Rüstungskooperation, Technologietransfer und Exportkontrolle: Zur Problemlage der amerikanischen Verbündeten [3]

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Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien Rüstungskooperation, Technologietransfer und Exportkontrolle: Zur Problemlage der amerikanischen Verbündeten (HI) Rene Herrmann

39-1986

Als Beitrag zum Umweltschutz: Innentell überwiegend aus Recyclingpapier

Die Meinungen, die in den vom BUNDESINSTITUT FÜR OSTWISSENSCHAFTLICHE UND INTERNATIONALE STUDIEN herausgegebenen Veröffentlichungen geäußert werden, geben ausschließlich die Auffassung der Autoren wieder. © 1986 by Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, Köln. Abdruck und sonstige publizistische Nutzung - auch auszugsweise nur mit vorheriger Zustimmung des Bundesinstituts sowie mit Angabe des Verfassers und der Quelle gestattet. Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien Lindenbornstraße 22, D-5000 Köln 30, Telefon 0221/5747-0

INHALT

. . . . Kurzfassung

Zur

amerikanischen

T e c h n o l o g i e - und

Industriepolitik.... 3

Zur E n t w i c k l u n g der E x p o r t k o n t r o 11 p o 1 i t i k der . Reaga n -Ad m in istrat i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zum Problem der e x t r a t e r r i t o r i a1e n R e i c h w e i t e • amerikanischen ExportkontrollPolitik. . . . .

3 der........ . . . .f4

Zur e u r o p ä i s c h - a m e r i k a n i s c h e n H o c h t e c h n o l o g i e - ......... • K o n k u r r e n z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Zur E n t w i c k l u n g der a m e r i k a n i s c h - j a p a n i s c h e n , • R ü s t u n g s - , T e c h n o l o g i e - und W i r t s c h a f t s b e z i e h u n g e n , . , . . . 2 0 Zur .der

R ü s t u n g s - und T e c h n o l o g i e k o o p e r a t i o n s p o l i t i k Reagan-Administration.........

Stellungnahmen

von M i t a r b e i t e r n

........ 25

der

.Reagan-Administration.................................. Weitere

34

L i t e r a t u r h i n w e i s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 37

S c h l ü s s e l d o k u m e n t e in der a m e r i k a n i s c h e n D e b a t t e . . . . «über T e c h n o l o g i e p o l i t i k , T e c h n o l o g i e t r a n s f e r u n d . . . . . . . . . .E x p o r t k o n t r o 1 1 e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i .......... . 4 p 1 0 ) M e i l e n s t e i n e in der T e c h n o l o g i e t r a n s f e r - u n d E x p o r t - . . . • • •'• k o n t r o l i p o l i t i k der R e a g a n - A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2

SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

September 19 86 Die vorliegende Arbeit ist aus einem Forschungsauftrag des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien hervorgegangen. Der Verfasser dieses "Berichts" arbeitet als freier Wissenschaftier in Köln. Redaktion: Heinrich Vogel

Rene Herrmann Rüstungskooperation, Technologietransfer und Exportkontrolle: Zur Problemlage der amerikanischen Verbündeten Teil 3: Materialien innerwestlichen Debatte

zur

inneramerikanischen

und

Bericht des BlOst Nr. 39/1986 Kurzfassung Vorbemerkung Dieser Appendix ist der dritte Teil von drei Berichten, die die Interdependenz zwischen der Exportkontrollpolitik der Reagan-Administration und ihrer Technologie-und Rüstungskooperationspolitik untersuchen. Er enthält vorwiegend Artikel und Aufsätze aus Zeitungen und Periodika, die ein gewisses Bild von der Entwicklung der amerikanischen Debatte zwischen 1980 und 1986 vermitteln sollen. Ziel dieses 3. Teils ist daher nicht Vollständigkeit, sondern die repräsentative Auswahl, die insbesondere mit der schematischen Darstellung der Entwicklung des amerikanischen Kontrollinstrumentariums interagieren soll. Im allgemeinen Literaturverzeichnis sind diejenigen Publikationen enthalten, die den behandelten Gegenstand über die Tagesdiskussion hinaus vertiefen - so z.B. der Bericht des Georgetown Center for Strategic and International Studies über Exportkontrollen und Technologietransfer aus dem Jahre 1985. Es wäre in einer Reihe von Fällen möglich gewesen, den Appendix um Verweise aus dem allgemeinen Literaturverzeichnis zu erweitern; es wurde aber auch versucht, den Appendix so handlich wie möglich zu halten. Ähnliches gilt für seine Aufgliederung: in Zwei felsfällen wurde versucht, dem argumentativen Schwerpunkt des zitierten Aufsatzes Rechnung zu tragen. Zur besseren Übersicht über die Entwicklung der Kontrollpolitik der Reagan-Administration enthält dieser Teil sowohl eine schematische Darstellung der "Meilensteine" ihrer Entwicklung als auch eine Zusammenstellung derjenigen offiziellen Analysen, die eine bedeutende Rolle in dieser Politik soielten.

- 3.. -

1) Z u r amerikanischen Technologie- und

"The

Break-Down

of

US

Innovation"

Industriepolitik

in:

Business

Week,

February 16, 1976

Gina

Bari

Colata

"Computer

Encryption

and

the

National

Security Agency Connection" in; Science, July 29, 19 77 R.W. Anderson "Quality and 16K RAMs: A History"

Vortrag

für

eine

Hewlett-Packard

Konferenz

der

Case

Electronics

Association of Japan, 25.3.1980, Washington,D.C.

Philip A.Abelson "America's Vanishing

Lead

in

Electronics"

in: Science, December 1980

William

J. Broad "Pentagon Orders End to Computer Babel" in:

Science, January 2, 1981 Jacques S. Gansler "Can the Defense Industry Respond Reagan

Initiatives

?"

in:

International

to

the

Security, Spring

19 82

Colin Norman "Electronics Firms Plug into

Universities"

in:

Science, August 7, 1982

Clarence

A. Robinson "DeLauer Urges Technology Spending" in:

Aviation Week end Space

T

echnoiogy, September 6, 1982

James Cook "The Molting of America" In: Forbes, November

22,

1982 Christopher

Madison

"Industrial

Policy ' Japanese Style '"

in: " High Technology: Public Policies for the 1980' s National Journal Issues Book, Washington, D.C., 1983

",

A

- 4 -

Harold

E. Fitzgibbons

Technology Policies

"A

Competition" for

Washington

the

European in:

1980's",

Perspective

"High-

on

US High

Technology:

Public

A National Journal Issues Book,

D.C.1983

Michael R. Gordon "Will the Policy'

Ultimately

Pentagon's

Hamper

"High-Technology:Public

Ad

US

Hoc

'Industrial

Creativity?"

Policies for the 1980's", A

in:

National

Journal Journal Issues Book, Washington, D.C. 1983 \

-

Norman

Metzger

"High-Technology,

•

World

Trade

and

Competition Among Allies" in: NAS News Report, April 1983 K.F.lioltby, J.N. Krebs "Industry's

Plan

for

R&D"

in:

Air

Force Magazine, April 1984

"Technology

and

Defense"

in:

Air

Force Magazine, Special

the

Arsenal

Section, April 1984 Jacques S. Gansler "Revitalizing

of

Democracy"

in: Air Force Magazine, April 198 4

Frank

Lichtenberg

"The Relationship between Federal Contract

R&D and Company R&D" in: American Economic ReviewisMay Carole

A.Shifrin

"Reagan

Backs

Space

1984

Commerce"

in:

Aviation Week ans Space Technology, July 30, 1984

"VHSIC

Chips

Emerge:

Protecting

Circuit Technology

Raises

Numerous Uncertainties" in: ibid., July 30, 1984 "Microchip

Problems

September 17, 1984

Halt

Weapons

Deliveries"

in:

ibid.,

- 5 -

Craig

Covault

"NASA Formulat es Policy NASA Investment" in: ibid., id., November 26, 1984

John H.Barton

"Coping ing w with i t h Teciin Teciir ological

to

Spur

Private

Protectionism"

Harvard Business Review, e v i e w , Novembe Novembe r- December

in:

1984

Nicholas Rothwell "White House Focus on High-Tech Trade" in: ember 17, 1984 New York Post, December "USAF Pushes Intelligence ligence Study" in: Aviation Week and

Space

Technology, March 2 25, 5, 1984 1984 "Shuttle

Instruments ents

Providin g

Unprecedented

Topographic

1

April 8, 8, 198 1985 Details ' in: ibid.,, April Eugene

Kozicharow

"Army

Doubl es

Missile

Defense

Bid

to

Support SDI Effort"" in: in: ibid. ibid.

Craig

Covault

"Aeronautics "Aeronautics

Policy

Stresses

Transport,

Transathmospheric Work" jilork" in: ibid "Wright

Laboratories Dries

Initiatives"

Philip

J.

Technology

Broad ens

Advanced

Technology

in: ibid., April 22, 1985

Klass

"SDI

Office

Pushes

Innovative

Science,

i" in: ibid., April 29, 1985 Research"

Paul Mann "Defense Department Sk eptical as House Panel search" in: ib id., May 6, 1985 More University Research"

Urges

William H. Gregory "Enhancing Ba sic Research" in: ibid.

"Will

Star

Wars

Reward

Economist, September 7., 1985

or

Retard

Science

?"

in:

The

- 6 -

William

H.

Gregory

"Innovation

and

Competition"

in:

Aviation Week and Space Technology, September 2, 1985 "Six

of

the

Ten Companies that Received the Largest Number

of US Patents in 1985 are Foreign-owned1' in:

ibid,,September

30, 1985 Fred

Hiatt, Rick Atkinson "US Business See a Bonanza in SDI"

in: International Herald Tribune, October 22, 1985

Michael Schräge, David Abroad"

A.

Wise

"Targeting

US

Firms

From

in: ibid., October 24, 1985

"Manufacturers

Form

Organisation

to

Protect

Rights" in: Aviation Week and Space Technology,

Proprietary November

4,

1985

Donald

E. Fink "Crossroads for Commerzialization" in: ibid.,

November 25, 1985 "Industry,

Scientists

Seek

Approaches

to

Tap

SDI's

Commercial Potential" in: ibid.

Oswald

Johnston

"Plan to Speed High-Tech to Chir.a Unveiled"

in: Los Angeles Times, December 17, 1985, Part IV Barnaby

J.

Investment"

Feder in:

"US

Tallies

International

the Herald

Costs

of

Tribune,

Foreign January 2,

1986 David

Fishlock

'Fifth-Generation' 1986

""US

High-Tech

Company

Seeks

Computer" in: Financial Times, January 6,

- 7 -

Clyde H. Farnsworth "US Trade Improvement Forecast as a

Slow

Process" in: ibid., March 15-16, 1986

"'Star

Wars' Said to Divert Talent from Private Sector " in:

Philadelphia

Inquirer, March 17, 1986

John M. Berry "Acceleration in US Growth Still More than

Reality"

in:

International

Herald

Prospect

Tribune,March 17,

1986

"US

Trade

Gap

in

'85

at

Record

$

117.7

Billion"

in:

ibid.,March 19, 1986

John

Noble

Wilford

"After

the Loss of Challenger, America

Reassesses its Future in Space" in: ibid. Stuart Auerbach "US Tries to Ease European Trade Limits"

in:

i bid.

Vartanig

G.

Vartan

"Investors Grow Warmer to New High-Tech

Issues" in: ibid., March 2o, 1986

Thomas C.Hayes "TI Expects to Get

Boost

from

New

Type

Risk

?"

of

Chip" in: ibid., April 2, 1986 Eliot

Marhall

"Imported

Chips:

A

Security

in:

Science, April 4, 1986 Dennis Kneale "Technology:

Computer

Speed"

in:

Wallstreet

Journal, April 8, 1986 David

E.Sanger

"IBM Ushers in Era of the Megabit" in: ibid.,

April 19-20, 1986

- 8 ~

2 ) Zur Entwicklung der Exportkontrollpolitik

der

Reagan-Administration

Jonathan

Bingham,

Victor

Johnson

"A

Rational Approach to

Export Controls" in: Foreign Affairs 4, 1979

Fred Bucy

"Technology

Transfer

International Security, Winter R.Sean

Rudolph

Strategie

"Technology

Perspective

for

and

East-West

Trade"

in:

1980-1981 Transfer and East-kiest Trade: A

the

Eighties"

in:

Comparative

Strategy, No. 2, 1981

Stephen

Unger "The Growing Threat of Government Secrecy" in:

Technology Review, No. 2, 1982 Jimmy M. Wheeler "East-West Trade:

Facts

and

Fiction"

in:

NATO's Fifteen Nations, February- March 1983 Jon

Zondermann "Perspectives: Technology Export Battle Heats

Up" in: High Technology, May 1983 Orr Kelly, Gordon Bock "Where There's

a

Profit,

There's

a

Spy" in: US News and World Report, May 9, 1983.

Walter

Guzzardi,

Jr.

"Cutting

Russia's

Harvest

of

US

Technology" in: Fortune, May 3o, 1983

Colin Norman "Administration Grapples with

Export

Controls"

in: Science, June 3, 1983 Robert

Seile

"Soviet

Defense

Industry Said 'Dependent' on

US" in: New York Tribune, July 11, 1983

!

- 9 -

Transfer11

Diane C. Dowling "Federal Signals: Technology Signal, August 1983 James A. Dukakis "Technology Transfer: Perspective on Export Controls" in: ibid. Glenn W. Fry "Technology Transfer: Congressional Side" in: ibid.

A

Bill

to

Marvel

"Government

Wants

A

Business

Perspective

Slow

the

in:

from

the

Spread

of

Scientific Data" in: Dallas Times Herald, August 18, 1983 Kenneth B. Noble "US Aide Quits, Citing Policy on Trade" in: New York Times, September 26, 1983; p. D-2

Soviet

Paul Mann "House Relaxes Some Export Controls" in: Aviation Week and Space Technology, November 7, 1983 Paul Mann "Export December 19, 1983

Policy

Triggers

Dispute"

in:

ibid.,

"How to Stop US Technology from Building the Soviet Military" in: The American Sentinel, December 12, 1983 Richard A. Quida "Protecting America's Military in: US Naval Institute Proceedings, January 1984 "High-Tech:

Who

Will

Stop

the

Pirates

?"

Technology"

in: Newsweek,

January 23, 1984 "Technolocy Tact" in: Aviation

Week

and

Space

Technology,

January 9, 1984 James

F.

Clarity,

Warren Weaver Jr. "Commerce vs. Defense"

in: New York Times, January 9, 1984

- 10 -

"Computer Exporters Play War Games with in: The Economist, February 25, 1984 Fred

Hiatt

"Inside:

Department

America's

Generals"

of Defense" in: Washington

Post, March 2, 1984 Christopher Madison "Commerce Department Feels the Heat over Diversion of High-Tech Exports" in: National Journal, March 10, 1934 Clyde H. Farnsworth "Pentagon's Wider Role New York Times, March 21, 1984

in

Exports"

in:

Eduardo Lachica "New US Technology Export Guidelines Broaden Pentagon'ö Licence Review Role" in: Wallstreet Journal, March 22, 1984 Stuart

Auerbach

"Reagan

Scored

on

Export

Controls"

in:

Washington Post , March 27, .1984 Mitchel B. Wallerstein "Scientific Communication National Security" in: Science, May 4, 1984 James J. Harford "DoD Position in:Aerospace America, July 1984 Michael Schräge "Pentagon High-Tech Angeles Times, October 23, 1984 Roland Schmitt "Technology in: Aerospace, Fall 1984

no

Role

Perle

of

Debated"

and

Wisdom"

in:

Los

Transfer and National Security"

Paul Mann "Directive Gives Pentagon Control of Unclassified Technical Data" in: Washington Times, November 8 S 1984 Rowland

Evans,

Robert

Novak

"Shultz Moves" in: Washington

- 11 -

Post, November 12, 1984 Paul Mann "Military Issues Condensed Export List" Aviation 'ieek and Space Technology , November 26, 19 84

in:

Paul Mann "US Tallies Cost to Soviets of Technology Transfer Rules" in: ibid., December 10, 1984 Colin Norman "Mixed Signals on Export Controls" in: December 14, 1984 Fred Hiatt "Pentagon Post, January 12, 1985

Science,

Wins on Export Review" in: Washington

Gary Putka "US Blocks Access of Foreign Scientists to Technology" in: Wallstreet Journal, January 25, 1985

High

Jan Feldman "Trade Policy and Foreign Policy" in: Washington Quarterly, Winter 1985 Philip J.Klass "Defense Department Restricts Papers at SPIE Conference" in: Aviation Week and Space Technology, April 15, 1985 James K.Gordon "Industry Leaders Urge Relaxation Export Control Policy" in: ibid., April 15, 1985 James

K.Gordon

of

Defense

"Three Agencies Will Cooperate to Cut Export

License Delays" in: ibid., May 6, 1935 James K. Gordon "Defense Department Moves to Consolidate Control cf Western Nation Exports" in: ibid., May 20, 19 85 Michael Schräge "Study Raps Export Controls for Delays in US Technology" in: Washington Post, June 25, 1985

- 12 -

"Balancing Security Requirements with Need for

International

Trade" in: News Report, July 1985 Melissa

Healy

"High

Tech

Trade

Scrutinized"

in: Defense

Week, July 8, 1965 Mark B.Feldmann

"How Congress Gave Export Act Sharper

Teeth"

in: Financial Times, July 17, 1985 Tom

Donnelly

"Pentagon

Seen

Stemming

High-Tech

Flows to

East" in: Air Force Times, July 22, 1985

Marjorie Sun "US Wants to Keep Eye on

Biotech

Exports"

in:

Science, July 26, 1985

"The

West's

Crackdown

on High-Tech Smuggling Starts to Pay

Off" in: Business Week, July 29, 1985 Tom Donnelly "Criticism of

High-Tech

Policy

Causes

Furor"

in: Air Force Times, August 5, 1985 Juan

Williams

"High

Tech Intruding on US Privacy Laws" in:

International Herald Tribune, October 25, 1985

Tim

Beardsley

"Scepticism

over

Liberality

Promise"

in:

Nature, November 2, 1985

Robert

L.Park

"Intimidation

Leads

to

Self- Censorship in

Science" in: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March 1986 Rosemary Chalk "Continuing Debate over Science

and

Secrecy"

in: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March 1986

Matthew

J.

Clearances for March 3, 1986

Doherty Aliens"

"Defense in:

Department

Electronic

to

Bar

Secret

Engineering

Times,

- .13 r

David M. North "US Using Disinformation Policy to Impede Technical Date Flow" in: Aviation Week and Space Technology, March .17, 1986 Bill Gertz "Pentagon Opposes Washington Tines, March 21, 1986 Tim Beardsley "US Patents; Nature, April 3, 1996 David

Doubts

Baldridge

on

on

Trade"

in:

Secrecy

Order"

in:

E. Sanqer "Computer Code Shift Expected: Eavesdropping

Fear Indie ated" in; New York Times, April 15, 1986 David E. Sanger "US Fearing Intrusions, to Replace Computer Coding Systen" in: International Herald Tribune, April 16, 1986 David Silverberg "Bonker: Half of Export List's Items Be Decontrolled" in: Defense News, April 21, 1986 Editorial 29,

Could

"Insecurity by Directive" in: Baltimore Sun, April

19B6

"Executives Grouse about US Controls on Technology Flow" Defense News, May 5, 1986

in:

- H 3) Zum Problem der extraterritorialen Reichweite der amerikanischen Exportkontrolipolitik

"Assaulting Communists or Economist, January 30, 1982

Subsidizing

Jack Gee, Kevin Cahill "France Goes it Alone Ban" in: Computer Weekly, February 3, 1983 Frederick Kempe "Austria Technology, Appeases US" in: 30, 1983

Them"

in:

after

CS

The

Cray

Koves to Stop Transfers of Wallstreet Journal, November

Stuart Auerbach "Controls on High-Tech Exports Criticized" in: Washington Post, January 22, 1984 Eduardo Lachica "US Probes New Bid to Ship Technology to Soviet Bloc" in: Wallstreet Journal, January 25, 1934 "Swedish Trade Barred from Journal,. January 31, 1984 "Europe Blasts US Controls on Commerce, February 24, 1984

Some

the

US Goods" in: Wallstreet

Technology"

in:

Journal

of

Charles H. Farnsworth "EC Reportedly Warned by US on Soviet Trade" in: International Herald Tribune, April 25, 1984 Jack Anderson "Japan is Sieve for High-Tech Soviets" in: Washington Post, Hay 26, 1984

_eaks

to

Jeffrey M. Lenorovitz "West Screens Inmarsat Technical Bids" in: Aviation Week and Space Technology, July 3o, 1984

- 15 -

William H. Gregory "Changing Allegiances and NATO" in: ibid. Michael Schräge "High-Tech Rules Washington Post, August 15, 1984 "Cray Supercomputer Finally Post, August 17, 1984

Off

Urged

to

for

Asians"

in:

Japan" in: Washington

Louise Kehoe "Waiting for Washington to Times, September 14, 1984

Act"

in:

Financial

Paul Cheesewright "EEC Counts Cost of US Curbs on Technology Transfer" in: Financial Times, October 17, 1984 Geoff Andrews, Kevin Cahill "How the Pentagon Ties Up -Europe's Computer Industry" in: Manchester Guardian Weekly, November 11, 1984 "Japan Renews Curbs on

Export

of

Machine

Tools"

in:

Los

Barter

Deal

in

Angeles Times, November 13, 1984 Trevor

Driesberg

"India,

Soviets

Plan

Electronics" in: Journal of Commerce, November 14, 1984 John Elliott "US Eases Curbs on High Technology India" in: Financial Times, November 20, 1984 John

S.

Pluenneke

Exports

to

"High-Tech Leaks: the US Gets Tough with

Vienna" in: Business Week, November 26, 1984 "Computer

Firm

President

Indicted

in

Export

Plot"

in:

Chicago Tribune, December 8, 1984 Russell

Warren

Howe

to Exceed $ 1 Billion" 19 8 5

"Israel's Arms Sales to China Believed ins

Washington

Times,

January

24,

- 16 -

Jack

Anderson

"Germany

is

West's Worst Security Risk" in:

Washington Post, January 28, 1985 Christian

Tyler

"US

Warned

on

High-Tech

Controls"

in:

Financial Times, February 15, 1985 Peter Marsh "Marconi Ends Soviet Warning" in: ibid., February 17, 1985

Satellite

David Black, Andrew Hogg "US Embargo 'Threat Liberty'"in: London Sunday Times, June 9, 1985

Deal

to

after

Academic

A.H. Hermann "Export Controls and US Pressure" in: Financial Times, June 13, 1985 Warren Getier "US Pressure on East Bloc Trade Irritates Bonn" in: International Herald Tribune, June 25, 1985 John

Hooper

"Attack

on

US

Control

by

Havers"

in:

The

Guardian, July 17, 1985 "West Works to Plug Technology Leaks to USSR" in: Computer News, October 25, 1985

Government

Svante Ahlroth "Swedish Customs Confiscate ADP Shipment to Finland" in: Tiedonantja, November 13, 1985 Mary Fagan "UK Court Deals Blow to US 'Territoriality' Claims" in: Electronics Weekly, November 27, 1985 Lars Christiansson "US Experts Examine Computer Security in Sweden" in: Svenska Dagbladet, December 13, 1985

- 17 -

Lars Christiansson "Government Considers Dagbladet, December 17, 1985

Laws"

in:

Svenska

"China Accepts New COCOM Procedures to Speed Export Licensing of US Aircraft" in: Aviation Week and Space Technology, January 6, 1986 Bo G. Andersson "United States Increases Companies" in: Dagens Nyheter, February 9, 1986

Pressure

on

Robert S. Greenberger "Control Data Corp. Will Sell India Computers Valued at $ 3oo Million" in: Wallstreet Journal, February 10, 1986 Amir Oren "'Secret' Talks Held with Exports" in: Davar, February 20, 1986

US

on

'Sensitive'

"MITI Rules Limit Technology Flow to Communists" in: Nihon Keizei Shimbun, March 1, 1986 Paul Walton "Facing the Consequences of Star in: Informatics, March 1986 "Vetting Issue March 6, 1986

Halts

US

SDI

Legal Action to Resolve in: Aviation Week and Space

Paul Walton "US SDI. Consultants Turned Away in: Janes's Defence Weekly, March 13, 1986 Watts

"DoTS

Ssys

US

Computer Weekly, May 22» 1986

Research"

Team Tour" in: The Guardian,

"European Parliament Threatens Technology Transfer Stalemate" Technology, March 17, 1986

Susan

Wars

Aims

from

Britain"

to Curb Cray Access" in:

_ -is -

4) Zur europäisch-amerikanischen

Hochtechnologie-Konkurrenz

Charles Wolf, Jr. "Economic Success, Stability, and the 'Old' International Order" in: International Security, Summer 1981 Charles Wolf, Jr. "Beyond Containment: Redesigning American Policies" ins Washington Quarterly, Winter 1982 Diane

L.Coutu

Mounting Losses October 21, 1983

"Brain

Drain:

European

Fret

Over

of Scientists to US" in: Wallstreet Journal

David Dickson "Europe Seeks Science, January 6, 1984 "Europe's 24,1984

Nations

Technology

Joint

Gap"

in:

Computer

The

Effort"

Economist,

November

Axel Krause "European Companies Draft Bold Electronics in: International Herald Tribune, June 27, 1985 "Les 1985

Ambitions

d"Eureka"

in:

Le

"European Silicon Structures: a New The Economist, September 7, 1985 Financial Times Survey "Computing Times, October 4, 1984, Section III Alan Cane "IBM Puts Computer in: ibid., October 10, 1985

Network

in:

Plan"

Monde Diplomatique, Aout

Script

for

Chips"

in:

Services" in; Financial

Technology

in

Place"

- 19 -

Axel Krause "Projects in Eureka Endorsed" Herald Tribune, November 7, 1985 Paul

Lewis

in:

International

"Thomson Success: a Boost for France" in: ibid.,

November 13, 1985 Axel Krause "6 Firms Buy into Microchip Venture"

in:

ibid.,

December 5, 1985 Joseph Fitchett "'Battle of the US Titans' Hastens Europe's Technological Revolution" in: International Herald Tribune, December 19, 1985 Joseph

Fitchett

"IBM-Europe and Cassani: All Systems Are on

Line" in: ibid., December 19, 1985 "Dutch Leader in Call to

US

on

Fibre

Row"

in:

Financial

Times, January 6, 1986 Financial

Times

Survey

"Communications: the World Business

Market" in: ibid. "Philips Plans German Plant for Microchip Production" International Herald Tribune, January 14, 1986

in:

Philippe Lemaitre "Les Gouvernements Participant au Projet Eureka Tentent d' en Preciser les Modalites de Fonctionnement" in; Ls Monde, Janvier 22, 1986 "West

German Technology: Ä Special Report" in: International

Herald Tribuns, April 8, 1986 Maurice Arvonny "L" Intelligence Artificielle: une Technique au Point et un Immense Marche" in: Le Monde, Avril 23, 1985

- 20 -

5) Zur Entwicklung der amerikanisch-japanischen Technologie- und

"Japanese

Rüstunqs-,

Wirtschaftsbeziehungen

Gains

Linked

to

Foreign Ties" in: Aviation Week

and Space Technology, September 1, 198o

Semiconductor

Industry

Governmental

Association

Targeting on World

"The

Effect

of

Semiconductor Competition: a

Case History of Japanese Industrial

Strategy

and

ist

Cost

for America", Cupertino,Ca. 1983

Stanley

Wellborn

"US, Japan Sguare-Off over Supercomputers"

in: US News and World Report, July 11, 1983 William C. Norris "Limiting Japan's Access to

our

Research"

in: New York Times, July 24, 1983

Christopher

Madison

"Administration

Worries about the Export Control War"

Wins in:

a

Battle

National

but

Journal

July 30, 1983

Jack

Anderson

"Japan

Pressing

for Computer Data from IBM"

in: Washington Post, August 24, 1983

Jack

Anderson

"America

Losing

High-Tech

Race

to

the

Japanese" in: ibid., August 25, 1983

Stephen

S.

Cohen,

Michael G. Borrus "Getting a Foothold in

High-Tech Japan" in: New York Times, September 4, 1983 "Technology Transfer Between Japan and the and Foreign Affairs, October 1983

US"

in:

Defense

- 21 -

Michael

S. Malone "Patents- Japanese Capitalize on US Ideas:

Computer Chip

Secrets

Revealed

in

Documents"

in;

Boston

Globe, October 9, 1983

Clyde

Haberman

"Japan

to Export Military Technology to US"

in: New York Times, November 9, 1983 Editorial "Technology

Transfer"

in:

Mainichi

Daily

News,

November 11, 1983

Editorial

"Military

Technology

Transfer"

in: Japan Times,

November 15, 19 83

"Japan is

Target

of

US

Policy

to

Stem

Outflow

of

New

Technology" in: Japan Economic Journal, December 13, 1983 Stuart

Auerbach"

US,

Japan

Clash

on High-Tech Trade" in:

International Herald Tribune, January 14, 1984 Kazurnasa

Takeuchi

Technology:

"Japan-US

Expanding

the

Cooperation Range

of

in

Science

Activities"

and

in: Look

Japan, January 10, 1984

"Defense Official Asserts Japan Has 2~Yr Computer

Lead"

in:

Aviation Week and Space Technology, February 27, 1984

Stuart

Auerbach

lomputer

Sale

to

Japan

Hits

Pentagon

Snag"in: Washington Post, August 9, 1984

E.S. Browning "Japanese to Share Military Know-How

with

US'

in: ibid., August 15, 1984

Robert

S, Greenberger, David Wessei "Pentagon Asks Review of

Japan Firm's Bid to Acquire New Hampshire Bali Bearings" Wallstreet Journal, October 5, 1984,

in:

- 22 -

Walter

Andrews

"Defense

Aide Supports Sale of Behring Firm

to Japanese" in: Washington Times, November 8, 1984

"USSR Asks Japan for

Cooperation

in

High-Tech

Areas"

in:

Nihon Keizei Shimbun, December 20, .1984 Jay

C.

Lowndes

"Japanese

Approve

Operation in K -Band" in: ' mu Technology, April 15, 19 85 "Japan's

Domestic

Aviation

Week

Satellite and

Space •

Policies Clash with Cooperation Efforts Abroad" in:

ibid., June 3, 1985

E.S. Browning "Japan's Gain Japanese

Defense

Chiefs

in

Arms

Form

Backdrop

as

US

Heet" in: Wallstreet Journal. June

10, 1985

Clyde Ha.berman "Japan to Sell US

Arms

Technology"

in:

New

York Times, July 3, 1985 "Japanese

Claim

US

Transistor

Petition

Raises

Trade

Tensions" in: ibid., September 9, 1985

John Burgess "US Official Says Japan

is

Stalling

in

Trade

Talks" in: International Herald Tribune, October 17,, 198 5 Hiroko

Yamane

"Japanese

are

Flying Foreign Course to Star

Wars" in: ibid., October 24, 1985

"US to Get Access to Missile

Homing

Device"

in:

Areaspace

Daily, November 15, 1985 Susan

Chira

"2

More

Japanese Firms Raise Price for Chips"

in: International Herald Tribune, December 5, 1985

~ 23 -

"Fanuc- GE Agreement is Reported by Paper" in:

International

Herald Tribune, January 4-5, 1986

Lucille

Craft

"Japan Investing in Space Industry as Bulwark

against Uncertain Future" in: ibid., January 16, 1986 Stuart Auerbach "US

Said

to

Ask

Japan

for

Guarantee

on

Chips" in: ibid., January 22-23, 1986 (

Sam

Jameson

"Envoy

Says

Japan Must Reform Economy to Lift

Imports" in: ibid. Hiroyasu Tomaru "Japan Urges Private Firms to

Join

the

SDI

Program" in: New York City Tribune, February 17, 1986

David

Harvey

"Japan/USSR

:

the

Tech

Transfer

Question"

in:Defense and Foreign Affairs, February 19, 1986

"Japan, US Develop Technology Transfer

Plans"

in:

Aviation

Week and Space Technology, March 3, 1986 Michael

Schräge

"Japan's

High-Tech

Invasion

has

industry in Retreat" in: International Herald Tribune,

US Arms March

12, 1986 "Fujitsu,

NEC

Deny

Charges

of

Dumping"

in: ibid., March

15-16, 1986 "Japan: A Special Economic Report" in: ibid., March 19, 19 86 Sam

Jameson

"Japan's

Yes

to

Baker

Plan

Proves

Highly

Qualified" in: ibid., March 22-23, 1986

"Guidelines

f

or

Participating

Shimbun, March 14, 1986

in SDI Research" in: Mainichi

- 24 -

Editorial

"Let

the

Chips

Fall"

in:

The

Wallstreet

Journal»April 8, 1986 Paul

Lewis

"Japan

Seeks

Joint

Effort

International Herald Tribune, April 10, 1986

^

in

Science"

in:

- 25 -

6) Zur Rüstunqs- und Teehnoloqiekooperationspolitik

der

Reagan-Administration

David

R.

Griffith

"Weapons

Family

Concept

Backed"

in:

Aviation Week and Space Technology, April 9, 1979 Robert

W.Dean

"Weapons

Acquisition:

NATO's Fifteen Nations, April-May

William H. Gregory

"Profligacy

a

Closer

Look"

in:

1980

in

Technology

Transfer"in:

Aviation Week and Space Technology, April 19, 1982 Alton

K.

Marsh

"Pentagon

Urges

Coproduction Changes" in:

ibid., June 7, 1982 William H. Gregory

"Offsets

and

Technology

Transfer"

in:

ibid. , July 26, 1982

Paul

Mann

"Defense Preparing New Arms Cooperation Plan" in:

ibid. , May 30, 1983 William H. Gregory "When to Transfer Technology"

in:

ibid.,

June 13, 1983

Fred

Hiatt

"High-Tech

Weapons

Sharpen

NATO

Debate

over

Hinder

NATO

Procurement" in: Washington Post, June 21, 1983 Michael Feazel "US Curbs on Technology Said Unity"

in:

Aviation

to

Week and Space Technology, October 17,

19 8 3

Michael R. Caught-Up

Gordon

"Highly

Touted

Assault

Breaker

Weapon

in Internal Pentagon Debate" in: National Journal,

October 22, 1983

- 26 -

"Plugging

NATO's

Technology

Leaks"

in:

Defense

Attache,

March 1983 John

Sutherland

"The

Transatlantic

Dialogue

- a European

View" in: NATO's Sixteen Nations, February-March

1934

Jeffrey Smith "The Allure of High-Tech

for

Weapons

Europe"

in: Science, March 2 3, 1984 Prisciila

Painton

"NATO

Agrees

on

High-Tech Systems" in:

Washington Post, April 16, 1984 Paul Mann "Export Control Shift Worries Allies" in:

Aviation

Week and Space Technology, April 30, 1984 William

H. Gregory

"The Technology Transfer Mess" in: ibid.,

May 14, 1984

Charles

Gilson

"Animal

Farm"

in:

International

Defense

III "Release of US Technology

to Allied

Review, July 1984

Willis

C.

Robinson

and Friendly Nations" in: Army, R, D & A, July-August

William

H.

Gregory

"Cooperation

on

Space

1984

Station"

in:

Aviation Week and Space Technology, July 9, 1984

Craig

Covault

"US

Space

Agency

Narrows

Space

Station

Concepts" in: ibid.

Jeffrey M. Lenorovitz "ESA Approves Two

Studies

for

Future

Space Presence" in: ibid, July 30, 1984 B.J.

Bluth

"The

Benefits

and Dilemmas of an International

Space Station" in: Acta Ascronautica, II, No.2, 1984

- 27 -

Jay C. Lowndes "Congressional Justification for Station" in: Technology, November 26, 1984 Michael Faezel "North R&D Effort" in: ibid.

Atlantic

David Dickson "Europeans Seek in: Science, November 30, .1984

Report Aviation

Assembly

Attacks NASA's Week and Space

Seeks

Coordinated

Technology Transfer Agency"

Millard Barger, Raphael Ingerich, Chris Heyer, Benjamin Schemmer, Capt. Leon 'Red' Smith (ret.) "The 'Two-Way' Street Works - Even Better than Advertised" in: Armed Forces International Journal, December 1984 Michael Faezel "NATO to Debate Nonnuclear Defenses" in: Aviation Week and Space Technology , March 12, 1985 "US-Europe DeFining Work-Sharing Role

in

Station

Research"

in: ibid., March 25, 1985 Jeffrey

M.

Lenorovitz

"Joint Agreement Set Stage for Space

Station Cooperation" in: ibid., April 1, 1985 Eugene Kozicharow "US, Germany Set Working Groups on Issues" in: ibid., April 8, 1985

Defense

"Germans

of

SDI

SDI"

in:

Insist

on

Technology

Gains

as

Part

Cooparation" in: ibid. "Prime Minister Says ibid.

Japan

Considering

Role

in

"Germans Accept Proposal on IFF" in: ibid., April 15, 1985

- 28 -

"NASA

Awards

Station Definition Contracts'- in: ib±d.,

April

22, 1985 Alton K. Marsh

"NASA

Space

Station

Effort

Drives

Expert

Systems Research at Johnsons" in: ibid Eugene

Kozicharow

"SDI Organization Moves to Promote Non-US

Share of Research Work" in: ibid., April 29, 1985 James

K.

Gordon

"Interagency

Conflicts

Stall

Bill

on

Cooperative NATO Arms Efforts" in: ibid., May 6, x9 35 Michael

Faezel

"European

Leaders

Expect

International

Participation in Defense Initiative" in: ibid., May 27, 1985

Axel

Krause

Survive

the

"'Big-Tech' Politics

Tensions:

?"

Will

Allied

Ventures

in: International Herald Tribune,

May 30, 1985

Claude Julien "La Guerre des

Etoiles

et

la

Chance

de

1'

Europe" in: Le Monde Diplomatique, Juin 1985 "SDI

Officials

Expect

Award

Research

Contracts

in

3-6

Months" in: Aviation Week and Space Technoloqy, June 3, 1985

Michael A. Dornheim "Dual Source

Production

of

RAM

Weapon

Linked to Cost Savings" in: ibid. "Europe's

Station

Participation Viewed as a Step toward Own

Facility" in: ibid.

Michael Faezel "US Technology Transfer Practices

Will

Guide

European Reaction to SDI" in: ibid.

"Vought,

Europeans

We a pon" i n: ibid»

Form

Joint

Marketing

Firm

for

MLRS

1 - 29 -

"Army Briefs NATO on Potential Overseas Procurement

of

LHX"

in: ibid. *

"US

Military

Continues Push for NATO Armaments Cooperation"

in : ibid.

"GE Official Cites Trade Barriers as Threat to

Multinational

Programs" in: ibid. Geoffrey

Aronson

"Nuclear

Technology Exports Go Unchecked"

in: St. Louis Post - Dispatch, June 9, 1985 James K.Gordon "Industry Warns Offset Data Push Could in

Harm

Result

to Exports" in: Aviation Week and Space Technology,

June 17, 1985

Interview

with

Rep.Bruce

l'ento

Washington, D.C., December 9, 1985

"Fine

Point

Dims

'Star

Wars

(D.-Minn.),

WHUR

Radio,

(Transcript)

Glow'"

in:

Defense

News,

December 16, 1985 David

Greenwood

Doctrine,

New

"Strengthening Technology,

and

Conventional

Deterrence:

Resources" in: NATO-Review,

August 1985

Warren

Getier

"United

Technologies,

MBB

Discuss

Joint

Venture" in: International Herald Tribune, October 17, 1985

"Wer

kuscht

hat

VorStandsmitglied

keine

Chance"

Spiegel-Gespräch

mit SEL-

Roland Mecklinger, in: Der Spiegel, No.

47

, 1985

Michael

Faezel

"Shultz

Affirms

European Role in SDI Test,

Production Aspects" in: Aviation Week and October 21, 1985

Space

Technology,

- 30 -

Richard

G.

O'Lone "North Atlantic Assembly Declares Support

for SDI after Lobbying Effort" in: ibid. Steven J, Allies

Dryden

React

"US

Congress

Coolly

is

Reported

Irritated

as

to Arms fund" in: International Herald

Tribune, October 2 5, 1985 Donald E.Fink "Internationalizing NASA's Space

Station"

in:

Aviation Week and Space Technology, October 26, 1985 David

A.

Brown

"British,

Accord" in: Aviation

Week

US Defense Secretaries Reach SDI and

Space

Technology,

November

4,1985

Bridget

Bloom

"NATO

Meets on Joint Weapons Production" in:

Financial Times, November 15, 1985 David A. Brown

"European,

Complementary"

in:

US

Aviation

Industrial Week

and

Efforts Space

Seen

as

Technology,

November 18, 1985

Andrew Chuter "Dispute over AMRAAM Technology Licencing"

in:

Jane's Defence Weekly, November 23, 1985

"SDI

Chief

Highlights

European Contracts, Technical Gains"

in: Aviation Week and Space Technology, December 2, 1905

Richard

Bernstein

Buildup

of

"NATO

Conventional

Officials Forces"

Report in:

Consensus

on

International Herald

Tribune, December 6, 1985 Peter Gumbel "Europeans See Space Project with US as Bolster

Political

Way

to

Ties and Share Technology" in: Wallstreet

Journal, December 7, 1985

- 31 -

Robert

Mauthner

Co-operation

"Weapons

Approved"

in:

Financial Times, December 13, 1985 David

Dickson

"Brit ish

Cabine t

Split on SDI Agreement"in:

Science, December 13, 1985 Editorial "Questionable le Deal o on

SDI"

in:

Financial

Times,

December 13, 1985 David

A.

uropean "European

Brown

In dustry

Contracts" in; Aviation on Week aand Space

Begins

to

Seek

Technology,

SDI

December

16, 1985

"Congressional

Critics es

Quest Questio n

British

Involvement

with

SDI" in: ibid. William Drozdiak "Bonnn Seeks RRol e in SDI for Funding

by

1

Government ' rtt"

in:

Firms,

I nternational

Rejects

Herald Tribune,

December 19, 1985

Judith Miller "European an Allies G rudgingly Give Support to

US

d., Janua January 15, 1986 SDI Research "in: ibid., John

Pike "SDI Contracts: acts: Wil Will US Allies Be Sold Short?" in:

ibid., January 16, 1986 36 ould Amou Amount to "European SDI Share Could

1 %"

in*.

Aviation

Week

and Space Technology, January 20 , 1986

" M. "M.

itreprises Qüi 1 e.s : tes tes Entreprises Entreprise Qui!es:

Francaises

2bes Americaines Americ Participer aux Recherobes Amer

sur

sont I'

Libres

IDS"

in:

de Le

Hondo, Janvier 25, 1986 36 "Star

Wars

is

'

11 All

Chips v s. Nukes' Says US Expert" in:

jary 19, 19 86 Financial Times, February

- 32 -

David Marsh "French Interest

in

SDI

Quickens"

in:

ibid.,

February 21, 1986 "Britain

Readies

SDI

Procedures Formula" in: Aviation Week

and Space Technology, February 24, 1986 •' •" '

'V.

•- ' '

Jeff Sallot "Deployment of Star Wars Canadian

Systems

Could

Require

Territory" in: Toronto Globe and Mail, February 24,

1986 "France Sets One Condition

for

Participation

in

SDI"

in:

Financial Times, February 27, 1986

Neil

Roland

"Pentagon Faulted on Arms Copying by US Allies"

in: Philadelphia Inquirer, March 10, 1986

Rupert Cornwell "Kohl

Seeks

Reagan's

Intervention

in

SDI

Negotiations" in: Financial Times, March 13, 1986 William

Drozdiak

"Bonn

Approves

SDI

Research

in Private

Sector" in: International Herald Tribune, March 20, 1986

"NATO is Told of SDI Progress, European Defense

is

Studied"

in: ibid., March 21, 1986

Joyce

R.

Starr

"'Star

Wars'

and

Israel:

a

Celestial

Attraction" in: ibid., March 22-23, 1986

David C. Morrison "Have Weapons,

Will

Trade"

in:

National

Journal, March 29, 1986 Louis

Lavoie

"The

Limits

Military Logistics, April 1986

of

Technology

Transfer"

in:

- 33 -

Elisabeth Pond "German Defense Chief Backs SDI Research"

in:

Christian Science Monitor, April 7, 1986 Giles

Merritt

"The

Stealth

Program:

But

What

About the

Allies?" in: International Herald Tribune, April 10, 1986 Giles Merritt "'Stealth': Keeping Secrets from ibid. , April 11, 1986

Friends"

in:

- 34- -

7) Stellungnahmen von Mitarbeitern der

Fred

Charles

Ikle

"The

Reagan-Administration

Reagan Defense Program: a Focus on

the Strategic Imperative" in: Strategic Review, Spring 1982

George Keyworth

"The

Role

of

Science

in

a

New

Era

of

Competition" in: Science, August 5, 1982 Richard

Perle

"Raiding

Defense, February

the

Free

World's

Technology" in:

1982

Richard Perle "Moscow's Dangerous

Pipeline

to

Europe"

in:

ibid.

Richard

Perle

"Technology

and the Quiet War" in: Strategic

Review, Winter 1983

Fred

Charles

Ikle

"The

Vision

vs.

the

Nightmare"

in:

Washington Post, March 27, 1983

Lionel

Olmer

"America's

Challenges

in

High

Technology",

Presentation before the National Press Club, March 30, 1983 William Schneider, Jr. "Export Control

of

High

Technology"

in: State Department Bulletin, June 1983

Theodore

W.Wu "The Citizen Partner: a Key Force in Effective

Strategic Export Control" in: Signal, August 1983

Donald J. Goldstein "Technology

Transfer

from

the

Defense

Perspective" in: ibid.

Leo Young "Protecting our Edge" in: Defense, November 1983

- 35 -

George

Urban

"American

Interview with J e a n e

Foreign

Policy in a Cold Climate",

Kirkpatrick,

in:

Encounter,

November

198 3 John

Rees

,

Interview

with the Commissioner of US Customs

Wi 1.1 ia.m Van Raab, in: The Review of

the

News,

January

2 5,

19 04 Richard

Perle

in:

"It's Your Business" Program of WILA-TV,

Washington, D.C. 1984

George

Keyworth

"A

Sense

of

Obligation:

the

Strategie

Defense Initiative" in: Aerospace America, April 19 84 Richard

Perls

"The

Eastward

Technology

Flow:

Common Action" in: Strategic Review, Spring

William Speech

Casey to

"The

the

Challenge

Commonwealth

of

a

Plan of

1984

American

Intelligence",

Club of California, Palo Alto,

Ca., April 3, 1984 William E. Griffith "Europe

Limping

in

High-Tech

Race"in:

Boston Globe, July 23, 1984 Richard

DeLauer

Signal, October Richard

"Armaments Cooperation with our Allies" in: 1984

DeLauer

"Scientific

Communication

and

National

Security" in: Science, October 5, 1984

William

Root

"Trade

Controls that Work" in: Foreign Policy

56, Fall 1984

Henry

R.

Nau

"International

Technology

Washington Q u a r t e 1 y , Winter 1984

Transfer"

in:

- 36 -

Leo

Young

Technical

"Commentary:

the Control of Government-Sponsored

Information"

in:

Science,

Technology

&

Human

Values, Spring 1985 Arthur

E. Fajans "Stronger Safeguards for US-Technology" in:

Defense, March 1985 Fred

Charles

Affairs,Spring

1985

Statement

Acting

Trade

of

"Nuclear

Ikle

Assistant

Administration,

Commerce,

before

Strategy"

Secretary

William

the

T.

House

Sub-Committee on International

of

Archey,

Foreign Economic

Foreign

in:

Commerce for

Department

Affairs

of

Committee,

Policy

and

Trade,

April 23, 1985

Testimony

of

Robert

L.

Price,

Director

of the Office of

East-West Trade, Department of State, before ibid.

Harry R. Marshall, Jr. "US Space

Programs;

Competition

Current

from

Europe"

in:

Cooperation Policy,

No.

and 695,

Department of State, Washington, D.C., May 1985

"One on One", Interview with Stephen D.

Bryen,

in:

Defense

News, March 24, 1986

Statement

of

Dr.

Paul

Freedenberg, Assistant Secretary of

Commerce for Trade Administration, before the Affairs

House

Foreign

Committee, Sub-Committee on Internal Economic Policy

and Trade, April 16,

- 37 -

8) Weitere

Literaturhinweise

8.1) Bücher und Monographien Gordon Adams "The Politics of Defense Contracting:

the

Iron

Triangle", New York 1902 Michael

Aho,

Jonathan D. Aronson "Trade Talks", The Council

on Foreign Relations, New York 1985 Archibald, Harmann, Hesse, Hiller, Smith the

Use

of

"Factors

Affecting

Competition in Weapon Systems Acquisition", The

Rand Corp., R- 2706 DR&E, Santa Monica, Ca., February Abraham

Becker(ed.)

"Economic

Relations

with

the

1981 USSR",

Toronto, 19 8 3 Gary

K.

Bertsch

"East-West

Strategic Trade, C0C0M and the

Atlantic Alliance", The Atlantic Papers No. 49, the

Atlantic

Institute for International Affairs, Paris 1983

Zeev

Bonen

"Developing

the

unpublished paper by the Director Development

Authority,

Weapons

of

of

Israel

the

the

198o's", Armaments

distributed at MIT, Cambridge, Mass.

1976 Leslie Brueckner, Michael Borrus Impact

of

the

VHSIC

International Economy,

"Assessing

Program",

the

Commercial

Berkeley Roundtable on the

University

of

California,

Berkeley

1984

Marvin

Cetrrn,

Harold

Davidson

"Industrial

Technology

Transfer", Leyden 19 77 "Coalition

Defense

and

C I",

National

Security

Issues

- 38 -

Symposium 1983; MITRE, Bedford, Mass., 1983 Edward

F.Denison

"The Interruption of Productivity Growth in

the United States", Brookings General Reprint Series

No.394,

Washington, D.C., 1983 Reinhard

Drifte

Occasional

"Japan's

Papers,

No.

Growing 1/85;

Arms

Industry",

Graduate

Institute

PSIS of

International Studies, University of Geneva, July 1985 Peter

Duignan,

Alvin

Rabushka (eds.) "The United States in

the 1980's", Stanford, Ca. 1980

R. Ewald et a1 . ; Foreign Travel Japanese

Computer

CD0/82-6782A,

Trip

Manufacturers;

Computing

Division,

Reports: February Los

Visits 1-10,

Alamos

with 1982,

National

Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM.,April 5, 1982

Edward

A.

Generation:

Feigenbaum, Artificial

Pamela

McCorduck

Intelligence

and

"The

Japan's

Fifth Computer

Challenge to the World", New York, London 1984

General

Research

Corporation

"The

Rationalization of European Defense Industry US

Impact of

on

the

Alternative

Approaches to Trans-Atlantic Defense Cooperation", Robert

A. Gessert, Project Director, et a 1., McKean, Va.,April 1979

Zvi Griliches(ed.) "R&D, Patents and

Productivity",

Chicago

1984

K. Hartley "NATO Arms Cooperation", London 1983 Harvard

University,

Program on Information Cambridge, Mass., 1980

Center for Information Policy Research, Resources

Policy,

Seminar

on

C I,

- 39 -

International

Institute

for

Strategie

Studies

"New

Technology and Western Security Policy", Adelphi Papers

Nos.

197,198,199, London 1985

International

Institute

for

Strategic

Studies

"Strategie

Survey", Spring 1986 International Policy:

Institute

Doctrine,

for

the

Strategic

Alliance

Studies

"Power

and

and Arms Control", Adelphi

Papers Nos. 205,206,207, London 1986

Don Lamberton, Thomas Mandeville

(eds.)

"The

Trouble

with

Technology", London 1983 Robert

Z.

Lawrence

"Can

America

Compete ?",

Brookings

Institution, Washington, D.C., 1984

Franklin A. Long, Judith Reppy "The Genesis of Decision-Making Richard

Weapons:

for Military R&D", New York 1981

Nelson

Comparision" ,

New

"High American

Technology Enterprise

Policies:

a

Institute,

Five-Nation Washington,

D.C., 1984

Lee

D.

Olvey,

"Industrial

Henry A. Leonard, Brice E. Arlinghaus

Capacity

and

Defense

Planning",

(eds.)

Lexington,

Mass., 1983 John

van Gudenaaren "US Leadership Perceptions of the Soviet

Problem

since

1945",

The

Rand

Corp.,

R-2843-NA,

Santa

Monica, Ca. 1982 Joseph

A.

Pechman

"Setting

National

Priorities, the 1986

Budget", Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., 1985

Bruce ParrotC ed.) "Trade, Technology, and

Soviet-

American

- 40 -

Relations", Indiana University Press 1985 "Securing

Technological Advantage: Export Controls in an Era

of Strategic and^Economic Competition", Center for and

International

Studies,

Georgetown

Strategic University,

Washington, D.C., 1984

Smith, Friedmann "An Analysis of Weapons Intervals,

Past

and

Present",

The

System Rand

Acquisition

Corp.,

R-2606,

DR&E/AF, Santa Monica, Ca. November 1980

Stephen Sternheimer and

the

Soviet

"East-West

Technology

Transfer:

Japan

Bloc", Washington Papers No. 76, Center for

Strategic and International Studies,

Georgetown

University,

Washington, D.C. 198o

Strobe

Talbot

"Deadly Gambit: the Reagan Administration and

the Stalemate in Nuclear Arms Control", New York 1984

John Tirman (ed.) "The Militarization

of

High

Technology",

Boston, Mass., 1984

W.S.

Thompson

(ed.)

"National Security in the 1980's- From

Weakness to Strength", San Francisco, Ca., 1980

J. Zysman "Political Strategies for Industrial Power and Industry in France", Berkeley,Ca. 1977

Order:

State

- 41

6.2)

-

Zeitschriftenaufsätze

"Air

Defense

Trends

Kurt

"Verstimmung

2 1 . März

William

J.

Case

Broad

the H i g h - T e c h

Alfj in

E.

Co wan

der

Sterne"

la

T r i b u n e , April

for AirLand

"Brilliant

Desbois

See Big Rise

in:

in Nuclear

Die

Battle:

Munitions

Must

E l e c t r o n i c s , July

"Comment

Guerre"

Tests"

2 2 , 198 6

the

F o r c e " in: Army, November

in: Defense

Conduirait

um den Krieg

Herald

"Air D e f e n s e

'Dominique

S D I " in: Tech

1936

"US Experts

Age of

Software"

7,

to C o m p l e m e n t

19B6

in.: I n t e r n a t i o n a l

Blair

Begun

I n t e r n a t i o n a l , April

Becker

Zeit,

Initiative

Coming

of

Hardware

and

198 3

Merge

1983

1'"Intelligence

ArtificieJle"

in: Le Monde D i p l o m a t i q u e ,

Septembre

1985

Lawrence

Fisher

"Laser

Interna t i o na1 Herald

Franz Die

Frisch

Worries 13,

R . Gordon

Boom

T r i b u n e , April

"Ein G r u n d s t o f f

Z e i t , 1 0 . Januar

Michael

Industry's

that

Wasn't"

in:

Computer"

in;

16, 19 8 6

für S u p e r s c h n e l l e

198 6

"The

Army's

'Air-Land

A l l i e s , Upsets

Air F o r c e "

H.

Jr.

Battle'

in: N a t i o n a l

Doctrine

Journal,

June

1983

Brendan

Integrated

Greeley, Fe as ability

Tech n o1o g y, M a r ch

"SDI

Tests"

10, 1986

in:

Organization Aviation

Preparing

'Week and

Space

- 42 -

Fred Hiatt "Pentagon Plans to Create a in:

Think-Tank

for

SD!"

Washington Post, March 1, 1986

Fred

Hiatt

"CIA Lowers Estimate of Soviet Defense Spending"

in: International Herald Tribune, April

1, 19 86

Wolfgang Hoffmann "Ausflug in die Diplomatie" in:

Die

Zeit,

24. Januar 1966 Jan

van

Houwelingen

"The

Independent

European

Prog ramme

Group (IEPG): the Way Ahead" in: NATO-Review, August 1934

Hanns-Dieter

Jacobsen

"Multilaterale

Exportkontrollen

im

COCOM" in: Die Neue Gesellschaft, Oktober 1983 Hanns-Dieter

Jacobsen

"Die

Osthandelspolitik

Konsens und Konflikt." in: Aus Politik

und

des Westens:

Zeitgeschichte

Beilage zum Parlament, 3 5, 1935 Ana toi

Johansen

"Immer

der NASA nach" in: Die Zeit, 2. Mai

1936

Richard F. Kaufmann "The Economics of

the

Defense

in: NATO's Fifteen Nations, December 1981- January

Michael

T.

Klare

"The

Unnoticed

Arms

Buildup" 1982

Trade"

in:

International Security, Fall 193 3

"Krieg

in

Europa

GeneralInspekteur

wieder

möglich",

Gespräch

mit

Wolfgang Altenbürg, in: Der Spiegel, No.7,

19 86

Irving Kristol "Does NATO Exist ?" in: Wasliington August 1979

Quarterly,

- 43 -

H . Kuppermann, Andrew Goldberg "'Mad' by Other Means"

Robert

in: Christian Science Monitor, March 3 , 1986 Richard Perle "Echoes of the 1930's"

in:

Strategic

Review,

Winter 197 9 William

Perry

"Fallows

Fallacies"

in:

International

Security, Spring 1982 William

Perry,

Expenditure" 1981-January

Walter in;

LaBerye NATO's

"The Fifteen

of

Nations,

Defence December

1902

Barry R. Posen, Stephen van Ever a Reagan

Politics

Administration,

"Defense

Departure

from

Policy

and

the

Containment"

in:

International Security, Summer 1983

Jeffrey Record "Jousting with Strategy Boyce

Unreality:

Military

"in: International Security, Winter 193 3/84

Rensberger

"3DI Software Possible, Senators arc Told"

in: International Herald Tribune, December

Judith Reppy "Military R&D

and

the

Bulletin o ~ the Atomic Scientists, October Richelson

"PD-59,

5, 19 8 5

Civilian

{

Jeffrey

Reagan's

Economy"

in:

1985

NSDD-I3 and the Reagan Strategic

Modernization Program" in: The Journal of Strategic

Studies,

June 1983 General

Bernard

W.Rogers

"Strike

Deep:

a New Concept for

NATO" in: Military Technology, May 1983

David E. Sanger "Star Wars Computers: Too Big a Internationa] flora Id Tribune, October 25, J 905

Byte ?"

in:

- 44 -

Robert

Scheer

"Physicists

Questioning

Laser

Defense" in:

ibid., January 13, 1905 "Servants

or

Masters:

Revisiting

the

f 111i t ar y-Indus t ria1

Complex" in: Los Angeles Times, July 10, 19 83, Par:- IV

James

B.

Shultz

"Space

Policies

Stress Survivability and

Emerging Warfighting Role" in: Defense Electronics, May 1983 James B. S'hultz "Defeating Ivan

with

TEMPEST"

in:

Defense

Electronics, June 19 8 3 Richard

Stubbing "The Defense Program: Buildup or Binge" in:

Foreign Affairs, Spring 1985

Samuel F. Wells "A Question of Priorities:

a

Comparison

of

the Carter and Reagan Defense Programs" in: Orb is, Fall 1983

Joel

S. Wit "Deep Strike; NATO's New Defense Concept and its

Implications November Heinrich

for

Arms

Control"

in:

Arms

Control

Today,

1983 Vogel

"Technologie

für

2,

1985

Problem" in: Aussenpolitik

den

Osten-

das

leidige

- 45 -

3.3) Offizielle Quellen und Dokumente

Japanese Defense Agency "White B O O K : The Defense of Japan" Tokio 1982 und Tokio 1985 Standardization, Interoperability, Readiness: Report House

of

Representatives

Committee

on

Armed

to

the

Services,

Special Subcommittee on NATO, GPO, Washington, D.C., 1978

Transfer of United Union

and

Permanent

the

States

Soviet

S ubc o mmi 11ee

Governmental

Affairs,

High

Bloc on US

Technology

to

the

Soviet

Nations ", Hearings before the Investigations,

Committee

on

Senate, GPO, Washington D.C. , May

1982 "Offset/Coproduction Electronics

Trade",

Requirements Report

on

in a

the

Aerospace

Survey

of

and

Industry,

Department of the Treasury, GPO, Washington, D.C. 1983

Caspar Weinberger, Secretary of

Defense,

Annual

Report

to

Congress, FY 1983 ; GPO, Washington, D.C. 1982 FY 19.84 ; ibid. 1983 FY 198 5 ; ibid. 19 84 FY 19 8 6 : ibid. 1985 FY 1987 ; ibid Caspar

198 6

Weinberger, Secretary of Defense, "The DoD Technology

Transfer Control Program", Report to the 9 8th Congress,

GPO,

Washington, D.C., February 198 3

The

Exoort Administration Act, Hearings before the Committee

on Banking, Housing, and Urban May 19 8 3

Affairs,

Washington,

D.C..,

- 46 -

Office and

of

Technology

Competition

Assessment "Internationa 1 Cooper at ion in

Civilian

Space

Activities",

OTA-ISC-239,Washington, D.C., July 1985 Office

of

and the

Technology

US

future

D.C.,November Office

of

Assessment

in

Space

" Civilian Space Stations

",

OTA-1 SC-209,

Washington,

1984

Technology

Assessment

"Technology and East-West

Trade: an Update", OTA-ISC-209, Washington, D . C . Report to the Department of National

Security

Monitoring

of

and

Defense

Steering

May 1983

Committee

cm

Technology Transfer, Subcommittee on

Emerging

Technologies,

Washington,

D.C.,

December 12, 1983

Caspar

Weinberger, Secretary of Defense, "Standardization of

Equipment

within

NATO",

Ninth

Report

to

the

Congress,

GP0,Washington, D.C. 1983 Caspar

Weinberger,

Secretary of Defense "Standardization of

Equipment within NATO",

Eleventh

Report

to

the

Congress,

GPO, Washington, D.C. 1985 Staff

Hemoran d u m

of

the

0f.fi c e

of

the

Dir e e t o r

National Science foundation, Erich Bloch; Document

o f the

0/D 05,3;

January 25, 1985, Washington, D.C.

The

President's

Commission

on

Industrial Competitiveness"

Global Competition- The New Reality ", Vol. I, II,

Washington

D.C. 1985

House-Sena te

Conference

Administration

Act

of

1979

Report

on

Extension;

R e c o r d , J u n c 2 5, 19 3 5 , Washington, D.C.

S . 6fi3 in:

Export"

Congressional

- 47 -

Lothar

lbrügger

Sub-Committee

"

on

Draft

Interim

Advanced

Report

Technology

of

and

the

NAA

Technology

Transfer", North Atlantic Assembly, Brussels, October 198 5

Western

European

Report Submitted

Union on

" Burden-Sharing

Behalf

of

the

Questions and Armaments, May 18, 19 8 3

in

the Alliance",

Committee

on

Defence

•V48 -

9)

Schlüsseldokumente

in

der

amerikanischen

Teehnoloqiepolitik, Technologietransfer und

197 2 - Murphy Technology

Gommision

(White

Exportkontrolle

House

Study

on

Tranfer)

1976 - "Report the

Report

Debatte üb_sr

Export

of of

the

Defense

Science Board Task Force on

US

Technology:

A

DoD

Perspective"

( B u c y - R e p o r t)

19 7 7

- Congressional

Transfer

of U n i t e d

1978 - Summary of "Achieving

Research

States

the

Improved

Defense

Defense NATO

Service

"Issues

Manufacturing

Science

Technology"

Board

Effectiveness

Concerning

Summer-Study

Throuqh

Armaments

Cooperation"

19 7 9 - Report of the Defense Science

Board

NATO

Family

of

We a p o n s Study Group

1979 - Report

of

the

Critical Technologies

Defense

Science Board Study Group on

for Export Control

1979 - Report to the Congress of the Comptroller

General

United

"Transatlantic

States

by

Cooperation

the and

Developing Weapon Systems for NATO - a European Perspective" 19 79 - Office

of

Technology

Assessment

"Technology

and

East-West Trade" 1980 - Report

of

the

Defense

Industrial Responsiveness

Science

Board Task Force on

(Fuhrmann-Report)

- 49 -

19Bo - House Armed Services Committee Industrial Report:

"The

Ailing

Defense

Industrial

Base

Panel

Base: Unready for

Crisis"

1981 - Report of fch'e Defense Science Board Task Force on

the

Impact of Current Technologies on CIS Defense 1982 - Report

of

the

General

Accounting

Office

(GAD) on

Japanese Industrial Policies 1902 - Report to the Congress of the Comptroller

General

"US

United

Military

Stales

Coproduction

by

the

Programs

Assist Japan in Developing Its Civil Aircraft Industries" 1982 - CIA Report on the Significant Western

19 0 2 - Defense

Soviet

Acquisition

of

Militarily

Technology

Resources

Board

Study

Report

on

Planning

Defense Resources to Match Strategy

19 8 2 - Congressional Competition

in

Research

Advanced

Service

Industrial

Development in the Semiconductor

"Internationa1

Sectors:

Industry"

Trade

(Study

and

prepared

for the Joint Economic Committee of Congress)

1982 - Hudson

Institute

Study

on

Japanese

Industrial

Development Policies in the 1980's 198 2 - National

Academy

of

Sciences

Communication and National Security" 19 8 2 - DIA-Report Soviet Military

on

the

Capabilities

Report

"Scientific

(Corson-Report)

Impact of Western Technologies on

- 50 -

19 8 3 - Report of the National Academy National

Academy

of

Engineering

of

Sciences

Study

Panel.;

and

the

"Advanced'

Technology Competition and the Industrial Allies" 1983 - Defense Science Board Task Force Report on the Management of Technology 1983 - Department

of

Issues

Tranfer

Commerce,

International

Trade

Administration, "An Aissessment of US Competitiveness in Technology

High

Industries"

1983 - Report of the

on

of

United

the Department of Commerce to the Congress

States

Telecommunications

"Long-Range

and

Goals

Information:

in

an

International

Outline

for

US

Policy"

1983 - Congressional Engineering

Research

Education

and

Demand, and Comparison with

Service

"US

Science

and

Manpower: Background, Supply and Japan,

the

Soviet

Union,

and

West Germany"

1983 - Report

of

the

International

Industry-to-industry

Phase I-NATO Europe

Defense

Science

Board Task Force on

Armaments

Cooperation;

(Currie-Report)

1903 - Congressional

Budget

Office

"Defense

Spending

and

the Economy"

1983 - Congressional Budget

Office

"Reducing

the

Deficit:

Spending and Revenue Options" 1983 - Department

of

Commerce

"Quantification

Exports if High-Technology Products to (Draft)

Communist

of

Western

Countries"

- 51 -

198 3 - Department of Defense "Ninth Report to the Congress on the Standardization of Equipment within NATO" 1983 -Department of Defense, Report Fletcher-Commission on Defense Technologies

of

the

1983 - Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, "Strategic Computing: New Generation Computing Technology; a Strategic Plan for its Development Application to Critical Problems in Defense" 1984 - Department of Defense, Report to the Congress DoD-Technology Transfer Program

on

the

1984 - BK-Dynamics "Total Effects of Technology Transfer on US/Western Security: a Defense Department Overview" ( for the Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Trade and Security Policy) 1984 - NASA-Study on United States' Policy in Space 1984 - CIA-Study on the Transfer of Strategic

Technology

to

the Soviet Union from kiest Germany (class.) 19 8 5 - Report of the Presidential Commission on Industrial Competitiveness," Global Competition - The New Reality" 1985 - Department of Defense "Soviet Acquisition Militarily Significant Western Technology: an Update" 1986 - Defense

Science

Board

National Security Implications (Augustine-Report)

Task of

Force

Report

Semiconductor

on

of

the

Dependence

er c

i ' 'ine

ln

Qi?r

Tech;-,olo Fordtis (Foreign Disclosure and

- 5.6 -

April 1986: NSA kündigt Wechsel des "Data Encryption Standards" (DES) für 1988 an . re: Verschlüsselung von Computerdaten und -transfer für staatliche und private Anlagen . im Gegensatz zu DES werden die Verschlüsselungsalgorithmen nicht mehr allgemein verfügbar sein, sondern Eigentum der NSA bleiben . Nutzer werden ihren Algorithmen nicht kennen (hartprogrammiert in verkapselten Chips) . NSA wird Verteiler der Schlüssel . DES kann nicht von NSA entschlüssel werden; für Nachfolgesystem fraglich April 1986: US-Patentamt kündigt Neufassung der Patentierungsverfahren an •

. im. Unterschied zur geltenden Fassung: nicht-geheimschutzpflichtige aber sensitive Patentanträge (Kriterium: MCTL) werden nur gewährt für "legitime" kommerzielle Zwecke und Registrierung nur in Staaten genehmigt, die Reciprocal Industrial Security Agreements mit den USA abgeschlossen haben.

l

- 57 -

Rene Herrmann Arms Cooperation, Technology Transfer and Export Control: Dilemmas and Problems of the US' Allies Part 3: The intra-American and Western Debate: Materials

Bericht des BlOst Nr. 39/1986 Summary Preliminary Remarks This appendix is the third part of three reports which investigate the interdependence between US export control policies and its arms and technology cooperation policies. It contains materials which give a certain overview over the development of the American and Western debates concerning these policies. These materials have been drawn predominantly from newspapers and periodicals. Nevertheless, in order to provide a more substantial background, a list of further reading has been added. It follows the alphabetical order, while the aforementioned materials are classed according to their date of publication. In order to provide a reference between the overview of the debate and the evolution of US policies, a schematic representation of "milestones" in the evolution of the Reagan-Administration's control policies has been added as well as a list of key official (or quasi-official) documents .

i

Neuere Arbeiten aus dem Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftüche und internationale Studien Sowjetunion 1984/85 Ereignisse, Probleme, Perspektiven. Carl Hanser Verlag, München/Wien 1985, 386 S. The Soviet Union 1982/83 Domestic Policy, The Economy, Foreign Policy. Verlag Holmes & Meier, New York/London 1985, 392 S. Wolf Oschlies Jugend in Osteuropa, Bd. 4: Jugend in der Tschechoslowakei. Kurzer Frühling, lange Winter, Böhlau Verlag, Köln/Wien 1985, 393 S.

Osteuropa und der internationale Kommunismus: Band 13: Ger P. van den Berg Organisation und Arbeitsweise der sowjetischen Regierung. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 1984, 384 S. Band 14: Hans-Hermann Höhmann/Heinrich Vogel (Hrsg.) Osteuropas Wirtschaftsprobleme und die Ost-West-Beziehungen. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 1984, 312 S. Band 15: Dieter Bingen (Hrsg.) Polen 1980-1984. Dauerkrise oder Stabilisierung? Strukturen und Ereignisse in Politik, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 1985, 403 S.