t he t wo i n b one i ndustry , a nd much o f t he s tone t oo l a sse mb lage , t he a va i lab le e v idence f or c o mparab i l i ty o f t he whole f lakes, a nd o f c er ta in r acle t te a t tr ibutes, a re f or me s trong g rounds i n f avour o f a ccep t ing t he d eve lop men t o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian f ro m t he S o lutrean o f s outh-west F rance . There i s n o r eason f or a ssu m ing t ha t l eaf a nd s houldered p o in ts — a esthet i ca l ly p leasing t o u s — were r egarded b y t he ir makers a s a ny th ing b ut f unct iona l i t e ms, a nd t ha t i ft he f unct iona l 'w eb ' o f wh ich t hey a re a c o mponen t c hanges, a nd t hey b eco me u nnecessary , t ha t t hey w i l l n ot b e d ropped .

Un t i l

t he f unct iona l 'web ' c an b e i n terpre ted , s pecu la t ion o n h ow s udden was t he c hange , a nd wha t f or m i tt ook , must b e f rui t less.

A l though Id o n o t embark

o n t h is q uest ion h ere , t he e vidence Ih ave p resen ted d oes Ib el ieve d e monstra te t ha t t he q uest ion e x ists. 1 2 B efore w e t urn t o t he r e la t ionsh ip b etween I n i t ia l a nd L a ter Magda len ian , w e must c onsider s o me s uggest ions r e la t ing t o t he c on te mporane i ty o f S olut rean a nd I n i t ia l Magda len ian . A lla in i n h is e ar lier p ub lica t ions s peaks o f t he t ransference o f e le men ts f ro m t he S olutrean t o a Badegoul ian ' mov ing s outh f ro m F r i tsch , p ar t icul ar ly g roov ing i n a n t ler work ing , t he manufacture o f b lades, a nd t he p ropor t ion o f d ihedra l b ur ins. Sm i th ( 1966 p p . 3 69-370 ) s peaks o f c on tact , a nd t he t ransf erence o f e le men ts o f b one i ndustry a nd a r t . A s we h ave n o ted , t here i s n o g ood r eason t o s uppose p ar t icu lar 'p r im i t iven ess ' f or t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian o f F r i tsch , n or t o s uppose i t ' sc hronolog ica l p r ior i ty t o t he e ar ly I n i t ia l Magda len ian o f t he Dordogne ;

a nd a ccep tance o f

t he d eve lop men t o f I n i t ia l Magda len ian f ro m t he S o lutrean e xp la ins t he e le men ts s een t o e x ist i n c o m mon b e tween t he t wo . T he f irst p o in t w e must c onsider r e la tes t o t he d a t ing o f S olutrean a sse mb lages i n e astern F rance a nd S pa in .

I n t hese t wo a reas, e i ther n o I n i t ia l

Magda len ian s i tes, o r a t l east n o e ar ly I n i t ia l Magda len ian s i tes, a re c la i med . T he g roup o f d a tes f ro m S pa in h ave a lready b een men t ioned , a nd l i sted i n C hap ter 2 , n ote 4 .

F ro m e astern F rance c o me f our d a tes:

2 37

t wo f ro m C habo t , Gard , d escr ibed a s d a t ing e ar ly L ower S o lutrean ( De l ibr ias &E v in 1 974 p . 1 53 ) — L y-698

1 6 2 50 + 4 00 b .c.

L y-699

1 5 8 20 + 4 00 b .c .

a nd t wo f ro m S olutre , S a6ne-e t-Loire , d escr ibed a s d a t ing M idd le S o lutrean ( op .c i t . ,p . 1 56) — L y-314

1 4 7 90 + 3 00 b .c .

L y-316

1 5 2 00 + 3 00 b .c .

Wh i le t he a bsence o f e ar ly I n i t ia l Magda len ian f ro m e astern F rance c ould b e c onsidered a n a rgu men t i n f avour o f t he a ccep tab i li ty o f t hese d a tes, t he l a teness o f t he d a tes d oes n ot t a l ly w i th t he a sse mb lage c on ten ts, o r t heir d escr ip t ion .

A l though t he S pan ish d a tes — o n U pper S o lutrean , a nd i n a n

a rea w i th n o c lear ly a ccep tab le I n i t ia l Magda len ian — may b e a ccep ted a s d a t ing s o me S o lutrean c on te mporary w i th t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian i n F rance , g rea ter c aut ion must , Is uggest b e e xercised w i th r egard t o t he d a tes f ro m e astern F rance , wh ich c oncern ma ter ia l r epresen t ing a n e ar l ier S olutrean , wh ich h as e ar l ier a bsolute d a tes i n s o me o ther s i tes i n t he a rea .

1 3

A l though t he e x istence o f S o lutrean c on te mporary w i th t he I n i t ia l Magdal en ian i n a d jacen t a reas may b e a ccep tab le , w e p osi ted i n t he Pro lego mena t ha t , i n i t ' sa rea , t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian e x isted t o t he e xc lusion o fo ther a nd d ifferen t i ndustr ia l c o mp lexes.

T he s econd p o in t we must c onsider c oncerns

t he s uggest ion b y L av i lle & Tex ier ( 1972 ) , t ha t t he Upper S o lutrean o f L e Ma lpas, Dordogne i s c on te mporary w i th t he M idd le S olutrean — I n i t ia l Magdal en ian s equence o f LHE .

A ccep tance o f t he c on te mporane i ty o f t he t wo i n

s i tes l ess t han 3 0 km a part ( and e ar ly a nd l a ter I n i t ia l Magda len ian o ccur a t J ean-B lanc j ust 2 L - km f ro m Ma lpas a lso ) must e nor mously c o mp l ica te i n terpre ta t ion o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian i n SW F rance . The a rgu men t o f L av i lle & T ex ier i s b ased o n s ed i men t a na lysis.

S equences

o f c l i ma t ic p hases i n terpreted f ro m t he s ed i men t o f L e Ma lpas a nd LHE a re s e t o ut b y L av i lle & Tex ier , a nd r ela ted t o as equence o f t en a bstract c l i ma t ic p hases ( c f . Tab . 8 ,1 ) .

On c o mpar ison w i th t he a rchaeolog ica l c on ten t , i ti s

d iscovered t ha t t he Upper S o lutrean o f L e Ma lpas o ccurs i n p hases 5 -8 , c ont e mporary w i th t he l a te M idd le, Upper , a nd F ina l S o lutrean , a nd Magda len ian 0a nd Io f LHE p rov ing : " non s eule men t 1 'a ppar i t ion p lus e ndro i ts d u S olutre -e n s uper ieur

p recoce e n c er ta ins ma is a ussi l 'e x istence

a u d ebut d u Wur m I V , d 'e nc laves s olutre-e nnes d ans " un monde q ui d evena i t r ap ide men t u n monde magda le-n ien" ( Ph . Sm i th )" . ( Lav i l le 8 /T ex ier 1 972 p p . 3 31-332 ) . I n g enera l t er ms, i tc an b e o bserved t ha t i n n o s i te d oes S o lutrean o verl i e , o r e ven o ccur i n terd ig i ta ted w i th , I n i t ia l Magda len ian ;

a nd t ha t , i n e very

s i te where t he t wo o ccur i n c lear s tra t igraph ic c on tex t, t he S o lutrean u nderl i es t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian .

F ur ther more , i n SW F rance , t he a bsolute d a tes

f or e ar ly I n i t ia l Magda len ian a re more r ecen t t han t hose f or t he S o lutrean .

2 38

The most obvious alternative interpretation of the sedimentary data to that of Laville & Texier is to suggest that Malpas just gives in detail what Laugerie provides telescoped, i.e. that Malpas levels 4-1 represent just Phase VI, equivalent to our Laugerie. One can note that Malpas 3-1 re­ present c. 25 cm of largely eboulis, while UIE 29-10 represent c. 100 cm of largely fine grained sediment.14 No significant latitudinal or lo�itudinal differences exist between the sites, and while both sites are in south facing shelters, LHE is at valley floor level, while Malpas stands at the top of a steep talus, which one can suggest might increase it' s exposure to deposit­ genetic factors. Texier (1973), dealing with the results of his sediment analysis, indicates that the interpretation of Malpas 1 is not as certain as he and Laville suggest, noting that "the milder conditions indicated in the sedimentological characteris­ tics of the top of zone I can be attributed to climatic episodes either contem­ poraneous with or J;X>Sterior to the formation of deJ;X>sits" (p. 29 cf. p. 27, my emphasis). In his conclusion (ibid., p. 31) however, Texier again favours interpreting level 4 as equivalent to Laugerie, and level 1 as equivalent to Lascaux. The sparse fauna (Rogers 1973) neither supports nor denies the existence of major climatic change, but examination of the industrial material stretches the Laville/Texier·model to the point of visible absurdity. They assume probably correctly - a real chronological difference between Solutrean assem­ blages, marked by the presence or absence of the Solutrean shouldered point, with it's presence indicating Upper Solutrean. It is on the basis of the presence of shouldered points that Malpas 3-1 are described as Upper Solutrean. How­ ever Malpas level 5 has the highest percentage of shouldered points of the Solutrean levels (cf. Montet-White 1973 p. 107). As reference to Table 8.1 demonstrates, the model of Laville & Texier would date this contemporary with level 31 of LHE, thus implying - on sedimentological grounds - the contemporaneity of the Upper Solutrean of Malpas with the full Lower Solutrean to late Initial Magdalenian sequence of LHE. A rather stronger interpretive base it might be thought could be demanded for a conclusion - that of Laville & Texier - of such great archaeological significance. 8.4

Lascaux: Dates, Pollen, Stratigraphy, Industry.

In section 8. 2, the interpretation of the Initial-later Magdalenian boundary by Allain was considered in preliminary fashion. The scheme of Allain depends in large part upon a particular interpretation of the relationship be­ tween the archaeological material, the stratigraphy, the pollen diagram, and the absolute dates of Lascaux. It was noted in Chapter 2 (p. 33 above) that early rublications on the site did not allow such interpretation. The recent collection and study (Arl. Leroi ..: Gourhan & Allain [ed.] 1979) of all available data from the site raised the possibility that valid interpretation could be made, and I want here to explore how acceptable is the interpretation pre­ sented in that volume.

23 9

F igure 8 .1

P lan o f t he c ave o f L ascaux ( a f ter A l lain 1 979 , p . 1 18)

2 40

The a rgu men t p ar t icu lar ly a s o ut lined i n t he C onc lusion t o t he v o lu me ( Ar l . L ero i-Gourhan & A l la in [ ed .] p p . 3 67-368 ) s ee ms t o b e a s f o llows: — t he a r t o ft he c ave r epresen ts a who le s ty list ica lly a nd t echn ica lly . — t he a r t i s t he w ork o f ag roup who l ef t t he i ndustr ia l ma ter ia l i n t he s i te , ma ter ia l wh ich c an b e i n terpre ted a s s ca lene t r iang le Magda len ian c o mp arab le t o t ha t o f LHE l eve l I " . — t he p o l len f ro m t he c ave r ecords t he L ascaux i n terstad ia l , a nd t he o ccupa t ion c an b e a ssocia ted w i th t h is i n terstad ia l . — t wo o f t he C -14 d a tes f ro m t he s i te — S a-102 , GrN-1632 — s upport t h is d a t ing , i nd ica t ing t he l a t ter p ar t o f L ascaux , a nd d a t ing i tt o t he f i rst h a lf o f t he 1 .5 th m i l len iu m b .c . — p resence o f r ed a nd r oe d eer w i th r e indeer s uppor ts t he a t tr ibut ion t o a n i n terstad ia l . Id o n ot i n tend t o c o m men t o n t he a r t e v idence , i ti s o utside my p rov ince, a nd l ess r e levan t t o t he q uest ion i n h and .

The r ecogn i t ion o f b roken b lades

w i th p o l ished a ng les i n terpre tab le a s t oo ls f or e ngraving s tone w ould s ee m t o a ssoc ia te t he i ndustr ia l a sse mb lage w i th p ar t o f t he a r t , a nd Iam h appy t o a ccep t t ha t t he a r t r epresen ts a whole.

The u se o f f auna i n c l i ma t ic r e la t ive

d a t ing h as b een c o m men ted o n i n C hap ter 3 , s o t ha t p ar t o f t he a rgu men t w i l l b e s e t a side .

A l though t he a bso lute d a tes a re t aken t o i nd ica te a d a t ing t o

l a te L ascaux , n o i ndependen t d a t ing f or t he L ascaux i n terstad ia l i s e stab l ished i n t he v o lu me . Is ha l l c onsider t he b ases o f t he i n terpre ta t ion i n f i ve p ar ts, b efore mak ing s o me c onc lud ing o bserva t ions, c o m men t ing o n : p ar ts o f t he c ave ;

t he s tra t igraphy i n v ar ious

t he d istr ibut ion o f i ndustr ia l ma ter ia l i n t he c ave ; t he d a ted

ma ter ia l a nd t he d a tes ; t he a ssoc ia t ion o f d a tes a nd i ndustr ia l ma ter ia l ; t he a ssoc ia t ion o f p o l len , s tra t igraphy , a nd i ndustr ia l ma ter ia l .

a nd

Ap lan o f

t he c ave i s r eproduced a s ag uide t o t he c o m men tary ( f ig . 8 .1 ) . A .

S tra t igraphy .

T he most d eta i led s tra t igraph ic s ect ion i s t ha t f ro m t he

e n try t o t he c ave , p repared b y G lory , a nd r eproduced a s f ig . 8 . 2w i th t he l eve l d escr ip t ions o f G lory ( af ter Ar l . L ero i-Gourhan 1 979 p p . 5 0-51 ) .

I n

t he l egend t o t he f i gure , L ero i-Gourhan i nd ica tes t ha t i ndustr ia l ma ter ia l c o mes f ro m l eve ls 4 a nd 5 , a l though t he d escr ip t ion o f G lory , a nd t he l ong i tud ina l s ect i on ( Ar l . L ero i-Gourhan 1 979 p . 4 8 ) make i tc lear t ha t b one a nd f l in t c a me j ust f ro m l eve l 5 .

I n f i l tra t ion o f s o me a rchaeolog ica l ma ter ia l , a nd o f p ol len

b ear ing s ed i men t i n to t he e boul is o f l eve l 3i s n oted ( c f L ero i-Gourhan & G irard 1 979 p . 7 5) . E lsewhere i n t he c ave , e ar ly n o tes i nd ica te t ha t wa ter d isturbed t he d epos i t i n s o me p ar ts o f t he c ave : "L e l ende ma in , n ous v ou la mes c irculer d ans l e D iver t icule a x ia l

ma is l e s o l manqua s ous n os p as, s 'e ffondran t d e

p lus d iun metre"

( Breui l q . B . &G . De l luc 1 979 p . 2 7 ) .

a nd i ti s n oted ( Ar l . L eroi-Gourhan 1 979 p . 5 3 ) t ha t t he P assage s ee ms t o h ave a cted a s a wa ter c ourse a t t i mes.

2 41

F igure 8 .2

S ec t ion a t t he e n try t o t he c ave o f L asca t ix ( Sec t ion A ) , w i th l eve l d escr ip t ions a f ter G lory ( c f . A n. L eroi-Gourhan 1 979 p p . 5 0-51)

Descr ip t ions o ft he l ower l eve ls : 1 . 2 .

7 .75-6 m .

Basa l c lay , d er ived f ro m d eco mpos i t ion o f t he l imestone . C lay f l ow c on ta ining r ounded p ebb les .

3 .

6 -4 .25 m .

4 .

4 .25 m .

5 .

4 -3 .80 m .

Depos i t o f mediu m s ized p ebb les w i th s harp r idges . r enne e t s i lex" .

6 .

3 .8-3 .4 m .

C lay c on ta in ing i ndeter m inab le b one f ragmen ts a nd c o ld , d ry p o l len .

7 .

3 .4-3 m .

Med iu m s ized p ebb les , s o me c lay .

E bou l is , b locks 5 0 cm-1/2 m l ong , l arge i n ters t ices . Th in s loping c lay l eve l . Warm p o l len s a mp le t aken .

2 42

" Os d e

In most of the cave, a single archaeological level is distinguished, with industry, fauna, and charcoal. However at three points it is noted that a second level of charcoal, unassociated with any archaeological material or fauna, and several centimetres below the archaeological level, can be dis­ tinguished: at sections I, where Passage and Nef join, and M, in the Nef; and in the Puits. That this does not represent downtread is suggested by the stratigraphically localised nature of the second charcoal level, and by the absence of the industry and fauna present in the upper level. It is suggested (Arl. Leroi-Gourhan 1979 p. 66) with reference to the double level in the Puits that the gap between the two levels is short "etant donne la facilite du remplissage", althcugh this conflicts with the statement of Allain (1979 p. 116) that the occupation level represents a fairly long period of the Magdalenian because "l'apport exterieur est reduit au minimum". B. Distribution of industrial material in the cave. Allain (1979 fig. 93 p. 118) sets out the distribution of components of the tool assemblage within the cave. Most of the material comes from the Puits, as Table 8. 2 adapted from the figure indicates, including almost all of the sagaies, and many backed blade­ lets. That this concentration of elements related to hunting is related to the 'function' of the site, and probably to the 'function' of the art seems likely. The second striking feature of the distribution, is the scarcity of industrial material at the entry. C. The dated material and the dates. Three dates are associated with the Upper Palaeolithic occupation at Lascaux: 1. a sample of wood charcoal (Abies/Larix) excavated by Breuil & Blanc in the Puits (Arnold & Libby 1951 p. 112) C-406 13 566 ± 900 be. Delibrias et al. (1964 pp. 247-248) attribute this date to the Entry. 2. charcoal from the Passage collected by Glory (Vogel & Waterbolk 1963 p. 168) GrN-1632 15 240 ± 140 be 3. wood charcoal from the Puits collected by Glory (Delibrias et al. 1964 pp. 247-248) Sa-102 14 150 ± 500 be. Evin (Arl. Leroi-Gourhan & Evin 1979 p. 83) calculated a weighted average date for this group of 15 120 ± 130 be. D. Association of dates and industrial material. Only in the Puits is the straigraphy clear, with two charcoal levels recognised. That the samples consist of collections of charcoal fragments is indicated by the observation (Arl. Leroi-Gourhan et al. 1979 p. 185) that Glory "n'avait jamais trouve de foyer en place mais des plages de charbons de bois". While the two samples excavated from the Puits, where the two levels could be recognised, may be associated with the archaeological level alone, the charcoal from the Passage-liable to behave as a stream bed-could, lt may be argued, repre­ sent an agglomeration of charcoal from the two levels, levels which might not date as close together a_s Leroi-Gourhan would suggest. E. Association of pollen, stratigraphy, and indust:·ial material. The associa­ tion of the industrial material with the Lascaux oscillation rests on the rela­ tionship of industry and pollen to the stratigraphy at the entry to the cave. 243

Although it is noted that both industry and pollen in the eboulis of level 3 (fig. 8. 2) are infiltrated, the pollen diagram (Arl. Leroi-Gourhan & Girard 1979 pp. 78-79) shows both Lascaux oscillation and industry spread more than 1 m into the eboulis. The particular presentation of the pollen diagram makes it difficult to associate the different elements. Glory notes that a pollen sample taken in the clay of level 4 at a depth of 3. 95 m contained warm pollen, and that one taken in the clay of level 6 at a depth of 3. 75 m indicated cold dry conditions. The series of samples taken by Leroi-Gourhan from the same section shows a change from warm conditions in sample 16 at 4. 0 m, to cold conditions in sample 15 at 3. 85 m. The diagram implies that sample 16 is associated with the eboulis of level 3, and that sample 15 is from above the eboulis, while fig. 30 (Arl. Leroi-Gourhan 1979 p. 50) indicates that sample 16 is from level 4, and the cold sample-15-is from level 5 itself. If the industrial material comes just from level 5 as Glory states, then the early pollen samples indicate that the level falls after the warm sample of level 4, and before the cold sample of level 6. Both the early samples taken by Glory, and the Leroi-Gourhan samples, if the provenance of these latter is as the figures indicate, would suggest that if-as Glory says-the actual level of occupation lies above the eboulis, then it is associated with deposit accum­ ulated after the last warm sample, and before, or at the same time as, the first cold sample. Thus the industrial material at the entry would postdate the Lascaux oscillation. Two pollen samples taken in the Passage have high percentages of AP -particularly Scots Pine and Hazel-but how well associated these are with the archaeological material is unclear. It might also be suggested-in view of the general comments of Arl. & A. Leroi-Gourhan (1964)-that tree pollen is most likely to penetrate deep in caves on wood brought in for burning, and that the AP percentage may be biased by this. Our consideration of the evidence as presented in 'Lascaux inconnu' sug­ gests that the particular interpretation of the chronological relationship of the industrial material is not as solidly based as one might wish. Firstly, the evidence as presented, would seem to indicate that the industrial material at the entry-which provides the only pollen sequence-postdates the evidence for the Lascaux oscillation. Secondly, the absolute dates cannot be associated with the Lascaux oscillation. Thirdly, the 'best' absolute date, in terms of the size of the standard e_rror is the least well associated with archaeological material, and is the one we cannot be even moderately certain represents a single charcoal bearing level. Positively, it now seems easier to say that the industrial material re­ presents no extended period of the _Magdalenian, that it seems fairly certain that it can be associated with the art-with implications for the 'function' of this latter-and with the two C14 dates from the Puits: C-406 and Sa-102, and that as Allain claims, it d�es represent a fairly early occurrence of the later Magdalenian.

244

8. 5 The late Initial Magdalenian, and relation to the later Magdalenian The analyses in Chapter 4 allowed the recognition of some chronological structuring within the Initial Magdalenian, with typological indicators of the chronological development. While no single element in the stone tool assem­ blage provided a clear chronological ordering, the indications of a group of variables considered together allowed the sequence to be reconstructed. The most informative typological shifts were: a. in the burin group, away from transverse, and overall towards dihedral burins; b. in the percentage of raclettes, which it was observed showed an increase until the raclette was the dominent element in a group of assemblages, and then a decline; c. in the percentage of microliths, which began to take off when the raclette became dominant, and increased as the raclette declined in the latest Initial Magdalenian assemblages. The logic of these trends suggested that Lassac (excavation), with the latest C14 date, represented a very late Initial Magdalenian, with a high per­ centage of microliths-including triangles-and few raclettes, and transverse burins. &lggested as comparable, although biased by selective factors oper­ ating on surface collections against microliths/burin spalls, and in favour of robust pieces such as cores and transverse burins, were the other Mediter­ ranean collections-from La Riviere and Camparnaud. Analysis of raclette retouch attributes indicated that the Lassac and La Riviere samples differ regularly from those of more northerly assemblages, and the few pieces seen from Camparnaud tended to compare with this. The various typological analyses (cf. e.g. Table 4. 5, 4. 6, Fig. 4. 3, 4. 6) suggest that these three assemblages are most similar to the uppermost levels of the LHE sequence, the two levels of Pegourie, and Cassegros 9. On raclette retouch attributes the greatest similarities are again to the upper levels of LHE, and Cassegros 9, as well as to the collections from Cottier II, and Blot, assemblages too small to be used in typological analysis. All these sites tend towards the southern part of the Initial Magdalenian range. It was observed in section 8.2 that the impetus for terminological separa­ tion of Initial and later Magdalenian came from the recognition of the clear break in the observed features of the stone tool assemblages, and of the debi­ tage, of the two sets of assemblages, in the Paris Basin, and western France as far south as the Dordogne. In this section I want to explore the meaning and i nterpretation of this apparent industrial break, considering first those sites which show a stratigraphic succession of Initial and later Magdalenian, and then the implications of sites with absolute dates. Only 12 sites show clea·r stratigraphic relationship� between Initial and later Magdalenian. In six sites mixture·, or the state of preservation or publication mean that no comments can be made (Mazerat, Piage, Cabrerets, Andre Ragout, Placard, Grand &lrplomb); in five there is apparently no other 245

Upper Palaeolithic material succeeding the Initial Magdalenian (Badegoule, Pech de la Boissiere, Pegourie, Cassegros, and Fritsch); and the remaining seventeen-all open air-contain only Initial Magdalenian. Summary details of the relationship between the Initial and later Magdalen­ ian in these 12 sites are set out in Table 8.3. As can be seen, only very late Magdalenian is claimed from above the Initial Magdalenian, in two of the three Haute-Loire sites, in each case with clear stratigraphic separation. The re­ maining ten occurrences I shall consider in turn, after making two prelimin­ ary general observations: a. The theoretical structuring of the 1930s/1940s (cf. Chapter 1) established the triangle as a type fossil for the early part of the later Magdalenian, for Magdalenian II, or ill, depending on the author. Recent work, and the reas­ sessment of old collections, indicate that although the triangle may be a com­ ponent of assemblages that can, on absolute dates, be called Middle Magdalenian, it can also occur in late Magdalenian assemblages (cf. e.g. Rigaud 197 0, Bordes & Fitte 1964, Roussot & Ferrier 1971). b. As noted in Chapter 1 (cf. p. 24 & n. 11) certain collections although not distinct from the Upper Magdalenian on stone industry, were attributed to Middle Magdalenian because they lacked what were regarded as the necessary type fossils for attribution to Upper Magdalenian, and the recognition of this has led to the reattribution of many claimed Middle Magdalenian assemblages. The actual development of the middle Magdalenian probably represents a more difficult suite of problems than that of the Initial Magdalenian. For the moment absolute dates seem the only acceptable guide, and they themselves must be treated with all the usual caution. 1. Jean-Blanc West. 30 cm of sterile deposit separates Initial Magdalenian · from a later Magdalenian from which come obliquely truncated backed bladelets, interpreted as triangles by D. & E. Peyrony (1934), although de Sonneville­ Bordes disagrees with the attribution (1960 pp. 383-385). 2. Laugerie-Haute East. The excavations of Bordes demonstrated only a partial separation of LHE levels 1 0 and 8, with these two levels and level 6 combining towards the right of the section. The fine nature of the sediment, and the relatively small depth of deposit over which a chronologically extensive series of sediments are spread have already been noted in the comparison with Le Malpas, and suggest slow accumulation of sediment in the site. The ex­ cavations of D. & E. Peyrony indicated the existence of a sterile red, sandy, 'couche d'interoccupation' between the Initial Magdalenian (I'), and the later Magdalenian of I''. In the material from the Bordes excavations, levels 8 and 6 have backed bladelets (8-1.72%, 6-13.6%), with both backed bladelets (31.94% and 17. 59%) and triangles (2.08% and 0, 52%) in the overlying levels 4 and 2.15 Between levels 10 and 8, the most marked differences lie in the percentage of dihedral burins, and of raclettes, and in the greater percentage of blades in the flake sample of level 8. 3. Lachaud. A stalagmitic deposit developed after the Initial Magdalenian, and before a later Magdalenian occupation. Attribution of the material to 246

Magdalenian II has no particular reason for or against. IT however, the contour decoupee (Cheynier 1965a p. 64) from the disturbed part of the Initial Magdal­ enian is intrusive-as is quite possible-and if these may be dated to a later middle Magdalenian-as is also likely-then the later Magdalenian could well be thought later than 'II'. 4. Raymonden. 40 cm of sterile deposit separates Initial Magdalenian from a later Magdalenian with predominant dihedral burins, backed bladelets, obliquely truncated bladelets, scalene triangles, and sagaies with double bevelled bases. 5. Solvieux. The details I have of the site are insufficient for decisive com­ ment. Initial and later Magdalenian occurrences are in different parts of the site, and are differentiated on industry. 6. Rouleau. In a different part of the site, and altitudinally higher than the Initial Magdalenian, the later Magdalenian was attributed to III by Siriex, on the presence of retouched bladelets. Lenoir (1977 p. 562) comments that it could equally be a more recent Magdalenian without any of the distinctive Upper Magdalenian type fossils. 7. Beauregard. Mixed in sand with the Initial Magdalenian, the material con­ tains backed bladelets, 16 and no triangles, which in the absence of bone in­ dustry seems to have formed the basis for attribution of the later Magdalenian to Cheynier's Protomagdalenian II. As Schmider (1971 eh. 4) indicates, there is no reason to suppose the later material as anything other than Upper Mag­ dalenian, and we can note that Vacher & Vignard (1963 p. 806) suggest a long time gap between this material and the Initial Magdalenian. 8. Farincourt cave III. 70-80 cm of eboulis separate the sparse later Mag­ dalenian of C/B from the Initial Magdalenian. Azilian points in the C/B col­ lection suggest it may be considered a late Magdalenian. Material in caves I and II is attributed to Magdalenian III on the presence of triangles, but similar triangles, as well as bitruncated bladelets approaching the segment in form occur in the late Magdalenian at Varennes-les-Macon (Joly 1968 pp. 390-395, Ayrolles & Combier 1976 ). The material of Farincourt is in need of restudy. 9. Rond du Barry. The clayey, concreted upper part of Level F separates the raclette Magdalenian from the Magdalenian of level E3. Of the 40 tools listed by de Bayle des Hermens (1979), seven are backed bladelets, and one an angle edged raclette. Half of the sagaie bases are double bevelled. The excavator does not suggest that the level is associated with the dated hearth (F2). 10. Bize. 25 cm above the Initial Magdalenian, the next archaeological level contains Magdalenian with thickendscrapers, backed bladelets, sagaies with double bevelled bases, and baguettes demi-rondes. Of these ten cases, it may be suggested that the later Magdalenian material at Beauregard and Farincourt is· a late Magdalenian, in the other cases no clear markers of relative chronological position are known, and in each case, except LHE, there is clear stratigraphic separation of Initial from later Magdalenian, and in every case, is the same break in industry observed be­ tween LHE 10, and LHE 8.

247

Before turning to any interpretation, we must consider the other set of indications available, those from assemblages with absolute dates. Figures 8. 3-8. 5, map Magdalenian occurrences with Cl4 dates whose central values fall in the 17th/16th, 15th, and 14th, millennia be respectively. I shall comment on these maps in turn. Figure 8. 3. This map requires least comment. Six sites are marked, with dates on Initial Magdalenian assembl�es at LHE, Fritsch, Pegourie, Cottier, and Rond du Barry. The sixth date is GrN-1632 from Lascaux, which we sug­ gested in section 8. 4 is the least acceptable of the three determinations from the site, the sample quite possibly representing a mixture of charcoal from the two levels recognisable elsewhere in the cave. Figure 8. 4. I shall consider the five dates from the 15th millennium in chrono­ logical order. 1. Lassac-14 800 ± 250 (G!f-2981). The date relates to the Initial Magdalen­ ian assemblage which we observed represented the most intense development of those chronological trends distinguished in the Initial Magdalenian. The date comes from the lower of the two zones distinguished in the archaeological level, beneath the pavement at the base of the upper zone, with the determina­ tion made on a sample of reindeer bone (Sacchi 1976). 2. Fritsch-14 58 o ± 550 be (Ly-1122). This determination is again associated with Initial Magdalenian, that of level 4. The date has been employed by Allain in his argument for the contemporaneity of Initial and later Magdalenian, al­ though he does not first consider the question of which should be considered the more out of sequence, Ly-1122 on level 4, or Ly-1121 (15 180 ± 550 be) on level 3a. One can note that the size of the standard error means that the two ranges overlap at less than one standard deviation. As I have observed above, analysis of a number of Initial Magdalenian assemblages, has allowed the recognition of an overall typological development, and that in terms of this scheme, Fritsch 4 cannot be considered a very late Initial Magdalenian, while a comparison with other dated occurrences would suggest that Ly-1121, rather than Ly-1122, corresponds the better. 3. La Roque II-14 250 ± 400 be (M C-1210). This date concerns a level with industry that compares in its few features with the material from Lascaux, and from a number of other 'Middle' Magdalenian assemblages. At La Roque II, below Upper Magdalenian, are three levels with an industry containing di­ hedral burins, backed bladelets, a scalene triangle, eyed needles, and sagaies. The determination is on the lowermost of these three levels (Bazile 1977 p. 60). 4. Lascaux-14 500 ± 500 be (Sa-102). This date has already been commented on in some detail in this chapter. I shall just reiterate here, that the dated sample may be well associated with the archaeological level, in a part of the eave where the second charcoal level could be separated. The comparability of the industrial material associated, to that of La Roque, has been detailed above (cf. Table 8. 2 'Puits') .. 5. Hallines-14 050 ± 300 be (Gif-1712). This determination is the most dif­ ficult of the five to explain. The archaeological material comes from two distinct levels enclosed in stratified gravels on a terrace slope (Agache 1971 248

F igure 8 .3

Magda len ian s i tes w i th a bsolute d a tes i n t he 1 7th/16th mi llenn ia b e

•= I n i t ia l Magda len ian • =O ther

1 .

C ot t ier l eve l I

2 .

L augerie-Haute Eas t

3 .

F ri tsch

4 .

1 3 g ouri e

5 .

R and d u Barry

6 .

Lascaux ( GrN-1632) 2 49

F igure 8 .4 Magda len ian s i tes w i th a bso lute d a tes i n t he 1 5th mi l lenniu m b c l a =I n it ia l Magda lenian • =O ther

a2

• 4

1

d i

1 .

L assac

2 .

F ri tsch l eve l 4

3 .

La R oque I

3 .

L ascaux ( Sa-102)

5 .

Ha l lines 2 50

p p . 3 05 , 3 07-310 , T uf freau 1 976 p . 1 346) .

O n ly 3 % o f t he worked f l in t r e-

c overed was u sed f or t oo ls , a nd amongst t hese b urins — large ly o n r e touched t runca t ion —represented 4 6 .36% o f t he a sse mb lage , a nd p er9o irs , n otab ly z inken r epresen ted 1 7 .27% .

T uf freau s ugges ts t ha t t he i ndus tr ia l ma ter ia l i s

mos t s im i lar t o t he U pper Magda len ian o f B e lg iu m , G er many , a nd t he P ar is Bas in , wh ich p resent e v idence wou ld s ugges t d oes n o t p reda te t he 1 3th mi ll enn iu m b e a t t he e ar l ies t .

The ma ter ia l i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a ma m moth s ke le-

t on , a nd t he d e termina t ion was made o n t he o rgan ic f rac t ion e x tracted f ro m o ne o f i t s v er tebrae .

T uf freau e xpresses s urpr ise a t t he d a te e st i ma ted , a nd

i tc ou ld p erhaps b e s ugges ted t ha t s ince a t l eas t t wo s epara te v is i ts c an b e d is t inguished , t hese were n ot t o a ma m moth c arcase , b u t t o a ma m moth s ke let on , f oss i l o r s em i-foss i l p erhaps , t ha t was b e ing e xp lo i ted a s ar aw ma ter ia l s ource .

S uch a h ypothes is wou ld h e lp r econc i le t he a bso lu te d a te w ith t he

1 7

a t tr ibut ion o f t he i ndus tr ia l ma ter ia l . F igure 8 .5 .

Da tes i n t he 1 4 th mi l lenn iu m b e c o me f ro m n ine s i tes , a nd a gain

t hese w i l l b e c ons idered i n c hrono log ica l o rder . 1 .

L a Garenne-13 8 97 ± 1 220 ( C-578) , 1 3 6 10 ± 5 80 ( Ly-1126 ) , 1 3 3 80 ± 9 50

( Ly-1125 ) .

A lthough t he s i te h as n ow b een u nder e xcava t ion f or n ear ly 3 0

y ears , n o p ub lica t ions a l low ing c lear i n terpreta t ion e x is t ( c f . A l la in 1 950 , 1 961) .

The s i te c ons is ts o f t wo s uper i mposed s he lters , t he Abr i B lanchard

b e low , a nd t he G rand Abr i a bove , w i th t he s even Magda lenian l eve ls i n t he t wo c ons idered t o r epresen t ac hrono log ica l s uccession .

The 1 1 C 14 d e ter mina-

t ions f ro m t he s i te ( De l ibr ias & E v in 1 974 p . 1 50 , Ev in e t a l . 1 978 p . 4 9 ) f a l l i n t hree g roups o f t hree , w i th t wo i so la ted d a tes .

T hree d a tes i n t he 8 th mi l-

l enn iu m b e , a nd t hree a t t he e nd o f t he 1 0 th mi l lenn iu m b e , s ee m t oo y oung . O f t he r e ma in ing f i ve C -579 ( 11 0 36 ± 5 60 b e ) , i s a ssoc ia ted w i th C -578 , a nd C -577 ( 9 1 59 ± 2 30 b e ) .

De libr ias & E v in s uspec t i nsuf f ic ien t t rea t men t o f

t he s a mp les , a nd s ugges t t ha t t he o ldes t s hou ld b e c ons idered t he most p roba b le .

L y-1127 ( 1 2 1 30 ± 3 50 ) , f ro m t he a br i B lanchard i s p referred b y A l la in

( i n E v in e t a l _ 1 978 p . 5 0 ) a s t he b es t d a te f or t he s i te , o n t ypo log ica l a nd p a lyno log ica l g rounds .

O ur t hree d a tes a l l c o me f ro m t he u pper ' Grand '

s he l ter , a ssoc ia ted w i th a n i ndus try w i th b acked b lade le ts , d ihedra l b ur ins , a nd ' nave t tes ' —an t ler r ods w i th n o tches , o r i nc is ions a tt he t wo e nds .

T he

A l la in mode l w ou ld a ssu me t hese l eve ls t o b e l a ter t han t hose i n t he B lanchard s he lter d a ted b y L y-1127 a nd L v-383 ( 9 3 30 ± 2 20 ) .

The s ec t ion a s p ub l ished

( e .g . A l la in 1 961 p . 5 95 ) d oes n o t h owever a l low i tt o b e c lear ly c onf ir med t ha t t he s equence r uns f ro m t he B lanchard s he lter i nto t he L arge s he lter a bove . The d a tes h ave l arge—in t wo c ases v ery l arge —s tandard d ev ia t ions f or d a tes i n t he 1 4 th mi l lenn iu m b e . f ur ther l a ter . 2 .

O n t hese o bserva t ions Iw i l l c o m men t

Ar lay/Grapp in-13 8 20 ± 3 90 ( Ly-559) , 1 3 3 70 ± 3 70 ( Ly-497) .

These t wo

d eter m ina t ions were made o n b ones f ro m t wo a reas o f a n e x tensive , b ut t h in a nd s tra t igraph ica l ly c lear ly d is t inguishab le , l eve l o f Magda len ian . The i nd us tria l ma ter ia l c on ta ins p redo m inan t d ihedra l b ur ins amongs t t he b ur ins , f ew p er9o irs , b acked b lade lets , s aga ies w i th d oub le b eve l led b ases , a nd n ave t tes .

Decora t ive

m o t i f s i nc lude b o th d oub le p arentheses , a nd v ar ian ts

o n t he s tar , a s n o ted a t L ascaux ( and i n t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian ) ( Co mb ier & V ui l le mey 1 976) . The c orrespondence i nc er ta in t oo l c lasses , a nd t he c onc ordance b e tween t he C 14 d a tes migh t i ndica te t ha t t he Ar lay e v idence 2 51

F igure 8 .5

Magda len ian s i tes w i th a bso lute d a tes i n t he 1 4 th mi l lenn iu m b e

2•

l

e

4e

6 .

63

69

95

68

1 .

L a Garenne

2 .

Ar lay

3 .

Lascaux ( C-406)

4 .

L a C o lo mbr ere

5 .

R ond d u B arry E

6 .

F lageo le t I

7 .

S a inte-Eu la l ie

8 .

Gaze l

9 .

C o mbe-Cu l l ier

2 52

confirms the acceptability of the early date group from La Garenne. However it must be borne in mind that it is as yet undemonstrated that the 'types' in question occur in any clearly delimited context-either chronological or func­ tional. 3. Lascaux-13 566 ± 900 (C-406). Compare the comment on Sa-102 above, but note the even larger standard deviation in this case. 4. La Colombiere-13 550 ± 700 (?). This is one of five radiocarbon deter­ minations from level D. This date and three others are on charcoal: (?) 12 750 ± 300, (L-177) 12 200 ± 400, and (W-150) 9 800 ± 600; the fifth on bone: (Ly-433) 11 440 ± 300. Although originally claimed as 'Perigordian' (Movius & Judson 1956), both bone industry (Allain 1958), and stone industry (Pradel 1959) suggested an attribution to the Magdalenian would be better, and tne Cl4 determinations would seem to confirm this. Dominated by backed blade­ lets, the presence of a double bevelled quadrangular sagaie, and a grooved sagaie, are taken as points of comparison to Arlay, in spite of an observed difference in the stone industry (Combier 1976 p. 56, Combier & Vuillemey 1976 p. 80). Combier suggests L-177, and Ly-433 as the best of the deter­ minations, and the size of the standard deviation of the 13 550 date could re­ concile it to this. 5. Rond du Barry level E-13 450 ± 400 (Gif-2672). One of three determina­ tions on this level, on burnt bone from a hearth in its middle. Dates come from above: (Gif-2671) 10 430 ± 280 be-on ashy earth from a much washed hearth; and from below: (Gif-3492) 10 850 ± 170 be-on burnt bone. The industry of level E (upper) is dominated by backed bladelets and other micro­ liths, including triangles, Azilian points, and a 'Petersfels' point; associated with uniserially barbed harpoons. De Bayle des Hermens (1974a) prefers the Gif-2672 determination because of the uncertainty about the dated material of Gif-2671, but (de Bayle des Hermens 1977) the addition of the Gif-3492 de­ termination makes the position less clear. As noted above, a lower later Magdalenian level (E3), is not associated with this determination by the ex­ cavator. 6. Le Flageolet II, level IX-13 200 ±320 (Ly-918). Various sources indicate that this determination is on bone from the base of geological bed IX (cf. Delpech 1975 T. I p. 317, Rigaud 1977 p. 289). Rigaud (1970) indicates that the archaeological level is isolated at the summit of the geological bed. From the summit of bed IX comes a determination of (Ly-917) 12 160 ± 690 be, while a 'global' sample from bed IX gives a reading of 12 300 ± 400 be (Ly1182). In view of the archaeological material associated, including Azilian, Laugerie-Basse, and Hamburgian points, even these latter dates seem rather old, but again one must underline the uncertainty of interpretation in this time range at present. 7. Sainte-Eulalie-13 250 ± 300- (Gif-2194), 13 150 ± 270 (Gif-1745). Associa­ ted with an assemblage referred. to Magdalenian III, with largely dihedral burins, 23% backed bladelets, and a few raclettes. Sagaies with single bevel­ led bases of 'Lussac-Angles' type might be considered later on present schemes for the middle Magdalenian, as might a perforated disc (cf. Sieve­ king 1971). But again, the interpretive base is not clear.

253

8. Gazel bed 7-13 120 ± 270 (Gif-2655). Associated with material attributed to Magdalenian 'IV' on the presence of a proto�harpoon. The stone industry is dominated by backed bladelets, and contains scalene triangles, and segments. Al so in the bone industry is part of a spearthrower again a 'classic' Magdalen­ ian IV feature (Sacchi 1974 p. 555, cf. Garrod 1955). 9. Combe-Cullier-13 080 ± 330 (Ly-978). It is not clear what material is associated with this determination, except that it is a 'non-Upper' Magdalenian: with geometrics (Clottes 1973 pp. 517-519). When the available indications are considered as a group, rather than being compared in isolation, then a more or less coherent series of observa­ tions can be made. To clear the ground first, our discussion above suggests that material from Beauregard and Farincourt is late Magdalenian, and that at Hallines, the material might be younger than the absolute date. At Rond du Barry the older Cl4 date is associated with material that again might be con­ sidered younger. The Rouleau material might be later, but insufficient data exists, and there is also insufficient data available from Solvieux and Combe­ Cullier. At ste-Eulalie, and Gazel, dates late in the 14th millennium be are associated with pieces that would be dated later on classical models. 18 In · view of our lack of understanding of the middle Magdalenian, the material cannot be used to question the dates, however the two examples are fairly dis­ tant chronologically from our problems, and will not be included in discussion. Flageolet II, on the described stratigraphic association of the absolute dates, and on the archaeological content must also be excluded, as must the dated LHE level 2. Eleven sites remain-JEW, LHE (8-4), Lachaud, Raymonden, Lascaux, La Garenne, Rond du Barry, Arlay, La Colombiere, La Roque, and Bize­ beside the Initial Magdalenian of Lassac, either dated to the 14th or 15th mil­ lennia be, or overlying Initial Magdalenian and not clearly a late Magdalenian. In all eleven dihedral burins dominate amongst the burins, and backed blade­ lets occur in greater or lesser abundance. Scalene triangles are noted at LHE, Raymonden, and La Roque, and obliquely truncated backed bladelets at JEW, LHE, and Raymonden, while at La.scaux· three pieces may be attributed to either of these categories (Allain 1979 fig. 78. 4-6). The number of times pieces are reattributed from one class to the other by different workers, sug­ gests that the distinction is unclear, and probably not important. Navettes are described from La Garenne, and Arlay, sites explicitly compared by Combier & Vuillemey (1976 p. 79). The Colombiere level D assemblage is noted as different from the Arlay material. Sagaies with double bevelled bases are noted at Raymonden, La Garenne, Rond du Barry, Arlay, Colombiere, and Bize, while those of Lascaux are biconical. It can be observed that five of our sites-JEW, LHE, Raymonden, La Roque, and Lascaux-possess in common the presence of scalene triangles/ obliquely truncated backed bladelets within the microlith assemblage. At JEW, LHE, and Raymonden is sonie stratigraphic break to the Initial M�gdal­ enian below; at LHE, where stratigraphic separation is least, the observed difference in industrial material is supported by a clear break in the charac­ teristics of the debitage. At the two other sites, are acceptable C14 dates falling in the late 15th or early 14th millennia be, unfortunately with large standard errors, particularly at Lascaux. 254

L a Garenne a nd A r lay h ave t he p resence o fd oub le b eve l led s aga ies , a nd n ave t tes i n c o m mon , a nd t he c en tra l v a lues o f t he L a

Garenne d a tes —the mse lves

w i th l arge s tandard d ev ia t ions —co mpare w i th t hose f ro m Ar lay w i th t he ir much sma l ler c a lcu la ted s tandard e rrors . The r e ma in ing f our a sse mb lages , a l l w i th b acked b lade le ts , c on tain n o p ar t icu lar f ea tures o f c o mpar ison t o e i ther g roup o f a sse mb lages , a nd o ne o f t he m a t l eas t —Lachaud — m igh t r easonab ly b e c ons idered much l a ter . Wi th t he e xc lus ion o f t he G rN-1632 d a te f ro m L ascaux a s s how ing n o c lear r e la t ionsh ip t o t he s ing le a rchaeo log ica l l eve l i n t he s i te ; o f t he L y-973 d a te f ro m LHE a s n ot c lear ly a ssoc ia ted w i th a ny g roup o f a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l; a nd o f t he L y-1122 d a te f ro m F r i tsch , a s b e ing , o n c o mpar ison w i th o ther d a ted o ccurrences o f I n i t ia l Magda len ian , t he more l i ke ly o f L y-1121 a nd L y1 122 t o b e o ut o f s equence , ag ap i n t he a bso lute d a tes b e tween t hose a ssoc ia ted w i th t he I n i t ia l , a nd t hose a ssoc ia ted w i th t he l a ter Magda len ian b eca me a pp aren t .

T o t h is d a te g ap c orresponds

e v idence i n t hose s i tes o ccupied b y

I n i t ia l a nd l a ter Magda len ian g roups , f or b reaks i n o ccupa t ion , a nd f or a n i nd us tr ia l b reak , b e tween t he t wo . S tra t igraphy , i ndus try , a nd t he mostacceptab le C 14 d a tes a rgue f or c hrono l og ica l s uccess ion r a ther t han c on te mporane i ty o f I n i t ia l a nd l a ter Magda len ian . The I n i t ia l Magda len ian s i te w i th t he l atest a bso lu te d a te —Lassac — is o ne o f ag roup o f Medi terranean I n i t ia l Magda len ian o ccurrences t ha t a re d ist inc t o n an u mber o f f ea tures f ro m t he more n orther ly I n i t ia l Magda len ian , a nd wh ich r epresen t t he c u l mina t ion o f an u mber o f c hrono log ica l ly r e la ted t rends w i th in t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian .

S o me o f t hese f ea tures —abundan t b acked b lade-

l e ts , a nd t he p resence o f t r iang les —a lso o ccur i n t he e ar lies t g roup o f l a ter Magda len ian a sse mb lages d iscern ib le , o f wh ich L a R oque —a lso i n t he Medi terr anean z one —has t he e ar lies t C 14 d a te . I n v iew o f t hese o bserva t ions , i ts ee ms t o me t ha t i ti s s i mp les t a nd mos t e cono m ica l t o s ugges t ad eve lop ment o f t he e ar ly L a ter Magda len ian , a s p erh aps r epresen ted b y L ascaux , L a R oque , LHE , Ray monden , a nd JE W , f ro m al a ter I n i t ia l Magda len ian o f t he t ype o f L assac .

I n v iew o f t he e v idence f or

i n terna l d eve lop men t o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian , a nd t he c hange i n p a t tern o f o ccupa t ion t ha t t h is wou ld i mp ly , i ts ee ms t ha t i tc ou ld a lso b e s uggested t ha t t he t rans i t ion o ccurred i n t he s ou th o f F rance , p erhaps j us t i n t he Medi terr anean z one .

E v idence f or a ssoc ia t ing t h is r es tr ic t ion o f o ccupa t ion t o t he

s ou th w i th t he e nd o f t he L ascaux o sc i l la t ion i s s carce :

we h ave j us t t he i n-

t erpre ted s e t t le men t d a ta—wh ich i s t auto logous —and t he p oss ib le i n terpre tat i on o f t he i ndus tr ia l ma ter ia l a t L ascaux a s a ssoc ia ted w i th t he r e turn o f c o ld c ondi t ions a f ter t he e v idence f or t he L ascaux o sc i l la t ion t here . Whe ther t wo g roups o f a sse mb lages s hou ld b e d iscerened i n t he e ar ly l a ter Magda len ian , a' t r iang le g roup ', a nd a t nave t te g roup ' , mus t d epend o n af u l ler u nders tand ing o f t he Midd le Magda len ian ;

i ndeed a ny f ur ther i n ter-

p re ta t ion o f t he r e la t ionsh ip o f I n i t ia l t o l a ter Magda len ian mus t d epend o n a dequa te i n terpre ta t ion o f a sse mb lages f ro m t he 1 4 th a nd 1 3th mi l lenn ia b c . I ti s t here t ha t t he n ex t s e t o f a rchaeoh istor ic p rob le ms l i e .

2 55

8 .6

The I n i t ia l Magda len ian :

f or m a nd d ynam ics

I n i t ia l Magda len ian o ccurrences d a te f rom ap er iod o f 1 -2 0 00 y ears b et ween t he midd le o ft he 1 7th , a nd t he midd le o ft he 1 5 th , mi l lenn ia b c , a nd a re l im i ted i n d is tr ibut ion t o F rance , e xc luding t he n or th-eas t a nd n or th-wes t , a nd A lps . T he h igh p ercentage p resence o f c er ta in t oo l t ypes a l lows i tt o b e i dent i f ied , a nd c hange i n t he c o mponen ts o f t he i ndustr ia l a sse mb lage a l low i t s d eve lop men t t o b e i n terpre ted . The e ar l ies t o ccurrences a re a ssoc ia ted w i th t he B randenburg c o ld o sc i ll a t ion a nd h ave many TON b ur ins , f ew r ac le t tes—w i th l ow p ropor t ions o f t he e dge r e touched , a nd r e la t ive ly l ow e dge a ng les—and n o o r f ew micro l i ths . The ir d is tr ibut ion i s l im i ted a t p resen t t o t he wes t o f F rance b e tween L ot-e tGaronne i n t he s outh , a nd t he C reuse/C la ise v a l leys i n t he n or th . D eve lop ment o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian i s marked b y ad ec l ine i n t he p erc en tage o ft ransverse b ur ins , a nd i ncrease i nt he p ercen tage o f r ac le t tes u n t i l t hey b eco me t he d om inan t e le men t a t s uch s i tes a s S o lv ieux , Maubin , B adegou le , a nd J ean-B lanc . A ssoc ia ted w i th t he i ncrease i n t he n u mber o f r ac le t tes i s a c hange i n t he ir a t tr ibutes t owards more e x tens ive r e touch , a nd a s teeper e dge a ng le , a nd t owards i ncreas ing f or ma lisa t ion o f t he t oo l t ype , t ha t s ugges ts t ha t a n i n terpre ta t ion i n t er ms o f a rcha ic , t yp ica l , a nd p roto typica l ( C larke 1 968, p p . 1 75 ,178) , t ha t w ou ld a l low s o me d a t ing o n t ype-a t tr ibu tes , migh t b e p oss ib le . Th is d eve lop men t o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian i s a ssoc ia ted w i th t he mi ld L ascaux o sc i l la t ion , a nd s ees a n e x tens ion o f s e t t lemen t i n to a reas t o t he n or th , a nd i n t he u p lands , u nv is ited f or s o me mi l lenn ia , a nd a n e xpans ion o f o pen a ir o ccupa t ion .

L ack o f e v idence f or s uch c hanges o f s e t t lemen t p a t tern

d ur ing L auger ie s ugges t t ha t i t was l ess m i ld t han L ascaux—or t ha t U pper S o lutrean g roups were l ess we l l a dapt e d t o e xp lo i t t he c hange t han I n i t ia l Magda len ian g roups . I n t he f i na l s tages o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian t he r ac le t te d ec lines i n p erc entage o ccurrence , wh i le micro l iths b eco me more a bundan t , ac hange s een mos t c lear ly i n ag roup o f Medi terranean z one s i tes t ha t a lso p ossess d ist i nc t ive r ac le t te f eatures , a nd o ne o f wh ich may b e d a ted l a te i n a bso lute t erms . Deve lop men t o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian f ro m t he S o lutrean i s i ndica ted b y ar ange o f f eatures : s im i lar i ty i n a rea o f s i te d istr ibu t ion , c o mparab i l i ty i n mos t o f t he t oo l a ssemb lage , p resence o ft he ' t yp ica l ' I n i t ia l Magda lenian e lemen ts i n , p ar t icu lar ly , t he l a te S o lu trean , s imi lar i ty i n t he a t tr ibutes o f t he who le f l ake a nd r ac le t te s amp les b e tween l a te S o lutrean a nd e ar ly I n i t ia l Magda len ian , a nd i n t he r ange o ft ypes p resen t i n t he b one i ndus tr ia l a ssemb lage .

The o n ly ma jor c hange a t t he S o lu trean-In i t ia l Magda len ian b oundary ,

i s i n t he d isappearance o f t he s tone p ro jec t i le p o ints c harac ter ist ic o f t he f or mer . Wi th in t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian , t he d eve lopmen t o f t he r ac let te f i l ls t he ' s truc tura l ' g ap i n t he s tone t oo l a sse mb lage o ccup ied b y t he l eaf a nd s hou ldered p oin ts o ft he S o lutrean , a nd t he micro li ths o ft he l a ter Magda len ian .

2 56

The f i na l s tages o ft he I n i t ia l Magda len ian d eve lopmen t s how a n i ncreasing l im i ta t ion o fo ccurrences t owards t he s outh o f t he r ange , c u lm ina t ing p erhaps i n ar estr ic t ion o fo ccupa t ion t o t he Medi terranean z one . I n t h is z one t he l a te I n i t ia l Magda len ian o ccurrences s how a s er ies o f f ea tures t ha t a re a lso t o b e s een i n t he e ar l ies t l a ter Magda len ian o ccurrences a t t he e nd o f t he 1 5th mi ll enn iu m b c .

I n terpre ta t ion o ft he c hange i s h owever l im i ted b y o ur l im i ted

u nders tanding o ft h is l a ter g roup o f i ndus tr ies . S tudy a nd i n terpreta t ion o f t he ma ter ia l f rom a r ange o f I n i t ia l Magda leni an a ssemb lages a s we l l a s o f s o me e ar lier a nd l a ter ma ter ia l s ugges ts t ha t a n e xp lana t ion o f i ndus tr ia l c hanges i n F rance b e tween t he e ar ly 1 7th a nd l a te 1 5 th mi l lenn ia b e i n t er ms o f ad eve lopmen t o f S o lutrean i n to I n i t ia l Magda leni an , a nd o f I n i t ia l i n to l a ter Magda len ian i s i n a ccordance w i th t he e v idence , a nd i s a t t he s a me t ime s imp ler , a nd more e cono m ica l t han c onf l ic t ing e xp lana t ions o ft he s ame ' c ontac ts ' . T he c on f lic t ing e xp lana t ions r e ly u pon a bsent e v idence — la te G rave t t ian d eve lop ing i n to l a ter Magda len ian , S o lutrean g roups i n a reas o fp oor f l in t—and t hus c annot b e f a ls if ied b y t he o bserva t ion t ha t t hese g aps i n t he d a ta e x is t . T he i n terpre ta t ion p resen ted i n t h is t hes is i s b ased o n ly o n e v idence wh ich —occas iona l ly s parse a s i ti s —ex is ts , a nd h as b een s e t o ut i n d e ta i l . T ha t t here a re g aps i s c lear , b ut t hese a re r a ther g aps i n o ur u nderstanding t han i n o ur d a ta .

Three p rob le ms s tand o u t most c lear ly :

u nderstanding o f t he

r o le o f s tone p ro jec t i le p oin ts i n t he S o lutrean ; a nd u nders tanding o f t he f unc t ion o ft he r ac le t te , t he s truc tura l e qu iva len t o fp oin ts i n t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian , i nvest igab le a t h igh magn if ica t ion a s p rerequisi tes f or u nderstanding t he c hange i n a dap ta t ion a t t he S o lutrean- Magda len ian ' boundary '; a nd t he n eed f or a n a dequa te i n terpre ta t ion o f t he s truc ture o f a rchaeo log ica l o ccurrences i n t he l a te 1 5 th , 1 4 th , a nd 1 3th , mi l lenn ia b e . I n t he t er ms o f H odgen , t h is e xp lora t ion i n t he c lass if ica t ion a nd a rrangemen t o ft he d a tab le e ven ts o ft he I n i t ia l Magda len ian h as a t l eas t s ugges ted f ur ther q ues t ions , b es ides c o mmen t ing o n o ld e xp lana t ions , a nd f or mu la t ing an ew o ne .

N o tes 1 . c f . F rankfort ( 1 951 p . 1 6 ) " Ip ropose t o c a l l t h is e lusive i den t ity o f a c iv i l isa t ion i t s ' f or m ' .

I ti s t h is ' f or m ' wh ich i s n ever d estroyed a l though

i tc hanges i n t he c ourse o f t ime . And i tc hanges p ar t ly a s ar esu l t o f i nheren t f ac tors —deve lop men t—par t ly a s ar esu lt o fe xterna l f orces— h istorica l i nc iden ts . Ip ropose t o c a l l t he t o ta l o f t hese c hanges t he ' dynam ics ' o f ac iv i l isa t ion" . 2 . Sm i th ( 1966 p . 3 19) o bserves t ha t n e i ther S o lu trean n or G rave t t ian o ccur h igh i n t he P yrenees . 3 . T he p sycho log ica l i n f luence o f t he t er m s e lec ted b y P eyrony i s d if f icu l t t o a ssess . 4 .

T he p robab le Magda len ian i dent i ty o ft he C o lo mb iere ma ter ia l i s n o ted b e low

2 57

5 . Id o n ot b e l ieve t ha t t he a t temp t t o d ef ine e n t i t ies i nt h is ap r ior i a nd a rb i trary manner c an a id u nders tanding ; c f . S tebb ing ( 1 939 P . 1 82 ) p art i cu lar ly : "We may b e a b le t o p lay i n te l lec tua l g a mes w i th t hese a bs tract i ons a nd t o g ive r igorous d ef in i t ions t ha t w ou ld mee t w i th t he a pprova l o fl og ic ians , b ut we s ha l l r un t he d anger o f l os ing c on tac t w i th t hose ma t ters o ff ac t a bou t wh ich we d es ire t o t h ink e f fec t ive ly" . 6 . O ne mus t n ote t ha t t he g roove a nd s p l inter t echn ique d oes n ot s eem t o b e a bsen t f ro m t he S o lutrean , a nd i s c er ta in ly p resen t i n more t han a ' f ina l p hase ' o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian . 7 .

A so ur h istor ica l s tudy i n C hap ter 1 i ndica ted , P eyrony c ons idered h is Magda len ian I t o b e l a ter t han Magda len ian 2o f B reui l , wh i le t he Magd a len ian I o f C heyn ier d if fered f ro m t ha t o f P eyrony :

The t er ms a re n ot

e qu iva len ts . 8 .

C o mpare f urther o bserva t ion o n L achaud p . 2 46 b e low .

9 . O ne c an h owever n o te ag roup o fl a te d a tes f or A urignac ian a ssemb lages f ro m t he Med iterranean z one c . 2 3-18 5 00 b c a t S a lpe trf ere ( Ev in e t a l . 1 976 p p . 8 1-82 ) a nd C anecaude ( Sacch i 1 974 P . 5 51) . 1 0 .

P art icu lar ly c o mpare t he JB Terrace a ssemb lage .

1 1 . n =5 . 1 2 .

A l la in a lso s upposes d eve lop ment o f I n i t ia l Magda len ian f ro m t he S o lutrean , a nd h is mode l o f aS o lu trean b eco m ing modif ied i n a n a rea o fp oor r aw ma teria l i s a n a t te mp t t o e xp la in t he d isappearance o f t he s tone p ro jec t i le p oin ts .

1 3 .

O ne c an n ote d a tes o f 1 7 4 10 ± 4 20 ( Ly-798) a nd 1 7 7 60 ± 4 00 ( Ly-799 ) b e o n L ower S o lutrean f ro m O u l lins ( De l ibr ias & E v in 1 974 p . 1 54 ) , a nd 1 8 2 50 ± 6 60 b e ( Ly-940 ) o n Middle S o lutrean f ro m S a lpe tr iere ( Ev in e t a l . 1 976 p . 8 1 ) .

1 4 .

These f igures a re e s t ima ted f ro m Mon te t- Wh i te 1 973 p . 1 5 f i g . 4 , a nd L av i l le 1 964 p p . 3 0/31 f i g . 1 0 , r espec t ive ly .

1 5 .

The Magda len ian I I o f LHE ( l eve l 2 ) h as a l a ter C 14 d a te a nd must b e s epara ted f ro m t he o ther l eve ls , a l though t he b as is f or t he d ist inct ion i s u nc lear .

1 6 .

The p a t ina o ft he b lade le ts d if fers f ro m t ha t o ft he I n i t ia l Magda len ia n .

1 7 .

Th is p ossib i li ty was s uggested t o me b y Dr . R . M . J acob i . The e xcavat or c ons iders s uch a h ypothes is q u i te p laus ib le ( Tuf freau p ers . c omm . ) .

1 8 .

H ow t ime d ist inc t t he L ussac-Ang les s aga ie i s r emains t o b e a scer ta ined . T he t ype i s as hort s aga ie w i th a l ong s ing le b eve l , a nd o ne o r t wo g rooves . We c an o bserve t ha t t he t wo a t tr ibu tes c an b e o bserved s epara te ly i n t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian , w i th g rooves o n s aga ies f ro m an u mber o f s i tes ( c f . C hap ter 7 ) , a nd a s hor t s aga ie w i th l ong s ing le b eve l f ro m P egour ie 9 ( c f . f i g . 7 .12 ,2 ) .

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Table 8. 1

LHE

Correlation table of Laville & Texier for LeMalpas and LaugerieHaute (after Laville & Texier 1972 p. 330)

LHW

Industries

Malpas

Industries Climatic phases

2-3

Magd. III

Phase X. colder, dry

4-8

Magd. II

Phase IX. cold, more humid

9-17

Magd. I

1 upper

Up. Sol.

Phase VIII. cool, humid

18-21

0-1

Magd. 0 /Final Solutrean

1 lower

Up. Sol.

Phase VII. cold, dry

22-28

2-7

Up. /Fin. Sol.

2

Up. Sol.

Phase VI. ternperate, very humid

8,9

Mid. Sol.

3

Up. Sol.

Phase V cold, fairly dry

10

Mid. Sol.

30

11

Mid. Sol.

31

12 upper

Lower Sol.

5

Phase III. cold, fairly dry

32

12 lower

Lower Sol.

6

Phase II. mild, humid

29

Phase IV mild, humid

Laville & Texier do not indicate that level 5 also contains Upper Solutrean

259

Table 8. 2

Distribution of Industrial material in the site of Lascaux. (Adapted from Allain 1979 fig. 93 p. 118. )

Tool classes: 1. backed and retouched bladelets. 2. Scalene triangle/ bladelet. 3. Truncated piece. 4. Burin. 5. Endscraper. 6. Engraving tool (broken blade with smoothed corners). 7. Sagaie. 8. Other bone tool.

Entry Diverticule axial Passage Abside Puits Nef Diverticule des Felins

1

2

3

3 12 20 26 6 1

2

1 1

1

4

2 5 3 3 2 1

5

6

7

2 1 3 1

5

1

3 8 1

8 1

2 1 14

2

2

1

Table 8. 3 Relationship between Initial and later Magdalenian in 12 sites with both present Site

Succession

JBW

30 cm of small limestone eboulis before later Mag­ dalenian

LHE

Bordes excavation: levels join toward right of section, are separated by sandy level 9 to the left Peyrony excavation. 'Couche d 'interoccupation', water lain, between I' and I''

Lachaud

Accumulation of stalagmite before later Magdalenian

Raymonden

40 cm sterile deposit before Magdalenian with triangles

Solvieux

No details, but areal separation of the two occurrences

Rouleau

Later Magdalenian at a higher level in a different part of the site

Beauregard

Over much of the plateau, Initial and later Magdalenian occur mixed in sand

Farincourt

7 0-8 O cm sterile eboulis before later Magdalenian

Blot

30 cm sterile deposit before a terminal Magdalenian

Cottier

c. 40 cm eboulis before a terminal Magdalenian

Rond du Barry

Sterile deposit before a poor later Magdalenian in level E3

Bize

_£.. 25 cm sterile sandy-clay before later Magdalenian

260

The Initial Magdalenian in France

M. F. Hemingway

Part ii

BAR International Series 90 (ii) 1980

B.A.R.

B.A.R., 122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS

A. R. Hands, E.Se., :-.I.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, :\l. A.

B. A. R. S-90 (ii): "The Initial Magdalenian in France", Part ii © M. F. Hemingway, 1980. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9781407389479 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407389486 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860541042 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407352541 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541042 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

Page PART I Appendix

I .

I n i t ia l Magda len ian s i te d e ta i ls , a nd s tone i ndustry c o l lect ions

2 65

Abri d e JEAN-BLANC

2 67

Abris d e MAZERAT

2 74

Abr i d e LAUG ER IE-HAUTE East

2 78

BADEGOULE

3 42

Abri LACHAUD

3 59

Abri i nfer ieur d e RAYMONDEN

3 64

SOLV IEUX

3 67

LE CRO I X DE FER

3 70

GU ILLASSOU

3 74

LE BREU IL

3 78

Abri d e PECH DE LA BOISSI RE

3 80

L e P IAGE

3 81

Grot te d e PEGOURIE

3 84

Grot te d e CASSEGROS

4 00

MAUBIN

4 08

B IRAC I I

4 10

Abr i AND RE RAGOUT

4 16

Abr i FR ITSCH

4 18

LA PLUCHE

4 21

SAINT- F IACRE

4 23

GRAND- PR ES S IG NY S ILO

4 27

LA- CHAPE LLE-SAINT- MES MIN

4 30

BEAUREGARD , N e mours

4 33

L e GRAND SURPLO MB , N e mours

4 34

DEUX I ME REDAN , N e mours

4 34

BALLA NCOURT- S UR- ES SO NNE Abr i d u BLOT

4 46 4 48

Grot te d e COTT IER

4 52

Grotte d u ROND DU BARRY

4 58

CAMPARNAUD

4 61

LASSAC

4 63

LA R IV I RE

4 68

Appendix I . B ib liography

Type l i sts emp loyed i n a na lysis

4 71 4 77

PART I APPENDICES , PLATES , B IBLIOGRAPHY

2 63

APPEND IX I I N ITIAL MAGDALEN IAN S ITE DETAILS , AND S TONE I NDUSTRY COLLECTIONS

2 65

Abr i (s ) d e JEAN -BLANC , B ourn ique l & Bayac , Dordogne . A lso k nown a s J ean-B lancs , a nd C ha mp-B lanes , t he s i te l i es o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he C ouze , c . 7 km f ro m t he r a i lway s ta t ion o f C ouze , f ac ing d ue s ou th i n al i ne o f r ocks t ha t s tand o n at errace a t al eve l 2 5-30 m a bove t he v a l ley f l oor . The s i te c ons ists o f t wo s he l ters s epara ted b y ap ro jec t ion 4 .5 m l ong , b eh ind wh ich t he t wo a re c onnec ted b y an a tura l t unne l .

The s he lter t o t he

r igh t o r e as t o f t he p i l lar b acks a t errace 3 5 m l ong a nd 9 -10 m w ide , wh i le t ha t t o t he l ef t o r wes t o ft he p i l lar b acks a t errace 7 m l ong b y 7m w ide . The l ef t h and s he lter was e xcava ted b y Hardy a nd C has ta ing i n 1 882 , wh i le t he l arger s he lter s uf fered v is i ts b y t he C os tes , b y T abanou , L andesque , C hasta ing , T es tut a nd Hardy .

R enowned f or i t s f i ne a nd l arge S o lu trean l eaf

p oin ts , l i t t le o ther ma teria l was c o l lec ted b y t hese e ar ly v is itors .

R esearch

f i nanced b y as ubven t ion f ro m t he AFAS i n 1 910 a l lowed D . P eyrony t o r ec ogn ise i n s i tu d epos i t a round t he p i l lar .

The s i te was r en ted b y t he s ta te ,

a nd e xcava ted b y D . P eyrony i n 1 912 , a nd a ga in b y E . P eyrony i n 1 931 ( D . P eyrony 1 912 , D . & E . P eyrony 1 934 ) .

T he s tra t igraphy r ecovered b y t hese

workers was ( f ro m t op t o b o t to m ) : Wes t E . D .

E bou l is a nd s po i l . R ed b ed , b rown i n p laces . 1 5 cm .

C .

E ast

Magda len ian .

Sma l l l imes tone e bou l is .

C .

L i mestone e bou l is & e arth 1 .6 m.

3 0 cm . B .

Red b ed .

1 0 cm .

A .

Brown b ed .

Magda len ian . B .

3 0 cm .

S o lutrean . A .

B rown b ed .

2 0 cm . Magda len ian .

Bed , b rown a t b ase , y e l low a bove . 3 5 cm .

S o lutrean .

The S o lu trean i s d iscussed b y Sm i th ( 1966 p p . 2 09-212 ) .

The P eyronys

c o mpared t he b eds B i n t he s epara te h a lves t o o ne a nother , n oting t he p resence o f ' un l o t i mpor tan t ' o f a brupt ly r e touched f l akes a s we l l a s s o me b acked b ladel ets , a nd t ransverse b ur ins .

S o me i nd ica t ions o fb one i ndustry , a nd f auna a re

g iven a nd t hese a re d iscussed i n t he r e levan t s ec t ions .

D . & E . P eyrony d e-

s cribe f ro m JB W L eve l B ap ebb le w i th r egu lar ised s urface c arry ing a n e ng rav ing o f wha t s ee ms t o b e t he t orso o f a n a nima l .

T hey a lso d escr ibe a

s econd p ebb le c arrying t he e ngrav ing o f ag a l lop ing b ison a s b e ing f ro m t h is l eve l , a l though D . P eyrony ( 1912 ) s ee ms t o i mp ly t ha t i tc o mes f ro m t he u pper l eve l ( D ) . L eve l Di n JB W i s d escribed a s h av ing s o me ( rare ) t h ick e ndscrapers a nd r ac le t tes , b es ide b acked b la g le le ts i nc luding s o me t ha t a re d en t icu la ted , a nd s o me w i th o b lique t runca t ion . P eyrony ( 1912 ) s ays t ha t t he ma ter ia l o f t h is l eve l i s y ounger t han t ha t o f l eve l B , wh i le s t i l l b e ing o ld .

2 67

The ma ter ia l f ro m L eve l Bi n e ach p ar t o ft he s i te was s tudied b y d e S onnev i l le-Bordes ( 1960 p p . 3 83-385 , Tab . XL I I ) , a nd Ih ave made u se o f h er t ype l i s t ( Tab . I .1 ) i n my a na lyses . I m media te ly b efore t he IW W B ouysson ie a nd C hasta ing e xcava ted t o t he e as t o f t he e xcava t ions o f t he P eyronys , a nd r ecogn ised a s tra t igraphy t ha t i nc luded t hree S o lu trean l eve ls , p resen t o n t he t errace , b u t n o t u nder t he s he lter .

The ma in s tra t igraphy o n t he t errace h as l eve l Hw i th Magda len ian

o ver ly ing l eve l G—a s ter i le e bou l is a nd t he S o lutrean c o mp lex , F—B . A ' l i e i n f ron t o f a nd b e low t h is ma in s equence .

A a nd

L eve l A ' i s d escr ibed b y

B ouysson ie a s c on ta ining a n ' i ndus tr ie' a g ros e c la ts ' t ha t i s ' probab le men t i nfra-so lutreenne ' ( Sm i th 1 966 p . 2 14 ) .

Sm i th c o m men ts t ha t t h is ma ter ia l

h as ' ma in tenan t e te i den t if iee c o m me u n Wes a nc ien Magda len ien , s ans r ac le tt es e t a vec d es b ur ins t ransversaux massi fs , t ou t ' af a i t s e mb lab le a u n iveau i m media te men t s ous l e Magda len ien I" a .L auger ie-Hau te E st ' ( 1966 p . 2 14 ) , a dd ing t ha t i ti s c er ta in ly t he ma ter ia l d escr ibed a s c o ming f ro m A ' b y B ouyss on ie , a l though l abe l led

Ai n t he I PH c o l lec t ions .

During a v is i t t o Par is Iwas a b le t o s tudy t h is ma ter ia l .

One t ray o f

ma ter ia l c on ta ined b oxes w i th s o me o r a l l o f t he p ieces l abe l led l eve l A , a nd o thers w i th p ieces l abe l led Magd .

I n a l l 1 00 p ieces were l abe l led " Jean-B lanc

E 1927-14 A " , wh i le 5 5 p ieces were l abe l led "Mgd J ean-B lanc E 1927-14" . N ine p ieces were l abe l led " Jean-B lanc E 1927-14 AB" .

O n 1 9 o ther p ieces n o

l eve l o r n u mber was g iven , o n s ix n o l eve l was g iven wh i le t he n u mber g iven was 1 919-1, a nd o n a no ther t hree , n o l eve l was i nd ica ted . The p ieces l abe l led " Jean-B lanc E 1927-14 A " were p resu med t o r epres en t t he ma ter ia l f ro m l eve l A ' o f B ouysson ie .

Those l abe l led "Mgd J ean-

B lanc E 1927-14 ' were p resu med t o r epresen t t he ma ter ia l f ro m l eve l Ho therw ise a bsent .

L is ts o f t h is ma ter ia l a ccording t o t he n ew t ype l i st a re g iven

i n T ab le I .2 .

The ma ter ia l l abe l led A i s c lear ly d is t ingu ishab le f ro m t he

S olu trean o n p a t ina .

2 68

Tab le I . 1 JEAN-BLANC t ype l i st ( af ter d e S onnev i lle-Bordes 1 960 Tab . XLI I ) East

Type n o .

T ype n ame

1 .

S ing le e ndscraper

3 .

Doub le e ndsc r aper

N u mber 1 4

West %

N u mber

4 .78

5

3

1 .0 2

-

1 .0 2

3

1 .86

3

1 .86 1 .86

5 .

E ndscraper o n r e t . b l .

3

8 .

E ndscraper o n f l ake

-

3 .11

1 1 .

Carina ted e ndscraper

1

0 .34

3

1 3 .

Th ick n osed e ndscraper

2

0 .68

-

1 4 .

F la t n osed e ndscraper

1

0 .34

1

1 5 .

C ore e ndscraper

2

0 .68

-

1 7 .

E ndscraper -burin

8

2 .73

2

1 .24

1

0 .62

0 .62

1 8.

E nd s craper -trunca ted p iece

-

2 3 .

P er9oir

7

2 .39

1

0 .62

2 4 .

Bec

3

1 . 0 2

1

0 .62

2 7 .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

2 8.

De je te - d ihedra l b urin

1 2 4

4 .10 1 .37

1 2 3

7 .45 1 .86

2 9 .

Ang le d ihedra l b urin

5

1 .7 1

8

4 .9 7

3 0 .

Ang le o n b reak b urin

2

O .6 8

5

3 .11

3 1 .

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b urin

1

0 .34

3

1 .86

3 4 .

Burin o n s tr . r e t . t runc .

-

2

1 .2 4 2 .48

3 5 .

Burin o n o b l . r et . t runc .

7

2 .39

4

3 8.

Tsv . b urin o n l a t . r e t .

2

0 .68

-

5 6 .

A typica l s hou ldered p oint

1

0 .34

-

6 1 .

Ob lique ly t runc . p iece

1

0 .34

1

0 .62

6 3 .

C onvex t runca ted p iece

2

O .6 8

2

1 .24

6 8.

S trangu la ted b lade

1

0 .34

-

7 4 .

N otch

-

7 5 .

Dent icu la te

1

7 6 .

S p lintered p iece

2

7 7 .

S idescraper

3

7 8.

Rac let te

8 5 .

Backed b lade let

1

0 .62

0 .34

4

2 .48

0 .68

-

1 .02

3

1 77

6 0 .41

1 9

6 .48

7 7 7

1 .0 2

-

8 6 .

Trunca ted b acked b lade le t

3

8 7 .

Dent icu la ted b acked b lade let

-

9 1 .

Az i lian p oint

1

0 .34

-

9 2 .

' D iverse '

6

2 .05

7

2

2 93 NOTE :

4 7 .83 4 .35 1 .24 4 .35

1 61

The p ercen tages g iven i n t hese t wo c olu mns d if fer f ro m t hose g iven

b y d e S onnev i l le-Bordes . 1 .

1 .86

Th is i s f or t wo r easons :

a s e lsewhere e dge r e touched p ieces a re e xc luded f ro m t he t ool c oun t , t h is e xc ludes 2 p ieces f ro m t he East a sse mb lage , a nd t hree f ro m t he West a sse mb lage;

2 .

my a ddi t ion o f t he n u mbers o f s epara te t ool t ypes g iven b y Mada me Bordes i s l ower t han t ha t u sed a s ab asis f or c a lcula t ions b y Mada me Bordes 2 95 i n t he c ase o f J ean-B lanc East , 1 64 i nt he c ase o f J ean-B lanc West . 2 69

Tab le I . 2 JEAN -BLANC B ouysson ie c o l lec t ion Type n o .

Type n a me

1 .

S ing le e ndscraper

2 .

Doub le e ndscraper

3 .

E ndscraper o n f l ake

9 .

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b 1 .

A 1 7

( H ) 1 1 4

1 1 0

1 1 .

C arina ted e ndscraper

1

1 3 .

C arina ted n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

1

1 7 .

E ndscraper —dihedra l b urin

2

1 7 b is .

E ndscraper —bur in o n r e t . t runc .

2

1 8 .

E ndscraper —trunca ted p iece

1

2 1 b is .

Bec—endscraper

2

2 3 .

P er9o ir

2 7 .

Bee

1

Broken p er9oir/bec

1

4

1

2

3 0 .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

3 2 .

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

1

1

1

3 7 .

B ur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc .

4

2

3 8 .

Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1

4 1 b is .

Transverse b urin o n n otch

2

4 1 b is a .

Mu l t ip le h o mogeneous T . 0 . N . b urin

4 1 b is b .

Mu lt ip le h e terogeneous T .O . N . b ur in

1 1

4 2 .

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1

4 6 .

Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in

1

5 7 .

Trunca ted p iece

4 2

1

6 5-69 .

S olutrean t ype p ieces

7 4 .

Den t icu la te

1

7 5 .

S idescraper

2

1

7 6 .

Rac le t te

1

5

8 5 .

Backed b lade le t

1

9 4 .

R e touched b lade le t

1

2

5 9

S p l intered p iece

1

P ick

1

R etouched

3

Burin s pans

4

3 9

1

5

Unre touched

1 3

4

C ores

1 6

5

Th ick f l akes w i th f l . r e mova ls f ro m v entra l s urface R idged c ore t r im m ing f l ake

3 1 4 1

2 70

1 6

C o m men tary L abe l led " Jean-B lanc E 1927-14 A " . S ing le e ndscraper ( 1 7) :

1 4 h ave c onvex f ron ts , 3h ave o g iva l f ronts .

O ne o f

t hose w i th c onvex f ron t i s ar eused s p lin tered p iece . E ndscraper o nr etouched b lade ( 10 ) :

a l l h ave c onvex f ron ts , o ne a lso c arr ies

ad en t icu la te . Car ina ted n osed e ndscraper ( 1 ) :

o n af la t i rregu lar c ore .

E ndscraper —dihedra l b urin ( 2 ) :

b o th a re c o mp lex .

O ne h as a c onvex f ron t

o pposed t o as tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in , w i th a n a ng le d ihedra l b ur in o n t he e nd o f aS DB s pa l l r e mova l s urface , w i th t he o ther r e mova l r unning o nto t he s craper f ron t .

The s econd h as a c onvex f ron t o pposed t o aS DB w i th o ne

h edron n a tura l;

as econd b urin r uns f ro m t he s craper f ron t .

E ndscraper —burin o n r e touched t runca t ion ( 2 ) . C onvex e s

S tra igh te s TON

1

b ur in

E ndscraper —trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : Bec —endscraper ( 2 ) :

1 c onvex e s —ob l ique t runca t ion .

O ne h as a d jacen t c onvex e ndscraper a nd b ec ,t he o ther

o pposes b ee a nd c arina ted e ndscraper . Bee ( 1 ) :

h as f la t b ifac ia l r e touch a t t he t i p .

B urin d 'axe o n r e t . t runc . ( 4 ) :

A l l a re o n o b l ique r e touched t runca t ion , o ne

o f t he m mass ive . Ang le b urin o n r e t . t runc . ( 1 ) :

O n c oncave r etouched t runca t ion , a nd c o m-

b ined w i th a s idescraper . Transverse b urin o n n o tch ( 2 ) : t han n o tch .

O ne i s mass ive , a nd o n l a tera l r etouch r a ther

The o ther i s i l lus tra ted .

F ig . I .1 , 1 .

Mu l t ip le h e terogeneous TON b urin ( 1 ) : S tr a igh td ih e dr a l —TON . Mu l t ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 1 ) :

O pposes a n a ng le b urin o n c oncave r e touched

t runca t ion t o a n a x ia l b urin o n o b l ique r etouched t runca t ion . Mu lt ip le mixed b urin ( 1 ) : S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin o pposed t o a n a x ia l b urin o n o b l ique r e touched t runca t ion . T runca ted p ieces ( 4 ) : r e t . t runc .

O ne h as s tra igh t , t wo c oncave , a nd o ne c oncave-convex

S olu trean p ieces ( 2 ) : O ne i s t he mes ia l f rag men t o f al aure l l eaf p oin t , t he o ther a f rag men t t ha t a pproaches a b ee . S idescraper ( 2 ) : o n r e t . b lade . Rac le t te ( 1 ) :

O ne i s a brup t e dged, a nd migh t b e c lassed a s a n e ndscraper

e x tens ive ly a nd a brup t ly r etouched .

S p l intered p iece ( 1 ) :

as quare p iece w i th l i gh t s p lin tering a t b oth e nds .

2 71

P ick ( 1 ) :

b i fac ia l ly worked .

C ores ( 1 6) :

g lobu lar-5; mu l t idirec t iona l-3; i rregu lar c y lindr ica l-2; d isc-2; i rreg .

p yra m ida l-1; i rreg . p ick s haped-1;

c y lindr ica l-1;

a nd a f la t c ore o f at ype

o f ten s een i n S o lutrean a nd I n i t ia l Magda len ian l eve ls , w i th p ara l le l b ipo lar r e mova ls o n o ne b road f ace . L abe l led "Mgd J ean-B lanc E 1927-14" . S ing le e ndscraper ( 11) : f l ake .

1 0 h ave c onvex f ron ts , o ne o n ar idged c ore t rim ming

The e leven th h as a s tra igh t f ron t .

Doub le e ndscraper ( 4 ) :

O g iva l

C onvex

C onvex

1

1

S tra igh t

1

1

E ndscraper o n r e t . b l .

( 4 ) :

C onvex f ronts , o ne o f t he m c an ted .

E ndscraper—d ihedra l b urin ( 1 ) : Ang le o n b reak b ur in ( 1 ) : n otch o r ac rude b ec .

O n t he o ppos i te e nd i s r e touch f or ming e i ther a

Ax ia l b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 2 ) : t ed .

C onvex —Ang le o n b reak b ur in .

O ne i s a x ia l o n l a tera l r et , w i th a n o tch a ssoc ia-

The o ther i s a x ia l o n o b l ique c oncave r e t . t runc . w i th r ac let te r e touch

f or ming t he s pa l l r e mova l p la tfor m , a ssoc ia ted w i th a r ac let te . Trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : R ac le t te ( 5 ) :

S tra igh t r e t . t runc . o n af ragmen t o f aS o lutrean p iece .

A l l h ave e x tens ive , a brup t r e touch .

S p l intered p iece ( 1 ) : C ores ( 5 ) :

ar eused c onvex f ron ted e ndscraper .

i rregu lar-2; g lobu lar-1; t abu lar d isc-1; f la t o b long u nidirec t ion-

a l-1 . L abe l led " Jean-B lanc E 1927-14 AB" C arina ted e ndscraper ( 1 ) : C ores ( 8 ) :

D isc-1;

c rude .

c y lindr ica l , 2p la tfor ms-1;

c y lindr ica l , 1p la tfor m-2;

f la t i rregu lar-2; t abu lar-1; f la t w i th r etouch o n e dge-1 . L abe l led " Jean-B lanc E 1927-14" A S o lu trean p oin t f rag men t , a n u nre touched b lade , a nd a c ore t r i mming f l ake w i th s o me s craper r e touch . L abe l led " Jean-B lanc E 1919-1" . E ndscraperon f l ake ( 1 ); B urin-trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : De je te d ihedra l o pposed t o c oncave r e t . t runc . ;b ec ( 1 ); s trangu la ted b lade ( 1 ); e dge r etouched b lade ( 2 ) :

o ne p erhaps ab roken p er9oir .

L abe l led " Jean- B lane"211 . 3& 4 S ing le e ndscraper ( 1 ) :

c onvex f ront ;

P er9oir ( 1 ) :

made w i th r ac let te t ype

r e touch ( f ig . I .1 ,2 ) ; s tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in ( 1 ) : t he t ip o n ly ; S o lutrean p oin t f rag men ts ( 6 ); b acked b lade le ts ( 2 ) ; p o in ted b lade ( 1 ) : w i th S o lutrean t ype

2 72

r e touch a t t he p oin t ; u nre touched ( 1 ) ;

c ores ( 2 ) :

c y lindr ica l , 1p la tfor m-1;

c on ica l , 1p la tform-1; b ur in s pa l ls ( 3 ) ; c ore t r i mming f l ake ( 1 ) . F igure 1 .1 .

JEAN-BLANC .

B ouysson ie c o i l

1 .

T ransverse b ur in o n n otch .

2 .

P er9o ir made w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch

2

2 73

A br is d e MAZERAT , C ouze , D ordogne . Amongs t ag roup o f s i tes d om ina t ing RN 6 60 i n t he v a l ley o ft he C ouze n ear i t s c onf luence w i th t he D ordogne a re t he L arge a nd Sma l l Mazera t s he lters ( Sm ith 1 966 p . 2 20 ) . Sm i th ( i b id .) n otes t ha t S o lutrean o ccurs i n b oth s he lters , a f ter t he e xcava t ions o f L andesque a nd De lug in .

H e a lso n otes , f o l low ing D .

& E . P eyrony ( 1934 ) , t ha t I n i t ia l Magda len ian o ccurs i n t he Sma l l s he lter . De S onnev i l le-Bordes ( 1 960 p . 3 86) makes t he s ame o bserva t ion , a nd i l lustra tes t wo r ac le t tes f ro m t he s i te ( de S onnev i l le-Bordes 1 960 f i g . 2 11 .3 & 4 ) . B o th t he f or m i n wh ich t he ma teria l i s c onserved a t t he Mus e d u P er igord ( Per igeux ) , a nd t he u npub lished c a ta logue o f De lug in wou ld i ndica te h owever t ha t i ti s t he L arge , a nd n ot t he Sma l l , s he lter wh ich c on ta ined I n i t ia l Magd a len ian ma ter ia l i n s o me q uan t i ty . I n De lug in ( unpub . )b enea th N o . 1 168 i s wr i t ten : " 1911

L e Mazera t ( Cne d e C ouze , p ies Bayac D ordogne ) P e t i t a br i ( f oui l les p ersone l les 1 911 )1 S o lutreen s up ."

F oo tnote 1r eads " un s eu l f oyer d e 1m c arre—sur 0 -10cm e pa isseur ' aP en tree d 'une p et i te c av i te r ocheuse p lafond t i es b as ( Foyer s o lutreen s up" ) ." B enea th n o . 1 198 ( i b id .) i s t he e n try : " 1911

L e Mazera t ( Cne d e C ouze , pi es Bayac D ordogne ) f ou i l les p ersone l le -1911

G d a br i , d ans u ne c averne , a u trefois f ou i l l es p ar P abbe C heyssac , C os ta d 'Issigeac , e t T abauron . L eurs t erres r em .. o nt e t et ransp or tees d ans u n j ardin v oisin ;

a uss i l es o b je ts q ue j ' y a i t rouves

n e p euven t-i ls i ndiquer u ne e poque q ua terna ire .

T ou t ye st me lange

d epu is Paur ignac ien , j usqu 'en magda len ien , yc o mpr is ." Iwas a b le t o s tudy t he ma ter ia l d ur ing A pr i l 1 978 , a nd a s t he t oo l l i sts i ndica te , t he ma ter ia l s hown a s c om ing f ro m t he L arge s he l ter c on ta ins t he more r ac le t tes , a l though a t l east o ne s urv ives i n t he c o l lec t ion f ro m t he Sma l l s he l ter , a nd o ne c an n ote a f ootnote r eferred t o u nder N o . 1 185-1186 ( De lug in i b id . ) : " Du n o . 1 185 a u n o . 1 191 i nc l . l es r e touches marg ina les s on t d roi ts , p erpendr a ux f aces , ofran t u n t ype t ous p ar t icu l ier d e P epoque s o lu treene , r encon tre a ssez r aremen t p ara i l leurs" . N o . 1 185-1189 a re d escr ibed a s p oin ts , a nd 1 190-1191 a s ' f or mes d es r äc loirs mousterien ' . T he c o l lec t ion f ro m t he Sma l l s he lter a lso c on ta ins t he d ista l p ar t o f a microharpoon , a nd l acks S o lutrean p ieces . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t s ince t he n u mber ing s ystem h as b een c hanged , t he c o l lec t ions f ro m o ne s he lter h ave b een t ransposed t o t he o ther . i s n ot h owever o fo verwhe lm ing i mpor tance .

The q ues t ion

The l i s ts o f s tone ma ter ia l

f ro m t he t wo s he lters a re g iven h ere i n t er ms o f t he ir p resen t a t tr ibut ions ( Tab le I .3 ) .

2 74

Tab le I .3 Type n o .

A br is d e MAZERAT .

De lug in c o l lec t ion

T ype n ame

L arge s h .

Sma l l s h . 7

1

S ing le e ndscraper

4

1b is .

S ing le e ndscraper o n t h inned e nd

1

2

D oub le e ndscraper

5

1

3

E ndscraper o n f l ake

1

1

8

F an e ndscraper

1

1 1

9

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b l .

3

C arina ted e ndscraper

2

1 7

E ndscraper —dihedra l b ur in

2

1 7 b is .

E ndscraper —bur in o n r e t . t runc .

1

1 8

E ndscraper —trunca ted p iece

1

2 1 b is .

Bec—endscraper

2 2 b is .

B ec—burin

2 3

P er9o ir

1

2 6

Z inken

1

1 1

3 1 1

1

2 7

Bec

2

2 7 b is .

Mu l t ip le b ee

1

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

1

1

3 7

B ur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc .

4

2

3 8

Ang le b urin o n r e t . t runc .

1

3 8 b is .

A ng le b urin o n o b lique r e t . t runc .

1

4 1

T ransverse b urin o n l a t . r e t .

5 6

P erigordian s hou ldered p oin t

6 5-69

S o lu trean t ype p ieces

7 4

Den t icu la te

7 5

S idescraper

7 6

Rac le t te

1

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

1 1

7 7

T r iang le

1

8 4

P oin ted b acked b lade le t

3

8 5

Backed b lade le t

8 7

T runca ted b acked b lade le t

8 8

Den t icu la ted b acked b lade le t

1

9 0

Den t icu la ted b lade le t

1

9 6

A z i l ian p oin t

1

9 7

1

3 1 1

L auger ie-Basse p oint

1

1 01

P oin ted b lade

1

1 05

D iverse

1 5 9

R etouched b lade

3 8

1

U t i l ised b lade

1

B ur n s pa l l

2

1

C ore t r i m ming f l ake

1

2

Gun f l in t

1

2 75

C o m men tary L arge s he lter S ing le e ndscraper ( 4 ) :

A l l h ave c onvex f ron ts , i n o ne c ase a brup t .

E ndscraper o n t h inned e nd ( 1 ) :

D is ta l c onvex s craper f ron t , p rox ima l ly t here

i s f l a t r e touch o n b oth f aces t h inning t he b u lbar e nd . D oub le e ndscraper ( 5 ) :

c onvex

c onvex

E ndscraper o n f l ake ( 1 ) :

o g iva l

1

s tra igh t

2

d e je t

1

n osed 1

o r ar ac le t te .

E ndscraper o n r e t . b l . ( 3 ) :

a l l h ave c onvex f ron ts , o ne i s c o mbined w i th a

n otch , a nother made w i th v ery f l a t r e touch . C ar ina ted e ndscraper ( 2 ) : E ndscraper-burin ( 2/1 ) :

o ne i s o n ar idged c ore t r im m ing f l ake . DDB

c onvex o g iva l

1 1

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : Bec-burin ( 1 ) :

CVTR 1

C onvex-ob l ique .

A DDB o pposed t o ab roken b ec wh ich i s i n t he p rocess o f

b e ing c onver ted t o a n e ndscraper . S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in ( 1 ) :

O n ac ore t r im m ing f l ake .

B ur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc . ( 4 ) : Two a re o n o b lique c oncave r e t . o ther t wo o n o b l ique r e t . t runc . Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 1 ) :

t runc ., t he

O n s tra igh t r e t . t runc .

Ang le b ur in o n o b i . r e t . t runc . ( 1 ) : P er igordian s hou ldered p o in t ( 1 ) :

t he r e touch i s o n ly v ery s l igh t ly o b l ique .

( f ig . I .2 ,2 ) .

S o lu trean t ype p ieces ( 10 ) : U n ifac ia l P oin t ( 2 ) ; B ifac ia l ly r e touched p ieces ( 2 ); Wi l low l eaf p oint f ragmen ts ( 2 ) , o ne u n ifac ia l , o ne b ifac ia l; S hou ldered p oin t f ragmen ts ( 4 ) , o ne j us t ab ase , t wo h ave a l l o ver b ifac ia l r e touch , o ne b ifac ia l r e touch a t t he t i p . Rac let te ( 1 1 ) : T hese a re a brupt ly a nd e x tens ive ly r etouched . T hree were s tuck t o p erspex . T he o ther e igh t were measured, b u t s ince t he c o l lec t ion i s s e lec ted , t he r esu l ts c an h ave l i t t le v a lue a nd a re n ot r eproduced . Average e dge a ng le was 8 4 0 ,a nd f or c omp le te s pec imens , more t han 5 0% o f t he e dge was r e touched . Az i l ian p oin t ( 1 ) :

O ne i s i l lus tra ted ( f ig . I .2 ,3 ) . ab roken c urved b acked p oint ( f ig . I .2 ,1 ) .

R etouched b lade ( 1 ) :

a pproaches a n A ur ignac ia nb lade .

2 76

Sma l l s he l ter S ing le e ndscraper ( 7 ) : F ive h ave c onvex f ron ts , o ne b e ing o n ab ur in s pa l l , o ne i s o g iva l w i th a brup t r e touch , a nd o ne o b l ique modify ing ab ur in . D oub le e ndscraper ( 1 ) :

D oub le c onvex e ndscraper .

E ndscraper o n r e t . b l . ( 1 ) :

w i th a n o g iva l f ron t .

E ndscraper—dihedra l b ur in ( 3 ) :

A l l h ave DDB o pposed t o c onvex s craper

f ron ts —in o ne c ase a brup t . E ndscraper—trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) :

C onvex-ob l ique o n r e touched b lade .

B ur in d 'axe o n r e touched t runca t ion ( 2 ) : t ouched t runca t ion . T ransversebur in ( 1 ) :

o ne i s o nl a tera l , a nd o ne o n o b lique r e-

t h is i s ac o mp lex p iece w i th a s tra igh t t runca t ion a t o ne

e nd , ad en t icu la ted e dge , a nd a t ransverse p lan b ur in b low c ut t ing t h is r etouch . I ti s n ot a B ertonne r e touched p iece , s ince t he b low p ostda tes t he r e touch , a nd t he r e touch i s n ot i nverse . Den ticu la te ( 1 ) :

made w i th r ac let te t ype r e touch .

P oin ted b lade ( 1 ) :

h as f l a t S o lutrean t ype t r im m ing , b ifac ia l a t t he t i p a nd o n

t he l ef t d ista l e dge . D iverse ( 1 ) : l abe l led ' p o in te ä f l ache ' , a n a ng le b acked p oin t w i th f a ir ly a brup t d irec t b ack ing ( ang le c . 8 1° ) . S tuck t o p erspex , t he p iece c ou ld n ot b e d rawn w i th e ase .

A s ke tch i l lus tra t ion i s g iven ( f ig . I .2 ,4 ) .

F IGURE I .2 .

Mazera t De lug in c o l lec t ion .

1 -3 L arge s he lter , 4 Sma l l s he lter .

1 . Az i lian p oin t ( Ca t . 1 0571) . 2 . P er igordian s hou ldered p oin t ( 10522 ) . 3 . Rac le t te ( 10566 ) . 4 . " poin te ä f lache" ( 10609 ) .

1

3

4

2 77

Abr i d e LAUGER IE-HAUTE EAST , L es-Eyz ies-de-Tayac , D ordogne Th is f a mous s i te l i es o n t he r igh t b ank o f L he V i ere , t wo k i lo me tres u ps tream f ro m t he v i l lage o f L es E yz ies .

The s i te e x tends b e tween t he r iver

a nd a l i ne o f c l if fs p ara l le ling i t s c ourse , e x tending i n p laces a s f ar a s t he b ank , b u t w i th t he p r inc ipa l d epos i ts b e tween t he c l if f f oot a nd t he r oad t ha t s epara tes i tf ro m t he r iver —an a verage w idth o f 3 5 m ( D . & E . P eyrony 1 938 p . 3 ) .

T he s i te o f L auger ie-Hau te e x tends f or a l eng th o f 1 80 m, a long mos t

o f wh ich l eng th t he o verhang h as c o l lapsed .

A lthough my s tudies r e la te o n ly

t o t he E ast o f t he s i te , t he f i rs t p ar t o f t he d iscuss ion must d ea l w i th t he who le s i te . T he Marquis d e V ibraye s ee ms t o h ave b een t he f i rs t t o h ave worked t he s i te , i n t he e ar ly 1 860s ( de V ibraye 1 864 , 1 866 , K e l ley 1 955 ) .

H e s ee ms t o

h ave r ecogn ised S o lutrean a nd Magda len ian a nd d is t inguished t he m .

Larte t

a nd C hris ty s ucceeded , a nd emphas ised t he S o lu trean ma ter ia l , c on tras t ing t he s i te w i th t ha t o f L auger ie-Basse , a t wh ich l a t ter t hey e xpress s urpr ise a t n ot f i nding t he d ist inc t ive l ance p oi n ts o f L auger ie-Hau te , i ndica t ing t ha t t hey d id n ot r ecogn ise t he d is t inc t ion ( Lar te t & C hr isty 1 864 p p . 2 4-32 ) .

Over

t he n ex t s ixty y ears , t he s i te was much v isi ted a nd e xcava ted , w i th o n ly r are ly t he r esu l ts b e ing p ub l ished ( e .g . G irod & Massena t 1 893 , C ap i tan & B reui l 1 902 , L a lanne 1 909 , 1 909a ) .

F ro m 1 907-1914 , Hauser e xcava ted i n t he s i te ,

l eav ing o n t he o u tbreak o f h os t i l i t ies i n t he F irst Wor ld War .

Hauser was

c onv ic ted o fb e ing i n Ger man s erv ice , a nd t he F rench g overn men t t ook o ver t he s i te .

I n 1 921, Den is P eyrony b egan e xcava t ions o n b eha lf o f t he s ta te ,

c on t inuing u n t i l 1 935 . The s i te o f L augerie-Hau te i s d iv ided i n to t wo h a lves —Eas t a nd Wes t —by ab aulk o f u nexcava ted ma teria l s uppor ting a h ouse .

A s n o ted i n C hap ter 1 ,

t he e xcava t ions o f C ap i tan , B reu i l , a nd P eyrony i n t he Wes t o f t he s i te i n 1 901 , p roduced ma ter ia l f ro m a t h ickness o f 2m o f h ear ths , amongs t wh ich r ac le t tes were r ecogn ised f or t he f i rst t ime ( Cap i tan & Breu i l 1 902 p . 7 71) . H owever i ti s n ot u nt i l t he e xcava t ions o f P eyrony i n b o th p ar ts o f t he s i te t ha t ac lear a nd d e ta i led s tra t igraphy f or t he s i te i s p rov ided . I n t he Wes tern p ar t o f t he s i te n o d iv is ion c ou ld b e made i n t he s ing le b ed o f Magda len ian ma ter ia l r ecogn ised . I n t he E as t h owever t hree l eve ls o f e ar l ier Magda len ian , a nd t races o f l a ter Magda len ia n were r ecogn ised .

The

s tra t igraphy p rov ided f or t he u pper p ar t o f t he s equence i s ( f ro m t op t o b otto m ) ( D . & E . P eyrony 1 938 p . 1 0 ) : L eve l

L :

Earth a nd e bou l is .

1 .7 m A z i lian p ieces .

K :

Th in l eve l .

J :

Sma l l e bou l is .

Magda len ian V o f B reu i l .

I " :

Magda len ian w i th g rooved b one p ieces .

8 0 cm . The mos t ' importan t '

l eve l i n t he E ast o f t he s i te ( p . 5 6) . I " :

O n ly o ccas iona l ly d ist inc t f ro m I ' " . t r iang le ( p . 5 4 ) .

Magda len ian w i th s ca lene

' Couche d 'interoccupa t ion e n tre l es Magda leniens Ie t

a

s ter i le r ed ' wa terla in ' b ed c on ta in ing s o me e bou l is , s o me b eari ng t races o fb lack c o lour ( p . 5 4 ) .

2 78

I ' :

Brown r ed b ed w i th b roken b one .

A t t he b ase , r est ing o n t he

S o lutrean d epos i t , a nd 6 m f ro m t he s he l ter wa l l al i ne o f l imes tone b locks was r ecogn ised , s ugges ted a s b e ing t he s upports f or a l ean-to .

Magda lenian w i th f l akes w i th a brup t ly r e touched

e dge ( p . 4 7) . T owards t he e as t t he t hree d iv is ions o f Ic oa lesced . Magda len ian was d is t ingu ished b y t he P eyronys .

O ne l eve l o f I n i t ia l

The d e ta i ls o f f auna a nd

b one i ndustry t ha t t hey g ive a re c onsidered e lsewhere . D . 8 /E . P eyrony ( 1938 p . 4 9 ) g ive f igures f or u sed p ieces f ro m a n a rea o f 6s quare me tres -340 t oo ls a nd 5 1 r e touched p ieces .

Amongst t he t oo ls 5 1

r ac let tes ( 15% ) a re d escr ibed , a nd 2 b acked b lade le ts ( 0 .6% ) .

D . d e S onnev i l le-

B ordes a na lysed t he P eyrony c o l lec t ion ( de S onnev i l le-Bordes 1 954 , 1 960 p p . 3 37-347 . Tab . XXXV I I I ) , r ecogn is ing 6 75 t oo ls i nc luding 3 6 r ac le t tes ( 5 .33% ) a nd 6 b acked b lade le ts ( 0 .9% ) .

L ap lace ( 1966 Tab . XV I , p . 4 70 ) s tudy ing t he

s a me c o l lec t ion r ecogn ised 7 51 t oo ls , 3 5 o f wh ich o thers wou ld p robab ly c lass a s r etouched .

H e c lassed 9 8 p ieces i n h is c a tegory A 2 more o r l ess e quiva len t

t o t he r ac le t te ( 13 .7% o f t he r educed L ap lace c oun t ) . S ince t he s tud ies Iwas a b le t o c arry o ut p rov ide more d eta i l t han t hose n oted a bove , a nd r efer t o af i ner s ubdiv is ion o ft he s ame d epos i t , Ih ave n ot u sed a ny o f t hese e ar l ier l i s ts i n my a na lyses , a nd d o n o t t herefore r eproduce t he m h ere . A t t he e nd o f h is e xcava t ions P eyrony l ef t w i tness s ec t ions i n b oth p ar ts o f t he s i te .

The c o l lapse i n 1 955 o f ap ar t o f t he s ect ion i n t he E as tern p ar t

o f t he s i te l ed t o n ew e xcava t ions , b egun b y E . P eyrony , b ut r apid ly d evo lvi ng o n F . B ordes ( Bordes 1 958 p p . 2 05-206) .

B ordes worked u n t i l 1 960 ,

r enew ing s ec t ions i n b oth E as t a nd Wes t ( Bordes 1 958, 1 959 p . 1 61, 1 961 p . 2 38) , a nd p roduc ing i mportan t n ew i nfor ma t ion , a nd a r ange o f ma ter ia ls f or s pec ia l is t s tudies .

T he S o lutrean ma ter ia l was s tudied b y Sm i th ( 1966 p p .

5 7-151) , a nd t he P ro to magda len ian ( Grave t t ian ) ma ter ia l h as b een s tudied b y B ordes ( 1978) . B es ide t hese t he s edi men t h as b een s tudied b y L av i l le ( 1964 ) , t he f auna b y De lpech ( 1975 ) , a nd p o l len b y Paquereau ( f or thco ming , b ut s o me d eta i ls i n De lpech [ 1975 ] ) . I n t he Wes t o n ly a s ing le l eve l o f Magda len ian c ou ld b e r ecogn ised, d if f ic u l t t o d is t ingu ish f ro m t he im media te ly u nder ly ing S o lu trean , a nd c o mpared t o t he Magda len ian 0i n t he E as t .

I n t he E as t h owever 2 0 l eve ls c ou ld b e d is-

t inguished a bove t he S o lutrean , w i th s ix c u ltura l l eve ls a t tr ibu tab le t o t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian . f igure 3 .

The s tra t igraphy i n t h is p art o f t he s i te i s s hown i n

F ro m t op t o b ot to m t he d e ta i ls f or t he u pper p art ( l eve l 3 0 a nd

a bove ) a re a s f o l lows : L eve l

1

Y e l low s and w i th s o me t her moc last ic e bou l is , sma l l h ear ths a nd f a ir ly a bundan t i ndus tr ia l ma teria l .

Magda len ian

2

Grey , h ear th ma ter ia l , c on t inuous b ut d isappears t o r igh t . c lay c ons istency . Magda len ian

3

Th in c lay b ed , d isappear ing t o r igh t .

4

( f 1) . C layey b lack/brown h ear th . d a lenian 2 79

J oins l eve l 2t o r igh t .

S andy

Mag-

L eve l

5 .

C lay b ed , v ar iab le t h ickness .

6 .

( f 2 ) .

S carce p ieces .

Th in o ccupa t ion l eve l , s carce i ndus try .

Magda len ian

7 . Th in c lay b ed d isappear ing t o r igh t . 8 .

( f 3 ) .

9 .

S andy l eve l d isappear ing t o r igh t .

1 0 .

( f 4 ) .

Th in o ccupa t ion l eve l , s carce i ndus try .

Magda len ian

S carce p ieces .

Th in o ccupa t ion l eve l , s carce i ndus try .

Magda len ian ' I d '

L eve ls 6 , 8 , a nd 1 0 c onfound t o t he r igh t . 1 1 .

T h in s andy b ed .

1 2 .

Th ick b lack h ear th , t h inning t o r igh t .

R ich i ndustry .

Magda len ian

• 1 3 .

Th in c lay b ed .

1 4 .

Th in o ccupa t ion l eve l , i n p laces u nder la in b y p ave men t o f sma l l s labs .

S carce p ieces .

D isappears i n midd le o f s ec t ion , a nd t o t he r igh t .

Magda len ian ' I b ' . 1 5 .

Th in c lay b ed .

1 6 .

Th in o ccupa t ion l eve l , d isappear ing t o r igh t .

1 7 .

C lay b ed , g enera l ly t h in .

1 8 .

( F1 ) .

R ed-brown ' gras ' h ear th .

l eve ls a bove ( ?) . 1 9 . 2 0 .

Magda lenian ' I a . ' .

Two o b l ique p ro jec t ions c u t t ing

C ryoturba ted .

Magda len ian ' 0-2 ' .

Th in c lay " b ed d isappear ing t o r igh t . ( F2 ) .

H ear th l i ke t ha t o f 1 8 , c onfounding w i th i tt o t he r igh t .

Magda len ian ' 0-1 ' . 2 1 .

( c js ) .

Y e llow s andy b ed w i th s o me t hermoc last ic e bou lis .

D is-

a ppears t owards t he c en tre o f t he s ec t ion t o r eappear a t t he r igh t . S carce i ndus try . 2 2 .

( cbg ) .

T h in b rown ish b ed w i th sma l l l imestone g ranu les .

p ears t o r igh t . 2 3 .

2 4 . 2 5 .

( cg ) .

U pper S o lutrean .

S carce i ndustry .

G rey b ed , f a ir ly t h ick w i th sma l l h ear ths , s o me o f t he m

s ee ming c ryoturba ted .

S carce i ndus try .

Th in y e l low s andy b ed .

I n ter m i t ten t .

( F3 ) .

D isap-

U pper S o lutrean .

U pper S o lutrean .

B lack h ear th , s o me t imes c ryoturba ted .

S carce i ndustry .

U pper S o lutrean . 2 6 .

( F3c j/F4 ) . i nd .

2 7 .

( F4 ) .

2 8 .

( F4c j/F5 ) .

2 9 .

( F5 ) .

Y e l low s andy b ed .

Brown ish h ear th .

I n ter m i t ten t .

S carce S o lutrean

U pper S o lu trean .

Ye l low s andy b ed .

I n ter m i t ten t .

U pper S o lutrean .

Brown ish h ear th , j oined w i th 2 6 a nd 2 8 i n p laces .

P robab ly

Middle S o lutrean . 3 0 .

( F5c j/F6) .

T h ickness a nd n a ture v ar iab le . 2 80

Middle S o lu trean .

T he ma ter ia l f ro m t he Magda len ian l eve ls was s or ted i n ap re li m inary f ash ion b y t he e xcava tor a f ter t he e xcava t ion .

De ta i ls o ft h is a na lys is were

i ncorpora ted b y d e S onnev i l le-Bordes i n to a g enera l a r t ic le o n t he U pper Pa laeo li th ic ( de S onnev i l le-Bordes 1 966) , a nd u sed i n h er c o m ment ( de S onnev i l leB ordes 1 967) o n t he p re li m inary p ub lica t ion o f t he a br i F ri tsch ( A l la in & F ri tsch 1 967) .

P rofessor B ordes k ind ly a l lowed me t o s tudy t h is ma ter ia l , a nd b e-

t ween F ebruary a nd J une 1 978, Iwas a b le t o c arry o ut a s er ies o f a na lyses . The a lready s orted ma ter ia l was r e-ana lysed , a nd t he ma ter ia l i n s tore f ro m t he e xcava t ions—st i l l u nwashed —was r esorted f or a n u mber o f l eve ls , i nc reas ing my s amp les o ft oo ls a nd o f who le u n modif ied f l akes . F u l l a na lyses o fb oth s or ted a nd s tored ma ter ia ls were c arried o ut f or l eve ls 2 0 , 1 8, 1 6, 1 4 , 1 2 a nd 1 0 , f or t he l a ter Magda len ian o f l eve l 8 , a nd f or t he F ina l S o lutrean .

Sm i th , i n h is a na lys is o f t he ma ter ia lf ro m t he F ina l

S olu trean l eve ls 2 3-21 ( Sm i th 1 966 p p . 1 36-142 , 4 07-408) , n oted t ha t " les g raph iques c u mu la t ifs i ndiv idue ls p our l es n iveaux 2 3 e t 2 1 ... s on t t i es s e mb lab les" ( p . 1 38) , a nd i n h is f i na l t ab le a ccording ly c o mb ined t he ma ter ia l f ro m t he t hree l eve ls a s we l l a s g iv ing s epara te c oun ts .

Ih ave f o l lowed t h is

p rocedure , g iv ing s epara te a nd c o mbined t ypo log ica l c ounts ( Tab . 5& 6 ) , a nd c o mbin ing t he s amp les f ro m t he t hree l eve ls f or r ac le t te a nd u n mod if ied f lake a na lyses . Tab le I . 4b e low i nd ica tes t he s tudies c arried o u t o n t he d if feren t s amp les . Tab le I .4

S tudies c arr ied o ut o n l i th ic ma ter ia l f ro m L auger ie-Haute E as t Ma ter ia l

S a mp le

S or ted

S tored

Typo log ica l

Rac le t te

F lake

T ab les I .

LHF 2 3-21

x

x

x

x

x

5& 6

LHE 2 0

x

x

x

x

x

7& 8

LHE 2 0/18 LHE 1 8

x x

x

x x

x x

x

9& 1 0 1 1 & 1 2

x

x

x

x

1 3 & 1 4

x

x

LHE 1 6

x

LHE 1 6/14

x

LHE 1 4

x

x

x

x

x

LHE 1 2

x

x

x

x

x

1 9 &2 0

LHE 1 0

x

x

x

x

x

2 1 &2 2

LHE 8

x

x

x

x

x

LHE 6

x

x

LHE 4

x

x

LHE 2

x

x

1 5 & 1 6 1 7 & 1 8

2 3 &2 4 2 5 &2 6 2 7 &2 8

x

2 9 &3 0

My s amp les d if fer f ro m t hose s tud ied b y Sm i th f or l eve ls 2 3-21 i n t ha t f ur ther s a mp les were t aken i n 1 964 . I n 1 969 , as low d e ta i led d issec t ion o f d epos i ts i n t he E as tern p ar t o f t he s i te b y Gu ichard b egan ( Bordes 1 970 p . 4 90 , 4 92-3 , 1 972 p . 4 90 , 1 974 p . 6 21. R igaud 1 976 p p . 5 26-529 ) . e xcava t ions h ave c oncerned o n ly t he Magda len ian I I d eposi t .

S o f ar t hese

T hree r adio-carbon d a tes e x is t f or t he s i te ( Ev in e t a l . 1 976 p p . 8 0-81 ) . L y-972 1 6 3 10 ± 3 60 b c

1 8 2 60 b p was r un o n b ones f ro m l eve ls 2 0 a nd 1 8 .

2 81

The t wo o ther d a tes a re n o t a ssoc ia ted w i th I n i t ia l Magda len ian ma ter ia l s o f ar a s i s k nown .

LY-974

1 2 0 20 ± 4 80 b c

' I I I ' a t t he t op o f t he s equence .

L y-973

1 3 9 70 b p d a tes t he Magda len ian

1 5 0 90 ± 4 40 b c

1 7 0 40 b p i s p ub-

l i shed a s d a t ing t he Magda len ian I , a nd t hus i t migh t b e t hough t p rov iding a t er m inus a n te q ue m f or t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian .

I n t he t ex t i ti s i ndica ted t ha t

t he b ones u sed f or t h is d a te d id n ot c o me f ro m t he ma in s ec t ion , wh i le t he c o m men t o n t he d a te s ugges ts t ha t i ti s t oo o ld .

C onversa t ion w i th B ordes ,

De lpech , a nd R igaud i nd ica tes t ha t t he b ones u sed f or t h is d a te c a me f ro m a s epara te s ec t ion i n f ron t o f t he ma in s ec t ion , t he ma ter ia l f ro m wh ich i s s t i l l l arge ly u nstudied .

A l l t ha t c an a t p resen t a ctua l ly b e s a id o f t h is d a te , i s t ha t

i t c o mes f ro m b e low t he l eve ls a t t he t op o f t he s ec t ion t ha t a re c orre la ted w i th t he Magda len ian I I o f t he ma in s ec t ion . O n ly L y-972 i s t herefore r e levan t t o o ur c ons idera t ion o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian .

2 82

F IGURE I .3

S ec t ion a t L augerie-Haute E as t ( af ter Lav i l le 1 964 p p . 3 0-31)

Hearth R e la t ive ly d ense o ccupa t ion

4 .

2 :

g A

2 83

Tab le I .5

L auger ie-Hau te E as t F ina l S o lutrean .

Type n o .

Type n ame

2 3

N ew t ype l i st 2 2

2 1

1

S ing le e ndscraper

5

4

3

1b is . 2

S ing le e s . o n t h inned e nd Doub le e ndscraper

-

1 -

1

3

T ota l

T ota l %

1 2

5 .80

1 1

0 .48 0 .48

E ndscraper o n f l ake

-

-

1

1

0 .48

9 1 2

E ndscraper o n r e t . b lade A typ ica l c ar ina ted e ndscraper

-

-

2 1

2 1

0 .97 0 .48

1 5

F la t n osed e ndscraper

1

-

-

1

0 .48

1 6

F la t s hou ldered e ndscraper

1

-

1

-

0 .48

B roken e ndscraper

1

-

1

2

0 .97

1 7

E ndscraper -dihedra l b urin

-

-

2

2

0 .97

1 8

E nd s craper -trunca ted p iece

-

-

1

1

0 .48

1 9

B ur in-trunca ted p iece

-

-

1

1

0 .48

2 3

P er9oir

1

-

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9oir

-

-

1

2 7

Bec

8

2

2

2 8

S pine

4

-

1

2 9 3 0

1 1

1 2 1 1 2 5

5 .80 0 .48 5 .80 2 .42

Bec b ur inan te a l terne

1

-

-

1

0 .48

B roken b ec

-

1

-

1

0 .48

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

1

1

-

2

0 .97

3 0 b is .

De je te d ihedra l b urin

1

-

-

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

7

2

2

1 1 1

0 .48 5 .32

3 6

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in

3

-

1

4

1 .93

3 7

B urin d 'axe o n r e t . t runc .

1

-

2

3

1 .45

3 8

Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1

2

2

5

2 .42

4 1 b is

T ransverse b ur in o n n otch

-

1

1

2

0 .97

4 2

Mu l tip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

-

-

2

2

0 .97

5 7

Trunca ted p iece

3

-

-

3

1 .45

5 8

O b l ique t runca ted p iece

2

-

1

3

1 .45

5 9

Par t ia l ly r e t . t runc .

1

-

-

1

0 .48

5 9 b is .

P ar t ia l r e t . t runc . o n c orner

3

-

-

3

1 .45

6 0

B i trunca t ion

6 5-69

S o lu trean p ieces

1 3

-

3

7 2 7 3

N otch P iece w . p rox/dist . n otch

1 3 -

5 1

7 4

Den t icu la te

3

7 5 7 6

S idescraper Rac le t te

7 1

1 05

O thers

2

1 05a

N otch b enea th b reak

1 8 5

1

-

1

1 4 .49

9 -

2 7 1

1 3 .04 0 .48

4

9

1 6

7 .73

3 1

5 1

1 5 3

7 .25 1 .45

1

1 3

6 .28

1 4 3

7 9

2 2 07

O ther p ieces 6 1

P iece w . c on t inuo t is r e t1e dge

2

-

1

3

2e dges

-

1

1

2

2 84

0 .48

3 0

1 0

1 4

0 .97

T ab le I .5c ont . T ype n o .

Type n ame

7 1

P ick

2 3 -

2 2

2 1

1 (? )

1

2

S p lintered p iece

1

1

2

4

C hewed p iece

3

-

-

3

Re touched p ieces

4 1

Re touched c ore

-

U t i l ised

9

Bur in s pa l ls

1

2 3 1 1 0 -

3 0 3 6

9 4 1 2 2 7

U nut i lised f l akes — C o mp le te I nco mp le te

6 5

1 3

1 7

9 5

5 13

8 0

1 28

7 21

C ores

9

9

9

2 7

C ore f rag ments

7

4

2

1 3

C ore t rim ming f l akes

5

2

-

R idged c .t .f l . F ragmen ts

1 6

2

1

3

-

7 3 1 9 1 230

T ab le 1 .6

L auger ie-Haute E as t F ina l S o lutrean .

Type n o .

Type n a me

2 3

O ld t ype l i s t ( approx .) 2 2

2 1

1

S ing le e ndscraper

5

4

3

2

A typica l e ndscraper

-

1

-

3

D oub le e ndscraper

-

-

5

E s . o n r e touched b lade

-

-

8 1 2 1 4 1 7

T ota l

T ota l %

1 2

5 .80

1

0 .4 8

1

1

0 .4 8

2

2

0 .97

E nd s craper o n f l ake

-

-

1

1

0 .4 8

A typ ica l c arina ted e ndscraper

-

-

1

1

0 .48

F la t n osed/shou ldered e s .

1

-

1

2

0 .9 7

B roken e ndscraper

1

-

1

2

0 .97

E ndscraper -bur in

-

-

2

2

0 .97

1 8

E ndscraper -trunc . p iece

-

-

1

1

0 .48

1 9

B urin-trunca ted p iece

-

-

1

1

0 .4 8

2 3

P er9o ir

5

-

2 4

Bec

9

2

1 2 2

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9oir/bec

1

-

1

1 7

8 .21

1 3

6 .28

2

0 .9 7

B roken b ee

-

1

-

1

0 .48

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

1

1

-

2

0 .9 7

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b urin

1

-

-

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

7

2

2

1

3 1

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in

3

-

1

4

3 4

B urin o n s tra igh t r e t . t runc .

1

2

-

3

1 .4 5

3 5

B urin o n o b l ique r e t . t runc .

1

-

2

3

1 .4 5

1 1

0 .48 5 .31 1 .9 3

3 6

B ur in o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

-

-

2

2

0 .9 7

3 9

T ransverse b urin o n n otch

-

1

1

2

0 .9 7

4 0

Mu l t ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

-

-

2

2

0 .97

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

3

1

-

4

1 .9 3

6 1

O b l ique t runca ted p iece

2

-

1

3

1 .4 5

6 9-72

S o lu trean t ype p ieces

1 3

3

3 0

1 4 .4 9

7 4

N o tch

1 4

7

1 4 9

3 0

1 4 .49

7 5

Den t icu la te

3

4

9

1 6

7 .73

7 6

S p lin tered p iece

1

1

2

7 7

S idescraper

7

3

5

7 8

Rac le t te

1

1

1

9 2

O thers

2 8 2

1 0 4 4

1 8 1

4 1 5 3 1 3

1 .9 3 7 .2 5 1 .45 6 .28

2 07

C o m men tary L eve l 2 3 S ing le e ndscraper ( 5 ) : ming f l ake . P er9oir ( 15 ) : 4p . 9 1 ) .

A l l c onvex f ron ted , o ne p rox ima l , o ne o n ac ore t r i m-

O ne o ft he b ees , - a nd t he d oub le b ee , a re o n c ores ( c f . C hap ter

Ang le o n b reak b urin ( 7 ) :

One i s o n ab ifac ia l ly r e touched f ragmen t .

2 86

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 3 ) :

A ng le o n b reak

Ang le o n b reak

Ang le d ihedra l

1 (1) 1

Ang le d ihedra l B ur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc ( 1 ) : A ng le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 1 ) : T runca ted p ieces ( 8 ) : O thers ( 2 ) :

On o b lique c oncave r et . t runc . O n s tra igh t r e touched t runca t ion .

A l l h ave s tra igh t r e touched t runca t ions .

A n a brup t ly r e touched p iece , a nd a ' bur in ' manufactured b y

o b l ique t runca t ion j oin ing ab reak a t t he e dge o ft he p iece . C hewed p iece ( 3 ) :

O ne i s o n af ormer e ndscraper .

L eve l 2 2 S ing le e ndscraper ( 4 ) : T hree a re c onvex f ron ted , o ne o ft hem o n ac ore t r im m ing f l ake . The f our th i s c o mbined w i th ad en t icu la te . Bec ( 2 ) :

O ne i s o n ac ore t r i mming f l ake .

Ang lebur in o n r e t . t rune . ( 2 ) : B i trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : o n t he c orner .

B oth a re o n s tra igh t r e t . t runc .

O pposes a s tra igh t r e t . t runc . t o ap ar t ia l t runca t ion

Rac le t te ( 1 ) :

O n al aure l l ea ff rag men t ( c f . Sm i th 1 966 p . 1 37 f i g . 2 9 .8) .

O thers ( 10 ) :

E igh t a brup t ly r e touched p ieces , ab roken p er9oir o r n otch , a nd

ac o mpos i te p iece ( Sm i th p . 1 37 f i g . 2 9 .6) c omb in ing at ransverse b ur in o n l a tera l r e touch , ap er9oir , an otch , a nd a s craper e dge . P ick ( 1? ) :

Af l aked q uar tzi te p ebb le may h ave b een u sed a s ap ick .

L eve l2 1 S ing le e ndscraper ( 3 ) : C onvex f ron ted , o ne i s o n aS o lutrean p oin t f ragmen t , as econd c o mbined w i th an otch . D oub le e ndscraper ( 1 ) :

O pposes t wo c onvex e ndscrapers .

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /b i . ( 2 ) : s craper-s idescraper . C o mposi tes ( 4 ) : T sv . s h . e ndscraper

DDB

B oth c onvex f ron ted , o ne i s p roper ly a n e nd-

Ang le DB

T sv .bur . o n u npr . s urf .

C ony . e s .

1

1

1

Og iva l e ndscraper S tr . r e t . t runc . Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 1 ) :

1

Two a d jacen t a ng le b ur ins o n b reak .

B urin d 'axe o n r e t . t runc . ( 2 ) :

1 3 oth o n o b lique r e t . t runc .

A ng le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 2 ) :

B oth o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

Mu l t ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 2 ) : B ur . o n c oncave t runc .

B ur . o n o b i . t runc . 2

2 87

Den t icu la te ( 9 ) : S idescraper ( 5 ) : O thers ( 1 ) : P ick ( 1 ) :

O ne i s o n ac ore t r im ming f l ake . O ne i s c o mb ined w i th a n a brup t e dged r ac let te .

Ap oin ted b lade w i th s o me r e touch o n t he p o in t .

I n ah oney c o loured q uar tz i te .

S p l in tered p iece ( 2 ) :

O ne i s o n ac ore t r im m ing f l ake .

Tab le I .7 Type n o .

L auger ie-Haute Eas t L eve l 2 0 .

N ew t ype l i s t N u mber

Type n ame

1

S ing le e ndscraper

1b is .

S ing le e ndscraper o n t h inned e nd

1 4

3 9

8 .70

1

0 .6 2

E ndscraper o n f l ake

5

3 .1 1

E nd s craper o n r e t . f l/b i .

3

1 .8 6

1 1

C ar ina ted e ndscraper

1

0 .62

1 2

A typ ica l c ar ina ted e ndscraper

1

0 .6 2

1 6

F la t s hou ldered e ndscraper

1

0 .6 2

1 7

E ndscraper-dihedra l b urin

3

1 .86

1 7 b is .

E nd s craper-burin o n r e t . t runc .

2

1 .2 4

2 1

P er9oir-end s craper

2

1 .24

2 3

P er9o ir

8

4 .9 7

2 3 b is .

Doub le p er9oir

3

1 .8 6

2 7

Bec

6

3 .73

2 7 b is

Mu l t ip le b ec

1

0 .6 2

2 8

S p ine

1

0 .62

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

3

1 .8 6

3 1

Ang le d ihedra lb ur in

6

3 .73

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

5

3 .11

3 4

C orb iac b ur in

1

0 .6 2

3 7

B ur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc .

2

1 .2 4

4 1

Transverse b ur in o n l a tera lr e t .

2

1 .2 4

4 1 b is .

T ransverse b ur in n n n otch

4 1 b is a .

Mu lt ip le h o mogeneous TON b ur in

1 5 5

3 .1 1

9 .3 2

5 7

Trunca ted p iece

4

2 .4 8

5 8

Ob l ique ly t runca ted p iece

2

1 .2 4

5 9

P iece w i th p ar t ia l r e t . t runc .

1

0 .6 2

6 5-69

S o lutrean t ype p ieces

8

4 .9 7

7 2

N otch

2 0

7 4

Den t icu la te

1 6

7 5

S idescraper

7

4 .35

7 6

1 2 .42 9 .9 4

Rac let te

5

3 .11

1 05

O thers

1

0 .62

1 05 a .

N otch b enea th b reak

6

3 .7 3

1 61 O ther p ieces 6 1

P ieces w i th c on t inuous r e t . -1 e dge 2e dges

6 1

S p lin tered p iece

1 2

Retouched f l /b i .

6 8

B urin s pa l ls

2 5

Transverse b ur in s pa l ls U nre touched

1

-co mp le te i nco mp le te

C ores

7 0 3 26 3 4

C ore f ragmen ts

9 2 89

Tab le 1 .7 c on t . T ype n o .

Type n ame

N u mber

C ore t rim m ing f l akes

4

R idged c ore t r im m ing f l akes

2

C hunks

4

C ores r eused a s h am mers tones —co mp lete

2

f ragmen t

1

P ebb le h a m merstone f rag men ts

2

Q uartz i t ic p ebb le h am merstone

1 5 68 T o ta l 7 29

2 90

T ab le I .8

L auger ie-Hau te E as t L eve l 2 0 .

Type n o .

Type n a me

O ld t ype l i st ( approx .) N u mber

1

S ing le e ndscraper

4

Og iva l e nd s craper

1 5 1

8 .72

5

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b 1 .

2

1 .16

8

E ndscraper o n f l ake

5

2 .91

1 1

Car ina ted e ndscraper

1

0 .58

1 2

A typ ica l c ar ina ted e nd s craper

1

0 .58

0 .58

1 4

F la t n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

1

0 .58

1 7

E ndscraper-burin

5

2 .91

2 1

P er9oir-end s craper

2

1 .16

2 3

P er9oir

9

5 .23

2 4

Bee

6

3 .49 2 .33

2 5

Mu l t ip le p er9o ir/bec

4

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

4

2 .33

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b urin

6

3 .49

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b urin

5

2 .91

3 5

Bur in o n o b i . r e t . t runc .

1

0 .58

3 7

B ur in o n c ony , r e t . t runc .

1

0 .58

3 8

T ransverse b urin o n l a t . r e t .

2

1 .16

3 9

T ransverse b ur in o n n o tch

4 0

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1 5 5

8 .72 2 .91

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

3

1 .74

6 1

Ob l ique t runc . p iece

2

1 .16

6 2

C oncave t runc . p iece

1

0 .58

6 9-72

S o lu trean t ype p ieces

7 4

N otch

2 6

7 5

Den t icu la te

1 6

9 .30

7 6

S p lin tered p iece

1 2

6 .98

8

4 .65 1 5 .12

7 7

S idescraper

7

4 .07

7 8

Rac le t te

5

2 .91

9 2

D iverse

1

0 .58

1 72

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 14 ) :

t h ir teen h ave c onvex f ron ts ( f ig . I .4 ,1 ) , o ne o n t he

p roxi ma l e nd ( f ig . I .4 ,2 ) , a nd o ne o n ar idged c ore t r im ming f l ake . l as t p iece h as a n o b l ique s craper f ront . E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /b 1 .

( 3 ) :

Two c onvex a nd o ne o g iva l f ron ts .

A typica l c ar ina ted e ndscraper ( 1 ) : E ndscraper-burin ( 3/2 ) : C onvex

On a r idged c ore t ri m ming f l ake .

S tr .d ih .

Ang . d ih .

2

CCTR

TON

1

N osed

1

2 91

1

The

P er9oir-endscraper ( 2 ) : B oth h ave c onvex e ndscrapers . Bec ( 6 ) :

One i s c o mb ined w i th an o tch .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in ( 3 ) : C orb iac b ur in ( 1 ) :

O ne o ft hese h as o ne h edron ' na tura l ' .

( f ig . 1 .4 ,3 ) .

Bur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc . ( 2 ) :

O ne o n o b l ique , a nd o ne o n c onvex r e touched

t runca t ion . Transverse b urin o n l a tera l r e t . ( 2 ) : T ransverse b ur in o n n o tch ( 15 ) :

( f ig . 1 .4 ,4 ) .

( f ig . I .4 ,5 ) .

O ne i s c o mb ined w i th a

r ac le t te . Trunca ted p iece ( 4 ) : S idescraper ( 7 ) :

Three h ave s tra igh t , a nd o ne a c oncave t runca t ion .

O ne i s c o mb ined w i th a n otch .

Rac le t te ( 5 ) : T hree a re a brup t e dged , o ne i sa ng le e dged o n al angue t te ' f lake , a nd t he f i f th p iece o n ly ' marg ina l ' . O thers ( 1 ) : C o mb ines t hree s craping e dges , t wo d irec t a nd o ne i nverse , ( f ig . I .4 ,6 ) . S p lintered p iece ( 1 2) : O ne i s ar eused d oub le ( convex/og iva l ) e nd s craper . Another i s h ammered r a ther t han s p lin tered , a s t hough u sed a s ap unch .

2 92

F igure 1 .4

L auger ie-Haute E as t L eve l 2 0

1 .

S ing le e nd s craper ( D-400 ) .

3 .

C orb iac b ur in ( J- ? 25 ) .

o n n otch ( D-373 ) .

6 . O ther :

2 . S ing le e ndscraper . P rox i ma l e nd ( D-908) .

4 . Tsv . b ur in o n l a t . r et . ( J-144 ) .

5 . Tsv . b ur in

mu lt ip le s crap ing t oo l ( A-1016) .

1

2

4 3

6

•

2 93

Tab le I .9

L auger ie-Haute E as t L eve ls 2 0/18 .

Type n o .

T ype n a me

1

S ing le e ndscraper

N ew t ype l i st N u mber 2 9

1 0 .51

2

Doub le e ndscraper

3

1 .09

3

E ndscraper o n f lake

8

2 .90

9

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /b l .

1 6

1 4

5 .07

F la t s hou ldered e ndscraper

2

0 .72

Broken e nd s craper

2

0 .72

1 7

E ndscraper-dihedra l b ur in

3

1 .09

1 7 b is .

E ndscraper-burin o n r e t . t runc .

1

0 .36

1 8

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .36

2 1

P er9oir-endscraper

2

0 .72

2 2

P er9oir-burin

3

1 .09

2 3

P er9oir

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9oir

1 2

2 7

Bee

5

1 .81

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

9

3 .26

3 0 b is .

De je te - d ihedra l b ur in

3

1 .09

3 1

Ang le d ihedra lb urin

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

3 6

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in

3 7/38

B ur ins o n r e touched t runca t ion

2

5 1 9 4 1 9 2

4 .35 0 .72

1 .81 6 .88 1 .45 6 .88

4 1

T ransverse b urin o n l a tera l r e t .

4 1 b is .

T ransverse b urin o n n otch

4 1 b is a

Mu l t ip le h o mogeneous TON b urin

1

0 .36

1 7

0 .72 6 .16

4 2

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

3

1 .09

4 6

Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in

1

0 .36

5 7

T runca ted p iece

4

1 .45

5 8

O b l ique ly t runca ted p iece

1

0 .36

6 4

S trangu la ted b lade

3

1 .09

6 4 b is .

B lade w i th l arge n o tch

6 5-69

S o lu trean t ype p ieces

1 7

6 .16

2 5

9 .06

7 2

N o tch

7 3

P iece w i th p rox/dist . n o tch

1

1

0 .36

0 .36

7 4

Den t icu la te

1 7

6 .16

7 5

S idescraper

1 8

6 .52

7 6

Rac le t te

1 4

5 .07

9 4 1 05 a .

B lade le t w i th f i ne d irec t r e t . N o tch b enea th b reak

3 2 2 76

O ther p ieces ( i nco mp lete a na lysis ) : 6 1 .

P iece w i th c on t inuous e dge r e t .

1 3

S pin tered p iece

1 0

H eav i ly r e touched p ieces R e touched f l/b l . Burin s pa l ls U nretouched f l/b i . C ores

9 6 0 3 6 1 33 1 0

C ore t r i m ming f lakes

3

R idged c ore t r imm ing f lakes

3

1 .09 0 .72

Tab le L 1 0 Type n o .

Lauger ie-Hau te East L eve ls 2 0/18 . Type n a me

O ld t ype l i st ( approx .) N u mber

1

S ing le e ndscraper

2

A typ ica l e ndscraper

2

0 .71

3

Doub le e ndscraper

3

1 .06

4

Og iva l e ndscraper

2

0 .71

5

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b l .

8

E ndscraper o n f lake

8

2 .83

1 4

2 7

%

1 4

9 .54

4 .95

F la t n osed/sh . e ndscraper

2

O .7 1

Broken e ndscraper

2

0 .71

1 7

E ndscraper-bur in

4

1 .41

1 8

E nd s craper-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .35

2 1

Per9oir-endscraper

2

0 .71

2 2

P er9o ir-bur in

2 3

Per9oir

3 1 2

1 .06 4 .24

2 4

Bec

5

1 .77

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9oir/bec

2

0 .71

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

9

3 .18

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b ur in

3

1 .06

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

5

1 .77

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

3 1

Mu l tip le d ihedra l b ur in

1 9

6 .71

3 5

B urin o n o b lique r e t . t runc .

3 6

Bur in o n c oncave r et . t runc .

3 8

Transverse b urin o n l a t . r e t .

3 9

T ransverse b ur in o n n otch

4 0

Mu l t ip le b ur in o n r et . t runc .

4 1

Mu lt ip le mixed b urin

1

0 .35

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

2

0 .71

6 1

Ob l ique ly t runca ted p iece

1

0 .35

6 2

C oncave t runca ted p iece

2

0 .71

4

1 .41

9

3 .18

1 0 2 1 7 4

4

3 .53 0 .71 6 .01 1 .41

6 8

N otched/strangu la ted b lade

6 9-72

S o lu trean t ype p ieces

1 7

6 .01

7 4

N otch

2 8

9 .89

7 5

Den t icu la te

1 5

5 .30

7 6

S p l intered p iece

1 0

3 .53

7 7

S idescraper

1 8

6 .36

7 8

Rac le t te

1 4

4 .95

2 83

2 95

1 .41

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 2 9 ) :

2 3 h ave c onvex f ron ts , o ne o ft hese b e ing p rox ima l ,

a nd t wo c o mb ined w i th n otches . Three h ave s tra igh t f ron ts , t wo o g iva l , a nd o ne a c oncavo-convex f ron t , t h is l a t ter b e ing c omb ined w i th a n otch . D oub le e ndscraper ( 3 ) : Two o ppose t wo c onvex f ron ts , t he t h ird h as s crapers worked o n t wo a d jacen t c orners o f ar ho mboida l f l ake . E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /h l . ( 14 ) : f ron ts .

O ne h as a s tra igh t f ron t , t he o thers c onvex

O f t hese l a t ter , t wo a re p roper ly s peak ing e ndscraper-s idescrapers .

E ndscraper-bur in ( 3/1) :

S tr .d ih .

C onvex

2

S tra igh t

1

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) :

o n o b l . r e t .t r . 1

O pposes o b lique a nd s tra igh t t runca t ions o n

a n A ur ignac ian b lade . P er9o ir-endscraper ( 2 ) :

C onvex e ndscrapers .

P er9oir-burin ( 3 ) :

S tr .d ih .

P er9o ir

1

Mu l t ip le p er9oir

1

Ang le o n b reak b ur in ( 1 9 ) :

o n s tr .r e t .t r . 1

O ne i so n n a tura l e dge r a ther t han b reak , o ne o n a

r idged c ore t r im m ing f l ake , o ne c o mbined w i th a s iJescraper , a nd t wo w i th n otches . Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b urin ( 4 ) :

s tr .d ih .

s tr . d ih .

a ng .d ih .

1

a ng . d ih .

1

a ng . o n b r .

B urin o nr e t . t runc . ( 1 9 ) :

9a re o n o b l ique , a nd 1 0 o n c oncave r e t . t runca t ion .

Mu l t ip le b urin o n r e t . t runc . ( 3 ) : S TR CCTR

One i s o n as trangu la ted b lade . S TR 1

Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in ( 1 ) :

1 1

T ransverse b urin o n n otch ( 1 7) :

Trunca ted p iece ( 4 ) :

a ng .o n b r .

CCTR 1 1

De je te d ihedra l—on o b i . r e t . t runc .

Two a re s tra igh t , a nd t wo c oncave t runca t ions .

Den t icu la te ( 1 7 ) : Two a re p roper ly s peak ing d en t icu la ted e ndscrapers , a nd i n t erms o f t he o ld l i s t migh t b e c ons idered a typ ica l e ndscrapers . Rac le t te ( 14 ) : ' marg ina l ' .

F our a re a brup t , a nd s ix a ng le e dged .

The r ema in ing f our a re

B lade le t w i th f i ne d irec t r e touch ( 3 ) : One h as marg ina l e dge r e touch , t he o ther t wo h ave o b l ique r e touch o n o ne e nd .

Tab le I .1 1 Type n o . 1

L auger ie-Haute E as t L eve l 1 8 .

N ew t ype l i s t N u mber

Type n a me S ing le e nd s craper

1 7

% 1 4 . 7 8

1b is

S ing le e ndscraper o n t h inned e nd

1

0 .8 7

2

Doub le e nd s craper

1

0 .8 7

3

E ndscraper o n f l ake

3

2 .61

8

F an e ndscraper

1

0 .8 7

9

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b 1 .

9

7 .83

1 5

F la t n osed e ndscraper

1

0 .8 7

1 6

F la t s hou ldered e nd s craper

1

0 .8 7

Broken e nd s craper

1

0 .87

E nd s craper-dihedra l b ur in

1

0 .8 7

2 1

P er9oir- e nd s craper

3

2 .61

2 2

P er9oir-burin

1

0 .8 7

2 3

P er9o ir

4

3 .48

2 3 b is .

Doub le p er9oir

1

0 .8 7

2 5

Mu l t ip le p er9oir

2

1 .7 4

2 7

Bee

6

5 .22

2 8

S pine

2

1 .74

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

3

2 .61

3 0 b is .

De je te d ihedra l b ur in

1

0 .87

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

5

4 .35

3 7

B urin d 'axe o n r e t . t runc .

1

0 .8 7

T ransverse b urin o n l a tera l r e t .

1

0 .8 7

T sv . b urin f ro m l a tera l u nprep . s urf .

1

0 .8 7

1 7

4 1 4 1 b is .

Transverse b ur in o n n otch

4 1 b is . a .

Mu l t ip le h o mogeneous TO N b ur in

1 0 1

0 .87

4 1 b is .b .

Mu l t ip le h e terogeneous TON b ur in

1

0 .87

4 6

Mu l t ip le mixed b urin

1

0 .8 7

5 7

Trunca ted p iece

1

0 .8 7

6 3

Aurignac ian b lade

1

0 .87

6 5-69

S o lu trean t ype p ieces

3

2 .6 1

7 2

N otch

7 3

P iece w i th p rox/dist . n otch

2

1 .74

7 4

Den t icu la te

5

4 .3 5

7 4 b is .

Den t ic . made w i th microden t icu la t ion

1

0 .87

7 5

S idescraper

5

4 .35

7 6 9 4

Rac le t te B lade le t w i th f i ne d irec t r e t .

4 1

3 .48 0 .8 7

N o tch b enea th b reak

1

0 .8 7

1 05 a .

1 1

8 .7 0

1 15 O ther p ieces 6 1

P iece w i th c on t inuous r e touch-1 e dge 2e dges S p lin tered p iece Re touched f l/h l .

4 5 6 7 1

2 97

9 .57

Tab le I .1 1 c ont . Type n o .

Type n a me

N u mber

Burin s pa l ls U nretouched

2 1 -c o mp lete

1 04

i nco mp le te

4 20

C ores

3 0

C ore f rag ments

1 6

C ore t ri m ming f lakes

2

R idged c ore t ri m m ing f l akes

5

C hunks

3

C ores r eused a s h a m merstones- c o mp lete i nco mp lete F rag ments

1 1 7 6 96 T o ta l 8 11

2 98

T ab le 1 .12 Type n o .

L auger ie-Haute E as t L eve l 1 8 .

O ld t ype l i s t ( approx . ) N u mber

Type n a me

1

S ing le e ndscraper

3

D oub le e ndscraper

1

0 .83

5

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l ake/b lade

9

7 .44

7

F an e ndscraper

1

0 .83

8

E ndscraper o n f l ake

3

2 .48

F la t n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

2

1 .65

B roken e ndscraper

1

0 .83

1 4

1 8

1 4 .88

1 7

E ndscraper-bur in

1

0 .83

2 1

P er9o ir-endscraper

3

2 .48

2 2

P er9o ir-bur in

1

0 .83

2 3

P er9o ir

6

4 .96

2 4

Bec

6

4 .96

2 5

Mu l t ip le p er9oir/bec

3

2 .48

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

3

2 .48

2 8

De je ted ihedra l b urin

1

0 .83

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

5

4 .13

3 6

B ur in o n c oncave r et . t runc .

1

0 .83

3 8

T ransverse b urin o n l a tera l r e touch

3 9

T ransverse b urin o n n otch

2 1 0

1 .65 8 .26

4 0

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1

0 .83

4 1

Mu lt ip le mixed b ur in

2

1 .65

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

1

0 .83

6 7

A ur ignac ian b lade

1

0 .83

6 9-72

S o lutrean p ieces

3

2 .48

7 4

N o tch

7 5

Den t icu la te

1 4 6

1 1 .57 4 .96

7 6

S p l in tered p iece

6

4 .96

7 7

S idescraper

5

4 .13

7 8

Rac let te

4

3 .31

9 0

R e touched ( Dufour ) b lade le t

1

0 .83

1 21

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 17) :

F if teen c onvex ( one c o mb ined w i th a n o tch ) , o ne

c oncave , a nd o ne c oncavo-convex . S ing le e ndscraper o n t h inned e nd ( 1 ) : Doub le e ndscraper ( 1 ) :

( f ig . I .5 ,2 ) .

C onvex o pposed t o s tra igh t .

A l arge f l ake h as b een

r e moved f ro m t he v en tra l s urface , a nd ab ur in s pa l l s urface r uns a long t he l ef t e dge ( f ig . I .5 ,2 ) . E ndscraper o n f l ake ( 3 ) : E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b l .

One i s t ransverse . ( 9 ) : A l l a re c onvex f ron ted .

2 99

E nd s craper-bur in ( 1 ) :

C onvex-de je te d ihedra l .

P er9oir-endscraper ( 3 ) : P er9o ir-bur in ( 1 ) :

Two c onvex , a nd o ne s tra igh t f ron ted e s .

C o mbines ab urin o n o b i . r e t . t runc . r eworked a s ap er9oir

w i th a t ransverse b ur in o n p la tfor m o f u nprep . c ortex . P er9oir ( 4 ) :

Two a re c o mb ined w i th n otches .

Ang le o n b reak b ur in ( 5 ) :

O ne u ses a l angue t te ' f rac ture a s t he p la tfor m f or

t he b urin r e mova l , a nd i s c o mb ined w i th a r ac le t te . B urin d 'axe o n r e t . t runc ( 1 ) :

Morpho log ica l ly c o mparab le t o at ransverse

b ur in o n n otch , b u t t he n otch i s d ista l , a nd t he r e mova l r uns p ara l le l t o t he l ong a x is o ft he s uppor t ( a s hor t b road f l ake ) . T ransverse b ur in o n n o tch ( 10 ) :

Three a re c o mb ined —w i th n otch , d ent icu la te ,

a nd s idescraper r espec t ive ly ( f ig . I .6 ,4 ) . Mu lt ip le h o mogeneous TON b urin ( 1 ) :

( f ig . 1 ,6,5 ) .

Mu lt ip le h e terogeneous TON b urin ( 1 ) :

TON w i th a n a ng le o n b reak t ha t u ses

t he TON s pa l l r e mova l s urface a s p la tfor m ( f ig . I .5 ,3 ) . Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in ( 1 ) : Trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) :

S tra igh t d ihedra l —on c oncave r e t . t runc .

S tra igh tr e t . t runc .

Aur ignac ian b lade ( 1 ) :

At h ick p iece i n

ay e l low g ranu lar r aw ma ter ia l .

P ossib ly d er ived ( f ig . I .6 ,6) . Rac le t te ( 4 ) :

T hree a re c lassed a s a brup t , a nd o ne a s a ng le e dged .

R e touched b lade le t ( 1 ) :

R e touch n ear t i p , i nverse o n l ef t d is ta l e dge , w i th

d irec t r e touch o b l ique c u t t ing t he r igh t d is ta l e dge , b ut w i th t he a ng le a t t he t i p t runca ted ( f ig . I ,6,7) .

3 00

F igure 1 .5

Lauger ie-Haute E as t L eve l 1 8

1 . S ing le e ndscraper o n t h inned e nd .

2 . Doub le e ndscraper .

h e terogeneous TON b ur in .

1

2

3 01

3 . Mu lt ip le

F igure 1 .6 4 .

L auger ie-Hau te E as t L eve l 1 8

T ransverse b ur in o n n otch .

6 . Aur ignac ian b lade .

5 . Mu l t ip le h o mogeneous TON b ur in .

7 . R etouched b la c le le t .

4 5

7

6

3 02

T ab le 1 .13 Type n o .

L auger ie-Haute E as t L eve l 1 6 .

N ew t ype l i st N u mber

Type n a me

1

S ing le e nd s craper

3

2

Doub le e ndscraper

1

1 .23

3

E nd s craper o n f l ake

5

6 .17

9

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /b l .

3

3 .70

Car ina ted n osed/shou ldered e s .

1

1 .23 2 .47

1 3

3 .70

1 7

E ndscraper-dihedra l b ur in

2

2 2

P er9o ir -bur in

1

1 .23

2 3

P er9o ir

3

3 .70

2 5

Mu l t ip le p er9oir

3

3 .70

2 7

Bec

3

3 .70

2 8

S p ine

1

1 .23

3 0 b is .

De je te d ihedra l b ur in

1

1 .23

3 1

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

3 7

B urin d 'a xe o n r e t . t runc .

3 8

1 1 0

1 .23 1 2 .35

1

1 .23

Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1

1 .23

T sv . b ur in o n l a tera l u nprep . s urf .

1

1 .23

4 1 b is .

Transverse b ur in o n n otch

4

4 .94

4 1 b is . a .

Mu l t ip le h o mogeneous TON b ur in

1

1 .23

( 41)

5 7

Trunca ted p iece

1

1 .23

5 8

Ob l ique ly t runca ted p iece

1

1 .23

5 9 b is .

P iece w i th p ar t ia l r e t . t runc . o n c orner

1

1 .23

7 2

N o tch

7

8 .64

7 3

B lade w i th p rox/dis t . n otch

2

2 .47

7 4

Den t icu la te

4

4 .94

7 5

S idescraper

6

7 .41

7 6

Rac le t te

9 1

N otched b lade le t

1 2 1

1 4 .81 1 .23

8 1 O ther p ieces 6 1 b is .

P iece w i th c on t inuous r e touch-2 e dges

2

S p lintered p iece

8

R etouched f l/b l . B urin s pa l ls

4 4 6

U nre touched f l/b 1 . -co mp le te

5 2

i nco mp le te

1 54

C ores

1 4

C ore f ragmen ts

4

C ore t r im ming f l akes

2

R idged c ore t r im m ing f l akes

2

C hunks

3

F ragmen ts

3 Tota l

3 03

2 94

To ta l : 3 75

Tab le I .1 4

L auger ie-Haute E as t L eve l 1 6 .

T ype n o .

T ype n a me

O ld t ype l i s t ( approx . ) N u mber

1 3

S ing le e ndscraper Doub le e ndscraper

3 1

3 .41 1 .14

5

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b l .

3

3 .41

8

E ndscraper o nf l ake

5

5 .68

Th ick n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

1

1 .14

1 7

E ndscraper-bur in

2

2 .27

2 2

P er9o ir-bur in

1

1 .14

1 3

2 3

P er9o ir

4

4 .55

2 4

Bec

3

3 .41

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9oir/bec

3

3 .41

2 8

De jet e d ihedra l b ur in

1

1 .14

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

1

1 .14

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

3 6

Bur in o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

1 0 1

1 1 .36 1 .14

3 7

Bur in o n c onvex r e t . t runc .

1

1 .14

3 8

Transverse b urin o n l a t . r e t .

1

1 .14

3 9

Transverse b ur in o n n otch

4

4 .55

4 0

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1

1 .14

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

1

1 .14

6 1

Ob l ique t runca ted p iece

1

1 .14

7 4

N otch

9

1 0 .23

7 5

Den t icu la te

4

4 .55

7 6

S p lin tered p iece

8

9 .09

7 7

S idescraper

7 8

Rac le t te

6

8 9 .

N otched b lade le t

1 2 1

6 .82 1 3 .64 1 .14

8 8

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 3 ) : Doub le e ndscraper ( 1 ) . s ide .

A l l c onvex , o ne t ransverse . Two o pposed c onvex f ronts , o ne w i th a n o tch a t t he

E ndscraper o n r e touched b lade ( 3 ) : E ndscraper —burin ( 2 ) :

A l l a re c onvex f ron ted .

B oth c onvex o pposed t o a ng le o n b reak b ur in .

One o ft he r e mova ls r uns t o an o tch o n t he e dge . P er9oir-burin ( 1 ) . S p ine ( 1 ) :

P er9oir-tsv b ur in o n l a tera l r e touch .

C o mb ined w i th an o tch .

Ang le o n b reak b ur in ( 10 ) :

O ne i s o n al angue t te f racture .

B ur in d ' a xe o n r e t . t runc .( 1 ) :

O n c onvex r e t . t runc .

3 04

Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 1 ) :

O n c oncave r e t . t runc ., a nd c o mb ined w i th a

n otch . Trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : N otch ( 7 ) :

An i nverse s tra igh t r e t . t runc .

One i s o n ab lade w i th o ppos i te e dge r e touched .

S idescraper ( 6 ) :

O ne i s i nverse , a nd o ne o n t he b order line w ith t he r ac le t te

c a tegory . Rac le t te ( 1 2 ) :

T en a re c lassed a s a brup t e dged, o ne o f t he m a pproach ing a

b ec i n f orm . One o ft he o thers h as marg ina l r ac le t te r e touch , a nd t he o ther as hor t s tre tch o f r ac le t te r e touch o n ly .

3 05

Tab le I .1 5 Type n o .

L auger ie-Haute E as t L eve ls 1 6/14 .

N ew t ype l i st

Type n a me

N u mber

1

S ing le e nd s craper

4

3

E nd s craper o n f l ake

1

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /b l .

2

9

Broken e ndscraper

1

1 7

E ndscraper —dihedra l b ur in

1

2 2

P er9o ir-bur in

1

2 3

P er9o ir

2

2 7

Bee

1

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

4

3 0 b is .

De je te d ihedra l b urin

1

3 1

A ng le d ihedra l b ur in

1

3 2

A ng le o n b reak b ur in

1 2

3 7

B ur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc .

3 8

A ng le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1

4 1 b is .

T ransverse b ur in o n n o tch

2

4 1 b is . a .

Mu l t ip le h o mogeneous TO N b ur in

1

5 8

O b l ique ly t runca ted p iece

1

7 2

N otch

3

7 3

P iece w i th p rox/dis t . n o tch

1

7 4

Den t icu la te

2

7 6

Rac let te

5

8 3

Trunca ted b lade le t

1

8 5

Backed b lade le t

1

N otch b enea th b reak

1

1 05 a .

4 1 O ther p ieces ( i nco mp le te a na lys is ) 6 1

P iece w i th c on tinuous r e touch-1 e dge

1

S p lin tered p iece

4

R e touched

8

B urin s pa l ls

3

U nre touched f l/b 1 .

2 1

C ores

5

C ore t r i m ming f l akes

1 T o ta l

3 06

8 3

T ab le 1 .16 T ype n o

L auger ie-Haute E ast l eve ls 1 6/14 .

O ld t ype l i st ( approx .)

T ype n ame

N u mber

1

S ing le e ndscraper

4

5 8

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /b 1 . E ndscraper o n f l ake

2 1

1 7

Broken e ndscraper E ndscraper—dihedra l b ur in

1 1

2 2

P er9o ir—bur in

1

2 3

P er9oir

2

2 4 2 7

Bec S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

1 4

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b urin

1

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b urin

1

3 0 3 5

Ang le o n b reak b ur in B ur in o n o b l ique r e t . t runc .

1 1

3 7

B ur in o n c onvex r e t . t runc .

2

3 9

Transverse b ur in o n n otch

2

4 0 6 1

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . Ob l ique ly t runca ted p iece

7 4

N o tch

5

7 5

Den t icu la te

2

7 6

S p l in tered p iece

4

7 8

Rac let te

5

8 4

T runca ted b lade le t

1

8 5

Backed b lade le t

1 1 1

1 4 5

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 4 ) :

A l l h ave c onvex f ron ts .

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b 1 . ( 2 ) : E ndscraper—bur in ( 1 ) : P er9oir—bur in ( 1 ) :

B oth h ave c onvex f ron ts .

C onvex—stra igh t d ihedra l

P er9oir o pposed t o t wo a d jacen t TON b ur ins .

Ang le o n b reak b ur in ( 1 ) :

C o mb ined w i th a rac le t te .

B ur in d 'a xe o n r e t . t runc . ( 2 ) :

O ne i s o n o b l ique , a nd o ne o n c onvex r e t . t runc .

Ang le b urin o n r e t . t runc . ( 1 ) :

O n c onvex r e t . t runc .

Transverse b ur in o n n otch ( 2 ) :

B o th a re c o mb ined w i th s idescrapers .

Rac le t te ( 5 ) : F our a re c lassed a s a brupt e dged , o ne a s h av ing a s hor t s tre tch o f r ac le t te r e touch .

3 07

Tab le I .1 7 Type n o .

Laugerie-Haute East L eve l 1 4 .

N ew t ype l i st

Type n a me

N u mber

1

S ing le e ndscraper

2

Doub le e nd s craper

1 1 1

9 .4 0 0 .85

3

E ndscraper o n f l ake

2

1 .7 1

1 7

E ndscraper —dihedra l b urin

2

1 .71

1 7 b is .

E ndscraper —bur in o n r e t . t runc .

1

0 .85

2 3

P er9oir

5

4 .2 7

2 7

Bee

5

4 .27

2 8

S pine

3

2 .56

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

6

5 .13

3 1

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

1

0 .85

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

6

5 . 1 3

3 6

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in

1

0 .85

3 7

Burin d' axe o n r e t . t runc .

2

1 .71

3 8

Ang le b urin o n r e t . t runc .

1

0 .8 5

4 1

Transverse b urin o n l a tera l r e touch

4 1 b is .

Transverse b urin o n n otch

1

4 1 b is . a .

Mu lt ip le h o mogeneous TO N b urin

1

0 .85

5 7

Trunca ted p iece

2

1 .7 1

6 0

B i trunca te d p iece

1

0 .85

1 2

2 1

0 .8 5 1 0 . 2 6

7 2

N otch

7 3

P iece w i th p rox/dist . n o tch

3

7 4

Den t icu la te

2

1 .7 1

7 4 b is .

Dent icu la te made w i th microdent icu l.

2

1 .7 1

2 .5 6

7 6

Rac let te

8 5

Backed b lade le t

1

0 .85

N otch b enea th b reak

1

0 .8 5

1 05 a .

2 3

1 7 .95

1 9 .66

1 17 O ther p ieces 6 1

P iece w i th c ontinuous r e t . —1 e dge

3

6 1 b is .

P iece w i th c on tinuous r e t . — 2e dges

2

7 1

P ick

1

S p lintered p iece

7

' Chewed ' p iece

1

R etouched f l/b 1 .

4 6

B urin s pa l ls

1 2

U nretouched f l/b l . —co mp le te

7 8

i nco mp le te C ores

3 46 2 6

C ore f ragments

9

C ore t ri m ming f lakes

3

R idged c ore t ri m ming f l akes

3

C hunks

2

F rag ments

5 5 44 To ta l :

3 08

6 61

Tab le I .1 8 T ype n o

L augerie-Haute L eve l 1 4 . Type n a me

N u mber

1

S ing le e ndscraper

3

Doub le e ndscraper

8

O ld t ype l i st ( approx .)

1 1 1

8 .87 0 .8 1

E ndscraper o n f l ake

2

1 .61

E ndscraper —burin

3

2 .42

2 3

P er9o ir

8

6 .45

2 4

Bec

5

4 .03

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

6

4 .84

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

1

0 .81

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

6

4 .84

3 1

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in

1

0 .8 1

3 5

Bur in o n o b l ique r e t . t runc .

1

0 .81

3 6

B ur in o nc oncave r e t . t runc .

2

1 .61

3 8

Transverse b ur in o n l a tera l r e touch

1

0 .81

1 7

3 9

T ransverse b urin o n n otch

4 0

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1 2 1

0 .81

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

2

1 .6 1

6 4

B i trunca ted p iece

7 4

N otch

7 5

Den t icu la te

4

3 .2 3

7 6

S p l intered p iece

7

5 .6 5

1 2 5

7 8

Rac le t te

8 5

Backed b lade le t

2 3 1

9 .68

0 .8 1 2 0 . 1 6

1 8 .55 0 .81

1 24

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 11) : Doub le e ndscraper ( 1 ) :

Ten c onvex , a nd o ne s tra igh t , f ron ted . O pposes t wo c onvex e ndscrapers :

E ndscraper —burin ( 2/1 ) :

S tr . d ih . 2

C onvex e s P er9oir ( 5 ) : Bec ( 5 ) :

O n CCTR 1

One i s ma de w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch .

One i s o n ac ore ( but c f . C hap ter 4 [ p . 9 1 ] f or c o m ment o n t h is ) .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in ( 6 ) :

O ne i s worked o n al aure l l eaf p oin t , w i th n o

d if ference i n p a t ina ( f ig . I .7 ,1 ) . Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 1 ) :

A ng le d ihedra l b ur ins o n a d jacen t c orners .

Bur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc . ( 2 ) :

O ne i s o n c oncave , a nd o ne o n o b l ique r et .

t runc . Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 1 ) : On c oncave r e t . t runc . Transverse b ur in o n n otch ( 12 ) :

One c arr ies a s econd n otch .

3 09

Trunca ted p iece ( 2 ) : N otch ( 21 ) :

B oth h ave s tra igh t r e t . t runc .

Two a re o n s p l in tered p ieces .

Rac le t te ( 23 ) :

A l l a re c lassed a s a brup t e dged .

Backed b lade le t ( 1 ) : C lassed b y B ordes a s ab acked b lade le t , t he p iece c arries a brup t r e touch o n b oth e dges . O n o ne e dge a s er ies o fn arrow p ara l le l r emova ls c ou ld b e r egarded a s b ack ing r e touch . O n t he o ther s ide t he f l ake s cars a re l ess r egu lar , ' se m i-c ircu lar ', a nd h ave s p l intering a t t he b asa l a ng le—subj ec t ive ly r ac le t te r etouch .

( f ig . I .7 ,2 . )

P ick ( 1 ) : Descr ibed b y Bordes ( 1 958 p . 2 18) a s a Wicoquian b iface ' t he p iece c annot b e c lass if ied e xcept a s ap ick ( f ig . 1 .7 ,3 ) . F igure 1 .7

L auger ie-Haute E ast L eve l 1 4

1 .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in o n l aure l l ea f f ragment ( B1 2 18)

2 .

Backed b lade le t ( A 9 71) 3 .

P ick ( E 4 81)

2

3 10

T ab le 1 .19 Type n o . 1

Lauger ie-Haute E ast L eve l 1 2 .

N ew t ype l i st N u mber

Type n ame S ing le e nd s craper

6 4

5 .21

1b is .

S ing le e ndscraper o n t h inned e nd

4

0 .33

2

Doub le e nd s craper

5

0 .41

3

E nd s craper o n f l ake

8

Fan e nd s craper

9

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b l .

1 1

4 9 2 4 3

Car ina ted e nd s craper

0 .16 3 .50

7

0 .57 0 .24

1 3

Carina ted n osed/shou ldered e nd s craper

3

1 6

F la t s hou ldered e nd s craper

3

Broken e nd s craper

3 .99

0 .24

1 9

1 .55

1 7

E nd s craper -dihedra l b urin

1 4

1 .14

1 7 b is .

E ndscraper -burin o n r et . t runc .

1 5

1 .22

1 8

E ndscraper -trunca ted p iece

1

0 .08

1 9

Bur in -trunca ted p iece

3

0 .24

2 0

Per9oir -trunca ted p iece

2

0 .16

2 1

Per9oir- e nd s craper

3

0 .24

2 1 b is .

Bec-endscraper

3

0 .24

2 2

Per9oir -burin

2

0 .16

2 2 b is .

Bec -burin

5

0 .41

2 3

Per9oir

2 3 b is .

Doub le p er9oir

4 5

2 4

Microper9oir

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9oir

1 5

1 .22

2 7

Bee

5 8

4 .72

2 7 b is .

Mu lt ip le b ee

1 8

1 .46

2 8

S pine

3 3

2 .69

5 6

2

3 .66 0 .41 0 .49

2 9

Bee b ur inan t a l terne

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

6 2

3 0 b is .

De je te d ihedra l b ur in

3 2

2 .60

3 1

Ang le d ihedra l b urin

5 5

4 .48

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b urin

3 9

3 .17

2

0 .16 5 .04

3 4

C orbiac b ur in

3 6

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b urin

3 8

3 .10

3 7

Burin d 'axe o n r et . t runc .

4 5

3 .66

3 8

Ang le b urin o n r e t . t runc .

2 3

1 .87

3 8 b is .

Ang le b urin o n o b l . r et . t runc .

1 2

0 .98

4 1

Transverse b urin o n l a tera l r e t .

1 2

0 .98

4 1 b .

Mu lt ip le h eterogeneous TLR b urin

4 1 b is .

Transverse o n n otch b ur in

4 1 b is . a .

Mul t ip le h o mogeneous TO N b urin

2 2 1

0 .16

0 .16 1 .71

4

0 .33

1

0 .08

4 1 b is . b .

Mu lt ip le h eterogeneous TON b urin

4 2

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r et . t runc .

1 0

0 .81

1 7

1 .38

4 6

Mu lt ip le mixed b urin

4 7

C hanfrein

5 7

Trunca ted p iece

2 0

1 .63

5 8

Ob lique t runca ted p iece

1 5

1 .22

5

3 11

0 .41

Tab le I .1 9 c ont . Type n o .

Type n ame

N u mber

5 9

Par t ia l t runc . p iece

2

0 .16

5 9 b is .

Par t ia l t runc . o n c orner

3

0 .24

6 0

B itrunca ted p iece

5

0 .41

6 4

S trangu la ted b lade

1

0 .08

6 4 b is .

B lade w ith l arge n otch

3

0 .24

6 5-69

S olutrean t ype p ieces

7

7 2

N otch

9 4

7 3

P iece w i th p rox/dist . n otch

7 4

Dent icu la te

7 4 b is .

Den t icu la te w i th microdent icu la t ion

7 5

S idescraper

8 4 2 1

0 .57 7 .65 0 .65 3 .42 0 .08

1 7

1 .38

1 64

1 3 .34

7 6

Rac let te

8 5

Backed b lade le t

3

0 .24

9 0

Den t icu la ted b lade let

2

0 .16

9 1

N otched b lade le t

1

0 .08

9 4

Re touched b lade le t

1

0 .08

1 01

P ointed b lade

3

0 .24

1 04

N otch ' en b out '

2

0 .16

1 05

D iverse

1 05 a .

N otch b enea th b reak

7 1 9

0 .57 1 .55

1 229 O ther p ieces 6 1

P iece r e t . o n e dge — 1 e dge

6 1 b is .

2e dges

3 5 2 3

S p lin tered p iece

1 10

Re touched

4 79

U t i lised

2 05

Ha m mered p ieces

4

B ur in s pa l ls

6 67

C ores

6 8

C ore f ragments

3 8

C ore t r i m ming f l akes

8

R idged c ore t rim m ing f lakes U nretouched f lakes — C o mp le te I nco mp lete

1 4 9 78 5 059

C hunks

1 9

F rag ments

2 9

Ba t tered f l int f rag ment

1

C ore r eused a s h a m merstone

1

Quartz p ebb le h am merstone

2

Large s p li t p ebb le

1 7 741

3 12

Tota l 8 970

Tab le I .2 0 Type n o .

Lauger ie-Haute E ast L eve l 1 2 .

O ld t ype l i st ( approx .) N u mber

Type n ame

1

S ing le e ndscraper

3

Doub le e nd s craper

5

4

Og iva l e nd s craper

6

5

E nd s craper o n r et . f l/b l .

7

F an e ndscraper

8

E nd s craper o n f l ake

6 7

5 .04

3 8

0 .38 0 .45 2 .86

2 4 9

0 .15 3 .68

1 1

C ar ina ted e nd s craper

7

0 .53

1 3

Th ick n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

3

0 .23

1 4

F la t n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

3

0 .23

Broken e nd s craper

1 9

1 .43

1 7

E ndscraper -bur in

2 9

2 .18

1 9

Bur in -trunca ted p iece

3

0 .23

2 0

Per9oir -trunca ted p iece

2

0 .15

2 1

Per9o ir -end s craper

6

0 .45

2 2

Per9oir -bur in

7

0 .53

2 3

Per9oir

7 8

5 .86

2 4

Bee

6 0

4 .51

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9oir/bec

3 8

2 .86

2 6

Microper9oir

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

6 4

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b urin

3 2

2 .41

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

5 5

4 .14

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b urin

3 9

2 .93

3 1

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b urin

3 8

2 .86

3 4

Burin o n s tr . r e t . t runc .

3 5

B urin o n o b i . r et . t runc .

4 1

3 . 08

3 6

Bur in o n c onc . r e t . t runc .

2 0

1 .50

3 7

Bur in o n c ony , r e t . t runc .

1 2

0 .90

3 8

Transverse b urin o n l a t . r e t .

1 2

0 .90

3 9

Transverse b urin o n n otch

2 1

1 .58

4 0

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r et . t runc .

1 5

1 .13

4 1

Mu lt ip le mixed b urin

1 9

1 .43

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

1 5

1 .13

6 1

Ob lique t runc . p iece

1 6

1 .20

6 2

C oncave t runc . p iece

3

0 .23

6 3

C onvex t runc . p iece

1

0 .08

6 4

B i trunca ted p iece

5

0 .38

6 8

N otched/strangu la ted b lade

4

0 .30

6 9-72

S o lu trean t ype p ieces

7

0 .53

7 4

N otch

7 5

Den t icu la te

6

7 6

S p lintered p iece

7 7

S idescraper

7

.

0 .45 4 .81

0 .53

1 23

9 .25

4 3

3 .23

1 10

8 .27

1 7

1 .28

1 64

1 2 .33

7 8

Rac le t te

8 5

Backed b lade le t

3

0 .23

8 8

Dent icu la ted b lade let

2

0 .15

3 13

T ab le I .2 0 c on t . N u mber

Type n o .

Type n ame

8 9 9 0

N otched b lade le t R etouched ( Dufour ) b lade le t

9 2

D iverse

1 1 1 2

0 .08 0 .08 0 .90

1 330

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 64 ) :

5 9 a re c onvex , t wo o n p rox i ma l e nd , o ne c o mb ined w i th

as hor t s tre tch o f r ac le t te r e touch , a nd f ive w i th n otches .

O ne i s c oncave ,

o ne c oncavo-convex , o ne o g iva l , a nd t wo s tra igh t , o ne o f t he m t h ick . Doub le e ndscraper ( 5 ) :

C onc .

C onvex

C ony .

1

Car in .

3 1

C ar ina ted

O ne o f t he d oub le c onvex e nd s crapers i s a brupt ly r e touched , a pproach ing t he r ac let te ( f ig . I .8 ,1 ) . E ndscraper o n f l ake ( 49) : F an e ndscraper ( 2 ) :

2 8 were r egarded a s e ndscrapers o r r ac let tes .

O ne i s d iamond s haped .

E nd s craper o n r e t . f l /b 1 . ( 43 ) : w i th a n otch .

2 8 h ave c onvex f ron ts , o ne o f t he m c o mb ined

F ive a re o g iva l , o ne s tra igh t , a nd o ne o b lique f ron ted .

T hree

a re s teep ly r e touched , a nd f i ve migh t b e c lassed a s r ac le t tes . F la t s hou ldered e ndscraper ( 3 ) : Broken e ndscraper ( 19 ) :

One i s c o mb ined w i th a rac le t te .

Two o f t hese migh t b e c lassed a s r ac let tes .

E ndscraper—dihedra l b urin ( 14 ) :

S DB

C onvex

5

Og iva l

1

DDB 2

AOB 4

2 x AOB A d j . 1

1

E ndscraper—bur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 15 ) : OTR C onvex

3

C oncave

1

Og iva l

3

CCTR

CVTR

2 x OTR a d j .

2

1

1

TLR

T sv . o n u nprep . s ur .

2

1

1

E ndscraper —trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) :

The t runca ted p iece i s r eworked o n t he

b roken t i p o f as tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in . B ur in —trunca ted p iece ( 3 ) :

S tr . d ih . b urin-ob l ique ( 2 ) ;

a ng le o n b r . b ur in-

s tra igh t ( 1 ) . P er9oir —trunca ted p iece ( 2 ) : P er9oir —endscraper ( 3 ) :

One c onvex , a nd o ne s tra igh t t runc .

P er9oir —convex ( 2 ); s p ine —convex ( 1 ) .

3 14

Bec —endscraper ( 3 ) :

O ne h as a c onvex e s .

N o d e ta i ls o n t he o ther t wo .

P er9o ir —bur in ( 2 ) ; B ec—bur in ( 5 ) : DDB

ADB

AOB

CCTR

P er9o ir

CVTR

TON

1 1

1

Bec

1

2

1

P er9oir ( 45 ) :

Three a re made w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch , o ne i s c o mbined

w i th a d en t icu la te . Mu lt ip le p er9oir ( 15 ) :

Two a re mu lt ip le microper9oirs , a nd o ne ' s tar-shaped ' .

( f ig . I .8 ,2 a nd I .8 ,3 . ) Bee ( 5 8) :

O ne i s a n a brupt e dged r ac let te , b roken , a nd r eworked a s ab ee .

One i s c o mbined w i th a n otch , o ne w i th a n a ng le e dged r ac le t te , a nd o ne w i th a n a brup t e dged r ac le t te . De je te d ihedra l b ur in ( 32 ) :

One i s made i n q uartz i te . One h as o ne h edron n a tura l .

Ang le d ihedra l b urin ( 55 ) :

O ne h as t he o ppos i te e nd s p lin tered .

Ang le o n b reak b ur in ( 39) :

O ne i s o n an a tura l s urface .

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 3 8) :

S DB

SDB

DDB

5

ADB

2

AOB

2 x AOB Ad j .

4

DDB

2

2

ADB

( 1 )2

AOB 1

2 x AOB A d j .

a—one o f t hese h as o ne h edron o f t he S DB f or med b y t he s pa l l r e mova l s urface o f t he AOB .

b—two o f t hese h ave t he s pa l l r e mova l p la t for m f or t he s econd

b urin f ormed b y t he s pa l l r e mova l s urface o f t he f i rs t . Bur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc . ( 45 ) :

2 9 a re o n o b lique r e t . ( one w i th t he p la tfor m

made b y r ac let te r e touch ); n ine o n c onvex r e t . ( one w i th t he p la tfor m made b y b y r ac le t te r e touch ) ; t r im m ing f l ake );

s ix a re o n o b l ique-concave r e t . ( one o n ar idged c ore

a nd o ne i s o n c oncave r e t .

Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 23 ) :

s even a re o n s tra igh t , t en o n c oncave , t hree

o n o b l ique-concave , a nd t hree o n c onvex r e t . t runc . Ang le b urin o n o b l . r e t . t runc . ( 12) :

O ne h as t he p la tfor m f or t he s pa l l r e-

mova l made b y r ac le t te r e touch . Transverse b ur in o n l a tera l r e touch ( 12 ) :

One h as t he s pa l l r e mova l p la tfor m

made b y r ac le t te r e touch , a nd o ne i s c o mb ined w i th a r ac let te . Mu lt ip le h eterogeneous TLR b urin ( 2 ) :

One i s c o mbined w i th a s tr . d ih . b urin ,

a nd o ne w i th a n a ng le b ur in o n o b i . r et . t runc . Mu lt ip le h eterogeneous TON b ur in ( 1 ) : Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r et . t runc . ( 10 ) :

3 15

C o mb ined w i th a n a ng le d ih . b urin .

OTR

CCTR

S TR

C one-Cony . TR

2 x CCTR Ad j .

( 1 )

1

0 T h

1

( 2 )1

CCTR

( a )

1

( 1 )

CVTR

1

1

( a ) —the s econd ' bur in ' i s ac orner f or med b y n a tura l e dge , a nd l a tera l r et ouch t ha t s ee ms t o h ave b een u sed a s ab urin . Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in ( 1 7 ) :

S TR

S DB ADB

( 1 )

AOB

0TH

CCTR

3

3

1

1

2

1

CVTR

AOB/STR A d j .

4

1

C hanfre in ( 5 ) : Two a re c o mbined w i th b ur ins ( CVTR a nd 0TH ); o ne i s c o mb ined w i th a c onvex e ndscraper . T runca ted p iece ( 20 ) :

1 5 h ave s tra igh t , t hree c oncave , o ne o b l ique-concave ,

a nd o ne c onvex t runca t ions . B i trunca tedp ieces ( 5 ) :

S tra igh t-convex ( 1 );

s tra igh t-ob lique ( 3 ) ; t here a re

n o d e ta i ls o n t he f i f th p iece . N o tch ( 94 ) :

f our a re o n l arge c hunks , o ne h as t he n otch made w ith r ac le t te

t ype r e touch . Den t icu la te ( 42 ) :

( f ig . I .8 ,4 ) .

T hree a re made w i th r ac let te t ype r e t .

S idescraper ( 17) : O ne i s o n ag ood L eva l lois f l ake , o ne i s t ransverse , a nd o ne c o mbined w i th a n o tch . Rac le t te ( 1 64 ) : e tc .

1 09 a re a brup t ly e dged , 4 6 a re a ng le e dged , a nd 9 marg ina l

Backed b lade le t ( 3 ) : D iverse ( 7 ) :

One i s i nverse .

F our p ieces a re t runca ted b y as ing le i nverse b low , o ne i s a

c o mposi te p iece ( Endscraper a nd ADB o pposed t o at runca ted p iece ) , o ne a k ee l s haped s craper , a nd o ne i s ah orn s haped p iece w i th r e touch a long t he i nner c urve t ha t migh t b e c lassed a s ab ee —end s craper o n f l ake . S p l intered p iece ( 110 ) :

O ne i s ar eused c onvex e ndscraper o n r et . f l /b 1 . ,

a nd t hree a re r eused s idescrapers , o ne o f t he m a f i ne d oub le s idescraper ( f ig . I .9 ,5 ) . C ores ( 6 8) :

One i s av ery f i ne L eva l lois c ore ( f ig . I .9 ,6) .

3 16

F igure L 8

L auger ie-Hau te E as t L eve l 1 2

1 .

Abrup t ly r etouched d oub le c onvex e ndscraper ( E 1 55 ) .

2 .

Mu lt ip le p er9oir .

4 .

Den t icu la te .

3 .

Mu lt ip le ' s tar-shaped ' p er9oir .

1

2

3

4

F igure I .9

L auger ie-Haute E as t L eve l 1 2

5 .

Doub le s idescraper r eused a s s p lin tered p iece ( A936) .

6 .

L eva l lo is l i ke c ore ( D 3 06) .

5

6 7 7

\•

-

e, .

3 18

Tab le I .2 1 Type n o .

Lauger ie-Haute East L eve l 1 0 .

N ew t ype l ist

Type n ame

N u mber

%

1

S ing le e ndscraper

7

3 .93

3

End s craper o n f lake

6

3 .37

9

E ndscraper o n r et . f l/b l .

3

1 .69

F la t s hou ldered e nd s craper

4

2 .25

Broken e nd s craper

2

1 .12

1 7

E nd s craper -dihedra l b ur in

4

2 .25

1 8

E ndscraper -trunca ted p iece

1

0 .56

1 9

Bur in -trunca ted p iece

6

3 .37

2 2

P er9oir -burin

1

0 .56

2 2 b is .

Bec- b ur in

1

0 .56

2 3

Per9oir

9

5 .06

2 3 b is .

Doub le p er9oir

1

0 .56

2 4

Microper9oir

1

0 .56

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9oir

1

0 .56

2 7

Bec

9

5 .06

2 7 b is .

Mult ip le b ec

7

3 .93

1 6

2 8

S pine

7

3 .93

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

7

3 .93

3 1

Ang le d ihedra l b urin

5

2 .81

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

8

4 .49

3 6

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b urin

2

1 .12

3 7

Burin d 'axe o n r et . t runc .

9

5 .06

3 8

Ang le b urin o n r et . t runc .

5

2 .81

3 8 b is .

Ang le b urin o n o b l . r et . t runc .

2

1 .12

4 1

Transverse b urin o n l a tera l r e touch

2

1 .12

4 1 b .

Mu lt ip le h eterogeneous TLR b ur in

1

0 .56

4 1 b is .

Transverse b urin o n n otch

1

0 .56

4 1 b is . b .

Mul t ip le h eterogeneous TON b urin

1

0 .56

4 2

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r et . t runc .

2

1 .12

4 6

Mu lt ip le mixed b urin

4

2 .25

5 7

Trunca ted p iece

3

1 .69

5 8

Ob lique ly t runca ted p iece

4

2 .25

5 9

P iece w ith p art ia l r e t . t runc .

1

0 .56

7 2

N otch

7 3

P iece w i th p rox/dist . n otch

1 3 4

2 .25

7 4

Den t icu la te

4

2 .25

7 5

S idescraper

1

0 .56

2 3

7 .30

7 6

Rac le t te

8 3

Trunca ted b lade le t

1

0 .56

8 5

Backed b lade let

3

1 .69

9 0

Den t icu la ted b lade let

1

0 .56

9 4

B lade le t w i th f i ne d irec t r e t .

1

0 .56

1 78

3 19

1 2 .92

Tab le I .2 1 c on t . T ype n o .

T ype n a me

N u mber

O ther p ieces 6 1

P iece w i th c on t inuous r e touch — 1 e dge

6 1 b is .

2e dges S p lin tered p iece

3 2 1 2

Ber tonne r e touched p iece R e touched

1 6 9

U t i l ised

4 2

U nre touched f l/b 1 . —co mp le te

7 0

i nco mp le te

4 49

B ur in s pa l ls

5 2

C ores

1 4

C ore f rag men ts

6

C ore t r i m ming f lakes

1

R idged c ore t r im m ing f lake

2

H a m mer/ba t tered p iece

2

F ragmen ts

4 7 33

3 20

To ta l

9 11

Tab le I .2 2 Type n o .

L auger ie-Haute E as t L eve l 1 0 .

O ld t ype l i st ( approx .)

Type n ame

N u mber

% 3 .70

1

S ing le e ndscraper

7

5

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /b l .

3

1 .59

E ndscraper o n f l ake

6

3 .17

F la t s hou ldered/nosed e ndscraper

4

2 .12

B roken e ndscraper

2

1 .06

1 7

E ndscraper-burin

4

2 .12

1 8

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .53

1 9

B ur intrunca ted p iece

6

3 .17

2 2

P er9o ir-bur in

2

8 1 4

1 6

1 .06 8 .47

2 3

P er9o ir

2 4

Bec

9

4 .76

2 5

Mu l t ip le p er9oir/bec

9

4 .76

2 6

Microper9oir

1

0 .53

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

7

3 .70

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b urin

5

2 .65

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b urin

8

4 .23

3 1

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in

2

1 .06

3 4

B ur in o n s tr . r e t . t runc .

2

1 .06

3 5

B ur in o n o b l . r e t . t runc .

8

4 .23

3 6

B ur in o n c onc , r e t . t runc .

4

2 .12

3 7

B ur in o n c ony , r e t . t runc .

2

1 .06

3 8

Transverse b urin o n l a t . r e t .

2

1 .06

3 9

T ransverse b urin o n n otch

1

0 .53

4 0

Mu l t ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

3

1 .59

4 1

Mu l t ip le mixed b urin

5

2 .65

6 0

S tra igh t t runc . p iece

1

0 .53

6 1

Ob l ique t runc . p iece

4

2 .12

6 2

C oncave t runc . p iece

2

1 .06

7 4

N otch

1 7

8 .99

7 5

Den t icu la te

4 1 2

2 .12 6 .35

1

0 .53

2 3 1

1 2 .17 1 .59 0 .53

7 6

S p lin tered p iece

7 7

S idescraper

7 8

R ac le t te

8 4

T runca ted b lade le t

8 5

Backed b lade le t

8 8

Den t icu la ted b lade let

3 1

9 0

R e touched ( Dufour ) b lade le t

1

0 .53 0 .53

1 89

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 7 ) :

S ix h ave c onvex f ronts , t wo o f t hem a lso c arry n otches .

The l as t p iece h as a s tra igh t f ron t , i s b roken , w i th s o me p ost-frac ture l ong it udina l s p lin ter ing . E ndscraper o nf l ake ( 6 ) :

O ne migh t b e r egarded a s at ransverse s idescraper .

Three were e ndscrapers o n f l ake o r r ac le t tes .

3 21

E ndscraper o n r e t .

( 3 ) :

E ndscraper-burin ( 4 ) :

Two a re c onvex , a nd o ne o b l ique , f ron ted .

SDB

C onvex

DDB

1

AOB

2x AOB A d j .

1

1

C ar ina ted

1

E ndscrapertrunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : B ur in-trunca ted p iece ( 6 ) :

C onvex-s tra igh t i nverse .

S tra igh t

S DB

1

DDB

2

AOB ( Tsv )

1

O b lique

C onvex

1

1

P er9o ir-bur in ( 1 ) : P er9oir-ang le o n b reak b urin . B ec-bur in ( 1 ) : P er9oir ( 9 ) : Bec ( 9 ) :

B ee-Ang le d ihedra l b ur in .

O ne made w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch .

O ne made w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch .

Mu lt ip le b ee ( 7 ) :

One made w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch ( f ig . 1 .10 ,1 ) .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in ( 7 ) : Ang le o n b reak b ur in ( 8 ) :

O ne c o mbined w i th an o tch .

O ne h as an otch s haped b reak , as econd i s o n ab i-

f ac ia l ly worked s uppor t—pa t ina i s h o mogeneous . Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b urin ( 2 ) :

2 x AOB A d j . ( 1 ) , 2x AOB O pp . ( 1 ) .

B urin d 'axe o n r e t . t runc . ( 9 ) :

S ix a re o n o b l ique r et . t runc ., o ne c o mbined

w i th a n a brup t e dged r ac le t te , o ne w i th a marg ina lr ac let te , a nd o ne w i th a Ber tonne r e touched p iece ( f ig . I .10 ,2 ) .

Two a re o n c onvex r e t . t runc ., o ne

w i th t he s pa l l r e mova l p la tfor m made w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch .

The n in th

i s o n o b l-conc . r e t . t runc . Ang le b urin o n r e t . t runc . ( 5 ) : c oncave r e t . t runc .

Two a re o n s tra igh t r e t . t runc . ,t hree a re o n

Two o f t hese l a t ter h ave t he s pa l l r e mova l p la tfor m made

w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch . Mu l t ip le h e terogeneous TLR b ur in ( 1 ) : TLR-bur ind 'axe o n o b l . r e t . t r . Mu lt ip le h e terogeneous TON b ur in ( 1 ) : Mu l t ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc ( 2 ) :

TON-Ang le d ihedra l b urin ( Ad j .) .

B o th o ppose t wo B urins d 'axe o n o b l ique

r e t . t runc . Mu lt ip le mixed b urin ( 4 ) :

A xe o n OTR

S DB

2

DDB

1

Trunca ted p iece ( 3 ) : R ac le t te ( 23 ) :

Axe o n O b l . -Conc .

1

Two c oncave , a nd o ne s tra igh t t runc .

1 4 were c lassed a s a brupt e dged , s even a s a ng le e dged , o ne a s

marg ina l , a nd o ne a s b ear ing o ccas iona l r ac le t te r e touch . Backed b lade le t ( 3 ) :

A l l h ave t h inbacks .

3 22

S p lin tered p iece ( 1 2 ) :

O ne was r e touched b efore u se a s as p l intered p iece , a nd

o ne i s ar eused e ndscraper o n f l ake , r eused p erpendicu lar t o t he e ndscraper a xis .

3 23 i

F igure I .1 0

L auger ie-Hau te E as t L eve l 1 0

1 .

Mu lt ip l eb ec made w i th r ac let te t ype r e touch .

2 .

Burin d 'axe o n o b l ique r e t . t runc . o pposed t o aBertonne r e touched p iece .

1

F igure I .1 1 1 .

L auger ie-Hau te Eas t L eve l 8

Doub le e ndscraper .

2 .

R e touched b lade le t .

1

2

3 24

Tab le I .2 3 Type n o .

Lauger ie-Haute East L eve l 8 .

N ew t ype l i st N u mber

Type n a me

1

S ing le e ndscraper

4

3 .51

1b is .

S ing le e ndscraper o n t h inned e nd

1

0 .8 8

2

Doub le e nd s craper

2

1 .75

3

E ndscraper o n f l ake

4

3 .51

9

E ndscraper o n r e touched b lade

3

2 .63

1 1

Car ina ted e nd s craper

4

3 .51

1 3

S hou ldered/nosed c ar in . e ndscraper

1

0 .88

1 6

F la t s hou ldered e nd s craper

2

1 .75

1 7

E ndscraper- d ihedra l b ur in

3

2 .63

1 7 b is .

E ndscraper-bur in o n r e t . t runc .

2

1 .75

1 9

Burin-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .88

2 1 b is .

Bee-end s craper

2

1 .75

2 3

S ing le p er9oir

3

2 .63

2 7

S ing le b ee

6

5 .26

2 7 b is .

Mu lt ip le b ee

1

0 .88

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

9

7 .89

3 0 b is .

De je te d ihedra l b urin

4

3 .51

3 1

Ang le d ihedra l b urin

6

5 .26

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

3 6

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b urin

1 1 4

9 .65 3 .51

3 7

Burin d 'axe o n r e t . t runc .

4

3 .51

3 8

Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

2

1 .75

4 1

Transverse b urin o n l a t . r e t .

1

0 .88

4 1 b is .

Transverse b urin o n n otch

2

1 .75

4 6

Mu lt ip le mixed b ur in

1

0 .88

4 7

Chanfrein

1

0 .88

5 7

Trunca ted p iece

2

1 .75

5 8

Ob l ique ly t runca ted p iece

2

1 .75

6 4

S trangu la ted b lade

1

0 .88

6 5-69

S olutrean t ype p iece

7 2

N otch

7 3

P iece w ith p rox/dist . n otch

3

2 .63

7 4

Den t icu la te

3

2 .63

7 5

S idescraper

1

0 .88

7 6

Rac let te

3

2 .63

8 5

Backed b lade le t

1

0 .88

9 4

B lade let w i th d irec t r etouch

1

0 .88

N otch b enea th b reak

1

0 .88

1 05 a .

1 1 1

1 14 O ther p ieces S p lintered p ieces

2

Retouched p ieces

7 4

U t i l ised p ieces

1 5

Bur in s pa l ls

3 1

Unretouched f l akes -Co mp lete I nco mp le te 3 25

1 19 5 31

0 .88 9 .65

Tab le I :2 3 c on t . Type n a me

N u mber

C ores

3 8

C ore f rag men ts

1 1

C hunks

2

C ore t r i m ming f lakes

2

R idged c ore t ri m m ing f l akes

2

F rag ments

6

Grani te p ebb le h a m merstone

1 8 34 Tota l

T ab le I .2 4 Type n o .

Lauger ie-Haute E as t L eve l 8 .

9 48

O ld t ype l i st ( approx .) N u mber

Type n ame

1

S ing le e ndscraper

5

3

Doub le e ndscraper

2

4 .3 1 1 .72

5

E nd s craper o n r et . f l/b l .

3

2 .59

8

E ndscraper o n f l ake

4

3 .45

1 1

Car ina ted e ndscraper

4

3 .4 5

1 3

Th ick s hou ldered/nosed e ndscraper

1

0 .8 6

1 4

F la t s hou ldered/nosed e ndscraper

2

1 .7 2

1 7

E ndscraper-burin

5

4 .31

1 9

B urin-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .8 6

2 1

P er9oir-endscraper

2

1 .72

2 3

Per9oir

3

2 .5 9

2 4

Bee

6

5 .17

2 5

Mu ltip le p er9oir/bec

1

0 .86

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

9

7 .76 3 .45

2 8

De jete d ihedra l b ur n

4

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b urin

6

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

1 1

5 .1 7 9 .48

3 1

Mult ip le d ihedra l b ur in

4

3 .45

3 4

Bur in o n s tra igh t r e t . t runc .

1

0 .8 6

3 5

Burin o n o b l ique r et . t runc .

2

1 .72

3 6

Burin o n c oncave r et . t runc .

3

2 .5 9

3 8

Transverse b ur in o n l a t . r e t .

1

0 .8 6

3 9

Transverse b urin o n n o tch

2

1 .7 2

4 1

Mu lt ip le mixed b ur in

1

0 .8 6

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

2

1 .72

6 1

Ob lique ly t runca ted p iece

2

1 .7 2

6 8

S trangu la ted b lade

1

0 .86

6 9-72

S olutrean t ype p ieces

1

0 .8 6

7 4

N otch

7 5

Dent icula te

1 5 3

2 .59

7 6

S p lintered p iece

2

1 .72

7 7

S idescraper

1

0 .8 6

3 26

1 2 .93

Tab le I .2 4 c on t . T ype n o .

T ype n ame

N u mber

%

7 8

Rac le t te

3

2 .59

8 5

Backed b lade le t

1

0 .8 6

9 0

R etouched ( Dufour ) b lade le t

1

0 .86

9 2

D iverse

1 1 16

0 .86

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 4 ) :

t hree h ave c onvex f ronts , o ne o n p rox i ma l e nd .

The

f our th h as a s tra igh t f ron t , a nd i s c o mb ined w i th a n o tch . Doub le e ndscraper ( 2 ) :

O ne o pposes t wo c ar ina ted e ndscrapers , t he s econd

i s o n a n i rregu lar f l ake w i th a n e ndscraper o n t h inned e nd o pposed t o a n o b l ique f ron t w orked o n t he b u lbar e nd ( f ig . 1 .11 ,1 ) . E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /h l .

( 3 ) :

Two a re p roper ly s peak ing e ndscraper-s ide-

s crapers . F la t s hou ldered e ndscraper ( 2 ) :

One i s c o mb ined w i th an otch .

E ndscraper-burin ( 3/2) :

CCTR

S DB

TLR

3

C onvex

1

C onvex ( i nverse ) 1

A typ . c ar ina te d Burin-trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : Bec-endscraper ( 2 ) :

A xe o n o b i . r e t . t runc-s tra igh t t runc .

I n n ne c ase a ssoc ia ted w i th a n o b lique e ndscraper o n

f l ake , i n t he s econd w i th t wo o pposed c ar ina ted e ndscrapers . Bec ( 6 ) :

O ne i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a n o tch .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in ( 9 ) :

O ne h as o ne h edron n a tura l .

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 4 ) :

S DB

AOB

2

S DB AOB B ur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc . ( 4 ) :

Two a re o n o b l ique , a nd t wo o n o b l-concave

t runc . Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 2 ) :

One i s o n s tra igh t , a nd o ne o n c oncave r e t .

t runc . Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in ( 1 ) : T runca ted p iece ( 2 ) :

B oth h ave s tra igh t t runca t ions .

Ob l ique ly t runc . p iece ( 2 ) : S o lu trean p iece ( 1 ) :

DDB-Ang le o n o b i . r e t . t runc .

One h as i nverse t runca t ion .

L aure l l ea f f rag men t w i th a d eep wh i te p a t ina q u ite d if-

f erent f ro m t ha t o f t he o ther p ieces .

3 27

Rac le t te ( 3 ) : P oor , o ne i s c lassed a s a brupt e dged , a nd t wo a s a ng le e dged . One o f t he l a t ter a pproaches b e ing c lassed a s ab acked b lade le t . R e touched b lade le t ( 1 ) : R e touched ( 74 ) :

( f ig . 1 .11 ,2 ) .

O ne i s ar e touched c ore , a nd t hree a re r etouched c ore f rag-

men ts .

3 2

Tab le I .2 5 Type n o .

L auguer ie-Haute Eas t L eve l 6 .

N ew t ype l i s t N u mber

Type n a me

1

S ing le e nd s craper

2

3 .33

3

E ndscraper o n f lake

1

1 .67

9

E nd s craper o n r e t . f l/b 1 .

1

1 .67

1 1

C ar ina ted e ndscraper

6

1 0 .00

1 3

C ar ina ted n osed/shou ldered e nd s craper

1

1 .67

1 7

E ndscraper-dihedra l b ur in

2

3 .33

1 7 b is .

E nd s craper—burin o n r e t . t runc .

1

1 .67

1 8

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece

1

1 .67

1 9

Burin-trunca ted p iece

1

1 .67

2 1 b is .

B ec-endscraper

2

3 .33

2 7

Bee

1

1 .67

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

4

6 .67

3 0 b is .

De je te d ihedra l b urin

1

1 .67

3 1

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

1

1 .67

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b urin

2

3 .33

3 6

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in

1

1 .67

3 7

B ur in d 'axe o nr e t . t runc .

1

1 .67

3 8

Ang le b ur in o nr et . t runc .

2

3 .33

3 8 b is .

Ang le b ur in o n o b l . r e t . t runc .

2

3 .33

4 7

C hanfrein

1

1 .67

5 7

Trunca ted p iece

1

1 .67

5 9

P iece w i th p ar t ia l r e t . t runc .

1

1 .67

5 9 b is .

P iece w i th p ar t ia l r e t . t runc . o n c orner

1

1 .67

7 2

N otch

9

1 5 .00

7 4

Den t icu la te

3

5 .00

7 6

Rac le t te

2

3 .33

8 5

Backed b lade le t

8

1 3 .33

N otch b enea th b reak

1

1 .67

1 05 a .

6 0 O ther p ieces 6 1

P iece w i th c ont inuous r e touch-1 e dge

6 1 b is .

2e dges S p lin tered p iece

1 1 1

R etouched

3 7

B ur in s pa l ls

5

U nre touched

1 37

C ores

1 1

R idged c ore t r im m ing f l ake

3 29

2

T ab le I .2 6 Type n o .

L auger ie-Haute E as t L eve l 6 .

O ld t ype l i st ( approx .) N u mber

Type n a me

1

S ing le e ndscraper

5

2

3 .39

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b 1 .

1

1 .69

8 1 1

E ndscraper o n f l ake C ar ina ted e ndscraper

1 6

1 .69 1 0 .17

1 3

Th ick r osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

1

1 .69

1 7 1 8

E ndscraper-bur in E ndscraper- t runca ted p iece

3 1

5 .08 1 .69

1 9

B ur in-trunca ted p iece

1

1 .69

2 1

P er9o ir-endscraper

2

3 .39

2 4

B ec

1

1 .69

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

4

6 .78

2 8

De je te. d ihedra l b ur in

1

1 .69

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

1

1 .69

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

2

3 .39

3 1

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in

1

1 .69

3 5

B ur in o n o b lique r e t . t runc .

2

3 .39

3 6

B ur in o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

3

5 .08

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

1

1 .69

7 4

N o tch

7 5 7 6

Den t icu la te S p lin tered p iece

1 0 3 1

1 6 .95 5 .08 1 .69

7 8

Rac le t te

2

3 .39

8 5

Backed b lade le t

8

1 3 .56

9 2

D iverse

1

1 .69

5 9

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 2 ) :

B oth a re c onvex , o ne i s i nverse o n t he p rox i ma l e nd

o f ac ore t rim m ing f l ake . E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b l . ( 1 ) : E ndscraper-bur in ( 2/1) :

C onvex .

S DB

C onvex

1

ADB

a xe o n OTR

1 1

Car ina ted E ndscraper-trunc . p iece ( 1 ) : B ur in-trunc . p iece ( 1 ) : Bec-endscraper ( 2 ) :

C onvex-S tra igh t i nverse t runc .

a

O n c onvex r e t . t runc . Convex t runc .

B o th e ndscrapers c oncave .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin ( 4 ) ;

O ne i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a d en t icu la te .

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 1 ) :

Two o pposed s tra igh t d ihedra l b ur ins .

Bur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc . ( 1 ) :

O n o b l ique-concave r e t . t runc .

3 30

Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 2 ) : Trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : Rac le t te ( 2 ) :

B oth o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

S tra igh t r e touched t runca t ion .

O ne i s c lassed a s a ng le e dged , t he o ther i s more a r e touched

p iece w i th a s tre tch o f r ac le t te r e touch . B ur in s pa l l ( 5 ) :

O ne h as p re-frac ture r ac let te r e touch o n t he b ack .

N ote a-Th is p iece i s l arge , a nd c annot a ccording ly b e c lassed a s aC am inade e ndscraper , t he d ef in i t ion o f wh ich i s v erypart icu lar .

T ab le I .2 7 Type n o . 1

L auger ie-Haute E as t L eve l 4 .

N ew t ype l i s t N u mber

Type n ame S ing le e ndscraper

1 3

8 .7 8

1b is .

S ing le e ndscraper o n t h inned e nd

1

0 .6 8

2

D oub le e ndscraper

1

0 .6 8 0 .6 8

3

E nd s craper o n f l ake

1

9

E nd s craper o n r e t . f l /b l .

1

0 .6 8

A typ ica l c ar ina ted e ndscraper

1

0 .6 8

1 2

Broken e ndscraper

2

1 .3 5

2 3

P er9o ir

2

1 .35

2 5 2 7

Mu lt ip le p er9oir Bec

1 2

0 .6 8 1 .35

2 7 b is .

Mu lt ip le b ee

1

0 .6 8

2 8

S p ine

2

1 .35

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

3

2 . 0 3

3 0 b is .

De t je te - d ihedra l b urin

2

1 .3 5

3 1

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

1

0 .6 8

3 2

A ng le o n b reak b ur in

4

2 .70

3 3

Car ina ted b urin

3

2 . 0 3

3 6

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in

2

1 .3 5

3 7

B ur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc .

6

4 . 0 5

3 8

Ang le b urin o n r e t . t runc .

3

2 . 0 3

3 8 b is .

A ng le b ur in o n o b l . r e t . t runc .

1

0 .6 8

B roken b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1

0 .6 8

4 1 b is .

T ransverse b ur in o n n otch

1

0 .6 8

5 7

Trunca ted p iece

2

1 .3 5 1 .3 5

5 8

Ob l ique ly t runca ted p iece

2

5 9

P iece w i th p ar t ia l r e t . t runc .

1

0 .6 8

5 9 b is .

P iece w i th p ar t . r e t . t runc . o n c orner

4

2 .7 0

7 2

N o tch

7 3

P iece w i th p rox/dist . n o tch

1 1 1

0 .6 8

7 4

Den t icu la te

8

5 .4 1

7 4 b is .

Den t icu la te w i th microdent ic .

2

1 .35

7 5

S idescraper

2

1 .35

7 6

R ac le t te

4

2 .70

7 7

T r iang le

1

0 .68

7 8

S ca lene b lade le t

1

0 .6 8

3 31

7 .43

Tab le I .2 7 c ont . N u mber

Type n o .

Type n a me

8 2

O ther micro li ths

1

0 .6 8

8 3

Trunca ted b lade le t

3

2 .0 3

8 4

P oin ted b acked b lade let

2

8 5

Backed b lade le t

8 8

Den t icu la ted b lade let

1

0 .6 8

9 4

B lade le t w ith f i ne d irec t r e t .

6

4 . 0 5

9 5

I nverse ly r etouched b lade let

1

0 .6 8

9 9

Magda len ian s houldered p oint

1

0 .68

3 3

1 .35 2 2 .30

1 01

P oin ted b lade

1

0 .6 8

1 05

D iverse

3

2 .0 3

1 05 a .

N otch b enea th b reak

2

1 .3 5

1 48 O ther p ieces 6 1

P iece w i th c ontinuous r etouch-1 e dge 2e dges S p lintered p iece

1 1 1

R etouched

1 7

U t i lised

7

Bur n s pa l ls

1 6

U nre touched

4 31

C ores

1 2

C ore t r i m ming f lake

3

R idged c ore t ri m ming f l ake

1

3 32

T ab le I .2 8

L auger ie-Hau te E as t L eve l 4 .

Type n o .

Type n a me

N u mber

1

S ing le e nd s craper

3

Doub le e ndscraper

5 8 1 2

O ld t ype l i s t ( approx .)

1 4

% 9 .7 2

1

0 .69

E ndscraper o nr e t . f l /b i .

1

0 .69

E ndscraper o n f lake

1

0 .69

A typ icn 1 c arina ted e nd s craper

1

0 .6 9

B roken e nd s craper

2

1 .3 9

2 3

P er9oir

4

2 .78

2 4

Bec

2

1 .39

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9oir/bec

2

1 .3 9

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

3

2 .0 8

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b urin

5

3 .4 7

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b urin

1

0 .69

3 0 3 1

Ang le o n b reak b ur in Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in

4 2

2 .7 8 1 .39

3 4

Burin o n s tra igh t r e t . t runc .

1

0 .69

3 5

B ur in o n o b l ique r e t . t runc .

4

2 .7 8

3 6

Bur in o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

4

2 .78

3 9

U na t tr ibutab le b urin o n r et . t runc . Transverse b urin o n n otch

1 1

0 .69 0 .69

5 8

Backed b lade

1

0 .69

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

1

0 .6 9

6 1

O b l ique t runca ted p iece

2

1 .3 9

6 3 7 4

C onvex t runca ted p iece N otch

1 1 5

0 .69 1 0 .42

7 5

Den t icu la te

1 0

7 6

S p lin tered p iece

1

0 .6 9

7 7 7 8

S idescraper Rac le t te

2 4

1 .39 2 .78

7 9

T r iang le

3

2 . 0 8

8 4

Trunca ted b lade le t

8 5

Backed b lade le t

8 7

Den t icu la ted b acked b lade le t

1

0 .69

9 0

R e touched ( Dufour ) b lade le t

7

4 .86

9 2

D iverse

4

2 .78

3 3 5

6 .94

2 . 0 8 2 4 .31

1 44

C o m men tary S ing le e nd s craper ( 13 ) :

A l l h ave c onvex f ron ts ( f ig . I .1 2 , 1 ) .

Doub le e nd s craper ( 1 ) :

Two o pposed c onvex s craper f ron ts .

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /b l . Mu l t ip le p er9oir ( 1 ) . S p ine ( 2 ) :

( 1 ) :

C onvex ,w i th a brup t r e t . o n e dge .

Mu l t ip le ' spines ' .

One i s o n ab acked b lade le t o ppos i te t he b ack ing , t he o ther i s a s-

s oc ia ted w i th ad en t icu la te . 3 33

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 2 ) :

S DB-AOB ( 1 ) ;

2x DDB O pp . ( 1 ) .

Burin d 'axe o n r e t . t runc . ( 6 ) : Q ne i s o n l a tera l r e touch , t hree a re o n o b lique a nd t wo o n o b i-conc . r e t . t runc . Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 3 ) :

O ne i s o n s tra igh t , a nd o ne o n o b l-conc . r e touch .

The t h ird i s o n c oncave r e touch t ha t i s r ea l ly ad ista l n otch . Trunca ted p iece ( 2 ) :

O ne s tra igh t , o ne c onvex t runc .

Par t ia l r e t . t runc . o n c orner ( 4 ) : N otch ( 11) : R ac le t te ( 4 ) : c a ted b lade .

One i s c o mb ined w i th a n otch .

O ne i s o n ac ore t r i m ming f l ake . Three a re a brup t e dged , t he f our th c ould b e c lassed a s at run-

O ther micro li th ( 1 ) :

B roken b lade le t w i th o b l ique t runca t ion , p oss ib ly p ar t o f

ab roken t r iang le . D iverse ( 3 ) : Ab acked b lade , t he b ase o f ab acked p iece , ac o mposi te t oo l ( SDB/Ob l . t runc . p iece/Ang le e dged r ac le t te ) . N o tch b enea th b reak ( 2 ) : O ne i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a B ertonne r e t .piece ( f ig . I .1 2 ,2 ) .

3 34

F igure 1 .12

L auger ie-Haute Eas t L eve l 4

1 .

S ing le e ndscraper ( D 1 75 ) .

2 .

N o tch b enea th b reak o pposed t o Ber tonne r e touched p iece ( D 2 14 ) .

1

2

3 35

Tab le I .2 9 Type n o .

L auger ie-Haute Eas t L eve l 2 .

N ewtype l i st N u mber

Type n ame

1

S ing le e ndscraper

1b is .

S ing le e ndscraper o n t h inned e nd

3

E ndscraper o n f lake

1 6

2

Doub le e ndscraper

1 2

8

Fan e ndscraper

9

5 6 4

1

E ndscraper o n r e t . f lib l .

1 4

9 .6 4 0 .6 9 2 .7 5 2 . 0 7 0 .1 7 2 .4 1

1 1

Car ina ted e ndscraper

1

0 .1 7

1 2

A typica l c arina ted e ndscraper

5

0 .8 6

1 3

Car ina ted n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

2

0 .3 4

1 6

F la t s hou ldered e ndscraper

2

0 .34

Broken e ndscraper

8

1 .38

1 7

E ndscraper-dihedra l b ur in

1 0

1 .7 2

1 7 b is .

E ndscraper-bur in o n r e t . t runc .

1 0

1 .7 2

E ndscraper- mu lt ip le mixed b urin

1

0 .1 7

1 8

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece

3

0 .5 2

1 9

Bur in-trunca ted p iece

2

0 .3 4

2 0

Per9oir-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .1 7

2 1

Per9oir-endscraper

2

0 .3 4

2 1 b is .

Bec-endscraper

3

0 .5 2 0 .1 7

2 2

Per9oir-bur in

1

2 3

Per9oir

5

2 7

Bec

2 8

S pine

5

0 .86

2 9

Bec b urin a nt a l terne

1

O .1 7

1 6

0 .86 2 .75

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

1 9

3 . 2 7

3 0 b is .

De jete d ihedra l b urin

2 4

4 .13

3 1

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

2 0

3 . 4 4

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b urin

1 6

2 .75

3 4

C orb iac b urin

1

0 .1 7

3 6

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b urin

1 1

1 .8 9

3 7

Bur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc .

1 1

1 .89

3 8

Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1 3

2 . 2 4

3 8 b is .

Ang le b ur in o n o b l . r e t . t runc .

4 1

Transverse b urin o n l a tera l r e touch

5 1 1

0 .8 6 1 .8 9

4 1 b .

Mul tip le h eterogeneous TLR b urin

2

0 .3 4

4 2

Mult ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1

0 .1 7

4 6

Mu lt ip le mixed b ur in

4

0 .6 9

Broken b urin

4

0 .6 9

5 7

Trunca ted p iece

5 8

Ob lique ly t runca ted p iece

1 3

2 . 2 4

7

1 .2 0

5 9

P iece w i th p art ia l r e t . t runc .

4

0 .6 9

5 9 b is .

P iece w ith p ar t ia l r e t . t runc . o n c orner

3

0 .5 2

6 0

B i trunca ted p iece

2

0 .3 4

6 5-69

S olutrean t ype p ieces

6

1 . 0 3

7 2

N otch

7 3

P iece w i th p rox/dist . n otch

3 6

3 36

5

6 .20 0 .8 6

T ab le I .2 9 c ont . T ype n o .

Type n ame

N u mber

7 4

Den t icu la te

7 4 b is .

Den t icu la te made w i th microdent icu la t ion

7 5

S idescraper

1 8

3 .10

7 6

Rac le t te

2 1

3 .61

1 3 1

% 2 .24 0 .17

7 8

S ca lene b lade le t

3

0 .52

8 3

Trunca ted b lade le t

1

0 .17

8 5

Backed b lade le t

8 7

Trunca ted b acked b lade le t

1

0 .17

8 8

Den t icu la ted b acked b lade le t

4

0 .69

9 0

Den t icu la ted b lade le t

2

0 .34

9 1

N otched b lade le t

1

0 .17

9 4

B lade le t w i th f i ne d irec t r e touch

4

0 .69

P oin ted b lade

5

0 .86

1 01

8 9

1 5 .32

1 04

N otch ' en b out '

1

0 .17

1 05

D iverse

5

0 .86

1 05 a .

N otch b enea th b reak

8

1 .38

1 05 b .

I nverse ly r e t . p iece

5

0 .86

5 81 O ther p ieces ( i nco mp lete a na lysis ) 6 1

P iece w i th c on t inuous r e touch-1 e dge

6 1 b is . 7 1

2e dges P ick

3 4 2

S p lin tered p iece

7

R e touched

5 8

U t i l ised

3 8

B urin s pa l ls

1 5

U nre touched

7 1

C ores

8

C ore f ragmen ts

1

C ore t r imm ing f l akes

2

P ieces w i th v en tra l s urface r e mova ls

2

3 37

Tab le I .3 0 Type n o .

L auger ie-Haute E as t L eve l 2 .

O ld t ype l i st ( approx .) N u mber

Type n a me

1 3

S ing le e ndscraper D oub le e ndscraper

5 7 1 2

4

Og iva l e ndscraper

5

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /b l .

7

F an e ndscraper

3 1 4

9 .8 3 2 .0 7 0 .5 2 2 .4 1

1

0 .1 7

1 6 1

2 .76 0 .1 7

5

0 .86

8 1 1

E ndscraper o nf l ake C arina ted e ndscraper

1 2

A typ ica l c ar ina ted e ndscraper

1 3

Th ick n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

2

0 .3 4

1 4

F la t n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

2

0 .3 4

B roken e ndscraper 1 7

8

E ndscraper-bur in

2 1

1 .38 3 .62

1 8

E ndscrapertrunca ted p iece

2

0 .3 4

1 9

B urintrunca ted p iece

2

0 .3 4

2 0

P er9oir-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .1 7

2 1

P er9o ir-endscraper

5

0 .86

2 2

P er9o ir-bur in

1

0 .1 7

2 3

P er9oir

1 0

1 .72

2 4

Bec

1 7

2 .9 3

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

2 0

3 .4 5

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b urin

2 4

4 .1 4

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

2 0

3 .45

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b urin

1 6

2 .76

3 1

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in

1 1

1 .90

3 4

B ur in o n s tra igh t r e t . t runc .

3 5

B ur in o n o b l ique r e t . t runc .

6

3 6

B urin o n c oncave r et . t runc .

8

3 7

B ur in o n c onvex r e t . t runc .

3

3 8

T ransverse b urin o n l a tera l r e t .

4 0

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1

0 .1 7

4 1

Mu lt ip le mixed b urin

6

1 .0 3

1 2

1 1

1 .0 3 2 .0 7 1 .3 8 0 .5 2 1 .9 0

Broken b ur in

4

0 .69

6 0 .

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

7

1 .2 1

6 1

Ob l ique t runca ted p iece

7

1 .21

6 2

C oncave t runca ted p iece

7

1 .21

6 9-72

S o lutrean t ype p ieces

6

1 .0 3

7 4

N o tch

5 0

8 .62

7 5

Den t icu la te

1 4

2 .41

7 6

S p lintered p iece

7 7

S idescraper

1 8

3 .10

2 1

3 .62

7

1 .2 1

7 8

Rac le t te

7 9

T r iang le

3

0 .5 2

8 4

Trunca ted b lade le t

1

0 .1 7

8 5

Backed b lade le t

8 6

Trunca ted b acked b lade le t

8 9 1

0 .1 7

8 7

Den t icu la ted b acked b lade le t

4

0 .69

3 38

1 5 .3 4

T ab le I .3 0 c on t N u mber

T ype n o .

T ype n a me

8 8

Den t icu la ted b lade le t

2

0 .34

8 9

N o tched b lade le t

1

0 .17

9 0

R e touched ( Dufour ) b lade le t

9 2

D iverse

4

0 .6 9

1 5

2 .59

5 80

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 5 7) :

5 0 a re c onvex , o ne a r eworked a ng le d ihedra l b urin ,

a nd o ne a pproach ing t he r ac let te ; t hree a re o g iva l; o ne o b lique ; o ne s tra igh t ; a nd o ne c o mb ined w i th a n o tch . Doub le e ndscraper ( 12 ) :

One i s c o mbined w i th ap ar t ia l r e t . t runc .

1 0 o ppose t wo c onvex f ron ts , o ne c o mbined w i th a

r ac let te , o ne o pposes t wo c ar ina ted e ndscrapers , a nd t he l ast c o mbines a c onv ex a nd a f la t s hou ldered e ndscraper o n t wo c orners o f at r iangu lar f lake . E ndscraper o n f l ake ( 16 ) :

O ne i s c o mb ined w i th a n o tch .

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /b l . ( 14 ) :

1 2 h ave c onvex f ron ts ,one a n o b l ique f ront .

One i s a n e ndscraper-s idescraper . A typ ica l c ar ina ted e ndscraper ( 5 ) : E ndscraper-dihedra l b ur in ( 10 ) :

One i s o n av ery t h ick Aur ignac ian b lade . S DB

DDB

C onvex

2

1

Og iva l

1

1

ADB

AOB

1

4

E ndscraper-bur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 10 ) : Mg . S TR

A xe . OTR 5a

C onvex A typ . C arina ted N ote a .

A xe . Ob l-Conc . 1

2

TON 1

1

O n o ne o f t hese , t he b ur in i s ac onverted DDB .

E ndscraper- mu lt ip le mixed b urin ( 1 ) :

A c onvex e ndscraperon t he c orner

w i th a TLR b ur in a d jacen t , a nd a s tra igh t d ih . b ur in o pposed . E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece ( 2 ) :

S tr .

S tra igh t

1

C onc .

1

C onvex B ur in-trunca ted p iece ( 2 ) :

S tra igh t

C ony-stra igh t

OTR CCTR N ote a .

TLR

l a 1

The b ur in i s ac onver ted d e je te - d ihedra l b ur in .

P er9o ir-trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) :

S tra igh t t runc . p iece .

3 39

P er9o ir-endscraper ( 2 ) : Bec-endscraper ( 3 ) : P er9oir-bur in ( 1 ) : P er9oir ( 5 ) : Bee ( 1 6) :

B oth e ndscrapers c onvex , o ne p er9oir a s p ine .

A l l e ndscrapers c onvex .

S pine-SDB .

O ne c o mb ined w i th a no tch .

O ne c o mbined w i th an o tch .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in ( 1 9 ) : De je te d ihedra l b ur in ( 24 ) :

O ne o pposed t o ac hewed e nd .

O ne i s o n ac ore t r imm ing f l ake , a nd o ne o n ar idged

c ore t r im ming f l ake . Ang le d ihedra l b ur in ( 20 ) : O ne i s t h ick , a nd o ne c omb ined w i th an otch . A ng le o n b reak b ur in ( 1 6 ) : O ne i s c o mb ined w i th amarg ina lr ac let te . Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 1 1 ) :

S DB

DDB

ADB

1

1

1

1

( 2 )

S DB ADB AOB B ur in d 'axe o nr e t . t runc . ( 1 1) :

AOB

B roken d ih .

2 ( 1 )1

1

s ix a re o n o b lique r e t ., o ne a ssoc ia ted w i th

ad en t icu la te ; f our a re o n o b l ique-concave r e t .; a nd o ne o n l a tera l r etouch . Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 1 3 ) : s ix a re o n s tra igh t r e touch ( two o n e ndscraper e nds ); t hree a re o n c onvex r etouch ( one o n e ndscraper e nd) ; t wo o n c oncave , a nd t wo o n o b l ique c oncave r e touch . T ransverse b urin o n l a tera l r e t . ( 1 1 ) : There h as b een a n a t tempt t o c onver t o ne t o ad ihedra l b ur in , t he r e mova l r unn ing ' p lan ' o n t he v entra l s urface ( i ndica t ing p erhaps ad efau l t s tage i nt he r etouch ing o f a TLR b ur in i n to a n ADB ) . A s econd modif ies a n o g iva l e ndscraper , a nd s eems t o h ave au sed p ro jec t ion a t t he o ppos i te e nd . Mu lt ip le h e terogeneous TLR b ur in ( 2 ) :

ADB

TLR Mu lt ip le b urin o n r e t . t runc . ( 1 ) : Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in ( 4 ) :

B roken b ur in ( 4 ) :

ADB

1

AOB

1

B i trunca ted p iece ( 2 ) :

S idescraper ( 1 8 ) :

1

( 1 )

A xe o n OTR-Axe o n l a tera l r et . OTR

T sv . o n l a t . u nprep . s urf .

1

1

O ne i s c o mb ined w i th an o tch .

T runca ted p iece ( 1 3) :

Den t icu la te ( 1 3 ) :

S TR

AOB

S even s tra igh t , a nd s ix c oncave t runca t ions . C oncave-par t ia l ( 1 ) ; p ar t ia l-par t ia l ( 1 ) .

O ne o n ac ore f ragment . O ne , l arge a nd p ar t ia l ly r e touched , s hows i n tense p o l ish-

i ng o ft he v en tra l s urface e dge a ng le . The p o l ish was l ooked a t u nder h igh magnif ica t ion b y P a t ty A nderson who s a id t ha t i ti nd ica ted s tone work ing .

3 40

Three h ave t he e dge o ppos i te t he s idescraper b a t tered . O ne o ft hese l a t ter , a nd t he p o lished p iece , a re i n t he b anded r aw ma ter ia l t ypica l o f C orbiac . Rac le t te ( 2 1) :

1 3 a re a brupt e dged , f i ve a ngle e dged —one c o mb ined w i th a

n otch , t wo marg ina l , a nd o ne i n ter m it ten t . Backed b lade le t ( 8 9 ) :

O ne i s c urved b acked .

T runca ted b ackedb lade le t ( 1 ) : P o in ted b lade ( 5 ) : N o tch ' en b out '

O b lique e nd t runca t ion .

O ne w i th f l a t v en tra l s urface r e touch .

( 1 ) :

H a m mered e nd o pposi te .

D iverse ( 5 ) : Two b acked p ieces , o ne o f t he m a f ragmen t o f at h ick b acked p iece; o ne p oin t b acked a t t he t i p; o ne r ough ly p oin ted p iece , w i th t h ick b ack , a nd d amage o n t he o pposi te e dge; a nd a t h ick f l ake w i th an arrow p ro jec t ion r etouched o n b oth e dges-a s tem o r ap oin t?

3 41

BADEGOULE , L ardin , Dordogne The s i te s tands o n t he l ef t b ank o f t he C ern—a r igh t b ank a nd e astward f l ow ing t r ibutary o f t he Vezere wh ich i tj oins c . 1km f ro m t he s i te—near t he c rest o f ah i l l .

B e low t he p la teau t ha t t ops t he h i l l , al ow l imestone c l if f r uns

f or 5 00 m, a nd b e low i ti s t he s i te s lop ing o ver 2 0-30 m t owards t he p a th t ha t j oins G oursa t a nd L aco mbe-Segera l .

The s i te i s 1 00 m a bove t he v a l ley f l oor ,

f ac ing d ue s outh w i th e x tens ive v iews a long t he b road v a l ley i n b o th d irec t ions . P eyrony ( 1908) d escr ibes t he s i te a s c ons ist ing o ft hree p ara l le l a nd j ux tap osed t erraces , b ut t i l ls a rrange men t i s d if f icu l t t o d iscern u nder t he p resent s crub c over . The s i te h as l ong b een k nown , a nd h as , l i ke L auger ie-Haute , s uf fered much i n c onsequence .

I n 1 834 J ouanne t wr i tes o f f i nding b ones a nd f l in t t oo ls

a t t he s i te ( Cheyn ier 1 949 p . 7 ) . f ro m t he s i te i n 1 842 .

The c o ll ege d e B r ive a cqu ired a c o l lec t ion

A udierne s peaks o f t he s i te i n 1 863, a nd i t was v is i ted

b y L andesque , b y Lar te t & C hr isty ( Evans 1 875 p p . 1 64-165 ) , b y Hardy a nd Faux , b y C ar ta i lhac , b y d 'Ar tensac , Hardy a nd C hasta ing , Massena t , P i t tard , T abanou , F arg is , Ray mond , A . d e Mor t i l le t , a nd b y R iv iere b efore 1 907 . L it t le s urv ives f ro m t he work o f t hese v is i tors .

C o l lec t ions made were d is-

p ersed t o c o l lec tors a nd museu ms , G irod p ub lished t he r esu lts o f t he l a ter e xcava t ions o f Massena t i n 1 906 ( Cheyn ier 1 949 p . 1 1 ) , a nd a n a lbu m o fd rawi ngs b y P i t tard s urv ives . I n 1 907 D . P eyrony v is i ted t he s i te .

He n oted t ha t t he e as tern a nd wes tern

p ar ts o f t he s i te h ad b een e x tens ive ly e xp loi ted, b ut t ha t t he c en tra l p ar t s ee med more o r l ess u n touched .

H e e xcava ted i n t he s he l ter o n t h is s ec t ion p roduc ing

as ec t ion w i th f ro m t op t o b o t to m ( Peyrony 1 908 ) : L eve l

G .

E bou lis a nd h u mus 1 .60 i n .

F .

B rown ish l eve l .

E .

S andy b ed . 2 0 cm .

D .

Deep b rown c ong lo mera te .

C .

Reddish b ed .

2 0 cm .

Magda len ian .

S carce i ndus try .

3 0 cm .

3 5 cm .

Magda len ian .

S o lu trean .

B .

P ebb le b ed .

4 0 cm .

S carce i ndustry .

A .

B rown b ed .

1 5 cm .

S o lu trean .

L i mestone b edrock P eyrony makes f ew c o m men ts o n t he ma ter ia l , a l though n oting t he p resence o f l a mes-gra t toirs r o f t he t ype n o ted a t L auger ie-Haute b y C api tan , B reu i l , a nd h i mse lf .

De S onnev i l le-Bordes ( 1960 T ab . XL I ) s tudied a s er ies o f 2 22

t oo ls f ro m t hese e xcava t ions , r epresen ting p resu mab ly t he r e mnants o ft he c o l lec t ions f ro m b oth l eve ls . I n 1 909 , a nd 1 912-13 , t he B ouysson ie b rothers d id s o me work a t t he s i te , Hauser worked i ti n 1 909-1912 . a l lowed a r esp i te .

A f ter t h is i ts ee ms t he s i te migh t h ave b een

I n 1 926-1927, t he s i te was v is i ted b y C heyn ier , who i n

1 928 b egan e xcava t ions i n t he r e mnan ts l ef t b y e ar l ier workers , a t t he s a me t ime l eav ing d epos i t i n tac t f or l a ter workers .

H e p urchased a l arge p ar t o f

t he s i te , wh i le t he r e ma inder was l e t t o P eyr i l le who e xcava ted w i th De l mas . The c o l lec t ion o f P eyr i l le was l a ter s o ld , a nd d e S onnev i l le-Bordes s tudied ma ter ia l f ro m i ti n t he V es ign ie c o l lec t ion ( de S onnev i l le-Bordes 1 960 Tab .

3 42

XL I ) .

The p resence o fp ieces l abe l led a s b e ing f ro m t he e xcava t ions o f P eyr i l le

i n t he C heyn ier c o l lec t ion a t MAN i ndica te s e lec t ion o f t h is c o l lec t ion . C heynier 's e xcava t ions were c oncen tra ted i n t he E as tern p ar t o f t he s i te amongst t he r emnan ts o f d epos i t l ef t b y e ar lier workers .

I n t wo p laces o n t he

s lope h e r ecogn ised a S o lu trean w i th u n ifac ia l p oin ts , a nd a S o lutrean w i th l aure l l eaf p o in ts . U nder t he s he lter h e r ecogn ised a S o lutrean w i th s hou ldered p oin ts a nd b acked b lade le ts , c orresponding t o t ha t e xcava ted b y P eyrony , w i th a bove i t , t wo l eve ls o f I n i t ia l Magda len ian t ha t migh t b e r egarded a s e qu iva len t t o t he t wo l eve ls o f P eyrony i n c ontent a nd ma tr ix .

C heyn ier ( 1949 p . 3 8) g ives

as ec t ion s yn thes ised f ro m h is o bserva t ions i n t he v ar ious r e mnan ts t ha t r uns f ro m t op t o b ot to m : 1 0 . 9 .

F ic t iona l h umus b ed . A rchaeo log ica l B ed 7 :

l i gh t y e l low l oose s and , n o s tones .

Magda len ian I . 8 .

A rch . b ed 6 : ma ter ia l .

7 .

C ong lo mera te o f l imes tone b locks a nd a rchaeo log ica l

Magda len ian I .

A rch . b ed 5 : G rey ish e ar th . S o lutrean w i th s hou ldered p oints a nd b acked b lade le ts .

6 .

Arch . b ed 4 : G rey ish e ar th i n p laces u nder la in b y a r t ifacia l p avemen t .

S o lutrean w i th s hou ldered p oin ts .

5 .

A rch . b ed 3 : B lack a shy b ed .

4 .

A rch . b ed 2 :

S o l . w i th l aure l l eaves .

' Cas t ine ' , y e l low ish w i th sma l l b locks .

S o l . w i th

l aure l l ea fp oin ts . 3 .

A rch . b ed 1 : P a le y e l low c as t ine w i th t her moc las t ic f l akes o f l imes tone .

S o lutrean w i th u n ifac ia l p oints , a nd ? Mouster ian .

2 .

S teri le w h i te c lay .

1 .

B edrock .

F igure I .1 3 i ndica tes t he p os it ion o f t he v ar ious e ar l ier a nd l a ter e xcavat i ons , a nd t he p os i t ion o f s ec t ion 2 o f C heynier , wh ich i s r eproduced ( f igure I .1 4 ) t o g ive s o me i dea o f t he d epos i t . S o lutrean d eposi ts e x tend u p t o 5 0m d own t he s lope , wh i le t he Magda len ian d epos i ts o ccur i n ab and c loser t o t he c l if f—perhaps a c ircu ms tance o f p reserv a t ion . The l ower o f t he t wo l eve ls ( bed 6 ) f or ms a h ard ' b lood r ed ' b recc ia r unning i n ab and 4 -6 m w ide t ha t p ara l le ls t he c l if f o ver a l eng th o f s o me 5 0 m, a nd w i th a d ep th o f 3 0-60 cm , r epresen ts a ccording t o t he c a lcu la t ions o f C heyn ier ( 1939 p . 3 56 ) av o lu me o f 1 00 c ub ic me tres .

The u pper l eve l f o l lows

t he s ame n arrow b and , b ut t he d epos it d if fers , b e ing a f i ne l i gh t y e l low s and , e asy t o e xcava te .

T he d ep th v ar ies b e tween 5 0 cm a nd lm .

The Mous ter ian

p ieces n oted b y C heyn ier i n b ed 1 ( and G irod a lso s peaks o f a Mouster ian l eve l) d e S onnev i l le-Bordes ( 1960 p . 3 00 ) s ugges ts f or m a c o mponen t o f t he e ar ly S o lutrean . The c o l lec t ions o f C heyn ier were l ef t t o t he MAN , a nd d ue t o t he k indness o f M . De lpor te Iwas a b le t o s tudy t hese l arge c o l lec t ions — more t han 1 2 0 00 3 43

p ieces i n t he t wo l eve ls .

My a na lys is o f t h is ma ter ia l was t he f i rst a na lys is

o f al arge c o l lec t ion t ha t Ic arr ied o ut .

I t was d one u s ing t he 1 953-1956 d e

S onnev i l le-Bordes/Perrot t ype l i s t t hus i nc luding a t tr ibut ions t o t ype c lasses t ha t Id id n o t l i ke a t t he t ime , a nd wh ich Iwas h appy t o a bandon when Id isc overed t henew t ype l i s t wh ich e xc luded t he m .

S ubsequen ts tudies o f t he ma-

t er ia l i ndica te t ha t Iwou ld n o l onger a gree w i th s o me o f my a t tr ibut ions , b ut t hese a re n o t many , a nd my own e vo lut ion a s at ypo log is t i s n ot It h ink a s ign if icant f ac tor i n i n ter-asse mb lage v ar ia t ion; a nd c er ta in ly n ot a s i mportan t af ac tor a s i n ter-worker v ar ia t ion . A lthough t he p resence o f s evera l n ew p i ts when t he s i te was v isi ted i n 1 977 i ndica te t ha t c landes tine e xcava tors s t i l l k now o f t he s i te , o n ly o ne s e t o f e xcava t ions h as b een c arr ied o ut s ince t hose o f C heyn ier , t hose o f C on c hard ( Couchard 1 966 ) .

H e e xcava ted i n t he West o f t he s i te — the P eyr i l le s ec t ion .

On t he s lope S o lutrean w i th l aure l l eaf p o ints was f ound , wh i le u nder t he s he lt er a s trat igraphy was r ecovered r unning ( Couchard 1 966 p p . 1 8-20 ) : L eve l

D . C .

P owdery wh i te b recc ia , 1 5 cm t h ick .

Magda len ian .

G rey-ye l low s andy c lay , f r iab le , 1 0-25 cm t h ick , S o lutrean w i th s hou ldered p oin ts a nd b acked b lade le ts .

B '2 .

Y e l low ' marne ' .

S o me d er ived ma ter ia l .

B 2 .

B recc ia—brown/ye l low/reddish g rey .

S o lutrean w i th l aure l

l ea fp oin ts . B 1 .

A shy o r b rown l eve l w i th s carce i ndus try .

S o lutrean w i th

u n ifac ia l p oin ts . A .

Wh i t ish ' marne ' w i th s o me e bou lis .

L eve lDp roduced s o me 2 2 t oo ls o f wh ich 1 3a re i l lustra ted -2 r ac le t tes , 3b acked b lade le ts , 2a ng le d ihedra l b urins , t hree e ndscrapers ( one c ircu lar ) , t wo p er9oirs a nd ab ee .

B eside t hese i s as aga ie t i p w i th ag roove o n o ne

f ace .

3 44

F igure I .13

E xcava t ions a t Badegou le ( a f ter C heynier 1 949 C ouchard 1 966 p . 1 8) .

P .

1 9 , a nd

S ect ion 2 -2 i s 2 2 m l ong .

R ock wa l l : E dge o f o verhang :

- ----

E dge o f t errace : -

x

t a . 0

0

0 2

O ld e xcava t ions : A—Peyrony;

B—Bouysson ie ;

Gou lpie & Hardy ;

C—Peyr i l le & De l mas; D—Hauser ;

F—Tabanou; G—P i t tard;

3 45

E—P it tard,

H— Massena t ; ( I—Couchard) .

Badegou le S ec t ion 2 ( a f ter C heynier 1 949 p . 3 3 )

•

A rch . b ed

F igure 1 .14

r d rD

• 0

. " 0 ,1

4 ‚

( 1 ) c ü • , 1 • H

C O C d C ) "

P 2 ( 1 3 C

r0

r G

0

g • F 1 0 P r e\ r d g A . , 1 4 0 +2 U 2 r d g 0 0 0 I 1 ' , . -4 Q C U p r d

c . )e

r C • • t 2 C 2 A • , -1

•› .,c ) , : _ _ , c . ) G . ) 0 . 0 F I •0 P , C M H . l c e

r 0

>2,P C D r n

• ! !

Qj

0

Pi

O

F-1

• H

C )

c d ( 1 ) « 3 r d r d c c a i c f , i . 1r i 1 I er i a ) a ) P i

C l )

3 46

U 2

C 2 r a 4 :2

rd

r a

F i

i -

U )

Tab le I .3 1 Type n o .

Badegou le L eve l 6 .

O ld t ype l i s t N u mber

Type n a me

1

S ing le e nd s craper

5 79

1 7 . 1 5

2

A typ ica l e ndscraper

1 4

0 .4 1

3

Doub le e ndscraper

4 3

1 .2 7

4

Og iva l e nd s craper

2 5

0 .7 4

3 51

1 0 . 3 9

5

E ndscr2per o n r e t . f l/h l .

7

F an e ndscraper

1

0 .0 3

8

E ndscraper o n f l ake

6

0 .1 8

1 1

C ar ina ted e nd s craper

9

0 .2 7

1 2

A typ ica l c ar ina ted e ndscraper

4

0 .1 2

1 3

Th ick n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

3

0 .0 9

1 4

F la t n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

7

0 .2 1

1 5

C ore e ndscraper

2

0 .0 6

1 6

Rabot

2

0 .06

Broken e ndscraper

1 9

0 .5 6

1 7

E ndscraper-bur in

1 14

3 .38

1 8

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece

3

0 .0 9

1 9

Bur in-trunca ted p iece

5

0 .1 5

2 0

Per9oir-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .0 3

2 1

Per9o ir-end s craper

2 5

0 .74

2 2

Per9oir-bur in

4 8

1 .42

2 3

Per9o ir

1 77

5 .24

2 4

Bec

9 0

2 .67

2 5

Mu l t ip le p er9oir

5 8

1 .7 2

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

9 8

2 .9 0

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b ur in

8 8

2 .61

2 9

Ang le d ihedra lb ur in

5 6

1 .6 6

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

4 8

1 .42

3 1

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in

3 6

1 .07

3 2

Busked b ur in

3 4

B ur in o n s tra igh t r e t . t runc .

6

0 .18

1 9

0 .5 6

3 5

Bur in o n o b l ique r e t . t runc .

1 04

3 . 0 8

3 6

Bur in o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

1 68

4 .9 7 0 .7 7

3 7

Bur in o n c onvex r e t . t runc .

2 6

3 8

T ransverse b ur in o n l a tera lr e t .

3 3

0 .98

3 9

Transverse b ur in o n n otch

1 82

5 .39

4 0

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

9 8

2 .9 0

4 1

Mu lt ip le mixed b ur in

1 08

3 .2 0

4 3

C ore b urin

4 4

Bur in p lan

9 6 1

Broken b ur in

4

0 .2 7 1 .81 0 .12

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

1 0

0 .3 0

6 1

Ob l ique t runca ted p iece

1 1

0 .3 3

6 2

C oncave t runda ted p iece

4

0 .1 2

6 4

B i trunca ted p iece

2

0 .0 6

6 7

Aur ignac ian b lade

2

0 .0 6

6 8

S trangu la ted/notched A ur ignac ian b lade

4

0 .1 2

3 47

Tab le I .3 1 c on t . Type n o

Type n a me

N u mber

7 4

N o tch

7 5

Den t icu la te

1 4

0 .41

7 6 7 7

S p l intered p iece S idescraper

1 08 1 21

3 .20 3 .58

7 8

Rac let te

1 97

5 .83

8 5

Backed b iade le t

1 62

4 .80

2

0 .06

8 9

N otched b lade le t

4

0 .12

9 2

D iverse

6

0 .18

3 377 O ther p ieces 6 6

P iece w i th c on t inuous r e touch-2 e dges

3

7 3

P ick

3

R e touched/ut i l ised

1 111

B ur in s pa l ls

6 02

U nre touched f l/b i . —co mp le te

6 19

i nco mp le te

7 60

C ores

1 70

C hunks

4 3

Ba t tered C ores/chunks

9

C ore t r i m ming f l akes

1 5

R idged c ore t r im m ing f l akes

6 3 3 398

T ota l 6 775

C o m men ta ry S ing le e ndscraper ( 579 ) :

C onvex ( 505 )two o ft hem l a tera l , t wo a re o n c ore

t r im m ing f l ake , 1 7 a re o n r idged c ore t r i m ming f l ake —one c o mbined w i th a n a ng le e dged r ac le t te .

3 1 a re c o mb ined w i th n otches , t hree w i th d en t icu la tes ,

f ive w i th a brup t e dged r ac le t tes , a nd o ne w i th a n a ng le e dged r ac le t te .

C on-

c ave ( 26) t wo a ssoc ia ted w i th n otches ; Ob l ique ( 2 8) f our a ssoc ia ted w i th n otches; S tra igh t ( 20 ) t hree a ssoc ia ted w i th n otches , a nd o ne w i th a n a brup t e dged r ac le t te . A typica l e ndscraper ( 14 ) :

One a ssoc ia ted w i th a n otch .

Doub le e ndscraper ( 43) :

C ony .

C onvex

1 8

C onc . 6

C oncave

S tr .

O b l .

9

2

Og iv .

Car in .

1

2

1

1

1

S tra igh t Ob l ique

1

1

One d oub le c onvex e ndscraper i s o n ar idged c ore t r im ming f lake , a no ther a ssoc ia ted w i th a r ac let te . Og iva l e ndscraper ( 25 ) :

Two a re a ssoc ia ted w i th n otches .

3 48

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b 1 . ( 351 ) : f l akes;

C onvex ( 288) f our o nr idged c ore t r i m ming

C oncave ( 8 ) ; Ob l ique ( 19 ); S tra igh t ( 20 ) ;

C oncavo-convex ( 1 ) ;

e nd-

s craper-s idescraper ( 15 ) . Car ina ted e ndscraper ( 9 ) :

O ne i s o n ar idged c ore t r im m ing f l ake .

E ndscraper-bur in ( 114 ) : S DB DDB ADB C onvex

1 4

C oncave

1

S tra igh t

2

8

8

1

1

O b l ique

AOB 5

1

A typ ica l

S TR OTR 3

CCTR

8

CVTR TLR TON PLAN

( 1 )14

2

5

7

1

1

1

2

1

1

4

1

3 2

1

1

2

Og iva l

3

A typ . C ar in .

1

N osed

1

1

1 1

F our c o mbine a c onvex e nd s craper w i th ad oub le a d jacen t b ur in-doub le ADB ( 1 ) ; d oub le AOB ( 1 ); d oub le S TR ( 1 ) ; d oub le P lan ( 1 ) .

O ne c onvex —SDB i s o n

ar idged c ore t r imm ing f l ake . E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece ( 3 ) : Bur in-trunca ted p iece ( 5 ) :

C onvex-ob l ique ( 2 );

S tra igh t

Ob l ique

C onvex-s tra igh t ( 1 ) .

C oncave 1

AOB OTR

2

1 1

CCTR P er9o irtrunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : P er9oir-endscraper ( 25 ) :

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece .

C ony .

Bee

C onc .

6

P er9oir

Ob l . Og iva l

1

1 4

2

1

1

P er9oir-bur in ( 48) : S DB DDB ADB AOB Bee

1

P er9oir

1 4

5

3

STR OTR

CCTR

1

1

1

3

5

7

CVTR TLR TON 2 xTON PLAN 1

2

2 7

3

O f t he d oub le TON , t wo h ave o pposed , a nd o ne a d jacen t b ur ins . P er9o ir ( 177 ) :

s ix s how r e touch o n o ne s ide o ft he p oin to n ly ; f ive a re made

w i th r ac let te t ype r e touch ; f ou r a ssoc ia ted w i th r ac le t tes , t hree w i th n o tches , a nd o ne w i th r ac let te a nd n otch , w i th t he p er9oir made w i th r ac le t te t ype r et ouch . Bee ( 90 ) :

Two a re a ssoc ia ted w i th r ac let tes ( f ig . 1 .15 ,1) , o ne w i th a n otch .

Mu l t ip le p er9oir/bec ( 58 ) :

One made w ith r ac le t te t ype r etouch .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in ( 98) :

Two a re o n r idged c ore t rim m ing f l akes , t hree

a re c o mb ined w i th s idescrapers , o ne w i th a n a brup t e dged r ac le t te , a nd o ne w i th a n a ng le e dged r ac le t te . 3 49

1

De je te d ihedra l b ur in ( 88) :

One c o mbined w i th s idescraper , o ne w i th n o tch , a nd

o ne w i th a brup t e dged r ac le t te . Ang le d ihedra l b ur in ( 5 6) :

O ne o n ar idged c ore t r im m ing f l ake , t wo a ssoc ia ted

w i th s idescrapers , o ne w i th a n o tch , a nd o ne w i th a n a brupt e dged r ac le t te . Ang le o n b reak b urin ( 4 8 ) :

Two o n r idged c ore t r im m ing f lake , t wo a ssoc ia ted

w i th an o tch , o ne w i th a brup t , a nd o ne w i th a ng le e dged r ac le t te . Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 36 ) :

S DB

SDB

DDB

1

ADB

AOB

2

2

5

DDB

1

ADB AOB B usked b urin ( 6 ) :

( 2 )

( 1 )

( 2 )2

( 1 )5

2x S DB

2 x ADB

2 x AOB

1 1

( 8 )1

One a ssoc ia ted w i th a s idescraper .

Bur in o n o b l ique r et . t runc . ( 104 ) :

Two a ssoc ia ted w i th n o tches , t hree w i th

a brup t e dged r ac le t tes . Bur in o n c oncave r e t . t runc . ( 1 68 ) :

F our a ssoc ia ted w i th n otches , f our w i th

s idescrapers . B ur in o n c onvex r e t . t runc .

( 2 6) :

F our—one o n ar idged c ore t r im ming

f l ake—have t he s pa l l r e mova lp la tfor m made b y r ac le t te t ype r e touch . T ransverse b ur in o n l a tera l r e t . ( 33 ) :

One a ssoc ia ted w i th a n otch , o ne w i th

a n a brupt e dged r ac le t te ; o ne o n s trangu la ted A ur ignac ian b lade ; a nd o ne w i th t he r e touch o f r ac let te t ype ( f ig . 1 .15 ,2 ) . Transverse b urin o n n o tch ( 182) : S o me o n g ood b lades , s o me s how wear t races o n t he s ide o f t he s pa l l r e mova l s urface . E igh t a re a ssoc ia ted w i th n otches — i n s o me t he n otch i s j ust b e low t he b ur in n otch , a s t hough t he p iece were p rep ared f or a s econd b urina t ion .

F our a ssoc ia ted w i th s idescrapers , t wo w i th

a brup t e dged r ac le t te , o ne w i th a ng le e dged r ac le t te , a nd o ne w i th s idescraper a nd r ac le t te . Mu l t ip le b ur in o n r et . t runc . ( 9 8) : S TR OTR STR OTR CCTR

( 1 )2

4 ( 1 )9

CCTR

CVTR TLR TON 2 x CCTR

( 1 )2

( 1 )

4 ( 18)8

TLR

2 xTON S TR-CCTR

1

5

( 1 )5

5

( 1 )5

3

( 11 )4

1

1

( 2 )1

TON Mu lt ip le mixed b ur in ( 108) :

3 50

1

1

F igure 1 .15

Badegou le L eve l 6

1 . Bec-rac let te . 2 . Transverse b ur in o n l a tera l r etouch . 3 . D iverse-convex e ndscraper w i th f la t v en tra l s urface r e touch . 4 . D iverse-poin ted f l ake w i th b reak-notches a nd wear i nt he n otches .

1

2

3 51

STR 0 T h SDB

( 1 )2

DDB

CCTR

CVTR TLR TON PLAN BUSKED

( 1 )4

8

1

1

2

6

1

1a

1

2

ADB

( 1 )2

5

( 4 )1

AOB

2

( 1 )3

( 6 )1

PLAN

2

1

( 5 )4

3 1

( 4 )2 ( 2 )

2 xPLAN 2 xCCTR

( 2 )2

( 2 )1

( 1 )1

( 8 )1

1

2 1

1

CCTR ( 1 )

BUSKED

1

AOB-PLAN ADB-TON

1

The f i na l p iece h as s tra igh t d ihedra l b ur ins a t t he o pposi te e nds , wh i le o n t he s ide a r e touched h o l low ( Conc .) h as b ur in r e mova ls f ro m e ach s ide . N ote a .

Here t he CVTR b urin u ses a ne ndscraper f ron t a s p la tfor m .

P lan b ur in ( 6 1) :

O ne i s c o mbined w i th a n otch , t wo w i th a brup t e dged r ac le t tes .

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece ( 10 ) : B i trunca ted ( 2 ) :

O ne i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a n o tch .

O ne h as t he f or m o f at h ick t rapeze , w i th t he l ong e dges r e-

t ouched , a nd t he s hor t u nre touched . N otch ( 1 62 ) :

Two a re o n b ifac ia l ly r e touched p ieces .

S p l intered p iece ( 108) :

I nc lude t hree s idescrapers , a nd o ne e ndscraper r e-

u sed a s s p l in tered p ieces . S idescraper ( 121) : Rac le t te ( 197 ) :

O ne a ssoc ia ted w i th an otch , o ne w i th a r ac let te .

8 7 a brup t e dged , t wo o n r idged c ore t r i m ming f lake , a nd o ne

o n t he e dge o f af la t c ore , t wo a ssoc ia ted w i th n o tches; 3 8 a ng le e dged, a nd 7 0 marg ina l , i n ter m it ten t , s hor t s tre tch e tc . Backed b lade le t ( 2 ) : D iverse ( 6 ) :

One h as a n otch o pposi te t he b ack ing .

A c onvex e ndscraper w i th e x tensive f la t i nverse r e touch o n o ne

e dge ( f ig . I .1 5 ,3 ) , ap ointed f l ake w i th t wo o pposed p rox ima l n otches ( f ig . I . 1 5 ,4 ) w i th wear o n b oth t he n o tches , ap iece w i th f la t b ifac ia l r e touch , t wo mu lt ie dged s crap ing t oo ls , a nd a n ' i nverse b ur n o n n o tch ', i n wh ich t he s pa l l r emova l s urface r uns f ro m a n a tura l e dge t o an otch . P ick ( 3 ) :

O ne i s o n as i l ic ieous , n on-f lin t r ock , o ne i n ag ran i t ic r ock , wh i le

t he l ast—in s tr iped f l in t o ft he t ype s een a t C orb iac—cou ld p erhaps b e c lassed a s al arge b ur in . R e touched ( 1 111) :

The s ize o f t h is c lass migh t h ave b een e xaggera ted e i ther b y

my own i nexper ience , o r b y e dge d a mage d ur ing t he e x trac t ion o ft he p ieces f ro m t he h ard ma tr ix o f t h is l eve l .

Amongs t t he r e touched p ieces a re f i ve

b ur in s pa l ls , t hree c ore t rim ming f l akes , a nd 2 1 r idged c ore t r im ming f l akes .

3 52

Tab le I .3 2

Badegou le L eve l 7 .

Type n o .

Type n a me

1

S ing le e ndscraper

O ld t ype l is t

2

A typ ica l e nd s craper

3

Doub le e ndscraper

4

Og iva l e ndscraper

5

E nd s craper o n r e t . f l /b 1 .

7

Fan e ndscraper

8

E ndscraper o n f l ake

9

C ircu lar e ndscraper

N u mber 1 67 5 1 8

7 .75 0 .23 0 .84

1 0

0 .46

1 02

4 .73

1 1 3

0 .05 0 .60

4

0 .19

1 1

C arina ted e ndscraper

9

0 .42

1 2

A typ ica l c arina ted e ndscraper

5

0 .23

1 3

Th ick n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

1 5

C ore e ndscraper

1 6

Rabot

1 7

3 1 2 1

0 .14 0 .56 0 .05

Broken e nd s craper

1 7

0 .79

E ndscraper-bur in

6 7

3 .11

1 8

Endscraper-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .05

1 9

Burin-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .05

2 1

Percgir-end s craper

3

0 .14

2 2

Per9oir-burin

2 3

Per9oir

1 0

0 .46

1 22

5 .66

2 4

Bec

1 5

0 .70

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9oir

1 8

0 .84

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

1 11

5 .15

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b urin

6 1

2 .83

2 9

Ang le d ihedra lb urin

4 0

1 .86

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

3 7

1 .72

3 1

Mult ip le d ihedra l b ur in

3 5

1 .62

3 4

Burin o n s tra igh t r e t . t runc .

3 5

Burin o n o b lique r e t . t runc .

5 1

2 .37

3 6

Burin o n c oncave r et . t runc .

4 0

1 .86

3 7

Burin o n c onvex r e t . t runc .

9

4

0 .42

0 .19

3 8

Transverse b urin o n l a tera l r e t .

1 3

0 .60

3 9

Transverse b urin o n n otch

3 8

1 .76

4 0

Mult ip le b urin o n r et . t runc .

2 5

1 .16

4 1

Mult ip le mixed b urin

2 7

1 .25

4 3

C ore b ur in

4 4

3

0 .14

P lan b ur in

1 3

0 .60

Una t tr ibuted b urin

1 0

0 .46

5 8

C o mp lete ly b acked b lade

1

0 .05

6 0

S tra igh t r e touched t runca t ion

7

0 .32

6 1

Ob lique r e touched t runca tion

6

0 .28

6 2

C oncave r etouched t runca t ion

2

0 .09

1

0 .05

6 3

C onvex r etouChed t runca t ion

6 9-72

S olutrean t ype p iece

1 9

0 .88

7 4

N otch

8 4

3 .90

7 5

Dent icu la te

1 5

0 .70

3 53

Tab le I .3 2 c ont . T ype n o .

T ype n a me

N u mber

7 6

S p lin tered p iece

5 2

2 .41

7 7

S idescraper

4 2

1 .95

7 97

3 6 .98

7 8

Rac le t te

8 5

Backed b lade le t

9 2

D iverse

5

0 .23

3

0 .14

2 155 O ther p ieces 6 5

P iece w i th c ont inuous r e touch-1 e dge

6 6

9

2e dges

4

R etouched/ut i lised

9 91

Burin s pans

5 41

U nre touched f l/h i . —co mp le te

1 110

i nco mp le te

1 220

C ores

1 36

C ore f ragmen ts

7

C hunks

5 5

Ba t tered c ores/chunks

6

C ores r eused a s h a rn mers tones

2

C ore t r i m ming f l akes

2 4

R idged c ore t r im m ing f l akes

3 2 4 137

T ota l 6 292

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 167) :

C onvex ( 146) ( f ig . 1 .16 ,1) n ine a ssoc ia ted w i th n otches ,

t hree w i th r ac le t tes; Ob l ique ( 6 ) o ne a ssoc ia ted w i th r ac let te; S tra igh t ( 7 ) o ne a ssoc ia ted w i th r ac le t te , o ne w i th n o tch ;

C oncave ( 6 ) , a nd e ndscraper-notch ( 2 ) .

Doub le e ndscraper ( 18) :

S tr .

C onvex

C ony . 9

C onc .

a

3

C oncave N ote a .

1

Ob l . 1

A typ . 2

2

Two h ave r e touched e dges , t wo h ave f a ir ly a brup t r e touch ( f ig . 1 .16 ,2 ) .

O g iva l e ndscraper ( 10 ) :

Three h ave i mpac t f rac tures a t t he e nd .

E ndscraper o n r e t . ( 102 ) : C onvex ( 83 ) ; C oncave ( 4 ) ; S trag ih t ( 7 ) ; Ob l ique ( 3 ); C oncavo-convex ( 1 ) ; e ndscraper-s idescraper ( 4 ) , t hree o f wh ich h ave c onvex f ron ts , a nd o ne a c oncave f ron t . F an e ndscraper ( 1 ) :

( f igure 1 .16,3) .

E ndscraper-bur in ( 67 ) :

3 54

F igure 1 .16 1 .

Badegou le L eve l 7

C onvex e ndscraper .

4 . E ndscraper-per9o ir .

2 . D oub le e ndscraper . 5 . E ndscraper-bec .

1

2

3

3 55

3 . F an e ndscraper .

6 . Mu lt ip le p er9oir .

S DB DDB ADB AOB C onvex

1 1

S tra igh t

8

5

STR OTR

5

CCTR TLR TON PL U ntyped

8

4

6

Ob l ique Og iva l

1

A typ ica l

1

2

3

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

One p iece a ssoc ia tes a c onvex-p lan b urin w i th a s idescraper e dge , t he l as t a n o b l ique e nd s craper o ppos i te a d oub le a d jacen t CCTR b ur in . E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : B ur in-trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : P er9o ir-endscraper ( 3 ) :

C onvex —S tra igh to n r e touched b lade .

Doub le CCTR-stra igh t . P er9oir-convex o n r e t . b l .

( f ig . I .1 6 ,4 ) .

Bec-convex ( f ig . 1 .16,5 ) , B ec-convex o n r e t . b i . P er9oir-bur in ( 10 ) : p er9o ir

S DB

ADB AOB

2

1

CCTR TLR TON

2

t rip le p er9o ir P er9oir ( 122 ) :

OTR

2

1

1

1

Th ir ty made w i th r ac let te t ype r e touch , o ne a ssoc ia ted w i th a

n otch . Mu lt ip le p er9oir ( 18) :

Twe lve a re made w i th r ac le t te t ype r etouch ( f ig . I .1 6,6) .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in ( 111 ) :

Two h ave o ne h edron ' na tura l '; s ix a re a ssoc ia ted

w i th r ac le t tes , a nd t hree w i th n otches . De je te d ihedra l b urin ( 61 ) :

F ive a re a ssoc ia ted w i th r ac let tes , t wo w i th

n otches , a nd o ne w i th a s idescraper . Ang le d ihedra l b ur in ( 40 ) :

S ix a re a ssoc ia ted w i th r ac let tes .

Ang le o n b reak b ur in ( 37) :

Three a re a ssoc ia ted w i th r ac le t tes .

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 35 ) :

S DB

DDB

8

2

S DB DDB

6 a

ADB AOB N ote a .

ADB AOB 2

2

( 1 )2

1

( 3)

2 x ADB

2x AOB

2 ( 4 )2

2

O ne i s amassive p iece .

Burin o n s tra igh t r e t . t runc . ( 9 ) :

One a ssoc ia ted w i th an o tch ; t wo h ave t he

s pa l l r e mova l p la tfor m made w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch , o ne u ses a n e nd s craper f ron t . Bur in o n o b l ique r e t . t runc . ( 5 1) : an otch ; t ouch .

Two a re a ssoc ia ted w i th r ac le t tes , o ne w i th

s even h ave t he s pa l lr e mova l p la tfor m made w i th r ac le t te t ype r e-

B ur in o n c oncave r e t . t runc . ( 40 ) :

O ne i s a ssoc ia ted w i th an o tch , o ne w i th a

s idescraper ; o ne h as t he s pa l l r e mova lp la tfor m made w i th r ac le t te t ype r et ouch , o ne u ses a c oncav i ty o n t he e nd o f ac onvex e ndscraper f ron t . 3 56

F igure 1 .17

Badegou le L eve l7

7 , 8 , 9 . T ransverse b ur ins o n n otch . 1 0 Ven tra l s urface o f a ng le e dged r ac let te w i th f la t r e touch . 1 1 . Rac le t te . 1 2 . D iverse— mu lt i e dged s crap ing t oo l .

1 0

1 2 1

3 57

One u ses a n e ndscraper f ron t a s t he p la tfor m

B ur in o n c onvex r e t . t runc . ( 4 ) : f or t he s pa l l r e mova l .

13 ) : T ransverse b ur in o n l a tera l r e t . ( made w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch . T ransverse b urin o n n otch ( 3 8) :

One h as t he s pa l l r emova l p la tfor m

One i s w i th a r ac le t te ( f ig . 1 .17,7 ,8 ,9 ) .

Mu lt ip le b urin o n r e t . t runc . ( 25 ) : S TR

STR

OTR

( 2 )

1 ( 1 )5

OTR

CCTR

TLR

2

2 x CCTR

2 1

( 4 )3

CCTR TLR

( 1 )

TON

( 2)

1

Mu lt ip le mixed b ur in ( 27 ) : STR OTR 4

S DB

CCTR

TON 2 x CCTR 2 x S TR 1

( 1 )2

DDB

( 1 )4

2

ADB

2

1

PLAN

( 1 ) 2

AOB 2 x ADB

1

1

PLAN U na t tr ibuted b ur in ( 10 ) :

1

F our b roken , a nd s ix u ntyped o n r idged c ore t r i m-

ming f lakes . S tra igh t r e t . t runc . ( 7 ) : S idescraper ( 42 ) : R ac let te ( 797) :

O ne i s i nverse .

Two a re a ssoc ia ted w i th n otches .

( f ig . I .17 ,11 )

Th is n u mber i nc ludes 2 3 p ieces t ha t n o tes w i th

t he c o l lec t ion i ndica te were s ent t o o ther museu ms o r c o l lec tors .

6 24 were

c lassed a s a brupt e dged —and t he p ieces s en t away c an p robab ly b e i nc luded h ere .

3 4 were a ng le e dged , a nd 1 16 h ad a sma l l s tre tch o f r ac le t te r etouch ,

o r i rregu lar , o r marg ina l .

O ne o f t he a ng le e dged p ieces h as f l a t r e touch o n

t he v en tra l s urfaee ( f ig . 1 .17 ,10 ) . D iverse ( 3 ) : ap oin ted b lade , ab ur in w i th t he s pa l l r e mova l r unn ing f ro m a n otch h a lf way a long t he e dge p ara l le l t o t he l ong a x is o ft he b lade t o o ne e nd, a nd a mu lt i-edged s craping t oo l w i th t hree c oncave s craping e dges , f la t o r a brup t ly r e touched , d irec t o r i nverse ( f ig . 1 .17,12 ) .

3 58

Abr i LACHAUD , T errasson , D ordogne The s i te l i es i n t he s ina l l Ra jol v a l ley wh ich o pens o nto t he l ef t b ank o f t he Vezere j ust wes to f t he t own o f T errasson . The s he lter o pens i n ab and o f l imestone a t ah e igh t o f 6 0 m a bove t he r iver , o n t he l e f t s lope o f t he v a l ley , f ac ing s ou th-east .

Af ew me tres t o t he s outh a re t he t wo c aves o f P ouze t , wh i le

o ppos i te , o n t he r igh t s lope o ft he v a l ley i s t he J o live t s he lter ( Bouysson ie & De lso l 1 930 ) . The s he lter i s al ow c lef t s e t b ack 1 7 m f ro m t he p a th t ha t r uns t o t he L e P ouze t f ar m , f i ve o r 6m d eep a nd l i t t le more t han 2 m h igh . The s i te was f i rs t i nvest iga ted b y t he B ouysson ies b efore t hey t urned t he ir a t ten t ion t o J o l ive t .

N otes w i th t he ir c o l lec t ion—stored w i th t he C heynier

c o l lec t ion a tM .A . N . —indica te t ha t t hey c o l lec ted a t t he s i te i n 1 912 a nd 1 919 , a t o ne o ft hese t imes c arry ing o ut a s ondage . C heyn ier c ol lec ted b e low t he s i te f or an u mber o fy ears , b efore c arry ing o ut a s ondage i n1 938 , f o l lowed b y e xcava t ions f ro m 1 941 t o 1 944 .

H e e xcava ted at rench 2 m l ong f ro m t he

b ack o f t he s he l ter t o t he p a th o f r a ther u neven w idth b ut a verag ing b etween 2 a nd 3 m w ide . The s i te h as r ema ined i n tac t a nd i ts eems , u ndisturbed , a nd wou ld r epay r e inves t iga t ion . I n t h is c ase i ts ee ms more p rof i tab le t o d iscuss t he s tra t igraphy f ro m t he b ot to m u pwards ( sec t ion , f i gure I .1 8,1 ,2 ) . On t he l imes tone b edrock i s al eve l ( 7 ) o f ' marne 'o r c ha lky c lay , o ver la in b y l eve l 6 , a lso w i th a c lay ma tr ix , c on ta ining S o lutrean ma ter ia l d o mina ted b y b acked b lade le ts a nd s hou ldered p oints , a nd h earths c ons truc ted o f p ebb les f ro m t he r iver b ed . L eve l 5a bove t h is i n t he s he l ter i s c layey a nd g rey i n c o lour , a nd s ter i le . L eve l 4i s ad eep r ed c lay b ed , t ha t p robab ly p receded t he e ar liest Magd a len ian o ccupa t ion , c on ta ining a f ew p ieces p robab ly i nc luded f ro m a bove , b ut a lso t wo p ocke ts o f s he l ls —one c on ta in ing 3 2 N er i t ina p ie ta a nd C eri th iu m s he l ls , mos t ly u nperfora ted , t he o ther c on ta ining 2 4 p erfora ted N er i t ina s he l ls — i n terpre ted b y C heyn ier a s c aches o f o b jec ts o f v a lue ( Cheyn ier 1 965a p . 4 7) . O n t he p la t form i n f ront o ft he s he l ter , a nd t he t a lus b e low , i s o n ly a s ing le s ter i le b ed . Above t he r ed c lay o f l eve l 4i n t he s he lter i s ab ed o fp ebb les w i th b lackb rown c arbonaceous e ar th ma tr ix c onta in ing I n i t ia l Magda len ian ma teria l ( l eve l 3 ) . Th is c on t inues o nto t he t errace a nd t a lus . I n t he s he l ter , l eve l 3i s d irec t ly o ver la in b y l eve l 2 , ay e l low s andy d ep os i t a lso c on ta in ing I n i t ia l Magda len ian ma ter ia l , wh i le o n t he t errace a s ter i le b ed s epara tes t hetwo l eve ls .

A t t he t op o f l eve l 2 al ayer o f s ta lag-

mi te f or med i n t he s he lter , a nd a bove t h is i s at h in l eve l ( 1 ) o f l a ter Magda le nian ma ter ia l . The s ta lag m i te d oes n o t e xtend o u ts ide t he s he lter , a nd l eve l 1e x tends o n ly a s hor t d is tance o u tside . Above l eve l 1 , ah u mus l ayer ( 0 ) , f i l led t he c ave . A t t he b eginn ing o fo ccupa t ion a f ter t he f or ma t ion o f l eve l4 , t he d is tance b e tween d eposi t a nd r oof wou ld o n ly h ave a l lowed c rouch ing , wh i le b y t he t ime o ft he l eve l 1o ccupa t ion , t he s he lter c ould o n ly b e o ccup ied l y ing d own .

3 59

I n t he c en tre o f t he s he l ter , t he s ta lagmi te h as b een b roken , a nd t he d ep osi ts b enea th d is turbed d own t o l eve l 5 . C heyn ier ( 1965a p p . 8 9 ,91-92 ) i nt erpre ts t h is i n t wo c onf l ic t ing f ash ions . The b reak ing o ft he s ta lagm i te f l oor h e s ugges ts was c arr ied o ut b yt he l a ter Magda len ian o ccupan ts , whose p r imary i n teres t i n t he s he lter was a s ab ur ia l p lace , a s p ar t o ft he p repara t ion f or t he p lacemen t o ft he d ef leshed a nd p ar t ia l h u man r e mnan ts t hey h ad b rough t t o t he s he l ter . H e e x tends t h is s uggest ion , a t tr ibu t ing t he c ache o f p erfora ted s he l ls f ound a t t he t op o f l eve l 4t o t h is g roup , o n t he e v idence o f as im i lar ' neck lace ' f ound i n t he s poi l a t J o l ive t , w i th t he s he l ls p erfora ted i n t he s ame manner , a nd i mp ly ing t ha t 2 4 p ieces were f ound t here a s we l l ( Cheyn ier 1 965a p . 8 9 ) . C heyn ier t hen d ea ls w i th t he ma ter ia l f rom t h is d ist urbed d epos i t a s t hough i t were t he r esu lt n o t o ft he s or t o fd isturbance t ha t wou ld f o l low e xcava t ion a nd f i l lingof ap i t , b ut a s r epresent ing j us t ac ompress ion o f l eve ls i n to o ne a nother , s peaking o f l eve ls 3 -4 , 2 -3 , a nd 1 -2 . The e v idence o ft he ' neck lace ' i s d if f icu l t t o a ssess , Ih ave i nsuf f ic ien t c o mpara t ive d a ta o n t he me thod o fp erfora t ion o f s he l ls i n t he I n i t ia l Magdal en ian . 1 A t J o l ive t t he p ieces were n o t f ound i n s i tu, b u t s ieved f rom t he was te , a nd a l though C heyn ier may h ave worked l a ter a t t he s i te , B ouysson ie a nd D e lso l ( 1 930 ) r epor t f i nding o n ly 6 p erfora ted N er i t ina s he l ls .

Wha t i s

c lear f ro m t he s ec t ion ( f igure I .1 8,2 ) i s t ha t t he p ocke t c on ta in ing t he p erfora ted s he l ls i s n ot b enea th t he d is turbed z one . E i ther t he p i t mus t h ave e xpanded d ownwards , o r t he ' neck lace ' h ave b een i nser ted i n to i t s s ide , i ft he t wo a re t o b e c onnec ted . Wi th in t he d isturbed z one s ta lag m i t ic f rag men ts a s we l l a s f i ne b one p ieces were f ound t o t he b ase o fb ed 4 . I fe xcava t ion o ft he p i t b y t he l a ter Magda len ian v is i tors i s t o b e d oub ted , t hen a nother mechan is m mus t b e s uggested .

Breakage o f t he s ta lagm i te c ould

h ave b een f o l lowed b y d ownward movemen t o fp ieces .

S uch p ost-depos i t iona l

move men th as b een u sed t o e xp la in s ize r e la ted r aw ma ter ia l d if ferences b et ween l eve ls a t t he R iver r ockshe lter i n K enya ( S i ir ia inen 1 977) , a nd i nvest iga ted e xperimen ta l ly b y S tockton a t t he S haw 's C reek S he l ter i n A us tra lia ( S tock ton 1 973 ) .

I n b oth t hese c ases , t he d ownward movement was o f t he

sma l ler s ize c lasses , i n t he K enyan c ase i n ag rave l ly ma tr ix , i n t he A ustra l ian , i n l oose s and . I n t he L achaud c ase , t he p ieces h ave moved d ownwards w i th i ts eems n o c lear s ize c l ine , t hrough d eposi ts —pebb les a nd c lay— tha t w ou ld s eem l ess amenab le t o s uch p rocesses . Th is mechan ism c annot It h ink b e a ppea led t o h ere , a l though i ti s t he o n ly o ne t ha t wou ld s ee m t o j ust ify C heyn ier 's j o in t l eve ls . Two o ther a l terna t ives , a re c o l lapse o ft he s ed imen t i n to a h o l low , f or wh ich t here i s n o c lear i ndica tor , o r d isturbance b y ab urrow ing a n ima l . C heyn ier n otes i n l eve l 1t he d isturbance o f d eposi t o n t he l ef t s ide o f t he s he l ter b y f oxes , b ut r e jec ts b urrow ing a s amechan is m f or t he d isturbance o f t he d epos i t s ince n o b ones.o f s uch a n a n i ma l were f ound i n t he h o l low . Wh i le t he a bsence o ft he r e mnan ts o f al arge b urrow ing a n ima l —be i tf ox o r b adger —does n ot a l low o ne t o a f f ir m a n ima l a c t ion a s b eing t he c ause o f t he d isturbance , e qua l ly i ti s i nsuf f ic ien t t o d eny s uch a c ause .

3 60

I n s u m mary , a l l t ha t o ne c an s ay i s t ha t i n t he c en tre o f t he s he lter , t he d epos i t f ro m l eve l 1t o t he b ase o f l eve l 4h as b een d isturbed , w i th f ragmen ts mov ing f ro m l eve l 1t o t he b ase o f t he d isturbed z one . Whe ther t he c onsequence o f h u man o r a n ima l a c t iv i ty , t he n a ture o f t he d isturbance d oes n o t s ee m t o j us t ify t he d ist inc t ion o f j oin t l eve ls b y C heyn ier . The t ex t o f C heyn ier 's r epor t o n t he s i te ( Cheyn ier 1 965a ) i s a lso r a ther d isordered . Wh i le s epara te s u m mary t ype l i sts a re g iven ( pp . 4 2 ,58) f or t he d if feren t u n i ts d ist inguished i n t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian , t he t ex tua l c o mment ary i s d if f icu lt t o r e la te t o t h is . F or t he u pper l eve l 5u n i ts ( Beds 2 -3 , 2 , a nd 1 -2 i n t he s he lter , t he u pper b ed o u ts ide t he s he l ter , a nd t he B ouysson ie s ondage c o l lec t ion ) a re c o mb ined f or t he c o mmentary .

F or t he l ower l eve l ,

t he c o m men tary s eems i n g enera l t o b e c oncerned w i th o n ly o ne o f t he f our u n i ts i nc luded —the l ower l eve l o uts ide t he s he l ter ( t he o ther t hree b e ing b eds 4 , 3 -4 a nd 3u nder t he s he lter )—a lthough f or c er ta in t ype c lasses ( e .g . s ides crapers , r ac le t tes ) t he c o m men tary r e la tes more o r l ess t o t he t o ta l f ro m t he d if ferent u n i ts . O n b eg inning t he a na lys is o ft he ma ter ia l —conserved i n t he M . A . N . —I f ound s o me o f t he l abe l ling c onfusing ( e .g . ' p oche s ous l er s que le t te L ach . ( 3 ) ') , a nd was u nab le t o f i nd a l l t he p ieces l i s ted b y C heyn ier . Wh i le t h is migh t h ave b een d ue t o t he u nordered s torage o f t he f resh ly a rr ived ma ter ia l , a nd t he r est migh t b e a t s o me f u ture d a te f ound , i t mean t t ha t n o c onv inc ing a na lys is o f t he ma ter ia l a va i lab le c ould b e c arr ied o ut . Id id s tudy a t o ta l o f 1 85 r ac le t tes , h owever t he s tudy r e la ted t o o n ly a p art o f t he ma ter ia l k nown t o h ave b een e xcava ted , a nd amongs t t hese o n ly t o t hose t ha t w ou ld b ec lassed a s a brup t e dged , a l though t h is migh t h ave b een t he c o mp le te s a mp le f or o ne u n i t—the u pper l eve l o u ts ide t he s he lter , f or wh ich C heyn ier r ecords 3 8 r ac let tes , a nd f or wh ich Is tudied 3 9 , a nd i t was t hough t p roper t o e xc lude t hese f ro m a na lys is . Ia lso t ook t he o pportun i ty t o r e-examine o ne o f t he c la imed a rt p ieces f ro m t he s i te , t he s ea l e ngraved o n s tone ( Cheyn ier 1 965a p . 5 0 f i g . 2 1 . 2 5 ) , c o ming t o c onc lus ions d if feren t f ro m t hose o f C heyn ier ( see C hap ter 7 ) . The T ab le ( Tab le I .3 3) l i s ts t he ma ter ia l f ro m t he d if feren t u ni ts o f C heyn ier a ccording t o h is a t tr ibu t ions . The f auna f ro m t he s i te h as b een s tud ied b y B ouchud ( Bouchud 1 952 , C heyn ier 1 953 , 1 965a ) , b ut h as a lso p roved d if f icu lt t o u se .

T he l ower I n i t ia l

Magda len ian l eve l c on ta ins a l mos t n o l arge mamma ls , wh i le t he u pper l eve l i s d o mina ted b y t he f ox—presu mab ly a s ac otenan t r a ther t han p rey a nd p erhans r ecen t .

S o me u se o ft he ma ter ia l was h owever made i n a na lys is

( c f . C hapter 3 .5 ) . N ote 1 .

O ne c an n ote t ha t t he me thod o fp erfora t ion o f t hese s he l ls d if fers f ro m t ha t s een a t L ascaux ( c f . Tabor in 1 979 ) .

3 61

F igure L 1 8

L achaud .

L ong i tudina l s ec t ion ( a f ter C heyn ier 1 965 p . 6 )

1 . O uts ide t he s he l ter .

2 . Benea th t he s he lter .

2

e

, 50 ° 0 °

r

e

0 ,

Oo 000 .0 D 0 0 0 .,,o t ' ol c f el b jg 0 00 00 6 0% , , poce '

6.

0

o

•

' 0 09 0 0 1 ° ° 0

4 0.

,

0 •

3

$

4

6 5

1 . Depos i t o f u nperfora ted s he lls . D .

2 . Depos i t o fp erfora ted s he l ls .

D isturbed z one .

3 62

Tab le I .3 3

L achaud .

C heynier a t tr ibut ions ( af ter C heyn ier 1 965a

Type n a me

4

3 -4

Bur in

1

2 0 7

3

2 -3

2

1 -2

5 7

2 7

3 5

4 1

E ndscraper

5

E ndscraper-point

-

-

E ndscraper-bur in

-

-

S idescraper

1

-

-

1

Rac le t te Trunca ted b lade

8 -

4 _

3 2 _

5 4 2

Per9oir

4

-

3 3

5

S pine

-

-

-

-

-

P oint

-

-

-

-

-

Kn ife

-

-

-

-

-

-

Backed b lade le t

-

-

S p lintered p iece

-

-

N otch

-

D iverse

-

Was te

1

1 8 1

1 -

7 a -

6

1 -

1 41

8 4

3 4

2 46

1 250

1 9 8

2 5 0 6 -

1

2

6

lb

1

4

3

3

-

-

1 20

1 32

B lade le ts

1 2

3 3

1 32

3 0

1 2 1 2

No tes

7

5

1 20 2

3 5 1 4

1 3

1

1 7

5 3

2 9

2

2 08

1 6

3 8 -

-

1 213

9

1 4

1 21 5

1 6 _ 4 -

2

-

2

-

1

-

2 54

9 5

5 4

1 03

4 50

8 6

3 7 7 1

8

2

9

4

2 4 8

1 6 -

-

1 2 1 0 4 6

2 8

2

1 65

1 80

1 0

1 0

a—One i s o n ac ore t ri m m ing f l ake b— 'na tura l ly b acked ' a nd wou ld n o t b e i nc luded b y me .

3 63

1

1 26 _

-

4 3

U t i lised

-

1

3 20

C ore t r . f lake

2

1

2

1 0

7

2 0

1

2

3 2

5 0

1 8

2 3

6 0

Cores

1 7

-

F lakes

Bur in s pa ll

6 7

1 8

1

1 9

6

Bouysson ie

-

6 5 -

-

6

U pp .

1

B lades

Re touched

E x t .

L ow .

1

-

R idged c .t .f l .

E x t .

5

-

p p . 4 2 ,58)

3 4 4

1 1 1

Abr i i nfer ieur d e RAYMONDEN , C hance lade , D ordogne The Raymonden s he l ters s tand t oward t he midd le o f a n 8 00 m l i ne o f c l if fs t ha t b orders t he r oad ( N .139) t ha t r uns a long t he l ef tb ank o f t he Beauronne a r igh t b ank a nd s outhward f l ow ing t r ibutary o f t he I s le b etween l es Grezes a nd Raymonden . The c ave o f Ray monden ( Merc ier 1 934 ) w i th i t s MTA , C ha te lperron ian , a nd A urignac ian d epos i ts l i es 2 00 m t o t he n or th .

The a rchaeo log ica l p oten t ia l

o f t he s he lter s i te was f i rs t i ndica ted b y H ardy i n 1 876 ( Hardy 1 877) a nd a f ter s o me e ar ly u nproduc t ive e xcava t ions b y h i mse lf , a nd b y Gou lp ie a nd P i tard , t he ma jor e xcava t ions i n t he u pper s he lter b egan i n 1 887 ( Hardy 1 891) , p rod uc ing r ich s tone a nd b one i ndus try , a nd t he s ke le ton k nown a s C hance lade man ( Hardy 1 888 ) . The f l oor o f t h is s he lter s tands a t 1 .65 m a bove t he l eve l o f t he Beauronne . H ardy was o n ly c oncerned w i th t he u pper s he l ter , a nd n ot w i th t he d epos i ts b e low i t .

I n 1 927 , D idon b egan t o e xcava te i n t hese l ower d epos i ts ,

b ut d ied, h is c o l lec t ion b e ing d ispersed among a n u mber o f i ns t itut ions .

The

e xcava t ions were c on t inued b y J . B ouysson ie i n 1 928 a nd 1 929 , a l though h is o bserva t ions a nd c o l lec t ion were n ot p ub l ished u n t i l 1 955 ( Cheyn ier 1 955 ) . I n 1 928 3 m o f s poi l a nd l arge b locks were r e moved , a nd a s quare t rench w i th s ides o f 3 -4 m o pened b etween t he r oad a nd t he r ock wa l l .

E xcava t ion

t o ad epth o f 1m i n t he c lay a nd h ear th d epos i t i ndica ted t hree ' enbank men ts ' c orrespond ing t o t hree a rchaeo log ica l l eve ls , e ach b e ing c o l lec ted s epara te ly . The e xcava t ion e x tended 3 0-40 cm b e low wa ter l eve l a t wh ich p oin t ap ave men t o f p ebb les a ssoc ia ted w i th a bundan t s tone i ndus try was r eached . I n as hor t 4d ay s eason i n S epte mber 1 929 f o l low ing a d ry p eriod , t he s ondage was d eepened b y af ur ther 5 0-60 cm , r evea ling a nother a rchaeo log ica l l eve l a t ad epth o f 8 0 cm b e low wa ter l eve l .

A t t h is d epth t he b lack c lay

d epos i t g ave way t o ay e l low c lay b eco ming s andier t owards t he b ack o f t he s he l ter , a nd c on ta ining l imestone e bou lis .

The r e la t ive p os i t ion o f t he a rch-

a eo log ica l l eve ls i s g iven i n t he s ec t ion ( f igure 1 .19 ) . L eve l 4t he u pper mos t a rchaeo log ica l l eve l was a t tr ibu ted b y C heyn ier t o h is Magda len ian ' I I Ib ' , d o mina ted b y b ur ins , w i th c . 2 0% micro li ths , a nd l ess t han 1 % o f r ac le t tes . L eve l 3 was a t tr ibuted t o Magda len ian 'Ma ', a ga in d o mina ted b y b ur ns ( 2 . 6 0% ) , a nd w i th f ewer micro l i ths ( 2 . 5 % ) , a nd l ess t han 0 .5% o f ' t yp ica l ' r ac le t tes .

Ab ison f ore p ar t s cu lpted i n t he r ound was a lso f ound .

L eve l 2 was a t tr ibuted t o Magda len ian

w i th r ough ly e qua l p ropor t ions

o f e ndscrapers a nd b ur ins , a nd n ear ly 2 0% micro li ths i nc luding e longa ted s ca lene t r iang les . I ti s t he l ower mos t l eve l wh ich c oncerns u s h ere .

F ro m t h is l eve l ,

C heyn ier i ndica tes ' rare ' g lobu lar c ores ( used u p h e s ugges ts i n t he manufact ure o f r ac le t tes ) , 6 8 f l akes , 5 8 b lades , 2 7 b lade le ts , a nd 4 r idged c ore t rimming f l akes b es ide 2 71 t oo ls . E xc luding t he 1 6 r e touched p ieces , a nd a T re touchoir ', t he r e ma inder o f t he a sse mb lage i s d o mina ted b y b ur ins ( 130 5 1 .18% ) , o f wh ich80% a re d ih edra l a nd j us t t hree d escr ibed a s t ypica l b ur ins o n n otch o n f l ake ( 1 .18% ) . E ndscrapers ( 65=25 .59% ) i nc lude t wo c ircu lar; e ndscraper-bur ins ( 10=3 . 9 4% ) ; 3 64

F igure 1 .19

Raymonden .

S ec t ion ( af ter C heynier 1 955 , a nd d e S onnev i l le-

Bordes 1 960 p . 3 71)

C ave

S poil 3

W ater

9

2

3 65

l evel

p er9oirs ( 1 1=4 .33% ) i nc lude t wo mu lt ip le; a nd r ac le t tes ( 24=9 . 4 5% ) . The a sse mb lage i s c o mp le ted b y n otches , t runca ted b lades , at h ick b acked k n ife , a nd a s p lintered p iece . Ih ave s o f ar b een u nab le t o l oca te t he c o l lec t ion , s o a ny c o m ments made mus t d epend o n t he f ew d e ta i ls g iven b y C heyn ier , d e ta i ls wh ich mus t If ee l b e emp loyed w i th c are .

3 66

S OLV IEUX , S a in t-Lou is-enl 'Is le , D ordogne A n o pen a ir , v a l ley f l oor s i te , o ccupy ing s l igh t ly s loping l and b eside t he r a i lway t ha t r uns h ere o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he I s le , j ust u ps tream f ro m t he c onf luence o ft he B eauronne w i th t he I s le . The s i te was d iscovered i n 1 938 b y L . P eyr i l le ,a l though i t s s ta tus a s a n i n tac to pen a ir o ccupa t ion s i te was n ot r ecogn ised f or n ear ly a no ther t wenty y ears .

I n 1 957, J . Gaussen b egan w ork a t t he s i te , w ork wh ich was c on tinu-

a l ly e xpanded when t he s i te was t aken o ver b y ap ro jec t f i nanced b y UCLA a nd d irec ted b y J . S acke t t . Over a n a reaof t wo h ee tares ,

1

1 4 o ccupa t ion l enses , a t tr ibu ted t o e igh t

l eve ls , h ave b een r ecogn ised b y Gaussen a nd S acke t t . Two o f t hese l enses c on ta in I n i t ia l Magda len ian ma ter ia l , Ab e xtending o ver a n a rea o f a t l eas t o ne h ec tare , a nd t he sma l ler Aa a bove i t .

Two l oca l i t ies o f A b y ie lded more

t han 3 000 f l int t oo ls , 3 50 t oo ls i n n on-f l in t ma ter ia ls , a nd 7 000 c obb les tones a ssoc ia ted w i th d e libera te s truc tur ing o n t he s i te . The d e ta i l o f t he s i te i s t o b e p ub lished a s amonograph b y S acke t t ( Sacke t t & Gaussen 1 975 , S acke t t p ers . c o mm . ) . The ma ter ia l f ro m t he s i te was t aken t o t he U n i ted S ta tes f or s tudy , a nd t hus was u nava i lab le t o me . S acke t t h as k ind ly c o m mun ica ted a t ype l i s t f or Ab l oca l i ty 3 t o me , a nd t h is Ir eproduce h ere ( Tab le I .3 4 ) . N o d e ta i ls o n t he was te a re i nc luded , a nd p ar t o ft he was te was d estroyed b y af i re o n s i te ( Gaussen p ers . c omm . ) . N or i s a ny d e ta i l o f t he n on-f lin t t oo l a ssemb lage g iven , a l though t h is h as a pparen t ly b een s tudied, a nd d e ta i ls i n S acke t t & Gaussen ( 1975 p . 1 4 ) i ndica te t ha t h a m mers , a nv i ls , c hoppers , c h ise ls , a nd ' scraper-p lanes ' a re d is t ingu ishab le c a tegor ies . De ta i ls o ft he h abi ta t ion s truc tures marked o ut b y c obb les o r b ou lders a re g iven i n S acket t & Gaussen ( 1975 ) , Gaussen ( 1 977 ) , a nd Gaussen ( i n p ress ) . N ote 1 .

1h ec tare = 2 .4711 a cres o r 1 0 0 00 s q m .

3 67

Tab le I .3 4 Type n o . 1

S o lv ieux .

O ld t ype l i st ( af ter S acke t t u npub l . ) N u mber

%

S ing le e ndscraper

5 2

2 .2 5

2 3

1 .0 0

Type n a me

2

A typ ica l e ndscraper

3

Doub le e ndscraper

4

O g iva l e ndscraper

5

E ndscraper o n r e t . b l .

8

2 3 3 8

0 .0 9 0 .1 3 1 .65

E ndscraper o n f l ake

9

1 1

C ar ina ted e nd s craper

2

0 .0 9

1 2

A typ ica l c ar ina ted e ndscraper

7

0 .30

1 3

Th ick n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

1

0 .0 4

1 4

F la t n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

6

0 .26 0 .0 4

1 5

C ore s craper

1

1 6

R abot

2

1 7

E ndscraper-bur in

3 4

0 .39

0 .0 9 1 .47

1 8

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .0 4

1 9 2 0

B ur in-trunca ted p iece P er9oir-trunca ted p iece

4 2

0 .1 7 0 .0 9

2 1

P er p ir-endscraper

1

0 .0 4

2 3

P er9o ir

2 9

1 .26

2 4

Bec

3 7

1 .60

2 5

Mu l t ip le p er9oir/bec

2 6

Microper p ir

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

2 35

1 0 . 1 9

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b ur in

1 70

7 .37

2 9

A ng le d ihedra l b ur in

6 4

2 .78 2 .47

5 7

0 .22 0 .30

3 0

A ng le o n b reak b ur in

5 7

3 1

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in

3 6

1 .5 6

3 4

B ur in o n s tra igh t r e touched t runca t ion

5 9

2 .56

3 5

B ur in o n o b l ique r et . t runc .

1 62

7 .0 3

3 6

B ur in o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

2 6

1 .1 3

3 7

B ur in o n c onvex r e t . t runc .

1 4

0 .61

3 8/39

Transverse b ur ins

3 7

1 .60

4 0

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1 8

4 1

Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in

7

0 .78 0 .30

4 3

C ore b ur in

1

0 .0 4

4 4

B ur in p lan

7

0 .30

5 8

Backed b lade

1

0 .0 4

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

1 8

0 .78

6 1

Ob l ique t runca ted p iece

1 6

0 .6 9

6 2

C oncave t runca ted p iece

4

6 9-72

S o lutrean t ype p ieces

3

7 4

N o tch

5 3

2 .30

7 5

Den t icu la te

8 7

3 .77

7 7

S idescraper

1 3

0 .56

8 38

3 6 .34

5 9

2 .5 6

7 8

R ac le t te

8 5

Backed ( and h eav i ly r e touched) b lade le t

9 0

Dufour b lade le t

1

3 68

0 .1 7 O .1 3

0 .0 4

T ab le I .3 4 c on t . Type n o

Type n ame

9 2

D iverse

N u mber 5 4 2 306

O ther p ieces 6 5

P iece w i th c ontinuous r etouch-1 e dge

6 6 7 3

2e dges P ick

8 6 5 5 2

C o m men tary 1 5 o f t he D iverse a re p ointed b lades .

3 69

% 2 .34

LE CROIX DE FER , S t-Ger ma in d u S a le rnbre , D ordogne The s i te s tands a t a n a l t i tude o f 1 50 m, 1 00 m a bove t he l eve l o ft he I s le , o n i t s r igh t b ank , a nd d om ina t ing t he v a l leys o f t he I s le a nd t he S a lembre , a nd t he d ry v a l leys o f G rassa t a nd F ontaneou .

T he s i te was f ound d ur ing t ree

c learance , a nd b ecause o f t he r isk o f e ros ion , R igaud a sked Gaussen t o e xc ava te t he s i te ( Gaussen i n p ress ) . T he i ndus tr ia l ma ter ia l c o mes f ro m a d epth o f 3 0 cm o f h o mogeneous s edimen t " para issa i t a ppar ten ir , t an t6 t hu ne s eu le c ouche , t an t6 t hd eux c ouches t ies d ist inc tes e t l e p lus s ouven t s e mb la i t g tre b ou leversee c o mp le temen t " ( Gaussen i n p ress l p . 2 90 ) .

A c lear s tra t igraphy c ou ld o n ly b e d is-

t i nguished b eyond t he a reaof o ccupa t ion , s how ing t wo l eve ls : L eve l 1 : S urface t o ad ep th o f 3 0-50 cm;

s andy-c lay o fu ni for m t ex ture a nd

y e l low-brown i n c o lour . L eve l 2 :

C lear ly d is t inc t f ro m 1 w i th a n u ndu la t ing s urface .

O f t he s a me

c o lour w i th b rown p a tches , t he l eve l d if fers i n t exture f ro m 1 , b e ing h ard a nd c o mpac t .

T he b ase was n ot r eached , b ut c o mpar ison w i th n earby o utcrops

s ugges ts a d ep th o f c . 1m . O n t he s i te , t he i ndustr ia l ma ter ia l , f ound i n l eve ls 1 a nd 2 , " appara i l d isposee t an t6 t , d e manf ere h or izon ta l t an t6 t , v er t ica le o u o b l ique .

L 'hor izon

h u ma in e s t f estonee e t c e b ou leverse men t n e p eu t s 'exp l iquer q ue p ar u ne c ryoturbar ion s econda ire a u d ep6 t" ( Gaussen i n p ress p . 2 97 ) . T he f i na l r esu lt ( Gaussen 1 977 p . 4 36) i s ap rac t ica l ly f orm less mass o f p ebb les , o f c o lour ing ma ter ia l , a nd i ndus tr ia l ma ter ia l . Gaussen r egards t he p resence o f r ac le t tes a s i ndica t ing Magda len ian , w i th t he u se o f d isco id c ores p roduc ing ' pseudo-Leva l lo is ' p ieces t o ad egree u nu sua l i n a Magda len ian mi lieu . Dr . Gaussen v ery k ind ly g ave me p er m iss ion t o s tudy t he ma ter ia l f ro m h is s i tes , a nd a l though l im i ted b y t ime , Iwas a b le t o o b ta in a c erta in i mpress ion o f t he ma ter ia l , a s we l l a s t o c arry o ut s o me a na ly t ica l s tudies .

Ic an

o n ly r egre t t ha t my t ime was s o l im i ted . Wi th r eference t o t he C roix d e F er s i te , Iwas u nab le t o a gree t ha t t he a sse mb lage r epresen ted a s ing le a nd h o mogeneous a sse mb lage , r egarding i t r a ther a s r epresen ting a t l east t wo g roups o f ma ter ia l , o ne I n i t ia l Magda lenian , a nd o ne Mouster ian . Wi th in t he a sse mb lage t wo g roups d ist inc t o n p a t ina c ou ld b e d ist inguished , w i th t wo o ther g roups l ess c er ta in ly i n o ne o r t he o ther .

The o ne g roup i n-

c luded t he r ac le t tes , a nd t he c lear U pper Pa laeo li th ic t oo l t ypes , a nd was g ene ra l ly u npa t ina ted o r o n ly s l igh t ly p a tina ted ( Lot 2 ) .

The s econd g roup h ad

ah eavy p a t ina t ion , a nd i nc luded t heLeva l lois f l akes , t he t yp ica l d isc c ores , a nd t he h andaxe t ha t Gaussen s ugges ts was c o l lec ted ( Lo t 4 ) . Once s epara ted o n p a t ina , t here was c lear ly a s ize d if ference b e tween t he t wo g roups , wh ich i s r ef lec ted i n t he mean l eng ths , a nd i n t he h istograms o f max imu m d i mens ion c lasses ( F igure I .2 0 ) .

The mean l eng th ( rea l ly maxi mu m d imens ion ) f or 6 5

o f t he 6 6 p ieces i n L o t 2( one p iece was u n measured) , i nc luding b roken p ieces , was 5 .97 cm ( SD . 2 .49) , a nd f or t he 3 5 p ieces i n L ot 4 , was 8 .31 cm ( SD . 2 .25 ) , a gai n i nc luding b roken p ieces . 3 70

I ft he c o l lec t ion were n ot a mix ture , i t wou ld b e a bso lute ly u n ique amongst t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian s i tes Ih ave s een . A lthough ' pseudo L eva l lois ' p ieces o ccur i n I n i t ia l Magda len ian c on tex ts —one c an n ote L eva l lois f l akes a t L auger ieHau te , a nd e ven t he o ccas iona l c ore ( c f . f i g . I .9 ,6 ) —such p ieces a re r are , a nd o ft he s a me p a t ina a s t he r es t o f t he a ssemb lage , a nd a s l i ke ly t o c arry a n U pper a s a Midd le P a laeo l i th ic t oo l t ype .

O ther s i tes t ha t h ave Mous ter ian

p ieces a nd I n it ia l Magda len ian p ieces ( e .g . Beauregard G ironde , a nd B irac ) s how a c lear d if ference o fp a t ina . I n v iew o ft he c ons idera t ions o fp a t ina , s ize , t echno logy , a nd t ypo logy , o f t he a sse mb lage , a nd i n v iew o ft he c ryoturba ted n a ture o ft he s i te , If ee l j ust i f ied i n t hus d if fer ing f ro m t he e xcava tor o f t he s i te o ver t he i n terpre ta t ion o ft he ma ter ia l . The l i sts b e low d escr ibe t he ma ter ia l i n t he l ots i n to wh ich Ih ad d iv ided i t . I n v iew o f my r eserva t ions , Id o n ot f ee l t ha t Ic an make e x tensive u se o f t he i ndica t ions . N o te 1 .

P age r eferences t o Gausson ( i n p ress ) a re t o t he manuscr ip t v ers ion .

L o t 1 : U npa t ina ted o r v ery s l igh t ly p a t ina ted p ieces i n b lack/grey f l in t .

1 1

p ieces . E ndscraper ( 3 ) : O ne o n r e touched f l /b l .; Bur in ( 3 ) : ad e je te d ihedra l , ad oub le a d jacen t a ng le o n b reak , a nd ab urin d 'axe o n o b lique r e touched t runc .; R ac le t te ( 2 ) :

o ne c ou ld a lso b e i n terpre ted a s a n a brup t c onvex e ndscraper ;

S idescraper ( 1 ) ;

C ores ( 2 ) :

o ne a r a ther g lobu lar d isc c ore .

L ot 2 : O ther p ieces w i th l i t t le o r n o p a t ina , i n d iferen t f l in t .

6 6 p ieces .

1 .

E ndscraper ( 2 ) b oth c onvex .

1b is .

E ndscraper o n t h inned e nd ( 1 ) .

1 7 .

E ndscraper-dihedra l b ur in ( 2 ) c onvex-DDB i n b oth c ases .

1 7 b is . E ndscraper-bur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 2 ) c onvex-ang le o n o b lique r e t . t r . ( 1 ) ; 1 9 .

c onvex , b roken s tra igh t a nd r eused-ang le o n s tra igh t r e t . t r . ( 1 ) .

B urin-trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) B urn d 'axe o n o b i-conc . r e t . t r .SDB b roken a t t he t i p a nd r eworked a s as tra igh t t runc . p iece .

2 3 .

P er9oir ( 3 ) o ne i s a ssoc ia ted w i th an otch , o ne w i th a r ac le tte .

2 7 .

Bec ( 1 ) a ssoc ia ted w i th a n o tch b enea th b reak .

2 8 .

S pine ( 1 ) o n t he s ide o f al arge f l ake .

3 0 .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in ( 4 ) o ne a ssoc ia ted w i th r ac le t te .

3 0 b is . De je te d ihedra l b ur in ( 1 ) . 3 2 .

A ng le o n b reak b urin ( 4 ) .

3 6 .

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 3 )

DDB

ADI 3

S DB

1

1

AOB 3 7 .

1

Bur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc . ( 2 ) O b l ique r e t . t r . i n b oth c ases .

3 8 b is . Ang le b ur in o n o b lique r e t . t runc . ( 1 ) a ssoc ia ted w i th amicroden t icul a ted e dge .

O ther b ur in ( 1 ) ab roken b ur in , r enewed b y r e touch . 5 7 .

Trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) c oncave .

5 8 .

O b lique ly t runca ted p iece ( 1 ) .

7 2 .

N otch ( 1 ) mu lt ip le o n f l ake , o ne made w i th r ac let te t ype r e touch .

7 3 .

P iece w i th p rox/dis t n otch ( 1 ) .

7 4 b is . Microden t icu la t ion ( 2 )one a l i t t le d oub tfu l . 7 5 .

S idescraper ( 1 ) a ssoc ia ted w i th a n otch .

7 6 .

R ac le t te ( 1 3) 2 5 .49% o ft he t oo ls i n t h is L ot .

1 01 .

P oin ted b lade ( 1 ) .

1 05 a .

N otch b enea th b reak ( 1 ) a ssoc ia ted w i th ad oub tfu l b ur in .

O ther p ieces ( 15 ) : R e touched ( 6 ) , o ne a pproach ing t he s idescraper , t wo w i th c on t inuous r e touch o n b o th e dges , i n o ne c ase a pproach ing t he s idescraper . U nre touched f l /b l . ( 5 ) ; r idged c ore t r imm ing f l ake ( 1 ); b ur in s pa l l ( 1 ); c ores ( 2 )—one g lobu lar , a nd o ne p yram ida l . L o t 3 :

U ncer ta in a bout p a t ina t ion .

1 0 p ieces .

Ang le o n b reak b urin ( 1 ) ; mu lt ip le mixed b ur in ( 1 )—ADB o pposed t o t wo a dj acent b ur ins o n c oncave r e t . t r .; r etouched f l/h l . ( 2 ) ; r etouched L eva l lois f l ake ( 1 ); u nre touched f l ( 3 ) ;

c ores ( 2 )—one d isc , a nd o ne a c ore f ragmen t

r eused a s ac ore . L ot 4 : H eav i ly p a t ina ted .

3 5 p ieces .

U nretouched f l akes ( 7 ) . U nre touched L eva l lois f l akes ( 5 ) . R e touched f l akes ( 4 ) o ne w i th t wo p o t l i d f ractures . R e touched L eva l lois f l akes ( 2 ) . F lake w i th d oub tfu l C orb iac b ur in a t t i p ( 1 ) i .e . p robab ly a c hance b urina t ion . N o tched L eva l lois f l ake ( 2 ) o ne w i th p rox ima l i nverse n o tch . Trunca ted L eva l lois f l ake ( 2 ) o ne w i th a s l igh t i nverse t runca t ion , a nd o ne w i th ap ar t ia l r e t . t r . o n c orner . Trunca ted f l ake ( 1 ) p rox ima l i nverse t runca t ion , n otches a ssoc ia ted . Den t icu la te ( 4 ) . H andaxe ( 1 ) . D isc c ore ( 4 ) . U n ifac ia l d isc s haped c ore ( 1 ) w i th d oub tfu l n o tch . O ne p iece e i ther a c ore , al arge c ar ina ted e nd s cr a per , o r ap ar t o f at h ick e ndscraper .

3 72

,

F igure I .2 0

H istogra ms o f maximu m d i mension s ize c lasses .

n =35

n =10

n

p i

n =65

n11 1

7

9

3 73

E

1. 1 1 1 3 1 ‘ 5 1 7

L ots 1 -4 .

GU ILLASSOU , N euv ic/Pis le & S t-Leon/PIs le , D ordogne S tanding a t a n a l t i tude o f 1 78 m, 1 20 m a bove t he l eve l o f t he I s le , t he s i te o ver looks t he v a l leys o f t he I s le , a nd o f i t s t r ibutary t he V ern .

The s i te

i s o n t he l im i ts o ft he c o m munes o f N euv ic a nd S t-Leon , 9 00 m f ro m t he I s le o n i t s l ef tb ank . N ear ly h a lf t he s i te h ad b een d es troyed b y a gr icu ltura l work a nd e ros ion , b efore p ieces c o l lec ted o n t he s urface b y Moisse t l ed Gaussen t o e xcava te i n 1 965-1966 ( Gaussen i n p ress p p . 1 53-213 , 1 977 p p . 4 34-436) . T he s tra t igraphy f ro m t op t o b ot to m : 1 .

Arab le b ed , c lay-sand w i th i rregu lar

l ower l imi t .

2 0-30 cm t h ick .

S o me P a laeo l i th ic p ieces . 2 .

D iscont inuous d ark b rown b ed, s andier t han l eve l 3b e low , a nd w i th a d iscont inu i ty a t t he b ase .

3 .

7 -8 cm t h ick .

Deep r ed s andy c lay , a verage t h ickness 5 0 cm .

The a rchaeo log ica l l eve l

l i es t owards i t s midd le . 4 .

S ab les d e P er igord ( bedrock ) . Dur ing t he e xcava t ion a r ec tangu lar p av ing 3 .5 x 2 m, o f q uar tz a nd s and-

s tone p ebb les was r ecogn ised .

The d is tr ibut ion o f t he i ndus tr ia l ma ter ia l i n-

s ide a nd o uts ide t he s tructure s ugges ted t o t he e xcava tor t ha t t he s truc ture was a t ent w i th movab le l ower e dges . T here were n o t races o f c ryoturba t ion o f t he d eposi t . . The s i te h as p roduced t hree c o l lec t ions , t he l argest f ro m s urface c o l lect ion i s o fu ncer ta in h omogene i ty . T he o ther t wo , f ro m a n i n it ia l s ondage , a nd f ro m t he e xcava t ion , p roduced a sma l ler t oo l c o l lec t ion .

Gaussen r egards

t he s ondage/excava t ion c o l lec t ion a s r epresen t ing t he v ery e ar lies t Magda leni an-Magda len ian

0 ' o f B ordes —w i th j ust 3 .2% b lades ( 40 o ut o f 1 240 ) , f ew

r ac let tes , t ransverse b ur ins o n n otch , a nd ' Aur ignac ian ' e ndscrapers .

A l-

t hough o rig ina l ly d oub tfu l , my own a na lyses c onf irm t he v iew o f Dr . Gaussen . A lthough u nab le t o p erfor m a me tr ica l a na lys is o f t he who le u nre touched mat er ia l , av isua l a na lys is o f t hese s ugges ted a h igher p ropor t ion o f t echn ica l b lades t o me , a l though o ne c an n ote t ha t A l la in ( A l la in P t a l . 1 974 ) c la ims t o h ave a s f ew a s 1 % o fb lades f ro m L eve l 4a t t he A br i F r i tsch , s o s uch a l ow p ropor t ion o f b lades may n ot b e i mposs ib le . B eside v ar ious f or ms o f f l in t , r aw ma ter ia ls i nc luded j asper , a nd s i lic if ied w ood .

A l l a re o f l oca l o r ig in , i nc luding t he s i l ic if ied w ood wh ich p robab ly

o r ig ina tes f ro m t he S ab les d e P er igord , o r t he d eposi ts k nown a s ' s idero li thi que masque p ar l es S ab les d u P er igord ' wh ich o ccur o n b oth b anks o f t he I s le f ro m Muss idan t o S t A st ier .

T he ma ter ia li s a lso u sed i ns o me o ther

Pa laeo li th ic s i tes i n t he a rea i nc luding L a C ö te ( Gaussen & Tex ier 1 974 ) where i t was o r igina l ly d escr ibed a s j asper . I n t he l im i ted t ime a va i lab le Is tudied j us t t he more c er ta in c o l lec t ions f ro m t he s ondage a nd t he e xcava t ion , a nd j us t t he r e touched p ieces . The e xcava t ion p roduced a n u ncoun ted n u mber o f s p lin ters , 1 240 f l akes a nd b lades , a nd 4 8 c ores d escr ibed a s " infor me , g lobu leux ...discoides" ( Gaussen i np ress p . 1 70 ) . 3 74

The ma ter ia l f ro m t he s ondage a nd t he e xcava t ion i s l i s ted s epara te ly i n T ab le 1 .34 , a lthough t he n u mbers a re c o mb ined f or t he p ercen tages , a nd i n Tab leI .35 , t he a pprox i ma t ion t o t he o ld t ype l i st .

The r ac le t tes f ro m t he

t wo c o l lec t ions were c o mb ined f or t he r ac let te a na lys is . T ab le 1 .35

Gu i l lassou s ondage/excava t ion .

T ype n o .

Type n a me

N ew t ype l i s t S ond .

E xcay . 1 5

T ota l %

1

S ing le e ndscraper

2

1b is .

S ing le e ndscraper o n t h inned e nd

-

2

1 2 .14 1 .43

2

Doub le e nd s craper

-

2

1 .43

3

E ndscraper o n f l ake

2

8

7 .14

9

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /b i .

-

8

5 .71

1 5

F la t n osed e nd s craper

-

1

0 .71

1 6

F la t s hou ldered e ndscraper

-

2

1 .43

Broken e ndscraper

-

1

0 .71

1 7

E nd s craper-dih e dra l b ur in

-

1

0 .71

2 0

P er9oir-trunca ted p iece

1

1

1 .43

2 2

Per9oir-bur in

-

1

0 .71

2 3

P er9o ir

2

6

5 .71

2 3 b is .

Doub le p er9oir

1

-

0 .71

2 7

Bec

1

8

6 .43 0 .71

2 9

Bec b urinan t a l terne

-

1

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

-

1

0 .71

3 0 b is .

De je te d ihedra l b ur in

-

1

0 .71

3 1

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

-

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

1

2

2 .14

3 7

Bur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc .

-

6

4 .29

3 8

Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

-

1

0 .71

3 8 b is .

Ang le b ur in o n o b lique r e t . t runc .

-

5

3 .57

4 1 4 1 b is .

Transverse b ur in o n l a tera l r e t . Transverse b ur in o n n o tch

2

4 6

2 .86 5 .71

1 0

7 .14

4 1 b is a .

Mu lt ip le h o mogeneous TON b ur in

1

-

0 .71

4 2

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

-

1

0 .71

5 7

Broken b ur in Trunca ted p iece

1 1

-

0 .71 0 .71

5 9

P iece w i th p ar t ia l r e t . t runc .

-

2

1 .43

6 5-69

S o lutrean t ype p ieces

-

1

0 .71

7 2

N o tch

2

5

5 .00

7 3 7 4

P iece w i th p rox/dist . n o tch Den t icu la te

-

3 1

2 .14 0 .71

7 5

S idescraper

-

2

1 .43

7 6

Rac le t te

5

5

7 .14

1 05

D iverse

2

2

2 .86

1 05 a .

N otch b enea th b reak

1

-

0 .71

2 5

1 15

P iece w i th c on t inuous r e t . -1 e dge

3

Ha m mered p ieces

2

3 75

Tab le I .3 6 Type n o .

Gui l lassou s ondage/excava t ion .

O ld t ype l ist ( approx ) N u mber

Type n a me

1

S ing le e ndscraper

3

Doub le e ndscraper

4

Og iva l e ndscraper

2

1 .4 5

5

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /b l .

7

5 .0 7

8

E ndscraper o n f l ake

1 4

1 8 2

1 0

1 3 . 0 4 1 .4 5

7 .2 5

F la t n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

3

2 .1 7

Broken e ndscraper

1

0 .7 2

1 7

E ndscraper-burin

1

0 .72

2 0

Per9oir-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .72

2 2

Per9oir-burin

1

0 .72

2 3

Per9oir

9

6 .52

2 4

Bec

1 0

7 .25

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9oir/bec

1

0 .72

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

1

0 .72

2 8

De jete d ihedra l b ur in

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b urin

1 1 0 3

0 .7 2 7 .2 5 2 .1 7

3 4

Burin o n s tra igh t r e t . t runc .

1

0 .72

3 5

Bur in o n o b lique r e t . t runc .

9

6 .5 2

3 6

Burin o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

2

1 .4 5

3 8

Transverse b urin o n l a tera l r et .

4

2 .9 0

3 9

T z tansverse b urin o n n otch

8

5 .80

4 0

Mu lt ip le b urin o n r e t . t runc .

2

1 .4 5

Broken b ur in

1

0 .7 2

6 2

C oncave t runca ted p iece

1

0 .72

6 9-72

S olutrean t ype p ieces

1

0 .72

7 4

N otch

7 5

Den ticu la te

1 1

7 6

S p lin tered p iece

1

0 .72

7 7

S idescraper

2

1 .45

7 8

Rac le t te

9 2

D iverse

1

1 0 3

7 .97 0 .72

7 .25 2 .1 7

1 38

C o m men tary S ondage c ol lec t ion S ing le e ndscraper ( 2 ) :

Both h ave c onvex f ronts .

Per9oir-trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) :

S tra igh t t runc . w i th a s pine o n t he c orner o f t he

t runca t ion . Per9o ir ( 2 ) :

One w i th marg ina l r ac le t te r e touch .

Transverse b ur in o n n otch ( 2 ) : Trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) :

O ne o n an a tura l n otch .

C oncave .

3 76

Rac le t te ( 5 ) : Two a brup t e dged, o ne a r ac let te o r t runca ted p iece , o ne marg ina l , a nd o ne w i th o ccasiona l r ac le t te r etouch . D iverse ( 2 ) :

A brup t ly r e touched p ieces .

E xcava t ion c o l lec t ion S ing le e ndscraper ( 15 ) :

1 4 h ave c onvex f ron ts , o ne o n p rox ima l e nd , a nd o ne

a ssoc ia ted w i th a n otch .

O ne i s o n al arge b lade 1 5 cm b y 4 cm .

The l ast

p iece h as a n o g iva l f ron t . Doub le e ndscraper

2 ) :

B o th o ppose t wo c onvex e ndscrapers .

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /b 1 . ( 8 ) : E ndscraper-burin ( 1 ) :

C onvex-Ang le o n b reak b ur in .

P er9oir-trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : P er9oir-bur in ( 1 ) :

S even c onvex , a nd o ne o g iva l .

R e touch o n t he c orner o f t he p iece .

A ng le d ihedra l b ur in-per9oir w i th o ne s ide made w i th

a brup t r ac le t te t ype r e touch t ha t e x tends t he l eng th o ft ha t s ide . Ang le d ihedra l b ur in ( 10 ) : Two h ave t he v ert ica l s pa l l r emova l s urface n a tura l , o ne o ft hem a ssoc ia ted w i th a notch . O ne o ft he r ema in ing e igh t i s c o mb ined w i th an o tch , o ne i s o n t he l im it w i th t he c ores . Bur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc . ( 6 ) : O ne o n a lmos t l a tera l o b l ique r etouch , t wo o n o b i .c onc . r e t . t runc ., a nd t hree o n o b lique r et . t runc . One o f t hese l a t ter i s i n s i lic if ied wood , a nd i s c o mb ined w i th a r ac le t te . Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 1 ) :

O n s tra igh t r e t . t runc .

Transverse b ur in o n n otch ( 6 ) : o r b lades .

Three a re f i ne ly made p ieces o n t h in f l akes

Mu l t ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 1 ) :

A ssoc ia tes t wo a d jacen t S TR b urins .

S o lu trean p iece ( 1 ) : Ha lf ab ifac ia l ly r e t . l aure l l ea fp oin t , s urv iv ing l eng th 7 .8 cm , a nd w idth 4 cm , a nd t h ickness a tb reak 0 .8 cm . F ound i n p lace i n t he a rchaeo log ica l b ed , t he p a tina d if fers f rom t ha t o ft he o ther p ieces . P iece w i th p rox/dis t . n otch ( 3 ) : S idescraper ( 1 ) : D iverse ( 2 ) :

O ne i s d oub le .

O ne c arr ies a s hor t s tre tch o f r ac let te r e t . R ac let te ( 5 ) :

O ne i s i nverse .

One i s ab roken s ec t ion o f s craper e dge , t he s econd o pposes a

s p l in tered t o ah a m mered e nd .

3 77

LE BREU IL , N euv ic/PIs le , D ordogne The s i te l i es o n t he l ef tb ank o ft he I s le , 7 00 m f ro m t he r iver , o n t he f i rs t t errace a bove t he f l ood p la in , a t ah e igh t o f 1 2-15 m a bove t he r iver . T he s i te was e xcava ted b y Dr . Gaussen i n 1 959 a nd 1 960 ( Gaussen i n p ress 14-237, 1 977 p p . 4 32-434 ) . p p . 2 The s tra t igraphy , o n t he s i te o f C ab in 2 r uns f rom t op t o b ot to m : 1 .

A rab le s oi l ( 20 cm ) .

2 .

D iscon t inuous s andy b ed ( max . 5 cm ) wh ich c onta ined a t ranche t a rrowh ead .

3 .

D eep r ed s andy c lay ( 60-70 cm ) wh ich c onta ins ( 20-25 cm b e low g round s urface ) t he a rchaeo log ica l b ed .

4 .

B rown s and w i th a l i t t le c lay ; o f v ar iab le t h ickness .

5 .

F luv ia t i le g rave l , d a ted t o " R iss" b y T ex ier . T he a rchaeo log ica l b ed c onta ins t races o fp erhaps f our c ab ins , t hree

e xcava ted , o ne l oca ted i n as ondage , l y ing i n as tra igh t l i ne a nd r ough ly e qu id is tan t . Two a re we l l p reserved w i th p av ings o f i den t ica l f orm , o r ien ta t ion , a nd a rea ( 4 s q m); t he t h ird h as b een a f fec ted b y p lough ing , b ut i t s p av ing o f l arge p ebb les o fq uar tz , s andstone , s ch is t , a nd e rupt ive r ocks h as h ad i t s j oin ts s ea led w i th g rey-wh i te r iver s and .

Al ens o f t he s and 1 -2 cm t h ick ,

u sed p erhaps f or t h is p urpose , was f ound i n t he a rchaeo log ica l b ed . V ery l i t t le ma ter ia l was f ound i n t he a rea o ft he c ab ins : C ab in 1 : B urin d 'axe o n OTR ( 1 ) De jet ed ihedra l b ur in ( 1 ) ( s ince l os t ) . Cab in 2 : DDB ( 2 ) o ne c o mbined w i th ap rox/dis t n otch ; e ndscraper ( 1 ); r ac let te ( 1 ) ; b acked b lade le t ( 1 ) . p oin ted b lade ( 1 ) ; u nre t . b lade ( 1 ) . C ab in 3 : A ng le b ur in o n OTR ( 1 ) ; p oin ted r e t . b lade ( 1 ); r e t . b lade ( 1 ) ; r e t . f lake ( 5 ); c ore ( 1 ) ; b ur in s pa l l ( 1 ) .

U n-

S urface c o l lec t ion b y Moisse t o ver a n u mber o fy ears p roduced a n u mber o f U pper Pa laeo li th ic p ieces : Type n ame

N u mber

S ing le e ndscraper

2

E ndscraper-ang le b ur in o n c oncave r e t t runc .

1

De je te d ihedra l b ur in Bur in o n c oncave r et . t runc .

2 1

De je te d ihedra l b ur . ang le b ur in o n o b l ique r et . t r .

1

Rac let te

4

B i trunca ted b acked b lade le t

1

P oin ted b acked b lade le t

1

Backed b lade le t

2

N otched b lade le t

1

Backed b lade

1

R e touched b lade

1

3 78

The a rea o f t he s i te h as a lso p roduced a h and a xe , aN eo l i th ic p o lished a xe , t hree t ransverse a rrowheads , a nd a t yp ica l F on t R ober t p oin t f ound 2 0 y ears a go b y L a tourner ic . I n s u m mary we h ave : E xcava ted Too ls

1 0

C o l lec ted

T o ta l

1 7

2 7

E ndscrapers

1

2

3

B ur ins

5

4

9

R ac let tes

1

4

5

Micro li ths

1

5

6

3 79

Abr i d e PECH DE LA BOISS IsERE , C arsac , Dordogne The s i te l i es i n a sma l lv a l ley g iv ing o nto t he r igh t b ank o ft he Dordogne wh ich i s f o l lowed b y t he S ar la t-Gourdon r oad , a nd t he Bordeaux-Aur i l lac r a i lway . I ti s a sma l l a nd p ar t ly c o l lapsed r ock s he lter , 1 2 .5 m l ong a nd 5 .3 m a t i t s d eepes t , s tanding a t t he t op o f as teep ly i nc lined t a lus a t ah e igh t o f 1 5 m a bove t he v a l ley f l oor , a nd f ac ing s outh . T he c en tra l p ar t o f t he s i te was e ar ly d es troyed b y c landes t ine e xcavat ors ; i n 1 928 t he s i te was r en ted b y t he S ta te , a nd o ver t he f o l low ing t wo y ears e xcava ted b y E l ie P eyrony ( E . P eyrony 1 931 , 1 934 ) . The s ec t ion f ro m t op t o b otto m ( a f ter E . P eyrony 1 934 p r inc ipa l ly ) r uns : 4 .

V ege tab le e ar th a nd l imestone e bou lis ( 50 cm ) .

3 .

Y e l low-grey e ar thy l eve l ( 10-15 cm ) I n i t ia l Magda lenian .

2 .

C o mpac t b lack e ar thy l eve l ( 110 cm ) w i th more e bou lis t owards t he f ron t . R ounded e le men ts s ugges t h um id c ondi t ions .

The b ed a bu ts o n a1 20 cm

wa l l o f ' masonry ' a t t he f ron t o f t he s he lter , wh ich P eyrony s ugges ts c ou ld h ave f or med t he b ase o f as tructure .

C onta ins S o lu trean , d iv ided

a rb i trar i ly d uring e xcava t ion i n to Ia nd I . 1 .

S ter i le l imestone e bou l is ( 10 cm ) [ 1934 ] 1 0-30 cm [ 1931 ]) . The I n i t ia l Magda len ian c o l lec t ion i s sma l l , a nd Id id n o t t h ink i t wor th-

wh i le t o r estudy i t , r e ly ing i ns tead o n t he e ar lier p ub l ica t ions f or t he o ther d eta i ls o ft he s i te , a nd o n d e S onnev i l le-Borde

( 1960 p . 3 06 ) s u m mary d e-

s cr ip t ion f or d e ta i ls o f t he l i th ic i ndustry . S onnev i l le-Bordes l i sts 5 5 t oo ls : E ndscrapers ( 9 ) :

i nc luding o ne o n A ur ignac ian b lade , a nd o ne n osed .

P er9o irs ( 3 ) ; B urins ( 2 ) ;

N otches a nd d en t icu la tes ( 4 ) ;

R ac le t tes ( 30 );

Backed b lade le t ( 1 ) ; D iverse ( 3 ); a nd R e touched B lades ( 3 ) . P eyrony p rov ides n o u sefu l s upp le men tary i nfor ma t ion , n or g ives a ny i ndica t ion o ft he s ize o f h is c o l lec t ion , making i ti mposs ib le t o k now whe ther h is u se o f t he p lura l-backed b lade le ts — indica tes s o me l oss o f ma ter ia l f ro m t he c o l lec t ion .

3 80

L e P IAGE , F a jo les , L o t T he s i te l i es C . 1 1 km f ro m P ech d e l a B oissf ere , a nd c . 6 km f ro m t he Dordogne , o n i t s l ef tb ank , a t t he f oot o f ac l if f t ha t f or mer ly h ad a s ha l low ( l ess t han 4 m) o verhang .

Ac ave o n o ne s ide a nd a s he l ter o n t he o ther h ave

n o o ccupa t ion d epos i t , p erhaps b ecause t oo d amp f or h ab i ta t ion . E xcava t ions b egan i n 1 958 a nd c on t inued f or c . 1 0 y ears ( Meroc 1 961 p p . 2 68-9 , 1 969 p p . 4 87,498, C ha mpagne a nd E spi taf ie 1 967) . The a rchaeo log ica l d epos i t f or ms a t a lus 2 .4 m t h ick a t t he f oot o f t he c l if f . g en t ly t owards t he s tream , wh ich f l ows c . 2 5 m away .

The b edrock s lopes The l ower l eve ls ( K-

F ) w i th C ha te lperron ian a nd A ur ignac ian ma ter ia l d o n ot c oncern u s h ere , b ut t he u pper p ar t o ft he s tra t igraphy r uns f ro m t op t o b ot to m ( af ter C hampagne &E sp i ta l( 1 967) : Bed A :

R ecen t h u mus

Bed B :

S ter i le e bou l is , p ar t ly d isturbed, p robab ly d ur ing t he Middle Ages .

Bed C -E :

Al eve l o f h o mogeneous d eposi t c on ta in ing r ac let tes , a nd S olutrean

l ea fp oin ts a r t if ic ia l ly d iv ided i n to B eds C ( I n i t ia l Magda len ian ) a nd E( S o lutrean ) w i th a f i c t iona l s ter i le b ed ( D ) b e tween t he t wo . Bed F :

Th ick l eve l c on ta ining A ur ignac ian ma ter ia l .

The l eve l i s q u i te c lear ly d if f icu lt t o i n terpret .

T he ma ter ia l f ro m l eve ls

C -E c on ta ins more t han 1 0% c lear ly S o lutrean e le men ts , a nd n ear ly 2 0% r ac let tes . Two i n terpre ta t ions a re p ossib le— mechan ica l mixture , a nd i ndust r ia l h o mogene i ty , aS o lu trean w i th r ac let tes . I nsuf f ic ien t d e ta i ls o f t he s ed imen t h ave b een p ub l ished , t o a l low t he e ase o f a r t if ic ia l mixture t o b e a ssessed a tp resen t .

The e xcava tors —Champagne a nd E sp i ta lie—see m t o

t ake t he v iewpoint , b oth i n t he ir d iscuss ion , a nd i n t he imp l ica t ions o f t he ir ' t heore t ica l s tra t igraphr , t ha t t he ma ter ia l r epresen ts t he mix ture o f t wo a sse mb lages , o ne S o lutrean a nd o ne I n i t ia l Magda lenian . The o ther h ypo thes is — tha t o f i ndus tr ia l h o mogene ity—has b een p ursued b y t wo o ft he c o m menta tors o n t he s i te .

Meroc ( 1961 p . 2 68) s ays o f t he l eve l

t ha t i ti s i mpossib le o n t he i ndices a va i lab le t o c hoose b etween t he t wo h ypot heses a t t h is s tage . I n 1 969 ( Meroc 1 969 p . 4 89) h e c o mments t ha t " une d ecouver te a na logue , e n C haren te , s e mb le s 'opposer i aP idee d 'un me lange d e d eux s tra tes e tp la ider e n f aveur d 'une i ndus trie p ar t icu lf ere" .

H ere t he

r eference i s t o t he a br i A ndre R agout ( see b e low p p . C lot tes ( 1969 p . 7 1) makes a s im i lar s uggest ion i n d iscuss ing t he e ar l ies t Magda len ian s i tes i n L o t : " Les s eu ls g ise ments o i l e Magda len ien a nc ien p ara i t a t tes te s on t c eux d e C abrere ts e t d e F a jo les; t ous d eux p resenten t l a c arac teri s t ique d 'g tre i ne les' a i m S o lu treen f i na l , e t .... o n p eu t l eg i t ime men t s e d e mander s ' i l n e s 'ag isa i t p as s imp le men t d 'un S o lut Hen f i na l ' a r ac le t tes , e n P absence d 'au tres f oss i les d irec teurs d u Magda lenien a nc ien , c o m me l e.b ur in t ransversa l s ur c oche" . I n t he c on tex t o f a n i n terpre t ive s cheme f or t he I n it ia l Magda len ian t ha t a rgues f or a c onnec t ion b e tween i ta nd t he S o lutrean , s uch a n i n terpreta t ion o ft hese s i tes migh t b e a cceptab le , h owever , t he s ugges t ion would a lso c o mp lica te a ny i n terpre t ive s che me . 3 81

D ur ing a v is i t t o Par is , Iwas a b le—w i th t he k ind p ermission o fM . C hampagne , a nd t he a ss istance o fM . De lpor te— to l ook t hrough t he ma ter ia l f ro m t h is l eve l , s tored a tp resen t a t t he M .A . N .

Ir estudied t he ma ter ia l

a lready a t tr ibu td b y C ha mpagne a nd E sp i ta lie , a nd t he n on-a t tr ibuted r e touched p ieces , b ut n ot t he was te .

O ft hese 1 270 p ieces , 1 223 c orresponded t o c a teg-

o r ies o n my t ypel ist , t he b u lk o ft he r ema inder b e ing ' re touched ' . O f t h is t o ta l 1 37 ( 1 1 .20% ) were S o lutrean t ype p ieces , l arge ly l aure l l eaf a nd s hou ld ered p oin ts ; 2 54 ( 20 .77% ) were r ac le t tes; a nd 2 80 ( 2 2 .89% ) were micro li ths , mos t ly b acked b lade le ts . There i s n o n eed t o a gree w i th Meroc t ha t n l 'ensemb lede l ' ou t i l lage e st s o lutreenn ( 1961 p . 2 68) , a par t f rom t he l ea fp oin ts , n one o f t he ma ter ia l wou ld b e o u t o fp lace i n a n I n i t ia l Magda len ian c on tex t , o r e qua l ly , i n aS o lut rean c on tex t . The a t tr ibutes o ft he r ac let tes c onform t o al a ter I n i t ia l Magd a len ian . One c an h owever n o te t he p resence o f s ome f l a t r e touch o n o ne r ac le t te ( F ig . I .2 1 , 1 ) . A l though t here a re n o a bso lu te d iferences o fp a t ina b etween l ea fp o in ts a nd r ac le t tes , many o ft he l arge s amp le o fb acked b lade le ts a re u npa t ina ted , u n l ike t he r ac let tes a nd l ea fp oin ts , a nd migh t s ugges t s o me a dm ixture b y a n e ven l a ter Magda len ian , s uppor t ing t he h ypo thes isof a r t if ic ia lm ix ture , a nd i ncreasing t he r ange o f ma ter ia l t ha t i t migh t b e s uggested i s i nc luded . N one o ft he o bserva t ions t ha t c an b e made o n t he e xcava ted ma ter ia l a l low t he q ues t ion t o b er eso lved , my own i mpress ion h av ing s een t he ma ter ia l a grees w i th t ha t o ft he e xcava tors t ha t t he ma ter ia l f ro m L eve l C -E r epresen ts amixture o f ma ter ia l i nc luding S o lutrean a nd I n i t ia l Magda len ian , a nd , I wou ld s ugges t , l a ter Magda len ian t oo . Ac urved b acked p iece i s a lso i l lustra ted ( F ig . 1 .21,2 ) .

3 82

F igure I .2 1

L e P lage L eve l C -E .

1 .

I nverse r ac le t te w i th f l a t b ifac ia l r e touch a t t he t i p ( CDE 7 XV I I 48 03)

2 .

C urved b acked p iece ( CDE 7 XV I 5 138)

3 83

-

Grot te d e PtGOUR I, C an iac d u C ausse , L ot T he s i te i s o n t he p la teau o ft he C ausses d e L o t , d ry l imes tone u p lands f r ing ing t he Massif C en tra l , j us t t o t he e as t o f t he v i l lage o f C an iac . The c ave o pens o n to t he s ide o f ak arst ic d epress ion , i n ac l if fo n t he western s ide o f t he d epress ion . F ro m t he t op o ft he c l if f q ui te e x tens ive v iews c an b e o bta ined a s we l l a s f ro m t he e dge o ft he d ry v a l ley j us t t o t he e as t o ft he s i te , wh i le t he c ave i t se lf i s s he ltered , b y i t s p os i t ion , f ro m w inds , par t icu lar ly t hose f ro m t he s ou th a nd west . The l eve l o f s ed i men ts i n t he d epress ion i s h igher t han t he e n trance t o t he c ave , b ut s teps a nd ap assage h ave b een c ut d ownwards t o a l low a ccess , t he u se o f t he c ave a s af o ld . T hree c hambers s ucceed o ne a no ther o ver ad istance o f 5 0 m , t a i l ing o f f i n to a s er ies o f sma l ler c hambers , c lef ts a nd p assages , A s work h as p rogressed, i th as b ecome a pparen t t ha t t he c hamber r epresen ts o n ly ap ar t o ft he w idth o ft he c ave , t he l ef t h and s ide , w i th a l ower r oof h av ing b een h idden b ya ccu mu la ted s edimen ts u n t i l e xcava t ion b egan . ( Seron ie-V iv ien 1 967 , 1 968, 1 969 , 1 970 , 1 971 , 1 971a , 1 970-71, 1 972 , 1 973 , 1 974 , 1 975 , 1 977, p ers . c omm ., S i m mone t 1 971 p p . 4 07, 4 08, C lot tes 1 975 p p . 6 42-643 , S eron ie-V iv ien & L e T ensorer 1 977 . ) The e xistence o f ap reh istor ic s i te i n t he c ave was r ecogn ised i n A pr i l 1 963 d ur ing e xp lora t ions b y p o tho lers , a nd e xcava t ion b egan i n 1 967 u nder t he d irec t ion o f M-R . S eron ie-V iv ien b y t he P reh is tory s ec t ion o ft he ' Soc iete s pe leo log ique e tp reh istor ique d e B ordeaux ' . The a nnua l r epor ts g ive a c lear p ic ture o ft he d eve lop men t o ft he work , a nd o f t h ink ing a bou t t he s i te . A s ondage i n 1 967 s howed t he b asic s equence , w i th b e low more r ecen t l eve ls a s equence o f A z i lian l eve ls , w i th Magda len ian l eve ls a t t he b ase ( l eve ls 8 a nd 9 ) .

E x tension o f t he s ondage i n 1 969 p roduced o n ly s ter i le d epos i ts b e low

l eve l 9 .

A s hou ldered p oin t f ound i n l eve l 8s ugges ted a t tr ibut ion o f t he l eve l

t o t he U pper Magda len ian . S eron ie-V iv ien ( 1 971 p . 3 ) n o tes t ha t t he b asa l Az i l ian l eve l —Leve l 7— ? tes t p arcourue p ar d e n o mbreux t err iers q u i s e l oca li sen t d ans s a p ar t ie i nfer ieure e t d ont l a b ase e st s ouven t c reusee d ans l a c ouche 8 magda len ienne s ousjacent" .

T he 1 972 r epor t was p ub lished ( a s

S eron ie-V iv ien 1 970-71) , a nd r epresen ts t he s ource f or t he s tra tigraphy p res en ted h ere . I n 1 974 , d ur ing c learance o ft he p assage a t t he b ack o ft he c ave , i n ab rown d epos i t b enea th c . 5 cm o f r ed c lay were f ound a q uan t i ty o f r eind eer a n t lers , s o me o f wh ich were worked l ong i tudina l ly t o p rov ide ' baguet tes ' . A ssoc ia ted w i th t he m were s o me b one s p l in ters , a nd a f l in t f l ake .

An t ler

worked i n as im i lar manner was f ound i n t he U pper Magda len ian a t t he n earby Grot te d e B erger ie ( Seron ie-V iv ien 1 965-66, 1 966, 1 972 ) .

Work i n t he Mag-

d a lenian l eve ls p aused i n 1 975 , a nd more r ecen t w ork h as c oncen tra ted o n t he Az i l ian , a nd p ost-Az i lian l eve ls . T he s tra t igraphy f ro m t op t o b ot to m r uns ( af ter S eron ie-V iv ien 1 970-71) : L eve l1 : U nconso lida ted s urface e bou l is c omposed o f a ngu lar l imestone b locks 5 -80 cm a cross . I n t he u pper p art t he i n ters t ices c on ta in s herds o f Ga l lo-Ro man a nd modern c era m ics , wh i le i n t he l ower p art i s b rown c lay i n t he i n ters t ices ' w i th s ome d erived ma ter ia l .

A t t he b ase o f 1

i s ac lear b reak , a nd t he s urface o f l eve l 2r epresen ts a p a laeoso l . L eve l 2 : Ar e mnan t a ga ins t t he n or th wa l l o ft he s he lter n ear t he e n try .

S ub-

r ounded b locks o f c orroded l imes tone i n ama tr ix o fg rey c lay i n t he 3 84

u pper p ar t , a nd i nc lusions o f o chreous o range c lay c on ta ining c harc oa l f ragmen ts a nd sma l l l imestone p ebb les i n t he l ower p ar t . Bronze Age . L eve l 3 :

Al eve l o fb rown c lay w i th c harcoa l a nd sma l l l imestone n odu les c on ta in ing C hassean p ot tery .

D if f icu l t t o s epara te , t he i rregu lar

,

b ase c orresponds t o ap a laeoso l . L eve l 4 :

U nconso lida ted b rown c lay s edi men tw i th f i ne l imestone d ebr is p ar t icu lar ly t owards t he b ase . b ones .

L eve l5 :

D if f icu l t t o s epara te f ro m 4 , r edder a nd c on ta ins more c harcoa l . Burrows a t b ase o f l eve l .

L eve l 6 :

L arge q uan t i ty o fb roken r abb i t

Rare b ut t yp ica l Az i l ian .

R abb i t a nd d eer b ones w i th Az i lian .

More c lay t han 4 /5 c onta in ing l arger l imestone b locks a nd a bund an t A z i l ian ma ter ia l .

L eve l 7 :

More c lay t han 6 , w i th a t t he b ase ( 7b ) a more c onso l ida ted p ebb le l eve l .

A t t he 7 a/b i n terface i s r ich Az i lian ma ter ia l .

A s n o ted

a bove t here a re t races o f b urrow ing a t t he b ase o f t he b ed , w i th s o me mix ture o f A zi lian a nd I n i t ia l Magda len ian ma ter ia l . was a lso i n troduced . L eve l 8 :

P ot tery

A t t he b ase o ft he l eve l i s ac lear p a laeoso l .

Brown-red c lay r ich Wur m ian s ediments b eg in .

P ebb ly l eve ls a t

t op a nd b ase o f t he l eve l -8a a nd 8 c—are s epara ted l oca l ly b y a s ter i le c lay -8b . L eve l 9 :

8 a a nd c a re r ich i nI n i t ia l Magda len ian .

A t p laces t he 8 /9 b oundary i s ah ardened s urface . o f t he b ed c on ta ins more p ebb les . 9 b c an b e made .

The u pper p ar t

L oca l ly a d iv is ion i nto g a a nd

A t t he b ase o f t hebed , g roupings o fb locks may

r epresen t s uppor ts f or a s truc ture . L eve l 1 0 :

7 5 cm o f s ter i le r ed c lay .

L eve l 1 1 :

1 .3 m o f r ed c lay w i th l imestone p laques a nd b locks .

The A z i lian b eds h ave g iven a s er ies o f r adiocarbon d a tes : L eve l

Ma ter ia l

Da te ( years b . c .)

4

B one

5

B one

97 30 ± 3 30

L y-1391

B one

1 0 7 40 ± 5 30

L y-1392 G if-2568

93 40 ± 3 20

L ab . n o . L y-1390

S he l l

65 00 ± 2 50

6

B one

67 80 ± 8 90

L y-1393

7

C harcoa l

1 0 3 00 ± 3 50

G if-2822

a nd f our d a tes e x is t f or t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian o f l eve ls 8

1 5 5 40 ± 5 20

L y-1394

8 b

1 5 3 70 ± 4 60

L y-1834

9 a

1 5 4 70 ± 3 90

L y-1836

2 2 2 50 ± 1 100

L y-1835

9 b

3 85

8a nd 9 :

L y-1394 , 1 834 a nd 1 836 c o mpare c lose ly .

The c loseness o ft he l eve l 9a nd

8d a tes c onfor ms w i th t he i mpression r ece ived f ro m t he a na lyses —tha t t he t wo l eve ls d a te c lose t oge ther , a nd r epresen t—probab ly —no v ery g rea t c hronol og ica l r ange w i th in t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian d eve lop ment .

L y-1835 i s t oo o ld ,

a nd S eron ie-V iv ien s ugges ts e i ther a n on-recogn ised o lder o ccupa t ion l eve l a t t he b ase o f 9 , o r i nc lus ion i n t he d a ted s a mp le o fb one f ro m t he u nder ly ing , a nd a rchaeo log ica l ly s ter i le , l eve l 1 0 . The f ew d e ta i ls a va i lab le f ro m t he u npub l ished p o l len d iagra m o f Ar l . L eroi-Gourhan a re g iven i n C hap ter 3 . The ma ter ia l i s c onserved b y M-R . S eron ie-V iv ien , who v ery k indly o pened h is h ouse t o me a l mos t a t 1 ; 7 ny w i l l , a l low ing me t o c arry o u t af a ir ly d e ta i led a na lys is o f t he ma ter ia l d uring t he p er iod f ro m March- May 1 978 . A lthough t he e xac t s ource p oint f or mos to ft he t oo ls was k nown , Id ec ided t o a na lyse t he ma ter ia l i n t erms o f t he t wo p r inc ipa l l eve ls f or a n u mber o f r easons :

t he s epara t ion o f t he s ubd iv is ions i nb o th l eve ls i s l oca lised , t o

p rov ide l arger s amp les , a nd b ecause t he i nfor ma t ion d id n o t e x is t f or a l l o f t he t oo ls .

3 86

Tab le I .3 7 Type n o .

Pegour ie L eve l 9 .

N ew t ype l ist N u mber

Type n ame

1

S ing le e ndscraper

4

2 .45

2 3

Doub le e ndscraper

2

1 .23

E nd s craper o n f l ake

7

9

4 .29

E nd s craper r et . f l/b 1 .

2

1 .23

1 1

C arina ted e ndscraper

5

3 .07

1 2

A typ ica l c arina ted e ndscraper

2

1 .23

2 3

P er9oir

8

4 .91

2 3 b is .

Doub le p er9oir

1

0 .61 3 .68

2 7

Bec

6

2 8

S pine

3

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

3 0 b is .

De je te d ihedra l b urin

1

0 .61

3 1

Ang le d ihedra l b urin

8

4 .91

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

3 4

C orb iac b urin

2

1 .23

3 6

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in

4

2 .45

3 7

Bur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc .

3

1 .84

3 8

Ang le b urin o nr e t . t runc .

5

3 .07

3 8 b is .

Ang le b ur in o n o b lique r et . t runc .

2

1 .23

Transverse b ur in o n l a tera l u nprep . s urf .

1

0 .61

( 41)

1 0

1 2

1 .84 6 .13

7 .36

4 1 b is .

Transverse b urin o n n otch

1

0 .61

4 2

Mult ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

2

1 .23

4 6

Mu lt ip le mixed b ur in

3

1 .84

Broken b ur in

1

0 .61

5 7

Trunca ted p iece

6

3 .68

5 8

Ob lique ly t runca ted p iece

5

3 .07

5 9

P iece w i th p ar tia l r e t . t runc .

4

2 .45

5 9 b is .

P iece w i th p ar t . r e t . t runc . o n c orner

2

1 .23

6 0

B i trunca ted p iece

1

0 .61

7 2

N otch

7 3

P iece w i th p rox/dist . n otch

1 2

7 4

Den t icu la te

3

1 .84

7 4 b is .

Den ticula te made w i th microdent icu la t ion

6

3 .68

7 5

S idescraper

1

0 .61

7 6

Rac le t te

8 4

P ointed b acked b lade le t

1

0 .61

8 5

Backed b lade le t

3

1 .84

9 1

N otched b lade let

1

0 .61

1 01

P ointed b lade

1

0 .61

1 05

D iverse

1

0 .61

1 05 a .

N otch b enea th b reak

1

0 .61

8

1 2

1 63 O ther p ieces 6 1

P iece w i th c on t inuous r et . -1 e dge

2

S p lin tered p iece

1

3 87

7 .36 4 .91

7 .36

Tab le I .3 7 c ont . Type n o .

Type n a me

N u mber

R e touched

6 3

U t i lised/edge d a maged

6 42

Burin s pa l ls

6 1

U nretouched f l/b i . —co mp lete i nco mp le te

2 34 8 22

C ores

2 4

C ore f rag men ts

1 2

C ore t r i m ming f lakes

7

R idged c ore t rim m ing f lakes

5

C hunks

5

F ragmen ts

1 0 1 888

T ab le I .3 8 Type n o .

P egour ie L eve l 9 .

Tota l 2 051

O ld t ype l i st ( approx .)

T ype n a me

N u mber

1

S ing le e ndscraper

3

1 .90

2

A typ ica l e ndscraper

1

0 .63

3

Doub le e ndscraper

2

1 .27

4

Og iva l e ndscraper

1

0 .63

5

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b i .

1

0 .63

8

E ndscraper o n f l ake

7

4 .43

1 1

Car ina ted e ndscraper

5

3 .16

1 2

A typ ica l c arina ted e ndscraper

2 3

P er9oir

2 1 1

1 .27 6 .96

2 4

Bec

6

3 .80

2 5

Mu lt iple p er9oir/bec

1

0 .63

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b ur in

1 0 1

0 .63

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

8

5 .06

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b urin

3 1

Mu lt iple d ihedra l b urin

1 2 4

6 .33

7 .59 2 .53

3 5

Bur in o n o b lique r et . t runc .

4

2 .53

3 6

B ur in o n c oncave r et . t runc .

5

3 .16

3 7

Bur in o n c onvex r et . t runc .

1

0 .63

T ransverse b urin o n l a tera l s urface

3

1 .90

3 9

Transverse b urin o n n otch

1

0 .63

4 0

Mu lt ip le b urin o n r e t . t runc .

2

1 .27

4 1

Mu lt ip le mixed b urin

3

1 .90

Broken b ur in

1

0 .63

5 8

Backed b lade

1

0 .63

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

6

3 .80

6 1

Ob lique t runca te d p iece

5

3 .16

6 4

B i trunca ted p iece

7 4

N otch

( 38)

1 2 1

3 88

0 .63 1 3 .29

Tab le I .3 8 c on t . N u mber

T ype n o .

Type n ame

7 5

Dent icu la te

9

7 6

S p l in tered p iece

1

0 .6 3

7 7

S idescraper

1

0 .63

7 8

R ac le t te

8 5

Backed b lade le t

4

2 .53

8 9

N o tched b lade let

1

0 .63

9 2

D iverse

1

0 .63

1 2

5 .70

7 .59

1 58

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 4 ) :

A l l h ave c onvex work ing f ron ts ( f ig . I .2 2 ,1) .

Doub le e ndscraper ( 2 ) :

B o th c o mb ine t wo o pposed c onvex e ndscrapers .

E ndscraper o n f l ake ( 7 ) :

O ne i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a n otch .

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /b 1 . ( 2 ) : Carina ted e ndscraper ( 5 ) :

O ne h as a n o g iva l , a nd o ne a c onvex f ron t .

O ne o f t hese ( f ig . 1 .22 ,2) h as a t h inn ing f l ake

r e moved f ro m o ne e dge , a s o bserved b y S ire ix o n an u mber o fp ieces f ro m P ourquey ( c f . c hap ter 4 ) . P er9oir ( 8 ) :

( f ig . 1 .22 ,3 ) .

Doub le p er9oir ( 1 ) : Bec ( 6 ) :

O ne i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a n otch .

Ad oub le microper9oir .

Two a re a ssoc ia ted w i th n o tches .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin ( 10 ) :

( f ig . 1 .22 ,4 ) .

O ne h as c or tex s urface f orming

o ne h edron . C orb iac b ur in ( 2 ) :

B oth t hese a re t ransverse .

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 4 ) : S DB

S DB

AOB

1

1

AOB

2

Burin d 'axe o n r e t . t runc . ( 3 ) :

O ne i s o n o b lique , a nd o ne o n c oncave r e t .

t runc . The l ast i s o n o b lique f la t r e touch , a nd a pproaches t he C orbiac b urin . Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 5 ) :

Three a re o n c oncave r et . ,o ne o n c onvex r et .

a nd o ne o n o b l ique-concave r e t . ( f ig . 1 .22 ,5 ) . Transverse b ur in o n n o tch ( 1 ) :

( f ig . 1 .22 ,6) .

Mu l t ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 2 ) : CCTR Mu lt ip le mixed b ur in ( 3 ) : S DB

Ang . S TR

CCTR ( 1 )1 2 x Ang . OTR

1

Ang . Ob i-Conc . r e t .

1

ADB

1

3 89

F igure I .2 2

P egour ie L eve l 9

1 . C onvex e ndscraper ( Peg . 4 77 c .9 ) . c . 97 474 ) .

3 . P er9o ir .

2 . Car ina ted e ndscraper ( Peg . 1 160

4 . S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in ( Peg . 1 191 C . 97 496 ) .

5 . Ang le b ur in o n o b i .conc . r e t . t runc . ( Peg . 9 1 C . 9 b 1 324 ) . b ur in o n n otch .

1

3

5

4

3 90

6 . Transverse

Trunca ted p iece ( 6 ) :

A l l a re s tra igh t , o ne i s i nverse , a nd t wo a re a ssoc ia ted

w i th n o tches . O b l ique ly t runca ted p iece ( 5 ) :

( f ig . 1 .23 ,7) .

P iece w i th p ar t ia l r e t . t runc . ( 4 ) : B i trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) :

C o mb ines s tra igh t a nd o b lique ( and p ar t ia l ) .

P iece w i th p rox/d is t . n otch ( 8 ) : Rac le t te ( 12 ) : a ng le e dged .

O ne i s i nverse .

( f ig . I .2 3 ,8 ,9 ,1 0 ,1 1) .

E leven a re c lassed a s a brup t e dged ( f ig . I .2 3 ,12 ) , a nd o ne a s

Backed b lade le t ( 3 ) :

( f ig . 1 .23 ,13 ) .

O ne o f t hese i s n ow missing , a l though

f u l l r ecords o f i te x is ts . P oin ted b lade ( 1 ) :

An a tura l ly p oin ted b lade w i th r e touch a t t he t i p , r a ther

t han ab lade p ointed b y r e touch . D iverse ( 1 ) :

Ab acked b lade .

S p l intered p iece ( 1 ) : R etouched ( 63) : F rag men ts ( 10 ) :

( f ig . I .2 3 ,14 ) .

Three a re c ore t r im ming f l akes , a nd o ne a c ore f ragmen t . O ne i s ac or t ica l f l ake w i th e v idence o n t he r idge o f t he

d orsa l s urface o fp rev ious u se a s ah am mer o ft he p ebb le f ro m wh ich i ti s d etached . A s econd i s af l ake f rom ap ebb le , w i th smooth d orsa l s urface , wh ich wh ich h as b een s cra tched , a nd p reserves o chre t races i n t he g rooves . S ix o f t he r e ma ining p ieces a re i n c rys ta l line r ock , o ne may h ave b een a n otch , a nd a nother s ee ms t o h ave b een u sed .

3 91

F igure I .2 3

P egour ie L eve l 9

7 . Ob l ique ly t runc . p iece ( Peg . 8 33 c . 97 545 ) .

8 ,9 ,10 ,11 . P ieces w i th p rox/

d is t . n otch ( Peg . 4 58 c . 9 , Peg . 5 88 c . 9 , P eg . 4 98 c . 94 910 , P eg . 6 60 c . 9 5 491) .

1 2 . Rac le t te ( Peg . 3 11 4 532 ) .

1 321) .

1 4 . S p l intered p iece ( Peg . 9 92 c . 9 a ) .

1 3 . Backed b lade le t ( Peg . 8 66 C . 9 a

8

1 0

S '

1 3

3 92

Tab le I .3 9 Type n o . 1 .

P egour ie L eve l 8 .

N ew t ype l i s t N u mber

Type n a me S ing le e nd s craper

1 8

5 .0 3

1b is .

S ing le e ndscraper o n t h inned e nd

2

0 .5 6

2

D oub le e ndscraper

2

0 .5 6

3

E nd s craper o n f l ake

2

0 .5 6

8

F an e ndscraper

1

0 .2 8

9

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l ./ b l .

4

1 .12

1 1

C ar ina ted e ndscraper

3

0 .84

1 4

A typ ica l n osed/shou ldered c ar in . e s .

1

0 .2 8

1 6

F la t s hou ldered e ndscraper

1

0 .2 8

Broken e nd s craper

2

0 .5 6

1 7

E nd s craper-dihedra l b ur in

3

0 .8 4

1 7 b is .

E ndscraper-bur in o n r e t . t runc .

1

0 .2 8

1 8

E ndscraper- t runca ted p iece

1

0 .2 8

2 1

P er9oir-endscraper

2

0 .5 6

2 3

P er9oir

1 1

3 . 0 7

2 3 b is .

Doub le p er9oir

1

0 .2 8

2 4

M icroper9o ir

2

0 .5 6

2 5

Mu l t ip le p er9oir

2 7

Bec

2 7 b is .

Mu l t ip le b ee

2 8

S pine

2 1 2 1 1 1 2

0 .5 6 3 .35 0 .2 8 3 .07

2 9

Bee b urinan t a l terne

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

3 0 b is .

De je te d ihedra l b ur in

3 1

A ng le d ihedra l b ur in

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

3 6

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in

5

1 .40

3 7

Burin d 'axe o n r e t . t runc .

4

1 .1 2

3 8

Ang le b ur in o n r et . t runc .

6

1 .6 8

3 8 b is .

Ang le b ur in o n o b lique r e t . t runc .

4

1 .1 2

4 1

T ransverse b ur in o n l a tera l r e t .

4

1 .1 2

4 1 b .

Mu l t ip le h e terogeneous TLR b ur in

1

0 .2 8

4 1 b is .

Transverse b ur in o n n otch

1

0 .2 8

4 2

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1

0 .2 8

4 6

Mu lt ip le mixed b ur in

3

0 .84

Broken b ur in

2

0 .5 6

5 6

A typ ica l s hou ldered p oin t

1

0 .2 8

5 7

T runca ted p iece

8

2 .2 3

5 8

O b lique ly t runca ted p iece

2

0 .5 6

5 9

P iece w i th p ar t ia l r e t . t runc .

1

0 .2 8

1 1 7 7 1 2

0 .5 6 3 . 0 7 1 .9 6 1 .9 6 3 .35

5 9 b is .

P iece w i th p ar t ia l r e t . t r . o n c orner

1

0 .2 8

6 0

B i trunca ted p iece

2

0 .5 6

6 3

Aur ignac ian b lade

7 2

N otch

1 1 4

0 .2 8 3 .91

7 3

P iece w i th p rox/dist . n otch

8

2 .2 3

7 4

Dent icu la te

7

1 .96

3 93

Tab le I .3 9 c on t . T ype n o .

T ype n a me

N u mber

7 4 b is .

Dent icu la te made w i th microden t icu la t ion

3

0 .84

7 5

S idescraper

6

1 .68

7 6

Rac let te

7 7/78

S ca lene t r iang le/b lade le t

1

0 .28

8 3 8 4

T runca ted b lade le t P oin ted b acked b lade le t

1 4

0 .28 1 .12

8 5

Backed b lade le t

8 8

3 0

2 4 .58

8 .38

8 7

Trunca ted b acked b lade le t

6

1 .68

8 7 b is .

B i trunca ted b acked b lade le t

1

0 .28

( 88)

N o tched b acked b lade le t

1

0 .28

N o tched b lade le t

3

0 .84

9 4

B lade let w i th f i ne d irec t r e touch

7

1 .96

9 6

A z i l ian p oin t

1

0 .28

C urved b acked p oin t

1

0 .28

1 01

P oin ted b lade

2

0 .56

1 04

N o tch ' en b ou t '

1

0 .28

1 05

D iverse

2

0 .56

1 05 a .

N otch b enea th b reak

2

0 .56

9 1

( 96 b is . )

.

3 58 O ther p ieces S p lin tered p iece

5

C hewed p iece

2

R e touched

1 15

U t i l ised

4 80

Bur in s pa l ls

1 11

T ransverse b ur n s pa l ls

2

U nretouched f l/b 1 . —co mp lete i nco mp lete C ores

2 35 8 67 1 3

Ba t tered c ore

1

C ore r eused a s h a m mers tone

1

C ore t r imm ing f l akes

1 1

R idged c ore t r im m ing f lakes

1 1

C ore f rag men ts

1 0

C hunks

2

F ragmen ts

1 1 861 T ota l 2 219

3 94 ,

Tab le 1 .40 Type n o .

P egour ie L eve l 8 .

O ld t ype l i st ( approx .)

Type n a me

N u mber

%

2 0

5 .52

1

S ing le e nd s craper

3

Doub le e ndscraper

2

0 .55

5

E nd s craper o n r e t . f lib l .

4

1 .10

7

F an e nd s craper

1

0 .28

8

E nd s craper o nf l ake

2

0 .55

1 1

C arina ted e ndscraper

3

0 .83

1 3

Th ick n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

1

0 .28

1 4

F la t n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

1

0 .28

Broken e ndscraper

2

0 .55

1 7

E nd s craper-bur in

4

1 .10

1 8

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .28

2 1 2 3

P er9oir-endscraper P er9oir

2 2 2

0 .55 6 .08

2 4

Bec

1 4

3 .87

2 5

Mu l t ip le p er9oir/bec

4

1 .10

2 6

Microper9oir

2

0 .55

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b ur in

1 1 7 7

3 .04 1 .93

2 9

Ang le o n d ihedra l b urin

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

3 1

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in

5

1 .38

3 5

Bur in o n o b lique r e t . t runc .

9

2 .49

3 6

Bur in o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

5

1 .38

3 8

Transverse b ur in o n l a tera l r e t .

4

1 .10

3 9

Transverse b ur in o n n o tch

1

0 .28

4 0

Mu l t ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

2

0 .55

4 1

Mu lt ip le mixed b ur in

3

0 .83

Broken b ur in

2

0 .55

5 6

A typ ica l P er igordian s hou ldered p oin t

1

0 .28

5 7

S hou ldered p iece

1

0 .28

1 2

1 .93 3 .31

5 8

C o mp le te ly b acked p iece

1

0 .28

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

8

2 .21

6 1

O b lique t runca ted p iece

3

0 .83

6 4

B i trunca ted p iece

1

0 .28

6 7

A ur ignac ian b lade

7 4

N otch

2 6

7 .18

7 5

Den t icu la te

1 0

2 .76

1

0 .28

7 6

S p lin tered p iece

5

1 .38

7 7

S idescraper

6

1 .66

7 8

Rac le t te

7 9

Tr iang le

8 8 1

0 .28

8 4

Trunca ted b lade le t

8 5

Backed b lade le t '

8 6

T runca ted b acked b lade le t

7

1 .93

N otched b acked b lade le t

1

0 .28

N otched b lade le t

3

0 .83

( 87) 8 9

1

2 4 .31

3 5

3 95

0 .28 9 .67

T ab le I .4 0 c on t . N u mber

Type n o .

T ype n ame

9 0

R e touched ( Dufour ) b lade let

7

1 .93

9 1

A z i l ian p oin t

1

0 .28

9 2

D iverse

2

0 .55

3 62

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 18) :

A l l a re c onvex , t hree made w i th a brup t r ac let te t ype

r etouch , o ne o n ac ore t r im ming f l ake c o mbined w i th a r ac le t te , a nd o ne o pp osed t o ac hewed e nd . D oub le e ndscraper ( 2 ) :

O ne o pposes a n o g iva l e nd t o as l igh t ly d e je te c onvex

e nd ( such s l igh t ly d e je te c onvex e nds a re c o m mon amongs t t he s ing le e nds crapers ) , t he o ther c o mb ines a n a typ ica l c ar ina ted e ndscraper w i th a b a t tered c onvex e nd . F an e ndscraper ( 1 ) :

( f ig . I .2 4 ,1) .

E ndscraper o n r e t .

( 4 ) :

E ndscraper-bur in ( 3/1) :

ADB

A l l a re c onvex . AOB

TLR

2

1

C onvex Og iva l

1

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : P er9o ir-endscraper (2 ) :

C onvex-ob lique .

P er9oir o pposed t o c onvex e ndscraper ( 1 );

P er9oir

a d jacen t t o f l a t s hou ldered e ndscraper ( 1 ) . P er9o ir ( 1 1) :

t wo a re ma c le w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch , o ne i s c o mbined w i th

ar ac le t te , a nd o ne w i th a d en t icu la te . Mu lt ip le p er9oir ( 2 ) : Bec ( 12) :

s tar s haped .

Two a re made w i th r ac let te t ype r e touch , a nd o ne i s o n af la t c ore

( c f . C hap ter 4 p . 9 1) . O ne t ha t a pproaches a p oin ted b lade i s i l lustra ted ( f ig . 1 .24 ,3) . Mu lt ip le b ec ( 1 ) : S pine ( 11) :

Doub le o n ly .

( f ig . 1 .24 ,3) .

O ne i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a n otch .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in ( 1 1) : Ang le d ihedra l b ur in ( 7 ) :

( f ig . 1 .24 ,4 ) .

Two a re a ssoc ia ted w i th r ac le t tes .

O ne i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a r ac let te .

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 5 ) :

S DB

S DB ADB

ADB 1

AOB Bur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc . ( 4 ) :

AOB

2 2 Three a re o n o b lique r etouch , a nd o ne o n

o b lique-concave r e t .

3 96

F igure I .2 4 Pegour ie L eve l 8 1 . F an e ndscraper ( Peg . 1 4 3 18) . ( Peg . 2 61 c . 8 ) .

2 . Bec ( Peg . 2 67 C . 83 753 ) .

4 . S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in ( Peg . 1 55 c . 82 326) .

v erse b ur in o n n otch ( Peg . 3 80 c . 8 re m 4 690 ) .

5 . Trans-

6 . A typica l P er igordian

s hou ldered p oin t ( Peg . 6 0 C . 86 41 ) .

1

6

3 97

3 . S p ine

Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 6 ) :

F ive o n c oncave , a nd o ne o n o b lique c oncave

r etouch . Ang le b ur in o n o b lique r e t . t runc . ( 4 ) : Two h ave s pa l l r e mova l p la tforms made w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch . Transverse b ur in o n l a tera l r e t . ( 4 ) : made w i th r ac let te t ype r e touch .

O ne h as t he s pa l l r e mova l p la tform

Mu lt ip le h e terogeneous TLR b ur in ( 1 ) :

TLR-Ang le o n CCTR ;

Transverse b ur in o n n otch ( 1 ) : ( f ig . 1 .24 ,5 ) . O n af l ake t h icker t han t hose u sed f or mos t o ft he o ther t oo ls , a nd q ui te l arge i n ag enera l ly sma l l a ssemb lage . Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 1 ) :

D oub le a ng le o n CCTR b urin .

Mu lt ip le mixed b urin ( 3 ) : A xe OTR S DB

3

A typ ica l P er igordian s hou ldered p oin t ( 1 ) : Trunca ted p iece ( 8 ) : i nverse .

A l l a re s tra igh t , t wo p rox ima l ( f ig . 1 .25 ,7) , a nd o ne

P iece w i th p ar t ia l r e t . t runc . ( 1 ) : B i trunca ted p iece ( 2 ) : O b lique

( f ig . 1 .24 ,6) .

O b l ique 1

A ssoc ia ted w i th a n otch .

P ar t ia l o n c orner 1

Aur ignac ian b lade ( 1 ) : ( f ig . 1 ,25 ,8) . Th is c ou ld e qua l ly b e a t tr ibuted t o t he c lass o f Magda len ia n r e touched b lades d iscussed b y d e S onnev i l le-Bordes & Def farge ( 1974 ) . N otch ( 14 ) :

( f ig . 1 .24 ,9) .

Den t icu la te ( 7 ) :

( f ig . 1 ,25 ,10 ) .

Rac let te ( 8 8) : 8 0 were c lassed a s a brup t e dged , f our a s a ng le e dged , a nd f our a s marg ina l ( f ig . I .2 5 ,1 1 ,1 2 ) . Backed b lade le t ( 30 ) :

( f ig . 1 .25 ,13 ,14 ) .

C urved b acked p oint ( 1 ) : P oin ted b lade ( 2 ) : p oin t . D iverse ( 2 ) :

( f ig . 1 .25 ,15 ) .

At h in b acked p iece .

As i n b ed 9 , n a tura l ly p oin ted b lades w i th r e touch o n t he

Ab acked b lade , a nd ab roken p iece b roken a bove t he s hou lder .

3 98

F igure I .2 5

P egour ie L eve l 8

7 . T runca ted p iece ( Peg . 3 66 c . 8 re m ) . 2 286) .

9 . N otch ( Peg . 5 53 c .8 5 099 ) .

8 . Aur ignac ian b lade ( Peg . 1 63 c .8

1 0 . Den t icu la te ( Peg . 2 42 c . 83 632) .

1 1,12 . R ac le t tes ( Peg . 1 96 3 026 , P eg . 2 16 c .8 3 133) . l e ts ( Peg . 1 65 3 796 , P eg . 3 94 c . 8 a 6 184 ) .

1 5 . C urved b acked p o in t ( Peg .

2 39 3 266) .

7

9

1 0 1 2

1 3

1 5

3 99

1 3 ,14 . Backed b lade-

Gro t te d e CASSEGROS , Tren te ls , L ot-e t-Garonne The s i te f aces d ue s ou th a t t he t op o f al imestone b luf f a t a n a l t i tude o f 2 00 m, a nd 1 40 m a bove t he l eve l o f t he L ot . The b luf f f orms t he r igh t s lope o f t he v a l ley , a nd s tands 2 -3 km f ro m t he r iver . A s er ies o f c ha mbers s ucceed o ne a nother o ver a l enz th o f 1 00 m . I n o ne o f t he d eeper c ha mbers s o me p ar ie ta l a r t h as b een f ound i nc lud ing a p a inted h orse 's h ead .

The e xcava t ions h ave t aken p lace a t t he e n try a nd i n t he f irs t

g a l lery . The c ave h ad l ong b een k nown , b ut i t s a rchaeo log ica l s ign if icance was n ot r ecogn ised u n t i l c landes t ine e xcava t ions i n 1 972 .

Ar escue e xcava t ion

u nder t he d irec t ion o f J -M . L e Tensorer t ook p lace i n e ar ly 1 973 , a nd a f u l l a nd d e ta i led e xcava t ion h as c on t inued s ince ( Le T ensorer 1 976) . B enea th p os t-g lac ia l l eve ls a re a s er ies o f Magda len ian l eve ls , a nd l eve ls w i th s o f ar i nde ter mina te ma ter ia l , b es ide s ter i le l eve ls .

F ro m t op t o b ot to m

t he s tra t igraphy r uns ( af ter L e T ensorer 1 976a ) : L eve l 1 :

E bou lis p ostda t ing 1 2th c entury .

L eve l 2 :

Ear thy b ed w i th d ebr is o f l oca l 1 1th a nd 1 2th c entury p ot tery .

L eve l 3 :

B rown b ed w i th c lear b reak a t b ase , i n p laces d isturb ing t he P a laeo l i th ic l eve ls t o ad epth o f 2m .

L eve l 4 :

B ur ia ls .

N eo l i th ic?

Wh i te c o mpac tbed w i th sma l l g ranu les a nd s of tened p ebb les . S ter i le .

L eve l5 :

Sma l l s ubangu lar l imestone e bou lis , l acunae .

L eve l 6 :

E bou l is o f a ngu lar b locks a nd t her moc last ic p laques . L ens o f l igh t b rown s andyl i mon .

L igh t b rown e ar thy l eve l , l ess e bou lis .

L eve l 8 :

I den t ica l t o l eve l 6 .

L eve l 9 :

Brown e ar thy l eve l , I n i t ia l Magda len ian .

S carce I n i t ia l Magd .

S carce I n i t ia l Magd a len ian .

R ed-brown , c o loured b y h eavy q uan t i t ies o f r ed o chre . many f ragments o f s ta lac t i te a nd s ta lagmi te .

L eve l 1 1 :

Lacunae .

S carce (? In i t ia l ) Magda lenian .

L eve l 7 :

L eve l 1 0 :

S ter i le .

C on ta ins

I n i t ia l Magd .

E bou l is o f l arge b locks g iv ing way l a tera l ly t o s andyli mon c ont a ining s ub-rounded p ebb les a nd r ich f auna .

L eve ls 1 2-25 : E ar lier l eve ls , s ter i le e xcept f or i nde termina te i ndus try i n l eve ls 1 3 a nd 1 5 , a nd f auna i n 1 2 a nd 1 9 . On ly l eve ls 9 a nd 1 0 h ad —in 1 978 —y ie lded more t han a f ew t oo ls . M . L e T ensorer v ery k ind ly a l lowed me t o s tudy t he u npub lished ma ter ia l f ro m t hese l eve ls — ma ter ia l t ha t h e was i n t he p rocess o f s tudying h imse lf . The p r inc ipa l d if ference b e tween o ur a na lyses—espec ia l ly o f L eve l 1 0— l ay i n t he r ac let te c a tegory , where Id id n ot l i ke t o a ccep t t hose p ieces d es cr ibed a s ' proto-rac let tes ' . D ur ing t he e xcava t ion o f l eve l 9 , t he r ac let te l eve l s ee med t o c o mpare t o t he a br i F r i tsch a nd l ack b acked b lade le ts c o mp lete ly . 4 00

H owever i n o ne

4 0 cm s quare , a round a h ear th were f ound a n u mber o fb acked b lade le ts t ha t f or m more t han 2 0% o f t he p resen t a sse mb lage .

The imp lica t ions o ft h is

o bserva t ion f or o ur i n terpre ta t ion o f a sse mb lages f ro m p ar t ia l s i te e xcavat ions a re o bv ious . Tab le I .4 1 . Type n o .

C assegros L eve l 1 0 .

N ew t ype l i s t N u mber

T ype n ame

%

1

S ing le e ndscraper

5

4 .55

1b is .

S ing le e ndscraper o n t h inned e nd

1

0 .91

2

Doub le e ndscraper

1

0 .91

3 9

E ndscraper o nf l ake E ndscraper o n r e t . f l ib l .

1 3

0 .91 2 .7 3

1 0

E nd s craper o n Aur ignac ian b lade

2

1 .8 2

1 1

Car ina ted e ndscraper

1

0 .91

1 2

A typ ica l c ar ina ted e ndscraper

3

2 .7 3

Broken e ndscraper

1

0 .91

1 7 b is .

E ndscraper-bur in o n r e t . t runc .

1

0 .91

1 8

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .91

2 7

Bec

2 7 b is .

Mu lt ip le b ee

1 7 3

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

3

2 .73

3 0 b is .

De je te d ihedra l b urin

2

1 .82

3 1

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

5

4 .55

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

2

1 .8 2

3 7

B ur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc .

1

0 .91

3 8 b is .

Ang le b ur in o n o b lique r e t . t r ine .

1

0 .91

4 1

Transverse b ur in o n l a tera l r e t .

2

1 .8 2

1

0 .91

4 1 b is .b .

Mu lt ip le h e terogeneous TON b ur in

1

0 .91

4 6

Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in

1

0 .91

5 7

Trunca ted p iece

3

2 .73

5 8

Ob lique ly t runca ted p iece

3

2 .73

o n l a tera l u nprep . s urf .

2 2

1 5 .45 2 .73

7 2

N otch

7 4

Den t icu la te

7 4 b is .

Den t icu la te made w i th microden t ic .

7 5

S idescraper

7 6

Rac let te

2

1 .82

1 05

D iverse

3

2 .73

1 05 a .

N otch b enea th b reak

1

0 .91

3 1 1 3

1 10 O ther p ieces 6 1

P iece w i th c on t inuous r e touch-1 e dge

6 1 b is .

2e dges S p lin tered p iece

1 3 2 7

P iece w i th a brupt r e touch

4

R e touched

2 8

U t i l ised

2 3

4 01

2 0 .00 2 .73 0 .91 1 1 .82

Tab le I .4 1 c on t . Burin s pa l ls

2 0

Unre touched

2 71

C ores

6

C ore t ri m m ing f l akes

1

F ragmen ts

2

P ebb le w i th o ne f l ake r e moved

1

O ther

1 3 88

Tab le I .4 2 T ype n o .

C assegros L eve l 1 0 .

T o ta l

4 98

O ld t ype l i st ( approx .)

Type n a me

N u mber

%

6

4 .38

1

S ing le e ndscraper

3

Doub le e ndscraper

1

0 .73

5

E ndscraper o n r e t . f lib l .

3

2 .1 9

6

E ndscraper o n Aur ig . b lade

2

1 .4 6

8

E ndscraper o n f l ake

1

0 .7 3

1 1

C ar ina ted e ndscraper

1

0 .7 3

1 2

A typ ica l c ar ina ted e ndscraper

3

2 .1 9

Broken e ndscraper

1

0 .73

1 7

E ndscraper-bur in

1

0 .73

1 8

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .73

2 4

Bec

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9oir/bec

1 7 3

1 2 .41 2 .1 9

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

3

2 .19

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b ur n

2

1 .46

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

5

3 .65

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

2

1 .46

3 5

Bur in o n o b l ique r et . t runc .

2

1 .4 6

3 8

Transverse b ur in o n l a tera l r e t .

3

2 .1 9

4 0

Mu l t ip le b ur in o n r et . t runc .

1

0 .73

4 1

Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in

1

0 .73

5 8

Backed b lade

1

0 .73

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

1

0 .7 3

6 1

Ob l ique t runca ted p iece

3

2 .1 9

6 2

C oncave t runca ted p iece

2

1 .4 6

7 4

N o tch

7 5

Den t icu la te

2 3 4

1 6 .79 2 .92

7 6

S p lintered p iece

2 7

1 9 .71

7 7

S idescraper

1 3

9 .49

7 8

Rac le t te

9 2

D iverse

2

1 .4 6

2

1 .46

1 37

4 02

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 5 ) :

A l l c onvex .

S ing le e ndscraper o n t h inned e nd ( 1 ) : O n ab roken f l ake , t he o ther p art o f wh ich was worked a s as idescraper p os t-frac ture ( c f . f i g . 1 .26,1) . D oub le e ndscraper ( 1 ) :

O pposes a c onvex t o as tra igh t f ron t .

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b 1 . ( 3 ) :

A l l a re c onvex , o ne o n at h ick s uppor t , o ne

i nverse o n t he p rox ima l e nd , a nd o ne o n al ong , t h in , a nd n arrow s upport . E ndscraper-burin ( 1 ) :

c onvex-Ang le o n S TR b ur in .

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : Bee ( 1 7) :

The t runca t ion a r eworked d ihedra l b urin .

O ne a c on ica l p ro jec t ion w i th wear o na l l t hree f aces , b ut n o c lear

t races o f r e touch . Mu l t ip le b ee ( 3 ) :

Two a re d oub le .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in ( 3 ) :

O ne h ad o ne h edron n a tura l o r ig ina l ly , b ut h as

b een r esharpened , as econd h as r etouch o n o ne s pa l l r e mova l s urface . De je te d ihedra l b urin ( 2 ) :

B o th h ave o ne h edron n a tura l .

Ang le d ihedra l b urn ( 5 ) : O ne i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a n otch , as econd c arr ies r e touch , b u t af rac ture p reven ts r ecogn i t ion o f at ool . B urin d 'axe o n r e t . t runc . ( 1 ) :

O n o b lique r e t .

Mu lt ip le h e terogeneous TON b urin ( 1 ) : b ur in d 'axe o n OTR . Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in ( 1 ) : Trunca ted p iece ( 3 ) : S idescraper ( 13 ) :

TON a nd TLR a d jacen t o pposed t o a

ADB o pposed a ng le o n CCTR .

O ne s tra igh t , a nd t wo c oncave .

Two a re i nverse .

( c f . f i g . 1 .26 ,1 )

Rac le t te ( 2 ) : O ne i s marg ina l , o n at h in f l ake w i th n o t v ery a brupt r e touch . The s econd i s c o mb ined w i th a s p lin tered p iece . D iverse ( 3 ) :

O ne i s ac urved b acked p iece ( f ig . I .2 6,2 ) l i ke t ha t f ro m P iage

C -E ( f ig . 1 .21,2 ) . The s econd i s ar e touched L eva l lo is p oin t , a nd t he t h ird a mu lt ip le t oo l c o mbining a n a ng le o n b reak b ur in , ab ee , a nd a s tra igh t t runca ted p iece . S p l in tered p iece ( 27) :

One i s ar eused r e touched p iece , o ne a r eused s ide-

s craper ,o ne a r eused a typ ica l c arina ted e ndscraper , a nd o ne a r eused o g iva l e ndscraper o n al arge f an s haped b lade . a cross , a nd o ne s p l i t l eng thw ise .

O ft he r ema ining 2 3 , f our a re b roken

' O ther ' ( 1 ) : At h ick f l ake ( 2 9 mm t h ick ) w i th a n a t te mpt t o work t he p rox ima l e nd a s ac ore o r as craper .

4 03

F igure 1 .26

C assegros L eve l 1 0

1 . Broken e ndscraper o n t h inned e nd , p ar tr eworked a s as idescraper ( G27-215 , G 27-217 ) ( a f ter L e Tensorer 1 976 p . 2 1 f ig . 1 2 . 4 ) . b acked b lade .

2

4 04

2C urved

Tab le I .4 3 Type n o .

Cassegros L eve l 9 .

N ew t ype l i st

Type n a me

1

S ing le e nd s craper

9

N u mber

%

6

5 .41

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b 1 .

2

1 .80

1 7

E ndscraper-dihedra l b ur in

3

2 .70 0 .90

1 9

Bur in-trunca ted p iece

1

2 1

Per9oir-endscraper

1

0 .90

2 2

Per9oir-bur in

2

1 .80

2 3

P er9oir

3

2 .70

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9oir

1

0 .90

2 7

Bee

2 8

S pine

1 0 2

1 .80

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

4

3 .60

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b urin

1

0 .90

3 6

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in

1

0 .90

3 8

Ang le b ur in o n r etouched t runc .

2

1 .80

Broken b urin

1

0 .90

5 7

Trunca ted p iece

5

4 .50

5 9

P iece w i th p ar t ia l r e t . t runc .

2

7 2

N otch

1 0

9 .01

1 .80 9 .01

7 3

P iece w i th p rox/dist . n otch

1

0 .90

7 4

Den t icu la te

3

2 .70

7 4 b is .

Dent icu la te made w ith microdent icu la t ion

3

2 .70

7 5

S idescraper

2

1 .80

7 6

Rac le t te

8 3

Trunca ted b lade le t

8 5

Backed b lade le t

( 88) 9 4

1 6 1 2 6

1 4 .41 0 .90 2 3 .42

N otched b acked b lade let

1

0 .90

B lade le t w i th f i ne d irec t r e t .

1

0 .90

1 11 O ther p ieces 6 1

P iece w i th c ont inuous r e t . —1 e dge

6 1 b is .

2e dges

4 1

S p lin tered p iece

1 3

Re touched

2 4

U t i lised

1 6

Bur in s pa l ls

2 0

U nretouched f l/h i . —co mp le te i nco mp le te

3 1 1 85

C ores

7

Ba t tered c ore

1

C ore f ragments

2

C ore t r i m ming f lakes

2

R idged c ore t r im m ing f lakes

2

C hunks

2

F rag ments

4 3 13

4 05

Tota l 4 24

Tab le I .4 4 Type n o .

C assegros L eve l 9 .

O ld t ype l i s t ( approx .) N u mber

Type n a me

1

S ing le e nd s craper

5

4 .1 0

4

Og iva l e nd s craper

1

0 .82

5

E nd s craper o n r e t . f l /b l .

2

1 .64

1 7

E nd s craper—bur in

3

2 .4 6

1 9

B ur intrunca ted p iece

1

0 .8 2

2 1

P er9oir-endscraper

1

0 .82

2 2

P er9o ir-bur in

2

1 .64

2 3

P er9oir

5

4 .10

2 4

Bec

1 0

8 .20

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9oir

1

0 .82

2 7 3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in Ang le o n b reak b ur in

4 1

3 .28 0 .82

3 1

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in

1

0 .82

3 4

Bur in o n s tra igh t r e t . t runc .

2

1 .64

Broken b ur in

1

0 .82

6 0 6 1

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece O b l ique t runca ted p iece

4 1

3 .28 0 .82

7 4

N o tch

7 5

Den t icu la te

7 6

S p lin tered p iece

7 7

S idescraper

1 1

9 .0 2

6

4 .92

1 3

1 0 .6 6

2

7 8

R ac le t te

8 4

T runca ted b lade le t

8 5

Backed b lade le t

8 7

N o tched b acked b lade le t

9 0

R e touched ( Dufour ) b lade le t

1 .64

1 6

1 3 .11

1 2 6

0 .82 2 1 .31

1

0 .82

1

0 .82

1 22

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 6 ) :

F our h ave c onvex f ron ts , o ne a ssoc ia ted w i th a d en-

t icu la te , a nd o ne w i th a n otch ; o ne i s o g iva l , a nd o ne h as ab roken s craper f ron t . E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b l . ( 2 ) : an o tch . E ndscraper-bur in ( 3 ) :

ADB

AOB

1 a

1b

C onvex A typ . c ar ina ted N ote a .

o n af l ake .

O ne s tra igh t , o ne c onvex a nd a ssoc ia ted w i th

1 b . Assoc ia ted w i th ad en t icu la te .

B ur in-trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : t runca ted p iece . P er9o ir-endscraper ( 1 ) :

Ang le b ur in f ro m u nprep . s urface-stra igh t

A s p ine o n t he e nd o f ac onvex s craper f ron t .

4 06

P er2o ir-burin ( 2 ) :

I n o ne c ase o pposed t o a n AOB , i n t he o ther t o t wo a d jacen t

AOB b ur ins . P er2oir ( 3 ) :

O ne i s c o mb ined w i th a d en t icu la te , a nd o ne w i th a r ac le t te .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in ( 4 ) :

O ne h as o ne h edron ' na tura l ' .

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 1 ) :

AOB ( w i th t he b urin b lows t ransverse ) o pposed

t o aC orb iac b ur in . Ang le b ur in o nr e t . t runc . ( 2 ) : Trunca ted p iece ( 5 ) :

B oth a re o n s tra igh t r e t .

F our a re s tra igh t , i n o ne c ase p rox i ma l , a nd i n a

s econd w i th a n a ng le e dged t runca t ion .

The f i f th p iece c o mb ines a s ec t ion o f

o b l ique , a nd a s ec t ion o f s tra igh t r e t . t runc . P iece w i th p ar t ia l r e t . t runc . ( 2 ) : P iece w i th p rox/dis t . n otch ( 1 ) :

O ne a ssoc ia ted w i th a n o tch .

Has ap a ir o f i nverse n otches c e : .:osed

p roxima l ly . Den t icu la te made w i th microdent icu la t ion ( 3 ) :

O ne a lso c arr ies a n otch b e-

n ea th b reak . R ac let te ( 16 ) :

S even c lassed a s a brupt e dged , f our a s a ng le e dged , o ne a s a

r ac let te-no tch , a nd o ne a s ar ac let te o r e ndscraper o n f l ake . Two s howed o n ly marg ina l r e t ., a nd t he o ther h as o n ly a s hor t s tre tch o f r ac le t te t ype r et ouch . S p lintered p iece ( 13 ) : C ores ( 7 ) :

Two a re r eused s idescrapers .

O ne i s ab lade le t c ore f ro m wh ich t he b lanks f or s o me o f t he b acked

b lade le ts c ame .

4 07

M AUBIN , Beaupuy , L ot-e t-Garonne The s i te l i es a t a n a l t i tude o f C . 9 0 m o n t he e dge o f t he p la teau t ha t f ringes t he f l ood p la in o f t he r igh t b ank o f t he Garonne , d o mina t ing t he v a l ley f l oor b y c . 6 0 m .

D iscovered i n t he l ast c entury b y Boisver t , t he s i te was

r ediscovered b y E . Mon me jean , who b e tween 1 960 a nd 1 975 made r egu lar c o l lec t ions o ver t he s i te ( Le Tensorer 1 979 p p . 5 75-576 ) . Ma ter ia l was c o l lec ted o ver a n a rea o f c . 5 0 x2 0 m, w ith a d enser c onc en tra t ion n oted i n t he s outh-cen tra l p ar t .

Two s er ies c an b ed ist i nguished ,

I ni t ia l Magda lenian w i th a h eavy wh i te p a t ina , a nd Neo li th ic w i th a l i gh ter p a t ina .

L e Tensorer a rgues t ha t t he s ha l lowness o f t he Q ua ternary d epos i ts ,

a nd t he h o mogene ity i n f l int a nd p a tina o f t he s er ies s uggest t ha t t he I n i t ia l Magda lenian ma ter ia l i s d er ived f ro m a s ing le o ccurrence . The 8 42 p ieces c o l lec ted b y Monme jean were a na lysed b y L e Tensorer ( 1979 p p . 5 77-598) , whose t ype l i st I r e ly o n h ere . The f l ake/b lade i ndica t ions g iven b y L e Tensorer s uggest t ha t 1 2 .31% o f t he u nretouched p ieces a re b lades , o r , i ft he d ebr is a re i nc luded i n t he c ount ( as n on-b lades ) , 7 .88% . Tab le I .4 5

Maubin .

O ld t ype l i st ( af ter L e T ensorer )

Type n o .

Type n ame

N u mber

1

S ing le e ndscraper

2

1 .20

2

A typ ica l e nd s craper

4

2 .40

8

E ndscraper o n f l ake

3

1 .80

1 1

C arina ted e nd s craper

2

1 .20

1 7

E ndscraper-burin

5

2 .99

2 1

P er9oir-endscraper

1

0 .60

2 2

P er9oir-burin

2

1 .20

2 4

Bec

8

4 .79

2 6

Microper9oir

2

1 .20

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

4

2 .40

5

2 .99

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b urin

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

3 1

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in

7

3 5

B ur in o n o b lique r et . t runc .

7

4 .19

3 6

B urin o n c oncave r et . t runc .

4

2 .40

3 8

Transverse b ur n o n l a tera l r etouch

2

1 .20

3 9

Transverse b urin o n n o tch

4

2 .40

4 1

Mu lt ip le mixed b ur in

5

2 .99

4 3

C ore b ur in

6

3 .59

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

3

1 .80

1 0

5 .99 4 .19

6 3

C onvex t runca ted p iece

1

0 .60

7 4

N otch

4

2 .40

7 5

Den t icu la te

2

1 .20

7 6

S p lintered p iece

2

1 .20

7 7

S idescraper

7 8

Rac le t te

3 6 6

4 08

1 .80 3 9 .52

Tab le I .4 5 c ont . Type n o .

Type n a me

9 2

D iverse

%

N u mber 3

1 .80

1 67 C ther p ieces 6 5

P iece w i th c on tinuous r e t . —1 e dge

6 6

8

2e dges

1

R e touched/ut i lised

2 1

U nretouched —b lades/b la c le lets

4 8

f l akes/s ma l l f l akes

3 42

Debr is

2 19

Burin s pans

8

C ores

2 8 6 75

Tota l

8 42

C o m men tary C o mposi te t oo ls : E ndscraper

D ih . b urin

B ur in o n RT

B urin

E ndscraper

3

E ndscraper o n r et . b l .

1

N osed e ndscraper

1

P er9oir

1

4 09

1

B IRAC I I , S t-Su lp ice-e t-Cameyrac , G ironde T he s i te l i es o n ap ro mon tory o ft he Graves p la teau , a t a n a l t i tude o f 2 5 m, 1 2 m a bove t he D ordogne . O n o ne s ide t he s i te o ver looks t he a l luv ia l p la in o ft he l ef tb ank o ft he D ordogne , a nd o n t he o ther s ide , t he sma l l v a l ley o ft he C an taranne . T he s i te l i es 4 km f ro m t he r iver , b e tween t he v i l lages o f U cha mp a nd L a Barde , o n t he l ef t h and s ide o f t he r oad . The s he lters o f S a in t-Germa inla-R ivf ere a re v is ib le o n t he o ppos i te b ank o f t he Dordogne . A t l a ter p er iods , a Ga l lo-Ro man s i te , a nd a f euda l mot te e x is ted o n t he p ro montory . The s i tes o f B irac Ia nd 1 l i e j ust b e low t hese , wh i le B irac l i es 1 00 m t o t he s ou th , i n az one u ndis turbed b y t h is l a ter a c t iv i ty . The s i te was d iscovered b y H . C roche t i n 1 960 , a nd c o l lec ted o ver t he f o l low ing y ears b y h im a nd h is s on J -Y . C roche t .

A c o l lec t ion i nc luding C .

3 40 t oo ls was p ub l ished b y J -Y . C roche t i n 1 967 .

L a ter c o l lec t ion h as a dded

t o t he s ize o f t h is c o l lec t ion , a l though f ew p ieces were b e ing f ound a t t he e nd o ft he p er iod o f c o l lec t ion . H ouses h ave n ow b een b u i l t a long t he f ron tage o ft he s i te , p reven ting f ur ther a ccess . B irac Ii s ac o l lec t ion o f 6 1 p ieces , i nc luding s even t oo ls , a nd s eems t o b e N eo li th ic . B irac I h as p rov ided 3 02 p ieces i nc luding e igh teen t oo ls , a nd s eems t o c on ta in a mixture o f Mous ter ian , i nc luding s idescrapers w i th s ca lar r e touch— in b lack f l in t ; a nd o f ma ter ia l l i ke t ha t o f B irac D I .

B oth c o l lec t ions

were f ro m d if fuse s ca t ters . B irac I I i s as urface s i te w i th ma ter ia lc o l lec ted f rom t he a gr icu ltura l ly d isturbed l eve ls o f as andy c lay s oi l t ha t l i es t o ad ep th o f 7 0 cm a bove t he Graves b edrock .

Mos t o f t he ma ter ia l was c oncen tra ted i n ac ircu lar s ca t ter

c . 1 0 m i n d iame ter , w i th l i t t le ma ter ia l c o l lec ted b eyond t h is z one .

C or ing

( by B ouv ier ) s uggested t ha t t here was n o i n s i tu a rchaeo log ica l d epos i t . The r aw ma ter ia l o f t he c o l lec t ion was p rov ided b y r iver f l in t , s o me o f i t c o mparab le t o t he f l in t i n u se a t P ourquey . C ores were e x tens ive ly worked , a nd s hor tage o f r aw ma ter ia l migh t a lso b e a n e xp lana t ion f or t he q uan t i ty o f mu lt ip le t oo ls i n t he s i te . T he c o l lec t ion i s c onserved i n t he sma l l p r iva te museum o f C roche t ' J ere a t I zon , a nd i s e as i ly a ccess ib le f or s tudy .

Iwas a b le t o s tudy t he ma ter ia l

b r ief ly , c arry ing o ut at ypo log ica l a na lys is o f t he c o l lec t ion .

T ime d id n ot

a l low a s tudy o f t he l arge s amp le o f r ac le t tes , a nd a l though Is tudied more t oo ls t han were a va i lab le t o J -Y . C roche t i n 1 967, t ha t Id id n ot s ee a l l t he u nre touched ma ter ia l i s i ndica ted b y t he d ispar i ty b e tween t he ' env iron 1 500 ' f l akes a nd b lades n oted b y C roche t , a nd t he c . 7 00—re touched a nd u nre touched — f l akes a nd b lades c oun ted b y me . O ne p iece i n t he c o l lec t ion , ad eep ly p a t ina ted d oub le s idescraper o f v ery d if feren t a ppearance was e xc luded f ro m t he a na lysis . A l though t he a na lys is b y C roche t made u se o ft he S onnev i l le-Bordes/Perrot t ype l i st , t he p ub lica t ion d id n ot g ive d e ta i led c oun ts , o n ly t he p r inc ipa l i ndices , w i th a f ew a ddi t iona l d e ta i ls . . Af u l l t ypo log ica l a na lys is was c ons idered u sefu l .

4 10

Tab le I .4 6 Type n o .

B irac I I N ew t ype l i s t N u mber

Type n ame

1

S ing le e ndscraper

1 5

2 .85

2

Doub le e nd s craper

4

0 .76

3

E ndscraper o n f l ake

8

1 .52

9

E nd s craper o n r e t . f l/h l .

5

0 .95

1 1

Car ina ted e ndscraper

5

0 .95

1 2

A typ ica l c ar ina ted e nd s craper

2

0 .38

1 3

Car ina ted n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

1 4

A typ . n osed/shou ld . c ar in . e ndscraper

1 1 3

2 .09

1 5

F la t n osed e ndscraper

2

0 .38

1 6

F la t s hou ldered e nd s craper

2

0 .38

0 .57

Broken e nd s craper

3

0 .57

1 7

E ndscraper-dihedra l b ur in

6

1 .14

1 7 b is .

E nd s craper-burin o n r e t . t runc .

1

0 .19

1 8

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .19

1 9

B ur in-trunca ted p iece

3

0 .57

2 1

P er9o ir-end s craper

1

0 .19

2 2

P er2o ir-bur in

1

0 .19

2 2 b is .

Bec-burin

1

0 .19

2 3

P er9o ir

9

1 .71

2 3 b is .

Doub le p er9oir

3

0 .57

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er2oir

2 7

Bec

1 1 1 3

0 .19 2 .09

2 8

S p ine

3 0

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

2 2

4 .18

3 0 b is .

D ' e je te d ihedra l b urin

2 7

5 .13

3 1

Ang le d ihedra l b urin

1 2

2 .28

3 2

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

2 0

3 .80

3 4

C orb iac b ur in

3 6

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in

1 7

3 .23

3 7

Bur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc .

1 2

2 .28

3 8

Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1 2

2 .28

3 8 b is .

Ang le b ur in o n o b lique r e t . t runc .

3

0 .57

Transverse b urin o n l a tera l u nprep . s urf .

2

0 .38

4 1 a .

Mu l t ip le h o mogeneous TLR b ur in

1

0 .19

4 1 b .

Mu lt ip le h e terogeneous TLR b ur in

3

0 .57

4 1 b is .

Transverse b urin o n n otch

1

0 .19

4 2

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

4 6

Mu lt ip le mixed b urin Broken b ur in

1

0 .19

5 7

Trunca ted p iece

6

1 .14

5 8

Ob lique ly t runca ted p iece

1

0 .19

5 9

P iece w i th p ar t ia l r e t . t runc .

4

0 .76

( 41)

2

0 .57

4 1 6

0 .38

0 .76 3 .04

6 3

Aur ignac ian b lade

2

0 .38

6 4

S trangu la ted b lade

1

0 .19

6 4 b is .

B lade w i th l arge n otch

1

0 .19

7 2

N otch

2 5 4 11

4 .75

Tab le I .4 6 c on t . Type n o .

N u mber

Type n a me

%

7 3

P iece w i th p rox/dist . n otch

1

0 .19

7 4

Den t icu la te

2

0 .38

7 4 b is .

Den t icu la te made w i th microdent icu la t ion

1

0 .19

7 5

S idescraper

7 6

Rac le t te

8 5 1 05

8 2 11

1 .52 4 0 .11

Backed b lade le t

3

0 .57

D iverse

4

0 .76

5 26 O ther p ieces 6 1

P iece w i th c ont inuous r e touch-1 e dge

6 1 b is .

2e dges S p lintered p iece

1

R etouched

4 3

B urin s pa lls

1 38

' Pourquey t ype ' e ndscraper t r im . f l . U nretouched

1 6 54 a

C ores

2 9

C ore f ragments

N ote a .

2 3

8

C ore t rim ming f l akes

2

R idged c ore t r i m ming f l akes

3

F rag men ts

3

R o l led p ebb les

4

As n oted a bove , ap robab ly i nco mple te s amp le

Tab le I .4 7

B irac I I O ld t ype l i st ( approx .)

Type n o .

Type n a me

N u mber

1

S ing le e ndscraper

3

Doub le e ndscraper

4

0 .76

4

Og iva l e ndscraper

1

0 .19

5

E ndscraper o n r et . f l/b l .

5

0 .96

8

E ndscraper o nf lake

8

1 .53

Car ina ted e ndscraper

5

0 .96

1 1

1 4

%

1 2

A typica l c a nna ted e ndscraper

1 3

Th ick n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

1 4

2 1 4

2 .68

0 .38 2 .68

F la t n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

4

0 .76

Broken e ndscraper

3

0 .57

1 7

E ndscraper-burin

7

1 .34

1 8

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .19

1 9

Burin-trunca ted p iece

3

0 .57

2 1

P er9oir-endscraper

1

0 .19

2 2

P er9oir-bur in

2

0 .38

2 3

P er9oir

1 2

2 .29

2 4

Bee

1 1

2 .10

4 12

Tab le I .4 7 c ont . N u mber

Type n o .

Type n ame

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9oir/bec

4

0 .76

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

2 4

4 .59

2 8

De je ted ihedra l b urin

2 7

5 .16

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b urin

1 2

2 .29

3 0

Ang le o n b rea l c b ur in

2 0

3 .82

3 1

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b urin

1 7

3 .25

3 4

Burin o n s tra igh t r e t . t runc .

3 5

Bur in o n o b lique r et . t runc .

5

3 6

Burin o n c oncave r et . t runc .

5

3 7

Burin o n c onvex r e t . t runc .

3

0 .57

3 8

Transverse b urin o n l a tera l r e t .

2

0 .38

3 9

T ransverse b urin o n n otch

1

O .1 9

4 0

Mu lt ip le b urin o n r e t . t runc .

5

0 .96

4 1

Mu lt ip le mixed b urin

1 4

1 9

Broken b urin

0 .96 2 .68 0 .96

3 .63

1

0 .19

5 8

Backed b lade

2

0 .38

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

4

0 .76

6 1

Ob lique t runca ted p iece

1

0 .19

6 2

C oncave t runca ted p iece

2

0 .38

6 7

Aur ignac ian b lade

2

0 .38

6 8

S trangu la ted/notched b lade

7 4

N otch

7 5

Den t icu la te

3

0 .57

7 6

S p lin tered p iece

1

0 .19

7 7

S idescraper

7 8

Rac let te

2 2 6

8 2 11

0 .38 4 .97

1 .53 4 0 .34

8 5

Backed b lade let

3

0 .57

9 2

D iverse

2

0 .38

5 23

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 15 ) :

F our teen c onvex , t hree o n r idged c ore t r i m ming

f lakes , t wo c o mbined w i th n otches , a nd o ne w ith a r ac le t te .

The l ast p iece

i s o g iva l . Doub le e ndscraper ( 4 ) ;

C onvex-convex ( 3 ) ;

E ndscraper o n f l ake ( 8 ) :

c arina ted-carina ted ( 1 ) .

One i s i nverse , a nd o ne o n ac ore t rim ming f l ake .

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l /b i . Carina ted e ndscraper ( 5 ) :

( 5 ) :

F our c onvex , a nd o ne o b lique f ron ted .

One i s o n ar idged c ore t r im m ing f l ake , o ne i s

t ransverse o n av ery b road s hor t f lake , a nd o ne h as a v ery n arrow f ron t a pp roach ing t he n osed . Car ina ted n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper ( 11) :

One i s o n ar idged c ore t r i m-

ming f l ake , a nd o ne a ssoc ia ted w i th a n otch . F la t n osed e ndscraper ( 2 ) :

One i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a n otch .

4 13

E ndscraper-bur in ( 6/1) :

S DB

ADB

AOB

C onvex

3

1

1

C ar ina ted

1

E ndscrapertrunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : B ur in-trunca ted p iece ( 3 ) :

1

C onvex-ob l ique r ework ing ab ur in .

S DB AOB Ang . CCTR

S tra igh t O b l ique N o te a .

A xe . CVTR

1

l a

l a

I n t hese t wo c ases t he t runca t ion r emode ls ab ur in .

P er9o ir-bur in ( 1 ) : Bec-bur in ( 1 ) :

S p ine-ADB

The b ur in i s t ransverse o n n o tch .

b y C roche t ( 1967 f i g . 1 .9 ) a s ab ec .

Th is i s t he p iece i l lustra ted

The v ery ' p lan ' s pa l l r e mova l s urface

i s t he b o t to m r igh t h and s car o f t he r igh t h and d raw ing . P er9o ir ( 9 ) :

F our a re made w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch .

Mu l t ip le p er9o ir ( 1 ) : Bec ( 1 1) :

P er9o ir-spine .

Two a re made w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch , a nd o ne i s a ssoc ia ted w i th

ar ac le t te . S p ine ( 3 ) :

Two a re r eserved o n t he e dges o f r ac let tes .

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in ( 22 ) : De je te d ihedra l b ur in ( 2 7) :

O ne i s c o mb ined w i th a r ac let te . O ne i s o n a n A ur ignac ian b lade v ery s im i lar i n

f orm a nd r e touch t o t ha t f ro m P egour ie L eve l 8( f ig . I .2 5 ,8) . Ang le o n b reak b ur in ( 20 ) :

O ne i s c o mb ined w i th a r ac le t te .

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 1 7) :

S DB

DDB

ADB

S DB

3

1

1

2 a 3

2b

DDB AOB

AOB

C orb iac 1

(2 )

1

The l ast p iece h as a d jacen t ADB a nd AOB o pposed t o ab roken a ng le b ur in . N ote a . S o me o b lique r e t . o n o ne e nd, migh t b e c lassed a s ab ur intrunca ted p iece ; b . O ne h as t he p la tform f or t he AOB f ormed b y as pa l l r emova l s urf ace o ft he ADB . B ur in d 'axe o n r e t . t runc . ( 12 ) : Two a re o n o b l ique a lmost l a tera l r e t ., o ne a ssoc ia ted w i th a n otch ; n ine a re o n o b lique r e t ., o ne a ssoc ia ted w i th a r acl et te , a nd o ne w i th t he s pa l l r e mova l p la tform made w i th r ac le t te t ype r et ouch . The l as t p iece i s o n c onvex r e t . Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 12 ) : F ive a re o n s tra igh t r e t ., o ne a ssoc ia ted w i th a s idescraper ; f our a re o n c oncave r e t .; t wo a re o n c onvex r e touch , a nd o ne o n o b lique c oncave r etouch . T ransverse o n l a t . u nprep . s urf . ( 2 ) :

One c ombined w i th a n otch .

4 14

Mu lt ip le h e terogeneous TLR b ur in ( 3 ) :

S DB ADB Broken

TLR

1

1

1

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 4 ) : Axe . CCTR

Axe . Ob l- C onc .

Ang . S TR

Ang . S TR Ang . CCTR

1

Ang . OTR

( 1 )

1 ( 1 )

Ang . CCTR Mu l t ip l emixed b ur in ( 16) :

Ang . S TR A ng . OTR A xe . OTR A ng . CCTR Axe . CCTR Axe . O b i-Conc . Axe . LTF 1

S DB

2

3

1

1 1

DDB ADB

( 1 )1

AOB Trunca ted p iece ( 6 ) : N otch ( 25 ) :

1

1

1

2

F our a re s tra igh t , a nd t wo c oncave .

One i s made w i th r ac let te t ype r e touch .

S idescraper ( 8 ) : O ne i s a ssoc ia ted w i th ab roken b ur in , o ne w i th a n otch , a nd o ne i s o n t h ick s uppor t w i th v ery a brup t r e touch . Rac le t te ( 211) : o n t he p la tfor m . D iverse ( 4 ) :

1 69 a re a brup t e dged , f ive o f t hem r e touched a l l r ound e xcept 2 9 a re c lassed a s a ng le e dged .

ab acked b lade , ab acked p iece , ac onvex e nd s craper h a lf r e-

moved b y t he s pa l l o f ab roken b ur in , a nd ap iece r e touched a long b oth s ides a nd n arrowed o r ' shou ldered ' a t b oth e nds .

4 15

Abr i ANDRE RAGOUT , V i lhonneur , C haren te Al imestone o ut l ier—the ' Bo is-du-Roc ' —on t he l ef t b ank o f t he Tardoire j us t t o t he s outh o f R ocheber t ier s uppor ts a n u mber o f c aves , s he lters , a nd s urface s i tes w i th a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l r epresen t ing p er iods f ro m t he Mouster ian t o t he Bronze A ge . A t t he S E c orner o f t h is mass if a nd f ac ing e as t a cross t he r iver i s t he c o l lapsed s he l ter o fA ndre R agou t . T he f or mer e x ten to f t he s he lter i si nd ica ted b y t he ' pro mon tor ies ' t ha t f ormer ly s uppor ted t he s ides , a nd b y t he p osi t ion o f s o me s ta lagmi t ic s tu mps . These i ndica te a s he lter c . 1 6 m l ong , a nd 1 0 m d eep , c o m munica t ing a t i t s s ou thern e nd w i th t he Grot te d es F ades n o . I .

Three l arge b locks f ro m t he c o l lapse o f t he o ver-

h ang h ave r e ma ined i n s i tu . T he p otent ia l a rchaeo log ica l i n teres t o f t he s i te was r ecogn ised b y Andre R agou t i n t he 1 930s , a nd c onf ir med b y Ba lout i n as ondage j ust af ter t he war . Ba lout l ef t t he s i te , e xcava t ing a t t he a br i d u C hasseur o n t he wes tern s ide o ft he mass if . I n 1 956, t he s i te was p i l laged b y v anda ls , whose s poi l , s ieved b y Ba lou t , p roduced d is t inc t ive S o lutrean a nd G ravet t ian ( Noa i l les b ur ins ) e lemen ts ( Ba lout 1 957) .

I n 1 957 Ba lou t b egan a n e xcava t ion a t t he s i te , f i nding

l eve ls i n s i tu b enea th t he l arge b locks o f t he c o l lapsed o verhang . The r esu lts o ft h is f i rs t s eason 's e xcava t ions were p ub lished ( Ba lout 1 958) . E xcava t ion c on t inued i n 1 958 a nd 1 959 , a nd was t aken u p a ga in b e tween 1 964 a nd 1 967 , w i th f ur ther e luc ida t ion o ft he d e ta i ls o f t he s tra t igraphy ( Ba lout 1 965 , C ha line 1 965 , G u i l lien 1 968 p p . 3 23-324 ) . T he s tra tigraphy g iven i n 1 958 i ndica tes a bove l eve ls F a nd E ( Grave t t ian ) , a nd l eve l D ( s ter i le c ryoc las t ic e boul is ) , l eve l Ca s t he mos t i mpor tant l eve l i n t he s i te . L eve l Ci s ag rey/b lack a shy l eve l c on taning a S o lutrean w i th l aure l l ea f a nd s hou ldered p oints , b es ide ag ood n u mber o fu n ifac ia l p o ints ( t he s ame c o mbina t ion b e ing o bserved a t P lacard , Sm i th ( 1 966 p . 2 63 ) s uggests a l a te ' rena issance ' o ft he t ype i n t he C haren te ) .

T he l eve l i s 6 0-80 cm t h ick .

A l tera t ion o fp ieces a t t he t op o f l eve l Cs ugges ted t o Ba lout ab reak i n s ed i men ta t ion a f ter t he S o lutrean , w i th t he e ar ly Magda len ian s ucceeding d irec t ly .

L eve l B (BB ') a r eddish b ed 2 5-30 cm t h ick a nd L eve l A , ab rown

b ed , 3 0-40 cm t h ick , were r egarded a s c onta in ing a h o mogeneous E ar ly Magd a len ian .

At ype l i st ( Ba lou t 1 958 p . 6 11 ) was g iven , t ha t i ndica ted a v ery

i n teres t ing c o mb ina t ion o f e lemen ts w i th f ew r ac let tes ( 1 1=3 .56% ) , a nd many b acked b lade le ts e tc . ( Re t . b lade le ts 1 51=48 .87% ) .

I n t he c o mmen tary i ti s

n oted t ha t t he b es t t ransverse b ur ins o n n o tch , a nd p roper ly a brup t e dged r ac let tes c o me f ro m l eve l A , wh i le f rom t he b ase o f B c o me t wo sma ll , a nd b eve l e dged r ac le t tes ( Ba lout 1 958 p p . 6 10 ,612 ) . Ad if ference b etween BB ' a nd A i n q uan t i ty o fb onework , w i th A b e ing r icher i s a lso n o ted ( Ba lou t 1 958 p . 6 10 ) . Wh i le t he q uan t i ty o fb acked b lade le ts s ugges ts t o Ba lout a l a te ' proto- Magda len ian ', a l i tera l u se o f t he t ransverse b ur in o n n otch a s at ype f oss i l , l eads h im t o c au t ion , a nd t o t he s uggest ion o f t he p oss ib i li ty o f mixture b y t he c o l lapse , b y r oots , o r b y r oden ts . B y 1 965 , t he s tra t igraph ic i n terpre ta t ion o ft hese u pper l eve ls h ad c hanged . A h ear th a t t he s urface o ft he S o lutrean d ist ingu ished a s l eve l B 2 c on ta ins I n i t ia l Magda len ian ma ter ia l , wh ich , i ti s s ugges ted , c an r epresen t o n ly

4 16

as hor t p er iod o fo ccupa t ion .

The u pper p ar t o ft he l eve l —B1 —conta ins a

l a ter , b u t s t i l l ( ?)In i t ia l Magda len ian where b es ide t yp ica l I n i t ia l Magda leni an p ieces ( par t icu lar ly t ransverse b ur ins ) , microgravet tes a nd b lade le ts w i th s em i-abrup t r e touch r eappear . BO a bove i s as ter i le r eddish b ed ( t erra r ossa ) w i th s ta lagm i t ic f ragmen ts , i n i t s t urn o ver la in b y l eve l Aw i th a n i l lc harac ter ised Magda len ian . GrN -4693 GrN -4677

Ma ter ia l f ro m t he 1 3 2 h ear th g ave t wo d a tes :

75 10 ± 9 0 b c o n h um ic ma t ter , a nd 1 0 9 40 ± 1 40 b c o n b urn t b one .

De l ibr ias a nd E v in ( 1 974 p . 1 51) c o m men t "Les h u mus r ecen ts Won t s ure men t p as e te e nm i t ies d es o s b ru les" . The ma ter ia l i s c onserved b y t he e xcava tor , who r e ta ins t he ma ter ia l f or h is own s tudy a t s ome f u ture d a te . Iwas t hus u nab le t o s ee i t . S ince t he s tra t igraph ic d e ta i l r ecogn ised a f ter 1 958 c lear ly i ndica tes t ha t t he a sse mb lage p ub l ished i n 1 958 i s a mixture o f ma ter ia l f rom a t l east t hree l eve ls , a nd i n v iew o ft he i nadequa te d e ta i l g iven i n l a ter p ub l ica t ions l i t t le u se c an b e made o f t he a br i A ndre R agou t .

L ike L e P lacard , af ew h undred me tres a way ,i t i s

j us t ad ot o n t he d is tr ibu t ion map .

4 17

Abr i FR ITSCH , P ou ligny-Sa in t-P ierre , I ndre The a br i F r i tsch i s o ne o f ag roup o f s i tes i n a nd a t t he f oot o ft he 2 0 m h igh l imestone c l if f t ha t s uppor ts t he v i l lage o f L es Roches , o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he C reuse , 6 km d ownstrea m f ro m L e B lanc , a nd C . 1 km f ro m Benavan t . The c l if f , e xposed t o t he S outh , h as i t s f oo t 2 0 m &on-;t he r iver , a nd c . 6m a bove i t s l eve l .

The r oad f ro m L e B lanc t o F on tgo mbau lt r uns b etween t he

r iver , a nd t he t a lus a t t he c l if f 's f oo t ( Charbonn ier 1 962 , P rade l 1 965 , P erpere 1 973) . The s i te was d iscovered b y R . F r i tsch i n 1 960 d ur ing h is e xcava t ions i n a no ther c ave , r evea led a s a n o chreous l eve l i n p lace b enea th e nor mous f a l len b locks o n t he s lope j us t o uts ide t he c ave . The s hape a nd s ize o f t he s he lter a re s t i l l n ot c lear b enea th t he f i l l . F ro m 1 963, A l la in j oined t he e xcava t ions , wh ich h ave c on t inued s ince ( Pa t te 1 965 p . 5 3 , A l la in 1 966 p p . 4 79-483, A l la in & F r i tsch 1 967 , L eroi-Gourhan , An, 1 967, A l la in 1 970 p p . 3 56-7 , Trot ignon 1 972 , A l la in 1 972 p p . 3 63-4 , 1 974 p p . 4 79 , 4 82 , A l la in 2 11 1.. 1 974 , A l la in 1 976 p p . 1 316-17, 1 976a , A l la in 1 978, Amouroux

lg .

1 978, A l la in p ers .

c o m ms . ) . N o d e ta i led s tra t igraphy h as b een p ub l ished s ince t ha t o f A l la in & F r i tsch ( 1967) , wh ich p rov ides t he s ource f or t ha t g iven b e low .

Th is r uns f ro m t op

t o b ot to m : L eve l 1 :

R ecen t , a nd p rac t ica l ly s ter i le , l imon .

L eve l2 :

Large b locks i n ac a lcareous c lay ma tr ix .

L eve l 3 a :

Grey b ed w i th sma l l l imestone p ebb les s urrounding l arger b locks .

L eve l3 b :

Y e l low b ed w i th s im i lar a ppearance .

?Magda len ian .

B oth l eve ls w i th ' Badegou l-

i an ' . L eve l 4 :

S tony b ed , l oose w i th a l mos t n o f i ne e le ments , o chreous r ed i n c o lour .

Leve l 5 a :

' Badegou lian ' .

Brown ish r ed w i th a h igh p ropor t ion o f c lay s urrounding l arge a ngu lar b locks .

L eve l 5 b :

' So l ' i n p lace , c lear r ed c o lour , c layey , c o mpac t , a nd d if f icu lt t o e xcava te .

L eve l 5 c : L eve l 5 d :

' Badegou l ian ' .

' Badegou lian ' .

Y e l low c lay b ed w i th s o me p ebb les , p rac t ica l ly s ter i le . T h in b rown ish b ed , l ooser i n t exture t han 5 b/c , a nd c o mparab le t o 5 a i n a ppearance a nd c onsis tency .

L eve l 6 .

' Badegou lian ' .

Al oose s tony e bou lis o n t he t hresho ld o f t he s he lter , ad eep r ed c lay f ur ther i n .

' Badegou lian ' .

L eve l 7 a/b : P ebb les w i th s of tened r idges i n c lay ma tr ix .

O chre a nd c harcoa l

a t t he s urface o f 7 a . ( So lutrean .) L eve l 8 :

L arge l imestone e le men ts i n c a lcareous c lay .

L eve l 9 :

S im i lar t o 8 , b ut c lear ly o chreous .

L eve l 1 0 :

L oose e bou lis , s o me c lay , t h ickness u nknown .

4 18

S o lutrean .

S o lutrean .

One o r t wo o ft he more r ecen t p ub l ica t ions g ive f ur ther i nfor ma t ion . A l la in ( 1972 p p . 3 63-4 ) n otes t ha t l eve l 3 b i s r epresen ted b y as er ies o f d isc on t inuous c lay l enses b e tween t he a shy 3 a a bove , a nd t he o chreous 4 b e low ; a nd n otes t ha t t he s urface o f l eve l 4s hows e x tensive a l tera t ion . L eve l 4i s l oca lised i nt he e as t o f t he s he lter , wh i le 3 e x tends i n to t he c ave t o t he wes t . A l la in ( 1976a p . 1 02 ) n o tes t ha t t he s er ies o f ' Badegou lian ' l eve ls i s d iv ided i n to t wo b y a" puissan te c ou lee d 'arg i le e t d e b loca i lle c a lca ire c on tenan t u n o ut i l lage a ssez a bondan t , b ien q u 'i 1 n es 'ag isse p as d 'un s ol d 'hab i ta t e n p lace" . S ince ( A l la in 1 976 p . 1 316) h e s peaks o f 5 d-6 a s as ing le l eve l , i ts ee ms l i ke ly t ha t l eve l 5 a i s mean t b y t h is . A s er ies o f a bso lute d a tes e x ist f or t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian l eve ls , a l l d e ter m ined o n b one c o l lagen : L eve l 3 a

L y-1121

1 5 1 80 ± 5 50 b e

4

L y-1122

1 4 5 80 ± 3 50 b c

5 b

L y-1123

1 5 3 30 ± 3 50 b c

6

L y-1124

1 6 0 30 ± 3 50 b e

L y-1124 i s g iven a s 1 7 9 60 ± 3 50 b p =1 6 0 30 b c b y A l la in ( 1978) , a nd a s 1 7 9 80 ± 3 50 b p b y Amouroux e t a l . ( 1978) . A l though L y-1122 i s s l igh t ly o ut o f s equence , t he d a tes f or m amore o r l ess c lose g roup ( c f . C hap ter 8 f or d iscuss ion o f t h is ) . De l ibr ias a nd E v in ( 1974 p . 1 50 ) p ub lished a d a te f ro m l eve l 8 d d e termined o n b urn t b one : GrN-5499 1 9 2 80 ± 2 30 b p 1 7 3 30 b c ( t he d a te i s p ubl ushed b y A l la in ( 1978) a s 1 9 2 80 ± 2 30 b p =1 7 2 30 b c ) . The d a te was r eg arded b y t he m a s d a t ing t he ' debu t d u Magda len ien ' .

T h is l eve l , w ith o n ly

s carce ma ter ia l i n 1 974 , h as s ince b een d e mons tra ted t ob e aS o lutrean , a s h ave l eve ls 7 a a nd b a bove ( presence o f av ery n arrow l aure l l ea f , a nd b acked b lade le ts ) ( A l la in p ers . c o mm . 1 976;

1 978) .

Da tes o b ta ined b y t he am ino-ac id r ace misa t ion me thod ( A mouroux e t a l . 1 978) b racke t t h is d a te s er ies , w i thout a dding a ny i nfor ma t ion : L eve l4

1 5 2 20 ± 1 460 b p

1 3 2 70 b e

L eve l 6

1 9 0 40 ± 1 630 b p

1 7 0 90 b e

The ma ter ia l f ro m t he e xcava t ions i s u nder s tudy b y a' co l laba tr ice ' o f A l la in , a nd was n o t e ven a va i lab le t o b e s een , s o Ih ave h ad t o g lean wha t o bserva t ions Ic an f ro m t he p ub l ica t ions .

S ince mos t o f t hese p ub l ica t ions

h ave b een i n tended t o s e t o ut o r s uppor t t he t heore t ica l p os i t ion o f A l la in , t he s e lec t ion o f i ndica t ions p ub lished r ef lec ts t he e x igenc ies o ft h is r equirement . I t was ap i ty t ha t t h is i mpor tan t s er ies was u nava i lab le f or s tudy , p ar t icu lar ly i n v iew o f t he we igh t a t tached t o i tb y A l la in . The f i rst c lear p oin t , i s t ha t , a t p resen t t he a sse mb lages a re n ot r ich . I n 1 967 l eve l 6 was ' beaucoup l e p lus r iche ' w i th 4 1 t oo ls . t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian l eve ls were r ecogn ised a t t ha t t ime . f ro m l eve l t o l eve l were :

At ota l o f 1 34 f or C o m mon f ea tures

mass ive i ndustry o n t h ick f l akes a ssoc ia ted w i th

o ccas iona l n arrow b lades; b ur ins p redo minan t ly o n f l ake , p ar t icu lar ly ' robus t ' a ng le a nd t ransverse b ur ins , b ut w i th s o me a ng le o n b reak a nd d ih edra l b ur ins o n b lade ;

o ccas iona l f i ne e ndscrapers , s idescrapers , many

s pines b ut n o p er9oirs , a nd n o b acked b lade le ts .

Amongst t he r aw ma ter ia ls

u sed, t here i s e v idence o ft he f l ak ing —and t he u se f or t oo ls —of h ard l imestone . 4 19

Rac le t tes a re n oted a s a bundant i n 3 a/b , s carcer i n 4 ,

p resen t , b ut

l arger a nd l ess t yp ica l , i n 5 a a nd a bsen t i n 5 b , 5 d , a nd 6 . A l la in ( 1974 , A l la in e t a l . 1 974 ) n otes f ur ther t ypo log ica l d e ta i ls f or l eve ls 3 a nd 4 . L eve l 3h as 5 3 r ac le t tes , r epresen t ing 8 3% o f t he a sse mb lage , i ndica t ing t ha t t he l eve l c on ta ins 6 4t oo ls .

O f t he r e ma in ing 1 1, s even a re

b ur ins —three o n n otch , t hree t ransverse , a nd o ne d ihedra l . L eve l 4h as 4 0 r ac le t tes r epresen t ing 4 6 .5% o f t he a sse mb lage , i ndicat i ng t ha t t he l eve l c on ta ins 8 6 t oo ls .

O f t he r e ma in ing 4 6 , 2 1 a re b ur ins ,

t wen ty o f t hem o n f l ake —ten o n n o tch , n ine t ransverse , a nd o ne d ihedra l— a nd o ne o n b lade—ang le o n b reak . B ed 4 a lso h as l ess t han 1 % b lades a l though n o i ndica t ion o f t he b asis f or c a lcu la t ion o f t h is f i gure i s g iven . A l la in ( 1976 ) n otes t ha t t he o ldes t a nd t h ickest l eve l -5d-6 —is c harac teri sed b y t he n u mber o f t ransverse b ur ins a nd b ur ins o n n otch , b y ' Mouster ian ' p oin ts a nd s idescrapers , a nd r are mu lt ip le s tar s haped p er9oirs , a nd t h ick e ndscrapers . The o dd d e ta i ls o f b onework a nd o rnamen t a re d ea l t w i th i n C hapter 7 , a nd t he p o l len a na lys is o f L ero i-Gourhan ( 1967) , i n C hap ter 3 .

4 20

LA PLUCHE , Y zeures-sur-Creuse , I ndre-e t-Loire The s i te o f L a P luche l i es C . 2 0 km n or th o f t he a br i F r i tsch , n ear t he c res t o f ah i l l t ha t r ises t o a n a l t i tude o f 1 30-140 m, o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he C reuse .

The s i te , j us t b e low t he c res t , a t a n a l t i tude o f 1 20 m , l ies c . 1 .8

km f ro m t he r iver , 3 km u ps tream f ro m i t s c onf luence w i th t he Gar te mpe , a nd a t al eve l c . 6 0 m a bove t he r iver ( + 5 8 m a t i t s c onf luence w i th t he Gar te mpe ) . The s i te c o m mands e x tens ive v iews t o west , s ou th , a nd e ast . o ver .

I ti s n ow b ui lt

Ma ter ia l o ccurred o ver a n a rea e s t i ma ted t o b e 1 .5 h ec tares , a nd

i n terpre ted a s r epresen t ing t he s pread b y J oand es a nd C ordier ( 1957 ) .

o f ma ter ia l f ro m a s ing le o ccupa t ion

C o l lec t ions —by P . J oand es —cou ld b e e f fec ted

o ver o n ly c . t wo t h irds o f t he s i te , t he r e ma inder b eing u nder p as ture .

The

s o i l i t se lf i s ah eavy c lay , d if f icu lt t o work , a nd —i t migh t b e s upposed —unp leasan t t o l i ve o n when we t . T he ma ter ia l i s i n a ppearance h o mogeneous , w i th a wh i te p a t ina , n one o f t he p ieces s how ing d a mage b y i ce a c t ion .

The s ource f or t he r aw ma ter ia l

l ay a f ew h undred me tres a way i n T uronian l imestone f or ma t ions , o n t he i nd ica t ions o f f l in t microfoss i ls . The ma ter ia l i s c onserved b y t he c o l lec tor , b u t Id id n ot d iscover t h is i n t ime t o make u se o f t he i nfor ma t ion . T he p ub l ica t ion b y J oand es a nd C ordier ( 1957) , g ives d e ta i ls t ha t w i th t he h igh q ua li ty o f t he i l lus tra t ions ( by C ordier ) a l low s o me a pproxima t ion t o t he t ype l i s t emp loyed h ere t o b e made . E ndscraper ( 4=1 . 3 8% ) :

O ne i s o g iva l , a nd o ne o n ac ircu lar c ore t r im m ing

f l ake . E nd s craper-bur in ( 1=0 . 3 4% ) : P er9o ir-bur in ( 1=0 . 3 4% ) : P er9o ir ( 4=1 . 3 8% ) :

S tra igh t-burin d 'axe o n o b l ique r et . t runca t ion .

P er9o ir-ang le o n b reak b urin .

O ne i s o n ar idged c ore t rim ming f l ake .

B ur in ( 279=96 . 2 1% ) : Th is a bundan t c lass c anno t b e t rans la ted e xac t ly i n to t he c lasses emp loyed b y S onnev i l le-Bordes & P errot . S ing le d ihedra l ( 30=10 . 3 4% ) ; S ing le a ng le ( 50=17 . 2 4% ) :

t he b ur ins

l a me l les ' o f J oand es a nd C ordier .

1 9 o f t hese a re o n f l ake , a nd l arge ly a ng le o n b reak .

The o ther 3 1 a re o n b lade , i nc luding f our o n r idged c ore t r im m ing f l akes , a nd a re p redo minan t ly a ng le o n r e touched t runca t ion . S ing le o b lique ( 54=18 . 6 2% ) :

These a re l arge ly o n r e touch .

S ing le t ransverse ( 60=20 . 6 9% ) ; The i l lus tra t ions s how ' t yp ica l ' t ransverse b urins o n n o tch , b ut a lso i ndica te t ha t s o me a t l eas t o f t he a ng le b ur ins o n r et ouch a re a t l eas t t echno log ica l ly i n t he s a me c lass , e ven i ft he n o tch i s d is ta l a s t he o r ien ta t ion o f t he f igures wou ld i ndica te ( c f . e spec ia l ly J oand es & C ord ier 1 957 f i g . 4n o . 1 5 ) . Mu l t ip le d ihedra l ( 2=0 .69% ) . Mu lt ip le a ng le ( 10 3 .45% ) :

f our a re o n f lake , a nd s ix o n b lade .

Mu lt ip le t ransverse ( 55=18 .97% ) .

4 21

Mu lt ip le mixed ( 11=3 . 7 9% ) : Ang le

D ihedra l

A ng le

5

T ransverse O thers ( 7=2 . 4 1% ) :

O b l ique

4

I nc lude 4 c ore b urins , a nd ab ur in o n ab ifac ia l ly r e touched

t riangu lar p iece C . 1 0 cm l ong , i n a ppearance l i ke a Mous ter ian h andaxe .

The

h andaxe a nd t he b ur in o n i th ave a u n ifor m p a t ina t ha t ma tches t ha t o f t he o ther p ieces f ro m t he s i te . D iverse ( 1=0 . 3 4% ) :

A 9 cm l ong p oint r e touched o n b o th e dges , a nd morpho log-

i ca l ly c o mparab le t o a Mous ter ian p oint .

Smoo th b ut t , a nd t he s ame p a t ina a s

t he r es t o f t he c o l lec t ion : B es ide t hese 2 90 t oo ls , were : R e touched b lades

4 1

R e touched f l akes

2 0

U nre touched b lades C ores

8 2 5 1

B ur in s pa l ls 2 2 R idged c ore t r im m ing f l akes

1 7

a nd ' severa l h undred f l akes . The sma l l n u mber o f b ur in s pa l ls c asts s o me d oub t o n t he c o mp le teness o f t he c o l lec t ion — the c lay ma trix wou ld make c o l lec t ion i n a ny c ase more d iff icu lt—and t h is mus t r a ise d oub ts a bout t he c ons truc t ion o f t he a sse mb lage . J oand es a nd C ordier p oint o ut t ha t t he b u lk o f t he p ieces c o l lec ted f a l l i n t he 5 -10 cm s ize c lass ( 7 7 .4% o f t he p ieces c o l lec ted) , wh i le 1 5 . 9 % were sma l ler t han 5 cm , a nd 6 .7% l arger t han 1 0 cm .

O ne migh t n o te t ha t a t P egour ie

l eve l 8 , o n ly o ne r ac let te o ut o f 8 4 h as a max i mu m d i mens ion g rea ter t han 5 cm , a nd a t L auger ie-Haute l eve l 1 0 o n ly 1 o u t o f 2 1 i s l arger t han 5 cm . Ma ter ia l a t t hese t wo s i tes i si n g enera l sma l l , i n p ar t ac onsequence o f c aref u l c o l lec t ion .

Badegou le l eve l 6w i th t he l arges t who le f l akes ( see C hap ter

4 ) h as o n ly 2 9 o ut o f 1 01 measured r ac le t tes l arger t han 5 cm .

B acked b lade-

l ets , l i ke b ur in s pa l ls wou ld h ave s uf fered i n c o l lec t ion i fp resen t .

Wh i le t hese

c ons idera t ions d o n o t p rove t ha t e i ther c lass o ft oo ls was p resent b u t n o t c o ll ec ted , t hey d o i ndica te t ha t as truc tura l d isequ i libr iu m migh th ave b een i nt roduced i f sma l l p ieces were n o t c o l lec ted .

Wha t s uch s e lec t ion wou ld a f fec t

l ess , i s t he p ropor t ion o f t oo ls o f g enera l ly l a rger s ize , a nd i n t h is c on tex t , t he o verwhe lm ing d o mina t ion o f t h is a sse mb lage b y i t s b ur ins mus t b e a ccepted a nd i n tegra ted i n to a ny e xp lana t ion i fp oss ib le . A l la in ( 1976 p . 1 03 , 1 976a p . 1 317) c o mpares t he s i te t o t he l ower l eve ls o f F r i tsch where a v ery l ow p ercen tage o fb lades i s c la imed .

E ven c redi t ing

t he " que lques c en ta ines d 'ec la ts s ans i n terg t" ( J oannes & C odier 1 957 p . 8 4 ) w i th a f i gure o f 1 000 , t he p ropor t ion o fb lades a s ap ercen tage o f t he r e touched / unre touched b lades/f lakes l i s ted i s s t i l l 1 2 . 0 6% .

. " )

S A INT-F IACRE , B ossay-sur-C la ise , I ndre-e t-Loire The s i te l i es o n t he v a l ley f l oor o f t he C la ise , 1 80 m n or th o f t he F on ta ine d e S a int-F iacre i n B ossay , a nd b es ide t he r uad t ha t p ara l le ls t he r a i lway f ro m P or t-de-P i les t o L e B lanc .

The s i te i s o n t he l ef t b ank o f t he r iver , 1 00 m

a way , a nd c . 7 .5 m a bove i t s l eve l , a t a n a l t i tude o f 7 8 .4 m . The s i te was d iscovered i n 1 948 b y H . Th ienne t i n s urface c o l lec t ion , a l though i t s ee ms t ha t p ieces were o bserved d uring e xcava t ion o f t he c ut ting f or t he r a i lway i nt he 1 880s .

The f i rst s ondages were c arr ied o ut b y C ordier

a nd Th ienne t i n 1 956, a nd were c on t inued i n 1 957 .

The a rea o f t he s i te i s n o t

k nown w i th c er ta in ty , a n a rea 7 me tres s quare was e xcava ted ( Cordier Th ienne t 1 959) . Benea th 3 0-40 cm o f d epos i t , c on ta in ing a f ew d er ived p ieces , a n i n s i tu a rchaeo log ica l l eve l was f ound; a l eve l c . 1 2 cm t h ick , i n av ery c layey l imon c on ta in ing q uar tz s and a nd g rave l f rac t ions . The r aw ma ter ia l emp loyed i s ad ark h o mogeneous f l in t , o ccurr ing i n l arge n odules , a nd w i th c ores we igh ing 3 -4000 g r , a nd b lades e xceeding 2 0 cm i n l eng th .

Bes ide t h is i s s o me u se o f v ar ious j aspers , i nc luding o ne d escr ibed

a s y e l low o r b rown w i th d ark d o ts wh ich a lso o ccurs i n t he I s le v a l ley s i tes . The s tudy o f t he ma ter ia l b y C ordier & Theinne t ( 1959 ) , i s s uf f ic ien t ly d e ta i led t o a l low a n a pprox i ma t ion t o t he t ype l i s t emp loyed h ere .

These

a uthors s tudied a t o ta l o f 3 466 p ieces , a l l f ro m t he i n s i tu l eve l e xcept f or f our b ur ins .

Amongst t hese , 1 31 were d escr ibed a s t oo ls ( Tab le 1 .48) .

Ma ter ia l f ro m t he s i te was a lso s tudied b y L ap lace ( 1966 Tab . XV I , p . 5 36) , 5 36 ) , who p ub l ished 6 55 t oo ls . p ieces .

Th is d oes n ot mean t ha t h e s aw a ny more

3 26 o f t hese wou ld b e c lassed a s r e touched b y o thers;

n otches a nd d en t icu la tes , c lasses n ot u sed b y C ordier ; b lades o r s idescrapers .

1 42 a s

a nd 3 8 a s r e touched

Th is r educes t he t ota l t o 1 49 , l i t t le d if feren t f ro m

t he t ota l o f C ordier & T h ienne t , a l though t he i n terna l s tructure o f t ypes i s a l i t t le d if ferent .

T he L ap lace t ype l i s t c an a lso b e a pprox i ma ted t o t he o ne

emp loyed h ere ( Tab le I .4 9 ) . The most s tr ik ing d if ference b etween t he t wo l i sts i s t he p resence o f t he t hree r ac le t tes ( A2 ) o f L ap lace .

I n f ac t , C ordier & Th ienne t ( 1 959 p . 4 77) i n

n ot ing t he a bsence o f r ac le t tes , s uggest t ha t c er ta in f l akes may h ave b een f unc t iona l ly e qu iva len t .

O n p . 4 78, t hey n ote t ha t i ti s t he a bsence o f ' rac le t tes

t yp iques ' wh ich i s s tr iking . C ordier & Th ienne t c o mpare t he ma ter ia l t o t ha t f ro m L a P luche , a nd t o t ha t f ro m Grand-Pressigny S i lo ( see b e low ) , a nd s ugges t t ha t t hey r epresent a" Proto- magdar en ien t ourangeau" e qu iva len t t o t he l ower I n it ia l Magda len ian a t Badegou le .

A l la in h as a lso c o mpared t he s i te — l ike L a P luche — to t he

l owes t I n i t ia l Magda len ia n l eve ls a t t he a br i F r i tsch , e choing C ordier & Th ienne t i n h is p roposa l t ha t t he s i tes r epresen t ap ar t icu lar ' f ac ies ' o f t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian i n t he C reuse-C la ise d ra inage . T o make t he s ame c a lcu la t ion o f l a me l lar i ty c arr ied o ut f or L a P luche , t he p ercentage o fb lades i s much h igher t han c la i med f or t he a br i F r i tsch w i th r e touched a nd u nre touched b lades r epresen t ing 2 9 .45% o ft he r e touched/ u nre touched f l ake/b lade t o ta l .

As i n t he c ase o f t he a br i F r i tsch , t he 4 23

c ri ter ia emp loyed i n a t tr ibut ing p ieces t o t he b lade c a tegory a re n ot c lear , b ut t he i l lustra ted p ieces i ndica te t ha t t he b lades u sed f or t oo ls a re c lear ly t echnica l b lades . N e i ther i n t he t ypes o f r aw ma ter ia l emp loyed , n or i n t he p ub lished t echn o log ica l f ea tures , d o t he I ndre-e t-Loire s urface s i tes s eem t o o f fer s upport f or t he mode l o f A l lain b ased o n t he a br i F r i tsch . The ma ter ia l i s c onserved b y C ordier , who r eserves i tf or h is own s tudy . Tab le I .4 8

S a int-F iacre .

Approxi ma ted t ype l i st ( af ter C ordier & T h ienne t

[ 1959 ]) N u mber

Type n ame S ing le e nd s craper

2 3

Og iva l e nd s craper

2

1 7 .56 1 .53

R abot

1

0 .76

D ihedra l b ur in

6

4 .58

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

1 5

1 1 .45

C orbiac b ur in

2

1 .53

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b urin

2

1 .53

B ur in o n r e touched t runca t ion

2 7

2 0 .61

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r et . t runc .

1 4

1 0 .69

Transverse b ur in f ro m u nprep . s urf .

1

0 .76

Transverse b urin

3

2 .29

Transverse b ur in o n n otch

2 0

1 5 .27

Mu lt ip le mixed b ur in

3

2 .29

O ther a nd b roken b urin

8

6 .11

4

3 .05

D iverse

1 31 O ther p ieces R etouched b lades

1 75

f lakes

3 75

U nretouched b lades

7 72

f l akes

1 894

B ur in s pa l ls

1 9

C ores

4 6

R idged c ore t r im m ing f l akes

5 1

Ham merstones

3 3 335

T ota l 3 466

C o m mentary S ing le e ndscraper ( 23) :

t hree h ave s tra igh t f ron ts , o ne a c oncave f ron t , a nd

t he r e ma inder a re c onvex . D ihedra l b ur in ( 6 ) :

t wo a re s tra igh t , a nd f our d e je te d ihedra l .

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b urin ( 2 ) : SDB

S DB

2 x AOB A d j .

1

1

4 24

B ur in o n r e touched t runca t ion ( 27) : a ng le , a nd o ne a t l east a x ia l; r e t .; 2 o n c oncave r e touch ;

1 4 a re o n o b l ique r e touch , e igh t o f t he m

5a re o n s tra igh t r e t . ; 3o n o b l ique-concave 2a ng le o n r e t . t runc . ;a nd o ne o n r e t . t runc .

Mu lt ip le b urin o n r e t . t runc ( 14 ) : S TR

S TR

OTR

CCTR

( 3 )1

OTR

1

CCTR

( 2 )

TON T ransverse b ur in ( 3 ) :

( 6 )1

t hese t hree p ieces a re a ssoc ia ted w i th s idescrapers .

Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in ( 3 ) :

2x S TR a d j .

S DB

TON P oor b urin o n r e t .

1

AOB D iverse ( 4 ) :

TON

1

1

A h and a xe o f MTA a ppearance , s l igh t ly l us trous —as a re o ne o r

t wo b ur ins —and w i th a c ryoc las t ic p ot l id f rac ture t ha t C ordier a nd Th ienne t s ay p recedes t he w ork ing o f t he ha nd a xe .

A ' coupere t ' —a g ian t p iece —of t he

t ype n oted a t Gabas tou, a nd o ccas iona l ly s tudied ( see C hapter 2 ) .

Two o ther

p ieces a re l arge n odu les w i th b ifac ia l r e mova ls c rea t ing a r ough h andaxe s hape i n o ne c ase , t he o ther b e ing b roken . Tab le I .4 9

S a in t-F iacre .

Approx i ma ted t ype l i st ( a f ter L ap lace 1 966 p . 5 36)

Type n ame

N u mber

%

9

3 .0 3

G 1

S ing le e ndscraper

L ap lace t ype

A typ ica l e ndscraper

1

0 .34

D4

E nd s craper o n r e t . f l/b l .

3

1 .0 1

G 2

Car ina ted e ndscraper

1

0 .34

G 9

N osed e ndscraper

3

1 .0 1

G 7 G 6

' Og iva l n osed ' e ndscraper

1

0 .34

E nd s craper-bur in

3

1 .0 1

B ur in-trunca ted p iece

2

0 .6 7

Bec

1

0 .3 4

B ei

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

8

2 .6 9

B 2

De je te/Ang le d ihedra l b urin

1 0

3 .3 7

B 3

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

2 0

6 .7 3

B 5 B 1

C orb iac b ur in

3

1 .0 1

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b ur in

4

1 .3 5

B ur in d 'axe o nr e t . t runc .

1

0 .34

B 7

Ang le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

2 1

7 .0 7

B 6

Transverse b ur in

1 0

3 .37

B 8

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r etouched t runc .

1 0

3 .3 7

Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in

7

2 .3 6

Trunca ted p iece

6

2 .0 2

Ob l ique t runca ted p iece

5

1 .6 8

T 3

T 1/2

N otch

8 1

2 7 .27

D 1

Den t icu la te

6 1

2 0 . 5 4

D2

S idescraper

2 0

6 .73

4 25

L 2/R2 /3

Tab le I .4 9 c on t . N u mber

%

Rac le t te

3

1 .01

D iverse

3 2 97

1 .01

Type n ame

L ap lace t ype A 2

O ther p ieces B lade w i th c on t inuous e dge r e touch

LD1

3 2 3 26

R e touched

L i/R1/A1

C o m men tary A typ ica l e ndscraper ( 1 ) :

Ad en t icu la ted e ndscraper .

E ndscraper-bur in ( 3 ) :

Ang le o n r e t . t runc .

E ndscraper

Transverse

1

1

T ransverse b ur . -Carina ted e s .A d j . B ur in-trunca ted p iece ( 2 ) :

1

T runca ted p iece

Ob l .t r . p iece 1

AOB Ang le o n r e t . t runc . Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 4 ) :

S DB

S DB

1 D/ADB

1

AOB 1

D/ADB

1

AOB

1

Mu l t ip le b urin o n r e t . t runc . ( 10 ) :

A ng le o n r e t . t r .

Ang le o n r e t . t r .

T ransverse

2

1

Transverse Mu lt ip le mixed b ur in ( 7 ) :

7 Ang le o n r e t . t r .

S DB

2

D/ADB

2

AOB

1

S idescraper ( 20 ) :

T ransverse

2

1 1 a re e dge r e touched b lades a pproach ing t he s idescraper ,

a nd t hree a re t ransverse . D iverse ( 3 ) :

B ifac ia l ly r etouched p ieces , p robab ly t he ' coupere t ' , a nd t wo

b ifac ia l ly f l aked n odu les i n t he C ordier a nd Th ienne t D iverse c a tegory .

4 26

GRAND-PRESS IG NY S ILO , Grand P ressigny , I ndre-e t-Loire T he s i te l i es o n t he l ef t b ank o f t he C la ise a t a n a lt itude o f 5 7 .5 m , C . 1 .5 m a bove t he l eve l o f t he r iver , a nd a t ad is tance o f 7 5-100 m f ro m i t , i n t he d epos i ts o f at errace t ha t r ises t o s ix me tres a bove wa ter l eve l .

An arrow

f l ood p la in s epara tes t he t errace f ro m t he r iver . The s i te was d iscovered i n 1 951 d ur ing e xcava t ion work f or t he i ns ta l la t ion o f mach inery b enea th a s i lo b eing c ons truc ted b eside Grand-Press igny s ta t ion . Ap i t 4m d eep , a nd 4 me tres s quare , was e xcava ted i nto t he s ix me tre t errace t ha t s uppor ts t he s ta t ion a nd r a i lway l i ne .

N ear t he b ot to m o f t h is p i t , a nd i n

i t s s outh wes t c orner , t he c orner o ft he s i te was c rossed , a nd a n u mber o f f l ints r ecovered .

The w ork was wa tched , a nd t he ma ter ia l c o l lec ted b y F .

Ber thouin , f or mer ly t he Depute f or Grand-Press igny ( Ber thouin & C ordier 1 953 ) . T he s tra t igraphy d ist ingu ished was , f ro m t op t o b ot to m : L eve l 3 :

R ecen t f i l l , b rough t t o t he s i te w i th in t he l as t c en tury .

8 0 cm .

L eve l 2 :

A rab le s o i l , c onta in ing s o me N eo li th ic ma ter ia l .

L eve l 1 :

C layey I i mon t o f l oess ic a spec t , w i th n o l arge p ebb les , b u t c on-

8 0 cm .

t a ining sma l l q uartz g ra ins , a nd sma l l l imestone e le ments .

A part

f ro m t he p resence o f l imestone , t he ma trix a s d escr ibed, i s c o mp arab le t o t ha t d escr ibed f ro m S a in t-F iacre s o me 2 0 km u ps trea m . 3 4m . L eve l 1c on ta ins t wo a rchaeo log ica l l eve ls , l a l i es i n t he t op 3 0 cm , a nd i s p robab ly N eo li th ic , l i ke t he ma ter ia l f ro m L eve l 2 .

L eve l l b o ccurs a t a

d ep th o f 3 .5-3 .8 m i n t he p i t , s epara ted b y 1 .6 m o f s ter i le l oess f ro m l a . Ber thouin a nd C ordier ( 1953 p . 3 04 ) s ugges t t ha t t he s i te was s ol if luc ted i n to i t s p resen t p os i t ion .

Th is h ypothes is s ee ms t o b e b ased o n as uppos i t ion t ha t

t he o ccupa t ion wou ld h ave b een o n t he v a l ley s lope , a nd n ot o n a ny f ea tures o f t he s i te p os i t ion ,

o r d epos i ts .

T he i ndustry u ses t he f a mous l oca l f l in t , wh ich e xp la ins t he l arge s ize o f s o me o f t he p ieces . The c o l lec t ion i s c onserved b y F . Ber thouin , a l though a ga in Id id n ot k now t h is i n t ime t o b e a b le t o make u se o f t he i nfor ma t ion .

T he d e ta i ls g iven

h ere a re b ased o n t he p ub l ica t ion b y Berthouin & C ordier ( 1953 ) , a nd o n a v is i t t o t he s i te i n S ep tember 1 977 . S ince o n ly a c orner o f t he s i te was c rossed , t he b ur in d o minance migh t b e e xp la ined b y t he s uggest ion t ha t al oca l ised a c t iv i ty a rea was c rossed , b ut t he d om inance o fb urins a t L a P luche a nd S ain t-F iacre ( espec ia l ly when n otches e tc . a re e xc luded) , mus t b e b orne i n mind . A l though a t tr ibut ing t he c o l lec t ion t o t he ' Proto magda len tan ' o f C heyn ier , t he a uthors n ote t he q ua l i ty o f t he workmansh ip , s ay ing t ha t t he a ssemb lage c o mponen ts " ne t radu i t p as l 'a tav is me a ur ignac ien q ui e s t a ccuse p ar l es p receden ts a u p oin t d 'avoir , a u B eauregard , mis l es p reh istor iens e n d efaut ... A u c on tra ire , n os b urins t ransversaux s on t a ssoc ies 4 27

d 'e legants g ra t to irs e t b ur ins s ur l a mes , d ignes d u p lus e vo lue d es Magda len iens"

( Ber thouin & C ordier 1 953 p . 5 04 ) .

2 2 o f t he t oo ls a nd r e touched p ieces a re c lear ly o n b lades , a nd t hese w i th t he u nretouched , f or m 1 6 .53% o f t he a sse mb lage ; o r , i ft he ' deche ts d e t ar ne ' n ot n o ted a t L a P luche a nd S a int-F iacre a re e xc luded , 2 2 .96% o f t he r e ma ining a sse mb lage . B erthouin & C ordier ( 1953 p . 4 98) n ote t ha t n one o f t he f lakes h ave f ace t ted p la tfor ms . The d e ta i ls g iven i n Tab le I .5 0 a re e x trac ted f ro m t he p ub l ica t ion;

a l-

t hough p ercen tages a re g iven t he s a mp le i s t oo sma l l f or t hese t o b e u sed i n t he s ta t is t ica l a na lyses . Tab le I .5 0 Grand-Press igny S i lo .

( Af ter Berthouin & C ordier 1 953 ) N u mber

Type n a me S ing le e ndscraper D oub le e ndscraper

3 1

7 .5 2 .5

E nd s craper o n r e t . f l/b i .

1

2 .5

E ndscraper-bur in

1

2 .5

P er9o ir

1

2 .5

D ihedra l b ur in

5

1 2 .5

Ang le b ur in

3

7 .5

Ang leburin o n o b l . r e t . t r . o r u nre t . e nd

1

2 .5

T ransverse b ur in

1 4

3 5 .0

Mu lt ip le t ransverse b ur in

5

1 2 .5

Mu lt ip le mixed b ur in

2

5 .0

B roken b urin

1

2 .5

T runca ted p iece

1

2 .5

D iverse

1

2 .5

4 0 O ther p ieces R e touched b lades

4

f l akes

1 0

U nre touched b lades

3 7

f l akes

1 55

' Deche ts d e t a i l le '

1 00

B ur in s pa l ls

6

C ore

1

R idged c ore t r im ming f lake

3

N odule w ith p re li m inary t r imm ing

1 3 17

4 28

T ota l

3 57

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 3 ) :

Two c onvex , t he t h ird ab roken b lade r eworked a s a

c oncave e ndscraper . Doub le e ndscraper ( 1 ) :

Doub le c onvex , o n ab lade 1 6 cm l ong .

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b l . ( 1 ) : E ndscraper-bur in ( 1 ) : B ur in ( 31 ) :

Og iva l .

C onvex-SDB .

On ly t hose p ieces i l lus tra ted c an b e a t tr ibuted w ith c erta in ty .

i l lustra ted d ihedra l b ur in i s d e je te .

The

The i l lus tra ted a ng le b ur in c o mbines t wo

a d jacen t b ur ins o n s l igh t ly o b l ique t runca t ion .

Two d oub le , a nd o ne t rip le

t ransverse b ur ins a re i l lus tra ted , a nd amongst t hese s even b ur ins t here s ee ms t o b e ap redo minance o f t ransverse b ur ins o n n o tch . Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in : S DB Trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) :

Ang le ( ? o n CCTR ) 1

2 x Ang . CCTR A d j . 1

C lassed a s ab urin b y Ber thouin & C ordier , at runca t ion ,

w i th l a tera l n o tch b e low t he t runca t ion . D iverse ( 1 ) :

Al arge c ore l i ke a r t ifac t 2 5 cm l ong , w i th b ur in l i ke r e mova ls

a t e i ther e nd , a nd a n e x ten t o f s crap ing e dge a long o ne s ide . s erved o n b oth f aces .

4 29

C or tex i s p re-

LA-CHAPELLE-SA INT- MESMIN , L oire t T he s i te l i es o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he L o ire , o n as pur , a nd 3 00 m f ro m t he r iver .

I n t he l a te 1 930s i tl ay 1km t o t he s outh-wes t o ft he v i l lage o f La-

C hape l le-Sa int- Mes m in i n t he f i e lds o f t he p roper ty o f Mon te loup . T he s i te was d iscovered i n 1 935 , a nd c o l lec ted o ver t he f o l low ing t wo y ears b y M . a nd M me P i l lau l t .

T he ir c o l lec t ion —of more t han 4 000 p ieces —was

s tudied b y N oue l ( 1937) . Wi th t he g row th o f L a-Chape l le-Sa int- Mes m in a s as a te l l i te t own f or O r leans , w i th w ork e x tending o ver t he s i te , as econd a bundan t c o l lec t ion h as b een made b y Mav ie l , wh ich i nc ludes s o me e le men ts o f f auna r ecovered i n t he c ons truc t ion t renches ( A l la in 1 970 p . 3 50 ) . Ih ave t hus f ar b een u nab le t o o b ta in d e ta i ls o ft he Mav ie l c o l lec t ion , o r t o l oca te t he P i l lau lt c o l lec t ion , s o f or t he d e ta i ls g iven h ere Ih ave h ad t o r e ly o n t he 1 937 p ub l ica t ion o f N oue l . Mos t o f t he ma teria l i s r epor ted a s c a rry ing awh i te p a t ina , a nd t he s ugg es ted r aw ma ter ia l s ource i s i n t he p ebb les o f t he b ed o f t he L oire —sugges ted a s a n e xp lana t ion f or t he sma l l s ize o f t he c ores ( Noue l 1 937 p . 3 81) . T he d e ta i ls g iven b y N oue l d o a l low s o me a pprox i ma t ion t o b e made t o t he t ype l i s t emp loyed h ere , a l though o ne mus t o bserve t ha t n o tches , d en t icu la tes , a nd t runca ted p ieces a re n o t n oted e xcep t when a ssoc ia ted w i th a nother p iece . Th is mus t b ias t he p ercentages c a lcu la ted , a nd r es tr ic t t he u se t ha t c an b e made o f t he c o l lec t ion i n t he s ta t ist ica l a na lyses ( Tab le I .5 1 ) . T ab le I .5 1

L a-Chape l le-Sa in t- Mes min ( a f ter N oue l 1 937 )

T ype n a me

N u mber

S ing le e ndscraper

5 6

1 9 . 1 8

Doub le e ndscräper

2

0 .68

E nd s craper o n r e t . f l/b l .

1

0 .3 4

E ndscraper o n f l ake

1 7

C ar ina ted e ndscraper

2

A typ ica l c ar ina ted e ndscraper

1

E ndscraper-burin

1 9

5 .82 0 .68 0 .34 6 .51

P er9o ir-endscraper

3

1 .03

P er9oir

7

2 .40

Bec

3

1 .03

S pine

1

D ihedra l b ur in

3 0

0 .34 1 0 .27

Ang le o n b reak b urin

7

2 .40

A ng le b ur in o n c oncave r e touched t runca t ion

9

3 .0 8

Ang le b urin o n c onvex r e t . t runc .

1

Ob l ique b urin o n n otch

3 0

T ransverse b urin o n l a tera l ' r e t .

1

T ransverse b urin o n n otch

1 1

0 .3 4 1 0 . 2 7 0 .3 4 3 .77

Mu l t ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

3

1 .0 3

Mu lt ip le ( ?) mixed b ur in

3

1 .03

4 30

Tab le I .5 1 c on t . N u mber

Type n ame S trangu la ted/notched b lade

3

S idescraper Rac le t te

1 .03

3 2 3 0

P ointed b lade le t

1 0 .96 1 0 .27

7

2 .40

Backed b lade le t

2

0 .68

R e touched b lade le t

3

1 .03

P oin ted b lade

7

2 .40

D iverse

1

0 .34

2 92 O ther p ieces B lades w i th c on t inuous e dge r e touch

1 0

P ick

1

S p lintered p iece

2 3

R etouched

4

B ur in s pans U nre touched-b lades/b lade le ts

7 8 1 203

f l akes

2 614

C ores

1 14

C ore t r im ming f l ake

1 4 048 T ota l

4 340

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 5 6) :

5 3 c onvex , o ne w i th a brup t r ac let te t ype r etouch , t wo

a ssoc ia ted w i th n o tches; t wo c oncave , a nd o ne o n a n ' obtuse a ng le ' . Doub le e ndscraper ( 2 ) :

B oth o ppose t wo c onvex e ndscrapers .

A typ ica l c ar ina ted e ndscraper ( 1 ) : Th is i s t he p iece d escribed a s a' t araud ' b y N oue l , a nd i l lus tra ted ( p . 3 83 P l . In o . 2 0 ) . E ndscraper-bur in ( 1 9 ) :

E ndscraper-18 c onvex , o ne c oncave .

B ur ine-n ine

d ihedra l . 7o b l . o n n o tch , a nd t hree a ng le . P er9o ir-endscraper ( 3 ) :

A l l c onvex , i n o ne c ase t he p er9oir i s f or med o n

t he e nd o f t he s craper f ron t b y al a tera l n otch ( P l . 1 .18) . P er9o ir ( 7 ) : T hese i nc lude f our p ieces c lassed a s t m icro l i th icrac let tes ' i n wh ich Ip refer t o s ee p er9oirs made w i th r ac let te t ype r e touch ( P l . 1 .28-31) , a nd ap iece c lassed a s a n ' ec la t p er9oir ' ( P l . I I . 4 3 ) . Bec ( 3 ) :

These a re t he t wo p ieces c lassed b y N oue l a s e ndscrapers o n f lake

w i th b ees a nd i l lus tra ted ( P l . I .2 ,3 ) , a nd a z inken c lassed a s ap er9o ir ( P l . 1 .19 ) . D ihedra l b ur in ( 30 ) : Taken a s t he mean ing o f N oue l 's ' burin d roi t y , a f ter P l . 1 .12 , b u t p erhaps a lso i nc luding b ur ins d 'axe o n r e t . t runc .

4 31

Ob l ique b urin o n n otch ( 30 ) :

O f t he t wo p ieces i l lus tra ted b y N oue l . , Imigh t

h ave b een t e mp ted t o c lass o ne ( P l . I .4 ) a s

a TON b urin , a nd i n g enera l I

t ended t o p ut b ur ins o n n otch t oge ther e ven i fo b l ique .

S o me may b e o n l a tera l

n otch , o r a x ia l o n o b l ique-concave r e touch . T ransverse b ur in o n l a tera l r e t . ( 1 ) :

T he r e touched b lade le t i l lustra ted b y

N oue l ( P l . 1 1 .34 ) . T ransverse b ur in o n n otch ( 11 ) :

T he o ne i l lus tra ted e xa mp le ( P l . I .6 ) i s d oub le .

Mu l t ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc . ( 3 ) :

Two w i th t wo a d jacen t CCTR b ur ins , t he

t h ird c o mbin ing t ransverse a nd o b l ique o n n otch ( P l . I .9 ) . Mu l t ip le mixed(?) b ur in ( 3 ) :

O ne i l lus tra ted e xamp le c o mbines a s tra igh t d i-

h edra l b ur in , a nd a n a ng le b ur in o n s tra igh t r e t . t runc . ( P l . 1 .12 ) ; t he o ther t wo s hare t wo d ihedra l , a nd t wo o b l ique b urins o n n otch b e tween t he m . S trangu la ted/notched b lade ( 3 ) :

C lassed a s e dge r e touched p ieces a pproach ing

t he s idescraper c o mb ined w i th n o tch o r ' gorge ' b y N oue l .

Two a re i l lustra ted

( P l . I . 2 3 ,2 5 ) . S idescraper ( 32 ) :

T hree a re a ssoc ia ted w i th n o tches .

R ac le t te ( 30 ) : S o me a re n oted a s i nc ludingper9o irs i n t he r ac le t te e dge , o thers a s c arry ing b ur ins ! P oin ted b lade le t ( 7 ) : t runca ted b lade le t . P oin ted b lade ( 7 ) :

T he i l lus tra ted e xa mp le ( P l . 1 .42) i s a n o b l ique ly

Descr ibed a s t h is o r o g iva l e ndscraper , t he i l lustra ted e x-

amp le s ugges ts t h is c a tegory ( P l . I I . 4 0 ) . D iverse ( 1 ) : P ick ( 1 ) :

A mu lt i-edged s crap ing p iece ( P l . I . 2 2 ) .

n ine cm l ong , d escr ibed b y N oue l a s h av ing ab ur in a t o ne e nd a nd

u se marks a t t he o ther .

4 32

N e mours , S e ine-e t- Marne H ere we a re c oncerned n ot w i th a s ing le s i te , b ut w i th a s i te g roup , o r a s pread o fo ccupa t ion w i th h o les d ug i n i t . 2 km s outh o f t he t o wn o f N e mours , t he Massif d es Beauregards d om ina tes t he r iver L oing .

A t i t s n or th-western e x tre m i ty ,

t end t owards t he r iver .

t wo n e ighbour ing s purs e x-

The n or thern o f t he t wo s uppor ts t he s i te o f Beaure-

g ard , a nd d escends s teep ly t o t he v a l ley f l oor a t t he e nd , d ropp ing f ro m a n a l t i tude o f j ust o ver 1 20 m, t o o ne o f j us t o ver 6 0 m i n ad is tance o f 1 00 m . The s outhern s pur , s epara ted f ro m t he f i rst b y ad ry v a l ley , i s t he Deux ie me R edan ( M . &R . Dan ie l 1 953 p . 2 16 , S ch m ider 1 971 , p ersona l v is i t ) . T he s andstone mass if i s t opped b y O l igocene s andstone a nd s ands f or m ing ac haos o f b locks b edded i n s and .

The mass if i s n ow h eav i ly w ooded .

I tw i l l b e c onven ien t t o f o l low M . & R . Dan ie l ( 1953 p p . 2 16, 2 18 ) a nd d is t inguish t hree d if feren t s i tes : - On t he n orthern s pur , t he p rinc ipa l s i te o r s i te o f Beauregard , a round t he o r ien ta t ion t ab le a nd e x tending c . 1 00 m t o t he e as t o f i t ; -a nd t he Grand S urp lo mb , o r a br i D oigneau wh ich o pens i n t he s teep s lope j us t b e low , a nd t o t he n or th , o f t he o r ienta t ion t ab le ; on t he s outhern s pur , t he Deux ie me R edan s i tes ,

n ow t o b e c ons idered

a s r a ther more t han t he ' pe t i t g ise men t ' o f t he Dan ie ls ( c f . f igure I .2 7) . BEAUREGARD The s i te was r ecogn ised i n 1 867 b y D oigneau , who was a t f i rs t u nw i l ling t o a ccept t he ma ter ia l a s p re-Neo li th ic .

He made c o l lec t ions o ver a n u mber

o f y ears , wh ich i n 1 870 R ou jou a t tr ibu ted t o t he Age d u R enne , a nd which Do igneau f i na l ly p ub l ished a s Magda len ian i n 1 884 .

F ro m t he 1 890s u p t o t he

p urchase o f t he s i te b y t he t own o f N e mours i n 1 907, t he s i te was e xcava ted b y F ou jou , who r ecogn ised t wo a rchaeo log ica l l eve ls , a Magda len ian a bove , a nd a l eve l b e low a t tr ibuted b y F ou jou t o aS o lutrean .

O ne c ondi t ion a t tached

a t t he t ime o f t he a cquis i t ion o f t he s i te , . was t ha t n o more e xcava t ion b e p ermi t ted , s o w ork moved e ast o f t he s i te , b eh ind t he s pur , a nd o n to i t s s outh s lopes .

O ther e xcava tors f o l lowed — Mar t in & H ue ( 1909-10 ) , B ouex ( 1917) ,

Dan ie l ( 1920-1939 ) , S oudan ( 1930-32 ) , N oue l ( 1 929-1937) , a s we l l a s C abro l , L aca i l le , N oug ier , a nd Vach e . Genera l isa t ion o f t he v ar ious s ec t ions g iven i ndica tes t ha t b enea th l eve ls o f s and d is turbed b y q uarry ing a c t iv i t ies , b y p lan t ing , b y a n i ma ls , b y e xcavat ors , a nd b y o ther a nony mous f l in t h un ters , a nd c on ta ining N eo l i th ic , Mesol i th ic , a nd Magda len ian , i s ab ed o f c lay o r s andy c lay w i th I n i t ia l Magda len ian ma ter ia l , a nd s o me f auna lr e ma ins —un iden t i f iab le v er tebrae a nd o ther b ones , a nd a bundan t h orse t ee th ( M . & R . Dan ie l 1 953 p . 2 18, S ch m ider 1 971 p p . 6 5-66) . The ma ter ia l o f t h is l ower l eve l —a lready n o ted a s d ist inc t f ro m t he Magda len ian b y F ou jou —was c lassed a s P re magda len ianby Mar t in ( 1909 ) , a nd i n 1 930 a s A ur ignac ian b y Dan ie l —an o p in ion a ccepted b y N oue l , L aca i l le , C abro l , N oug ier , a nd Vach e—but c hanged b y Dan ie l i n 1 937 t o o ne o f ' Magda le -n ien i n i t ia l ' a f ter c o mpar ison w i th Badegou le , a nd o n t he o p in ion o f C heyn ier ( Dan ie l 1 937 ) . 4 33

S chm ider s tudied f our c o l lec t ions f ro m t he s i te , t wo f ro m a round t he o r ien ta t ion t ab le , a nd t wo f ro m t he e as t . T he n or thern s pur c o m mands e x tens ive v iews t o s outh , west , a nd n or th , a t p resent o bscured b y t ree g row th . F ro m a round t he t ab le , M me S ch m ider s tudied t he sma l l c o l lec t ion ( 116 p ieces ) r ecovered b y Dan ie l f ro m a n o ld q uarry o n t he S outh s lope ( f ig . I .2 7 .D ) , a nd ap ar t o f t he F ou jou c o l lec t ion owned b y Dan ie l , wh ich c erta in ly r epresen ts a' be l le-pf ece ' c o l lec t ion ( Sch m ider 1 971 p p . 8 3-93 ) .

F ro m t he e ast , s he

s tudied a l arge s er ies ( 1138 p ieces ) r epresen t ing t he S oudan c o l lec t ion , w i th t he L apeyre s urface c o l lec t ion

mixed i n ;

a nd a sma l ler s er ies ( 357 p ieces )

f ro m t he e xcava t ions o f Dan ie l i n t he E ast ( Schm ider 1 971 p p . 6 7-83 ) .

The

S oudan-Lapeyre c o l lec t ion i s , s he s ays , c er ta in ly s e lec ted , t o t he a dvantage o f c lassic t ypes s uch a s s ing le e nd s crapers o n b lade , a nd t o t he d e tr imen t o f l ess ' c lass ic ' t ypes , s uch a s t he r ac le t te .

I n v iew o ft hese v ar ious s e lec t ions ,

o r c ondi t ions o f e xcava t ion , o n ly t he Danie l c o l lec t ion f ro m t he e as t o f t he s i te migh t b e a ccep tab le , a nd t he t ype l i s t a s d e ter m ined b y S ch m ider i s emp loyed h ere ( c f . Tab le I .5 2 ) .

L ap lace ( 1 966 p p . 2 97 , 3 82-383 ) s tudied a c o l lec t ion

f ro m t he s i te , b ut i ti s n ot c lear wh ich . L e GRAND S URPLOMB Th is i s f or med b y as ands tone b lock r es t ing o n o ther b locks , a nd f or ming 3

c av i ty 6 0 cm h igh , p ar t ia l ly o bstruc ted b y s labs f a l len f ro m t he r oof , b enea th

wh ich i s a n a rchaeo log ica l b ed 3 0 cm t h ick , o f o chreous s and, b eco m ing d arker , a nd r icher i n c lay t owards i t s b ase . The s tra t igraphy i s c onfused a t t he e n try , where t here may h ave b een b ur ia ls , a nd where Magda len ian a nd N eo l i th ic o ccur mixed .

T he main c o l lec t ion w i th r ac le t tes , s idescrapers , a nd b urins

o n n otch c an b est b e c ons idered I n i t ia l Magda len ian .

Iwou ld n ot b e a s r eady

a s M me S chm ider t o e xc lude t he b acked b lade le ts a s i n trus ive .

The g rea test

i n teres t o f t he s he l ter h owever r esides i n i t s p reserva t ion o f b one i ndus try a nd f auna .

These w i l l b e c ons idered e lsewhere ( M . &R . Dan ie l 1 953 p p . 2 20 ,

2 22 , S chm ider 1 971 p p . 9 3-97) . DEUX IhME REDAN A lthough t he n ame f or t he s econd s pur , t he t er m h as b een e x tended t o c over t he s i tes e xp lored i n a reas n ear t he s pur .

F irs t d escr ibed b y D oigneau

i n 1 884 , t he s i te s uf fered e x tens ive ly f ro m q uarry i ng—bo th f or s andstone , a nd f or f l in ts .

C ons idered worked o ut b y B ouex i n 1 917 , t he s i te c on t inued t o b e

e xcava ted i nc luding b y t he S oc ie te P reh is tor ique F rança ise , b ut w ith n o p ubl i shed r esu lts .

Dan ie l r ecovered c . 4 0 p ieces f ro m a n u nda maged p a tch t ha t

c ou ld b e r eferred t o t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian ( Schm ider 1 971 p . 1 01) . I n 1 950 , V ignard b egan a s er ies o f e xcava t ions t ha t c oncerned t he Deuxie me R edan , a nd t he s er ies o f c res ts b eh ind —the ' Gros Mon ts d e N e mours ' ( V ignard &V acher 1 965 p . 9 4 ) . D uring f i f teen y ears d igging h o les o ver t he a rea , s ix ( Vacher & V ignard 1 965 p . 8 4 ) o r s even ( Vacher & V ignard 1 964 p . 3 3 ) I n i t ia l Magda len ian ' s i tes ' were r ecogn ised ( see C heyn ier 1 956 , De larue & V ignard 1 958, 1 960 , 1 963 ,

4 34

F igure 1 .27

KEY :

T he N e mour s i tes ( a f ter S ch mid e r 1 971 p p . 1 6 a nd 6 5 )

T - Or ienta t ion Tab le S -

' Le Grand S urp lo mb '

P - C irque d e l a Pa tr ie A - E xcava t ions o f F ou jou B - E xcava t ions o f S oudan a nd N oue l C - E xcava t ions o f Dan ie l D - E xcava t ions o f Dan ie l ( South s lopes ) Deuxie me R ed a n

4 35

Vacher & V ignard 1 962 , 1 964 ) . S chm ider ( 1971 p p . 1 03-104 ) a l ludes b r ief ly t o t he d e ta i ls g iven i n t he p ub l ica t ions o f t he s i tes . Tab le 1 .53 g ives amore d e ta i led s u m mary o ft he n u mbers o fp ieces a t t he d if feren t s i tes a t tr ibuted t o ma jor c a tegor ies b y t he e xcava tors . I n 1 971 a nd 1 972 , S ch m ider c arr ied o ut e xcava t ions a t t hree p oin ts o n t he Deuxieme R edan ( Schmider u npub l . 1 971 , 1 972 , B rez i l lon 1 973 p p . 3 50-351 , L eroi-Gourhan e t a l . 1 976 p p . 1 330-1331 ) . C han t ier I , a1 0 s q m s ondage 3 0 m e as t o f C han te ir I , p roduced o n ly ad ozen p ieces , o f n o d ist inc t ive c harac ter . Gros Mon ts 7 was a r e inves t iga t ion o f ma ter ia l p reserved b enea th s poi l i n t he c en tre o fo ne o ft he ' s i tes ' o f V ignard . A lthough ad e ta i led s tra t igraphy was t raced , t he ma ter ia l r ecovered was amixture o f I n i t ia l a nd L a te Magda lenian , N eo li th ic , a nd p erhaps s o me G rave t t ian . T he p rinc ipa l e xcava t ion was t ha t o f C han t ier I , av irg in a rea b e tween t wo s i tes o f V ignard . A n a rea o f6 0 s q m was i nves t iga ted , a t f i rs t w i th t he h ope o f f i nding t races o f s tructura l f ea tures . B enea th t he n orth-eas t p ar t o f t he a rea i nvest iga ted , b enea th 1 2 cm o f s and was ap i le o f s ands tone b locks , a nd a l though a t f i rst i t was t hough t t hese migh t r epresen t ad e libera te a rrangemen t , a l l t ha t c ould b e c onc luded was t ha t a dvan tage h ad b een t aken o f ac onforma t ion r esu lt ing f ro m t he d ecay o ft he b edrock , " les Magda len iens ...on t p u l ' amenager p ar e ndro i t ; i le s t d if f ic i le d e l e d emon trer" ( Schm ider 1 972) . I n t h is p ar t o f t he e xcava t ion was amore o r l ess d isturbed s tra t igraphy : L eve l 1 :

H u mus 1 0 cm

2 :

G rey ' t rans i t iona l ' b ed o f h u mus mixed w i th y e l low s and 1 0 cm

3 :

" souf f lees" y e l low s and 2 0-30 cm

4 :

S labs a nd mediu m s ized b locks

5 :

O chreous a nd p odso l ized s and 1 0 cm

6 :

Sma l l p laques a nd p ebb les r est ing o n b edrock

I n t he s outh west o ft he C han t ier a s imp ler s tra t igraphy i s d ist inguished : L eve l1 : 2 :

H u mus 1 0 cm G rey s and 1 0-15 cm

3 :

Y e l low s and 3 0 cm

4 :

S ands tone b edrock

I n a l l p ar ts o ft he s i te t he f l in t ma ter ia l was f ound mixed w i th p o t tery a nd f rag men ts o f medieva l t i les , b ut , a par t f ro m a f ew c lear ly l a ter p ieces , a l l t he f l in t ma ter ia l c ou ld b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian—"B ien q ue l a s tra t igraph ie a ppara isse l e p lus s ouven t p erturbee , l ' indus tr ie r ecue i l lie e st h o mogenen ( Schm ider 1 971a ) . I n v iew o f t he k nown b ehav iour o f l arger p art ic les i n s and ( c f . S tock ton ( 1973 ) , S i ir ia inen ( 1977 ) , a nd t he n otes o n L achaud a nd P iage a bove ) t he mixture o fp ieces i sn ot s urpr ising , b u t s ince d ist inc t a sse mb lages a re n ot b e ing c la imed, n or a re t hey a pparen t , t he d isturbance i s l ess s er ious i n t h is c ase . Mos t a bundan t ma ter ia l c ame f rom l eve l 3i n t he n or th-east o ft he s i te , wh i le i n t he s ou th-west i t was t hough t t ha t ad ist inc t l eve l c harac ter ised b y f i r mer s o i l , h or izon ta l ly p laced f l ints , a nd many c ores c ou ld b e r ecogn ised 2 -5 cm a bove b edrock .

Th is o bserva t ion t oge ther w i th t he e v idence o fp od-

s o lisa t ion c la imed a t t he s urface o f l eve l 5i n t he NE s ec t ion migh t s ugges t t ha t o ccupa t ion t ook p lace o n ap ar t ly d eve loped s o i l . 4 36

M me S chm ider k ind ly g ave me p erm ission t o s tudy t he u npub l ished mat er ia l f ro m t he s i te , c onserved b y t he D irec t ion d es An t iqui tes p reh istor iques d e l a r eg ion p ar is ienne . S evera l p ieces were o n t ype a nd p a t ina c lear ly n ot a t tr ibutab le t o t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian c o l lec t ion —par t icu lar ly s ix Mesol i th ic a rma tures . Wi th s im i lar p a t ina , a nd e xc luded f ro m t he c oun t , was ab acked b lade le t , a nd a n u mber o fo ther p ieces were r egarded a sh av ing a d oub tfu l p a t ina , a nd were e xc luded f ro m t he c oun ts :

O ne e nd s craper , n ine b ur ins , t wo n otches , 1 0 r e-

t ouched p ieces , 5 7 c o mp le te u nre touched p ieces , a nd t hree r idged c ore t r imming f l akes . T he v ar ia t ion i n p a t ina amongs t t he r ac le t tes i ndica ted t he r ange o f a ccepta b le p a ti nas , wh ich r anged f ro m d eep wh i te t o awh i te c louding , d epending o n t he t ype o f f l in t .

The o ne r e ma ining d anger i s o f a dm ixture b y Grave t t ian ,

wh ich d oes o ccur i n p laces o n t he Mass if . A l l o ne c an s ay , i st ha t t here were n o i nd ica t ions o f s uch i n t he ma ter ia l r ecovered . B eside t he a sse mb lage s tudy ( see T ab le I .5 4 ) , who le f l akes , a nd r ac le t tes were a lso s tudied .

4 37

Tab le I .5 2

Beauregard E ast .

Dan ie l c o l lec t ion ( a f ter S ch m ider 1 971 Tab . I

p p . 1 96-7) Type n o .

T ype n ame

N u mber

1

S ing le e ndscraper

2

A typ ica l e ndscraper

3

D oub le e ndscraper

4

Og iva l e ndscraper

2 4 2 1 6 2 1 3

7 .06 0 .59 4 .71 0 .59

5

E nd s craper o n r e t . f l/b i .

6

E nd s craper o n A ur ignac ian b lade

2

0 .59

7

F an e ndscraper

1

0 .29

8

E ndscraper o n f l ake

9

C ircu lar e ndscraper

2 1

3 .82

6 .18

2

0 .59

1 2

A typ ica l c arina ted e ndscraper

5

1 .47

1 3

Th ick n osed e ndscraper

4

1 .18

1 4

F la t n osed e ndscraper

1 4

4 .12

1 7

E ndscraper-burin

1 8

5 .29

1 9

B ur in-trunca ted p iece

2 2 2 3

5

1 .47

P er9o ir-bur in

5

1 .47

P er9oir

6

1 .76

2 4

B ee

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9o ir

1 2 8

3 .53 2 .35

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

4

1 .18

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b ur in

6

1 .76

2 9

A ng le d ihedra l b ur in

3

0 .88

3 0

A ng le o n b reak b ur in

2

0 .59

3 1

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b urin

1

0 .29

3 4

B ur in o n s tra igh t r e t . t runc .

5

1 .47

3 5

B urin o n o b l ique r e t . t runc .

5

1 .47

3 6

B urin o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

3 7

B ur in o n c onvex r e t . t runc .

4

1 .18

3 8

T ransverse o r o b l ique b ur in o n l a t . r e t .

2

0 .59

1 7

5 .00

3 9

T sv . ( or o b l . )b urin o n n otch

2 6

7 .65

4 0

Mu l t ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

1 1

3 .24

4 1

Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in

4

1 .18

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

2

0 .59

6 1

O b l ique t runca ted p iece

3

0 .88

6 2

C oncave t runca ted p iece

5

1 .47

6 3

C onvex t runca ted p iece

1

0 .29

7 4

N o tch

1

0 .29

7 5

Dent icu la te

2

0 .59

7 6

S p lin tered p iece

7 7

S idescraper

2 0

3

5 .88

7 8

R ac le t te

4 5

1 3 .24

8 4

T runca ted b lade le t

1

8 5

Backed b lade le t

2

0 .59

9 2

D iverse

5

1 .47

'

3 40

4 38

0 .88

0 .29

Tab le I .5 2 c ont . Type n o .

Type n a me

N u mber

O ther p ieces 6 5

P ieces w i th c ont inuous r et . —1 e dge

6 6

2e dges Burin s pa l ls

1 0 7 1 5

Pyra mida l c ore

1

D isc c ore

3

C ore f rag ment

1

5 . Vacher C V C l r I

C D

1 4

N

I

7 1 I ( X ) O D co CD , • • 4 • • .

c y ze

• • 1

C D I

1

C O L C D

C M L C D

t o OD

e 1

0 C .

C Z r I

e I 0 0 r f

L C D

C C D

e

1 1

C Z

Gros Mon ts X3

e

Nr n

N c e

eG o

C M

c o

r I C D

C Y D C D

C D c e

M tt - c . c )

0-J 7 14 0 0

C D

0

O D

` 7 1 '

C ;

L I D

r 1

t -o

C le c . )

e g

c

C l

e

i n

0 0

z

L C D. C e. 0 0. r I

` z t. 4 r f

r I r I

L C D

c . 0 O D

1 s • I N C 0 0 N 0 0 C e • • • • • C D 0 0 C X ) C . 0

C T ;

C O r i

C M

L C D m

7 (

C l r I

e

I

I

1

1

1 m t4

C l

c . )r z

1

C V

a )

t -

c . >

I L C D

r I 0 0

O D 1 C l

C D

I C J

1

1

N. O D. 0 0. r 1

C l

G O

C . 0 r 4

De larue & V ignard 1 963;

C Z.

C I C D 7 11 C l C O L C D e C . C l C • • • • • 7 t4 L ' • • 1 1

C D

V D C X D

t r 3

3 . Vacher & V ignard 1 962;

C l 1 1

L C )C l C l N 0 0 C V

1

1 1 C l

V D

C I

( c )

C D N C . 0 N 7 h i r I L C D 7 11 0 0 C D C V • • • • • • O D 0 0 C O L C D 0 0 C . C D 1 1

Tab le I .5 3

C l C l

1 4

1 1

C D

C l

c )ec o ot -

1 1

C . C Z C' D G O ' e 1 N 7 1,

C G O

e I

1

L C D • C l

c z )

e

C • • C X ) L C D r f

1

II c o rn t c qc s po o C \ 1

I L n

r I

40

1

I I n

C l ) 7 3 : '

C l ) 2' 4 ' a )a 4 z 0 C l )

C l )

2 . De larue

L C D C O

O ther p ieces

L I D

S p l intered p iece

C V r I

O D r I

Tab le I .5 4 Type n o .

Deux ie me R ed a n C hant ier I . O ld t ype l i st Type n a me

N u mber

%

1

S ing le e ndscraper

2 7

6 .41

2

A typ ica l e ndscraper

1 0

2 .38

3

Doub le e ndscraper

1

0 .24

5

E ndscraper o n r e t . f 1/ 1 3 1 .

9

2 .14

1 2

A typ ica l c arina ted e ndscraper

2

0 .48

1 4

F la t n osed e ndscraper

2

0 .48

Broken e ndscraper

5

1 .19

1 7

E ndscraper-burin

1 1

2 .61

2 3

P er9oir

1 1

2 .61

2 4

Bee

7

1 .66

2 5

Mult ip le p er9o ir/bec

1

0 .24

2 6

Microper9oir

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

1 2

2 .85

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b ur in

1 3

3 .09

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b urin

1

4 1 5

0 .24

0 .95

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

3 1

Mult ip le d ihedra l b ur in

7

3 .56 1 .66

3 4

Burin o n s tra igh t r et . t runc .

4

0 .95

3 5

Bur in o n o b lique r e t . t runc .

1 0

2 .38

3 6

Bur in o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

2 5

5 .94

3 7

Bur in o n c onvex r e t .t runc .

3

0 .71

3 8

T ransverse b ur in o n l a tera l r e t .

4

0 .95

3 9

Transverse b urin o n n otch

9

2 .14

4 0

Mult ip le b urin o n r et . t runc .

4

0 .95

4 1

Mul t ip le mixed b urin

5

1 .19

4 3

C ore b urin

2

0 .48

4 4

Bur in p lan

2

0 .48

Broken b urin

9

2 .14

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

1

0 .24

6 1

Ob lique t runca ted p iece

4

0 .95

6 2

C oncave t runca ted p iece

1

0 .24

6 4

B itrunca ted p iece

7 4

N otch

7 5

Den t icu la te

1 3 1 1

0 .24 7 .36 0 .24

7 6

S p lintered p iece

2 2

5 .23

7 7

S idescraper

2 7

6 .41

1 12

2 6 .60

7 8

Rac le t te

8 5

Backed b lade le t

2

0 .48

9 0

Re touched ( Dufour ) b lade le t

3

0 .71

9 2

D iverse

1

0 .24

4 21 O ther p ieces Re touched p ieces

1 78

Burin s pa lls

6 5

Unre touched f l akes/b lades -co mp le te i nco mp lete 4 41

2 30 4 824

Tab le I .5 4 c on t . N u mber

T ype n ame

5 2

C ores

4

C ore f rag men ts C ore t r imm ing f l ake

5

R idged c ore t r imm ing f l ake

8 4 5

C hunks

4

Ba t tered c hunks/cores

5 415

T ota l

5 836

C o m men tary S ing le e ndscraper ( 27 ) ;

2 0 c onvex , o ne a ssoc ia ted w i th a s idescraper , o ne

w i th a n a ng le e dged r ac le t te , a nd t wo w i th a brup t e dged r ac le t tes; t hree h ave o b lique f ron ts; t wo s tra igh tf ron ts;

a nd t wo c oncave f ronts , o ne a ssoc ia ted

w i th a n a brup t e dged r ac le t te . Doub le e ndscraper ( 1 ) :

C onvex-ob l ique o r n osed .

E ndscraper o n r e t .

( 9 ) :

s ix c onvex , t wo s tra igh t , a nd o ne c oncave work-

i ng f ronts . E ndscraper-bur in ( 11 ) :

S DB

AOB

2

C onvex

CCTR

2x TLR

1

TON

1

P lan

2 1

S tra igh t 1

O b lique

1

Og iva l 1

A typ . ca r in a te d

T he e leven th p iece h as a c onvex f ront , c oncave a t o ne e nd wh ich i s t he p la tform f or ab ur in .

O pposed i s a n a ng le o n b reak b ur in .

P er9o ir ( 11 ) :

A l l b ut o ne a re sma l l , t wo a re made w i th r ac let te t ype r e touch .

De je te d ihedra l b ur in ( 1 3 ) :

O ne i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a n a brup t e dged r ac le t te .

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 7 ) :

S DB

2x S DB A d j .

ADB DDB AOB

1

S DB/AOB A d j . DDB AOB N o te a .

1 1

1

These t wo a re o n ab ur in s pan .

( 1 )a

T he t wo o ther p ieces a re t r iangu lar

t r ip le b ur ins —one w i th t hree S DB , o ne w i th DDB a nd t wo AOB . B ur in o n c oncave r e t . t runc . ( 25 ) :

One h as t he s pa l l r e mova l p la tfor m made

w i th r ac le t te t ype r etouch ; t wo a re a ssoc ia ted w i th s idescrapers , o ne w i th a n otch , a nd o ne w i th a n a brup t e dged r ac le t te . T ransverse b ur in o nnotch ( 9 ) :

One i s p oor ly made , o ne h as t he n otch made

w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch , o ne i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a n a brupt e dged r ac le t te .

4 42

Mu lt ip le b ur in o n r e t . t runc .

( 4 \ :

S TR

CCTR TON

CCTR

1

TLR Mu lt ip le m ixed b ur in ( 5 ) :

1 OTR

CVTR

1

( 1 )

CCTR TON ADB-TON A d j .

ADB

1

AOB

1

1

T sv . o n u npre . s urf .

1

P lan

1

B i trunca tedp iece ( 1 ) :

O pposes t wo o b lique c oncave e nds .

R ac let te ( 112 ) : 8 0 were c lassed a s a brupt e dged , n ine a s a ng le e dged , s ix a s marg ina l , a nd 1 7 a s h av ing i rregu lar o r o ccas iona l r ac le t te r e touch . D iverse ( 1 ) :

Ab lade le t w i th f la t i nvas ive r e touch o n t he v en tra l s urface .

L ike

t he 2 b acked , a nd 3 r e touched b lade le ts , i th as t he wh i te p a t ina o ft he o ther I n i t ia l Magda len ian p ieces .

4 43

Figure I. 28

Deuxieme Redan Chantier I

1, 2, 3. Endscraper-burins (GM71 S8 C2 11, GM71 C3 P14 1, GM71 Cl Nll 13).

. 444

F igure 1 .29

Deuxr e me Redan Chant ier I

4 . P er9oir ( G M71 C 2 R 11 1 6) . ( G M71 C 3 Q 13 1 1) .

5 . Mul t . p er9oir ( G M72 015 C 3) .

7 ,8 . ADB ( G M71 C 3 N 14 , GM72 C 3 P 15 ) .

Ob lique r e t . t runc . ( G M71 C 2 013 2 ) .

6

7

8

4 45

6 . DDB

9 . Burin o n

F igure 1 .30 1 0 .

Deuxr e me Redan Chant ier I

F a lse r ac le t te ( G M72 R 7 C 2/3) 1 1,12 ,13 ,14 ,15 .

Rac le ttes ( G M72 S 8

C 3 3 0 , GM71 C 3 P 11 1 4 , GM72 S 9 C 3 8 4 , GM71 C 3 R 8 8 3 , GM72 P 15 C 3 7 4 ) . 1 6 .

Backed b lade let ( G M71 015 C 2 ) .

1 7 .

D iverse-b lade le t w i th f la t v en tra l

s urface r etouch ( G M71 C 3 ?2 2 ) .

1 2

1 4

1 5

1 6 1 7

4 46

BALLANCOURT-SUR-ESSONNE T he s i te o ccup ies a sma l l b ou lder s trewn p la tform o n t he "Mont d e Ba l lanc our t" wh ich d o mina tes t he v i l lage o f Ba l lancour t o n t he r igh t b ank o ft he E ssonne , b e tween t he r iver a nd r a i lway , a nd t he r oad f ro m F er te-A la is t o F on tenayle-V ico m te .

The p la tfor m i s 6 0 m l ong , a nd 1 0-15 m w ide , t opping

as teep 5 0 m s lope t ha t l eads u p f ro m t he f l ood p la in ( De larue & V ignard 1 964 p p . 2 89-290 ) . T he s i te was d iscovered b y D e larue i n 1 955 , a nd e xcava t ion f o l lowed . T he s i te h ad b een d isturbed b y q uarry ing , a nd b y t he c ons truc t ion o f t wo r ese rvo irs o n t he r idge t ha t s he lters t he s i te f ro m t he n or th a nd e ast .

Ma ter ia l

c ame f ro m a d ep th o f 4 0-70 cm o f s and b enea th t he h u mus , a nd b etween t he l arge s ands tone b locks , a nd r epresen ts a n u mber o f d if ferent p er iods , i nc luding G ravet t ian ( Schm ider 1 971 p . 4 8) , a nd I n i t ia l Magda len ian ( Sch m ider 1 971 p . 1 07 ) . T he ma ter ia l was s epara ted o n g rounds o f t ypo logy a nd p a t ina b y i t s e xc ava tors , who a t tr ibuted 1 42 p ieces , i nc luding 9 1 t oo ls t o t he I n i t ia l Magda leni an . Tab le I .5 5 ( a f ter De larue & V ignard 1 964 ) Type n ame

N u mber

E ndscraper P er9o ir

1 2 4

1 3 .91 4 .40

Bec d e f l ute b ur in

1 4

1 5 .38

Ang le b urin

8

8 .79

O b l ique b ur in o n n otch

2

2 .20

T ransverse b ur in S idescraper

1 3 1 8

S p l in tered p iece

4

Rac let te

1 6

R etouched b lade

6

B ur in s pa l ls

3 0

C ores + h am mers tone

1 4+1

4 47

1 4 .29 1 9 .78 4 .40 1 7 .58

Abr i d u BLOT , C erza t , Hau te-Lo ire The s i te l i es 5 km n or th o f L angeac b etween t he h am le ts o f C hambon d e C erza t a nd P eyre . The s he lter i s a t t he f oot o f a3 0 m h igh b asa lt ic c l if f o n t he n or th s ide o f ab asin c rossed f ro m s outh-eas t t o n or th-wes t b y t he A l l ier , o n t he r igh t b ank t herefore , a nd 1 00 m f ro m t he s trea m . T he s i te was d iscovered i n 1 934-5 b y E str ia l , a n owner o f p ar t o f t he l and , a nd p ar t o f h is c o l lec t ion was p urchased b y Maye t , ag eo log is t f ro m L yons .

I n 1 956-7 C o mb ier c arr ied o ut t wo s ondages 6 0 m a par t o n t he s i te .

The f i rst , e xcava ted t o ad ep th o f 6m p roduced t ermina l Magda len ian , a nd b e low , aq uar tz i ndustry o f ' archa ic ' a spec t . wes t p roduced T er mina l Magda len ian .

The s econd 6 0 m t o t he n orth-

I n 1 965 , work a t t he s i te was t aken

u p a ga in b y De lpor te , a ss is ted a t f i rst b y d e Bay le d es H er mens , l a ter b y V ir mon t .

T he s econd s ondage o f C o mb ier was r eopened , b eco ming C hant ier

I , a nd p roduced a r ich T er mina l Magda len ian c o l lec t ion ( more t han 1 000 p ieces ) ( De lpor te 1 966, 1 966a p . 5 23 , 1 968pp . 4 42 ,444 ) . I n 1 967 , t he f i rs t s ondage was r eopened , a s C han t ier I I , o ver a n a rea o f 5 0 s q m .

E xcava t ion r evea led a d e ta i led s tra t igraphy , a nd a c o mp lex s he l ter

f or ma t ion .

The mechan is m o f s he l ter f or ma t ion i n b asa lt was i nves t iga ted

b y B out ( Bout 1 953 , 1 955 ) .

Those l i ke B lot t ha t o ccur a t t he b ase o fb asa l t

f l ows a re p roduced b y t he d isintegra t ion o f t he p refrac tured p r is ma t ic b asa lt a t t he b ase o f t he f l ow , more r ap id t han t ha t o f t he r ocks b e low , o r t han t he n on-pr is ma t ic b asa l t a bove .

B lot h as t hree s he l ters v is ib le a t p resen t , o ne

a bove t he o ther , a nd o ccup ied s uccess ive ly a s d eposi t a ccu mu la ted .

The

u pper mos t i s 2m h igh , a nd 1 m d eep , a nd c onta ins T er m ina l Magda len ian ma ter ia l .

B e low , t he s he l ter r e trea ts a f ur ther 2 m i n d ep th , a nd i s a ga in

2m h igh ;

a nd b e low t h is a t h ird s he lter , c onfor ma t ion s t i l l n o t c lear ly v is ib le

e xtends y e t d eeper i nto t he c l if f ( De lpor te 1 968 p p . 4 42 , 4 44 , 1 969 , 1 970

p p .

4 68-70 , 1 974 p p . 5 97-9 , 1 976 , 1 976a p . 5 08 ) . T he s tra t igraphy o ft he u pper p ar t o f t he d epos i t ( af ter De lpor te 1 969) i s a s f o l lows : L eve l0 :

Anc ient a nd modern s poi l 1m .

1 :

O ld h u mus l eve l .

2 :

S ter i le l eve l , w i th s carce f l in ts a ppear ing a t b ase .

3 :

2 0-80 cm . 1 5 cm .

C on ta ins a n i mpor tant h earth , 3 .5 m f ro m t he c l if f , made w i th b locks o f c rys ta l line r ock , a nd w i th much c harcoa l , b ut n o a rchaeol og ica l ma ter ia l .

C loser t o t he c l if f , ma ter ia l c o mparab le t o t he

T er mina l Magda len ian o f C hant ier Iwas f ound .

5 -30 cm .

4 :

S ter i le .

3 0 cm .

5 :

Q uar tz f lakes a nd b ones i n l eve l 1 0 cm .

5 :

S ter i le .

6 :

L eve l w i th a bundan t b one , b ut p oor i ndustry .

8 :

A l most s ter i le 2 0 cm .

9 :

C o mp lex b ed , w i th many p oin ts a nd masses o f r ed o chre .

1 0 cm .

4 48

1 0 cm .

D iv ided

i nto f our s ubleve ls ( 9 , 9 a , 9 b , 9 c ) , s o me d om ina ted b y f l in t o thers b y q uar tz . L eve 110 : 1 0a-11 :

S ter i le .

C lear ly I n i t ia l Magda len ian ma ter ia l .

2 0 cm .

1 0 cm .

C o mp lex b ed , l ess r ich i n h ear ths a nd o chre t han 9 . ( 10a , b , c , 1 1 ) .

F our s ub-leve ls

Q uar tz p reponderan t , f l in t a l mos t a bsen t .

1 0-15

cm . 1 2 :

A l mos t s ter i le .

1 5 cm .

1 3 :

Ashy l eve l , w i th q uartz p reponderant .

1 4 :

S ter i le 1 0 cm .

5 cm .

Be low , i s a n e xtens ive s er ies o f l eve ls , w i th F ina l Grave t t ian ( "Protomagda len ian") ma ter ia l , a nd b e low , o ther G rave t t ian l eve ls . An u mber o f r adiocarbon d a tes e x ist f or t he s i te—two o n t he Grave t t ian o n s a mp les o f c arbonaceous e ar th : L eve l GJ ( G ? )M

1 9 5 50 ± 7 00 b c

2 1 5 00 b p

L y-565

1 9 7 50 ± 1 200 b c

2 1 7 00 b p

L y-564

L eve l 3( Ter m ina l Magda len ian ) g ave a d a te o n b urn t b one : 1 2 0 80 ± 5 00 b c

1 4 0 30 b p

L y-563

Two o ther d a tes c o me f ro m n ear o r i n t he I n i t ia l Magda lenian l eve ls; o ne d a te must b e e xc luded a s t oo y oung : L eve l 1 0b

93 00 ± 5 00 b c

1 1 2 50 b p

L y-502

>22 0 00 b p

L y-501

The o ther i s : L eve l1 3

( De lpor te 1 974 p p . 5 97-9 , De l ibr ias & E v in 1 974 p . 1 54 ) . L y-501 , a nd L y-502 a re o n c harcoa l , a nd De l ibr ias & E v in ( 1974 p . 1 54 ) r e mark t ha t " Por ig ine d es c harbons d es n iveaux magda len iens e st i ncer ta ine" . L eve ls 9 -11 a t l eas t c an b e r egarded a s c on ta in ing I n i t ia l Magda len ian . These l eve ls were p reserved i n ar e mnan t o f d epos i t a nd s amp les a ccording ly were sma l l a nd Is aw i n 1 978 a c o l lec t ion o f 2 5 p ieces a t tributed t o t he I n i t ia l Magda lenian ( Tab le I .5 6) , a l l i n f l int , a nd a l l sma l l . p ieces o r t he d eb i tage :

Id id n o t s ee t he q uar tz

A l l t he r ac le t tes c a me f ro m L eve l 9 , a nd Iwas a b le

t o s tudy t hese , t he r esu l ts b e ing i nc luded i n C hapter 6 .

One o ft he o ther

p ieces , t he a ng le d ihedra l b ur in i l lustra ted ( F igure 1 .31 ,1) , i s l abe l led a s c om ing f ro m l eve l 1 4 —wh ich t he s ec t ion g iven i n 1 969 i ndica ted t o b e s ter i le . Tab le I . 5 6 Abr i d u B lot ( Par t ia l ) Type n a me

N u mber

E ndscraper o n r e touched b lade

1

Bec-burin

1

Per9oir

2

Mu lt ip le p er9oir

2

4 49

T ab le I .5 6 c on t . T ype n a me

N u mber

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in Rac le t te D iverse S p lintered p iece

1 1 0 2 2

Bur in s pa l l U nre touched f l ake

3 1 2 5

C o m men tary E ndscraper o n r e touched b lade ( 1 ) : Bec-bur in ( 1 ) :

c onvex .

TLR b ur in , t he p iece c arr ies a s tre tch o f r ac le t te r e touch a s

we l l . P er9o ir ( 2 ) :

O ne made w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch .

Mu lt ip le p er9o ir ( 2 ) :

S tar s haped .

Ang le d ihedra l b urin ( 1 ) : Rac le t te ( 10 ) :

( f igure 1 .31 ,1 ) .

A l l a brup te dged ( f ig . 1 .31 .2 ) :

D iverse ( 2 ) : O ne i s i n amore o paque , ma t t , s i l ic ieous r ock , w ith r ac le t te r et ouch o n o ne e dge , a nd s p linter ing a t o ne e nd; t he o ther was a d oub le a d jacen t a ng le b ur in , w i th t he s pa l l r e mova ls urfaces mee t ing i n ap oin t d ista l ly , wh ich h as b een b roken a cross , a nd s hows e x tens ive wear o n t he p oin t . S p l in tered p iece ( 2 ) :

O ne i s ar eused r ac le t te .

Bur in s pa l l ( 3 ) : A l l r emoved r e touched s urfaces , i n o ne c ase p ar t o f a n e nds craper o n r e touched b lade , i n as econd a r ac le t te .

4 50

F igure I .3 1

Abri d u B lot

1 . Ang le d ihedra l b urin ( B67 1 4 1 4 ( ?) 1 18) 2 . Rac le t te ( B67 K 3 95 4 )

1

2

4 51

Grot te d e COTT IER , R e tournac , Hau te-Loire The c ave o f C ot t ier s tands a t a n a l t itude o f 5 50 m i n ab asa l t c l if f t ha t l im i ts t o t he e as t a sma l l b as in o n t he c ourse o ft he L oire k nown a s t he ' p la ine d e V ousse ' .

H ere a sma l l b rook —the L avaux — joins t he r iver o n i t s l ef t b ank

d owns tream f ro m V ousse .

O n t he l ef t b ank o f t he L avaux , c . 3 00 m f ro m i t s

c onf luence w i th t he L o ire i st he h am le t o f C ot t ier , a nd c . 1 00 m u pstrea m f ro m C o t t ier i s t he g rot te d e C ot t ier . The c ave s tands 4 0 m a bove t he l eve l o f t he p la in , a nd i s f or med i n t he l ower p ar t , t hough n ot t he b ase o f t he b asa lt f l ow , s ee ming t o h ave b een f or med b y f reeze t haw a c t ion a round a d iac lase t ha t p er m i t ted t he c ircu la t ion o f wa ter i n t he p r is ma t ic b asa lt ( Bout 1 953 ) .

V ir mont ( 1 976 p . 6 ) s uggests t ha t t he

a ccess ib i li ty o f t he c ave t o d amp e xp la ins i np ar t t he v es t ig ia l n a ture o ft he o ccupa t ion i n wha t i s as i te w i th g ood e xposure t o t he s un , a nd may b e ar eason f or t he o ccupa t ion i n l eve ls I a nd I I b e ing i n t he f ron t p art o f t he c ave p rinc ip a l ly . I n 1 911 , d uring q uarry ing o f t he c l if f f ace , t he c ave o f O rc iers was d isc overed , 5 0 m h igher i n t he c l if f t han C ot t ier . The s i te p roduced o n ly f auna l ma ter ia l ( P . &J . B ouchud 1 953 ) .

N ine y ears l a ter c on t inuing work r evea led

b enea th a c one o f e bou l is a nother c ave , l a ter n amed C ot t ier .

The u pper a rch-

a eo log ica l l eve l was n ear t he s urface , a nd i ts eems t ha t t he c ave h ad b een s ea led s ince t he e nd o f t he g lac ia l .

Ma ter ia l was c arr ied away b y l oca ls , a nd

t he c ave was a lso v is i ted b y—a mongst o thers — Maye t , who t ook a sma l l c o ll ec t ion o fb ones a nd f l ints t o L yons . I n 1 948, B out b egan a s er ies o f s ondages i n t he c ave , r ecover ing a r ich f auna l c o l lec t ion , a nd s o me s tone a nd b one t oo ls ( Bout 1 953 ) .

I n t he 3m o f

d epos i t , t hree f oss i liferous z ones were r ecogn ised —one a t 1 0-30 cm d epth , o ne a t 1 -1 . 2m d ep th , a nd t he l as t n ear t he b ase o ft he f i l l .

A lthough t he

f auna l ma ter ia l f ro m t he d if feren t l eve ls was k ep t s epara te , t he i ndustr ia l ma ter ia l was mixed t oge ther .

T he ma ter ia l was s tudied b y B ordes ( 1953) ,

who , o n t he p resence o f an u mber o f s p lin tered p ieces i n t he B ou t c o l lec t ion , a nd o f ar ac le t te a nd t wo s aga ies w i th q uadrangu lar s ec t ion i n t he Maye t c o ll ec t ion , a t tr ibuted t he ma ter ia l t o ' magda len ien a nc ien ' .

C o mb ier ( 1 967 p p .

3 75-6 ) a t tr ibuted t he ma ter ia l t o Magda len ian I . I n 1 956, a n e yed n eed le , af ew t oo ls , a nd s o me b ones were c o l lec ted f ro m t he s urface b y H a 1 1u . F ina l ly , f ro m 1 967-1971 , r e mnan ts o f ma ter ia l i n t he c ave were i nvest iga ted b y J . V ir mont ( De lpor te 1 968

p . 4 47 , 1 970 p . 4 73 , 1 972 p p . 4 76-7,

J . & F . V ir mon t 1 973 , J . V ir mon t 1 976) .

S iev ing o ft he s po i l was f o l lowed

b y c arefu l e xcava t ion , w i th wa ter s iev ing o ft he ma ter ia l e xcava ted .

De ta i led

p ub l ica t ion f o l lowed i n 1 976 . F our a rchaeo log ica l l eve ls were r ecogn ised t hrough t he d epos i t .

F ro m

t op t o b o t to m t he s tra t igraphy r uns a s f o l lows ( af ter Debard 1 976 , V ir mon t 1 976 .

S ec t ions ( f igure I .3 2 ) .a f ter V ir mon t 1 976 p . 1 0 ) :

L eve l R :

T he d is turbed u pper s edi ment , ab rown c layey l imon c on ta in ing b asa lt g ra ins .

Archaeo log ica l l eve l I .

4 52 '

3 0 cm .

L eve l 1 :

E bou l is w i th y e l low-brown c layl i mon ma tr ix . i s Archaeo log ica l L eve l I .

I n t he l ower p art

T he b ed i s c . 5 0 cm t h ick , t he a rch-

a eo log ica l l eve l n ever more t han 6 cm . 2 :

E bou l is i n y e l low-brown c layl i mon .

3 :

Archaeo log ica l L eve l I I . c o lour .

4 :

2 0-30 cm t h ick .

Af i ne l imon , l oose , y e l low b rown i n

C on ta ins b asa lt g ranu les .

E bou l is i n ac layli mon ma trix .

1 0c m t h ick .

A t t he b ase i sf oss i l iferous l eve l

I V , c on ta ining n o a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l . 5 :

3 0-60 cm t h ick .

S andy c lay , y e l low b rown c o lour . Bedrock .

F our r adiocarbon d a tes e x is t f or t he s i te , t hree o n L eve l I I , a nd o ne o n L eve lI ( Ev in 1 976) : L eve l

I : I I :

1 6 6 00 ± 5 50 b c

1 8 5 50 b p

L y-719

B one

95 30 ± 9 50 b c

1 1 4 80 b p

L y-662

C arbon . e ar th

1 7 9 30 ± 5 20 b c

1 9 8 80 b p 2 1 1 00 b p

L y-663 B one

1 9 1 50 ± 6 00 b e

L y-662 i s c lear ly t oo y oung .

L y-720 B one

L y-663 , a nd L y-720 were c arr ied o ut o n

t wo p arts o ft he s a me s amp le f ro m l eve l I I .

Ev in c a lcu la tes a more p rec ise

d a te f or t he t wo f a ir ly s im i lar d e term ina t ions o f : 1 8 4 00 ± 3 80 b e

2 0 3 50 b p

L y-663/720

De l ibr ias & Ev in ( 1 974 p . 1 54 ) c o m men t t ha t L y 7 19 i s p robab ly p o l luted , a lt hough t he p ossib i l i ty i s n o l onger e n ter ta ined b y Ev in ( 1976 ) . V ir mon t ( 1976 ) r estudied t he ma ter ia l f ro m t he Maye t , Bou t , a nd Ha l lu c o l lec t ions , a s we l l a s t ha t f ro m h is own e xcava t ions .

H e k ind ly a l lowed me

t o r estudy t he ma ter ia l . I n s o me d e ta i ls t he t wo a na lyses d if fer , b ut n ot i n a ny impor tan t ways . c ol lec t ions .

T ab le I .5 7 g ives my a na lys is o ft he u nfor tuna te ly s parse

Iwas a lso a b le t o s tudy 8 p ieces r egarded b y me a s r ac let tes

f ro m L eve l I , a nd n ine f ro m t he s ieved waste . T ab le I .5 7 Type n o . 2 5 1 7

Grot te d e C ot t ier .

O ld t ype l i st L eve l I

Type n a me A typ ica l e ndscraper E nd s craper o n r e t . f l/b 1 .

1

B roken e ndscraper

1

E nd s craper-bur in

1

1

2 3

P er9oir

1

2 4

Bee

2

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b urin

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

-

1

B ur in o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

1

6 2

C oncave t runca ted p iece

2

7 4

N otch

1

3 6

4 53

L eve l I I

1

1

-

T ab le I .5 7 c ont . T ype n o .

T ype n ame

L eve l I

7 7

S idescraper

2

7 8

R ac le t te

8

8 5

Backed b lade le t

8 8

Den t icu la ted b lade le t

L eve l I I

2 4 1

2 2

9

O ther p ieces 6 5

P iece w i th c on tinuous r e t . —1 e dge

6 6

2 1

2e dges R e touched

C o m men tary :

6

1 7

L eve l I

E ndscraperon r et . f l/b l . s craper f ron t .

( 1 ) :

b roken , c onvex f ronted , w i th s p l inter ing o f t he

Migh t b e c lassed a s as p lin tered p iece .

E ndscraper-bur in ( 1 ) :

t he e ndscraper o nf l ake o f V ir mon t , i th as s hor t b ur in

r e mova ls f ro m t he b reak o n t he l ef t e dge ( f ig . 1 ,33 ,1) . P er9o ir ( 1 ) : N ec ( 2 ) :

Made w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch .

O ne i s o n as p lintered p iece ( f ig . 1 .33,2 ) .

B ur in o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

( 1 ) :

O n ar idged c ore t r i m ming f l ake .

C oncave t runca ted p iece ( 2 ) :

O ne a lso c arr ies a s hor t s tre tch o f i nverse

r ac let te t ype r e touch . N otch ( 1 ) :

T he d en t icu la te o f V ir mont .

S idescraper ( 2 ) : R nr b le t te ( 8 ) :

( f ig . 1 .33 .3 ) .

O ne o f t hese m ight a lso b e c lassed a s at runca ted p iece —and

was s o c lassed b y V ir mont . a na lyses .

Imeasured i ta s ar ac le t te , a nd i tf igures i n t he

I ta lso c arr ies o ccasiona l r ac le t te r e touches a round t he e dge

( f ig . 3 3 ,4 ) .

A l l e igh t were c lassed a s a brup t e dged , o ne i s i n r ock c rysta l .

L eve l I I R ac le t te ( 2 ) :

O ne i s marg ina l o n av ery t h in ( 1 .5 m m max . t h ickness ) f l ake ,

a nd was c lassed a s r e touched b y V ir mont . Backed b lade le ts ( 4 ) : p roper .

I n t wo c ases , marg ina l r e touch r a ther t han b ack ing

A l l a re sma l l o r v ery sma l l f ragments ( and o ne c an wonder t o wha t

e xtent wa ter s iev ing h as a f fec ted t he s truc ture o f t h is a sse mb lage b y c o mpar is on w i th d ry o r u n-s ieved s a mp les ) . I ti s c lear t ha t t he ma ter ia l f ro m l eve l Ii s t er m ina l Magda len ian , wh i le t hat f ro m 1 , 2 N-e l Ii s a t tr ibutab le t o t he I n i t ia l Magda len ian .

I n v iew o f t he

s truc ture o f t he l a t ter a sse mb lage , a nd o ft he a t tr ibutes o ft he r ac let tes ( c f . C hap ters 4a nd 6 ) , t he e ar liness o f d a te L y-719 i s s urprising , a nd t h is i s d isc ussed i n C hap ter 8 . 4 54

The s ta tus o f l eve l I I i s l ess c lear .

A s i s s ugges ted i n C hap ter 3 , t he

r ad iocarbon d a tes migh t s uggest c onte mporane i ty w i th S o lutrean o r P rotoMagda len ian . I n a ny c ase i ti s d if f icul t t o a ccep t t he ma ter ia la s I n i t ia l Magd a len ian .

4 55

F igure 1 .32

Grotte d e C ot t ier , S ec t ions ( af ter V ir mont 1 976 p . 1 0 1

-3m -

1

4 56

F igure I .3 3

Gro t te d e C ot t ier L eve lI

1 . E ndscraper-bur in(af ter V ir mont 1 976 p l . 6 .20 ) 2 . Bee o n s p l intered p iece ( af ter V ir mont 1 976 p l . 7 .2 ) 3 . S idescraper ( af ter V ir mont 1 976 p l . 6 .19) 4 . Rac le t te o r t runca ted p iece ( a f ter V ir mont 1 976 p l . 7 .1)

3

4

4 57

Grot te d u ROND DU BARRY , P o l ignac , H aute- L oire T he s i te l i es o n t he l ef t b ank o f t he Borne , c . 6 00 m e as t o f t he v i l lage o f S inze l les , a t t he f oot o f ac l if f i n b asa l t ic b reccia t ha t e x tends t he Den ise v o lc ano t o t he n or th-wes t .

The s i te , a t a n a l t i tude o f 8 50 m, o ver looks t he v a l ley

o f t he B orne , a nd f aces wes t ( de Bay le d es H er mens 1 969 , 1 969a ) . T he c ave i s t he l arges t i n t he d epartmen tof H aute-Loire , 4 2 m d eep , a nd 1 4 m w ide a t t he p resen t e n trance .

The i n ter ior o ft he c ave i s l i t tered w i th

b asa lt b locks , wh ich p rotec ted much o ft he d epos i t .

S o me e xcava t ion h as t aken

p lace s ince 1 900 , b ut t he e ar ly work l ed t o n o p ub lished r esu lts . I n 1 965 , L aborde made a o ne s quare me tre s ondage n ear t he e n try , b ut o n ly e xcava ted i n a lready d isturbed d epos i t , f i nding r ecen t f auna , a nd modern p otsherds w i th f l in t p ieces .

R . d e Bay le d es H er mens t ook u p e xcava t ion i n 1 966, a nd h as

e xcava ted s ince ( de Bay le d es H er mens 1 967 , De lpor te 1 968 p . 4 46, d e Bay le d es H er mens 1 969 p p . 7 8-80 , 1 969a , De lpor te 1 970 p p . 4 72-3 , 1 972 p p . 4 76-7, 1 974 p p . 6 01-3 , d e Bay le d es H er mens 1 974 , 1 974a , De lpor te 1 976a p p . 5 101 1 , d e Bay le d es H er mens , 1 979 ) . The e xcava tor was u nw i l ling t og ive a ny i nfor ma t ion o n t he s i te .

The

s tra t igraphy r ecogn ised u p t o 1 974 i s a s f o l lows ( de Bay le d es H er mens 1 969a , 1 974 ) : L eve l A :

l i gh t b rown e ar th , p ar t ly h um ic , p ar t ly sma l l e le ments o fb recc ia , a nd p ar t ly wa ter t ransported v o lcan ic a sh . b ones , f l akes , p o l ished a xe .

L eve l B :

L eve l C : L eve l D :

Basa l t ic b recc ia & e bou lis .

S tone masons waste .

P reh istor ic i nc luding f l in ts .

1 0-50 cm .

Dark b rown s oi l .

H istor ica l—

Medieva l- Magda len ian r e mnants .

S epara ted f ro m C b y l arge e bou l is i n p laces . d epos i t .

L eve l E :

P otsherds , r ecen t

1 5-20 cm t h ick .

Magda len ian .

B lack a shy l oose

7 0-80 cm t h ick .

D if fers f ro m D i n c ons is tency , a nd i n c o lour ing b y r ed o chre . Downward c hanges , b eco ming a l eve l o f e bou l is .

U pper p ar t

c a l led E , a nd l ower E ' ( 1974 ) , s ubdiv ided i nto E la , E lb , E 2 & E 3 ( 1979 ) . L eve l F :

Magda len ian .

S ubdiv ided i nto t hree : F l : F 2 :

Th in , h ard c layey .

A t p resent a l mos t s ter i le .

Deco mposed b recc ia , s ix s edi mento log ica l l eve ls .

I n i t ia l

Magda len ian . F 3 :

E bou l is f ro m t he v au lt s ee ms t o b e s evera l me tres t h ick .

L eve l Eh as t hree r adiocarbon d a tes , o n t hree h ear ths .

F l i s t he u pper-

mos t h ear th : Hearth F l

1 0 4 30 ± 2 80 b c

1 2 3 80 b p

G IF-2671

C arbon . e ar th .

F 2

1 3 4 50 ± 4 00 b c

1 5 4 00 b p

G IF-2672

B urnt b one .

F 4

1 0 8 50 ± 1 70 b c

1 2 8 00 b p

G IF-3492

B urnt b one .

B oth L eve ls D a nd E c on ta in i ndus tr ia l ma ter ia l t ha t c an b e c lassed a s Upper Magda len ian , wh i le t he l ower p art o f E ( E3) c onta ins a n e ar lier b ut p ost-In i t ia l Magda len ian ( de Bay le d es Hermens 1 979 ) . 4 58

B ed F 2 h as p roduced a s ing le r adiocarbon d a te : 1 5 1 50 ± 4 50 b e

1 7 1 00 b p

G IF-3038

B one s p lin ters .

De Bay le d es H er mens r efused p er m iss ion f or me t o s tudy , o r e ven t o s ee t he ma ter ia l , h owever t he p re lim inary p ub l ica t ion ( de Bay le d es Her mens 1 974 ) d oes a l low s o me u se t o b e made o f t he s i te . T he r aw ma ter ia l emp loyed i s l arge ly a ' b lond ' f l int , w i th s o me f l akes o f al ess h o mogeneous b lack f l in t , a nd a f ew f l akes o fd eep y e l low j asper . S o me d e ta i ls o n p la tfor ms a re g iven , wh ich c annot h owever b e c o mpared w i th mine , wh i le ab reakdown i nto f l akes a nd b lades i s g iven t ha t i ndica tes 5 .61 o r 7 .63% b lades ( depending o n t he f l ake c ount c f . C o m men tary ) . T ab le I .5 8

Grot te d u R ond d u Barry F 2 .

O ld t ype l i st ( a f ter d e Bay le d es

H er mens 1 974 ) Type n o .

N u mber

Type n ame

1

S ing le e nd s craper

7

8 .97

3 5

Doub le e ndscraper

5

6 .41

E nd s craper o n r e t . f l/b l .

7

8 .9 7

1 1

Car ina ted e nd s craper

2

2 .5 6

1 7

E ndscraper-burin

4

5 .1 3

2 3

Per9o ir

6

7 .69

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9oir

1

1 .2 8

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

1

1 .28

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

2

2 .56

3 5

B ur in o n o b l ique r e t . t runc .

3

3 .8 5

3 6

Bur in o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

1

1 .2 8

4 1

Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in

1

1 .28

4 3

C ore b ur in

1

1 .28

6 1

Ob l ique t runca ted p iece

1

1 .28

7 4

N otch

6

7 .69

7 5

Den t icu la te

4

5 .13

7 6

S p l in tered p iece

9

1 1 . 5 4

7 7

S idescraper

7

8 .97

7 8

Rac le t te

8

1 0 .26

8 5

Backed b lade le t

2

2 .56

7 8 O ther p ieces 6 5

P iece w i th c on t inuous r e touch-1 e dge

6 6

2e dges R e touched

6 3 8

B ur in s pa l ls

1 01

U nre touched-b lades/b lade le ts f l akes

9 6 1 616 o r 1 163 3

C ores R idged c ore t r im m ing f l akes H a m merstone

1 4 5

4 59

1 852

T ota l 1 930

o r 1 399

1 477

C o m men tary Doub le e nd s craper ( 5 ) : R etouched ( 8 ) :

t hree o f t hese a re d oub le s hou ldered/nosed e nd s crapers .

Two a re r idged c ore t r im ming f l akes , a nd o ne p iece h as b i-

f ac ia l r e mova ls . U nre touched-f lakes ( 1 616 ? ) :

1 163 a re d escr ibed a s sma l l , 4 53 a re b e tween

2a nd 8 cm l ong , a nd o ft hese 9 4 h ave smooth p la tfor ms , 1 89 h ave l i near o r p oin t p la tfor ms , 6 7 h ave f ace t ted p la tfor ms , a nd 1 03 h ave b roken o r u ndeterminab le p la tforms . a re a ddi t iona l . C ores ( 3 ) : f or ms .

I ti s n o t c lear whe ther t hese a re i nc luded i n t he 1 163 , o r

Sma l l a nd worked o ut .

Two a re g lobu lar , a nd o ne h as t hree p la t-

4 60

CAMPARNAUD , V ers P on t-du-Gard , Gard A s urface s i te o n t he l ef tb ank o f t he T erre v ie i l les b rook , al ef t b ank t r ibutary o f t he Gardon , C . 2 00 i n u pstrea m f ro m t he c onf luence . The s i te was d iscovered i n 1 965 b y Va l 1 1 1e , who c o l lected f ro m t he s urf ace .

Bazi le a lso made a c o l lec t ion , a nd s ondaged i n t he h ope o f f i nding a n

a rchaeo log ica l l eve l i n p lace .

N o s truc tures were f ound , a l though masses o f

b urn t p ebb les s ugges ted t he ir f ormer e x is tence b efore d estruc t ion b y d eep p lough ing ( Baz i le 1 977) . The Va i lh ea nd Baz i le c o l lec t ions t ota l 8 97 p ieces , made i n a' b lond ' f l in t , a nd a l acustr ine f l in t , r espec t ive ly f ro m t he r iver b ed , a nd l oca l S anno isian f or ma t ions , a s we l l a s ap oor q ua li ty d ark f l in t . d eep wh i tepa t ina , a nd s o me a re d es i lic if ied . g eneous .

Mos t o ft he p ieces h ave a

The a sse mb lage s eems h o mo-

F lakes p redo m ina te , a l though b lade le ts a re s t i l l q ui te a bundan t .

Many c ores , t he ma jor i ty f or m less a nd g lobu lar .

Many b lade le t c ores

w i th o ne o r t wo o pposed p la tfor ms , a nd worked t o t he maxi mu m , n o b lade c ores . The t ype l i st i s t aken f ro m Baz i le ( 1977 T ab les 1 -3 ) , a nd s u m marizes b oth c o l lec t ions . T ab le I .5 9 Type n o . 1

C a mparnaud .

O ld t ype l i s t ( a f ter Baz i le 1 977)

Type n ame

N u mber

S ing le e ndscraper

2 2

1 1 .17

2

A typ ica l e ndscraper

3

1 .52

3

D oub le e ndscraper

1

0 .51

5

E nd s craper o n r e t . f l/h l .

5

2 .54

8

E ndscraper o n f l ake

6

3 .05

1 1

C arina ted e ndscraper

3

1 .52

1 2

A typ ica l c arina ted e ndscraper

3

1 .52

1 3

Th ick n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

3

1 .52

1 4

F la t n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

1

0 .51

1 7

E ndscraper-bur in

5

2 .54

1 9

B ur in-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .51

2 3

P er9oir

4

2 .03

2 4

Bec

3

1 .52

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9o ir

1

0 .51

2 6

Microper9o ir

1

0 .51

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b ur in

1 4

7 .11

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b ur in

1 5

7 .61

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b ur in

3 0

A ng le o n b reak b ur in

3 1

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b urin

4 1 1 3

2 .03 5 .58 1 .52

3 4

B ur in o n s traigh t r e t . t runc .

1

0 .51

3 5

B urin o n o b lique r e t . t runc .

4

2 .03

3 6

B ur in o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

7

3 .55

3 7

B urin o n c onvex r e t . t runc .

2

1 .02

4 61

Tab le I .5 9 c on t . T ype n o .

N u mber

T ype n a me

3 9

T ransverse b urin o nn otch

1

0 .51

4 1

Mu lt ip le mixed b urin

4

2 .03

4 3

C ore b ur in

1

0 .51

4 4

B ur in p lan

4

2 .03

5 0

Vachons p oin t

1

0 .51

5 9

Part ia l ly b acked b lade

1

0 .51

6 2

C oncave t runca ted p iece

3

1 .52

7 4

N otch

7 5

Dent icu la te

3

1 .52

1 0

5 .08

7 6

S p lintered p iece

6

3 .05

7 7

S idescraper

6

3 .05

7 8

R ac le tte

2 0

1 0 .15

8 5

Backed b lade le t

1 0

5 .08

9 0

Dufour b lade le t

9 2

D iverse

2

1 .02

2

1 .02

1 97 O ther p ieces 6 5

P iece w i th c on tinuous r etouch-1 e dge

6 6

2e dges

3 2

R etouched-b lades/b lade le ts

3 0

f lakes

3 1

Burin s pa l ls

2 4

U nretouche c i-b lades/b lade le ts

1 97

f l akes

2 40

Debr is

1 05

C ores

4 7

C ore f ragments

9

R idged c ore t r i m ming f lakes

1 2 7 00

C o m mentary E ndscraper-burin ( 5 ) :

DDB

S ing le

ADB

AOB

1

2

N osed

1

Broken e s . o n Aur ig . b l . Bur in-trunca ted p iece ( 1 ) : Mu lt ip le p er9oir ( 1 ) :

1 OTR-Concave

Doub le made w ith r ac le t te t ype r etouch .

Mu lt ip le mixed b urin ( 4 ) : SDB AOB

OTR

CCTR

CVTR

1 1

4 62

2

T ota l

8 97

LASSAC , S a lr e les-Cabardes , A ude L assac was a n i m mense o pen a ir s i te , s tanding o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he O rb ie l , j ust d owns trea m f ro m t he f actor ies o f t he C o mbe-du-Sau lt , a nd j ust u ps trea m o ft he c onf luence w i th t he R ieu S ec .

The s i te o ccupies a l arge t ha l-

weg o r ien ted f ro m NW-SE , a t t he f oot o f al imes tone c l if f , d om ina t ing a f ord o n t he O rb ie l . T he s i te was d iscovered b y D urand i n1 964 , when t he l and was , f or p erh aps t he f i rs t t ime , b rough t u nder a gr icu lture . S urface c o l lec t ions were made b y M me D urand a nd Y . P less is , r epresen t ing at o ta l o f 9 329 p ieces , i nc luding 1 241 t oo ls . Wh i le n egot ia t ions were u nder way t o s ave t he s i te— d escr ibed a s p o ten t ia l ly a nother P inceven t—the p ropr ie ter d es troyed i ti n l a te 1 973 .

Ar escue e xcava t ion , c arr ied o ut d ur ing A ugust 1 973 b y D . S acch i ,

a l lowed t he s tra t igraphy t o b e r ecovered , g ave s o me i ndica t ion o f s i te s truct ures , a nd a l lowed a n i n s i tu s er ies t o b e r ecovered .

( Esca lon d e F onton 1 968

p p . 4 64 , 4 66 , S acch i 1 968, 1 973 , 1 973a , 1 974 , 1 976, 1 976a , p ers . c o m ms . ) T he s tra t igraphy a t t he e xcava ted L ocus 1 i s f a ir ly s i mp le ( a f ter S acch i 1 976) : L eve l 1 : H u mus , t h ickness u nknown . L eve l 2 : A rchaeo log ica l l eve l , ac hoco la te b rown l imon . L eve l 3 :

Max . 1 5 cm t h ick .

L imestone b edrock .

L eve l 2c ou ld b e s ubdiv ided i n to t wo , a l though p roduc ing i ndustr ia l ly h o mog eneous ma ter ia l . The l ower p ar t 2 b , i s i n c ontac t w i th t he l imestone a nd c ram med w i th f auna l r ema ins—a l most e n t ire ly r e indeer , w i th f l int p ieces— mos t ly f i n ished t oo ls , a nd r are b one o b jec ts . T he u pper p ar t-2a—is e n t ire ly p aved w i th p ebb les— large ly b roken—brough t f ro m an earby a nc ien t a l luv ia l t errace .

The sma l l a rea e xcava ted , a nd t he d es truc t ion o f t he e dges , d id n ot

p er m i t i n terpre ta t ion o f t he s truc ture .

O n t he p av ing was a n a bundan t l i th ic

i ndustry , w i th b oth f i n ished t oo ls a nd d eb i tage , b ut o n ly s carce , p oor lyp reserved f auna . The ma ter ia l f ro m t he s urface c o l lec t ions o f D urand a nd P lessis , a nd t ha t f ro m t he e xcava t ions a t L ocus I , were a na lysed b y D . S acch i . H e v ery k ind ly a l lowed me t o make u se o f h is u npub l ished l i s ts , a nd d ur ing t wo v isi ts t o C arcassonne Iwas a b le t o r es tudy t he L ocus Ima ter ia l , a nd t o s tudy t he r ac let tes f ro m t ha t a sse mb lage . T ab le 1 .60 l i s ts t he ma ter ia l f ro m s urface c o l lec t ion , t ab le 1 .61 , t ha t f ro m t he L ocus Ie xcava t ion . T he L ocus Ie xcava t ion t ook p lace o ver a n a rea o f 6s qm , wh i le t he s i te i s " p lus ieurs d iza ines d 'hec tares" ( Sacch i 1 974 f n . p . 5 55 ) i n a rea . O ne r adiocarbon d e ter m ina t ion h as b een c arr ied o ut , o n b one s p lin ters f ro m L eve l 2 b : 1 4 8 00 ± 2 50 b e 1 6 7 50 b p G IF-2981 . A s a t C amparnaud t he ma ter ia l f ro m t he s urface c o l lec t ion i s d o mina ted b y f l akes b u t w i th many b lade le ts . B lades a nd b lade le ts—both r e touched a nd u nre touched f or m 7 .46% o ft he r e t/unre t . f l /b 1 . c a tegory . c ol lec t ion , 1 3 . 0 6% o ft he g roup a re b lades/b lade le ts .

4 63

I n t he e xcava ted

Tab le I .6 0 Type n o . 1

L assac .

S urface c o l lec t ion ( a f ter S acch i u npub l . ) N u mber

Type n a me S ing le e ndscraper

3 6

3 .01

2 4

2 .01

2

A typ ica l e nd s craper

3

Doub le e ndscraper

4

Og iva l e ndscraper

5

E ndscraper o n r e t . f l/b l .

6

E ndscraper o n Aur ignac ian b lade

7

F an e ndscraper

8

E ndscraper o n f lake

9

3 4 2 1 1 2 2 5

0 .25 0 .33 1 .76 0 .08 0 .17 2 .09

C ircu lar e ndscraper

1

0 .08

1 0

U nguifor m e nd s craper

3

0 .25

1 1

Carina ted e ndscraper

2 1

1 .76

1 2

A typica l c arina ted e ndscraper

3 0

2 .51

1 3

Th ick n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

8

0 .67

1 4

F la t n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

7

0 .59

1 6

R abot

5

0 .42

1 7

E ndscraper-burin

1 8

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece

2 2 2

0 .17

1 9

Burin-trunca ted p iece

3

0 .25

2 1

Per9oir-endscraper

3

0 .25

2 2

Per9oir-burin

4

0 .33

5

1 .84

2 3

Per9oir

2 4

Bec

2 5

Mu lt ip le p er9or

2

2 6

Microper9oir

2

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

5 1

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b urin

4 8

4 .01

2 9

Ang le d ihedra l b urin

4 5

3 .76

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

6 4

5 .35

3 1

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b urin

3 2

2 .68

3 2

Busked b urin

1

0 .08

3 4

Burin o n s tra igh t r e t . t runc .

6

0 .50

5 5

2 6

0 .42 4 .60 0 .17 0 .17 4 .26

3 5

B ur in o n o b lique r e t . t runc .

3 6

Burin o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

3 7

Burin o n c onvex r e t . t runc .

1 5

1 .25

3 8

Transverse b ur in o n l a tera l r e t .

3 7

3 .09

3 9

T ransverse b urin o n n otch

2 3

1 .92

4 0

Mult ip le b urin o n r e t . t runc .

4 1

Mult ip le mixed b ur in

2 0

1 .67

4 3

C ore b urin

2 1

1 .76

5 0

Vachons p oin t

1

0 .08

5 8

C o mp le te ly b acked p iece

7

0 .59

8

5

2

2 .17 0 .67

0 .42

5 9

Part ia l ly b acked p iece

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

1 2

6 1

Ob lique t runca ted p iece

2 2

1 .84

6 2

C oncave t runca ted p iece

1 2

1 .00

6 3

C onvex t runca ted p iece

4

4 64

0 .17 1 .00

0 .33

Tab le I .6 0 c ont . Type n o .

Type n a me

N u mber

6 4

B i trunca ted p iece

7 4 7 5

N otch Den t icu la te

5 7 3 8

4 .77 3 . 1 8

7 6

S p lin tered p iece

3 2

2 .68

7 7

S idescraper

2 9

2 .42

7 8

R ac le t te

1 99

1 6 .64

8 4

T runca ted b lade le t

8 5

Backed b lade le t

1

0 .0 8

7

0 .59

5 8

4 .85

8 6

T runca ted b acked b lade le t

6

0 .50

8 8

Den t icu la ted b a lde le t

2

O .1 7

8 9

N otched b lade le t

2

0 .1 7

9 0

R etouched ( i nverse ) b lade le t

5

0 .42

9 2

D iverse

9

0 .75

1 196 O ther p ieces 6 5

P iece w i th c on tinuous r e touch-1 e dge

6 6

2e dges

2 4 2 1

B roken t oo ls

8 9

R etouched b lades/b lade le ts

9 8

f l akes

1 502

B urin s pa l ls

4 4

U nretouched-b lades/b lade le ts f lakes

2 77 3 151

C ores

8 48

C ore f ragments

5 47

Debr is

1 521

Ham mers tones

1 1 8 133

T ab le I .6 1 Type n o .

T o ta l

9 329

L assac L ocus I , b ed 2 ( af ter S ac c h i u npub l . a nd own s tudy ) Type n ame

N u mber

1

S ing le e ndscraper

6

1 .2 4

2

A typ ica l e ndscraper

4

0 .83

3

D oub le e ndscraper

2

0 .4 1

5

E nd s craper o n r e t . f lib l .

2

0 .4 1

8

E ndscraper o n f l ake

1

0 .21

1 1

C arina ted e ndscraper

2

0 .41

1 2

A typ ica l c arina ted e ndscraper

5

1 .0 3

1 3

T h ick n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

1

0 .2 1

1 4

F la t n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

2

0 .4 1

1 7

B roken e ndscraper E ndscraper-bur in

3 2

0 .62 0 .4 1

4 65

Tab le I .6 1 c on t . T ype n o .

Type n a me

N u mber

1 8

E nd s craper-trunca ted p iece

1

0 .2 1

2 3 2 4

P er9o ir Bec

4 5

0 .83 1 .03

2 5

Mu l t ip le p er9o ir

4

0 .8 3

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

5

1 .0 3

2 8 2 9

De je te d ihedra l b ur in A ng le d ihedra lb ur in

5 5

1 .0 3 1 .0 3

3 0

Ang le o n b reak b ur in

3 1

Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b urin

4

0 .8 3

3 5

B urin o n o b l ique r e t . t runc .

7

1 .4 5

3 6

B ur in o n c oncave r e t . t runc .

4

0 .8 3

3 7

B ur in o n c onvex r e t . t runc .

2

0 .4 1

3 8

T ransverse b urin o n l a tera l r e t .

1

0 .2 1

3 9

T ransverse b urin o n n otch

2

0 .4 1

4 1

Mu l t ip le mixed b ur in

4

0 .8 3

U na t tr ibuted b ur in

3

0 .6 2

1 2

5 7

S hou ldered p iece

2

0 .4 1

5 8

C o mp le te ly b acked b lade

2

0 .4 1

5 9 6 0

Par t ia l ly b acked b lade S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

5 1

1 .0 3 0 .2 1 0 .6 2

6 1

O b lique t runca ted p iece

3

6 2

C oncave t runca ted p iece

1

0 .2 1

6 3

C onvex t runca ted p iece

2

0 .4 1

6 4

B i trunca ted p iece

1

0 .2 1

T runca ted p iece

1

0 .2 1

7 4

N otch

2 4

4 .9 6

7 5

Den t icu la te

1 4

2 .89

7 6

S p l in tered p iece

1 5

3 .1 0

7 7

S idescraper

7 4 6

1 .45

7 8

R ac le t te

7 9

T r iang le

4

0 .83

8 4

T runca ted b lade le t

3

0 .6 2

8 5

Backed b lade le t

8 6

T runca ted b acked b lade le t

9 .50

8 7

Den t icu la ted b acked b lade le t

1

0 .2 1

8 9

N otched b lade le t

2

0 .4 1

2 04

4 2 .15

1 1

2 .2 7

9 0

R e touched ( i nverse ) b lade let

2 1

4 .34

9 2

D iverse

1 6

3 .31

4 84 O ther p ieces 6 5

2 .48

P iece w i th c on t inuous r e t . -1 e dge

6 6

2e dges R e touched

1 2 5 2 5

R e touched-b lades/b lade le ts

1 05

f l akes

1 69

B urin s pa l ls

4 4 4 66

T ab le I .6 1 c on t . T ype n o .

T ype n ame

N u mber

U nre touched-b lades/b lade le ts f l akes

7 69 3 082

sma l l f l akes

3 443

C ores

6 4

C ore f ragmen ts F rag men ts

4 7 2 4

Debr is

2 471 1 0260

T ota l

1 0744

C o m men tary A typ ica l e ndscraper ( 4 ) : P er9oir ( 4 ) :

t hree o ft hese a re e ndscrapers o n n arrowed e nd .

O ne i s as p ine , a nd o ne o n ab ur in s pa l l .

Bec ( 5 ): O ne i s as p ine , o ne a ssoc ia ted w i th a r ac let te , a nd t wo a re made w i th r ac le t te t ype r e touch . Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in ( 4 ) :

ADB

ADB

AOB

( 1 )

1

AOB

( 2 )

B ur in o n o b l . r e t . t runc . ( 7 ) :

f our a x ia l , t hree a ng le .

B urin o n c oncave r e t . t runc . ( 4 ) : B ur inon c onvex r e t . t runc . ( 2 ) : Mu lt ip le mixed b urin ( 4 ) : S DB

a l l a ng le . b oth a ng le .

Ang . STR

Ang . CVTR

1

DDB ADB S p l intered p iece ( 1 5 ) : Rac le t te ( 4 6 ) :

Axe . TLR

1 1

1

O ne i s worked o n ab roken e ndscraper .

O ne i s marg ina l , a nd o ne i s a lso s p lin tered .

D iverse ( 1 6) : F ive b acked p oin ts , 4p o in ted b lades , 4a brupt ly r etouched p ieces , 2d isco ida l p ieces , a nd o ne f ragmen t w i th f la t ' So lu trean t ype ' r etouch .

4 67

LA R IV IPRE , V i l larze l-Cabardes , Aude A sma l l s urface s i te c . 5 km f ro m L assac , o n t he l ef tb ank o f t he C la moux , p ar t o f t he s a me t r ibutary s ys te m a s t he O rb ie l . a n a rea o f c . 1 0 a res a round a s pring .

The ma ter ia l c o mes f ro m

A lso d iscovered b y M me Durand , f our

s ondages c arr ied o ut b y S acch ii n J une 1 967, i nd ica ted a n a rchaeo log ica l l eve l d isturbed b y p lough ing ( Esca lon d e F on ton 1 968 p . 4 69 , S acch i1 968) . The ma ter ia l f ro m t he D urand a nd S acch i c o l lec t ions was s tudied b y S acch i , who k ind ly h as a l lowed me t o u se h is u npub l ished a na lyses .

Iwas a b le t o l ook

t hrough t he ma ter ia l , a nd s tudy t he r ac let tes d ur ing a v is i t t o C arcassonne . B lades/b lade le ts f or m 1 4 . 0 2% o f t he r e t/unre t . f l /b i . c a tegory .

Tab le I .6 2

L a R ivr ere .

S urface c o l lec t ion ( af ter S acch i u npub l . w i th s l igh t

modif ica t ion ) Type n o .

Type n a me

N u mber

2

A typ ica l e ndscraper

4

2 .86

3

D oub le e ndscraper

1

0 .71

4

O g iva l e ndscraper

1

0 .71

5

E nd s craper o n r e t . f l/b 1 .

1

0 .71

E ndscraper o n f l ake

3

2 .14

1 0

8

U ng-u ifor m e ndscraper

1

0 .71

1 1

C arina ted e ndscraper

1

0 .71

1 2

A typ ica l c arina ted e ndscraper

2

1 .4 3

1 3

Th ick n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

2

1 .4 3

1 4

F la t n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

1

0 .71

1 6

R abo t

2

1 .43

B roken e ndscraper

6

4 .29

1 7

E ndscraper-bur in

2

1 .43

2 3

P er9oir

1

0 .71

2 4

B ec

3

2 .14

2 7

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

4

2 .8 6

2 8

De je te d ihedra l b urin

4

2 .8 6

2 9

Ang le d ihedra lb urin

6

4 .29

3 0

Ang le o n b reak 1 ? ur in

2

1 .43

3 1

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in

2

1 .4 3

3 5

B urin o n o b lique r e t . t runc .

7

5 .0 0

3 7

B urin o n c onvex r e t . t runc .

1

0 .71

3 8

T ransverse b ur in o nl a t . r et . o r u nprep . s urf .

3

2 .1 4

3 9

Transverse b ur in o n n otch

1

0 .71

4 1

Mu lt ip le mixed b urin

1

0 .7 1

U na t tr ibuted b ur in

7

5 .0 0

C o mp le te ly b acked b lade

1

0 .71

5 8 5 9

P art ia l ly b acked b lade

1

0 .71

6 0

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

1

0 .71

6 1

O b lique t runca ted p iece

3

2 .1 4

6 2

C oncave t runca ted p iece

1

0 .71

6 3

C onvex t runca ted p iece

1

0 .7 1

4 68

T ab le I .6 2 c ont . Type n o .

N u mber

Type n ame

7 4

N otch

8

5 .71

7 5

D ent icu la te

6

4 .29

7 6

S p lin tered p iece

1

O .7 1

7 7

S idescraper

2

1 .43

7 8

R ac le t te

8 5

Backed b lade le t

8 2 1

8 6

T runca ted b acked b lade le t

9 2

D iverse

1 1 6

5 .71 1 5 . 0 0 0 .7 1 1 1 .43

1 40 O ther p ieces 6 5

P iece w i th c on t inuous r e t . —1 e dge

1

R e touched

3

R e touched b lades/b lade le ts

4 6

R e touched f l akes

1 44

B urin s pa l ls

6

U nr e tou c hed-b la d es /b 1a de le ts

1 49

f l akes

9 73

r e touch f l akes

7 9

C ores

5 8

C ore f ragmen ts

3 8

Debris

9 49

H a m merstone

1 2 447

C o m men tary O g iva l e ndscraper ( 1 ) :

O n r e touched b lade .

B ur in o n o b l ique r e t . t runc . ( 7 ) :

Two a xia l , a nd 5 a ng le .

B ur in o n c onvex r e t . t runc .

Ang le .

Mu lt ip le mixed b ur in ( 1 ) :

( 1 ) :

A ng le o n b reak-ang le 0TH .

Rac le t te ( 8 ) : One o f t hese was c lassed a s a ng le e dged . d iverse b y S acch i was n ot measured . D iverse ( 1 6) :

O ne c lassed a s

1 3 b roken t oo ls , ap ointed b lade , a n a brup t ly r e touched f rag-

men t , a nd a s p lin tered p iece l a ter r e touched o n t he e dge .

4 69

APPENDIX I A .

T ype l i s ts emp loyed i na na lys is

The ' o ld ' t ypel ist ( de S onnev i l le-Bordes & P errot 1 954 , 1 955 , 1 956, 1 956a ) E ng lish

N o . F rench 1

i mp le Gra t toir s

S ing le e ndscraper

2

typ ique Gra t toir a

A typ ica l e ndscraper

3

oub le G ra t toir d

D oub le e ndscraper

4

g iva l G ra t toir o ur l ame o u e c la t r e touche Gra t toir s

O g iva l e ndscraper

5 6

Gra t toir s ur l a me a urignac ienne

E ndscraper o n Aur ignac ian b lade

7

n Gra t toir e

F an e ndscraper

v en ta i l

E ndscraper o n r e touched f lake/b lade

E ndscraper o n f lake

8

ur e c la t G ra t toir s

9

Grat toir c ircu la ire

C ircu lar

1 0

G ra t toir u ng-u ifor me

U nguifor m e ndscraper

1 1

arene Gra t to ir c

C arina ted e ndscraper

1 2

Gra t toir c arene a typ ique

A typ ica l c arina ted e ndscraper

1 3

Gra t to ir e pa is

Th ick n osed e ndscraper

1 4

pau le men t G ra t toir p la t 1 . museau o u ae

1 5

Gra t toir n uc le ifor me

C ore e ndscraper

1 6

R abot

R abot

1 7

Grat toir-burin

E ndscraper-burin

1 8

Gra t toirla me t ronquee

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece

1 9

B urinla me t ronquee

B urin-trunca ted p iece

2 0

P er9oirla me t ronquee

P er9oir-trunca ted p iece

2 1

P er9oir-gra t toir

P er9oir-endscraper

2 2

P er9oir-bur in

P er9oir-bur in

2 3

P er9oir

P er9oir

2 4

P er9oir a typ ique/bec

Bee

2 5

P er9oir o u b ee mu lt ip le

Mu l t ip le p er9oir/bec

2 6

Microper9o ir

Microper9o ir

2 7

B urin d r edre d ro i t

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin

2 8

B urin d r edre d e je te

De je te d ihedra l b ur in

2 9

Burin d iedre Wang le

Ang le d ihedra l b urin

3 0

B urin Wang le s ur c assure

A ng le o n b reak b urin

3 1 3 2

B urin mu lt ip le d r edre B urin b usque

Mu l t ip le d ihedra l b ur in

3 3

B ur in b ec-de-perroque t

Bec-de-perroque t b ur in

3 4

Burin s ur t ronca ture r e touchee

B ur in o n s tra igh t r e touched t runca-

museau

t i on

B urin s ur t ronca ture r e touchee

B ur in o n o b lique r e touched t runca-

o b lique 3 6

t i on

B urin s ur t ronca ture r e touchee

B urin o n c oncave r e touched t runcat i on

c oncave 3 7

B urin s ur t ronca ture r e touchee

B urinon c onvex r e touched t runcat i on

c onvexe 3 8

B urin t ransversa l s ur t ronca ture l a tera le

3 9

F la t n osed/shou ldered e ndscraper

B usked b ur in

d roi te 3 5

e ndscraper

Transverse b urin o n l a tera l r et ouch

B ur in t ransversa l s ur e ncoche

Transverse b urin o n n o tch

4 71

4 0

Mu l t ip le b ur in o n r e touched t runca-

B urin mu lt ip le s ur t ronca ture

t i on

r e touchee 4 1

B ur in mu lt ip le mix te

Mul t ip le m ixed b ur in

4 2

B ur in d e N oa i l les

N oa i l les b ur in

4 3

B urin n uc le ifor me

C ore b urin

4 4

B ur in p lan

P lan b ur in

4 5

C outeau ' ad os , t ype a br i A udi

A udi k n ife

4 6

C outeau o u p oin te d e C ha te lperron

C ha te lperron p oin t/kn ife

4 7

P oin te d e C ha te lperron a typ ique

A typ ica l C ha te lperron p oin t

4 8

P oin te d e l a G rave t te

Grave t te p oin t

4 9

P oin te d e l a G ravet te a typ ique

A typ ica l Grave t te p oin t

5 0

P o in te d es Vachons

Vachons p oin t

5 1

Micrograve t te

Microgravet te

5 2

P ointe d e F ont-Yves

F ont-Yves p oint

5 3

P iece g ibbeuse ä b ord a ba ttu

5 4

F lechet te

5 5

P oin te ' as o ie

F lechet te

1 ) P oin te ä s oie p er igordienne , d i te d e l a F on t R ober t 2 )

F ont R ober t p oin t

P oin te ä s o ie magda len ienne , d i te d e Tey ja t

5 6

Tey ja t p oin t

P oin te ä c ran p er igordienne , d i te a typ ique

A typ ica l P er igordian s hou ldered p o in t

5 7

P iece ä c ran

5 8

L a me ab ord a ba t tu t o ta l

C o mp le te ly b acked b lade

5 9

L a me ' ab ord a ba t tu p ar t ie l

Part ia l ly b acked b lade

S hou ldered p iece

6 0

P iece ä t ronca ture d ro i te

S tra igh t t runca ted p iece

6 1

P iece ä t ronca ture o b lique

O b lique t runca ted p iece

6 2

P iece ä t ronca ture c oncave

C oncave t runca ted p iece

6 3

P iece ' at ronca ture c onvexe

C onvex

6 4

P iece ä d oub le t ronca ture o u

B i trunca ted p iece

t runca ted p iece

b i tronquee 6 7

L ame a ur ignac ienne

A ur ignac ian b lade

6 8

L ame a ur ignac ienne a e ncoche o u

N o tched/s trangu la ted A ur ignac ian b lade

e trang le men t 6 9) 7 2

S o lutrean t ype p ieces

Out i ls s o lu treens

7 4

P iece ä e ncoche

N o tch

7 5

P iece d en t icu lee

Dent icu la te

7 6

P iece e squ i l lee

S p lin tered p iece

7 7

R ac loir

S idescraper

7 8

R ac le t te

R ac le t te

7 9

T r iang le

Tr iang le

8 0

R ec tang le

R ec tang le

8 1

T rapeze

Trapeze

8 2

Rho mbe

8 3

S eg men t d e c erc le

R ho mbo id S egmen t

8 4

L a me l le t ronquee

T runca ted b lade le t

8 5

L a me l le ä d os

Backed b lade le t

8 6

L ame l le ' ad os t ronquee

Trunca ted b acked b lade le t

8 7

L a me l le ä d os d en t icu lee

Den t icu la ted b acked b lade le t 4 72

8 8

L ame l le d en t icu lee

8 9

L ame l le ' ac oche

N otched b lade le t

9 0

L a me l le D ufour

R e touched ( Dufour ) b lade le t

9 1

P oin te a z i l ienne

A z i l ianpoin t

9 2

D ivers

D iverse

6 5

P iece ä r e touches c ont inues s ur

P iece w i th c on t inuous r etouch-

Dent icu la ted b lade le t

1e dge

u n b ord 6 , ,

P iece w i th c on tinuous r etouch-

P iece I r e t . c ont inues/2 b ords

2e dges 7 3 B .

P ick

P ic

The ' new ' t ype l i s t ( c f . B ie t t i 1 976-77 , B ordes 1 978, u npub l ished l i st f ro m Bordeaux )

1 G ra t toir s i mp le s ur l a me

S ing le e ndscraper

i b is Gra t toir s ur b out r e trec i

E ndscraper o n t h inned e nd

2

G ra t toir d oub le

Doub le e ndscraper

3

G ra t toir s ur e c la t

E ndscraper o n f l ake

4

G ra t toir " Grave t te”

Gravet te e ndscraper

5

G ra t toir c ircu la ire

C ircu lar e ndscraper

6

G ra t toir u nguifor me

U nguifor m e ndscraper

7

G rat toir C aminade

C a rninade e ndscraper

8

G rat toir e n

F an e ndscraper

9

G ra t toir s ur l a me r e touchee

E ndscraper o n r e touched b lade

1 0

G ra t toir s ur l a me a ur ignac ienne

E ndscraper o n A ur ignac ian b lade

1 1

Gra t toir c arene

C ar ina ted e ndscraper

1 2

G ra t toir c arene a typ ique

A typ ica l c arina ted e ndscraper

1 3

G ra t toir c arene ä museau o u

N osed/shou ldered c arina ted e nd-

1 4

G ra t toir c arene ä museau o u

1 5

G rat toir I museau p la t

F la t n osed e ndscraper

1 6

G ra t toir ä e pau le men t p la t

F la t s hou ldered e ndscraper

1 7

G ra t toir-burin d iedre

E ndscraper-dihedra l b urin

v en ta i l

e pau le men t

s craper A typ ica l n osed/shou ldered c arina ted

e pau le men t a typ ique

1 7b is

e ndscraper

G ra t to ir-burin s ur t ronca ture

E ndscraper-bur in o n r e touched t runca t ion

1 8

G ra t toir-tronca ture

E ndscraper-trunca ted p iece

1 9

B urin-tronca ture

2 0

P er9oir-tronca ture

B ur in-trunca ted p iece P er9oir-trunca ted p iece

2 0b is 2 1

P er9oir-endscraper

B ec-gra t to ir

Bec-endscraper

P er9o ir-burin

2 2b is 2 3

Bec-trunca tedp iece

P er9o ir-gra t to ir

2 1b is 2 2

B ec-tronca ture

P er9oir-burin

Bec-burin

Bec-bur in

P er9oir s i mp le

2 3b is

P er9oir

P er9oir d oub le

Doub le p er9oir

2 4

Microper9oir

Microper9oir

2 5

P er9oir e n e to i le

Mult ip le p ervo ir

2 6

Z inken

Z inken

2 7

B ec s i mp le

Bec

2 7 b is

Mu lt ip le b ec

Bec d oub le e tc 4 73

2 8

S pine B ee b ur inant a l terne

t p ine

2 9 B ee b ur inan t a l terne 3 0 B ur in d iedre d 'axe median 3 0b is B ur in d iedre d 'axe d e je te 3 1 3 2

B urin d iedre Wang le B ur in Wang le s ur c assure

S tra igh t d ihedra l b urin D e je te d ihedra l b ur in A ng le d ihedra l b urin A ng le o n b reak b ur in

3 3

B ur in c arene

C ar ina ted b ur in

3 4 3 5

B ur in d e C orb iac B ur in b usque s imp le o u d oub le

C orb iac b ur in B usked b urn

Mu l t ip le h e terogeneous b usked b ur in 3 5b is B ur in b usque mixte ( ?) Mu lt ip le d ihedra l b urin 3 6 B ur in d iedre mu lt ip le urin d 'axe o n r e touched t runca t ion 3 7 B urin d 'axe s ur t ronca ture r e touchee B A ng le b urin o n r e touched t runca t ion 3 8 B urin Wang le s ur t ronca ture r e, t ouchee n orma le A ng le b ur in o n o b lique r e touched 3 8b is B urin Wang le s ur t ronca ture t runca t ion

r e touchee o b l ique 3 9

B urin d e L acan

L acan b urin

4 0

B urin " bee d e p erroque t"

B ee d e p erroque t b urin

4 1

B ur in t ransversa lesur r e touche

T ransverse b ur n o n l a tera l r et ouch

l a tera le 4 1a B ur in t ransversa le/re t . l a t .

Mu lt ip le h o mogeneous t ransverse b ur in o n l a tera l r etouch

mu lt ip le h o mogene 4 1b B urin t ransversa le/re t . l a t .

Mu l t ip le h e terogeneous t ransverse b ur in o n l a tera l r etouch

mu lt ip le h e terogene 4 1b is

B urin t ransversa l s ur e ncoche

4 1b is a B urin t ransversa l/encoche mu lt ip le h o mogene 4 1b is b B urin t ransversa l/encoche mu lt ip le h e terogene 4 2

T ransverse b urin o n n otch Mul t ip le h omogeneous t ransverse b urin o n n otch , Mu lt ip le h e terogeneous t ransverse b ur n o n n otch

B urin mu l t ip le s ur t ronca ture

Mu lt ip le b urin o n r e touched t runca-

r e touchee

t i on

4 3

B urin d e N oa i l les

4 4

B urin d e Bassa ler

Bassa ler b ur in

4 5

B urin d e Bassa ler a typ ique

A typ ica l Bassa ler b ur in Mu l t ip le mixed b urin C hanfre in

4 6

B urin mu lt ip le mix te

4 7

P iece ä c hanfrein

4 8 4 9

C outeau ' ad os C hä te lperron ( c outeau )

4 9b is

N oa i l les b urin

Backed k n ife C hä te lperron k n ife

C hä te lperron ( p ointe )

C hae lperron p oin t

5 0 5 1

P o in te d es C ot tes P oin te d e l a G rave t te

C o t tes p oin t Grave t te p oin t

5 2

Micrograve t te

Micrograve t te

5 3 5 4

E le men ts t ronques F leche t te p er igordienne

T runca ted e lemen ts

5 5 5 6

P o in te d e l a F on t- R ober t P o in te ä c ran p er igordienne

F ont-Rober t p oin t P er igordian s hou ldered p oin t

5 7

P iece ä t roncature r e touchee

T runca ted p iece

F leche t te

n or ma le 5 8

P iece at ronca ture r e touchee o b lique

O b lique t runca ted p iece 4 74

5 9

P iece ä t ronca ture r e touch e

P iece w i th p ar t ia l r e touched t runcat i on

p art ie l le 5 9b is

P iece w i th p ar t ia l r e touched t runca-

P iece ä t ronca ture r e touch e e n c oin

t i on o n c orner

6 0

P iece b i tronquee

B i trunca ted p iece

6 3

L ame a ur ignac ienne

A ur ignac ian b lade

6 4

L a me e trangr ee

6 4b is

S trangu la ted b lade B lade w i th w ide n otch

L ame ä l arge e ncoche

6 5 Out i ls s o lutreens

S o lutrean p ieces

6 9 7 0

Ar ma ture med i terrennen

Medi terranean p oint

7 2

P iece ä e ncoche

N otch

7 3

L a me ' ac oche (s ) p roxima le o u

P iece w i th p roxima l/d ista l n otch

7 4

Dent icu le

d is ta le 7 4b is

Dent icu la te

Den t icu le I microden t icu la t ion

Dent icu la te made w i th microdent i cu la t ion

7 5

R ac lo ir

S idescraper

7 6

R ac le t te

R ac le t te

7 7

T r iang le

T r iang le

7 8

L a me l le s ca lene

S ca lene b lade le t

7 9

R ectang le

R ec tang le

8 0

T rapeze

T rapeze

8 1

S eg men t d e c erc le micro li th ique

Micro li th ic s egmen t

8 2

Micro l i the d ivers

O ther micro l i th

8 3

L a me l le t ronquee

8 3b is

T runca ted b lade le t

L a me l le b i tronquee

B i trunca ted b lade le t

8 4

L a me l le . s a .d os p ointu

P o inted b acked b lade le t

8 5

L a me l le I d os

Backed b lade le t

8 6

F rag men t d e p e t i te p iece ' ad os

F ragmen t o fb acked p irre

8 7

L ame l le ä .d os t ronquee

T runca ted b acked b lade le t

8 7b is

L a me l le ä d os b i tronquee

B i trunca ted b acked b lade le t

8 8

L a me l le ä d os d en t icu lee

8 9

Dard

Den t icu la ted b acked b lade let Dart

9 0

L ame l le d en t icu lee

Dent icu la ted b lade le t

9 1

L a me l le ä e ncoche

N otched b lade le t

9 2

F ont-Yves

F ont-Yves

9 2b is 9 3

Para-Fon tYves ( Kre ms e tc . )

L a me l le D ufour

D ufour b lade le t

9 4

L ame l le af i ne r e touche d irec te

B lade le t w i th f i ne d irec t r etouch

9 5

L a me l le ä r e touche i nverse

I nverse ly r e touched b lade let

9 6

P oin te a z i l ienne " ordina ire'

Az i lian p o in t

9 6b is

Grand s egmen t d e c erc le

L arge s e g men t

9 6ter

"Ma laur ie"

Ma laur ie p oin t

9 7

P oin te d e L auger ie-Basse

L auger ie-Basse p oin t

9 8

P oin te d e T ey jpt

T ey ja t p oint

P o in te ä c ran magda len ienne

Magda lenian s hou lder-1 poin t H a mburg ian p oin t

9 9 1 00

P ointe d e Hambourg

1 00b is

P oin te d e Ahrensbourg

Ahrensbourg ian p oin t 4 75

1 01

L a me a ppointee

1 02

P oin te " aren ienne"

P oin ted b lade Aren ian p oint

1 03

L a me magda lenienne a ppointee

Magda len ian p oin ted/b ipo in ted

o u h ipointee 1 04

b lade

L a me magda lenienne a c oche s ur

Magda len ian b lade w i th b asa l n otch

t a lon 1 05

D ivers

D iverse

1 05a E ncoche s ous c assure

N otch b enea th b reak

1 05b P iece a r e touche i nverse

I nverse ly r e touched p iece

Exc luded f ro m l i st 6 1

P iece ä r e touche c on tinue s ur

P iece w i th c on t inuous r e touch1e dge

1b ord 6 1bis

P iece ' ar etouche c ont inue

P iece w i th c on t inuous r e touch-

s ur 2 b ords 6 2

P iece ä r e t . c ont inue p art ie l le

7 1

P ic

2e dges P iece w i th p ar t ia l c on t inuous r e touch P ick

Addit iona l ' t ype ' c lasses L a me/ec la t machuree P iece e squi l lee

H ammered o r c hewed p iece S p lin tered p iece

P iece ä r e touche a nor ma le o u

B ertonne r e touched p iece

p iece d e L a Bertonne ( c f . L enoir 1 976)

4 76

B IBL IOGRAPHY

Abbrev ia t ions emp loyed AFAS

C o mp te r endu d e l 'Assoc ia t ion F rança ise p our l 'Avancemen t d es S c iences

A IPH

Arch ives d e l ' Inst i tu t d e Pa leonto log ie H u ma ine

BAFEQ

B u l le t in d e l 'Assoc ia t ion F rança ise p our l 'E tude d u Q ua terna ire

BSHAP

B u l le t in d e l a S oc ie te H istor ique e t Arche ol og ique d u P er igord

BSPF

B u l le t in d e l a S oc ie te P reh istorique F rança ise

BSSPB

B u l le t in d e l a S oc ie te S pe leo log ique e t P reh is tor ique d e B ordeaux

CNRS

C en tre N a t iona l d e R echerche S c ien t if ique

CPF

C o mpte r endu d u C ongres P reh is tor ique d e F rance

C . R . Acad . S c .

C o mp tes r endus h ebdo mada ires d es s eances d e l 'acade m ie d es s c iences

GP

Ga l l ia P reh is toire

I nf . a rch . C irc .

I nfor ma t ions a rcheo log iques .

JAS

J ourna l o f A rchaeo log ica l S c ience

L 'A

L 'An thropo log ie

L I

L ascaux i nconnu ( Ar l . L ero i-Gourhan & A l la in [ ed ] 1 979 )

LPF

C irconscr ip t ion ...

L a P reh is toire F rança ise e d . H . d e L um ley T i CNRS , Par is 1 531 p p .

Ma ter iaux

Ma ter iaux p our l 'H is toire p ri m i t ive e t n a ture l le d e l 'Ho m me

PPS

P roceedings o f t he P reh istor ic S oc ie ty

PPSEA

PPS o f E ast Ang l ia

RAC

Revue a rche ol og ique d u C en tre

RAE

R evue a rcheo log ique d e l 'Est e t d u C en tre-Es t

U ISPP

U n ion I n terna t iona l d es S c iences P re- e t P rotoH istor iques

4 77

Abe , Y ., 1 976 .

L eva l lo isl ike c ore f ro m Yamaga ta P refec ture , J apan .

J ourn . A n throp . S oc . o f N ippon . 8 4 2 46-252 . Agache , R ., 1 971 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d e N ord e t P icardie .

A laux , J . F ., 1 972 .

L 'industr ie magda len ienne d e l ' abr i B lassac I , c o m mune

d e B lassac ( Haute-Loire ) . A laux , J . F ., 1 972a . r oche d e B lassac . A l la in , J ., 1 950 .

GP 1 4 2 71-310 .

BSPF 6 9 4 99-507 .

Decouver te d 'un n iveau mous ter ien c l ans l ' abr i s ous RAC 1 26-131 .

V is i te d u C ongres a u g ise men t magda len ien d e l a Garenne .

CPF 1 3e S ess . Par is 9 7-100 . A l la in , J ., 1 958 .

R ef lex ions s ur l a c hrono log ie d u Magda len ien .

BSPF 5 5

5 39-545 . A l la in , J ., 1 961 .

P re m ier a per9u d 'ense mb le s ur l ' industr ie magda len ienne

d e l a Garenne , C o m mune d e S a in t-Marce l ( I ndre ) . A l la in , J ., 1 966 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d u C en tre .

A l la in , J ., 1 968 .

Ap ropos d u Badegou lien :

BSPF 5 8 5 94-604 .

GP 9 4 71-489 .

Me thode e t t ypo log ie .

BSPF 6 5

3 6-38 . A l la in , J ., 1 970 .

I nf . a rch .

C irc . d u C en tre .

GP 1 3 3 45-363 .

A l la in , J ., 1 972 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d u C en tre .

GP 1 5 3 55-368 .

A l la in , J ., 1 974 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d u C en tre .

GP 1 7 4 65-485 .

A l la in , J ., 1 976 . L es c iv i l isa t ions d u p a leo l i th ique s uper ieur d ans l e s udo ues t d u Bassin Par is ien . LPF 1 .2 1 315-1320 . A l la in ,J ., 1 976a .

P ou l igny-Sa in t-P ierre ( I ndre ) :L 'abr i F r i tsch a ux R oches .

L ivre t-Gu ide A l ( e d . A . L eroi-Gourhan , J . A l la in & M . B rez i l lon ) U ISPP 9 e C , ongr . 1 01-104 . A l la in , J ., 1 978 .

Ap ropos d e l a d a ta t ion C 1 4 d e l ' abr i F r i tsch a ux R oches

d e P ou ligny-Sa in t-P ierre . A l la in , J ., 1 979 .

B SPF 7 5 1 68 .

L 'indus tr ie l i th ique e t o sseuse d e L ascaux .

A l la in , J . & Descouts , J .,

1 957 .

L I 8 7-120 .

Ap ropos d 'une b ague t te ' ar a inure a r mee

d e s i lex d ecouver te d ans l e magda len ien d e S a in t- Marce l . L' A

6 1 5 03-

5 12 . A l la in , J . & F r i tsch , R, 1 967 . L e Badegou lien d e l ' abr i F r i tsch a ux R oches d e P ou l igny-S t-P ierre ( I ndre ) . BSPF 6 4 8 3-94 . A l la in , J ., F r i tsch , R ., R igaud, A . &T rot ignon , F ., 1 974 .

L e d ebi tage d u

b o is d e r enne d ans l es n iveaux r ac le t tes d u Badegou l ien d e l ' abr i F r i tsch e t s a s ign if ica t ion . I n C a mps-Fabrer ( ed) 1 974 6 7-71 . A l lard , M ., 1 978 .

L e g ise men t a ur ignac ien d e G ohaud ä S a in t- Miche l-Chef-

C hef ( Lo ire-A t lan t ique ) .

GP 2 1 1 -42 .

A l lard , M . &G uyot , R ., 1 972 .

E tude p re limina ire d 'une I ndus tr ie magda l-

e n ienne a u C amp d 'Auvours , c o m mune d e S a in t- Marsla- B r iere ( Sar the ) . BSPF 6 9 3 47-355 .

4 78

Amouroux , R ., D unand, M . & C hastre t te , M ., 1 978. d e l a r ace misa t ion d es aminoac ides I .

E tude e t a pp l ica t ions

C a lcul d e l 'age e t d e l a t e mpera-

t ure moyenne d 'os f ossi les d e l ' abr i F ri tsch ( I ndre ) . Arambourou , R ., 1 978. l 'Abbaye ( Landes ) .

BSPF 7 5 2 06-211 .

L e g ise ment p reh istor ique d e Duru thy h S ordeB i lan d es r echerches d e 1 958' a 1 975 .

Me m . 1 3 SPF

1 58 p p . Arnold , J . R . & L ibby , W . F ., 1 951 . Ayrol les , P . & C o mb ier , J ., 1 976 . l es Mac6n .

Radiocarbon d a tes .

S c ience 1 13 1 11-120 .

G ise men t e pipa leol i th ique d e Varennes-

L ivret-Guide A 8 ( ed . J . C o mb ier & J -P . Thevenot ) U ISPP

9 e C ongr . 1 30-133 . Azoury , I . & H odson , R ., 1 972 . Ak i l , ac ase s tudy . Bagolini , B ., 1 968 . n on r i tocca t i .

C o mpar ing Pa laeoli th ic a sse mb lages :

K sar

Wor ld Archaeo logy 4 2 92-306 .

R icerche s u l le d i mensioni d e i manufa t t i l i t ic i p re istor ic i Anna li d e l l 'Un ivers i ta d i F errara S ez . 1 5 .1 1 95-219 .

Ba i l loud, G ., 1 953 .

N ote p re li mina ire s ur l ' industrie d es n iveaux s uperieurs

d e l a g rot te d u R enne , ä Arcy-sur-Cure ( Yonne ) . Ba lout , L ., 1 957 .

U n g ise ment mar tyr :

R oc ( V i lhonneur-Charente ) . Ba lout , L ., 1 958 .

l ' abri Andre R agout , a u Bois-du-

BSPF 5 4 5 1-53 .

L 'abr i Andre Ragout a u B ois-du-Roc ( V i lhonneur-Charente ) .

F oui l les d e 1 957 . Ba lout , L ., 1 965 .

BSPF 5 0 3 38-345 .

BSPF 5 5 5 99-627 .

L e B ois-du-Roc -Abr i Andre Ragout .

Barandiaran Maestu, I . , 1 966 .

BAFEQ 2 2 37-242 .

Arte p a leo li t ico e n l as p rov inc ias v ascongadas .

I n D . J . Ma luquer d e Motes ( ed) P rob le mas d e l a p reh istor ica y d e l a e tno log ia Vascas 3 3-79 . Barandiaran Maestu, I . , 1 967 .

E l p a leo meso li t ico d e l P irineo Occidenta l .

Zaragoza 4 43 p p +3 4 p l . &t ab . Barandiaran Maestu, I . , 1 973 .

Ar te mueb le d e l Pa leo li t ico C antabr ico .

Zaragoza . Barnes , A . S ., 1 929 .

The d imensions o f f l in t imp le men ts .

PPSEA 6 .2

1 17-130 . Barr iere ,

C ., 1 959 .

( Dordogne ) .

L e g ise men t d u Mou lin ' a Ven t , S a int-Laurentla-Va l lee

CPF 1 6e S ess . Monaco 2 14-221 .

Barusseau , J -P ., K lingebie l , A . & La touche , C ., 1 976 . A t lant ique .

L es f onds d u p roche

LPF 1 .1 3 48-351 .

Bastin , B ., 1 975 .

Mise e n e v idence d 'une o sc i l la t ion t e mper e c orrespondant

a u Magda lenien I I d ans l e g ise men t d 'Ang le-surl 'Ang lin ( V ienne ) . C . R . Acad . S c . Paris . 2 80 ( Ser . D ) 1 353-1356 . d e Bay le d es Her mens , R ., . 1 967 .

La g rot te d u R ond d u Barry

c o m mune d e P olignac , Haute-Loire .

S inze l les ,

Ca mpagne d e f oui l les d e 1 966 .

BSPF 6 4 1 55-174 . d e Bay le d es Her mens , R ., 1 969 .

L e Magda len ien f i na l d e l a g rot te d u R ond

d u Barry , c o m mune d e P o lignac ( Haute-Loire ) CPF 1 9e S ess . Auvergne 3 7-57 . 4 79

d e Bay le d es Her mens , R ., 1 969a . Haute-Loire .

A t las p reh istor ique d u d eparte ment d e l a

CPF 1 9e S ess . Auvergne 7 1-98 .

d e Bay le d es Her mens , R ., 1 974 .

N ote p re limina ire s ur l e magda lenien

a ncien d e l a c ouche F 2 d e l a g rot te d u R ond-du-Barry . d e Bay le d es Her mens , R ., 1 974a .

L 'A 7 8 1 7-36 .

Vue d 'ense mb le s ur l es n iveaux p re-

h istor iques d e l a g rot te d u R ond d u Barry , f oui l les 1 966-1973 .

BSPF

7 1 1 30-132 . d e Bay le d es H er mens , R ., 1 977 .

L es n iveaux d u Magda len ien s uper ieur d e

l a g rot te d u R ond d u Barry , P o lignac , Haute-Loire .

I n d e S onnev i l le-

B ordes ( ed ) 1 977 T i 1 30-157 . d e Bay le d es H er mens , R ., 1 979 . g rot te d u R ond d u Barry . Baz i le , F ., 1 977 .

L e Magda len ienanc ien d e C a mparnaud ä Vers P ont d u

Gard ( Gard ) .

Bu l l . S oc .

Bea t t ie , J ., 1 964 . Be l l , M ., 1 977 .

U n n ouveau n iveau Magda lenien d ans l a

L 'A 8 3 2 81-290 .

E tudes S c i . N a t . d e N imes 5 5 4 7-64 .

O ther C ultures .

R out ledge & K egan Pau l , L ondon 2 83 p p .

E xcava t ions a t B ishopstone .

S ussex Arch . C ol lec t ions 1 15

2 99 p p +2 0p 1 . Bensch , C ., 1 969-70 .

C arac teres g eneraux d e l a macrofaune mam ma lienne

d e l a g rot te d e l a Berger ie ,

Can iac ( Lot ) .

Ber thouin , F . & C ordier , G ., 1 953 .

U ne i ndustr ie ' ab urins t ransversaux e n

p lace a u Grand-Pressigny ( I .-et-L .) . Beucher , F ., 1 962 .

BSSPB 2 0/21 9 3-114 .

BSPF 5 0 4 97-504 .

Docu ments p a lyno log iques s ur l es n iveaux Magda leniens

V & V I e t l a d ebut d e l 'Az i lien , al ' abri d u P eyra t , p res d e Terrasson ( Dordogne ) .

F oui l le p ar l e Dr . A .

B iet ti , A ., 1 976-77 .

C heynier .

BSPF 5 9 5 68-573 .

Ana lysis a nd i l lustra t ion o f t he E p igravet t ian i ndustry

c o l lec ted d uring t he 1 955 e xcava t ions a t Pa l idoro ( Ro me , I t a ly ) . Q ua ternar ia 1 9 1 97-387 . B ishop , 0 . N ., 1 973 .

N a tura l C o m mun it ies .

Bocque t , A . & L equa tre , P ., 1 973 . e n-Vercors ( Dröme ) .

J ohn Murray , L ondon 1 81 p p .

L a g rot te d es F reydr eres ä S ain t-Agnan-

G ise men t d u Magda len ien f ina l .

Bof inger , E . & Dav idson , I . , 1 977 .

Radiocarbon a ge a nd d epth :

t reatmen t o f t wo s equences o f d a tes f ro m S pa in . Bordes , F ., 1 950 .

as ta t ist ica l

JAS 4 2 31-243 .

P rincipes d 'une methode d 'etude d es t echniques d e d eb i tage

e t d e l a t ypolog ie d u p a leo li th ic lue a nc ien e t moyen . Bordes , F ., 1 953 .

BSPF 7 0 3 24-329 .

L 'A 5 4 1 9-34 .

L 'industr ie d el ag rot te d e C ot t ier ( Haute-Loire ) .

BSPF 5

5 0 6 50-651 . Bordes , F ., 1 958 . r esu lta ts .

N ouve l les f oui l les a Lauger ie-Haute E st .

Pre m iers

L 'A 6 2 2 05-244 .

Bordes , F ., 1 959 .

I nf . a rch .

C irc . d e B ordeaux .

GP 2 1 56-167 .

Bordes , F ., 1 961 .

I nf . a rch .

C irc . d e Bordeaux .

GP 4 1 56-167 .

4 80

Bordes , F ., 1 961a .

Typo log ie d u Pa leoli th ique a nc ien e t moyen .

M m . 1 .

I nst . d e Preh istoire , U n iv . d e Bordeaux . Bordes , F ., 1 967 .

C ons idera t ions s ur l a t ypo log ie e t l es t echniques d ans l e

Pa leo li th ique .

Q uartar . 1 8 2 5-55 ± 8 p l .

B ordes , F ., 1 968 .

T he O ld S tone Age .

Bordes , F ., 1 968a . Bordes , F ., 1 970 .

A N UL , L ondon 2 55pp .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d 'Aqui ta ine . I nf . a rch .

Bordes , F ., 1 970a .

C irc . d 'Aqui ta ine .

GP 1 1 4 55-461 . GP 1 3 4 85-511 .

R ef lex ions s ur Pout i l a u Pa leo li th ique .

BSPF 6 7 1 99-202 .

Bordes , F ., 1 972 .

I nf . a rch .

C irc . d 'Aqui ta ine .

GP 1 5 4 87-497 .

Bordes , F ., 1 974 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d 'Aqui ta ine .

GP 1 7 6 17-628 .

Bordes , F ., 1 978 .

L e Proto magda len ien d e Laugerie-Haute-Est ( f oui l les

F . Bordes ) BSPF 7 5 5 01-521 . Bordes , F . & F it te , P ., 1 950 .

U n a br i s olutreen' a Ab i l ly ( I ndre-et-Loire ) .

BSPF 4 7 1 46-153 . Bordes , F . & F it te , P ., 1 964 . Gare d e C ouze ( Dordogne ) .

Micro l ithes d u Magda len ien s uper ieur d e l a Miscer anea e n H o mena je a l a ba te Henr i

Breui l ( 1877-1961) Barce lona T i 2 59-267 . Bordes , F . &d e S onnev i l le-Bordes , D ., 1 966 . P erigordien V I I? . Bouchud , J ., 1 952 .

P roto magda lenien , o u

L 'A 7 0 1 13-122 .

E tude d es r ongeurs e t d es o iseaux d e L achaud .

BSPF 4 9

2 62-267 . Bouchud, J ., 1 965 .

L e c lima t d u Magda len ien e n F rance d 'apres l es d onnees

p a leonto log iques .

R ev ista d a F acu ldade d e l e tras .

Un iversidade d e

L isboa s er . 39 1 23-137 . Bouchud, P . &J ., 1 953 .

L a f aune d es g rot tes d es Orciers e t d e C ot t ier .

BSPF 5 0 4 44-457 . Bouchud, P . &J ., 1 955 .

L a f aune d e B lassac .

BSPF 5 2 3 64-370 .

Bouchud, P . &J ., 1 957 .

L a micro-faune d u P oron d es C ueches .

L ' &6 1

2 0-27 . Bour lon , M., B ouysson ie , J . & Bouysson ie , A ., 1 912 . r abots e t g ra t toirs n uc leifor mes .

Gra t toirs c ar e ne s ,

E ssa i d e c lass if ica t ion d es g ra t toirs .

R evue Anthropo logique 4 73-486 . Bout , P ., 1 953 .

L a g rot te d e C ot t ier , p ies R e tournac ( Haute-Loire ) .

BSPF

5 0 4 37-443 . Bout , P ., 1 955 .

L 'abr i s ous r oche d e B lassac ( Haute-Loire ) .

BSPF 5 2

3 16-322 . Bouv ier , J -M ., 1 969 .

E x istence d e magda lenien s uperieur s ans h arpons :

p reuves s tra t igraph iques .

C . R . Acad . S c . Par is 2 68 S er . D 2 865-2866 .

4 81

Bouv ier , J -M ., 1 973 .

N ouve lle d iagnose s tra t igraph ique d u g ise men t e pony me

d e L a Made le ine ( Tursac , Dordogne ) .

C . R . Acad . S c . Par is 2 77 S er . D

2 625-2628 . Bouv ier , J -M . & Dupor t , L ., 1 970 . Mon tgaudier .

P ieces o sseuses magda leniennes d e

Me m . S oc . Arch . H ist . C haren te 5 5-63 .

Bouysson ie , J . & De lso l , H ., 1 930 . T errasson ( Dordogne ) . Boyer- K lein , A ., 1 980 .

R evue Anthropo log ique 4 0e a nn . 3 67-377 .

N ouveaux r esu lta ts p a lyno log iques d e s i tes s o lutreens

e t magda leniens c antabr iques . Bradley , B . A ., 1 977 .

BSPF 7 7 1 03-107 .

E xper i men ta l l i th ic t echno logy w i th s pec ia l r eference

t o t he Midd le Pa laeo li th ic . Brad ley , R ., 1 970 .

L 'abr i p rehistor ique d e J olive t p ies

U npub l . P h .D t hes is U n iv . o f C a mbr idge .

The e xcava t ion o f ab eaker s e t t le ment a t Be l le T out ,

E ast S ussex , E ng land .

PPS 3 6 3 12-379 .

Bray , W . g z Tru mp , D ., 1 970 ( 1972 ) . Breui l , H ., 1 907 .

The P enguin D ict ionary o f Archaeo logy .

L a c ache t te magda lenienne d e l a Gou la ine .

B u l le t in d e l a

D iana 1 5 2 68-276 . Breui l , H ., 1 912 .

L es s ubdiv isions d u p a leo li th ique s uper ieur e t l eur s ig-

n if ica t ion C . R . 1 4e S ess . C ong . I n t .d 'Anth . e t d 'Arch . P re . Geneva 1 65-238 . Breui l , H . ,1 937 .

S econd e di t ion o f Breui l 1 912 .

Breui l , H ., 1 954 .

L e Magda len ien .

Breui l , H . & Lan t ier , R ., 1 959 .

BSPF 51/8 5 9-64 .

L es h o m mes d e l a P ierre a nc ienne .

Payot ,

Paris 3 60 p p . Brezi l lon , M ., 1 968 .

L a d eno m ina t ion d es o b jets d e p ierre t a i l lee .

4 e s upp l .

GP CNRS , Par is , 4 11pp . Brezi l lon , M ., 1 973 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d e l a Reg ion Par isienne .

GP 1 6 3 45-

3 59 . Br icker , H . M., & L av i l le , H ., 1 977 .

L e g ise men t c hä te lperron ien d e p le in

a ir d es Tamboure ts ( co m mune d e C ou lad ere , Haute-Garonne ) .

BSPF 7 4

5 05-517 . B urk i t t , M .

C ., 1 921 .

Butzer , K . \ A d ., 1 971 .

P reh istory CUP 4 38 p p . E nv iron ment & Archaeo logy ( 2nd e d . ) . Me thuen ,

L ondon 7 03 p p . C a mpbe l l , J . B ., 1 977 .

The U pper Pa laeo li th ic o f Br ita in :

a nd n a ture i n t he l a te I ce Age . C a mps-Fabrer ( ed) 1 974 .

as tudy o f man

V o l . 1 OUP 2 64pp .

P re m ier c o l loque i n terna t iona l s ur l ' industr ie d e

l ' os d ans l a p reh istoire .

U niv . d e Provence .

C ap itan , L . ( E : Breui l . H ., 1 902 .

U ne f oui lle s yste mat ique

AFAS 3 1e S ess . Mon tauban 7 71-773 .

4 82

L auger ie-Haute .

Cap itan , L ., Breui l , H ., B ourrine t , P . & P eyrony , D ., 1 906 . u ne s ta t ion magda lenienne

Tey ja t , Dordogne .

L 'abri Mege ,

R ev . d e l 'Ecol . d ' Anth .

1 6 1 96-212 . Capitan , L . & Peyrony , D ., 1 928 . s es o uevres d 'ar t .

L a Made leine .

S on g ise ment , s on i ndustr ie ,

P ub l . d e l ' Inst . I n tern . d 'An th

21 25pp + 1 9p1 .

Cara lp , M., Dupra t , J ., Moyes , J . & P u jol , C ., 1 974 .

L a s tra t igraph ie d u

P le istocene s uperieur e t d e l 'Ho locene d ans l a g o lfe d e Gascogne : d e s ynthese d es c ri teres a ctue l le men t u t i lisab les . Carre , F ., 1 977 .

E ssa i

Boreas 3 3 5-40 .

L e s i te d es Ba t tants , B lassac ( Haute-Loire ) .

I n d e

S onnev i l le-Bordes ( ed) 1 977 T 2 3 99-403 . Cayeux , L ., 1 971 .

L es i ndustries p a leoli th iques d e l a F ore t d e Xontgeon ( Le

Havre ) ( Ci me tf ere N ord) .

Bu l l . S oc . N or mande d 'Arch . p reh istor ique e t

h istor ique 4 0 6 3-113 . C ha line , J ., 1 965 . C haren te ) .

L es r ongeurs d u Bois-du-Roc ( pres d e La R ochefoucau lt ,

BAFEQ 2 2 42-243 .

C ha line , J ., 1 969 .

La s ign if ica t ions d es r ongeurs d ansles d epots q ua terna ires .

BAFEQ 6 2 29-241 . C ha line , J ., 1 972 .

L es r ongeursdu P leistocene Moyen e t S uperieur d e F rance

( Syste ma t ique , B iostra t igraph ie , Pa leoc li ma to log ie ) .

Cah iers d e Pa leont-

o log ie CNRS Par is 4 10pp + 1 7p 1 . Cha line , J ., 1 976 . Wur m ienne .

L e s tade a rc t ique d e C ot t ier : N ouv . Arch . Mus . H ist .

C ha line , J ., 1 977 .

u ne n ouve lle c l i ma tozone

L yon f .14 4 3-48 .

L es modif ica t ions d e P aysages e t d e c l i ma ts d e l a f i n d es

t e mps g lac iares e n F rance ( do ma ine Borea l ) r eve lees p ar l es migra t ions d e r ongeurs .

I n d e S onnev i lle-Bordes ( ed) 1 977 T i 2 42-260 .

C ha mpagne , F . & E spi ta lie , R ., 1 967 . p re limina ire .

L 'abri d u R oc d 'Abei l les a Ca lv iac

GP 1 3 1 -22 .

C hantre , E ., 1 866 .

N ote s ur d es c avernes ä o sse ments e t äs i lex t a i l les d u

N ord d u Dauph ine .

Ma ter iaux 2 e a nn . 3 97-400 .

C happe l l , J . & Veeh , H . H ., 1 978 .

2 30Th/234U a ge s uppor t o f a n i nter-

s tadia l s ea l eve l o f 40 m a t 3 0 ,000 y r BP . C harbonnier , 0 ., 1 962 .

C hauve t , G ., 1 891 .

Ardenne .

L 'A 6 6 4 69-487 .

S ur l e c lass if ica t ion d es t e mps q ua terna ires d ans l a

AFAS 2 0e S ess . Marse i lle

Chert ier , B ., 1 976 .

Nature 2 76 6 02-604 .

L 'abri a ur ignac ien d es R oches , c o m mune d e

P oul igny-Sa int-P ierre ( I ndre ) .

C harente .

N ote

BSPF 6 4 2 9-34 .

C ha mpagne , F . & E spi ta lie . R ., 1 970 . ( Dordogne ) .

La s tra t igraph ie d u P lage .

6 13-618, 1 075 .

L es c iv i l isa t ions d u Pa leo lith ique s uperieur e n C ha mpagne-

LPF 1 . 21 358-1360 .

C hert ier , B ., 1 976a .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d e C ha mpagne-Ardenne .

4 78 .

4 83

GP 1 9 4 45-

Cheyn ier , A ., 1 930 . l a Rac le t te .

U n o ut i l magda lenien n ouveau , e n s i lex ä Badegou le :

BSPF 2 7 4 83-488 .

Cheyn ier , A ., 1 932 .

L es r ac let tes e t l a r etouche a brupte .

U ISPP i st C ongr .

L es r ac le t tes e t l a r e touche a brup te .

Bul l . S oc . S c i .

7 5-76 . Cheyn ier , A ., 1 933 .

H ist . A rch . C orreze 5 5 2 14-226 . Cheyn ier , A . r ac le t tes C heyn ier , A .

1 939 .

L e Magda len ien p ri mi t if d e Badegoule .

N iveaux ä

BSPF 3 6 3 54-396 . 1 949 .

Badegou le .

S ta t ion S o lutreenne e t p roto- magda lenienne .

A IPH Me m . 2 3 2 30 p p . C heyn ier , A . C heyn ier , A . a ba ttus .

1 951 .

L es i ndustr ies Proto- magda len iennes .

BSPF 4 8 1 90-192 .

1 953 .

S tra t igraph ie d e Pabri Lachaud e t l es c u ltures d es b ords

Arch ivo d e P reh istor ia L evant ina 4 2 5-55 .

C heyn ier , A .

1 954 .

L e P roto- Magda len ien .

Cheyn ier , A .

1 955 .

C hance lade-Abr i d e Ray monden .

J ean Bouysson ie . Cheyn ier , A ., 1 956 .

BSPF 51 /8 6 4-66 . F ou i l les d e P abbe

BSHAP 8 1 1 72-185 . L es Gros Monts ' aN e mours ( Seine-e t- Marne ) .

CPF 1 5e

S ess . P oi t iers-Angoulg me 3 44-365 + 1 Tab . C heyn ier , A ., 1 960 .

P lace p our l e Grave t ien .

BSPF 5 7 3 89-412 .

Cheyn ier , A ., 1 965 .

C o m ment v iva it Pho m me d es c avernes ä Page d u r enne .

E d . d u S corpion , Paris 2 25 p p . C heyn ier , A ., 1 965a .

L 'abri L achaud a Terrasson ( Dordogne ) .

Preh istoire

1 6 9 5pp . Cheyn ier , A ., 1 966 . l 'Az i l ien .

C onsidera t ions s ur l e p assage d u Magda lenien

BSPF 6 3 CXXXV-CXXXV I I I .

Cheyn ier , A ., 1 967 .

C o m ment v iva it l 'ho m me d es c avernes ( 2 ,nd e d) .

R ober t Arnoux , Par is . C larke , D .

L ., 1 968 .

C lot tes , J ., 1 969 .

E ds .

2 80pp + 9 maps + 1 t ab le .

Ana lyt ica l Archaeo logy .

L e L ot Preh istorique .

Me thuen , L ondon 6 84pp .

B ul l . S oc . E tudes L i t t . S ci . e t

Ar t ist iques d u L ot 9 0 2 85pp . C lot tes , J ., 1 973 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . Midi-Pyrenees .

GP 1 6 4 81-523 .

C lot tes , J . ,1 975 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . Midi-Pyrenees .

GP 1 8 6 13-650 .

CNRS 1 977 Methodo log ie a pp liqu e

P industr ie d e l ' os p reh istorique .

CNRS ,

Par is 3 62pp . C oa tes , A ., 1 951 . C oles , J .

8 Z

P re lude t o H istory .

H iggs , E . S ., 1 968.

Methuen , L ondon 2 89pp + 2 p 1 .

The Archaeo logy o f Ear ly Man .

Faber &

F aber , L ondon 4 54pp + 1 2p 1 . C o l lcut t , S . N ., 1 979 .

The a na lysis o f Q ua ternary c ave s edi men ts .

Archaeo logy 1 0 2 90-301 .

4 84

Wor ld

L e Magda len ien .

C o mb ier , J ., 1 957 .

E urope f .4 6 5 0-53 .

CNRS , Par is .l .

L e p a leo li th ique d e l 'Ardeche d ans s on c adre p a leoc li ma-

C o mb ier , J ., 1 967 . t ique .

I n L ex ique S tra t igraph ique I nterna t iona l

I nst i tute d u Q ua terna ire , Un iv . d e Bordeaux 4 62pp .

Me m . 4 .

L a C o lo mb iere .

C o mbier , J ., 1 976 .

I n L ivret-Guide A 8 ( ed . J . C o mb ier &

J -P . Thevenot ) U ISPP 9 e C ongr . 5 1-56 . C o mb ier , J . n d .

S o lutre .

Docu men ta t ion s ur l es f oui l les .

R echerches d e S o lut i -e .

C entre ' d e

l Opp .

C o mb ier , J . & V ui l le mey , M ., 1 976 .

La g rot te d 'Ar lay .

I n L ivret-Guide

A 8 ( e d J . C o mb ier & J -P . Thevenot )U ISPP 9 e C ongr . 7 4-81 . C oni l , P -A ., 1 914 .

Ap ropos d es g rands r ac loirs e n s i lex d u Magda len ien

s igna l s p ar M . J . Maury . C ordier , G ., 1 956 .

BSPF 1 1 1 39-141 .

E ta t d es d ocu men ts t ourangeaux e t h ypotheses s ur l e

p a leo li th ique s uper ieur d ans l e C en tre-Ques t .

CPF 1 5e S ess . P oi t iers-

Angou lg me 3 72-387 . C ordier , G . & Th ienne t , H ., 1 959 .

L a s ta t ion Proto- magda lenienne d e

S a in t-F iacre , C ne . d e Bossay-sur-C la ise ( I . e t L . )CPF 1 6e S ess . Monaco 4 48-481 . C ouchard , J ., 1 966 .

L a s tra t igraph ie d u g ise ment d e Badegou le-Quest ,

c o m mune d e L ardin ( Dordogne ) . C re mi l leux , A ., 1 969 .

L 'A 7 0 1 7-28 .

L 'abr i p reh istorique d e Pey lenc , c o m mune d e S a int-

P ierre-Eynac ( Haute-Loire ) ( note c o mp le menta ire ) .

CPF 1 9e S ess .

Auvergne 1 65-171 . C roche t , J -Y ., 1 967 .

L e Magda len ien Id e B irac , c o m mune d e S t-Su lpice-e t-

C a meyrac ( Gironde ) . Dan ie l , M . & a

,1 953 .

BSPF 6 4 1 00-106 . L es g ise men ts p rehistor iques d e l a v a l lee d u L oing .

L 'A 5 7 2 09-239 . Dan ie l , R ., 1 937 .

L 'industr ie d u n iveau i nfer ieur d e l a s ta t ion d u Beauregard,

p ies N e mours ( S-e t- M .) , n 'est p as Aurignacienne ; äl a b ase d u Magda len ien .

e i le d olt g tre c lassee

BSPF 3 4 2 34-239 .

Dan ie l ,

a ,

1 952 .

L e P roto- Magda len ien .

Dan ie l ,

a ,

1 970 .

L 'abr i d e l a F ont-Brune l ' aL i meui l ( Dordogne ) .

t i on ' al ' etude d e s on o ut i l lage l i th ique . Dan ie l , R ., 1 971 .

BSPF 4 9 2 74-278.

I nventa ire d 'une s er ie i n di te p rovenante d u g ise men t

magda lenien d u R oc d e Marcamps ( Gironde ) . Dan ie l , R ., 1 972 .

BSPF 6 8 2 35-238 .

L 'abri d u S oucy p res La linde ( Dordogne ) .

l ' etude d e s on o ut i l lage l i th ique . Dan ie l , R . & S ch m ider , B .

1 972 .

C on tr ibut ion

BSPF 6 9 4 92-498 .

L 'abr i Durand-Rue l , pi es Brantö me

( Dordogne ) e t s es p rob le mes s tra t igraph iques . Debard , E ., 1 976 .

C ontr ibu-

BSPF 6 7 8 1-84 .

GP 1 5 3 23-337,

L e g ise ment p a leo lith ique s uperieur d e C ot tier ( Re tournac ,

Haute-Loire ) E tude g eo log ique . 2 5-37 .

N ouv . Arch . Mus . H ist . n a t . L yon f 14

4 85

Debard, E . &V ir mon t , J ., 1 976 .

C onc lusions g enera les s ur l 'env ironne men t

d e l a g rot te d e C ot t ier ( Re tournac , Haute-Loire )e t s ur l ap osi t ion c hronol og ique d e s on r e mp lissage . Debena th , A ., 1 974 .

N ouv . Arch . Mus . H ist . n a t . L yon f 14 4 9-52

R echerches s ur l es t erra ins q ua terna ires C haren ta is e t

l es i ndustries q ui l eurs s ont a ssoc ies ,

These Doctora t d 'E ta t . U n iv . d e

B ordeaux I . T i T ex te 6 78pp . Def farge , R . ,L auren t , P . &d e S onnev i l le-Bordes , D ., 1 974 . l i ssoirs magda leniens .

Def farge , R . ,L auren t , P . 8 zd e S onnev i lle-Bordes , D ., 1 977 . c iseaux d u Magda len ien s uper ieur d u Morin , G ironde . d ef in it ion .

C iseaux o u

BSPF 7 1 8 5-96 . S aga ies e t

U n e ssa i d e

I n CNRS 1 977 9 9-110 .

De larue , M me , De larue , R . &V ignard , E ., 1 958 .

L e Proto magda len ien I

d u Deuxie me Redan d e N e mours ( Se ine-e t- Marne ) . De larue , R . & V ignard, E ., 1 960 .

BSPF 5 5 5 29-538 .

L e Proto magda lenien I du Bois d es C henes

s ur l a p la t iere d es Beauregards p res d e N e mours ( Seine-e t- Marne ) . BSPF 5 7 6 07-620 . De larue , R . &V ignard, E ., 1 963 .

L e P roto magda len ien Id ubois " des P ins"

c l ans l es Beauregards d e N e mours ( Seine-e t- Marne ) . De larue , R . & V ignard, E ., 1 964 . s ur-Essonne ( Seine-et- Marne ) .

-

BSPF 6 0 1 94-204 .

L e g ise ment c o mpos ite d e Ba l lancourtBSPF 6 1 2 89-299 .

De l ibr ias , G . & E vin , J ., 1 974 . S o m ma ire d es d a ta t ions C 14 c oncernant l a p reh istoire e n F rance -1 . Da tes p arues 1 955 ä 1 974 . BSPF 7 1 1 49-156 . De libr ias , G . & E v in , J ., 1 976 .

C orrect if :

c oncernant l a p reh istoire e n F rance .

s o m ma ire d es d a ta t ions 1 4C c oncern

BSPF 7 3 1 66 .

De libr ias , G ., Gui l lier , M . T . & L abeyr ie , J ., 1 964 . c arbon Measure men ts I . De l luc , B . &G ., 1 979 . d es t e moins .

S ac lay Na tura l Radio-

Radiocarbon 6 2 33-250 .

L ascaux , l es d ix p re mieres a nnees s ous l a p lu me

L I 2 1-33,

De lpech , F ., 1 970 .

L 'abr i magda lenien d u F lageo let I-Pa leonto log ie .

BSPF 6 7 4 94-499 . De lpech , F ., 1 970a .

F aune d u Magda lenien I V d u g ise ment d e Duruthy ,

c o m mune d e S ordel 'Abbaye ( Landes ) . De lpech , F ., 1 971 .

L 'abri F aust in , c o m mune d e C essac ( Gironde ) .

p a leonto log ique . De lpech , F ., 1 972 . F ongaban .

d e l a F rance .

F oui l les d e s auve tage d ans l e g ise men t Magda lenien d e l a Faune .

L 'A 7 6 6 15-629 .

L es f aunes d u Pa leo li th ique s uperieur d ans l e s ud-ouest These Doctora t d 'Eta t . U niv . d e B ordeaux I .

3 74pp T 2 Tab leaux 1 59Tab . De lpech , F ., 1 976 .

E tude

BSPF 6 8 3 28-332 .

Troisie me p ar t ie :

De lpech , F ., 1 975 .

BAFEQ 7 1 3-26 .

Ti Texte

T 3 P lanches 9 8P 1 .

L es g rands ma m m iferes d e l a g rot te d e C ot t ier ' aR e-

t ournac ( Haute-Loire ) .

N ouv . Arch . Mus . H is t . n a t .

4 86

L yon f 14 3 9-40 .

De lpor te , H ., 1 966 .

L e Pa leo li th ique d ans l e Mass if C en tra l

l en ien d es v a l lees s uper ieures d e l a L oire e t d e l 'A l l ier .

1 .

L e Magda-

BSPF 6 3 1 81-

2 07 . De lpor te , H ., 1 966a . De lpor te , H ., 1 968 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d 'Auvergne e t L i mous in . I nf . a rch . C irc . d 'Auvergne e t L i mousin .

GP 9 5 05-531 . GP 1 1 4 21-

4 54 . De lpor te , H ., 1 968a . L 'abr i d u F ac teur g enera le . GP 1 1 1 -112 . z De lpor te , H ., 1 969 .

T ursac ( Dordogne ) I .

E tude

P roto- Magda len ien d u B lot , c o m mune d e C erza t ( Haute-

L o ire ) E tude p re l i mina ire .

CPF 1 9e S ess . Auvergne 1 90-199 .

De lpor te , H ., 1 970 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d 'Auvergnee t L i mous in .

De lpor te , H ., 1 972 .

L 'Aur ignac ien e t l a " Bayac ienn d e l a G rave t te :

o euvre s ta t is t ique e t p rob le mes p oses . De lpor te , H ., 1 974 .

GP 1 3 4 59-484 . mise e n

BSPF 6 9 3 37-346 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d 'Auvergne e t L i mousin .

GP 1 7

5 89-616 . Depor te , H ., 1 976 . L es c iv i l isa t ions d u Pa leo l i th ique s uper ieur e n Auvergne . LPF 1 . 21 297-1304 . De lpor te , H ., 1 976a .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d 'Auvergne .

De mars , P -Y ., 1 973 .

GP 1 9 5 03-521 .

L e g ise men t a ur ignac ien d e l a B o mbet ter ie , c o m mune

d e C ub lac ( Correze ) .

E ssa i d e c o mparison morpho log ique a vec Pout i l lage

d e t ype a ur ignac ien d e C han la t e t B os d e l S er . De mars , P -Y ., 1 977 .

BSPF 7 0 3 11-323 .

L es i ndustr ies d u P er igordien s uper ieur d es g rot tes

d e P re-Auber t e t d es Mor ts , p res Br ive ( Correze ) .

BSPF 7 4 1 03-111 .

Desbrosse , R ., 1 966 . L es g ise men ts Magda len iens d u J ura mer idiona l F ran9a is . Ac tes U ISPP 7 e C ongr . P rague , 3 19-321 . Desbrosse , R . &P ra t , F ., 1 974 . Q uar tar 2 5 1 43-157 . Destexhe-Ja mot te , J ., 1 953 .

L 'E lan magda len ien d e P ierre-Cha te l ( A in ) .

L e g ise men t är ac let tes d e Moha ( va l lee d e l a

Meha igne ) e t o bserva t ions g enera les s ur l a t a i l le a brup te e n Be lg ique . BSPF 5 0 2 49-258 . D upon t , E ., 1 867 . Age d es s i lex d e P ont-ä-Lesse e t d e L auger ie-Haute . Ma ter iaux 3 e a nn . 4 69-470 . E l-A m in , Y ., 1 979 .

Var ia t ion w i th in t he Mous ter ian a nd t he emergence o f

t he U pper Pa laeo li th ic i n S udanese N ubia . o f C a mbr idge . 3 50pp .

U npub . Ph . D Thes is .

U niv .

E sca lon d e F on ton , M ., 1 966 . L e c a mpe ment R o mane l lien d e l a Va lduc I stres ( Bouches-du-Rhöne ) L 'A 7 0 2 9-44 . E sca lon d e F on ton , M ., 1 968 . GP 1 1 4 63-492 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d e L anguedoc-Roussi l lon .

E sca lon d e F on ton , M ., 1 969 . BSPF 6 6 7 6 .

L a p iece e squ i l lee-essa i d 'interpre ta t ion .

4 87

E sca lon d e F on ton , M . & Onora t in i , G ., 1 974 . ( Bouches-du-Rhöne ) . E vans , J ., 1 875 .

L 'abr i C orn i l le I I s tres

CPF 2 0e S ess . Provence 1 74-227 .

On s o me b one- a nd c ave-depos i ts o f t he r e indeer p er iod i n

t he s ou th o f F rance .

I n L ar te t , E . . &C hr is ty , H ., R e l iquiae Aqui tan icae

1 61-180 . E v in , J ., 1 976 .

L es d a ta t ions 1 4C d ug ise ment d e C ot t ier .

N ouv . A rch . Mus .

H ist . n a t . L yon f 14 1 9-24 . Ev in , J ., Mar ien , G . & Pach iaudi , C ., 1 976 . Measure men ts V I .

Ev in , J ., Mar ien , G . & Pach iaudi , C ., 1 978 . Measure ments V I I . Fabre , F ., 1 970 .

L yon Na tura l Radiocarbon

Radiocarbon 1 8 6 0-88 . L yon Na tura l Rad iocarbon

R adiocarbon 2 0 1 9-57 .

P a leo-c l i ma ts e t c oef f ic ien ts t her m iques .

B u l l . Mus . H is t .

N a t . Marse i l le 3 0 2 05-220 . Fasham, P . J . ,& R oss , J . M ., 1 978 .

Ab ronze a ge f l in t i ndustry f ro m a

b arrow s i te i n Miche ldever Wood, H a mpsh ire .

PPS 4 4 4 7-67 .

Faure , H . & E louard , P ., 1 967 . S che ma d es v ar ia t ions d u n iveau d e l ' ocean A t lan t ique s ur l a c ö te d e l 'Oues t d e l 'Afr ique d epu is 4 0 0 00 a ns . C . R . A cad . S c . Par is 2 65 7 84-787 . F err ier , J . &R ousso t , A ., 1 973 . Gavaudun .

L e P er igord ien s uper ieur d u R oc d e

L 'A 7 7 1 27-132 .

F lorschutz , F ., Menendez Amor , J . & Wi j mstra , T . A ., 1 971 . o f at h ick Q ua ternary s ucces ion i n S outhern S pa in .

P a lyno logy

Pa laeogeog . P a laeo-

c l ima to l . P a laeoeco l . 1 0 2 33-264 . F or tea P erez , J ., 1 973 .

L os c o mp le jos micro la m ina ires y g eo me tr icos d e l

e p ipa leo l i t ico Medi terraneo E spano l .

Me mor ias d e l S e minar io d e P re-

h istor ia y Arque log ia , S a la manca 5 50pp + 1 5p 1 . F rankfor t , H ., 1 951 .

The b ir th o f c iv i lisa t ion i n t he N ear Eas t .

Wi l l ia ms

& N orga te , L ondon 1 16pp + 2 4p 1 . Gäbor i-Csank , V ., 1 970 .

C -14 d a tes o f t he H ungar ian p a laeo l i th ic .

Ac ta

A rch . Acad . S c i . H ungar icae 2 2 3 -11 : Gabor i-Csank , V ., 1 978 . H ongr ie .

Garrod , D . A . E ., 1 938 . c overy .

U ne o sc i l la t ion c l i ma t ique ä l a f i n d u W t irm e n

Ac ta Arch . Acad . S c i . H ungar icae 3 0 3 -11 . The U pper P a laeo l ith ic i n t he l igh t o f r ecent d is-

PPS 4 1 -25 .

Garrod , D . A . E ., 1 955 . Ga tes , W . L ., 1 976 .

Pa laeo li th ic S pear throwers . PPS 2 1 2 1-35 .

Mode l ling t he I ce-Age C l ima te .

S c ience 1 91 1 138-1144 .

Gaussen , J ., 1 959 . U n g ise men t magda len ien d ans l a v a l lee d e l ' Is le . J u meau , äS oursac ( Dordogne ) . BSPF 5 6 4 86-492 .

L 'abr i

Gaussen , J ., 1 977 . L e p eup le men t magda len ien d ans l a v a l lee d e l ' Is le ( sec teur Muss idan-S t Ast ier ) . I n d e S onnev i l le-Bordes ( ed) 1 977 T i 4 274 47 .

4 88

Gaussen , J . i n p ress . L e Par eo l i th ique s uper ieur d e p le in a ir e n P er igord ( sec teur Muss idan-S t A st ier , moyenne v a l lee d e l ' Is le ) .

F or thco ming

s upp l . t o GP . Gaussen , J . &T ex ier , J -P ., 1 974 . s on c on tex te g eo log ique . Gen ty , P . Y . & R ., 1 971 . R h ionne ( A l lier ) .

L e P er igordien a nc ien d e L a-Cö te e t

L 'A 7 8 4 99-528 .

L a s ta t ion magda len ienne d es F orts , c o m mune d e

BSPF 6 8 3 33-344 .

G iot , P -R ., Ha l legoue t , B . g z Monn ier , J . L ., 1 977 .

L e p a leo li th ique s uper-

i eurdu p ays d e L eon ( F in isf ere ) . L es g ise men ts d e R oc ‚h T ou l , Parc a r P lenen ( Guic lan ) E nez G uennoc ( Lande ol a ) e t l a F orest-Landerneau . L 'A 8 1 2 01-234 . G irard , C ., 1 978 .

L es i ndustr ies mouster iennes d e l a g rot te d e l 'Hi ene

A rcy-sur-Cure ( Yonne ) 1 1 s upp l . G irod , P . & Massena t , E ., 1 893 .

GP CNRS , P ar is 2 25 p p +7 p 1 .

Decouver te d 'un n ouveau d ep & . p reh istorique

magda lenien d ans l a v a l lee d e l a Vezere .

C . R . Acad . S c . Paris 1 17 7 09-

7 11 G lory , A ., 1 961 .

L e b ru loir d e L ascaux .

Godw in , H ., 1 956 .

GP 4 1 74-183 .

T he H istory o f t he B r i t ish F lora .

G e ier d e H erve , A . d e &V eyre t , Y ., 1 976 . l e Mass if C en tra l . §o ldberg , P ., 1 979 .

CUP 3 84pp . + 1T ab .

L es g lac iers q ua terna ires d ans

LPF T 1 .1 .50-51 .

Micro morpho logy o f P ech-de-PAze I s edi men ts .

JAS

61 7-47 . G o ldthwa i t , R . P ., D re i manis , A ., F orsy th , J . L ., Karrow , P . g z Wh i te , G . W ., 1 965 .

P le is tocene d eposi ts o f t he E rie l obe .

I n H . E . Wr igh t

&D . G . F rey ( ed) T he Q ua ternary o f t he U n ited S ta tes .

P rince ton U n iv .

P ress 8 5-97 . Grue t , M . &J aouen , P ., 1 957 . e n L oire-Infer ieure .

Begro l les e t l ap ene tra t ion magda len ienne

BSPF 5 4 3 97-411 .

G ui l lien , Y ., 1 968 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d e P oi tou-Charentes .

GP 1 1 3 11-335 .

G ui l lien , Y ., 1 972 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d e P oi tou-Charen tes .

GP 1 5 3 69-397 .

Ha l l , J . & Ya lden , D . W ., 1 978 . o f La te P le istocene

Ap lea f or c aut ion o ver t he i den t if ica t ion

Microtus i n B ri ta in .

J ourna l o f Z oo logy 1 86 5 56-

5 60 . v an d er Ha m men , T ., Wi j mstra , T . A . &Z agw i jn , W . H ., 1 971 . r ecord o f t he l a te C enozoic i n E urope . G lac ia l Ages .

I n Turek ian , J . ( ed) La te C enozoic

Ya le U n iv . P ress 3 91-424 .

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The f l ora l

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Decouver te d 'une s epu l ture d e Pepoque q ua terna ire ä

Ray monden , c o m mune d e C hance lade ( Dordogne ) . 1 07 1 025-1026 . 4 R9

C . R . Acad . S c . Par is

Hardy , M ., 1 891 .

L a s ta t ion q ua terna ire d e Raymonden ä C hance lade

( Dordogne ) e t l a s epu lture d 'un c hasseur d e r ennes . 2 p 1;

1 21-135 + 2 p 1 ;

BSHAP 1 8 6 5-69 +

1 95-212 + 1p l .

Harvey , P . H ., Kavanagh , M . & C lut ton-Brock , T . H ., 1 978 . s ize i n f e ma le p r i ma tes .

He inze l , H ., F i t ter , R . & Pars low , J ., 1 972 . E urope .

C an ine t ooth

N a ture 2 76 8 17-818 . The B irds o f Br i ta in a nd

C o l lins , L ondon 3 20 p p .

d e H e inze lin , J ., 1 962 .

Manue l d e t ypo log ie d es i ndus tries l i th ique .s .

B russe ls 7 4pp + 5 0p 1 . H iggs , E . S . &V i ta-F inz i , C ., 1 972 . a pproach .

P reh istor ic e cono mies :

at err itor ia l

I n E . S . H iggs ( ed ) P apers i n E cono m ic P reh is tory CUP 2 7-

3 6 . Hodgen , M . T ., 1 974 .

A n thropo logy , H is tory , a nd C u ltura l C hange .

V ik ing

F und P ub l . i n An thropo logy 5 2 U n iv . o f Ar izona P ress 1 08pp . H okr , Z ., 1 951 .

A me thod o f t he q uan t i ta t ive d e ter m ina t ion o f t he c l i ma te i n

t he Q ua ternary p er iod b y means o f ma m ma l a ssoc ia t ions . U s tredn iho u stavu Geo log ickeho . H ugon iot , E ., 1 952 .

S born ik

1 8-Pa l . 2 09-219 + ' P l .

L e magda len ien d ans l es e nv irons d e S a in t-A mand-

Mon trond ( Cher ) . BSPF 4 9 2 83-288 . I saac , G . L ., 1 977 .

O lorgesa i l ie .

c ene l ake b asin i n K enya . J acqu iot , C ., 1 960 .

Archaeo log ica l s tudies o f a Midd le P le isto-

U n iv . o f C h icago P ress 2 72pp + 6 0p 1 .

De ter mina t ions d e b ois f ossi les p rovenan t d e l a g rot te d e

L ascaux , Mon t ignac-sur-Vezere ( Dordogne ) .

B u l l . S oc . B o tanique d e

F rance 1 07 1 5-17 . J oannes , P . & C ordier , G ., 1 957 .

L a s ta t ion p ro to- magda len ienne d e l a

P luche , c o m mune d 'Yzeures-sur-Creuse ( I ndre-e t-Loire ) .

BSPF 5 4 8 2-

9 3 . J oannes , P . & C ordier , G ., 1 958 .

L a s ta t ion magda len ienne d u Bo is d 'Apres ,

c o m mune d 'Yzeures-sur-Creuse ( I ndre-e t-Loire ) . J of froy , R ., Mouton , P . & Par is , 1 952 . Ba lö t ( C c i te d 'Or ) .

L ag rot te d e l a Grand Bau me ' a

RAE 3 2 09-232 .

J oly , J ., 1 959 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d e D i jon .

J o ly , J ., 1 968 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d e B ourgogne .

J ordä C erdä , F ., 1 964 .

BSPF 5 5 7 34-744 .

GP 2 9 0-109 . GP 1 1 3 67-419 .

E l a r te r upestre p a leo4 t ico d e l a r eg i ir C an täbr ica :

n ueva s equenc ia c rono lög ico-cu l tura l .

I n L . P er icot Garc ia & E . R ipo l l

P ere l lo ( ed ) P reh istor ic A rt o f t he Western Medi terranean a nd t he S ahara . V ik ing F und P ub l . i n A n th . 3 9 . We imer-Gren , N ew Yörk 4 7-81 . Kan t man , S ., 1 970 .

" Rac le t tes mouster iennes" :

U ne e tude e xper i men ta le s ur

l a d is tinc t ion d e r e touche .i n ten t ione l le e t l es modif ica t ions d u t ranchan t p ar u t i l isa t ion . Kar lin , C ., 1 972 . d e P inceven t .

Qua ternar ia 1 3 2 95-304 . L e d eb i tage .

I n A . L ero i-Gourhan & M. B rez i l lon .

F ou i l les

E ssa i d 'ana lyse e thnograph ique d 'un h ab i ta t magda len ien

( l a s ec t ion 3 6 ) 7S upp l . GP CNRS , Par is 2 63-277 . 4 90

Kar lin , C ., 1 975 .

L e g ise ment p a leol i th ique s uperieur d es Tartere ts I , ä

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I .

L e d eb i tage .

Microwear o n f l int :

I n tern . S y mposiu m o n f l in t .

f l int t oo ls :

at est c ase .

K e l ley , H ., 1 955 .

s o me e xperi men ta l r esu lts .

Maastricht .

K ee ley , L . H . & N ewco mer , M., 1 977 .

GP 1 8 3 41-357 . 2 nd

S taring ia 3 4 9-51 .

Microwear a na lysis o f e xperi men ta l

JAS 4 2 9-62 .

P ointes a p edoncu les d u S o lutreen f ran9a is .

BSPF 5 2 4 5-

L es g rands p ieces a rquees d u Magda len ien .

BSPF 5 7 5 92-

5 6 . K e l ley , H ., 1 960 . 6 05 . K owa lski , K ., 1 977 .

L es ma m m iferes d e l a z one a rc t ique .

L a R echerche 8

3 44-351 . K urten , B ., 1 968 . P leistocene ma m ma ls o f E urope .

We idenfe ld & N ico lson ,

L ondon 3 17pp . Lacorre , F ., 1 938 . Marcamps .

Lagrot te d es F ees , ä Marca mps ( Gironde ) o u R oc d e

P -V . S oc .

La lande , P ., 1 867 .

N ouve l le s ta t ion d e Page d u r enne d ans l e Per igord

( grot te d e P ouze t ) . L a lande , P ., 1 867a . l e P erigord .

N ot ice s ur l a g rot te d e P ouze t , c o m mune d e T errasson

G louton g rave s ur b ois d e r enne d e Pepoque magda len ienne .

L inn . Bordeaux 6 2 3 81-383 + 1 p 1 .

L a lanne , G ., 1 909a . Ac tes S oc .

N ouve l le g rot te d e Pepoque d u r enne , d ecouverte d ans

L e Moni tedr d 'Archeo log ie 5 -12 .

La lanne , G ., 1 909 . Ac tes S oc .

R evue Archeo log ique N S 51 5 6 6-69 .

Ma ter iaux 3 6 3-64 .

L a lande , P ., 1 868 . ( Dordogne ) .

L inn . B ordeaux 9 0 3 5-51 .

Decouverte d 'un s que let te h u ma in ä Lauger ie-Haute .

L inn . B ordeaux 6 2 3 99-405 + 1 p l .

L ap lace , G ., 1 966 . l epto li th iques .

R echerches s ur l ' orig ine e t Pevo lut ion d es c o mp lexes Me langes d 'Arch . e t d 'H ist . Eco le F ran9a ise d e Ro me

S upp l . 45 86pp + 2 5p 1 . Larousse 1 963 .

Grande Larousse E ncyc lopedique .

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L ibr .

Larousse , Par is .

C avernes d e P erigord , o b je ts g raves e t

s culptes d es t e mpspre-h istoriques d ans l 'Europe o cc identa le .

Revue

Archeo log ique t -ä-p . 3 7pp . Lav i l le , H ., 1 964 .

R echerches s edi mento log iques s ur l a p a leoc li ma to log ie

d u Wur m ien r ecent e n P er igord . L av i l le , H ., 1 973 .

L 'A 6 8 1 -48, 2 19-252 .

C li ma to lo c r ie e t c hrono logie d u Pa leo li th ique e n Perigord .

E tude s edi mento log ique d e d epö ts e n g rot tes e t s ous a br is . Doctora t d 'Eta t U niv . d e B ordeaux I . Lav i l le , H . & Tex ier , J -P ., 1 972 .

These

7 20pp .

De l a f i n d u Wur m I I a u d ebut d u Wur m

I V : p a leoc li ma to log ie e t imp lica t ions c hronostra t igraph iques . Acad . S c . Par is 2 75 S er . D . 3 29-332 . 4 91

C . R .

L enoir , M ., 1 975 .

O bserva t ions s ur l es p o in tes

c ran magda leniennes d ans

l es g ise men ts d e l 'abr i F aus t in , c o m mune d e C essac ( G ironde ) e t d e l a P ique , c o m mune d e Da ignac ( Gironde ) . L enoir , M ., 1 976 .

BSPF 7 2 1 07-112 .

L es c iv i lisa t ions d u P a leo li th ique s uper ieur d ans l e s ud-

o ues t ( G ironde ) .

LPF 1 .2 1 252-1256 .

L enoir , M ., 1 976a .

t tude t echn ique e t t ypo log ique d es " p ieces ä r e touches

a nor ma les" d e l a s ta t ion d e l a B er tonne , C o m mune d e P eu jard , G ironde . B SPF 7 3 4 3-47 . L enoir , M ., 1 977 .

L es i ndus tr ies d e l a f i n d es t e mps g lac ia ires d ans l es

b asses v a l lees d e l a D ordogne e t d e l a Garonne . ( e d) 1 977 T i 5 48-582 . L enoir , M . &T erraza , S ., 1 971 . c o m mune d e C essac ( Gironde ) .

I n d e S onnev i l le-Bordes

L e Magda len ien s uper ieur d e l ' abr i F aus t in , BSPF68 3 11-327 .

L eroi-Gourhan , A ., Ba i l loud , G ., C hava i l lon , J . & L a ming-Empera ire , A ., 1 968 .

L a P reh isto ire .

P resses U nivers i ta ires d e F rance , P ar is 3 66pp .

I eroi-Gourhan , A . &B rez i l lon , M ., 1 966 .

L 'hab i ta t ion Magda len ienne N o . 1

d e P inceven t , p res Mon tereau ( Se ine-e t- Marne ) .

GP 9 2 63-385 .

L ero i-Gourhan , A ., B rez i l lon , M . &S chm ider , B ., 1 976 . L es c iv i lisa t ions d u P a leo li th ique s uper ieur d ans l e c en tre e t l e s ud-est d u b assin P ar isien . LPF 1 .2 1 321-1338 . L eroi-Gourhan , A r l ., 1 962 .

L a g ro tte d e L ascaux .

B u l l . S oc . B otan ique d e

F rance 1 09 9 1-95 . L eroi-Gourhan , A r l ., 1 967 . c hrono log ie .

L e Badegou l ien d e l ' abr i F r i tsch :

c l i ma t e t

BSPF 6 4 9 5-99 .

L eroi-Gourhan , A r l ., 1 967a . d e l ' abr i F r i tsch .

A na lyse p o l lin ique d es n iveaux p a leo l i th iques

R ev iew o f P a laeobo t . & Pa lyno logy 4 8 1-86 .

L eroi-Gourhan , Ar l ., 1 968 .

Deno m ina t ions d es o sc i l la t ions w i lr miennes .

BAFEQ 5 2 81-287 + l tab . L eroi-Gourhan , Ar l ., 1 973 . L e p aysage a u t e mps d es g raveurs d e l a g rot te d e l a Marche . I n E studios d edicados a l P rof . d r . t his P er icot . I nst i tuto d e Arqueo log ia y p reh is tor ia , U nivers idad d e Barce lona 1 01-108 . L eroi-Gourhan , A r l ., 1 979 . L ascaux .

L a s tra t igraph ie e t l es f ou i l les d e l a g rot te d e

L I 4 5-74 .

L eroi-Gourhan , Ar l . &A l la in , J . ( c d) 1 979 .

L ascaux i nconnu .

CNRS , P aris

3 79pp + 2 7p 1 . L eroi-Gourhan , An. g zE v in , J ., 1 979 .

L es d a ta t ions d e L ascaux .

L eroi-Gourhan , A r l . &G irard , M ., 1 979 . d e L ascaux . L I 7 5-80 . L eroi-Gourhan , A r l . &A ., 1 964 . ( Yonne ) . GP 7 1 -64 .

L I 8 1-84 .

Ana lyses p o l lin iques d e l a g rot te

C hrono log ie d es g ro t tes d 'Arcy-sur-Cure

L eroi-Gourhan , A r l ., S chweingruber , F . H . &G irard , M ., 1 979 . d e L ascaux . L I 1 85-188 . 4 92

L es b o is

L e Tensorer , J -M ., 1 974 .

L e p er igordien s uperieur ä b ur ins d e N oa i l les d e

l 'abr i P eyrony ä Gavaudun ( Lot-et-Garonne ) . L e Tensorer , J -M ., 1 976 .

BSPF 7 1 4 59-468 .

La g rot te d e Cassegros ä Tren te ls ( L &G ) l ere

b i lan 1 973-1976 ( mimeo ) 2 7pp . L e Tensorer , J -M ., 1 976a .

•

L es h abi ta ts d u Magda lenien a nc ien d e l a g rot te

d e C assegros ( L ot-et-Garonne ) .

R esu mesdes c o m munica t ions .

U ISPP

9 e C ongr . 1 97-198 . L e Tensorer , J -M ., 1 979 .

R echerches s ur l e Qua terna ire e n L ot-e t-Garonne :

s tra t igraph ie , p a leoc li ma tolog ie e t p reh isto ire p a leo li th ique .

These

Doc tora t d 'E ta t . U niv . d e Bordeaux I I 8 12pp . L ev ine , M. A ., 1 979 .

Archaeo-zoo log ica l a na lysis o f s o me U pper Pa laeo-

l i th ic h orse b one a sse mb lages i n western E urope .

U npub l . PhD t hesis

U niv . o f C a mbr idge 3 72pp . L 'He lgouach , J ., 1 973 .

I nf . a rch .

C irc . d es Pays d e l a L oire .

GP 1 6 4 27-

4 38 . L 'He lgouach , J ., 1 975 . L o mbard , A ., 1 976 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d es Pays d ela L oire .

L a s edimento log ie :

GP 1 8 5 41-561 .

Ref lexions s ur s on d eve loppe ment

e t s a p lace par m i l es s c iences d e t erre .

S edin ien to logy 2 3 8 33-844 .

L orb lanche t , M ., De lpech , F ., R enau lt , P . & Andr ieu, C ., 1 973 . d e S a inte-Eu la lie ä E spagnac ( Lo t ) . d e L um ley , H ., 1 976 . r eg ion d e N ice . Lwoff , S ., 1 962 .

L a g rot te

GP 1 6 3 -62 , 2 33-325 .

L es l ignes d e r ivage q ua terna ire d e Provence e t d e l a LPF 1 .1 3 11-325 .

L es Fade ts , c o m mune d e L ussac-les-Cha teaux ( V ienne ) .

BSPF 5 9 4 07-426 . Lwof f , S ., 1 974 .

L a g rot te d e L oubressac ( co m mune d e Mazero l les , V ienne ) .

P rob le mes s ou leves p ar l es v ar ia t ions d es t aux d e b urins e t d e l an ie l les d ans l e Magda len ien f ina l . McCu l lagh , P . S ., 1 974 . 4 .

BSPF 7 1 3 06-320 .

Da ta u se a nd I n terpre ta t ion .

S c ience i n Geography

OUP 1 20pp .

Mc Intyre , A . e t a l . ( CLIMAP ) 1 976 . a CLIMAP - r econstruc t ion .

G lac ia l N orth A t lan tic 1 8,000 y ears a go :

I n R . M . C line & J . D . Hays ( ed) I nvest iga-

t i ons o f L a te Q ua ternary Pa laeoceanography & Pa laeoc li ma to logy Geo l . S oc . o f Amer ica Me m . 1 45 4 3-75 . Mc Intyre , A ., e t a l . ( CLIMAP ) 1 976a .

The s urface o f t he I ce-Age Earth .

S c ience 1 91- 1 131-1137 . Mar mier , F . & T reco l le , G ., 1 973 .

R eut i lisa t ions s uccessives d 'un b a t i in

p erce d ans l e Magdar en ien s uper ieur d e S a int-Ger ma inla-R iv iere ( Gironde ) .

L 'A 7 7 7 67-770 .

Mar t in , H ., 1 909 .

Ap ropas d e l a p oter ie p a leo li th ique d ans l a s ta t ion d e

Beauregard p res d e Ne mours ( Seine-e t- Marne ) .

, CPF 5 eS ess . Beauva is

2 35-239 . Masfranc , A ., 1 888 . 4 6-47 .

La g rot te d e C orgnac ( Dordogne ) . 4 93

Ma teriaux 3 s er . 5

Masfrand, M . A ., 1 902 .

F oui l les f a ites d ans l ag rot te d u P lacard, c o m mune

d e V i lhonneur ( Charen te ) . Mason , R ., 1 957 .

AFAS 3 1e S ess , Montauban 7 65-768 .

The Transvaa l Midd le S tone Age a nd S ta t ist ica l a na lys is .

S outh A frican Arch . Bu l l . 1 2 1 19-137 . Menendez Amor , J . & F lorschutz , F ., 1 963 .

S ur l es e le ments s tepp iques

d ans l a v egeta t ion q ua terna ire d e l 'Espagne .

Bo l . R .

E spano la H ist .

N a ture l ( Geo l ) 6 1 1 21-133 + 1 f i g . Mendendez Amor , J . & F lorschutz , F ., 1 964 .

R esu lts o f t he p re li minary

p a lynolog ica l i nvest iga t ion o f s a mp les f ro m a 5 0 m b oring i n s outhern S pa in .

Bo l . R . E spano la H is t . N a ture l ( Geo l) 6 2 2 51-255 + 1 f ig .

Merc ier , L ., 1 934 .

L a p ointe e n o s äc ran d e l 'Aurignac ien i nfer ieur .

CPF

l ie S ess . P er igueux 1 19-120 . Meroc , L . ,1 961 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d e T oulouse ,

GP 4 2 43-273 .

Meroc , L ., 1 969 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d e Midi- P yrenees .

Mi l lot te ,J-P . ,1 960 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d e Besançon .

Mirov , N . T ., 1 967 .

The g enus P INUS .

Mon me jean , E ., B ordes , F .

GP 1 2 4 85-503 .

GP 3 1 82-208 .

R ona ld P ress . C o . N ew Y ork 6 02pp .

d e S onnev i lle-Bordes , D ., 1 964 .

L e P er i-

g ordien s uperieur ä b ur ins d e N oa i l les d u R oc d e Gavaudun ( Lot-etGaronne ) .

L 'A 6 8 2 53-316 .

Monte t- Wh i te , A ., 1 973 .

L e Ma lpas R ockshe lter .

U n iv . o f Kansas P ub l . i n

Anthropo logy 4 1 35pp . Mörner , N . A ., 1 977 .

S outhward d isp lace ment o f t he d istr ibut ion o fg lac ia-

t i on d uring t he t hree max i ma o f t he L ast I ce Age .

J ourna l o f G lac iology

8 1 3 05-308 . Morris , D ., 1 965 .

The Mam ma ls .

d e Mort i l let , A ., 1 906 .

Hodder & S tough ton , L ondon .

4 48pp .

L a g rot te d u P lacard ( Charente ) e t l es d iverses

i ndustr ies q u 'e l le a l ivrees . d e Mor t i l le t , A ., 1 906a .

CPF 2 e S ess . Vannes 2 41-265 .

L a g rot te d u P lacard e t l e n iveau d 'Aur ignac .

AFAS 3 5e S ess , L yon 6 30-642 . d e Mor t i l let , G . ,1 867 .

P ro menades p reh istoriques I P E xposi t ion U n iverse l le .

Ma ter iaux 3 1 81-368 . d e Mort i l let , G ., 1 867a .

R ev : P h .

L a lande -nouve l le s ta t ion d e Page d u

R enne d ans l e Per igord ( Grot te d e P ouze t ) Ma ter iaux 3 1 26-127 . d e Mort i l let , G ., 1 868 .

R ev :

Grot te d e P ouze t , Dordogne .

Ma ter iaux 4 1 10 .

d e Mor t i l let , G ., 1 869 .

E ssa i d 'une c lass if ica t ion d es c avernes e t d es s ta t ions

s ous a br is , f ondee s ur l es p roduits d e l ' industrie h u ma ines .

C . R . Acad .

S c . Par is 6 8 5 53-555 . d e Mor t i l let , G ., 1 872 . p ierre .

C lass if ica t ion d es d iverses p er iodes d e Page d e l a

C . R . 6 e S ess , C ong . I n t . d 'Anth . e t d 'Arch . P re . Brusse ls .

4 32-444 + 7 p 1 .

4 94

d e Mor t i l let , G . &A ., 1 881 .

L e Mus e P reh istor ique .

d e Mort i l let , G . &A ., 1 900 .

L e P reh istorique , o rig ine e t a n t iqui te d e

l 'ho m me ( 3rd e dn ) .

C . R e inwa ld , Paris .

C . R einwa ld, Paris 7 09pp .

d e Mort i l le t , P . ,1 911 .

L e p reh istorique d ans l es g ro t tes , a br is s ous r oche

e t b reches o sseuses d es b assins d el a Garonne e t d e l 'Adour . S ess .

CPF 7 e

N imes 7 8-129 .

Mourer-Chauv ire , C ., 1 974 .

' tude p re l i mina ire d es o iseaux d e l a g rotte d u

R ond-du-Barry ( Magda lenien e t p ost-g lac ia ire ) . Mourer-Chauv ire , C ., 1 976 . ( Hau te-Loire ) .

L es o iseaux d u g ise men t d e C ot t ier ä R etournac

N ouv . Arch . Mus . H ist . n a t .

Mouton , P . &J of froy , R ., 1 956 .

L yon f 14 4 1-42 .

P rec isions n ouve l les s ur l es s ta t ions

magda len iennes d e Farincourt ( Haute- Marne ) . Mouton , P . &J of froy , R ., 1 957 . 6 1 1 -20 . Mov ius , H . L ., 1 960 .

RAE 7 1 92-218 .

L e P oron d es Cd eches ( Cö te-d 'Or ) .

L 'A

Radiocarbon d a tes a nd U pper Pa laeo li th ic a rchaeology

i n C entra l a nd Western E urope . Mov ius , H . L . &J udson , S ., 1 956 . B ul l .19 +1 1p 1 .

L 'A 7 8 3 7-48 .

C urren tA nthropo logy 1 3 55-375 . The r ock-she lter o f L a C o lo mbf ere .

Amer ican S choo l o f P reh ist . R esearch .Ca mbr idge , Mass . 1 76pp

N ewco mer , M. H ., 1 975 . F lint , Maastrich t .

S pontaneous r e touch .

S econd I nt . S y mposiu m o n

S taring ia 3 6 2-64 .

N ewco mer , M . H . g :H iverne l-Guerre , F ., 1 974 .

N uc leus s ur e c lat :

e t u t i lisa t ion p ar d iff eren tes c u ltures p rehis tor iques . N oue l , A ., 1 937 .

t echno logie

BSPF 7 1 1 19-128 .

U ne s ta t ion d e p a leo lith ique s uperieur ä La-Chape l le-Sa int-

Mes min ( Loire t ) . N oue l , A ., 1 945 .

BSPF 3 4 3 79-387 .

C ontribut ion ' al a p reh istoire d u Ga ti na is ( i nventa ire d 'une

c o l lec t ion d e trui te e n j uin 1 940 ) . Onora t ini , G ., 1 974 .

BSPF 4 2 1 00-102 .

L a g rot te d e l a B ouver ie ( Bagno ls-en-Fore t , Var ) CPF

2 0e S ess . P rovence 3 99-458 . Onora t ini , G ., 1 977 . ( Vauc luse ) .

L e s i te magda len ien s uperieur d e Bernucen ä P uy meras

BSPF 7 4 1 66-172 .

Onora tini , G . &G irard, G ., 1 974 .

La s ta t ion d e p lein a ir d u Gra tadis ( Var) .

CPF 2 0e S ess . P rovence 4 59-472 . Onora tin i , G ., Paccard , M . & Du mas , C ., 1 977 . R oc ' a Va isonla-Ro ma ine ( Vauc luse ) .

L 'abri s ous r oche d ' Eden-

N ote p re li mina ire .

BSPF 7 4 5 2-

6 0 . Pa jot , B ., 1 968 . l 'Aveyron .

L es c iv i lisa t ionsdu Pa leo l i th ique s uperieur d u b assin d e Tray . I nst . d 'Art P reh is tor ique . U niv . Tou louse 1 1 5 83pp .

d e P aniagua , A ., 1 911 .

U ne s ta t ion magda fenienne a u F le ix ( Dordogne ) .

BSPF 8 1 41-142 . d e Pan iagua , A ., 1 921 . Magda lenien . Pa t te , E ., 1 965 .

N ote s ur u n i nstru men t d e g randes d i mension d u

BSPF 1 8 3 31-332 . I nf . a rch . C irc . d e P oi t iers . 4 95

GP 8 5 1-56 .

Payne , S ., 1 972 . s i tes .

On t he i n terpreta t ion o fb one s a mp les f ro m a rchaeolog ica l

I n E . S . H iggs ( ed) Papers i n E cono mic P reh istory CUP 6 5-81 .

Penny , L . F ., C oope , G . E . & C a t t , J . A ., 1 969 . t he D im l ing ton s i l ts , E ast Yorksh ire . Per icot Garc ia , L ., 1 942 .

Age a nd I nsec t f auna o f

N a ture 2 24 6 5-67 .

L a C ueva d e l Parpa l l6 ( Gandia ) .

C onse jo s uperior

I nvest igac iones C ient if icos , I nst ituto D iego Ve läsquez , Madrid 3 51pp + 3 2p 1 Per icot Garc ia , L ., 1 955 .

The microburin i n t he S panish L evant .PPS 2 1 4 9-50 .

Per icot Garc ia , L ., 1 964 .

Medio s ig lo d e p reh istoria h ispänica .

Barce lona

9 9pp . P er icot Garc ia , L ., S ant iago A lcobe , D V ida l yL opez , D ., 1 947 .

V icen te s os Ba ina t , D . & Manue l

C ov ' a d e l P arpa l lö .

p reh istorica , I nst itut D iego Ve läsquez .

S erv ic io d e I nvest igac iön

S er ie d e Traba jos v arios 6 .2 .

3 3-61 Perpere , M ., 1 973 .

Grands g ise ments a urignac iens d u Poi tou .

Perpere , M ., 1 977 .

L 'industr ie d es Vachons e t l 'Aurignac ien e n P oitou-

C haren tes .

L 'A 7 7 6 83-716 .

L 'A 8 1 3 77-410 .

P eyrony , D ., 1 908 .

N ouve l les f oui l les ' a Badegou le ( Dordogne ) .

s uper ieur , e t t rans i t ion d u s o lutreen a u magda len ien ) .

( So lutreen

Revue P reh istor ique

39 7-116 . P eyrony , D ., 1 909 .

S ta t ion p reh istor ique d u R uth p res l e Moust iers ( Dordogne )

Aurignac ien , S o lutreen e t Magda len ien .

R ev . d e l 'hco le WAnth d e Par is

1 9 . 5 .156-176 . Peyrony , D ., 1 912 .

N ouve l les f oui l les a ux C ha mps-B lancs o u J ean-B lanc .

AFAS 4 1e S ess . N imes 5 22-528 . Peyrony , D . Peyrony , D . V ezere .

1 927 .

E le ments d e P reh istoire .

1 933 .

L es i ndustr ies " Aur ignaciennes" d ans l e b assin d e l a

A ur ignac ien e t P er igordien .

Peyrony , D .

1 936 .

E ybou le t & F i ls , U sse l 1 52pp .

BSPF 3 0 5 43-559 .

L e P er igordien e t l 'Aur ignac ien .

N ouve l les o bserva t ions .

BSPF 3 3 6 16-619 . Peyrony , D .

1 936a .

Peyrony , D .

1 944 .

a bruptes" .

L e Magda len ien ' at r iang les s ca lenes . Or igine d u Magda lenien

L 'A 4 6 3 63-366 .

" ec la ts d e s i lex ' ar etouches

BSPF 4 1 1 90-192 .

Peyrony , D ., 1 947 .

L a g rot te d 'Abzac , ' a Gorge d 'Enfer , c ne . d es Eyz ies

d e Tayac , Dordogne .

BSHAP 7 4 1 67-171 .

Peyrony , D ., 1 948 .

E le ments d e P reh istoire .

Peyrony , D ., 1 949 .

L e P erigord p reh istorique .

A . C ostes, Par is , 1 81pp . P ub l . d e l a SHAP , P erigueux

9 2pp . Peyrony , D . & E ., 1 934 .

L a s ta t ion p reh istorique d es J ean-B lancs .

6 1 1 79-202 .

4 96

BSHAP

Peyrony , D . & E ., 1 938 .

Laugerie-Haute p ies d es E yz ies ( Dordogne ) .

A IPH

Me m . 1 9 8 1pp + 7 p 1 . P eyrony , D . & E ., 1 941 .

G ise men t p reh istorique d e C rabi l la t .

S es r apports

a vec l es d epö ts ä f or mes g eo metr iques d u Pa leo li th ique s uper ieur e t d u Meso li th ique .

BSPF 3 8 2 45-262 .

Peyrony , E ., 1 931 . i ndustries .

L e g ise men t d u P ech d e l a Boissf ere , s es d if feren tes

AFAS 5 5e S ess . Nancy 3 19-321 .

P eyrony , E ., 1 934 .

L a s ta t ion p reh istor ique d u Pech d e l a Boissf ere .

BSPF

3 1 1 94-213 . P iet te , E ., 1 907 .

L 'art p endant Page d u r enne .

Masson & C ie , Paris 1 14pp

+1 00p 1 . P in ingre , J -F ., 1 978 .

Que lques c arac ter is t iques d ud eb i tage d u s i te pa leo li-

t h ique d e B iache-Sa int-Vaast ( Pas-de-Ca la is ) . P i t ts , M. W ., 1 978 .

BAFEQ 1 5 5 6-59 .

T owards a n u nderstanding o f f l in t i ndustries i n P ost-

G lac ia l E ng land .

U n iv . o f L ondon . I nst . o f Arch . B u l l .

P i t ts, M. W ., 1 978a .

1 5 1 79-197 .

On t he s hape o f waste f l akes a s a n i ndex o f t echno log ica l

c hange i n l i th ic i ndustries .

JAS 5 1 7-37 .

P i t ts , M. W . &J acob i , R . M ., 1 979 .

S o me a spec ts o f c hange i n f laked s tone

i ndustr ies o f t he Meso li th ic a nd N eo li th ic i n s outhern Britain .

JAS 6 1 63-

1 77 P ou la in, T ., 1 969 .

L a g rot te d u f ond d u Barry ä S inze l les , c o m mune d e

P o lignac ( Haute-Loire ) .

E tude d e l a f aune .

CPF 1 9e S ess . Auvergne

5 6-68 . Prade l , L ., 1 952 . e n F rance .

C aracterist iques l i th iques d es d i f ferents n iveaux p erigordiens

BSPF 4 9 5 31-543 .

P rade l , L ., 1 956 .

Mousterien t ypique e t Mous ter ien d e t radi t ion a cheu leene .

CPF 1 5e S ess . P oi t iers-Angou lg me 8 26-848 . Prade l , L ., 1 959 . C o lo mb iere" :

Ap ropos d e l 'age d e l a c ouche à g a le ts g raves d e " La P erigordien o u Magda lenien?

P rade l , L ., 1 965 .

L 'abri a ur ignac ien e t p er igordien d es R oches , c o m mune d e

P ouligny-Sa in t-P ierre ( I ndre ) . P rade l , L . &J -H ., 1 960 .

L 'A 6 9 2 19-236 .

Magda len ien e t Azi lien d e Pabri d es Doua ttes

c o m mune d e Musf eges ( Haute-Savoie ) . P ra t , F ., 1 962 .

BSPF 5 6 3 2-33 .

BSPF 5 7 7 5-79 .

L a f a me d u g ise men t d e l a Gare d e C ouze .

P u jol , C . & Thron , J -L ., 1 974 .

L 'A 6 6 2 47-254 .

Pa leoc li ma to log ie e t s tra t igraph ie d u Qua ter-

n a ire t er mina l d u Go lfe d e Gascogne d edui tes d e Pana lyse d es F ora miniAres p lanc ton iques e td es e nse mb les s poropol liniques d es s edi ments marins .

Boreas 3 9 9-104 .

Ranere , A . J ., 1 975 . o f Panama .

Too l making a nd t oo l u se among t he p recera m ic p eop les

I n E . Swanson ( ed) L i th ic Techno logy .

1 73-209 + 1 5p 1 .

4 97

Mouton , The Hague .

Rausing , G ., 1 967 .

The b ow .

S o me n otes o n i t s o r ig in a nd d eve lop men t .

Ac ta Arch . L undens ia 1 89pp + 6 4f ig . v an R ie t L owe , C ., 1 945 .

The e vo lut ion o f L eva l lois t echnique i n S outh A fr ica .

Man 4 5 4 9-59 . R igaud , J -P .. 1 970 .

t ude p re li mina ire d es i ndustr ies magda limiennes d e

l 'abr i d u F lageo le t I , c o m mune d e Bezenac ( Dordogne ) . R igaud, J -P ., 1 976 .

I nf . a rch . C irc . d 'Aqui ta ine .

R igaud, J -P ., 1 977 .

Ap ropos d es i ndustr ies d u F lageo le t I .

B ordes , D .

BSPF 6 7 4 56-474 .

GP 1 9 5 23-546 . I n d e S onnev i l le-

( ed) 1 977 T 2 2 86-292 .

R igaud, J -P . & Vander meersch , B .

( ed) 1 976 .

L ivre t-Guide d e l ' excursion A4

A4 S ud-Ouest ( Aqui ta ine e t C harente ) U ISPP 9 e C ongr . 2 04pp . R iv iere . E ., 1 902 .

U ne l a mpe p reh istor ique e n p ierre t rouvee a u Moust ier

( ? ) ( Dordogne ) . R iv i re , E ., 1 906 .

AFAS 3 1e S ess . Montauban 9 21-923 . T rente-sept a nnees d e f oui l les p reh istoriques e t a rcheo lo-

g igues e n F rance e t e n I ta lie . R oche , J . ,1 963 .

AFAS 3 5e S ess .

L yon 7 73-798 .

B reche magda lenienne d e l a g ro t te d u P lacard .

A nna les

d e Pa leonto log ie 4 9 2 61-281 . R oche . J ., 1 965 .

L a g rot te d u P lacard .

R oche , J ., 1 971 .

S tra t igraph ie d e l a g rot te d u P lacard ( f oui l les 1 958-1968) .

Me m . S oc . Arch . H ist . R ogers , _ R . A ., 1 973 .

C harente 2 53-259 .

F auna l R e ma ins .

R ona , E . & Em i liani , C ., 1 969 . a nd P -6304-9 .

n ouve lles o bserva t ions .

Abso lute d a ting o f C ar ibbean c ores P -6304-8

L ugasson ( Gironde ) .

L e R oc d e Marcamps ( Gironde ) Que lques

BSPF 6 7 2 93-303 .

R oussot , A . & F errier , J ., 1 971 .

L a g rotte d e F ontarnaud, c o m mune d e

BSPF 6 8 5 05-520 .

Donnees n ouve l les s ur l e Pa leo li th ique s uperieur d u d e-

p ar te ment d e l 'Aude . S acch i , D . ,1 969 . B ize (Aude l .

I n Mon te t- Wh i te 1 973 3 6-40 .

S c ience 1 63 6 6-68 .

R oussot , A . & F err ier , J ., 1 970 .

S acch i , D . ,1 968 .

BAFEQ 2 2 45-250 .

A tacina 3 3 -32 .

Observa t ions s ur l a s tra t igraph ie d el a p et i te g rot te d e A tacina 4 3 -25 .

S arch i . D . ,1 973 .

L e g ise ment d e L assac n 'est p lus .

B u l l . S oc .

E t . S c .

A ude 7 3 9 5-96 . S acch i , D . ,1 973a . S acch i , D . ,1 974 .

G ise ments d e l 'Aude .

E tudes p reh istor iques 7 2 1-24 .

L es i ndustries d a t es d u P a leo li th ique s uper ieur ä

l 'Ep ipa leo l ith ique , d ans l e b assin d e l 'Aude .

CPF 2 0e S ess . Provence

5 51-559 . S acch i , D . ,1 976 .

Aperçu s ur l es c iv i lisa tions d u Pa leo lith ique s uperieur

d ans l e b assin d e l 'Aude e t e n R oussi l lon . 8 1-105 .

4 98

B u l l . S oc .

E t . S c . Aude 7 6

S acch i , D ., 1 976a . Aude ) .

L e g ise ment d e p lein a ir d e Lassac ( Sa lr e les-Cabardes ,

L ivre t-Guide C 2 ( ed . H . d e L um ley ) U ISPP 9 e C ongr . 2 85-286 .

S acke t t , J . & Gaussen , J ., 1 975 . i n t he S ud-Ouest o f F rance .

U pper Pa leo l ith ic h ab i ta t ion s truc tures Ms . p rep . f or U ISPP 9 e C ongr . 2 3pp . +

6 f ig S ch iffer , M . B ., 1 976 .

Behav iora l Archeo logy .

Acade mic Press , New York

2 40pp . S ch i ld , R ., Marczak , M . & K ro l ik , H ., 1 975 .

Pozny Mezo lit . P roba w ie lo-

a spek towe j a na lizy o twartyck s tanow isk p iaskowych . I nstytut H istor i i K u ltury Ma ter ia lne j .

Warsaw .

P o lska Akad . N a _uk .

2 06pp + 3 6p 1 .

E ng lish

s u m mary p p . 2 07-226 . S chmider , B ., 1 968 .

B ib l iograph ie Ana ly t ique d eP reh istoire p our l e Par eo-

l i th ique s uperieur E uropeen . S chmider , B ., 1 969 .

C ontr ibut ion ä P etude d u Per igordien s uper ieur d e l a

R oche t te ( Dordogne ) . S ch mider , B ., 1 971 . I l e-de-France .

CNRS , Paris Ti 2 66pp T2 2 77pp .

GP 1 2 2 59-271 .

L es i ndustries l i th iques d u Pa leol i th ique s uper ieur e n 6 e s upp l . GP CNRS , Paris 2 19pp .

S ch mider , B ., 1 971a .

Rapport s ur l es f oui l les d ans l es Bois d es Beauregards

( Co m mune d e N e mours , S eine-e t- Marne ) Ann e 1 971 ms l odged D irec t ion d es A nt iq . P reh ist . Reg ion Par isienne . S ch mider , B . ,1 972 .

Rappor t s ur l es f oui l les d es Bo is d es Beauregards

( Co m mune d e N e mours ) S eine-e t- Marne 1 972 .

ms l odged w i th D irect ion

d es Ant iq . P reh ist . Reg ion Par isienne . S eron ie-V iv ien , M-R ., 1 965-1966 .

S tra t igraph ie d u g ise ment p rehistor ique

d e l a g ro t te d e l a Berger ie h Can iac ( Lo t )

BSSPB 1 6-17 1 5-31 .

S eronie-V iv ien , M-R ., 1 967, 1 968, 1 969 , 1 970 , 1 971 , 1 972 , 1 973 , 1 974 , 1 975 , 1 977 —Repor ts o n t he e xcava t ions a t P egour ie t o t he g roupe P reh istoire S SPB . S eron ie-V iv ien , M-R ., 1 971a .

N ote p re li mina ire s ur l a f aune d es n iveaux

Azi l iens d e l a g rot te d e P egour ie ( Can iac , L ot ) .

Bu l l . S oc .

L inn .

Bordeaux . 13 -4 . S eronie-V iv ien , M-R ., 1 971-72 .

P re m iers r esulta ts o btenus d ans l 'Azi lien

e t l e Magda len ien d e l a g rot te d e P egour ie a C an iac ( Lot ) BSSPB 2 2-23 3 7-57 . S eron ie-V iv ien , M-R ., 1 972a .

L 'industr ie l i th ique d e l a g rot te d e l a Bergerie

d es Q ua tre C he mins ä C an iac ( Lot ) .

Bu l l . S oc . L inn . Bordeaux 2 6 5-71 .

S eronie-V iv ien , M-R . & Bensch , C ., 1 966 . Page d u Bronze e t a u Magdar en ien : ( Lot ) .

Ac tes S oc .

Un h abi ta t e n f ond d e g rot te d e

L a g ro t te d el a Berger ie ,

S eron ie-V iv ien , M-R ., & L e Tensorer , J . M ., 1 977 . l 'Az i l ien d u L ot :

Can iac

L inn . Bordeaux 1 03 s er . B 1 3 9 pp + 6 f ig . Donnees r ecentes s ur

La g rot te d e P egour ie ä C an iac-du- C ausse .

t e mps g lac ia ires e n E urope .

L a f i n d es

C o l l . I n t . CNRS N o . 2 71, 4 71-483 .

4 99

S hack le ton , N . J ., 1 969 . r ecords .

T he l ast i n terg lac ia l i n mar ine a nd t erres tria l

P roc . R oya l S oc . L ondon B 1 74 1 35-154 .

S hack le ton , N . J ., 1 975 . The s tra t igraph ic r ecord o f d eep s ea c ores a nd i t s i mp lica t ions f or t he a ssess men ts o f g lac ia ls , i n terg lac ia ls , s tadia ls , a nd i n ters tadia ls i n t he mid-P le istocene . ( ed) Af ter t he A ustra lop i thec ines .

I n B u tzer , K . W . & I saac , G . L l .

Mouton , The Hague , 1 -24 .

S hot ton , F . W ., Wi l l ia ms , R . E . G . &J ohnson , A . S ., 1 975 . U n ivers i ty r adiocarbon Da tes D C . S ievek ing , A ., 1 971 .

B ir m ingha m

R adiocarbon 1 7 2 55-275 .

Pa laeo l i th ic d ecora ted b onediscs .

B r i t ish Museu m

Q uar ter ly 3 5 2 06-229 . S i ir ia inen , A ., 1 977 . P ieces i nv er t ica l move men t-a mode l f or r ockshe lter a rchaeo logy . PPS 4 3 3 49-353 . S i m monne t , G ., 1 971 . Smi th , P . E . L ., 1 966 . t o ire .

I nf . a rch .

C irc . d e M id i -Pyrenees . GP 1 4 3 93-420 .

L e S o lutreen e n F rance .

U n iv . d e B ordeaux .

d e S onnev i l le-Bordes , D ., 1 954 .

E squ isse d 'une e vo lut ion t ypo log ique d u

p a leo li th ique s uper ieur e n P er igord . s ta t ist ique .

Me m . 5I ns t . d e P reh is-

4 49pp .

Defense e t i l lustra t ion d e l a me thode

L 'A 5 8 1 97-230 .

d e S onnev i l le-Bordes , D ., 1 955 .

Ap ropos d u P er igordien .

BSPF 5 2 5 97-601 ,

6 62-663 . d e S onnev i l le-Bordes , D ., 1 955a . ( Hau te-Lo ire ) .

L 'industr ie d e l ' abr i s ous r oche d e B lassac

BSPF 5 2371-377 .

d e S onnev i l le-Bordes , D ., 1 960 .

L e P a leo l i th ique s uper ieur e n P er igord .

De l mas , B ordeaux 5 58 p p . d e S onnev i l le-Bordes , D ., 1 966 .

L 'evo lu t ion d u P a leo li th ique s uper ieur e n

E urope o cc identa le e t s a s ign if ica t ion . d e S onnev i l le-Bordes , D ., 1 967 .

BSPF 6 3 3 -34 .

O bserva tions a u s u je t d e l a c o m mun ica t ion

d u d oc teur A l la in ( 23 .2 .1967) : L e Badegou l ien d e l 'abr i F r i tsch a ux R oches d e P ou ligny-Sa in t-P ierre . BSPF 6 4 C OO CVE [-CCXX IX . d e S onnev i l le-Bordes , D ., 1 972 .

L a g rot te d e T hevenard, g ise men t magda l-

& l ien p res d e B r ive ( Correze ) .

BSPF 6 9 4 5-48 .

d e S onnev i l le-Bordes , D ., 1 974-1975 . me thode .

L es l i s tes-types .

O bserva t ions d e

Q ua ternar ia 1 8 9 -43 .

d e S onnev i l le-Bordes , D . ( ed ) , 1 977 .

L a f i n d es t e mps g lac ia ires e n E urope .

C o l l . I n t . d u CNRS N o . 2 71 2 v o lu mes p repr in ts . d e S onnev i l le-Bordes , D . & P errot , J ., 1 953 . s ta t is t iques a u Pa leo li th ique s uper ieur .

E ssa i d 'adap ta t ion d es me thodes

P re m iers r esu lta ts .

BSPF 5 0

3 23-333 . d e S onnev i l le-Bordes , D . & P errot , J ., 1 954 . l i th ique s uper ieur .

L ex ique t ypo log ique d u Pa leo-

O ut i l lage l i th ique IG ra t to irs I O ut i ls s o lu treens .

5 00

BSPF 5 1 3 27-335 .

1 955 I I O ut i ls c o mposi tes-per2o irs .

BSPF 5 2 7 6-79 .

1 956 W B ur ins .

BSPF 5 3 4 08-412 .

1 956a V Out i l lage I tb ord a ba t tu V I . P ieces t ronqd ees ' V I I L a mes r e touchees V I I I P ieces v ar ies I X O ut i l lage l a me l la ire , P oin te Az i lienne . S tebbing , L . S ., 1 939 .

BSPF 5 3 5 47-559 .

Th ink ing t o s o me p urpose .

Har mondswor th , Middx .

2 44pp . S tockton , E . D ., 1 973 .

S haw 's C reek S he l ter :

f ac ts a nd i t s s ign if icance . S tordeur-Yedid , D ., 1 979 .

H u man d isp lace men t o f a r te-

Mank ind 9 1 12-117 .

L es a igui l les I tc has a u p a leo l i th ique .

1 3e s upp l .

GP CNRS Par is 2 15pp + 8 p 1 . S traus , L . G ., 1 974 . l i th ique .

L e S o lutreen d 'Istur i tz e t d u p ays Basque :

o ut i l lage

CPF 2 0e S ess . P rovence 5 95-604 .

S traus , L . G ., B erna ldo d e Q uiros , F ., C abrera , V . &C lark , G . A ., 1 978 . S o lu trean c hrono logy a nd l t th ic v ar iab i li ty i n Vasco-Can tabr ian S pa in . Z ephyrus 2 8/29 1 09-112 . S utc lif fe , A . J . &K owa lsk i , K ., 1 976 . I s les .

P le istocene R oden ts o f t he B ris ish

B u l l . B r . Mus . n a t . H is t ._ ( Geo l .)

T abor in , Y ., 1 979 .

2 7 3 3-147 .

L es c oqui l lages d e L ascaux ,

T estu t , L ., 1 889 .

L I . 1 43-145 .

R echerches a nthropo log iques s ur l e s que le t te q ua terna ire

d e C hance lade ( Dordogne ) . Tex ier , J . P ., 1 973 . Trot ignon , F ., 1 972 .

P i tra t , L yon .

1 23pp + 1 4p 1 .

S edimen to log ica l a na lys is .

I n Mon te t- Wh i te 1 973 2 5-31 .

L 'abr i F r i tsch d es R oches , I tP ou l igny-Sa in t-P ierre

( I ndre ) e t l e p ar eo li th ique s uper ieur d ans l a v a l lee d e l a C reuse .

RAC

1 5-21 . Tuf freau , A ., 1 976 .

L es c iv i lisa t ions d u Pa leo li th ique s uper ieur e n Artois .

LPF 1 .2 1 346-1347 . Thron , J -L ., 1 974 . d e Gascogne .

E tude p a lyno log ique d 'une c arot te p re levee d ans l e G o lfe

I n ter & p a leoc li ma t ique e t s tra t igraph ique .

P o l len e t

S pores 1 6 4 75-487 + l f ig . Vacher , G .

&V ignard , E ., 1 962 .

r egards p res d e N e mours .

L es Gros Mon ts I X d ans l es B o is d es Beau-

BSPF 5 9 2 52-259 .

Vacher , G . &V ignard , E ., 1 963 .

Var ia t ion d es p r inc ipaux c l i ma ts d epu is l e

P er igordien s uper ieur j usqu 'apres l e Magda fen ien d e N e mours ( Se ine-e t- Marne ) . Vacher , G . & V ignard , E ., 1 964 .

d ans l a r eg ion

BSPF 6 0 8 04-807 . L e P roto magda len ien II tr ac le t tes d es

" Ronces" d ans l es Gros Mon ts d e N e mours .

BSPF 6 1 3 2-44 .

Verhey leweghen , J ., 1 951 . L a l ame l le magda lenienne I td os r aba t tu e t s on u t i lisa t ion . B SPF 4 8 3 54-364 . Vez ian , J . &J ., 1 966 . L es g ise ments d e l a g ro t te d e S ain t-Jean-de-Verges ( Arr ege ) . GP 9 9 3-130 .

5 01

d e V ibraye , Marquis P ., 1 864 .

S ur d e n ouve l les p reuves d e l 'ex istence d e

l 'ho m me d ans l e c entre d e l a F rance ' au ne e poque o u s 'y t rouva ien t a uss i d ivers a ni maux q ui d e n os j ours n 'hab itent pas c et te c ontree .

C . R .

Acad . S c . Par is 5 8 4 09-416 . d e V ibraye , Marquis P ., 1 866 .

S ur l a r eproduc t ion e n b ois d e r enne d 'une

f e te ( presu m e ) d e Mam mouth .

Ma teriaux 2 4 9-55 ( a lso i n C . R . Acad .

S c . Par is 6 1 ( 1865 ) 3 99-404 ) . V ignard, E ., 1 921 .

U ne s ta t ion a urignac ienne tN ag-Hamadi ( Haute-Egypte ) :

s ta t ion d e C ha mp d e Bagasse .

B u l l . I nst . F r . Arch . o r ien ta le d u C a ire

1 8 1 -20 + 1 7 p l . & 2 maps . V ignard, E ., 1 923 .

U ne n ouve l le i ndus tr ie l i th ique .

L e “ Seb i lien" .

Bul l .

I nst . F r . Arch . o r ienta le d u Ca ire 2 2 1 -76 + 2 4p 1 . & 2 maps . V ignard , E .

1 929 .

S ta t ion a urignac ienne d u C hamp d e Bagasse ä Nag-

Hamadi ( Haute-Egypte ) . V ignard, E .

1 957 .

BSPF 2 6 2 99-306 .

P oints d e v ue n ouveaux s ur l ' in .dustr ie d u Cha mp d e

Bagasse pies d e N ag-Ha madi ( Haute-Egypte ) . V ignard, E .

1 968 .

Ap ropos d u Badegou l ien .

V ignard, E . & Vacher , G ., 1 965 .

p reh istor ique .

BSPF 6 5 1 7-18 .

Q uinze a nnees d e f oui l les d ans l es Gros-

Mon ts d e N e mours ( Se ine-e t- Marne ) . V ir mont , J ., 1 976 .

BSPF 5 4 2 01-210 .

BSPF 6 284-97 .

L a g rotte d e C ot t ier ä R etournac ( Haute-Loire ) .

E tude

N ouv . Arch . Mus . H ist . n a t . L yon 1 4 5 -18 + 9 p 1 .

V ir mont , J . & F ., 1 973 . E tude p re li mina ire .

L a g rot te d e C ott ier ä R etournac ( Haute-Loire ) . RAC 1 2 5 1-62 .

Voge l , J . C . & Wa terbolk , H . T ., 1 963 .

Groningen Radiocarbon d a tes I V .

R adiocarbon 5 1 63-202 . West , R . G ., 1 973 .

I n troduc t ion .

Q ua ternary P lant E co logy . Wh i te , J . P ., 1 968 . 66 58-666 .

B lackwe l l S c i . P ub ln ., Oxford 1 -3 .

Fabrica tors , o ut i ls e ca i l les o r s ca lar c ores?

Wi j mstra , T . A ., 1 969 .

Mankind

Pa lyno logy o f t he f i rst 3 0 metres o f a1 20 m d eep

s ec t ion i n n orthern Greece . Wishar t , D ., 1 975 .

I n H . J . B . B irks & R . G . West ( ed)

Ac ta B ot . N eer l . 1 8 5 11-527 .

C lustan I C U ser Manua l 1 23pp .

5 02