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German Pages 411 Year 2009
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Z-LNy2J,zy(NJxK*2LN2 ,,+NFz+J,xKN V$,+NFz+J,xKN ENKGN-77U $J2P yNJ NJ2N- ^2zG,N PJN Z-LNy2J,zy(NJxK*2LN2 )0F (zK-N2 N-+ H02,+z2+ 0PN- K2LN2 ,JN J2 PNX2JN-+N- NJ,N )0F DNKzG+ PN- * yN,+JFFN2PN2 $*y,+z2 zy ,/-JxK+ Fz2 )02 ,,+NFz+J,xKN2 ^y(NJxK*2LN2 "-,zxKN2 H22N2 Pz-J2 GJNLN2 Pz,, NJ2 >N,,LN-+ JFFNJF LGNJxKN2 $J22N MzG,xK zyLNGN,N2 0PN- NJ2N ^2zG,N2)0-,xK-JM+ JFFN- J2 LGNJxKN- NJ,N FJ,,zxK+N+ (J-P ENKGN- yNJ PN- '-0yN2)0-yN-NJ+*2L H22N2 NyN2MzGG, * ,,+NFz+J,xKN2 ^y(NJxK*2LN2 MK-N2 >z2 *2+N-,xKNJPN+ (J,xKN2 H02,+z2+N2 *2P )N-2PN-GJxKN2 ,,+NFz+J,xKN2 ^y(NJxK*2 LN2 @02,+z2+N ,,+NFz+J,xKN ^y(NJxK*2LN2 ,J2P *2zyK2LJL )0F DNKzG+ PN- * yN,+JF FN2PN2 $*y,+z2 *2P H22N2 ] P*-xK >z+-JNdNH+N )N-*-,zxK+ ,NJ2 $JN Gz,,N2 ,JxK 2*- P*-xK ^2(N2P*2L NJ2N, z2PN-N2 ^2zG,N2)N-MzK-N2, z*,,xKzG+N2 !N-2PN-GJxKN ,, +NFz+J,xKN ^y(NJxK*2LN2 ,J2P LNKzG+,zyK2LJL ,JN H22N2 P*-xK JNPN-X2P*2L,N/N -JFN2+N N-Hz22+ (N-PN2 $,+NFz+J,xKN ^y(NJxK*2LN2 ,J2P NJ2,NJ+JL LN-JxK+N+ Z-LNy2J,zy(NJxK*2L "2+N-,xKJNP (J,xKN2 NJ2NF Z-FJ++G*2L,N-LNy2J, >N,,*2L *2P NJ2NF ]N*L,(N-+ (0yNJ PJN,N- IN 2zxK !N-NJ2yz-*2L PN- (zK-N PN- -JxK+JLN 0PN- PN- Z-(z-+*2L,(N-+ ,NJ2 Hz22 [JN Z-LNy2J,zy(NJxK*2L Hz22 ] zG, $+z2Pz-Pzy(NJxK*2L ,JNKN $ wpq z*,LNP-xH+ (N-PN2 !02 NJ2NF ENKGN- VZ--0-77U ,/-JxK+ Fz2 z*xK (N22 N, ,JxK *F PJN "2+N-,xKJNPN (J,xKN2 >N,,N-LNy2J, *2P PNF (zK-N2 N-+ Kz2PNG+ ENKGN- O *2P D ^-+ Mittelwert einer Grundgesamtheit A Mittelwert einer Grundgesamtheit B
Fehler 2. Art
Fehler 1. Art
Beim Fehler 1. Art werden Werte (grauer Anteil) abgelehnt die zur Verteilung A gehören. Beim Fehler 2. Art werden Werte akzeptiert, die eigentlich zur Verteilung B gehören.
E-NJKNJ+,L-zPN ^2zKG PN- J2 NJ2N- ,+z+J,+J,xKN2 ]N-NxK2*2L M-NJ )N-2PN-GJxKN2 !z-JzyGN2 DN2z*JLHNJ+ >J+ PNF ]NL-Jd DN2z*JLHNJ+ (J-P Pz, ^*,Fz PN- ^22KN-*2L PN, Z-LNy2J,,N, NJ2N^2zG,N z2 PN2 (zK-N2 N-+ yN,xK-JNyN2 [JN DN2z*JLHNJ+ *FMz,,+ PJN LN,zF+N Z-LNy 2J,zy(NJxK*2L zG,0 ,,+NFz+J,xKN *2P *MGGJLN ^y(NJxK*2LN2 PN, Z-LNy2J,,N, )0F (zK -N2 N-+ AN HGNJ2N- PJN ^y(NJxK*2LN2 ,J2P PN,+0 KKN- J,+ PJN DN2z*JLHNJ+
sw ]NL-JdN
wpt
@zGJy-JN-*2L @zGJy-JN-M*2H+J02 [JN @zGJy-JN-*2L J,+ PJN >N,,*2L )02 @zGJy-JN-G,*2LN2 KN-LN,+NGG+ z*, $+z2Pz-PFz+N -JzGJN2 PN-N2 DNKzG+ zG, yNHz22+ )0-z*,LN,N++ (J-P [JN N-KzG+N2N2 >N,,(N-+N PJN2N2 PN- Z-FJ++G*2L PN- @zGJy-JN-M*2H+J02 $JN ,+NGG+ PN2 M*2H+J02zGN2 *,zFN2Kz2L (J,xKN2 PN- >N,,L-N ] PN- ^y,0/-+J02 *2P PNF DNKzG+ Pz- ?NN-/-0yN ZJ2N '-0yN PJN J2 JK-N- *,zFFN2,N+*2L PN- ^2zG,N2/-0yN N2+,/-JxK+ INP0xK 2JxK+ PN2 * yN,+JFFN2PN2 ]N,+z2P+NJG N2+KG+ yNNJxK2N+ Fz2 zG, ?NN-/-0yN $JN (J-P PNF LGNJxKN2 ^2zG,N2Lz2L *2+N-(0-MN2 (JN NJ2N 20-FzGN ^2zG,N2/-0yN [z, Z-LNy2J, PNDNKzG+,yN,+JFF*2L NJ2N- ?NN-/-0yN J,+ PN- ?NN-(N-+ V]GJ2P(N-+77U >N,,/-0yN [JN >N,,/-0yN J,+ NJ2N 0PN- FNK-N-N '-0yN2+NJG*2L z*, PN- $+JxK/-0yN 2zxK N2+,/-N xKN2PN- ^*Mz-yNJ+*2L LN(022N2N '-0yN PJN PNF ^2zG,N2Lz2L *LNMK-+ (J-P =zxK(NJ,L-N2N ,JNKN $NJ+N vww '-J,J02 !02 '-J,J02 ,/-JxK+ Fz2 J2 PN- .*zGJ+z+J)N2 ]N*-+NJG*2L )02 >N,,(N-+N2 (N22 Fz2 PJN LNLN2,NJ+JLN ^22KN-*2L )02 >N,,N-LNy2J,,N2 yN+-zxK+N+ PJN P*-xK JNPN-K0G*2L )02 >N,, y( ^2zG,N2)0-L2LN2 N-KzG+N2 (*-PN2 AN 2zxKPNF 0y PJN '-J,J02 *2+N- JNPN-K0GyNPJ2L*2LN2 0PN- *2+N- !N-LGNJxK,yNPJ2 L*2LN2 N-FJ++NG+ (*-PN ,/-JxK+ Fz2 )02 JNPN-K0G y( !N-LGNJxK,/-J,J02 [N- ]NL-Jd %N/-0P*JN-yz-HNJ+ (J-P K*XL JF LGNJxKN2 $J22N (JN PN- zGGLNFNJ2N ]NL-Jd '-J,J02 )N-(N2PN+ )LG zyN- [B= ttvt #NJG v >J+ PN- '-J,J02 (N-PN2 *MGGJLN ENKGN- N-Mz,,+ ZJ2 >z PzM- J,+ PJN $+z2Pz-Pzy(NJxK*2L %NMN-N2Fz+N-JzGJN2 V$+z2Pz-P,77U N-+JXJN-+N %NMN-N2Fz+N-JzGJN2 $xKG,,NG *- %JxK+JLHNJ+,DN2z*JLHNJ+,/-M*2L8 >z+N-JzG 0PN- $*y,+z2 FJ+ NJ2N- 0PN- FNK-N-N2 LN2LN2P L*+ LN,JxKN-+N2 ZJLN2,xKzM+N2 ] DNKzG+ z2 NJ2NF ZGNFN2+ *- @zGJy-JN-*2L NJ2N- >N,,)0--JxK+*2L ] ^2zG,N2 LN-+ *- ]N*-+NJG*2L NJ2N- >N,,FN+K0PN 0PN- *- *(NJ,*2L )02 N-+N2 * >z+N-Jz GJN2 ]NJ N-+JXJN-+N2 %NMN-N2Fz+N-JzGJN2 ,J2P PJN ZJLN2,xKzM+,(N-+N P*-xK NJ2 z2N-Hz22+N, !N-MzK-N2 LN,JxKN-+ Pz, FJ+ NJ2NF N-+JXHz+ 0PN- ,02,+JLNF [0H*FN2+ *-xH)N-M0GL+ (N-PN2 Hz22 %JxK+JLHNJ+ >J+ PNF ]NL-Jd %JxK+JLHNJ+ (J-P PJN ~yN-NJ2,+JFF*2L (J,xKN2 ]N*L,(N-+ (zK-N- 0PN-JxK+JLN- N-+ ,0 *2P PNF Z-(z-+*2L,(N-+ NJ2N, >N,,N-LNy2J,,N, yN,xK-JNyN2 [JN %JxK +JLHNJ+ (J-P zG,0 P*-xK PJN D-N PN- ,,+NFz+J,xKN2 Z-LNy2J,zy(NJxK*2LN2 yN,+JFF+ AN HGNJ2N- PJN,N ,J2P *F,0 -JxK+JLN- z-yNJ+N+ Pz, ^2zG,N2)N-MzK-N2 [z PN- (zK-N N-+ J2 PN- %NLNG 2JxK+ yNHz22+ J,+ J,+ NJ2N NzH+N &*z2+JXJN-*2L PN- %JxK+JLHNJ+ 2JxK+ FLGJxK
wps
s $+z+J,+J,xKN >N,,(N-+yN*-+NJG*2L *2P !zGJPJN-*2L )02 ^2zG,N2FN+K0PN2
[*-xK ZJ2,z+ )02 N-+JXJN-+N2 %NMN-N2Fz+N-JzGJN2 Hz22 Fz2 zyN- PJN %JxK+JLHNJ+ )02 ^2zG,N2)N-MzK-N2 yN*-+NJGN2 $+JxK/-0yN [JN $+JxK/-0yN ,+NGG+ PJN z2 N,,*2L J2HG*,J)N zGGN- PN2Hyz-N2 !0-yN-NJ+*2L,,xK-J++N ^xK+*2Lo =*- Pz, N-2N*+N >N,,N2 NJ2 *2P PN-,NGyN2 '-0yN J,+ HNJ2N *2zyK2LJLN JN PN-K0G*2L,FN,,*2L8 unabhängige Wiederholmessung (Parallelbestimmung)
Probenahme
Probenvorbehandlung
abhängige Wiederholmessung
Probenmessung
(NJ,NJ+JLN- *2P NJ2,NJ+JLN- #N,+ !LG +#zyNGGN $NJ+N vp zweiseitiger Test
Parameter ändert sich in beide Richtungen einseitiger Test
Parameter ändert sich nur in eine Richtung
sv >N,,(N-+yN*-+NJG*2L FJ+ CJGMN ,+z+J,+J,xKN- @N22L-N2
wpr
ps >N,,(N-+vN*-+NJG*2L FJ+ CJGMN ,+w+J,+J,uKN- @N22L-N2 ps XJ2GNJ+*2L ZJ2 >N,,)0-Lz2L 0PN- NJ2N ^2zG,N GJNMN-+ J2 PN- %NLNG .*z2+J+z+J)N B2M0-Fz+J02N2 J2 E0-F PN, >N,,N-LNy2J,,N, [JN,N Z-LNy2J,,N GJNLN2 zG, ZJ2NGPz+N2 )0- "F PJN '-J,J02 PN- [z+N2 * N-FJ++NG2 J,+ N, 20+(N2PJL PJN >N,,*2LN2 y( PN2 ^2zG,N2)0-Lz2L FNK- MzxK P*-xK*MK-N2 ^*, PN2 Z-LNy2J,,N2 PJN,N- JNPN-K0G,N-JN2 >NK-MzxKyN,+JFF*2 LN2 Gz,,N2 ,JxK FJ+ CJGMN ,+z+J,+J,xKN- >N+K0PN2 @N22L-N2 N-FJ++NG2 PJN NJ2 >z MPJN '-J,J02 Pz-,+NGGN2 [*-xK PN2 !N-LGNJxK PN- @N22L-N2 FJ+ PN2 Z-LNy2J,,N2 PN- ^2zG,N )02 %NMN-N2Fz +N-JzGJN2 Gz,,N2 ,JxK z*xK .*z2+J+z+J)N ^*,,zLN2 yN- PJN %JxK+JLHNJ+ FzxKN2
pst !N-+NJG*2L,M*2H+J02N2 N-+)0GGN CJ2(NJ,N yN- Z-LNy2J,,N yNJ >NK-MzxKyN,+JFF*2LN2 N-KG+ Fz2 P*-xK ^*M +-zLN2 PN- C*XLHNJ+ PN- >N,,(N-+N LNLN2 PJN >N,,(N-+N ,NGy,+ >z2 2N22+ PJN,N [z- ,+NGG*2L C*XLHNJ+,)N-+NJG*2L [JN !N-+NJG*2L )02 Z-LNy2J,,N2 z*, >NK-MzxKyN,+JFF*2LN2 Gz,,N2 ,JxK JP %NLNG P*-xK Pz, >0PNGG PN- Dz*1,xKN2 =0-FzG)N-+NJG*2L yN,xK-NJyN2 [JN Dz*!N-+NJG*2L J,+ NJ2N ,FFN+-J,xKN !N-+NJG*2L,M*2H+J02 FJ+ PNF >J++NG(N-+ zG, K*XL,+NF *2P PN2 %z2P(N-+N2 zG, ,NG+N2,+N2 N-+N2 [JN =0-FzG)N-+NJG*2L LJG+ ,+-N2L 2*- M- L-0N $+-JxK/-0yN2*F M2LN PK M- NJ2N *2N2PGJxK L-0N zKG )02 ZJ2NG(N-+N2 [JN,N2 EzGG Kz+ Fz2 zyNJ2 PN- '-zJ, 20-FzGN-(NJ,N 2JxK+ D-*2PGzLN M- PJN ,+z+J,+J,xKN ]NKz2PG*2L )02 JNPN-K0G,N-JN2 FJ+ HGNJ2N-NF $+JxK/-0 yN2*FMz2L J,+ PJN )02 PN- Dz*!N-+NJG*2L zyLNGNJ+N+N $+*PN2+!N-+NJG*2L [JN,N !N-+NJ G*2L yN-xH,JxK+JL+ yNGJNyJLN $+JxK/-0yN2*FM2LN zy 2 _ w $JN Kz+ IN 2zxK D-N )02 2
Häufigkeit
Häufigkeit
8
Normalverteilung für n =
σ
σ
Studentverteilung für z.B. n = 9 Studentverteilung für z.B. n = 6
µ Maß für zufällige Abweichung systematische Abweichung
xt
Dz*1,xKN =0-FzG)N-+NJG*2L )02 ,NK- )JNGN2 >N,,(N-+N2 *MGGJLN *2P ,,+NFz+J,xKN ^y(NJxK*2LN2 Ko >J++NG(N-+ -o $+z2Pz-Pzy(NJxK*2L o (zK-N- N-+ W
Messgröße
Messgröße
Dz*1,xKN =0-FzG)N-+NJG*2L *2P $+*PN2+!N-+NJG*2L
wpq
s $+z+J,+J,xKN >N,,(N-+yN*-+NJG*2L *2P !zGJPJN-*2L )02 ^2zG,N2FN+K0PN2
NJ2N NJLN2N !N-+NJG*2L,M*2H+J02 )LG +#zyNGGN $NJ+N vp *2P 2zxKM0GLN2PN ^yyJGP*2L E- L-0N $+JxK/-0yN2*FM2LN 2 q LNK+ ,JN J2 PJN =0-FzG)N-+NJG*2L yN- [JN $+* PN2+!N-+NJG*2L yN-xH,JxK+JL+ M- HGNJ2N 2 Pz,, PJN C*XLHNJ+ PN- >N,,(N-+N PJN 2zKN PNF >J++NG(N-+ K GJNLN2 LN-J2LN- J,+ zG, P*-xK PJN =0-FzG)N-+NJG*2L yN,xK-JNyN2 [zLNLN2 J,+ PJN C*XLHNJ+ )02 >N,,(N-+N2 PJN N2+MN-2+N- )02 K GJNLN2 N-KK+ PK PJN !N-+NJG*2L J,+ VzxKN- *2P y-NJ+N- E- /-zH+J,xKN ~yN-GNL*2LN2 Hz22 Fz2 yNJ PN- Dz*!N-+NJG*2L Pz)02 z*,LNKN2 Pz,, sq; zGGN- N-+N J2 NJ2NF ]N-NJxK } - *F PN2 >J++NG(N-+ GJNLN2 pt; zGGN- N-+N J2 NJ2NF ]N-NJxK }w - *F PN2 >J++NG(N-+ GJNLN2 ppr; zGGN- N-+N J2 NJ2NF ]N-NJxK }v - *F PN2 >J++NG(N-+ GJNLN2 v -%NLNG8
pss \-J+KFN+J,uKN- >J++NG(N-+ *2P $+w2Pw-Pwv(NJuK*2L N22 2 >N,,*2LN2 PN-,NGyN2 D-N PJN ZJ2NG(N-+N LNGJNMN-+ KzyN2 f N M F Pz22 J,+ | *2+N- PN- ^22zKFN NJ2N- =0-FzG)N-+NJG*2L PN- ZJ2NG(N-+N | PN- (zK-,xKNJ2 GJxK,+N N-+ PN- N-FJ++NG+N2 D-N PN- z-J+KFN+J,xKN >J++NG(N-+ 4 JxK+JL J,+ PN- HGz-N ]N*L )02 2 ^2zKG '-0yN2 ^2zKG B2INH+J02N2 N+x 2 } } } N M 2} 4 } f J 2 2 JFf 4 o >J++NG(N-+ o NJ2NG2N >N,,(N-+N fkNiii2 2o ^2zKG PN- >N,,(N-+N [JN $+z2Pz-Pzy(NJxK*2L , JNPN-K0G,+z2Pz-Pzy(NJxK*2L J,+ NJ2 >z M- PJN FJ++GN-N ^y(NJxK*2L PN- ZJ2NG(N-+N )0F >J++NG(N-+ 4 }4 B2 PN- %NLNG (J-P J2 PN- '-zJ, J J 2*- PN- $+JxK/-0yN2FJ++NG(N-+ ,0(JN PN,,N2 $+z2Pz-Pzy(NJxK*2L yN,+JFF+ PJN $+z2Pz-P zy(NJxK*2L - PN- D-*2PLN,zF+KNJ+ (-PN +KN0-N+J,xK M- = q N-KzG+N2 [JN @N22 L-N , J,+ 2*- Pz22 NJ2 *)N-G,,JLN- $xK+(N-+ M- PJN $+-N**2LN2 PN- ZJ2NG(N-+N (N22 PJNIN2JLN2 ZJ2NG(N-+N PJN P*-xK ,,+NFz+J,xKN ^y(NJxK*2LN2 yNPJ2L+ ,J2P ,0L ^*,-NJN- ,JNKN #N,+ z*M ^*,-NJN- N2+MN-2+ (N-PN2 ^*N-PNF P-MN2 PJN ZJ2NG(N-+N HNJ2NF #-N2P M0GLN2 ,JNKN #N,+ z*M #-N2P 2 ,N } }4 N J 2} JFf , }
2}
2 }4 N J JFf
4 o >J++NG(N-+ o NJ2NG2N >N,,(N-+N fkNiii2 2o ^2zKG PN- >N,,(N-+N o $+z2Pz-Pzy(NJxK*2L
sv >N,,(N-+yN*-+NJG*2L FJ+ CJGMN ,+z+J,+J,xKN- @N22L-N2
wpp
$J2P PJN,N !0-z*,,N+*2LN2 N-MGG+ Gz,,N2 ,JxK yN- PJN $+z2Pz-Pzy(NJxK*2LN2 ]N-NJxKN PNX2JN-N2 J22N-KzGy PN-N- NJ2 ZJ2NG(N-+ FJ+ NJ2N- yN,+JFF+N2 zK-,xKNJ2GJxKHNJ+ z2 *+-NdN2 J,+ CJN-FJ+ J,+ NJ2N D+NyN*-+NJG*2L PN, >N,, y( PN, ^2zG,N2)N-MzK-N2, FLGJxK Z, Gz,,N2 ,JxK $+-N*yN-NJxKN *F PN2 >J++NG(N-+ z2LNyN2 PJN zG, !JNGMzxKN, +EzH+0- PN- $+z2Pz-P zy(NJxK*2L PNX2JN-+ ,J2P AN L-N- PN- $+-N*yN-NJxK J,+ PN2 Fz2 yN+-zxK+N+ *F,0 KKNJ,+ PJN zK-,xKNJ2GJxKHNJ+ NJ2N2 ZJ2NG(N-+ J22N-KzGy PN, $+-N*yN-NJxKN, z2*+-NdN2 [z (J- N, J2 PN- %NLNG 2JxK+ FJ+ *2N2PGJxK )JNGN2 >N,,(N-+N2 * +*2 KzyN2 LJG+ J2 L*+N=KN-*2L M- PN2 $+-N*yN-NJxK )LG ]NJ,/JNGo 4 }+ Y , 4 o >J++NG(N-+ +o EzH+0- z*, +#zyNGGN $NJ+N vp M- (NJ,NJ+JLN E-zLN,+NGG*2L *2P )0-LNLN yN2N- ,+z+J,+J,xKN- $JxKN-KNJ+ ' *2P ^2zKG PN- E-NJKNJ+,L-zPN M } 2} , o $+z2Pz-Pzy(NJxK*2L
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ZJ2 ^2zG,N2)N-MzK-N2 *FMz,,+ J2 PN- %NLNG M0GLN2PN ^-yNJ+,,xK-J++No '-0yN2zKFN '-0yN2)0-yN-NJ+*2L @zGJy-JN-*2L >N,,*2L PN- '-0yN2 ^*,(N-+*2L B2+N-/-N+z+J02 PN, Z-LNy2J,,N, [JN D+N PN, !N-MzK-N2, PJN ,JxK FJ+ CJGMN ,+z+J,+J,xKN- @N22L-N2 yN,xK-NJyN2 G,,+ (J-P )02 )N-,xKJNPN2N2 'z-zFN+N-2 yNJ PN2 NJ2NG2N2 !N-MzK-N2,,xK-J++N2 yNNJ2V*,,+ ]NJ PN2 !N-MzK-N2 PN- J2,+-*FN2+NGGN2 ^2zG+JH J,+ NJ2N @zGJy-JN-*2L PN- DN-+N N-M0- PN-GJxK P K N, J,+ PN- *,zFFN2Kz2L (J,xKN2 PN- >N,,L-N *2P PNF DNKzG+ PN, * yN,+JFFN2PN2 $+0dN, * N-FJ++NG2 ^*, PN2 yNJ PN- @zGJy-JN-*2L N-KzG+N2N2 [z+N2 (0yNJ PJN >N,,L-N NJ2N E*2H+J02 PN, DNKzG+N, PN- @zGJy-JN-/-0yN2 J,+ Hz22 FJ+ CJGMN Fz+KNFz+J,xK,+z+J,+J,xKN- >N+K0PN2 NJ2N @zGJy-JN-M*2H+J02 yN-NxK2N+ (N-PN2 CJN-z*, G,,+ ,JxK zG, "FHNK-M*2H+J02 PJN ^*,(N-+NM*2H+J02 N-FJ++NG2 yNJ (NGxKN- PNDNKzG+ NJ2N E*2H+J02 PN- >N,,L-N J,+ ^*, PNF *- ^2zG,N2/-0yN LNK-N2PN2 >N,, (N-+ Hz22 yN- PJN ^*,(N-+NM*2H+J02 PN- DNKzG+ PN, J2+N-N,,JN-N2PN2 $+0dN, J2 PN- '-0yN yN-NxK2N+ (N-PN2 ]NJ PN- [*-xKMK-*2L NJ2N- @zGJy-JN-*2L JF %zKFN2 NJ2N, ^2zG,N2)N-MzK-N2, ,J2P M0G LN2PN %NLNG2 * yNzxK+N2o [JN DNKzG+N PN- @zGJy-JN-/-0yN2 F,,N2 FLGJxK,+ LN2z* yNHz22+ ,NJ2 P K PJN "2 ,JxKN-KNJ+ PN- DNKzG+N ,0GG+N ,0 HGNJ2 (JN FLGJxK ,NJ2 Z, J,+ Pz)02 z*,*LNKN2 Pz,, NJ2N L*2L /-J,N- FLGJxK J,+ zG, Pz, ^yFN,,N2 NJ2N, !0G*FN2, w [JN @zGJy-JN-/-0yN2 F,,N2 )02NJ2z2PN- *2zyK2LJL ,NJ2 $JN ,0GG+N2 JF BPNzGMzGG P*-xK LN+-N22+N ZJ2(zzLN2 KN-LN,+NGG+ (N-PN2 *FJ2PN,+ zyN- ,0GG+N2 )N-,xKJNPN2N @zGJy -JN-G,*2LN2 P*-xK )02NJ2z2PN- *2zyK2LJLN !N-P22*2LN2 z*, NJ2N- $+zFFG,*2L -N,*G+JN-N2 v [N- ?NN-(N-+ ,0GG+N 2JxK+ P*-xK NJ2N ZJ2MzxKyN,+JFF*2L N-FJ++NG+ *2P Pz22 )02 PN2 NJ2NG2N2 >N,,(N-+N2 zyLN0LN2 (N-PN2 (JN N, K*XL PN- EzGG J,+ !JNGFNK- ,0GG+N PJN ?NN-/-0yN zG,@zGJy-JN-/-0yN77 z*MLNMz,,+ *2P PN- N2+,/-NxKN2PN >N,,(N-+ FJ+ J2 PJN ]N-NxK2*2L PN- @zGJy-JN-M*2H+J02 NJ2yN0LN2 (N-PN2 [N- ?NN-(N-+ N-LJy+ ,JxK Pz22 zG, $xK2J++/*2H+ PN- @zGJy-JN-M*2H+J02 FJ+ PN- N,,(N-+zxK,N77 u N22 PJN ?J2Nz-J++ PN- @zGJy-JN-M*2H+J02 2JxK+ )0-z*,LN,N++ (N-PN2 Hz22 Pz22 ,0GG +N2 FNK-N-N @zGJy-JN-/-0yN2 FJ+ )N-,xKJNPN2N2 DNKzG+N2 M- PJN @zGJy-JN-*2L )N-(N2PN+ (N-PN2 Pz ,02,+ ] ^y(NJxK*2LN2 )02 PN- ?J2Nz-J++ 2*- ,xK(N- N-Hz22+ (N-PN2 H22N2
vs
s $+z+J,+J,xKN >N,,(N-+yN*-+NJG*2L *2P !zGJPJN-*2L )02 ^2zG,N2FN+K0PN2
pqt X-FJ++G*2L )02 @wGJv-JN-HN22L-N2 D-w/KJ,uKN >N+K0PN EzGG, HNJ2N %NxKN2KJGM,FJ++NG *- !N-ML*2L ,+NKN2 Hz22 J2 ^*,2zKFNMGGN2 NJ2N L-z /KJ,xKN Z-FJ++G*2L PN- @zGJy-JN-M*2H+J02 )0-LN20FFN2 (N-PN2 [JN,N HGz,,J,xKN77 >N+K0PN J,+ zyN- FJ+ L-z)JN-N2PN2 >2LNG2 yNKzM+N+ *2P ,0GG+N PN,KzGy 2*- M- NJ2N ~yN-,JxK+ PJN2N2 !N-MzK-N2,HN22L-N2 (JN %N,+,+-N**2L $+z2Pz-Pzy(NJ xK*2L PN, !N-MzK-N2, *,( H22N2 L-z/KJ,xK 2JxK+ N-FJ++NG+ (N-PN2 >z2 LNK+ ,0 )0- Pz,, J2 NJ2NF [JzL-zFF z*M PN- ^y,J,,N PJN DNKzG+,(N-+N *2P z*M PN- N,,(N-+N z*MLN+-zLN2 (N-PN2 [JN @zGJy-JN-M*2H+J02 | FNJ,+ (J-P NJ2 GJ2Nz-N- *,zFFN2Kz2L z2LN20FFN2 | (J-P Pz22 2zxK ^*LN2Fz NJ2LNNJxK2N+ [zyNJ J,+ NJ2N JGGH- 2JxK+ z*,*,xKGJNN2 (z, NJ2 D-*2P PzM- J,+ PJN,N !0-LNKN2,(NJ,N z*M HNJ2N2 EzGG LN2N-NGG z2*(N2PN2 ]NJ,/JNGo *- z+0Fzy,0-/+J02,,/NH+-0FN+-J,xKN2 ]N,+JFF*2L )02 ZJ,N2 J2 NJ2N- z,,N-/-0yN (*- PN2 ,NxK, @zGJy-JN-G,*2LN2 KN-LN,+NGG+ *2P PN-N2 Z+J2H+J02N2 Z IN NJ2FzG LNFN,,N2 [JN >N,,*2L GJNMN-+N M0GLN2PN Z-LNy2J,,No =-
y EN J2 FLG
Z
w v u t s
ut t tw wv wtt v
p p wv wr vu uw
[JN [z-,+NGG*2L J2 NJ2NF @00-PJ2z+N2,,+NF N-LJy+ M0GLN2PN ^yyJGP*2Lo
D-z/KJ,xKN ^*,(N-+*2L )02 @zGJy-JN-Pz+N2 Z o ?NN-(N-+ Z o Z+J2H+J02 PN- '-0yN y o @02N2+-z+J02 PN- '-0yN g : :
st Z2+(JxHG*2L )02 ^2zG,N2)N-MzK-N2 | ]z*,+NJ2N *- !zGJPJN-*2L
vr
^*, PNF [JzL-zFF Gz,,N2 ,JxK M0GLN2PN B2M0-Fz+J02N2 N2+2NKFN2o | [z, !N-MzK-N2 yN,J++ NJ2N ZF/X2PGJxKHNJ+ )02 7Z7y EN t st FLG } w GFL [z, yNPN*+N+ NJ2N *2zKFN PN- >z,,N2H02N2+-z+J02 *F FLG yN(J-H+ NJ2N Z-K K*2L PN- Z+J2H+J02 *F xz w | [N- ?NN-(N-+ GJNL+ yNJ PN- Z+J2H+J02 Z t t | [JN >z,,N2H02N2+-z+J02 NJ2N- *2yNHz22+N2 ?,*2L FJ+ PN- Z+J2H+J02 Z } vw yN : +-L+ 2zxK PN- L-z/KJ,xKN2 ^*,(N-+*2L y EN t wu FLG
pqs X-FJ++G*2L )02 @wGJv-JN-HN22L-N2 %NL-N,,J02,-NuK2*2L "F NJ2N2 M*2H+J02zGN2 *,zFFN2Kz2L (J,xKN2 >N,,(N-+N2 *2P @02N2+-z+J02,(N-+N2 0PN- zGGLNFNJ2 z*,LNP-xH+ (J,xKN2 (NJ !z-JzyGN2 *2P -NxK2N-J,xK * N-FJ++NG2 yNPJN2+ Fz2 ,JxK PN- %NL-N,,J02,-NxK2*2L [z, zF K*XL,+N2 z2LN(z2P+N !N-MzK-N2 J,+ PJN GJ2Nz-N %NL-N,,J02 2zxK PN- >N+K0PN PN- HGNJ2,+N2 ENKGN-.*zP-z+N )LG [B= vquw #NJG t BF BPNzGMzGG N-KG+ Fz2 NJ2N GJ2Nz-N E*2H+J02 } y}z (0yNJ PJN B2M0-Fz +J02,(N-+N >N,,L-N *2P PJN *LNK-JLN2 >N-HFzG,(N-+N ] DNKzG+ -N/-,N2 +JN-N2 ]NJ PN- %NL-N,,J02,-NxK2*2L N-KG+ Fz2 !N-MzK-N2,HN22L-N2 FJ+ PN2N2 NJ2N ]N*-+NJG*2L PN- D+N PN, !N-MzK-N2, *2P PN- ^2zG,N2N-LNy2J,,N FLGJxK (J-P ]NJ =zxK (NJ, 0PN- ^22zKFN PN- =JxK+GJ2Nz-J++ PN, M*2H+J02zGN2 *,zFFN2Kz2L, Hz22 PJN ^2 /z,,*2L z*xK P*-xK .*zP-z+J,xKN 0PN- H*yJ,xKN %NL-N,,J02 N-M0GLN2 ]NJ PN- >N+K0PN PN- HGNJ2,+N2 ENKGN-.*zP-z+N )N-,+NK+ Fz2 *2+N- ENKGN- PJN ^y(NJxK*2L P (J,xKN2 PNF yN0yzxK+N+N2 N-+ *2P PNF LN,xK++N2 N-+ 4 z*M PN- %NL-N,,J02, f LN-zPN2 ,JNKN ^yy $+z++ ENKGN- )N-(N2PN+ Fz2 K*XLN- PN2 ]NL-Jd %N,+N 0PN- %N,JP*N2 %N,JP*zG, [JN ^2/z,,*2L J,+ Pz22 LNM*2PN2 (N22 PJN $*FFN PN- .*zP-z+J,xKN2 ^y (NJxK*2LN2 PN NJ2 >J2JF*F z22JFF+ y d5 d3
y1 y
d1
d4 d2
x
>N+K0PN PN- HGNJ2,+N2 ENKGN-.*zP-z+N
[JN DG+JLHNJ+ PN- N-FJ++NG+N2 @zGJy-JN-M*2H+J02 J,+ ,+-N2LLN20FFN2 2*- J22N-KzGy PN, LN(KG+N2 ^-yNJ+,yN-NJxKN, LNLNyN2 $NJ2N *2+N-N D-N2N J,+ P*-xK PJN ]N,+JFF*2L,L-N2N y( P*-xK PJN @zGJy-JN-/-0yN FJ+ PNF HGNJ2,+N2 DNKzG+ ,NJ2N 0yN-N D-N2N P*-xK PJN @zGJy-JN-/-0yN FJ+ PNF KxK,+N2 DNKzG+ MN,+LNGNL+ [JN >J++N PN, ^-yNJ+,yN-NJxKN, ,0GG+N PNF J2 PN- '-zJ, zF K*XL,+N2 )0-H0FFN2PN2 DNKzG+ N2+,/-NxKN2
vq
s $+z+J,+J,xKN >N,,(N-+yN*-+NJG*2L *2P !zGJPJN-*2L )02 ^2zG,N2FN+K0PN2 Vertrauensband
Messgröße y
yP
Kal
Vertrauensbereich
on
nkti
rfu ibrie
Arbeitsbereich
a 0
Gehalt x
xP
@zGJy-JN-M*2H+J02 *2P !N-+-z*N2,yN-NJxK NJ2N, ^2zG,N2N-LNy2J,,N, o >N,,(N-+ NJ2N- ^2zG,N2/-0yN / o DNKzG+ NJ2N- ^2zG,N2/-0yN / zo >N,,(N-+ PN- ?NN-/-0yN
@N22L-N2 PN- GJ2Nw-N2 @wGJv-JN-M*2H+J02 [JN zGGLNFNJ2N E0-F M- NJ2N2 GJ2Nz-N2 *,zFFN2Kz2L (J,xKN2 PNF DNKzG+ *2P PNF Z-(z-+*2L,(N-+ PN- >N,,L-N Gz*+N+o 4 } z } y Y J J o J 4 o J zo yo
DNKzG+ PN- @zGJy-JN-/-0yN J Z-(z-+*2L,(N-+ M- PJN >N,,L-N PN- @zGJy-JN-/-0yN J N,,(N-+N J22N-KzGy PN, @zGJy -JN-yN-NJxKN, P-MN2 ,JxK 2JxK+ ,JL2JXHz2+ )02NJ2z2PN- *2+N-,xKNJPN2 w ?J2Nz-N @zGJy-JN-M*2H+J02 v ^*,-NJN-M-NJN @zGJy-JN-Pz+N2
Messgröße y
]NJ N2+,/-NxKN2PN2 ^2,/-xKN2 z2 Pz, ^2zG,N2)N-MzK-N2 ,J2P PJN LN2z22+N2 'z-zFN+N)0- PNF ZJ2,z+ PN, !N-MzK-N2, * yN-/-MN2 DNLNyN2N2MzGG, ,J2P ^*,-NJN- * N2+MN- 2N2 yNJ B2K0F0LN2J++ PN- !z-Jz2N2 J,+ PN- ^-yNJ+,yN-NJxK NJ2*N2LN2 *2P yNJ =JxK+ GJ2Nz-J++ PN- @zGJy-JN-M*2H+J02 NJ2 z2PN-N, E*2H+J02,F0PNGG * )N-(N2PN2 [JN @zGJy -JN-HN22L-N2 ,J2P 2zxK PN2 @0--NH+*-N2 2N* * yN-NxK2N2 D-*2P,+GJxK J,+ M- NJ2 GNJ,+*2L,MKJLN, ^2zG,N2)N-MzK-N2 NJ2N K0KN ZF/X2PGJxKHNJ+ (2,xKN2,(N-+ Z, F*,, zyN- yN+02+ (N-PN2 Pz,, NJ2N KKN-N ZF/X2PGJxKHNJ+ NJ2N, ^2zG,N2)N-MzK-N2, LNLN2yN- NJ2NF z2PN-N2 !N-MzK-N2 2JxK+ 20+(N2PJLN-(NJ,N NJ2N KKN-N 0PN- z*xK 2*LGNJxKN '-J,J02 yNPN*+N+ (JN z*, PN- 2zxK,+NKN2PN2 ^yyJGP*2L KN-)0-LNK+
1. Kalibrierung: y = a1 + b1x
2. Kalibrierung: y = a2 + b2x Gehalt x
'-J,J02 *2P ZF/X2PGJxKHNJ+ yNJ PN@zGJy-JN-*2L @zGJy-JN-*2Lo C0KN ZF/X2PGJxKHNJ+ LN-J2LN '-J,J02 w @zGJy-JN-*2Lo DN-J2LN ZF/X2PGJxKHNJ+ zyN- K0KN '-J,J02 y y zyN- , , f N kf kN
st Z2+(JxHG*2L )02 ^2zG,N2)N-MzK-N2 | ]z*,+NJ2N *- !zGJPJN-*2L
vw
B,+ NJ2N FLGJxK,+ 2JNP-JLN =zxK(NJ, y( ]N,+JFF*2L,L-N2N LNM-zL+ Pz22 (J-P Fz2 NJ2 NF/X2PGJxKN, !N-MzK-N2 z*,(KGN2 @0FF+ N, PzLNLN2 J2 N-,+N- ?J2JN z*M K0KN '- J,J02 PN- Z-LNy2J,,N z2 Pz22 (J-P Fz2 NJ2NF /-J,N2 !N-MzK-N2 PN2 !0-*L LNyN2 ,NGy,+ (N22 Pz, NJ2N ZJ2y*N z2 ZF/X2PGJxKHNJ+ yNPN*+N+
pqr =wuK(NJ, *2P [N,+JFF*2L,L-N2N2 E- PJN ]N*-+NJG*2L NJ2N, ^2zG,N2)N-MzK-N2, ,J2P 2NyN2 PN- (JxK+JLN2 @N22L-N PN!N-MzK-N2,,+z2Pz-Pzy(NJxK*2L z*xK PJN .*zGJ+z+J)N =zxK(NJ,L-N2N *2P PJN .*z2+J+z+J)N ]N,+JFF*2L,L-N2N (JxK+JLN !N-MzK-N2,HN22L-N2 Z, ,NJ J2 PJN,NF *,zFFN2Kz2L J2,yN,02PN-N z*M [B= vwswt KJ2LN(JN,N2 PJN JF [N+zJG ]NL-JdN *2P ]N-NxK2*2L,L-*2PGzLN2 N-G*+N-+ =zxK(NJ,L-N2N | =D E- PJN [NX2J+J02 PN- =zxK(NJ,L-N2N *2P PN-N2 ]N-NxK2*2L J,+ PN- H-J+J,xKN N-+ PN>N,,L-N )02 ]NPN*+*2Lo [N- H-J+J,xKN N-+ PN- >N,,L-N J,+ PN-IN2JLN >N,,(N-+ yNJ PN,,N2 ~yN-,xK-NJ+*2L *2+N- *L-*2PNGNL*2L NJ2N- MN,+LNGNL+N2 B--+*F,(zK-,xKNJ2GJxKHNJ+ z N-Hz22+ (J-P Pz,, PN- DNKzG+ NJ2N, $+0dN, J2 PN- ^2zG,N2/-0yN L-N- J,+ zG, PN-IN2JLN J2 PN- ?NN- /-0yN ]GJ2P(N-+77 Z- N2+,/-JxK+ PNF $xK2J++/*2H+ PN- 0yN-N2 !]D-N2N FJ+ PN@00-PJ2z+N2zxK,N E- PJN =zxK(NJ,L-N2N LJG+ Pz22 M0GLN2PN [NX2J+J02o [JN =zxK(NJ,L-N2N NJ2N, ^2zG,N2)N-MzK-N2, J,+ PJN @02N2+-z+J02 NJ2N, ^2zG+N2 PJN *2+N- !N-(N2P*2L PN- N-FJ++NG+N2 @zGJy-JN-M*2H+J02 PNF H-J+J,xKN2 N-+ PN- >N,, L-N **0-P2N2 J,+ PK yNJ )0-LNLNyN2N- ,+z+J,+J,xKN- $JxKN-KNJ+ .*zGJ+z+J) LN-zPN 20xK 2zxKLN(JN,N2 (N-PN2 Hz22 [JN *,zFFN2K2LN )N-PN*+GJxK+ 2zxKM0GLN2PN ^yyJGP*2L J-P PJN >N,,L-N NJ2N^2zG,N2/-0yN z2 PN- 0yN-N2 pt; !N-+-z*N2,L-N2N PN, ?NN-(N-+N, LNFN,,N2 H-J H H +J,xKN- N-+ PN- >N,,L-N ,JNKN ^yy ,0 yN,+NK+ NJ2 ENKGN--J,JH0 )02 t; Pz,, PJN * yN,+JFFN2PN $*y,+z2 JPN2+JXJN-+ (J-P ENKGN- w ^-+ , $ wpu 0PN- N, ,JxK *F $+-N**2L PN, ]GJ2P(N-+N, Kz2PNG+ PK t; PN- >N,,(N-+N PN- !N-+NJG*2L *F yN- F Gz//N2 FJ+ t; PN- >N,,(N-+N PN- ?NN-/-0yN *F H
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Häufigkeit
vww
n
rfunktio
Kalibrie
Δ
xN
Gehaltsgröße x
*- [NX2J+J02 PN- =zxK(NJ,L-N2N zo N,,L-N 4 o ?NN-(N-+ H H zo B--+*F,(zK-,xKNJ2GJxKHNJ+ 7o !N-+-z*N2,L-N2N )02 z o =zxK(NJ,L-N2N F
*- Z-FJ++G*2L PN- =zxK(NJ,L-N2N LJG+ M0GLN2PN E0-FNGo
} , Y + M z F g o F , o g +o 2o Fo 4 o &o
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]N,+JFF*2L,L-N2N | ]D [JN ]N,+JFF*2L,L-N2N J,+ (JN M0GL+ PNX2JN-+o [JN ]N,+JFF*2L,L-N2N NJ2N, ^2zG,N2)N-MzK-N2, N2+,/-JxK+ PNF DNKzG+ NJ2N- '-0 i yN PN- *2+N- *L-*2PNGNL*2L NJ2N- MN,+LNGNL+N2 ,+z+J,+J,xKN2 $JxKN-KNJ+ .*z2+J+z+J) LN -zPN 20xK yN,+JFF+ (N-PN2 Hz22 B2 PN- '-zJ, yNPN*+N+ PJN, Pz,, PN- $+-N*yN-NJxK PN, ^2zG,N2(N-+N, ,JxK ,JL2JXHz2+ )0F $+-N*yN-NJxK PN, ?NN-(N-+N, *2+N-,xKNJPN2 F*,, *F PN2 DNKzG+ PN- '-0yN 20xK .*z2+J+z+J) yN,+JFFN2 * H22N2 [JN $+-N*yN-NJxKN PN- >N,,(N-+N )02 4 *2P PN- >N,, H (N-+N PN- '-0yN P-MN2 ,JxK J22N-KzGy PN- LN(KG+N2 ,+z+J,+J,xKN2 $JxKN-KNJ+ /-zH+J,xK : 2JxK+ yN-Gz//N2 ^xK+*2Lo (J,xKN2 ?NN-(N-+ *2P ,J2P 2zxK [NX2J+J02 FzJFzG t; ~yN-Gz//*2L F (J,xKN2 ?NN-(N-+ *2P FzJFzG t; *LNGz,,N28 i
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