The Ubaid Period in Iraq, Parts i and ii: Recent excavations in the Hamrin region 9781407391250, 9781407391267, 9780860543404, 9781407342887

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The Ubaid Period in Iraq Recent excavations in the Hamrin region

Sabah Abboud. Jasim Part i

BAR International Series 267(i)

1985

·B.A.R.

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0ES, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R Walker, M.A.

BAR S267 (I), 1985: 'The Ub aid Period in Iraq' Part I

© Sab ah Ab b oud Jasim, 1985 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407391250 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407391267 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860543404 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407342887 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860543404 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

T able

o f Contents

A cknowledgements

V

I ntroduction

v i

C HAPTER I Geographical

a nd

E nvironmental

S etting

Geology Topography

2 2

Communications C limate Temperature a nd

3 3 3

H umidity

Rainfall Population

5

Vegetation Soils a nd S oil

5 6 6

A nalysis

Land S tructure Ground Water a nd Texture Soil G roups

7 7 7

S alinity

i L l

Conclusion C HAPTER I I Tell A bada: The The

N ew

L ight

on

the

U baid

P eriod

S ite E xcavations

Section A S tratigraphy Level I II Level I I Level

a nd

A rchitecture

1 7 1 7 1 8 2 7

B

3 3

The B urials S tratigraphic D istribution Conclusion Section C F ire I nstallations S ection

3 1 4 3 6 5 3

D

Figurines Section C lay,

I raq 1 6 1 6

I

Section

i n

5 5

E

B aked

C lay,

a nd

C eramic

Objects

Spindle Whorls S ling B alls Bent N ails Ladles U tilitarian

5 8 8 5 6 2 6 2 6 4

C lay

M iscellaneous Boat M odels Section F

O bjects

C lay

6 4

Objects

6 6 6 6

Ornaments Section G C lay T okens Section H Ground a nd P olished

6 7 6 9 S tone

I ndustries

7 4

S ection I Other S tone Hoes Ground

7 8

A rtifacts

78 C hisels

79

Polished Celts Small r egular s tones depression o n e ither

79

S tone

w ith s ide

circular

B ored S tones R ubbing S tones

8 0 8 0 8 0

S tirring

8 0

r ods

Whetstones

8 1

D oor

8 1

S ockets

Grooved s tones Mace-heads S tone " phallus"

8 1

Marble t ablets P alettes Varia

82

S ection B one

8 2 8 2 83 8 3

J 8 5

A rtifacts

Section K Other A rtifacts Gypsum O bjects

8 6 8 7 88

B itumen O bjects Basketry a nd M atting CHAPTER

88

I II

The P ottery of T ell Abada S ection A The P ottery of L evel I II Transitional P ottery The U baid I P ottery The U baid 2 P ottery P lain p ottery Section

9 0 9 0

9 2 9 4 9 6 9 7

B

The P ainted P ottery The P ainted P ottery of L evel I I The P ainted P ottery of L evel I Section C The P lain P ottery of L evel I I

9 8 9 8 1 10

The P lain P ottery Section D

1 27

I mpressed Impressed I ncised

of

Level

a nd I ncised P ottery

1 25

I

P ottery

1 30 1 30

P ottery

1 34

I ncised/Impressed-and-painted Section E

P ottery

Halaf P ottery Conclusion CHAPTER The 1 2

3 4 5

1 37 1 39 1 39

I V -

-

-

-

-

U baid T ell

S ites i n R ashid

t he

Hamrin

R egion

1 43 1 43

S ite n o. 3 A T ell A yash T elul A l-Khubari

1 52

T ell

1 53

E s-Saadiya

1 51

1 53

6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tell

Songor

A

Tell Tell

Songor Songor

B C

1 54 1 55 1 56

Tell

M adhhur

1 58

Tell Tell

Kheit Qasim Haizalon

1 61 1 62

Tell

B ustan

Tell Tell

A r—Rubeidheh Hasan

1 63 1 64 1 64

1 5 Tell Abu—Husaini Foreign R elations Abada a nd Ubaid C hronology

1 65 1 66

Hamrin Ubaid Conclusion

1 72 1 73

-

C HAPTER

a nd

Local

1 69

Chronology

V

Settlement P atterns: D istribution S ite D istribution Site

C atchment

Subsistance

a nd

S ite 1 81 1 81

Analysis

1 82

Soil types a nd S ite Locations Land—Use i n the Hamrin Region Arable Land a nd Agriculture Agriculture Rain Cultivation I rrigation P attern Ancient Cultivation

i n

1 85 1 87 t he

Hamrin

region

1 89 1 90

Animal Husbandry Discussions a nd C onclusions CHAPTER

1 91 1 93

V I

Community S ite S ite

P atterns:

Spacing Spacing

Status

a nd

C raft Trade

I nter

a nd

I ntra—site

the

Specialization

The Ubaidian Leadership

1 98 1 98 2 01

R esidential a nd

Community

Trade

a nd

the

2 07 2 10 E volution

of 2 12

V II 2 15

I

The Animal Bones f rom By Sebastian Payne A PPENDIX

2 03 2 06

U nit

Conclusion APPENDIX

Analysis

Demography

D ifferentiation

S ite Hierarchies The Household a nd

CHAPTER

1 87 1 88 1 88

Tell

Abada

2 20

I I

Tell Abada P reliminary By Bob Bewley B IBLIOGRAPHY

L ithic

Analysis

2 28

2 30

Acknowledgements

This

monograph

myself

i n

the

i s

a n

H amrin

outcome r 2gion

of i n

excavations I raq .

The

carried

work

was

out

by

entirely

f inanced by the I raqi State Antiquities Organization.

My

special

head of a dvice,

thanks

a nd

g ratitude

a re

due

to

Dr.

Mu 'ayad

Sa 'id,

t he I raqi S tate Antiquities Organization, f or e ncouragement a nd s upport, a nd t o my f riends

colleagues

Messrs

Ali

H . hari

a nd

J urjis

M .

Fadhil

f or

h is a nd

their

unfailing efforts a nd help during the course of e xcavations.

I s hould l ike t o e xpress my s pecial thanks a nd gratitude to Dr. Joan ( ) tes of t he University of Cambridge who s upervised my Ph .D. d issertation upon which this book i s based.

The

a nimal

bones

have

been

s tudied

a nd

i dentified

by

Mr.

Sebastian Payne; the h uman bones by Dr. H . I shida of the U niversity of O saka, J apan; the l ithic i ndustry by Dr. Bob Bewley; the plant remains by Messrs. G . Hillman a nd M . Charles. The

C_1 14 date

determinations

were

undertaken

by

D r.R. Burleigh

of the B ritish Museum . My t r ianks a nd g ratitude are due to them a ll. Thanks a re a lso due to C hantal and Jean Danial Forest who k indly

p ut

a t

my

d isposal

the material

f rom

Kheit

Qasim

I II

a t

P aris. I a m thankful t o P rof H . Fujii f or providing me with the i nformation a nd pottery photographs f rom Telul Sor igor. I a m a lso th kful t o D r. Harriet C rawford f or her proof reading a nd useful c omments. I a m g rateful to P rof . D . Oates, Mr. N . Postgate, P rof. C . Wilson,

R enfrew, P rof. P .R. D r. C . Shell a nd

Moorey, P rof. J . Alexander, P rof . J .K. Dr. Addo—Yobo Abdullah , for their

k indness a nd help.

Lastly

I a m

e specially

thankful

t o

my

wife

Sawsan

and

daughters Asil a nd Sadim f or their support a nd patience.

V

to

my

I ntroduction

I t Woolley

has

been

more

r evealed

a t

t han

t he

a h alf century s ince H .R . H all

s mall

s ite

of

T ell

A l-Ubaid

a nd

[ 1]

L .

n ear

U r, the t ype of d istinctive painted p ottery w hich w as s ubsequently f ound a t many s ites a nd w as g iven the t itle of "Al-Ubaid", a t erm a lso u sed t o denote t he p eriod a nd t he culture a ssociated w ith l t.

T he

U baid

p ottery

f ound

a t

the

e arliest

l evels

a t

E ridu

( XIX-XV) i s the earliest p ottery y et f ound i n S outhern Mesopotamia; i t was f irst called "Eridu Ware" b y the e xcavators of t he s ite ( Lloyd a nd S afer 1 948). This ware was f ollowed i n l evels X IV-XII by a nother d istinctive ceramic H ajji Muhammad, after t he type s ite near Warka f irst f ound " traditional" pottery

had

( Ziegler s tyle of

b een

1 953), this U baid p ottery

f ound

b efore

a t

s tyle where

called i t w as

was f ollowed b y i n l evels X II-VI.

A l-Ubaid,

U r

( Woolley

the T his 1 955)

a nd Warka ( U.V.B . V I, 1 932). J oan Oates ( 1960) has p roved t hat both E ridu a nd H ajji Muhammad were only a n e arlier p hase of a h omogeneous a ssemblage which s hows a g radual t ransformation a nd d isplays a n u nbroken continuity, thus warranting t he t erm Ubaid 1 , 2 , 3 a nd 1 4 respectively. S o t he whole U baid p eriod i s divisible i nto f our p hases ( Ubaid 1 -4) a nd t his s tudy f ollows this t erminology.

The s econd p hase of the U baid p eriod ( Ubaid 2 ) i s w idely d istributed i n Mesopotamia, i t i s most concentrated i n the U ruk region a s well a s a t U ruk a nd H ajji Muhammad i tself ( Adams 1 981:58), i t i s a lso f ound a t E ridu ( VIX-XII) a nd f urther n orth a t t he s ite of R as A l-Amiya near K ish ( Stronach 1 961) a nd a t Mandali I raq.

( Oates

C lose

1 969)

a nd

p arallels

Khazineh i n K huzistan

i n

a re

the t o

Hamrin be

region

d rawn

w ith

( Hole, F lannery a nd

N eely

i n

e ast-central

S usiana

B

a nd

1 969).

D uring U baid 3 a nd 1 4 the U baid culture s eems t o h ave spread w idely t hroughout M esopotamia a nd f or t he f irst t ime we f ind

t hat

b oth

s outhern

a nd

n orthern

I raq

were

culturally

united. The U baid i nfluence was a lso a pparent i n Khuzistan ( Bayat a nd M ehmeh p hases), northwestern I ran, Syria a nd the eastern p rovince of S audi A rabia ( Masry 1 974).

This

w ide-spread

i nteresting that

f urther

[ 1]

of

d iscoveries

p roblems

have

H .Hall

w hich

d iscoveries

u nderstanding more

d istribution

p heonmenon

a nd

i ts

of

of the

justifies t his

culture

developmental

h ave

b ecome

L .Woolley

b een

made

i nevitable,

1 927,

U r

v i

U baid

more

c an

p hases

be

made

i ncreased.

f urther i n

culture

i s

i nvestigation, B ut

so our as

a rchaeological

p articular

E xcavations,

a nd

an

vol.1,

when

the

A l-Ubaid.

evidence i s p roved e ither defective or i ncomplete. The e vidence which was obtained f rom t he U baid s ites i n I raq was not a lways satisfactory due t o t he l imited a nd r estricted a mount of e xcavation

conducted,

could help to w ith the U baid necessity

this

of

f inding

a

become most u rgent a nd

The a rea

i n

f ailed

p roduce

materials

which

s ite

which

eastern

might

be

p romising,

has

i mportant.

i mpressive d iscoveries t he

t o

r esolve s ome a rchaeological p roblems i nvolved p eriod a nd i ts development p hases. Therefore the

e dge

of

f rom

the

C hoga Mami

a lluvial

i n

p lain

the Mandali of

I raq,

had

thrown l ight o n t he i mportance of this p art of I raq i n the p rehistoric p eriods. T he e xcavations there p rovided a s ignificant s equence running f rom S amarra p eriod i n the 6th millennium B .C . u ntil the U baid p eriod Transitional S amarra—Ubaid p hase which was E ncouraged e xcavate the

by

t he

north

t hese

i mportant

s ite of Tell

of

C hoga

A bada

Mami.

t hrough u nknown

d iscoveries

we

a new before.

decided

t o

i n the H amrin region, n ot f ar to

Abada

was

s elected

f or

e xcavation

because of the e normous q uantity of s urface s herds of the U baid period a nd i n p articular because a mong these were many i n the s tyle

of

E ridu

a nd

Hajji

M uhammad

( Ubaid

1 a nd

2 ). Moreover

the

location of the s ite i n a n a rchaeologically unexplored a rea i n the central east of I raq a long t he f oothills between I raq a nd I ran, seemed t o b e most p romising a nd e ncouraged h opes of p roducing

e vidence

t o

e lucidate

the

relationship

between

northern a nd s outhern I raq during t he U baid p eriod o n the one hand, and t he relationship, if a ny, between I raq a nd I ran on the other.

The work a t T ell operation conducted

A bada was a p art of a b y the I raqi S tate

O rganization

H amrin

i n

a rchaeological

t he

region

s ites w ere t o be

where

i nundated

w ide rescue A ntiquities

a bout

s eventy

by a dam, now a lready

constructed.

This

s tudy

c onsiders

the

U baid

p eriod

i n

I raq

f ocusing

mainly on the Hamrin region where s ome s ixteen U baid s ites were e xcavated. I t d iscusses the e nvironmental s ituation a nd i nvestigates i n general,

the r esource the U baid

p otential of the a rea. I t a ssemblages f rom e ach

describes, s ite a nd

i nvestigates the relationships between t hem ; i t describes detail a nd a nalyzes the U baid a ssemblage f rom the l argest

i n of

these s ites, Tell A bada, a nd t ries to d istinguish i ts role i n the region a nd t o e stablish its chronological p osition. I t makes a c areful c omparative a nd a nalytical s tudy of a w ide range

of materials,

U baid

s ites

i n

i n

p articular

t he region. I t

the

p ottery,

f rom

a ll

of

the

d iscusses the distribution of the

U baid s ites i n t he H amrin region a nd c onsiders the i mplications of such d istributions i n this p art of I raq. I t a lso i nvestigates s ettlement patterns a nd considers various a spects i nvolved

w ith

c ommunity

p atterns

region.

v ii

of

the

U baid

p eople

i n

the

The

s tudy

i s

mainly

based

o n

the

results

of

the

e xcavations conducted by the writer a t t wo of the largest U baid s ites i n the H amrin region: T ell A bada, where e xtensive e xcavation revealed more than 8 0% of t he t otal a rea of the s ite, thus w ith

e xposing a lmost the whole p lan of a v illage s ettlement a n e xtensive i nventory of various k inds of materials, a nd

T ell

R ashid where only l imited e xcavation was conducted.

The D ecember

e xcavations a t 1 977 a nd l asted

i nterruption, while

the

Tell A bada s tarted i n the middle of u ntil the e nd of J uly 1 978 w ithout a ny e xcavations

a t

T ell

R ashid

t ook

p lace

between t he middle of April a nd the middle of M ay 1 978. The work a t both s ites was the responsibility of the w riter a lone, but was f acilitated a nd f inanced b y the I raqi S tate O rganisation of A ntiquities to which the writer belonged.

A rchaeological

data

concerning

o ther

U baid

s ites

i n

t he

H amrin region w ere mainly obtained t hrough s ystematic v isits by the w riter t o t hese s ites i n the course of excavations a nd t he s tudy by h im of t heir s ite material, stored i n the I raqi M useum i n Baghdad. B ut i n s ome cases p ublished or u npublished p reliminary reports of e xcavations were relied upon.

v iii

C HAPTER I

Geographical a nd E nvironmental S etting

An

u nderstanding

of

t he

p resent

morphology

of

t he

s tudy

a rea ( the Hamrin r egion) i s pertinent to our main concern of u nderstanding a nd r econstructing the a ncient l andscape of the r egion

during

p relude.

I t

t he

i s

Ubaid

r elevant,

p eriod.

So

f irst,

to

i t

i s

p resented

consider

the

here

g eology

a s

of

a

the

a rea.

Geology

I raq

i s

( MacFadyen 1 2

-

-

the

d ivisible

i nto

three

g eological

regions

1 966, 5):

I raqi

portion

5 7% of I raq. The Foothills

of

of t he

of the country. 3 — The Mesopotamian

t he

A rabian

Z agros

p lains

s hield,

r anges,

which

c over

covering

covering s ome

s ome

2 5%

of

s ome 1 8%

I raq.

Our c oncern i s with the s econd region i n the northeast of I raq where the s trata have b een s trongly f olded during Tertiary t imes to f orm a s eries of north—west to s outh—east h ills a nd mountain r anges, which continue s outhward beyond the f rontier i n western I raq

( ibid, 5 ). The region consists of b eds of g ravel,

conglomerate a nd s andstone; a ll of these p roducts were a ccumulated during t he e rosion of the mountains. I t a lso contains l ow parallel h ill r idges a nd rather e xtensive valleys a nd p lains, i n which v arious s treams have c ut their v alleys ( Buringh 1 960, 3 7). The Middle D iyala basin, which i ncludes the Hamrin region, l ies within t his a rea. It consists of a s eries of l ow a nd

a nticlines which merge i nto a f olded e ast. I n e ach t here a re o utcrops

consisting o verlaid a re most l ong

of

i nterbedded

marls

to the north Fars series

a nd

s andstones,

by the B akhtiari beds. The outcrops of the Fars beds s triking i n the Jebel Hamrin where they g ive r ise to

parallel

s urrounding outcrops

c losely

complex of the

r idges

t he

c onsisting

i nterspersed

with

of

Hamrin of b eds

s andstone

b asin

a re

c ompact of

c lay

g ravel a nd

o utcrops.

p redominantly a nd

s ilt.

The

h ills

Bakhtiari

conglomerate The

s ynclines

beds, a re

f illed with a lluvium to a considerable depth, f ormed by e rosion f rom the

s urrounding h ills

( Macdonald a nd partners

N o.4).

1

1 959, Report

Topography a nd R iver Systems

The 1 4 0

x 1 5

Hamrin km .

I t

c entral part

basin l ies

of

I raq

i s

i n

a n

the

a lmond-shaped

a rea

M iddle

r egion

b etween

D iyala

J ebel

Hamrin,

[ 1]

measuring i n

the

some e ast-

the westernmost

r ipple of t he Zagros mountains a nd t he r idges of J ebel J ubbah D ag which r un r oughly p arallel to the n orth of i t ( Figs. 1 , 2 ).

The m iddle

f olded

D iyala

s ediments

i ncluding

of

the

the

J ebel

Hamrin

Hamrin

r egion

c ut

f rom

-

o ff

the

the

g reater

Mesopotamian a lluvial p lain. The D iyala r iver, f lowing i n a south-westerly d irection, c uts the b asin i nto two parts. The r iver

has

a

c onstant

s teep

s lope

o f

a bout

two

metres

per

kilometre a nd i t has a djusted i ts r egime by f lowing i n n umerous small channels within a wide g ravelly b ed. This g ives r ise to the c haracteristic b raided r eaches which a re a feature of the a rea. When

the

r iver

c uts

through

the

l ow

ranges

of

h ills

the

r iver c hannel i s n arrower a nd i s b ounded b y c liffs of conglomerate a nd compact g ravel. The t wo main t ributaries which j oin t he D iyala r iver i n t he middle D iyala basin a re the Wand o n the l eft bank a nd the Narin C hai o n t he r ight. The l ast r iver has a v ery d ifferent character f rom the D iyala, i t i s a deep c utting s tream, l ying a s much a s n ine metres b elow the p lain. I t i s s hallow, measuring a bout t en metres a t i ts greatest width a nd

c an

b e

c atchment

f orded

a rea

i s

a t

d ifferent

c omprised

of

s pots

l ow

( Gibson

g ravel

a nd

1 981);

sandstone

the

hills

which a re v ery s parsely covered w ith v egetation. I n s ummer i t i s a lmost d ry a nd i s e xcessively s alty. I n i ts l ower r eaches the Narin Chai has a n average s lope of 50 c ms . per kilometre a nd has e roded a meandering channel up to s ix metres deep a long the north-east f oot of t he J ebel Hamrin. This r iver d rains a n area of

a bout

Chai,

i t

2 00

s quare

k ilometres

h as

e roded

a w ide

town of Saadiya

of

deep

g ravel

b ed

i n

( Macdonald a nd partners

Communications

The

Hamrin

r egion

i s

c rossed

b y

hills.

t he

Like

p lain

the

s outh

Narin of

the

1 959, Report No.1 4 , 3).

( Fig. 3 )

t he

h istorical

K hurasan

road which connects I ran to I raq a nd p rovides a ccess to B aghdad a nd the T igris-Euphrates r outes. At t he town of Saadiya a nother r oad f orks t o Jalawla where i t c rosses the r iver a nd then passes n orth up the bank of t he R iver D iyala to Derbendi Khan, a nd p asses t hrough the f ertile Shehrizor p lain to Sulaimaniya

[ 1]

This i s a l ow range of h ills ( alt. 3 00_ 14 00 i n .) r unning f rom Fatha o n t he r iver T igris to M ansuriyat Al-Jabal on the D iyala, t hence merging i nto the h igher Persian f oothills of t he P usht-i-kuh near Mandali. The Jabel Hamrin which i s p rolonged s ome d istance westwards of t he Tigris a s Jebel Makhul, c learly d emarcates upper ( or northern) f rom lower ( central a nd s outhern) I raq ( Guest 1 966, 3 ).

2

i n northern I raq . [ 2] From Jalawla a nother road runs north—west a long the r ailway l ine l inking Qara Tepe a t the north e nd of the basin to K irkuk a nd Mosul. ( Macdonald a nd partners 1 959; Postgate

1 979, 593_594).

C limate

1

-

Temperature a nd Humidity

The c limate i s s emi—arid a nd i s s imilar to that i n the plain t o t he s outh. The a rea l ies o n the f ringes of what i s usua ly r egarded a s a r ain—fed zone of I raq ( Oates a nd Oates 1 976b, 1 03). Summer b y

d ust

i s c haracterized by heat, occasionally a ccompanied

s torms

a nd

o ccasional

s evere

f rosts

occur

i n

winter

which i s g enerally c old.

The

mean

monthly

t emperature

a nd

the n earby t own o f Khanaqin, a re s et t hat the s ummer t emperatures a re

humidity,

a s

c oincide w ith

l ow h umidity, consequently

s ummer

v ery

i s

of

h igh

w inter

2

-

a s

the

t he

t ranspiration

t emperatures

a re

l ow

r ecorded

rate

a nd

f rosts

evaporation

v egetation. a re

not

i s

During

i nfrequent.

R ainfall

The mean

a nnual rainfall

i mmediately r ainfall

i s

s tations

a re

t o

t he

214 8

west

mm. ,

r elevant

of

a t Jalawla i s 244 mm. At Al—Mansour, the

Hamrin

compared t o

the

to

Hamrin

basin,

1 48

mm .

region.

the a t The

mean

a nnual

Baghdad. mean

Both

monthly

v alues a re s et o ut i n Table 2 .

[ 2]

a t

out i n Table 1 . This shows g enerally v ery h igh a nd

This i s the A ssyrian plain ' Zamua '

3

( Postgate

1 979, 5 94).

Table Mean m onthly T emperature M onth

t emperature ( F)

Mean Max.

a nd

1 938-57

1

h umidity d ata R elative

f or

H umidity

Khanaqin. ( %)

1 939-57

M ean M in.

M ean

0 6HRS

0 9HRS

1 5HRS

M ean o f Day.

J an F eb Mar

5 9.4 6 2.6 6 9.1

4 0.1 4 2.3 4 6.9

4 9.6 5 2.3 5 8.1

8 2 7 8 7 5

7 2 6 8 6 1

5 2 4 5 4 1

7 0 6 1 4 5 9

Apr M ay J un J ul Aug S ep O ct

8 1.9 9 5.0 1 05. 1 4 1 10.8 1 09.8 1 02.7 9 2.1

5 5.4 6 6.0 7 2.7 7 8.1 7 7.0 6 9.8 6 1.2

6 8.5 8 0.8

6 3

1 4 5 2 7

3 0 1 9

1 4 6

1 43

8 7.8 9 4.6 9 3.6 8 6.1 4

2 8 2 6 2 7 2 8

1 7 1 8 1 8 2 0

1 2 1 2 1 3 1 2

1 9 1 9 1 9 2 0

8 3.1

3 6

2 7

1 8

2 7

N ov D ec

7 6.3 6 3.3

5 1.6 4 3.2

6 5.7 5 3.2

5 9 8 0

5 2 7 1

3 6 5 1

4 9 6 7

S ource: D iyala a nd M iddle M acdonald a nd p artners 1 959.

T igris

T able M ean monthly

r ainfall f or

Month

t he

i n

p roject,

D iayala

Ja lawl a 3 6.1

3 7.8

1 4 6.7 1 4 4.9 2 8.4 6 .1

4 0.5 4 3.0 1 9.9 1 2.2

2 .7 2 7.6 5 1.0

1 5.0 3 2.5 5 6.2

2 43.5

2 1 48.1

S ource: D iyala a nd M iddle M acdonald a nd p artners 1 959.

T igris

4

Basin

A l-Mansour

J an.

Total

N o.2,

1 937-1956

Feb. Mar. April May J une J uly Aug. S ep. Oct. N ov. D ec.

R eport

2

t he M iddle

P eriod

3 0

p roject,

R eport

No -3,

Population

The

main

population

centre

i n

the

a rea

i s

t he

town

of

As-

S aadiya which has a population of 6 ,630. [ 3] Several small v illages a re s cattered throughout the region. The p opulation depends a lmost e ntirely o n agriculture f or t heir l ivelihood. D etails of the d ensity of population l iving i n a nd a round the r egion a re based o n the 1 957 c ensus. The data f rom the new c ensus which took p lace i n

1 969 a re not a vailable yet.

Vegetation

I raq

c an

b e

d ivided

i nto

( Fig. !)

s everal

g eographical

a ccording to v ariation i n v egetation. Guest ( 1966) the f ollowing v egetational regions a nd zones: R egion a rea

( Approx.

i n

s q.

Approx. Altitude l imits i n m . above

Z one

km.)

mean A .Desert

B .

Steppe

D .

2 50-koo 0 -1000

3 .Dry-steppe

Zone

1 00-350

Zone

L LMoist steppe

( 65,000) C .

Zone

1 .Desert

R egion

Mountain-Forest

5 .Forest

region

6 .Thorn-Cushion

Alpine

( 30,000) R egion

sea

2 .Sub-desert

R egion

( 350,000-400,000)

regions

has outlined

7 .Alpine

Zone

l evel

2 00-800

Zone

5 00-1800 Zone

1 700-3000

Zone

2 750-3730

( 100?)

The s econd v egetational r egion ( the S teppe R egion) s tretches f rom north a nd n ortheast of the J ebel Hamrin l ine to the f oothills a nd l ower s lopes of the mountain r anges. This region d ivides i nto two d istinctive Moist-steppe zone ( Fig. 4 ).

zones, t he D ry-steppe zone and the Our s tudy a rea l ies within the

f ormer

zone

Z one)

s parse

g rassland

t he

( the

v egetation

D ry-Steppe w ith

o f

t he

s cattered J ebel

which

f orms

shrublets

Hamrin, t he

a belt

of

short

c haracteristic

l ower

s tretches

of

of the

u pper plains to t he north a nd n orth-east of the J ebel and the l ow f oothills a long the eastern f rontier between l ower I raq a nd I ran. The g eneral e levation of the a rea i s 1 00-350 m . a bove mean s ea-level, t he e levation of the Hamrin basin 1 05

m . ,

compared

t o

3 5

m .

f or

Baghdad

a nd

v aries between

2 00

m .

f or

8 0-

Khanaqin.

R ain c ultivation i s f requently possible, b ut i n certain years i t may f ail unless partial i rrigation can a lso be g iven. On the o therhand i n s oil has n ot

[ 3]

g ood years t he b een e xhausted

Source: M inistry of Statistics , I raq 1 958.

c rop return i s high ( ibid, 7 1). No c lear

E conomics,

5

P rinciple

because the d ifferences

B ureau

of

were

n oticed

f rom

o ne

part

of

t he

H amrin

region

to

a nother

except i n the h igher Jebels east of the a rea where a more v aried a nd a bundant h ill v egetation makes i ts a ppearance. The main d ivisions

which

c an

b e

s een

a re

hills,

f lat

a reas. The Hamrin basin contains n o h ills, them ( Fig. 5 ). The v egetation cover on e xtremely s parse, rainfall i s l ost

a s b y

m ight b e r un—off ,

l ands,

a nd

m arsh

i t i s j ust bounded by the Jebel l ands i s

e xpected s ince most of t he a nd the s oils a re shallow

l ow and

f requently g ravelly. Occasional l ow b ushes ( unnamed) a re a lmost t he o nly p erennial plants but a fter t he r ains a thin cover of s mall g rasses i s s ufficient t o p rovide pasture for sheep a nd g oats. The s loping g ravelly l and i s t ransitional i n appearance to t he f lat l ands a nd a lthough v egetation i s s till s parse, some Centaurea Achillea s p. , Heliotropium s p. , Verbascum s p, Anchusa s trigosa. , Capparis—spinosa , a nd small herbs are F ound. This l and i s r epresented b y t hat part of the r egion between basin.

the

s urrounding

The non s aline f lat

h ills

a nd

the

f lat

( or s lightly s loping)

l and

l and

i s

of

the

H amrin

of particular

i nterest s ince i t c omprises most o f t he cultivable which the majority of t he Ubaid s ites were e stablished.

l and

i n

Soils a nd Soil Analysis

Very

f ew

s tudies

the

s oils

reliable Services'

i n

concerning

t his

part

t he

of

a nalysis

I raq

a nd c lassification

h ave

been

conducted.

a re t hose u ndertaken b y t he ' Hunting f or t he D iyala a nd M iddle T igris p roject

of

Most

Technical ( Macdonald

a nd partners, 1 959). Another s tudy was t hat by Buringh f or the M inistry of Agriculture, which was published i n 1 960 ( Soils and Soil Conditions i n I raq, Baghdad, heavily o n these t wo sources.

1

-

L and S tructure

Though s eparated

The

f ollowing

r elies

( Fig. 5 )

t he M iddle f rom

1 960).

t he

D iyala,

plain

of

i n which t he Hamrin region l ies, i s I raq,

i ts

s oil

material

i s

o f

the

s ame o rigin. The r ivers together with l ocal s oil movement have f ormed p lains b etween the parallel r idges of f olded s ediments . The d eposits a re of s imilar D iyala a rea ( Adams 1 965). The t hose

o f

t he

plains;

c alcium c arbonate, d epression s oil.

The

p roximity

they

a nd

of

contain

they

thick

t exture to those of t he l ower s oils a re of s imilar t exture to a v ery

i nclude

s oil

many

b eds

i n

l arge

p roportion

e xamples

o f

the

h ills

Fars

of

g ilgai

has

p rovided a g roup of s oils of v arious d epths overlying g ypsum . There i s much g ravel i n t he a rea, s ome t ransported a nd s ome, the B akhtjarj g ravels, i n s itu. Some soils rest on thick g ravel l ayers,

a nd

many

o n

t he

p eriphery

6

of

t he

p lain

have

g ravel

o n

the s urface. These g ypsum a nd g ravel d ominated s oils a re f ound on t he Mesopotamian plain e xcept when i t a buts o n

not the

o lder h ill deposits.

2

Ground Water a nd Salinity

-

The

Hamrin

r egion

s oils

d iffer

f rom

the

l owland

I raq i n t hat s alinity i s f ar l ess widespread. l ocalised s aline a reas but i n g eneral rainfall a nd w ith

good

d rainage

s eem

a ble

to

p revent

s oils

of

There a re i rrigatio

salination

of

the

s oils. The g round water i s kept deep by natural d rainage a nd neither weathering nor i rrigation have l ed to the a ccumulation of salts i n the upper soil profile. An i ncrease i n i rrigation w ithout t he p rovision of a d rainage s ystem would l ead to a r ise i n the water table a nd where this was e xcessive salination would

become

p resent,

a

d ominant

h owever,

t he

i nfluence

g eneral

i n

p rocess

the

l ower

D iyala.

i s

o ne

of

l eaching

i n

the

Hamrin

At

over

most of the a rea.

3

Texture

-

The s ilty

texture c lay

texture

o f

p roportion d eposition

most

l oam t he of of

f requently

w ith t op

t he s oil

many

soils

f ound

s ilty i s

l oams

mainly

a nd

s ilty

profiles a re the e roded f rom h ills

s ilty l oam

region c lays .

a nd

a

i s The

large

result of wide—spread f ringing the a rea. The

f ine—textured s oils a re usually f ound a way f rom the f ringes of t he h ills, a t l ower l evels. Material coarser than s ilty l oam o ccurs, but usually i n the deeper horizons. There a re many a reas of e xtremely well developed g ilgai s oils, with poor s oil s tructure

a nd

i rregular

m icro—relief.

These

soils

occur

i n

d epressions with n o effective d rainage o utlet.

The r esults of a nalyses of d ifferent s elected samples show a h igh s ilt c ontent i n the s oils; t he s ilt i n these a nalyses i s 0 .002 mm . t o 0 .05 mm. i n s ize but e ven with this range of s ilt s ize the s ilt percentage of t he s oils

-

S oil Groups

The

t exture

s oil. Several

1 )

( Fig. 6 )

s eparation

s alinity,

i s unusually h igh.

s oil

of a nd

the

soil

s tructure,

classes

have

g roups i n

b een

i s

a ddition

based to

mainly

the

d ifferentiated, these

N ormal s oils. This c lass i s d ivided i nto two g roups:

7

depth

on of a re:

a )

Chand s oils.

A g roup a nd l ight s aline o r soils

i s

of

coarser

textured

s oils

s ilt b ar ns to l oamy of l ow s alinity. The dark

b rown

o r

v arying

f rom

l ight

b ar ns

s ands a nd sand. They a re non— most c ommon c olour f or t hese

yellowish

b rown.

The

consistency

i s

usually s oft, s lightly hard, o ccasionally hard when d ry, a nd f riable when moist. These soils a re generally p orous a nd a bsorb water a reas r iver

e asily. This t ype of s oil o ccurs mainly i n the wide, deep c alled c hand which r un a lmost parallel to the D iyala i n two s eparated parts i n the s outh—eastern part o f the

Hamrin basin; the f irst c hand i s c lose o ther i s c lose to Tell R ashid ( Fig. 6 ).

to

Tel

Abada

a nd

the

There a re no particular v egetation patterns a ssociated with t hese s oils. The cover c an v ary f rom moderately dense to s parse. Centaurea

s p. ,

P rosopis

f arcta , Alhagi

maurorum

a re

common,

but

others s uch a s Artemisia, Capparis , Glycyrrhiza , Teucrium , phragmites, Aeluropus a re f ound and many o ther herbs, p lants and g rasses.

b )

Qara Tepe s oils.

This

g roup

of

s oils

c onsists

of

t he

f iner

textured

well

s tructured, non s aline o r s lightly s aline soils. The texture o f ' the top 1 00 cm. f alls predominantly i nto the s illty clay, s ilty clay l oam , a nd h eavy s ilt l oam groups. The parent material i s partly f ine t extured o utwash f rom the s urrounding h ills and partly s ediment b rought down f rom the D iyala a nd Wand r ivers.

The a rea c overed b y this g roup of s oils i s l ocated t o the north—west of t he l arge marsh a rea, a nd a round the township of Qara Tepe ( Fig. 6 ). The o nly Ubaid s ite which l ies c lose t o this a rea i s Tell Bustan.

The

natural

v egetation

i s

g enerally

f airly

s uch a d ry r egion, mainly c onsisting of l ow s paced f rom o ne f oot to s everal yards a part.

8

a bundant

s hrubs

a nd

for

weeds

. —

a ) E

çY-

-

( f l

C

O

C

O

O

C

O

C

C

C

C

C

C iJ

C

Q\ Z 1

( Y) (Y )

‚ 4 bk

(n If l (f l (f l

_ 1 C o

Q )

. 4 .3

H

U)

c t)

_

-r 4

C ') t /)

U )

( Y a )

c a ca

‚ I 0

Q

c a r1 c a o

. 1 )

c -H c a c /)

bQ .

oJ

—

u-

cf l

C ) a )

L a b o r a t o r y R e s u l t s

C

c a c / )

— o b

0

ic

O3 CiJ LC i

C

N-

C

C

C ) C

C

C t— C

c x c0 t—

0

—

0

t o 0

a ,

0

C o

E U ) 0 .

‚ -

w k

a

0

( ' \ _ J ( ' . J

. -

0

0

0

a , E

0 0 , CO

0

0 0

( D C ' )c /) V ) c/)

U )

C U

C U 0

b

( J r v c v

ç Y

C o 0 4 ) 4

C o C /

b

C ,

a ,

C o

r r c ' j

L a b o r a t o r y R e s u l t s

-

.

s _

a ,

g

C )

-

• • -

E

U

N-

O

u

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

' )

. 0 E R E

E

Q ) 4 ) i n .

C o

r co

0 ir

0 .

0 I . r c xD u-

0 . . a , i m 0

( J t I I ( D L ') 0 C ' J r

. ‚.

a ,

rf

•

O Cl )

S

0 0

E r J)

-

•

S

Q C ' J C' J -

0

a , E

.

„ 4

.

U

Q

( \ J C\ J rf l

£ ( l ) CU . ‚4 _

>< 4

• . 4 •H • .4 C I C f ) C t )

C l )

c l )

C l )

c -f l L r

L ) b

a ,

E

C ' JC ' JC ' J

L a b o r a t o r y R e s u l t s

.

o

'Y.

) C l ) • 0 L I E

E

.

E

5

O

. '

( . f l

.

Q

.

O Lf

—. --

a , 4)

0 _

1 C \

0

U )

IN

0.

c zD c xD 00

C l )

0

-

0 0

4)

0 . 0

. 0

( ' J I I I1( ' , 0 0 C\ J LC I

p a r t n e r s ,

L I

2 )

Saline S oils

This

c lass

of

s oil

i s

d ivided

i nto

t hree

g roups,

these

a re:

Beled R uz s oils, Abbas s oils a nd Kanaan s oils.

The f irst two g roups a re not represented i n the H amrin region, s o o ur concern will b e with the t hird g roup only, i .e . :

Kanaan s oils:

These s oils can b e e ither moderately s aline or saline. I n texture a nd s tratification t hey a re e quivalent to t he Chand s oils. C onsistencies a re usually soft t o s lightly h ard and o ccasionally hard when d ry to f riable when moist. Colour r anges

f rom

y ellowish

b rown

to

dark

yellowish

b rown.

As

mentioned

a bove, a lmost a ll these s aline s oils a re c lose to the t wo marsh a reas; t he wider a nd l arger of these a reas l ies a t the n orthern e nd of t he Hamrin b asin ( Fig. 5 ). Some e xample, Maddhur, Bustan a nd R ubeidheh,

of the Ubaid s ites , for a re f ound close t o this

a rea. The o ther marsh a rea i s l ocated t o t he west of the D iyala r iver. The Ubaid s ites of S ongor a re l ocated n earby.

The

v egetation

moderately s pecies,

o n

s aline

while

t hese

s oils

s oils

v aries

P rosopis

Aeluropus

with

f arcta

plantago,

i s

S uaeda ,

salinity. O n the

most

Hordeum,

the

c ommon

A rtemisia

a nd C apparis a lso o ccur. The cover i s usually described a s moderately dense to v ery s parse. Suaeda a nd Aeluropus a re most commonly

a ssociated

w ith

the

saline

s oils

a nd

occasionally

Aihagi maurorum , C ressa e retica a nd H ordeum marinuum o ccur. The c over i s described a s moderately dense to sparse.

Marsh Land

As t wo a rea

c an

b e

places i n

s een

i n

t he

t he

i n Fig. 6 , t he marsh l and north—western

v icinity

of

Qara

part

Tepe

i s

of

a reas

the

a re

Hamrin

a complex

of

l ocated region. s ome

of

s aline s oil types a lready described. These marsh lands s erve t he main g razing l and f or t he f locks of s heep a nd h erds c attle

a nd

f locks

g raze

c amels o n

f rom

t he

the

v arious

v illages

which

s alt—tolerant

s urround g rasses,

i n The the a s of

t hem .

The

p lants

and

s edges t hat f orm a comparatively dense c over over much o f these a reas. b irds.

The

a rea

i s

a lso

the

home

of

w ild

pigs

a nd

a v ariety

of

The s econd marsh a rea i s smaller a nd l ocated to the west of t he D iyala r iver, n early i n t he middle s ection of t he Hamrin r egion.

1 2

The r iver

s oils

of

t hese

a lluvium

a nd

two

a reas

j ebel

a re

o utwash.

g enerally They

a re

f ine

textured

s imilar

to

the

Kanaan s oils but s alinity i s g enerally h igher.

The

v egetation pattern of the marsh

lands

can

b e

r elated

to

t he s alinity a nd the wetness of the s oil; v arying f rom the S uaedu AeluropUS c omplex a lready noted on the e dges , through r ush f ringes, through a g rass-rush a ssociation ( AeluropuS s p. a nd Juncus bufonius) ( Scirpus matrimus)

to t he wettest places where sedges a nd r eeds ( phragmit .es Commur lis)

p redominate. As mentioned

earlier

a number

f ound i n t he v icinity of the two a reas

of

U baid

s ites

were

( Fig. 6 ).

3 ) Fine textured soils

This

c lass

of

soils

Musari s oils. The o utside the Hamrin

i s

d ivided

i nto two g roups, Tabra soils

a nd

p rinciple a rea of the f irst g roup l ies r egion, s o we a re only concerned with the

s econd g roup.

M usari

s oils

These s oils a re non s aline to s lightly s aline, with a fairly p oor s tructure. They a re the most common soils i n the Hamrin r egion. Their range of texture i n

t he

Qara

a nd

s alinity

Tepe a nd Tabra g roups, b ut

b etween t hem. The Musari s oils a re f ine g rained i rrigation a nd Diyala d erived

h ill wash material. The

i s

s imilar to soils

tends to be

i ntermediate

p redominantly f ormed f rom f lood deposits a nd locally

t exture

of

soils

i n

the

Musari

g roup r anges g enerally f rom heavy s ilt b ar ns to s ilty c lay. The c onsistency of d ry s oil i s g enerally hard to v ery hard i n the s urface l ayers, b ecoming f irm to v ery f irm where s lightly moist, b elow 1 00-150 cm . The moist colours a re s imilar to those of the Qara Tepe g roup of soils, b eing p redominantly b rown, d ark b rown t o

d ark

g rey

b rown.

The

d ry

c olour,

however,

i s

g enerally

l ighter, r anging f rom l ight g rey t o pale brown o r brown.

This g roup of s oils i s the most common i n the a rea a nd i s the a nalogue o f t he s imilar g roup i n the l ower D iyala a nd Adhaim a rea. Most of t he U baid s ites i n the Hamrin region, particularly t hose l ocated i n the s outh-western part of t he basin, a re a ssociated Ayash

a nd

w ith

t his

type

A 1-Khubari),

of

a lso

s oil K .

( Rashid,

Qasim ,

Haizabon o n t he o therside of the r egion

The o n

most

vegetation o f

t he

o n

t he

M ir idte

Musari

D iyala

s oils

soils

by

s ite

Hasan,

Abu

no-3.A ,

Abada ,

Husaini

a nd

( Fig. 6 ).

i s

dominated, a s

shok

( Prosopis

i s

that

farcta).

I ts o ccurence w a r ecorded i n over 9 0% of the s ites i nvestigated. Other c ommon p lants were C entaurea s pp . , v arious s edges a nd A lhagi maurorum a ghul, each of which occurred a t

1 3

a pproximately 4 0_50% of the s ites i nvestigated.

C onclusion

I n t his chapter t he g eographical a nd e nvironmental characteristics of t he s tudy a rea ( the Hamrin region), have been b riefly described. Most l ikely t o effect the pattern o f the d istribution of d ifferent soil types.

The

Hamrin

region

t he

Ubaid

contains

s ites

i n

the

soils which can b e

a rea

a re

classified

the

a s

Normal s oils, Saline s oils a nd Fine—textured s oils ( the M usari soils). The f act t hat t he majority o f t he U baid s ites i n the Hamrin r egion were a ssociated with the Fine—textured s oils i s of particular i nterest. Another g roup of Ubaid s ites i s a ssociated with t he two marsh a reas i n the north—western part of t he Hamrin r egion. The implications will b e d iscussed i n Chapter V .

1 4

of

t his

d istribution

a ,

CO L C N c 'i cn C 'i

Q tr L r 't -r

Co u.

C ' J

u-

L r Lr % Lr Q

O

O

C D

C D

C D

0' O

0

0 0 LC 0 'u1

I 0

0 0

CHAPTER I I

Tell Abada: New l ight o n t he U baid Period

The s ite

Tell Abada l ies to t he east of t he D iyala r iver i n t he s outheastern part of the Hamrin r egion, s ome 1 2 km . southeast o f the town of As—Saadiyah, i n a v ast plain a long t he Zagros f oothills. This

f airly

l arge

s ite

p rehistoric 7 ;Pl. 1 ) . .

s ites

f ound

I t

i s

a n

o ccupies o n

t his

oval—shaped mound

i s

2 .50

m .

b elow

of

p osition

t he

a pproximately

m . w ide, which r ises a bout 3 .50 m . ( Fig. 8 ). But the b ase of t he e xcavations, 9 ).

a c entral s ide

t he

a bove the s ite, a s present

a mong

r egion.

i g o

[ 1]

the

( Fig.

m . l ong a nd

1 50

s urrounding p lain r evealed b y o ur

g round

s urface

( Fig.

There were no recent s urface d isturbances f rom p loughing o r b urial owing t o a l ocal b elief t hat t he t ell was haunted.

The E xcavations

All

t he

s urface

material

was

c ollected

f rom

the

e ntire

s urface of the mound a nd the s urrounding a rea ; i t was c leaned, numbered, c lassified, d rawn a nd r egistered a ccording t o i ts l ocation. s quares

We

d ivided

s eparated

t he

f rom

whole each

s urface

o ther

b y

of

t he

1 m .

tell

w ide

i nto

baulks.

1 0

m .

Each

s quare was d ivided i nto f our s ubdivisions. E xcavation s tarted on t he s quares which o ccupy the central part of the mound, then i t was e xtended to cover a lmost the e ntire

a rea of t he t ell. Our

u ltimate a im was t o e xpose both h orizontally a nd l arge a n a rea a s possible.

Two deep soundings, o ne on

northern

a s

i n the c entre of t he mound, t he o ther

s lope,

were

d ug

down

the s tratigraphy. More was e xcavated.

t han

8 0%

of

[ 1]

i ts

v ertically

t o

t he

v irgin t otal

soil

a rea

to of

c onfirm t he

tell

Three p rehistoric s ites belonging to the Ubaid p eriod have b een e xcavated i n t his a rea: Tell R ashid, Tell A yash a nd Tell A s—Saadiyah. U baid o ccupations were f ound a t Telul Al—Khubarj a nd a nother small s ite ( No.3a) n ear Tell Rashid ( Fig. 6 ; Chapter I V).

1 6

S ection A

Stratigraphy a nd

A rchitecture

The e xcavations a t T ell A bada h ave revealed t hree distinct building levels occupying a vertical depth of a bout 6 m .

( Fig. 9 ). These were numbered

respectively. attested

by

E ach

the

l evel

p resence

of

I , I I

a nd

I II

f rom t op to bottom

c ontained

s everal

s uccessive

f loors

s ubphases a nd

a s

r enovations

w ithin each level.

L evel

Level

I II

d irectly

w as

upon

were not a s

t he

the

earliest

v irgin

e xtensive

I II

s oil.

a s

i n

level The

the

a nd

had

e xcavations

other

two

been i n

f ounded

this

level

levels, however, over

half of the a rea of this level w as e xcavated.

The

main

p art

w estern s ector buildings were

of

this

of this f ound i n

l evel

s eems

to

h ave

o ccupied

the

mound where two large, multi—roomed a very well—preserved c ondition ( Fig.

1 0; P l. 2 ).

B uilding A

Building A w ith i ts regular t ripartite p lan consists of a long rectangular hail measuring 8 x 2 . 0 m . f lanked by small r ooms on

e ither

s ide. The outer walls have been reinforced

w ith

buttresses a long the north—eastern a nd north—western s ides. A buttress—like p rojection i s to be s een i n the middle of i ts s outh—western w all, while i ts s outh—eastern wall l acks a ny e xternal f eature. A lthough the walls had been p reserved t o a height of a bout 5 0 c m. , no obvious a ccess was f ound to the building, but the main e ntrance i s l ikely t o have been i n i ts north—eastern wall. The deviation i n the eastern w all s uggests that this building was built the a djacent building

s ubsequent to

the

construction

of

( B).

B uilding B

This

i s

a

l arge

building

of

u nusual

p lan,

the

e xternal

western wall was r einforced w ith f our small buttresses, a nd a buttress—like p rojection i s t o be s een a t the s outh—western corner. The ( 1_ 14 ) of

the

a nd

northern

i s then

eastern

w all

runs

a t

a n

oblique

s et back beside r ooms

wall

there

a re

the

have f ormed other c ompartments.

1 7

1 5

remains

a ngle

a nd of

a long

rooms

1 8. I n the middle walls

which

must

The building consists of 1 9 r ooms of d ifferent s izes b ut a ll generally small, ranging i n measurement between 8 0 x 5 0 c m. a nd 2 .5 x 1 .8 m . The f loors a nd walls, both i nside a nd out, i n both buildings A a nd B were h eavily coated w ith a thick l ayer of gypsum p laster giving them a n e xtraordinary white a ppearance. Several renovations w ith successive f loors a re to b e s een i n these two buildings which i mply that they w ere i n u se f or a relatively l ong p eriod of t ime.

The

f ollowing

buildings

were

e vidence

a ssociated

p resence i n both quantities of red

would

s eem

t o

s uggest

that

both

w ith the manufacture of p ottery: the

buildings of l arge s torage jars; o chre, together w ith grind-stones

l arge s till

bearing i ts t races ( Fig. 7 2); a n umber of p iano-convex d iscs e specially i n building B varying i n d iameter f rom 1 0 0 cm. ( Fig. 9 1) ( perhaps moulds of s ome s ort); f loors a nd w a ls heavily coated w ith gypsum ; a s mall b asin coated w ith a very -

-

thick two and

layer

of

gypsum

i n

-

r oom

1 4

of

b uilding

large p ottery k ilns nearby a nd l arge debris, a ll this would s uggest t hat

B ;

together

w ith

quantities of s herds both buildings were

p robably a ssociated w ith the manufacture of p ottery.

B uilding C ( Fig.

A nother l evel

1 1)

I II building was e xcavated

i n the central a rea

of the « uuc 1. L arge p arts of this building s eem t o h ave been destroyed, s o that no regular p lan could be recovered a nd what remains i s a pparently a group of s mall rooms ( 1-11) w ith a l arge courtyard ( 5). T o t he north of the building t here i s a large c ircular k iln (no-3) measuring 2 m . i n d iameter ( Section

The

buildings

of

this

level

were

constructed

of

l ong

s labs

of s un-dried mud, measuring 5 0 x 25-27 x 7-8 cm. a nd a lternate courses ( as heads a nd s tretches) a long the the wall. The f loors w ere of beaten c lay. The walls,

l aid i n a xis of o f both

buildings

j us,

A a nd

B were

p lastered

i nside

a nd

o ut

w ith

the

walls of building C were p lastered w ith c lay o n the i nside only.

S ome 5 0 throughout u ndoubtedly

-

70 c m. of f ill s eparated l evel I II a nd l evel I I a ll the e xcavated p arts of the mound. T his i mplies that the v illage h ad been a bandoned f or

s ometime before the f oundation of the l evel

L evel

I I

( Fig.

1 3;

I I v illage.

P l. 3 )

This l evel was completely e xcavated o ver the P erhaps the most i mportant d iscoveries a re i nteresting building p lans a nd the t remendous p ottery a nd

a rtifacts.

1 8

w hole s ite. t he very v ariety of

Ten

well

p reserved

i ndependent

building

u nits

have

been

e xcavated t ogether w ith the s treets a nd s quares s eparating them. T races of w alls which could have been p arts of other s ubstantially

d emolished

buildings

were

f ound

i mmediately

t o

the north, west, a nd s outh of the w ell—prerved buildings. These buildings a re of d ifferent s izes but most of them a re of the s ame general a rchitectural p lan.

B uilding A ( Fig. 1; P l. 1 4 )

S ituated a t the center of the s ettlement, measuring 2 0 m . ,

this

i ts

building

exterior

h ad

walls

twenty

at

each

n ine buttresses

i nternal

wall

constructed

x 1 2.5 a long

junction, w ith

larger

t ripartite. The

middle

ones at the corners .

The

general

p lan

of

the

building

i s

s ector of the building c onsists of a big h all

( 1)

measuring

1 0.2

x 3m . , f lanked by a s eries of smaller rooms. The wall which runs a cross the middle of this hail d ividing i t i nto two p arts ( Fig. 1 5:1,2) was a later a ddition, a nother wall was a lso a dded t o f orm r oom ( 3). O ther a dditions a re s ix benches e ach 3 0 c m. h igh a nd s eparated f rom e ach other by a bout 2 0 c m. F our of these were attached t o the n orthern wall of the central hall ( 1), the f ifth a djoins

them

s ixth bench s ubdivisions

but

i s

a ttached

t o

t he

western

a nd the eastern, which contains courtyard

The main e ntrance t o building s outhwest ( 32) the a nd

wall,

while

the

i s a ttached t o the eastern wall. The other a re t he western w ith i ts T—shaped courtyard ( 23),

corner.

I t

l eads

t o

(31 4),

( 17).

8 0 c m. i n w idth, i s on

a s mall

rectangular

i ts

a ntechamber

g iving a ccess to the central u nit v ia two doors; the one to r ight l eads d irectly to the large central c ourtyard ( 2,1) the other t o r oom ( 8). The a ccess t o the s econd u nit of the

building g ives

i s v ia r oom

a ccess

to

the

( 30) which l eads t o r oom T—shaped

courtyard

( 23)

( 29) which i n turn a nd other rooms i n

this u nit.

The building c learly be s een

h ad w itnessed s ome later a dditions which can o n F ig. 1 5. Of i nterest i s the e xternal w all

behind the building, p ossibly meant f or t erracing.

Many renovations had been carried out, a nd f loors made of beaten c lay a re t o be s een i n the building. The w alls had

been coated

three s uccessive a ll the rooms of

s everal

t imes w ith clay

p laster a nd s ome of them p lastered w ith gypsum, particularly i n rooms 214 , 2 8 a nd 2 7 . R oofs w ere p resumably made of wooden beams covered w ith reed matting a nd p lastered w ith a layer of mud. This was a ttested b y reed i mpressions a nd massive charred beams which had a pparently f allen f rom the roof . A g reat many of s uch t races were f ound o n the f loor of the l ong room ( 1), e vidently i ndicating that this p art of the building w as r oofed, s o that i t

1 9

was a h ail n ot a n open courtyard, as o ne might otherwise h ave thought. Wooden or r eed doors were p robably used p ivoting o n s tone s ockets which can s till be s een i n s itu i n s everal r ooms such

a s

3 3 , 22,

1 6

a nd

clay have been f ound

2 8.

l aid

Thresholds i n

made

e ither

of

s tone

o r

f ront of s ome rooms such a s 6 a nd 9 .

B uilding B(Fig.16)

This building i s s ituated t o the e ast of b uilding A , f ormed 1 04-108. T he p lan i s t ripartite w ith a v ery symmetrical

by

s hape

based

on

a central

i n length, a nd perpendicular t o

c ruciform

h all

( 194), measuring

1 0

m .

two l ateral, s maller, c ruciform c ourts i t ( 111 a nd 1 19), i dentical i n s hape a nd

position. The e ntrance t o t he building i s on the a nd l eads t o a s mall s quare room ( 118) which

s outhwest s ide s erves a s the

a ntechamber g iving

a ccess i n three d ifferent d irections; t o the

main central

( 104)

( 11) 4,

1 15)

c ourt

t o

t o the left, a nd

t he r ight, t o

a l arge

L—shaped

t o the cruciform l ateral court

r oom ( 111)

v ia rooms ( 117 a nd 1 16). The p resence of a central a ccess i n the middle of the n orth—eastern wall resulted i n the c reation of two s mall rooms ( 107 a nd 1 10) eastern wall of the building;

both room

p rojecting f rom the n orth( 109) on t he north—western

corner corresponds t o r oom ( 108) on t he north—eastern c orner. N o doors have been f ound t o t he l ast f our r ooms which m ight have been u sed f or s torage p urposes.

A g lance this main

a t

the

method

of

communication

between

r ooms

i n

building s hows a g reat s imilarity w ith building A , the e ntrance t o the building being i n a lmost the s ame p osition

a s that i n building A , where i t opens i nto a ntechamber

( 118)

( 33

i n

c ourt

1 04

building

A )

a nd

g ives

a ccess

t o

t he

main

central

( 1,2 i n A ), a nd t o r ooms 1 14, 1 15 ( 30 i n A ) w ith the that r oom 1 14 here i s much l arger. There i s a nother a ccess to 1 16 the

the

l ateral

c ruciform

h all

1 11

v ia

the

d ifference ( opposite)

rooms

1 17

( T—shaped c ourt 2 3 v ia r ooms 3 0, 2 9 i n building A ), third u nit of the building t he a ccess t o the court

f rom the main central c ourtyard ( corresponding t o courtyard 1 through 1 7).

B uilding

1 04 v ia 2 1 a nd 22

1 26 then

a nd

a s f or 1 19 i s

a nd 1 23 v ia 1 6 t o

C ( Fig. 1 7,C)

This building i s s ituated t o t he s outh of building B a t the s outh—eastern corner of the s ettlement, f ormed by r ooms 1 581 73.

The

general

p lan

s eems

to

h ave

been

based

on

a c entral

court, measuring 7 .4 x 2 .1 4 m . , f lanked by a g roup of r ooms 1 58-160 , 1 64 — 165 to the northwest, a nd 1 66-173 t o t he s outheast. T he rooms 1 61 -163 s eem t o h ave been a dded l ater. The central c ourt is s urrounded by double walls to the w est, s outh a nd e ast. S ome parts of t he building a re badly p reserved such as rooms 1 65 a nd 1 73, while other p arts t o t he east of the central c ourt h ave been

e ntirely

d estroyed.

Other

p arts

2 0

w hich

might

have

e xisted

to the s outheast, would l ocation a t the e dge a rtifacts were f ound

a lso h ave been destroyed owing t o of the t ell. Much p ottery a nd

their other

i n this domestic building.

B uilding D(Fig.17 , D)

This building

i s s ituated

t o

the northeast of building

C , i t

i s the s mallest building i n the s ite. N evertheless, i t i s very i nteresting because i t represents the most s imple manifestation of the t ripartite p lan w ith cruciform court ( 1 14 8), measuring 6 m . i n l ength a nd 2 .8 m . i n w idth. The e ntrance t o the building i s by a door i n i ts north—eastern corner leading t o a small room ( 157) which g ives a ccess to the central c ruciform middle of h ail

seems not t o have e xisted

of r ooms The

h all ( the opening which a ppears a s a door i n the the n orth—western w all a t the e nd of the c ruciform 1 52,

1 55, a nd

material

1 56

f ound

i n the original p lan). S ome p arts

s eem

i nside

t o

the

have

been

r ooms

e xposed

consists

t o of

wearing. ordinary

domestic i tems. A hearth was f ound i n the middle of room 1 52, a big jar t ogether w ith two s tone querns were f ound i n t he small r oom seem

1 53 which was a lmost certainly a s torage room, 1 51 a nd 1 55 a lso t o have been s torage rooms. L arge p ieces of mud w ith

i mpressions of r eed were f ound i n d ifferent p laces of the central c ruciform h all, a n i ndication that this part of the building h ad been roofed w ith t imber a nd r eed matting, covered w ith mud.

B uilding E ( Fig. 1 8 ; P l. 5 )

This building f ormed

by

i s s ituated t o the s outheast of building A , and i s

r ooms

5 2-62.

I t

i s

of

t ripartite

p lan

w ith

a h igh

level of a rchitectural organization, comprising three cruciform e lements 5 2, 6 2 a nd 5 3; the l arge central courtyard ( 52) measures 9 .30 x 2 .50 m . The e ntrance t o the building i s through a door a t the e nd of the western wall where there was a s tone s ill, leading i nto a c ruciform r oom ( 53) measuring 6 x 3 .8 m . A t the eastern e nd of the central c ourt there a re two opposite

r ooms;

other

i ts

i n

one

i n

northern

i ts wall

s outhern leads

w all

to

what

leads

to

appears

r oom to

be

58, the a long

rectangular room ( 56) p arallel t o a nother s imilar room ( 55); i n f act these two p arallel r ooms, which can be s een i n the s outhe astern corner of the building, have a very i nteresting f eature. T he f loors i n r oom 5 5 a re p aved w ith l arge mud—bricks, these s lope up t owards t he outer wall a nd a re p erhaps the f oundations of a s taircase w hich the p lan i tself suggests may have been s ituated

h ere

( Pl.

3 :a).

The

building

had

been

s ubjected

t o

s everal r enovations s uccessive layers of

a nd a dditions as s een f rom the many c lay p laster on i ts w alls. Other short

w alls

a dded

have

a lso

been

t o

s trengthen

the

e astern

wall

of

t he building f rom outside, p articularly a t the p rojected parts of the s taircase a t the north—eastern corner. The partition between r ooms 6 2 a nd 6 0 d id n ot originally e xist but was a dded l ater,

resulting

i n

the

creation

2 1

of

r oom

6 0.

O riginally

the

southern c ruciform counterpart ( 53).

to

r oom

( 62)

e xactly

matched

A s was the case w ith building A , three be s een throughout this building.

i ts

successive M ud l umps

n orthen

f loors a re w ith r eed

i mpressions, p resumably f rom the f lat r oof, were f ound i n both room 53 a nd r oom 6 2, being d irect e vidence that these two r ooms were r oofed. N o s uch e vidence was f ound i n t he large c entral court. This coupled w ith the p resence of a f ire p lace w ith burnt bones a re

i n

i t

a good

a nd

a c lay

i ndication

t ripod that

bearing

this

t races

l arge

of

central

heavy burning court

w as

open

a nd n ot roofed. D ifferent k inds of h ousehold o bjects were f ound i n a ll the r ooms, suggesting that this building w as a lso a p rivate dwelling.

B uilding F ( Fig. 1 9)

to

This building i s s ituated t o the e ast of e difice A , i t s eems be a f airly large building of t ripartite p lan, but the

s tructure had obviously undergone considerable changes w hich resulted i n the removal of s ubstantive p arts a long i ts w estern s ide. O ther later a lterations took p lace i n i ts central c ourt and other e astern p arts. The long central court ( 45), measuring a bout 1 0 m . i n length, was originally of cruciform s hape a nd what

a ppears

i n

t he

latest

p lan

a s

r oom

4 7

was

i n

f act

i ts

western w ing. The eastern u nit of the building originally consisted of a c ruciform r oom ( 35) t o which a double w all h ad been a dded c reating r ooms 3 8, 3 7 and 40. The western unit of the building

p resumably comprised

a c ruciform

r oom

( 48)

f lanked

by

a number of r ooms on e ither s ide. T his court a nd the a ssociated rooms corresponded t o court 3 5 a nd o ther rooms on the opposite s ide. The eastern wall of the s tructure has been s tepped b ack i n a very regular a nd a ttractive way. The main e ntrance t o the building w as a t the n orthern corner l eading t o r oom 37, which was originally part of the c ruciform c ourt a s mentioned a bove. Another wall

e ntrance s eems to have been opened l ater

i n the s tepped

i n r oom 4 3, leading i nto t he long central court 4 5.

To the north there east s eparating the

i s a boundary w all running f rom w est to building f rom ones t o i ts n orth. The

p resence of a l arge p ottery k iln i n t he a rea t o

the west of room

48 might e xplain t he removal of s ome p arts of the building.

This

h ouse

i s

reminiscent

of one

f rom

T epe Gawra X V

( Tobler

1 950 Xv, sqs. K .J.4-5).

B uilding G ( Fig. 2 0)

to

This building i s s ituated between t hree buildings, e difice A the east, building F t o the s outh a nd building H t o t he west.

22

N o definite p lan f or the building can be reconstructed i n i ts p resent s tate, nevertheless, the basic p lan p robably consisted of a central courtyard ( 81) f lanked by a s eries of r ooms on e ither

s ide.

The

e ntrance

t o

the

building

north-western corner leading to r oom

( 79)

was

p robably

i n

the

which g ives a ccess to

the central courtyard ( 81). I t s eems obvious that a good deal h as been removed a nd a lmost certain that the construction of the boundary wall a nd the a ddition of the enclosure wall which surrounds the n orthern a rea behind e difice A , has resulted i n the

removal

of

s ome

p arts

of

this

building

t o

the

s outh

a nd

east. A lso the construction of building H to t he west must have resulted i n the r emoval of a djacent p arts i n the building. O ther rooms seem t o have been randomly a dded i n later t imes, f or e xample, 8 6, 8 7, 8 8, 8 8a a nd 4 2. A nother a lteration i s the doubling o f the w alls a long the western a nd s outhern s ides of the long building

c entral C where

court, a s imilar doubling the walls of the central

was noticed i n court have been

doubled.

Three o vens

f or

bread

making

were

f ound

i n

the

room 8 1. A b ig s torage jar was f ound i n room 8 0, a gainst the corner a nd f ixed with gypsum, i t was e ither

to

s tore

w ater

or

f lour, both

used

f or

open

a rea

of

i t was p laced p robably used

making

bread

i n

the nearby ovens. I n rooms 8 3 a nd 8 4 a l arge number of p erforated s tones together w ith s ome grinding s tones, have been f ound. A number of s till u nbaked vessels were f ound i n room 8 2, these were p robably p repared t o be baked i n the nearby k iln i n 8 8a. Large numbers of s herds were f ound i n room 7 5 a nd i n room 76, which may have o riginally housed the s taircase. N othing e xcept wasters a nd b lack a shes were f ound i n rooms 8 5, 86 a nd 4 2 which seem t o have been i ntended

f or s torage p urposes.

B uilding H ( Fig. 2 1)

This

building

i s

s ituated

n orth-west of both buildings 7 4

a nd

7 7 ;

it

s eems

t o

the

A a nd

obvious

north

G . I t

that

i s

the

of

building

f ormed

s pace

F ,

by rooms

i nto

a nd 6 3

which

-

the

building h as been s queezed determined i ts p lan. This would e xplain t he non-existence of the rooms which theoretically would

have

s ide. w ith

I t i s a n i ncomplete t ripartite two main p arts or e lements,

f lanked

the

c ruciform

court

( 71)

a long

i ts

eastern

or rather bilateral p lan a cruciform c ourtyard,

measuring a out 1 1 m . i n l ength, w ith 6 3 a nd 6 7 being i ts eastern a nd western w ings r espectively, a nd a number of other rooms ( 65, 6 7, 6 8,69,70 7 2, 7 4 a nd 7 7) arranged in three parallel rows along the western s ide o f the court. The building has three e ntrances a ll

s ituated

a long

i ts

s outh-western

s ide.

The

f irst

e ntrance

i s i n the western c orner, i t leads t o a long r oom ( 70) measuring 3 .6 x 90 c m. The s econd e ntrance i s s outh of the f irst a nd gives a ccess

to

a small

rectangular

room

( 74)

which

i n

t urn

gives

a ccess to t he large cruciform court ( 71). The third e ntrance i s next t o the second one on the s ame wall a nd g ives d irect a ccess t o the large court ( 71). The p rojecting part where the two last e ntrances o ccur, s eems to have been a dded later a nd the only

23

entrance

t o

the

building

was

originally

the

s econd

o ne

t hat

leads to r oom 7 3 , which acts as an antechamber to both the l arge courtyard t o the e ast a nd t o t he r ooms to the west. Two s mall s emi-square rooms large courtyard just

a s room

6 9

( 64

a nd

6 5)

both

s ituated

( 71), might have been u sed

a t

the

rear

o f the

f or s torage p urposes,

i n the middle of this w estern s ide may a lso h ave

been u sed f or s torage. A long wall running f rom east to west was constructed behind the northern w all o f the building, s ome p art of that wall s eem t o have been destroyed i n the a rea a djcining room 68 a nd i t could have e x te n de d fur th er in t he s ame d irection, before

turning

s outhward

a nd

t erminating

n ear

r oom

77 where there i s a door leading t o the e nclosed a rea behind the house. f rom

This

the

noticed been have

w all

may

a djoining

have

been

n orthern

e rected

a rea

( but

t o

segregate

t he

s ame

w ith the e nclosure wall of building A ), or

p art been

t he

h ouse

phenomenon

was

i t could h ave

of a nother building demolished l ater on. The w alls p lastered w ith a c lay l ayer b oth i nside a nd o ut and

many successive f loors were f ound i nventory represents a variety of

throughout the h ouse. The h ousehold objects w ith a

massive q uantity of sherds.

B uilding I ( Fig. 2 2)

For t he f irst t ime d ifferent f rom those we

i n this level w e f ind a p lan q uite have been d iscussing. T his building i s

s ituated t o the west of the l ast building a nd comprises r oor n 89-103. H ere we no longer s ee a p lan based on a c entral courtyard f lanked by a s eries of r ooms o n both s ides, but, f our parallel r ows of r ooms a nd courtyards; t he f irst row which i s i n the s outh e ast of the building represents a very l ong y ard, measuring 1 4.70 m . i n length a nd 2 .30 i n . i n w idth. A s mall b asin 6 0 x 4 0 x 20 c m. has been built against t he southern wall o f this a rea. I t was l ined w ith b itumen s o w as a lmost certainly u sed f or keeping water. This courtyard connects w ith a s econd r ow of rooms by a door measuring 7 0 c m. i n w idth leading t o a rectangular r oom (1 03 ) ( 2.60 m . x 1 . 14 0 m .). R ooms 9 1, 9 0 a nd 8 9 communicate w ith each other by a s eries of central doorways. R oom 8 9 a t the e nd of this r ow i s the l argest ( 2.40 x 2 .10 m .) w ith a s mall basin 5 0 x 5 0 x 25 c m. c onstructed i n i ts e astern corner e mpty The

a nd

l ined

w ith

rectangular

third

r ow

i s

l imestone.

s pace

B ehind

connecting

a ccessable

this

w ith

through

the

r oom

r oom

t here

f irst

9 1;

a

i s

a n

c ourtyard.

door

i n

its

northern w all leads to a l ong c ourtyard o r corridor ( 94), measuring 8 .50 x 1 .80 m . , which occupies the eastern half o f this r ow . A door i n i ts western wall l eads t o r oom 9 8 ( 1.50 x 1 .30 m .) a nd two other small rectangular r ooms, 9 9 a nd 1 02. The l ast of these ( 102) p rojects t o the s outhwest beyond the e nd o f the p revious two r ows. The f ourth row l ies a t the northwest of the building a nd consists of three s mall r ooms occupying the m iddle a rea of the r ow , 9 5, 9 6 a nd 9 7, f lanked b y two l ong corridors or vestibules, 9 3 to the northeast measuring 6 m . i n length a nd 1 .30 m . in w idth, a nd 1 01 to the s outhwest. R oom 9 7 i s larger t han the other two a djoining r ooms, i t measures 1 .80 x 1 .60 m . while the other two measure 1 .30 x 0 .70 each. F our buttresses were constructed o n the e xternal s outh-western w all which a ppears

24

to have been the f acade of the building.

The

building

w as

surrounded

by

f our

long

walls

on

the

eastern, n orthern a nd western s ides respectively. The s outhern wall i s a ctually a p art of the p reviously mentioned boundary. These walls v irtually s eparate the building

f rom

the a djoining

buildings.

and

The p lan of this building i s very d ifferent f rom t he others, i t must therefore have been constructed t o f ulfill a

different f unction. The p resence ( 100) containing a b itumen—lined

of the very long c ourtyard basin w ith a f loor f ull of

black ashes a nd a r n idden a nd what may have been t races of dung, would suggest t hat this y ard was a s heepfold a nd the basin i nside was f or keeping d rinking water f or domestic a nimals, the connecting r oom 1 03 c ould h ave been f or keeping f odder on which t-1 f eed

t hc

S , heep, or

p c s .bi

'

f or

3 ccon 'cd ting

t h°

e phErc

or guards. T he l arge, w ide courtyard (' M lo could a lso k ve i c 1i u sed t o k eep cattle a nd other a nimals i n. I n the s econd r ow, there a re f our other r ooms ( 89-92), the door which leads f rom 9 1 to 9 0 was p rovided w ith a s tone s ill s ome 2 0 c m. h igh. T he f loor of room 9 0 was a t t he s ame level a s the s ill. A nother s tone s ill 22 cm. h igh was f ound i n f ront of the door i nto r oom 8 9 which i s again i n

at

these

a level l ast

h igher

three

than

r ooms

r oom

were

9 0.

A ll

coated

the

w ith

f loors c lay

a nd

2 c m.

walls thick,

these rooms might have s erved a s s torage rooms, p ossibly f or s ome perishable material, a lthough no r emains of s uch materials have been f ound.

The d iscovery of the s eries of small open compartments ( 93, 9 5-102) may p rovide i mportant e vidence of a t ype of s torage f acility. A ll despite h aving

t he compartments w ere s ustained s ome damage i n

v ery well p laces. The

p reserved, walls were

s tanding t o their o riginal h eight of 7 0— 8 0 c m. This was p roved by the f act that a ll the upper f aces of these walls had been c oated w ith the s ame p laster c lay coming f rom i nside, overlapping the u pper f aces a nd turning down a gain t o the other s ide. The f loors i n a ll these rooms were thickly covered w ith s traw a nd r eed, this was a ttested by the large number of impressions s till c learly visible. This may i ndicate that s ome of these r ooms w ere u sed t o s tore e ither g rain, a s was a ttested by the p resence of g rain i mpressions, or f uel s tuff such a s t imber, camel—thorn, s traw, reed o r dung; after having been f illed w ith s uch material these r ooms would h ave been covered w ith

reeds

or

mats a nd

of s torage i s s till

then covered w ith c lay, this s ame method

i n u se.

I n courtyard 9 4, a bench made of mudbrick l ibn a nd coated w ith c lay, measuring 2 .10 m . l ong, 2 0 c m. w ide a nd 3 0 c m. h igh, was f ound attached t o t he eastern wall. O nly a f ew s herds were f ound i n this building. A lthough the s ame t ype of mudbrick was u sed i n the construction of this building, the building method w as different, here the mudbrick w as l aid l ongitudinally a long the

2 5

a xis of the w all, the w idth of the brick representing of the wall ( Fig. 2 3).

the

w idth

B uilding J ( Fig. 2 1 4)

B uilding J i s s ituated a t the corner of the mound, a nd i s the s econd

u ppermost north—western i n s ize after building A .

I t i s f ormed by r ooms 1 27_1 14 7. I t conforms t o the p revailing p lan of the t ime, the t ripartite, w ith a cruciform c entral courtyard f lanked by a s eries of rooms on e ither s ide.

The main central courtyard the building a nd measures 1 1 courtyard s eems to have been

( 1 14 0)

e xtends a cross the w idth of

m . i n length a nd 2m. i n w idth. This d ivided i nto s eparate rooms, 1 41,

1 46 a nd 1 47, by doubling i ts north—eastern a nd walls a nd e recting p artition walls a cross them.

s outh—western R ooms 1 31 4 and

1 42 represent the e astern a nd the western w ings of the main central courtyard. This u nit connects w ith the eastern u nit via room 1 34 which g ives a ccess d irectly to the l ateral c ruciform courtyard 1 28 ; a nd a g roup of rooms on both i ts northern a nd s outhern s ides. R ooms 1 38 a nd 1 39 communicate w ith each other by a door between them, while no a ccess w as f ound to 1 37 which were p resumably used f or s torage purposes.

rooms

1 35-

The western u nit represents the third e lement of the p lan which must h ave consisted of a cruciform courtyard 1 45 ( which corresponds t o 1 28 o n the other s ide), f lanked by one room ( 143) on t he north s ide ( which corresponds t o r oom 1 33 of the eastern u nit).

A number

s outhern the

s ide,

e astern

of r ooms

p robably

corresponding

u nit;

removed w hen t he doubling of w alls

these

do

building round t he

f lanked

the

courtyard

t o

r ooms

1 30-132

and

not

e xist

now

must

a nd

on

i ts

1 35-139 have

o f

been

u nderwent a lterations l ike the main courtyard ( 140, 1 42, 1 3 14 , 1 46

a nd 1 47). S ome walls have been t rebled a s is the case w ith room 1 34. A variety of h ousehold t asks s eem to h ave taken p lace i n courtyard 114 5, a s hallow c ircular p it f illed w ith black ashes and bearing t races of heavy burning was f ound near i ts s outhern wall; this must h ave been cold

w inters

a nd

f or

a h earth

cooking

a s

or

f ire

w ell;

p lace

s ome

boulders w ith burning t races w ere f ound were p resumably p laced a round the f ire

f or

large

near the p lace to

heating

i n

p ebbles

or

p it, these carry the

cooking p ot. A large q uantity o f black ash a nd midden together w ith much pottery were f ound i n this court.

remains

A lthough s ome buttresses have been constructed o n the western a nd s outhern walls, i t s eems o bvious that the builders have f ailed t o maintain the balanced s ymmetry of the i nternal p lan a s well a s the outside w alls.

T o the n orth of the building there i s a wall e xtending p arallel t o the north wall of rooms 1 29, 1 33, 1 34, 1 40; which then

26

turns

up

a t a s harp a ngle t o

the n orthwest

f or

a bout

1 4

m . a nd

i s

i ntercepted by a nother l ong w all e xtending f rom e ast t o w est. These walls may h ave belonged t o a nother building w hich w as completely demolished

i n later t imes.

L evel

Level

I i s the u ppermost

I ( Fig. 2 5)

l evel

a t

T ell

A bada, i n

which

s even

a rchitectural u nits of coherent p lan h ave been e xcavated. s how considerable continuity f rom t he p revious l evel A lthough s o me l evel I I buildings ( eg. d isappeared here, o ther buildings a re t o be

B , G f ound

s ame p laces, here n umbered

I I.

The

s urviving

modification i n t his c hannel

a nd

a s those of level

buildings

s eem

a lteration.

t o

A very

h ave

a nd I ) h ave a lmost i n the

u ndergone

i nteresting

A ll I I.

s ome

f eature,

l evel f or the f irst t ime, i s the remains s ystem; e vidence f or a new method of g rain

s een

of a waters torage was

a lso f ound h ere. T he materials u sed i n building a nd the method of construction w ere e xactly the s ame a s i n l evel I I.

B uilding A ( Fig. 2 6)

This the

building

p revious

w as

l evel

f ounded w hose

d irectly

w alls

on

w ere

t op

u sed

of

building

a s

a

A o f '

basis

f or

f oundations f or t he w alls of this building. S ince the p lans of the two buildings a re a lmost i dentical, we w ill confine this s ection to t he changes which were i ntroduced by the i nhabitants of level

I ( to this building).

The s ame t ripartite p lan i s t o be s een h ere, w ith buttresses constructed a long t he outer wall. N o obvious means of a ccess to t he building was f ound, a nd t he main e ntrance i n l evel I I which w as located i n the s outh-western f acade w as completely b locked b y a l ow mudbrick f eature w as a lso ( Chapter

1 4 ).

The

r evetment f ound a t

n ew

h eavily p lastered w ith c lay. This the U baid s ite of T ell Maddhur

p osition

of

the

e ntrance

w as

p robably

on

t he n orth-eastern w all, but no e vidence f or i t h as been f ound s ince large p arts of that s ector w ere badly damaged. T he i nternal communications remain basically the s ame e xcept f or s ome minor

changes. I n

the

eastern

u nit

a wall

w as

a dded

a long

t he western s ide of rooms 1 4 , 9 , 1 0, 1 1, 1 2 a nd a nother a long s outhern s ide of r ooms 1 2 a nd 1 6, these w alls b locking

the t he

e ntrance t o the main central c ourt ( 1) f rom r oom 9 a nd that between rooms 1 6 a nd 1 9 ( 21 i n building A L . M. I n the main central court the r ooms marked 2 a nd 3 ( in A , I I) h ave now been r emoved

a nd n ew r ooms have been s et up i n

the s outhern h alf,

( 3)

a t the rear of the court. A nother rectangular r oom h as been i nserted ( 2) which g ives a ccess t o the main central c ourt t hrough a door w ith p rojecting j ambs i n i ts northern wall. O ther

a lterations

c an

be

s een

2 7

i n

t he

western

u nit

of

the

building,

a ll

the

doors

which

which

e xisted

i n

this

building A l evel I I have been blocked-up s o t hat we s ee a ny means of a ccess between these r ooms. I n the the

north-eastern

cm. h igh p laster.

h as T he

w ing

been built s uccessive

( 29)

of

the

T-shaped

c ourt,

u nit

of

no l onger corner of a bench

6 0

of mudbrick c oated a llover w ith c lay f loors, s everal c lay p laster coats on

the walls, a nd the construction of a s econdary w all a gainst the buttressed wall a long i ts s outh-eastern a nd w estern s ides , a ll bear t estimony t o s ubsequent s ubphases i n t he l ife o f the building.

Twenty s ix child burial u rns w ere f ound b elow the f loors. P ottery a nd o ther domestic o bjects w ere a lso f ound throughout the rooms. L astly i t s hould be p ointed o ut that a ll the c ourts a nd l arge-sized r ooms have been coated w ith c lay p laster both i nside a nd out, but the s maller rooms ( 21, 22, 8 , 1 4 , 9 , 1 0, 1 1, 1 2, 1 1 4 a nd 1 5) were coated w ith gypsum p laster f rom i nside, a p robable i ndication of their being u sed a s s torage r ooms.

B uilding

This

C ( Fig. 2 5)

building

level I I i rregular

below. a nd n o

was

built

d irectly

o n

top

of

building

C of

I t i s f ormed b y r ooms 4 0-51. The p lan i s balanced s ymmetry i s recognisable f rom the

outside walls. I t consists of a central court ( 40) e xtending a cross the w idth of the building a nd measuring 7 x 2 m . T he long walls of the court p roject f urther t o the northeast resulting i n the creation of a w ide recess i n t he north-eastern s ide a nd the p resence of two s mall s quare r ooms ( 41, 4 2) on e ach s ide of the recess. The court i s f lanked by a n umber of rooms on e ither s ide.

N o e ntrance t o the building w as f ound. Two child burial u rns were d iscovered below the f loor of r oom 4 1 4 . A ll t he o bjects f ound

i n

the

r ooms

i ndicate

i ts

s ecular

nature. The

walls

have

been p lastered w ith f ine clay.

B uilding D(Fig. 25)

This i s of s mall, s imple a nd regular

p lan, r evolving

a round

cruciform central court ( 30) f lanked b y three rooms ( 33 , 35 38) a long i ts north-eastern s ide, a nd f our r ooms ( 34, 36 , 37

3 9)

a long

i ts

s outh-western

s ide.

R oom

3 8

which

a

a nd a nd

p reviously

served a s a n a ntechamber ( 15 14 i n building D of l evel I I) n ow appears t o be a n i ndependent room, while the opening i n t he w ide recess a t the western e nd of the central c ourt, has a lso been c losed. N o e ntrance was f ound f or t he building. O ne burial u rn of a child was f ound below the f loor a t the e astern e nd of the main court. The building w as u ndoubtedly a p rivate dwelling.

28

B uilding E ( Fig. 2 5)

This

b uilding

b uilding

E of

was

t he

built

p revious

d irectly l evel.

o n

I t

i s

t op

of

f ormed

t he

b y

walls

r ooms

of

5 2-6

1.

The plan was based on a c entral c ourtyard ( 52) measuring 9 .3 x 2 .5 m . e xtending a cross t he width o f t he b uilding. On e ither s ide o f

t he

c entral

c ourt

t here

were

s ubordinate

c ruciform

courts.

5 5 o riginially matched 614 , b ut l ater t he a ddition o f a p artition wall j oining rooms 5 1 4 a nd 6 2 r esulted i n t he c reation o f r oom 6 1. R ooms 51 4 a nd 6 2 e xactly match room 3 5 a nd 5 8 r espectively

o n

t he

o pposite

s ide.

A small

p artition

wall

was

e rected a cross t he w idth of t he n orthern w ing of t he l ateral c ruciform c ourt 5 5, resulting i n t he c reation o f r oom 5 6. R oom 6 3 i n the s outh-eastern corner o f t he b uilding i s matched b y t wo r ectangular r ooms 5 9 a nd 6 0, both f orm a p rojected corner t he o pposite s ide of t he b uilding. This p rojected corner

i n i s

b elieved t o have c ontained t he b ase f or a s taircase.

The t he

s ingle

e ntrance

i nto b uilding E o f

north-western c orner

i s t rue

f or t he o ther

A v ery n ew

o f

l onger

e xisted

i n

I I which was i n

l evel

I . The

g ranary,

f eature q uite

t o

b e

s een

i n

d ifferent

this

f rom

building

a nything

o r

r eeds

a nd s urrounded w ith

s tanding mats

i s

a

k nown

p reviously. A s mall a rea of f loor not e xceeding 1 .5 x u sually i n the m ain c ourtyard, i s marked o ut a nd c overed s traw

s ame

i nterior d oorways.

i nteresting

type

no

l evel

1 m . , with

t ied t ogether

b y means o f s trings o r f rond l eaves. This mat container i s f illed w ith g rain, c overed with r eeds o r s traw a nd s ealed w ith a l ayer of c lay, c lay was a lso used to s eal t he e dges b etween the mats i n

a nd

more

t he

f loor. E vidence

t han

o ne

b uilding

f or

of

t his t ype o f g ranary was

t his

l evel.

A n

a lmost

f ound

i dentical

m ethod f or s toring g rain i s s till used i n t he s outh of I raq, p articularly i n t he Amara r egion. Such s tructures a re called Baryat Shilib.

1 21

A ll t he i nner walls of t he b uilding have a l ayer were

( 2

cm.

f ound, one

t hick) b elow

o f t he

l evigated f loor

o f

b een p lastered w ith

c lay. Four r oom

6 3,

child b urial u rns

a nd

t he

other

t hree

b elow t he f loor o f t he main c ourtyard.

[ 2]

I n

I raqi

A rabic

t his

means

being p reserved.

2 9

t he

mat

i n

which

t he

g rain

i s

Building F ( Fig. 2 5)

As

was

t he

case

w ith

other

b uildings

o f

l evel

I ,

this

building was a lso f ound d irectly a bove t he building bearing the same l etter i n l evel I I b elow. U nlike t he e arlier building, this one had a r egular e ntrance i nto t he

t hough n ot well—balanced p lan. The b uilding was a t t he north—western

s ingle c orner

l eading to a l arge L—shaped r oom which s erved a s a n antechamber, t his particular s hape was c aused by t he p resence of r oom 6 7 i n t he n orth—eastern half o f the r oom, the a rea on the

o pposite

s ide

of

t he

c ourt

had

b een

d ivided

i nto

two

regular r ectangular rooms ( 81 a nd 8 2) e ach measuring 2 .10 x 1 .50 m . The c entral L—shaped c ourt e xtended a cross t he width o f the building. I t measures

a bout

1 0

m .

i n

l ength

a nd

2 .50

m .

i n w idth

a nd r eaches a bout 5 m . a long i ts e xtended e nd a t t he n othern s ide. Three d oorways were placed o pposite to e ach o ther i n the middle of t he b uilding, these a re to b e s een i n rooms, 7 1, 7 0 a nd 6 8,

the

l atter

t wo

g iving

a ccess

a nother d oorway l eads t o i t f rom corner of t he b uilding. A r ecess

to

t he

central

court

where

r oom 7 9 a t t he south—eastern i s t o b e s een a t i ts e astern

s ide, this was c aused b y t he e cheloned wall b uilding a long r ooms 6 6, 6 9, 7 1, 7 2 a nd 7 9.

The r emains of o ne of t he new that of t he l ast b uilding ( E) were

a t

the

back

o f

the

t ype of s ilos, e xactly l ike f ound a t t he northern e nd of

the c entral c ourt, b earing i mpressions of r eeds a nd s traw a nd the r emains of c arbonized g rains. I mpressions of mats were a ] so f ound n earby.

Fifteen e xcavated

b urial u rns a t d ifferent

a ll b elonging t o children p laces b elow the f loors o f

were this

building. The material f ound i ndicated t he domestic f unction of the building. The i nner shallow p it which was

walls were coated with clay p laster. A heavily b urnt, with s ome b lack a shes

i nside, was f ound i n the s outh—eastern p robably s erved a s a k itchen.

c orner

of

room

7 1, which

B uilding H ( Fig. 2 5)

a nd

This b uilding i s s ituated t o the n orth of the l ast b uilding has b een b uilt o n t op of b uilding H of l evel I I, f ormed b y

r ooms

8 3-94.

t rapezoid

The

( 83), measuring The

court

e xterior

s hape,

t he a bout

e xtends

l ine

i nterior 1 1

a cross

m .

i n

the

of

i s

the

based

b uilding o n

a l ong

seems

t o

central

be

of

court

l ength a nd about 2 .40 m . i n w idth. width

o f

t he

b uilding,

w ith

i ts

s outhern e nd p rojecting f urther i n f ront of t he f acade, f orming what a ppears to b e a c entral projectd b ay. This court i s f lanked by

f our

r ooms

o n

i ts

e astern

s ide

( 8. -8),

a nd

b y

f ive

r ooms

o n

i ts western s ide. The o nly e ntrance i nto the b uilding, l ocated i n the s outhwestern c orner, l eads to a l arge r ectangular room ( 94) measuring 6 x 2 m . which s eems t o have served a s a n a ntechamber a nd g ives a ccess to 8 9/90 t hen t o 9 1 which has

3 0

a nother doorway o pening i nto the central court. Room 9 3 in the north-western c orner of the building had i ts f loor paved with s tone a nd i ts walls coated with a thick layer ( 3 cm. thick) g ypsum plaster. Two e xtra large pottery vessels were p laced

o f i n

i ts

i n

western

wall,

o ne

i n

the

n orth-western

c orner,

a nother

the s outh-western corner. This c oupled with the p resence b asin f or water n earby o utside e ncourages us to b elieve

of a t hat

this room was used a s a b athroom. This belief was s trengthened by the v ery dark c olour of t he s oil b r ieath a nd a round this room , which may h ave been caused b y the f iltration of t he used water.

The r emains of a g ranary of Baryat

Shilib type were

f ound

i n

the southern half of the central c t . ';yard. Lastly i t s ould b e pointed o ut that t he partition wall which d ivides the central court

i nto

two

parts

( 83

a nd

8 8)

was

a dded

l ater,

i t

r uns

westward r esulting i n the c reation of what a re now r ooms 8 9 a nd 9 0; a nd then c rosses r oom 9 1 4, t erminating a t t he s outh-eastern corner

of

t he

n eighbouring

building. One

burial

u rn

o f

a child

was f ound b elow t he f loor of the c entral court.

Building J ( Fig. 2 5)

This

b uilding

has

r etained

a lmost

a ll

t he

building J i n the p revious l evel. However, s ome n ew d ISO to b e consisting

of a re

s een. I t i s a l arge b uilding of t ripartite p lan of a c entral part r epresented b y rooms 1 07-109,

originally one c entral court, c ruciform c ourt p erpendicular to 1 00 the

f eatures f eatures

f lanked o n e ach s ide i t, 9 5 matching 1 10, a nd

b y a rooms

a nd 1 06 corresponding to rooms 1 13 a nd 1 11 4 r espectively on opposite s ide. The a rea o ccupied b y r ooms 1 01-107 i s

matched roughly

b y a n open a rea on the o ther s ide; while 9 8 corresponds t o ( 125), a n L-shaped room conmmur iicating with 1 26

through a d oorway a t the e nd of i ts n orthern wall. A s eries of small rooms ( 116-120) have b een constructed a long t he n orthern wall a djoining r ooms 1 11 a nd 1 13 r anging i n s ize b etween 1 .5 x i m . 1 x 5 0 cm. Such small d imensions a re c ertainly s uggestive of s torage c ompartments. To the e ast of these small r ooms i s -

room

1 15

which

l eads

t o

the

a rea

n umbered

1 29

v ia

a

l ong

corridor. The northern wall which r uns a long r ooms 1 15-120 a nd the a rea of 1 29 may have b een part of a nother building s ituated i n that s ector o f t he mound b ut c ompletely d estroyed a nd removed r emoved s upport

a t a l ater b uilding a t our

t ime. The l ocation o f t his s upposedly t he north-western e dge o f t he mound may

belief . Some

buttresses

were

constructed

a long

the

south-eastern wall a nd western wall, a nother two b uttresses a re t o b e seen a t the e nd of t he northern wall b ehind r oom

Remains of f ound,

one

i n

t wo g ranaries of each

of

the

the

n ew

c ruciform

Baryat

courts

9 5

Shilib a nd

the eastern part o f the courts a nd c lose t o their

3 1

1 00.

t ype

1 10,

were

b oth

i n

s outhern s ide.

Two b urial urns were

f ound b elow t he f loors of r ooms

1 03, a nd s even b urial urns were the north-west of t he b uilding.

found

i n

the

a rea

1 02 a r ju

s ituated

to

b uilding,

i n

Building K ( Fig. 2 5)

To

the

s quares

west,

F 7-8

s outhwest

a nd

1 28 a nd 1 30-147. s tructure, s ince

G8,

was

a nd

s outh

o f

a s tructure

t he

f ormed

l ast b y

rooms

1 21-121 4,

No c oherent p lan could be d iscerned f or this a l ot of i ts d etails had b een destroyed. The

s urviving walls may r epresent the f ront of a n o riginally l arge building s prawling b etween b uilding F a nd J . The main e ntrance i nto the b uilding i s i n the m iddle o f the north-western wall where t wo b uttresses were constructed a t i ts n orthern e nd which j oins t he western wall of b uilding J . This entrance o pens d irectly i nto a l arge a rea ( 135) containing the remains o f what could

have

b een

rooms

matching

each

o ther

roughly,

s uch

a s

1 36

which matches 1 41 o n t he opposite s ide, a nd 1 31 matching 1 39. A t riangular s haped r oom ( 130) c orresponds to a t rapezoid s haped room ( 1 14 0) o n the o ther s ide, while 1 33 c orresponds to r oom 114 2. To t he s outheast of t hat a rea there a re a series of t hree r ooms a djoining each o ther 1 47 m ight o riginally this building. R ooms r eflecting i ts random

1 34, 1 37 a nd 1 38. The a reas numbered 1 43have b een e nclosed by walls belonging to 1 32 a nd 1 28 a lso b elong t o this b uilding, p lan. Opposite t he building o n the n orth-

western s ide i s a s eries of small rooms ( 121-123), which might have b een used f or s torage. The s eries p robably e xtended t o the western s ide t o i nclude other r ooms which must have been demolished d ue to t heir position a t t he e dge o f the tell. These small c ompartments a re s eparated f rom our b uilding by a wide, l arge a rea

( 124) which contained no t races of constructions. I t

should

noted

b e

s ubsequent

t o

t hat

the

t his

confused

n eighbouring

b uilding

building

was

constructed

J , p ossibly

a t

t he

e nd

of t he l ife of l evel I .

Water p ipes

A v ery was

t he

i mportant

a nd

water-channel

( Figs. 2 5, 2 7; Pl. 6 )

i nteresting a nd

p ipes

f eature f orming

f ound part

d istribution n etwork. The a rtificial water d iscovered d uring e xcavation of t he a rea to

i n o f

l evel a

I

water

c hannel was t he north of

building H i n s quare 1 5 a nd 1 6. The s urviving part of t he water channel was 5 0 cm. w ide a nd l ined w ith a v ery thick l ayer of j uss which p rojects i nwards f rom both s ides t o form what l ooks l ike a v ault o ver t he c hannel. This c hannel extends a bout 4 m . t o the north t o j oin c ylindrical pottery p ipes ( each measuring 5 0 c m. i n l ength a nd 2 0 cm. i n d iameter). Only f our of these pipes r emain i n s itu , while

f ragmentary

r emains of o thers were t raced

a long a d istance of a bout half a k ilometre i n t he s ame d irection to the n orth. At the southern e nd t he g ypsum part o f the c hannel l eads i nto a wide o val-shaped s tone l ined basin measuring a bout 2 .50 r n . i n l ength, 1 .50 m . i n w idth a nd a bout 1 m . i n

d epth.

The

e dges

of

t he

basin

3 2

were

s ealed

b y

j uss

a nd

strengthened b y p ebbles ( Fig. 2 7). I t seems r easonable to a ssume that this c hannel was used to d raw water f rom the b ig wadi o r chand not f ar t o t he north of the s ite, to b e collected i n this basin for d rinking a nd other domestic purposes.

To

the

west

between t hem shaped p ipes l ength,

3 0

o f

both

buildings

E a nd

F a nd

a bout

half

way

i n s quare H g, we f ound f urther pottery conical( Fig . 2 7). Three of them were c omplete ( 50 c m. i n

cm .

i n

d iameter)

a nd

s et

i nto

o ne

a nother

i n

s itu .

These were a pparently part of a v ery l ong water p ipe channel, a s we f ound more i n a f ragmentary c ondition i n s itu a long a d istance of bout 200 m . i n a s traight l ine i n a westerly d irection. I t s eems most probable t hat this channel e xtended f urther to join t he Kurderreh r iver which l ies n ot f ar a way.

A

small

courtyard

d rainage 1 5

of

c ourse

b uilding

i s

to

A ( Fig.

b e

2 5),

s een

this

a t

was

the

small

r ear a nd

o f

s hort

( about 4 0 c m. i n l ength a nd 2 5 cm. i n width), a nd l ined thickly with l ime. I t i s q uite obvious t hat t his course was d esigned f or water

d rainage

a nd

was

connected

d irectly

northern s ide, b ehind the wall of room

to

the

basin

on

the

1 5.

S ection B

The Burials

( Fig. 2 8)

No cemetery h as yet b een f ound d iscover a ny possible c emetery s ite the

v icinity of t he s ite. The only

a t Tell Abada , nor d id i n our e xtensive s urvey

i nhumation

s o

we of

f ar d iscovered

i s a s imple o ld B abylonian g rave, b ut i t i s r easonable to a ssume that there must h ave been a cemetery s omewhere o n t he p lain i n the s urounding a rea which contained a dults ' g raves o r t ombs. However, s ome 1 27 u rn burials of children were f ound below t he f loors of t he h ouses. These u rn b urials were o nly with l evels I I a nd I , no s ingle u rn b urial was belonging t o can be

seen

l evel I II

b elow. The

a ssociated d iscovered

l ocation of these u rn burials

i n F ig 2 8. I t s eems a r easonable a ssumption that u rn

burials were

rare t houghout the

e arly

part

o f

the

U baid

period

a nd d id not become common t ill the b eginning o f l evel X IV a t Tepe Gawra ( Tobler 1 950, 1 07). This particular method of b urying children N ineveh

was l evel

p ractised

a t

o ther

c ontemporary

s ites

s uch

a s

3( Thompson a nd Mallowan 1 933, P 1. XLIX 3 1-32), a t

Arpachiyah ( G.22) ( Mallowan a nd R ose 1 935, 3 9), a t N uzi, L-X ( Starr 1 937, P l. 2 9, B .C.E.) a nd a t o ther Ubaid s ites i n the Hamrin r egion.

This

m ethod

s ubsequent

U ruk

s eems p eriod

t o a s

have

continued

a ttested

b y

i n

use

d iscoveries

( U.V.B. 1 935, P 1.17) a nd Tell Qaling Agha i n (Hijara 1 973, P 1.5). I n this s ection t he d istribution of t he urns, the t ypes of burial

3 3

d uring f rom

the

Warka

northern I raq s tratigraphie i ncluding u rn

types a nd b urial dealt with.

methods,

a nd

the

physical

r emains

will

be

Strat i graphic D istribution

1

-

Level I

A total of 7 1 4 u rn b urials were f ound b elow t he f loors o f this l evel. These

urns

were

a ssociated

i n m ost cases with b uildings.

However, o ther g roups were f ound s cattered a nd unassociated with a ny b uilding i n o ther parts of t he s ite . These m ight have been placed w ithin o ther buildings i n t he a rea which have s ince d isappeared. On the o ther hand, the l ocation o f these u rns , not far away f rom the a djoining buildings, m ay i ndicate a ssociation with them. The l argest g roup of t hese u rns was f ound b eneath the f loor the

of building A , where

f ill

of

l evel

I I

about 2 6

urn

b elow. Another

b urials

g roup

had

b een

consisting

of

d ug 1 9

i n u rn

burials was f ound b elow t he f loor of b uilding F , while 1 4 only were unearthed i n b uilding E , a nd 3 i n b uilding B . Two were f ound i n b uilding C a nd o ne o nly i n b uilding D . Building G contained only o ne, b uilding H a nd b uilding J both contained 2 . A g roup of some

7 urn

burials

were

f ound

i n

t he

a rea

to

t he

northwest

of

the l ast building, a nd a nother g roup o f 6 u rn b urials were f ound i n

t he

m iddle

of

t he

s ite,

o ne

urn

b urial

was

b uilding B i n the s outh—eastern corner. I n a ll had been d ug i nto t he f ill of l evel I I b elow.

2

-

found cases

o utside t he

u rns

Level I I

The

r emaining

u rn

b urials,

5 3

i n

a ll,

belonged

to

l evel

I I

a nd had b een dug b eneath the f loors of t he buildings to d ifferent d epths, s ome r eaching the g ap which separates l evel I I f rom Level I II b elow. As was the case with b uilding A l evel I , building A i n this l evel had t he l argest number of urn b urials; a total of 3 4 were f ound b eneath i ts f loor. This f igure t ogether with t he total of 26 f ound i n b uilding A of l evel I , b rings the number

of

b urials

a ssociated

w ith

t his

one

building

t o

5 7,

nearly half of t he total number d iscovered a t the s ite . This concentration of u rns i n one place m ay have s ome s ignificance a nd w ill b e d iscussed l ater. The o ther 1 9 to this l evel were d istributed a s f ollows: 5 u rn i t 1 i t 1

b urials i t

a ssociated U

U

‚ t

I l

U

w ith i t

b urials

building i t U

1 4

U

I t

I t

I

i f i t

2

U

I t

I

U

I

U

1 4

U

i t

I ?

I ?

U

I t

i t

I

U

U

I

34

which b elong

B C D F G H I J

Types of u rn burials a nd methods of i nterment

A v ariety o f urns

f or

which

l arge

burials

s eems

i n

deep

both

j ars

a nd

l evels

a t

pots

have

been

Abada, b ut

to h ave b een made particularly

the t ype with a U—shaped s ection ( Figs. a ccounts f or a bout t wo t hirds of the urns

employed

the most

for

a s

popular,

this purpose, i s

1 31-133; P l. 7 ) which f ound. These urns a re

usually s imply p ainted w ith a b road s ingle band or bands a round the e xternal upper r im with some decoration c o nsisting of half c ircles o r o ther s uch

small triangles running over

c ases a s

i t

would

d ouble

s een

m outhed

t hat

j ars

a ny

a nd

the

kind

f lat

of

s pouted

r im i tself. I n

large

j ars

j ar

( Fig .

o r

1 89)

pot, were

employed f or t his purpose.

I nterment methods g reatly v aried, but most commonly were of

covered with

a big b owl), o r

d ecorated S ometimes that

a l id which could be e ither

the urns

a b ig s herd

( part

a c omplete bowl, usually of a particular type

with a the u rns

b old were

s weeping design ( Figs. 29:a ; 1 64). covered w ith the s ame type of j ar a s

containing t he burial a nd s ealed with clay, a s was the case

with urns 28, 5 0 a nd 7 0. Another method was v ery i nteresting a nd rather p uzzling. The urns o r j ars were sealed with c lay which a ppeared l ater t o have b een baked a nd s ometimes f urther unbaked c lay o r g ypsum p laster was a dded o ver the baked l ayer ( Nos. 1 7, 28, 4 0 a r id 4 7).

The mouths o f the urns were s ealed with a thick l ayer of c lay o r

g ypsum

w ith Some

( Fig. 2 9b),

i n

a f ew

c ases

the

dead

child was

covered

a l ayer of s mooth e arth a nd no cover or p laster was f ound. child burial urns were made of unbaked c lay with the mouth

b eing

s ealed

s eems

t o

w ith

have

c lay

b een

plaster

baked

l ater

represented b y n o. 4 7, o r wi' ih ( 16, 41

3 cm. thick, the a nd

a plate

covered ( no. 7 )

o r

plaster

with

a

o nly

l id,

as

j ust with earth

a nd 4 2).

The p eople o f Abada had a nother k ind of i nterment r ite f or v ery young babies o r p robably the s till born ones; t his was to p lace

the

dead

b aby

i n

a c ircular

o r

o val

shaped

pit

a nd

cover

i t with a bowl. E xamples a re t o be s een with nos. 3 3 , 54, 56, 76 a nd 8 0. S uperimposed i nterment s eems to have been p ractised i n a f ew l imited c ases, a s we have noticed two urn b urials were placed

o ne

o ver

a nother

i n

l evel

I I

( no. 3 2 was

u rn

burials were carefully p laced

s uperimposed on

3 0).

All

i n

regular

pits

which

were dug f or t his p urpose, s herds were p laced between the urn a nd the s ides of t he p it f or s upport. Some urns were p laced o ver a round base made of c lay, e .g. no. 8 of l evel I .

An f loor

i mportant g roup of 20 u rn b urials ( 61-80) were f ound on a l ined with g ypsum which r epresents the earliest f loor to

3 5

be f ound d irectly over t he g ap s eparating l evels I II a nd I I. A ll these 2 0 u rn b urials a re of t he s ame t ype which consists of a large over

o pen—mouthed t he

r im

a nd

pot,

s imply

covered

w ith

decorated a p late,

with

s ome

of

a painted

band

them

c lay

were

s ealed. This particular place with s uch n umbers of urn burials may represent the f irst cemetery dedicated f or the b urial o f d ead c hildren i n the v illage of l evel I I.

N o

g rave

g oods

of

a ny

t ype

were

a ssociated

children, s ave i n t hree c ases. I n urn found, of d ifferent materials a nd

with

the

dead

no. 67 a f ew beads were s hapes, p erhaps f rom a

necklace worn b y t he d ead c hild. I n n o. 6 8 a c lay f igurine o f human s hape was f ound with t he dead c hild ( Fig. 4 1:c). Both t hese two b urials were a ssociated with b uilding A of l evel I I. I n t he third e xample we f ound a small c up of b uilding A of l evel I ( Fig. 3 0).

a ssociated w ith burial no. 5

Conclusion

As

we

unearthed

have a t

a lready

the

s ite,

s een o nly

a

total

f our

of

of t hese

1 27

b urials

r epresent

were s imple

i nhumations, while t he r est a re u rn b urials. All contained s keletons of dead children, most of the u rn burials having b een dug b elow the f loor of t he houses. They were a ssociated with a lmost e very b uilding, i n particular t he l arge c entral buildi ng had t he l argest number: 5 7. Such a concentration i n o ne place i s noteworthy

a nd may

c ast

l ight o n the i mportance of the building

i n t erms of b oth i ts characteristic position among o ther buildings i n the s ite, a nd t he l ength o f t ime i t had survived.

As c an b e s een f rom Table 1 t here was no e stablished , d irection f or the heads, n or d id we f ind e xcept i n a v ery f ew cases a ny f unerary f urnishings a ssociated with the d ead c hild. The c ustom of n ot s upplying u rn burials belonging t o children, nor g raves of a ny v ariety c ontaining i nfants o r children, with f unerary f urnishings s eems to have b een common -

-

i n t he Ubaid ( Tobler 1 950,

p eriod a nd was a ttested a t Tepe Gawra a s well 1 15). So the p resence o f exceptional cases a t

Abada i s possibly s ignificant a nd could be i nterpreted i n t erms of s ocial a nd e conomic c lassification; t he d ead children who were wearing necklaces a nd provided w ith some f urnishings, m ay have b elonged to r ich o r i nfluential f amilies. p resence of s ome o rdinary i nhumations may s eem odd

A lso the a t a t ime

when u rn b urials were the most comon m ethod of f urneral.

3 6

Table

1

U rn b urials f ound a t Level I ( Fig. 28)

-

P osition

Type

Burial no. 1 .

made,

2

p lain

p ottery.

U rn

b urial, p ot

c lay

U rn

l arge,

Contract

with

with

m edium

r ounded

s mall

B .A;R.25 J 9

hands chest

B .A;R.8 J 9

B .A;R.1 K 9

hands on chest

c up.

2 c m.

B .A;R.1O

Contract — ed

K9

t hick. I t

B .A;R.1O K9

p late.

b urial,

l arge

pot,

‚ I

roughly made, l ittle painted. Covered w ith earth

N —S

—ed

U rn b urial, u nbaked clay, l idded w ith plain

C ontract — ed

C ontract

j ar,

U rn b urial, l arge g lobular j ar ( painted), t he mouth sealed with g ypsum p laster

a nd

l idded

a particular

[ 3]

J 9

e arth.

placed upside d own with i ts l ower parts b roken, to i nsert t he dead c hild, l idded with p late; a ssociated

U rn

E—W

—ed o n

l arge ( painted)

b urial,

s ized

of

B .A;R.24

p laster.

covered

8

K 9

A ,

( painted),

U rn burial, s pouted j ar

7

B .A;R. 1 , A ,

i t

originally b roken a nd r epaired w ith

6

Loc aion

bowl.

deep

5

SE—NE

. ed hands o n knees

U rn b urial, l arge pot l idded w ith a particular t ype of

3

Contract

U rn b urial, l arge, deep b owl, r oughly

D irec — tion

[ 3]

S—N

B .A;R.1 K8

w ith

t ype

plate.

The f ollowing a bbreviations a re used i n the table: B .z Building; R .= R oom ; a capital l etter followed b y a f igure refers to s quares o n Fig. 28.

3 7

9

U rn burial, l arge pot painted, l idded with plate ( painted), covered earth.

1 0.

U rn

with

b urial,

Contract — ed h ands o n

c lean

N—S

B .A;R.26 J 9

NE—SW

B .A; o n t he f loor

chest

l arge

H

globular j ar ( painte d) s ealed w ith clay

of R .27 J8

p laster which was later b aked. 1 1

U rn

b urial,

conical

e d) c overed smooth g rey a nd s ealed c lay. 1 2

U rn

l arge

bowl

b urial,

Contract

( paint-

N—S

—ed

w ith e arth

J8

r ight s ide

w ith

l arge

H

N E—SW

g lobular j ar ( painted) s ealed with g ypsum plaster, 1 3

U rn

3 cm.

b urial,

( painted), c lean

a shes

B .A;R.28

B .A;R.28 J8

t hick.

l arge

pot

c overed a nd

H

N —S

w ith

B .A;R.27 J8

s ealed

with g ypsum p laster, ' I cm. t hick. 1 4.

U rn b urial, m edium s ized, g lobular j ar f ixed

1 5.

w ith

C ontract —ed l eft

s herds

a round, covered with e arth.

s ide

U rn

1

b urial,

H

w ide

K8

H

B .A;R.5 K8

H

B .A;R.29 J8 K8

mouthed pot ( painted) l idded with a half of a nother j ar ( painted). 1 6

U rn

b urial,

oval—shaped

s mall

C ontract

p ot

—ed

( unbaked c lay) covered with e arth. 1 7

U rn pot

r ight s ide

b urial, l arge ( painted) s ealed

with which

c lay

C ontract

plaster

s eems

t o

have

—ed l eft s ide

been b aked ( 2 cm. thick), a nother g ypsum p laster was a dded l ater.

3 8

B .A;R.21 J8

S E—NW

B .A;R.21 J8

1 8

Urn pot with

1 9

U rn pot

c lay

B .A;R.21 J8

plaster. C ontract

burial, l arge ( painted)

covered

N E—SW

H

burial, l arge ( painted) s ealed

with

i t

B .A;R.22 K8

—ed

d ouble

mouthed j ar, f ixed with c lay p laster. 2 0

I nhumation, O ld Babylonian g rave

To

the

of

B .H.

l eft

J7 2 1

U rn

burial,

( painted), with

2 2.

painted

pot

Contract

( 2

c lay

cm.

N—S

—ed

b owl,

B .A;R.28 K 8

r ight s ide. B .F; R .68

H

H

U rn burial, l arge pot ( painted) mouth s ealed with

2 3.

l arge

covered

F ,

I 8

p laster

t hick).

U rn burial, l arge j ar ( painted) l idded with a d ish.

C ontract —ed l eft

H

B .F;R.66 18

s ide. N E—SW

2 4.

Urn burial, l arge wide pot ( painted), l idded w ith l arge s herd.

i f

2 5.

U rn

‚ I

b urial,

s ized

p ot

m edium

B .F;R.73 18

B .F;R.65 18

( painted),

covered with e arth, l idded w ith p late. 2 6

pot, 27

s keleton

U rn

s pecial b urial,

( painted) a nother sealed baked clay 29

18

c onfined.

U rn burial, l arge pot ( painted), l idded with

28

B .F;R.70

U rn burial ( painted) covered w ith h alf

Contract —ed

E—W

B .F;R.27 18

d ish. l arge

l idded

s imilar w ith

i s

H

B .A;R.9 K8

w ith pot,

c lay,

heavily, p laster

p ot

later

a nother

a dded.

U rn b urial, s mall oval—shaped b owl, painted o n r im only sealed with c lay.

C ontract — ed l eft s ide

3 9

N—S

B .F. 18

3 0

U rn b urial, large pot ( painted) l idded w ith a part

3 1

U rn

of

U

a d ish.

burial,

oval—shaped roughly

U

To of

the north B .F.

J8

small

B .F;R.31

j ar,

18

made,

p robably

contained a n unborn l ittle child. 3 2

U rn

b urial,

half

of

u pper

g lobular

C onfused

p laced over no-30 the s ame p it.

3 3

x 4 0

cm.,

3 0

C ontract

U rn

b urial,

cm.

l arge

3 5

with

pot

e arth.

U rn b urial, l arge pot, p lain pottery, s ealed w ith

c lay

B .F; R .7 1 J8

E —W

B. F.

s ide hand o n chest.

( broken). Fine small beads a ssociated. Covered

N —S

— ed l eft

i n d epth, l idded, with l arge b owl

3 4.

J8

i n

S imple i nhumation, o val—shaped p it, 5 0

B .F; R .69

j ar,

Contract —ed o n l eft

19

s ide. i s

‚ I

B .F;R.66 J8

plaster

( 2 cm. t hick) l idded with s herds. The i nner

s ide

coated

of

w ith

the

p ot

g ypsum

p laster. 3 7

U rn b urial, l arge pot ( painted) mouth a nd a round t he r im s ealed

C ontract —ed o n l eft

with c lay p laster, l ater heeavily b aked,

s ide hands o n

a nother c lay p laster was t hen a pplied. 3 8

U rn

b urial,

wide

pot,

with

earth,

sealed

w ith

U rn b urial, sealed w ith plaster.

B .F ;R .69 J8

k nee

C onfused

B .E;R.52 I 1 0

C onfused

B .A;R.17 L9

covered

p laster ( 3 which g oes a round the

3 9

l arge

N —S

mouth g ypsum cm. t hick), r egularly r im a s well. l arge pot g ypsum

4 0

1 4 0

U rn

burial,

( painted),

l arge

pot

C ontract

s ealed

-ed

with baked clay plaster a nd a nother unbaked 4 1

1 1 2

4 3.

U rn

s keleton

clay

plaster. burial,

unbaked

pot

( incomplete).

L idded w ith s ealed with

s herds, c lay p laster.

U rn

b ig

19 18

C ontract -ed

S -N

B .F;R.68 19

s herds. burial,

j ar,

B .F;R.79

C onfused

pot,

B .A;R.15 L9

c overed

U rn

burial,

N E-SW

‚ I

u nbaked

pot,

U rn

L 9

r ight s ide.

plain pottery, roughly made, l idded

1 114

B .A;R.15

o ne.

burial,

with

E-W

i mpressed

l idded

B .F;R.68

C onfused

I 9 /I

w ith

8

sherds. 1 45

U rn

burial,

l arge

pot

( painted), s ealed with c lay p laster ( 2 1 4 6

cm.)

U rn

U rn pot,

burial,

4 8

U rn

s mall

mouth

unbaked s ealed

b aked

burial,

B .F;R.65

C onfused

B .A;R.15

18

c lay

K

with p laster.

l arge

pot

B .A;R.3

Confused

K

( painted), l idded with p lain r oughly made d ish ( both 4 9

U rn

heavily

burial,

b roken).

large

pot

( painted), l idded with plate of the u sual type. 5 0

U rn

burial,

( painted), a nother, smaller 5 1

5 2

l arge l idded

s imilar pot

pot

Contract

Confused

West

of

H8

with but

( both

b roken).

with c lay p laster, l ater b aked.

o n

l arge

B .A;R.2 K

C ontract ed

b urial,

S W-NE

ed o n l eft s ide.

U rn b urial, l arge pot ( painted), s ealed

U rn

B .F;R.65 18

C onfused

j ar.

burial,

later

S W-NE

thick.

carinated 1 47

Contract ed

pot

SW-NE

B .E;R.52 J 1 0

SW-NE

B .E;R.52

l eft s ide

Contract

4 1

B .F.

( painted), l idded w ith t he particular type of d ishes. 5 3

U rn

b urial,

g lobular

54.

5 5

o n

l arge

pot

—ed r ight s ide.

C ontract — ed

( paint-

ed) s ealed w ith c lay plaster ( 2 cm. t hick) f ixed w ith s herds on s ides.

l eft s ide, hands o n k nee

S imple

Contract

i nhumation,

—ed

U rn b urial, p lain pottery pot, l idded

i t

p late

N E—SW

H 9

S —N

West

o n

oval—shaped p it, 3 0 x 2 5 x 2 0 c m. Covered with o val— s haped b owl.

with

I 1 0

of

b uildings E , F H9

N E—SW

West

of

b uildings

( broken).

E ,

F

H9 56

S imple i nhumation, rounded p it 3 0 cm.

i t

‚ I

d iameter, 2 0 cm. d epth, covered w ith p late

E ,

U rn

b urial,

pot,

Confused

B .H;R.8L

p lain pottery, l idded with p lain a nd roughly made d ish ( both b roken). 5 8

U rn

b urial,

pot

5 9

U rn

burial,

large

U rn

b urial,

N —S

—ed o n

j ar

( painted).

6 0

H ,

C ontract

s ealed w ith c lay p laster, l idded with p late ( broken).

j ar

r ight s ide.

C ontract

N E—SW

i t

( painted) l idded with p late, s ealed w ith g ypsum p laster.

6 1

U rn

b urial,

l idded 6 2

U rn

w ith

b urial,

l arge

pot

Contract

s herds.

— ed

l arge

‚ I

pot

( painted) l idded w ith p late ( both b roken).

Near

N ear

k ilns

B .B;R. 1 20 M 1 0

I I N—S

1 3 .A;R.27 K9

N E—SW

B .A;R.22 K9

4 2

k ilns

7-10 L 1 0

i t

Level

J 7

7 -10 L 1 0

— ed

l arge

F

H9

( smashed). 5 7

West of b uildings

B.A;R.16 K 9

63

Urn burial, large pot (painted), lidded with plain plate (broken).

II

II

64

Urn burial, pot (painted) lidded with plate.

II

II

65

Urn burial, pot, sealed with clay plaster.

II

66

Urn burial,large pot (painted) lidded with sherds

II

67

Urn burial, pot (painted), lidded with plate (both broken). Fine small beads associated.

Confused

68

Urn burial, pot (painted) lidded with sherds. Figurine associated.

Contract -ed left side

69

Urn burial, large pot (painted) lidded with plate (broken).

II

70

Urn burial, pot (painted) lidded with sherds.

II

71

Urn burial, pot, lidded with similar pot (painted, both broken).

Confused

72

Urn burial, large pot (painted), placed within similar but larger pot, lidded with plate (broken).

Contract -ed on right side

S-N

B.A;R.4 K 8

73

Urn burial, pet lidded, with sherds.

Contract on left side

N-S

B.A;R.1 K 8

74

Urn burial, pot (painted), lidded with plate (both broken).

Confused

75

Urn burial, pot (painted) lidded with plate of plain pottery

on left side.

II

43

N-S NE-SW

B.A;R.2 K 9 B.A;R.1 K 9 II

II

N-S

II

NE-SW

II

B.A;R.29 K 8 B.A;R.1 K 8 II

B.A;R.1 K 8 B.A;R.12 K 8

( broken). 76

S imple

i nhumation

s hallow

p it c overed p late. 7 7

w ith

U rn

NE—SW

—ed

p lain

l eft

C onfused

B .A;outside to the e ast

( broken).

b urial,

B .A;R.18 L9

s ide.

U rn b urial, pot l idded w ith s herds

7 8

C ontract

oval—shaped

L9

pot,

p lain,

i t

B .A;R.18

pottery, l idded w ith roughly made p late

L9

( broken). 7 9

U rn

b urial,

( painted) s herds. 8 0

S imple

pot

U

l idded

B .A;R . 29

w ith

i nhumation,

K9

Laid

small p it, dead c hild l idded w ith p late.

B .A ; R .7 K9

s trai g htly towards n orth.

8 1

U rn

b urial,

l arge

pot

C onfused

8 .F;R.68

( painted) l idded w ith l arge p late ( both smashed). 8 2

19

U rn b urial, large l idded w ith

j ar,

C ontract —ed

s herds

w ith

l eft

c lay

a nd

s ealed

p laster,

U rn b urial,large pot ( painted) l idded with p late, s ealed with c lay p laster.

8 1 4

U rn

19

l arge

pot

C ontract —ed

U

I t

1 3 .A;R. 1 K8

U

B .A;R,1

l idded w ith f lat d ish, s ealed w ith g ypsum 8 5

U rn

c lay 8 6

U rn

b urial,

C ontract with

w ith

p laster. b urial,

b urial,

N —S

—ed l eft

B .A;R,7 K8

s ide,

p ot

U

s ealed

c lay p laster t hick). U rn

pot

l idded

s ealed

( painted)

8 7

K8

p laster.

( painted) plate,

B .F;R.82

s ide.

8 3

b urial,

N E—SW

( 2

w ith

N E—SW

c m.

l arge

j ar

B .A;R.6 K8

U

44

N —S

H

( painted) s ealed with clay p laster ( 2.5 cm. thick). 8 8

U rn

buiral,

Contract

j ar

( painted) p laced upside d own a nd s ealed f rom

a ll

N E—SW

B .J;R.98 H6

E—W

B .J;R.10L I

—ed

s ides w ith

clay p laster which was later baked. 8 9

9 0

U rn

burial,

l arge

j ar

C ontract

( painted), l idded with s herds.

— ed l eft s ide.

U rn burial, p ot, l idded w ith s herds

t o

G 6

N E—SW

F6

( broken). 9 1

9 2

U rn burial, p ot, l idded w ith s herds.

i f

U rn

‚ I

burial,

( painted) clay 9 3

j ar

s ealed

I t

F5 I t

B .J;R. 1 -3 H6

w ith

U rn burial, p ot ( painted) l idded with s herds, s ealed w ith clay p laster which

U rn

i t

p laster.

a ppears to have baked l ater. 9 4

N orth of B .J;

burial,

C ontract

i t

— ed o n r ight

B .J;R. 1 02 H6

s ide

b een

p ot,

North

Confused

B .J.

F 5 /6

s ealed w ith c lay p laster ( 1.5 c m. thick) ( broken). 9 5

U rn burial, p ot l idded w ith s herds.

C ontract —ed

N—S

U

r ight s ide. 9 6

U rn

b urial,

u pper

1

SW—NE

half o f d ouble—mouthed j ar p laced u pside down, l idded w ith s herds.

North

B .J.

G5

9 7

U rn b urial, p ot l idded w ith s herds, p lain p ottery.

9 8

U rn b urial, p ot C onfused ( plain p ottery), l idded with h alf p late ( both badly m ade a nd b roken).

i t

4 5

N —S

i t

i t L evel

I

9 9

U rn b urial, pot l idded w ith s herds.

i t

1 00

U rn b urial, pot ( plain pottery)

‚ I

with 1 01

B .J; F6 i f

l idded

s herds.

U rn b urial, pot ( painted) l idded p late

( both

Contract with

b roken).

S E-NW

East

B .A

M 1 0

-ed l eft s ide.

1 02

U rn burial, pot, l idded with s herds.

1 03

U rn burial, pot ( painted) p lastered with

b aked

( heavily 1 0 14 U rn

1 05

1 06

N-S

i t

B .A;R.7

C onfused

K9

c lay

b roken).

burial,

l idded

i f

w ith

B .A;R. 1

‚

p ot,

K9

s herds.

U rn b urial, pot l idded with s herds. U rn b urial, pot p lastered w ith c lay.

i f

I

K 9 C ontract ed on l eft

N -S

B .A;R.25 K9

s ide. 1 07

U rn

burial,

plastered clay 1 08

U rn

a ll

1 09

w ith

NE-SW

B .C;R » 41 4 L 1 1

baked

a round.

b urial,

spouted

H

pot

j ar

s hort

H

C onfused

( smashed).

U rn b urial, j ar ( painted) l idded

C ontract with

s herds.

N E-SW

-ed l eft

B .E;R.63 J 1 0

s ide. 1 10

1 11

U rn b urial,pot, l idded w ith s herds.

U rn

b urial,

l idded

w ith

p ot,

Contract

N E-SW

N orth

-ed on l eft s ide.

K7

C onfused

East

B .A

B .A

M 1 0

s herds

( smashed). 1 12

U rnburial,

pot,

l idded with p late a nd a nd p lastered w ith c lay

( broken).

C ontract ed r ight s ide.

4 6

N-S

B .D;R.30 K 1 1

1 13

U rn burial, s ealed with c lay p laster ( smashed).

C onfused

1 14

Urn burial, pot ( painted) l idded with sherds ( broken).

C ontract

U rn burial, bowl lidded with sherds

C onfused

1 15

belonging 1 16

U rn

t o

covered 1 18

U rn with

1 19

U rn

pot,

w ith

burial,

r ight s ide.

N—S

B .H;

B .G;R.79

"

sherds.

7 l arge

pot

Contract

w ith

Confused

1 21

U rn burial, l arge p ot roughly made, l idded

C ontract — ed

with

on

painted

( painted)

d ish.

l arge

l idded

j ar

N E—SW

B .F;R.65

— ed l eft s ide.

U rn burial, small pot l idded with s herds.

burial,

B .H

H 7

l idded

burial,

N orth 16

C onfused

1 20

U rn

J 1 1.

earth.

( painted) l idded large sherd.

1 22

B .D;R.38

— ed r ight s ide

thick). burial,

B .B;R.112 L9

—ed

C ontract

burial,pot

U rn

N E—SW

a plate.

( painted), s ealed with plaster ( 2 cm.

1 17

B .B;R. 1 13 L9

West

B .A

H9 NE—SW

9

l eft s ide. 9 ,

N —S

B .A;R.28 J8

w ith

a p late, ( broken and repaired w ith b itumen in 1 23

A ntiquity).

U rn burial, l arge j ar l idded w ith p late ( both

1 24

( 2 1 25

gypsum

c m.

C ontract — ed

SW—NE

B .A:R.27 J8

r ight

p laster

s ide

thick).

U rn burial, j ar, roughly made l idded w ith

J8

smashed).

U rn burial, pot ( painted) s ealed with

B .A;R.21

Confused

C onfused

B .A;R.26 J8

sherds.

47

1 26

U rn burial, pot, l idded w ith plate

i t

E ast M 1 1

B .0

East

B .D

( smashed). 1 27

i t

U rn b urial, l arge j ar, l idded with s herds

L 1 1

( smashed).

I n g eneral, the c hildrens' bodies were contracted, though one e xample was were

f ound

f ully i n

a

e xtended on confused

i ts back. However, c ondition

so

that

some

s keletons

the

o riginal

c ontain j ar o r

the dead pot was

position a nd d irection c ould not be r ecorded.

The s imilarity o f the urns employed children may i ndicate t hat this t ype

to of

e specially made f or t his purpose a nd t he fact that these urns have n ever b een f ound i n a non—funerary context, g ives s upport to this a rgument. The p resence of s ome v ariant types may have been d ue to a temporary l ack of the t raditional type a t the t ime the c hild d ied. The l arge, f lared b owls decorated with bold sweeping d esigns which were used a s l ids t o cover s ome urn burials seem t o have b een made particularly f or this f unction. This t ype of b owl i s n ot f ound i n a ny o ther context. I t i s very i nteresting t o n ote that t he s ame p henomenon was noticed by Mallowan a t A rpachiyah where i dentical b owls were f ound covering positive

s ome urn e vidence

b urials ( Mallowan of d irect c ontact

1 935, 4 6), thus b etween Ubaid

we h ave a p eople a t

both Abada a nd Arpachiyah.

S everal r ecorded

b ut

i nterment t he

most

methods

a pplied

i nteresting

one

to was

u rn the

burials sealing

of

were the

mouth of the u rn o n the body a ll a round w ith c lay p laster which s eems later t o have been baked. This a stonishing method may have b een c onnected with a r itual c ustom carried o ut i n particular c onditions, o r may have reflected a belief t hat the s ealing of t he u rn burials with baked p laster would p rovide more p rotection a nd p revent t he deterioration of the dead child, o r may s imply have b een meant to s top the smell.

I t death

c an b e s een i n ( Table 2A) [ 4] t hat ranges b etween 0 -6 m onths t o 2

mortality h as conditions a nd

i mportant deficiency

the s tandard y ears only,

a ge of i nfant

implications i n t erms of h ealth d iseases, a s ituation which s eems to

b e v ery understandable i n a ll p rimitive c onditions.

[ 4]

I a m i ndebted t o D r. H .Ishida of O saka U niversity, J apan , f or s tudying t he o steological remains f rom Tell Abada, he k indly p rovided me with t he i nformation contained i n Tables 2A-2B .

4 8

Lastly t he absence of a ny g rave or urn burials belonging to t he e arliest l evel I II, i s not a s trange matter s ince this l evel has not b een e xcavated throughout a nd the possiblity of p resence of s uch g raves o r u rn burials cannot be r uled out.

Table Age Age

of

d eath

i n

U baid

i nfants

N umber

*

2A

of

a t

Tell

Abada

Percentage

i ndividuals 0 .5

1 5

1

7

2 6.9

2

4

1 5.1 4

Totals *

0 .5

=

0

5 7.7

-

6 months,

2 6 1

=

6

-

1 5

1 00.0 months,

4 9

2 = 1 5

-

24

months.

the

c

i nir

CJ •

—

o

•

• -

' . 00

C

i n

Ln I

Ln In

In In

C o o -

n . j n . j

.-

L t)

in in

N- N-

in

In

In In

In

.

%0 % D

' .0 ' .0

in

%0 •

‚

I

o O

c \ J

I

o

¼o in 00 OD

in N-

in

in

,

I

I ' .0

in in

C

1

I

0

I

I

in

in

N- in

C )

cc

cn I I

i

I

u

I

tu

in

o •

( ' J

in • m ' .0 ' .0 -

0

in .

c

I NON

C )

CM

CM

c C o

' .0 j C Cf l

0

T a b l e 2 E

I

I I

0

C

in .

c o .-

—

a .

-

n . j

C )

in I I

0

0

C )'

i nin

in in • •

in •

in •

N-

N- Ln

C ' ,

In

OD Co

C- N-

(Y)

v

LC ' iC ' I • in

' .o

N- N-

' .0

C

c r •

o

Ln •

in .

(f l in

nJ

' .0 ' .0

0

in

-

0

C )

n. j •

o

n. j

-

-

' .0 ' .0 64

C

4-

0

in . a -.

' .0

' -0

in in

I

$

cn ¼ 0

c \ J

N- C-

in

in n. j 0

-

( \ jc ' j

C ' ,

n . j

in

-

cc

4-

a -.

in

in t

rn

m

in 0

' -0 ' .0

in a. %Z

c n

in in

0

I

I

I I

' .0

1

0'

C

0'

o

in U '%

-

C o

N-

in

c c

' .0 ' .0

1 . 0

' .0

w

c z

-.

in =

r

.

-

in in

in

in

a, a.

a -.a.

in

N- N-

' .0 ' .0

' .0 ' .0

=

0

C

-A

_)

_)

j

C o

- S

C )

U )

C O S .

C O r4

( l )

C C

C

C

• ‚ I ( 0

C O I I

-4 4

C a ,

. 0 .4

. 0 1 4

b D CO

0

0

. 1 '0

'. 0

C \ J . O

N-

( ' U ( ' U

0

t f L C 0

r- C _ ' N- N -

L C'

I I

I t

I I

1

I

- -

I

I

i c. ' c 'i 0 0

0

I

I ( ‚ U ' . 0

0 0

N-

0 0

IC 0. '

U-. '

L I. ' L

c ' J

I

L ç I

3D

i r

I C' N-

C )

I C . ' c ' J

I

0

0. '

0

N3D

( ‚ U N-

' -

-

0

CD

I

3D N-

I

C

0

I I N-

0

N -

In 3D

u-

I 0

I

' . 0

0

c ' J

in ' .0 ' .0 ' .0

I I

N- I C . ' \O ' .0

' .0

I

in

' . 0 N' .0 ' .0

0 ' . 0 ' .0 i n

in I

Z r

0 0 ' .0 ' . 0

:

'0 ' 0

in

in

in

C D in in

' . 0 NN- N-

in 10 ' .0 ' .0

' -

-

in in

-

I

0

' .0

in

10 cf l Z r N- N-

in I

in 0

Z r ' -0 ' . 0 ' .0

' -0 ' .0

I I

I I

in

in N- N-

0

L (

' .0 ¼ 0

In Lr

L ( LC

C ' = J ' . 0 ' . 0

' -

' . 0

0

(f l U ' .0

I n

0

I

1 f

0 0

c ' J

. T h' . 0 N- N-

in

0

0

I in

1 ' .0

0 ' . 0

I I

I t

0

V

a ,

4 ) _ 1

( \ J

c

U )

a ,

H u m e r u

' I . 0 H

_ I

1

s

0 0

C T j

C t i C

: 3 r 1 V

1 . : 3

( t i . ‚ 4 . 0

r 1 : 3 . 0

‚ 4

C

a r j .

• 4 H

• ‚ 1 L z .

a ,

Table

2B c ontinued no.22

C lavicula

Humerous

U lna

R adius

Femur

R L R L R L R L H L

T ibia

F ibula

A ge

R L H L

-

-

8 0 -

-

-

n o.201 4 6 -

7 1 -

-

6 6

-

-

-

-

8 9

-

-

-

-

-

8 3.5

-

n o.202 -

-

6 ' -

n o.203 5 8.5 6 2.5

6 0 -

n o.205 5 7 -

-

1 05

5 7.5 5 8.5 -

5 2 7 2.5 71 1. 5

6 5.5 6 2

-

-

111 4 1 12.5

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0 .5

0 .5

0 .5

5 2

n o.20 14

1

1 04.5 -

8 3 -

7 8 7 6 2

1

Section C

F ire I nstallations

O ne during

of t he most i nteresting f eatures the e xcavations a t Tell Abada , was

considerable

number

of

f ire

that was r evealed the p resence of a

i nstallations

d istributed

throughout t he t hree e xcavated l evels of the s ite. These f ire i nstallations i ncluded k ilns, ovens a nd hearths. We use the term " kiln"

for

making;

" oven"

s uch

a s

those f or

making

s hallow p its i nstallations

c ommercial

i nstallations

t hose which were

b read;

a nd

used

"hearth"

used

f or

f or

f or

p ottery

domestic

those

i n

purposes

the

f orm

of

u sed f or cooking a nd heating. The f ire f rom Abada v ary i n s ize, s hape a nd f unction. They

can b e classified a s f ollows:

1

K ilns

-

w ith

two

chambers

built

above

g round

l evel,

i ncluding k ilns nos . 1 , 7 , 8 , 9 a nd 1 0 ( Figs. 3 1, 3 6, 3 7, 3 8; Pl. 8 :a), no.1 was f ound a t L .III, the others belong t o L .I. This kind of k iln consists of t wo chambers a l ower f iring chamber a nd an upper baking chamber. The f iring c hamber i s usually p rovided with a n opening o r s toke-hole to f eed t he kiln with f uel, a lso to

p rovide

The

two

the

d raught

c hambers

a re

n ecessary

s eparated

f or

b y

t he

p rovided w ith a n umber of rounded holes chamber was probably d ome s haped. Evidence i n

the

s urviving

p ortions.

There

combustion

a g rate

must

which

p rocess.

i s

usually

o r f lues. The upper f or this can be seen

have

been

a hole

i n

the

dome to serve a s a c himney. An o pening f or l oading the k iln with the p ots t o be b aked, must have b een made i n the wall of the dome;

this

p ottery

o pening

o r

c lay

was

hatch

no

doubt

c losed

a nd

might

have

by

b een

a s pecial s ealed

s ecure the t emperature i nside the baking chamber

2 K ilns c onsisting of part or f iring c hamber s unk -

v arying

f rom

one

t o

A perforated

clay

of to

( Fig. 3 6).

a d ouble-chamber, with b elow g round l evel a nd

a nother.

p iece

with

g rate

the the

was

l ower depth

usually

p laced on t op of t he f iring c hamber a t g round l evel, the f uel o pening o r s toke-hole was a t g round l evel, normally a ttached to o ne

e nd

of

t he

i nterior o f chamber was

c hamber

a nd

the f iring built o ver

s loping

down

d iagonally

to

the

chamber. The upper part o r baking the g rate. This k ind o f k iln i s

r epresented b y k ilns nos. 1 2-13 of L evel I ( Fig. 3 9:a-b).

3

-

v arying

K ilns i n

w ith

s ize

a nd

a

s ingle

s hape

a nd

chamber

built

e ither

b uilt

a t

g round

d irectly

l evel,

o ver

the

g round e .g nos. 2 , 1 4 ( Figs. 3 2:a, 3 1 4), o r j ust a l ittle below g round l evel, n o. 3 , ( Fig.33). No g rate i s to be f ound a nd i t s eems t hat b oth p ots a nd combustible material were put together i n o ne chamber which f unctioned both a s f ire chamber a nd baking chamber. S ome k ilns of this k ind were v ery well constructed of p ise a s i n k iln n o.3 a nd 14, both have d omed roofs with a chimney i n t he top a nd a n o pening f or f uel i n o ne s ide.

53

1 4 which domed

-

S ingle c hamber k ilns consisting of a p repared base on t he u nbaked pots a nd t he f uel were p iled. A t emporary r oof was t hen l aid over t he p ile, probably perforated

w ith holes t o 1 8

p rovide

( Figs-39:c; 1 4 0:a ,c,d)

the

necessary

d raught. N os.

114 , 1 5,

1 7

a nd

a re e xamples of t his t ype.

5 K ilns with a unique s ystem o f v entilation, n o.16 ( Fig. 1 4 0:b). This t ype of k iln has not b een matched e lsewhere so f ar. A -

s imilar s ystem i s t o b e f ound i n t he k iln of S ialk I II, I ( Ghirshmar i 1 938, Fig.5). The S ialk k iln has a nother f eature i n common w ith k iln no-7 a t Abada ; t he g rates i n both k ilns a re of the s ame s ize a nd a re p rovided with 1 8 rounded holes d istributed throughout t heir s urfaces. These common i n t he k ilns of both Abada a nd contemporaneity b etween S ialk 1 11,1

6—

O ther

f ire

i nstallations

p laces ( Fig. 3 2:c,d), were s ome of t hem i nside t he

f ound r ooms

S ialk I II, a nd Abada I .

s uch

a s

I

or f lues f eatures

may

s uggest

ovens, hearths

or

f ire

i n d ifferent p laces a t the s ite, o r courts of h ouses. These were

obviously being used f or d omestic purposes. I n this connection i t s hould b e pointed out t hat a lthough we have s ufficient evidence concerning the f unction of a lmost a ll of these k ilns, t he

p ossibility

t hat

" the

s ame

i nstallation may

have b een used

f or a n umber of d ifferent purposes" ( Crawford 1 981) s hould be taken i nto c onsideration. The l arge , w ide b ench which was constructed i nside t he f iring chamber of k iln no.6 c ould provide a n e xample of a s tructure f or s uch multi—purpose use. I t may have b een used to s tand the u nbaked pots o n b efore f iring, b ut a lso f or s tanding pottery t rays w ith food o r b read to b e c ooked o r b aked when the k iln was not being u sed f or pottery b aking. This c annot b e t rue w ith the more s pecialized k ilns s uch a s n o.s p ottery b aking.

1 ,2,3,7,8,9,10

a nd

1 1, which

were

only

used

f or

I t i s i nteresting that t he s hape a nd s ize of the k ilns v ary c onsiderably w ithin each l evel a nd, a s we have s een at Abada , a v ery s imple t ype of k iln coexists w ith more developed a nd s pecialized o nes. Thus t he s ystematic course of development p roposed b y Delcroix a nd } I uot ( 1972) i s i nvalid.

To k ilns

s um u p, a considerable number a nd a wide r ange of pottery were f ound a t the s ite, r anging b etween v ery s imple a nd

h ighly s ophisticated ones. Special places or q uarters were s et a side t o h ouse t he l arge a nd s pecialized k ilns which p roduced a v ery

r emarkable

q uantities

A ll

s pecialization

a nd t his which

v illage a nd w ithout h ave b een a chieved.

b rilliantly b ears had

which

e xecuted

t estimony

a lready no

s uch

5 4

b een

g reat

to

pottery t he

i n

h uge

i ndustrial

established

a t

a ccomplishments

t he

could

S ection D

Figurines

Ma u

has

l ong

b een

e arliest

f igurines

f emales

w ith

f amiliar

reported

t heir

w ith

so

most

f ar

making a re

f eminine

f igurines,

those

which

the

depict

characteristics

much

emphasized. These a re made of c lay o r s tone a nd date back to the u pper palaeolithic ; they have b een f ound a t many s ites i n western

E urope

( Braidwood

1 967,

7 1).

I n

Mesopotamia

f igurines

have b een f ound i n many s ites s uch a s Karim Shahir which dates b ack to t he 9 th m illennium B .C. , a nd J armo where a bout 5 ,000 f ragments o f f igurines representing a nimals a nd human beings w ere f ound; t he l ast s ite i s dated to the 7 th millennium B .C. ( Braidwood a nd H owe et a l. 1 960, 4 4, 5 3 P 1.23, 8 ). Figurines continued t o b e p roduced during the Hassuna p eriod, a nd f rom t he

Samarra

Sawwan

p eriod

( Yasin

r emarkable

f igurines

1 970. Figs. 3 9_ 14 2)

a nd

a ppear, e .g a t Tell

C hoga

Mami

( Oates

Es—

1 968, 5 ).

The s ame t radition was f ollowed during the Halaf period a nd s ites of t he U baid p eriod have y ielded many s pecimens of f igurines. The n ew d iscoveries f rom Tell Abada have g reatly e nriched t he repertoire of this c ategory of object. The upper t wo l evels a t the s ite have produced a fairly l arge n umber of f igurines o f baked c lay; o ne e xample was made f rom g ypsum ( Fig. 2 :e). Gypsum f igurines a re e xtremely rare i n p rehistoric M esopotamia ,

a g ypsum human

f igurine

i s

reported

f rom Tell

E s-

S awwan L .II ( Oates 1 969a, 1 47;P1.XLI,C) which dates back to the S amarra p eriod. N o o ther examples have b een r eported f rom any U baid s ites. A total of 1 05 f igurines were f ound f our of which a re of human s hape while a ll the r est depicted a nimals; t his g roup i ncluded s ome small theriomorphic v essels:

1

-

Anthropomorphic F igurines

Human

f igurines

seem

( Fig.

to

1 )

have

been

r are

a t

Abada,

n evertheless, f our i nteresting o nes were f ound ( Fig. 14 3), two i n l evel I ( a ,c) a nd t wo i n l evel I I ( b,d). Three of these f igurines ( a ,c,d) represent f emales, two of t hem ( c,d) a re depicted i n a s quatting p osition a nd t hey were r oughly modelled i n s tylized f orm w ith s ome p arts of t he b ody o veremphasized. This t ype of f igurine has long b een a ssumed to be a representation of the " Mother Goddess", t he use of this d escription which implies a r eligious s ignificance was based o n the f act that some of s uch f igurines

were

g raves,

a ssociation

a s

was

i n t he

c ase

o ften w ith

f ound with Tell

i n the

particular dead,

Es—Sawwan

or

i n

contexts s hrines

( Al—Wailly

o r

1 965,

s uch

a s

temples 22)

a nd

c hatal Hüyük ( Mellaar t 1967). At Tell Abada, the p resence of one o f t hese f igurines a ssociated w ith a dead child i n urn burial n o .68 m ay a lso s eem to i ndicate a r itual f unction f or such f emale f igurines b ut no persuasive evidence can e ver s upport t his v iew ( Oates 1 978b). Male f igurines s eem to have been rare a nd o nly o ne was f ound i n l evel I I. The dearth of male f igurines s eems t o b e i n a ccordance w ith the e vidence f rom other

5 5

prehistoric s ites where male f igurines a re e xtremely r are. They a re " rare i n Mesopotamia a nd equally rare i n Anatolia I ran" ( Oates 1 966, 1 47).

2

-

[ 5] and

Animal F igurines

Animal f igurines were v ery common a t Abada ( Figs.42-48). A b ig v ariety of i dentifiable a nimals were r epresented b ut sheep a nd d ogs s eem to have b een most popular. were

a lso

[ 6]

Amorphous e xamples

f ound. The presence of a high p roportion of

f igurines

r epresenting s heep p robably reflects t he e conomic i mportance of t hese a nimals. Level I I yielded the most b eautiful e xample of a n a nimal f igurine which may represent a sheep ( Fig. 4 5:a). I t i s of f ired c lay, e laborately modelled a nd decorated w ith brown b ands r unning d iagonally a round the b ody a nd t he neck. The eyes a re i ndicated b y reserved c ircles i nside paintd r ings. The mouth

i s

d epicted

b y

m eans

of

V—like

s lashes

i n

f ront

of

the

f ace. B oth ears a re m issing s o a re s ome of t he face p arts and l egs. The painted bands p robably represent a d ye in the wool of a s heep ; a c ustom which i s s till widely p ractised i n I raq today b y t he s hepherds to d istinguish their s heep f rom others. The l arge n umbers of f igurines which depict dogs i s of s pecial i nterest f or a lthough there i s no economic b enefit f rom these a nimals themselves, t heir importance a s guards, l ooking after domesticated a nimals, must have been g reat ( Figs.45:a ,i; 4 8:b,k). R epresentations of c ows a nd bulls ( Bukrania) appear i n many f igurines a t t he s ite, a nd a lso f eature a s designs o n p ottery ( Fig. 2 24:3, 5 ). Their f requency p robably i ndicates the e conomic a nd r eligious i mportance of this a nimal i n the economy a nd the b eliefs of the p eople i n Mesopotamia a nd t he Middle East g enerally f rom the Halaf period onwards, t hough this a ssumption has

b een

q uestioned

b y

Oates

( 1978b,

2 2). An

i nteresting

piece

( Fig. 14 3:9) r epresents a v ery well modelled baked clay f igurine of a b ull with hollow body consisting o f two e qual parts stuck together o ne of which i s m issing, t he entire s urface was polished a nd some a natomical details a re a pparent a s s hown on the b ack, t he b elly, t he l egs a nd the t ail. Most i nteresting i s t he p hallus of the b ull which s eems to b e a ttached on t he rear part o f t he l ower b elly j ust below t he h ind l egs. A very i nteresting

f igurine

c ame

f rom

l evel

I ( Fig.

4 2:b),

t his

was

evidently i ntended to depict a s nake w ith cylindrical b ody and tapering h ead, t he e yes a re r epresented b y small reserved r ings

[ 5]

O nly o ne male f igurine was f ound a t Tell E s—Sawwan ( Oates 1 966b, 4 7). A s ingle e xample of a male f igurine was found a t l evel X a t Tepe Gawra ( Tobler 1 950, 1 65; F ig.10), a nd one f rom Q aling Agha ( Hijara 1 970, 3 5). Two male f igurines were a f ragmentary male f igurine 1 966b, F .N.8).

[ 6]

F igurines ( Braidwood proportion 1 977, 1 99).

f ound a t E ridu cemetery, and has c ome f rom Warka ( Oates

d epicting dogs were r eported a nd Howe e t a l. 1 960, P 1.16) of dog f igurines were f ound a t

56

f rom Jarrno a nd a high Sarab ( Hole

w ith painted c ircles i nside. The s poted body of the s nake i s s hown i n b lack paint o ver the the head a nd body. This f igurine i s made m issing.

of I t

baked c lay s hould be

a nd the other mentioned that

a ppears on painted p ottery s nakes a re v ery c ommon i n

half of a snake

the s nake i s pattern a lso

f rom the s ite ( e.g. Fig . 1 32:d). Today the a rea where the s ite i s l ocated.

The f igurine s hown i n ( Fig. 4 8:b) f ound i n l evel I II r epresents a b ird with body t apering t owards t he r ear to i ndicate the tail, the

e nd

depicted

of

which

s tanding

i s o n

missing, what

a s

a ppears

i s to

base. This b ird f igurine c ould be f igurine o f b etter modelling f ound h e

Ubaid

period

( Fig .231:d),

a

f igurine was a lso f ound i n l evel I II

the be

head.

The

a p edestal

b ird

with

was

a f lat

matched with a nother b ird a t Tell R ashid a nd d ated to f ragment

of

a nother

b ird

( Fig. 4 8:c).

3- Zoomorphic Vessels ( Fig. 4 9)

a nd

Some v ery a ttractive examples were f ound i n both l evels I II I I, made o f p ottery a nd b earing painted o r i ncised

decoration. ( Fig. 4 9a) r epresents what must have been the spout of a zoomorphic v essel, the e yes a re i ndicated by t wo small a ppliqued p ellets. The wool of t he s heep i s i ndicated b y rather deep

i ncisions

t o b e

s een o n

the neck

a nd the upper

part

of

the

head.

( Fig.

4 9:b)

s hows

a n

i nteresting

z oomorphic

v essel which may

r epresent a hedgehog with hollow body. The body i s painted i n b rown with small s pots i ndicating the b ristles. Another zoomorphic v essel was f ound i n l evel I I ( Fig. 14 9:c) p erhaps r epresenting r epresented

a by

d og

with

means

of

a

s hort

wide

tail.

grooves,

was

The

mouth,

p rovided

which with

was

three

s mall holes s erving a s a s pout.

The zoomorphic v essel t o be s een i n ( Fig. 4 2:h) i s a n animal f igurine, p robably a s heep , with a concave base i n the s hape of a small c up.

N o

conclusive

p roblem k now

i f

of

t he

t hey

e vidence

was

purpose of the were

v otive

f ound

a nimal

a t

offerings,

merely toys.

5 7

Abada

t o

f igurines, we objects

of

r esolve

the

s till do not worship

o r

Table The

o ccurrence

of

v arious

Type

types

l evel

Animal Human

f igurines

I

of

Abada I II

Total

1 4

9 3 4

-

1 4

5 7

a t

l evel

2

-

Total

I I

3 4

2

v essels

f igurines

l evel

5 5

f igurines

Zoomorphic

3

1

1 4 0

5

5

1 02

S ection E

C lay, Baked C lay, a nd C eramic objects

a re

The objects d escribed c eramic a nd i nclude

" ladles",

utilitarian

c lay

i n this s ection a re made of c lay, or s pindle whorls, b ent n ails, c ones, objects,

p ot

l ids

a nd

miscellaneous

ceramic objects.

Spindle Whorls

The e xcavations a t Tell Abada have p roduced some one h undred a nd f orty t hree s pindle whorls, most o f them made of baked c lay, one e xample o nly was made of l imestone. They were t hroughout t he t hree l evels of the s ite a s f ollows:

Level

I II

1 5

Level

I I

6 3

Level

I

6 5

Total

A w ide

r ange

of

t ypes

114 3

was

d iscovered,

i ncised decoration, o thers have b rown paint. D ifferent s izes of

1

-

C onical s pindle whorls

s ome

of

them

v aried

b etween

( Figs. 5 0:a ,b ;52:b, d—f , h—j)

5 8

b ear

b een d ecorated with b lack whorls were f ound ranging

d iameter f rom 1 .3 to 4 .3 cm. , t heir thickness a nd 3 . 3 cm. Th types can be classified i nto:

Type

d istributed

or i n 0 .5

T ype 2 — Conical s pindle whorls with concave base

These h ere

i s

a re

s imilar

to

the

a bove mentioned

e ither s lightly o r deeply concave

type, but

the

base

( Figs.50:g, h ; 5 1:a , b , g

; 52:c, g )

T ype 3

T ype

L

B iconical s pindle whorls

-

( Fig. 5 1:h)

Ornamented Spindle Whorls

-

Some

of t he

s pindle whorls have been

o rnamented

with

e ither

p ainted o r i ncised decoration. Whorls w ith painted decoration a re i llustrated i n ( Figs.53:d—f ; 5 4:k). Some e xamples bear i mpressed a round

d ecoration

the

p unctured a rranged

s urface

( Fig.

d ecoration

5 0:b ;

whorls

common

a t

of

b earing

U baid

a nd

s mall

5 1:d,

c onsisting

i n r ows u pon t he s urfaces

Spindle were

consisting

i ).

of

Two

t iny

dents

e xamples

s quares

i n

bear holes

( Fig. 514 :c,f).

i ncised

earlier

oval—shaped

a nd

impressed

s ites;

l ike

Tepe

decoration Gawra

XIII,

R as Al—Amiya, and 1 j assuna.

T ype 5

D iscoidal s pindle whorls

-

These c onvex i n

the

a re

d isc—shaped

s urfaces middle.

a nd

Only

whorls

rounded one

( Fig. 5 0:c)

with

s ides,

e xample

oval

p ierced

was

f ound

section, with

a t

s lightly

a s ingle

the

s ite.

hole

Lentoid

a nd d iscoid whorls were r eported f rom R as Al—Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, Pl. XLII, 4 ,5); g enerally this t ype of s pindle whorl i s v ery s carce in t he prehistoric s ites.

T ype 6

No

-

Dome—shaped s pindle whorls

s imilar

h owever,

o ne

( Bayat phase)

T ype 7

-

These

whorls

punctuate

were

r eported

d ome—shaped

f rom t ype

Ubaid

was

s ites

f ound

a t

i n

I raq,

A li

Kosh

( Hole e t a l. 1 969, Fig.90,f).

" Chariot—wheel"

a re

( Fig. 5 2:a)

c ircular,

s pindle whorls

convex

( Fig. 5 3)

c eramic

d iscs,

ranging

d iameter b etween 4 .5-6.5 cm. A ll a re beautifully painted t heir upper s urfaces with designs consisting of a v ariety

i n on of

b ands. This t ype o f whorl i s e xtremely s carce i n I raqi s ites a nd i t was f ound o nly a t Telul E th—thalathat i n northern I raq ( Egami 1 959, P l. 6 2,10,11). d esigns t o the A bada o nes

The latter e xamples bear s imilar ( b,c). However they were common i n

5 9

I ran where they were f ound a t Tepe Jowl a nd Bandibal ( Le B reton, 1 947, Figs. 1 8,32:12,13), a nd Tepe Sabz i n the Mehmeh a nd Bayat phases ( Hole e t a l. 1969, Fig. 8 9).

Type 8

-

Perforated s herd d iscs

( Fig. 5 1 4)

These a re c hipped—sherd d iscs which were made f rom body s herds of Ubaid p ainted pottery f rom b oth l evel I I a nd I . Each has

a central

whether

t hese

h ole

a nd

s herds

t rimmed

were

e dges.

meant

to

b e

I t

i s

used

n ot a s

quite

spindle

c ertain whorls,

nevertheless, t here i s no r eason to r ule o ut such u sage f or these d iscs which were " present throughout the Near E ast b y 5 500-6000 B .C." ( Hole e t a l. 1 969, 205). We d id f ind i dentical sherds t hat l acked a p erforation, t hese must e ither have been i n p rocess of p reperation, o r used f or a d ifferent p urpose a ltogether, f or e xample a s l ids o n mouths of j ars. S imilar p erforated s herd d iscs were f ound a t Tepe S abz a nd A li Kosh ( ibid, 2 05), a nd C hoga Safid

I n

conclusion,

a t A bada ; t ypes

a wide

( Hole

v ariety

1 977, 2 19).

of

s pindle

whorls

were

f ound

1 , 2 a nd 3 a re of t he t raditional type of s pindle

whorl which have a w ide s pread d istribution a t p rehistoric s ites a nd i n particular a t U baid s ites i n I raq a nd the m iddle E ast. However, types s uch a s n o.1 4 — the " chariot—wheel" s pindle whorl a re r ather a nomalous i n the U baid context were more c ommon i n Susa a nd Deh Luran p lain s ites.

6 0

i n

I raq

a nd

Table Occurence

of

s pindle

whorl a t

T ype s pindle

types

a nd

their

percentage

Abada

L evel

1 -Conical-shaped

‚ 4

3 Level 2 Level 1 Total

1 1

1 4 2

54

1 08

% 7 5

w horls 2 -Conical-shaped w ith

1

‚ 4

1

6

1 4

c oncave base 3 -Ornamented

-

‚ 4

2

6

1 4

2

5

2

1

s haped

conical

spindle

whorls

' 4 -Ornamented conical s haped whorls with c oncave base 5 _Biconcial-Shaped

-

s pindle whorls 6 -Discoidal-shaped s pindle whorls 7 -Domed-shaped whorls 8 -Perforated w horls T otal

d iscs

3 .5

3

2 .5

1

1

1

-

1

2

1

3

2 .5

1

2

3

6

4

5

1

6

' 4

-

s pindle

s herd

9 -Chariot-wheel

1

s pindle -

1 5

6 3

6 1

6 5

1 1 43

1 00

S ling b alls

These

( Fig. 5 5)

a re

b iconical

o r

o val

shaped

s ome of t hem a re s un d ried, others s traw o r g rit t empered a nd v ary smallest

o ne

measures

3 .5

cm.

i n

d iameter, t he b iggest measures m iddle d iameter. They were v ery 6 2

were

f ound

i n

l evel

I a nd

objects

made

o f

c lay,

a re b aked. They were e ither considerably i n s ize, the

l ength

a nd

3 .5

cm.

i n

m iddle

5 .6 cm . i n l ength a nd 3 .5 c m. i n common i n both l evels I I a nd I . i n

7 1 4

l evel

I I. None

was

f ound

i n

l evel I II. a lthough these objects h ave t raditionally been described a s s ling balls o r m issiles , t heir r eal f unction i s uncertain. It s eems hardly c onceivable that s ling b alls or m issiles s ince the heaviest

they were u sed a s of them a re s till

t oo l ight to cause a ny g reat damage. For t his purpose the p eople could easily a vailable. M y

have used p ebbles o r s tones which were i nclination i s t o consider these objects

a s t oys f or children, not a vailable yet.

t hough

These objects were known

evidence

f rom many

f or

this

U baid

a s E ridu, Warka , Tello ( Perkins 1 949, 8 5), thalathat ( Egami 1 959, Fig.62:7,8). S ling

w idely s olely

a ssumption

s ites

i n

I raq

i s

s uch

a lso f rom Telul E th— balls were r eported

f rom C hoga Mami ( Oates 1 969a, 1 31). S imilar objects were r eported f rom Tepe Sabz ( Hole e t a l. 1 969, 2 13), Choga S afid ( Hole

1 977, 233)

Bent N ails

a nd

( Fig. 5 6)

These o bjects a re made of baked c lay with l arge convex h eads c urved o r s harply b ent s hafts. They a re w idely known f rom

a lmost Ubaid

a ll

U baid

s ites

c haracteristic.

a nd

They

a re

considered

were

f ound

a t

t o

b e

E ridu,

a d iagnostic Al

U baid,

U r—

Ubaid, Warka, Ras A l—Amiya a nd C hoga Mami. I n t he north o f I raq they were f ound a t T epe Gawra X IX—XII, Arpachiyah a nd Telul E th—thalathat. Bent n ails a re r eported a lso f rom the Deh L uran p lain ( Hole Fig.23:6).

V arious s ince

e t

a l.

1 969,

s uggestions

t heir

f irst

2 10)

a nd

S usiana

r egarding their

a ppearance

a t

E ridu;

( Le

B reton

1 947,

f unction have b een made s ome

b elieve

that

they

were " mullers" s ince t he c onvex heads s ometimes show s igns of wear o r a brasion ( Tobler 1 950, 9 0). Others think they a re " model bull's

h orns

bukranium"

a nd

h ave

( Mallowan

s ome 1 935,

v otive 9 0;

" sickle h and p rotectors f or r eapers 4 9); o r " hooks" f or p icking up l ow 202) a lthough g rinding paint the D eh Luran

t he possibility was n ot e xcluded

s ites

s ignificance

1 967,

2 1-22);

o r

a llied that

t o

they

the were

( Hall and Woolly 1 927, 4 8g rowing c rops ( Hall 1 930,

of t heir b eing r ubbers f or ( ibid, 2 02). The e xcavators of

s uggested t heir use a s " anvils" f or p ottery

making b y t he " paddle—and—anvil t echnique" ( Hole e t a l. 1 969, 2 10). L loyd t hinks t hat t hey were u sed f or4 f ixing reed m atting to t he f ace of t he mud b rick wall ( 1978, 4 7).

6 2

of

Our excavations a t Tell Abada have p roduced a l arge number t hese objects, 9 7 in all, more than have been found from all

o ther

Ubaid

l evel

I . They

s ites; show

4 7

of

them

c urving a nd d ecoration. They a nd

i n

d iameter

came

a considerable

f rom

2 .5

r ange

f rom

l evel

v ariation i n

l ength

i n

I I

a nd

s ize,

f rom 7 .5

5 0

f rom

d egree to

of

11 .5 cm.

9 cm., the convex heads differ

a nd

in

s ize f rom o ne to a nother; the smallest head has a d iameter of s ome 3 cm. t he b iggest measures a bout 9 cm. s ome e xamples have painted decoration i n b lack or r ed paint ( Figs. 5 6:b, c , d , f , i , j ; 5 7:a , f ).

The most i nteresting f eature t he b ent n ails f rom Abada i s that

which c haracterizes s ome they have a nimal p rotomeS

of i n

which the b ent e nd was modelled i n the s hape of a ram; t he ears a nd e yes were i ndicated by a pplied p ellets ( Fig. 5 7:k), a nother b ent nail was modelled i n the s hape of a human f igurine ( Fig. 5 8:j). I t s hould b e p ointed out that

this

last

f eature

i s unique

to A bada a nd has n ot b een a ttested i n a ny o ther s ite s o f ar.

The

l arge

p rovided d isputed

number

u s with f unction

of

b ent

nails

f ound

a t

Tell

Abada

a b etter opportunity t o consider a nd many general observations can b e

has

their d rawn

f rom the s tudy of t hese objects:

1 The s haft l ength ranges between 7 .5 and 1 5 cm. throughout t he 9 7 specimens found in the site, such length can fit -

a ll

comfortably i n the palm of both men a nd women.

2

The painted d ecoration

-

i s confined

to the

s haft only

and

n one whatsoever was noticed on the head which i mplies that this p art of the object had no d irect f unction.

3

A ll t he s pecimens had convex heads, most bearing

-

wear a nd a brasion which s eems to where the h ead h as b een worn down c ases

( Fig.59:b,c,h);

this

i s

a n

b e o r

s igns

of

heavy i n some e xamples e ven f lattened i n some

important

i ndication

that

they

were u sed t o mull o r g rind.

For

t hese

r easons

s uggestion. Support who b elieved t hat g rinding bent

( 1961,

nails

definite ( 1969a,

f ound

1 07) a t

we

a re

i nclined

to

a dopt

Tobler's

f or this t heory comes f rom both Stronach t hey were mullers used f or r ubbing o r a nd A l

s igns o f w ear

f rom

U baid a s

Oates

well

a t

who

though they had

1 31).

6 3

mentions

Choga

Mami

a n umber

" which

of

s howed

been used a s mullers"

Ceramic C ones, " Ladles"

These

o bjects

c onsist

l adle-like

c up

o n

i n

a nd

Ubaid

Samarra

( Fig. 5 8)

t op.

of

This

a conical t ype

contexts.

of

At

s haft

o bject

Abada

o r

has

b oth

handle

b een

t he

w ith

f ound

a

both

l ong-handled

d rinking c up type ( Fig. 5 8:a , b ) a nd t he " Golf-tee" ( c) were f ound, t he f ormer t ype was f ound i n s tone a t Tell Es-Sawwan; [ 7] a t C hoga Mami this type was a lso f ound i n Samarran l evels, while the l atter was a ssociated with t ransitional material ( Oates 1 968, P l. X II, 1-14), a nd i t i s a lso k nown f rom U baid l evels a t U r ( Woolley 1 955, P 1.15), a nd Tepe Gawra ( Tobler 1 950, 1 69). Most e xamples f rom these s ites a nd f rom Abada a re p ainted w ith bands e ncircling t he handles a s well a s the c ups ( c). The l ast e xample i s t he o nly o ne i n which t he handle i s b ent. A ll t hree l adles mentioned a bove ( a-c) were f ound i n l evel I II a t o ther l ong handled ladles come f rom l evel I I ( d,e).

Abada ;

t wo

U tilitarian C lay Objects

The i tems d escribed u nder t his category comprise objects of s ome domestic f unction s uch a s miniature v essels, l amp l ids a nd t ripods; t he f irst i tems ( miniature v essels) were made of baked c lay b ut t he l atter C lamp l ids a nd t ripods) were probably made of u nbaked c lay which b ecame baked i n t he course of usage.

1 - Miniature v essels

F ive t hree

small

f rom

( Fig. 5 9)

v essels

l evel

I I

bowl measuring 3 .3 a symmetrical s ides.

were

f ound,

( b,c,e), cm. The

the

two

f rom

f irst

o ne

l evel

( b)

i n d iameter w ith c lay was t empered

i s

I

( a,d)

a v ery

a nd

small

r ounded b ase a nd w ith g rit a nd no

s urface t reatment i s noticeable. ( c) i s a nother s mall bowl measuring 3 .8 cm. i n d iameter, of rather conical s hape with s lightly i ncurved walls, i t was made o f f ine c lay a nd s eems t o have b een n icely modelled. The l ast o ne ( e) i s a v ery s mall pot measuring only 1 .3 cm. I t i s oval-shaped with r ounded base a nd sharply i ncurved walls which were f ine g rit-tempered a nd well modelled.

The

f irst

i n

l ength

cm.

f laring i ts

o n

d ue

t o

t he

water-proof well

a nd

o utwards.

b ase

coated

v essel

modelled.

d iameter, w ith

1 71

Sumer XXI

No

i ts

I ( a)

d iameter

particular w ith

I t was The

l evel

i n

poor

i nside

i t.

f rom

9 cm.

s hape

a thick of

o ne

a tall thick

c ould

condition, t he

made

s econd

i s

w ith

layer

base of

i s

of

s ome

1 3

s lightly

determined

f or

the

was

gypsum

grit-tempered ( d)

b e

b eaker walls

b eaker

obviously

c lay

a nd

not

a m iniature

j ar

2 cm.

to

v ery i n

a f lat base and meandering e dge, t he g eneral f orm

( 1965), F ig.66.

6 4

a nd manufacture a re f air.

2

Lamp l ids

-

These g roove

( Fig. 6 0)

o bjects

r uns

a re

l aterally

conical f rom

the cone. The bases v ary

the

f rom

with

a

e dge

of

5 .5

to

k idney—shaped the

base

9 cm. a cross

base.

A

to

the

top

of

a nd

the

height

f rom 2 .5 to 5 .5 cm.

A total of 22 o f t hese clay objects was f ound d istributed i n both l evel I I, where we f ound 7 of them, a nd l evel I , where 1 5 were f ound. I n a ll t hese e xamples the concave part of the cone o r the g roove i s heavily b urnt a nd s ooty, a v ery clear i ndication t hat these objects were used a s l ids f or lamps. The concave part held t he wick which g oes down i nto the container which

must

have

b een

f illed

with

o il.

I t

i s

s ignificant

that

s ome of these l ids were f ound i n association with a number of small j ars ( 13 i n l evel I I, 5 i n l evel I ); t hey a re heavily burnt a round the mouth a nd obviously s erved as l amps.

3

-

Tripods

[ 8]

( Fig. 6 1)

These c lay objects which were f ound i n both l evels I I a nd I , a re b ig l umps of c lay rolled i nto cylindrical s hape a nd f lat a t e ither

end with

s lightly

concave

s ides. S ix e xamples were f ound

a nd a ll bear obvious t races of heavy b urning. They a pparently were used f or cooking. This a ssumption was s trengthened by the p resence of s ome o f t hem near hearths

Potlids

i n the houses of l evel

I I.

( Fig. 6 2:a)

Only o ne pot l id was f ound i n l evel I I, i t i s s aucer—like with a d iameter o f 5 .5 cm. a nd 1 .5 cm. thick, made of well f ired pottery s urface

a nd e xcellently parallel t o the

f itting o ver

modelled. There i s a r idge a round s lightly f laring walls obviously

the mouth of

a pot

o r

j ar. A small hole was made

the f or i n

t he c entre f or s uspension.

[ 8]

P rimitive l amps of s imilar technique a re s till being used i n s ome r emote I raqi v illages today where a n empty small j ar, c an, o r b ottle, containing p etrol i s used. The mouth i s s ealed with c ompressed date f ruits , c lay o r a l id of s ome s ort; i n each l id there i s a small hole s erving a s a holder f or t he u pper part of t he wick which g oes d own to the b ottom of t he container where i t i s provided with petrol. I hi p rimitive method of l ighting was w idely used i n a lr nost e very h ouse i n modern I raq up u ntil the late t hirties of t his century.

6 5

The s ides of the l id were painted w ith dark purple paint, while t he upper s urface was decorated w ith three painted bands.

Miscellaneous C lay objects

( Fig. 6 2:b-h)

These m iscellaneous objects can be d escribed as f ollows:

b ) 1 1.3

A r egular a nd

cm.

i n

l ength

thin p iece of piano-convex

a nd

shape, measuring

5 .5 cm. in width. The upper face is convex

a nd painted with black a long the l ower e dge. The other f ace i s f iat with a s light groove running a long the whole e dge opposite to the painted part. This object might have been a tool f or polishing, s harpening o r

c )

A

h ollow,

f or some o ther f unction.

c urved,

cylindrical

object

of

a lmost

square

c ross-section with two a lmost s quare holes on the upper s urface, i t i s of unknown use but i t i r reminiscent of the kernos f ragment f rom Tepe Gawra

( Tobler

1 950, P l.LXXX,b).

d ) An o val-shaped rattle made of well baked clay with small hole i n t he upper painted e nd f or s uspension. Small pebbles were

placed

i nside

to

create

the

rattling

object was f ound a t Tepe Gawra XVII

e-h)

A

s eries

of

s ound.

This

kind

of

( ibid, P l.LXXXII. ,f lO.1).

wheel-models

of

d ifferent

k inds

a re

i llustrated here ( e) represents a biconical wheel with rounded hole r unning a cross the hub of the wheel; ( f) i s d iscoidal with a s errated e dge a nd a hole i n the c entre; ( g-h) represents a p lain d iscoidal wheel.

B oat models

O ne

o f

( Fig. 6 3)

t he

characteristic p resence

o f

( Safer e t P l.XLVIII, E 1'Oueili

i nteresting of

t he

a v ariety

f eatures

Ubaid of

3 .5

period

models

of

i n

b oats

could

c m. i n w idth. One of

or

considered

I raq

canoes

l evel I ; the bows, m easuring

i ts upper r ims

be

southern

a l.1981, Fig.III), Al-Ubaid ( Hall a nd 5 32), A l-Uqair ( Lloyd 1 943, P l.XVIII ( Huot 1 980, 1 09). At Tell Abada two

models were r ecovered f rom r epresents a boat with f lared a nd

which

a s

i s at

Woolley 1 3), a nd ceramic

f irst 1 5 cm.

the

E ridu 1 927, Tell boat

one ( a) i n length

i s painted b rown, this

has b een matched b y a b rown band o n the upper opposite s ide. This boat model i s v ery s imilar to wooden b oats being used i n I raqi r ivers today, called Balam.

The s econd b oat-model ( b) i s smaller than the previous one, ( 9.5 x 5 cm.) a nd has i ncurved bows. This type of boat i s closely c omparable

t o

one

called

Mashhoof

6 6

which

i s

used

i n

the

marsh

a rea i n

I raq today.

S ection F

( Fig. 6 4)

O rnaments

Human i nterest

c oncern f or a dornment h as a lways been a ccompanied by i n a cquiring ornaments s ince the earliest t imes.

A rchaeological

r ecords

s how

that

ornaments

of

various

k inds

appeared a t a lmost a ll p rehistoric s ites, a nd t J baid s ites a re no e xception. O n t he contrary they p roduced a n appreciable collection of a w ide range of o rnaments. A t T ell A bada these i ncluded p endants, bracelets, r ings, s tuds, a nd beads, the material u sed i n p roducing these ornaments varied f rom ceramic, baked c lay s tone, f rit t o metal. A ll a re dealt w ith i n this s ection.

P endants

A total

of

6 p endants

of

different

types

were

f ound,

these

can be classified a s f ollows:

1 )

P in—shaped p endants

( Fig. 6 4:c)

2 ) Whetstone—shaped p endants

3 )

4 )

D rop—shaped p endants

P endant

p ierced

S tuds

f lakes

( Fig. 6 4:a)

( Fig. 6 4:b)

of

t ransparent

a t one e dge f or s uspension

s tone

w ith

a

s mall

hole

( Fig. 6 4:d, e, g)

( Fig. 6 4:g — i)

These

a re

p eg

o r

nail

s haped

o bjects w ith

f lat or d iscoidal

bases and t apering heads. They a re generally small a nd made of c lay, marble or f ine q uality s tone. S tuds a re w idely known f rom many p rehistoric s ites i n I raq; they w ere f ound a t Hassuna ( Lloyd

a nd

S afar

2 1-22;

P l . .XII

1 9),

1 945, 269;Pl.26,8,16), M attarah J armo

S hjmshara ( Mortensen t he D eh L uran p lain ( Ghirshman

( Braidwood

a nd

H owe

( Braidwood 1 960,

1 4 6)

1 952,

and

a t

1 970, F ig. 14 3). They a re reported a lso f rom ( Hole e t a l. 1 969, F ig. 1 02,h) a nd S ialk

1 938 , P 1.11, 2 6-31).

T hey a re a lso k nown w here s tone s tuds w ere

f rom many U baid f ound a t L evels

6 7

s ites such as T epe Gawra XVI, X II a nd X II ( Tobler

1 950, 1 99; P 1.XCI [Ia,11-13), E ridu ( Thompson 1 920, P l.Ix), Al U baid ( Hall a nd W oolley 1 927, P l.XIII,6-7), a nd U qair ( Lloyd a nd S afa 1 9 43 , 1 49). S tuds made of s tone a nd c lay were f ound a t C hoga Mami, both f rom A ] . U baid w ell a nd S amarra levels ( Oates 1 969a, 1 31 -132; P 1.XXX P l.XLI11,8,9 ) .

A t

A bada

a ,b),

t hree

p olished s tone. O ne i n level I I, ( g,i).

T he been

f unction

s uggested

of

a nd

s tuds w as

were

f ound

these

that

R as

f ound, i n

level

objects

they

A l—Amiya

were

i s u sed

a ll

made

I ( h)

n ot a s

( Stronach

of

a very

a nd two

really nose

1 961,

were

known; a nd

f ine f ound

i t

h as

l ip—plugs

( Childe 1 952, 3 9), a s imilar s uggestion w as made by Woolley w ho described t hem a s n ose—studs ( Hall a nd Woolley 1 927, 1 53, P l.XIII,6,7). T hey have been considered a s p estles by s ome authors

( Ghirshman

1 938 ,

been u sed a s e ar s tuds a muletic s ignificance"

1 30).

O thers

or " they ( Tobler

s ay

that

they

might

h ave

may h ave h ad s ome obscure 1 950, 1 99), and they w ere

i nterpreted a s " labrets" by the e xcavators of the D eh L uran p lain ( Hole e t a l. 1 969, 2 35; F ig. 1 02). R ecent evidence drawn f rom the C hoga M ami f igurines coupled w ith the e vidence obtained f rom s ome burials a t A li K osh ( ibid, 2 35) w uld s uggest that " these a re t he a ctual o rnaments that a dorned t he C hoga M ami l adies i n the s tyle depicted o n the f igurines" ( Oates

1 969a, 1 30).

6 8

2

-

C onical s haped b eads of polished black s tone

-Frit beads

S ome

-

5

-

5 1

( m,n,$)

-

r epresenting atype of d iscoidal-shape

e xamples of d ifferent s izes were f ound.

R eel-shaped b eads

( Fig. 6 4:1)

D isc-shaped b eads

( Fig . 6 4:o, u )

6 - Cylindrical b eads

7

( Fig. 6 4:j)

T abular b eads

( Fig. 6 4:q)

( Fig. 6 4:r, t )

T hese a re made o f f rit, with a n e longated c ylindrical body, round in c ross-section. Two of these beads a re partially painted i n black ( r,t). These three b eads a re part of the necklace f ound

-

i n b urial 6 7.

R ing-shaped b eads

( Fig. 6 7:d-c).

Table O ccurrence

of

b ead

Type 1 2-

types

throughout

Level

E ngraved beads C onical b eads

3 — R eel-shaped b eads 1 4-

D iscoidal

beads

5-

D isc-shaped

Level

1

-

1

1 3 8

b eads

1 1 1 4

Total

I

-

6- C ylindrical b eads 7- T abular b eads 8- R ing-shaped beads

5

-

1 3 3 -

2 7 2 6

1 47

l evels

I I

a t .

Level -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tell

I II

A bada

Total 1 1 1 5 1 1 4 1 3 1 1

7 3

Section G

C lay Tokens

T he objects p ieces modelled

i ncluded u nder t his category consist of clay i n v arious f orms , s pheres, cones, d iscs , r ods a nd

6 9

o ther g eometric s hapes. Such objects u sed to b e called "gaming p ieces" o r " pieces of a n e nigmatic p urpose". I n this section, these o bjects will b e described a s " clay t okens" [ 9] f or reasons known

t o

b e

a nd a re

d iscussed " actually

l ater f ound

o n. C lay t okens i n most

M iddle

have

b een

E astern

over a l ong s pan of t ime, f rom the n inth m illennium B .C. ( Schmandt-Besserat 1 977, 3 ).

to

widely

s ites

t he

a nd

second

The t okens f rom Tell A bada i nclude f our basic t ypes, these a re: a s pheres, b cones, c d iscs , d rods, i n addition t o a f ew other t ypes, e ach t ype i ncludes s ome subtypes a s we shall -

-

-

-

s ee b elow :

a )

S pheres

These cm.

i n

( Fig. 6 6)

a re

balls

d iameter,

of

d ifferent

modelled

of

s izes

f ine

r anging between 0 .6

clay,

s ome

e xamples

-

show

3 .0 a n

i rregular s hape. The majority o f t he s pheres a re made of c lay ( a-k, p-y). However, b alls of o ther materials f our o nly ( l-o) were a lso f ound. Spheres a t Abada constitute t he most popular -

-

s hape, f orty two o ut of n inety tokens i .e . 47% a re spheres. They can b e d ivided i nto f ive s ubtypes a ccording to s ize a nd surface markings, t hese a re a s f ollows:

1

-

P ellets

( Fig. 6 6:a)

These a re t iny o r about 0 .5 cm. These ( ibid, 5 ).

2

3

4

-

-

-

v ery small balls w ith maximum d iameter of p ellets r esemble s ubtype I i of Schmandt

Small s pheres

( Fig. 6 6:g-k)

Large s pheres

( Fig. 6 6:p-s)

T runcated s pheres

( Fig. 6 6:t-v)

5- Incised t runcated s pheres

These s urface These

a re

s imilar

markings

i ncisions

i n a re

t o

t he

t he

s hape

e ither

l ie o n t he top a nd one each l ines o n t he convex s urface

[ 9]

( Fig. 6 6:w-y)

a bove-mentioned of

f our

i ncisions parallel

on

ones the

l ines,

b ut

b ear

convex

part.

two

of

which

s ide ( w), o r f ive parallel d iagonal ( x), or one d iagonal l ine o r groove

This t erm was f irst used b y P ierre Amiet

70

( 1966).

on

t he

convex

s ide

( y).

They

f ound a t Choga Safid a nd Susa

b )

C ones and r elated s hapes

resemble

t he

i ncised

3 /1 4

s pheres

( ibid, 8 ).

( Fig. 6 7)

,l ay objects o f c onical s hape were a lso c ommon a t Abada, t h y c onstitute 3 6% of t he t otal p ercentage of c lay tokens . T 1 is t ype can be d ivided i nto s ix s ubtypes with many v ariations w Lhin each , s uch a s s hort e xamples, s lightly convex s ides, round a nd oval o r s hightly concave b ase, round o r pointed t ips. These s ubtypes a re a s f cllows:

1

2

3

L t

5

6

7

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

S mall cones

( Fig. 6 7:e-h).

Large cones

( Fig . 6 7:a-d, i-n)

I ncised c ones

B ent cones

Squat cones

( Fig. 6 7:0)

( Fig. 6 7:p-q)

( Fig. 6 7:r-t; F ig. 6 8:e-g)

C ones with p inched t ops

O ther r elated s hape s

( Fig. 6 8:c)

( Fig. 6 8:a, b )

1 10]

c )

D iscs

( Fig. 6 9)

The d iscoidal c lay p ieces f rom Tell Abada c an b e d ivided i nto 7 s ubtypes i n a ccordance w ith t heir t hickness a nd their s urface markings. These a re:

[ 10]

T hese p iece; c losely r esemble the o nes c lassified u nder I I 12 of S c n ndt which a re s imilar to o nes f ound a t Tepe A siab, G anj-Dareh, Tell A swad, Tell R amad, Suberde, Can H assan, Te1i E s-Sawwan, Tepe Gawra , a nd S usa ( ibid, 16).

I t1

1

-

2

-

3

6

7

C ii]

Large d iscs

( b-c)

( d)

P lar io-convex d iscs

I ncised d iscs

-

H igh d iscs

-

( f)

R ods

-

( e)

[ 12]

[ 13]

( g)

I ncised h igh d iscs

-

d )

( a)

Lenticular d iscs

-

-

5

Small d iscs

( h)

( Fig. 6 8:g-1)

These objects a re made of f ine be r ecognised, t hey a re a s f ollows:

c lay

1 E longated c oil ( i). This pellets" of S chmandt ( ibid, 1 7).

2

-

R ods

3

-

w ith -

c ylindrical

c ross-section

8 mm. i n d iameter a nd 3

C urved

r ods

r olled

t hree

r esembles

-

measuring 7

a nd

a nd

-

s ubtypes

the

a nd

" elongated

rounded

3 .5 cm. i n l ength.

modelled

b etween

can

e nds

( g-h).

palm

a nd

f ingers , t he p rints of which c an b e v ery c learly seen o n the rod ( j-l). S imilar r ods were f ound a t Tepe Gawra X III ( Tobler 1 950, P l. L XXXVI,b).

T his S ubtype of d iscs was f ound a t Beldibi, Ganj- Dareh Tepe , Tepe Sarab, Can hassan, C hoga Safid, Tepe Yahya, Susa a nd Tepe H issan; i t r esembles s ubtype 1 13 of S chmandt ( ibid, 1 1). [ 12]

T his s ubtype of d isc was c lassified as 1 /4 by Schmandt, e xamples of which have come f rom Tepe Asiab , Kanj D are h, T epe S arab , c3n Hasan , Jarmo a nd K ish ( ibid, 8).

[ 13]

I ncised d iscs were c lassified u nder S chmandt an d were S imilar to o nes f rom Ga ( ibid, 1 1).

72

n

s ubtype 1 14 by j Dareh a nd Susa

e

-

P roto—Tablets

T hese

a re

( Fig. 70:a—d)

tablet—shaped

p ieces

of

carefully

f inished

baked clay; t hree o f them ( a—c) a re of e longated o val ( b) b ears a l ine i n the s hape of a g roove r unning

f ine

s hape, a nd a long the

centre of t he s urface. ( d) i s a small s quare tablet 3 x 3 cm. , w ith t wo f lat f aces a nd s lightly rounded e dges, i t was v ery well modelled

a nd

no

d istinguishing

marks

a re

t o

be

surface. I t i s worth mentioning t hat this piece with a n a ngular s hape i n t he whole c ollection.

s een

on

the

i s the o nly one

T he most i mportant p iece i s t he one i llustrated i n plate ( a) which came f rom l evel I , ( Building A ;R .7) u nfortunately the piece i s b roken a nd a considerable part of i t i s missing but the surviving part measures 4 •5 x 3 x 1 .3 c m. I t bears o n o ne of i ts faces

markings

s igns

probably

of

two

k inds;

p erformed

by

the

f irst

a re

d eliberately

c rescent

a pplied

shaped

f inger

nail

prints, the second a re s hort horizontal s trokes. These s igns a re v ery well a rranged within f our parallel v ertical l ines a nd a s ingle nail print to a side o f o ne of the f lat e dges, a nd considerable a ttention s eems to have been paid to e xecuting the s igns.

Table OcL ' lrrence

Type

p ercentage

6 of

c lay

S pheres

Subtype Level I I

1 7

Level Total

3 1 0

2 3 1 1 5 7 1 8

Gross total Percentage

3 8

1 4 2

5 1

1 4

1

2

7

3

1 3

2 3

5 9

1 4 1 1 1 1

4 2

D iscs 1 2 1 1 1

Total

1

2

tokens

a t

Abada

C ones 1 4 2 2

5

3

2 5

6 1 1

7 1 1

8

9

1 1

1 1

3 2 3 6

1 47

Subtype Level I I Level

Gross total Percentage

a nd

3

1 4

1

5 1

6 1

7 1

1 1

1

1

1

1

8 9

R ods 1 2 2 1

3 1

1

1

2 4

73

Varia 1 2 3

Total

1

2

1

5 0 4 0

1

2

1

9 0

1 4

9 0

Section I I

Ground a nd P olished s tone I ndustries

Our e xcavations a t Abada have r evealed that s tone w as widely employed i n manufacturing s ubstantial n umbers of objects. B oth g round a nd polished objects a re f ound though the l atter a re represented s tone

i n

a much smaller percentage than the former. These

o bjects

can

b e

c lassified

i n

t hree

main

categories

a s

f ollows:

1 2 3

Vessels Grinding a nd pounding Other s tone a rtifacts

-

-

-

O ther

small

i tems

s uch

a s

tools

beads,

been d iscussed under other headings

Vessels

-

Mami

P h.VIII,b) Tepe

have

t he

have 7 th

come to l ight f rom several millennium B .C. , t hey were

-

1 970,

Fig-38),

( Oates a nd Tell

( Merpert

I n

s pheres

f rom J armo ( Braidwood a nd Howe 1 960, 4 5; P 1.12:12-16), Ali Kosh phase ( Hole e t a h. 1 969, Fig.42), S himshara

( Mortensen Choga

a nd

( Fig. 7 1)

S tone v essels a re k nown to p rehistoric s ites s ince the reported Ali Kosh

p endants

( Sections F a nd G ).

Tell

1 969a, Soto

E s—Sawwan

1 31),

t i mm

( Merpert

e t

( Al—Wailly

Dabaghiya a h.

1 965,

1 23),

( Kirkbride

1 973,

1 977, P l.XXXI)

a nd Yarim

1 971, F ig. 7 ,b).

U baid

p eriod

s tone

v essels

were

f ound

at many

s ites

s uch a s A l—Ubaid ( Hall a nd Woolley 1 927, P 1.XLVI,3), E ridu ( Safer 1 947, 1 04), Tepe Gawra ( Tobler 1 950, 208-209), A rpachiyah ( Mallowan 1 935, 76; F ig . .44,10) a nd Nuzi ( Starr 1 937, 1 3). At Abada they

were

e xtremely

rare

a nd

o nly

n ine

e xamples

w ere

found,

nevertheless, many i nteresting f orms were represented, and t he major material used i n manufacturing t hese v essels was marble which was h igr ily polished i n s ome examples; f ive forms of bowls could b e i dentified, t hese a re:

1

2

B owls w ith carinated shoulder

-

-

r ounded ( c).

B owls b ody,

w ith t hick

o ut—turned s ides

a nd

a nd

f lat

7 4

( Fig. 7 1:a, b )

d iagonally base,

made

of

f aceted white

r im ,

marble

3 Deep bowls w ith i ncurved s ides a nd s imple Body i s rounded with f lat base, made of white marbel -

1 4

Bowls

-

with

were r epresented

5

-

o ut—turned

" beaded"

r im.

Various

r im.

shapes

( e—h).

M iniature

representing

o r

d irect ( d).

v essels

a v ery

small

( Fig.

bowl

8 6:f).

measuring

O ne 1 .7

e xample

cm.

i n

o nly

height

a nd

23 c m . i n r im d iameter. I t was c rudely made i n g reyish s tone.

Grinding a nd Pounding Tools

1

-

G rinding Tools

M ost original

of

these

g rinding

c ontexts

e ither

s tones

i nside

the

were

f ound

rooms

or

w ithin

courtyards

their where

they had usually b een used f or purposes which could have been either domestic, s uch a s g rinding g rains f or p reparing f ood, o r industial, s uch a s p reparing red o chre, most p robably f or painting p ottery a s a ttested by the p resence of two g rinding s tones s till b earing i ts t races. The f act that these stones were

f ound

i n

s uch

places

a nd

not

d iscarded

purposes would c learly i mply that they rather l ong t ime t hrough the l ife implication have

which

played

i n

i ndicates t he

d aily

t he

or

of

f or

other

have been used for a o f t he v illage; a n

important

l ife

used

the

r ole p eople

these

tools

a nd

their

subsistence.

D ifferent

types

of

g rinding

s tone

were

r epresented,

these

a re :

a ) F lat—topped s tones

T his

( Fig. 72:a)

t ype of g rinding

s tone was r epresented a t the D eh Luran

plain through Bus Mordeh a nd 1 71) a nd C hoga S afid ( Hole 1 970, Fig. 14 6a)

Khazineh phases ( Hole et a l. 1 969, 1 977, 2 01); Shimshara ( Mortensen

a nd T elul E th—thalathat

b ) S addle—shaped g rinding s tones

S addle—shaped

g rinding

( Fukai

1 981, P 1.1 40,5).

( Fig. 71 4 :b,c)

s tones

were

f ound

a t

J armo

( Braidwood 1 952, f ig.11 4), Hassuna ( Lloyd a nd Safer 1 945, Fig. 7 ), Yarim Tepe ( Munchajev a nd Merpert 1 973, P l.XII,6), Shimshara ( Mortensen

1 970,

F ig. 14 6,6),

Telul Eth—t .halathat

( Fukai

Choga

Mami

( Oates

1 981, P 1.1 40,6).

75

1 969a ,

1 31)

a nd

c )

3 asin—shaped Mortars

S imilar P 1.20.1),

s tones were

Tepe

Guran

( Fig. 73:a, b )

f ound

t Jarwo

( Mortensen

a nd

( Braidwood F lan ery

a nd Howe 1 960,

1 966,

F igs.9,10),

C oga Safid ( Hole 1 977, 2 01). S imilar t ools with e ither shallow o d eep basins were r eported f rom All Kosh a nd Tepe S abz ( Hole e a l. 1 969, F ig.74:c,d).

d

Bowl Mortars

( Fig. 7 3:d)

S imilar mortars were f ound a t Tepe Gawra X III ( Tobler 1 0, P i.C i XXIX,57), a nd i t i s i nteresting to mention h ere t at mortirs of s imilar shape a re s till b eing used i n s ome parts o f I raq t oday.

e )

P ebble Mortars

( Fig. 73:c, e , f )

a s

I t would have s eemed d ifficult to i nterprete t hese objects mortars i f we h ad n ot seen t races of r ed cchre on s c ie

e xamples; t he s ame observation was made f or a s imil r object a t A ll Kosh a nd Tepe Sabz " Mohammad J affer phase" ( Hole e t a l 1 L F ig.77,a ,b) a nd C hoga S afid ( Hole 1 977, Fig.81 4 ,c,a). M ortars of s imilar t ype P 1.20, no.3).

f )

were

B oulder Mortars

f ound

a t

Jarmo

( Braidwood

and

H owe

1 960,

( Fig. 7 1 4)

S imilar object ,i a re f ound a t Jarmo ( Braidwood 1 951, f ig.11), A li Kosh, Tepe Sat ) ( Hole e t a l. 1 969, F ig-76) and C hoga S afid ( Hole 1 977, Fig.82,:; F ig-83). Mortars of boulder type were a lso f ound a t Abada ( Fig. c ) which i s s imilar to an e xample f rom Choga Safid ( ibid, I g .83,c).

Table Occurence T ype F iat—topped

s tones

S addle—shaped B asin—shaped B owl Mortars

of Grinding Level 2

7

Stones I II

a t

L evel 3

Tell I I

Abada

Level

s tones

2

2

1

Mortars

1

3

2 1

P ebble Mortars B oulder Mortars T otal

1 1 0

-

4

-

4

5 6 19

76

I

Total

1

6 2 1 5 1 0 1 4 7

2

-

Hand

s tones

( Figs. 7 5-76). These

can

b e

c lassified

i nto the

f ollowing t ypes:

a ) Flat hand s tones

b )

Sand s tone a braders

This ( Safid 2 15).

c )

( Fig. 7 5:a , b )

t ype

o f

t hrough

a brader C hoga

was

Mami

r eported

o nly

transitional

f rom

Choga

phases)

( Hole

Safid 1 977,

Pounders a nd g rinders

This c ategory of t hese a re a s f ollows:

1 )

( Fig. 76: e , f )

h and

Spherical hammer s tones

This

t ype

of

pounder

s tones

i ncludes

t hree

main

t ypes ,

( Fig. 76:a , b ).

was

most

common

a t

Abada ,

a s

i t

was

i n

m any p rehistoric s ites i n I raq s uch a s Tepe Gawra ( Tobler 1 950, P l.XCVI,b), A l U baid ( Hall a nd Woolley 1 927, P l.XIV,6), Choga Mami ( Oates

1 969a, 1 31)

a nd Jarmo

( Braidwood

2 )

C ubid pounders o r r ubbing s tones

3 )

S tubby grinders

d )

P estles

1 952, F ig.14).

( Fig. 7 6:c)

( Fig. 7 6:d)

Two types c an b e d istinguished a s f ollows:

1 )

C ylindrical p estles

2 )

C onical p estles

( Fig. 7 5:c)

( Fig. 7 5:d)

7 7

Table O ccurence

of

d ifferent

Type

types

L evel

F lat

hand

Sand

s tones,

s tones a braders

Spherical h ammer Cubid p ounder o r r ubbing s tones

s tones

of hand

I II

Level

L evel

Abada I

Total

2

3

6

2

3

6

28 4

6 8 7

3

1 2

3 5

2

1

3

3 3

3

2

-

-

-

Total

I I

a t

1 7

p estles

s tone

1

-

S tubby g rinders C ylindrical pestles Conical

8

9

4 7

4 2

9 8

Section I

Other Stone A rtifacts

The

A bada

tool

k it

i s

t remendously

v ariety of s tone a rtifacts i n d ifferent v arieties of

l arge,

and

a n umerous

were r epresented a nd were p roduced s tone, s ome of which were l ocally

a vailable, other s uch a s a labaster a nd s teatite must have i mported f rom e lsewhere, most p robably f rom n earby I ran.

The

f lint

i ndustry of Abada will

b e

d escribed

i n Appendix 2 . The s tone a rtifacts which w ill this s ection a re a s f ollows:

H oes

and

be

been

d iscussed

dealt w ith

i n

( Fig. 7 7)

These heavy,

t ools

r anging

a re f rom

f airly 1 3

-

2 3

l arge cm.

i n i n

g eneral

l ength ,

a nd

a nd

r elatively

made

o f

r iver

cobbles ( a) o r l arge f lakes s truck f rom cobbles, the e dges o f which have b een u nifacially r etouched s o t hat the cobbles form pear-shaped h oe b lades ( c-d). Others were made of b ifacially r etouched

f lint

f lakes,

b earing

s ome

t races

of

bitumen

a round

t he e dges, a n i ndication of hafting. These tools which s eem to have b een multi-purpose, were t he earliest tools to be i nvented by

Homo

e rectus

i n

t he

l ower

palaeoljt hjc

( Abbevillian

and

Acheulian s tages) i n Africa, E urope, t he Far E ast a nd the Middle East, where A cheulian i ndustries have b een f ound i n Turkey, I raq a nd I ran ( Waechter 1 976, 8 -89).

7 8

The

s ame

g eneral

type

of

h oes

seems

to

t hrough man's p rehistory up t o the U baid b een r eported f rom many s ites s uch a s Woolley

1 927,

P l.

X III

i ;

LXVII),

( Hall

have

persisted

period where i t Al Ubaid ( Hall 232;

1 930,

Fig.202),

U qair ( Braidwood 1 952, P l.XXIX), Reijibeh ( Woolley P l.12,c), E ridu ( Thompson 1 920, P l.VII B ), Tello ( Genouillac P 1.8:2), Ras A 1-Amiya ( Stronach a t A bada a nd Tell R ashid.

U nretouched Hoes

1 961,

has a nd

1 06;Pl.XVIII:22)

a nd

Al

1 955, 1 934,

l astly

( Fig. 7 8:c, d )

These t ools a re s imilar to the a forementioned o nes, b ut a re u nretouched a round the e dges. Nevertheless, they have been c arefully p ecked a nd g round to f acilitate gripping while the b its were l eft i n their original s tate.

G round-stone Chisels

by

( Fig. 78:a, b)

These t ools a re made of f ine-grained l imestone e longated a nd a lmost parallel-sided body. The b it b evelled

e nding

i n

a s harp

c utting

e dge ,

e xtant

b etween 8 .3 9 c m . a nd the w idth b etween 2 c hisels were r eported f rom Ali Kosh ( Hole e t a l. -

a nd

hand,

-

w ith an i s v ery

l ength

ranges

2 .8 cm. Similar 1 969, F ig.84:a_b

1 92).

P olished C elts

This t hirty t ypes

( Fig. 7 9, 8 0)

p opular e xamples

of

t ype were

p olished

1- C elts 7 9:c, f ).

w ith

2 C elts w ith 8 0:c, e , f , h , 1 , k ). -

of

tool

f ound

was

common

mainly

i n

r ounded

a dze

b utt

type

a nd

b its

s lightly

( Fig.

-

C elts

w ith

Abada I I

c elts were r epresented, t hese

3 C elts w ith s traight b utt a nd ( Fig. 8 0:g) o r a dze-type b it ( Fig. 7 9:a).

-

a t

l evels

p ointed

5- Perforated c e LLs

b utt

a nd

( Fig. 8 0:b).

7

a re

c urved

7 9:a ,

e ither

b ,

where

a nd

d ,

I . a s

f ollows:

s ides

e )

a nd

s ymmetrical

s ymmetrical

b it

some

Several

( Fig.

( Fig.

( Fig.

b it

8 0:d,

P olished c elts i dentical to the f irst f our types mentioned a bove were f ound i n many s ites i n I raq a nd the nearby a rea; i n Jarmo ( Braidwood 1 952, Fig.1) 4), Hassuna ( Lloyd and Safer 1 945, 269), Yarim Tepe ( Muchajev 1 973, P l.XIII), Ali Kosh ( Hole e t a l. 1 969, 1 89; ( Mortensen Ubaid

F ig.82), Choga Safid 1 970, Fig.43,f), Choga

( Hall

a nd

Woolley

1 927,

( Hole 1 977, Mami ( Oates

P l.XLVII),

U r

209), Shimshara 1 969a, 1 31), Al-

A l-Ubaid

( Woolley

1 955, P 1.14), Al-Uqair ( Braidwood 1 952, Pl.XXIX lower l eft), E ridu ( Thompson 1 920, P l.VIII), Hajji M uhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, P 1.35: d ,e), Tello ( Genouillac 1 934, P l.8:3a-b), Tepe Gawra ( Tobler 1 950, 2 02), Ras A l-Amiya ( Stronach 1 960, 1 06), Umm Dabaghiyah E l'Oueli

( Kirkbride

Small r egular ( Fig. 8 1)

These c ircular

1 972,

P l.VII;

1 973,

P l.IXc)

a nd

Tell

( personal observation).

s tones

w ith

c ircular

d epression

on

e ither

s ide

tools a re a lmost c ircular or o val i n shape with small depressions i n the middle o f e ither s ide, s ome are

made of l imestone o r r iver p ebbles. The use of such s tones not q uite c ertain a nd while they have been i nterpreted hammerstone

b y

s ome

e xcavators

( Mortensen

1 970,

5 6),

i s as

o thers

have r efrained f rom g iving a ny comment o n the possibhity of their f unction ( Hole e t a l. 1 969, 1 99), b ut i t s eems most l ikely that these objects were " presumably f or holding s ome tools such a s a bow d rill"

B ored s tones

( Oates

1 969a, 1 31).

( Fig. 8 2)

These weighty b ored stones which a re thought a s

d igging

s ites

s uch

s tick a s

weights

Jarmo

o r

l oom

( Braidwood

weights a nd

Howe

a re

to

have

known

1 960,

s erved

f rom

1 4 5),

many

H assuna

( Braidwood 1 952, F ig.7), Telul E th-thalathat ( Egami 1 959, F ig .57:10), Al-Uqair ( Lloyd 1 943, 1 1 49; P l.XVI, l ower l eft). They a re a lso r eported f rom Tepe Sabz ( Hole e t a l. 1 969, 1 96-198) a nd C hoga Safid

( Hole

R ubbing s tones

1 977, 2 12-213).

( Fig. 8 3:a-d)

A ll e xamples b ear obvious traces of r ubbing.

S tirring r ods

( Fig. 8 3:e-g)

T hese a re e longated l imestone r iver pebbles with often d amaged o r b roken a nd smeared w ith a sphalt. I t o bvious t hat t hese s tone r ods have b een used to s tir

o ne end i s very b oiling

a sphalt a s i t was b eing p repared f or u se a s a mastic. These rods r ange i n l ength b etween 1 2 1 7 cm. N o s imilar objects were r eported f rom I raqi s ites, b ut they were f ound a t Ali K osh , Tepe -

80

S abz

( Hole e t

a l.

1 969,

1 92)

a nd

Choga

Safid

( Hole

1 977, 2 10)

i n

t he Deh Luran plain i n I ran.

Whetstones

These s carred

( Fig. 8 3:h—j)

t ools with

a re

made

whet

of

marks

round,

oblong

resulting

o r

f rom

e longated

use

a s

pebbles

stones

f or

s harpening s ome b lade tools.

S imilar

t ools

d escribed

a s

s licing

s labs

were

f ound

a t

Ah

K osh a nd Tepe Sabz ( Hole e t a l. 1 969, 1 92-196) a nd Choga Safid ( Hole 1 977, 2 10), t hey were a lso known f rom Shimshara ( Mortensen 1 970, 5 3).

D oor Sockets

( Fig . 8 4:a , b )

These a re large a nd heavy s tones, roughly c ircular i n shape m ade of l imestones o r l arge cobbles bearing a s ocket or s ome c ircular

d epression

to

f it

the

swivel—part

of

the

door

which

a ccounts f or the r otary marks seen on the socket. Several of t hese door s ockets were f ound i n s itu i n both l evels I I a nd I a t Abad a .

Door sockets were c ommon

a nd

f ound

i n many

s ites

i n

I raq and

o ther a reas.

G rooved stones

( Fig . 8 4: c , d )

This k ind of t ool was r epresented by two e xamples only, both made of f lat e longated f ine black s tone ; the smaller one b earing two g rooves about 2 mm . deep , one 0n the middle 0f e ither s urface. The second s tone ( d) bears only o ne g roove 3 mm. deep made on i ts s lightly concave s urface. Such g rooved s tones might have

b een

u sed

t o

s harpen

s ome

bone

i mplements

or

could

b een, a s t hey used to b e c alled, " shaft smoothers" o r s haft s traighteners", p ossibly a lso " bead polishers".

t he

Grooved s tones a re known to upper p alaeolithic p eriod

Z arzi

( Garrod

a t S hanidar

1 930, Fig.11),

Cave

( Solecki

a nd

have when f rom

been they

f ound were

a nd

Z awi

" arrow

i n I raq s ince r eported f rom

the p roto—neolithic

1 963, Fig-7d)

have

C hemi

layer

Shanidar

( Solecki 1 964, 4 06). They were a lso reported f rom Karim Shahir a nd J armo ( Braidwood a nd Howe 1 960, 53, 1 45); s tones with multiple g rooves were known a t Tepe Gawra

8 1

( Tobler

1 950, 2 07).

( Fig. 8 5)

Mace—heads

These tools were made of means f ound

of a t

f ine quality of

a s haft h ole to a wooden Abada , a ll bearing t races

s tone and hafted by

s itck; n ine specimens were of b itumen a round t he hole,

which obviously was a pplied t o s trengthen t he f ixing o f the mace to t he handle. D ifferent s tones have b een worked into mace—heads

a nd

the

most

popular

v ariety

seems

to

have

been

marble which was e ither white o r g rey w ith white v eins; g reenstones a nd f ine—grained l imestones have a lso been employed. ovoid M .

A v ariety

( a,b ,g),

of

s hapes

s pheroid

( c),

were

p roduced

barrel—shaped

s uch

( d,e,h)

a s

a nd

f lat

S cepters o r mace heads a re known f rom many s ites i n s ince a s early a s J armo ( Braidwood a nd Howe 1 960, 1 4 5), a nd were

common

( Thompson

d uring 1 920,

the

Ubaid

P l.VIII),

period;

t hey

U baid

( Hall

Al

were

found

a nd

and

d iscoidal

Iraq they

a t

E ridu

Woolley

1 927,

P l.X1113), U qair ( Lloyd 1 943, P l.XXIV) a nd they were abundant a t Tepe Gawra where about f orty were f ound ( Tobler 1 950, 2 03). Some of t he Gawra e xamples s uch a s those i llustrated i n ( Pl. XCVII no.s 2 ,3,4)

a re

v ery comparable to the A bada ones

respectively, t hey were Larsa i n s outhern I raq.

S tone " phallus"

a lso

f ound

a lso

a t

such

0ueli

a s

( g,c,e)

s outheast

of

( Fig. 8 6:a)

O ne e xample f rom l evel I r epresents a n object of phallus — l ike a ppearance made of f ine—grained b lack s tone. I t i s c losely comparable

t o

s imilar

l evel a t Abada

S tone

e xamples

made

o f

b itumen

h ave

had

f rom

t he

same

( Fig. 9 3:a).

phalluses

which

m ight

s ome

s ort

of

s ignificance were common a t some early p rehistoric s ites such a s J armo ( Braidwood a nd Howe 1 960, P 1.21, n o.11), Tepe Guran ( Mortensen 1 964, Fig.21), Ali Kosh ( Hole et a l. 1 969, F ig.87), Tell

Es-5awwan

( Al—Wailly

1 965,

Fig.66)

a nd

C hoga

Mami

( Oates

1 969a , 1 31). I t i s obvious t hat A bada's phallus i s more comparable to t he e xamples f rom Tell E s—Sawwan and Ali K osh i n that t he d istal e nd of the penis i s p ointed, u nlike t he a nd Guran xamp1es where the g lans i s v ery well shown.

Marble Tablets

These marble

a re W ich

( Fig. 8 6:b—d)

s mall, h ighly

rectangular, smoothed

o val a nd

a nd

v eins. F ive

s pecimens of

these

p ieces

surfaces.

of Two

a nd g reyish a nd b earing

p ieces

f unction f or t hem c ould be detected b ut one t heir t hickness , i s t hat they a re p ieces

8 2

c ircular

p olished

v arieties of marble were employed, p ink white

Jarmo

were

found. N o

real

possibility, g iven p repared f or the

c utting o f s trengthened

p endants a nd b eads. This a ssumption may by t he p resence o f s ome marble pendants a t

be the

s ite ( Fig . 6 4:a , c ) a nd f urther s upport c ould come f rom t he object ( d) which

f or this a ssumption represents a small

u nhollowed

marble,

bowl-shape

made

of

p ink

p resumbably

p repared t o b e hollowed f or use a s a bowl.

P alettes

One

( Fig. 8 6:e)

a lmost

p alettes

were

s hape W j g rained

c omplete f ound

e xample

a nd

a t Abada . The

f ragments

f irst o ne

of

i s of

two

other

a rectangular

open e nds a nd v ery s hort s ide-walls, made of f inea nd well-polished l imestone, s howing considerable

Ii

s igns of wear a nd e rosion r eferring to e xtensive a nd long use. Traces of r ed paint a re s till p resent on the upper surfaces r epresenting unequivocal evidence of use a s a painting palette.

S imilar P l.XCII

o bjects

were

f ound

a t

Tepe

Gawra

( Tobler

1 950,

2 07;

a ).

V aria

This most

of

category which

i ncludes

a re

o f

s tone

u nknown

o r

objects doubtful

of

d ifferent

f unction, they

shapes a re

a s

f ollows:

S tone D iscs

These b iconvex

( Fig. 8 7: ,d,e)

a re c ircular o r o val-shaped d iscs with f lat or s urfaces made up of f lat r iver pebbles or cobbles. No

particular f un ction was i ndicated s ince they showed no traces o r s igns of a ny k ind. The s ame observation i s a plicable to the object

( b)

which

r epresents

a n

oblong

p ebble

with

b iconvex

s urfaces.

Small cones

The c one

( Fig. 8 7:9)

object

w ith

i llustrated

t apering

e nd,

h ere

the

i s

the

o perative

l ower e nd

part

broken

of off ,

a small made

of

v eined marble, i t was p robably used a s a muller.

P ecked s tone balls

( Fig. 8 7:c)

These a re c ompletely s pherical b alls, p ecked f rom l imestone i n a v ery r egular s hape, the a verage d iameter of these objects r anges b etween 3 6 c m. No obvious traces i ndicating s ome -

8 3

particular f unction c ould b e s een, b ut judging f rom the l arge numbers of s uch s tones f ound a t the s ite, one may s urmise that they were used a s h unting i mplements s imilar to the S outh American

bolas.

( Braidwood

a nd

[ 1 14 3 Howe

S imilar 1 960,

a l. 1 969, 1 4 6), Choga S afid ( Tobler 1 950, P l.XCVII b ).

s tone

1 4 6),

Ali

( Hole

1 977,

Table Occurence Types

of s tone L evel

R etouched

Hoes

U nretouched Hoes Ground—stone chisels

9 5

Grooved s tones Mace heads Phalluses Marble Tablets Palettes S tone D iscs Small

cones

Pecked Total

[ 14]

s tone

balls

objects

I II

Level

1

I I

Abada L evel

I

T otal

1 4 6

1 3 5

3 0 1 5

3 3

8 8 1 8

3 2

-

a t

2

-

-

et

Gawra

2 1

1 5

-

Tepe

1 1

3 5 6

-

J armo

( Hole

1 4

7

2 2

a nd

a t

1

1 4 6

-

Sabz

2

-

Bored s tones R ubbing s tones

f ound

Tepe

2 11 4_215),

-

3 1 4

were

a nd

9

1

Polished celts Stones with c ircular depressions

Stirring rods Whetstones Door s ockets

b alls Kosh

-

1 4

-

-

3 6 2

3

3

5 1 0

5

1

-

4 1 2 1 5 1

2 9 1 5

3 9 1

2 0

7 1

6 5

1 65

1 4 7

1 77

1 50

3 24

B olas a re s tone b alls wrapped i n hide a nd j oined by l eather t hongs, when t hrown a t a r unning a nimal t he b olas i mmobahizes t he a nimal b y becoming wrapped a round its l egs. ( Waechter 1 976, 8 4).

8 4

Section J

Bone Artifacts

A t otal of Tell Abada , i n

1 4 9

a rtifacts of a ddition t o a

a nimal bone were l arge n umber of

r ecovered f ragments

a t of

o bviously worked b ones.

Various

t ypes

o f

worked

bone

were

p ercentage of which a re awls ( 82%), p erforators, s crapers a nd s patulas.

1

Awls

-

Awls

r epresented, the

remainder

the

largest

consist

of

( Figs. 88, 8 9, 9 0:a, b )

of

d ifferent

t ypes

a re the most traditional bone

tools

which have had a w ide d istribution throughout most p rehistoric s ites i n the M iddle East s ince t he 9 th m illennium B .C. , they were f ound i n abundance a t Zawi Chemi Shanidar ( Solecki 1 964, 4 08), a nd a ppeared i n c onsiderable f requency i n most U baid s ites i n I raq .

At Tell Abada a total of f ourty one a wls were f ound, g enerally t he f unction of these tools was f or p iercing, p erforating a nd d rilling, f our main t ypes of awls can b e c lassified h ere a s f ollows:

a )

b )

c )

d )

-

-

-

-

Metapodial a wls

( Fig. 8 8:a—g , i ; 8 9:a—c)

F lat s plinter a wls

( Fig. 8 9:d—h ; 9 0:a , b )

Small s pear—like a wls

I ncised a wls

( Fig. 9 0:c, d )

( Fig . 8 8:h)

A s ingle e xample f rom l evel I I i s made f rom t ubular bone w ith a highly polished s urface b earing decoration i n the f orm O f s ix short g rooves d iagonally a rranged i n two rows countering e ach o ther. This t ype of decoration i s closely comparable to o ne o n a b one t ube f rom Tepe Gawra ( Tobler A wls o rnamented w ith i ncised z igzags were Mani ( Oates 1 969a, 1 32).

8 5

1 930, P l.CLXXII, 1 3). reported f rom Choga

3

-

S patulae

These

( Fig. 9 0:c, h , 1 )

a re

a nd w ide, length of

l ong

a nd

f lat

p ieces

of

b one

r ounded e nds, usually with t hese tools ranges f rom 6 .5

-

with

parallel

p olished 1 1.5 cm.

s ides

surfaces . The and the w idth

f rom 1 1 .8 cm. Spatulae were represented i n both l evel I I a nd I a t A bada. The s patula ( e) i s a n i nteresting example which represents a s traight bone rounded a t b oth e nds one of which i s -

perforated; this e xample i s s imilar t o o ne f rom S himshara ( Mortensen 197 0, Fig.49 d ). Perforated s patulae were f ound a t Hassuna

a nd

S ialk

I ( Braidwood

1 952,

F igs.

7 ,6),

spatulae

were

a lso c ommon a t Zawi Chemi Shanidar ( Solecki 1 964, 4 08), H assuna ( Lloyd a nd Safar 1 945, 288; P l.X,2), Y arim Tepe ( Merpert a nd muchajev Choga

1 971,

Safid

Fig.6—h),

( Hole

1 977,

All

Kosh

2 21;

P 1.53

( Hole

f rom Choga Mami ( Oates 1 969a, 1 32), a nd Tepe Gawra ( Tobler 1 950, 2 14).

4

-

S crapers

These with

a l.

U qair

1 969,

a re

Fig.93

a lso

( Lloyd

d ),

r eported

1 943, P l.XXIX)

( Fig. 9 0:f—g)

a re

n arrow

e t

j—l). They

relatively rounded

e nds.

l arge, This

f lat, kind

p olished

of t ool

surfaced

may

have

i n making p ottery o r obsidian tools o r perhaps h ides. The e xample ( f) i s p rovided with a g roove one e dge p robably f or making the e nds

bones

b een used

f or detaching running a long

o f s ome tools

tapered

and

s harp. N o comparable e xamples were r eported f rom other s ites.

Table 0 ccurence

a nd

Percentage Level

Type Awls Ornamented

3 a wls

of

I II

Bone L evel

3

A rtifacts

a t

I I

I

1 9 1

Spatulae S crapers Total

1 0

Level 1 8 -

Tell

Total 4 0 1

2

4

6

1

1

2

2 3

2 3

Abada

4 9

8 2 2 1 2 ' 4 1 00%

Section K

Other Artifacts

I n t his s ection we will deal with d ifferent objects made of v arious materials s uch a s gypsum , b itumen a nd p lant f ibre.

86

Gypsum Objects

Gypsum was

( Figs. 9 1, 9 2)

employed

to

p roduce

s ome

a rtifacts,

a s

mentioned

b elow .

1

-

a nd

P iano—convex D iscs

t he

o ther

( Fig. 9 1)

T hese a re g ypsum d iscs with one c onvex, they a re of d ifferent s izes,

d iameter b etween 1 0 — o f s ome s ort, probably

f ace plane ranging i n

1 4 0

cm. These d iscs could have been moulds f or making d ishes; a nd their presence i n

t he b uildings of l evel I II which we thought was dedicated to p ottery manufacture, m ight g ive s upport to this i dea of their f unction.

2

-

C ones

Two l evel

( Fig. 9 2:b , c )

conical—shaped I I,

m easuring

1 3

objects cm.

i n

were

f ound, the

l ength

a nd

l arge one

8 cm.

a t

the

( b)

i n

widest

d iameter, a nd the other o ne ( c), which was f ound i n l evel I , m easuring a bout 1 0 cm. i n l ength a nd about 14 cm. i n d iameter. B oth objects a re b roken n ear their widest d iameter s o t heir o riginal s hape c annot b e determined, a nd part of some i nstallation i nside rooms.

3

-

Spheres

This

-

have

been

a

gypsum s phere i s o ne of the l arge v ariety of tokens, a nd

Vessels

Gypsum b ecause

may

( Fig. 9 2:d)

was f ound i n a ssociation with o f l evel I I ( see S ection G ).

1 4

they

o f

o ther

c lay

tokens

i n

building

A

( Fig. 9 2:e)

i s

not

i ts

t he most

c rumbly

s uitable material

texture,

s o

i t

i s

f or making

not

v essels

s urprising

that

o nly o ne e xample r epresenting a small a lmost conical—shaped b owl was f ound. This had a r ounded a nd e xtra thick base which h ad b een f lattened upwards to f orm the s ides with a thin, s traight r im .

5

-

( Fig. 9 2:a)

This i s t he most i nteresting object, r ather r ectangular s hape measuring 30 i n w idth, w ith f our s hort, rounded s moothed a ll o ver. This v ery weighty

8 7

r epresenting a bench of cm. i n l ength a nd 20 cm. l egs. The s urface was bench was f ound placed

a gainst the s outhern wall of room 1 1 of b uilding A , l evel I I, and must have b een used a s a s helf to stand s ome v aluable o bjects on.

B itumen Objects

B itumen

( Fig. 9 3:a—c)

a nd

i ts

a spects a t Abada, a s I t was i nvolved i n s errated

f lint

v ersatility

was

manifested

i n

v arious

b eing a p ractical a nd efficient material. s ickle making a s a n a dhesive f or f ixing

b lades

t o

hafts,

a ttested

by

m any

f lint

p ieces

s till b earing b itumen t races. I t was a lso used to f ill c racks in pottery, this was c lear f rom s ome e xamples of b ig jars which had been r epaired with i t. A l ump of b itumen was f ound below a s tone threshold i n room ( 16) o f bulding A , p roblably a lso serving an a dhesive p urpose.

Some objects which were made of b itumen were a lso f ound; the most i nteresting i s ( a) which i s phallus—shaped. Whether i t was meant t o represent a phallus or a cone with rounded b ase really not c ertain, b ut bearing i n m ind t he commoness phallic

representation

Middle East 1 151 i t a nother such. I n f act

i n

many

neolithic s ites

i n

is of

I raq a nd the

i s not unlikely that this e xample was this object i s a lmost s imilar to a s tone

phallus f rom the same l evel a t the s ite

( Fig. 8 6:a).

Another object which was made of b itumen ( b) i s of t runcated conical shape with a w ide rounded hole i n the middle. The l ower e dge of the wider s ide i s p inched a ll r ound. The object l ooks l ike a s pindle whorl, but i ts r eal f unction i s not c lear. ( c) represents

a

b ig

l ump

of

b itumen

s haped

i n

the

f orm

o f

a

b iconcave d isc, of unknown use.

Basketry a nd Matting I ndustry

R eeds a nd r ushes were among the material used f or r oofing houses a t Abada , this was a ttested b y large l umps o f c lay, a pparently f allen f rom r ooves, bearing reed i mpressions. However, w ide patches of c lay with impressions of basketry or matting were f ound a t b oth l evels I I a nd I . I t i s noteworthy that b oth r eed a nd bulrush grow wild t oday i n the v icinity of Tell A bada , a nd t he s ame may have been t he case i n ancient t imes.

[ 15]

S ee page 8 2.

88

Matting (Fig. 94:a) Sample (b) as shown impressed on a clay lump was almost identical to a kind still being manufactured and widely used in Iraq today [3] and for exactly the same purpose as that used at Tell Abada. The material used in making this type of mat was reed which had been longitudinally split with each splint measuring 3 - 6 mm. and woven according to the over-two, under-two twill technique; the same technique had long been known in Mesopotamia since the 7th millennium B.C. as shown by the discoveries at Jarmo (Braidwood 1952, Fig.14; Adovasio 1977, 223-230), and Hassuna (Lloyd and Safar 1945, Fig.38); it was known also at Ali Kosh and Tepe Sabz "Mohammad Jaffer - Mehmeh phase" (Hole et al. 1969, Fig.95) and Choga Safid (Hole 1977, Pls.51,52). It is worth mentioning that the earliest evidence of matting or basketry comes from Shanidar Cave in northern Iraq, in layer B1 which dates back to the ninth millennium B.C. Basketry (Fig. 94:a) A patch of gypsum (6.2 x 9.3 cm.) containing an impression of coils has come from level II at Abada, the coils seem to have been made of some fibrous material and joined with each other apparently by wrapping. According to Hodges "In wrapped coil­ work the join is made by passing a wrapping completely around adjacent parts of the coil, many different wrappings may be used" (1976, 132).

Although no traces of textiles were found, the possiblity of their existence cannot be ruled out in the light of the abundant presence of spindle whorls at the site.

-------------------[3]

This type of matting is called baryah in Iraqi Arabic. 89

C HAPTER I II

The P ottery of Tell Abada

An

e normous

quantity

of

pottery

was

recovered

f rom

s tratigraphic e xcavations a t Tell Abada. Most pottery was i n

a p recise

context,

a lthough

a l arge

number

of

the

f ound

sherds

were

found i n the f ill of e ach l evel. A t otal of some 1 76,8 14 0 potsherds were counted i n the f ield, this f igure i ncludes a Considerable n umber of whole v essels, r ims and bases and reconstructable s herds, but the greatest n umber were body s herds s ome w ith painted o r i ncised/impressed decoration a nd s ome

being

p lain. The

l ater

were

e liminated

i n

our

analysis

of

the pottery types a nd e xcluded i n c alculating the percentage of each type. The a ctual a nalysis was b ased on the presence of complete types a nd sherds which a llow s ome understandable reconstruction; only representative f orms a re i llustrated. The quantity of e ach category i s shown i n T able 1 a nd F ig. 9 5, S chema A . F rom this table o ne c an a lso see t hat the pottery a t Tell Abada c an be b roadly d ivided i nto f our main categories according t o technical characteristics , these a re: p ainted pottery, i mpressed a nd i ncised pottery a nd p lain pottery. Each of t hese categories w ill be dealt w ith l evel by f rom the e arliest l evel on the s ite.

level, s tarting

Section A

The P ottery of Level

O ne of t he most r ecovery of U baid a ssociated

w ith

I II

i nteresting d iscoveries a t Abada w as the I Ceramic t ypes i n the earliest l evel

a n umber

of

v essels

Mami Transitional Samarra/I Jbaid Samarra pottery. These ceramic

which

r esemble

I t ypes and types a re

more a lso

a ssociation w ith more c onventional U baid 2 pottery.

[ 1]

both

Choga

c lassical f ound i n [ 1]

For t he purpose of typology i n the current work I a m a dopting the terms f irst used b y Dr . Joan Oa tes i n her s uccinct a nalysis of E ridu pottery ( "Ur and E ridu, The P rehistory", I RAQ XXII, 1 960). D r Oates has c lear l y s hown that what h ave been p reviously c alled E ridu, Hajji Muhammed, U baid a nd l ate U baid phases, a re i n fact p art of a homogenous culture a nd " The f our phases might b est be d esignated a s U baid 1 -1 4" ( Oates, op.cit. , 1 4 0). S ince then these n ew terms " Ubaid 1 -1 4" have b een w idely a ccepted and used b y most N ear Eastern a rchaeologists.

9 0

Table Number

of

s herds

a nd

complete

sequence

P ainted a b c d e f

-

-

-

-

-

-

P ottery

B lack

o n

buff

B lack

o n

cream

N o.

1 3

-

-

-

-

P ainted

No. pottery

I mpressed

pottery

I ncised pottery P lain p ottery

G ross

total

Tell

found

at

the

Abada.

Recovered

Frequency 52.03

2 ,556 1 06,317

9 9.99

R ecovered 1 06,317

3 6,893 2 3,878

9 ,7

5 2

1 76,8' 40

9 1

%

28.25 1 0» 45 5 ,82 1 .03 2 . 11

1 1,110 6 ,184 1 ,104

T otal

2

of

v essels

5 5,327 3 0,036

B rown o n buff B rown o n cream R ed on buff R ed on c ream

C ategory

1

Frequency 6 0.86 2 0.86 1 3.50 5 .51

9 9.99

%

1 . Transitional

Among

the

P ottery

pottery

( Figs. 9 7-99 , 1 00:a)

f rom

the

e arliest

l evel

number of e xamples which d isplay s imilarities and t o e arly Ubaid ( Ubaid I ) ceramic t ypes, warrants the term "Transitional", a t erm Oates i n describing the p ottery f ound e xcavated

l evels

a t

Choga

Mami

f or

t he

at

Abada

a re

a

both to S amarra a f eature that

f irst used b y Joan i n the uppermost same

reasons

( Oates

1 969a, 1 36;1972, 1 4 9;1984, 2 56). Transitional p ottery w as a lso f ound a t Choga S afid i n Khuzistan ( Hole 1 977). At Abada this type of pottery i s generally buff often w ith a cream or o range s lip. The paint r anges between dark g reen, black and dark b rown. The paste i s well l evigated a nd f ine g rit tempered. I n g eneral the pottery i s hard a nd v ery well f ired. S ome of the Abada e xamples have a n obvious connection w ith Samarra i n technique and a lso maintain v ery s trong affinities w ith early Ubaid pottery ( Ubaid I a nd 2 ) i n Southern I raq. The deep , hemispherical bowl

( Fig.98:a)

i s

reminiscent of Napfe bowl from

the t ype s ite ( Herzfeld 1 930, N r. 1 20), t he f ringe inside t he r im i s a very characteristic motif on S amarra pottery f rom t he type s ite ( Herzfeld 1930), Baghouz ( Du Buisson 1 948), Tell E s-Sawwan ( Ippolitoni 1 970-71), a nd Choga Mami ( Oates 1 969). A nother version of the s ame pattern i s t o be s een on a nother carinated bowl f ound i n the s ame l evel a t Abada ( Fig. 9 8:b). Another bowl i s decorated w ith multiple t runcated z igzags o utside a nd a wavy l ine hanging

f rom small triangles i n t he upper r im, below which,

i nside the r im, a re two o ther s innuous l ines ( Fig. 98:c). This i s a lso a typical S amarran motif found a t Samarra, Baghouz and Tell Es-Sawwan.

a nd

s lightly

f laring r im

The

w ide-mouthed ( Fig. 9 7:b)

i s s imilar to the F lacher Topf

( Herzfeld

1 930,

A v ariety

of

p .57).

pot

w ith

r ounded

typically

belly

Samarran

motifs

were

f ound

( Fig.99). The chevron, a d istinctive S amarran pattern, i s most f requent a t Abada, a nd both r ight a nd l eft pointing c hevrons were r epresented. [ 2] Vertical a nd d iagonal steps ( f ,g), a rhombus i n

( a), two rows

reserve

P l.XXII:9), other

i n

( h) wavy

a re

of hatched triangles separated by z igzags r eminiscent

l ines

opposition

a nd

solid

of

B aghouz

triangles

( d).(Fig.99:e)

this

( Du

Buisson

a lternate

pattern

w ith

consists

1 948, each of

a

combination of a s olid d iagonal c ross a nd f our c ross-hatched t riangles, i t i s reminiscent of a s imilar design f rom B akun B li a nd

[ 2]

Bakun

A

( McCown

1 942,

F ig.12:22,24).

A

b asically

s imilar

Both r ight a nd l eft pointing c hevrons were f ound at Matarrah ( Braidwood 1 952, F igs.14; 1 5; 1 6:11), Tell EsSawwan ( Al-A 'dami 1 968, P l.VI;VII;IX;XIV); Ippolitoni 1 9707 1, F ig.T:16,17), Baghouz ( Du Buissor i 1 948 P l.XXIX, X XI), and Ch ga Mami ( oates 1 969a, P l.XXI: b ; P l.XXX] !I:11,12). I nterestingly s ome of the S amarran s ites have f ailed to p roduce l eft pointing chevrons on the outside o f pots. This f act was noticed a t e ach o f Samarra ( Tulane 1 944:59), Hassun ( Lloyd a nd Safer 1 952, F ig.16:17), and S hlmshara ( Mortenson 1 970).

9 2

motif was f ound a t Samarra ( Herzfeld 1 930, Abb:218). The most d istinctive e xample i s the p ot i llustrated i n F ig. 1 00:a which i s v ery r eminiscent of Choga Mami ( Oates 1 969a, P l.XXXII 5). A nother

e xample

which

F ig.102:c

where

the

g eneral

s hape

which

c ould

be

r elationship i s

considered to

c losely

" Transitional"

S amarra

can

comparable

be to

seen

i n

T iefe

i s the

Topfe

( Herzfeld 1 930, 614 ), while the o verall e xterior pattern i s more r elated to the Ubaid 2 . The hemishperical bowl ( Fig.102:d) bears a n

e xterior

decoration

c onsisting

c hevron s imilar t o Samarra i nterestingly, this bowl i s K osh

i n

Deh Luran

of

a multiple

h orizontal

( Ippolitoni 1 970-71, F ig.R:7). More reminiscent of a n e xample f rom A ll

( Hole e t a l.

Fig. 1414 :a). The carinated bowl

1 969,

i llustrated i n F ig.101:a i s a n i nteresting combination of Ubaid 1 /2 i n terms of f orm a nd e xterior decoration, a nd Samarrai nfluence i n terms of i nterior pattern, which represents two b ands of a ngular meanders a rranged a lternatively, f orming a r unning denticulated band. I t i s noteworthy that meanders a re a v ery

d istinctive S amarran motif ; the base i nterior i s decorated

w ith what must have been a deer or i bex design of which only

the

l ong c urved horns have s urvived. An i bex dcsign i n the center of o pen bowls i s a c ommon f eature of Samarra pottery f rom Baghouz ( Du Buisson 1 948, P 1.26-28), Samarra ( Herzfeld 1 930), a nd Tell E s-Sawwan ( Ippolitoni 1 970-71, F ig.o). A s imilar design which w as described a s a ' defecating i bex' was f ound a t Choga Mami a s a n e xterior pattern ( Oates 1 969a, 1 31 4; P l.XXXI:a). Another bowl s imilar i n shape t o the l ast one i s Fig. 1 01:c, i ts relation to S amarra i s shown by the base i nterior decoration. The i nterior o f the bowl i s c aducenses, a s

d ecorated the "wand

i n of

b rown p aint w ith impaled d ivided Aesculapius" ( Herzfeld 1 941, 60;

F ig.110), this motif was f ound on a bowl f rom Choga Mami ( Oates 1 969a, P 1.XXXII:1) a nd E ridu XIV ( Safer e t a l. 1 981, F ig.90. 6). [ 3] The outside is decorated by diagonal bands r unning between two h orizontal bands, this r esembles Choga Mami T ransitional ( Oates 1 968, P l.XII, 1 ,3), i ndeed Abada example ( c) i s c losely c omparable

i n

s hape

to

Choga

Mami

( no.1). Of special

s ignificance i s the bowl F ig. 1 01:b which c losely resembles a b owl f rom Choga S afid ( Hole 1 977, F ig.50:b), i n both e xamples s hapes, outside a nd i nside decoration a re a lmost i dentical.

Sherds seen i n Fig.101:d-g can be paralleled w ith Samarra a nd U baid

I s tyles. The painted

triangles

a ssociated w ith multiple

z igzags ( d) a re r emi niscent of Choga Mami ( Oates 1 968, P 1.VII:20,21) while the pendant half l oops below a re a very c ommon pattern t hroughout the Ubaid p eriod. Beside Samarra p ainted ware this l evel has a lso p roduced a f ew sherds i n S amarra-like painted-and-incised s tyle, a ll a re parts of jars. T he f abric i s g rit-tempered b ut g enerally a b it coarser than t he

p ainted

e xecution

i s

ware. still

No

A ll s herds a re b uff r eddish, b rown, o r

[ 3]

a ctual

very

good

s lip a nd

has

the

been

a nd v ery well f ir ed. v ery d ark g reen. A

A s imilar motif was f ound r ] .g.13:121), Tepe J affarabad Figs.15:9-10;47:6) . .

9 3

a pplied,

f inishing

a t Bakun a nd Susa

i s

but

p retty

the f air.

The paint i s e ither v ariety of i ncised

A III ( McCown I ( Le B reton

1 942, 1 947,

decoration i s f ound, s uch a s chevrons ( Fig. 9 9:k); horizontal and vertical z igzags ( Fig. 9 9 :j , k); cross-hatching ( Fig. 9 9:e ; F ig. 9 9 :j); diagonal rows of short strokes ( Fig. 9 7:c) and g rainshaped

i ncisions

a rranged

d iagonally

i n

a

herrring-bone

pattern ( Fig. 9 9:i). This t ype of decoration i s very common at Tell E s-Sawwan ( Ipolitoni 1 970-71, F ig.F:6,9,11; F ig.I:1). [L I] Rectilinear a nd wavy l ines were a lso used. One piece b earing impressed decoration c onsists of f ine horizontal r ows of triangular j abs on the upper r im of a j ar

F ive

j ars

f laring r im

a re

( c)

s hown

i n

F ig.

( Fig. 9 7:d).

c-f:

9 7:a,

a g lobular

j ar

w ith

bearing p ainted decoration of chevron design on

the neck outside body. Another j ar

a nd i ncised decoration on the shoulder and ( d) with g lobular body a nd out-turned r im i s

of s pecial i nterest s ince i t was decorated with impressed, painted a nd i ncised designs. The j ars ( e,f) a re globular with collared neck a nd

i ncised

and

a nd p lain r im both bearing decoration on the neck

decoration

h igh-collared

upon

j ars

the

a re

shoulders.

levels a nd both S amarra a nd Hassuna

2 . The Ubaid

As

[ 5]

characterisitic ( Oates

Decorated

of

e arly

l ow

E ridu

1 960, 42).

I P ottery

a dumbrated

e arlier,

l evel

I II

a t

Abada

has

produced,

i n

a ddition to the pottery which has been t ermed " Transitional", a number of pottery types which could be matched with pottery

a s

i t

i s

known

f rom

the main

U baidian

the U baid

s ite in

I

S outhern

I raq ( i.e. E ridu X IX-XV). Here i t should be pointed out t hat no i dentical p ieces were f ound. N evertheless the s imilarity between the two g roups i s c lose i n terms of technique, manufacture,

s tyle

of

design,

a nd

general

f orm.

At

Abada

the

Ubaid I pottery i s buff , well f ired, often w ith buff o r c ream s lip. The f abric i s relatively thick measuring about 6-8 m m . and tempered w ith e ither g rit o r f ine chaff . The p aint i s u sually dark b rown to b lack o r r ed, s ometimes t hickly applied g iving a g lossy a ppearance. The monochrome painting technique bespeaks a g reat s kill which e nabled the potters t o manufacture thin pottery with e xtreme care a nd a pparent t aste. A very wide r ange of g eometric decorative motifs were employed s uch a s: chevrons, checkered patterns, z igzags, l ozenges, c ross-hatching, wavy and s traight l ines, triangles, c ircles, herring-bone patterns a nd a v ariety

of

reserve

f ound, this was J ars, b eakers

a nd

a t

bowl

Abada.

The

f rom E ridu XVI F ig.

1 02:b,

d ecoration.

N o

naturalistic

a lso the c ase w ith the U baid a v ariety Fig.

( Safar

w ith

of

1 02:a

e t

i ts

a l.

bowls

i s

a re

c losely

the

most

i nterior

was

a t E ridu.

common

comparable

1 981, F ig.92:2). The

e laborate

decoration

I p ottery

with

t ypes a bowl

large w ide bowl decoration,

i s

[ L I]

S imilar designs were a lso f ound a t Matarra ( Braidwood 1 952, F ig.14:8) a nd Shimshara ( Mortensen 1 970, Fig.83:f).

[ 5]

C ollared jars with f ound a t l evel I V F ig.14:2,3).

painted a nd a t Hassuna

9 4

i ncised ( Lloyd

decoration and Safar

were 1 945,

r eminiscent of s ome bowls f rom E ridu XVIII—XIV b earing a n a ttractive painted decoration o n their base i nterior, i ndeed t he checkerboard pattern i nside the base of this bowl very much r esembles

a

bowl

f rom

Hajji

Muhammad.

( U.V.B.

1 938,

P 1.36).

I dentical decoration on the base i nterior i s to be seen b owl f rom Arpachiya ( Mallowan a nd R ose 1 935, Fig.58: 14 ).

The

beakers

( Fig.

1 00:b—d; F ig.

1 03:b)

resemble

examples

on

a

f rom

E ridu XVI ( Safar c t a l. 1 981, Fig.96:20-22). The jar ( Fig. 1 03:c) i s s omewhat s imilar i n s hape to o ne f rom E ridu X IX—XIV ( Safer e t

a l.

1 981,

d ecoration

F ig-72:29A). of

U b ai d

This

I s tyle,

j ar

bears

a very

denticulated

characteristic

bands,

which

can

be

s een a s a t ypical motif o n Samarran pottery a nd f rom which the d ecoration was most l ikely derived. This denticulated pattern w as f ound a t E ridu X VI

( Saf

r e t

a l.

1 981, F ig.96:3; F ig.95:2). The

u pper half of a h igh—necked j ar (Fig.103:a) i s ornamented w ith a v ery f ine a nd delicate pattern. The w ide open—mouthed bowl ( Fig 104:a)

i s

s imilar

i n

f orm

to

e xamples

f rom

E ridu

X IX—XII

( Saf r et a l. 1 96 1, F ig-72:27c). The s ides of the bowl a re d ecorated f rom i nside with a b road s imple band a round the r im f ollowed by two r ows of j oint t riangles r unning a round the s ides, the h ase i nterior i s decorated with perpendicular bands f orming small regular s quares with decorated z igzags a rranged d iagonally b etween two horizontal bands on the outside. Another g raceful bowl of U baid I s tyle f rom Abada i s Fig.104:b which r epresents a combination of f orm a nd decoration both t ypical of t he Ubaid I t ype. The two bowls i llustrated i n F ig. 1 05 bear m ost a esthetic a nd i ntricate decoration though they a re

the not

v ery characteristic of Ubaid I . They bear e lements that could b e a ssigned t o the U baid I s tyle, t he reserve wavy l ine r unning a round

the r im i nterior

b owl f rom A rpachiya d enticulated pattern E ridu. The

of

( Fig.105:a)

i s reminiscent of a Halaf

( Mallowan 1 935, i s a d isti nctive

s hallow o pen—mouthed

bowl

P l.LXVII:b) pattern of

F ig.106:d,

while the U baid I a t

d isplays

a very

i nteresting a nd e xtremely e laborate combination of cruciform a nd centrifugal patterns. The e laborate i nterior decoration of s hallow bowls w ith a c ruciform pattern i s o ne of the most c onvincing s imilarities between Samarra a nd Ubaid I ( Oates 1 960,

2 ).

The small a nd v ery d istinctive

s lightly c arinated bowl ( Fig.106:b) bears a d ecoration: the j oined s omewhat t riangular

s hapes running a round the r im i nterior, l eaving what l ooks l ike a l arge f lower i n r eserve, i s very r eminiscent of bowls f rom b oth E ri du XVII ( Safar e t a l. 1 981, F ig.1:17) a nd Choga Mami ( Oates 1 969a, P 1.XXXII:2). The Abada e xample with i ts s olidly p ainted

t riangles

i s

more

a kin

to

E ridu

h atched ones. Another hemishperical bowl w ith d istinctive p attern covering h orizontal b ands

than

Choga

( Fig. 1 06:c)

Mami's

i s painted

d ecoration c onsisting of a very e laborate m ost parts of the e xterior between three r unning a round o n e ach s ide. Sherds of the

s ame f abic a nd technique i llustrated i n F igs. 1 07-109 s how more p atterns which c an b e a ttributed to the U baid I s tyle a nd can be p aralleled F ig . 1 07:f ,

by Ubaid I s herds f rom E ridu. Of s pecial i nterest i s this p attern, which c onsists of small t riangular

95

shapes i n reserve, i s very reminiscent of a s herd f rom E ridu X IX ( Safar e t a l. 1 981, F ig.100:10). R everse decoration w as not uncommon on the U baid I sherds a t Abada ( Fig. 1 08:k-n), t he same i s

t rue

of

the

Ubaid

I repertoire

a t

E ridu

( Oates

1 960,

Another i nteresting s herd f rom this l evel i s F ig. 109:b decorated with a metope of c ross-hatched pattern

3 5).

w hich i s b etween

horizontal bands. This p iece i s i dentical w ith a sherd f rom E ridu XVIII a nd XVII ( Safar e t a l. 1 981, Figs.99:10; 9 8:13,23).

3 . The Ubaid 2 P ottery

As

( Hajji Muhammad)

a lready mentioned

pottery

i n

the

Ubaid

l evel

I II

a t

( Figs. 1 10-112)

Abada

a lso

produced

2 s tyle. This pottery was not

some

a bundant

and

only a few t ypes were represented, s ome of which continued to be produced during the s ubsequent l evels. Generally speaking this type of pottery i s very s imilar t o the well known Hajji Muhammad

pottery,

s ome

p ieces

a re

i dentical

to

i t

a nd b ear

a ll

i ts characteristic f eatures i n terms of t echnique, painting decorative patterns, a s we s hall s ee when dealing w ith

and the

pottery of l evel I I. I t i s worth mentioning that no c omplete s pecimen of this type of pottery was f ound i n this l evel, [ 6] but s ome s igf lificant sherds were available. Bowls a nd j ars seem to h ave been the most c ommon, e ach of these two classes was f ound i n a represented, walls

a nd

v ariety of these a re:

out-flaring

f orms. Three types of ( 1) w ide-mouthed bowls

r im

( Fig.110:b,c,d,i);

bowls were with c urved

( 2)

w ide-mouthed

bowls w ith s traight o r s lightly i ncurved walls ( Fig. 1 10:a ,f ,h); ( 3) bowls w ith s lighly out-curved walls a nd s traight s imple r im ( Fig. 1 10:e ,g). All these types of bowls were decorated

i n a very

d istinctive U baid 2 o r Hajji Muhammad s tyle with t ypical painted patterns both i nside a nd out. The i nteriors o f the bowls a re covered with a variety of p atterns quite f amiliar i n the

Hajji

Muhammad

r epertoire.

The

d ecorated a nd often the decoration bands ( Fig. 1 10:a,e,g,f), s ometimes l ines solid

e xteriors

are

less

h ighly

c onsists of only o ne o r two c ombined with curvilinear

i n between ( Fig. 1 10:c). Other e xamples a re covered with paint ( Fig.110:b) which s ometimes l eaves t riangles i n

reserve ( Fig.110:d). The most d istinctive characteristic combination of Hajji Muhammad vessel f orm p lus pattern i s shown i n F ig.110:d which was decorated with bands

with

i dentical

t iny to

s quares

e xamples

i n

f rom

a c riss-cross

between, E ridu

the

X IV

of

l atter

( Safar

d iagonal

pattern

et

a l.

i s

1 981,

F ig.100:7; F ig-90:3-5) a nd Hajji Muhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, P 1.32a). This l ast example has e xterior decoration very s imilar to the Abada e xample ( Fig. 1 10:d). A c riss-cross or oblique grid p attern

was

P 1.XLIX:2)

a nd

a lso

f ound

Choga

Mami

i nteresting combination a ttributed to U baid 2 i s w ith

[ 6]

base

i nterior

a t

R as

A l-A r niya

( Oates

of f orm f ound on

decoration

1 984,

Fig.6:11-12),

1 961,

a nother

a nd pattern which c ould be the l arge w ide-mouthed bowls

of

a

s un-burst

The e xamples i llustrated i n F ig. 1 10 : a j their r epresentative characteristics pottery f rom l evel I II a t Abada.

96

( Stronach

were

of

pattern

( Fig.

se le c te d for the U baid 2

1 10:h , j ). These are identical with ( Zeigler a nd Ras

19 53,

P 1.16a), E ridu X IV A l—Amiya ( Stronach

e xamples f rom Hajji Muhammad

( Saf r et a l. 1 981, Fig-91:7,9) 1 961, P 1.L :7). The i nterior

d ecoration c onsists of h orizontal

rows

of herring—bone pattern

i nterrup.ed by s olid l ozenges ( Fig. 1 10:a), i s i dentical with e xamples f rom Hajji Muhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, P 1.1,13,27,3 1 4 ), a nd U r Ubaid i . (W oolley 1 956, P 1.50:23). R eserve decoration seems t o h ave been c ommon i n the U baid 2 repertoire a t Abada, t he bowl F ig. 1 10:b bearing a n ice e xample of such decoration where the s ides of the bowl were covered i nside with brown paint l eaving a c urvilinear F ig.

1 10:e

pattern

which

i n

reserve. The

c onsists

of

small

i nterior

checkers

pattern i s

of

bowl

i dentical

to

s pecimens f rom E ridu x viii-viii (Safar et al. 1981, Fig.99:2,3,20; F ig-98:37; F .g. 1 : 1,5; F ig.95:7,3; Fig.94:10,13; F ig-93:1; Fig.92:12,19; F ig.91:o; F ig.89:23; F ig.83:8). Hemispherical p attern were a lso f ound ( Fig. 1 06:a).

Jars

of

Ubaid

2 s tyle

f rom

this

level

bowls

a re

w ith

a llover

represented

by

v arious f orms a nd s izes, p robably the most d istinctive type is t he j ar with a p rojecting l edge i nside the r im ( Fig.112:b). J ars w ith

a l edged

a ppear

r im

regularly

a re u ntil

known

a t

l evel

E ridu

V III

XVIII

( Safar

a nd e t

continued

a l.

1 981,

to

1 77).

S imilar j ars were f ound a t Hajji Muhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, P 1.29:a,b), a nd R as A l—Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, P 1.111:2,8,9; P l.LIV:1,2,3,6). Small j ars w ith globular body, s hort neck a nd o ut—turned

r im

( Fig.112:c,d,f)

were

f ound.

A series

of

f ai .: 1y

l arge jars was a lso p resent ( Fig.112:e). Most common a re those w ith g lobular body, s hort neck a nd out—turned r im ( Fig.111:a—d); i ndeed ( b) i s s imilar to e xamples f rom E ridu X IX—XIV ( Safer et a l. 1 981, F ig-72:29) a nd r esembles examples f rom R as Al—Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, P l.LIV:8,9). Jars w ith a pparently g lobular b odies and heavily o ut—turned r im occur ( Fig. 1 11:g,h). F ig. 1 11:e i s a jar w ith a c arinated body a nd s traight, s lightly out — t urned r im, beautifully decorated i n dark brown w ith a n a ttractive pattern. Jars w ith carinated s houlders and o ut — t urned r im ( Fig.111:f) a re r eminiscent of a type f rom Hajji M uhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, P l.29:f) and R as Al—Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, P 1.111:7). I n a ll of these examples the patterns have been n icely e xecuted w ith l ustrous paint i n a n d istinctive f eature of the Ubaid 2 pottery.

4 . P lain Pottery

P lain

potery

d iscovered s ite.

a llover

s tyle,

a

( Figs. 1 13-11) 4)

was

r epresented

throughout

Consequently

t he

the

by

three

quantity

only

5 % of the total

o ccupational

of

p lain

l evels

pottery

i n

volume of

l evel

the I II

i s small. Only a f ew complete e xamples a long with a very small q uantity of sherds were f ound. However, s ome of those specimens a re of great l arge

coarse

importance j ars

f rom

the

chronological resemble

( Fig.113:a—b)

a

standpoint. Two characteristic

H assuna type which i s also known f rom the earliest levels a t E ridu ( Xlx—XIV), ( Safar e t a l. 1 981, Fig-72:30). I t i s i nteresting t o notice that j ar ( Fig. 1 13:a) has a small concave base which w as a characteristic f eature of s ome vessels f rom S ialk I

9 7

( Ghirshman

1 938, Fig.9:6). Of i nterest a re a v ariety of l arge and

thin c arinated bowls made of a very well l evigated c lay, w ith a g reenish—yellow mien ( Fig.113:d—g). I t i s obvious that t his type of bowl

( Fig.113:d)

i s c losely

I a nd 2 l evels a t Eridu o r " type 1 0, the most

related

t o

that

known

f rom

Ubaid

( XIX—XIV) ( Safar e t a l. 1 981, Fig-72:24A) d istinctive p ottery f orm f rom Hajji

Muhammad l evels" ( Oates 1 960, 3 8; P l.IV). This type of bowl which was a lso f ound a t Hajji Muhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, P l.15:e) i s more o r l ess i dentical with the Samarra c arinated p lates " Schussel type a 2"

The

( Herzfeld

very

d iameter

1 930, 1 2).

l arge

f rom

coarse

ware

cms.

45 - 5 5

j ars

were

( Fig.

1 14:a—b)

p robably

ranging

used

f or

i n

s torage

p urposes particularly f or l iquids which may have been i nvolved w ith pottery making, this was s uggested by the presence of a l ayer of b itumen l ining the i nterior of j ar ( b). These large j ars

were

found

i n

the

building

which

we

thought

was

u sed

for

pottery manufacture.

Section B

The P ainted P ottery

1

-

The P ainted P ottery of Level I I

The

conventional

o ccurred

i n

some

Hajji

quantity

Muhammad

i n

the

o r

Ubaid

p revious

level

2

ware

which

( III), b ecomes

p redominant i n l evel I I; however, s ome v essels which a ppear to belong to the Ubaid 3 ceramic s tyle a lso o ccur. Some types which a ppeared i n l evel I II

s uch a s

the w ide—mouthed, carinated bowls

( Fig .110), hole—mouthed g lobular j ars ( Fig.111) a nd t he jars with a l edge i nside the r im ( Fig.112:b) c ontinue i n level I I.

I n general the f abric i s buff , o ccasionally with green cast, p ale g reen, c ream, red or p ink. The p ottery has been t empered with

chaff

o r

s traw

t empered. A s lip both o utside a nd

i n

most

c ases,

t he

or wet—smoothing h as i nside surfaces. Some

f ine

ware

i s

commonly been p ieces appear

grit—

u sed on t o have

b een burnished.

The b lack, s een

pottery

was

p urple—black,

i n

various

handmade, brown,

shades

and

monochrome—painted.

red

a nd

this

98

o range ,

could

e ach

obviously

The

p aint

colour

may

be

to

due

i s be the

[ 7]

degree of f iring a nd thickness of paint.

A v ery r ange

of

w ide

r ange

which

a re

of

decorative

i llustrated

patterns

a ccording

to

were

used,

their

a f ull

association

w ith the v essel t ypes.

A

large

quantity

of

vessel

f orms

were

represented.

These

b roadly i nclude a v ariety of bowls, j ars, beakers and chalices, e ach type i s r epresented by a l arge number of specimens. I solated o f

e xamples

t hese

of

t ypes

other

were

s hapes

f ound

were

a lso

c omplete

f ound.

o r

i n

S ince

many

a ccurately

r econstruct .able p ieces we have only i llustrated these. Numbers a nd percentages o f e ach type based on the calculation of both c omplete p ieces a nd s ignificant s herds a re charted i n Tables 2-

3 and Figs. 95-96.

a ) Bowls

Bowls were were

v ery common

r epresented, t hese

a t

can

this be

l evel

broadly

a t Abada. Various c lassified

f orms

i nto f ifteen

t ypes a s f ollows: 1

-

2-

3

-

-

5 6 7 8

-

-

-

-

Bell-shaped

( Fig.

1 15)

flared s ides ( Fig. 1 27:c-9). Large, d eep, h ole-mouthed bowls

w ith

( Fig. 1 29). B oat s haped bowls ( Fig. 1 34:a-c) Hole-mouthed bowls w ith s traight Large, Small, ( Fig.

[ 7]

bowls

Hemispherical b owls ( Figs. 1 20-121) Hole-mouthed b owls with a lmost s traight

w ide-mouthed thin-walled

bowls bowls

with with

s lightly

various

s ides

f laring f lat

or

base

( Fig. r im a nd

profiles

1 35)

( Fig.

1 39:a-d)

f laring

r im

l kl:a-c).

I n most c ases the paint was thickly applied g iving a l ustrous a ppearance. S ix samples of p igments f rom painted pottery underwent qualitative a nalysis by non-dispersive X-ray a nalysis i n the s canning e lectron microscope. The results were a s f ollows: one ( A) being red, and the remainder b eing dark g rey/brown/black. I n each case the main c omponent contributing the colour was i ron, the other e lements detected being s tandard c lay mineral components, a luminium, s ilica, potassium, s ilt, calcium e tc. Sample ( F) c ontained a small p roportion of manganese ( estimated l ess than 5%) b ut cannot be considered a s a manganese d ioxide based black p igment. Sample ( B) showed a l ow t race of c hromium . -

Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample

A . B . C . D . E . F .

Fe I ron o nly. Haematitie based colour Fe w ith traces of chromium. Magnetite Fe o nly. Magnetite brown/black Fe o nly. " Fe o nly. i t Fe w ith e stimated l ess than 5 % Manganese. Magnetite -

-

9 9

9 — Large, deep, carinated bowls ( Fig. 1 43:a,c) 1 0 Small, wide—mouthed carinated bowls ( Fig. 1 4 ) 1 1 Large, deep bowls w ith bulging b ody, concave -

-

Shoulders 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5

-

-

-

-

Type

Pedestal

nut—turned

bowls

bowls

( Fig.

1 : Bell— . haped bowls

r im

1 1

h ighly at

s lightly

Large, wide—mouthed ( Fig. 1 52-157)

The f rom

a nd

r im

( Fig.

1 46)

Concave—shouldered bowls ( a very f ine v ersion the a bove—mentioned type) ( Fig. 1 8) Small, d c .ep, h ole—mouthed bowls ( Fig. 1 50)

-

d iameter 1 6

f ired

cm.

i s

The

mid—section.

These

patterns

( Fig. 1 15).

a t

l east a re

twice

bowls

were

the

height

d istinguished

thickness

a nd I a t Abada a s they were ( Fig. 2 67). The decoration of of motifs which exterior s urface

i nterior

1 58)

bowls

walls, t he

with

of

of

which

v ery

i s

c ommon

by

and

between a t

ranges

their

both

2

-

thin, k mm .

l evels

I I

a t other U baidian s ites i n I raq t hese bowls shows a r ich v ariety

s eem to have i nvolved a lmost the entire of the bowl. A f ull r ange of these motifs i s

i llustrated i n F igs. 1 16-117. I nterior decoration i s confined to a plain band r unning a round t he upper r im.

Type 2 : Hemispherical bowls

( Figs.

u sually

1 20-121).

These range i n d iameter f r om 1 2.5 1 6 mm . A variety of r im types a re represented: rounded ( Fig. 1 20:d), bevelled ( Fig. 1 20:e), f lat ( Fig. 1 20:c,f ,g), p lain, beaded ( Fig. 1 20:a), o r -

s lightly

i ncurved

( Fig

1 21:d, v ). Two

f abrics o ccur, a v ery

thin,

hard f ired a nd a v ery well l evigated ware ( Fig.121:a,b,d,h ,j,). The thickness of t he f ormer ware ranges b etween 2 2 .5 mm. , the l atter between 3 .5 4 mm. The type of bowl i llustrated i n F ig. 1 20:a, b , d i s known f rom Hajji Muhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, P l.28:d) a nd R as Al—Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, P l.XLIV:5). I ndeed ( Fig. 1 20:a) -

-

c losely matches t he e xample 1 20:b) i s more c omparable to

f rom that

Hajji Muhammad while ( Fig. f rom H as A l—Amiya. Various

decorative motifs were used s uch a s s olid c ircles e ncircled b y dots ( Fig. 1 21:g.j). Bowl ( Fig. 1 21:c) bears a very i nteresting decoration c onsisting of two d ifferent l ozenges one o n s ide of the bowl. A f ull range of the painted motifs can be i n F igs. 1 22-123.

T ype 3 : Hole—mouthed s ides ( Fig. 1 27:c—g).

M ost

b owls

h ard—fired

a nd

of

w ith

this

v ery

a lmost

type

well

a re

s traight,

e xtremely

l evigated. Bowls

1 00

o r

s lightly

f ine,

( d,e)

thin

were

each seen

curved

walled

decorated

w ith Halaf—like patterns [ 8] which seem to have c ontinued to be u sed during the U baid p eriod. [ 9] Other bowls were decorated w ith patterns f amiliar i n t he U baid p eriod ( c,e,f ,g,i). C omparable p ottery

s hapes

a ppear

a t

Deh

Luran

( Hole e t a l. 1 969, F ig.55)

-

S usiana

-

B lack—on—Buff

a nd other s ites i n I raq

( Fig.

2 67).

T ype

4 : Large, deep , h ole—mouthed f lat based bowls

All

these

D iameters

bowls

r ange

were

b etween

f ound 2 8

a ssociated

1 4 7

-

cm.

a nd

w ith

height

( Fig.129)

child f rom

burials.

2 5

— 48

cm.

The bowls' p rofiles c an be c lassified as f ollows: 1 2

3

-

-

-

R ounded

s ides

R ounded

body

-

d iagonal

f lattish

s traight

r im

( c,

kind

with

n o

parallels

r im

( a,

b ,

d )

e )

Rounded b ody a nd beaded r im ( f). I t i s n oteworthy that this bowl i s i ts

4

a nd a nd

known

the

only

f rom other

specimen U baid

Out—turned s ides a nd f lat base ( g,h). The decoration on most of these bowls i s confined upper third of t he body a nd c onsists of designs usually

a ssociated

with

hanging

loops,

a motif

of

s ites. to

the

f amiliar

to Hajji Muhammad ( Ziegler 1953, P l. 3 7b:78-81). Wavy l ines a nd r eserve decoration were a lso f ound. A f ull range of p atterns a ssociated w ith this type of

bowl

i s

i llustrated

T ype 5 : Boat—shaped bowls

i n

F ig.

1 30.

( Fig. 1 34:a, c )

These p eculiar v essels a re boat—shaped w ith a U—shaped s ection a nd e ither s traight—out—turned s ides ( a) o r concave s ides with f laring r ims ( b, c ). The b ases a re a lmost f lat. This t ype of v essel s eems to have f irst a ppeared d uring the Halaf p eriod a t Arpachiya ( Hijara 1 980, P 1.LXXVI, l ayers 1 3-12, N o.52 9 ).

I t s coop

was

f ound

which

l iquids

o r

a t

" may o ther

T .Gawra h ave

XVIII—XX

been

s ubstances

used f rom

i n

a nd

described

that

s kins

or

a s

manner a ny

k ind

being

to of

a

obtain large

[ 8]

Lozenge shapes f illed w ith d ots ( Fig. 1 27:d) can be seen on Halaf s herds f rom t he t ype s ite ( Oppenheim 1 943, P l.III:16;Pl.XLII:17). The s olid c ircle r ung by small dots ( Fig.127:e) i s s imilar t o one on a Halaf bowl f rom A-pachiya ( Mallowan a nd R ose 1 935, P l.XVIII; F ig-58:4; F ig,76:2), a nd T .Gawra ( Tobler 1 950, P l.LXVIIa:16; P 1.LXIXb:20).

[ 9)

The l ast motif was f ound a t R as A l—Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, F l.LIX:2 P l.XLVI:4), E ridu X II ( Safar e t a l. 1 981 F ig.88:4) T . Ubaid ' ( Hall a nd Woolley 1 927, P l.XvL:I6 14 1), d r U baid ( Woolley 1 956, P 1.1 48:19) and N uzi ( Starr 1 937, P 1.48:HH).

1 01

container" (Tobler 1950, 137; Pls.LXXIII:e; CXXIII:112; CXXV:145,147). Similar examples were found at H.Muhammad (Ziegler 1950, Pls.21b;22:b) and Ras Al-Amiya (Stronach 1953, Pl.LI:13). Abada's examples are closest to those from Haj ji Muhammad. Type 6: Hole-mouthed bowls with straight sides (Fig. 135) These are rounded bowls with almost straight sides with simple rims. The bases seem to have been either flat or slightly rounded. They 3re very well-finished, and beautifully painted with att ·active geometric motifs, some of which appear for the first ti11e in this level and were not represented at any Ubaid site bef�re The range of variation in the painted designs is illustra·Ged in Fig. 136.

Type 7: (Fig. 139:a-d) These are large wide-mouthed bowls with flaring sides and rims ranging in diameter between 20 - 40 cm. Bases seem to have been rounded in most cases, flattish bases were also found (c). A variety of decorative motifs are associated with this type of bowl, most of which are known from other Ubaid sites, such as running lozenges either solid (c) or blank (d), and hanging triangles interrupted at intervals (b) [ 10] and running fishes (a) [11 J This type of bowl is similar to some examples of type 13 of Ras Al-Amiya (Stronach 1961, Pl.XLVII) 6 and 7 are closely comparable to d and e respectively). A full range of motifs associated with this type of bowl is to be seen on Fig. 140.

Type 8: Small, thin-walled bowls with flaring rims and flat bases (F ig. 141:a-c). This type of bowl is similar in profile to the above­ mentioned type, having flaring sides and flaring rims, but is distinguished by an almost flat base and thin walls the thickness of which ranges between 2.5 - 4 mm. at mid-section. Rim diamete� ranges between 12 - 16 cm. The bowls display patterns more akin to the Ubaid 2 style. A full range of the decorative motifs which are found in association with this type can be seen in Fig. 142.

--------------------

[10] This kind of pattern is known from Tepe Gawra XX-XVII (Tobler 1950, Fig.83,84,85,97). [11] A fish pattern appeared on Samarran pottery from the type site as an isolated element (Herzfeld 1930, Pl.XVII:259), and at Tepe Gawra XVII (Tobler 1950, Pl.LXXV:C). A very interesting �nd �eautiful Rattern repr�senting multiple rows of running fishes was found on a piece of a jar from the Ubaid context at Choga M arni (unpublished). 102

Type 9 : Large , deep c arinated bowls

Two k inds of p rofiles t end ( c)

a re

( Fig. 114 3:a , c ).

r epresented; i n bowl

( a)

the walls

t o l ean i nwards i mmediately a fter the carination, while i n they r ise v ertically a bove the carination and then

g radually f lare t owards the r im. The d iameter of the r im i s a l ittle greater than the height of the bowl a nd the base i s f lat. These bowls a re decorated w ith a n a llover s tyle. The pattern on ( a)

i s

a nd

R ose

reminiscent

U r U baid

T ype

of

a Halaf

These

I ( Woolley

a re

motif

f rom

P l.XV). The p attern on bowl

the

relatively

o utwards

depth

between

( a—c),

o r

( Mallowan

i s reminiscent of

( Fig. 1 1 41 4).

small, w ith

a s harp

third of the bowl. The d iameter

s traight

A rpachiya ( c)

1 956, P 1. 14 6:a).

1 0: Small carinated bowls

l ower a nd

1 935,

5

-

c urve

7 cm.

The

s lightly

carination

r anges between walls

i nwards

tend ( d,g),

1 2

to o r

of

be

the

1 8 cm.

-

e ither

s lightly

( e,f). The base i s usually f lat.

These n ice, f ully d ecorated c arinated c omparable counterparts e lsewhere a s f ar c oncerned, but bowl

( Fig.

1 1 41 4:f)

bowls a s the

have f orm

i s reminiscent of e xamples

no i s f rom

Tell E l 0ue11i ( Lebeau 1 983, P 1.6: 14 ,5). The decoration on these b owls i s known f rom o ther c ontemporary s ites i n I raq a nd I ran [ 12] The r ange of variation of painted patterns i s to be s een on F ig. 1 45.

T ype

1 1: ( Fig. 1 1 46).

These a re l arge, deep s houlders a nd o ut—turned

bowls r ims.

with bulging bodies, concave The bases a re most p robably

r ounded. The f abric i s o rdinary, g enerally buff with c ream s lip. The r im d iameter r anges between 2 2 3 0 c m. The depth i s between 1 5 20 c m. D ecoration on these bowls f inds i ts c losest -

-

c ounterparts

[ 12]

1 131

among

the

Hajji

Muhammad

r epertoire;

1 131

most

The p attern on bowl ( a) resembles that f rom T . Uqair ( Lloyd a nd S afer 1 943, P 1.XXB :1 14 ), a nd Serik ( Oates 1 968, P l.VI:2). The p attern on ( b) i s known f rom S ialk I II ( Ghirshman 1 938, P l.XLVIII A 9), ( c) i s reminiscent of G iyan VA ( Contenau a nd Ghirshman 1 935, P 1.1 42:12). A s imilar motif to ( d) was f ound a t Bakun B il ( McCown 1 942, F ig.11:60), ( e) i s known f rom Bakun A IV ( Langsdorff a nd McCown 1 942, P l.47:8). A ) The s olid h orizontal z igzag ( Fig.146:b) i s s imilar to Hajji Muhammed ( Ziegler 1 953, P 1.15:a). B ) The combination of a c riss—cross p attern a nd s olid z igzag ( Fig.1 1 4 6:g) i s closely comparable to Hajji Muhammed ( ibid, P 1.6:c). C ) Two bands c rossed d iagonally i n a reserved rectangular s hape is r eminiscent of Hajji Muhammad ( ibid, P l.22:b,c) a nd resembles H as A 1—Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, P l.XLVI:5).

1 03

common s eems t o have been the z igzag pattern depicted i n d ifferent f orms ( a,b,c,d,h) a nd ( Fig. 1 47). Very i nteresting i s the z igzag ( a) c ombined w ith d iagonal bands a nd s nake motifs. Equally

i nteresting

a re

the

multiple

s triped

c hevrons

v ertically a rranged o ne a bove a nother.

Type

1 2: ( Fig. 1 48).

These bowls

a re v ery s imilar to the l ast t ype, but the f abric

i s e xtremely f ine, v ery well

l evigated, thin

a nd hard—fired. The

e xamples a re beautifully decorated w ith motifs g enerally common to the U baid 2 s tyle with Halaf i nfluence such a s r ows of c ircles ( b) which c an be f ound a t Hajji Muhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, P l.37d:136), Ras A l—Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, P ls.XLII:8 ; L IX:1,3), Arpachiya ( Mallowan a nd R ose 1935, F igs.64,65) and Tell Halaf ( Oppenheim 1 943, P l.XI:6). Comparable patterns were a lso found a t

N uzi

( Starr

1 937,

P 1.48:

J J2,KK)

a nd

Tepe

S abz

( Hole

et

a l.

1 969, Fig.62:g). Bowl ( d) was n icely d ecorated with d ot—tipped s tar p laced w ithin a s quare i n reserve. This motif was f ound a t Hajji Muhammad ( Ziegler 1953, P l.37d:1 14 1) a nd other U baid s ites i n I raq . The c lose—style pattern s o characteristic of t he Ubaid 2 s tyle a ppears on bowl ( a) where the pattern i s neatly executed

i n

a way

which

i s

more

reminiscent

of

the

ceramic s tyle. The r eserve pattern s een o n bowl consists of two pairs of bands crossing each other

U baid

I

( f), which d iagonally

l eaving f our t riangles i n reserve, i s reminiscent of S an arra ( Herzfeld 1 930, F ig-79), Baghouz ( Du B uisson 1 948, P l.XXVIII:2a), a nd a Samarran s herd a t Hassuna ( Lloyd and S afar 1 945, F ig.16:21) a nd Hajji Muhammad ( U.V.B. 1 937, P 1.37a). A f ull range of t he v ariation of t he painted motifs i s shown i n F ig. 114 9.

Type

1 3:

( Fig. 1 50:a—e).

These

a re

small, deep, bowls with

e ither

rounded or f lattish

b ases. The s ides a re e ither s lightly f lared ( b—d) o r s lightly i nturned ( a,e). These bowls a re decorated with a llover p atterns the most a ttractive of which consists of v ertical z igzags i n r eserve

( d). This pattern

i s

s omewhat r eminiscent

of

U r U baid

I

( Woolley 1 955 ‚ P 1.50:17). The wavy l ine i n reserve ( e) i s s imilar to one f rom Hajji Muhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, P 1.37:125). A f ull r ange of t he painted designs a re s hown i n Fig. 1 51.

Type

1 4:

Open,

d ecoration

c arinated

bowls

with

i nterior

and

e xterior

( Fig. 1 52-157).

These a re g enerally l arg€, open bowls w ith f laring sides which j oin the base i n s ome k ind of c arination. The base i tself b eing

e ither

f lat o r

s lightly rounded. At Abada, a s was t he case

a t R as A l—Amiya, the i nterior patterns on these bowls " mostly s hare the shape a nd the patte ns of s imilar v essels f rom Hajji M uhammad"

( Stronach

1 961,

1 13 , a lso t his type of

1 04

v essel

" is

one

of

t he most

characterisic a nd abundant vessels of the Khazineh

a nd e arly Mehmeh phases"

( Hole e t a l. 1 969, l I lt !; F ig.56,57).

At Abada this t ype of bowl was d ifferent

p rofiles

were

f ound

common. Several

a nd

r elatively

e xamples with

deep

a nd

s hallow

bowls were r epresented. L ike the o nes f rom Hajji Muhammad and H as A l-Amiya, some e xamples have a r im d iameter of n early 5 u um. These bowls beer p ainted decoration both i nside a nd out.

E xterior band o r

decoration

bands

running

generally

consists

a round the upper

of

r im, a nd

a s ingle

b road

s ometimes

f ound

i n a ssociation with other d ecorative e lements ( Fig. 153:a; F ig. 1 56:a,d). Some e xamples were densely covered w ith paint l eaving geometric shapes i n reserve ( Fig. 1 52:a,b). Of special i nterest i s the e xterior pattern on bowl F ig. 1 52:b which shows t riangles i n r eserve. This p attern i s very s imilar to Hajji Muhammad ( Ziegler

P 1.1 14 ; P 1.15:c)

1 953,

P l.XLVIII:2). two r ows of

a nd

R as

Al-Amiya

( Stronach

half of the bowl, i s reminiscent of decoration f rom Arpachiya ( Mallowan a nd H ose 1 935, P l.XV).

I nterior the

1 961,

The p attern o n bowl F ig. 1 51 4:b which consists of t riangles r unning h orizontally a round the upper

decoration

pattern

covers

the

i s

r ather

e ntire

i nteresting.

s urface

on

a H alaf

I n

each

i nside

the

bowl

e x ample

bowl.

ihe

i nterior of the r im i s covered w ith a variety of p ainted designs s uch a s the g rid pattern of oblique bands l eaving t iny s quares i n reserve ( Fig. 1 53:a-c). This pattern i s the most characteristic feature of Hajji Muhammad s tyle ( Dates 1 960, 3 5; A dams 1 981, 3 02). I dentical patterns o n s imilar types of bowls were

f ound

P ls.14,15) Amiya

a t

Hajji

a nd

E ridu

( Stronach

Muhammad X IV

( U.V.B.

( Safar

1 961, P l.XLIX:2)

e t

1 937,

a l.

a nd

P 1.36;

Z iegler

1 953,

1 981, Fig.90:3-5), Ras

C hoga Mami

( Dates

A l-

1 984, Fig.

6 :11, 1 2). This pattern was a lso f ound a t Tepe Sabz ( Hole e t a l. 1 969, P l.56:d,e;Pl.57:p). The s tar-shaped pattern i n reserve bands ( Fig. 1 53:a) i s reminiscent of a n e xample f rom E ridu X IV ( Safer e t a l. 1 981, F ig.91: 14 ). Decoration o n the r im i nterior of bowl F ig. 1 5 11 :a which c onsists of z ones of concentric c ircles i s reminiscent of a p attern on Halaf bowls f rom T .Gawra X III ( Tobler

1 950,

P l.CXIII:28).

o r ' rosette' ( Fig. 1 52:b) I I a t Abada. I dentical ( Ziegler 1 953, P 1.16:a),

Bowls

s eem to b owls E ridu

decorated

h ave been were X IV,

w ith

the

' sunburst'

very popular

f ound a t Hajji X III ( Safar e t

i n

l evel

Muhammad a l. 1 981,

F ig.91:7,9;Fig.89:20) a nd R as A l-Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, P l.XLVIII,2; P 1.XLIV:1,2). I t i s i nteresting that the f irst e xample f rom Has A l-Amiya i s very s imilar t o that f rom Abada i n terms of shape a nd p attern. S imilar patterns were f ound a t Serik ( Dates 1 968, P 1.BI:5) a nd Tepe S abz ( Hole e t a l. 1 969, Fig.56:b,d). This particular p attern seems t o have continued t ill later U baid t imes when i t was f ound a t Tell A l-Ubaid ( Hall and Woolley 1 927, P 1.XVI) a nd U r Ubaid ( Woolley 1 955, P 1.1 46:1). The bowl F ig. 1 54:c b ears a n a ttractive decoration consisting of a series of wavy l ines d isplayed i n o pposing d irections within f our quarters on the b ase i nterior a nd s urrounded by a solidly painted band. This p attern i s very s imilar to one f rom Has A l-Amiya ( Stronach

1 05

1 961, P l.L:7)

a nd

resembles

a n

e xample f rom Tepe Jowi

( Le B reton

1 9 47 , F ig.23:a). The p attern on the b ase i nterior of bowl F ig. 1 52:a i s reminiscent of a Halaf design f rom A rpachiya ( Mallowan a nd

R ose

F ig.

1 935,

1 55:a

i s

p lXVII,b;

F ig.

reminiscent

5 5:a).

of

The

a design

i nterior on

decoration

a s imilar

bowl

on

f rom

E ridu X IV ( Safar e t a l. 1 981, F ig. 9 0:3). The p attern on the base i nterior of bowl F ig. 1 53:b i n which the c ircle i s e qually d ivided i nto two d ifferent designs i s very i nteresting. The i nterior

decoration

s triped l eaf-shaped P l.IX). I t i s u seful which

i s

the

o n

Fig.

1 56:a

i s

very

r eminiscent

of

t he

p attern on a bowl f rom S erik ( Oates 1 968, to refer here t o t he d iscovery of a bowl

f irst of i ts k ind

f ound

s o

f ar

i n a n

Ubaidian

s ite

( Fig. 1 56:c). I t i s characterised by the presence of a p rojecting l edge r unning i nside the upper part just below the r im. Whether this l edge s erved a particular f unction, s upporting a l id f or a ddition i s not known.

i nstance, or Of particular

was merely a decorative i nterest a re those bowls

decorated w ith a v ariety of hanging l oops on the upper i nterior r im

( Fig.

( Stronach

1 57)

a s

s imilar

P l.

bowls

were

f ound

L I.1,

6 ,

9 ),

Hajji

P 1.12), E ridu X III ( Safar ( Oates 1 984, Fig. 5 :12).

e t

a l.

1 981, F ig.

Type

1 961,

a t

R as

Muhammad 88:5)

A l-Amiya

( Ziegler

1 953,

a nd

Mami

C hoga

1 5: ( Fig. 1 58)

P edestal bowls a re v ery r are Abada, h owever, two i nteresting w ide-mouthed, thick-walled

w ith

among the U baid pottery f rom e xamples were f ound. ( a) i s out-turned

s ides

and a g rooved

upper r im. The p edestal i tself i s broken, but i t seems obvious that t he base e xterior i s decorated with a wheel-shaped pattern. The e ntire s urface outside w as covered w ith g reenish b lack

p aint

l eaving

l arge

t riangles

i n

reserve

running

a rouna

t he p eriphery. The upper grooved r im was a lso painted. The

i nner

walls bear r ed t races of s ome s ort. Decoration on both the e xterior walls a nd l ower f ace i s of U baid 2 tendency which was a ttested a t Hajji Muhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, P l.21:a ,b; P 1.25:e). F ig.158:b i s a unique p rojecting r ing.

b )

J ars

bowl

of

a nother

t ype

of

p edestal,

( Level I I)

V arious j ars were f ound i n l evel I I a t A bada. c arefully made a nd beautifully decorated w ith a p ainted n atural was

a h igh ,

p atterns.

Geometric

r epresentations

w idely

p racticed.

a ssociated w ith r elated t ypes.

j ars

were

A

f rom

designs a lso

f ull

range

this

l evel

1 06

were

p resent. o f

the

a re

These were v ariety of

p redominant, Reserve

but

decoration

decorative

i llustrated

motifs

w ith

the

Jars

f rom

this

l evel

c an

be

d ivided

i nto

n ine

types

a s

f ollows:

1- Lugged

j ars

( Figs.

1 68-171:a-f)

2 - Handled j ars ( Fig. 1 71:g-j) 3 - Interior-ledge-rim j ars ( Figs. 45

N ecked j ars ( Fig. 1 77-179) Small c arinated j ars ( Fig.

6 7

Spouted j ars ( Fig. 1 88) Large, s torage j ars ( Fig.

-

-

-

8 - Globular r im

j ars

( Fig.

short

1 85) 1 90:a-e)

n eck

a nd

out-turned

1 91:a-e)

9 - High-necked

T ype

w ith

1 74 175)

j ars

1 : Lugged j ars

( Fig.

r

1 91:f)

( Figs. 1 68-171:a-f).

These a re g lobular-shaped j ars of v arious s izes, p rovided w ith f our small l ugs usually d istributed a t regular i ntervals o n the upper shoulder of the j ar. The l ugs a re p erforated e ither h orizontally o r vertically. A ll the s pecimens a re d istinguished by a v ery s hort, out-turned, neck. Bases may be e ither f lat o r rounded, the latter seems more p robable with the l arge o f

specimens.

designs

s ome

These of

j ars

which

were

were

neatly

known

painted

f rom

with

Hajji

a variey

Muhammad

a nd

o ther Ubaid s ites. [ 14] I ndeed the combination of zones of d ifferent motifs s een on s ome j ars ( Fig. 1 70:a-d; F ig. 1 71:a-d,f) i s r eminiscent of T .Gawra XIX-XVI i n terms of e xecution and s tyle p aint

of p ainting, but Abada's s pecimens more l ustrous. ' V '-shaped motifs i n

1 68:a,

f ;

1 70:b)

a re

r eminiscent

of

Ras

a re neater a nd the a f ree f ield ( Figs.

A l-Amiya

( Stronach

1 961,

P l.LVIII:10), T .Gawra XVII ( Tobler 1 950, P l.LXXIVb:14-16) a nd C hoga Mami ( Oates 1 984, Fig. 5 :4). The l ast motif together with t hat on F ig. 1 71:f a re both of Halaf i nspiration a nd can be p aralleled a t Arpachiya ( Mallowan a nd R ose 1 935, Fig.64:2 a nd F ig.60:2).

[ 14]

The p ainted motif on F i . 1 68:b i s s imilar to H .Muhammad ( Ziegler 1 953 , P l.37:65-b7) and R as Al-Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, P 1.LVIII:14) a nd Choga Mami ( Oates 1 984, Fig. 1 4 :6). Impaled o val-shaped patterns i n reserve ( Fig. 1 68:d) a re i dentical t o H . Muhammad ( ibid, P l.37d:134). Hanging loops ( Fig. 1 70:a,c) i s a nother common p attern a t H . Muhammad ( ibid, P l.37b:78,79). Opposing rows of a lternating triangles ( Fig. 1 69:a) a re known f rom H . Muhammad ( ibid, P l.37b:55), R as A l-Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, P l.LVII:22), T.Gawra XIX X VIII ( Tobler, P l.LXICb:16;Pl.LXXb 12), a nd T . Ubaid ( Hall a nd Woolley 1 927, P l.XVIII:1807). An i dentical motif was f ound i n t he Halaf well a t Choga Mami ( unpublished).

1 07

Type 2 : Handled j ars

These

a re

turned neck handles set

( Fig.171:g-j).

l arge

j ars

w ith

a g lobular

body

and

short,

out-

s imilar t o the l ast type but p rovided with l ooped e ither on the upper shoulder or i mmediatly below

the neck. Loops i n most c ases were p ainted w ith horizontal or d iagonal s tripes. S ome e xamples had no decoration. S triped handles were f irst f ound i n the Samarra period at Baghouz ( Du Buisson 1 948, P l.X X III) a nd r eported f rom T .Gawra X III ( Tobler 1 950, P ls.CXXX:223). They a re a lso known f rom the Bayat p hase a t Tepe Sabz

( Hole e t a l. 1 969, Fig.63:h).

Type3: I nterior-ledge-rim j ars

These i nside

a re

the

sometimes l id which known

l arge ,

r im

g lobular,

p resumably

( Figs. 1 7 14 _175).

h ole-mouthed

f or

s upporting

j ars

a l id.

with The

a l edge

l edge

p ierced, p robably to be connected by s tring was p robably p erforated a lso. This type of

f rom

E ridu

XVIII-VIII

H .Muhammad ( Ziegler 1953, P l.LIV: I-J,6), Arpachiya Choga Mami ( Oates 1 984,

( Safer

e t

a l.

1 981,

was

t o the j ar i s

F ig .72:73),

P 1.29a,b), R as A l-Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, ( Mallowan a nd R ose 1 935, F ig-38:1) a nd F ig. 6 :5) a nd other U baid s ites ( Fig.

2 67).

Ledged period

j ars

i n

made

I raq a nd

Sabz ( Mehmeh phase) s uggests t hey may a ssociated

w ith

2 /3 repertoire

d irectly s lightly

a re

f irst

a ppearance s ites

i n Deh Luran ( Hole e t a l. be a t ypical U baidian

this

t ype

of

j ar

a re

during

i n

the

Ubaid

I ran such a s Tepe F ig.58) which f eature. D esigns

1 969,

common

w ithin

t he

Ubaid

( Fig. 1 76).

Type k : Necked j ars

These

their

s ome c ontemporary

( Figs. 1 77-179).

g lobular

j ars with a short

e verted

neck

s pringing

f rom the s houlder. The base c ould e ither be r ounded o r f lattened. The decoration o n these j ars shows a wide

variety of patterns a s that on

( Fig.

s ome of which reflect

1 77:f , g ). The motif o n

Halaf

( Fig.

influence

1 78:f)

i s

such

i dentical

to one on a Halaf j ar f rom T .Gawra ( Tobler 1 959, P l.CXVI:57). Of i nterest i s the l arge j ar ( Fig. 1 77:a) which i s decorated with a beautiful

design

s howing

g eographic nature: b irds be

h ills

behind

which

a

representation

f lying

f lows

i n

a n open

a r iver,

of

space

i ndicated

a

natural

a nd

above what may by

wavy

l ines.

The outer r im of the j ar i s g rooved. [ 15] The j ar, ( Fig. 1 78:n) i s r emarkably d ecorated w ith a cross-hatched c ircle w ithin a c ircle i n reserve; n ext to i t there i s another pattern which

[ 15]

This t ype of r im i s very rare a t Abada; only two e xamples were f ound, i n a ddition to the a bove-mentioned o ne ( Fig. 266:d).

1 08

l ooks l ike a l anceolate motif i n reserve.

Type 5 : Small carinated jars

( Fig. 1 85).

These a re r elatively small j ars with a n e longated body, f lat base a nd short o ut-turned neck. The upper two thirds of the body i s painted dark b rown. The decoration consists of rectilinear a nd c urvilinear p atterns. R eserve decoration was a lso u sed.

Type 6 : Spouted v essels a nd s pouts

Spouted

vessels

of

various

( Fig. 1 88).

t ypes

o ccurred

i n

Abada. Many t ypes o f detached spouts were f ound.

Various s izes of s pout were 1 4 .5

-

been

this

l evel

a t

[ 16]

f ound. The l engths range between

8 cm. Shapes v ary a lso, the most popular t ype seems to have the T rumpet-shaped s pout ( a,f,h,j-l). [ 17] C ylindrical

spouts

( b,c,d)

a nd t abular ones

( e)

were a lso

f ound. Spouts were

e ither e ntirely o r partially painted. Some e xamples p lain ware ( c,k) b ut these could have belonged to vessels.

were i n p ainted

Spouted v essels seem to have f irst a ppeared during the Halaf period ( Mallowar i a nd Rose 1 935, F ig.79:5), a nd continued to be used during the U baid period where they were f ound i n a number of s ites

( Fig. 2 67).

Type 7 : Large storage j ars

These

a re

v ery

( Fig. 1 90:a-e).

l arge,

g lobular

or

o val-shaped

j ars

with

short out-turned n ecks a nd e ither rounded o r f lat bases. The body d iameter e xceeds 5 0 cm. i n most c ases. These j ars a re n icely decorated w ith a llover painted designs, s ometimes covering

Extra

the

e ntire e xterior

l arge, v ery

f rom

r im down t o

base

( Fig.

1 90:b).

thick, coarse, heavily tempered with chaff ,

a nd cursorily p ainted e xamples were a lso f ound.

[ 16]

The only reconstructable spouted v essel represents a deep bowl w ith a t rough s pout ( Fig. 1 88:g). Bowls with t rough spouts i n both plain a nd painted pottery a re known f rom the Muhammad J arfer a nd Sabz phase i n Deh Luran ( Hole et a l. 1 969, Fig.43:o_r; F ig.44:c).

[ 17]

I t i s e ssential to usually a ssociated vessels.

-

point out that this type of s pout i s w ith Lenticular or " Tortoise-shaped"

1 09

Type

8 : G lobular

j ars

w ith

short

neck

a nd

out-turned

r im

( Fig.

1 9 1 :a-e).

These but

a re

g enerally

p ossessing

l arge

a short

g lobular

s traight

neck

j ars

a nd

s imilar

prominent

t o

t ype

out-turned

r im. J ars of s imilar type were f ound a t R as A l-Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, P l.LIV:8) a nd a s was the case with the l ater s ite, A bada's e xamples

e xhibit

e arly

l ooking

designs.

The

a rrangement

triangles ( Fig. 1 91:a) was known a s early period [ 18] a nd Halaf; [ 19] i t i s a lso f ound a t E ridu

X IV

l ozenges

[ 21] i n

a nd

S ialk

reserve

( Fig.

design f rom Arpachiya.

[ 22]

1 91:b)

The

a re

r unning

cross-hatched

r eminiscent

of

a H alaf

[ 23]

Type 9 : High-necked jars

This

I II.

of

a s the S amarra H .Muhammad, [ 20]

( Fig. 1 91:f).

i s the o nly e xample that comes under this heading. I t is

the upper part of a n icely painted j ar w ith a relatively l ong, out-turned neck a nd a pparently globular body. I t is reminiscent of

a

j ar

f rom

H .Muhammad

( Ziegler

1 953,

i nteresting i s that the the j ar f rom Abada i s neck w ith a typical H .Muhammad design ( ibid, thus

shows

a c lassic

combination

of

both

P l.29:c),

more

decorated o n P l.37b:71,72)

f orm

and

i ts and

p attern

of

the U baid 2 s tyle.

2

-

The P ainted P ottery of Level

The

upper

painted,

l evel

a t

Tell

Abada

i mpressed/ i ncised,

p ercentages

of

e ach

r econstructables

type

s herds

1

p roduced

and

p lain

c alculated

a re

charted

a l arge

pottery.

f rom

i n

both

Table

2-3

quantity

of

Numbers

and

complete

and

a nd

F igs. 95-

9 6, S chemas 2-3.

The painted pottery f rom this l evel d isplays all the t ypical f eatures of the U baid 3 phase f rom well known U baid s ites e lsewhere.

A

very

r epresented.

wide

r ange

C lose-style

of

f orms

decoration

a nd

decoration

s till

c onsiderable q uantity. A p erfunctory a nd concise a ppeared. N ew f orms now appear while o ther shapes e arlier levels continue to be p roduced.

[ 18] [ 19] [ 20] [ 2 1 ] [ 22 ] [ 23]

-

-

-

-

-

-

McCown

1 942

( Fig.12:86)

Mallowan a nd R ose Z iegler

1 953

1 935

( Fig.87:a).

( Pl.37a:22).

S afar e t a l. 1 981 ( Fig. 9 1:6). Ghirshman 1 938 ( P1.LXXXIId). Mallowan op. c it. ( Fig-72:3).

1 10

o ccurs

were i n

s tyle a lso p resent in

I n general the f abric i s very g ood. F ine grit was commonly used f or t empering. Chaff o r s traw tempered ware were a lso f ound. S lip a nd wet-smoothing a re not u ncommon. The paint i s b lack, l ight

o r

d ark

b rown, red

a nd g reen. A l arge

p roportion

t hin, very h ard, o ver-fired ware was f ound. The Hajji o r U baid 2 c eramic s tyle o ccurs on a l imited s cale.

a )

of

Muhammad

Bowls

Bowls

were

n umerous

a t

this

l evel

a nd

many

types

a re

present. Types 1 -9 of the l ast l evel continued t o be p roduced, while types 1 0-15 a re n o l onger f ound. However, new t ypes were emerging

( Types

1 6-24).

I n

general

bowls

f rom

this

s ides

( Fig.

l evel

a t

Abada can be c lassified a s f ollows:

1

Bell-shaped

-

23

bowls

( Fig.

1 18)

Hemispherical b owls ( Figs. Bowls with a lmost s traight

-

1 24-125) a nd f lared

1 27:a,b)

1 4 _ Large, deep bowls ( Figs. 1 31-133) 5 - Boat-shaped bowls ( Fig. 1 34:d,e) 6 Hole-mouthed bowls with s traight s ides ( Fig. 1 37) 7 Large, w ide-mouthed bowls w ith f laring r im ( Fig. 1 39:e, 8 Small, thin-walled bowls with f lat base a nd f laring -

f )

-

-

r im

( Fig.

1 41:d,e)

9 - Large, d eep c arinated bowls ( Fig. 1 43:b) 1 6 - Deep, h ole-mouthed bowls w ith b road ornamented r im ( Figs 1 31:f, i ; 1 60-162) 1 7 Bowls w ith f lat base a nd s harply i ncurved r im -

1 8 1 9

-

-

( Fig. 1 63:a-b) Bowls w ith r ounded

s ides

Wide-mouthed

with

design

( Fig.

b owls

a nd bold

f lat

base

sweeping

( Fig.

1 63:d-h)

i nterior

1 64).

2 0 Deep, carinated bowls ( Fig. 1 65) 2 1 - Basins ( Fig. 1 66:a,b) 22 Hole-mouthed bowls w ith r ounded or -

-

( Fig. 23 2 4

M iniatures ( Fig. 1 67:a,c) M iscellaneous Bowls ( Fig.

Type

1 : Bell-shaped bowls

-

These more h ard

a re

c ommon f ired

c onstitutes S pecial r ounded

f lat

base

1 66:c,e)

s imilar

to

( Fig.

1 67:d i)

1 18).

those

of

the

l ast

l evel,

but

they

a re

here a nd a re r epresented by two v ersions; a thin, g roup of v ery well l evigated f abric which the

l arger

proportion,

a nd

ordinary

f abric.

i nterest i s the v ery thin-walled bowl ( e) with b ase d ecorated w ith a maltese c ross p laced within

c ircle. The position of this decoration on the base may the i dea that these ( Tobler 1 950, 1 34).

bowls

were

v iewed

1 11

i n

a n

i nverted

Of a a

s upport position

Type 2 : Small, deep hemishperical bowls

This with

t ype of bowl

curved

patterns

s ides

were

was

a nd

u sed

t he most

e ither

t o

f lat

decorate

numerous. o r

and/or

rectilinear

p atterns.

a re

f abric

hole—mouthed

bowls

Fig.

1 25:a,

b bear

H . Muhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, w ith s imple curvilinear

A beautiful

combination

of

both

( Fig. 2 67).

Type 3 : Straight—sided bowls

These

i s

a nd g eometric e lements o ccurs on Fig. 1 25:c. This seems t o have been w idespread a nd very common at

other Ubaid s ites

the

I t

r ounded base. A v ariety of

these

patterns i dentical t o e xamples f rom P l.37a:24,28). Others a re decorated naturalistic type of bowl

( Figs. 1 2 14 _125).

s imilar

i n

these

to two

the

p

( Fig. 1 27:a,b).

s ame

e xamples

type

f rom

i s b etter

the

last

l evel,

l evigated

but

a nd hard—

f ired. E xterior a nd i nterior s urfaces a re very well smoothed. On the o ther hand, bowl ( a) i s poorly p ainted with a motif reminiscent of H .Muhammad ( Ziegler 1 952, P l.37a:43). The o ther bowl ( b) a lso bears a pattern s imilar t o one f rom H .Muhammad ( ibid, P l.37b:51).

Type

4 : Large , deep bowls

These d iameter d iagonal

( Figs.

1 31-133).

a re r ather l arge , d eep, thick—walled pots with a ranging f rom 2 0 5 0 cm. hole—mouthed and with a f lat r im which s ometimes bears s imple decoration ( Fig. -

1 31:a,c, e—g; F ig. 1 32:a—f). The base r ounded

bases

a lso

o ccurred.

i s

Most

f lat

of

i n most cases, t hough

these

l arge

bowls

were

s imply decorated w ith s ingle o r double b ands r unning a round the upper r im a nd the l ower part of the p ot. Curvilinear decoration ( Fig. 1 33:a) a nd a s nake motif ( Fig. 1 32:d) were a lso f ound.

Type 5 : Boat—shaped bowls

These f rom

t he

have

a f lat

l ast

l evel

( Fig. 1 31 4:d,e).

base ( Fig.

a nd

s traight

1 31:a—c),

b ut

s ides, the

s imilar

decoration

rather naive a nd s imple. Bowl ( d) i s r eminiscent f rom T .Gawra XVIII ( Tobler 1 950, P l.XXIII:c). Bowl c overed w ith black paint on the e xterior.

T ype 6 : H ole—mouthed bowls w ith s traight s ides

These

a re

s imilar

to

e xamples

f rom

the

to

ones

here

is

of a n e xample ( e) was f ully

( Fig. 1 37).

last

l evel.

Some

P atterns a ssociated w ith these bowls a re reminiscent of the H alaf r epertoire, s uch a s l ines of connected solid c ircles

1 12

( a) [ 2 14 1 and hatched lozenges ( b). [ 25] A n a ttractive design i s t o b e seen o n bowl ( c). The design o n bowl ( 1 ') i s s imilar to H . Muhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, P l.3:k) a nd Tepe J owi ( Le Breton 1 947, F ig.23:7). ( Hall

The

serrated

a nd Woolley

c ircle

( b)

i s

reminiscent

of

Al-Ubaid

P l.XVI:1621).

1 927,

T ype 7 : ( Fig. 1 39:e,f).

These b ase a nd

a re large, wide-mouthed f lared s ides; they a re

bowls with s imilar to

a n a lmost r ounded examples f rom the

l ast l evel but with l ess a ttractive decoration. r

Type 8 : ( Fig. 114 1:d,e)

These v ery w ith

a re

s imilar

to

the

above-mentioned

type

but

a re

f ine f abric, h ard f ired a nd thin-walled. As was the their c ounterparts i n the last level ( Fig. 111:a-c),

a re painted

i n

an

of

case they

a llover s tyle with beautiful designs of Ubaid

2 a ppearance.

T ype 9 : ( Fig. 114 3:b).

This a n

hole-mouthed, l arge, deep,

e xample

f rom

l evel

I I

( Fig.

carinated 114 3:a)

but

bowl i s

is

s imilar

decorated

tu

i n

a

s impler style.

T ype

1 6: Deep bowls w ith b road o verhanging decorated r ims

( Figs.

1 60-162; Fig. 1 31:f ,i).

This type of bowl can be separated i nto three s ubtypes based o n d ifferences i n s ize, shape a nd r im f orm. A - Relatively small, a lmost

hemispherical

with

rounded

1 61:d,f ,g; F ig. 1 62:a-d,g-h,j). w ere n icely o rnamented w ith d ecoration

s eems

t o

have

bases

I n a ll these a variety of

been

the

( Fig.

1 60:a ,b;

Fig.

specimens the r ims motifs and reserve

f avourite

s tyle.

Of

s pecial

i nterest i s the bowl ( Fig.160:a) f or i t i s the only one of this t ype bearing interior decoration. The d iameter of these bowls r anges between 1 0 1 5 c m. B- Medium s ized bowls ( Fig. 1 61:a-e) which a re s imilar t o the l ast subtype i n terms of g eneral shape -

a nd

the

e xterior

b road

d ecorated

decoration.

The

r im, s ize

but i s

d iffer

a bit

i n

larger

both

s ize

ranging

and

between

1 7 2 0 cm. The exterior decoration consists of a s imple b road b and running h orizontally a round the upper half of the bowl. CT he l ast s ubtype of these bowls i s l arge w ith a f lat base and -

[ 2 11 ]

Oppenheim

1 943, P l.XLVII 1.

[ 25]

Mallowan a nd R ose

1 935,

Figs.

1 13

6 3:1;71:7-9;72:1-5.

walls expanding toward a w ide mouth. The d iameter ranges between 3 5 1 40 c m ( Fig. 1 60:c,e ; F ig. 1 62:e,f ,i; F ig. 1 31:f ,i). The w idth of the decorated r im reaches up t o 5 cm. i n s ome e xamples. Within

this

d iameter belly

of

a nd

aberrant

g roup

we

may

which

i s

a bout

constrained s pecimen

i nclude 5 0

( Fig.131:f)

cm. ,

s houlders.

because

i t

i s

w ith

f lat

This

can

the

o nly

a large base be

one

p ot

a nd

t he

bulging

considered with

a n

a s imilar

b road r im which bears n o decoration.

This i J baid

t ype

of

s ites,

bowl

a nd

seems

only

not

a f ew

to

h ave

s pecimens

been were

common f ound.

a t

A t

other

T .

Eth-

thalathat a v ery s imilar bowl was f ound ( Egami 1 959, F ig.18:10; F ig.68:a). Comparably o rnamented r ims were f ound a t Tepe G iyan ( Contenau a nd Ghirshman

Type

1 7: I ncurved bowls

P 1.40:11).

1 935,

( Fig. 1 63:a-b).

This t ype i s hole-mouthed w ith f lat base a nd slightly curved s ides

e xpanding

upward,

then

sharply

i ncurved

at

the

top

f orming a rounded e dge a round the mouth and e nding i n a thin r im. The decoration i s c onfined t o the rounded, i ncurved e dge . This t ype of bowl i s generally r are a t o ther l i baid s ites and the only comparable specimens were f ound a t T .Eth-thalathat ( Egami 1 959,

Fig.18:3,4)

S imilar

bowls

( Oppenheim

Type

a nd

w ith

N uzi

l ess

1 943, P l.XXXI:7)

1 8: Bowls w ith rounded

This

type

i s

( Starr

i ncurved

1 937, r ims

P l.42:H1,2;

were

and other s ites

s ides

a c urved-sided

f ound

K 1,2;

at T ell

L 1,2). Hi af

( Fig. 267).

and

f lat

bases

( Fig.

bowl

w ith

a f lat

1 63:d-h).

base,

the

r im

d iameter of which i s g reater than i ts height. Various types o f r ims were r epresented s uch a s rounded ( e), s imple ( d,g,h) a nd bevelled M . P atterns a ssociated w ith this type of bowl a re generally s imple a nd the same design i s d isplayed both inside and out.

Type

1 9:

Wide-mouthed

bowls

w ith

bold

sweeping

designs

( Fig.

16 4).

These The

s ides

bowl

i s

i nterior.

a re

w ide-mouthed

a re

a lmost

s traight

d istinguished I n

some

with

by

e xamples

e ither

or

s lightly

a bold this

f lat

rounded

curved. This

sweeping

was

or

design

a ssociated

on

with

bases.

t ype i ts

halves

of r im of

s olid c ircles a round t he upper r im a nd a painted r ing in the m iddle of the b ase i nterior. E xterior decoration consists of a s imple band i n a combination of rectilinear and curvilinear patterns. This type of bowl i s c losely c omparable with e xamples f rom the l J baid l evels a t Arpachiya ( Mallowan and R ose 1 935, F ig -3 2). Of s pecial i nterest i s the f act that these bowls were f ound

o nly

i n

a ssociation

with

burial

urns

a t

both

A bada

a nd

Arpachiya where t hey were used to cover the mouth of the urn.

Type 20: Carinated b owls

( Fig. 1 65).

I n most c ases t hese bowls were made of a very well l evigated f abric, with thin walls a nd h ighly f ired. The r im d iameter i s between 1 3 1 7 c m. with e ither s traight s ides ( c.d.f), s lightly c oncaved o nes with f laring r ims ( a,b,e). The base -

or i s

usually f lat, h owever, the possibility of a r ing base cannot be e xcluded s ince i t i s represented i n bowl ( g). [ 26] Most bowls of this type were a ssociated various a spects, t his consists seems

to

have

been

known

a t

with a particular design i n of a cypress-like ' motif which

other

U baid

s ites

i n

I raq

s uch

a s

H .Muhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, P l.37d:11 46,147), T . U baid ( Hall a nd Woolley 1 927, P l.XVI:1826,1838_9,1841) a nd U r U baid I ( Woolley 1 956, P 1» 46:9).

Type 2 1: Basins

These

a re

( Fig. 1 66:a,b).

l arge ,

deep

vessels

the

depth

of

which

ranges

between 22 3 8 c m. , the base i s f lat and the r im i s s lightly out-flaring. Bowl ( a) shows a sharp carination above the base , while i n ( b) the s ides a re gently curving upward. The f irst -

e xample a llover

i s n icely decorated with dark pattern. The second one ( b) i s

green paint decorated a t

with a n regular

i ntervals.

Large,

d eep

basins

were

f ound

s econd specimen i s s imilar to one

a t

Tepe Sabz

f rom the

( Sabz phase), our

l atter

s ite

( Hole

e t

a l. 1 969, Fig.47:c).

Type 22: Small, ( Fig. 1 66:c-e).

The

s ides

h ole-mouthed

a re

manufacture a re p oor v ariety of motifs.

[ 26]

R ing ( Hall 1 950, Bayat known 1 950,

bowls

generally but

the

with

r ounded

i ncurved.

bowls

Both

or

f lat

base

f abric

a nd

a re n icely decorated with a

b ases o f s imilar type were known f rom Tell Ubaid a nd Woolley 1 927, P l.XLIV:254), T .Gawra X III ( Tobler P l.CXXVII:137), a nd the Deh Luran p lain ( Mehmeh a nd phases) ( Hole e t a l. 1969, F ig.51:i,l). R ing bases were e arlier f rom the t l alaf period a t T .Gawra ( Tobler P l.CXI:17; P l.CXIII:23).

1 15

Type

23:

M iniatures

M iniature

( Fig. 1 67:a,b,c).

v essels

a re

known

f ound i n both p ainted a nd vessel was of uncertain use containers

f or

a t

this

l evel

at

Abada

a nd

a re

p lain pottery. This type of s mall [ 27] but t hey may have been u sed as

cosmetics. The

r im

d iameter

of these miniatures

ranges f rom between 3 .5 4 .5 cm. Of i nterest is ( Fig. 1 67:a) because i t bears two small holes perforated on both s ides of -

the upper p resumably f inished.

s houlder j ust below the f or s uspension. The walls

The

h ole-mouthed

bowl

( b)

r im. These holes a re thick and not

h as

been

poorly

were well

made

w ith

the l east decoration. The very small b owl ( c) w ith f lat base and straight f laring s ides i s s imply decorated with small s olid c ircles o n the upper half.

Type 24: M iscellaneous bowls

These

t ypes

a re

o nly

( Fig.167:e-i).

represented

by

a s ingle

example.

The

small bowl ( Fig. 1 67:d) which i s made of a very f ine f abric, thin walled a nd hard f ired, i s r eminiscent of Hajji Muhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, P 1.23:a). Another i nteresting bowl of this t ype is ( Fig. 167:e) a pointed based bowl with s ides e xpanding t oward a w ide mouth , the bowl was p erforated twice o n the upper part, below the r im on o ne s ide only. F ig. 1 67:f i s a small bowl of a very f ine f abric a nd p eculiar s hape. The s ides of the short a nd s lightly out-turned. The r im i s painted, and i s

f lat

on

the

juncture;

a

( Mallowan

a nd

outside

f eature R ose

a nd of

was

1 935, F ig-63)

P l.X:13-5,19-21,24-25). The upper p art of t he r im a re

provided

s ome

Halaf

with

bowl a re the base

angled

wall-base

f rom

Arpachiya

bowls

a nd Tell 1 l alaf

( Oppenheim

1 943,

e ntire e xterior s urfaces a nd covered w ith dark brown paint.

the The

b ase e xterior i s decorated with a n a llover pattern of three b road parallel b ands w ithin a c ircle r unning a round the base i nterior. I t s eems h ighly l ikely that this small bowl was a l id f or a particular vessel, the i nner l edge could have served to s ecure s tability when p laced over the mouth of the vessel, the middle hole was f or s uspension.

b )

J ars

( Level

J ars

i n

p reviously b e

f ound

1 )

this known

h ere .

l evel f rom

Other

the types

were l ast

numerous l evel

s uch

a s

d istinctive t ypes a ppeared, ( Types p articular

[ 27]

the

l enticular

a nd

( Types

( 8,9)

varied.

1 -7)

have

Types

continued

d isappeared.

1 0-15), s ome of which , a nd

j ars, were

i mportant when

to New in

e stimating

These v ery small vessels a re thought to have been u sed as c rucibles o r a s painter's mixing bowls, or may have been put t o votive a nd ceremonial uses ( Mallowan and Rose 1 935, 72). Others have thought that they may have been toys ( Tobler 1 950, 1 31).

1 16

the date of this l evel. Various decorative motifs were used w ith s ome new and u nique e xamples which appear f or the f irst t ime i n the Ubaid period, Fig. 1 86:c shows one of these. Some j ars had

retained

the

d istinguished

a llover

by

decorative

d ecoration

style

usually

while

confined

third of the j ar. I solated motifs often

appear

others

to

the

were upper

against a n empty

background ( Fig. 1 82:a-d; 1 8 11 ). Other jars bear a v ery s imple decoration c onsisting o f a broad band or bands around the neck o r the shoulder ( Figs. 1 89:c,d; 1 90:f-h ; Fig. 1 95:a-c), or a re e ntirely covered w ith b lack paint ( Fig. 1 91 1:e), s ometimes having only l imited s pace i n reserve ( Fig. 1 95:d). Reserved decoration continued

to

be

used

but

on

a l esser

scale.

Below

a re

the

main

types of jars i n this l evel: 1 2 3 1 5

Lugged j ars ( Fig. 1 73:b) Handled j ars ( Fig. 1 73:a) I nterior-ledge-rim j ars ( Fig.

-

-

-

Necked

-

Small

-

6 7

( Figs.

c arinated

-

1 73:c,d)

1 81-182)

jars

Spouted jars ( Fig. Large s torage j ars

-

1 0 1 1 1 2

j ars

( Fig.

1 89) ( Fig.

1 86)

1 90:f,g,h)

- Lenticular j ars ( Fig. 1 92) Small g lobular j ars ( Fig. 1 93:a-b) Small squat j ars ( Fig. 1 93:c,e) -

-

1 3 Miniature jars ( Fig. 1 9 11 ) 1 Oval-shaped j ars ( Fig. 1 95:b-d,f,i) 1 5 - R are Types ( Fig. 1 91:g;Fig. 1 95:a,e) -

-

Type

1 :

Globular

j ars

with

This type which was common this

l evel,

the

f ew

small i n

l ugs

l evel

o ccurrences

( Fig.

I I

were

1 73:b).

i s f ound i nfrequently i n s imilar

to

ones

f rom

the

l ast l evel.

Type 2 : Handled g lobular jars

This

t ype

was

known

the p resence of s ome handle i n this e xample i s

i nteresting

see

the

the

decoration

neck

s ince

a nd

t he

f rom

( Fig. 1 73:a).

the

l ast

l evel

a s

was

a ttested

by

decorated handles ( Fig. 1 71:9-j). The i s not painted. This particular e xample

i t

i s

upper

confined

to

the

f irst

r im

of

the

upper

f eature was noticed a t T .Gawra XVI

Type 3 : I nterior-ledge-rim jars

t ime

the

j ar

a t

l eft

shoulder

( Tobler

the

s ite

that

unpainted, o nly.

we a nd

A s imilar

1 950, no.159).

( Fig. 1 73:c-d).

This type which was c ommon i n the l ast l evel continued to a ppear i n this l evel but only on a small s cale. Of i nterest i s the l arge, g lobular, hole-mouthed jar with p ierced l edge i nside the r im ( Fig. 1 73:d). The base i s f lat, a nd the upper half of the body was decorated with a f oliage pattern s imilar to e xamples f rom T .Gawra X III ( Tobler 1 950, P l.CL:169) a nd A rpachiya ( Mallowanr i a nd R ose, 1 935, Fig-34:3).

1 17

Type

1 4 :

N ecked j ars

These motifs

a re

were

pattern

on

( Figs. 1 81-182).

s imilar

t o those

a ssociated F ig.

( Continau a nd ( Schmidt 1 978,

1 81:c

f rom the last

w ith

which

these i s

j ars.

s imilar

Ghirshman 1 935, Fig-3:a). The jars

l evel. A v ariety of

Of

to

i nterest

one

f rom

p l, 14 3:17), a nd i llustrated i n

i s

the

G iyan

Tell Fig.

VA

M ismar 1 82 a re

d istinguished by their unusual t ype of decoration. This consists of s ome i solated motifs painted against a background f ree but f or c ircles d istributed i n regular i ntervals a long the shoulder.

[ 28]

The

j ars

F ig.

1 82:c,d

a re

decorated

l ooks l ike a r epresentation of a bull's head or popular motif of the Halaf p eriod.

Type 5 : Small carinated j ars

These

j ars

which

with

what

"Bukranium"

the

( Fig. 1 86).

r ange

i n

s ize

between

1 0

-

1 2

cm,

a re

characterized by a p ronounced carination e ither i n the middle of t he body o r i n the l ower part above the base. Jar ( b) i s beautifully

d ecorated

w ith

a rosette of

1 3 petals

painted

i n a

reserved c ircle a lternating w ith a v ariety of motifs. The g reater part of the b ody i s covered w ith dark brown paint. The j ar ( b) i s a lmost i dentical to one f rom Arpachiya ( Mallowan and Rose

1 935,

1 86:Fig.37:5).

The

most

i nteresting

example

i s

F ig.

1 86:c which i s n icely decorated with four large stars i n r eserve. This k ind of s tar has not been known a t any s ite before. However,

s tars,

of

d ifferent

kinds,

a ppeared

on

pottery

f rom

Tepe J owi ( Le B reton 1 947, F ig.21 4:17-18). The j ar ( Fig. 1 86:g) i s reminiscent of o ne f rom T .Eth-thalathat ( Egami 1 959:Fig.19:6).

Type 6 : Spouted j ars

( Fig. 1 89).

These a re l arge, h ole-mouthed jars with a g lobular body and e ither rounded or f lat b ases. This type i s d istinguished by a s hort,

cylindrical

s pout

e rected

d iagonally

on

the

upper

s houlder j ust below t he r im. Decoration on these jars i s s imple a nd c onsists of c urvilinear a nd rectilinear patterns confined to t he u pper p art of the shoulder. Another painted a round the l ower half of the body.

simple

Spouted v essels a re known f rom the last l evel a nd a re r eported f rom o ther Ubaid s ites i n I raq .

[ 28]

of

band

the

i s

s ite

D ecorative c ircles of a s imilar k ind appeared s ince the Halaf period a t Arpachiya ( Mallowan and Rose 1 935, F ig-67:2); they c ontinued to a ppear during the Ubaid p eriod a t Hassuna X II-XIII ( Lloyd, Safar 1 9 14 5 a nd P l.XXI:a) a nd T .Ubaid ( Hall a nd Woolley 1 927, P 1.1 46:2-1 4,28).

1 18

Type 7 : Large storage j ars

These 50

c m.

a re

I n

rounded

rather

s ome

o r

( Fig. 1 90:f-h).

l arge

e xamples.

f lat

b ase

j ars The

a nd

w ith

body

a d iameter

i s

reaching

generally

short-out-turned

g lobular

neck.

up

t o

w ith

Decoration

i n

a ll cases i s c onfined t o the upper third of the body and consists of s imple b road b ands sometimes combined w ith a wavy l ine

running

a round

the

shoulder.

N o

e xamples

with

a llover

decoration were f ound i n this l evel.

Type

1 0: Lenticular j ars

( Fig. 1 92). P

O ne of t he most

i nteresting

f eatures

a t

level

I a t

Abada

i s

the p resence of a p articular t ype of v essel called " lenticular" or " tortoise-shaped" j ars. This X III-VIII a nd the c ontemporary lenticular

j ar

i dentical

t o

t ype of jar was f ound a t E ridu l evels of T .Gawra XIX-XVII. A

( b)

was

f ound

a t

Has

( Stronach 1 961, P l.LVI:4). This type has a lso been f ound of t he Ubaid s ites i n the Hamrin region ( Chapter I V).

Type

i n

1 1: Small g lobular j ars

Al-Amiya at

some

( Fig. 1 93:a-c).

These a re relatively small j ars with a g lobular body ranging d iameter between 1 2 1 6 cm. with f lat o r r ounded bases and -

out-turned n ecks. The j ar ( Fig. 193:a) i s d istinguished by a very small h ole-mouth. The decoration i s confined to the shoulder.

Type

1 2: Small s quat j ars

These

a re

small,

( Fig. 1 93:c-e).

h ole-mouthed

j ars

w ith

a

s quat

body,

f lattish b ase a nd o ut-turned neck. Decoration i s confined to the u pper h alf o f t he body. The j ar ( d) i s reminiscent of a small j ar f rom T .Gawra XVII ( Tobler 1 950, P l.CXXIII:116).

Type

1 3: M iniature j ars

( Fig.

1 9 11 ).

These a re v ery s mall v essels which may have been used f or v arious purposes, p robably f or keeping cosmetics of some sort. Of i nterest i s F ig. 1 94:a a small h ole-mouthed j ar of pearshaped body a nd s lightly r ounded b ase. The most i nteresting f eature of t his m iniature j ar i s the l ittle p rotuberant spout on t he l ower part o f t he j ar. The s pout i s designed i n the shape of

a n

a nimal's

s nout,

p robably

a k id,

j udging

f rom

the

painted

details. The d etails of mouth a nd e yes a re i ndicated by s ymbols i n r eserve. The e ntire s urface of t he j ar e xcept the lowest part a nd t he b ase i s d ecorated w ith v ertical w iggly and straight bands. The v ery s mall j ar ( c) I s s imilar i n s hape a nd decoration

1 19

to one f rom Arpachiya ( Mallowan a nd Rose 1 935, F ig-36:7). Jar ( e) was e ntirely c overed with black paint, i ts d imple base and the concave base of ( b) should be noted. Both f eatures a re more common

to

I ran

than

jar i n miniature

Type

I raq .

( Fig.

[ 29: 1

Very

i nteresting

is

the

spouted

1 89:b).

114 : Oval-shaped j ars

( Fig.

1 95:b-d,f-i).

These a re small j ars with nearly oval-shaped bodies a nd f lat bases. Two have a r elatively h igh neck

( b,d), o thers have an out -

turned ( f ,h ,i) o r c ollared neck ( g). These jars were decorated with s imple b road bands, or e ntirely c overed w ith ‚s olid paint leaving a h orizontal band i n reserve ( d). The l ast e xample i s reminiscent of o ne f rom Arpachiya

Type

The

1 5: R are f orms

( Mallowan

1 935, Fig.36:1 4-5).

( Fig. 1 91:g;Fig. 1 95:a ,e).

O nly three e xamples a re to be described under this heading. f irst one, j ar ( Fig. 1 91:g), i s a hole-mouthed carinated j ar

with s hort s traight neck a nd small f lat base, d ecorated on the upper half of the body w ith a n ice p attern i n reserve. The general a ppearance of this pattern i s r eminiscent of G iyan VA ( Contenau

a nd

Ghirshr nan

example has never been i s the small j ar ( Fig.

1 935,

P 1.41:a).

But

this

particular

f ound a t a nother s ite. The other example 1 95:a) with pointed base and r elatively

h igh neck. I t was decorated with a s ingle band a round the neck. This t ype i s s imilar to one i n plain p ottery f rom T .Gawra XVI ( Tobler 1 950, P 1.CXXVI:158). The third e xample ( Fig. 1 95:e) i s a hole-mouthed, thick-walled jar with s quared s houlders a nd a n a lmost

straight

short

neck

with

paint

a round

the

neck

and

the

middle of the body.

[ 29]

D impled-base ware was f ound a t S ialk 1 ( Ghirshman 1 938, P l.XXXVIII: 1 513,1568,1687;Pl.XXXIX), Khazineh red pottery a t Deh Luran ( Hole e t a l.1969, F ig. 1 4 6:b) a nd Mehmeh phase ( ibid, F ig.65:b,f ,g). C oncave bases were f ound a t Choga S afid ( Safid a nd S urkh) phases ( Hole 1 977, Figs» 48-9). They were a lso f ound a t J af farabad i n the Susiana s equence ( Le Breton 1 947, F ig.9:6).

1 20

T able 2

O ccurrence a nd p ercentage o f p ainted b owl f orms

a t A bada ( Levels I I, I ). [ see a lso F ig. 9 5:b]

T ypes

L evel N o.

I I

F requency

L evel

R ecovered

N o.

F requency

R ecovered

1

6 6

2 3 1 4 5 6

9 7 3 7 4 8 5 8 7

7 8

6 5 4 3

8 .61 5 .70

4 4 3 0

9 .50 6 .48

9

5 6

7 .42

3 6

7 .77

6 5 8 1 3 2 2 8 4 1

8 .61 1 0.73 4 .2 1 4 3 .71 5 .43 3 7 8 1 6

7 .99 1 .73 3 . 14 6

2 4 1 2 1 1

5 .18 2 .59 2 .38

9 1 6 6 1 4 63

1 .94 3 .46 1 .30 1 00.00

1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8

L j

8 .71 4

i

1 2.85 4 .90 6 .36 0 .66 1 1.52

7 55

8 .64 3 .61 1 4 .54 5 .83 0 .43 1 3.17

0 .52

1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 T otal

4 0 6 3 2 1 2 7 2 6 1

1 00.00

1 21

T able O ccurrence a t

T ypes N o.

T ell

a nd

A bada

L evel I I R ecovered

3

p ercentage o f p ainted

( Levels

I I,

I ).

[ see

F requency N o.

j ar

a lso

f orms

F ig.

L evel I R ecovered

9 61

F requency

1 2

3 8 2 1

1 0.08 5 .57

1 3 6

5 .83 2 .69

3

3 3

8 .75 2 9,71

5 5 1

2 .24 2 2.87

1 2.21 7 .16 1 5.11 1 0.61 0 .80

2 2 1 8 3 8

9 .87 8 .07 1 7.04

5 2 3 7

2 .24 1 0.31 3 .14

1 8 1 2 5

8 .07 5 .38 2 .24

1 12

4 6

5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

2 7 5 7 k O 3

1 3 1 4 1 5 T otal

3 77

c )

B eakers

1 )

B eakers

A

g roup

1 00.00

( Level

o f

( II)

2

9 9.99

( Figs. 1 96:198).

c omplete

b eakers

w ith

v ery

e laborate

a nd

d istinctive d ecoration w ere f ound a t t his l evel a t A bada. The s hape o f t hese b eakers i s b asically t he s ame , but t hey c an b e c lassified a ccording t o t heir p rofiles i nto the f ollowing t ypes:

1

-

R elatively l arge c arinated b eakers w ith s mall s lightly c oncave s ides a nd out-flared r im ( Figs.

1 96,

1 97,

f lat b ase,

1 98:b,f).

2- B eakers w ith r ounded b ody, c oncave s houlders, f lat b ase a nd o ut-flared r im ( Fig. 1 98:a,c,d). 3

-

T he

B eakers f abric

w ith i s

s traight

g enerally

s ides b uff .

a nd C ream

1 22

f lat a nd

b ase

( Fig.

r eddish

1 98:e).

brown

f abric

was a lso f ound. Slips were commonly used. All the e xamples were d istinguished by their a llover patterns which were beautifully a nd s uccessfully e xecuted, a nd a dapted well to the shape of the beakers.

Reserve

decoration

s eems

t o

have

been

the

f avourite

s tyle a ssociated w ith these beakers; a variety of geometric designs i n reserve were used, s ome of which were v ery complicated ( Fig. 1 98:b). Natural motifs were a lso r epresented, s uch a s the g raceful representation of a s nake i n reserve ( Fig. 1 97:b).

One

of

the

most

a ttractive

beakers

f rom

Abada

i s

( Fig.

1 96:a). This was d ecorated i n b lack on c ream w ith a n a llover pattern consisting of vertical panels of d ifferent motifs i ncluding e lements i n reserve.

Beakers

f irst

a ppeared

a t

E ridu

xViiI-XII

F ig-72:32). These r esemble e xamples f rom Abada ( Fig. 1 00:b-d). Both E ridu examples d ifferent i n can be drawn beaker ( ibid,

( Safar

et

a l. ,

the earliest l evel a t a nd Abada I II ones a re

shape f rom the c urrent e xamples. C lose parallels f rom T .Gawra X III ( Tobler 1 950, P i.CXXIX). I ndeed,

Type 1 a t Abada i s c losely comparable to Gawra P l.CXXIX:202). The s tyle of decoration a ssociated

XIII w ith

these beakers a t both Abada a nd T .Gawra i s a ctually the same, both sharing the p redominancy of the a llover and r ichly painted patterns.

2 )

Beakers

( Level I )

Beakers

of

( Figs. 1 99-201)

various

s hapes

were

f ound

a t

this

l evel.

Most

were well f inished a nd n icely decorated with a variety of patterns. However n one of the beaker types of the l ast l evel were

f ound

here. The

new

t ypes

of beaker

which

appeared

can

be

c lassified a s f ollows:

T ype -

5 6 7

-

-

-

Beakers

with

a lmost

s traight,

s lightly

wide f lat bases ( Fig. 1 99:a). Beakers with s inuous s ides a nd Beakers

with

s traight

( Fig. 1 99:d-e). Beakers with r ing

s ides

bases

a nd

f lat

a nd

wide

s traight

e verted

bases

( Fig.

f lat

bases

s ides

8- C onical-shaped beakers ( Fig. 2 00:c). 9 - Beakers with s lightly concave s houlders r ims 1 0 1 1 -

( Fig.

a nd

s ides

( Fig.

and

1 99:b).

1 99:c).

out-turned

2 00:d-e).

Barrel-shaped beakers ( Fig. 200:f). C ylindrical f ooted beakers ( Fig. 2 01).

P erhaps the most i nteresting e xample of these beakers i s the tall cylindrical f ooted beaker ( Fig. 2 01). This unique e xample i s decorated with vertical panels on which trees a nd human beings a re depicted. On o ne panel we see a bearded man climbing a t ree; on a nother a man i s portrayed i n a walking or p robably a d ancing a ttitude. There a re no c omparable beakers f rom a ny e arlier

s ites.

The

beaker

( Fig.

1 23

2 00:f)

i s

reminiscent

of

a

beaker

f rom

U ruk

( U.V.B.6,

P l.16:cp),

a nd

F ig.

1 99:b

i s

s omewhat

s imilar i n f orm to one f rom A rpachiya ( Mallowan 1 935, F ig-33:10). The c onical-shaped beaker ( Fig. 2 00:c) i s very reminiscent of beaker

types

f rom

Tell

Bakun

P 1.23) both i n f orm a nd i n whole body, even the base.

D ecorative

A

( Langsdorff

a nd

McCown

1 942,

s tyle of decoration, which covers the

motifs

were

many,

i ncluding

a nimal

representations ( Fig. 2 00:d). The r epresentation of i bex a s a decorative motif on pottery i s known s ince the Samarra period a t

Choga

Ubaid

Mami

( Oates

p eriod

motif

was

a t very

P l.XXXi:a),

1 969,

Uqair

( Lloyd

common

a nd

a t

a nd

Safer

S ialk

was

used

1 943,

I II

during

the

Pl.XIXa).

( Ghirshman

This 1 938,

P 1s.LXX,LXXI,LXXXI,LXXXII,LXXXIII).

d )

C ups

1 )

C ups

( Level I I

These

s mall

( Fig. 2 02)

vessels

can

be

c lassified

i nto

f our

types

as

f ollows:

1 2

-

-

C arinated cups w ith s traight bases ( Fig. 2 02:a,c,g). S mall

c arinated

s ups

w ith

s ides

and

s lightly

concave

base ( Fig. 2 02:b,d). 3 - Small, carinated cups w ith s lightly ( Fig. 2 02:e-g). S mall c ups w ith gently c urved s ides -

shoulders

The

s ize

( Fig.

of

f lat s ides

i ncurved a nd

and

f lat

s ides

s lightly

concave

2 02:h).

these

cups

v aries

f rom 7 cm. i n r im diameter

the smallest e xample ( f) to 1 4 c m. depth ranges between 6 8 .50 cm.

f or

the

largest

one

for

( a), the

-

A ll

the

c arefully motifs.

s pecimens painted

R eserve

Chequerboard

i n

were

very

a llover

decoration

patterns

well

designs

s eems

( d,e)

to

a re

made

of

w ith have

f ine

f abric,

d ifferent been

i dentical

to

the

and

k inds

of

f avourite.

examples

f rom

T .Gawra X III ( Tobler 1 950, P l.XXVII:173; P l.CXXIX:202) a nd S ialk I II ( Ghirshman 1 938, 1 938:Pl.LXXVIa:19-20,d:13-15; P l.LXXVII c :8). The

network

of

v ery

t he e xterior body

small

s quares

( Fig. 2 02:g)

i s

occupying

very

the

i nteresting

major f or

p art both

of i ts

s implicity a nd the neat way i n which i t was e xecuted. These cups a re n ot be matched by a ny other e xamples f rom o ther U baid s ites i n I raq . The f rom S usiana

only e xamples they could be paralleled ( Le B reton 1 947, F ig.38:17-20).

1 24

w ith

are

2 )

C ups

( Level

Cups Only

of

I )

( Fig. 2 00:a-b; F ig. 2 03).

v arious

( Type

1 )

s hapes

of t he l ast

c ontinued l evel was

t o

be

f ound

r epresented

i n

this

here

l evel.

( a), while

s ome new types a ppeared, t hese a re a s f ollows:

5

6-

Small c ups w ith a lmost s traight s ides gently curved o ver the base ( Fig. 200:a-b; F ig. 2 03:b,c,f,i,j,k). Small c ups w ith s lightly concave shoulders ( Fig. 2 03:9).

7

Small

cups

w ith

Small

c ups

w ith out-curved

8

-

-

-

small

d iscoid

base

s ides

( Fig.

( Fig.

2 03:e)

2 03:h).

L ike the cups o f the l ast l evel, these cups were decorated with a variety of p atterns s ome of which s how a very e laborate a nd h ighly a rtistic design ( Fig. 203:a-b). At the same t ime cups bearing

only

s imple

decoration

appeared

Section

1

The P lain Pottery of Level

-

As

we

pottery However, Level

h ave

noted

e arlier

was f ound a t a n i nteresting

I I. The

f abric

i s

s uch

a s F ig. 203:d,e,k).

C

I I

only

a small

p roportion

of

plain

Tell Abada throughout i ts sequence. collection of p lain ware was f ound i n generally buff , s ometimes with greenish

o r r edish a ppearance. Chaff o r s traw was f requently used for tempering. Very f ine, hard f ired a nd thin-walled s pecimens were represented, e xamples.

A

a s

well

variety

a s of

heavy, bowls

coarse

a nd

a nd

j ars

i ll-manufactured

were

r epresented.

number a nd p ercentage of e ach type i s g iven i r Table

The

1 .

a ) Bowls

Several

t ypes

o f

bowls

i n

plain

pottery

were

f ound,

these

could be c lassified a s f ollows:

1

-

2-

Wide-mouthed

c arinated

S traight-sided

bowls

bowls

( Fig.

( Fig.

2 0 14 :a f).

20 :g-o).

3 - Small, 4 Large,

hemispherical bowls ( Fig. 2 04:p_r). w ide-mouthed bowls w ith f laring r im

5 - Small, ó - Small,

thin-walled bowls with f laring r im carinated bowls ( Fig. 114 4:h-n).

-

7 - Unusual

bowls

L itt

n be

most

i nteresting

( Fig.

2 04:s-u).

s aid

a bout

t ype

i s

Type

these

p lain

1 , which

1 25

( Fig. ( Fig.

bowls,

r epresents

1 39:9-y). 1 41:f-k).

p robably

the

a relatively

large carinated bowl made of a very well levigated fabric o f buff g rey o r c ream colours, with c ream s lip a nd smooth s urfaces . The walls a re v ery thin, ranging i n t hickness f rom 2mm. to 4 mm . a t

the

bowl

carination

i s

the

s ame

point, kind

a nd

a s

were

t hose

h ighly

f rom

f ired.

l evel

I II

This at

t ype

Abada

o f

( Fig.

1 13:d-g) a nd s imilar t o the painted c arinated bowl f rom level I I ( Figs. 1 52-157) which f inds i ts c losest parallels a t Samarra and H .Muhammad. Bowls with s traight-sides a nd e ither rounded r ims ( Fig, 2 0 14 :g-j) or bevelled r ims ( Fig. 204: :k-n) match painted e xamples f rom the same l evel ( Fig. 1 27:e-g). The small carinated bowls ( Fig. 1 44:h-n) a re a p lain version of a painted one

f rom

the

s ame

l evel

( Fig.

11414 :a-f).

Of

i nterest

a re

three

unusual s pecimens ( Fig. 2 04:s-u). A ll were of poor fabric, heavily tempered w ith chaff a nd roughly made. The uneven-sided bowl w ith a small h ole i n the middle ( Fig. 20 14 :s) may have been a l id f or s ome s ort of v essel. The l arge r ounded with thick, s hort wall and f lat base bears b urning a nd

resulting

walls.

This

i n

bowl

a network may

have

of

c racks

been

u sed

bowl ( Fig. 204:t) heavy traces o f

throughout

for

cooking

the

base

purposes .

The third e xample ( Fig. 2 0 11 :u) i s a bowl of c lumsy manufacture with thick a nd s lightly i ncurved walls. In the middle of t he base i nterior there u pper s urface. The c lear.

[ 30]

N o

i s a c ylindirical p recise purpose

comparable

e xample

p rojection w ith a f lat of this bowl i s n ot

h as

been

reported

for

t he

l ast type f rom a ny other s ite s o f ar.

b )

J ars

( Level I I)

P lain j ars f rom this level were f ound a nd r epresented the f ollowing types: 1-

S mall

g lobular

2-

C arinated

j ars

j ars ( Fig.

( Fig.

2 05:b,d-h;

i n

Fig.

small

quantities,

2 06:e,f).

2 05:a,h,i).

3 - Elongated j ars ( Fig. 2 05:c; F ig. 2 06::a,c). 4 Large, g lobular j ars with l ugs ( Fig. 2 07:a-g). 5 - Large s torage j ars ( Fig. 2 07:h-o,q-u). -

6-

S quare-shouldered

Type

1 was

the

jars

( Fig.

commonest

one.

2 06:d).

They

a re

s omewhat

s imilar

t o

e xamples f rom R as A l-Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, P l.LIII:5,3). The l arge c arinated j ar ( Fig. 2 05:a) i s s imilar in shape to a p ointed j ar f rom Tell U baid ( Hall a nd Woolley 1 927, P 1.XLIV:515), b oth j ars have f our small l ugs o ver t he upper shoulder.

The e longated j ar ( Fig. 2 06:a) i s r eminiscent of a jar f rom R as A l-Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, P l.LV:2). The square shouldered j ar

[ 30]

The c losest comparable e xample c an be s een in modern I raq t oday where i dentical bowls with g lazed i nterior surfaces a re u sed a s water bowls placed i nside birds' c ages, t he m iddle p rojecting part serves a s a handle.

1 26

( Fig. 206:d) i s v ery s imilar to R as Al-Amiya ( Stronach i bid. , P l.LV:1). A s eries of large globular j ars with short necks a nd out-turned r ims ( Fig. 2 07:a-g) a re provided w ith small l ugs a round

their

shoulders. A v ariety of l ugs was represented, ( Fig.

2 07:d)

being

unique

a lmost

g lobular

i n

b odies

i ts

s hape.

e xceeding

The 5 0

l arge

s torage

j ars

have

c m. i n diameter, w ith short

necks, out-turned n ecks a nd rounded bases ( Fig. 2 07:h-o). Very coarse e xamples w ith heavy f abric were a lso f ound. D ifferent p rofiles of s uch j ars were f ound ( Fig. 2 07:q-u).

Table Occurrence

a nd at

Bowls ( Type)

N o. Recovered

-

Tell

of

Abada

p lain

( Level

F requency

J ars ( Type)

1 2 3

2 7 3 1 1 4 5

1 1.16 1 2.81 1 8.60

1 2

L I

6 6

2 7.27

5 6 7

5 3 1 7 3

2 1.90 7 .02 1 .2 14

T otal

2

p ercentage

L i

2 42

1 00.00

w ith

l evel

I I,

l evel

a nd

j ars

I I). N o. R ecovered

F requency

4 8 5 1 3 1 4

2 1.52 2 2.87 1 5.2 1 7

L i

6 0

2 6.91

5 6

2 7 3

1 2.11

3

T otal

The P lain Pottery of Level

As

bowls

223

1 00.00

I

I a t

Abada

p roduced

l ittle

p lain

or

u npainted p ottery. I t constitutes a small p roportion of t he t otal volume of t he pottery i n which painted ware i s dominant. M ost of t he p lain ware i s roughly made a nd the f abric i s g enerally p oor w ith coarse tempering material s uch a s s traw o r white particles. N evertheless, s ome e xamples of i nterest were f ound. These i nclude a v ariety of b owls, j ars a nd miniatures. The n umber a nd p ercentage of e ach t ype i s g iven i n Tables S and 6 .

a )

B owls

O nly t hese

a f ew

a re,

t ypes

the

occur

i n

h ole-mouthed

both bowls

painted

a nd

with

a lmost

p lain

pottery;

straight

o r

s lightly c urved s ides, a nd the Bell-shaped bowls. These two t ypes a re o f a f ine fabric and a re represented by sherds only ( Fig. 2 07:p-p8). Wide-mouthed bowls with a sharply i ncurved r im ( Fig.163 : c)

resemble e xamples

i n painted

pottery

( Fig.

1 63:a,b).

A nother t ype common to both painted a nd plain i s the l arge deep P ot ( Fig. 1 63:e-g ,i,j). Most of these l arge pots were used a s b urial Urns for c hildren. Some miniature bowls were a lso

1 27

represented

b )

( Fig. 208:a-k).

Jars

J ars

i n

p lain

N evertheless

pottery

f rom

a considerable

this

l evel

collection

of

a re t his

not

n umerous.

category

was

f ound. Three main types a re r epresented, t hese i nclude a v ariety of small j ars, m iniature j ars a nd double-mouthed jars.

1 )

Small j ars

( Fig. 2 09:a-c).

A total of 1 8 small j ars which range i n body d iameter f rom 7 -10 cm. were f ound i n t his l evel. These s how d ifferent p rofiles a nd

a ll

were

b lackened

r oughly made. A ll of these small

w ith

smoke

deposit

a nd

other

s uggests that they were being used a ssociation with l ids ( Fig. 6 0).

a s

j ars were heavily

t races

of

burning, this

l amps. They were f ound

i n

Table 5

O ccurrence of bowls i n p lain p ottery a t Level

Type

N o.

Recovered

I .

F requency

H ole-mouthed bowls w ith s traight s ides

1 6

1 7.39

B ell-shaped bowls I ncurved-rim bowls L arge deep pots M iniatures

9 1 2 9 3 7

9 .78 1 .08 3 1.52 4 0.21

Total

9 2

1 28

1 00.00

%

Table 6

Occurrence of j ars i n plain pottery a t Level I N o.

T ype S mall

Recovered 1 6

3 3.33

2 6 6

5 4.16 1 2.50

4 8

9 9.99

jars

M iniature j ars D ouble—mouthed

j ars

T otal

2 )

M iniature jars

A very

F requency

%

( Fig. 2 08:e,i—k; F ig.209:except j ; Fig.210:g).

i nteresting

collection

of

m iniature

j ars

was

f ound.

The very s mall j ar with the two large p rojecting l ugs ( Fig. 2 08:e) may b e a model of a l arger j ar f or i ts relatively large l ugs would have s quat d iscoidal a round. Another

s erved no f unction b ody of Fig. 2 08:j i nteresting

j ar

p erforated mouth which l ooks

i s

on s uch a small jar. was n icely p inched

( Fig. 2 09:f)

w ith

i ts

sealed

l ike a salt bottle; whether

i t was

r eally used for t his purpose or t o keep s ome other v aluable material i s not known. Another m iniature of i nterest s houlder

The a ll

i s ( Fig. 2 09:g), this small three e nigmatic marks done

kind of s pe" al

g lobular jar bears on i ts w ith black paint. I t seems

l ikely that s uch p eculiar marks cannot be e xplained as mere d ecoration, consequently this j ar may have been used f or some r itual or ceremonial purpose. Lastly a v ery i nteresting m iniature

i s

the

o ne

which

r epresents

a double—mouthed

j ar

( Fig. 2 10:g).

3 )

D ouble—mouthed j ars

S ix

e xamples

o f

( Fig. 2 10:a—f).

various

shapes

[ 31]

were

f ound.

These

g enerally have a g lobular body a nd double hole—shaped mouths on t he

top

of

i t.

The

two

o ther by s ome d istance The

base

i s

e ither

mouths

a re

( a,c,e,f) f lat

e ither

separated

f rom

o r d irectly joined together

( a)

or

rounded

( b).

each ( b).

C onsiderable

a ttention s eems t o have been paid to their manufacture. This t ype of j ar s eems t o have been known s ince the Halaf p eriod as i t

was

[ 31]

reported

f rom

both

Tell

Halaf

( Oppenheim

1 943,

9 2;

This t ype of j ar was i nterpreted as a "flower base" ( Mallowan a nd R ose 1 935:71). Oates ( 1982c:207) has a ssociated i t with the d rinking s cene on a seal f rom Tell B rak ( ibid: P l.XIV,d), a s the deliberate l ips a t the e xterior of t he two mouths would have f acilitated the use of a d rinking t ube. I n my v iew the f unction of the double— mouths may h ave been for both d ecorative a nd p ractical purposes a s i t could have been used a s a handle to carry these j ars!

1 29

Fig.135,P1.LXXVI:516; 1 980, 1 81).

D ouble—mouthed Ubaid

s ites

CXXXI:221),

i n

j ars

I raq

Telul

and

P l.CIII:1-3)

were

l ike

known, Tepe

E th—thalathat

A rpachiya

t hough

Gawra ( Egami

L .XI.

r arely,

i n

XIII

( Tobler

1 959,

P 1.LX),

( Hijara

n orthern 1 950,

P l

A rpachiya

( Mallowan a nd R ose 1 935, F ig.41,18) a nd N uzi ( Starr 1 937, P 1.42), i t was a lso f ound a t Tell B rak ( Oates 1 982c, P l.XVII, b ). Such j ars seem t o o ccur much l ater i n the s outh. [ 32]

Section D

Impressed a nd I ncised Pottery

Another amounts w ith a

i mportant

c ategory

of

( Pl. 9 :a,b)

p ottery

f ound

i n

l arge

i s that c lass of vessels whose surface was decorated r ather d ifferent decorative technique, e ither with

i mpressed o r i ncised o rnament. The f irst technique i s represented with a f requency of 20.80%, the second of 1 3.5%. S ince this type of pottery i s abundant and i dentical i n both l evels I I a nd I we will deal with E xamples bearing a combination of

i t a s a n integrated unit. b oth painted a nd i ncised

decoration

l evels.

were

a lso

f ound

a t

both

The

f abric

i s

the

s ame f or both types and can be described as b eing poor c om:, red t o the painted and f ine p lain pottery f rom the two l evels of th s ite.

1

-

I mpressed P ottery

The technique of d ecorating the s urface with impressions covering e ither the e ntire surface of the vessel, or only a l imited p art of i t, i s e xecuted i n d ifferent ways , these i nc l ud e :

1 )

S hallow o r deep f inger—tip i mpressions:

This t echnique was i mplemented w ith a f inger—tip , l eaving e ither

by p ressing the wet s urface s hallow o r deep r ounded or

s emi—circular s hapes c overing a ll o r part of the e xterior s urfaces of the v essels. This s eems t o have been the most common technique

used

F ig. 2 13:1). This P ottery

[ 32]

f rom

by

the

t ype

D alma

of

Tepe

Abada

potters

impressed ( Hamlin

( Fig.

ware

1 975,

i s

2 11:a—c; very

P l.Ic),

i t

Fig.

2 12:h;

reminiscent was

a lso

of

found

M allowan refers to a double—mouthed jar found a t A l Ubaid p ublished i n ' Hall a nd Woolley, U EI, Al U baid, P l.60:type 9 4' ( Mallowan and Rose 1 935, 7 1) but I was unable to t race the p ot i n question.

1 30

a t

N uzi

( Starr

1 937,

P l.45:M,Q)

a nd

Tell

Halaf

( Oppenheim

1 943,

P l.LXXXVIII: 1 7,18).

2 )

J abbed

This

f inger n ail impressions:

t echnique

was

done

by

p ressing

the

surface

with

a

f inger nail i n a v ertical or oblique position, l eaving shallow c rescent—shaped i mpressions a rranged i n h orizontal rows ( Fig. 2 12:i). A s imilar t echnique was a ttested a t Dalma Tepe ( Hamlin 1 975, 1 18).

3 ) Barbotine:

This is a n applique technique executed by s etting small clay p ellets

over

the

e xterior

s urface

of

the

vessel

( Fig.

2 11:d).

This e xample i s r eminiscent of a j ar f rom D alma Tepe ( Hamlin 1 975, Fig.8:A). A s imilar technique was known a t Al Ubaid ( Hall a nd Woolley

4 )

1 927, 1 64).

J abbed s mall h oles:

These a re e ither s hallow o r deep small the

wet

twig

surface

o f

t he

vessel

with

( Fig. 2 12:j; F ig. 2 13:j). A s imilar

D alma Tepe e ither i n

h oles done by

a bone

implement

technique

was

or

j ab l ittle

noticed

at

( Hamlin 1 975, 1 18). These jabbed holes were arranged oblique r ows or randomly d istributed over the

s urface.

5 )

R eed impressions:

This was done b y p ressing the base of a s ingle reed into the wet s urface l eaving small rounded or o val shapes usually a rranged i n regular rows ( Fig. 2 12:a,l). A s imilar technique was u sed

a t

D alma

Tepe

( Hamlin

1 975,

P l.IIb)

a nd

Matarra

( Smith

1 952, P l.VI:7).

6 )

S mall s traight s lits:

This

decoration

was

done

by

pressing

the

wet

s urface

with

what may h ave been a bone tool s uch a s a needle or an awl, r esulting i n relatively deep s lits throughout the surface. These s lits a re u sually a rranged i n p atterns. This type of decoration was

oblique or herring—bone reported f rom Dalma Tepe

( Hamlin 1 975, 1 18). E xamples of this t ype a re to be seen on 2 12:c,d).

1 31

( Fig.

7 )

T riangular or pear-shaped impressions:

This

technique

was

p robably

tool p ressed obliquely so a s of the e ither

vessels a rranged

done

b y

using

a square-headed

to make s uch shapes on the s urface

( Fig. 2 12:k; F ig. 2 13:i,n). These shapes i n v ertical l ines o r in combination

were with

multiple z igzags a nd h orizontal l ines.

8 )

Hemispherical impressions:

This decoration i s round-ended t ool o r

a result of p ressing the surface w ith a twig held obliquely so as t o leave

hemispherical dents ( Fig. 2 12:b,f). These i n regular h orizontal o r oblique rows.

9 )

shapes

were

a rranged

Small-rectangular impressions:

This s imple technique was done by p ressing the wet c lay with a s quare o r rectangular-ended tool held s traight, l eaving small rectangular the body

The

shapes

d istribution

mentioned designs o ut that a lthough b elong

a rranged

i n

double

o r

multiple

r ows

a round

the

a bove -

( Fig. 2 13:k).

to

bowls

a nd

o ccurence

o f

each

of

i s shown i n ( Table 7 ), here we should point i t i s not easy to d etermine whether s herds

or

j ars,

i t

seems,

generally,

obvious

that

the

majority belong to j ars.

Vessel types

A v ariety

of

s hapes

were

represented

in

the

impressed

ware

of both levels I I a nd I a t Abada, these i nclude:

1

-

S quat jars

( Fig. 2 11:a)

The impressed decoration impressions concentrated a nd a nd

the

l ower

part

of

the

consists of s hallow f inger t ip confined to the whole under-base

body

where

i t

takes

the

f orm

of

a

b road wavy band.

2

-

Hole-mouthed g lobular j ars

( Fig. 2 11:c)

This j ar has a n out-turned r im a nd f lat base. It is decorated w ith s mall s hallow f inger t ip impressions covering a ll the e xterior

s urface.

On

the

upper

1 32

half

of

the

body

there

is

a

handle or l ug i n the f orm of a concave d isc.

3

-

Oval-shaped

j ars

with

short

neck

a nd

out-turned

r im

( Fig.

2 11:d)

This

j ar

i s

beautifully

decorated

i n

a pplique

technique

w ith small pellets a ttached to the e ntire s urface of the j ar.

1 4

-

Shallow, hemishpherical

bowls

with

thick

walls

( Fig.

2 11:b)

This e xample bears deep f inger t ip i mpressions done a ll over the e xterior base.

5

-

surface. There i s

Small j ars

These

a h ole i n the middle of the thick

( Fig . 2 12:a-d,f)

j ars have a n

a lmost rounded body

a nd

r im . Bases a re most probably rounded. These d ecorated w ith d ifferent t ypes of i mpressions.

short

o ut-turned

small

j ars

Table 7

D istribution

a nd

sherds Type

o ccurrence a t

Level

Level

I I

I I

of

the

a nd

Impressed

I a t

Level

pottery

Abada I

T otal

1

2 ,610

1 ,116

3 ,726

2 3

2 ,538 2

2 ,667

5 ,202 2

1 4

2 ,701

2 ,917

5

2 ,516

3 ,310

5 ,826

6 7

2 ,936 1 ,878

2 ,333 2 ,589

5 ,269 1 4 ,567

8 9

2 ,786 1 ,495

1 ,219 1 ,180

4 ,005 2 ,675

1 9,462

1 7,431

3 6,893

Total

-

1 33

5 ,618

a re

2

-

I ncised P ottery

The v ery

technique

of

decorating

vessels

with

incisions

h as

a

l ong tradition which g oes back to the Hassuna period a s i t

was f ound common i n

a t Hassuna ( Lloyd a nd Safar 1 945, F igs.4,10). I t was the Samarra p eriod a t Matarrah ( Smith 1 952, F ig.15),

Shimshara ( Mortensen 1 970, F igs.70-71) and Tell E s-Sawwan ( Ippolitoni 1 970-71, Figs.F,G,H). During the Halaf p eriod i t was found

on

a very

l imited

s cale

a t

Tell

Halaf

( Oppenheim

1 943,

P l.LXXXVII 1 :13).

I n 1 950,

the

Ubaid

P l.CXXI:

Mami a nd Serik

This

t ype

period

i t

2 17-18,220), ( Oates

of

was

f ound

Nuzi

a t

( Starr

T .Gawra

1 937,

X III

( Tobler

P ls. 14 4-46),

C hoga

1 968, P 1.V:7).

p ottery

which

i s

decorated

w ith

i ncisions

was

common i n both l evels I I a nd I a t Abada. The f abric i n g eneral i s c oarse a nd the manufacture i s poor, t his f act may a ccount for the a bsence of complete e xamples. However, s ome f ine fabric was a lso f ound. Chaff o r s traw was the main tempering material. The i ncised decoration f orms d ifferent d esigns. The d istribution a nd f requency of e ach design i s shown i n Table 8 , regardless of whether i t was o riginally on bowls or j ars, s ince i t i s r ather d ifficult t o d istinguish between sherds belonging to e ither category. I t s hould be p ointed out that the number of occurrences of each design g iven i n t he table i s based o n the total body s herds f ound w ith that particular design, bearing in m ind t hat several sherds w ith the same design could well have belonged to one v essel.

The

i ncised

patterns

c an

be

c lassified

a ccording

to

their

t echnique i nto the f ollowing types: 1 )

Short f airly deep s trokes d iagonally herring-bone pattern ( Fig. 2 1 14 :a).

a rranged

i n

2 )

Long a nd deep s trokes d iagonally a rranged i n a herring-bone o r z igzag pattern ( Fig. 2 14:h,i).

a

3 ) Short, slight strokes diagonally arranged in a 4 )

herring-bone pattern ( Fig. 2 14:d). L arge, deep a nd i rregular s trokes ( Fig.

5 ) 6 )

Horizontal rows of f inely i ncised chevrons D eeply r ibbed decoration with corrugations s eems

to

have

covered

the

e ntire

horizontal

g rooves

there

c onsisting

of

d iagonal

p recise i t

s eems

t iny

i s

l ast

i ncisions

a nd

e xtremely

f ine

to

r epresent

a f ully

one,

but

here

the

s urface.

a secondary technique

7 ) The decoration on ( Fig. 2 13:b) the

2 14:j). ( Fig. 2 14:f). on both s ides

Within

( Fig. i s

s o

2 13:a).

i s

T his

e laborate that

d eveloped s tyle. f ollows the same

s urface

the

decoration

heavily

pattern

corrugated

w ith deeper g rooves a nd d iagonal i ncisions represent chevrons pointing r ight. Very shallow incisions a ppear o n ( Fig. 2 13:e). 8 )

T he

s ame

g rooved

technique

i s

1 34

shown

on

( Fig.

2 13:f)

b ut

as

here

9 )

the

secondary

ones. Impressed surface

i ncisions

zone

the base

c urved

small

( Fig.

Wide

1 1)

( Fig. 2 13:c). Short, s lightly i ncised s trokes v ertically a rranged i n h orizontal rows ( Fig. 2 13:9).

1 2)

The

1 3)

deep i ncisions a rranged i n parallel d iagonal r ows. Long, f airly d eep i ncisions d iagonally a rranged i n

decoration

vertical

o n

of

2 13:d).

1 0)

1 1 4)

consists

of

( ?) covering the entire exterior

rope p attern

a nd

consist

deep

( Fig.

herring-bone

horizontal

2 13:m)

pattern

g rooves

consists

( Fig.

of

or

d iagonally

l ong

f airly a

2 1 11 :e).

1 5)

Two or more h orizontal zones of s imple s hallow grooves running a round a vessel ( Fig. 2 14:k). Decoration o n ( Fig. 2 1 14 :c) i s very s imilar to the

1 6)

style a nd a ssociated with r unning horizontal z igzags. Composed decoration of two zones consisting of horizontal multiple

1 7)

relatively ( Fig.

deep

g rooves,

a nd

running

2 1 14 :b).

The decoration on F ig. 2 13:h consists of a combination of two bands of h orizontal g rooves w ith wavy grooved l ines i n between. Long, s lightly c urved i ncisions broken i n the middle, a rranged i n a h erring-bone pattern ( Fig. 2 1 14 :1).

1 8)

I t I I

a nd

z igzags

l ast

seems

a nd

bowls bowl and

I a t and

certain Abada

j ars

that

the

i ncised

r epresented

a l arge

pottery n umber

f rom both of

f orms

levels

of which

constitute the majority. Most I rtt .r ; �s ting

( Fig. 2 1 14 :a) which was oecor a t .e r f airly deep s hor c roi es

on )o L o iagona ly

t i t'e

a rranged

i n

horizontal herri i s a d i tinet .: ve

hone patterns. This t ype of i ncised design characteristic of the Samarra a nd Hassuna

standard

ware.

i ncised

3 31

L I

This

design

s eems

t o

h ave

been

revived a gain d uring the u oaia p eriod a t Abada where i t was widely used and h ad a neater and more a ttractive appearance. The s ame d esign i s a lso a ttested a t Nuzi ( Starr 1 937, Fig.1 46) and Serik ( Oates 1 968, P 1 , .V:7), i t s hould be pointed out that samples Globular

f rom outside j ars

with

Abada

s hort

were

never

out-turnEd

i ncised n ecks

on

' rig.

the

i nterior.

2 11 4:b

a nother type a t Abada.

[ 33]

L loyd a nd S afar 1 945 ( Fig.7:14); Mortensen 1 970

Figs.3,1 4,9,13,15); ( Fig.71:d).

1 35

Smith

1 952

T able 8 D istribution

a nd o ccurrence of i ncised Levels

I I

a nd

i n

I a t A bada.

T ype

L evel

2

3 ,126 2 ,009

2 ,310 2 ,025

5 , 14 36 1 4 , 031 4

3 1 4

8 98 7 16

7 05 5 12

1 ,603 1 ,328

5 6

6 60 4 27

5 21 3 17

1 ,181 714 1 1

7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 4

5 18 4 1 48 3 66 1 4 10 5 12 6 16 3 38 7 15

1 1 01

4 28 2 22 3 90 4 31 5 63 3 81 4 5 96

9 19 8 76 5 98 8 00 9 1 43 1 ,179 722 1 , 14 11

1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8

2 98 3 05 2 88 1 10

3 66 2 85 2 57 1 85

6 64 5 90 5 55 2 95

1 2,770

1 1,108

2 3,878

T otal

I I

p ottery

1 36

L evel

I

Total

3 — I ncised/Impressed—and—Painted P ottery

Levels I I a nd of o r

I a t Abada have p roduced

a considerable amount

pottery bearing c ombined decoration consisting of i ncised impressed a nd painted patterns. This c ombined technique

which dates b ack t o the Hassuna p eriod [34] d id not persist i nto the s ubsequent p eriods. [ 35] I n the U baid period this t echnique s eems t o have f lourished a gain to j udge by the appearance

at

A bada

of

a

impressed/incised—and—painted e lements

i n

this

c ombined

v ariety

of

v essels

decoration.

decoration consist

The

w ith

painted

f or the most part

of s imple b road bands covering the neck and the r im of j ars on the outside ( Fig. 2 15:a—e,g) or o n both the outside a nd the i nside of the r im ( Fig. 2 15:c). S imilar b road bands a re to be s een painted on o ther parts of the body i n some e xamples ( Fig. 2 15:h—j). F ig. 2 15:1 was decorated i nitially with a n d esign then covered e ntirely w ith b lack paint t riangles i n r eserve.

I ncised/impressed e lements:

designs

consist

of

the

i ncised l eaving

f ollowing

1 )

Small j abbed o r p unctured h oles d iagonally a rranged i n a herring—bone pattern ( Fig. 2 15:a), or i n two horizontal zones ( Fig. 2 15:e).

2 )

S—shaped i ncisions n icely body.

i ncisions probably

a rranged

( Fig. d one

2 15:b). by

These

a f ine

i n multiple

a re

pointed

horizontal

f airly tool

rows

deep

and

a round

the

3 ) Oval or pear—shaped incisions problably produced by using a small round—headed tool, a rranged or multiple horizontal r ows ( Fig. 2 15:d). 4 )

Short s traight s lits i n horizontal r ows.

5 )

R ectilinear

a nd

( Fig.

2 15:c,f,g,i)

curvilinear

patterns

i n

double

d iagonally

consisting

a rranged

of

straight g rooves c ombined with chevron patterns ( Fig. 2 15:h) o r a c ombination of s traight grooves and wavy l ines ( Fig. 2 15j). 6 )

C ross—hatched f airly

d eep

decoration

c uts

( Fig.

c riss—crossing

2 16) o ver

this

i s

a pattern

a l arge

z one

v essel. This t ype of i ncised decoration s eems t o been a ssociated w ith a particular t ype of l arge open—mouthed bowl ( a—e).

of

of the

have

[ 34]

This combined i ncised a nd painted a ttested a t Hassuna ( Lloyd F igs-3,9,13,1 4 ,18).

[ 35] .

I n the Samarra p eriod this pottery was f ound a t Matarrah ( Smith 1 952, F ig.14:8), Tell E s—Sawwan ( Ippolitioni 1 9707 1, F igs.I—K), Baghouz ( Du Bu isson 1 948, P l .XXII : 11 ). and Shlmshara N ineveh 1 XXXVI). I n f ound i n ( Oppenheim

technique was a nd Safar

well 1 945,

( Mortensen 1 970, Fig.74). I t was a lso f ound a t a nd 2 ( Thompson a nd Mallowan 1 933, F igs.XXXV, the Halaf p eriod this type of pottery was only v ery l imi t ed quant it ies a t the type s ite 1 943, P 1.LXXXVIII).

1 37

Shapes

Vessels

decor t d

w ith

combined

i ncised—and—painted

decoration c an be d ivided i nto two main categories; j ars and bowls. The f irst c ategory i nc1u es a variety of h ole—mout' ed j ars with g lobular body a nd s hort, out—turned neck ( Fig . 2 15:b— c ). Fragments of

j ars

j ar. Of i nterest

i s

The

s econd

carinated

( Fig. 2 15:f ,g)

the small

c ategory

bowls

( Fig.

could belong

g lobular, s pouted

i ncludes 2 16)

l arge ,

s imilar

i n

t r , this t ype of a r

wide, shape

( Fig. 2 15:a).

open—mouthed to

the

large

c arinated bowls f rom l evel I I a t the s ite ( Figs. 1 52-157). The p resent bowls a re d istinguished by aparticualr type of p ainted a nd

i ncised

painted

decoration;

bands

covering

this

the

cons is ts

r im

i nterior,

of

w ide,

thick,

c ombined with

broad

i ncised

c ross—hatched decoration c overing t he e nti re base i nterior ( Fig. 2 16:a ,b,c,d) o r covering the l ower half of the inside walls d ownwards to cover the e ntire base i nterior ( Fig. 2 16:e). Of s pecial i nterest i s the bowl F ig. 2 16:d becaus i ts e xterior walls a re decorated w ith the same pattern of i ncisions. Wide o pen—mouthed bowls w ith a combination of painted a nd i ncised c ross—hatched decoration o n the base i nterior were f ound a t Choga Mami a nd Nuzi.

Table 9

D istribution painted

Type

of

the

patt€rns

pottery

a t

L eve

on

Levels

I I

i ncised/impressed—and— I I

a nd

Level

I

I a t

Abada.

Total

1 4 6

3 8

8 ' 1

2

3 4

2 5

59

3

5 1

1 4

3 9

3 2 1 4 0

8 3 7 9

5

6 6 2 2

1 4 1

1 07 22

2 58

1 76

1

6 Total

-

1 38

1 4 34

Section E

H alaf P ottery

( Figs. 2 17-220)

A total of s ome 14 2 l ate Halaf polychrome sherds were f ound i n Level I I a t Abada. Only three sherds were f ound a t l evel I . S elected sherds a nd reconstructed f orms a re to be seen on Figs. 2 17-220.

I n

general

the

pottery

i s

f ine,

hard

a nd

v ery

well

f ired, the f abric i s buff to r eddish a nd very well l evigated, o ccasionally tempered with a v ery f ine g rit. Buff a nd cream s lips were u sed. The s urfaces were v ery well smoothed. The paint i s

e ither

r ed

a nd

b lack

combined

t ogether

i n

the

s ame

pattern,

o r red, brown a nd o range i ndividually used. I t i s outside the s cope of t his r esearch to deal i n detail with Halaf pottery. Therefore o ur

c oncern w ill

be concentrated o n the s ignificance

o f this discovery i n terms of chronology. Further d iscussion of t he i ssue will be f our i n the n ' t ci apter.

C onc l u' i on

The

excavations

q uantity P ottery

a t

i e)l

Abada

ha'e

of pottery throughout ti f rom e ach l e ' el has b eer

produced

three dealt

a v ery

l arge

e xcavated levels. w ith s eparately.

I llustrations of the complete s pecimens a nd s ignificant s herds, together w ith a wide range of patterns a ssociated with e ach

vessel

type,

a re

s ho

n

i n

F igs.

97-226.

The

general

d istribution of t he v essei types i s shown in F igs. 2 6 a nd 2 67. The chronological o ccurrence of the most d istinctive types i s s hown i n F igs. 2 68 a nd 2 69.

Level I II, the e arliest, revealed some quantity of Ubaid I c eramic t ypes ( Figs. 1 02-106) a ssociated with a n umber of v essels which r esemble both Choga Mami S amarra/Ubaid type a nd more c lassical Samarra c eramic

t ypes

c onventional

U baid e xamples

were

a lso

f ound

i n

Transitional pottery. These

a ssociation

with

more

Ubaid 2 pottery.

I pottery was not a bundant a t this l evel but s ome w ith d istinctive Ubaid I f eatures were f ound, these

a re s imilar t o e xamples f rom E ridu XVII a nd Choga Mami.

Of special i nterest i s the occurrence of " Transitional P ottery" a s i t i ncreases o r knowledge of this new material w hich

was

f irst

i dentified

a t

Choga

Mami

( Oates

1 969a)

a nd

f ound l ater o n a t Choga Safid i n Khuzistan ( Hole 1 977). Abada e xamples ( Fig. 1 00:a ; 1 01:b) resemble o nes f rom both nearby Choga M ami a Ld C hoga S afid. Other e xamples ( Figs. 97. . .99) bear some r esemblance to t he Samarra s tyle.

1 39

This

l evel

has

a lso

produced

a n umber

of

Ubaid

2 c eramic

s tyle p ieces ( Figs. 11 0-1 1 2) which resemble e xamples f rom Eridu X IV-XII, Hajji Muhammad a nd R as A l-Amiya, and a re s imilar to the pottery

f rom

l evel

I I

a bove .

I ndeed

the

occurrence

o f

Hajji

Muhammad o r Ubaid 2 p ottery i n l evel I II i s s ignificant i n chronological terms. But does this i mply that l evel I II b elongs to the same date a s the above l evels which p roduced t he same t ype of c eramic s tyle i .e . Ubaid 2 . T o a nswer this question we need to e valuate the s ituation of l evel I II a nd to consider the a vailable e vidence c oncerning the U baid 2 c eramic s tyle, a s pertaining both t o v essel f orms f rom both l evels I II a nd I I.

a nd

the

associated

p atterns ,

We have a lready noticed f rom our d iscussion of the U baid pottery f rom these two l evels that both levels s hare particular v essel f orm a nd particular p atterns, these a re:

1

Open,

-

c arinated

bowls

with

both

i nterior

a nd

2 a

e xterior

decoration ( Figs. 1 10, 1 52-156), of i nterest are those bowls decorated w ith centrifugal patterns on the base i nterior combined w ith a p erpendicular or oblique grid pattern l eaving t iny c ).

s quares

i n reserve on

2 - Interior-ledge-rim jars

3

-

N ecked j ars

the

r im

i nterior

( Figs.

1 10:d;

1 53:a -

( Figs. 1 12:a , b; 173-174).

( Figs. 1 12:c-f ;

1 77-179).

1 4 - A wide r ange of reserve decoratior i, a d istinctive f eature of U baid 2 a nd e arly f rom both l evels.

However l evel

1 )

The

I I

p resence

l ines o r b ands c ombination of f eature

of

19 53,

F ig. C hoga Mami

2 )

U baid

3 , is common on various bowls and jars

Ubaid

i s d istinguished by:

of

hemispherical

b owls

i n

with

wavy

i n reserve ( Fig. 1 20:a , b , d ), this particular f orm a nd pattern i s a genuine d istinctive 2 which

was

f ound

a t

Hajji

2 8:d), R as Al-Amiya ( Stronach ( Oates 1 984, Fig.7:10).

Z igzags

decorated

reserve,

sometimes

a ctually

Muhammad

1 961,

( Ziegler

P l.XLIV :5)

s cratched

i nto

and

the

p aint ( Figs. 1 1 42:1, 2; 1 49:12) a re another d istinctive f eature of t he U baid 2 /3 s tyle found a t several s ites belonging t o that P eriod.

The

p resence

of

these

two

d istinctive

U baid

2 /3

f eatures, e specially the f irst one i n l evel I I a t Abada , has an i mportant b earing i n terms of c hronology because this d istinctive t ype of v essel has o nly a l imited chronological d istribution

and was common

a t

Hajji

1 40

Muhammad, Ras A l-Amiya and

C hoga Mami, which be T hng t u t he e nd of Ubaid 2 . S ince this particular type i s a bsent f rom l evel I II, a nd because this l ev. 31 has a s imultaneous o ccurrence of U baid I a nd Transitional p ottery

( none of which was

w i h the 1 11 f rom

e arlier than belongs.

the

e nd

of

the

i n the l evels

U baid

2 t o

f ound

a t both l evels

The g reat bulk of p ottery t o

f ound

a bove), t ogether

f act that a g ap of about 7 0 c m. deposit separates l evel l evel I I; we would a rgue i n f avour of making l evel I II

Ubaid

2 /3

patterns common I n a ddition to

ceramic

s tyle

which

o rnamented

f rom

l evel

I I

has

shown

c lose—style patterns, a f eature u sually U baid 2 s tyle. Geometric patterns r epresented

I I

I I

obviously

a nd

I belongs

with

d istinctive

to both Hajji Muhammad a nd the U baid 3 phases. t he r eserve decoration mentioned a bove, the

majority of pottery

nevertheless

level

s ome

remarkable

a g reat

v ariety

of

a ssociated w ith the were predominant,

naturalistic

patterns

were

a lso

( Figs. 221-224).

Of i nterest n aturalistic

i s t he " Mouflon" s tyle ( Fig. 2214:3).

e xamples f rom Arpachiya

head depicted i n a semi — This motif c losely resembles

( Mallowan a nd

Rose

1 935, Fig. 75:11 4)

a nd

R as Al—Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, P l.XIV:19); most i nteresting i s the r epresentation of a cow i n a f ully n aturalistic s tyle ( Fig. 2 21 4:5).

V essel types

a nd p atterns

f rom l evel

I continued to be the same

f or the most part a s those of the p receeding l evel ( II), but c ertain o nes s o characteristic of l evel I I a re no l onger a pparent, s uch a s t he l arge, open bowls decorated w ith c entrifugal

patterns

p erpendicular

on

the

base

i nterior,

g rid patterns with t iny

s quares

a ssociated i n reserve

w ith ( Type

a nd hemispherical bowls with r eserve wavy l ines ( Type 2 ; F ig. 1 20:a—d). On the o ther hand, new types have now a ppeared, of i L l)

particular

i nterest

a re

the

" Lenticular

j ars"

s imilar

to

e xamples f rom E ridu X III—XV II, Tepe Gawra X IX—VII, a nd Has Al— Amiya. The s ignificance of the a ppearance of this t ype of v essel s ites

will i n

be

the

d iscussei

Hamrin

reg

w ithin

o n

L ie

( Ch ptec

context I V).

of

Other

other

new

Ubaid

types

were

a lso r epresented ( Fig. 2 ( ( ). T 'ie a ppearance of new v essel types w as a ccompanied b y the a ppearance of new decorative patterns s uch a s the r ounded motifs 1 8 14 ) a nd a s tar pattern i n r epresentation of i bex

s tanding reserve

i n a f ree f ield ( Figs. 1 82, ( Fig. 1 86:c). New a lso i s the patterns

were known

f rom Uqair ( Lloya a nd Safar 1 943, P l.XIXa), Sialk I II 1 938) a nd G iyan ( Contenau a nd Ghirshmai 1 932).

( Fig. 2 23:1, 2 ). Ibex

( Ghirshman

S ince l evel I a t Abada was i' 'ectly built on top of level I I, , t he two l evels c annot be f ar a part i n t ime, a nd s ince l evel I I h as

p roduced

much

p ottery

i n

the

Hajji

Muhammad

s tyle

c losely

c omparable both to the pottery f rom the type s ite i ts"lf a nd to H as A l—Amiya , a nd s ince f urthermore l evel I c ontains a l arger p roportion

of

U baid

3 types

a nd

1 41

a lso

many

parallels

with

Ras

Al-Amiya a nd Tepe Gawra X IX-XVII, l evels I I a nd I s hould probably be dated sometime towards the e nd of Ubaid 2 a nd the beginning of Ubaid 3 . I ndeed l evel I i s l ikely t o be contemporary w ith R as A l-Amiya a nd therefore approximately E ridu X II/XI.

1 42

C HAPTER I V

The U baid S ites i n the H amrin

R egion

I n a ddition t o the e xtensive e vidence f or U baid l ife f ound a t T ell Abada, U baid o ccupation was f ound i n a number of other s ites i n the Hamrin basin ( Fig. 227). The i nformation a bout each of these s ites, a s p resented b elow, i s based both on p ersonal observation, i ncluding v isits t o t hese s ites during t he course of e xcavation a nd s tudy of the e xcavated material, i n particular t he p ottery, published r eports.

of

i n

the

I raqi

I shall s tart w ith the c luster of the Hamrin region Tell A bada a nd

on

the

-

t o those i n the west. The number s een t o the r ight of n ame refers to t he number of the s ite a s o riginally

f ixed on t he general map of 1 58). This i s t o maintain l iterature.

-

This

a nd

U baid s ites i n t he east f ive o ther s ites a nd

-

then move each s ite

M useum,

i s

a small

the H amrin basin ( Iraq, X LI, 1 979, consistency w ith the published

Tell

o val—shaped

R ashid

mound

( 3)

measuring

s ome

5 4

m .

l ong

a nd 3 0 m . wide; it r ises a bout 2 .50 m . a bove t he s urrounding p lain ( Fig. 2 28). I t l ies s ome 1 2 km. to the s outh of T ell A bada, close t o t he eastern f lank Foothills ( Fig. 2 27).

While

t he

work

of

a t

the

T e l

J ebel

AbaQa

conducted s ome e xcavations at Salvage P roject. T he T ell was

H am' i n

was

i n

a long

t he

p rogress

Z agros

we

a lso

T ell R ashid a s part of the Hamrin s elected f or e xcavation because

i ts s urface collection was c losely comparable t o that f rom Tell Abada, so one could a ssume that to obtain more i nformation o c cupa t ion.

The

e xcavations

measuring mound

2 0

( Fig.

x 1 5 228).

w ere

conducted

m . covering T he

i t would p rovide a n opportunity a bout this p hase of U baid

the

by

means

entire

e xcavations

of

a large

t rench

middle

s ection

of

revealed

f our

the

s uccessive

l evels, the d eposits of which occupied a depth of about 5 m . f rom the t op of the T ell down t o the v irgin s oil. The l evels were numbered 1 -1V f rom t he t op. A s ummary of i nformation a bout each of these levels i s g iven below :

14 3

Level

I V

This the

l evel

s ite.

I t

s eems

was

to

built

have

been

directly

the on

e arliest

v irgin

to

s oil

b'

a nd

f ounded was

o n

reached

t hrough a deep s ounding ( Fig. 2 28) m easuring 1 .50 x 1 .50 r . s tructural r emains of this l evel a s they a ppeared i n

T he S

s ounding c onsisted of a f ew f oundations of mudbrick walls c lay p laster, apparantly part of s ome s tructure which e x rnds u nder t he u nexcavated a rea. The f ew s herds which were u nd n ear t he wall were of U baid 2/3 s tyle ( i the t ype of p ottery which was a lso f o ' ind

L g.

i n

2 39) a nd s imil ar t o -e u pper lev i s of

the s ite.

L evel

I II

This

a ppears

to

be the best

p reserved

l evel

at

the

s ite. The

s mall b uilding i llustrated i n ( Fig. 229 ; Pl. 8 b) has a t ripartite p lan a nd a buttressed f acade. The l atter f eature i s reminiscent of a building f rom Abada I I. The entrance t o t he building i s located large hail 1 x 1 .5 m . courtyard measuring r ooms to t he s outh

Two f loor

burial of

r oom

i s a nother p resumably

i n the northwestern corner a nd l eads t o a (1) which l eads i n i ts t urn to the central 5 x 1 .8 m . ( 2) g iving a ccess to other s m l .l

( 3,1 4).

u rns

containing

children

were

f ound

below

I L L-

( 3). To the southwest of the last building there

large construction the e astern f lank of which was built a gainst the s outhern s ide of the f ormer

building. The e ntrance t o the bu il ding northern wall i d l eads d irectly

i s to

c ourtyard.

the

The

common

a rea

outside

i n the middle of the t he large central t wo

buildings

was

s urrounded by a curved wall w ith two e xits, o ne i n each corner ( 13). This s eems t o have e en a dded a t a later date. The p lan of this building i s i n3o r nplete s inc other parts of the s outhern walls s till e xtend under the u nc 'xcavated a rea o f the tell, but i t i s obvious that t he genera] p lan was t ripartite. I n t he northern

h alf

of

the

t rench

a nd

f acing

the

a b ove

buildings there were remains of a nother building

mentioned

consi ting of

a l arge r ectan gu l ar r o c ( 15) w ith a large e ntrance n orthern wall. This en rance s eems t o h ave been blocked l ater date. There i s a nother

a lmost s quare room

of the last r oom a nd have been a l arge

both these courtyard

d emolished

rest

of

up to

a height

w ith

the

l evel were p reserved of mudbrick measuring of l evigated c lay.

5 2

x 28

( 11 4)

t o

i n i ts u p a t a

the west

rooms g ive a ccess to what must ( 16) which r as s ubsequently

the

building. of a bout

x 8 cm. a nd

1 44

The i m.

walls a nd

i n

t his

were built

plastered with a layer

Level

I I

The

remains

s ector

of

f ound

the

i n

of

t his

t ell

t he

l evel

o nly. N o

northern

were

confined

s tructural

half

of

the

t o

r emains mound.

the

s outherr

whatsoever

A

g roup

of

were f our

rectangular rooms w as f ound ( Fig. 2 30) which s eem to have been part of a complete b uilding the other p arts of which a re s till t o be discovered i n t he u nexcavated a rea of the t ell. The walls were t ype

constructed of mudbrick a nd coated w ith clay plaster. The of mudbrick a nd the building method a re s imilar t o the

last l evel.

L evel

I

This is the l atest l evel to be f ound i n the mound a nd s eems to have been badly damaged due t o i ts location on the top of the t ell. A f ew remains were mudbrick wall e xtending

f ound consisting mainly of a curved f rom n orth to east ( Fig. 230). This

curved mudbrick wall could have been part of a large e nclosure wall. A number of h earths were f ound a ssociated w ith this wall. They were f illed w ith a shes a nd b urnt debris, a nd were p resumably u sed

f or cooking purposes.

A rtifacts

A very mainly

l imited

of

variety

c lay

of

represents p rojecting

n umber

a nd

s tone.

a nimal a

a rtifacts

C lay

f igurines,

b ird

w ings

of

( Fig.

a nd

a rtifacts the

most

2 31:d)

a l ong

w ere

( Fig.

These

2 31)

n eck.

p edestal The

were

i nclude

i nteresting

w ith

s lender

f ound.

of base,

eyes

a re

a

which two

nicely

i ndicated b y two c ircular a pplied p ellets. S pindle whorls, s ome of which bear i mpressed decoration ( b,c) were a lso f ound. So too were t okens or gaming p ieces, s lingballs, nail—shaped cones a nd possible

l ids

of

l amps

burning. I dentical a nd

I )

w ith

s pecimens

a

s moke

were

deposit,

d iscovered

a t

a nd

t races

Tell

with

( II

( Fig. 6 0).

The s tone i ndustry ( Fig. 2 32) was represented polished hand a xes ( e), hoes ( c), p estles ( a) a nd other tools tools

of

A bada

( g). The the most traces

i ndication

f lint i ndustry was represented b y a variey of i nteresting of which a re t he s errated blades,

of b itumen t hat

by s ome g rinding

t hese

s till blades

a dhering w ere

t o

f ixed

their t o

used a s s cythes o r s ickles f or r eaping wheat 1 0:a). A f ew p ieces of obsidian were a lso f ound.

1 45

blind

a wooden a nd

e dges , haft

barley

a n a nd

( Pl.

P ottery

Our brief e x( ;avations a t T ell

R ashid h ave brought to

l ight

great deal of p ottery throughout the f our l evels of the P ainted, i ncised, i mpressed, a nd p ainted—and—incised

a

s ite. ware

constitute lie g reater p roportion of the total pottery of the s ite. P lain p ottery was f ound i n very small q uantities. A ll the complete a nd r econstructable s pecimens together w ith s ome represen I mpresse

The

4

a tive s herds a re i llustrated i n F igs. a nd i ncised ware i s i llustrated i n F ig. 245.

a mount

a nd

the

p ercentage

of

t he

various

p ottery a re g iven i n Table 1 . V essel t ypes d istribution throughout the U baid s ites i n I raq, i n general, a re i llustrated

1

Painted p ottery

a nd

I I,

categories

of

their general Hamrin a nd i n

i n F igs. 266 a nd 267.

( Pls. l ob, h a)

The main bulk of t he p ottery of T ell I II

a nd the

2 33_2 1 4 4L

s ince

t he

earliest

R ashid h as come f rom l evels

level

was

only

encountered

through a restricted deep s ounding p it which p roduced very f ew sherds, a nd because l evel I , the uppermost one, had l ost much of i ts p ottery due t o e rosion by both human a nd natural a gencies. A s the p ottery f rom throughout, w ith no

t he s ite s equence i s v irtually i dentical s ubstantial d ifferences i n manufacture,

f orm, or decorative s tyle observed, i t w ill

be dealt w ith as one

homogenous collection a nd w ill be p resented a ccording to vessel t ype a nd n ot a ccording t o f indspots. The a ssemblage i ncludes a variety of bowls, jars a nd b eakers. As a rule i n our c lassification v essel the

s ame

number,

while

t ypes new

s imilar numbers

t o a re

A bada 's g iven

types t o

the

are

given

new

types

not represented a t Abada.

a )

B owls

This type of v essel

s eems to have been common

a t

T ell

R ashid

a nd was represented by a variety of s hapes. Most common i s the h emishperical b owl w ith curved walls a nd r ounded base. Of special i nterest i s ( Fig. 2 3 14 :b); both f orm a nd decoration of this bowl a re s imilar t o e xamples f rom Hajji Muhammad, R as A l— Amiya, C hoga Mami a nd Tell Abada. Of i nterest a lso a re the bowls ( Fig. 2 31 4:c,d) b oth were decorated w ith a llover patterns, ( d) b earing d ecoration c losely comparable t o Hajji Muhammad ( Ziegler

19 53,

P l. 3 7b:63).

B ell—shaped bowls were a lso represented. Of i nterest i s ( Fig. 2 33:a) which bears a u nique decoration p ossibly depicting a mythical c reature.

1 46

Large,

w ide,

open—mouthed

bowls

w ith

decorated

i nterior

bases, s ome bearing the characteristic s un—burst decoration, w ere f ound ( Fig. 233:c—h). O ther types of bowls, their occurrence a nd p ercentage, a re t o be f ound i n Table 2 .

b )

Jars

J ars These

( Fig. 237)

at

a re

T ell

R ashid

t ypes

were

1 -6 a nd

represented

by

a variety

of

types.

8 , a description of which i s to be f ound

i n Table 3 .

c )

B eakers

( Fig. 2 38)

Beakers decorated w ith a llover

patterns were represented

by

three types , these a re: 1— Small carinated beakers w ith f lat base, concave s ides a nd out—flared r im ( a—b). This type i s s imilar to Abada's beakers ( Type 1 ) a nd T epe Gawra X III ( Tobler 2 3

-

-

1 950, F ig.202). B eakers w ith a lmost

s traight

t urned r im ( d—e). Carinated beakers w ith out—turned

s imple

r im

s traight a nd

f lat

Table Numbers

of

different

a t

T ell

C ategory

s lightly

s ides,

s lightly

base

( c).

of

s herds

p ottery

pottery

Total

1 47

f ound

i n

the

F requency

1 ,678

7 0.95

3 16

1 3.36 1 0.11

239 2 1 4

p ottery

out—

R ashid.

N o.Recovered

2 I mpressed p ottery 3 I ncised p ottery 1 4 P ainted—and—incised 5 P lain

a nd

1

categories

s equence

1 P ainted

s ides

1 08

1 .01 1 4 .57

2 ,365

1 00.00

%

LC

'0

N - U

O '-

F r e q u e n c y

0

0

. 2

c a

4 ) 4)

•

c a

. 0 c ' j

n b j O

O c u r e n c e o f

b OL t . U )

r 1

o . 0

w

•. cn ( ' . 1

. ' ‚ 4

• . -4

C )

0

•

U )

0

0 . 0

-

O

U )

. 0

r t

ç

0

c a. 0 4 L

M

0 • o

0 . a ,•

4 )

c a

-

I

c0

o

a ,

a ,

0 . 4 3 c u

S .

o. 2

a ,

•

r 1• .4

b O•4

r 4

L

E

a ) Q )

r n

=

S . .

0 1

4. r 4

-

a , I m

' 0

0 0

F r e q u e n c y %

0 0

C D

ca

-

r

IC ' r

C ' J L C \ N-

(V

( Y 1 1 0

t

0 H

—

C \ J Cf l

I

c f l

I

I

a

-.

1

C ' ,

-

10

If l

.

u

.

-

C ' ,

Na , I I

C t ) W

u

0

-

— C' ,

r n

I I

I

c C ' ,

1

c a H

a , U ) U ) a ,

I I

I

-

0

b o

a , C )

N -C v-)

-

b ø

• •

rn C \ J (

r .L 2 4 . ) L T . .L

s

• r _

'

C• )

E

I c a

C '

( Y ) a U )

.c

b O . c a •

H

b O

ca

i )

. _

a oc ' j

-c ,

a , b ß -

1 4

1 s . . a ,

• a , b U

C

c ) a , '

c • . i

c a - c a -

c a t ) I

a

U 4

4 J

U ) ' : , . U ) a C. L c a r 1 . . ca r . I N. r)

• H -

'

U ) u

i. .

s . _

c a

c a

v )

-

I

" 0 C U

a , p i p ‚ i c a E

,i

o

0 c . i C / ) 0

a

‚ I

c a

p

Q .

' -

H

r i m

c a

o u t — t u r n e d

C )

C \ J

c v

-

IC ' . o cc

0 H

2— I ncised/Impressed Ware

P ottery

d istinguished

( Fig,2 11 5; Pl. l lb)

by

i ncised

o r

i mpressed

decorative

t echniques was a bundant throughout t he s equence a t Tell R ashid. S pecimens bearing combined decoration of i ncised/impressed— a nd—painted

e lements were

a lso

p resent. The

p ercentage of

each

i s s hown i n Table 1 . The t echnique a nd manufacture of this category of p ottery i s i dentical t o t hat of T ell A bada. H owever, s ome methods u sed a t T ell R ashid were not noticed a t A bada, f or e xample F ig. 2 45:e,l,m. The f irst s eems to have been p roduced b y p ressing a r ounded t ool, which could have been a s tick or bone w ith p ointed h ead, i mpressions on F ig. reed

s plinter

on the wet s urface of the vessel. The 2 45:1 could have been done by p ressing a

a gainst

the

wet

s urface of the

vessel. F ig.

214 5:m

might h ave been p roduced by p ressing the wet s urface deeply w ith the f inger t ips. There were only a f ew specimens bearing decoration

combining

i mpressed

a nd

p ainted

patterns

( Fig.

2 ' I5:o,p).

3

-

Halaf p ottery

The

u pper

( Fig. 2 1 46)

three

l evels

at

Tell

R ashid

a nd

i n

p articular,

l evel H alaf

I II, h ave p roduced a number of p olychrome s herds of p eriod very s imilar t o those f rom Tell Abada ( Figs.

220),

the

s ignificance

of

this

o ccurrence

w ill

late 2 17-

be

d iscussed

no

a pparent

l ater on.

Vessel t ypes a nd p atterns

The

p ottery

f ound

a t

Tell

R ashid

s hows

d ifferences throughout t Le s equence a nd the whole collection was a ctually homogeneous. Various types of vessels were represented. Most common were Type 2 ( Hemispherical b owls) a nd Type

1 1 4

( Open,

carinated

bowls

w ith

e xterior

a nd

i nterior

decoration). Of s pecial i nterest i s the bowl F ig. 2 3 14 :b which resembles e xamples f rom A bada I I ( Fig. 1 20:a, b ). This type of bowl r epresents a s pecial combination of f orm a nd p attern, which

i s

a characteristic

f eature

of

U baid

2/3

a nd

w as

a lso

f ound a t H ajji Muhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, F ig.28:d), Ras A l—Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, P l.XLIV:5) a nd C hoga Mami ( Oates 1 984, Fig-7). A nother t ype of i nterest i s that of l arge, open bowls bearing e xterior a nd i nterior p atterns ( Type 114 ) ( Fig. 2 33:c—h). Bowls s imilar 1 52:b),

t o

( g)

Hajji

a nd

( h)

Muhammad

were

a lso

( Ziegler

e t a l. 1 981, F ig.91:7,9) a nd P l.XLVIII:2). This p articular generally of U baid i n

s hape

w ith

2/3

d iscovered

1 953,

a t

Abada

P l.37d:138),

R as A l—Amiya vessel t ype

f rom

Abada

decorative s tyle.

1 50

I I

a nd

( Fig.

( Safar

( Stronach 1 961, a nd p attern i s

s tyle. B eakers ( Fig. 2 38:a, b )

e xamples

I I

E ridu

a re s imilar

s hare

t he

same

A

wide

majority f ound o n

range

d istinctive c ommon s herds. S erik

of

d ecorative

of which a re a v ery small

a nd The

f eature

motifs

were

u sed,

of

U baid

2/3

c eramic

s tyles,

c onstitutes more than 7 0% of the p attern o n F ig.238:b i s s imilar to

( Oates

P l.X :21 ) . Fig.

1 968,

the

vast

geometric. N aturalistic p atterns were s cale ( Fig. 2 1 41 4). R eserve decoration, a

2 34:e

a nd

F ig.

was

most

t otal p ainted e xamples f rom 214 0:n

a re

a lso

s imilar to e xamples f rom S erik ( Oates, i bid. , P l.X :8 ;Fig.X1:15). O ther p atterns s uch a s F ig. 2 39:b; F ig. 2 1 42:i; Fig. 2 1 42:1) f ind t heir p arallels w ith s pecimens f rom H ajji M uhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, P l.37b:67; Pl.37c:100).

T he 2 was

a llover a lso

p ainted s tyle, a characteristic

i mplemented

o n

s ome

specimens. F ig.

d ecoration c losely c omparable t o

f eature of U baid 2 34:d

H ajji Muhammad

a nd

h bear

( Ziegler i bid. ,

P 1.37b:63; Fig-37:b:71 ) .

I n general the c losest p arallels t o T ell

R ashid

a nd patterns a re t o be f ound a t T ell A bada I I a nd w ithin the range of t he U baid 2 /3 ceramic s tyle.

2

This

very

small

s ite

-

S ite N o. 3 A

l ies

I a nd a ll

f all

[ 1]

3 km. to

a bout

R ashid. I t was e xtensively damaged a nd p loughing b y heavy t ractors, s o that

i n the t ypes

the

east

of

T ell

e roded due t o continuous i t i s very difficult t o

d etermine the original s ize of the s ite.

A small s urface,

q uantity

together

of

w ith

s pindle whorls, c lay a ssemblage a s a w hole,

U baid s ome

s herds

a nimal

were

f igurines,

s ling balls a nd a nd t he p ottery i n

t hat of Tell Abada a nd T ell

R ashid

s cattered

o ver

grinding

the

s tones,

f lint blades. p articular, i s

The l ike

( P1. 1 2).

T his s ite was n ot l ocated during the general s urvey f or the H amrin region, thus i t was not referred t o i n the g eneral H amrin map ( IRAQ , vol. X LI, 1 979). S ince no original name was g iven t o i t we u se the number that refers to the nearby s ite of T ell R ashid ( 3) plus A for this site.

1 51

3

Tell A yash

-

( 17)

E xcavator: W . A l-Jadir

R eference: ' A report o n t he e xcavation of D ept. of Archaeology, C ollege of A rts, U niversity of B aghdad' Sumer, vol.XXXV, 1 979, p p.560-5 6 8.

This

t ell

l ies

a bout

km.

7

to

t he

northwest

of

As-Saadiya

t own a nd c lose t o t he eastern bank of the D iyala r iver. The d istance f rom Abada t o the s outh i s a bout 6 km. I t i s ovals haped, measuring 8 5 x 6 0 m . a nd r ises a bout 2 .25 m . a bove the p lain.

The

e xcavations,

which

w ere

carried

s quares, revealed f our building than t en s ettlement f loors, a ll A rchitectural

o ut

by

means

of

small

l evels a nd the remains of more belonging to the Ubaid p eriod.

f eatures were noticed

i n

the building remains of

levels I II a nd I V, but were more c lear i n the f ormer. The walls were p rovided w ith buttresses a nd were constructed of mudbrick measuring

5 0

x 24

x 7 cm.

The

general

p lan

s eems

to

have

been

t ripartite ( Al-Jardir 1 979 , F ig.1). [ 2] The p lans, buttresses, a nd t he t ype of mudbrick a re s imilar t o both Abada a nd Tell R ashid.

The l evels

U baid p ottery f rom T ell A yash was not a bundant i n a ll a nd only f our complete s pecimens were f ound. Most

i nteresting a lso

i s

t ypes

i s

a jar

f rom

the

of

l enticular

z oomorphic

Tell

A yash

a nd

jar

f orm t heir

( ibid. ,

p ainted

F ig.5).

i n

red

comparative

Of

i nterest

( Fig-7). V essel

d istribution

a re

s hown i n F ig. 2 67.

O ther f igurine the

f inds at T ell Ayash i nclude the h ead ( Fig. 8 ), the most characteristic f eature

applique

" coffee-bean"

C hoga Mami's head

T he

U baid

q uantity,

( Oates

a ssemblage

s hows

l enticular

j ars

a t

which

a re

reminiscent

of

the

1 968, P 1.1).

f rom

s imilarity

t erms of manufacture c losely comparable

eyes

of a h uman of which is

to

Tell

A yash,

that

f rom

despite

Tell

i ts

A bada

I I

l imited a nd

I i n

a nd t echnical s tyle. The p resence of some U baid p ottery, l ike t he distinctive

both

A bada

I a nd

A yash,

would

s upport

the

a ssumption of their contemporaneity ( Fig. 268). The A yash d iscoveries , on the basis of both ceramic a nd a rchitectural e vidence, can be dated t o the beginning of the U baid 3 phase.

[ 2]

The numbering of the f igures a bove-mentioned r eference.

1 52

here

i s

that

given

i n

the

L I

-

Telul A l-Khubari

( 15)

E xcavator: F .M . D awoud.

R eference:

' An

A ccount

of

E xcavation

Operations

at

A l-Khubari

T ells ' Sumer XXXV, 1 979, p .598.

This Tell l ies a bout 8 km. west of As-Saadiyah town a nd east

of

the

D iyala

r iver.

I t

is

oval-shaped,

s ome

5 0

1 0 km. km.

i n

d iameter a nd 2 .50 m . h igh. The U baid o ccupation was encountered i n a s ounding dug i n the s outhern p art of the t ell to a depth of a bout 7 m . The l ast l evel ( the f ifth) was of the U baid p eriod. P arts of walls of mudbrick measuring 6 0 x 3 0 x 1 2 c m. a ssociated w ith s ome p ainted s herds were f ound. I mpressed, i ncised-andp ainted s herds w ere a lso f ound a s well a s a f ew s herds of late H alaf

p eriod.

In

g eneral

t he

U baid

p ottery

f rom

this

tell

i s

s imilar t o that f rom Abada I I a nd I , R ashid, a nd s ite N o-3A. The s ite s eems to h ave been contemporary w ith the a bove-mentioned U baid s ites a nd can be dated t o p hase. The p ottery i s i llustrated

5

-

the beginning i n P l. 1 3.

T ell A s-Saadiyah

of

the

U baid

3

( Fig. 2 27:5)

E xcavator: P rof. K ozlowski, U niversity of Warsaw.

R eference: P 1.187.

This

E xcavations

i s the

l ast

I raq,

s ite of the

t he eastern s ide of the k ilometre u pstream f rom measures s ome S ix building

i n

1 979-1980,

U baid

p eriod

I RAQ ,

vol.XLIII,

t o be e xcavated

on

D iyala r iver. I t l ies a bout half a the modern t own of As-Saadiyah. I t

6 0 x 4 0 m . a nd r ises about 3 .50 m . a bove t he g round. l evels were d istinguished, the earliest three

b elonging t o t he U baid p eriod. P arts of f our houses were e xcavated w ith mudbrick walls s tanding n o more than 1 40 c m. h igh. U rns containing c hildren were f ound b elow the f loors. The small f inds i ncluded c lay bent nails, a nimal f igurines, f lint a nd o bsidian t ools. The painted p ottery could be a ttributed t o U baid L I p eriod. A l ittle i ncised p ottery was a lso f ound. [ 3]

[ 3]

the

I have h ad n o c hance t o s ee the p ottery f rom this s ite, nor that of Tell B ustan ( No. 1 49) a nd E r-Rubeidheh ( No.69), as these s ites w ere e xcavated while I was here, a nd n o reports have y et been published.

1 53

6

-

Tell

S ongor A ( 42)

E xcavator: H .Fujii

R eference: ' Preliminary report of e xcavations a t G ubba S ongor ' Al-Rafidan, J ournal of Western S tudies, vol.11 1 981.

Songor junction

consi sts of

two

of

three

r ivers,

the

t ells,

I ,B

a nd

C ,

D i y ia

2 nd

t h

N a in

L ocated

n ear

whict r uns

a nd

the to

the n orth of J ebel H amrin.

T he f irst t ell, S ongor A , i s a n val-shaped mound measuring s ome 1 90 x 114 0 m . a nd a bout m . i n h eight. A t the northern a nd s outhern e nd. , of the t ell, s ome buildings thought t o have belonged

t o

( Fig. 247). constructed

the

S amarra

The w ell i irectly

o r

a n&iti na1

p eriod

were

u ncovered

p reserved b uilding ( t o. 1 ) had been upon t i le v g in ;iL. T his building i s

s imilar to t i S amarra h ouse p lan f rom C hoga Mami ( Oates 1 969a, P 1.XXIV). I n : he central a rea a g roup of r ound-shaped p its , measuring 1 . -2.2 m . i n depth f ror t he ground surface, were recovered. T d se p its were f illed w ith late H alaf p ottery i n large q uanti ies a nd a smali n umber of U hai d s herds. L ate Halaf p ottery was s o f ound i n t he northern a rea directly below the s urface. The p ainted p ottery ( Egami 1 981, ' ig .31,32) which was a ttributed t o t he S am r nara p eriod b y the e xc avator i s thought to be of T ransiti onal period Oates, p ersonal communication).

The U baid p rio of

f ive

g raves

p roduced

s ome

a t

S ongor A was only represented

e xcavated

U baid

i n

p ottery

the i n

s outhern

p ainted

a nd

a rea. p laif l

by a group

These s tyles

g raves ( Figs.

2 1 48 , 2 1 49 ; P 1.13). The p ainted p ottery i s of f i ne f abric t empered w ith s and a nd s traw. The paste i s buff o r l ight : ' e' lowish brown. C ream s u p was s ometimes applied. The p aint i s dark b rown or dark g reen. A variety of jars a nd bowls were r prr sented. These a re a s f ollows:

B owls Type

1 :

Type

1 4:

Bell-shaped

bowl

( Fig.

2 1 48:1-3)

Open, carinated L l owls w ith decoration ( Fi . 2 49)

e xteriot

J ars

Type 5 : Small car m ated jar

T ype

1 0: L enticular jars

( Fig. 2 48:4-6)

( Fig. 2 1 48:8)

1 54

J i nterior

T ype

1 2: Small

O f

i nterest

t o

e xamples

s quat jars

i s

the

f rom

X IX-XVII, a nd base i nterior

( Fig. 214 8 :7).

l enticular A bada

I ,

jar

( Fig. 214 8:8)

A yash,

E ridu

types

X III-VIII,

s imilar

Tepe

Gawra

R as A l-Amiya. The l arge, wide-mouthed bowls with p atterns ( Fig. 2 1 49) a re reminiscent of specimens

f rom T ell A bada, R ashid, H .Muhammad a nd

V essel

which i s

a nd

t heir

comparative

R as A l-A r niya.

d istributions

a re

s hown

i n

F igs. 2 66 a nd 267.

G enerally s peaking the ceramic a ssemblage f rom S ongor A shows a v ery i nteresting c ombination of U baid f eatures, most i nteresting of which i s the p resence of the lenticular jars. Of i nterest a lso i s the s imilarity of some t ypes to s ome f rom A rpachiya. The U baid p ottery f rom S ongor A reflects a s imilar s ituation

t o

that

of

Abada

I I,

I a nd

R ashid,

which

comprise

e lements of both n orthern a nd s outhern U baid s ites. O n the basis of the closely comparable pottery f rom both Songor A a nd A bada

I I

a nd

I , the

S ongor A materials can be dated to the Ubaid

2 /3 phase.

7

This o val

tell

i s

-

Tell S ongor B (14 2)

s ituated

s hape measuring

a bout

s ome

6 0

1 00

m .

f rom

S ongor

A .

I t

has

x 5 0 m . with a height of a bout

a n 2 m .

F our l evels were e xcavated, the earliest of which ( IV a nd I II) b elong to the Halaf period. L evel I I i s s aid to be a mixed l evel of both Halaf a nd U baid materials. I t is chiefly composed buildings ( Fig. 2 50); i s built of tauf. T he The

other

B 1 measured f loors were

building,

B 2,

i s

23 of

of two

x 1 0 m . a nd 70 cm. wide, a nd gypsum mixed w ith pebbles.

s ymmetrically

constructed

w ith

c ross-shaped r ooms f lanked by other smaller rooms. I t i s built of tauf about 8 0 c m. thick. S everal r ooms were u ncovered between B i

a nd B2.

The uppermost

l evel

I on

the

s outh

contained p ottery k ilns, one of which s imilar t o that f rom Abada I ( P1.8a).

s lope

of the

( Fujji

1 980,

s ite mainly P l.20:i)

i s

The U baid pottery f rom S ongor B i s the s ame i n both l evels I I a nd

I ( Fig.

2 51,

2 52;Pl.

1 5b)

a nd

consists

of

bowls, jars a nd beakers. These a re a s f ollows: B owls T ype

1 :

Bell-shaped

bowls

Type

2 :

Hemispherical

( Fig.

bowls

2 52:2-1 4)

( Fig.

1 55

2 51:1)

various

types

of

Type

1 4 :

Large,

deep

bowls

( Fig.

2 51:1)

Type

5 :

Boat-shaped

bowls

( Fig.

2 51:7)

Type

9 :

Large,

Type

114 :

deep carinated

Large, open decoration

bowls

( Fig.

bowls w ith e xterior ( Fig. 2 51:5).

2 51:6). a nd

i nterior

J ars Type

1 :

L ugged

jars

( Fig.

Type

3 : Interior-ledge-rim jars

Type

5 :

Small

Type

8 :

J ars

carinated w ith

s hort

2 52:2) ( Fig.

jars

( Fig.

neck

a nd

2 52:3,

1 4 )

2 52:5)

out-turned

The comparative distribution of these

r im

vessel

( Fig.

2 52:6-8)

types i s s hown

i n F igs. 266 a nd 267. I n general the U baid pottery f rom S ongor B is i dentical t o that of nearby S ongor A a nd s imilar to the U baid pottery f rom Tell Abada 1 1,1 a nd other U baid s ites located i n the eastern s ector of the H amrin region. As was the case with S ongor A s imilarity to both s outhern a nd n orthern U baid p ottery is apparant. This was a ttested b y the p resence of some characteristic bowls ( Fig. 2 51:5) s imilar t o specimens f rom E ridu, Hajji M uhammad a nd H as A l-Amiya, while Fig. 252:6 a re s imilar t o e xamples f rom A rpachiya. As can be noticed f rom F ig. 2 67 o ther specimes f ind their parallels i n b oth southern and northern

U baid

s ites.

I n

the

l ight

of

the

s triking

s imilarity

between the U baid pottery of S ongor B a nd that f rom other U baid s ites i n the 1 l amrin region, particularly Abada, i n t erms of t echnique,

f orms,

a nd

p ainted

s tyle,

i t

s eems

obvious

that

the

S ongor B a ssemblage s hould t o be dated t o the U baid 2/3 phase.

8

Songor

C l ies a bout

-

Tell S ongor C ( 1 42)

1 00 m . to the northeast

of Songor

B .

I t

is

a

s mall t ell measuring s ome 1 4 0 x 3 0 m . a nd a bout 1 m . i n height. The depth of occupation measures only 1 .6 m. from t op to v irgin s oil. Two l evels belonging t o the U baid p eriod were i dentified, both were i n p oor condition. Level I consists of only one u nit of buildings

comprising

a bout

1 8

coherent p lan can be detected of t auf f ound

a bout

i nside

a t L evel h ere.

7 0 t he

s mall

( Fig. 2 53). No

f or this building which was built

c m. thick. D oor building. N o

s quare rooms

s ockets , ovens a nd

a rchitectural

hearths were

remains

were

f ound

I I. O nly two f loor l evels mixed w ith ash were recovered

T he U baid p ottery f rom S ongor C ( Fig. 251 4;Pls. 1 6-18) is i ndistinguishable f rom t hat of Songor A a nd S ongor B a nd a lso s imilar t o the U baid p ottery f rom other U baid s ites i n the

1 56

H amrin

region

s uch

a s

Abada

a nd

R ashid.

I t

a lso

bears

a great

s imilarity t o the U baid pottery f rom both northern a nd s outhern U baid s ites. Of i nterest is the p resence of the characteristic l enticular

j ars

( Fig.

2 51 4 :9)

which

a re

reminiscent

j ars f rom E ridu X III-VIII, Tepe Gawra X IX-XVII a nd

of

s imilar

H as A1-Amiya,

a lso s imlar t o ones f rom Abada I , A yash a nd S ongor A . Of i nterest t oo i s the s mall h e t nishpherical bowl painted i n a llover s tyle w ith wavy l ines i n reserve ( Pl. 1 6 :13) which i s very s imilar t o e xamples f rom Hajji Muhammad, Tell R ashid a nd R as A l-Amiya. T herefore i t i s S ongor C t o the

r easonable t o a ttribute the a ssemblage of U baid 2/3 phase. The c lassification of the

v essel types i s a s f ollows: B owls Type

2 :

Hemispherical

bowsl

T ype

7 :

Large

Type

9 :

Large,

deep bowls

( Fig.

2 51 4:13;

Type

1 3:

Small

deep bowls

( Fig.

251 4:11)

T ype

1 4:

Open,

carinated

wide-mouthed

e xterior

( Pl. w ith

bowls

p atterns

1 6:13). f laring

w ith

( Fig.

r im

( Fig.

2 5 14 :14)

P l.18:h)

i nterior

2 51 4:12;

a nd

P l.

1 6:b,

1 7:a)

J ars T ype

1 :

254:1,

3 , 1 4 )

T ype

3 : Interior-ledge-rim jars

( Fig.

T ype

5 :

Small

T ype

9 :

H igh-necked

jars

( Fig.

Type

1 0:

Lenticular

jars

( Fig.

Lugged

jars

( Fig.

carinated

jars

( Fig.

2 51 4:10)

2 54:7)

2 54:2) 2 54:9)

The comparative d istribution of the vessel types i s s hown F igs. 2 26 a nd 227.

H aving

b riefly

described

the

material

a ssemblages

i n

f rom

T ells S ongor A , B a nd C , a f ew comments p ertinent t o t he U baid o ccupation n eed t o be made. At S ongor A the U baid o ccupation was o nly represented b y s ome pottery f ound i n f ive g raves e xcavated i n t he s outhern a rea. N o a rchitecture nor a ny other t races of s ettlement

were

must belong t o

f ound.

a nother

S o

i t

U baid

s eems

obvious

that

s ettlement nearby. A t

these

graves

S ongor B the

U baid o ccupation was only f ound a t l evel I ( the uppermost) w hich only consisted of a group of p ottery k ilns. U baid pottery i s

s aid

t o

h ave

been

f ound

a t

level

I I

which

was

described

a s

b eing a mixture of both Halaf a nd U baid pottery ( Pl.15:a,b); b ut t he mixture was not f ound a t a s tratified l evel or i n a s ealed c ontext but rather c ame f rom a p it dug between two buildings, B i a nd B 2 both of which belong t o the Halaf period. N o other U baid

1 57

o ccupation was f ound a t t his t ell, s o i t i s reasonable t o a ssume that these p ottery k ilns must h ave belonged t o a n U baid s ettlement nearby.

S ongor C i s the only s ite a mong the S ongor g roup i n which the U baid o ccupation was well documented b y both a rchitecture p ottery. Therefore i t would s eem p lausible t o a ssume t hat

a nd the

U baid p eople h ad e stablished t heir v illage a t S ongor C , built their p ottery k ilns a t nearby S ongor B , a nd b urn ed t heir dead a t S ongor A . B oth the l ast two s ites a re w ithin a s tone's throw f rom S ongor C .

9

-

Tell M addhur

( 64)

Excavator: B ritish E xpedition t o I raq . R eferences:

1 )M.

R oaf

' The

H amrin

S ites'

i n

Mesopotamian D iscovery. e d. J . S chool of A rchaeology i n I raq,

F ifty

y ears of

C urtis, 1 982.

B ritish

2 )Tel1 M addhur, A S ummary report on t he e xcavation e d. M .Roaf ( unpublished).

Tell

Maddhur

l ies

i n

t he

north-eastern

p art

of

the

a rea

t o

be f looded i n t he H amrin basin. i t i s a s mall mound r ising a bout 2 .50 m . a bove t he s urrounding p lain a nd t he v isible mound c overs an oval a rea a bout 1 00 m . f rom e ast-west a nd north-south. The earliest o ccupation l evel a t

a bout 8 0 the t ell

only e xcavated i n t hree s mall s oundings a nd no f ound. The p ottery was s imilar t o t hat of the later l evels, a nd

i n

f act t here was

v ery l ittle change

m . f rom ( 1) was

walls were t hree U baid

t hroughout

the

U baid o ccupation i n t he s ite. The most i mportant d iscovery was i n l evel 2 where a v ery well p reserved h ouse w ith i ntact w indows a nd doors was r evealed. I t i s a s mall building a bout 1 4 m . s quare w ith a t ripartite p lan consisting of a c entral c ruciform hall f lanked by r ooms t o t he north a nd s outh ( Fig. 255). The walls were constructed of l arge rectangular mudbricks ( 53

x

28-30

x 8 -10)

a nd

( 53

x 1 4.5-15 x 8-10) c m. The s ame k ind of

mudbrick was u sed a t T ell A bada a nd R ashid. The outside walls were s tepped o ut wherever they were met by a n i nternal wall. The only e ntrance t o t he h ouse was a t t he n ortheast corner, l eading through a n a nti-chamber i nto t he central hall (R.7) w hich i s 1 1 m . long a nd 4 m . w ide. This i s a pparantly cross-shaped w ith two a rms a s t rancepts t owards t he eastern e nd. B y counting the number the

of

brick

e xcavator

courses

e stimated

belonging that

t o

t he

collapsed

t he original

n orth wall,

h eight was more than

3 .5 m . The massive charred b eams, p robably of p alms, o n the f loor of

the

r oom,

t imber

beams

roof . This

a nd a nd

t he

f ragments

of reed, a re

s eems to

of

thought

s ubstantiate

c lay t o

s imilar

w ith h ave

i mpressions been

p art

of

of the

e vidence f ound a t Tell

Abada t hat t he l arge central h all i n t his t ype of building was originally r oofed. T he building w as r einforced b y a h eavily p lastered

l ow mudbrick revetment built a t t he base of t he outer

1 58

wall. This f eature w hich was a lso f ound i n t he upper l evels o f the s ite, was f ound t oo a t the h ouse of Level I a t A bada ( Fig 2 6). A s helf of mudbrick a nd a n i ntact w indow a bove i t w e-c f ound room 4 , 5 )

i n

the

s outhwall

of

r oom

3 . Other

w indows

were

f ound

:

1 1. The narrow p arallel r ooms t o t he east of room 3 ( rooms most p robably belonged t o t he s taircase l eading u p to t he

r oof , s imilar a rrangements were f ound a t T ell A bada. A p it w as c ut down i nto the n orth wall of r oom 9 , apparantly f rom l evel 3 a bove, a nd a child w as buried i n t his p it covered by s herds f rom a l arge deep bowl.

L evel

3

h as p roduced

s olid curving battered outer

a l arge building

( Fig. 2 56)

w ith

a v ery

r evetment wall made out of p ise. This had a f ace a nd i n p laces s tood o ver a metre h igh. The

e ntrance of the building was a t t he north a nd the door s ill was made of gypsum p laster. The details of the i nternal p lan were badly damaged but i t s eems that i t may have been t ripartite. I n a nother s ector of t his l ayer, F6 , a s mall b uilding was f ound w ith rooms i n built; s imilar

one p hase of which a n e gg-shaped o ven had been ovens were f ound a t T ell A bada. I n the s outh a nd

west there was a s olid p ise revetment.

L evel

i s

3 /1 4

c onsidered

by

p hase of l evel 1 4 rather i ntermediate between l evels

the

e xcavator

t o

be

a n

early

t han being a d istinct l evel 3 and 4 . The building remains

consist of a rectangular room which had t ogether w ith i ts p ise revetment. The mudbricks 5 3 x 23 x 9 c m. i n s ize. The

been re-used i n level 1 4 walls were made out of f loor of this r oom w as

covered w ith smashed p ots. ( Fig. 2 57).

The s haped

a rtifacts cones,

f ound

c onsisted mainly of p ottery, c lay, nail-

g rindstones,

hoes,

f lint

a nd

o bsidian

b lades,

s pindle whorls, a f ew a nimal f igurines a nd a v ery large number of c lay s ling balls. C arbonised g rains were f ound. These were i dentified a s 6-row hulled b arley.

T he P ottery

As we h ave s uggested earlier t he p ottery f rom T ell w as homogeneous throughout the e xcavated l evels. P lain f ar a nd

outnumbered c ups

were

t he

p ainted

f ound.

ware

B oth

a nd

r ounded

a variety a nd

of

M addhur p ottery

bowls,

r ing-bases

j ars w ere

represented. Of i nterest a re the double-mouthed jars f rom l evel 2 ( Fig. 2 58 :9). This type of jar U baid s ites l ike A rpachiya, a nd N uzi. I t was a lso f ound r egion l ike w as p opular

i s well

k nown

f rom

the northern

T epe Gawra X III, T . E th-Thalathat, a t the U baid s ites of the Hamrin

A bada a nd K .Qasim. I ncised decoration ( Fig. 2 58 :1,2) throughout the U baid l evels a t Maddhur. A v ariety

of t echniques were e mployed. These resemble

s ome of the i ncised

d ecoration o ccurring a t other U baid s ites i n the H amrin region ( i.e. Abada, R ashid, A yash a nd A bu Husaini). O ther p arallels f rom o utside the H amrin r egion a re t o be f ound a t N uzi a nd t he nearby

1 59

s ite of K udish S aghir

E xceptional

t ypes

knobs were a lso f ound

( Starr

of

1 937).

s urface

decoration

s uch

a s

a pplied

( Fig. 261:1).

The p ainted p ottery was not as common a s the p lain p ottery Tell Maddhur. The p aint was u sually b lack, often o ver—fired

at

t o g reen a nd s ometimes u nder—fired t o brown or red. P arallels i n f orm a nd decoration a re t o be d rawn f rom t he U baid s ites i n the Hamrin region a s can be s een f rom F ig. 2 66 . O bvious comparisons can a lso be made w ith t he U baid s ites outside t he Hamrin basin a nd i n p articular T ell U qair ( Fig. 2 67). V essels were represented i n d ifferent f orms a nd a v ariety of p ainted patterns were u sed. M ost i nteresting i s the large , e xtraordinary painted j ar ( Fig. 261:8) f ound a t the U baid house of l evel 2 . I t i s of s traw t empered g reenish ware p ainted i n black. The

u pper

half of the

jar was decorated

with

a b eautiful

design: vertical p anels depicted a nimals w ith long c urved horns ( perhaps i bex) a nd h uman f igures s eparated by other p anels f illed w ith geometric e lements, or by double vertical l ines bordered by multiple horizontal l ines.

I t was belongs t o

s uggested that the t he l ate U baid p eriod

a n a ttribution, s ome need t o be e xamined:

1 as

f acts

U baid ( Roaf

concerning

o ccupation a t M addhur 1 982, To v erify such t he

The ceramic e vidence a s represented f ar a s s hapes a nd decorative s tyle

-

p ottery

f rom M addhur

by the p ainted p ottery, a re concerned, d iffers

considerably f rom t hose s ites which can be f irmly attributed t o the

U baid

2

a nd

3 horizon

l ike

Abada,

R ashid

a nd

t he

S ongor

s ites.

2 The p ercentage of p ainted p ottery constitutes a basic difference between Maddhur a nd the o ther the U baid s ites i n the region which belong t o t he U baid 2 a nd 3 p hases. The p ainted p ottery i s p redominant a t t hese s ites, while i t i s s canty a t -

Maddhur.

3

-

Although

never

reached

R ashid. The

the the

i ncised

decoration

s ophisticated

variety

was

common

a t

l evel represented

of t echniques

u sed

a t

t he

M addhur, a t A bada

latter

s ites

i t a nd f ar

e xceeded t hose of Maddhur.

-

The

p resence

a t

both

Abada

( Fig. 2 16)

a nd

C hoga Mami

( Oates

1 984, F ig-5:6) of that t ype of l arge, o pen carinated bowl b earing cross—hatched i ncisions on i ts base i nterior, a nd i ts a bsense f rom Maddhur i s good e vidence f or making the last s ite l ater i n date than t he f ormer s ites which belong t o t he U baid 2 /3 phase.

1 60

Therefore the a rchaeological e vidence f rom a comparison of t he p ottery would s upport the a ttribution of Maddhur to t he l ate U baid p eriod ( Ubaid k ).

1 0

E xcavators: J ean a nd

R eferences:

-

Kheit Q asim

( 65)

C hant .al Forest

Ch , .Forest—Foucault ' Rapport s ur les f ouilles de K heit Qasim I ll—Hamrin' Paleorient, vol. 6 , 1 980, I RAQ , v ol.XLIII, Arhaeologia

This tell n orth of n o

l ies t o

the north of the

A s—Saadiyah

definite

1 981,p.182

1 62. J an. 1 982, p .59.

town. I t

d imensions.

is

H amrin

a f lat a nd

E xcavations

here

basin

a bout

1 8

km.

very low mound w ith revealed

two

l arge

contemporary buildings of different p lan. O ne measuring 1 0.5 x i L l m . had a central T—shaped hail w ith two s ubsidiary halls of s imilar s hapes a rranged p erpendicularly on each s ide of the main hail ( Fig. 2 62). This building i s reminiscent of s imilar t ripartite buildings f rom T ell A bada ( in particular building B of level I I) a nd T ell Maddhur. Other parallels to t his building a re t o be f ound

a t T epe Gawra X V a nd T .Eth—Thalathat.

The s econd b uilding i s not complete a nd had a s impler t ripartite p lan measuring 1 0 x 1 0 m . ( Ch. Forest—Foucault 1 980, F ig . 1 ) .

There

w as

l ittle

material

a ssociated

w ith

these

two

buildings. I t i ncluded p ainted a nd p lain U baid p ottery ( Figs. 2 63-26k). I mpressed ware s imilar t o t hat f rom A bada a nd D alma w are were a lso f ound a s well a s s ome s herds of the l ate H alaf p eriod.

A variety of bowls, j ars, beakers a re a s f ollows;

a nd

cups

B owls

T ype

1 : Bell—shaped bowls

( Fig. 2 63:5, 6 )

T ype 2 : Hemispherical bowls

( Fig. 2 63:1, 2 )

T ype 7 : Large, wide:mouthed bowls

1 61

( Fig.

2 63:3 ,

k )

were

f ound. These

Type

1 5: P edestal bowls

Type

1 7:

( Fig. 2 63:9)

Hole—mouthed

b owls

w ith

i nward

s loping

s ides

( Fig.

263:8)

Jars

Type

1 : Lugged jars

( Fig. 2 6 14 :1)

Type

1 4 :

( Fig. 261 1 :2-7)

Type

8 :

N ecked jars

G lobular

j ars

w ith

s hort

neck

a nd

out—turned

r im

( Fig.

26 11 :8)

Type 9 : H igh—necked jars

Type

( Fig. 2 61 1:10)

1 0: D ouble—mouthed jars

I n

general

the

U baid

that f rom U baid i ndistinguishable R ashid. G eometric

( Fig. 261 1 :9)

p ottery

f rom

K .Qasim

i s

i dentical

t o

s ites i n t he H amrin region, a nd i t i s f rom the U baid p ottery of Tell A bada a nd decoration was p redominant a nd r everse

patterns s eem t o have been common.

The affinity

a rchitectural w ith

e vidence

those

U baid

f rom

s ites

K .Qasim w hich

i mplies

y ielded

c lose s imilar

a rchitecture a ssociated w ith the s ame t ype of U baid p ottery. Thus the ceramic e vidence coupled w ith the a rchitectural would evidently refer t o a n earlier U baid 3 h orizon.

1 1

-

Tell H aizalon

( 10)

E xcavators: The B ritish E xpedition t o I raq. R .Killick.

R eferences: M .Roaf'The H amrin s ites ' o p .cit. , p .17

A small s ounding was made i n this t ell northwest of the H amrin basin just below

which l ies the s lopes

i n of

the the

J ebel Hamrin near c he west bank of the N arin r iver. N o buildings were d iscovered, but the f ei specimens of U baid p ottery show some

s imilarity

to

t hat

f rom

Tell

M addhur.

P ieces

b earing

i ncised a nd i mpressec i decoration were a lso f ound. J udging f rom the f ew U baid s herds, i t s eems that t he s ite was p robably occupied during t he l t .er p art of the U baid 3 /4 period a nd was

1 62

p robably

contemporary

w ith

the

U baid

l evels

at

Tell

Maddhur.

Vessel types a re a s f ollows:

B owls

T ype

: Large, deep bowls

( Fig.265:13_14)

Type 7 : Large, wide-mouthed bowls

( Fig. 265:1-9)

Type 2 5: Hole-mouthed bowls w ith i ncurved s ides

( Fig. 265:16)

J ars

Type 2 : Handled jars

Type

N ecked jars

( Fig. 265:19)

( Fig. 265:20-22)

1 2

-

Tell B ustan

( 49)

E xcavator: Abu Ghoush

R eference: I RAQ , vol.XLIII,

1 9, p .17 14

This tell l ies i n the v icinity of K .Qasim. I t is a small mound measuring

s ome

6 0

x 8 5 r n . a nd s tands a bout

1 .60 m . h igh. N o t races

of occupation whatsoever were f ound i n this tell which p roved to h ave been a n U baid cemetery, of a dult burials only. A total of 1 8 g raves were d iscovered, f urnished w ith p ottery of U baid s tyle which was p laced n ear the h ead i n most cases. Generally speaking l ittle U baid p ottery was associated w ith these graves a nd

i t

was

of

rather

p oor

manufacture,

the

greater

p roportion

was p lain. I t s eems certain that this tell was u sed a s a cemetery by the U baid p eople who p resumably l ived s omewhere not f ar a way. The t ype of p ottery f ound i n these graves i s s aid to be

s imilar t o that f rom Maddhur. The latter s ite l ies l ess than km. to t he east of the cemetery, s o i t i s not u nreasonable t o

a ssume that the cemetery at B ustan belonged t o the U baid of M addhur.

1 63

p eople

1 3

-

Tell A r-Rubeidheh

E xcavator: The B ritish E xpedition t o

R eference: I RAQ , vol.XLI,

( 69)

I raq.

1 979, p .166

This i s a l ow s ite t o the s outhwest of the N arin r iver. The main s ite consists of a s herd s catter s ome 1 50 x 1 25 m . i n e xtent; b ehind t his t o t he w est a re t wo s maller p atches w ith p rehistoric

p ainted

p otsherds. The n orthern one w ith l ate H alaf

s tyle p ottery p roved t o be a lmost c ompletely e roded. A s mall t rench was dug i nto t he s outhern one w hich consists of a h ump left by w adi e rosion. A f air depth of depostis a nd s ome p ainted p ottery s imilar t o t hat of M addhur was f ound.

H

Tell H asan

-

[ 4]

( 67)

E xcavator: A .Invernizzi.

R eferences:

A . I nvernizzi ' Excavations i n t he Y alkhi A rea ( Hamrin p roject - I raq)' Mesopotamia

This i s a rather 70 m . a nd a bout 1 .50 right a t t he f oot cultivated

-

a lluvial

1 980

v ol.XV, pp.19-49.

l ow, small, r ounded s ite measuring s ome 7 0 x 2 r n . h igh. I t l ies northeast of T ell Y alkhi, of the eastern h ills on t he e dge of the l and.

P ainted U baid s herds t ogether w ith p lentifully s cattered o n t he s urface.

the

l ate

H alaf

s herds

w ere

The U baid o ccupation was f ound o nly i n t he eastern p art t ell. There w ere o nly a f ew s tructural remains w ith

detectable p lan. western p art of

While t he t he t ell,

of no

H alaf v illage was s ituated o n the a b ig, d eep , d itch s eems t o have

s eparated t he two p arts of t he t ell a nd was f ound f ull o f sand a nd s herds. O n t he eastern s ide of t his d itch there i s o nly a s ingle H alaf construction. I t i s a s mall-sized tholos l ess than 3 m. i n d iameter, of which only the t auf base r emains.

I n

t he

w estern

p art

of

the

d itch

s mall,

s quare

or

r ectangular r ooms belonging t o the H alaf p eriod w ere p acked ( ibid, F ig-79). The p ainted U baid s herds a re s imilar t o s ome

4 1

P ersonal communication w ith M r. N . P ostgate.

1 64

s pecimens f rom T ell Abada but generally they a re much i nferior i n t erms of manufacture a nd s tyle of decoration. Of i nterest a re t he two a lmost c omplete oval—shaped jars ( P1. 1 9). The jar ( a)

b ears

d ecoration

s imilar

t o

the

jar

f rom

Tell

A bada

( Fig.

1 90:d). The other j ar was decorated w ith a nimals ( goats a nd i bexes) a nd g eometrical e lements. N o i ncised p ottery was f ound.

The

Halaf p ottery, i n

g eneral, s eems to be of late Halaf date

( ibid, F igs.88,91) a nd s imilar t o the H alaf sherds f ound a t Tell A bada a nd T ell R ashid. I t i s s ignificant that U baid s herds were n ever f ound c oexisting w ith H alaf s herds w ithin a s tratified c ontext, T hus no

neither a t the H alaf v illage or a t contemporaneity between the two

the U baidian one. v illages can be

e stablished. J udging f rom the painted s tyle of the U baid p ottery a nd i ts p oor manufacture, together w ith the complete a bsense of t he i ncised ware, we may s uggest a very late U baid d ate

f or T ell Hasar i.

1 5

Tell A bu Husaini

-

( 35)

E xcavator: A . I nvernizzi

R eferences: A .Invernizzi

1 980, 3 9-43;

S .Tusa ' Notes on the T ell A bu H usaini P aleorient, vol.6,

E xcavation 's

1 980, pp.225-227.

I RAQ , v ol.XLI, 1 979, p .165 I RAQ , v ol. XLIII, 1 981, p .171

This I t

i s

t ell

i s

s ituated

a natural

t ell

a bout

w ith

2 km. t o

human

the

west

s ettlement

on

of Tell part

of

Hasan. i t.

The

t ell r ises a bout 6 m . a bove the s urrounding f ields. A 3 00 x 200 m . s cattering of s herds was f ound o n the s urface. The v illage h ouses were built a long the eastern s lopes of the mound. The l imited of

the

s ize

of the

i nhabited

e xcavations

a rea.

Two

does not

t renches

s how the

were

e xact

opened.

The

l imits north-

e astern o ne h as r evealed a g roup of mudbrick s tructures consisting of small s quare a nd rectangular rooms w ith v ery thin w alls ( Invernizzi 1 980, F ig.J a nd F ig-3). I n the western t rench l ies a group of r ooms that f orm a p art of a n a pparantly large h ouse w ith a courtyard, but of no regular p lan. There a re n umerous childrens ' g raves f ound below the f loors of the houses i n burial u rns, w ith no

A rtifacts s pindle

a re

mainly

whorls, s ling

t ools. Most p redominant.

f unerary goods.

of

clay

balls, clay

or

s tone.

These

f igurines,

a re

f lint

common i s p ottery w ith the p lain The i ncised t echnique s eems to have

a lso. P ainted pottery i s rare.

1 65

a nd

t ypically obsidian

ware being been common

On t he whole, the H usaini material, especially the p ottery, is h omogenous. The p lain p ottery i s p redominant. The i ncised and the f ew p ieces of painted p ottery c an be described a s being rather

p oor

ceramic would s tage

i n

t erms

e vidence

of

manufacture

t ogether

w ith

a nd

the

p ainted

s tyle.

a rchitectural

The

e vidence

s uggest that the v illage s hould be dated to the f inal of the U baid p eriod. The s ame date was a lso s uggested by

the e xcavator

( ibid.

1 4 2).

F oreign R elations

The

U baid

number

of

pottery

a nalogies

f rom w ith

the the

Hamrin U baid

s ites

s hows

r epertoire

i n

the

g reatest

s outhern

a nd

n orthern I raq a nd t he whole collection of this p ottery can s afely be considered a s p ure U baid ware. However, some s imilarities can a lso be f ound between this p ottery a nd that f rom other s ites outside I raq.

C omparisons can be made i n painted designs w ith a number e xtending

f rom

s outh—western

S usiana I ran

t o

a nd the

the

terms of certain s hapes and of I ranian p rehistoric s ites D eh

S olduz

L uran plain of K huzistan

valley

( Dalma

Tepe,

Tepe) i n t he north ; a nd f rom Giyan i n L uristan to Tepe S ialk the north of the I ranian p lateau a nd down to T el—i—Bakun.

T o consider the a ctual relationship s ettlements i n t he H amrin region a nd t hese essential t o k ind a nd t he

e xamine e xtent

e xistence

such

where

a

Susiana

of

number s equence

s ites

We

have

( a,b,c,d)

( Le

s tart

w ith

f urnished B reton

i n

between the U baid I ranian s ites , i t is

the a vailable e vidence concerning of s imilarities which might i mply

relations.

of

i n

P isedeli

the

what

1 947,

Susiana is

1 957 ;

called

Dolifus

the the a rea the 1 971;

1 975; 1 978). F rom D jaffarabad, 1 ,11 a nd I II ( Susiana a ,c,e) a nd B endibal ( Susiana d ), no i mportant e vidence can be f ound a nd t he s imilarity l ies i n a very f ew painted patterns only. A t Tepe D jowi ( Susiana b ), s imilarities w ith t he the H amrin s ites a re p robably more manifested

i n

a number of common

U baid 2/3 pottery from i nformative a nd a re

s hapes a nd

p ainted designs. Of

i nterest i s the h emispherical bowl decorated w ith wavy l ines i n reserve ( Le B reton 1 947, F ig.26 :2 ; Dolifus 1 978 , Fig. 1 1 4 :11) which i s comparable t o s pecimens f rom Abada a nd R ashid ( Figs. 1 20:a, b ; 2 31 1:b). O ther i mportant evidence i s p rovided by the large, open bowls ( Le B reton 1 947, combinations of s hape a nd ( Fig. w ith

1 10:i)

f rom

i nterior

Abada

F ig.23:4) w hich pattern, c losely

I II.

decoration

on

That

p art

i ts base

of

( Le

s how s ignificant resembling T ype 1 1 4

the

large,

B reton

i s s imilar t o A bada I I ( Fig. 1 5 14 :c). Bowls of reported f rom t he D eh Luran p lain; a t T epe S abze this

type

w ere

f ound

( Hole

e t

a l.

1 969,

open

bowl

i bid. , F 1g.23:a) Type 1 1 4 are a variety of

F igs.56-7)

w ith

some

e xamples reminiscent of specimens f rom Abada, R ashid a nd S ongor C . The most s ignificant d iscovery comes f rom C hoga Safid where a T ransitional b owl ( Hole 1 977, F ig.50:b) s trikingly resembles a T ransitional o ne f rom Abada I II ( Fig.101:b).

1 66

At

each of

G iyan,

S ialk

I II

a nd

B akun

A lli,

s imilarity

w ith

our p ottery is mainly confined t o a s mall n umber of painted designs most notably that of F ig. 114 5:18 which i s i dentical t o one f rom t he latter s ite ( Langsdorff a nd M cCown 1 942, P 1.1 48:11 4) t his

p attern

has n ever

been

f ound

a t

a ny

other

s ite

i n

I ran

or

I raq.

M oving between

t o

the

A bada

S olduz

a nd

v alley, a c lose

P isdeli

Tepe

v essels s imilar t o Abada e xamples 1 960). These a re a s f ollows:

comparison

where were

a

number

f ound

Abada Level

I

l t ‚ I

I I

‚ I ‚ I

D ue U baid

t o

t hese

s ites

i n

( Fig. ( Figs. ( Fig.

1 21 4:d) 1 25:b; 1 80:7)

( Fig. ( Fig. ( Fig. ( Fig.

1 86:d) 1 16:6) 1 69:c) 1 76:19)

a pparent

e xtent

a t

matching p ainted

( Dyson

a nd

Young

F ig.2: 1 F ig.2:2 F ig.2: 3 F ig. 3 : 14 F ig

s uggested

between that

. 3:

1

P isdeli

a nd

" Pisdeli ware

the

i s the

e vidence of p ottery of pure U baid s tyle" i bid.26). T his assumed relationship between a nd I raq during t he U baid p eriod i s f urther

by the massive o ccurrence a t A bada a nd t o a lesser

R ashid D alma

w are

painted

F ig. 1 :3 F ig. 1 :5

1 1 45: 13)

s imilarities

I raq, i t was

f irst documented ( Dyson a ng Young, t he S olduz valley s trengthened

be made

of

P isdeli

i t

Level

can

a nd

K .Qasim,

i mpressed a t

D alma

of

ware.

[ 5]

the

i mpressed

S ome

could

ware

s imilarities

g ive

weight

closely w ith

to

the

Young's

s uggestion t hat " the unusual bowl decorated w ith ( double W ) p attern, which was certainly a n i mport i n t he a ssemblage, i ndicates t hat D alma culture was i n contact w ith other painted p ottery t raditions" ( Young 1 963, 3 9). It would not be surprising i f t he U baid t radition a t t he H amrin s ites had b een one of these t raditions, a nd t his i ntrusive bowl a t D alma which i s reminiscent of a n e xample f rom Abada I I ( Fig. 1 39:f), may have b een i mported f rom the H amrin region. This would a lso e xplain t he p resence a t A bada of a D alma—like p ainted bowl ( Fig. 1 25:d) a nd t wo o ther s herds of the s ame t radition, which could have been i mported f rom t he l atter s ite.

T he common o ccurrence of this type of impressed ware i n both I ran a nd t he H amrin region i s s ignificant e vidence of a p robable d irect contact between the S olduz valley i n northern

[ 5]

Y oung 1 9 63, i s r emiscen F ig. 1 25 :d).

p . 39 , of

no-3 F ig.

r esembles Abada F ig. 1 61:3. I bid no.5 1 16 : 1 5. I bid n o.7 i s s imilar t o kbada

1 67

I ran a nd central M esopotamia ( the Hamrin region); b ut does t his massive occurrence of this ware i n the H amrin reg :' i m iy t hat it originated t here a nd was t ransferred t o I ran, o r was i t t he other way round; one may a ssume, impressed by the huge q uantity of

s uch

ware

i nvented question

i l

the

H amrin

region,

t hat

t his

technique

w as

t here a nd then t ransferred t o I ran, but the i nevitable would c ertain y be why w ere the other p ottery

techniques a lso n ot t ransferred a nd w idely ur d i n. I ran? I ndeed, to consi er t he o riginal p rovenance of this ware, i t i s important t o e xamine i ts d istribution i n both I raq a nd

The

D alma

I ran; i t was

i mpr ssed f ound

3 t

ware

G iyan

h as

a w idespread

( Dyson

1 963; Goff

I ra

d istribution

1 971).

U ,

i n

3 eh G abi

a deposit 8 m . thick was e xcavated i n 1 971 ( Hamlin 1 973, 1 97 )4 ). I t was a lso r eported f rom a n a rea e xtending f rom l ake U rumia t o the K ermanshah—Hamadan region a nd a s f ar s outh a s the K hurramabad

valley

north where D alma

i n

i s

L uristan,

s ituated

a nd

t he

( Hamlin

S olduz

1 975,

valley

1 11). I n

i n

t h'

I raq, D alma

ware, whether p ainted o r i mpressed, i s n ot common a nd h as o nly a l imited d istribution; one p ainted e xample w as f ound a t T epe Gawra X III ( Tobler 1 950, no.187) a nd a f ew i mpressed s herds at Kudish Sahir ( Starr 1 937, P 1.) 45) a nd recently i n t he H amrin regio . To consider w hether t he D alma i mpressed ware was i mported f rom t he a vailable region.

A t

I ran i nto the Hamrin r egion w e have e vidence concerning t his ware f rom

A bada,

R ashid

f ormer s ite, i t was t aken a s important

f ound

a nd i n

K .Qasim,

a nd

i n

t o e xamine the l atter

p articular

a t ;

the

v ery large q uantities, e nough t e be

good e vidence t hat i t w as e videnc , ' i has come f rom A bada

locally made. where s everal

H o ' 4ever, e xamples

of this ware w ere p rovided w ith a s pecial k ind of l ug ( Figs. 2 11:c; 2 12:a, c ). This t ype of lug has never been a ttested a t a ny s ite i n I raq before a nd can be considered a d istinctive f eature of

the

I raniin

D jaffarabada

t radition,

1 -3

( Dolifus

i t

was

1 971,

f ound,

f or

F ig.15 :13-17),

e xample, a nd

a t

at

D alma

i tself ( Hamlin 1 975, F ig. 1 0:d). Therefore i t i s not u nreasonable to a ssu m e that t he i mpressed p ottery of the H amrin r egion was highly i nfluenc ed b y, p erhaps e ven a a pure i mitation of , the D alma i mpressed ware; i t can be considered a l ocal p t ery w ith a n I ranian t radition.

A t A bada I l/I, R ashi d, a nd S ongor C a nd B a red, s traw— tempered ware w ith red— ' ipped s urface, s ometimes burnished, often bearing v ertical p atterns i n dark purple t o black p aint, was f ound ( Fig. 1 59). I dentical s herds were f ound A l—Amiya ( Stronach op.cit.Pl.XLVI:8) a nd C hoga Mami 2 58 ; of

F ig.6:2—) 4).

this

type

The

mineralogical

of ware

mineralogy, paste

f rom

t exture

both a nd

t est

conducted

s ites has p aint

s hown

t reatment.

a t both R as ( Oates 1 984, o n

s pecimens

a u niformity The

s ame

of

r esult

can be p ostulated f or L bada 's e xamples. I t h as been s uggested that the s ource of this ware must h ave been I ran ( Oates 1 984, 2 59). The p resence of d impled—base e xamples a t Abada i s a nother I ranian

f eature

( p. 1 39, F r i. 2 9).

1 68

Among s mall

f inds, which i ndicate contact between

regior a nd I ran, a re the e longated e nd often s plit, b roken or damaged a sphalt boiling T hese k nown

( Fig.

These

8 3:e-g).

a sphalt when

tools

were

f rom t he

were

l imestone p ebbles w ith one f rom h eat a nd s meared w ith apparantly

i t was b ing p repared

n ot

a ttested

s equence

i n

t he

i n

t he Hamrin

I raq

used

f or use

befo'e,

D eh Luran p lain

but

i n

t o

a s

s tir

a mastic. they

I ran

were

( Hole e t

a l. 1 969, 1 92; Hole 1 977, 2 10; P l. 5 0: a , b ), their p resence a t A bada obviously i ndicates that this technique was derived f rom t he latter a rea.

The r egion

new has

e vidence f rom t he e xplicitly s hown

U baid s ettlements of the Hamrin t hat a certain degree of human

i nteraction was a ctually taking p lace, y et w e do not k now what s ort of i nteraction this was. Does i t imply amovement of p eople i nvolved i n t rade, carrying their ware a long w ith their t raditions, or could i t be i nterpreted a s a s ort of i nvasion or e xpansion

a t

the

e xpense of others?

S uch q uestions remain

very

d ifficult t o a nswer i n the l ight of the e vidence a t hand.

Abada a nd U baid

I n our U baid

g eneral d iscussion of the

s ites

i n

t he

Hamrin

region,

C hronology

U baid we

a ssemblages

t entatively

f rom

t he

a ttributed

e ach of them t o one phase or a nother of the U baid p eriod. B elow t he p roblems i nvolved i n this c lassification of the ceramic i ndustries

a nd

t heir

chronological

i mplications

a re

c onsidered.

As

we

h ave

p roduced c losely

a lready

a number

of

comparable

s een,

vessels t o

the

earliest

a nd

e xamples

l evel

( III)

a t

Abada

a variety of s herds which f rom

E ridu

X VI-XV

( Ubaid

a re I ),

t ogether w ith s ome e xamples which resemble both C hoga Mami T ransitional Samarra/Ubaid t ype a nd more c lassical S amarra p ottery. They were a lso a ssociated w ith more conventional U baid 2 p ottery

( Fig. 2 68).

This s imultaneous occurrence of these d ifferent s tyles i n one level would s eem t o p ose a chronological which has t o be carefully dealt w ith. As f ar a s the of the t ransitional p ottery i s concerned we s hould

ceramic p roblem,

o ccurrence s tress the

f act that we do n ot have v ery characteristic T ransitional material c omparable with both Choga Mami a nd C hoga S afid; most s ignificant i s the f act that the T ransitional material f ollows S amarra a t both of t hese s ites, a s ituation which does not e xist a t A bada; a nd

f rom t he

T ransitional material

a t

the

l atter

s ite

w as f ound i n a ssociation w ith U baid 2 pottery, i t i s more r easonable t o s uggest that our material i s l ate i n the T ransitional r ange a nd c ould b e contemporary w ith the beginning of the U baid 2 phase or late U baid

1 69

I .

The a ssociation of the U baid 2 material w ith the T ransitional ware s ome of which closely resembles e xamples f rom b oth Choga Mami a nd C hoga Safid, does s uggest t hat this l evel was p artially contemporary w ith the T ransitional l evels a t t he l atter t wo s ites. A radiocarbon date of 4 896 b .c. was obtained f or the T ransitional l evels a t C hoga Mami ( Oates 1 984, 263).

T he p ottery f rom l evel I I i s overwhelmin gl y dominated b y H ajji M uhammad o r U baid 2 pottery ( Fig. 2 68). This c losely resembles that of the s ame phase f rom the t ype s ite a nd other contemporary s ites. However, other vessels appear t o b elong t o t he U baid 3 ceramic s tyle ( Fig. 2 69), this reflects t he f act that the d istinctive p ainted c eramic s tyle a ssociated with U baid Among T ype i s

2 continues well i nto the U baid 3 phase ( Oates 1 960, 3 6). the most common t ypes at Abada i s the h emispherical bowl, 2 ( Fig. 9 5; S chema 2 ), the most distinctive e xample of which

bowl

( Fig.

1 20:a,

b ).

This

very

characteristic

was f ound a t H ajji Muhammad ( Zieger ( Stronach 1 961, P l.XLIV:5) a nd C hoga B ell-shaped ( Figs.

1 15,

bowls 1 18),

( Type

i t

1 )

a re

resembles

U baid

2 type

1 953, P 1.28d), R as A 1-Amiya M ami ( Oates 1 984, F ig.7:8).

a nother

common

s pecimens

f rom

type

E ridu

a t

Abada

X III-VIII

( Safar e t a l. 1 981, F ig-72:20a), R as A l-Amiya ( Stronach 1 961, P l.XLVI:1), C hoga Mami ( Oates 1 984, F ig .i 4:3-6) a nd A rpachiya ( Mallowan a nd R ose 1 935, F ig.29). The decoration on t he base e xterior of F ig. 1 18:e i s reminiscent of T epe Gawra X IX-XVIII ( Tobler 1 950, nos. 8 6-92). The q uality a nd the painted s tyle of the A bada e xamples i s more s imilar t o the C hoga Mami ones. A nother

d istinctive

t rait

of

U baid

2 s tyle

a t

Abada

i s

the

large, open, carinated bowl ( Type 1 1 4); of particular i nterest i s the combination of decoration on t he base i nterior w ith a p erpendicular

g rid

1 53:a-c). S imilar Amiya

a nd

p attern

on

e xamples were

C hoga

Mami

( Oates

the

r im

f ound

a t

1 984,

i nterior

( Figs.

1 10:d;

H ajji Muhammad, R as A l-

F ig.6:11-12).

Of

s imilar

i nterest i s the d istinctive U baid 2 b owl ( Fig. 1 57) d ecorated w ith a variety of pendant loops s imilar t o e xamples f rom Hajji M uhammad ( Ziegler 1 953, P 1.12), E ridu X III ( Safar e t a l. 1 981, Fig.89), R as A l-Amiya ( Stronach op.cit. ,Pl.LI:1,6,9) a nd Choga Mami b oth

( Oates 1 984, F ig.5:12). A t Abada p endant l oops were u sed a s i nterior decoration on this particular type of b owl a nd

e xterior

o n

other

t ypes

( Figs.

1 29,

1 30:1-13).

A nother

d istinctive U baid 2 o rnament i s the denticulated p attern of s mall t riangles running a long the t op of the r im ( Figs . 1 31:b, c , e , a nd g ;

1 32:e), s imilar t o e xamples f rom E ridu X II

1 981, F ig.88:6) a nd C hoga this pattern was f ound

( Type L I ). The p resence a t both Abada mouthed,

carinated

bowls

( Safar e t a l. ,

Mami ( Oates 1 984, F ig.5:6-9). A t Abada a ssociated w ith the large d eep bowl ( Fig.

the t rough-spouted vessels

2 16

a nd a nd

( Fig. 1 88:g)

C hoga Mami of t he openO ates

1 984, F ig.5 :6),

of a t ype

known

Mehmeh p hase a t T epe S abz ( Hole e t a l. 1 969, F ig.66:a) i mportant f eature i n chronological t erms.

f rom

a nd the

i s a nother

L evel I has p roduced o ther d istinctive chronological d iagnostic i tems such as "Tortoise v ases" o r Lenticular jars ( Fig. 1 92). This p eculiar t ype of vessel was a lso f ound a t other

1 70

U baid R as

s ites

l ike

A l—Amiya

( Tobler

E ridu

X III—VIII

( Stronach

1 951)

a nd

1 961,

C hoga

( Safar

e t

P l.LVI:1 4),

Mami

( Oates

a l.

Gawra

1 984, 2 58). The

of this particular type of v essel i n d ifferent d ifferent

g eographical

a reas

1 981, F ig.72:15),

Tepe

u nderlines

s ites

the

f act

X IX—XVII

o ccurrence l ocated t hat

i n

r eal

c ontact was a ctually t aking p lace between n orthern a nd s outhern M esopotamia, a nd these l evels of the mentioned s ites w ere contemporaneous w ith e ach o ther ( Fig. 2 68). As we h ave s een, l evel I cannot b e f ar i n t ime f rom l evel I I, a s s hown by t he a rchitectural e vidence where t he h ouses of l evel I were b uilt directly u pon t hose of l evel I I. I ndeed much of the Ubaid p ottery f rom l evel I i s s imilar to t hat f rom l evel I I, a nd s ince l evel I has p roduced l arger p roportions of p ottery i dentical t o R as A l—Amiya, i t i s t herefore a lmost contemporary w ith the l atter

s ite a nd

Another

a pproximately w ith E ridu X II—XI.

important

c hronological

d iscovery

which

i s

s ignificant

i n

t erms, i s the o ccurrence of l ate Halaf p olychrome

s herds a t Abada I l/I ( Fig. 2 17-220). These s herds were f ound s ide by s ide w ith the U baid 2 /3 p ottery, i n a v ery well s tratified whatsoever

l evel. There i s n o e arlier H alaf o ccupation a t Abada, a s the earliest l evel i n the s ite was built

d irectly o ver the v irgin s oil, not i s there a ny Halaf o ccuption i n the whole of t he s outheastern Hamrin, where Abada l ies. T herefore the p resence of these l ate Halaf s herds cannot be e xplained e ither

a s

f rom

being

i ntrusive

Abada

o r

f rom

a nother

a n

s ite

earlier i n

the

Halaf

o ccupation

v icinity.

I n

r , he

n orthwestern part of the Hamrin, there a re s ome s ites w ith a marginally e arlier late H alaf l evel, l ike S ongor B a nd Tell H asan, neither of which p roduced U baid p ottery i n their Halaf l evels. Thus i t i s c lear that t he coexistence of the two ceramic s tyles i n t he Hamrin was confined t o the early U baid 3 l ate -

H alaf

only,

a nd

i t

would

s eem

p lausible,

a ccording

t o

t he

n ew

e vidence, t o s uggest that t hese l ate H alaf s herds were e ither i mported f rom o ther contemporary l ate Halaf s ites, o r t hat " in t he Hamrin a t this t ime there were potters working i n both the Halaf a nd t he U baid t raditions, p erhaps even s ide by s ide i n the s ame v illages" ( Oates 1 984, 2 54). I t i s relevant to mention here t hat a t Choga Mami Halaf pottery was f ound i n a well, c ontemporary w ith the U baid 2 /3 p hase ( Oates 1 972, 5 0).

Among

the

s mall

o bjects

which

have

a

roughly

chronological

i mportance a re t he l arge n umbers of " bent nails" which s erved a s mullers ( Figs.56, 5 7) i n both l evels I a nd I I a t Abada, these o bjects f irst a ppeared a t E ridu X II a nd a lso a t R as A l—Amiya a nd Choga Mami. A nother i mportant d iscovery i s the " Chariot— wheel" s pindle whorls ( Fig. 5 3) of a type known f rom the Mehmeh p hase

a t

T epe

S abz

( Hole

e t

a l.

1 969,

well with a Ubaid 3 date f or Abada I l/I.

1 71

F ig.89),

a nd

t his

a grees

Hamrin Ubaid and Local C hronology

A

t otal

of

s ixteen

s ites

were

e xcavated

i n

the

H amrin

region. A s we can s ee i n F ig. 2 68, l evel I II a t Abada was d ated t o the b eginning of t he Transitional/Ubaid 2 phase, p robably partially Choga

c ontemporary

Mami

a nd

C hoga

w ith

S afid.

the A t

T ransitional

S ongor

A the

l evels

l ower

a t

both

l evels

have

a lso p roduced T ransitional p ottery, hence contemporaneity w ith t he l atter s ites i s l ikely. Level

t heir I I a nd I

a t Abada were dated t o t he early U baid 3 phase. S imilar dates can be a ttributed t o t he U baid s ites of R ashid, A l-Khubari, K .Qasim, the S ongor g roup, Ayash a nd s ite no. p roduced s imilar o r e ven i dentical m aterial

3 , a s these t o that o f

s ites Abada

1 1/I. Of s pecial i nterest i s the p resence of the " Tortoise ware" o r l enticular j ars a t each of A bada, Ayash, S ongor A a nd S ongor C , a lso the p resence a t R ashid a nd S ongor C o f the d istinctive Ubaid 2 bowl ( Fig. 2 34:b; P 1.16:13). The p resence of t he

i mpressed

Dalma

t ype

p ottery,

a nd

of

l ate

H laf

s herds

a t

R ashid a nd K .Qasim, r eflects a s ituation s imilar to A bada I l/I, a nd s ince these U baid s ites r epresent s ettlements o f r elatively other C hoga

s hort

duration,

a nd w ith Abada Mami U baid

their

c ontemporaneity

w ith

each

I l/I, a nd by i mplication w ith R as A l-Amiya, a nd E ridu X II/XI, a nd their p artial

c ontemporaneity a lso w ith t he l ate Halaf , i s beyond question.

Other

U baid

s ites

l ike

B ustan,

R ubeidheh,

Hasan,

H aizalon,

A bu Husaini have p roduced t oo l ittle material to a llow their p recise dating, b ut o n t he basis of a n a ssessment o f the a vailable e vidence, we a ttributed t hem t o the l ate Ubaid p eriod ( Ubaid 14)• However Maddhur has y ielded painted pottery c losely c omparable to Tell Uqair ( Fig. 2 58:6 ; 2 59:3) s o i ts equation with t he l atter s ite s eems n ot u nreasonable. C 14 determinations have c ome f rom only two of t he U baid s ites; Abada I I, has y ielded a C 11 4 date of 5 ,770 + 1 4 5 b .p. or a calibrated date of 1 4 ,670+_70 B .C. , the other s ite i s T ell Maddhur which p roduced C 11 4 d ates of 5 ,560+-55 b .p. or calibrated date of 4 ,470+-80 B .C. ( Roaf 1 981, 1 4 3) • I n this connection we s hould s tress the f act that a s ingle r adiocarbon upon.

O ne

of

determination

t he

e ndeavour to Hamrin,

i s

i s

f ar

f rom b eing

we

were

d ifficulties

s ufficient t o

f aced

with

e stablish the chronology of the U baid t he

p resence

of

c ertain

v essel

rely

during

our

s ites i n the

types

a t

s ites

b elonging t o phases f ar a part i n t ime; we f ound that t ypes such a s t he d ouble-mouthed jars were represented a t Abada I a nd K .Qasim , b oth

of which

s ame

know

t ime

we

b elong

that

t his

to

t he

type

of

e arly j ar

U baid was

3 phase ; a t

p reviously

the

known

f rom a l ate U baid c ontext l ike Tepe Gawra X III a nd A rpachiya o r e ven a s l ate a s the U ruk p eriod i n t he 3 rd millennium B .C. A nother t ype of v essel which i s f ound i n early Ubaid 3 c ontexts i n

t he

H amrin,

l ike

Abada

a nd

R ashid,

( Figs. 19 7-199) which c losely G awra X III. S uch a n o ccurrence c hronological

t erms,

but

i s

that

type

o f

beaker

resembles e xamples f rom Tepe may s eem rather a n a nomaly i n

a r easonable

1 72

explanation

f or

i t

i s

t hat t he d istribution of s uch t ypes of v essels s eems to have p ersisted t hrough a l ong s pan of t ime, f rom a s early as the b eginning

of

U baid

3 or

even

e arlier,

up

t o

the

late

U baid

p eriod, or e ven l ater. Of conceivable i nterest i s the occurrence of

s ome

c ommon

f eatures

s hared

by

both

Abada

I

a nd

the

A rpachiya U baid. T he p resence of i dentical w ide—mouthed bowls decorated w ith bold s weeping d esigns a t Abada ( Fig. 1 6 14 ) a nd A rpachiya ( Mallowan 1 935, Fig. 3 2) i s n otable, a s i s the f act that they a re used t o c over child burials. A lso t he p resence a t both

s ites

of

a lmost

i dentical

small

carinated

Mallowan, i bid:Fig. 3 7:5) i s s triking. Moreover, t o have s hared s imilar p ainted s tyles, a s we

jars

( Fig.

1 64;

b oth s ites s eem can s ee i n the

e xamples ( Figs. 1 94:e; 1 95:d, e ) which resemble e xamples f rom A rpachiya ( Mallowan, i bid. , F ig. 3 6:1, 2 , 1 4 , 5 , 8 ). I n the l ight of t hese s imilarites b etween the two s ites, a nd between the latter s ite a nd b oth Songor A ( p.181) a nd B ( p.182) a nd a ccording to the e xcavator who has h imself i ndicated that " some of the types a re c losely s imilar t o ( Mallowan i bid, 2 1),

t he b est material of the early Ubaid" we a re e ncouraged to s uggest a n Ubaid 3

d ate f or the U baid l evels a t A rpachiya.

Conclusions

S ixteen d escribed,

newly

e xcavated

d iscussed

a nd

s ites of the

tentatively

U baid

d ated,

p eriod i n

the

have

been

previous

three chapters. I mportant a nd new e vidence concerning the U baid p eriod has become a vailable, most i nteresting i s t he new data o n Ubaid a rchitecture a nd p ottery. The most p eculiar phenomenon which has c learly a roused

i nterest

i s

t hat most

s ites, l ike Abada , R ashid, K .Qasim , Ayash g eneral a rchitectural p lan consistng d ifferent

s izes

a nd

s hapes

d isposed

a nd of

a round

of

these

U baid

Maddhur, share a s mall r ooms of a central

s pace

which i s a T—shaped o r c ruciform hall. This f eature i s the most d istinctive e lement i n the p lan. This central h all s eems to have been r oofed i n s ome buildings a s was i ndicated by the f allen roofs f ound a t b oth Abada a nd Maddhur. I n s ome buildings, o ther lateral T—shaped h alls were p laced p erpendicularly to t he l arge c entral o ne ( Fig. 1 6) g iving the l ayout a n impressive a ppearance. O ther s ubsidiary rooms a t the e nd of the hall, a nd what a lso

a pparently be

f ound

a s

s eem

t o

f amiliar

be

f oundations

a rchitectural

At Abada building A ( Fig.

f or

a s taircase,

f eatures

in

this

can

plan.

c an be s ingled out as being the

114 )

most s pectacular o ne among other b uildings a t the U baid s ites i n the Hamrin, owing t o i ts Unusual f eatures regarding s ize, s ymmetry a nd i nternal s ubdivisions, a nd i ts regularly s paced b uttresses a round i ts e xterior wall. I n d iscussing the possible f unction of t his building, i t i s i mportant to s tress that there were n o f eatures s uch a s a ltars, hearths or p edestals which m ight i ndicate that i t was a t emple o r a building dedicated to r eligious u se. On the other h and, a part f rom the copious pottery w hich

was

f ound

mainly

i n

U nit

3 , no other domestic

i tems

were

f ound. However, a l arge n umber of i nfant burial urns were e xcavated b elow the f loors of this building. These outnumbered

1 73

the

t otal

of

burial

u rns

f ound

e lsewhere

a t

the

s ettlement.

Another i mportant d iscovery i n this building i s the p resence of clay t okens o r " counters" ( p. 69), which p robably s erved a n a ccounting

f unction,

building they

a nd

a s

i ndicate that

t hey

a n

w ere

only

i mportant

f ound

f unction

or

i n

this

s tatus

i s

l ikely f or this building. Moreover, i ts l ocation i n the c entre of the s ettlement a nd the f act that i t i s the l argest i n a ll the Ubaid s ites, s uggests a t l east the p ossibility that i t m ight have been

a r itual,

a p art of community contrast s ame

which ( Unit

w ith

s ite

f eatures

b uilding

a nd that

a dministrative, or

o ther

s pecial

s tructure,

may have been o ccupied by the chief o f the 3 , hall 7 , a nd the s urrounding rooms). By

o ther c ould

A a t

Ubaid

Abada,

s ites

c learly

the

i n

other

t he

buildings

Hamrin

characterize

them

share as

more

i n

the

g eneral s ecular

buildings.

N ot o nly a dministrative a nd d omestic represented a t Hamrin, but a lso those u sed a s

buildings workshops

were which

s uggest a d egree of c raft s pecialisation, s uch as building G a t Abada. Multi—purpose buildings were a lso f ound, l ike building I i n the l atter s ite, which s erved a s a s heepfold, barn a nd s tore.

The material employed i n the construction of the buildings throughout the U baid s ettlements i n t he Hamrin was mainly mud— b ricks measuring

5 0-56

x 2 7

x 2 7

c m. , l aid

a lternatively a cross

a nd a long the a xis of t he wall. Most of t he walls were plastered with l evigated c lay b oth i nside a nd out. Gypsum p laster was e xtensively

used

a t

Abada

I II,

a nd

i n

o ther

buildings

of

l evel

I I. However, tauf o r p ise were s till i n use a t other Ubaid s ites l ike S ongor C ; this may s eem i ncompatible w ith the g eneral method

of

u sing

e xceptional such

a s

a s

mud—bricks

o ne

can

a t

s till

b rick, mud—brick

a nd

this

f ind

tauf ,

t ime,

v arious

used

to

but

i t

building

construct

was

not

methods, houses

i n

s ome p resent I raq v illages.

I t s eems obvious that this type of a rchitectural p lan ( the t ripartite) was well e stablished a nd widely followed d uring the e nd of the U baid 2 a nd U baid 3 p hases, l ack evidence of U baid I a nd 2 p lans , the same k ind the U baid a p lan

we s till that the

of p lan had b een f ollowed d uring t hese two phases of p eriod cannot be ruled out. I ndeed the origins of such

can

be

t raced

Samarra p eriod, a s t ransitional l evels a nd

a nd though a ssumption

Choga

Mami

[ 7]

Transitional

a nd

e videnced by t he d iscoveries f rom a t, S ongor A ( Fig. 2 47), Tell Es—Sawwan

back

the [ 6]

where

t o

the

we

Choga

have

Mami

u nequivocal

e vidence

of

buttressed buildings with t ripartite p lans.

[ 6]

E l—Wailly a nd Abu Es—Soof 1 965 P l.IX, F ig.2) 4; Abu E s—Soof 1 968, P 1.11; A l—A 'dami 1 968, no.s ‚ 3; Yasin 1 970 P 1.1.

[ 7]

Oates

1 969a , P l.XXIV.

1 7

Temples of t ripartite p lan were f irst d : .scovered i n t he s outh of I raq a t E ridu V III, temple V II represents a v ery well p reserved t emple

building

of

t ripartite

V I. At Warka two

U baid

p lan

t emples

( Fig.

were

2 70:b)

f ound

a nd

s o

( Schmidt

does 1 974,

F igs.2, 14 ). T hese a re a lmost i dentical w ith T emples V II a nd V I a t E ridu. I n n orthern I raq, a t Tepe Gawra, temples a nd h ouses of t ripartite p lan w ere f ound i n l evel X IX-XVIII a nd X V-XIV ( Tobler 1 950, p ls. X X , X IX, XV, X IV, X II, X I), the northern t emple of l evel X III may r epresent p lan ( Perkins 1 949, 6 7).

That

t he

t ripartite

p lan

a development

was

the

most

f rom

the

common

t ripartite

a nd

p rominent

f eature of t he buildings of t he U baid p eriod was confirmed b y t he new discoveries f rom many U baid s ites i n the H amrin region, w here s ome buildings s imilar t o A bada ones a s we have a lready s een i n this chapter.

I t

s eems obvious

that

h ad b een maintained s ubsequent cultural

t his t raditional

i n s ome p arts e ras. F rom t he

have

come

t o

l ight,

p lan of a rchitecture

of I raq, throughout the U ruk a nd P rotoliterate

p eriods a s eries of temples were d iscovered a t Warka; a t A nu Z iggurat, t emples w ith t ripartite p lans based on t hose of the p receding A l-Ubaid p eriod, a s c learly s hown i n a b uilding c alled " The White Temple" ( Fig. 2 71:a) which d isplays a t ripartite d ivi si on w ith a l ong c entral court ( the c ella) a nd a r ow

of

smaller

r ooms

o n

e ach

s ide.

The

s tairway

r ooms

a t

t he

s outh and west c orners of the b uilding became a n i mportant f eature i n t his t ype of a rchitecture, the p rototype of which c an be seen a t Abada, b uilding A ( room 2 9) a nc building E ( room 5 5) where a f oundation f or a s taircase i s s till i n s itu. A nother t emple of s imilar p lan a t A nu Z iggurat was f ound i n l evel E ( Fig. 271:b) t emple. The

which

i s

s triking

a bout

i dentical

t o

the

p lan

of

t he

white

continuity of this type of a rchitecture i s

e xhibited i n a nother s ector a t Warka where a magnificent a rray o f t emples have b een e rected i n t he s o-called " Eanna p recinct" ( Warka l evel I V) ( Fig. 2 72). Here t emples A1B a nd D a lthough i ncompletely preserved s eem t o i ndicate the u sual t ripartite p lan which c onsists of a l ong c entral c ourt f lanked b y two r ows of smaller r ooms. Temple C i s the b est p reserved b uilding a t E anr ia p recinct a nd d isplays a v ery i nteresting f eature c onsisting of two t ripartite u nits combined t ogether, the large o ne i s based on a l ong c ruciform central court w ith a r ow of s maller r ooms o n e ither s ide, t he s econd u nit i s s imilar i n p lan b ut much s maller a nd l aid out a t a r ight a ngle t o i t, the c ombination of m ore t han o ne t ripartite u nit h as b een d emonstrated magnificently a t A bada where s ome b uildings c onsist of three t ripartite u nits a s r epresented b y the s pectacular

Another

building A , a nd

b uilding

of

the

b uildings B a nd

s ame p lan

i s the

E ( Figs.

1 1 4 ,

1 6,

1 8).

" limestone t emple"

( Fig. 273) which w as f ound a t Warka l evel V . C ontemporary a rchitecture of t ripartite p lan can be s een a lso a t other s ites s uch a s Tell B abylon where

U qair i n t he middle of I raq a nd n ot f ar f rom a b uilding k nown a s " the p ainted t emple" s eems to

1 75

have been of s imple t ripartite p lan

At

t he

e nd

known a s o bviously

p hase

of

the

U ruk

( Fig. 2 71 4:b).

p eriod,

" Sin t emples" were built a ccording to

a s eries

of

buildings

f ound a t Khafaja, they the g eneral t ripartite

were p lan

( DelougaZ a nd L loyd 1 942). Moving to t he north we f ind more e vidence a vailable which s hows a rchitecture of the well k nown t ripartite

p lan;

a t

G rai

R ash,

i n

Sinjar

d istrict

i n

northwestern I raq, a building d escribed by the excavator a s a " large a nd c arefully p lanned p rivate h ouse ( Lloyd 1 940, 1 3) was d iscovered the i n

a t

building t he

U ruk

l evel f ound

Hamrin

p eriod,

I I a t

region more

( Fig. 2 74:a) l evel ( Fig.

I II 2 28).

buildings

this

building

Tell

R ashid

a t

of

S till the

i n

the

s ame

is

s imilar

of U baid

north

a nd

tripartite

to

p eriod i n

p lan

the have

come f rom Tepe Gawra l evels X a nd I X ( Tobler 1 950, p15. I II, I I) a nd l evel Vilic ( Fig. 2 7 14 :c). To the northeast of Tepe Gawra, two buildings of t ripartite p lan were revealed a t i n A rbil i n n orthern I raq, both belong to

Tell Qaling Agha the U ruk p eriod

( Hajareh 1 973, 1 8), building A d isplays w ith plans of s ome buildings a t Abada

a remarkable s imilarity ( levels I I a nd I ) where

the t ripartite

c ruciform

w ith

a row

of

p lan

i s based

small

rooms

on

o n

a l ong

e ither

s ide

central

court

( Fig. 275:a), t he

same

d ivision i s a pparant i n building B a lso ( Fig. 2 75:b). To t he west of I raq, i n the Habur valley of S yria, f rom the s ite of T ell B rak comes the s o—called " Eye Temple" which dates t o the J amdat Nasr p eriod

( Mallowan

a rchitectural t ripartite

1 947;

1 965,

5 , 1 41 4).

H ere

a gain

f eature of the p receding p eriod i s

p lan

consisting

of

a central

the

basic

i llustrated, a

cruciform court w ith a

s eries of smaller r ooms on e ither s ide ( Fig. 270:a). S imilar house a nd temple p lans were a lso f ound a t Habuba Kabira ( Ludwig 1 977; Strommenger D riel—Murray

I t

s hould

a bove

t here

e xplained

1 980)

a nd

J ebel

A ruda

( Driel

1 977;

D riel

a nd

1 980, P 1.1).

be

pointed

a re

i n

out

that

considerable

t erms of

l ocal

i n

a ll

the

instances

d ifferences,

which

g iven

c an

b e

variations, but the common f eatures

a re the more s ignificant.

We Ubaid

have

t ried

p eriod

c ontemporary

a s

t o

t race

the

r epresented

s ites,

back

to

a rchitectural by

t he

the

e vidence

b uildings

Sa t narran

of

period

a nd

f rom

A bada u p

to

the a nd the

U ruk a nd P rotoliterate p eriods a s revealed i n several s ites i n the s outh, middle a nd n orth of Mesopotamia. We f ound that u nequivocal e vidence of a common p lan upon which a ll these buildings

a re

based; the

s o—called

t ripartite

plan,

of a l ong c entral hall w ith a s eries of smaller

consisting

rooms o n

e ither

s ide.

I t

s eems

evident

a rchitectural

that

t radition

we f rom

a re

dealing

the

Samarra

with

a n

p eriod

uninterrupted until

U ruk

I V.

t r emains i mportant t o p oint out t hat no s uch p lan i s known f rom s outhern I raq, s o f ar, until t he Ubaid 4 period ( Eridu V III/VII), therefore i t i s p robable t hat the p lan i s i ndigenous

1 76

t o n orthern, or c entral Mesopotamia.

Among o ther the

p resence

number

of

i nteresting

of

a l arge

which

was

d iscoveries

number f ound

of

f rom the

p ottery

a t

A bada

U baid

k ilns,

a nd

s ites

the

i s

largest

S ongor

B .

F ire

i nstallations o r f ire d evices i n I raq a nd the n eighbourng a reas h ave been f ully d ealt w ith by a n umber of r ecent s tudies ( Delacroix

a nd

H uot

1 972;

Barrelet

1 974;

M ajidzadeh

1 975;

C rawford 1 977), b ut the a uthors were u nable t o p rovide us w ith i nformation a bout the i nstallations during the U biad period due to a l ack of r elevant d iscoveries. H owever t he e xcavations a t the U baid s ites i n Hamrin range of s uch i nstallations.

have

now

b rought

t o

l ight

a w ide

The p ractice of burying children i n u rns below the f loors of h ouses was a common t radition among the U baid p eople a t Abada, R ashid, A yash, A s—Saadiya a nd A bu Husaini. Such a p ractice may b e

of

religious

s ignificance.

This

i s

s upported

by

the

f act

t hat no a dults ' g raves were f ound a ssociated w ith h ouses, b ut i n s pecial p laces s erving a s cemeteries, l ocated f ar f rom t he s ettlements, f or e xample B ustan which may have been a cemetery f or Maddhur, a nd S ongor A which s erved a s a cemetery f or S ongor C.

A rich s ites

i n

v ariety of materials were Hamrin;

of

i nterest

f ound

i s

t he

t hroughout l arge

t he

J b id

collection

f

f igurines depicting human a nd a nimal s hapes. Spindle whorls w ere a bundant, p articularly a t Abada, a nd this would o bviously s uggest t hat weaving was w idely p racticed. Basketry a nd matting manufacture a ppear to have been well d eveloped a nd technically a ccomplished. Two t echniques were u sed; twill p laiting, over t wo,

under

two, which

was

u sed

i n

making mats ,

a nd

coil—work

i n

making s moother a nd f iner basketry. R eed mats were common a t b oth Abada a nd R ashid a nd were effectively used f or v arious p urposes s uch a s r oofing o r covering f loors; t he most i nteresting

u sage

was

t o

s everal b uildings of l evel

The

e xcavations

build

t he

I a t Abada

a t Abada

B aryat

s hilib

s een

i n

( Fig. 2 5).

h ave revealed

a g ood

collection

of

c lay objects i n d ifferent geometric s hapes s uch a s s pheres, c ones, d iscs, r ods a nd s ome other s hapes. Such objects have l ong b een reported f rom most neolithic s ites i n I raq a nd s outhw estern A sia, a nd were a rbitrarily described b y t heir e xcavators a s g aming p ieces of unknown use. With the e xception o f a v ery f ew s pheres which were made of s tone a nd metal, a ll t hese objects

r ecovered

a t Abada were made of c lay a nd modelled

b y h and. The majority of these objects were f ound i n g roups, i n o ne building only, b uilding A i n both l evel I I a nd I , a s s hown i n t he p lan of those two l evels; each g roup consisted of 6 1 8 -

o bjects of d ifferent s hapes. N evertheless, s poradically throughout the l evels.

1 77

s ome

were

f ound

the

I t would s eem n ot i rrelevant i n work of D . S chmandt-BesSerat

s tudied

s uch

described t hese

c lay

t he

objects

s tages

o bjects

w ere

of

f rom

t his connection t o m ention (1 977 ) who has l isted a nd

M iddle

their

E astern

e volution.

a ctually

t okens

She

to

s ites

a nd

concluded

k eep

has that

r ecords

t ransactions a nd s o s hould b e considered c ounters. The based her a ssumption o n the r esults o f a s tudy made b y

o f

a uthor P ierre

Amiet ( 1966) who i dentified i n t he a rchives of Susa a n a rchaic s ystem of r ecording d ating f rom t he s econd half of the f ourth millennium B .C. ; the s ystem consists o f small c lay t okens of geometric s hapes mostly i n the f orm of s pheres, d iscs, c ones and t etrahedrons, f ound e nclosed i n c lay e nvelopes i n the s hape of h ollow

c lay

balls

called

bullae.

The

usually b ears s eal i mpressions a nd the number of t okens e nclosed. He

s urface

of

these

balls

s ometimes marks i ndicating i nterpreted each b ulla a s

r epresenting a t ransaction. The t okens i nside i ndicated t he k ind of g oods e xchanged by t heir s hapes, a nd the q uantity, b y their s ize a nd n umber. This b elief was s upported by epigraphic e vidence f rom N uzi where a bullae was f ound c ontaining 4 8 s mall objects " pebbles" ( abnu) i nscription d ealing with

a nd bearing a l engthy various k inds of h erds

c uneiform a nd their

n umbers. The t otal n umber of a ll a nimals mentioned i n t he text amounts t o 4 8 which corresponds to the total number of the abnu i nside

the

bullae

( Oppenheim

1 958 ,

1 23),

a nd

t hus

the

a bnu were

p roved t o be counters. I n other words the bullae f ulfilled t he s ame f unction a s the e arly tablets a nd were a n a dministrative record of e conomic t ransactions. The h ollow bullae w ere s oon replaced b y f ull bullae, i .e. tablets b earing o nly the n umeri s igns o n t heir outside ( Schmandt-BesSerat 1 977, 25), ' as s oon

a s

the s ystem of marks on the e xterior o f the bullae was g enerally a dopted a nd u nderstood, i t obviously made the s ystem o f t okens i nside t he bullae s uperfluous a nd o bsolete a nd tablets with numerical s igns made t heir a ppearance' ( ibid. , 2 7). I t i s i nteresting

t o

p oint

out

that

both

A miet

( 1966)

a nd

S chmandt-

Besserat ( 1977, 2 4; chart 7 ) p ostulated a p ossible r elationship between t okens a nd the e arliest w riting a nd i n p articular between the s hape of the a bstract s igns a nd the s hape of t he t okens.

The

d iscovery

v arious

c lay

a nd

f act,

t he

a t

objects a s

Abada

of

a

c onsiderable

concentrated

noted

b efore,

mainly

that

t his

i n

collection

one

building

building

was

t he

o f ( A),

most

p restigious o ne i n the v illage, s hould c ertainly s hed l ight o n t he f unction of these g eometric-shaped objects. This f unction s hould b e i nterpreted i n a dministrative a nd e conomic t erms , a nd i t

s eems

have

p lausible

b een

t okens

i nteresting a ccounting

t o

that

mention

s ystem

t hese

various

r epresenting based

i n o n

s hapes

records

this

of

connection

t okens

of

of

c lay m ay

t ransactions. that

d ifferent

well I t

i s

a p rimitive s hapes

a nd

material i s s till being u sed i n most I raqi v illages b y f armers t o keep r ecords of the c rops they h ave delivered; f or i nstance the f armer, o r s omeone h e would s end, would t ake a p articular t oken f or e ach quantity of c rops h e handed o ver a nd a fter a certain a greed p eriod t he f armer would e xchange the t okens f or

1 78

m oney

f rom

the

c onsidered

a s

p urchaser,

counters

L .8 1

a nd

I n

t heir

t »-.0

t ise

p resck ..

. t

t okens A bada

s hould

b e

represents

p art of a w idespread r ecording s ys t m which h ad b een e stablished throughout p rehistoric s ites i n the a rea s ince t he 9 th m illennium B .C. I t m illennium B .C. w ithout

continued t o operate a pparent modifications

u ntil the 4 th ( Sch mandt 1 977,

2 7).

Although a ll s hapes of t okens f ound a t o ther s ites r epresented a t A bada, n o bullae were f ound. H owever, a i mportant d iscovery was made i n l evel I . We f ound what we

were v ery f eel

J ustified t o call a p roto—tablet ( Fig. 7 0:a) b earing o n i ts u pper s urface s igns a rranged i n f our p arallel l ines; a lthough n o s tudy was conducted by e pigraphists t o determine the nature of these s igns i t would s eem r easonable t o a ssume t hat t hey may h ave been a ssumption k nown

i ntended would b e

t ablets

a ctivities. p eriod

a t

The

A bada

t o s tand congruent

w ere of

n umerical v alues. the i dea that t he

a dministrative

a ppearance i s

f or w ith

of

g reat

this

r ecords

of

p roto—tablet

s ignificance

i n

t erms

i n of

This f irst

e conomic t he the

U baid date

a nd o rigin of w riting. I t i s a lso of g reat importance d etermining which p eople s hould b e g iven t he credit f or i nvention which h ad s uch momentous consequences.

The most

i mportant

o ur Ubaid s ites s pecial i nterest

i s i s

a nd

i n a n

e xtremely i nteresting d iscovery f rom

the l arge q uantity of U baid p ottery. Abada where we f ound t ens of thousands

p ainted, i mpressed, i ncised a nd

p lain

s herds , a nd

Of o f

a l arge number

of complete v essels. As w e have a lready s een, the ceramic i ndustry a nd t he p ottery t ypes have p rovided good c hronological i ndicators f or dating the U baid s ites i n t he H amrin region.

I t i s of g reat i nterest t o s ee that the U baid 3 s ites which w ere l ocated i n t he s outh—eastern part of the H amrin ( Abada I l/I, R ashid, S ite no-3, Ayash a nd A l—Khubari) have p roduced i ndistinguishable U baid p ottery which could h ave been manufactured o r p roduced i n o ne p roduction centre i n the a rea a nd d istributed t o the o ther U baid s ites mentioned a bove. The U baid 3 p ottery f ound a t T ells S ongor A ,B,C , a nd K .Qasim w hich o ccupy t he middle s ector of the n orth—western p art of the H amrin, i s v ery s imilar a nd was s lightly d ifferent f rom the U baid pottery of t he a ll t he s ites which M addhur,

[ 8]

H asan,

f irst g rouj .. Of b elong t o t he

H aizalon,

R ubeidheh,

s imilar i nterest i s l ate U baid p eriod B ustan

a nd

t hat l ike

A bu—Husaini

Another e xample which d emonstrates the f unction of tokens, comes f rom my own c ity ( Hillah) n ear B abylon i n the m iddle of I raq; there the p eople who u sually work i n p remises a nd s hops i n a p articular a rea u sed t o d rink a good d eal of tea a t v arious t imes e very day which w as p rovided f or them b y s ome cafe n earby; they g ive t he t ea man o ne p articular t oken f or e ach c up of tea they t ook, tokens would b e e xchanged f or money a t a l ater t ime.

1 79

( Fig. 2 77), were l ocated c lose to each o ther, i n the n orthern part of the region. The reasons a nd t he i mplications o f s uch a d istribution will b e d iscussed

i n t he next chapter.

1 80

CHAPTER V

Settlement P atterns: Subsistence a nd S ite D istribution

I t

i s w idely a greed that the reconstruction of a p rehistoric

s ociety i s one of t he most p roblematic i ssues i n a rchaeology. The v ery l imited s cale of e xcavations conducted on U baid s ites during making

the last f ifty years has p roduced very l ittle data, the a ttempt t o r econstruct U baid s ociety v ery d ifficult.

However t he new e xcavations i n a vailable a considerable amount s hall e ndeavour s ociety, b earing reconstruction

the Hamrin region have made of i nformation w ith which we

t o a ccomplish a r econstruction of U baid i n mind t hat a ny f orm of p rehistoric

w ill

b e

f ar

f rom

complete

or

a ccurate, a nd

the r econstructed p icture w ill be a ltered or modified e vidence becomes a vailable f rom f uture e xcavations.

the

T he concept f ield of

of s ettlement pattern a rchaeology i n the

1 953,1956) i s s till both a rchaeologists pattern"

may

mean

a s

that f resh

which was i ntroduced t o e arly f ifties ( Willey

r eceiving a good deal of a ttention f rom a nd a nthropologists. The t erm "settlement

t he

consideration

of

i ndividual

buildi ngs

a nd the manner i n w hich both these buildings a nd communities were e stablished ( Trigger 1 968, 5 5). I t i s a lso u sed t o i nvestigate f actors affecting the location of p rehistoric s ites a nd can r eveal e vidence a bout the t echnological a chievements of t heir i nhabitants ( Oates 1 972a). C hang ( 1962, 2 8)

h as

c ommunity

d ifferentiated p attern

w hich

b etween

implies

s ettlement

s ocial

a nd

p attern

political

a nd

matters.

Here we u se " settlement p attern" a s a broader concept to consider f actors e ffecting the d istribution of the U baid s ites throughout t he H amrin region a nd t he s ubsistence a ctivities of their i nhabitants, a lso t o s tudy the community terms of s ocio-political b ehaviour a nd h ierarchy.

patterns

i n

S ite D istribution

The

concentration of s ome s ixteen

U baid

s ites

i n

the

Hamrin

region i s a rather i nteresting f eature of the U baid s ettlement pattern w hich may h ave o ccurred i n other regions a s well. I t i s thus

important

t o

i nvestigate

a nd

u nderstand

behind t his concentration of s ettlements small a rea of north-central I raq. [ 1]

[ 1]

w ithin

t he

reasons

a relatively

S ome 5 0 Ubaid s ites were f ound, concentrated i n a n a rea of 3 50 km . a round T ell Afar i n north-western I raq ( Oates 1 980, 3 07).

1 81

E cological

f actors

a re

often

f actors which p lay the k ey Communities whose subsistence a nd

p astoralism

p otential

would

naturally

p roductivity

a nd

s tressed

r ole i n i s mainly p refer

a vailable

a s

d eterminant

s ettlement p atterns. based on a griculture

to

f ind

water.

land

Water

w ith

h igh

w hether

i n

the s ense of r ainfall a nd wells, or i rrigation, is c onsidered o ne of t he most powerful f actors affecting s ettlement patterns i n M esopotamia, due t o i ts a ridity ( Oates 1 972a, 299).

T echnology must be a dded f actor i n d etermining t he

to e nvironment l ocation a nd

a s a n i mportant d istribution of

s ettlements, a nd the e nvironmental r ole i s of course a l imiting, not a d etermining one ( Trigger 1 965, 5 ).

Z immerman ( 1978, 28) h as e xplained s ite l ocation i n terms of l ocational " behaviour", h e a rgues t hat " people h ave a conception of where p ersons i n their ' situation ' would p refer to l ive. They

know

i n

a very

g eneral

way that

major

f actors

( such

a s a vailability of key r esources o r d istance to f riends r elatives) c ontribute t o their i dea o f p roper l ocation".

o r

I t s eems that a wide range of variables s uch as type of s oil, d istance t o water, availability of natural resources, p roximity of

r outes

t o

s ecurity

H all

or

markets, a nd

a nd

e xistence

of other

defence, contribute

1 971, 9 ; Oates

1 972a,

t o

Hodder

299;

s ite

s ites, i n a ddition l ocation

a nd O rton

( Plog

a nd

1 976, 5 3).

T rade a nd r outes were a lso considered t o be i mportant f actors affecting Mesopotamian s ettlement patterns a s early a s 7 000 B .C. ( Oates

1 972a, 2 99).

S ite C atchment Analysis

A v ariety of a pproaches have been s uggested to deal w ith the s ubject of s ettlement pattern. One of t hese i s s ite catchment a nalysis. This s ubsistence

f ashionable

a ctivities

l ocation ( Higgs 1 976, 2 36).

The

c oncept

a nd

of

a pproach

a nd

to

V ita—Finzi

s ite

c an

be

u sed

s uggest 1 970,

catchment

i s

to

r econstruct

r easons

f or

s ite

H odder

a nd

O rton

1 972;

e sseitially

based

on

t he

i dea t hat h uman g roups t end t o e xploit e conomic resources which l ie w ithin a certain p roposed d istance the u ndesired

d istance f rom the e xploitation w ould

a nd " the f urther

s ite. B eyond that b e uneconomic a nd

t he a rea i s f ron the s ite t he l ess i t

i s l ikely t o be e xploited" ( Vita—Finzi a nd H iggs 1 970, 2-7). A s imilar i dea was e xpressed by J udge ( 1971) w ho used what h e called " minimax l ocations, that r esource

s trategy" i s " sites

a cquisition

a nd

t o a re

e xplain l ocatec

maximise

1 82

the s o

r esources

i ssue a s t o

of s ite minimize

a cquired"

( ibid. ,

3 8).

The b oth

catchment

w ild

a nd

a rea

domestic

i s

defined

t hat

o ccur

a s

"The

w ithin

zone

of

r esources,

a reasonable walking

d istance of a g iven v illage" ( Flannery 1 976, 9 1). The l imits of t he c atchment a rea a re a c ontroversial q uestion. Chisholm ( 1962) i n h is s tudy based o n modern p easant a griculture p ostulated

a d istance of

1km. beyond which the cost of movement

b ecomes s ufficiently g reat to warrant w hile a t a d istance of 3-14 km. the cost d etrimental

( ibid. ,

7 3,1 14 8).

Oates

s ome k ind of response, becomes oppressive a nd

( 1980,

3 08)

has

s uggested

c atchment a rea of 2 kms. radius f or s ites i n the region N ineveh i n N orthern I raq, purely to t est p ressure on land.

A "workable hypothesis"

was p roposed

s uggesting

5 kms. f or a gricultural ( Higgs a nd V ita—Finzi

e conomies a nd 1 0 kms. 1 972, 3 1). Because

v ariation

was

t he

d istance

converted

i nto

f or of

the

a of

a radius of mobile ones t opographic

t ime

taken

t o

c over i t; a walking d istance of one hour i n a t l east f our d irections f rom t he s ite i s s uggested f or a gricultural t erritories, a nd t wo h ours f or hunter—gatherer ones ( Higgs a nd V ita—Finzi 1 970, 3 3). Vita—Finzi and Higgs ( 1970) i nfluenced by V an Thune's model of concentric c ircles ( 1875), have a dopted a s cheme of "weighting" s ections of the catchment a rea a ccording t o

their

d istance

f rom

t he

s ite

by

drawing

c oncentric

c ircles

w ith radii of 1 , 2 , 3 , L I a nd 5 kms. a round the s ite, conclu ng t hat the more d istant the c ircle i s f rom the s ite the less e xploited i t i s a nd v ice v ersa ( Vita—Finzi a nd H iggs 1 970, T able 3 ).

The

d istance

relationship

a dvanced

by

V ita—Finzi

a nd

H iggs

( ibid) was u sed by H illman ( 1973) to a nalyse t he catchment a rea i n t he A ran region i n Turkey. H e worked out the d istance b etween a v illager's h ouse a nd h is f ield a t c . 2 .6 km . , a d istance w hich i s t o be considered u neconomic a ccording to C hisholm 's c riteria ( 1962, 6 6). However t his f igure s eems to be i nconsistent w ith my i nformation derived f rom e thnographic d ata which was obtained f rom I raqi v illages [ 2] i nvolved i n w heat a nd b arley a griculture, where the I raqi f armers, g enerally, walk a d istance of a bout 5 km . or e ven more t o reach t heir f ields, i .e. a n e quivalent of a bout a n hour's walking t ime. A lthough s uitable

s ite—catchment s tudies were carried r econstructions, they s uffered

out w ith s ome f rom certain

s hortcomings i nvolved i n one o r a nother of their f actors. D istance f actors, f or e xample, have not gained s upport f rom r ecent s tudies ( Flannery 1 976, 9 1 4; Oates 1 980, 3 08). The a ssumption c onstitutes

t hat O nly

s ites

a re

a s mall

non—agricultural

p ercentage

of

their

i f

( Vita—Finzi a nd H iggs 1 970, 1 6) has a lso been i nvalid ( Flannery 1 976, 92-93). The method has

[ 2]

p ers.comm. with I raqi

a rable

catchment

land a rea

p roved to be been f urther

f armers i n s outh a nd central I raq.

1 83

c riticised b y H odder a nd O rton ( 1976, 2 33) who r ightly a rgued that " the r ings of l and nearest the v illage or f armsteads often consist of p oor, d enuded a nd u ncultivated s oil". E thnographic data

would

e very

s upport

v illage

i n

t his

I raq

s tatement

t oday

the

a s

we

f urther

f ind the

that

a rea

i n

i s

a lmost

f rom

the

v illage t he better e xploited i t i s, b ecause the a rea w hich i mmediately surrounds the v illage a lways consists of c ompact a nd s trongly b eaten s oils due t o t heir f requent u se a nd continuous movements of t he i nhabitants; i t i s rather u sed a s a n a ccess a rea i nto a nd out of the v illage. A nother shortcoming i n s ite catchment a nalysis i s that the s ites a nd t heir catchment i s

a reas

i nterpreted

a re i n

considered t erms

of

i n

a

i solation

s ingle

a nd

type

s ite

of

l ocation

resource,

thus

i gnoring other resources which might c ombine t o i nfluence the choice of the l ocation of the s ite ( Hodder a nd Orton 1 976 , 235; Hodder 1 978, 25 ; R oper 1 979, 1 26). More recently h as c riticized t he approach f or i ts f ailure a dequate measure of the relative e conomic e nvironmental

a rea w ithin

s ite

catchments, he

Findlow ( 1980) to develop an importance of

p roposed

w hat

he

called " conical correlation a nalysis" which basically d epends o n t he i nteraction between t echnology a nd e nvironments a s a new method f or s ite catchment a nalysis ( ibid. , 1 58). Finally D ennell ( 1980, 1 7) h as pointed out that the t echnique of s ite catchment a nalysis cannot be a pplicable t o e very type of subsistence e conomy.

To

r econstruct

the

s ize

of

a

catchment

c ircle,

F lannery

( 1976, 1 93) h ad r eversed t he a pproach by gathering empirical data concerning d ifferent t ypes of r esources s uch a s p lants, a nimal a nd mineral r esources f ound a t many s ites, regardless h ow f ar these materials were b rought f rom, i nstead of depending o n

r esources

Based

o n

a vailable

t hese

catchment

a rea

c oncentric k ilometres

w ithin

e mpirical a s

t he

t erritory

data

F lannery

consisting

of

a

s eries

of

a g iven

s ite.

v isualized of

c ircles measuring f rom l ess than a nd up to two hundred k ilometres i n

the

ever—widening

two a nd a half diameter ( ibid. ,

1 09).

A n

a lternative

offered

by

Z arki

a pproach

( 1976). This

t o

s ite

takes

catchment

t he

a nalysis

p roportions

of

was

v arious

e nvironmental z ones within a large s tudy a rea a s g iven, a nd deduces the r esources by t reating t he catchment c ircles as s amples

d rawn

by

p rehistoric

" prehistoric v illages certain r esources, even s mall ( ibid. ,

p ercentage

of

were when

the

man.

The

conclusion

i s

that

l ocated to t ake a dvantage of s uch resources constitute o nly a

t otal

c atchment

a rea

of

the

s ite"

1 17-128).

I t s eems e vident that one of t he l imitations o f s ite catchment a nalysis i s that a s ite a nd i ts territory were dealt w ith s eparately. We f eel t hat a better way to f ind o ut the r easons which have affected s ite l ocation i s to understand the e conomic s trategy i nvolved. A f air k nowledge of e nvironmental data s uch a s s oil t ypes, a gricultural p otential, f arming

1 84

p ractises a nd

a nimal h usbandry i s required

f or this.

S oil Types a nd S ite L ocations

The t otal a rea of t he H amrin region i s a bout 6 00 square k ilometres. The major t ypes of s oils contained i n this a rea a re s hown i n ( Table 1 ). T he description a nd the results of l aboratory a nalysis f or ( Chapter 1 , Tables 3 -6).

A l ook

a t

a rea of the

these

each

r esults

H amrin

of

w ill

those

c learly

g enerally consists of

types

s how

was

that

a lluvial

g iven

the

i n

e ntire

basins

whose

s oils a re basically a consistant mixture of a lluvial c lay, s ilt a nd l oam.

The

e xamination

of

t he

d istribution

of

the

U baid

s ites

t hroughout the region a nd t he t ype of s oil they a re a ssociated w ith, obviously r eflects the p reference of the i nhabitants i n c hoosing t heir

A ll

s ite l ocation.

s ixteen

U baid

s ites w ith n o

e xception

( Chapter

a ctually l ocated o n a lluvial s oils, thus revealing r elationship between

The

f act

t hat

s ite l ocation a nd

a lluvial

s oil

s oil t ype

was

a n

a n

I V)

were

i mportant

( Fig. 6 ).

i mportant

f actor

i n

d etermining the s ite l ocation must not i nduce us t o overlook o ther e qually i mportant f actors which might have had a s trong e ffect. A g lance a t l ocated

i n

t he

p resent

each

( Fig. 6 )

s hows that there a re two marsh a reas

north-western

of

t hese

two

s ection

a reas

i s

of

the

H amrin

surrounded

by

r egion.

At

a number

of

v illages. T hese marsh a reas p rovide t he nearby v illages w ith s uitable g razing l and f or their f locks of s heep a nd herds of c attle a nd c amels , a nd w ith reeds f or mats a nd basketry making. T hey a re a lso the mainstay of w ild p igs a nd b irds. This p resent s ituation may a lso h ave b een the case i n a ncient t ime, a s we can located

near

t he marsh a reas w hich may have e xisted a t a lmost the l ocations. T he g roup of T ells S ongor A , B a nd C a re l ocated

s ee

f rom

F ig.

6 t hat

s ome

of

the

U baid

s ites

a re

s ame near

t he marsh a rea t o t he west of the D iyala r iver. The other marsh a rea which i s l ocated n ear Q ara T epe i s s urrounded b y the U baid s ites of K .Qasim, Maddhur a nd B ustan.

T he p resence of t he D iyala r iver a nd i ts t ributaries l ike t he K urderreh a nd t he N arin C hai could have been a nother i mportant f actor i n t he choice of l ocation of the U baid s ettlements i n t he H amrin region. B oth R ubeidheh a nd Haizalon a re l ocated a long t he N arin C hai i n the west of the region. Tell R ashid i s l ocated n ear t he s outhern s tretches of the K urderreh w hich might well h ave s tretched f urther then. The p resence a lso of a l arge, w ide, a lluvial depression chand which turns i nto a

1 85

torrential r iver during w inter a nd s pring, a nd k eeps pools with considerable water during s ummer, may have been a n i ncentive f actor which

f or i s

t he

people

l ocated

of

near

Abada

both

t o

e stablish

this

chand

to

their the

s ettlement,

north

a nd

the

Kurderreh t o the west.

A bada 's

f armers

s eem

t o

h ave

t aken

a dvantage

of

this

s ituation t o draw water f rom both these s ources p resumably for drinking a nd o ther domestic purposes a nd f or watering their crops when needed. This was a ttested by the e vidence o btained f rom our e xcavation a t t he f ound unequivocal e vidence of water two d ifferent d irections ( Fig. 2 5). p ipes a nd

were

t raced

a pparently

not f ar running a nd

a long

e xtended

p ipes lying i n s itu a long T o the north these water

a d istance

of

f urther

j oin

t o

a rchaeological s ite where we

a bout the

half

a k ilometre

chand

which

l ies

a way i n the s ame d irection. The other channel i s f ound i n a westerly d irection f or a d istance of a bout 2 00 m .

s eemingly

continuing

t ill

i t

j oined

Kurderreh

r iver which

l ies j ust a b it f urther i n the s ame d irection. We have n ot been a ble t o t race the channel down t o t he r iver a s the s oil was g reatly e roded

a nd

a huge gully has been f ormed a long the r iver.

The p resence of marshes a nd r ivers i n the region p rovided not only water f or d rinking a nd i rrigation but a lso good r esoures f or f ishing a nd f owling, a s well a s s erving as r outes of communication. The d iscovery a t A bada a nd Songor C of a p ottery boat i s

model

s imilar

r eminiscent

of

t o

s imlar

1 981, F ig.111). These by the U baidians f or of

h andling

t hose

boat

a lready

i n

I raq

models

obviously d ifferent

r ivers; we

boats i n t he Gulf a nd

used

today

f rom

balam

E ridu

( Fig.

( Safar

5 3)

e t

a l.

i ndicate p urposes

the a nd

u se of s uch boats i mply a k nowledge

k now that

the

U baid

p eople

used

a djacent marshes f or other resources.

Thus i t s eems evident t hat t he p resence of f ertile a lluvial s oils a nd a vailability of water were the main factors behind the l ocation of the U baid s ites i n t he H amrin region. The combination of would

h ave

f ertile

been

t he

s oil

a nd water

i mportant

base

i mplies that of

agriculture

s ubsistence

f or

the

communities i n t he a rea. Having reached s uch a conclusion the next s tep w ill b e t o d iscuss the components of the a gricutural e conomy based

on the use a nd e xploitation of both a lluvial

a nd water.

1 86

s o i l

Table Soil

i n

the

H amrin

region.

D escription

S oil C hand Q ara

t ypes

1

Tepe

M usari K anaan

C oarse

t extured

s aline

s oil.

n on-saline

or

s lightly

F ine t extured, non-saline or s lightly saline s oil w ith no e xtreme s tructural deterioration. F ine t extured n on-salne o r s lightly s aline

s oil,

C oarse

t extured,

w ith

L and-use

s ome

s tructural

saline

deterioration.

s oil.

i n the H amrin R egion

The a ctual s ystem of f arming f ollowed i s the s ame basic p attern f ound t hroughout the g reater p art of I raq, that i s, the major c rops a re t he w inter cereals wheat a nd barley, a nd these a re u sually g rown i n a t raditional f allow rotation.

The

general

i dea

of

this

f arming

s ystem

i s

that

" In

a ny

s ingle year only a bout half the a vailable l and would be p lanted w ith s hitwi crop , t he rest l ying f allow a nd a t the s ame t ime p roviding

w inter

H amrin region

a nd

p asture"

( Oates

t he M iddle

a nd

Oates

1 976a,

1 17).

I n

the

D iyala a rea a s a whole, occasional

d ifferences o ccur i n t he l ength of the f allow rotation; that i s, i nstead of a r egular a lternation between one w inter s eason u nder c rops a nd o ne u nder f allow, there a re such variants a s h aving two s uccessive y ears u nder f allow. These variations f rom t he s tandard f allow rotation a re p robably a dopted to meet s ome p articular r equirement o r s ome a bnormal condition such a s a n a ttempt on t he p art of the g rower t o recoup f or h imself after a v ery p oor

h avest, a n occur e nce which can a ll too often happen i n

t he purely r ain-fed p arts of the region.

Oates ( 1980) h as s uccinctly demonstrated a ccording t o the a vailable d ata t hat " the t raditional s ystem of a lternating f allows was p robably i n u se, a t l east i n s ome p arts of M esopotamia, a s e arly a s the 6 th millennium B .C." ( ibid. , 3 03).

Arable L and

a nd A griculture i n t he H amrin R egion

• As we h ave a lready s een the l and of the H amrin basin i s c onsidered t o be f ertile land of good p roductive potential, a nd o ne can a ssume t hat the s oils were reasonably good during the

1 87

t ime with which we a re concerned a s well.

Agriculture

Although

the

controversial

q uestion o ne

due

of

t he

t o

e nvironmental e vidence s o

a ncient

t he

f ar

c limate

l imitation

a vailable

of

i n

I raq

the

( Oates a nd

i s

a

p alaeo—

Oates

1 976a,

1 15), i t i s generally a ssumed that p resent—day c limatic conditions p robably s tabilized a round 6 ,000 B .P. ( Wright 1 960; Van

Z iest

1 969).

p rehistoric today. U sing ( Jazirah), i ndicate 5 000

T his

not

necessarily

mean

that

the

c limatic c onditions were p recisely a s t hey a re s ettlement data f rom the a rid zones of Mesopotamia

Oates

h as

s hown

a marginally

B .C.

does

a nd

t hat

wetter

p erhaps

the

p hase

c limate

during

the

e xtending

i nto

the

there

been

no

would

s eem

p eriod

f ifth

c .

to

6 500-

millennium

( 1982b, 3 61).

Generally could

have

s peaking,

had

s ignificant

h ave

consequences

major

s ince

changes

the

t hat

appearance

of the f irst v illage communities ( Oates 1 980, 3 04). S o i f the p resent—day c limatic conditions a re generally s imilar t o the a ncient ones, i t would b e not u nreasonable t o a ssume that the p resent—day f arming s ituation s hould b e relevant t o that w hich was

p revailing

i n

the

p eriod

w ith

which

i llucidate t his p roposition a a griculture, both rain a nd i rrigation

R ain

we

a re

concerned.

To

consideration o f the based, w ill be necessary.

C ultivation

As d emonstrated i n C hapter I , the c limate of the H amrin region may b e c lassified a s s emi—arid. The a rea receives on a verage rainfall of 3 27 mm. f alling a lmost certainly during the w inter a nd s pring months, f rom N ovember t o May. With a n a verage p recipitation of o ver 3 00 mm. per a nnum the region i s therefore capable of s upporting g rown conditions.

The main

s uch c rops as wheat a nd barley under rain

characteristic

of

the

region's

agriculture

i s that

i t i s basically d ependent on rainfall a nd has therefore t o be centered o n w inter c rops. The main winter crops a re w heat a nd barley. Wheat p redominates because s oil s alinity is rare s o the need t o offset t his by g rowing more barley is not s o compelling. Apart

f rom

beans

a nd

cereals, w inter

the

only

other

v egetables,

w inter

a lways

c rops g rown

a re

l inseed,

t oday

w ith

i rrigation.

The

outcome

of

w inter

c rops

depends

e ntirely

on

the

a mount

of rainfall i n t he s owing s eason. W ith the u ncertainty of receiving s ufficient o r well d istributed rain i n s ome f our y ears out of t en, b ringing

a s harp

1 88

f all

i n

y ields

a nd

s ometimes

e ven w idespread c rop f ailures, i rrigation may be u sed t o s upplement the r ainfall. The f requency w ith which years of u nfavourable rains occur may be gathered f rom Table 2 which g ives

total

p recipitation

f or

the

months

O ctober—May

over

a

p eriod of more t han twenty years a t K hanaqin. B earing i n mind t hat K hanagin i s wetter t han the Hamrin region, i t w ill be noted t hat i n t erms of t otal p recipitation, 2 out of 2 2 years had l ess t han 200mm. ; 7 years had b etween 250-300mm. . While

b etween a t otal

200-250 mm. a nd 1 y ear h ad p recipitation of 2 50 mm. i s

v ery marginal f or wheat a nd barley, this total may be regarded a s being just s ufficient p rovided the rainfall i s u niformly d istributed.

I rrigation P attern

The

e xisting

s ituated

i n

the

i rrigated p lains

l ands

between

i n

the

the

Hamrin

s uccessive

basin

ranges

a re

of

l ow

h ills that t raverse t he a rea. The main s ources of s upply a re the D iyala river with i ts t ributaries the K urderreh a nd N arin C hai. O n a ccount of the s teep r iver s lopes of the D iyala a nd the f act that the r iver i s nowhere deeply i ncised below the general l evel of the p lains, there i s genrerally l ittle d ifficulty i n obtaining a dequate command. This condition has imposed the t ypical i rrigation pattern of the a rea, i n which water i s a bstracted

f rom

t he

r iver

by

means

of

numerous

small

canals often r unning p arallel t o e ach other k ilometres, n ot one of these has a ny headworks, a nd control i s therefore d ifficult a nd haphazard. The often f lood down

p rivate

f or many effective heads a re

l eft open throughout the i rrigation s eason a nd, should a i n the r iver o ccur a t this t ime, the water p ours u nchecked t he

canals,

i nundating

b reaching

c ultivated

t he

a reas

banks, f ar

s couring

the

i nland.(Diyala

canals a nd

a nd

M iddle

T igris p roject, R eport N o.2).

The l and w ithin the s outheast t o s outhwest

Hamrin basin s lopes u niformly a t a pproximately 2 .5 metres

k ilometre ( Fig. 6 ) a nd d rains N arin C hai which r un northwest

f rom p er

i nto the K urderreh r iver a nd a nd s outheast respectively, to

j oin the D iyala u pstream of the J ebel H amrin.

The

D iyala

r iver

runs

approximately east to west

region. The p lains s outh of the wadis, t he K hir C hand, near Tell R ashid, both of w hich carry a rea t o t he n orth of the

r iver a re A bada, a nd

a cross the

i ntersected by two Khir Gul, near T ell

h igh d ischarges at f lood t ime. The D iyala i s s omewhat d ifferent i n

character due t o a s ubsidiary f old. The l and s lopes a re s teeper a nd l ess u niform c ompared w ith those i n the s outhern a rea. P arts of the a rea h ave n o natural outlet f or s urface water a nd consequently have b ecome waterlogged

The main f ollows:

canals

that

t oday

1 89

a nd

s aline.

i rrigate

the

region

a re

a s

1

As-Saadiya canal, which s erves the g reater part of the s outhern a rea, i s well s ited on t he outside of a bend i n

-

the 2

r iver

1 4 00

m .

gardens

a round

the

s tream

of

J alawla

town.

t own.

The Zawiya Kabir takes off j ust down s tream of the last canal a nd runs p arallel t o D iyala past Saadiya.

-

a nd

the

confluence

of

"Mahmula", these a common offtake

Where water

K urderreh

D iyala.

The remaining a rea between D iyala a nd s erved by a g roup of 1 4 c anals of which

-

This

8 km. long i rrigates

canal which i s a bout the a rea a djacent t o

L t

down

The Z awiya S aghir canal t akes off a bout 1 500 m . upstream of S aadiya a nd i rrigates a s mall a rea of lands a nd

-

3

a bout

p ossible

reaching

later p oint

canals take off f rom opposite S aadiya.

e fforts

the

N arin C hai i s the largest i s

a re

made

cultivated

t o

D iyala

i ncrease

l ands

by

the

a t

a mount

diverting

of

a djacent

wadis. An e xample of this type of i rrigation i s to be f ound a long the chand i n the s outhern part of the region j ust near Abad a .

A t the n orth-western e nd of the region there

is a n

e xtensive

marsh bordered by the largest a rea of s aline land. R un-off f rom the s urrounding h ills concentrates h ere a s there i s no n atural s urface outlet, a lthough the N arin C hai runs w ithin 2 km. t o the s outh-west. C haracteristic of heavily s ediment charged r ivers , the

N arin

s urface h ighly

C hai

i s

d rainage s aline

bounded

cannot

a nd

i s

by

p ass.

u sed

f or

a l ow The

r idge

g round

i rrigation

through

water

w hich

however

a round

the

i s

the not

f ringes of

the l and.

but

N o e vidence f or i rrigation canals was f ound i n the H amrin, the a rchaeological e vidence f rom nearby Choga Mami has

conclusively s hown that canals of s ubstantial s ize were being dug b y the f armers of the s ixth m illennium B .C. who were p ractising i rrigation a griculture ( Oates a nd Oates 1 976a, 1 33). More e vidence f rom the s ame a rea has a lso s hown a nother canal of l J baid 3 date. Therefore i t i s p robable that the

U baid

f armers

k new of this technique a nd used i t i n t he H amrin basin.

A ncient C ultivation

I t was p ointed M iddle

E ast,

out

a long

that the g rowing

w ith

a ll

major

s eason of cereals i n the

c rops

which

a re

k nown

i n

p rehistoric t imes, is a w inter one ( Oates a nd Oates 1 976a ,117). A ccording t o the p alaeo-botanical e vidence a vailable f rom both C hoga Mami a nd A bada, both the M andali a nd Hamrin a reas e xperienced

a

f ully

developed

1 90

w inter

a griculture.

E mmer,

E inkorn,

b read

w heat,

naked

s ix-row barley

b arley were i dentified a t C hoga Mami a ddition t o large g rain oat, pea, l entil, a nd c lover. These p lants would s uggest t he

a nd

hulled

two-row

( Helbaek 1 972), i n rye g rasses, l inseed a vailability of more

w ater than modern conditions of rainfall would s upply, a f urther i ndication f or the p ractice of i rrigation here s ince t he S amarra p eriod ( Dates 1 982a, 2 7).

P alaeo-botanical e vidence n orth of C hoga Mami, s hows the a nd

d omesticated)

a nd

B read

f rom A bada p resence of wheat

[ 3] not far to the Emmer, E inkorn ( wild

( doubtful

i dentification).

H ulled a nd n aked s ix-row barley a nd two-row barley, were a lso f ound a t A bada. L iliacae were a ttested a t both Choga Mami a nd A bada.

I t

s eems

evident

t hat

despite

compared

t o

t he

l imited

C hoga

Mami,

e vidence

f rom

A bada

g enerally

s hare

t he s ame k inds of p lants, a f act

botanical both

that

s imilar c limatic c onditions during the S amarra p eriods i n t he s ixth a nd f ifth millennium B .C.

may a nd

s ites imply U baid

A nimal H usbandry

As

a result

of

s ufficient

rainfall, the

g razing

a re f avourable i n t he H amrin region which n atural g razing, a l arge p opulation of g razing

conditi n

can s upport, on a nimals, g razing

o n f allow a nd waste l and i n t he w inter, o n s tubble after harvest a nd s ome migrating t o mountain pastures i n the s ummer.

L ivestock a re t o be f ound i n a ll z ones of the region today, b ut a re of s pecial i mportance i n t he h ills which a ctually s urround t he region ( Fig. 6 ). I n s uch a reas where the t opography b ecomes too b roken t o p ermit the c ultivation of more than small p ockets of a rable l and, the a griculture i s p rincipally of a p astoral t ype. These pastoral z ones have a small r esident P opulation, but a re a lso e xtensively used by nomadic h erdsmen f or t heir l arge f locks of s heep and goats. They p rovide a n i mportant w inter g razing during the p eriod when most of the f allow land h as a lready been p loughed i n readiness f or next s eason's crops, a nd b efore cereal s tubble i s ready f or g razing. V illage f locks p lay a n i mportant p art i n the p rovision of leban ( yoghurt) a nd ghee f or l ocal consumption. L ivestock numbers v ary g reatly during t he t he n omadic f locks a re

y ear, being h ighest g razing t he h ills,

i n the winter when a nd l owest i n the

s ummer when t hey h ave moved n orth to t he h igher mountains a round the I ranian f rontier. C ows a re maintained i n t he towns a nd v illages f or t he p roduction of f resh milk. The bulk of the

[ 3]

P aleao-botanical r emains f rom T ell Abada were i dentified by M ichael C harles a nd Gorden H illman to both of whom I a m g reatly i ndebted ( see Table 3 ).

1 91

milk p roduced a nd

cheese

i s d runk

a nd

i s

i n

not

t he

rarely marketed b ut u sed

HuntLng, though

on

f orm of l eban o r

s old. Wool

i s mostly

turned

i nto ghee

s old. Goat's h air

i s

f or making t ents and r opes.

a v ery

l imited

s cale, i s

s till

p ractised;

g azelle a nd wild f owl a re the p referred game. F ishing i s w idely p ractised i n r ivers l ike the D iyala, K urderreh a nd N arin Chai. The marsh a reas i n the s outh—western part of the region a lso p rovide good resources f or f ishing a nd b ird h unting. Wild p igs or boars a re a bundant i n these marsh a reas, they a re not eaten t oday f or religious reasons but a re k illed a nd thrown a way as they cause considerable damage t o the cultivated l ands , p erhaps they were eaten i n the p ast. The marsh lands have h igh water tables a nd a distinctive marsh vegetation. They serve a u seful p urpose a t p resent a s w ild l ife a reas a nd f or the p erennial g razing of v illage l ivestock .

I t

i s

i nteresting

s ituation

i s

s imilar

t o t o

n ote

the

that

t he

p rehistoric

p resent—day

one;

a ccording

results of the s tudy of the p rehistoric f aunal Abada [ 1 41 b oth s heep ( Ovis) a nd goats ( Caper) were

a nimal t o

the

data f rom a vailable;

cattle, which were domesticated l ater i n S outh—western Asia than s heep a nd goats, were a lso f ound a t Abada i n both w ild a nd domesticated f orms. Cattle bones represented a bout 1 7 .40% of the

bones

f ound

supplemented s eem to h ave total b ones. p robably e xisted.

a t

t he

s ite.

The

meat

d iet

was

obvioL

iy

by hunting wild a nimals such a s gazelle, which been a bundant a s they r epresented 3 7.78% o f the P ig/wild boar ( Sus) a nd deer (Cervid ) were

e aten a lso. L arge dogs O nager ( E. a sinus),

o r s mall wolves ( Canis) a lso the r ative wild e quid of

Mesopotamia, were f requently represented of E quus, B os, Ovis, C apra a nd Gazzella

a t A bada. The p resence suggests rather open

g rassland.

The p resence of cattle ( Bos) i n the H amrin region during the Ubaid p eriod i s of p articular i nterest f or two i mportant reasons; f irst b ecause i t i s consistent w ith the s imilar s ituation a t other U baid s ites i n the middle a nd s outh o f I raq l ike R as A l—Amiya a nd E ridu ( Flannery a nd Wright 1 966; F lannery a nd s ame ( as

C ornwall

1 969)

e nvironmental was

a lready

which

may

conditions

i ndicated

by

refer i n

t o

the

p revalence

I raq during

the

the

U baid

palaeo—botanical

of

the

p eriod

e vidence);

a nd s econdly i t reflects the i mportance of such a nimals communities w hose e conomy was l argely based o n agriculture,

i n as

they

necessary

to

i t

be

were

p repare

capable

the

land

of

d rawing

f or

cereal

a p lough

which

dispersal.

was

H ence

would

p lausible t o s uggest that s ome s ort of ox—drawn p lough was a lready i n u se during t he f ifth millennium B .C. and that p lough cultivation earlier

[ 4]

h ad

a ccompanied

S amarra

p eriod

i rrigation ( Oates

See a ppendix (1) " The a nimal Sebastian P ayne, pp. 220-227.

1 92

a griculture e ven i n the

1 972a,

b ones

3 05 ;

f rom

1 980,

Tell

3 06).

A bada"

by

N evertheless

a nd

d espite

the

lack of p lough remains which were

p resumably wooden, we s hould n ot e xclude the p ossiblity that man-drawn p loughs were i n u se s ide by s ide w ith ox-drawn ones , t his i s s till the c ase i n s ome p arts of I raq a nd S outh-western A sia a t the p resent-day. F inally i t i s of s ignificance t o point o ut t hat a s imilar range of domesticates were i dentified a t C hoga Mami

( Oates

1 982a, 2 7).

D iscussion a nd

I t p lant

C onclusions

s eems evident now on the basis of s oil t ype a nalysis a nd remains that t he U baid s ettlements i n the Hamrin region

w ere a ssociated w ith a rable l and of a lluvial s oil, a nd t hat a griculture was a n i mportant e lement i n their e conomy. R ain f ed c ultivation was w idely p ractised during w inter, but w ith the u ncertainty

of

r eceiving

a rtificial

means

w ould

b een

h ave

of

s ufficient

watering

a v ital

were

f actor

t o

or

well

d istributed

p racticed, maintain

thus

l ife

r ain,

i rrigation

a nd

s tability

i n those a gricultural c ommunities.

S ince t he Ubaid s ettlements were a ctually a ssociated w ith a rable land o ver a lmost their e ntire a rea, the calculat ion of t he p ercentage of s uch land i nvolved i n the a nalysis i s n ot r elevant h ere. P robably a

s ite caUchment more s uitable

a pproach f or a s ite catchment a nalysis would b e t he one p roposed b y F lannery ( 1976) who does not confine h imself t o a l imited e ncircled a rea a round t he s ite but rather e nvisages a s eries of e ver-widening concentric c ircles t heir a ctual d istance) d epending o n e mpirical p lants and i n

the

a nimals. The

region

of

the

p resence bones

g oat, s heep , boar, c attle

a nd

of

a t Abada a nd w ild

a nimals

o nager, would

( regardless of data concerning

o ther s uch

U baid as

a pparently

s ites

gazelles, g ive

ome

s upport t o F lannery 's model a s i t would obviously i ndicate t hat t he i nhabitants h unted a nimals, which i nhabited v arious n atural e nvironments, a t a quite considerable d istance beyond t he i mmediate catchment a rea of the s ites concerned.

To

t est

t he

e xtent

of

a pproach, we t ake A bada o ther U baid s ites i n the e mpirical

data

a vailable

the

f rom

c ircles can b e reconstructed -

a pplicability

of

F lannery 's

a s a representative e xample of the region. With the help of the l imited Abada,

a

s eries

of

catchment

a s f ollows:

The e xistence of a nimal bones belonging s pecies s uch a s cattle, goats a nd s heep,

t o domesticated would

n ecessarily p resume t hat these a nimals were a vailable w ithin t he v illage i tself a nd were kept a nd l ooked a fter b y the i nhabitants. 2

-

O n

t he

a rable

l and

a ssociated

w ith

the

s ettlement

a nd

w ithin a radius of 2 km. the v illagers g rew barley a nd t hree k inds of wheat ( Emmer, e inkorn a nd b readwheat).

1 93

3

Within a c ircle of about 5 km. radius, the a vailable to t hem a v ariety of p lants s uch

-

barley 4 — Wild

i n

a nimals

have

been

h ills north i n

wild

f orms.

s uch

a s

hunted

a t

g azelle,

s heep/goats

a d istance

of a bout

a nd

deer,

1 5-20

km.

c ould

i n

t he

l ocated beyond Tell R ashid a nd f urther to the of Abada, while the wild boars were hunted

the

marshes,

north—west 5 — Specific

of

r aw

available

To

v illagers had a s wheat a nd

p ropose

l ocated

t he

materials

i n

a

the

a bout

r egion

s uch

K hanaqin

d efinite

1 5-30 km.

( Fig. a s

a rea

l imit

t o

the

6 ). chert a t

f or

and

f lint,

a d istance

t he

were

of

2 5-30 km.

catchment

a rea ,

two

points n eed t o b e t aken i nto c onsideration; f irst, the a vailability of a rable l ands f or a ble f armers i n the v illage to plough

a nd

p lant;

s econd,

t he

a vailability

of

a n

a dequate

a rea

of the l and t o permit the i mplementation of the fallow s ystem. Oates a nd Oates ( 1976a, 1 20) have pointed out t hat on i rrigated l and

a f amily

of

s ix

needs

s ix

hectares

f or

i ts

s upport

at

s ubsistence l evel, without affecting t he soil f ertility. With the consideration t hat half of t his l and would l ie f allow, the other half would p roduce a minimum of 1 500 kg. of which n o more than 6 00 kg. would be needed f or consumption by t he f amily.

I n the Hamrin region a c ircle of 2 km . r adius i s drawn a round each of t he U baid s ites to s how the a vailability of a rable land which could s atisfy the basic r equirements of the i nhabitants, but s ettlement territories could be e xtended r oughly a s f ar as i s

s hown

wheat

a nd

by

Thiessen

b arley

polygons

p lant a n e quivalent of a bout f igure may b e considered t oo the a ncient using small

( Fig.

c ultivation, each

2 76)

able

I n

modern

f armer

can

t imes,

prepare

i n and

2 .5 hectares of a rable land. This h igh or t oo great a workload for

Mesopotamian f armer due t o the d ifficulties of a xes o r hand hoes ( in the a bsence of the p lough),

but we cannot agree w ith A llan ( 1972, 2 14) who s uggested half a hectare p er h ead. I would r ather put the f igure up t o one hectare a t l east, basing my a ssumption on e thnographic data f rom

s ome

I raqi

v illages

where

a primitive

s hovel,

comparable

to a l arge hand hoe, i s s till being effectively used by f armers f or p loughing. Thus a ssuming that Abada's population, a s w e will s ee i n the next chapter, was about 8 0-100 persons; l eaving a side the o ld a nd c hildren, the l abour f orce could be estimated a s about 3 5-40 i ndividuals. This f igure r epresents the total workable l and i n hectares out of the e stimated 200 hectares of the

catchment

a rea,

with

a t

l east

700

kg.

p er

hectare,

t aking

i nto consideration t he f allow s ystem of rotation, each f amily would have had quite s ufficient c rops t o s ubsist upon a long with

other

s ources

of

d iet

s uch

a s

what

comes

f rom hunting

and

f ishing.

one

The s ize of the s ettlement t o

catchment a rea, i n my opinion, varies f rom a nother a ccording to t he needs o f the

1 94

i nhabitants a nd t he whereabouts of t he needed r esources; they c ould be i n the v icinity of the v illage or i nstead f ar away f rom t he e nvisaged catchment a rea. I t a lso varies a nother, f or i nstance t he mobility of the h ave

been

f ar

l ess

i n

s evere

cold

w inters

f rom one s eason t o i nhabitants would

a nd

v ice

v ersa. A lso

t here i s t he p reference to e xploit t he better a reas a nd p asture despite t heir f ar d istance, s uch a s s urrounding the p lains of the Hamrin region f urther

t o

t he

n orth—west.

The

s ize

of

a nd

of g razing the hills

the marsh a reas

p opulation

i s

a nother

i mportant f actor e ffecting the s ize of the catchment a rea; s ites of r elatively l arge populations l ike Abada could afford s ending more men f ar away while s ome others s tay behind to look a fter a rea

their s hould

p roperties r emain

i n

the

a matter

v illage. Therefore the catchment

of

f lexibility

a nd

not

be

confined

t o a ny g iven l imits. A lso i t does n ot necessarily need t o be s een i n the s hape of regular c ircles set up around the v illage, b ut c ould well e xtend r andomly regardless of topography a nd d irections,

i n

a ccordance

w ith

the

a vailability

of

d ifferent

r esource z ones.

Having e stablished t he main r easons underlying the location of t he Ubaid s ites i n the H amrin region, other points need to be c onsidered a s well. Topography s eems to have been t aken i nto c onsideration by t he U baidian p lace to l ive i n. A l ook a t c learly

shows

that t he

U baid

v illagers when they s elected t he t he map of the region ( Fig. 6 )

p eople h ave

deliberately

chosen

a

v alley which i s s urrounded b y j ebels or h igh hills t hat c onstitute a natural barrier s ecluding the a rea f rom other p arts of s urrounding regions. They may have chosen t o settle h ere

s imply

because

t here

was

g ood

a gricultural

l and,

a nd

b ecause those h ills provide g ood g razing a reas.

The s ituation of the Hamrin region i n a central p osition i n I raq e nabled t he i nhabitants t o a ct a s a connecting l ink b etween s outhern a nd n orthern I raq a s we have seen through our s tudy of t he U baid pottery of Abada ( Chapter I II). Also the H amrin region l ies on t he most important r outes i n western Asia l inking I raq t o I ran a nd r unning n orth t o s outh a long t he Z agros ( Fig. 1 ). These r outes c an have changed l ittle throughout t he

c enturies

( Postgate

a nd

1 979,

d ue

to

the

physical

character

of

t he

region

5 94).

Therefore i t s eems e vident that e cological, geographical e conomical r easons were a ll behind the s election of the

a rea the H amrin reasons r elating -

region t o t he

v illages w ill b e d iscussed

-

b y the U baidian d istribution of

i n the next chapter.

1 95

v illagers. Other these U baidian

T able T otal

R ainfall

p er W inter

a t

K hanaqin,

2 S eason

6

-

May)

1 936-1958. MM.

Y ear 1 93

( October

2 51.5 3 56.1 4 5 18.2

/3 7

1 937/38 1 938/39 1 939/1 40

*

4 59.5 3 29.6 1 1 49.6 5 21 4.7 2 29.2 2 38.6 4 88.3 2 37.2

1 94O/41 1 941/ 14 2 1 91 42/1 43 1 91 43/1 41 4 1 91 41 4/1 45 1 91 45/1 46 1 91 46/1 47 1 91 47/1 48 1 91 48/1 49 1 949/50 1 950/51 1 951/52 1 952/52 1 953/51 4 1 951 4/55

1 81.8 3 1 48.1 4 1 4 77.1 2 29.8 2 23.1

1 955/56 1 95 6 /5 7 1 957/58

3 30.2 5 86.0 2 19.7

3 59.8 3 1 49.0 2 46.0

** **

**

**

**

**

S easons w ith t otal r ainfall l ess t han 2 00 mm. S easons w ith t otal r ainfall b etween 2 00-250 mm.

*

S easons w ith

S ource:Diyala M acdonald a nd

t otal

r ainfall

a nd M iddle T igris p artners 1 959.

b etween p roject,

1 96

2 50-300 mm. R eport

N o.2,

Table 3

P aleaobotanjcal specimens f rom Tell Abada 1- Barley Hordeum c f.spontaneum e xceptionally small g rains, possibly a relative e .g.Elymus . -

2- Cereal f ragments, i ndeterminate

3- Prosopis shell f ragments.

4

Triticum cf . d icoccum -very damaged, w ith the h igh r idged

-

back characteristic of e mmer missing.

5- T riticum cf. d icoccum/T d icoccoides or T , .boeoticum ( 2 grained), p robably a weed of c rops.

6

L iliacae f ragments

-

?

7- Hordeum sativum : s ome s lightly a symmetric, therefore 6-rowed. 2 near certain, others dubious.

8- cereals/grasses, i ndeterminate.

9. cf. Hordeum s ativum, possibly 6-row n aked barley, i f i t i s, t hen i nteresting a s i t i s

( one of)

the l atest

occurrences of naked barley i n Near East.

1 0

1 1

-

-

? Triticum a estivum type.

Glume of Triticum boeoticum/Triticum cf . d icoccur n though s car width s uggests T .monococcum/T.boeoticum being s lightly l arge f or T .dicoccum a lso secondary keel s uggests T .monococcum/boeot Ic um .

1 97

C HAPTER VI

Community Patterns: I nter- a nd I ntra-site A nalysis

Site Spacing a nd Demography

We have a lready s een i n Chapter V t hat the Ubaid settlements were f ounded i n the Hamrin basin where both e nvironmental and geographical conditions met the requirements of these v illage f arming communities throughout the r egion. The question which should

be

r aised

d istribution answer

this

of

now the

i s

what

U baid

question

two

pattern

s ites

i n

variables

i s

d iscernable

this

need

a rea?

to

be

I n

i n

the

o rder

d iscussed

to

here,

s pacing between s ites a nd their population densities.

S ite Spacing

I t

s eems

( Fig.227), d istance d istance

evident,

that f rom nor

the

a s

Ubaid

s een

f rom

the

settlements

map

were

of

the

r egion

established

at

a

e ach o ther. No r egularity i s observable i n this had a ny particular s ystem been f ollowed. The

d istance between o ne

s ite

a nd

a nother

varied

f rom

a bout 2

and

C which

-

1 4

km .

With

the

e xception

of

Tells

Songor

A ,

B ,

a re

l ocated very c losely, not more than 1 00 m . f rom each o ther, the calculation of the distance between o ther contemporary Ubaid s ites i s a s f ollows: 1 2

3 1 4

5

-

-

-

-

-

A d istance

of

a bout

1 2

A d istance

of

a bout

5 km.

km.

between s pacing

Ayash a nd Telul A l-Khubari. A d istance of a bout 6 km. s pacing the Songor g roup. A d istance of 2 km. A d istance Tells

of

b etween

a bout

1 4

km.

s pacing

i n

terms

of

randomness

h as

R ashid.

f rom

e ach

of

f rom a nd

Kheit

Ayash.

Qasim

f rom

1 976, 53; Hodder

d ismissed

s hould not necessarily be

because

i ndividual

b ehaviour

usually c onstrained a nd determined b y factors i n the l ocation of s ites ( Hodder 1 978, 2 21 4).

I n i nterpreting reasons behind 1 11)

Tell

S ongor.

i s n ot random but i s e conomic a nd physical a nd O rton

and

Abada

Ayash

A l-Khubari

This a pparently i rregular s pacing e xplained

Abada Tell

a ny

s uch spacing, Flannery

p robability

1 98

that

i t

resulted

( 1976 ,

f rom

the

n eed of e ach v illage to p articular z one a round the f ar l arger than a ny one v iewpoint r egion,

s eems

where,

t o a s

hold we

maintain e xclusive r ights to a s ite, s ince this zone was a ctually v illage would have needed. This

true

have

f or

seen

the

s ituation

through

the

in

the

s ite

Hamrin

catchment

a nalysis, t he a rea of 2 km . radius we s uggested f or each s ite was a ctually greater t han the r eal need of the v illages, moreover t he o verlap of some c atchment a reas due to the d istance between t hem

( Fig.

2 76)

would

f urther

r ule

out

s uch

a

postulation.

S hould the d esire of a cquiring more s urrounding l ands have been t he reason b ehind s pacing, this would have been no problem due t o

the

a vailability

of

a rable

l ands

i n

the

a rea,

but

we

think

t hat spacing between t r ie Ubaid s ites i n this a rea was affected b y two f actors. The f irst pertains t o the l ocal environmental s ituation when choosing the s ite f or residential purposes: a f ertile f lat a lluvial p lain w ith a dequate e conomic resources i n most cases. The o ther a nd the most important f actor which we t hink

might

f actor. a nd

have

had

a g reat

Ethnographic

determine

the

data

role

i n

i ndicate

s pacing

s ite

that

d istance

s pacing

social

between

was

a social

f actors

v illages

govern i n

I raq

t oday. Here, t hough t he l ocation of the v illage was deliberately c hosen i n a ccordance w ith the water supply a nd economic p otentials of the a rea, we see that most of the i nhabitants b elong t o t he s ame t ribe, a nd the next v illage , which i s n ormally s ituated a t a d istance of between 2 to 7 kms. , i s a lways i nhabited b y the c ousins i n the f irst v illage, s o maintain good

a nd other c lose relatives of the tribe that relatives can keep i n touch a nd

relations. And so a n a rea which could extend f or a

f ew tens of s quare m iles may be i nhabited by one tribe. In the m eantime by maintaining close proximity they p revent any p otential movement by o ther t ribes who might think of moving a round their v illages. This modern p attern of spacing reflects t he a ncient one o f t he Ubaid period i n the Hamrin region where w e c an see g roups of small s ettlements a t v arious d istances. T he

social

f actor

o r

r eason

behind

s ite—spacing

could

be

f urther c larified b y the p attern of the d istribution of Ubaid p ottery t hroughout the settlements i n the region. We have n oticed that the p ottery f ound i n a g roup of s ites l ocated near t o e ach other shows a c loser resemblance, or e ven i dentity, than t hat f ound i n groups of s ites l ocated at a f arther d istance. For i nstance we f ound t hat the Ubaid pottery f ound a t each of Tell A bada, Rashid, S ite NO-3A , Ayash a nd Telul A l—Khubari, a re very s imilar

t o

e ach

o ther

( this

g roup

of

s ites

i s

s ituated

i n

the

s outh of t he region). The pottery f ound a t Tells Songor A , B a nd C i s v irtually i dentical. Almost the s ame s ituation i s f ound w ith T his

o ther g roups i nteresting

C eramic

u tensils

i nhabited

b y

one

of Ubaid s ites i n the north of p henomenon probably i ndicates were t ribe

i n

c irculation

w ithin

each

S upplied b y the s ame potters, bearing d ealing w ith a pottery w ith common U baid d ifferences a re of r egional r ather V ariation.

Social

d eterminants 1 78).

i n

f actors

s pacing

have

between

1 99

between

group ,

o r

that

the region. that these v illages they

were

i n mind that we a re traits and that these than chronological

a lso

been

v illages

by

s uggested Flannery

a s

( 1976,

The s econd i ssue i nvolved i n our t opic i s to consider the implications of the s ite d istribution pattern in the Hamrin region i n terms of population g rowth a nd what r ole, i f a ny, this may

have

had

on

the

c ultural

process

i n

g eneral

a nd

on

the

agricultural e conomy i n particular.

However,

a s

we

have

a lready

s een

i n

Chapter

V ,

i t

i s

most

p robable that if we e xamine the amount of available a rable land i n the Hamrin region during the U baid p eriod a nd the n umber a nd s ize

of

the

argument

f or

a ssociated a ny

Ubaid

demographic

s etlements

p ressure. To

there

p rove

will

this

be

p oint,

n o a n

e stimation of population densities of t hese s ites i s needed.

Various a pproaches t o population e stimates have been a dvanced. They a re b ased on d ifferent c riteria, s uch a s human skeletons, f ood r esidues a nd portable objects l ike g rinding stones, K ramer

For

ceramic

v essels

a nd

s torage

f acilities

( Sumner

1 979;

1 980).

u nexcavated

s ites

a

f igure

of

9 6

3 95

-

persons

per

hectare of s ite a rea has been s uggested by A dams ( 1965, 25). A f igure of 200 persons per hectare of v illage was a lso s uggested ( Oates pointed s urvey

a nd

Oates

out, data

1 976a,

the

f rom

1 27).

e stimation s ites

i s

But of

rather

a s

Renfrew

population perilous

( 1972,

density

a nd would

3 83)

has

b ased

p roduce

o n a n

i ncomplete p icture. Another method p roposes that the r atio of e nclosed f loor space per p erson i s r elatively constant, i .e. 1 0 s quare K ramer

metres 1 979).

per

person

( Naroll

1 962;

Cook

a nd

Hiezer

1 968 ;

I t s eems obvious that the e stimation of p rehistoric population i s e xtremely d ifficult, i f n ot impossible d ue to the l ack of s ufficient e xcavation a nd the variability b etween p rehistoric s ettlements ( Oates a nd Oates 1 976a, 1 27), a nd the use of a ny of these p roposed a pproaches would b e highly i naccurate a nd p robably misleading.

I t has been paradigms

i n

s uggested

a nalysing

that

the

e thnographic

a rchaeological

data provide useful record

particularly

when both a rchaeological and e thnographical data can b e shown t o be c omparable ( Kramer 1 980, 3 16). B raidwood and Reed ( 1957) were t he f irst to use s uch contemporary s ettlement d ata t o e stimate prehistoric population s ize.

T o e stimate the Ubaid population of the Ubaid settlements i n the Hamrin r egion, both a rchaeological and e thnographic data n eed t o b e t aken i nto consideration. The correlation b etween h ouse a nd r oom s ize a nd population density, c ould be a useful i ndicator, but we s hould keep i n mind that s ize of r ooms and h ouses may vary a ccording to wealth a nd social status a nd not n eccessarily

r eflect

the

number

200

of

people

accommodated.

N evertheless the c ase s eems generally to be so.

Unfortunately

o nly

a f ew

r esidential

units

were

e xcavated

a t a f ew of the Ubaid s ettlements i n the Hamrin region. Other U baid settlements i n the region were e ither badly destroyed or p roduced

o nly

s parce

t races

of

o ccupation.

So

a ny

a ttempt

a t

p opulation e stimation would be i ncomplete and most certainly m isleading. However, t he thoroughly e xcavated s ite of Abada has f urnished us with a n a lmost c omplete p icture of a v illage which w ill e nable us to obtain a better i dea about the dwelling units a nd their population. The e xcavations of Level

I I

have revealed

ten building units. Tenuous t races of other buildings have been f ound to the north , west a nd e ast, i n the areas immediately s urrounding the e xistant o nes. They may a lso have been r esidential units which have been demolished during the course of t ime due to t heir l ocation on the e dges of the s ite. The s ize of e ach of the e xistant buildings and the n umbers of rooms t ogether

with

the

amount

of

portable

materials

and

other

d omestic f eatures s uch a s hearths a nd g ranaries, n ot counting t he u nroofed courts a nd the small s torage rooms, constitute, a long w ith contemporary settlement d ata f rom closely c omparable I raqi v illages, the g rounds f or our e stimation. Taking a ll these i nto consideration we come to the conclusion t hat Abada was o ccupied s hould point out that this h ighest

one

among

t he

by roughly 80-120 i nhabitants. We f igure i s supposed to represent the

Ubaid

settlements

i n

the

region, on

the

b asis that Abada i s apparently the s ite l argest i n e xtent, w ith t he g reatest n umber of h ouses and a quantity of a rchaeological materials f ar e xceeding the o ther Ubaid s ites.

I ndeed p ressure

we i n

c annot

the

talk

Hamrin

a bout

basin

i n

the

question

i solation

f rom

of

population

the

population

p ressure e lsewhere i n I raq . There was i nsufficient pressure to f orce continued o ccupation of the Hamrin basin. There are no U ruk s ites i n the r egion, s o there was no even population growth a nd the a rea a ppears to have been abandoned; whether this was d ue to change of r emains unknown.

c limate

o r

political

and

economic

change

S tatus D ifferentiation

Convincing t he

U baid

b efore s ites

e vidence

s ettlements

( Oates i n

the

1 977,

1

Hamrin

concerning of

72),

t he but

r egion

s tatus

f ifth the

have

d ifferentiation

m illennium

new made

B .C.

e xcavations a vailable

was

of

s ome

the

i n

absent Ubaid

evidence

w hich can b e i nterpreted i n terms of s tatus d ifferentiation a nd e conomic r ank. I t i s normally understood that "wealth a nd s tatus co-vary a rchaeological e mbellishments,

4 56).

n ot o nly with i ndicators: t omb

one a nother p rivate

f urnishings

2 01

a nd

the

but with a vailable house s ize a nd l ike"

( Adams

1 975,

The

a rchitectural

should be good

f eatures

a nd

s ize.

building

f indings

i ndicators of v ariations

s tatus of their o ccupants. A t contents. Two g roups of h ouses of

the

Firstly B ( 210

a g roup s quare

a nd

social

the

h ouses

and

e conomic

Abada , houses v ary i n c an be d ifferentiated

s ize and i n terms

containing

m .)

i n

of

building

building

A ( 2 14 0

J ( 215

s quare

square

m .),

metres).

The o ther g roup i s generally of smaller s ized buildings and consists of the rest of the h ouses, the smallest of which c overs a n a rea of s ome 6 0 s q . m . ( building the d ifferences between the two

D ). I n order to i nvestigate g roups i n terms of their

contents, a s well a s the variability w ithin the f irst g roup, if any, we need to e xamine the material a ssociated with them. As can be s een f rom the general d istribution of the objects i n the houses of l evel I I ( Fig. 2 79), the l arge houses i n the f irst g roup c an be d istinguished by the p resence of particular objects, which were

n ot

f ound

i n

a ny

h ouse

of

the

second g roup.

These objects a re shown i n the f ollowing table:

Table Building

( L

1

Object

Room

Quantity u rns

3

3 0

i tems

90 1

66-70 9 2:a

Vessels

5

7 1:a-e

mace-heads

1 4

8 5:a,

P alettes

1

8 6:e

9

Unique

Beaker

1

201

1 19 1 21 4

Unique Marble

Beaker vessels

1

3

1 96:a 7 1:f-h

1 21-122 1 22 1 22

Mace heads Marble s tuds Marble pendants

3 2 1

8 5:f-h 6 4:g-h 614 :c

1 34

Mace heads Marble studs Marble pendants

2 1 1

8 5:b 6 1 4:i 614 :a

A

1

Special

I l -I)

1 ,2,7,24-29 1 7

C lay tokens Special g ypsum

20

Marble

1

Marble

1

B

J

burial

A s c an be s een f rom this table, these l arge p roduced particular e vidence i n the f orm of o bjects

o r

particular

features

which

can

be

s tatus s ymbols. The p resence below the f loors o nly, of three child burial urns p rovided offerings f emale

Figure

( a necklace consisting of f rit

f igurine

a nd

painted

cup,

b-e

houses have d istinctive

thought

of

a s

of building A , with f unerary

a nd carnelian b eads, a

r espectively)

i s

an

o bvious

c lue e xplaining the s tatus of the o ccupants of this b uilding. O ther i ndicators of s tatus a re the 4 mace heads made o f a very f ine q uality of marble, together w ith 5 marble v essels a nd o ther s pecial i tems, in a ddition t o the large collection of c lay t okens mentioned e arlier ( Chapter I I, Section G ). The b uilding i s d istinguished a lso b y i ts gypsum-plastered i nterior

walls, not

matched

by

a ny

2 02

o ther

house

in

the

v illage.

A ll this e vidence would s upport our e arlier impression that this building i s e ntitled to be s ingled out a s the most i mportant o ne, which must have been occupied by the most p restigious people i n the v illage , p robably the Sheikh a nd h is f amily.

Both

maintained

h ouses

a nd

A

l ooked

a nd

B ,

after

s eem

d uring

to

their

h ave

been

l ife. The

v ery

well

f loors

were

r egularly s urfaced a nd the walls were repeatedly coated f rom b oth i nside a nd out . B uilding B may be r egarded a s the next i n i mportance

a s

r egards

the

t ype

a nd

quantity

of

s ome

of

the

d istinctive objects, a nd the a bsence of the f irst two f eatures of the f irst building ( Fig. 2 79). I t i s l ikely that this house w as occupied by c lose relatives of the S heikh a nd h is family who were l iving i n the n earby building A . The p resence i n b uilding J , of o nly a f ew of the d istinctive objects, a nd i ts r elatively d istant l ocation f rom the f irst two houses, would a pparently make i t the third i n i mportance among the f irst g roup.

The

presence

of

g ranaries

i n

s ome

of

the

h ouses

of

level

I

a nd their absence f rom o thers ( Fig.25) might a lso reflect s tatus d istinctions. On the other h and, the smaller h ouses of the

second

group

do

not

a ppear

to

be

s ubstantially

d ifferent

f rom the f irst o nes I n terms of f indings ( apart f rom the abovementioned i tems). The o ccupants i n both g roups possessed large q uantities of pottery a nd a r ich v ariety of other i tems. The i nhabitants, i n g eneral, s eem to have e njoyed a n a pparent level of peace a nd p rosperity. As can be understood f rom the f oregoing, the i nhabitants of building A , were a t the top i n t erms of s ocio-economic rank. Building B i s c lassified as the n ext i n importance a nd i ts o ccupants were second i n socioe conomic r ank, t o b e f ollowed by the o ccupants of building J . A ll o ther b uildings i n l evel I I s eem t o have been e qual i n s tatus.

While

we

have

e xistence of a variation

seen

s ome

evidence

suggesting

the

i n s ocio-economic s tatus, we would

g o a s f ar a s t o s uggest the existence of p ronounced d ivisions o r a h ierarchically a rranged community.

not

class

S ite H ierarchies

Throughout

this

c hapter

we

have

been

dealing

w ith

various

a spects of s ocio-political o rganisation within the U baidian c ommunity a s part of our general a nalysis of the settlement p atterns of the U baid s ites i n the Hamrin region. The next step i n o ur analysis w ill be the c lassification of these s ites i n h ierarchical r anking throughout the r egion.

F lannery

( 1976,

1 63)

has

a sserted

the

i mportance

h ierarchical a rrangement i n the settlement pattern

analysis

of so

a s t o r eflect the d ifferences i n s ize, f unction, f eatures a nd O ther a ttributes of s ites. P attee ( 1973, 1 50) has pointed out t hat h ierarchies a nd e volution must be c losely related to each o ther. However, the u se of i nformation and h ierarchy theories to a nalyse t he a rchaeological record i s e xtremely d ifficult

203

( Chang 1 972; P attee s ites a s ' hamlet' o r public a rchitecture ( 1972b,

3 8;

rather

1 976,

Wenke 1 981). The d istinction between ' village' b y r eference t o d ifferences i n ( Parsons 1 971) was r ejected by F lannery

1 973;

1 62)

a s

this

d ifference

i s

a matter

of

degree

than k ind. S ize i s often taken a s a c riteria to e stablish

s ite h ierarchies. Adams a r id N issen ( 1972) have u sed this c riteria to build the settlement h ierarchies of the l ate U ruk s ites i n the Warka a rea of s outhern I raq. The s ize method was based

on

the

a ssumption

that

there

a re

fewer

larger

s ites

i n

the r egion, p roviding a great deal of goods, a ctivities a nd specialist s ervices, than the smaller s ites, a nd these l arger centres a re s paced a t

g reater

i ntervals

( Hodder

and Orton

1 976,

60). So the method p roposes two k inds of places; central places a nd dependant p laces, w ith the f irst category being more important, l arger t rade centers, while the second g roup a re smaller

a nd

l ess

important

a nd

l ocated

peripherally

to

t he

central places ( Zubrow 1 976, 2 58). This a ssumption was b ased o n the i dea of c entral p lace theory which was originally p roposed by Christaller

( 1933)

a nd the s imilar model of Lo ch

( 1954).

A c entral p lace was defined by J ohnson ( 1975) a s: " The s pacial l ocus of a n a ctivity a gglomeration i nvolving p roduction a nd d istribution of g oods o r s ervices o r both , p reliminary o r use within a s urrounding complementary region" ( ibid. , 2 88). Renfrew ( 1977, 8 5) considers that "The c oncept of central place i mplies, however, more than s imply l arger s ize. The central p lace i s a l ocus f or e xchange a ctivity, a nd more o f a ny material passes through i t t han through a smaller settlements." The a pplication of this theory to archaeology has been c riticized because i t was e specially designed to d eal with modern market e conomies a nd cannot be applicable t o " nonmoney-market"

e conomies

( Sahlins

1 972), a nd a lso because i t was

" predicated upon the e xtreme d ivision of l abour and the absence of

h ousehold

s elf-sufficiency

modern society a lone"

( Adams

that

a re

characteristic

o f

1 974, 2 42).

J oh • -n ( 1975) has modified the central place theory to what he c alls a " c ntral place model" to deal mainly with s ettlement h ierarchies

through

l ocal

l ate

p eriod

i n

U ruk

e xchange

the

s ystems

Susiana

a nd

of

the

Warka

m iddle

a nd

region,

b y

c onsideri g tho s ignificance of the s ites associated with c eramic wall cones a s being s pecialized a dministrative centres f or t he mediation of l ocal e xchange ( ibid. , 3 36). By u sing this a pproach J ohnson ( 1975) has recognised a f our-level s ettlement s ize h iera . chy i n this a rea .

I t

a ppears

t o

be

the

case

that

t here

i s

no

strict

r ule

p articular a pproach that has to be f ollowed when grouping

o r

s ites

i n h ierarchical l evels. I t s hould b e possible to d o this by U sing v arious t raits ( Hodder a nd Orton 1 97n, 6 7), such as the p recence o' d efensive walls ( Hodder 1 972, 8 91). The model we p ropose f or the c lassification of s ites i n h ierarchical levels i n t he Hamrin region makes use of v arious a spects of in t e r a c t i o n a nd i nfluence between the s ites. Where s ites a re

2 04

a ssociated with a particular a rchitectural f eature, o r an i ndustrial o r a rtifact type this a ssociation will be used as a measurement to implement the model. These measurements can be c lassified

a s

prime

ones

a nd

( 1-3)

s econdary

o nes

( 1 4_5)

a s

f ollows:

1

-

Unique a rchitectural evidence

The

p resence

o f

b uilding A a t Abada

p rominent

a nd

( Fig. 1 1 4; p . 2 03)

s pecial

buildings

l ike

which c an be i nterpreted

as

p ublic or a dministrative i n f unction, i s a s ignificant feature d enoting the importance a nd r ank of the s ettlement i n which i t e xists.

2- C ommon a rchitectural e vidence:

This

type

of

e vidence

i s

r epresented

by

the

presence

of

l arge buildings of t ripartite plan which can be i nterpreted a s b eing ordinary houses belonging to a particular l evel i n the s ocial h ierarchy. S ites with this f eature l ack the f irst f eature above.

3

-

I ndustrial e vidence:

Such a s the * presence of s pecialized workshops f or pottery or s tone i ndustry. A lso h ighly s pecialized d edicated

t o

the presence of l arge, double-chambered, a nd t echnically s ophisticated k ilns

pottery

manufacture.

S ites

of

the

p revious

two

g roups could e ither be a ssociated w ith this e vidence or not.

1 4 - Particular a rtifact type evidence:

S ome a rtifact t ypes were f ound e xclusive to s ite, such a s the marble mace-heads, pendants, v essels. Other particular a rtifacts were c ommon only a t particular s ites.

a particular palettes and

s uch

a s

l enticular

r epresented

by

the

jars

5 -General a rtifact type e vidence:

This

general

U baid 3 pottery t he r egion.

e vidence i n

a ll

of

i s the

contemporaneous

presence

U baid

s ites

of in

Having decided o n the p articular c ultural measurements o r i ndicators to be u sed i n the a nalysis of the s ite h ierarchy, the S ites can n ow be a rranged i n their h ierarchical o rder ( Fig.

2 05

2 77), a nd the 1-

f ollowing h ierarchical

l evels

c an be e stablished.

Major a dministrative centres which were a ssociated with measures 1 -5. It i s e vident that A bada i s the only s ite which i s e ntitled to of a ll the f eatures.

2-

be

s ingled

o ut

owing

to

the

p resence

S ites a ssociated mainly with measure 2 , a nd some them a ssociated a lso w ith one or more of the

of

secondary measurements. These s ites can be c lassified within the s econd l evel of h ierarchy, they

a re

Tell

R ashid,

K .Qasim,

Ayash,

a nd

Songor.

These s ites s hare with Abada o ne of i ts p rime f eatures ( The Tripartite buildings or pottery kilns) but l ack the

e vidence

of

a dministrative

D uring region

our

the

c lassification

i nto h ierarchical

particular

f irst

model

measurement

( public

or

buildings).

o r

of

the

U baid

s ites

i n

l evels we d iscovered that

theory

which

i s

generally

the

Hamrin

there

i s

no

a pplicable ,

c lassification s hould depend rather o n the s pecial nature a nd peculiarities of s ites i n e ach s tudy a rea. The a vailable e vidence a lone s hould d ictate the most suitable model to be a pplied i n e ach c ase. According to our model, two hierarchical l evels were e stablished f or these more o r l ess contemporaneous s ites

which

were

i ntegrated

i n

a n

o verall

regional

n etwork

t hroughout the Hamrin region. The r elative s ize of each of the a bove mentioned s ites would also s upport s uch a h ierarchical o rder. I t should be pointed out that t hough we have been d ealing with c ontemporaneous settlement patterns of the Ubaid s ites i n the r egion, we d id not mention the s ites of T .Al-Khubari a nd no. 3 as they only produced an unstratified collection of Ubaid 3 pottery, deep

p it

f ound i n

on

the

the

s urface

second.

they b elonged to the r egion ( Chapter I V).

We

l ater

i n

the

a lso

f irst

e xcluded

part

of

t he

s ite, other Ubaid

and

i n

a small

s ites

because

period

i n

the

The Household a nd the R esidential Unit

There

i s

no doubt

manifestation

a t

the

that t he basic a nd the most socio-economic community

l evel

i s

the

h ousehold

a nd

the

u nit which a ccomodates i t, the house. I t i s i n this s patial s tructure per s e that v arious social a rrangements and e conomic a ctivities

n ormally

take

p lace.

s imilarities a re shared by the B asically t he U baid house i s

A pparently

a

great

many

Ubaid s ites in the region. a multi-roomed h ouse o f

r ectangular s hape. A t ripartite p lan seems to have been a c ommon a rchitectural f eature a dopted f or both houses a nd t emples, f rom Ubaid t imes through the early dynastic period ( Dates 1 977, 4 74). The building material used, in the majority O f t he U baid s ites i n the region, w as mud-bricks of large r ectangular s hape. Mudbricks a re the most convenient material f or t he c limatic conditions i n I raq a t that t ime and t oday, a s t hey

r esist

the

s corching

heat

2 06

i n

t he

s ummer,

and

maintain

a

f airly warm a tmosphere i nside i n the winter. The roofs of these h ouses were probably constructed of r eed matting f ixed a nd c overed with mud, l aid o ver wooden b eams probably p alm t runks, this was a ttested by r eed i mpressions

made f rom which had

a pparently f allen f rom the roof together w ith charred beams. The walls were plastered with l evigated c lay a nd sometimes with g ypsum plaster. Of special i nterest i s the p resence i n s ome h ouses a t Abada, Madhhur a nd Kheit Q asim of a n a rchitectural f eature which could be i nterpreted a s having housed a s taircase ( Figs. 114 , 1 6, 1 8, 2 25, 2 62) which could have l ead e ither to a s econd storey o r t o the r oof of the house which probably served s everal u seful p urposes, f or e xample , f or s leeping during s ummer n ights a s

The

Ubaid

s ockets

a re

i s the case i n I raq today.

houses

s till

were

i n

provided

s itu. Hearths

w ith

were

doors,

i nstalled

whose

stone

i nside

rooms

a nd were p resumably f or heating, b igger ones were f ound i n the c ourtyards a nd t hey were presumably f or cooking purposes. A n umber of d omestic a ctivities i n the c ourtyards. Various

appear to have been grinding s tones,

carried out which were

p resumably u sed f or f ood preparation, a nd cooking pots were f ound i n these c ourtyards. Such objects a re quite familiar in e very village house i n present day I raq . Storage facilities i n the f orm of small c ompartments usually without doors ( bins), or l arge j ars a re a vailable i n most of t he Ubaid h ouses i n the a rea.

The

i nhabitants

made

use

of

a

previously

method for g rain s torage a s i ndicated by the a t Abada ( Fig. 2 5); the s ame method i s s till v illages i n I raq t oday.

Main e ntrances d irection i n most

t o the c ases,

unattested

s pecial granaries p racticed i n some

Ubaid houses f aced a south—westerly p resumably to avoid the detrimental

n orthern winter wind, and to f ace the refreshing western summer w ind. This t radition i s very c ommon i n I raqi v illages a t the p resent t ime.

The

s ize

c onsiderably a bout

214 0

of

t he

i n

Ubaid

s ize

s quare

house

f rom

metres

a bout

( Fig.

t he f amily s tructure might o f h ouses. Often

a h ouse

i s 7 0

1 1 4).

of

i nterest.

s quare metres I t

has

been

Houses ( Fig.

vary

1 7:D)

s uggested

to

that

be i nferred f rom the s ize a nd l ayout

occupied

by

a n uclear

f amily

c onsists

of o ne o r more rooms ( Fig. 1 7), while i f the house was o ccupied b y a n e xtended f amily, the n uclear f amily units a re l ikely to be f ound

repeated

within

the

i s c learly r epresented i n 1 6, 214 ).

h ouse

( Trigger

1 968, 5 7). Such a case

s ome of the houses

a t

Abada

( Figs.

1 4,

C raft Specialization a nd T rade

The detection of s pecialization i n a rchaeology i s not a n e asy t ask . I t requires a n e xtensive knowledge of i ntra— and i ntersite v ariation, this c ould be a chieved e ither through

207

random s ampling o r complete e xcavations. The thoroughly e xcavated Ubaid s ite of Tell Abada has f ortunately f urnished us with u nequivocal e vidence of c raft s pecialization; where i n Level I II, a n i ndustrial quarter consisting of two large , multiroomed,

rectangular

c ourtyard

buildings

were

e xcavated.

The

f loors a nd walls of a ll the r ooms a nd courtyards within these two buildings have b een heavily c oated with a thick gypsum plaster. Quantities of red ochre a nd g rinding stones o n which i t had b een prepared were f ound. The p resence a lso of gypsum plano-convex d iscs of v arious s izes , p erhaps s ort, a nd l arge s torage j ars probably f or together ceramic

w ith

the

debris

d iscovery

a nd

of

three

wastes, would

moulds of somekeeping water,

l arge k ilns

suggest

with

a p ottery

a lot of

workshop

a t

this l evel of the s ite.

The

c eramic

i ndustry

was

well-developed.

Sixteen

pottery

k ilns were f ound, s ome of which were highly sophisticated, double-chamber k ilns ( Figs. 3 6-38). S ome of these kilns coupled with

t he

massive

o ccurrence

of

t he

Ubaid

pottery

f ound

throughout the s ite would evidently r eflect the fact that craft specialization had been well e stablished a nd implemented by h ighly s killed a rtisans who p roduced a remarkable Ubaid pottery.

One

might

wonder

whether

t his

specialized

ceramic

i ndustry was e xclusive to Tell Abada a lone or was universal f or a ll Ubaid s ites i n the region. To consider this point we have to e xamine the a rchaeological e vidence f rom the s ites c oncerned to s ee which of them has produced s imilar k ilns a nd h ow much pottery has b een manufactured. Actually i t i s d ifficult to know a bout this a s these s ites have only u ndergone a l imited scale of e xcavation, but these s ites a nd

j udging f rom the r elatively small s ize of t he a pparently s hort duration o f their

s urvival, t ogether w ith their poor d iscoveries, we may deduce that none of them was i n the position to be capable of c ompeting with

Tell

Abada

i n

terms

of

specialization

and

e xtent

of

p roduction. However, a g roup of k ilns o ne of which i s comparable to one f rom Abada ( Fig. 3 6) was f ound a t Tell Songor B ( Fujji 1 980, P 1.20:i), a nd the possiblity of t he presence of more cannot be e xcluded. Therefore i t seems plausible t o suggest that a possible r egional s pecialization p revailed i n the Hamrin region d uring the Ubaid period, that i s, the ceramic i ndustry was carried out by c ertain

v illages

i n the region;

Abada

i n

the

south-east of the r egion and Songor i n the north-west.

The

l arge

quantity

a nd

the

wide

v ariety of the g round

stone

i ndustry that was r epresented a t Abada a nd t o a less e xtent a t o ther U baid s ites i n the region, r eflects another craft s pecialization i ndustry

a t

a nd

Abada

may was

imply

l abour

carried

out

i n

s pecialization. a special

The

workshop

stone ( Fig.

2 0,Buildjng G . , L .II; F ig. 279), here we found d igging stickweights, l oom weights, and various grinding s tones some of which were l eft i n i ncomplete d uring manufacture. A l ot

shape , others were probably broken of waste d ebris s cattered a ll over

t he f loor was a lso noticed. On the o ther hand these t ypes of t ools were f ound t o have had a universal d istribution a s they were f ound i n a lmost e very house on t he s ite.

2 08

The presence of f lint a nd chert tools ' in a lmost every h ouse' would suggest that f lint—knapping was a universal h ousehold a ctivity. The s ame s ituation was noticed w ith the bone tools a nd f igurines. Another k ind of h ousehold a ctivity conducted by t he U baidian people was weaving, i n terms of textiles a nd b asketry. The f irst category was i ndicated by the presence of a l arge number of s pindle whorls i n a lmost s till used i n I raq t oday ( Figs. 5 0-52).

Basketry p resence t hese

of

and

f ine

material

m atting

a patch coils

a nd

of

were

gypsum containing

seem

j oined

manufacture to

to

have

e ach

been

o ther

e very

house of a type

a ttested

i mpressions

made

of

some

a pparantly

by of

b y

the

coils;

f ibrous wrapping.

A ccording t o Hodges ( 1976, 1 32) " In wrapped coil—work the join i s made by passing a w rapping completely a round the a djacent part of the coil, many d ifferent wrappings may be used". J udging f rom the n egative i mpression we found a t Abada, matting a nd b asketry technical

manufacture terms.

Two

s eem

to

have

techniques

seem

been to

well

have

developed

been

used;

in

twill

p laiting o ver two , u nder two , which was was used i n making mats; a nd coilwork which was used i n making smoother a nd f iner b asketry ( Fig. 9 1 4) •

Of s tone

special

i nterest

( marble)

a re

which were

the

small

bowls

of

h ighly

polished

f ound d istributed i n only s ome of the

h ouses ( Fig. 2 79), more i nteresting i s the presence of a n u nfinished bowl of marble; o nly the general p rofile was cut a nd the c arver had j ust s tarted to hollow i t when i t was l eft for s ome reason. Of i nterest a lso i s the presence i n the same house of small regular s labs of v ery f ine marble which were a pparently p repared to cut out pendants. Beautifully e xecuted p endants of the s ame material were f ound a t the same place 6 4:a , c ). This

( Fig.

a ctivity, which may have been carried o ut i n every

v illage by p erhaps o nly one or two households i n e ach v illage, c ould be c lassified a s a possible h ousehold s pecialization ( Flannery a nd Winter 1 976, 3 6).

I n some of d ealing with

the f oregoing i nstances we various a spects of c raft

have e vidently been s pecialization, a nd

dedicated workshops. The c onsequent question i s: d id these c rafts imply f ull—time specialization conducted by f ull—time c raftsmen who b e e xtremely

dedicated themselves t o one c raft o nly? d ifficult, even impossible to a nswer

I t will s uch a

q uestion,

contemporary

of

but

e thnographic

data

could

be

h elp i n this matter. This data was obtained f rom the I raqi v illages which practice extensive agriculture k nown t o s pecialize i n o ne or a nother c raft such a s b asketry, p ottery, w ine. I n these r ecent v illages

some

present a nd are

textiles, the same

f armers who p ractice f arming a nd agriculture perform a nother S pecialized o ccupation, a nd thus they a re farmers a nd c raftsmen a s w ell. Actually t his combination sounds plausible, t he f armer d oes n ot s pend a ll h is t ime working i n the f ields, nor does the p otter m assive

make

pottery

o ccurrence

of

a ll

the

pottery

t ime. a t

209

One

Tell

m ight

Abada

a rgue

t hat

s ignifies

the

a f ull-

t ime

s pecialization.

The

c ounter

a rgument

would

be

t hat

these

l arge quantities of pottery were not manufactured overnight. I t has been s uggested that f ull-time s pecialization w ill occur only i f the population i s s ufficiently l arge ( Hole a nd Hiezer 1 969,

3 41).

appear

The

to

rough

be

e stimate

of

s ufficient

Abada's

t o

population

p ermit

such

d oes

n ot

f ull-time

s pecialization.

no

There was v illage s pecialization, p art-time specialists, b ut c lass of f ull-time c raft s pecialists. They d id n ot

necessarily p roducts"

" devote

nor

their

" withdraw

t ime

s ubsistence

a ctivities"

which

needs

c larified

be

t he

themselves

basic

t o

t o

manufacture

f rom

( Evan

concerns

some

1 978, t he

or

1 15).

o f

a ll

craft of

Another

d ivison

of

t he

point

l abour

terms of s ex, this i s d ifficult t o demonstrate conclusion i n this respect would be most speculative.

i n

a nd

a ny

( Figs.

1 , 3 )

encouraged

a nd

T rade

The was

g eographical

o bviously

position

a n

of

the

important

Hamrin

f actor

region

that

f acilitated the movement of g roups a nd i ndividuals between regions to e xchange g oods while conveying i mformation at t he s ame t ime. The i nteraction of goods a nd i nformation h as been c onsidered a s the " embeddedness" b ehind the evolution o f c ivilization ( Renfrew 1 975, 5-8). T rade which implies s uch i nteraction s eems to have been e ssential to the economy of t he Ubaid p eople of the r egion, because i t made available several things v ital to their technolgy a nd s ubsistence; this was shown b y t he p resence, a t some Ubaid s ites, of a voluminous a mount of s tone

which

N atural

must

a sphalt

have

was

been

i mported

imported

to

Tell

f rom

somewhere

Abada

for

e lse.

hafting

t he

s ickle b lades, most of which s till b ear i ts traces. This was p robably i mported f rom the Assyrian s teppe. Carnelian in t he f orm of b eads was a lso f ound a t Abada , the source was most p robably I ran.

The

p resence

R ashid a nd Abu d istance t rade,

of

s ome

Husaini h owever

obsidian

t ools

a t

Abada

( Fig.

2 78),

could i ndicate i nvolvement i n l ongobsidian h ad been a round f or a l ong

t ime, p ieces c an be re-used o r a cquired by " down the l ine e xchange". The neutron a ctivation a nalysis for the obsidian f ound

i n

most

d ating

back

I ran),

s hows

O bsidian

t o

of the

that

the

middle

p eriod i t

i nteraction

e astern

5 ,000

b elongs zones,

to

a rchaeological

3 000

B .C.

g roup

1 4 c

a nd

group

r egion

of

which

-

the

( including

s ites ,

I raq

a nd

of

the

3

i s

Van-

A zerbaijan-Armenian ( VAA) i n Anatolia and the Soviet Union ( Renfrew a nd D ixon 1 976). Abada's s pecimens were v isually i dentified b y P rof . C .Renfrew . The majority belong to g roup 1 c ,

2 10

a nd one specimen o nly to g roup 1 g. [ 1] O ther evidence which may i ndicate c ommercial a ctivities, h as come f rom Abada, R ashid and Tell Madhhur. This i s the d iscovery of c lay tokens of various shapes

( 90

Section keep

t okens

G ;

Fig.

r ecords

were

2 79),

of

f ound

which

a t

may

t ransactions.

Abada

h ave

These

a lone),

been would

used

( Chapter

a s

counters

obviously

i mply

existence of a g oods e xchange mechanism ( trade). Thus deduce that c ontact a nd r eciprocal e xchange was r eally p lace.

The

wide-spread

d istribution

of

the

I I,

U baid

to the

we may taking

pottery

i n

northern I raq, r ight i nto the h omes of the Hassuna a nd Halaf people, by the beginning of the U baid 3 p hase i s v ery convincing evidence f or both c ultural a nd e conomic i nteraction, which e xplicilty

i mplies

t rade

relations.

As

we

have

seen

e arlier,

Ubaid pottery i ndistinguishable f rom that of Abada was f ound a t Tepe Gawra a nd A rpachiya . Ubaid pottery has been f ound on hundreds to

the

of

s ites

northeast

t hroughout a nd

t o

the

the west

n orthern a cross

p lain,

n orthern

and Oates discoveries

1 976b, 1 25). Most s ignificant a re of i dentical U baid pottery f rom

p rovince

Saudi

e xtending

of

Arabia

e normously

a nd

nearby

i ts

Qatar

a nd

i n

the

Zagros

Syria the the

( Oates recent eastern

Bahrain,

g eographical

thus

d istribution

( Burkholder 1 972; B iby 1 971; Tosi 1 974; M asry 1 971 4; Oates 1 976 ; 1 978a; Roaf 1 976; de Cardi 1 977; I nizan 1 980). The neutron a ctivation a nd petrographic d istribution a nalysis of the pottery f rom these s ites shows that this U baid pottery was made i n Southern Mesopotamia, definitely i n the U r, Eridu a nd A lUbaid a r€a , a nd was b rought down to the Gulf by the Ubaid " Seafaring merchants." The U baid C ontact with the Eastern Coast of A rabia s eems t o l ie i n s ome f orm of t rade and e xchange i nvolving

p erishable

materials

s uch

a s

h ides

and

perhaps e ven s tone o r mineral r esources ( Oates e t a l. s uch t race i nvolved p rofessional t raders, a nd i f i t

o il,

or

D id what

1 977).

d id,

was t he statu: ; of s uch a c lass i n the s ocial h ierarchy? I t i s very d if icult to e xplore this a rchaeologically, but i t has been s uggestei t hat t rade could be a collective undertaking carried cn e ither b y a chief o r through general participation of t he m mber3 ( Polanyi 1 975, 1 1 43). The v alidity of e ither of these a ssumptions c ould be i nvestigated through the a rchaeolc gicaL e vidence. At Abada we f ound that a ll the clay tokens or the a bove-mentioned c ounters were c oncentrated i n o ne p lace o nly, t hat i s the main, t he l argest building ( A) ( Fig. 1 4,

2 79)

whic.

a ppears

to

be

the

most

p restigious,

a nd

which

must have b een u sed f or some s pecial purpose, a s well as f or the residence of the chief of the v illage . So i t would seem p lausible t hat this c hief was i n charge of the t rade a nd kept i n h is

own

these

o ffice tokens.

the

r ecords

However,

of

this

i ts

t ransactions

e vidence

does

represented

not

i n

a ny

by way

e stablish p articipation i n l ong-distance trading networks. Such t oken� c ou: .d be used f or purely l ocal a ccounting.

I am i ndebted to P rof . C .Renfrew, head of the Faculty of Archaeology a nd Anthropology, U niversity of Cambridge , who k indly e xamined these s pecimens a nd provided me with this v aluable i nformation.

2 11

The t J baidian Community a nd the E volution of Leadership

I n

the

c ourse

of

the

s tudy

a nd

a nalysis

of

the

c ultural

p rocess a nd the s tages of c ultural evolution, a number of i nteresting theories have been a dvanced, mainly to e xplain the o rigins of c omplex s ocieties a nd the f ormation of the s tate. Fried ( 1957) has d ivided s ocieties i nto f our c lasses, non — ranked, n on—stratified, r anked a nd s tratified s ocieties. Service ( 1952) has a lso d ivided s ocieties i nto f our c lasses, but d ifferent t erms were g iven b y h im , these a re: b ands; t ribes; chiefdoms;

a nd

s tates.

These

terms

s eem

to

heve

been

w idely

a dopted by a nthropologists a nd a rchaeologists i n their e ndeavour to e xplain the s ocio—political e volution o f the prehistoric most

s ocieties.

primitive

f orm

S ince

of

the

s ocial

" band"

i s

the

s tructure,

s implest

i t

i s

a ttributed to the hunter and gatherer g roups ( Service Flannery 1 972a, 1 4 01). The t ribal l evel i s more complex band

l evel, b ut

they

a re

yet

s hares

both

d ifferentiation

i n

( Service

1 31),

1 962,

i ts

most

e galitarian, the

b asic but

i mportant

t ribal

1 962, 97; than the

characteristics:

s elf—sufficient

residential

units

s ocieties

of

a re

w ith the

third

e volutionary

s tage

i s

the

no

s ociety

l arger

i ntegrated by e laborate ceremonies, r ituals a nd affinities ( Flannery 1 972a, 1 4 01). I t was s uggested a pproximate date f or the a ppearance of this s tage was i n the N ear East ( ibid.).

The

and

f requently

and

k inship t hat a n 7 000 B .C.

" chiefdom"

i n

which

s ociety i s more c omplex a nd more organized, w ith d istinguished e conomic, s ocial a nd religious a ctivities a nd i nternal s tatus d ifferentiation, a lso i ncreased p roductivity a nd more population

density

( Harding,

Kaplan, Sahlins

and

Service

1 960,

3 7 ; Service 1 962, 1 33). I n chiefdoms, the economy shows a h igher degree

of

c raft—specialization

and

d iversification,

c hiefs

themselves maintained a v ery h igh p restige and could be regarded a s d ivine a nd might be p riests a s well ( Flannery 1 972a , 1 4 03). Chiefs a re a lmost sacrosanct a nd f requently p lay a v ital s accerdotal role, they a re s urrounded by a retinue of wives,

r etainers,

marriage, a nd a ccompanied by

and

a ssistants,

their

l ife

most particularly, death , e laborate public r ituals.

crises

of

birth ,

are f requently Chiefs can a lso

c ommand p eriodic contributions of l abour f or construction and maintenance of their h ouses a nd of p ublic buildings s uch as temples

( Service

1 962). This

s tage was thought to have a ppeared

a s e arly a s 5500 B .C. in the Near East

The the

l ast

h ighest

of

the

f orm

of

e volutionary

( Flannery

s tages

s ocio—political

i s

the

1 972a).

state

o rganization.

I t

which

i s

usually

i nvolves a s trong and centralized g overnment with professional r uling c lass, f ull—time c raftsmen, powerful e conomic structure a nd h eavy population densities

( Flannery

1 972a, 1 4 01 4).

To c onsider which of these f our e volutionary stages might f it t he s ocio—political organisation of the U baidian community

2 12

d uring the f ifth m illennium B .C. i t would t urn to the third s tage , the chiefdom, ( Flannery 2 07; Adams

1 972a, 4 0 3; 1 975, 4 62).

Watson

a nd

seem most plausible to a s many authors agree

Laßlance

1 973;

Service

1 975,

I n order to verify the v alidity of a pplying this term to the U baidian community we should test the criteria upon which i t was

b ased

a gainst

t he

a rchaeological

evidence

i n

hand.

It

was

a rgued that ranked c lasses a nd c raft specialization were an i mportant f eature o f the chiefdom ( Harding, Sahlins a nd Service 1 960,

36;

F lannery

1 972a ,

0 ;

Watson

a nd

LaBlance

1 973;

Service

1 975, 207; Wright 1 977, 3 81-386). As we have a lready seen both f eatures were a ttested, to a c ertain degree, a t the U baid s ite of Tell Abada. B ut what about o ther c riteria i nvolved i n, a nd r epresenting the components of chiefdom? s uggested that i n c hiefdoms population i s often warfare t hese

f requent

cases

( Flannery

were

t rue

i n

1 972a ,

the

4 12),

Hamrin

F lannery has very l arge a nd

evidently

region

neither

during

the

of

Ubaid

p eriod. So while s ome of the i mportant c riteria have been met, o thers which a re e qually i mportant have not. Therefore if we a re to agree that a k ind of chiefdom was a ctually e xtant i n the U baid community we have to a ssert that this should be by no means derived f rom that type of chiefdom which was f ormulated a nd p roposed for c ommunities i n o ther parts of the world. I t was pointed out that a major problem i n Service's definition of the chiefdom a s a broad typological category a nd s tage i n unilineal e volution

i s

particular

that

k ind

i t o f

i s

too

s pecific

chiefdom,

because

he

characteristic

describes

of

a

P olynesia

( Sanders a nd Webster 1 978, 270). However, we see no reason to a gree with Sanders a nd Webster who believe that lowland Mesopotamiia d id n ot pass through a chiefdom stage ( ibid. , 282). B ut we would emphasize that the type of chiefdom must have been d ifferent, more s uited to the d ifferent s ituation. I t was a chiefdom

b ased

o n

special

considerations

pertaining

to

the

a ncient I raqi community which shares a l ot of political a nd s ocial traits with the present r ural communities. For this r eason it would be more convenient to call i t a " Sheikhdom", i n which the chief of the v illage ( the Sheikh) may have been a r eligious l eader c ombining the responsibility of r unning the c ommunity affairs w ith more practical agricultural management. S uch may h ave b een the type of a uthority i n the U baidian s ettlements h ave

the

( Oates

l argest

1 977,

a nd

the

72).

The

best

Sheikh

s hare

of

a nd

h is

f amily

would

l ands, proceedings,

a nd

c ommodities. They u sually l ive i n the largest h ouse i n the v illage, s urrounded by their f ollowers a nd relatives. This was o bviously a ttested by the a rchaeological evidence f rom Abada w here we h ave seen t hat the Sheikh a nd h is f amily were l iving i n t he best

a nd

largest

house

( Fig.

1 4). This was

W ith a variety of g oods. The presence

r ichly

f urnished

i n this h ouse a lone of the

c lay t okens which may have been used as records t ransactions, would i ndicate that the sheikh was i n charge a ctually c ontroling the t rade.

I t

i s

S heikhdom)

d ifficult was

to

a s ecular

s uggest one

o r

whether

this

a theocratic

2 13

one.

chiefdom Both

of a nd

( or

Service

( 1975,

207)

a nd

Webb

( 1975,

1 62)

have

a ssociated

chiefdom

with

theocracy. However, Adams ( 1975) while a ssuming the theocratic character of l owland Mesopotamia describes the chiefdoms i n the p eripheries of the Mesopotamian plain as being under predominantly chiefdom s uitable

s ecular

control

( ibid. .

4 62).

We

think

with a theocratic character would have been f or p rimitive comr nunites f or which religion i s

that more much

more of a n i ncentive than coercion. This assumption would f ind f ull s upport f rom the e thnogrphic data derived from I raqi rural s ocieties. I n the v illages where a n I mam ( a religious rank) resides, he i s more i nfluential and c ommands more a uthority than

the

Sheikh

( whose

power

a nd

r ank

a re

normally

only

secular). I n o ther v illages the s ame p erson combines the office of I mam a nd Sheikh thus maintaining f ull control of h is f ollowers a nd of the v illage's a ffairs, a lso being highly respected by other v illages.

I t

would

be

i nteresting

to know what

role

the

public had

i n

the r unning of a ffairs, a nd h ow much say they had in the decision—making process, b ut i t i s i mpossible to demonstrate o r i nvestigate s uch things. I t i s relevant to mention here that b y the f ourth millennium B .C. there was a public "Assembly" which was a decision—making body, w ithout a hereditary l eader, this continued t o be the c ase e ven a s l ate a s the second m illennium B .C. But, a gain on the basis of e thnographic data, I d oubt that the

public

would

have

had

any

s ignificant

effect

decision—making body, the sheikh a nd h is e lite .

2 1

on

the prime

C HAPTER V II

C onclusion

The

a rchaeological

record

p ertaining

t o

Mesopotamian

prehistory s uffers f rom severe defects. The U baid period which has been described a s t he most neglected period i n the a rchaeological i nvestigation of I raq ( Mellaart 1 979, 2 8) i s obviously o ne of t hose important c ultural epochs that still needs

f urther

i nvestigation

to

c larify

a nd

resolve

v arious

problems i nvolved i n i t. I ndeed the available a rchaeological evidence s tops short of providing us with the necessary answers f or many q uestions , among which a re, f or i nstance, the origins of t he Ubaid people, t heir i dentity, a nd the t ime a t which they e ntered

I raq.

However,

we

should

s tress

the

fact

that

there

i s

abundant e vidence r eferring to a r emarkable and u nbreakable cultural continuity f rom the e arliest Ubaid period to the U ruk period. Archaeologists a nd s cholars tend to agree now w ith Oates

( 1960,

4 6)

t hat

the

Mesopotamia d uring the Mellaart 1 967, 4 4; R oux j ustification

f or

S umerians U baid 19 69,

a ssuming

a n

were

a lready

i n

southern

period ( Mallowan 1 967, 20; 1 37). I ndeed we have no real

e arlier

h omeland

f or

the

Ubaid

people other than i n s outhern Mesopotamia a nd a rchaeological data derived f rom a rchitectural, ceramic a nd religious e vidence, s trongly s upports this f act ( Oates 1 969b, 1 27; 1 979, 2 1). Also, the possibility of the e xistence of pre-Eridu settlement i n s outhern Mesopotamia cannot be r uled out. The recent d iscoveries, by the f rench e xpedition, a t Tell Oueiii i n S outhern a nd

the

I raq,

of

a t

l east

chance-discovery

a d ozen

of

R as

p re-Eridu

A l-Amiya

( Ubaid

near

K ish ,

I )

levels,

which

had

been l ying under a heavy b lanket of a lluvial sediments a re good e xamples t o be mentioned here.

h ad

The Ubaid culture, d uring i ts f irst phases ( Ubaid a lready been k nown f rom many s ites i n southern

s tretched

f rom

E ridu

t o

K ish

where

R as

A l-Amiya

I a nd 2 ) I raq a nd

l ies.

By

the

b eginning of Ubaid 3 i t had s pread to the north of I raq where i t was well attested a t Tepe Gawra, a nd to the west, a t Yarim Tepe a nd f urther a cross northern Syria. I t was the f irst t ime i n Mesopotamian prehistory that both s outhern a nd w ere c ulturally u nified u nder Ubaid i nfluence.

The central part of I raq i ts a nd

-

n otably the D iyala r egion

g eographical position between the i ts proximity t o I ran, s eems t o be

I n which to s earch f or S outh.

the

n orthern

e vidence f or

2 15

-

I raq

due to

north a nd s outh of I raq, the most p romising a rea l inks between north a nd

The new e xcavations i n the Hamrin basin in the abovementioned a rea, have f urnished us w ith s uch evidence, thus helping t o f ill part of the gap i n the a rchaeological record of the Ubaid period. Here i n a n a rea of a bout 6 00 sq. km . some 1 6 Ubaid s ites were of these s ites

e xcavated. The most i nteresting and important i s Tell Abada. The e xtensive excavations

conducted i n this s ite have revealed t hree d istinct b uilding l evels, with e normous quantities of U baid p ottery a nd a very wide v ariety of materials. Most i nteresting i s the v illage plan, the f irst e ver recovered f or a n Ubaid settlemnt. Tripartite buildings with a T-shaped or cruciform hall, which was roofed as

e videnced

i n

some

buildings

a t

Abada

and

Maddhur,

seem

to

have b een f ashionable d uring attested a t s everal U baid s ites

the U baid period. This was i n Hamrin l ike Abada , Rashid,

Ayash,

This

K iet

Qasim

a nd

Maddhur.

e vidence

substantiates

earlier a nd s imilar d iscoveries f rom Tepe Gawra and Telul Eththalathal i n north a nd northwestern I raq . The architectural e vidence f rom Abada Tripartite p lan with

s hows a remarkable continuity of the c ruciform hall which shows i ts f inest

development i n the U ruk Eanna precinct a t Warka.

Most f ascinating i s the Ubaid i nterest

i s

the

s imultaneous

pottery

occurrence

f rom Abada . Of special a t

l evel

I II

of

Ubaid

pottery w ith pottery which resembles both Choga Mami Transitional Samarra/Ubaid type and more c lassical Samarra pottery. These ceramic t ypes were a lso f ound in a ssociation with pottery of Ubaid 2 s tyle. The occurrence of the new ceramic s tyle " Transitional" f irst i dentified a t Choga Mami, represents

a n

important

a ddition

to

the

repertoire

of

this

newly d iscovered pottery which e xhibits f eatures related to both Samarra a nd Ubaid I ceramic s tyles. Of i nterest is that s ome of the Transitional examples f rom Abada are closely comparable Safid

i n

t o

e xamples

Khuzistan.

The

f rom

both

Choga

d iscoverey

of

Mami

this

i n

I raq

t ype

of

and

Choga

ceramic

a t

Hamrin ( Abada I II a nd Songor A ), f urnishes f urther evidence of a " new p rehistoric phase apparently characteristic of central Mesopotamia a nd i ntrusive i nto Khuzistan" ( Oates 1 982a, 28). I ndeed s ome of the ware we designated here a s Transitional i s very s imilar to the c lassical Samarra Ware both i n painted and painted-and-incised s tyle ( Figs.97-99), therefore i t was termed Samarra

i n

our

p reliminary

report

( Jasim

1 983).

But

the

occurrence of Samarra Ware i n this l evel would create a serious chronological p roblem concerning the relation of materials of d ifferent c ultures which a re known to be f ar a part i n t ime, l ike Samarra a nd U baid 2 , unless we p ropose a contemporaneity between I II a ny

the

two

s tyles,

i .e .

between

Hajji

Muhammad

a nd

Sawwan

o r Safid 3 /4. Such c ontemporaneity cannot be supported i n way b y t he a vailable a rchaeological evidence nor by the C-

1 4 d etermination which y ielded a d ate of 5080 b .c. f or Sawwan I II ( Oates 1 984, 263). To reconcile the s ituation, we a ttributed these a pparantly H owever, the well T ransitional ware c ontemporaneity of 25 3).

Samarran ware to the Transitional phase. s tratified a ssociation of Ubaid 1 /2 with i s the

v ery l atter

i mportant a nd confirms with e arly Ubaid ( Oates

2 16

the 1 984,

The painted p ottery f rom Abada I I a nd I a nd other contemporary s ites i n the Hamrin, i s b rilliantly e xecuted and s killfully painted. I t g enerally resembles t he U baid 2 /3 ceramic but

i t

s tyle was

r icher

f rom Hajji

represented

series

both

i n

Muhammad, Ras Al-Amiya and Choga Mami,

h ere,

particularly

shapes

and

a t

patterns.

Abada ,

Painted

i n

a much

pottery

i s

overwhelmingly p redominant a t the Ubaid 2 /3 s ites i n Hamrin, a nd this obviously reflects t he f act that the painted s tyle was still popular a nd widely p ractised by the Ubaid potters. Many d istinctive vessel t ypes known f rom both the north of I raq, were f ound; of s ignificance combination

of

v essel

f orms

a nd

painted

s outh i s a

designs.

a nd the certain

These

were

used as reliable chronological i ndicators t o establish , w ith a degree of a ssurance, the date of the s ites a nd to f it them into the

Ubaid

sequence.

The

d ate

of

Ubaid

2 was

s uggested

by

the

Ubaid pottery f rom l evel I II while a date of e arly Ubaid 3 was suggested by that f rom l evels I I a nd I a nd o ther contemporary s ites i n the Ubaid period.

The

r egion.

geographical

central

Other

s ites

s ituation

were

of

a ttributed

the

Hamrin

to

region

the

late

in

the

part of the country i s reflected i n i ts materials which

show s imilarity to e ither both s outh a nd north I raq or to one or a nother of them. So the other parts of I raq i s

r elationship between the Hamrin and now a ttested. Also the relationship

between the Ubaid s ites i n the Hamrin i s c learly e stablished.

The relationship between Mesopotamia a nd I ran d uring the Ubaid period i s now well a ttested by the new e vidence f rom the Hamrin r egion. The presence a t Abada I II of a Transitional vessel s trikingly r esembling s pecimens f rom Choga Safid, would support s imilar e vidence f rom Choga Mami, which implies a contemporaneity

b etween

the

l atter s ite, Abada

I II

a nd Safid

5 .

The massive occurrence of Dalma impressed ware a nd the presence of r ed-slipped ware decorated with v ertical patterns of z igzag l ines ( Fig. 1 59), b oth of I ranian o rigins, t ogether with certain other small f indings a t the U baid s ites i n the Hamrin, is f urther e vidence of a r elationship between Mesopotamia and I ran, U baid

which certainly i nvolves 3 a nd Mehmeh phases.

c ontemporaneity

between

the

Another d istinctive f eature of the Hamrin region i s the p resence of l arge quantities of U baid i ncised ware some of Which i s v ery s imilar to the Hassuna/Samarra style. The i mpressed

a nd

demonstrates

a

i ncised f ully

ware

i s

developed

of

a

h igh

technique.

Of

s tandard

and

chronological

s ignificance i s t he d iscovery, a t s ome of the early Ubaid 3 s ites l ike Abada , Rashid and K . Qasim, of l ate Halaf polychrome s herds. These were f ound s ide b y s ide with early Ubaid 3 materials i n s tratified l evels, a nd the only reasonable e xplanation f or s uch o ccurrence t hese two c eramic s tyles.

2 17

i s

the

contemporaneity

of

The excavation of the Ubaid site of Abada has provided us with new and important information concerning various aspects of settlement and community patterns and shed light on the social and economic manifestations of the Ubaid community. The economy was based on winter agriculture of emmer, eincorn, bread wheat ? and two varieties of barley. Irrigation could well have been practised in the Hamrin, as the evidence from the nearby Choga Marni shows that it was practised since the earlier Samarra period. Plough cultivation may have accompanied irrigation agriculture, this obviously represents an improvement in agricultural methods. The present-day farming situation based on the traditional fallow rotation was probably followed by the Ubaidian farmers. However, agriculture was not the sole mode of subsistence and was supplemented by the hunting of gazelle, deer, boar and onger, according to the animal osteological evidence from Tell Abada. No conclusive evidence concerning the beliefs of the people could be drawn, and no dedicated religious buildings were found; but the practice of burying the dead children below the floors of the houses, and the funerary offerings associated with some of these burials may suggest some religious significance. Craft specialization is well attested in the Hamrin region. This was represented by the discovery of large dedicated work­ shops at Abada, and by the presence of several large and sophisticated pottery kilns at both Abada and Songor B. The enormous quantity of the remarkably painted Ubaid Ware was apparantly produced by these kilns. Stone and bone tools were varied and abundant. Weaving, basketry and matting manufacture was well executed. The material evidence obtained from the dwelling houses at Abada evidently reflects a prosperous economy and good standard of living for all the Ubaid people in the village, however, the size of the houses and their association with some special items considered to be indicative measures may reflect is variability in socio-economic status. Building A distinguished as being the most prestigious one in the village due to the distinctive features associated with it, such as its unusually large size, central location, and the presence below its floors of numerous child burial urns some of which were furnished with funerary offerings. Most interesting is the presence of the clay tokens which may have been used as counters representing records of economic transactions. Such unusual features shed light on the function of this building which might have served administrative and religious purposes. A part of that building may have been occupied by the chief of the community; the Sheikh who most probably was a religious and political leader at the same time. The presence of Ubaid settlement in the Hamrin region was dependent on the availability of arable land and water. According to the archaeological evidence from Abada, the people there drew water by channels and ceramic pipes for a 218

c onsiderable d istance f rom the l arge wadis, chand, a nd f rom a r iver nearby, p resumably f or d rinking a nd domestic purposes. The existence of m arsh l and a reas i n the northwestern part of the r egion and their use by the p resent-day v illages a s the main that

grazing land the a rea i s

f or f locks of sheep and cattle, a nd the f act a lso the homestay f or wild p igs and birds,

c ould reflect a s imilar s ituation to that which e xisted during the Ubaid p eriod. The h ills s urrounding the Hamrin basin a lso p rovided g ood g razing l and and a habitat for gazelles a nd deer, a good supplementary l ocation of the a rea l eading

t o

the

d iet f or the v illagers. The geographical a nd i ts a ccessibility by v arious routes

s outh

a nd

north

of

I raq,

a nd

nearby

I ran,

was

p robably a nother reason that e ncouraged the Ubaid people to reside there and e nabled them to e stablish commercial contacts w ith other regions.

The

p resence

e vidence outside a nd

of

of

the

Ubaid

i ts original

down

to

the

s ites

w ide-spread home

A rabian

i n

the

d istribution

i n southern

Gulf. What

Hamrin of

the

i s

f urther

U baid

culture

I raq i nto the north, west

d oes

this

d istribution mean

a nd i n what terms can i t be e xplained? Was i t a n e xpansion and colonization resulting f rom population g rowth or p ressure? I t i s certainly t rue that the " increase i n n umber a nd s ize U baid settlements reflects s ome i mprovements, both a gricultural population

methods

growth

i s

a nd

tools

d iscernable

( Oates i n

the

1 972a, Hamrin,

3 05),

but

of i n no

moreover,

the

r egion seems t o h ave been completely abandoned towards the e nd of the Ubaid period, a s no U ruk occupation was f ound. I ndeed the e vidence f rom the eastern p rovince of Saudi s hown

that

the

U baid

materials

f ound

A rabia has

there

s outhern I raq b y the Ubaid "Seafaring i nvolved i n trade a nd maritime contact.

were

clearly

brought

merchants"

f rom

who

were

The n ew d iscoveries f rom the Hamrin r egion, have g reatly e nriched the U baid repertoire a nd enormously i ncreased our k nowledge of the U baid period. Nevertheless, the occupation of m ost of t hese U baid s ites i s of relatively short duration which c reates s ome chronological problems, a s short-lived s ites can a ctually tell l ittle about c ultural development a nd they a re i nsignificant

i n

terms

of

o verall

Ubaid

settlement.

Thus

many

a rchaeological p roblems, particularly c hronological ones r emain. The chronology of the Ubaid period, which i s extremely l ong, its material spans most o r a ll of the f ifth m illennium B .C. ( Adams 1 981, 54), remains to be c larified. New s ites badly need t o

b e

searched

c arried s equence.

o ut, But

f or

a nd

more

e specially i t

i s

on

unlikely

t he Hamrin region will c ome.

a rchaeological s ites that

that the

work

will

needs

provide

quantitative

to

be

a

l ong

data

f rom

be superseded e lsewhere f or some t ime to

2 19

Appendix

1

The Animal bones f rom Tell Abada.

by Sebastian P ayne.

Despite known

a s

reason

the

yet

the

e xcavation

a bout a nimal

millennium s ite i ts small s ize.

i n

the

b one the

Tell Abada l ies out f rom the f irst Zagros

many

s ample

D iyala

s ites

f rom

r egion,

i n

of

I raq,

t he

Tell i s

l ittle

a rea .

For

Abada ,

of

a

i nterest

i s

this f ifth

despite

on the plain, b ut only a short d istance f oothills. R ainfall n owadays i s i n the

region of 3 00 mm . ; e nough Winters heavily

of

zoo—archaeology

f or

cereal

f arming w ithout

a re cold a nd wet; s ummers h ot a nd d ry. cultivated, a nd without t rees e xcept i n

i rrigation.

The the

p lain i s v illages;

l ow—lying a reas a re covered by reed—swamp.

Seven b ags of bone were r ecoved d uring the e xcavations a t Tell Abada , w ith a total weight of 14.9 3 kg . of b one. The b ones a re in the b roken s tate typical of f ood r emains f rom archaeolog.cal s ites,

b ut

a re

othewise well—presev rd. The

presents two peculiarities: h orncores a nd

s ample

a ntler

i mmediately

f ragments

a re

d isproportionately c ommon, a nd the a mount of bone i s v ery small in relation to the total volume of e arth e xcavated; more than 50,000 cubic metres were e xcavated, which g ives t he extraordinarily l ow c oncentration o f a round . 1 gm . o f bone p er cubic metre of e arth. P oor preservation i s a lmost certainly not the

e xplanation,

a s

the

bones

that

were

found

are

good condition a nd h orncores a nd a ntlers, which a re l ess r esistant t o destruction than most Possible e xplanations f or the l ow c oncentration i nclude:

a )

that

l ittle

meat

was

consumed, a nd

thus

f ew

g enerally

i n

a re a bundant, o ther bones. of b one f inds

bones

c ame

o nto

the s ite;

b )

that

more

meat

was

e aten,

but

that

bones

were

n ot

brought

onto the s ite, o r were s ubsequently d isposed of off—site ; a nd

c )

that l arge numbers of bones were m issed during e xcavation.

That

s ome

bone

was

missed

d uring

e xcavation

i s

probable:

s ieving e xperiments have s hown ( Payne 1 972; 1 975) t hat trench recovery often misses smaller bones a nd bone f ragments; e ven if some a llowance i s made f or this, however, the scarcity of bone a t Tell Abada i s s triking i n relation both to the v olume of

220

e xcavated e arth, a nd to the e normous quantity of potsherds f ound. The a bundance of h orncores a nd a ntler may i ndicate that these were kept f or d isplay while postcranial bones were d isposed

of ,

a nd

more

meat

may

therefore

have

been

consumed

than the very l ow c ounts s eem to s uggest. Species The

represented:

f ollowing

species

were

Bos

present

i n

the

sample:

c attle

probably a nd

E quus Capra O vis

a sinus/hemjonus

Gazella S us

cf.

a ss/onager g oat sheep

s ubgutturosa

c ervid

wild

domestic

p robably

domestic

probably

Dama

goitred g azelle p ig/wild boar deer

mesopotamica Canis

d og/wolf

Bos :

L arge bovid bones a re f airly common; they a re probably a ll of B os r ather than B ison or Bubalus, but more work is needed on c riteria for d istinguishing these g enera i n bone samples f rom s outh—west Asia. The f ollowing measurements were taken ( unless othewise described, definitions f ollow measurements a re g iven i n millimetres): Sp. No. L evel

Bone

Measurements

8

U lna Humerus

SDO HTC

9

Metacarpus

constriction) Bp 58.8

7

I II

v on

I I

3 5

Metacarpus

Level

I

6 3

Astragalus

Bp 6 0.5, B d ca. Gl ca. 1 97.5 GLl 6 9.6

6 5 6 8

Phalanx I I Metatarsus

GL BD

6 9

Metacarpus

BD 79.3

S ome

s pecimens

w ild c attle P robably

a re

( e.g. Spp

f rom

large No. 6 5

domestic

> 58.3, 6 3.8

e nough a nd

cattle

U nfortunately too small to s ize g roups, o r a continuum .

D riesch

1 976;

6 0.3, DPA 73.1 Fusing! ( height of t rochlea at

Level

i t i t i f

den

see

KD

to

3 8.9 60.0,

3 6.7,

KD

BD

s uggest

30.3

0 .7+

the

presence

of

6 9), while o thers a re small, a nd ( e.g

Sp .

whether

221

N o.

3 5).

there

The

a re

sample

two

is

separate

Equus a si nus/hemionus:

Equid

bones

a re

cheektooth ( Level s inus, s ymmetrical

e specially

f requent

i n

Level

I II.

A lower

I , Sp . No. 6 2) has a f airly shallow buccal e ntoflexid, a nd s harply V—ed l ingual sinus

( Plate A ). An upper second p remolar ( Level I II, Sp . No. 1 6) has n o caballine f old, a nd a v ery s hort protocone, but i s f airly worn ( Plate B ). The f ollowing measurements were taken:

Sp.

Bone

Measurements

1

Phalanx

2

P elvis

GL 8 1 . 0, Bp 43.5, Bd 3 8.0 LAR c a. 4 9.5

3

No. Level

I II

i t

5 1 1

KD 2 5.4,

B Fd

3 5.1

Humerus

HTC

Astragalus P halanx I

BFd 4 2.2, LmT 5 5.8 GL 72.2, Bp 40.3, KD 23.5,

B Fd

3 1.7

Bd

Level I I No l evel

1 2 1 4 1 5

P halanx R adius Femur

I

3 2 8 7

P halanx P halanx

I I

KD B d TC

3 2.6

3 3.5 23.7,

B Fd

3 3.3, Ed 3 4.2

5 9.4, 4 5.2

BFd

5 0.7

GL ca. 8 4.0 Bp 4 1.8

The characteristics of the teeth , t ogether w ith the s lenderness of the f irst phalanges, show that these belong t o the E . a sinus/hemionus g roup; but s eparation between t hese two s pecies i s d ifficult. Traditionally E . hemionus, the o nager, i s regarded a s the native wild e quid of Mesopotamia; but t his has been questioned by Ducos ( 1978), who h as i dentified t he equid abundant wild

a t

Tell

Mureybet

i n

northern

Syria

a ss. The characteristics of the Tell

as

Abada

a sinus,

t he

equid b ones

E .

a re

perhaps more a sinine than hemjonine, but the sample i s very small; l t i s a lso possible that the n ative Mesopotamian equid may i n some respects h ave been i ntermediate between t he Persian onager a nd the wild a ss of N orth Africa.

Capra:

Goat

bones

a re

f airly

common.

A number

of

male

h ornoore

f ragments show e vidence of torsion, s light i n s ome c ases, a nd considerable I n others, a nd this i s n ormally taken to I ndicate domestication. The f ollowing measurements were taken:

2 22

Sp. L evel

B one

M easurements

I I

4 0 1 4 2

A stragalus S capula

I

GLl 2 5.8, GLm 2 3.7 GLP 2 7.8+, B G 1 9.9+

7 1 7 2 7 3

A stragalus A stragalus A stragal i is

GLl 2 9.2, GLl 2 5.3 GLm 2 3.1

H

L evel

N o.

‚ I i t

GLm 2 7.1

O vis:

S heep b ones a re a gain f airly c ommon, b ut n o f ound. The f ollowing m easurements were t aken:

S p. L evel

I I

i t I

i t

N o

B one

M easurement

7 1 4

A stragalus H umerus T ibia A stragalus A stragalus

GLl 3 1.4, GLm 2 9.8 H TC 1 5.4 B d 2 7.6 ? Ovis GLl 3 0.2, GLm 3 0.0 GL1 2 9.5, G Lm 2 8.5

9 0

A stragalus

GLl

3 8 3 9 4 1 7 0

i t

L evel

N o.

l evel

h orncores

3 1.4,

G Lm

w ere

( sic!)

2 9.9

G azella c f . s ubgutturosa:

G azelle h orncores a re c ommon. A ll a re f airly r obust, a nd s how t he c lose a pposition a nd l ateral c ompression t ypical of G . s ubgutturosa. P ostcranial b ones a re n otably s carce. The f ollowing measurements were t aken:

L evel L evel t o

I II I I

S p. N o.

B one

M easurements

2 0 2 2 2 3

H orncore H orncore H orncore

B ase c a. 2 7.3 x 1 8.7 B ase 3 0.5 x 1 9.2 B ase 3 1.2 x 2 1.3 B urnt.

2 1 4

H orncore H orncore H orncore H orncore H orncore H orncore H orncore

2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0

x 2 2.5 3 2.0 x 2 4.2 3 4.4 x 2 3.7 3 1 4.1 x 2 2.0

-

3 6.5 3 3.8 3 2.2

x 2 3.5 x 2 2.5 x 2 6.8

( sic!)

? i dentification i t

L evel

I

i t

o f N o N o

l evel l evel

4 7 5 7 5 8 7 5 9 6 9 7

Metatarsus H orncore H orncore H umerus H orncore H orncore

B d 2 1.7 3 2.8 x 2 3.2 3 3.1 x 2 2.5 H TC 1 4.6 3 6.5 x 2 4.0 3 3.5 x 2 4.4

2 23

j uvenile;

Sus:

A small

number

of

s pecimens

could be measured: Level I I 1 4 9 Astragalus

GLl

were 1 4 1.8+

f ound,

only

one

o f

a ll

a re

which

? juvenile

Cervid:

Cervid

a ntler

f ragments

a re

f airly

common;

very

broken a nd r ather soft. This i s typical of shed a ntler, a nd the one basal f ragment appears t o have b een shed. The condition of the f ragments makes i dentification d ifficult; they a re f rom f airly l arge a ntlers, a nd their s urface a ppearance s uggests Dama r ather f ound.

than

Cervus.

N o

o ther

p arts

of

the

skeleton

were

Canis:

Two f ragments were pelvis. Both a re f airly

f ound: l arge ,

part of a n u lna, a nd could be f rom

and a b roken large d ogs or

f rom small wolves

D iscussion

The small s ize of the sample, t ogether selection ( disproportionate abundance of

w ith evidence for horr icores, a ntler

f ragments a nd Ovis a nd Capra a stragali) makes a ny d iscussion of relative

a bundance

problematic. This

i s

i llustrated

i n T able

1

below .

The a bundance of

Equus

i n Level

I II

i nvites

comparison

with

Umm Dabaghiya ( Bokonyi 1 973), t he l ower l evels of Tell M uryebet ( Ducos 1 978) and P alegawra ( Turnbull a nd Reed 1 97 11 ); while the f requency with with

of

Bos

i n

Levels

I I

a nd I s uggests c loser

s imilarity

R as A l Amiya a nd Eridu ( Flannery a nd C ornwall 1 969) than t he h igh O vis/Capra a nd v ery l ow Bos c ounts t hat are

typical of t he Deh Luran sequence ( Hole, Flannery a nd Neely 1 969). But s amples a re so small that l ittle reliance c an be p laced o n these comparisons.

The

a ssociation

of

Equus,

Bos ,

Ovis,

C apra

a nd

G azella

s uggests a r ather open grassland. The Sus , i f w ild, p robably came f rom the reedswamp a reas, where w ild boar a re common even today. The o nly s uggestion of a more wooded e nvironment comes f rom the cervid a ntlers; but these c ould have come f rom some d istance f rom the s ite a s a ntler i s often t raded or transported o ver l ong d istances.

2 24

Acknowledgements:

I am

grateful

t o

Mr.

Sabah

Abboud

J asim

f or

i nviting

me

to

e xamine the Tell A bada a nimal b ones a nd t o D r. Joan Oates f or h er help. I a m a lso g rateful to the Department of A rchaeology a nd A nthropology a nd to the Museum of Zoology, U niversity, f or t he u se of c omparative material.

2 25

Cambridge

f l C o r e s

H o r

( , a , ‚ I 0

z

C " ,

C ',

1 4 ' 4

c i , ( V

a ,

4 )

‚ 4 1 I

H o r n c o r e s

C C O

‚ 4 a , C 4)

a ,

* ‚- C' ,

a ,

a ,

-

-

4 )

U )

a ,

U )

C

C . -

S .

C o

C 4 )

C

4)

'

-.

( n o,.—

.

-

0

C O r e s

S . a , ‚ 4 4) C C O

H o r n

C o

H o r n C o r e s B o n e s

‚ I

‚ 1 . 4 )

c a

C o

o

o

. .-1 U ) a ,

o b0 > w

Col o

• ‚ I U ) > r4

C o 0

C / )I

a ,

C O

u

L)

P late

A :

L ower

cheektooth of

Equus

a sir ius/hemionus.

IIII I I I IIII t I III IIII L I I Plate

B :

U pper

s econd

p remolar

of

Equus

a sinus/hemior ius.

B ibliography: Bokonyi,

v on

den

Ducos,

S . 1 973. ' The f auna of Umm Dabaghiyah: inary report'. I raq 3 5, 9-11.

a prelim-

Driesch, A . 1 976. ' A g uide to the measurement of a nimal bones f rom a rchaeological s ites'. P eabody Museum Bulletin 1 , Harvard U niversity. P .

1 978.

' Tell

p roblemes F lannery,

Mureybet:

e tude

d 'ecologie

a rcheozoologique

humaine

11 . C .N.R.S.,

e t

P aris.

K .V. a nd Cornwall, I .W. 1 969. ' The f auna f rom R as Al-Amiya, I raq: a comparison with the Deh Luran sequence', Appendix I V, 14 35-438. I n Hole, F . Flannery, K .V. a nd Neely J .A. 1 969, loc . cit.

H ole,

F .,

Flannery, K .V. a nd Neely J .A. 1 969. ' Prehistory a nd human e cology of t he Deh Luran plain'. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, of Michigan, 1 .

P ayne,

S .

1 972. of

' Partial

s ome

Papers P ayne,

S .

1 975.

recovery

s ieving i n

e conomic

' Partial

a nd

s ample

e xperiments'. prehistory.

recovery

a nd

P .F.

a nd

R eed,

C .A.

1 974.

' The

b ias:

H iggs,

bais'.

S tudies

f auna

f rom

results ( ed.)

4 9-6 . I n

7-17.

terminal P leistocene of P alegawra Cave'. Fieldiana A nthropology 6 3:3, 8 1_1 11 6.

227

the E .S.

Cambridge,

sample

A .T. ( ed.) Archaeozoobogical Amsterdam, Oxford, New York. T urnbull,

I n

U niversity

the

C lason

Appendix 2

Tell Abada P reliminary L ithic A nalysis

b y Bob Bewley

Table Surface S ickle

B lades

Level

1

Blade F lakes P ointed Flakes

3 6

I II

Totals

1 2

6 7

3 6 2

2 72 2 3

5

9

1 5

1

-

-

1 4

-

1 1 2 2

1 4 0

-

3

2 1 3 21

-

-

7 8

2 02 2 2

-

2

-

1

1 4 11

5 70

3 9

1 4 3 1 6

-

1 7

8 1 6 73

72 1 2

3 5 1 4

-

1 28

3

3

3 0

-

6 5

-

-

5 1 6

-

Totals

L evel

1 21 1 5

-

Debitage Chunks Whetstones Stones

I I

7 7 6

-

Crested Flakes Drills Flakes Concial Core M isc. Core

L evel

1 8

3 8

Scrapers End Scrapers Notched Flakes

I

1

1 29 2 6 1 5 0

-

7 2 05

1 31 14

This small a ssemblage of l ithic a rtefacts was made of mainly chert s tone, though there i s o ne obsidian a rtefact. The eherts probably o riginate s omewhere i n the Zagros Mountains, a s they h ave the c haracteristics c olours a nd multi—coloured a ppearance. There a re a number of f ine s ickle blades w ith v ery obvious s ickle g loss , which would b e worth s tudying f or m icro— wear

a nalysis.

These

s ickle

b lades

a lso

have

remants

o f

the

b inding material, p resumably b itumen. There were f ew c ores, which suggests that the a rtefacts were made s omewhere e lse or the

' lithic

working'

a rea

of

the

s ite

was

n ot

d iscovered.

The

largest c ategory of a rtefact was the f lake ( 673 or 5 1 ); mostly these were non—utilised, though s ome h ad u tilization m arks. Very f ew h ad r etouch , though s ome had a l ittle; n ot e nouth to categorise them a s s crapers. The b lade f lakes were a lso u sually not

retouched, though

a t l east p repared

many

f or u se)

of t he b lades may

h ave

b een

u sed

( or

a s s ickle b lades.

N o metrical a nalysis was done a s t here i s v ery l ittle comparative material a vailable f or s tudy a nd the a ssemblage was too small, w ith too l ittle v ariation b etween the l ayers. Level

2

i s

perhaps

t he

most

p roductive

228

i n

terms

o f

s ickle

b lades and b lade f lakes.

Microwear

a nalysis

a nd

f urther

comparative

s tudy

ought

b e done on this material to set i t i n i ts o verall context.

229

t o

B ibliography Abu-Es-Soo f . 1 968. XXIV Adams,

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E xcavation

( Fourth

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2 47

The Ubaid Period in Iraq Recent excavations in the Hamrin region

Sabah Abboud Jasim Part ii

BAR International Series 267(ii)

1985

·B.A.R.

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0ES, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R Walker, M.A.

BAR S267 (II), 1985: 'The Uba id Period in Iraq' Part II

© Sa ba h Abboud Ja sim, 1985 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407391250 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407391267 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860543404 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407342887 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860543404 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

List of I llustrations

F igures 1

Map of

of the

Northeastern Hamrin

I raq

showing

2

Map the

of the g eneral Hamrin r egion.

3

Map

s howing

the

a rea.

1 4

Map

of

5

Soil

map

6

Soil

types

7

Map of Northeastern Tell Abada.

I raq

8

Contour

A bada.

9

Contour,

t he

Topography

position

Vegetational of

of

a nd

the

o f

position

P lan

a nd

i n

s ites

Hamrin

Section

of

i n

Abada,

L .III

( Buildings

1 1

Tell

Abada,

L .III

( Building

the the

Tell

Tell

i n

r egion

i n

Hamrin

Abada,

A a nd

B ).

C ).

Mud—brick Wall

s itu.

1 3

P lan

of

L .II

1 4

P lan

of

Building

A ,

L .II

a t

Tell

Abada.

1 5

P lan

of

Building

A ,

L .II

a t

Tell

Abada.

1 6

P lan

of

Building

B ,

L .II

a t

Tell

Abada.

1 7

P lan

of

Building

C a nd

1 8

P lan

of

Building

1 9

P lan

of

2 0

P lan

2 1

Tell

Abada.

D ,

a t

Tell

Abada.

E ,

L .II,

a t

Tell

Abada.

Building

F ,

L .II,

a t

Tell

Abada.

of

Building

G ,

L .II,

a t

Tell

Abada.

P lan

of

Building

H ,

L .II,

a t

Tell

Abada.

22

P lan

of

Building

I ,

L .II,

a t

Tell

Abada.

23

Mud—brick

24

P lan

of

Wall

f rom

Building

J ,

Tell L .II,

Abada, a t

L .II.

Tell

r egion.

p osition

1 2

a t

t able

I raq.

showing

1 0

i n

Water

I raq.

U baid

Tell

a nd

the

r egions

N ortheastern

Map

the

region.

Abada.

L .II.

of

2 5

P lan

of

L .I,

a t

2 6

P lan

of

Building

2 7

Water

2 8

Location

2 9

Burial

urns

3 0

Burial

no.5,

3 1

P lan

a nd

3 2

K iln

no.2

3 3

K iln

no-3,

Tell

3 1 4

P lan

a nd

section

3 5

K ilns

3 6

P lan

a nd

section

of

K iln

no-7,

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

3 7

P lan

and

s ection

of

K iln

no.8,

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

3 8

P lan

a nd

s ection

of

K iln

no.9,

Tell

A bada,

L .I.

3 9

K ilns

n os.

1 2-14,

Tell

A bada,

L .I.

1 4 0

Kilns

nos.

1 5-18,

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

4 1

Human

F igurines

4 2

A nimal

F igurines

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

4 3

Animal

F igurines

f rom Tell

A bada,

L .I.

1 4 1 4

Animal

Figurines

f rom Tell

Abada,

L .I.

1 4 5

Animal

F igurines

f rom

Tell

A bada,

L .I.

4 6

Animal

F igurines

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

4 7

Animal

F igurines

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

4 8

Animal

F igurines

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .III.

4 9

Zoomorphic

5 0

Spindle

5 1

P ipes

Tell A ,

f rom

of

L .I.,

Tell

I nfant

Tell

a nd

5 ,

urn

Tell

Abada.

burials

a t

Tell

Abada.

Abada.

A bada. of

K iln

Hearths A bada, of

1 ,

Tell

Tell

Abada,

L .III.

Abada.

L .III.

K iln

f rom

v essels

n o.

f rom

6 ( L.II);

Whorls

a t

Abada.

f rom Tell

section

nos.

Abada.

no.1 4,

no.11

Tell

f rom

Tell

( L.I),

Tell

Abada.

Tell

A bada.

f rom Tell

Abada.

Spindle Whorls

f rom

Tell

Abada.

52

Spindle

Whorls

f rom . Tell

Abada.

5 3

P ainted

Spindle

Whorls

Abada,

f rom

iii

Tell

Abada.

L .II.

Abada.

5 1 4

C eramic

O bjects

5 5

C lay

56

S elected

B ent

N ails

f rom

T ell

A bada.

5 7

S elected

B ent

N ails

f rom

T ell

A bada.

5 8

C eramic

f rom

T ell

A bada.

5 9

C lay miniature

6 0

C lay

o bjects

f rom

T ell

A bada.

6 1

C lay

O bjects

f rom

T ell

A bada.

6 2

C eramic

O bjects

6 3

C eramic

B oat—models

6 1 4

P endants,

S tuds

6 5

B racelets

a nd

6 6

C lay

T okens

f rom

T ell

A bada.

6 7

C lay

T okens

f rom

T ell

A bada.

6 8

C lay

T okens

f rom

T ell

A bada.

6 9

C lay

T okens

f rom

T ell

A bada.

7 0

P roto—Tablets

f rom

T ell

A bada.

7 1

S tone

f rom

T ell

A bada.

7 2

Grinding

S tones

f rom

T ell

A bada.

7 3

Grinding

S tones

f rom

T ell

A bada.

7 1 4

Grinding

S tones

f rom

T ell

A bada.

7 5

G rinding

T ools

f rom

T ell

A bada.

7 6

G rinding

T ools

f rom

Tell

A bada.

7 7

S tone

H oes

7 8

S tone

T ools

f rom

Tell

A bada.

7 9

S tone

C elts

f rom

Tell

A bada.

8 0

S tone

C elts

f rom

T ell

A bada.

8 1

S tone

T ools

f rom

T ell

A bada.

S ling

f rom

balls

L adles

V essels

Tell

f rom

Tell

vessels

f rom

f rom

T ell

f rom

Tell

T ell

A bada.

A bada. T ell

B eads

B eads

A bada.

f rom

f rom

a nd

A bada.

A bada.

f rom Tell

A bada.

i v

T ell A bada.

Abada.

8 2

Stone

Tools

8 3

Stone

Objects

f rom Tell

Abada.

8 4

Stone

Objects

f rom

Abada.

8 5

Mace-heads

8 6

Stone

Objects

f rom Tell

Abada.

8 7

S tone

Objects

f rom

Abada.

8 8

Bone

Tools

f rom

Tell

Abada.

8 9

Bone

Tools

f rom Tell

Abada.

9 0

Bone Tools

f rom Tell

Abada.

9 1

Gypsum Objects

f rom

Tell

Abada.

92

Gypsum Objects

f rom

Tell

Abada.

9 3

B itumen

9 4

Basketry

a nd Matting

Bar

showing

9 5

P lot

Bar

P lot a nd

f rom

Tell

s howing

Abada.

Tell

f rom Tell

Abada.

I mpressions

c ategories

f rom

Tell

pottery

types

i n

Abada.

( top)

L .II

a nd

and L .I

Abada.

relative

Tell

of

of bowl

f rom Tell

I a t

Abada.

Tell

f requency

( bottom),

L .II

Tell

Objects

relative

9 6

f rom

f requency

of

types

of

j ars

Abada.

9 7

T ransitional

pottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .III.

9 8

T ransitional

pottery

f rom Tell

Abada,

L .III.

9 9

Transitional

pottery

f rom Tell

Abada,

L .III.

1 00

Transitional L .III.

a nd

1 01

T ransitional

pottery

1 02

U baid

I a nd

1 03

Ubaid

I pottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .III.

1 04

Ubaid

I pottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .III.

1 05

Ubaid

I pottery

f rom

Tell

A bada,

L .III.

1 06

U baid

I a nd

1 07

U baid

1 /2

p ottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .III.

1 08

U baid

1 /2

p ottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .III.

Ubaid

2 p ottery

I p ottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

f rom Tell

2 p ottery

f rom

V

Teil

f rom

Tell

L .III.

Abada,

Abada,

Abada,

L .III.

L .III.

i n

1 09

Ubaid

1 /2

1 10

Ubaid

2 pottery

f rom Tell

Abada,

L .III.

1 11

U baid

2 pottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .III.

1 12

U baid

2 pottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .III.

1 13

P lain

pottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .III.

11 4

P lain

pottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .III.

1 15

Bowls

Type

1 16

P ainted

motifs

a ssociated

w ith

T ype

1 ,

Tell

1 17

P ainted

motifs

a ssociated

with

Type

1 ,

L .II.

1 18

Bowls

1 19

Painted

Type

1 ,

1 20

Bowls

Type

2 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 21

Bowls

Type

2 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 22

P ainted

motifs

a ssociated

w ith

Type

1 23

P ainted

motifs

a ssociated

w ith

1 21 4

Bowls

Type

2 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

1 25

Bowls

Type

2 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

1 26

P ainted

1 27

Bowls

1 28

P ainted

1 29

Bowls

1 30

P ainted

1 31

Bowls

Type

L j,

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

1 32

Bowls

Type

L I ,

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

1 33

Bowls

Type

4 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

1 31 4

Bowls

Type

5 ,

Tell

Abada,

Levels

1 35

Bowls

Type

6 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 36

P ainted

Type

pottery

1 ,

Tell

1 ,

Tell

motifs

motifs

Type

Tell

Abada,

Abada,

L .III.

L .II.

Abada,

Abada,

L .II.

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

2 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

T ype

2 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

T ype

2 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

L .I.

a ssociated

with

a ssociated

w ith

3 , Tell Abada, Levels I l —I.

motifs

Type

f rom

1 4 ,

a ssociated

Tell

motifs

motifs

Abada,

with

Type

2 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

T ype

1 4 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

L .II.

a ssociated

a ssociated

w ith

w ith

v i

I l— I,

Type

6 ,

1 37

Bowls

1 38

Painted

1 39

Bowls

114 0

Type

Tell

motifs

Type

P ainted Levels

6 ,

7 ,

Abada,

a ssociated

Tell

motifs

L .I.

Abada,

with Type Levels

a ssociated

with

6 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

I l —I.

Type

7 , Tell Abada,

I l —I.

1 41

Bowls

Type

1 42

Painted Levels

8 ,

Tell

motifs

Abada,

Levels

a ssociated

w ith

I l —I.

Type

7 ,

Tell

Abada,

Type

1 0,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

Type

1 1,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

w ith Type

1 2,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

Type

1 3,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

Tell

Abada,

1 1—I.

114 3

Bowls

Type

9 , Tell Abada, L .II.

114 4

Bowls

Type

1 0,

1 1 45

P ainted

114 6

Bowls

1 47

Painted

1 1 48

Bowls

1 1 49

Painted

1 50

Bowls

1 51

Painted

1 52

Bowls

Type

1 1 4,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 53

Bowls

Type

1 1 4,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 54

Bowls

Type

1 4,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 55

Bowls

Type

1 1 4,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 56

Bowls

Type

1 4,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 57

Bowls

Type

1 4,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 58

Bowls

Type

1 5,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 59

I ranian

1 60

Bowls

Type

1 6,

1 61

Bowls

Type

1 62

Bowls

1 63 1 6 14

motifs

Type

I I,

motifs

Type

1 2,

motifs

Type

1 3,

motifs

Tell

Abada,

a ssociated Tellbada,

Abada,

a ssociated Tell

Abada,

a ssociated

B lack—on—Red

w ith

L .II.

a ssociated Tell

L .II.

with L .II.

L .II. w ith

Ware

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

1 6,

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

Type

1 6,

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

Bowls

Type

1 7

Bowls

Type

1 9,

a nd

1 8,

Tell

Tell

Abada,

Abada, L .I.

v ii

L .I.

L .II.

1 65

Bowls

Type

20,

1 66

B owls

Type

2 1

1 67

Miniatures, Tell

Tell a nd

Type

Abada,

Abada,

2 2,

Tell

L .I. Abada,

M iscellaneous

2 3;

Jars

Type

1 ,

Tell

A bada,

L .II.

1 69

J ars

Type

1 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 70

Jars

Type

1 ,

Tell

A bada,

L .II.

1 71

Jars

Type

1 a nd

1 72

P ainted motifs a ssociated Tell Abada, L .II.

1 73

J ars

Type

1 ,2,3,

1 74

Jars

Type

3 , Tell Abada, L .II.

1 75

Jars

Type

3 , Tell Abada, L.I .

1 76

P ainted motifs a ssociated Tell Abada, L .II.

1 77

J ars,

1 78

J ars

Type

1 4 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 79

J ars

Type

4 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 80

P ainted

4 ,

2 ,

Tell

Tell

motifs

Tell

Abada,

Type

1 ,

J ars

Type

3 ,

J ars

Type

1 4 ,

w ith

J ars

Type

1 4 ,

w ith

J ars

Type

1 4 ,

J ars

Type

5 ,

spouts

f rom

Tell

Abada,

Abada,

L .II.

a ssociated

w ith

1 81

J ars

Type

1 4 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

1 82

Jars

Type

4 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

P ainted

1 8 14

L .II.

motifs

Abada,

P ainted

a ssociated

L .I.

motifs

a ssociated

Tell

Abada,

1 85

J ars

Type

5 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 86

Jars

Type

5 ,

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 87

P ainted Tell

1 88

Spouted Abada,

L .I.

motifs

Abada,

J ars

L .I.

with

Abada,

Tell

2 4,

L .II.

with

Tell

1 83

Type

L .I.

1 68

Type

L .I.

a ssociated

with

L .I.

Vessels

a nd

Detached

L .II.

v iii

1 89

Jars

Type

6 ,

1 90

Jars

Type

7 , Tell Abada, Levels 11-I.

1 91

Jars

Type

8 a nd

1 92

Jars

Type

1 0

( Lenticular

1 93

Jars

Type

1 1

a nd

1 94

Jars

Type

1 3,

1 95

Jars

Type

1 4

1 96

Beakers

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 97

Beakers

f rom Tell

Abada,

L .II.

1 98

Beakers

f rom Tell

Abada,

L .II

1 99

Beakers

f rom Tell

Abada,

L .I.

200

Cups

2 01

Beaker

2 02

Cups

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

2 03

Cups

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

204

P lain

pottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

2 05

P lain

pottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

2 06

P lain

pottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

2 07

P lain

pottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

Levels

2 08

P lain miniatures

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

2 09

P lain miniatures

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

2 10

Double-mouthed

J ars

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

2 11

Surface-manipulated

Ware

f rom

Abada,

Levels

2 12

Impressed

Ware

Tell

2 13

I mpressed

a nd

2 14

I ncised

2 15

a nd

Abada,

Tell

9 ,

1 2,

Tell a nd

Ware

Tell

Abada,

Abada,

L .II.

L .I.

L .I.

Tell

Abada,

Tell

L .I.

Abada,

L .I.

L .II.

f rom

I ncised f rom

L .II.

Jars),

Tell

f rom

A bada,

Abada,

Abada,

1 5,

Beakers

f rom

L .I.

Tell

Abada,

Ware

f rom

Abada,

P ainted-and-Incised/Impressed Levels

2 16

Tell

I l -I.

I lI.

Levels

I lI.

Abada,

Levels

Levels ware

I I-I.

I l -I. f rom Tell

A bada,

I l -I.

P ainted-and-Incised

ware

f rom Tell

i x

Abada,

Levels

I l -I.

2 17

Halaf

p ottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

2 18

H alaf

pottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L.I I.

2 19

Halaf

pottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

220

Halaf

pottery

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

2 21

S elected

s herds

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

222

Selected

s herds

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

223

Selected

s herds

a nd

motifs

f rom Tell

Abada,

L .I.

2 2 14

S elected

s herds

a nd

motifs

f rom Tell

Abada,

L .I.

2 25

Selected

s herds

a nd motifs

f rom Tell

Abada,

L .I.

226

V arious

2 27

Map s howing the d istribution i n the Hamrin R egion.

2 28

C ontour,

229

P lan

of

Tell

2 30

P lan

of

Levels

2 31

C lay

Objects

2 32

Stone

tools

2 33

U baid

pottery

f rom

Tell

R ashid,

2 31 4

U baid

pottery

f rom

Tell

R ashid.

2 35

U baid

p ottery

f rom

Tell

R ashid.

2 36

U baid

pottery

f rom

Tell

R ashid.

2 37

U baid

pottery

f rom

Tell

R ashid.

2 38

Beakers

f rom

2 39

P ainted

pottery

f rom

Tell

R ashid,

L .IV.

2 1 40

P ainted

pottery

f rom

Tell

R ashid,

L .III.

2 1 41

P ainted

pottery

f rom

Tell

R ashid,

L .III.

2 1 42

P ainted

pottery

f rom

Tell

R ashid,

L .III.

2 1 43

P ainted

pottery

f rom

Tell

R ashid,

L .II.

2 1 44

P ainted

pottery

f rom

Tell

R ashid,

L .I.

r im

f orms

P lan

a nd

f rom

Section,

Rashid, I a nd

f rom f rom

Abada,

L .I.

of t he

Tell

Ubaid

R ashid,

s ites

L .III.

L .III. I I,

Tell Tell

Tell

Tell

Tell

Rashid.

R ashid. R ashid. Bowls

Type

R ashid.

x

2 .

214 5

I mpressed, Ware

f rom

I ncised,

Painted_and_Impressed/InciSed

Tell

R ashid.

Halaf

sherds

2 1 46

Selected

2 47

P lan

2 48

U baid

pottery

f rom

Tell

S ongor

A .

214 9

U baid

pottery

f rom

Tell

Songor

A ,

2 50

P lan

2 51

Ubaid

pottery

f rom

Tell

Songor

B .

2 52

U baid

pottery

f rom

Tell

Songor

B .

2 53

P lan

2 51 4

Ubaid

2 55

P lan

of

Ubaid

building

2 56

P lan

of

L .III

a t

2 57

P lan

of

Ubaid

structures

2 58

I ncised

2 59

Ubaid

Painted

pottery

f rom Tell

Maddhur.

2 60

Ubaid

Painted

pottery

f rom

Tell

Maddhur.

2 61

Ubaid

Painted

pottery

f rom Tell

Maddhur.

2 62

P lan

2 63

Ubaid

pottery

f rom

Kheit

Qasim

I II.

2 6 14

Ubaid

pottery

f rom

Kheit

Qasim

I II.

2 65

Ubaid

pottery

f rom

Haizalon.

Chart

showing

the

Ubaid

s ites

2 66

at 2 67

of

Tell

of

Levels

of

and

of

the

I I,

Ubaid building f rom

Ubaid

Tell

the

Ubaid

s ites

114 .

C .

C . Maddhur.

Maddhur.

building

a t

a t

general the

Maddhur.

Tell

Kheit

the

i n

Tell

f rom

g eneral i n

Type

B .

S ongor

S ongor a t

Bowls

Songor

Tell

pottery

showing

the

a t

R ashid.

Levels).

Tell

Tell

Tell

P lain

Tell

A ( lower

I a nd

pottery

Chart a t

S ongor

f rom

Maddhur.

Qasim

I II.

d istribution Hamrin

d istribution Hamrin

of

vessel

types

vessel

types

region.

region

of

and

outside.

2 68

Chart showing chronological occurrence of v essel types a t the Ubaid s ites i n the Hamrin region and outside.

2 69

Chart i n

2 70

showing

the

P lan

of

Ubaid the

chronological

o ccurrence

of

vessel

types

s ites. E ye

Temple

a t

Tell

x i

B rak;

P lan

of

E ridu,

V II.

271

P lan of the White T emple a t Warka; at A nu Z eggurat, Warka, L .E.

2 72

P lan

of

E ANNA

2 73

P lan

of

the

2 74

P lans

f rom

G rai

2 75

P lans

f rom

Q aling

2 76

Map of the U baid s ites, catchment s oil t ypes i n the H amrin region.

2 77

Chart s howing a model Hamrin region.

2 78

Obsidian

279

Map showing general a ssembleges a t T ell

P recinct

L imestone

t ools

a t

Warka,

T emple

R esh,

Uqair

P lan

Temple

L .IV.

at Warka, a nd

of

T epe

L .V.

Gawra

V III

C .

A gha.

f rom

f or

T ell

the

a reas

U baid

a nd

s ites

in

the

A bada.

d istribution of A bada, L .II.

a rchaeological

P lates

1

2

Aerial

v iew of

of the

H amrin

General

T ell

v iew of

3

General

4

B uilding

A bada

i n

t he

L evel

v iew of A i n E i n

I II

buildings.

I I

buildings.

L evel

L evel

Water

7

Burial

8a

P ottery

8 b

U baid

9 a

I mpressed/Incised—and—painted

9 b

I mpressed

house

channels

f rom

K iln

i n i n

a nd

l Oa

F lint

tools

l Ob

U baid

p ottery

at

Tell

6

a nd

I I

a t

Building

U rns

L evel

I I

5

p ipes

S outheastern

p art

region.

T ell

I , at

I ncised

f rom

Tell

f rom

f rom

A bada. T ell

A bada,

L .I.

A bada.

L evel L .III

T ell

A bada.

Tell T ell

ware

A bada. R ashid.

f rom

R ashid.

Tell

R ashid.

xii

ware

f rom

Tell

Tell

A bada.

A bada.

ha

Ubaid

painted

l ib

I mpressed

1 2

Ubaid

pottery

f rom

S ite

1 3

Ubaid

pottery

f rom

Telul

1 4

Ubaid

pottery

f rom

Tell

Songor

A .

1 5a

Halaf

pottery

f rom

Tell

Songor

B .

1 5b

Ubaid

pottery

f rom

Tell

Songor

B .

1 6

Ubaid

pottery

f rom

Tell

Songor

C .

1 7

Ubaid

pottery

f rom

Tell

S ongor

C .

1 8

Ubaid

pottery

f rom

Tell

Songor

C .

1 9

Ubaid

pottery

f rom

Tell

Hasan.

a nd

pottery

f rom Tell

Rashid.

I ncised

ware

Tell

f rom

no-3. A l—Khubari.

Rashid.

t h e p o s i t o n

>JEBE L / IKU MA

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J.be t

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R ive r W ash

Ldn d

Cl iff

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Bas in

Gu l ly

W ater D IVA LA W EI R Km 5

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P la ins

m

Tab les

S truck

O .. _ _l 2

1 0 KM S

F ig.

2 :

Map

of the

g eneral T opography a nd Water the H amrin region.

table

i n

—5 m

3 :

Map

s howing

t he

p osition the

of

t he

a rea.

H amrir l

region

i n

ALPI NE REG ION Over

21 00 m .

M OU NTA I N FOREST REG $c .p , & TH OR N CUSH IO N 1 800-2600 r.

MA MOAL . I $ AGHOAO

STE PPE

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STEPPE

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SUS DE SERT Z O NE

F ig.

L I:

Map

of

V egetational r egions ( After G uest 1 965)

i n

I raq.

L

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S.

BR O WN

l I VER

-

BASI N S ii TE O SOILS

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LA N D

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MA RS H ES

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SALINE LA KE BOTT O M LA N D

SAL I NE DE SE RT

SOILS

SOILS

LE VEE SO ILS

DO NE LA N D

LA KE

LAN D

HA U R

RIVE R PLAI N SOILS

SO I LS

F ig.

5 :

S oil

map of N ortheastern I raq. ( After B uringh 1 960)

i

0 0

0

z

z F L A T L A N D S

2 :

H

2 : 40

V )

0

-She msho r d

50

0

50

1 00 km.

H as sU n Anc ient S ites MoUern T o wns

J ar mo K irkuk

Matarrah

K ho

K er manshah

c ia lo

J a lau la

•

T epe Sarab

NO

Sama r rc i T e l l e s-Sa w wa ‚ _ j

S ra

(B aq u ba

K haneh

ban(

»

T eoe Guran

2

Man da I i • Ba lad Ruz

os

\ \

T ursc iq Bag hda

Badra

Den Luron Ras a l Am Iya Kut a il md?a

F ig.

7 :

Map

of

N ortheastern

I raq Tell

s howing A bada.

the

p osition

of

D

E

F

G

H I

K

L

M

N

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4

1 5 I

M

F ig.

8 :

o st o

i s

2 0

C ontour

3 0

40

M ap of

5 0

N

T ell

A bada.

0

J )

0

I C

.

1 5

2 0

6 0

C O

M

F ig.

9 :

C ontour, D otted

P lan

a reas

where

n c

a nd

S ection

r epresent s tructures

of

T ell

e xcavateL were

A bada, p arts

f ound.

9

T E I L A B A D A

a

F i g 1 0 .

z ±-

5

4

3

2

1

0

1 0 M

F ig.

1 1:

T ell

A bada,

L .III

( Building

C ).

c ' J

M u d — b r i c k W a l

F1

B

L L T

T

L . . $ F l ?

3 1 2

1 0 H

J1 '

12

6J 1E 1

-

L i

H

TOKE NS

0 KP I NS

ABA D A

I

F ig.

1 3:

P lan

of

L .II

a t

Tell

Abada.

1 0

01 2 3 4 5 M

F ig.

1:

P lan

of

B uilding

A ,

L .II

at

Tell

A bada.

F ig.

1 5:

P lan

o f Building A , L .II

a t

T ell

A bada.

U,

U-

F ig.

1 6:

P lan

of

B uilding

B ,

L .II

at

T ell

Abada.

P A

F ig.

1 7:

P lan

of

B uilding

C a nd

D ,

at

T ell

Abada.

0

1

2 3

L

1 0

5

M S -1/ 100 F ig.

1 8:

P lan

of

B uilding

E ,

L .II,

a t

T ell

Abada.

Lf l

F ig.

1 9:

P lan

of

B uilding

F ,

L .II,

a t

T ell

A bada.

0

F ig.

2 0:

1

P lan

2

of

3

4

B uilding

5

G ,

1 0

L .II,

a t

T ell

M

Abada.

0 1

F ig.

2 1:

2 3

P lan

of

4

5

B uilding

H ,

L .II,

a t

T ell

Abada.

U F ig.

1 2 2:

2 P lan

3 of

5

B uilding

1 0 I ,

L .II,

a t

T ell

Abada.

*

I

5

0

F ig.

2 4:

P lan

of

B uilding

J ,

L .II,

a t

T ell

Abada.

F ig.

2 5:

P lan

of L .I,

a t

T ell

A bada.

F ig.

2 6:

P lan

of

B uilding

A ,

L .I,

a t

T ell

Abada.

F ig.

2 7:

Water

P ipes

f rom

s cale

T ell

1 /50

Abada.

F 6 L 6

I ?

F S

F ,

F l o

L oc at i on o f i n fan t U rn b ur ia l sa tT e l l Abada E nc ir c led n u

i -

b e long t o L I

5

F ig.

2 8:

1 0

I

L ocation

of

I nfant

u rn

burials

a t

Tell

Abada.

a

F ig.

2 9:

B urial

u rns f rom Tell s cale 1 /5

A bada.

F ig.

3 0:

B urial

u rn

n o-5,

s cale

Tell 1 /5

A bada.

O RATE

J i

F ig.

3 1:

P lan

a nd

s ection of K iln s cale

n o.1,

1 /25

T ell

A bada,

L .III.

a

. '

-. ..

. / . . c

•

S C , 1/ 50 K iln

N o -2

b C

-

S C . 1 /2 5 F ig.

3 2:

K iln

n o.2

( a)

a nd

a s cale

H earths

1 /50;

( b,c)

b s cale

f rom

1 /25

T ell

A bada.

P I SE W AL LS

F ig.

3 3:

K iln

n o-3, T ell A bada, s cale 1 /25

L .III.

I

.

W4 J

1

%

1 _

\ - .-

- -- -

-

-

-

-

‚

\ 1

/

‚

--

-

1 1

/

•1

l e

‚

‚/

I.

l e

", 1 % 1%

1 %%N

‚

F ig.

3:

P lan

a nd

s ection

of

K iln scale

no » 4, 1 /25

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

K i ln

N 0 . 1 1

V % k

c

F ig.

3 5:

K ilns n os.

5 ,

6 ( L.II); n o.11 ( L.I), s cale 1 /25

T ell

A bada.

F ig.

3 6:

P lan

a nd

s ection

of

K iln s cale

n o-7, 1 /20

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

F ig.

3 7:

P lan

a nd

s ection

of K iln n o.8, T ell s cale 1 /25

A bada,

L .I.

B ENO

Fig.

3 8:

P lan

a nd

s ection

of

K iln s cale

n o.9, 1 /25

' ell

Abada,

L .I.

U •

F ig.

3 9:

K ilns

n os.

1 2-1 ,

s cale

f

T ell

1 /25

c a

A bada,

L .I.

-

I

V

K i ln No , 1 5

Ki l nN .i&

4 F ig.

4 0:

K u nz

nos.

1 5-18,

s cale

T ell

1 /25

Abada,

L .I.

a

b

d C

Fig.

L M:

H uman

F igurines

a ,b,d

s cale

f rom

1 /1;

Tell

c s cale

A bada. 2 /5

h

F ig.

4 2:

A nimal

F igurines

f rom

s cale

1 /1

T ell

Abada,

L .I.

C

q Fig.

4 3:

Animal a —f

C M

F igurines s cale

f rom

1 /1;

g —j

Tell

Abada,

s cale

3 /5

L .I.

C

f

h

Fig.

44:

A nimal

F igurines f rom T ell s cale 1 /1

A bada,

L .I.

a

P -

d

e

f

J F ig.

1 46:

Animal

F igurines

f rom

s cale

Tell 1 /1

Abada,

L .II.

a

C

g

Fig.

' V i:

A nimal

F igurines f rom Tell A bada, a—h s cale 1 /1;i—j s ca e 2/5

L .II.

a

___5 CM

0��___.____.

Fig. 48:

Animal Figurines from Tell Abada, L.III. a-b scale 3/5; c-d scale 1/1

a

C

e

F ig.

1 4 9:

Z oomorphic

vessels

s cale

3 /

f rom

Tell

A bada.

a

e

I .

F ig.

5 0:

S pindle Whorls s cale

f rom 1 /1

Tell .

Abada.

a

C

F ig.

5 1:

Spindle Whorls s cale

f rom 1 /1

Tell

Abada.

F ig.

5 2:

S pindle Whorls s cale

f rom i /i

Tell

Abada.

b

A O O O � C :� d

C

e

0 F ig.

5 3:

P ainted

S pindle Whorls s cale

f rom

3 /5

T ell

A bada.

1 • b C

I D

r 7 1F -1

d

e

f

J g

h

0 I j F ig.

I

k 5 4:

C eramic

O bjects f rom s cale 2/5

Tell

Abada.

e

n

0

p

q F ig.

5 5:

C lay

S ling B alls f rom s cale 1 /1

T ell

A bada.

a

C

b

e

F ig.

5 6:

Selected

B ent s cale

N ails 1 12

f rom

T ell

Abada.

a

C

e

d

k

h

F ig.

f

J 5 7:

S elected

B ent N ails s cale 2 /5

f rom

T ell

A bada.

C

C 3

-

d F ig.

5 8:

e C eramic

L adles f rom s cale 1 /1

T ell

A bada.

S c. 1 /2

F ig.

5 9:

C lay

miniature a s cale

v essels 1 /2;

b—e

f rom

Tell

s cale

1 /1

Abada.

b C

F ig .

6 0:

C lay

O bjects

f rom

T ell

A bada.

a

b

C

Fig.

6 1:

C lay

Objects

f rom

s cale

Tell

1 /3

A bada.

S c . 1I 1

d

C

f

F ig.

6 2:

g

C eramic O bjects f rom Tell Abada. a s cale 1 /1 ; b -h s cale 1 12

a S c . 12

b F ig.

6 3:

C eramic

B oat—models

a s cale

1 /2;

f rom

b s cale

Tell

1 /1

A bada.

C

)

b

C -

C .

( 2 ) 8 M

0C M f l

U

r F ig.

614 :

)

P endants,

t

S S tuds

a nd

B eads

s cale

1 /1

f rom

Tell

A bada.

e

h

0 n

M F ig.

6 5:

B racelets

a nd

B eads

s cale

1 /1

0 f rom

T ell

A bada.

a

b

e

C

g

J

r i

0

p

V

( 4

w

x F ig.

6 6:

C lay

T okens

f rom

S cale

T ell

1 /1

Abada.

b

Q

L

e

O

9 O C J

g

S Fig.

6 7:

C lay

Tokens

f rom

s cale

Tell

1 /1

Abada.

C

a

d

e

g

h

_••

.

_ % _ •

•

k

F ig.

6 8:

C lay

T okens f rom T ell s cale 1 /1

A bada.

o

C ) b

f

F ig.

6 9:

C lay

Tokens

f rom

s cale

Tell

i ll

A bada.

a

C

b

d F ig.

7 0:

P roto—Tablets f rom s cale i ii

T ell

A bada.

a

d

C

e

f

g

5 cm

0

F ig.

7 1:

S tone

Vessels s cale

f rom 1 12

Tell

A bada.

b

F ig.

7 2:

G rinding

S tones s cale

f rom 1 /5

T ell

Abada.

2

b

S ca .e 1 / 4

C

e F ig. a -b

7 3: s cale

G rinding 1 /4;

S tones

d s cale

1 /3;

f rom

Tell

c ,e,f

Abada.

s cale

1 /2

a

b

d

C

F ig.

7:

G rinding

S tones

s cale

1 /4;

f rom

T ell

c s cale

Abada.

1 12

a

b

F ig.

7 5:

G rinding

Tools

f rom

s cale

1 /3

Tell

Abada.

b

C

S ca Le 1 / 1

d

e F ig.

7 6:

G rinding T ools f rom T ell A bada. a -d s cale 1 /1; e -f s cale 1 12

F ig.

7 7:

S tone

H oes

f rom

s cale

T ell 1 /2

A bada.

a

F ig.

7 8:

S tone

T ools

s cale

f rom

1 /1 ;

T ell

c s cale

A bada. 1 12

C

a

e

5 c m

0

F ig.

7 9:

S tone

C elts

f rom

Tell

Abada.

C

e

9

0

F ig.

8 0:

S tone

-

C elts

S cm f rom

T ell

A bada.

a

F ig.

8 1:

S tone

T ools

f rom

s cale

Tell

1 /1

Abada.

F ig.

8 2:

S tone

T ools

f rom

s cale

T ell

1 12

A bada.

C F ig.

8 3:

Stone a—d

) bjects s cale

f rom

1 /1;

e—j

T-I l

Ab3da.

s cale

/ 2

S caLe 1 / 4

C

F ig.

8 4:

S tone a-b

Objects s cale

f rom

1 /4;

c-d

Tell

Abada.

s cale

1 /1

b

C

F ig.

8 5:

Mac —heads a —b

s cale

f rom

1 /1;

Tell

c—h

Ab3da.

s cale

1 /2

b

C

g

f

E F ig.

d

8 6:

S tone a ,f

O bjects

s cale

1 /1;

f rom

Tell

b -e,g

Abada.

s cale

1 /2

a

C

Fig.

8 7:

S tone

O bjects

a ,b,d—f

s cale

f rom 1 /2;

T ell c ,g

Abada.

s c ale

1 /1

a

C

d

a

g

e

r ig.

8 8:

B one

Tools

f rom

s cale

T ell 1 12

L bada.

a C

I !

9

c Fig.

8 9:

B cr ie

T ools f rom Tell s cale 1 /1

A oada.

0

0

d

q I

C

e C

C F ig.

9 0:

E one a—g,j

) T ools s cale

f rom 1 /1;

Tell

Abada.

h s c- 1e

1 12

F ig.

9 1:

G ypsum

Objects s cale

f rom 1 /5

T ell

A bada.

F ig.

9 2:

Gypsum

Objects

s cale

1 /2;

f rom s cale

Tell

Abada.

a 1 /3

Fig.

9 3:

B itumen a-b

O bjects s cale

f rom

1 /1;

Tell

c s cale

Abada. 1 12

a

F ig.

9 4:

B asketry

a nd M atting I mpressions f rom a s cale 1 /1; b s cale 1 12

T ell

Abada.

Lf)

14

U-,

1

2

3

CATEGORI ES

S C HEMA

UNSHADED 5HADED

C

OF

LEVEL 1 1 LEVEL I

I

I S

TYPES

S CHE MA

•F ig.

9 5:

Bar

P lots

a nd

r elative a nd

s howing

POTTERY

A

IC

BOWL

4

B

categories

f requency

I ( bottom)

of

of bowl f rom

Tell

pottery types

i n

A bada.

( top) L .

I I

UN S HADED SHADED

II I

F

R E Q U E N C Y

LEVEL L E VEL

3

4

1

r IPE F ig.

9 6:

B ar

3

OF

)

I C

1 1

1 7

4

JARS

P lot s howing r elative f requency of t ypes of j ars i n L . I I a nd I a t T ell Abada.

1 3

I! ?

¶ I !

,1 If l V i ' I IU ! 'I I fI '

1 /2 a

b

d

C

f

F ig.

9 7:

T ransitional

p ottery L .III. s cale 2 /5

f rom

T ell

A bada,

s ; =4 .

-

' -

.

-

w R a b b . db l p =

=

d

I g o

+

i

_ -

-

-

C 3

h

C F ig

s

9 8:

T ransitional

p ottery s cale

f rom 1 12

T ell

bada,

L .III.

b

d

C

e „ i 1 i I I I I II I t Lh _

' I 1 l h I t I I Il l 1 t 1 h

f

S ca le

2 /5

J

F ig.

9 9:

T r

.

;

l

p ottery a 1e

f rom

2 /5;

j —k

T ell

Abada,

s cale

1 /3

L .III.

a

S c . 1 , 5/ 5

b

F ig.

1 00:

T ransitional

a nd

L .I:I a s cale

U baid

I pottery

f rom

( reconstructed). 1 .5/5;

b—d

s cale

3 /5

Tell

A bada,

a

C

0 L

F ig.

1 01:

T ransitional

I

p ottery

f rom

( reconstructed). s cale 3 /5

Tell

A bada,

L III.

1 / 6

a

F ig.

1 02:

a s cale

C

2 / 5

d

1 /4

U baid 1 /6;

1 . 5 /5

b

I a nd

2 pottery

f rom

( reconstructed) b s cale 1 .5/5; c s cale

Tell 2

Abada,

/5 ; d s cale

L .III 1 /4

a

S c. 2 /5

C TELL

F ig.

1 03:

I J baid

1 / 4

AB A D A

I p ottery f rom Tell Abada, L .III ( reconstructed). a s cale 2 /5; b s cale 3 /5;c s cale 1 /4

Q

a

H

Fig.

1 05:

U baid

I pottery f rom T ell A bada, ( reconstructed). s cale 1 /1.5

L .III

b

C

d

F ig.

1 06:

? 5I3J 3 13J Ji

U baid

I a nd

a—b

s cale

f l V

2 p ottery

f rom

Tell

( reconstructed). 1 /2; c s cale 1 /1;

Abada,

d s cale

L .III 1 /4

a

i

r 4

C

b

Y ' a

Vv

! i

11

4K Mr iA 9 4

z

y Akv A yA v A

d

g •u UU III U QU IE S IM

M E M O

•on US .u u U •U Em m s Ba u

U

UU

e

f

g

1 2 3

h Fig.

1 07:

I

U baid

1 /2

I

L I

5 1 C M

p ottery f rom T ell s cale 3 /5

A bada,

L .III.

C 3

r y Ar 4r 4r 4

& Q P APOA F so of O A FO R

9

L

M

I

p

0

r I

F ig.

1 08:

U baid

n

1 /2

I

1

pottery s cale

q

5 ' C M f rom 3 /5

t T ell

Abada,

L .III.

b

C

f

e

d

9

J

in a m o m m m m m = - N S N - IS • • • z um

0 Fig.

1 09:

U baid

5

c r i

1 /2

pottery s cale

3 /5

f rom

Tell

A bada,

L .III.

b

C

•

4

V

. ‚

#

4

4

• 4 . ‚

• 4

4

.

.

S

4

e •

•

S

M

• •

•• 4 • • •

.

• 4

• •

4 4

4

‚

4 •

V

• • • . • ¶ 4 •

,

V

'

. 4

A

•

p i .i . I II • - •—

•U a• .. U .

a. -

4

4

.

•

• • ‚•

.

. .• . . .•

.

‚

.. au •. U. • zu • U • • SI SU •• Ba nn •. .. a. d. au a. au U S Ia J

• • -

•

U . .

a . a . U . U . U S US ' U . UU U U US n o SU r • UI U U as U S SU p a. I N •. .a a a . U • wa •a •. - a -

•I • • I .' .

1_ isl W IN iR 4

7 A

h

‚ ' 7 7 /

J i7

44

A 9 66 .

F ig.

4 6,

1 10:

U baid

2 p ottery s cale

f rom 1 /

Tell

A bada,

L . I II.

a

/ A\ \W / i i

i

C

d

e .

f

9 Fig.

1 11:

U baid

2 pottery s cale

f rom 1 /' 4

Tell

A bada,

L .III.

a

b

C

d

e Fig.

1 12:

U baid

f 2 p ottery s cale

f rom 2 /5

T ell

A bada,

L .III.

F ig.

1 13:

P lain

pottery f rom Tell s cale 2 /5

Abada,

L .III.

a

b

Fig.

1 14:

P lain

p ottery s cale

f rom 1 /5

T ell

A bada,

L .III.

B

C

d

e Fig.

1 15:

Bowls T ype 1 , a ,b,d,e s cale

Tell A bada, L .II. 1 /2; c s cale 1 /1

"

T V' !

‚V

—

—

AM M

—

AA A AAAAA

AAL . 3

LAAAAAA AAAA

4

O F w

w

AI L A O L

w A OL -AOL Alk A lk

5

A

8

7

A

AAAL A L

10

9

12

1 1

15

14

13

I LA M A I 17

16

S

20

19

Fig.

18

A AAAAA A A 6 ' . AA AA A I LA LÄ A LA L ,-

AA

1 16:

P ainted

motifs T ell

�A d

21

a ssociated A bada,

L .II.

w ith

T ype

1 ,

« ( « ! «

2

3

1

» 7 »)

•

6

5

4

_

" tsIt i u i i

1 ? 1l i i it iP l

7

9

8

1 1

10

12

15

14 13

'

i �l b l l h r "7 z : � M 1 0 " 17

16

1 9

F ig.

1 17:

P ainted

18

2 0

motifs T ell

a ssociated w ith A bada, L .II.

2 1

T ype

1 ,

LV A

F ig.

1 18:

Bowls

T ype

1 ,

T ell

A bada,

s cale

2 /5

L .I

( reconstructed).

3

2

5

4

6

I 9

8

7

V

qW

bb . �

A

" f t,

I dd b hl

. 1 49 -

.

-

1 2

1 1

10

a 1' .

d i l l i l l

lmlbb � Ad

i llil b 6,

=

15

14

13

•

17

1 6

. yr U L

i

18

i A

A IL

f t.

1 9

Fig.

1 19:

P ainted

2 1

20

motifs a ssociated Tell A bada, L .I.

w ith

T ype

1 ,

a

b

C

g

F ig.

1 20:

B owls a —b

T ype 2 , T ell A bada, L .lI ( reconstructed). s cale 1 /4; c—d s cale 1 /3; e—i s cale 2 /5

f

e

g

Fig.

1 21:

, D wl: ;

Type

2 ,

Tell s c . a1

A b dz, 2/5

L .IL

( re

n

ru L d).

2 3

1

'4 ' 4 4 V P rL P r

A

A

A 5

4

6

L 'r ,& 0 A

' d

'

7

9

B

A ' A ' A A 4 ' 4 A ' 4"A

0

4 0 12

1 1 1 0

14

13

15

„ VT' K WAAAA A 1 7

F ig.

1 22:

P ainted

motifs Tell

a ssociated A bada,

I I

I ' l

L .II.

w ith

T ype

1 8

2 ,

20

19

2 1

‚ vv vv V

IAAAAAAAA

V V V V Y' A

a

y, ,, r 1v'

A 23

22

24

27 26 25

,

FT T T T , . W 1 -I 9

4

U

m . 1 1 I UPO �

1 1;�

30

29

28

T l ' l

M IT M

' v vvv vv. ' b AAAAA M&

32

31

33

34

3 6

F ig.

1 23:

P ainted

i l U

3 8

3 7

motifs a ssociated w ith Tell A bada, L .II.

T ype

2 ,

b

a

C

d

f

g

h 19

F ig.

1 24:

B owls

Type

2 ,

T ell

Abada,

s cale

2 /5

L .I

5

( reconstructed).

b

a

d C

e

F ig.

1 25:

Bowls

Type 2 , T ell A bada, s cale 2 /5

L .I.

� \ \ \ \ \A l l� 2

A AAA , A

3

I Z 4 4

A f\ \ \ \ \

5

4

6

M AP A R ANT AIN AVI A 8

7

1 0

9

1 1

12

' W i Wv A 15

1 4

13

V / /M I / /N / I A

L ' f ,k T AY L I 17

16

18

1 9

F ig.

1 26:

P ainted

20

motifs Tell

a ssociated A bada,

L .I.

2 1

w ith

T ype

2 ,

a

e

d

g F ig.

1 27:

B owls

T ype 3 , Tell Abada, Levels ( reconstructed). s cale

2 /5

1 1—I

V

r

AL A& I&A ILA A LA

b . .

M OIL -

w

'

2

1

.

W

-

deb"

d dO O 1 .

_

5

4

6

S

w

w

-

7

9

8

1 1

1 0

13

12

14

15

1 17

18

21

20

19

O000 1 6 2

F ig.

1 28:

P ainted

Z

4 1 9 , j r a ,r 4 9 or 4-q

,

4

I

23

motifs a ssociated Tell A bada, L .I.

2 4

w ith

T ype

2 ,

a

d C

f

h F ig. 1 29: B owls T ype 1 4 , Tell A bada, L .II. a ,b,f s cale 1 /10; c—e,g—h s cale 1 /5

M

w

p

m

^

O % M M j

Or

2

4

3

5

6

9 7

8

1 0

1 1

12

. I

C P II

Z

P

V

13

15

1 4

-

-

- .

-

-

-

- -

16

—

] - ddi 17

b b b-

1 8

1 9

2 1

22

—

20

4 6 0

M W O MM

-

—

—

1W

-

1 W

1 W

'

—

W

26

F ig.

25

24

23

1 30:

P ainted

2 8

27

motifs a ssociated w ith Tell A bada, L .II.

T ype

4 ,

h I

F ig.

1 31:

B owls

£1

1

I_I

T ype 4 , T ell A bada, s cale 1 /10

L .I.

b

C

0

e F ig.

1 0

I

1 32:

Bowls

I

T ype

L I ,

T ell

s cale

2 /5

A bada,

L . I .

a

C

I

I

d

I

—

r -ç

h

0

I I

Fig.

1 33:

B owls

T ype

I

L,

I i

1 0

Tell

Abada,

L .I.

U I1 F ig.

I

1 31 4 :

I

5C M

k t

Bowls

Type

5 ,

T ell

A bada

L evels

I l— I.

L %I Lk qL I Q T,

a

4 + C

f

e

g F ig.

1 35:

Bowls

T ype

6 ,

Tell

A bada,

s cale

1 /3

L . I I

( reconstructed).

I M 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

11 1 1

1

3

3

2

I t I l L u I I1 I I I I I I Il 1 1 1 1

l i iI I I I I IH I I I I I I I I 6

5

4

L Q N&CM M QT " t 7

1 / 1 /

8

1 1

10

12

1 1

II

1 1 UM1 1

-

13

1 4 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,

.

1 1 16 h . ,h 1 11

16

h . ,

1

1

18

17

1 9

1 36:

15

14

1 1

Fig.

W I

-

h

P ainted

2 1

20

motifs a ssociated w ith Tell A bada, L .II.

T ype

6 ,

A

qM

k

AM

WQ

A mok

W

;

;

�

a

b

J

4 4

U

C

f

e Fig.

1 37:

B owls

Type

6 ,

Tell A bada, s cale 2 /5

L .I

( reconstructed).

I

2

O W NUPW I Lk " 5

4

6

rz z z -

-

-‚ rrr --

i0 1 1 1 1 1W � A�

-

7

Wa . i

-

-- xx

O WW W A0 1 1 , 5 9—I1 4M A

% A

8

i è## 4 è##a

1 0

1 1 12

14

13

15

* a 18

17

1 6

P ' i 7 a / f l f t f tl h 1 H i i T [ f lI "

•

20

1 9

Fig.

1 38:

g i

P ainted

motifs Tell

associated Abada,

L .I.

2 1

with

T ype

6 ,

0

C

J j e

F ig.

1 39:

B owls

T ype 7 , Tell A bada, Levels ( reconstructed). s cale

1 /5

I I—I

•

.'

4 4

I

4 . 4

N P-

-

r

2

0

I 4

d M

A

& A

1 4

1 4

d d

6

5

— .-

w

-

l o g, V p

-

wo

w

V

.

.

I q

I

u

'

m

m

.4d 4

7

-m

lOM

_

s o,

3

I q qW " on

4

1

OW

mo o

m

I

M

d a

8

9

11

12

'"

W

N

I

m '

.4 4

A n

i q

4 IU _

d a

10

L 1d

‚

2I N l

4

I

d I

dl

4

A

1

4

4 4 1

d4

4

1 4 15

13

1 6

F ig.

1 40:

P ainted

1 7

motifs a ssociated w ith T ype T ell A bada, L evels 1 1-I.

1 8

7 ,

9

'

C M

d

F ig.

1 41:

B owls a-c

Type

8 ,

Tell

A bada,

L evels

( reconstructed). s cale 3 /5; d-e s cale

2 /5

1 1-I

1

2

3

5

4

6

8

7

9

7 1 1

1 0

11

[ 0101010 ]

K0 11 4 .0 10 11 13

12

1 5

17

16

1 8

F ig.

14

1 42:

P ainted

20

1 9

motifs a ssociated w ith T ype Tell A bada, L evels I l— I.

7 ,

a

b

( S c . 2 /5

( S c .1/5 )

C

F ig.

1 43:

Bowls

a s cale

T ype 2 /5;

9 ,

T ell

b s cale

Abada, 1 /5;

L evels

c s cale

I l— I. 1 /2

R MOM ME N O X a

b

d

J

T J A Y A ! A Y A Y A V A Y A Y A £ ' A Y A Y A TI A T A Y A 1 A

e

0

II

F ig.

1 44:

B owls

T ype

1 0,

i I

T ell

I

5 iC M A bada,

L .II

( reconstructed).

2

5

4

6 1 M

R

M AW ' M A ' £

£

A

12

1 4

V4

VAVAV

; ? Ar

V / A VA

A

16

18

17

1 9

F ig.

V kVA7 i1 , 1 4 W ,I N

15

1 3

V / ; 1V

9

1 1

1 0

£

6

8

7

W ,

3

1 45:

P ainted

2 1

2 0

motifs a ssociated w ith Tell A bada, L .II.

T ype

1 0,

‚ 1

b

J

d C

e

f F ig.

114 6:

h

9 B owls

T ype

I I,

a—d

T ell

s cale

A bada, 1 /5,

L . I I

e—h

( reconstructed).

s cale

2 /5

� 1 1 14 5& 1 4 ' 1 0 ! 1 17 ak � 1 1 1 1�,

I

A l

j i w

2

3

1

( I i 1I U I H I I I l I I4 I U J I1 I 1 i1 9 i 1 J u l iL i L i r ,

•; '.. ,. l , - _ --

L I

•

.

-

6 4

5

V

1

es _ _s St a f la

S SEI

I

-

-

-

%

%t

Sß

a , a.

8

7

•

-

•

9

11

12

1 0

14

15

1 3

A1 6 5 ,

RIN

I

m m

1 6

l l� l l k l lz �IPOA

1 7

Fig.

19

1 47:

P ainted

m0t113 Tell

a33oclate( J A badi,

L .IL.

w ith

T YPV

i i,

a

S

C

f F ig.

114 8:

Bowls T ype 1 2, a s cale 3 /5;

Tell Abada, L .II ( reconstructed). b —c s cale 1 /3; d —e s cale 1 12

. • ;

3

2

I

4 6

5

II 7

•

9

8

0

0

G

C

0 1 1

1 0

I IIX LI LLLI

S

IL1 I 1 1 I 1 I 1

•

• • • • .. S. .

.

.

.

14

13

12

16 1 5

Fig.

114 9:

P ainted

motifs Tell

a ssociated A bada,

L .II.

w ith

T ype

1 2,

C

b

d

hi

I

-

Fig.

1 50:

B owls

.0

T ype

1 3,

e -

-

Tell

A bada, L .II s cale 2 /5

( reconstructed).

E 2

4

3

9' %

j o rx ,

4 Ä0 % J e l e, 6

5

I&kk Af

f t A ld w

‚TV '

w vvv v v

1 0

9

8

u

V .

AA A A S I A L A S a & á

&A A AA A AA

v r F r

J a y

V

F

aO s a h

k

I

hI

b

h

I

h

F

F

rr . r

A LA a F V V

5 55 t

V

ap

4.

V V

I

a

4 . .e

13

12

1 1

V F j r

ia a a

k

1 4

16

15

A AA 1 7

Fig.

1 51:

P ainted

1 8

motifs a ssociated w ith Tell A bada, L .II.

1 9

T ype

1 3,

B o w l s T y p e

C

e

g

0

L I

Fig.

1 53:

Bowls

I

Type

I

114 ,

C M T ell

A bada,

L . I I

( reconstructed).

L)

B o w l s T y p e

r e c o n s t r u c t e d ) .

/

a

b

d

C

0 I

F ig.

1 56:

B owls

Type

l i i,

I

I

T ell

I

I

1 0C t s 1

A bada,

L .II

( reconstructed).

F ig.

1 57:

Bowls Type

1 4,

T ell

A bada,

s cale

1 /4

L .II

( reconstructed).

a

b

C F ig.

1 55:

B owls

T ype

1 5,

Tell

A bada,

L .II.

F ig.

1 59:

I ranian

B lack—on—Red

Ware

f rom

Tell

Abada,

L .II.

a b

C

F ig.

1 60:

B owls T ype a—b s cale

1 6, T ell 2 /5; c—e

A bada, L .I. s cale 1 /5

� b

I -

_

\ T )

4

0

_

J r

k — i K

"N

_

g F ig.

1 61:

Bowls

T ype 1 6, Tell s cale 2 /5

A bada,

L .I.

* 1 0 0

W im

t�

d

C

' I iI l i f i/ t i T

a mo r,

1 " .

w1 1 g

h

U c

F ig.

1 62:

Bowls

l

T ype

5 I

1 6,

1

C M

T ell

A bada,

L .I.

F ig.

1 63:

B owls a —c

T ype

1 7

s cale

a nd

1 8,

T ell

3 /5;

d —h

s cale

A bada, 2 /5

L .I.

a

d

e

f F ig.

1 64:

Bowls

T ype

1 9,

s cale

T ell 1 /5

Abada,

L .I.

b a

d C

Z / e

f

g Fig.

1 65:

B owls

T ype

2 0,

Tell

A bada, s cale

L .I 2 /5

( reconstructed).

a

b

d C

e Fig.

1 66:

Bowls T ype 2 1 a nd 2 2, T ell A bada, L .I. a s cale 1 /5; b s cale 2 /5; c—e s cale 3 /5

f

Fig.

1 67:

M iniatures,

Type

Tell

a -c,g,f s cale 1 /5;

2 3;

M iscellaneous

A bada,

T ype

L .I.

1 /1; d ,i s cale h s cale 3 /5

2 /5;

e s cale

2 4,

C

f

e

9

h

J 0 II F ig.

1 68:

J ars

T ype

1 ,

T ell

C M

I I I5 I

Abada,

L .II

( reconstructed).

a

b

C

0 I

F ig.

1 69:

J ars T ype

1 ,

T ell

5 C N

'i ..J

A bada,

L .II

( reconstructed).

a

d

C

f

e

h

9

J F ig.

1 70:

J ars

T ype

1 ,

T ell

s cale

A bada,

2 /5

L .II.

b

a

C

f

e

g

F ig.

h

1 71:

J ars

T ype

1 a nd 2 , Tell s cale 2 /5

A bada,

L .II.

..

•

4•

.a . .* 4 •

,

r

•• 4 S4• •. •. ..,.. '• 44 • • •. I

• •

• ‚ u , .. V •

P

‚

. .

q a

, , .

_

' 4 iYA

'

.

.

._

.

•_

a £

a

- a - a -

. -

•_ - - a - - a • - aa a •a a - - a - a a . a •a . - - a — a - •. a

• -

- —

- —

-

-

—

—

—

—

—

#•

4

£

3

2

• a -

£

—

N I N i l ii N a i l . '

—

• 1 I 1 II 6

5

4

r -

.• a

F

---

aas . a a as aa

I .

7

a.. • . s a a au .. . u u u .U U

9

8

U U UU UUI

10

1 1

1 2

— — — — — - — S IMMO NS = —= — = —= —= —= = = - - a r

. . ua . . a we • .u . . . . UI U S U U S U U IU SØ

• —

met

• •.. a a . a u a u u • u ua a. .

-

.4

M m e " ' moa: 00n a m e: M: 60M O M O M O V

a n

ow e

U. U ua U • sa • u

aS USIU • U al U"

1 9

1 72:

• .

% • 4 %44

S U • 5

• • dp •• . .

P ainted

1

E

1 •

U S U I.

—

• U

-

• • •

U I.,)

looll

1 8

17

16

F ig.

1 5

14

13

2 1

20

motifs a ssociated w ith Tell A bada, L .II.

Jars T ype

1 ,

a

C

F ig.

1 73:

J ars

T ype

1 ,2,3, T ell s cale 1 /3

Abada,

L .I.

d

e

f F ig.

1 74:

J ars

T ype

3 ,

T ell Abada, s cale 1 /

L .II

( reconstructed).

a

b

t it t i t

I e

F ig.

1 75:

J ars

T ype

3 , Tell Abada, L .II. s cale

1 /4

b i

l l )M

O

I iL I l O F.

2 3

I J h ' I I I I' I I 7 1

5

6

, r # /0 x

7

p �

8

9

1 1

12

1 4

15

# 4 , O F ' O , OZ o o

O

u

10

13

16

17

1 76:

P ainted

2 1

20

1 9

F ig.

1 8

motifs Tell

a ssociated w ith A bada, L .II.

T ype

3 ,

a

b

C

d

g

F ig.

1 77:

J ars,

T ype L i . , T ell A bada, s cale 2 /5

L .II.

a

b C

d

e

T&M A TATA

£ AA1 Y A Y A Y A TA Y

A L IMPS A

/ A tA '& 'L 'ê ?L TYA 4

WN W A

f g

h Fig.

1 78:

J ars

T ype 1 4 , Tell A bada, L .II s cale 1 / 14 ; f ,h s cale 1 /1

( reconstructed).

a

b

C

e Fig.

1 79:

J ars

Type

4, Tell Abada, s cale 2 /5

L .II

( reconstructed).

I

Ad s

A0 1 1

1 4

w

d 9 f t

1 0

Ai d

3 1

-

5

4

6

O F A IL M A SO MW O M A id

9

8

7

G pv

1 2

1 1 10

O F

no

15

14

13

W

V

ft . _

W

V

' _

_

-

-

-

Fig.

1 80:

P ainted

1 8

17

1 6

motifs Tell

a ssociated A bada,

L .II.

w ith

J ars

T ype

4 ,

a

b

C

d

e

F ig.

1 81:

J ars

Type

1 1 ,

Tell

s cale

A bada,

2 /5

L .I

( reconstructed).

a

b

C

F ig.

1 82:

J ars

T ype

L I ,

Tell

s cale

A bada,

2 /5

L .I

( reconstructed).

= x" e q

z :!z

i nammei

1

3

2

4

_

I r ei l L

1 6

5

4

. 46 46

' 4

6

‚It "' " 9

8

7

I 1 1

10

14

13

1 2

=

‚

uu

16

15

c C

17

1 83:

P ainted

k