Contributions towards a grammar and dictionary of Quichua (Quechua). Collected by Clements R. Markham.

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Contributions towards a grammar and dictionary of Quichua Collected by Clements R. Markham. Markham, Clements R. Sir, (Clements Robert), 1830-1916. London, Trübner & co., 1864. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/yul.11369944_000_00

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GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY OP

QUICHUA.

CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A

GRAMMAR

AND

(lIjc ^umgiutgc

of tljc |Tnras

COLLECTED

CLEMENTS

R.

DICTIONARY

of |]cru.

EY

MARKHAM,

F.S.A.,

F.R.G.S.

SECRETARYTO THE ROYALGEOGRAPHICALSOCIETY; HONORARYSECRETARYTO THE JIAKLUYT SOCIETY; FOREIGN MEMBEROF TIIE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETYOF BERLIN; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE UNIVERSITYOF CHILE; AUTHOROF " CUZCOAND LIMA," AND"TRAVELSIN PERUANDINDIA."

LONDON: TRUT.NER

& CO.,

(50,

PATERNOSTER

i 801.

jy/'"

ROW.

\-V r

•

TO

HIS EXCELLENCY GENERAL

DON MANUEL DE LA GTTARDA,

MINISTER

OF WAR AND MARINE IN THE

REPUBLIC

OF PERU,

Who has ever taken a sincere interest in the welfare

of that

ancient city of the Yncas, over which he once so worthily presided as Prefect, This work is inscribed in memory of much kindness

and

hospitality received from him in Cuzco, By his Friend and Servant,

THE AUTHOR. London, November 1803.

INTRODUCTORY.

The following contributions towards

a grammar

and dictionary of the Quichua language have been gradually

collected during a course of years in which my attention has been more or less turned to the land of the Yncas. Two visits to Peru, in 1853 and I860, have

ties of working

given me good opportuni¬

to some purpose in this field of

research. The Quichua language had its cradle in the districts round the ancient city of Cuzco; and, as is well known, it was the policy of the Yncas its

of Peru to introduce it into every country which Thus use was gradually extended over the vast region from Quito the to

they conquered.

Quichua.

The

the Yncas.

B

from that

In

language which differed of

a

spoke dialects

Quito used

which formed

Indeed, the conquered

the Yncas.

all

scarcely

at

people

of

tribes nearly

all

of

the Empire

and Tucuman,

of

confines of Chile

the

INTRODUCTORY.

2

northern and central parts of the sierra of Peru, the Chinchay-suyu was

lect of Quichua. of the Peruvian

spoken, also

a mere

dia¬

The Ytinea was the language coast,

the

Lama

of the tribes

near the great river Huallaga, and the Ccauqui of the people of Yauyos in central Peru. Round the shores of lake Titicaca, the Ay mar a language is spoken, from the village of Paucar-colla, twelve miles north of Puno, to the southern part of the modern republic of Bolivia.

Aymara is certainly-

very distinct from Quichua in sound, and many of the words are different, but a large proportion are the the

same, and the

grammatical structure of

two lanefuao-es is identical. O O

the Calcliaqui,

Further

south, 7

spoken in Tucuman, is a dialect

of Aymara. With the exception of the Lama, which is a branch of the great Tiipi family of lan¬ guages, all these Peruvian tongues come from one common stock, and Quichua may be looked upon as the elder sister and representative of the group.

During the period of Ynca

Quichua superseded

ascendancy,

all the other dialects as the

language of the governing race

;

it

was the lan¬

guage of a people far advanced in civilization ; it was assiduously cultivated by learned men for

INTRODUCTORY.

several centuries; selected

as

American

the

and it

may, therefore,

most perfect of the

group of languages.

be

extensive

Hence its

im¬

portance to the philologist.

He who travels in the land of the Yncas, and sees the rapid diminution of the aboriginal popu¬

lation, and the constantly increasing

corruption

of

all

of their ancient tongue through the substitution of Spanish for Quichua words, the introduction of Spanish idioms, and the loss of purity

style, cannot but feel that the language, once so a

flourishing, which was used by polished court, and a well established government, which was

it

a

of

the extent vast empire, now fast disappearing. long, perhaps, Ere

will

fade away entirely from the memory

of

is

spoken throughout

living

will disappear

of

With

it

generations. the richest form

the

it

of

great American group languages, no small loss to the student of philology. With will be lost poems,

elegies,

the character

a

the

the old

of

love songs which stamp

of

which yet remain

the Yncas,

all

glory

of

all the traditions

and once

The South American

Spaniards

in

happy people. Peru have

4

INTRODUCTORY.

paid some attention to the literature and history of the aborigines. The late Don Mariano RAvero carefully studied the

antiquities

of Peru,

and

published a valuable work on the subject (Antiguedcides Per u a n as).

The curas, also, of some of

the parishes in the interior, especially Dr. Dasa of Pucara, Dr. Rosas of Chinchero, and the late

Dr. Justiniani of Laris,

a

descendant

of the

Yncas, were excellent Quichua scholars, but their knowledge dies with them. But it is to the exertions of the active and zealous

ecclesiastics of the seventeenth

and eigh¬

teenth centuries that the advances in the know¬ ledge of Quichua are chiefly due. They studied the " Lingua General del Peru" most assiduously, left the following grammars and dictionaries as the fruits of their labours. and

1.

A

grammar of the language of the Indians

of Peru, by Friar Domingo de San Tomas, of the order of St. Domingo, a resident in that country, printed in Valladolid, 1560; with a vocabulary of the language of Peru, called Quichua, as an appendix.

Very

scarce. This friar was the first doctor who graduated in the university of Lima. 2.

A

grammar and vocab.ulary of the language

INTRODUCTORY.

called Quichua,

Very

1586.

A

3.

by Antonio

5

Lima,

Ricardo.

scarce.

grammar and vocabulary of the Quichua

language, by Diego de Torres Rubio. Seville, 1603. A second edition printed in Lima, 1619.

A third

edition, with a vocabulary of the Chin-

chaysuyu dialect and many additions,

Juan

de

Figueredo.

Lima, 1700.

edited by

(There is a

copy of this edition in the library of the Royal Geographical Figueredo's

Lima,

1754.

Society.)

A

additions,

and

fourth edition, further

with

additions.

(A copy of this edition is in my

possession.) 4. Vocabulary

of the Quichua language, by Friar Juan Martinez. Lima, 1604. Only one copy in Europe, and very few in Peru. This is said to be the most copious dictionary of the

this edition

is in

copy

of

the grammar was published

in

a

copy

Grammar, by the

at

Lima.) Lima, 1614.

by Diego

second

Lima

my possession.)

edition of 1842.

(A

same author.

(There

A

the public library

the Inca, is

Gonzalez Holguin, 1608.

in

called Quichua or

of

Peru,

of the general language of

at

5. Vocabulary

all

Quichua language ever printed in Spanish times.

INTRODUCTORY.

6

erta.

Quicliua grammar, by Don Alonzo de HuLima, 1616.

7.

Grammar of the Indian language, by Diego

6.

de Olmos. 8.

Lima, 1633.

•

Grammar of the Yunca

language

Bishopric of Truxillo, by Fernando Cura of Chiclayo.

of the

de Carrera,

9. Grammar of the language of the Indians of

Peru, by Don Juan Boxo Mexia y Ocon, a native of Cuzco. Lima, 1648. 10.

Grammar of the Quichua, by Estevan San-

cho de Melgar.

Lima, 1691.

Of modern writers,

we owe most to that emi¬

nent German traveller, Dr. von Tschudi, whose Kechua Sjrrache

contains a grammar and

tionary of the Quichua language, and some mens of composition.

dic¬

speci¬

The language was cultivated to some extent in Spanish viceregal times, by others besides gram¬ marians. There was a professor's chair for the Quichua language in the university at Lima, whose first occupier was one Don Juan de Bal¬ boa,

a Peruvian

by birth.

Senor Palomino,

in

1646, published a translation into Quichua of one

of the works of Cardinal

Bellarmine:

and, in

INTRODUCTORY.

7

Dr. Avendano printed several Quichua. Dr. Lunarejo,* a rector of 1648,

sermons

in

the univer¬

sity of Cuzco, and other scholars, have printed Quichua songs from time to time ; and Dr. Valcura of Sicuani, wrote a drama called 01-

dez,

lantay,

into

which

several

ancient songs are

incorporated. The drama of Ollantay is the best known work

in the Quichua language, and the text of it is printed

at the end of Dr. von Tscliudr's KecJiua

Spraehe.

For

translations,

an account of the plot, and some

I would

refer the inquirer to chapter

vi of my work Cuzco and Lima; and for some account of the author, Dr. Yaldez, to my Travels in Peru

and India, page 139 (note), and page

166 (note).

During my visits to Peru in

1853 and 1860,

I

endeavoured to obtain a complete vocabulary of the rich and expressive language of the Yncas.

After having collected

as many words as possible Indians, from the mouths of and of curas learned

in the language, * A

nickname,

He flourished Lemos

I

collated my lists with the an-

from

a moon-shaped

during the time

(1667-74),

scar in his face. of the viceroy Count of

and was a great preacher.

INTRODUCTORY.

8

cient dictionary of the Jesuit Hoi gum in the public library at Lima, with the vocabularies in the editions of Torres Rubio, and with the dic¬ tionary in Yon Tschudi's Kechua Sprache, adding such words as were not already contained in my lists. have also added such Quichua words as

I

are given in Grarcilasso

de la Vega, Acosta, and Yelasco, and in the botanical works of Ruiz and

Pavon, and of Haenke.

The

short grammar

which precedes my dictionary is founded on those of Holguin and Torres Rubio. Quichua literature, in the time of the Yncas, had been carefully cultivated for centuries, not only by the Haravecs or bards in their love ditties and songs of triumph, but by the Amanitas, whose duty it was to preserve the traditions of the people, and prepare the rituals for the wor¬ ship of the Deity.

The loss of nearly every

spe¬

cimen of this ancient literature was caused by

it

all

the Spanish conquest which swept away the landmarks of the civilization which destroyed,

Amaru's rising

A

in

of

the neglect the conquerors, and the final deso¬ lation which followed on the failure of Tupac 1780.

few fragments have, however, escaped

the

INTRODUCTORY.

9

general wreck, and floated down to our time.

Of

these,

the most important, because indisputably the most authentic, are the two meagre speci¬ mens preserved by the old Inca Garcilasso.

The first of these is a verse of a little love ditty which he remembered as a boy : Caylla llapi Pununqui, Chaupi-tuta Hamusac

:

To the song You will sleep,

In

dead of night

I will

come :

and which he tells us was sung with a lute. The second is longer, and appears to have been a fragment of some grand old hymn, like those of the Rig Ye da, in which the powers of the air were personified. The missionary, Bias Yalera, obtained it from an ancient Qidpu record; and G-arcilasso

recollected having heard many other

hymns of a like nature from his Ynca relations, in his childhood, which he afterwards forgot. What would not one now give for those precious relics of Ynca civilization, which the half-caste lad care¬ lessly allowed to slip from his memory ! In the fragment that has been preserved, the Deity is supposed to have placed a princess in the sky, with a vase full of water, with which

10

INTRODUCTORY.

from time to time slie supplies rain to the thirsty earth; and her brother strikes the vase, which occasions

thunder and lightning.

Sumac nusta!

Beautiful princess

Turallayqui Puynuyquita

Thy brother Thy urn

Paquiscacan.

Has broken.

Hina

For this

manta

Cunununan. Yllapantac.

It It

cause

thunders, lightens.

Unuy quita

But you princess, Thy water

Para munqui,

Pours forth rain,

May nimpi

And

Chicchi munqui

Pours forth hail

Cam ri Nusta,

!

sometimes

Riti munqui.

Pours forth snow.

Pacha rurac,

The maker of the world,

Pacha camac,

The creator of the world,

Cay hinapac

This duty

Churasunqui,

Has put upon you,

Camasunqui.

He

has created you.

This poetical treatment of the grand phenomena of nature reminds one of the hymns of the

Rig Veda, and especially of the war between Indra and Yritra, the cloud demon.

INTRODUCTORY.

11

Garcilasso distinctly states that liis informant, Bias Valera, obtained the above fragment from quipus or knots of various colours, which served for the preservation of ancient annals and tradi¬

After a very careful study of the mate¬ rial within my reach, bearing upon the question of qurpu records among the ancient Peruvians,

I

all

tions.

have

to the conclusion that they were not

come

short, that they contained rich and Hundreds of these quipus have a

;

tions

in

to

only used preserve revenue accounts, but also to hand down poetical and historical composi¬ varied literature.

been found in the ancient burial places,

being

to

knotted cords of bright coloured llama wool, but most of them fell to pieces on being exposed Others, however, have been

tensely interesting,

offers

rank.

promising

though

and

difficult field search to the future explorer Peruvian of

still

This part of

of the subject alone

a

very few Indians

pre¬

is

reading them of

and the secret

known to

a

;

served

of

the outer air.

in¬ re¬

anti¬

quities.

Next in interest

to

the

poetical fragments

quoted above, comes the Quichua dramatic litera¬ The Ynca historian tells us that the Amau-

ture.

12

INTRODUCTORY.

tas or learned men composed

tragedies and

come¬

dies which were performed before the

his nobles on festive occasions. says, were

blemen;

Ynca and The actors, he

not low born, bnt the sons of

and

the

no¬

subjects were always military

triumphs,

and mighty deeds of former Yncas. The comedies treated of farming, and other homely topics;

but they never contained

any

buffoonery nor immoral allusions. None of these ancient plays are extant, but two Quichua dra¬ mas

have

come into my hands which undoubt¬

edly contain several ancient songs, and some other passages of the Ynca period, though they are in a Spanish dress, and were mainly written by

Spanish curas. One is entitled Ollantay, by Dr. Yaldez of Sicuani, which have already men¬

I

tioned;

and the other, Usca-Paucar,

known

author.

merit;

some of the scenes

by an

un¬

They are not without literary are very fine, and as

tolerably pure specimens of Quichua, they are well worthy of careful study. Besides the fragments preserved by Grarcilasso, and the above mentioned dramas,

Quichua litera¬

ture consists of theological works and catechisms translated from the Spanish, a few ancient poems,

INTRODUCTORY.

13

and numerous modern love songs. cient poems,

I

have

Of the

an¬

as many as twenty in my

possession,

which were given to me by a de¬ scendant of the Yncas. The modern love songs

and despedidas

are innumerable, that which

I

be¬

lieve is considered the purest and most elegant is entitled La Desjpedida de Arriasa, but there are many others of almost equal merit.

A

love

song attributed to Dr. Lunarejo, a copy of which was given me by Don Juan Francisco Oviedo, of Puno, is also much appreciated by Indian lovers. The phrases in the original

Quichua are

cer¬

tainly very neat and expressive, and the sentiment, though exaggerated, is pleasing and imaginative. Quichua was a highly cultivated language ; and the student who may turn his attention to the history of the American

will find in this

races

rich and copious tongue many ancient fragments

of prose and poetry which will convince him of the civilization of the Peruvians. He will find love songs which are quite equal to the odes of Hafiz, and hymns to the elements the mantras of the

Pig

Yeda.

not inferior to

Quichua literature

is a field of research which is as yet scarcely touched.

Careful investigation might bring many

14

INTRODUCTORY.

curious

manuscripts

to

light,

which

are

now

mouldering in tlie chests of aged Curas or of In¬ dians in the secluded villages of the Cordilleras ; and it is quite possible that important discoveries might yet be made, bearing on the history and civilization of this interesting race. But there is no time to be lost. Every year the living lan¬ guage becomes more corrupt, and loses more and more of its purity. Every year the chances in¬ of the

crease

total loss of records which still

remain in manuscript. That, during the first two centuries after the conquest of Peru, the Indian Guracas in different parts of the country caused many of the historical poems and other records preserved in the qiiipus,

or in the memory, to be committed to writing, there exists the

clearest

evidence.

They were

carefully preserved and handed down from father to son, and

although many must have been

de¬

stroyed during the revolt of Tupac Amaru, some must still remain, and would reward a diligent search.

In

the civilization of ancient Peru the American

race had attained its highest development.

I

now

indi-

convinced

that that civilization

was

am

INTRODUCTORY.

15

genous, and it was making very slow but sensible progress when it was overwhelmed by the Spanish conquest.

Portions of the wreck have drifted down to our time, and await the searching scru¬ tiny of some future antiquary. All that has yet been done is incomplete and unsatisfactory. Men's minds are now more

than ever turned to

the study of the early history and origin of their

I

anticipate that, with other species. Before long branches of the great human family, the American

will attract a larger share of attention from the learned men of the present age, and of this race the Peruvians are the representatives, as the race

most advanced in civilization.

But meanwhile

their once pure and beautiful language is becom¬

ing more and more corrupt. Considerations

such as these

led me to

de¬

sire that my collections of Quichua words should be

printed,

and thus become

useful to others

who may follow me in this field of research.

Ever

since

I

was

a midshipman

on the Pacific

station, years ago, the land of the Yncas has had for me an indescribable voured the

pages

charm.

of Prescott

I

greedily

while

de¬

anchored

under the shadow of the mighty Cordillera;

and

introductory.

16

the story of the conquest, and of the gentle children of the Sun, made an impression on me then, which time will never efface.

Since those

I

days, have traversed the glorious Andes in va¬ rious directions, and would desire no pleasanter

occupation than again to be able to explore their secluded recesses. But this cannot be; and I am only able to hope

that my present humble contribution towards the study of the American

races, in the form of a grammar and dictionary

of Quichua, the language of the Yncas of Peru, may enable others to make a start at the point

where

I have

been obliged to leave off.

Clements E. Markham.

London, May 1863.

QUICHUA

GRAMMAR.

PRONUNCIATION. The Spanish method of spelling because

has been adopted,

all printed and manuscript Quichua writ¬

ings are in this form, so that any other would be useless and confusing.

A is always broad,

as in the

English far.

G as c in cat. Gc

is

a

double sound peculiar to Quichua:

the

first, a guttural far back in the throat; and the second on the roof of the mouth. Holguin makes another still harsher sound with Kh, but not separated

I

have

the words thus spelt by Holguin,

from those beginning with

Gc.

Gli is pronounced as in English.

Some words

beginning with this sound are pronounced rather sharper than others (Teh,

Tchs,

Tclih), but it

would not be possible to acquire the use of these c

18

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

slight differences,

except by intercourse with the

natives of Peru.

H 6r

scarcely sounded. The Spaniards often use Hit pronounced as w.

instead.

LI M

as

III in million.

as in English.

N as N as

in English. the ne in new.

(J as in English.

It

Spaniards for U. P as in English

;

is often substituted by the

often

corrupted into R by

the Spaniards, who write hamha for pampa, and tambo for tampu.

Ph,

each letter sounded sepa¬

rately, and Pp is a double sound. Qu as the

R

English K.

as in English.

Often

corrupted

by

the

Spaniards into L, as Lima for Rlmac, Lunahnana for Runalmanac, Lucma for Rucma, &c.

S

as in English.

T

as in English.

Th, each letter sounded

sepa¬

rately, and Tt is a double sound. U as the English W when followed by a vowel, and like oo in fool when followed by a consonant.

It

is often corrupted into V by the Spaniards. Y as in English, or as the English I.

19

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

G,

J,

F,

:

conso¬

7,

W, X,

I),

nants are wanting in Quichua

P>,

be observed that the following

V,

It will

In

by

NOUNS.

of

is

Quichua the noun declined the addi¬ tion of terminations to the root, some which independent

no

meaning

formed by the addition

themselves,

The ordinary plural of

is

while others are prepositions.

in

have

the particle cuna,

which also has no independent meaning.

man to a a

Runa-cunap

man

Runa-cunacta

man

runa ya,

man

Runa Kuan, with

A

A

Runacta,

Runa-cunap

man

a

Runapac,

ac

of

Runcup,

PLURAL.

Runa-cuna, men

a

a

SINGULAR

Jit ma,

man

runa-cuna ya

Runa-cuna manta

a

SINGULAR Ccapac,

Ccapacpa

rich man

different

when

two vowels. SINGULAR

Yuyay, thought Yuyay pa

a

slightly

consonant, or

in

a

The declination noun ends in

is

(or other preposition)

20

QUICHUA GRAMMAR. Cca/pacpac

Yuyaypac

Gcapacta

Yuyayta

A

A

Ccapac ya

yuyciy ya

Yuyay-huan

Gcapac huan (or other

preposition) PLURAL

PLURAL

Yuyay-cuna

Gcajpac-cuna &c.

&c.

&c.

&c.

PREPOSITIONS. All

prepositions

same way.

are added

They are

to nouns in

:

Huan

With

Gama

To, as far as Of, made of, from

Maid a Hahua-manta

Halma Alan Manarac

Ntin Nac

Pi Pachallan

.

.

.... ....

Concerning1

Behind To Before Together with

Without (wanting)

In In

place of

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

Raycu

.

.

.

... ...

Ccepi, Huasa

Ni

Ta

Gcaylla.

For the sake of After, behind

.

.

Near

.

Through

.

.

Near

.

.

In

.

.

Cam.... Chaupi

.

.

. .

.

.

21

.

the middle of

On the other side of

Chimp a.

Iiahuallapi

.

.

Outside, on the top of

Hanac

.

.

Above

. .

Before (in presence of) Belonging to

.

Naupac

.

Maquiypi Ucupi

.

.

Within, under

.

.

Beneath

.

.

.

Before (applied to time)

.

.

.

.

.

After (applied Around

.

Ucapi

.

Naupa

.

.

quen

Ccayantin

.

Muyu

to time)

The prepositions form as it were cases of their own, and do not govern cases as in Latin—ad domum,

man;

ex urbe.

" From

" To

the house" would be huasi-

the city," Llacta-manta.

22

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

PLURALS. There are several

forms of the plural number

in Quichua. Cuna is the ordinary form for nouns and ticiples. several eyes,

But

naui

people, ears,

cnna

not those

feet,

nauiy.

of

A

pair

of

be

formed

the

or hands, would

by pura (both), purapnin, eyes," purap

means

of one.

"My

or purapmami.

My two

par¬

eyes

feet,

purapnin

chaquiy ; but not chaquiy pura.

Yscaynin rincri

is

would

my ears,

but yscay

rincrin

be

two

ears belonging

Purantin

to different persons. Pura and are also used when the noun refers

to an action confined to itself,

as Aucapuran-

tin, " the soldiers amongst themselves." When the number is given, it is not necessary to use cuna also: Ghunca punchau, " ten days," not Chunca punchau-cuna,

although the use of cuna

is admissible. Ghac, Chaquen, is a comparative plural, as Anac-chac," things harder;" Llacllac-chac, " more

timid people." Chicachac

is a plural

(Cliica meaning

solely referring

"as," "

as large as").

to size Thus,

23

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

Huasi ch icachac taucasca yamta, "a heap of fire¬ wood as large as a house." Ntin is a termination for forming plurals when two or more things or persons are spoken of collectively, as Aylluntin, those of one family; Huasintin, a household; Cosantin, husband and

wife;

Ttahuantin-suyii,

the four

regions

(the

name given to the Empire of the Yncas).

Another form of plural is the repetition of the noun itself, which denotes quantity, as Iianarima, a crowd;

Hacha hacha, a forest.

GENDER AND RELATIONSHIPS. There are no terminations denoting gender in Quichua.

Difference in gender is expressed

distinct words, as

by

:

Ccari, man

Huarmi, woman

Huayna, young man Sip as, young woman

Urcu, male

Macta, boy

China, female Machu, old man

Tasqui, girl

Pay a, old woman But Quichua is richer than any European lan-

24

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

denoting

guag*e in words are

relationship.

distinct words for the same relation

There when

used by a man or a woman; thus a brother's brother is Huauque, and a sister's brother Tura, and there are also differences for an uncle or aunt on the father's or mother's side,,

and even for a

father or mother when speaking of their children. This minute accuracy in speaking of relations perhaps, be taken as an indication of ad¬ vanced civilization amongst the ancient Peru¬ may^

vians.

Ayllu-cuna

.

.

Macliu-cuna

.

.

Relations Ancestors

.

Great-great-grandfather

Apusquiyp ay an Pay ay pap ay an

.

Apusrpuiypa

.

.

.... .... .... ....

Pay ay pa maman Machu

Paya Yaya Mama Caca

.

Great-great-grandmother Great grandfather Great grandmother Grandfather Grandmother Father, also uncle being the father's brother Mother, also aunt being the mother's sister Uncle,

being

the

mother's

brother

Ypa

Aunt, being

the father's sister

....

25

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

Churi

Ocari-huahua TJsusi

.

....

Huarmi-huahua

.

Son of a father, and nephew of father's brother Son of a mother, and nephew of mother's sister Daughter of a father, and niece of a father's brother

.

Daughter

of a mother,

and

niece of a mother's sister Gonclia

.

.

.

.

Nephew or niece of a father's sister

Midla

.

.

Nephew or niece of a mother's brother

Ourac

.

.

Elder

Sullca

.

.

Younger I of

Sap ay

.

.

Only

Brother (of brother) Uterine brother

.

.

Huauque

.

.

Llocsimasi

.

Tura....

.

Nana Pana

. .

.

.

.

.

Gichpa-huauque Ciclipa-tura

.

Cichpa nana

.

.

\ child, (precedingany

j

the above

six or

following five words)

Brother (of sister) Sister (of sister) Sister (of brother)

First cousin (man) of a man First cousin (man) of a woman First cousin (woman) of a woman

Gichpa pana

Gaylla

.

.

First cousin

. .

.

(woman) of a man the same way, for second cousins

In

26

QUICHTTA

In

CCCIVU

GKAMMAR.

the

same

way, for third

cousins

Hal may II'nil lea . Chupnllii

Grandchild Great grandchild .

Great-great-grandchild

(The words ccari or Jiuarmi precede the above three words, to denote the sex) Gosa.

Husband

Huarmi

Wife

Yahuarinnac

Connexion by marriage

Caca Quiliuachi

.

Aque Quihuach

.

Father-in-law

of the husband

Father-in-law

of the wife

Mother-in-law

of the husband

Mother-in-law

of the wife

Gat ay

Son-in-law

Ccachun

Daughter-in-law

Mass a n i

Brother-in-law

Ypa

Sister-in-law

.

Quepa-yaya Quepa-mama

of the husband of the wife

Step-father Step-mother

And

so on with the other re¬

lationships in half-blood

27

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

ADJECTIVES AND COMPOUND SUBSTANTIVES. Adjectives

are always placed

before their sub¬ stantives, and are indeclinable, as : Sumac huarmi, a beautiful woman; Sinclri runap, of a strong man.

Adjectives

as runap,

are also

formed by genitives,

of a man, lience manly. Runap may which belongs or appertains to a

" that

also be

man," and it is then declinable,

as :

Runap

Runa-cunap

R i mapp a

Runa-cunappa

R1171app ac

Runa- ci tnaj ip a c

Run apt a

Runa-cun ap t a

Other

forms,

Runallap Another

with

the

same

meaning,

are

and Runapnin.

compound substantive derived from

the genitive, is formed in Apup-chaynin,

" chaynin"

as :

that which belongs to a chief in a place belonging to a chief Apup-chayman, to a place belonging to a chief &c., &c.

Apup-chaypi,

28

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

DEGREES OP COMPARISON. The

most usual

Asuan

forms

and Anclia

(more)

of comparison

are:

(most), placed before

tlie adjective, as: Huaccha

Asuan huaccha

Anclia huaccha

(poor)

(poorer)

(poorest)

With tlie addition of

a possessive particle to the

comparative, as Asuan Jaiaccliayqui, the meaning "he who is poorer than you." The

becomes

possessive particles are used for comparison in this way: Sinchift, " stronger than

heSin-

chinHi!/,

"

Nequen

stronger than (the

comparisons, as more than used,

I."

same) :

I."

is also used for forming

Yachacninequey, The preposition amauta,

as: uoeamanta

"

he who knows

manta is also

" wiser

than

I;"

and occasionally the genitive, as: uocap sumac,

" more

beautiful than

I."

The most common superlative form is the fix Anclia' (most).

Another

pre¬

is hinantin in the

as : Hinantinpa shield, " strongest of Also Llapa (all) in the genitive plural, as :

genitive,

all."

Llapantinpa yacha, " the wisest of all."

Gay

29

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

huarma Map a huarma-cunamanta

anclia amau-

is

boy is the wisest of the boys." Checamanta another form of superlative,

"the sweetest."

nucnu,

formed of Glieea

preposition

and the

(true)

Sullul, which

manta.

also

true,

means

:

other superlative form, with manta, as

an¬

Sidlul-

most filthy."

"

manta milla,

as

The word

is

is

Checamanta

:

all

" this

tan,

WHICH MODIFY THE

PARTICLES

MEANING OF NOUNS.

of of

is to of

to

the language.

excellence

Munallay nucnu taqui,

"

of

Aiiay, or Munay, or Munaylla, convey an idea music."

order

this power which

are added

or superiority,

to

expression

the many

extraordinary richness and variety in

the

It

convey various meanings.

nouns,

agglutina¬

in

give some

particles which are added causes

Quichua, which

is

necessary

to

is

tion,

the great abundance

of expression

by innumerable processes

it

caused

to give an idea

in of

In order of modes

as:

what wonderfully sweet

30

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

Cay (the infinitive of the verb cani) is used to signify

or being;

abstract existence to an adjective,

added

or,

it converts it into

when

the cor¬

responding substantive. For example, Runacuy is manhood; llampucay, kindness; yuraccay, whiteness. Ccisca or Ganea serve

(derived from the verb cani)

same purpose, but denoting past and

the

future time.

Runacasca, humanity

now;

and

Alli-cascan, past kindness. Gay or Camay signifies a person's condition or fate, as huaccha cayny

(my state of poverty).

Gama, when added to

noun, gives

a

meaning

sinchi cama, all strong with¬

as

out excepting one;

yachac

all

of inclusiveness,

a

cama,

learned;

Cam an, added

to

macharcan cama, they were all drunk. nouns and pronouns, means

the task that has to be done,

tellan.

a

to

attached

Siray-camayoc,

offices

and employ¬

tailor; Llacta-ca-

village officer; Pucara-camayoc,

a

a

mayoc,

as

camay-

also means fitness, as Apupac

a

Camayoc

ments,

my task; Camp

be chief.

is

caman,

fit to

qui, your task.

It

tion, as Nocap camay,

work, or occupa¬

cas¬

31

QUICHUA GRAMMAR. Set])a means quantity or size, when added

noun:

as

to a

TJma-sapa, a big head; Llaqui-sapa,

very unhappy

Yuyay-sapa,

;

Sasa means difficult;

very thoughtful.

as huanuchiypac yacsasa,

one who dies hard.

Chan or Ghawpi,

to verbs or nouns,

added

means half-done, as Chaupi cimauta, half-learned ;

chaupi conic, tepid;

chaupi punuc, half-asleep;

half-forgotten.

chau-concasca,

CJiac or CMcachac

is used for comparing one

thing with another. Nora chac, the same size as I am. Hit alp a chicachac yutu, a partridge the size

of

a

cock.

Buna

monkey as intelligent

chac

cusillu,

yachac

as a man.

In

a

this idiom,

the thing compared is also placed first.

Ulna, white

as

as : Nirac, as :

riti Idna pirca,

a wall as

snow; atoc nirac runa, a man as cunning

as a fox.

Placed before a noun, hina means

custom or habit, as hina llullu, an habitual liar; hina llallac, constitutionally Huatan, simulation,

huacta, and

pi;

a coward.

tulip an, and tulip a, mean

are

used

with

dis¬

the preposition

thus liuatanpi ccari, a woman feigning to be a man; tullpanpi huarmi, a man pretending to be a woman.

32

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

Ymana

Ymanac, added

to a word, means

a

want or excess of anything beyond what is na¬ tural, as puca ymanac, an unnatural colour; tullu ymanac, emaciated. Yoc, Niyoc, or Queyoc, added to nouns, mean the possessor or owner, as huasiyoc, owner of the house. Nnac or Ninnac is the opposite of yoc, as yayanuae, fatherless.

Yupa,

Yupay,

or Yupasca, imply reputation,

yupa, he who is reputed to be rich;

as Ccapac

yacJiac yupa, he who is considered wise.

Nisca

has the same meaning.

LI a

is a termination expressing tenderness

love, as Churillay, my dear son;

TJrpillay,

or my

dove.

LI ay qui

at the end

of

a noun signifies

me," with a plural LlayquicMc, give

me

silver;

asuanllayquichk,

Mad,

added

companion,

"give

as cullqui llayqui,

chayllayqui,

give

me

that;

give us more. to an active

as

puricmasi,

participle, means a

yachacmasi, a schoolfellow. Mana, placed before any word, implies a tive, as mana-alli,

bad.

a

fellow-traveller;

nega¬

33

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

Mitt a

means recurrence, as mitta llullac,

It

who lies at every word he speaks.

one

also signi¬

fies age or time, as cay mitta runa allim,

a gen¬

tleman of the period. Soncco (heart) is frequently used to signify heartiness or fondness for any pursuit, as yachac soncco, fond of study.

Nouns denoting the agent and the action are formed from verbal roots,

by adding

former case, and y in the latter, as

Muuani

1

Munac

A

Munay

Love

c

in the

:

love lover

Ahuani

I

Aliuac

A

Ahuay

Woof and warp

weave

weaver

Bimani

I

Ilimac

A

Rimay

Speech

speak speaker, oracle

34

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

NUMERALS. 1, Hue 2, Yscay 3, Quimsa 4, Ttaliua 5, Pichca G,

Socta

7,

Cancliis

8, Pussac 9,

Yscun

10,

Cliunca

11,

Chunca-liucniyoc

12,

Cliunca yscayniyoc

13,

Cliunca quimsayoc

14,

Cliunca ttaliuayoc

15,

Cliunca piclicayoc

16,

Cliunca soctayoc

17,

Cliunca cancliisyoc

18,

Cliunca pussacyoc

19,

Cliunca yscunyoc

20, Yscay cliunca 21, Yscay cliunca hucniyoc 22, Yscay cliunca yscayniyoc 30,

Quimsa cliunca

40,

Ttaliua cliunca

quichua grammar. 50,

Pichca cliunca

60,

Socta clinnca

70,

Cancliis cliunca

35

80, Pus sac cliunca 90,

Yscun cliunca

100,

Pacliac

101,

Pacliac hucniyoc

110,

Pachac chuncayoc

120,

Pacliac yscay chuncayoc

200,

Yscay-pacliac

1.000, Huaranca [yoc 1.001, Huaranca liuc pacliac liucni2,000, Yscay huaranca 10,000, Cliunca huaranca 20,000, Yscay cliunca huaranca 100,000, Pachac huaranca 200,000, Yscay pachac huaranca 1,000,000, Hunu 2,000,000, Yscay hunu 100,000,000, Pachac hunu 1,000,000,000, Huaranca hunu 1,000,000,000,000, Hunuy hunu 10,000,000,000,000, Cliunca hunuy hunu

Infinity

....

Pantac hunu

30

QUICHUA GEAMMAE.

ORDINALS. Hue

nccqucn

First

.

Second

Yscay nequen Ckunca yscay Hapten &e.

Twelftli

.

&c.

Yacayntin

i»otli together

Pichcantht

All

Quiinsamitta Soctamitta

.

Tliree times

.

Six times

Huarancamitta Yseay

five

haunt

A

.

thousand times

In two ways

.

In In

Quimza hamu Chuuca liamu

three ways ten ways

PRONOUNS. The first personal pronoun is thus declined. SINGULAR.

■hoca Tioc.ujj

uucapac nocactu nuearaijea &c.

.... .... .... .

.

.

I Of me To me Me

For

me

&c.

QUICHUA GRAMMAR. PLURAL.

Exclusive.

Inclusive. nocancliic

and

nocanchicpa

„

■nocay cup

nocanchicpae

,,

nocmycapac

nocanchicta

,,

noccnichicraycu,,

We Of us

nocayeu . .

nocaycucta

nocaycuraycu

To us

Us For

us

There are two forms of plural, both for pro¬ nouns and verbs of the first person, called inclu¬ sive and exclusive. The former is used, for instance, when those who speak and those who are spoken to are all referred to.

When a man is speaking to a mixed company of men and women, but intends to speak only of the men, he would use the exclusive plural, and say nocaycv ccari-cuna,

"We

the men"

:

or a priest speaking

of his order to other people, would say nocaycu umu-cuna,

" We

the priests".

The plural

par¬

ticle cana may be added to either of the plurals, but this is not generally done, as Tiocancliic-cuna, or nocaycu-cunct. The second personal pronoun is SINGULAR.

Cam Camp a

.

Thou ,,

:

PLURAL. Cart/chic or Gam-cuna

.

Camchicpa or Camcunap

You „

38

QUICHUA GEAM3IAE.

Gampac

,,

Camchicpac

Gcimta

,,

Gamchicta

&c.

or Gcimcunapac or Gamcunacta &c.

The third personal pronoun is Pay

.

Pay pa Paypac

or Paypay Paypaypa

Paycunap

To him

Paycunapac Paypaypac Paypayta

Pacunacta

,,

:

He Of him

Paypacta Him &c.

Paycuna

,,

They ,, ,, ,,

&c.

The same form of plural is used for .

This

Pi

Git ay

.

That

Chacay

.

That

Yma May can

P'tpas

.

Some one

Ymcictapas

Gay

.

.

.

Who

.

What

.

Which Something

Quiqui is self, and is used together with the possessive

particles, as Quiquy,

quyqui, you yourself;

I

myself;

Qui-

Quiquin, himself; Gayqui-

ipiiii, the same. Pocpun is also self. Git ic is a form of plural used to express angry feeling or reprehension. bad men.

Carnchic runa cuna, you

The most frequent form of the possessive pro¬ nouns is as particles attached to the end of words, and unable to stand by themselves.

39

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

These are:

Y

Less common forms

.

.

Mine

Yqui

.

Tliine

.

His

N

.

Ichic \ Nellie Yc reu J

Niy Niy qui Nin

:

Ninniyqui Ninnin Ninu inch ic

Onrs

Nine!lie Nycu

Yquichic

Yours

NiyquicMc

Ninniyquichie

Nen

Theirs

Nincu

Ninnincu

These possessive

k/cu

particles are thus attached

to

a noun.

Apuyqui

.

My lord Thy lord

Apun

.

His lord

Apuy

.

.

.

Apunchic, Ajpuycu Our lord Ajouyquicliic Your lord Apuncu . Their lord

They are declinable in the same way as nouns. Apuypci (of my lord), &c. Possession is also expressed by the personal pronouns in the genitive case, as

:

Nocap

.

.

.

That which is mine

Camp a

.

.

.

That which is thine

Paypa

.

.

.

That which is his

These forms are also declinable, as Nocappa (of that which is mine), &c.

40

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

The interrogative pronouns are

Pi,

Yrna, and

May can.

Pi

Who is that person

? What person Who are those persons ? Yrna, or Ymalla, Ymatam . What? .

?

Pipri.

.... ....

Ymayma, or Ymaymacuna What things? May can Which ? Maycancuna . . Which things ? Picib

Ymach

Maycancha

I do not know I do not know

...

I

who what

do not know which

The relative pronouns pi, yrna, are roots which form the nuclei,

and may com, as

it

were,

of

numerous interrogative and relative expressions.

LI a

is constantly added

to pi and yrna, as

particle without special signification. are added to interrogatives;

Who Who can it be . What do you think Which one . . Which of them . The other

a

M, or mi,

also Oh.

.

Pim, or Pillam, or Pick Pirac, or Piraccha

.

Pick

.

Hue

.

Hucnin

....

Ilucpas

quichua grammar. Whoever

.

.

No

.

.

one .

None of them.

Neither. What . What can it

be

.

Pirn ay camj) as

.

Man a p it 1/11 inp as

Yma, or Ymalla Ymaraccha, or Ymallaraccha

Something Whatever

How Which

41

Ymapas, or Ymallapas Ymapas

.

.

Whichever

.

May cani) as

VERBS. The Verb Cani,

All

I

am.

Quichua verbs terminate the first person

singular of tlie present indicative in ni; and in this form they will be found in the Dictionary. The peculiarity of having two forms of the first person plural has already been mentioned. Cani

...

I

am,

I have.

42

QUICHUA GRAMMAR. INDICATIVE.

Present. Cani

.

Coincide }

Iam

.

Caycu

j

We are

Canquichic

Ccinqui

. Thou art Can or Casca He is

) Inclusive

j

Exclusive

You

.

Can or Cancu

are

They are

The third person singular is not usually formed

Very frequently, particles

regularly, as Can.

It

added to a word instead, m or mi.

rect to say

huarmi can sumac

are

is not cor¬

(the woman

is

pretty), but huarmi mi sumac. As a rule, can is used for " he has" ; and rn, or mi, for " he is". Imperfect.

Cachcareani

I was

.

Cachcarcanchic

and yen

Cach ca rc a?iqui

Cache arc ai iquicliic

Cach carca

Cachcarcan

Another form of the imperfect is by the

addi¬

tion of vac mi (even), Cachcarcani-racmi, &c.

Carcani

.

.

I

Perfect. have

Carcanchic and yen

Carcanq ui

Carcanquichic

Ccircan

Carcancu

Cascamcani,

I have

been

Cascamcanchic

and yen

Caseamcanqui

Cascamcanquichic

Cascam

Cascamcancu

43

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

Pluperfect. Gascam carcani . Gascam

I liad

been

Gascam carcancliic

and yen Gascam carcanqmcliic

cctrcanqui

Gascam carcan

Gascam

carcancu

Future. Gasas

.

I

will

or Gassunchic

Gassun

C anqi d

G a/tiqu icli i c

Ganca

Gancu

Gascam cassac

I will

and cu

cassun and cu

Cascam

have been Gascam canqui

Gascam canquichic

Gascam canca

Cascam

All

canca

the compound tenses are thus formed by

casca, which is the participle of Cani.

Ganay or Cancaycanmi . Cancayquicanmi Cancancanmi

I am about to .

.

G ai ic and lie c am >li

Cancanquichic canmi canmi

Gancancu

Cancaymi carca &c. &c.

You are He is We are Ye are

„ „ „

They are.

„

I

have been

,,

,,

be

44

QUICTIITA

GRAMMAR.

IMPERATIVE.

Cay

Be tliou

.

Let him

Caelum

Oassun Gassacu be

)

j

Let

us be

Gaycldc

.

Be ye

Caelum

.

Let

them be

OPTATIVE.

Cayman

.

If I

should

Ccmclucman

and Caycu-

man

be Can quiman

Ca n quichicman

Can m an

Canman

If I

Casca cayman &c.

should have been

&c. SUBJUNCTIVE.

Captiy

I

.

may be

Gap t i n chic and yen

C aptly qui

Gaptiyquichic

C apt in

Gaptincu

Cachcaptiy &c.

Cascacaptiy &c.

I

When

I had been

When

I

was

&c.

Cancaycaptiy &c.

When

&c.

&c.

shall have been

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

45

INFINITIVE. Gay Gasca

To be To have been

Gauca

To be about to be PARTICIPLE.

Gac

.

.

.

That which is.

Being

Gasca

Been

Gachcasca

Having

been

ACTIVE VERB. INDICATIVE. Present.

Munani

...

I

love

J

Miuianchic {We Exc. j are ( Incl. Munaycu

Munanqui

Munanquiclbic

Munai i

Munancu

Mtmaeh carcani &c. &c.

...

I

was loving

46

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

Munarcani

.

Perfect.

I

loved

Mnnarcanchic and

Mi ma rcanqu i

Mi n i ai "cancp tich ic

Mimarca

Mima rcaneu .

.

I

have loved

Munascam carcani

.

I

had loved

Munciscam

cani

&c.

yen

&c.

&c.

&c.

Future. Munasac

.

I will love

Munassun and cu

Munanqui

Munanquichie

Munanca

Munanca

Munascam cassac &c.

.

I

shall have loved

&c.

Munancaymi or munanaymi &c. &c. Munanaymi carca . ,, yqidmi carca &c.

&c.

I

about to love

was about to love &c.

.

I am

You were

&c.

Munanaymi canca &c.

I

.

,,

,,

&c.

shall be about to love &c.

&c.

47

QUICHUA GRAMMAR. IMPERATIVE.

Munay

. Love thou Munachun Let him love

Munassun and cu

.

Let

us love

Munaychic . Love ye Munachuncu Let them love OTHER IMPERATIVE

Munaspa munaypas Munay pas

....

.

FORMS.

Love if you have any one to love Love more

OPTATIVE.

Munay man yqui &c.

If I

.

„ &c.

&c.

If I

Munach cayman &c.

may love you „ „

should love &c.

&c.

&c.

&c.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

Munaptiy &c.

.

&c.

Munach cap thy &c.

.

&c.

.

I

may or can love &c. &c.

When

I loved

or was loving

&c.

&c.

48

QUICHUA GRAMMAR. INFINITIVE.

Munay

To love To liave loved

Munasca Munanca or munana Some

.

To be about to love

forms of the verb are composed of the

infinitive, as

:

I

Munayta yachani

know how to love

PARTICIPLE.

Munac

Loving

Munasca

Loved

Munana or munanca

.

Going to love

OTHER FORMS.

I am accustomed I was „

Munaani-cani Munacmi-carcani Munacmi-casas

I shall be

.

to love

„

Accustom thyself

Munac-cay

I

Mm iascacacmi-cani

I

Munascacacmi-carcc

„ ,, ,,

am accustomed to be

loved was accustomed

to be

loved

It

Munac-h ina-mu nan i &c.

Munac cani

&c. .

&c.

I

seems

to me that

love am the lover

I

49

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

Canmi munac canqui

Tliou art the lover

Cay mi munac Munaypacha

The time of love

That man is tlie lover .

Munayjo acmi-cani

I

.

....

&c.

&c.

Munacmi

I am

&c.

&c.

Munana tucuni &c.

oughty wish, to love

going to love

I am worthy

.

to be loved

&c.

The nouns which are derived from an active verb are

:

Munac

.

.

.

Lover

Munay

Love The person or thing loved The person that will be loved

.

.

.

Munasca

.

.

Munana

.

.

All

present participles end in

receive any of the becomes

possessive

and when they particles this c

c,

a q, as :

Burac

.

Muraquey

. .

JRuraqueyqui Ruraqueii

,

Making. A maker My maker Thy maker His maker

E

50

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

TRANSITIONS. When the action another, as

I love

from one person to

passes

the expression forms one

thee,

word, and is conjugated.

This

union between

pronouns and the verb has been called by Spanish grammarians a Transition, and there are four different classes of transitions in Quichua, namely: The first person to the second, expressed by yqui ,, third ,, second, sunqui „

„ ,,

second

,,

first,

„

huanqui

third

„

first,

,,

huan

Munayqui

Perfect.

Mien arc ay qui

.

.

tic

Miinaij quid

.

Present.

I I I I I I

FIRST TRANSITION.

Munasca yqn ich

.

.

Munasunqui

Munasunqnicliic

.

Present.

love you loved thee loved you

will love thee will love you

TRANSITION. .

SECOND

.

Munascayqui

ic

Future.

.

Munarcayquichic

love thee

He loves thee He loves you

QUICHUA GRAMMAR. Perfect.

Munasucanqui

.

.

.

Munasucanquichic Future.

.

51

He loved tliee He loved you

(Same as Present) THIRD TRANSITION.

Present. Munahuanqui Perfect. Future.

.

.

.

Thou lovest me

Munaliuanquicliic

.

.

Tliou lovest

Munakuarcanqui

.

.

Thoulovedstme

Munaliuarcanquicliic

.

Thou lovedst us

us

(Same as Present) FOURTH TRANSITION.

Pres. Muncihuanmi Munah uanclt

ic

Munahuaycu

.

.

.

.

.

.

Perf. Munahuarcca . Munahucirccancliic Munahiiarccaycu

Fut. Munciliuancca

. .

.

.

.

.

Mitnahuasitnchic Munahuasuncu

.

.

He loves He loves

me

He loves Ho loved He loved

us (excl.)

He He He He

us (incl.)

me us (incl.)

loved us (excl.) will love me

will love will love

us (incl.) us (excl.)

This peculiar form of agglutination is common to nearly all the American languages. Some of them have six forms of transition: from the first person to the second and third, from the second

quichua grammar.

52

to the first and third, and from the third to the first and second; others, like the Quichua, have

four; and others, only two.

Other forms Munacuni

.

Munaricuni

.

Munciririni Munariricuni

.

Munaycucuni Munaymricuni

op the verb Munani.

I love (stronger than Munani) I love a little I love coolly. I

love very little

I love tenderly I love very tenderly

I love passionately

Mirnarconi

The same verbal root serves, by modifications in tlie terminations, for a number of other verbs of cognate meanings.*

Ahuani . Ah uarini Aliiiaripuni *

Thus

I I

:

weave

begin to weave weaving

I continue See also pages 55 to 57.

53

QUICHUA GRAMMAR. .

.

Armachini

.

.

I wash I make another

.

.

I arrive I return

Armani

Ghayani

.

.

Chayapuni

Huanuni

.

Huanuchini

.

Machani Macliacliini

.

Manchani

.

. .

Mancliarcuni

.

.

wash

I die I kill I get drunk I make another drunk I fear I am startled

PASSIVE VOICE.

Munascam-cani

I am loved

.

Munascamcach carcani. Munasca cascamcani

.

Munascam casac

....

Manasca cascamcasac Munascacay

.

I was loved I have been loved

I shall be loved I shall have been Be loved

Munascacayman.

If I

Manasca

.

When

.

When

c aptly

.

.

Munasca casca captly

loved

were loved

I

may be loved

I may have

been

loved To be loved

Munascacayta Munascaymicanqui

.

.

Yon were loved by

me

54

QUICHUA GEAMMAB.

Munascccinmicanqid

You were loved by him

.

Munascayquimcani

.

.

Munasccinmiccini

.

.

Munascaypacmicani

I am loved by you I am loved by him I ought to be loved

.

The verbs ending in ni in the first person

sin¬

gular, of the present tense indicative, active voice, are the verb " to be", cani; all active verbs, as

I

love; and all neuter verbs, as tiyani, Defective verbs, having only a

seated.

(it

thunders), thucnin

(it

(it

third person, end in n, as par an

rains), cacim

lightens).

There are

is

(I

hungry), naval man. The verb cani

(I

am seated),

to

Where

is

y

Ghu, added

.

....

ay ay qui

Maypich

onccuscam-

doubt, as

:

a

verb, implies

I

a

to

(I

pain).

ill).

am

Gli, clia, added

Maypin

am

used to form some neuter

verbs, as tiascamcani cani

am

in

also some impersonal verbs, as yarecahuan

your father

don't know

the second

person, implies

Do you eat Do you want

eat

?

to

Micuyta munanquiclm

?

.

.

Micunquichu

.

question, as:

a

am

(I

I

?

munani,

55

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

WHICH MODIFY THE

PARTICLES

MEANING- OF VERBS. The meaning of verbs is modified ways by the insertion of particles. are as follows.

in many

Some of these

Oajm conveys the meaning of a return to that which had been once done before; as yachacopwni,

I begin

to learn what

yuyacajrani,

I recollect

I

had once before learnt;

what

I had formerly

known

but afterwards forgotten. Chani serves to convert some nouns into verbs as huasi, a house;

huasichani,

jpampa, a plain; pampachani,

I

I

;

build a house;

level. Chacu, added to a verb, means completeness;

as ccahuani,

closely;

I

I

examine

macachacuni,

give a

view; ccahuachacuni,

maccini,

I strike;

I

blow in every part of the body. Ghana implies decadence, a fall from better to worse;

as huaccha,

poor; huacchachanani,

I fall

from wealth to poverty.

I

Chca signifies actual present action; as yuyani,

think;

yuyachcani,

I

am

thinking

at

this

moment. Chi means

the act of making

another do a

56

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

tiling:

I

tiani,

I

sit; tiachini,

make

another

sit. Cliicu, to leave a tiling done; as hampini, cure;

I rob;

I I leave

liampicliicuni, suachicuni,

I

leave a man cured; sucini, a man to be robbed.

to bo doing a thing, though not in an active sense; as tiani, sit; tiaccuni, am Gcu means

I

seated; micani,

I

eat; micuccuni,

I

I

am eating.

Yaccu signifies to make another attain any

quality;

I

as ccapacyaccuni,

llampuyaccuni,

I

make a man rich;

make a man gentle.

Yaclii changes the condition of a thing; anac, hard; anacyachini, harden. Ycu completes or consummates an action;

as

I

piisani,

I

guide; pusaycuni,

I

as

guide to a jour¬

ney's end.

Llicuni, added to all clothes, makes implying

the action

of putting

them

I

a verb

on;

as

ycicolla, a mantle; yacollallicuni, put on a mantle; cliumpi, a girdle ; chump Miami, gird.

I

I

Jtfpu is to do a thing over again; as apamuni,

bring; cipampuni, I bring again. Nam means one another; as checnini,

checninacuni,

Nay a nayani,

I

means

I

I

hate;

hate another.

desire;

as

have a wish to see.

ricuni,

I

see; ricu-

57

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

Ncha, added to prepositions of position, makes a verb; as chaupi, the middle; chaupinelumi,

I

put in the middle.

I put

Caylla, near; cayllancliani,

near.

Ni

is the ending of all active verbs, and serves to convert a noun into a verb; as yamta, fuel;

I

yamtani,

Pa, to sow;

get fuel. a thing

do

over again;

I sow over again.

tarpapani,

Pay a implies excess; payani,

Ray a

I

duration;

means

I

an action;

I put on I get up.

Us si is to help;

caussini,

I

There

I

as oncconi,

suffer from a long illness.

Hi is to begin aparini,

I carry;

carry too much.

onccorayani,

sayarini,

as apani,

as tarpani,

a

as apani,

load; sayani,

as llamcani,

I

work

apa-

am

I I

I

ill;

carry; stand;

;

llam-

help another to work.

are

also

particles

standing

by them¬

selves, with the nature of defective verbs, as :

Amarac

.

Wait

Ma-chaicca How is this?

Ga

.

Take

JJpalla

.

Let Let

.

Hacu.

Ma

.

.

.

us go us see

Hold

your

tongue

Pacta.

.

Take care

58

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

ADVERBS. Hina, to

added to many adjectives of quality and

participles,

verbs, as

forms

ad¬

:

Sinchi-hina Atoc-hina

.

Huayra-kina Nina-Mna Caynin,

.

.

Strongly, forcibly

.

.

Fox-like

.

.

.

.

Quickly (as tlie wind) Fiercely (as fire)

with the prepositions

another adverbial form, as Sinchi-cayninpi

.

Llavipu-cayninhuan

Mania

corresponding

tlieir

. .

(the preposition)

Checamanta

Lla, with

or huan, is

:

common adverbial form, as Soncco-manta

pi

.

Strongly

.

Gently

added to words, is a

.... :

Heartily Perfectly

the word twice repeated, forms an

adverb; as sumac-sumaclla, beautifully.

59

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

CONJUNCTIONS. The couplative pasliuam, and

I.

conjunctions

and huampas;

are

Tac, tacpas, huantac, mean

ri, cana,

ychaca,

pas,

Imam,

as noca pas cam, you

yallinrac,

mean

" also". " but".

Ga,

Hi-

naspa, hinaca, are conjunctions concluding a tence,

and mean

" finally".

fore;

hina,

hinam,

so;

Hinaspaca,

hinamcana,

sen¬

there-

so

that;

cayri, or, either.

ADDITIONAL

REMARKS.

The syntax, or construction

of sentences,

is

very simple.

The concord of adjectives and sub¬ stantives must be understood, as the former class of nouns is indeclinable.

The accusative is placed

first in a sentence; then the verb; and, lastly, the nominative.

When

two nouns follow each

other, one depending on the other, the dependent noun is placed first and in the genitive case, as huasip puncu, the door of the house.

Adverbs

are placed next to the verbs or nouns to which

60

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

I

they refer. To express the sentence " am your father", the pronoun is in the genitive, as campa yayciyquin cani. To say " It is better for me," the pronoun is in the dative, as nocajoac asuan

allim

cay.

nocapac

" It will

be very painful

llaqui cuyniycanman.

to me",

Ablative, dative,

and indeed all oblique cases, are placed before the nominative.

It will

have been seen that the most remarka¬

ble feature of the Qaichua language is the power of constructing words by means of affixes or particles joined to the root, and thus providing for the formation of innumerable words, and even whole phrases.

Du Ponceau called this mode of composition polisynthesis; and, as most of the American languages possess this faculty, he named

them polisynthetic

languages.

Dr. Max Miiller, however, considers this peculiarity to be nothing more than agglutination, as distin¬ guished from the inflexion of the Aryan and Semitic languages. He, therefore, groups the American with the other languages which he calls agglutinative Humboldt)

(a name given by

William von

in Asia and Africa, not because there

is the remotest indication

of a common

origin,

61

QUICHUA GRAMMAR.

but from the absence of any organic differences

of grammatical structure. No European language

can describe an action with anything like the precision and accuracy, combined with brevity, of which Quichua is capa¬

ble; and this wonderfully abundant vocabulary

I

produces great variety in composition. have considered it unnecessary to give every modifica¬ tion of meaning of which a root is capable, in the dictionary,

because

it would

have

swelled it to

undue proportions,

while

supply the necessary

information upon this point.

The following

alpaca,

vicuna,

foregoing

rules

Quichua words are now familiar

to all Englishmen, into our language

the

and, :

indeed, are incorporated

pampa, condor, puma, llama,

guano,

quina

(quinine),

ynca, and char qui (hence jerked beef).

coca,

QUICHUA DICTIONARY.*

A QUICHUA

ENGLISH

SPANISH

Aa

Interjection of en- Interjection

Aca

Filth, rust Rusty iron

Estiercol

Very rusty

Orinieuto Pico

treaty

Acayoc

quellay .

.... ....

Aca sapa Acacllu Acacuni Acahuana

Acahuara

.

.

.... .

verbs,

singular, of the voice.

.

Ynca

Acana sanu * The

.

.

A

Or in

beak

To supply with pro- Provearse visions

of the archi¬ tects of the for¬ tress of Cuzco

. One

Honeycomb

Panal

. Servant

Servidor

in the Quichua column, present

tense,

are in the first person

indicative

mood,

and

active

64

QUICHUA DICTIONARY.

....

Acapananac

.

.

Sky

bright Cielo con

arreboles

.

.

Sky without bright Cielo sin

arreboles

Full of bright

arreboles

.... .... ...

Acapanasapa Acarcana

Acarhuay Acatanccu

Acau

of Arreboles

.

with

clouds

clouds

cle

Acapanayoc

Red appearance clouds

clouds Lleno Caul, peritoneum Eedauo

A

Acapana

large butterfly

A

scraper

An

Mariposa grande Eascador

of Interjeccion

exclamation

Exclamation patience

Acca

Daih: chicha Sour chicha

Gliicha bermeja Chicha arjria

Well seasoned chicha Chicha

.

.

.

.

Cliiclia Gliicha colorada

.

Chumpi-acca Puclicu-acca

Poccusca-acca

liquor

Red chiclia

.

Fermented

Cculli-acca

im- Bast

a

of

grief Acaya

bien sazo-

Accacuni

.

...

.

.

Ill

from chicha

chicha

Chicha miera Vencledor cha

chi¬

Fermentar la chi¬ cha

drinking Enfermo

To make chicha

de

of

To ferment chicha

....

Acca-huasi

Acchallcu

Seller

Olor de chicha

de

Acca-chayasca

New chicha

chi-

cha '

Acca-casnini

.

Uinapuc acca Acca-camayoc

Smell of chicha

.

.

.

Acca asna

.

nada

Hacer chicha

Tavern

Venta

Beard of maize

Cabellos mcizorca

de

la

QOTCRUA

Acco

Sand

Acco-acco

.

. Sandy

Acco-sapa

.

.

Ac coy

....

Accocliincliay Accuni

.

Achallay

.

Arenoso sand

Lleno de arena as sand Innumerable

. Comet

.... ....

Achallayrii

Arena

Innumerable

Acli...... Acliaccha

Full of

05

DICTIONARY.

To vomit

Comet a Vomitar

It

Dele ser

ouglit to be

A

pudding of ocas Masamura de ocas (oxalis tuberosa)

How beautiful! Que Undo ! a thing for Tener gusto a ed¬ its beauty juna cosa por

.

To like

.

To cause admiration

ser lincla

Achallayfiichini Achancara

...

Achca

red

and

white

flowerwith which the Indians adorn their heads

Many

Achca cuti Achca-mitta

.

1 Many times )

J

.

Achca-aclicani

Huanuy achca Millay achca. Achliini Achihua

A

Causar clon

Flor

bianco,

lorada

MueJios veces

To increase

Aumentar

.

Very many

Mueliisimo

.... ....

To

sneeze

ij co-

MucJioencantidad

.

. Innumerable

aclmirci-

Innumerable E'stornudar

Shade

Quitasol, sornhra

Achiliuallicuni

.

To shade

Asombrar

Achihuallichini

.

To shade another

Asombrar a vivo

Achini

To divine by juice Adivinar from coca leaves

66

....

QUICEUA

Achiote

Achira

DICTIONAKY.

Bixa Orellana,

seeds

used to give food a red colour

Arnotto

Ganna achira, an edi- Raiz de comer ble root (Carina paniculata, R. P.)

Sumac-achira

Canna iridiflora

Cannalndica (R. P.)

Acboccha. Achocon

....

Maslied oca root (Ox- Raiz de comer alis tubcrosa)

A useful

wood in the Madera forests near Huanuco. (Lconia glycycarpci

Acliu

.... alpa.... .... .... .... .... .... ....

R. P.) of in- No

Exclamation credulity

lo creo

Achupalla

Pine-apple Piua Achupalla- camac Plantation of pine- Pinal apples

Achura

Poisonous root

Raiz

Acliurani

To distribute

Repartir

Aclmray Acllani

.

Aclla-cuna Acllac

Aclla liuasi Acllay Aclluni

Acllurini

.

.

Distribution To

clioose, set apart

venenosa

Distribution select, Escoger

Virgins of the Sun He who is elected Convent of Virgins of the Sun

Virgenes clel Sol

El

escogido

Gonvento

Chosen

Escogido

To stammer

Tartamudear

To begin to speak, to Empezar a liablar learn the language

G7

QUICHUA DICTIONARY.

Acnani

To perform

a cere- Hacer ceremonia

mony Acna-cuna

. Dresses,

.

&c.,

utensils, for

a

cere-

mony or sacrifice Acna-cuna-camayoc . .

Acnapuy

Master of the cere- Maestro

....

monies

.

Acnapu-llicuni

.

Acsu Acsullicuni

.

para sacrificiar

Cosas

do

cere-

moiiias

Pretty, liandsome To dress gaily

Bonito

Petticoat

Saya

Vestirse

galana-

mente

To put 011a petticoat Bonerse la saya Tick, louse Garrapata

.

Acta

. . . .To spit Escupir Acullini (see Cliaccliani) To chew coca leaves Mascar coca Acullicu . . . Pellet of coca leaves Belota de coca

Actuni

Acuy Ahua Ahuani Ahua Ahuac

....

Wicked

A

....

.

Ahuaqui Aliuana Aliuarini

.

.

.To

... ... ... .

Ahuaripuni

.

.

weave

.

.

.

Ahuasca

.

.

.

...

Loro Tejer Bop a tejida

Weaver

Tejedor

A

pattern woven in Fir/uras que se teje the cloth en el tejido

A

frame or loom

To begin to weave

.

Ahuay

Malvado

Woven cloth

. To continue weaving . To finish weaving

Ahuarecuni

Ahuancana

large parrot

Telar Gomenzar a telar Broseguir a telar Conclwr a telar

Woof and warp Woven

Bl

A kind of eagle

Ajuila

tejer

Tejido

08

.... ...

QUICHUA DICTIONARY.

Alrnara

A

Airampo

tapir

Gran bestia cactus, tlie tliorns Cactus of which are used as needles

A

Ahuaruncu

....

Cactus Airampo (Ha- Cactus enke). The .seed dyes a beautiful clear violet, but soon fades.

Ala

Interjection of com- Pobre

de

passion

Alalau

Interjection of com- Quefrio! plaint at the cold

Alalau-nini Alcamari

ti!

.

.

....

To complain of the Quejarse cold

(JBethybus

del

frio

picatus, Halcon

Cuv.) Alarge hawk, black and white, in the loftier parts of the Cordillera.

(Sec Coraquenque.)

Alcani

....

Alcasapa

Alcay Allani

Allapuc Allco Allcop can

.

.

.

...

.... caracun-

Allco huacani Allcocta

.

To want, miss

Faltar

Full of wants The thing missing To dig up roots

Lleno defedtas

A A

Labrador

A

labourer

La

cosa fedtada

Sacar raizes

dog (Canis In gee) Perro dog's collar

To bark

yallic

quella punuc . Lazier than a dog

Collar de perro

Ladrar Mas perezoso un perro

que

QUICHUA DICTIONARY.

69

Allcoyupactam Me trcitas como nihuanqui caa un jperro huanqui . . You treat me like a dog

Allcocliani Allliuini

... ....

To insult

Afrentar To warp, to dispose Urclir the threads length¬

ways for the loom

Allhuyna cuna

caspi.

.

. Battens

warp

Alii

used for the Lospcdos queusau joara urclir

Good, satisfied

Bueno

Manan alii

.

.

Bad

Malo

Allicac

.

.

He who is content

El

.

He who

El

.

Allicausac

lives con¬

tented

Allicay

.

.

. Goodness,

content

que tento

que vive tento

.

Health

Salud

Allicausay Allin-runa

.

Virtue

Virtud

.

A

Cavallero

Salud

Ucupallillacaymi Health of the body Alliricchac . . Handsome

Hermoso

Alliricchay

.

. Beauty

Hermosura

Alli-soncco

.

. Good-hearted

Buen eorazon

Alli-yahuar

.

. Noble blood

Alto linage

del cuerpo

Alli-uiilachica

.

Well brought up

Bien criado

Alli-chaca

.

Well dressed

Bien vestido

Allim

.

. Benefit

.

Allin-cani

.

To be good

Allin-chani

.

.

To do good

AlH-yachic

.

.

Physician

cou-

Bondad

Allillacay.

gentleman

esta con-

Beneficio Ser bneno Hacer beneficios Medico

70

QUICHUA DICTIONARY.

Alli-ani

To heal

Alli-acliini Almaciga

.

.

.

A

.

Alpa Alpa cosni

To effect

.

Alpa cosni sapa Alpatucuni

.

Saludar a cure

for rais¬ ing coca seedlings Earth, dust Tierra, polvo Dust (literally Polvo

"

earth smoke")

Dusty

Lleno de polvo

To turn to dust, to

Gonvertirse

en ti¬

erra

To dig, scratch

Alpini

Alpaca

otro

nursery

die

Alpiy

Sanar a

.

.

.

Amacasa

.

Cavar, rascar hole dug in the Cavadura ground

Alpaca To suffer

.

Alparini

A

.

Solatium

R. P. Ama

Alpaca Padecer Lycioides,

Not (an imperative

No (prohibiendo)

order)

Ama ni

To prohibit

Amanisca

A

Amanic

.

Amachacuni

Amarac

.

Amachani Amancay

.

.

prohibited

Proliibir thing

He who prohibits To excuse Not yet To defend

El

que

A

mountain near Li¬ ma, covered with these flowers in June and July

prohile

Disculparse Todavia no Defendvr

(Amaryllis aurea, R. Lirio P.) A bright yel¬ low flower.

Amancaes

Cosa illwita

....

71

QUICHUA DICTIONARY.

Amaru

Amaru-cachu

A

large snake

. (Polianthes

L.)

Serpiente grande

tuberosa,

Antidote for

snake "bites, a cure for snake bites.

Amaru-cancha

Amauta

.

....

Amautayani Amini

.

.

A

great liall in anci- Galpon grande en ent Cuzco (G, de el Cuzco la Vega, I, lib. yi, cap.

4)

Wise, prudent, able, Hombre dodo, salearned

bio

To become learned Volverse sabio To cause disgust, to Caiosar hastio loathe

Gluttony

Amipayapucuy

.

Amisca

. Remains

Ampatu Ampuni

.

.

.... ....

Amu Amullini

.

.

Amullayacuni

....

simicta

Amucca Anac

Anacani

.

.

A

of food

Gida Sobras de la comida

frog

Ran a To assist each other Ayudarse mutuamente

Dumb, silent

Mudo

To have something in the mouth

Tener alguna cosa en la boca

To mutter to oneself Grunir Dried shrimps

Camarones secas

Hard

Duro Ser duro

.

.

.

To be hard

Anacchani

.

.

To make athing hard Hacer duro A black mantle worn Manto de Indian by Indian women, as mourning for

Anacu

the Incas

72

QUICHUA DICTIONARY.

Anallu

An ant

....

.

interjection weariness

A

Anas-ccachu

Ancaschani

.

Ancas-rnmi Umiha) Ancas-llimpi

.

.

Anchuchini

.

Anchochuta

Ancosani

.

.

Ancosanacuni

(Salvia punctata, R. Flor P-) An eagle Aguila A rich garment Vestido rico

A

calabash

Ccdabaza

Bine

Azul

To

Tenirla azul

clye blue

A

.

Cardenillo

To cry out Very (snperlative)

Gritar May

.

.

.... ....

Anchallarac Anchini

.

Anchaconi

torquoise

Turquesa

To get much worse, Empeorar be very

To

be generous

Ser generoso

Bold, audacious To mourn

Atrevido Especie

Gemir

An denes

planta

(Baccharis

To be divided from

Ser dividido

To drink

Brindar

latifolia)

To drink

health to

each Brinclar uno con

other

Ancu

Xt : :

Verdigris

... ...

.

Anchayani

Foro

.

.

.

Ancayllini Ancha

.

(see

small fox

.

Ancas

.... ....

of

.

Ancara

.

.

Anca

.

de do¬

lor

An

Anas

Ancallu

Interjections of pain Interjection

de

Ananay

.

ill

anay

Hormiga

a

Ananau,

....

otro

Nerve, bowstring

Nervio, cuerda del arco

Terraced

gardens

Andeneria

.... ....

Anta Anta

Chacrusca anta

Anta-chacra

Tapir

Gran bestia

Copper Bronze

Br once

Cobre

Mina de cobre Copper mine brown meadow Provincia cle AndaJmaylas (hence the pro¬ vince of Andahuaylas)

.

A

Anta kuaylla

Anta-asitua

73

QUICHUA DICTIONARY.

The month of July

.

Julio

Eastern division of the Empire of the Incas

Anti-suyu

Anti-onccoy Antara

Fever and ague Calentura Sort of Pandasan Especie deflauta

.

pipes

Antay-quiru

.

.

.

A

child that has not Nino que no le han salido los diyet cnt its teeth entes

Anta quiru soncoyoc

.

.

.

Innocent

Innocente

Anta quiru son-

.... ....

cocay

Anucani Anyani Anyay Aiiallu

.

.

.

.

. Innocence

.

Anas Anasruna punuysiqui

Anay

.

.

.

Innocencia

To wean a child

Destetar

To quarrel, abuse

Benir

A A

A A

Bleito

dispute

kind

of

large-

winged ants fox great sleeper the day time

Hormiga grande con alas Zoro

in Dormilon

de dia

Interjection ofpraise, Interjeccion added to nouns as a particle

laudacion

de

74

QUICHUA DICTIONARY.

Anus

(Oxalis tuberose/., L.) Baiz de comer A root more bitter than tlie oca

(see Oca)

Aiiucchi

The small maize that Granos grows at the end of the ear

Apa

A

Apacliini

To carry, to send

.

Apaclieta,

thick blanket

.

.

The bearer

Fresada gruesa Llevar, enviar

Portador

Soncopi apachaycacha yuyapi . To bear in mind

To bring, fetch To carry

Apamuni .

The load

Apana Apanalla

Llevar

en la me-

moria Traer

Llevar Carga

Facil

de llevar Easy to carry Llama A llama with its load cargada

.

Apantin llama Ap ant in, Ap ap ur a Twins Apapn A thief

Ladron

Aparicuni

Ser cargado

...

Api Apini Apichu

Gemelos

To be laden

.

.

.

. Laden

.... .... ....

Aparichisca Apasanca

maiz

1 see Pacheta

Apachicta J Apac

Apani

cle

pequenos

A

Cargado

Arana

spider

Maize pudding

Masamora de maiz

To cook a pudding

Gocer masamora

Sweet potato (Con¬ Gamote volvulus batata,

Lin.) Apu

Senor, jefe, juez

Chief, lord

Hatun-apu

.

. General

Apucay

.

. The office

.

General

of

a judge

Oficio de juez

75

QUICHUA DICTIONARY. Apusquepay

Leader of an army

Jefe del

Apu-apulla

Proud

Soberbio

Apuyupa

One in high author-

El q ue esta

.

ejercito

en au-

ity To honour, venerate

Venercor

Apusqui cuna Apusquipya

Ancestors

Antepasados

Great-grandfather

Bisavuelo

Apusquipayan

Great-great-grandfather

Tetaravuelo

Apusquiyoc

One of ancient lineage

T)e buen linaje

Apupantin

Lieutenant

Teniente

Apuchani

toridad

Mother-in-law of the Yerna

Aque

del marido

husband

Aquilla Aracaclia Arahua Aranya

A cup of silver An edible root

Vaso de plata

A

Gelosia

( Co- Ilcuiz de comer nium moschatum) Place of execution Horca A masked dance Danza con mas¬ caras

. .

Arapa Ararihua

trellice

Manager of an estate Mayordomo

hacienda

Ari

Si

Yes

Arini Ari ariya ? Ari! quepay

To affirm Is it not

Afirmar No es asi ?

so ?

Yes! remain (hence Arequip a)

Arihua

Month of April

.

Arihuay

.

A

dance, home

A bril

harvest Bayle

de

76

QUICHUA DICTIONARY.

Arimsani

To sow on fresli land Sembrar

Ariruma

Name of a sweet scented flower

Armani

en reno nuevo

.

Armana Arnaucho

To bathe

Banar Bano

Capsicum frutescens,

R.

Arpani

et

sacrifice hlood

with Sacrificar

Instruments for

Arpana-cuna

con san-

gre sa-

Instramentos sa¬ ra sacrificar

The time of sacrifice

Tiempo de sacrifi¬ car

crifice Apana-paclia

Aji

P.)

To

.

Flor

A

hath

ter-

A

Arsu Aruicuni

heap of corn Monton de maiz To heap up corn Amontonar To have the feet tied Tener lospies ata-

Aruicachu

A

Ascamalla

Very soon

Arsuni

.

.

dos

creeper

En

muy poco

ti¬

Planta ratera empo

(Solcmum tuberosum)

Papa

Asini

To laugh

jBeir

Asi-haui Asiy

Laughing

.

.

Jatropha manihot

Yuca

Anta-asitua) Little

.

.

Aslla aslla manta Little by little Asllalla . Very little Asllallamanta

Alegre

Bisa

.

(see

Aslla

.

Asitua

.

Asipa

eyes

Laughter

de

(Jlystricines)

Ascancuy

Ascu

los ojos

Chico De poco en poco Cldquito

Almost,wantinglittle Casi

QUICHUA DICTIONARY.

Asna

. Bacl smell

Asni

.

A

Mai olor Poreion

part

Aspas, asllapas

. Some

Aspi

.

77

Ahjo

Hole in which coca

Ccovidad

is planted

Aspini Astani .

.

To

.

Asuan

.

To carry More

.

Asuca

Mudar Mas

. Seal, sea

Asulia

.

. Chicha

Asutini

.

.

lion

(word nsed Chicha

in G-uamanga) . Cock,

Atau

. Chance

Azotar name

Inca.

.

A lucky

Atausapa

.

Very lucky

.

A

.

A A

.

.

Ati Ati-mosccoy

.

.

Aticllani Atillcha

of the Gallo

game, tune of war

Ataucniyoc

Aticliini

Lobo marina

To flog

Atahualpa

Atauchi

Cavar

dig', excavate

man

Ventura, juego Sombre dichoso

Miiy

dicJioso

married prince of Principe the blood royal "bad omen

bad dream

casado

Arjuero malo Sue-no malo

.

To spend

Gastar

.

To prepare Rivals, companions

Preparar

.

.

for¬

Competidor

opposed at play

Atillchani

Atini

. .

Llapa-atipac Atipaxii

.

.

. .

To compete To be able Almighty To conquer

Compctir Poder Todo poderoso Veneer

78

QUICHUA DICTIONARY.

Atipac Atic . Atiy Atoc

.

Sua-atoc-runa Auasca

.

.

Aucca

Powerful

Poderoso

Conqueror

Vencedor

Victory

Victoria

A A

Ladron

fox ( Canis Azarce) Zoro cunning thief

Coarse cotton cloth

Hop a ordinarici

Enemy, traitor

JEtiemigo

Aucca-aucca-pacha

Time of war

Tiempo de guerra

Auccani

To fight

Pelear

Auccac

A

Soldado

soldier

Auccac cunap apu General in chief

Commandants en jefe

Auccay

Guerra

.

. Battle,

Auccay-huancar

Auqui

.

.

war

.

Unmarried prince Principe soltero de la familia real of the blood royal

Rincri-yoc auqui Chief of the Auqui-cuna Aya

.

.

Tamhor

War drum

Orejones

nes

. Nobles

Nolleza

. Dead

Muerto

Ayap uman . A corpse Ayacta huacapayani

.

Aya-cucho

Jefe de los Orejo-

.To

.

Cadaver

Llorarpor

mourn the dead

A corner of dead men A

famous battle

field

ertos

Esquino de rnuertos

of Nombre

de

un

campo

de

bat¬

talia

Aya-huantu Aya-huasi.

A A

los mu-

shroud

Mortaja

tomb

Sepidcro

79

QUIOHUA DICTIONARY.

Aya-marca

November; a feast to Noviembre commemorate the dead

Ayayani

To die

Morir

(Clienopod'mm quinua) wild quinua

Quinoa

.

Bezoar stone

Piedra

.

Flesh

Came

Ayar

.

(see Quinoa)

Ayaylla Aycha

bezar

Aychannac

The spirit

JEspiritu

Ayclia-catu

Meat market

Mercado de came

Aycura

.

Thatch

Ay] In

.

Lineage,

Bar da fa¬ Tribu,,

tribe,

mily

familia

Ayllu-ayllu

Good lineage

JBucn linage

Ayllu-runa

A relation All the tribe

Pariente

To divide according

Dividir

Aylluntin

.

Aylluni

Todo el tribu junto

to tribes

Aymara

Nation subject to Nacion the Yncas, on the vas banks of Lake Ti-

.

segun

tribus

los

de Ayma-

ticaca

To gather maize

Aymurani Aymuray Aynani

May, time vest

of

Entrojar

har¬ Mayo, ttempo cosechar

.

To flower

Florecer

Florido

.

Flowery To grumble

Apia Ayilini

.

sapa

Aynicuni

.

Pezongar

To contradict

Cuntradecir

Aypuni

.

To distribute

Hep art ir

Ayquini

.

To

Huir

flee,

escape

de

80

QUICI-IUA

Ayqiiec

.

.

A

Ayquey

.

.

Flight

Ayrampu

Ayri

fugitive

.

.

Fug a

An axe

Ayrihua

(see

Aysani

.

.

.To

Aysana

.

.

.

.To

.

.

Ayssani

Fugitive)

Airampo)

(see

.

DICTIONARY.

Hacha

Ariliua)

.

Aytacupi

A

weigh.

Pesar

balance

Balanza

drag, to stretch Arrastrar (Tcifolia glauca, R. Fspecie de plant a

P.) A

chloranthaceous plant

Aytini

.

.

.To

Ayttini

.

.

.

Ayuni

.

.

.To

Ayuc

.

.

Ayuy

.

.

Lavar metal

wash metal

To reel up thread commit adultery

An adulterer Adultery

Devanar Cometer

adulter io

Adidtero Adulterio

C Ca, cachic

.

. Take (defective verb) Tomad

Caca

.

. Uncle, brother

.

mother

Caeca

.

Yachapayaccacca Cacca-pata

.

Cacha

Cacharini Caclica Cachi

.

.

of the Tio

A rock

Peua

An

Eco

echo

Top of a rock

A

messenger

To unite

Cumbre Projjio TJnir

Anything sharp

Cosa acera

Salt

Sal

81

QUICHUA DICTIONAKY. C a cliini

To cause

.

A

Cachorro

Cacliu-yuyu

.

Causar

game like hops¬ Juego cotch. Word used at Guamanga

(Thibaudia nata,

Jus.)

acumi¬

Caci

A

fast

Ayuno

Cacim

It

thunders

Truena

Cheek

Ilex ilia

Cacclancliani

To box the ears

Dar Jjofetadas

Cacclanchay

A

Bofetacla

Caclla

Calmani Calmna

.

box on the ear

To pant, hiccough Palpitar Thread twisted twice Ililo torcido

dos

veccs

Caihua-caihua

(Dianthera multiflora, li. P.) Leaves edible, roots used for cleaning teeth

A

Calahuala

fern

(Polypudium

Esjpecie

Calatu

A

Calisaya

The most valuable species of cliincho-

clog

without hair

Perro sin pelo Gascarilla

11a, yielding febri¬

fuge bark. Derived from ccali (strong) and sai/ani (I stand up)

Calla

.

Calla-cunchuy

A

de helecho

Calahuala)

distaff

Name of one of the architects of the fortress of Cuzco

1lueca

82

QUICHUA DICTIONARY.

Callani

To pave To reap corn Harvest

.

Callchani

Callcliay Calllma .

Callpa

.

.

Callpanac

.

Callpanchani

Callquini Callqui-rumi Callquisca. Cam (see Ccam) Cama . .

.

Cama-allpa .

Camayoc

.

La

Force, vigour

Fuerza

Weak

Dcbil

To strengthen To pave

Esforzar

Paving stone

Piedra para

Paved

Empedrado

Yon

Tn

According to,

Solar em-

pedrar

as far

Serjun,

hasta

Fertile land

Buen terreno Digno

(see page 30)

All work

,. Each for himself

A

Camachic Camachinacuy

con

tejido

Worthy

All

Cama llamcancaman

Camachisca

tahlilla

que aprieten lo

Official, one holding Oficial any office or en¬ gaged in any occupation

Cama

Cama-caman

Cosecha

The board or frame on which cloth is woven

as

Camanca

Solar Sejcir

.

governor

Todo Todo trabajo Gada lino por si Gobemador

Council

Consejo

A

Mandamiento

mandate

Camacliisca-simi

Law

Ley

Camachiy

.

Government

Gobierno

Camascu

.

Perfect

Perfecto

83

QUICHUA DICTIONARY. Camallanmi Camani

.

.

Camac

To be enough. To create

Bastar

Creator

Oriador

Criar

Creator of the world Criador delmundo

Paclia-camac

Creation

Creadon

To prepare, arrange

Aparejar

Camclia .

Toasted maize

Maiz

Campucasa

(Solanum

Cana

Finally To roast

Finalmeiite

Roast meat

Asado

Camasca

.

Camarini Camayoc (see Cama)

Cancani

tostado

stellatum,

R. P.) Word used at Tarma

.

Cancasca aychu

Asar

Cancha

.

Place, court, sure

Cancu

.

Sacrificial bread

enclo¬

Plaza ran, del sacrificlo

Cani

To

Canillani

Detest at

.

To hate mortally To bite

.

A

Plato chico plata

Canini Canipu

Ser, estar

be

Mordir

small silver dish

Canopa (see Conopa)

Cantini

.

.

.To

Cantu Cantut,

twist

(Pariplintgmos pen dots, R.

Cantu-ttica

Torcir de-

P.)

(PariplirtK/mos imiflorus, R. P.) This flower was used in the garlands of youths at the Huaracu festival

de

84

QUICHUA DICTIONARY. Pucay-cantutricBright chac . . things

Capia

.

Cosccs

de

colores

especiosos

of an eastern Barrio del Cuzco suburb of ancient Cuzco

Cantut-pata

Capallu

coloured

. Name

.A

.

.

.

.

pumpkin,

gourd

Wliite maize

Capu

.

.

. (See page 55)

Capuli

.

.

.

(PInj salts R. P.)

Colabaza
j c-oyuAtL* v tX' iiu/u)Li' cLs.i.i^ bl.Ce^i haJCfs-j ix- £-t«^ t (. tiyti,. ckaV/ux-.