Johann Georg Grasmair (1691-1751). Barockmaler in Tirol 9798888570142, 9798888570159, 8888570144, 9788888570143

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OXBOW CLASSICS IN EGYPTOLOGY

L EAP

D

W M. FLINDERS PETRIE DDaaDaDDDaDDaDDDaaaDaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaDaaaaaDaaaDaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaDaDaD

Oxford & Philadelphia

This edition published in the United Kingdom in 2023 by OXBOW BOOKS The Old Music Hall, 106–108 Cowley Road, Oxford, OX4 1JE and in the United States by OXBOW BOOKS 1950 Lawrence Road, Havertown, PA 19083 © Oxbow Books 2023 Paperback Edition: ISBN 979-8-88857-014-2 Digital Edition: ISBN 979-8-88857-015-9 (epub) First published by the British School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1917 Facsimile edition published in 1974 by Aris & Phillips Ltd Oxbow Books is grateful to the Petrie Museum for their collaboration in bringing out these new editions All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher in writing.

Printed in the United Kingdom by Short Run Press, Exeter

For a complete list of Oxbow titles, please contact: United Kingdom Oxbow Books Telephone (0)1226 734350 Email: [email protected] www.oxbowbooks.com United States of America Oxbow Books Telephone (610) 853-9131, Fax (610) 853-9146 Email: [email protected] www.casemateacademic.com/oxbow Oxbow Books is part of the Casemate Group

Front cover: Bronze barbed arrowhead. From Gurob, Egypt, Dynasty 18 (c. 1550–1069 BC). Petrie Museum UC7761. Image courtesy of the Petrie Museum of Egyptian and Sudanese Archaeology, UCL.

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Limits of this work 2. System of this work 3. Detail of arrangement Abbreviations

PAGB

SECT. PAGE

SECT.

I.

2 3

CHAPTER I

29· 30. 31. 32. 3334· 35·

Local types Made in different centres Weights of double axes Purpose of weights Conclusions Adze axes Pick axes

13 14 14 14 15 15 15

THE PLAIN-BLADE AXE (A)

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9· 10. I I.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Difference of axe and adze Cypriote imports to Egypt Pillowy forms of axe Methods of copper working Flat cast axes Wide copper axes. Plain blade of bronze . Round axes . Axes with lugs Battle axes . Scolloped axes Flanged axes Pole axes Edged batons Halberds

5 5 6 6 6 6

7 7 8 9 9 10 10 10 10

CHAPTER III THE ADZE

36 . 37· 3 8. 39· 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

(z)

AND HOE

(J) 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 19

Early Egyptian adzes Early European adzes Round-topped adzes Later adzes The lug-adzes The late lug-adze Hafting of adzes Eastern socket adze The Egyptian hoe Source of the hoe .

CHAPTER IV CHAPTER II

THE CHISEL

THE SOCKETTED AXE (0)

19. Bronze axes . 20. Plain iron axes 2 I. Deep sock~t axes 22. Recurved blades 23. Circular sockets 24. Long-back sockets 25. Tubular sockets 26. Oriental axes 27. Double axes in use 28. " "ceremonial

II

II I I

12 12 12 12 13 13 13

square deep wide round. square deep " wide and round . " The socket chisel, square deep " wide and round . " The gouge

46 . The bare chisel, 47· " 4 8. " 49· " 50. The tang chisel, 51. 52. 53. 54· 55· 56.

(c) 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 22

·

IV

CONTENTS

CHAPTER V THE KNIFE (K) PAGE

SECT.

57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69.

Classes of knives. Flaying knife Straight-backed Straight-edged Hollow-backed Hollow-edged Recurved Crook- backed Khopesh Double convex (U) Double-edged The sword (E) The sabre

22 22

23 23

25 25 26

26 26 27 28

THE DAGGER (D) AND SPEAR (H)

Prehistoric Egyptian daggers xiith dynasty daggers xviith-xviiith dynasties Inlaid handles European dagger, rivetted " tang daggers Spears of the copper age Evolution of the British spear Wide blade spears Ceremonial spears Forms of various regions Concave-edge spears The fin-blade Flat-blade spears. Spear butts . CHAPTER

28 28

100.

31 31 32 32 32 33 33

102. 103. 104. 105. 106.

107. 108. 109. 110. 1 I I.

II2.

38 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40

4° 4° 41

CHAPTER IX II3.

114. I I 5. 116. I 17. I I 8. 119.

(n)

The trowel and mortar rake. Wedges and wooden chisels Moving of stones. Dressing of stones Plastering and brick-making The plumb line and level The square

41 41 41

42

42 42 43

CHAPTER X THE SAW, SICKLE, AND BILL-HOOK

121. 122.

33 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36

The brace The pump-drill The bow-drill The rimer Bits The auger The drawing knife The plane The anvil Wooden mallets Hammers Tongs

BUILDERS' TOOLS

120.

VII

Forms and uses of the arrow (R) . Manufacture of the arrow Flat arrow heads . Ribbed arrow heads Triangular arrow heads Barbed arrow heads Rhombic arrow heads. Peculiar types Wood and bone arrow heads Bows Throwsticks (v)

ARTIZANS' TOOLS (M) lOr.

30

3° 3° 31

Slings and bullets Harpoons Fish-hooks Scale armour Rasps and scrapers CHAPTER VIII

29 29

THE ARROW, THROWSTICK, HARPOON, &C.

85. 86. 87. 88. 89. go. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95.

96. 97. 98. 99.

24 24

CHAPTER VI 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84.

PAGE

SECT.

123. 124. 125. 126.

127. 128. 129.

130. 13 I. 132.

133.

Egyptian copper saws (5) European bronze saws. I ron and steel saws Framed saws The file and rasp. Hard-stone sawing Tubular drilling Nature of cutting points Stone sawing at Tiryns Mauls for hammer-dressing. Egyptian sickles (F) European sickles . The southern bill-hook (p) The northern bill-hook

43 43 43 44

44 44 44 45 45

46 46 46 47 47

CONTENTS

CHAPTER XI

SBCT.

SHEARS, CUTTERS, TOILET TOOLS, AND THREAD WORK SBCT.

134· 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147· 148. 149· 150.

PAGB

Shears (Q) Scissors Hair curlers (x) The scraping razor The notched razor The rotating razor Leather cutters (L) Cutting-out knives Egyptian tweezers (Y) . European tweezers Borers (N). Papyrus knives Pins Needles Reels and netters . Spinning Shuttles and looms

48 48 48 49 49 50 50 5I 5I 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 53

CHAPTER XII AGRICULTURE AND CATTLE (G)

IS I. 15 2 • 153. 154155· 156. 157. 15 8. 159· 160.

The wooden hoe . Other wooden tools The Italian iron hoe The spade The plough. Forks and rakes The snaffle horse-bit (w) The curb The spurs Brands.

54 54 54 55 55 55 55 56 56 56

CHAPTER XIII

163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168.

PAGE

Staff head Fish-spears Flesh-hooks. Shovels Ladles. Spoons.

169. Pounders and grinders. 170. Fire drills 171. Strigils

172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. I 84. 185.

Benedictory crosses Bolts Tumbler locks Pin locks Fork keys Lifting keys Rotating keys Pulleys and toggles Compasses Chains. Casting crucibles. II moulds II eire perdue Detailed moulds . CHAPTER XIV SOME HISTORICAL RESULTS

186. 187. 188. 189.

The synopsis sheets Forms peculiar to Egypt Forms unknown in Egypt Forms widely spread

INDEX

DOMESTIC

161, Fire hooks 162. Manacles

v

57 57

For list of plates, see SYNOPSIS SHEETS.

S7 57 57 57

S8 S8 S8 58 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 60 60 60 60 60 61 61 62

vi

PREFACE TO THE 2023 EDITION In the 1970s, a much-anticipated new series of publications illustrated objects and themes related to the excavations of the archaeologist William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853–1942) in Egypt, and aspects of the collection of University College London’s Petrie Museum of Egyptian and Sudanese Archaeology. A young couple setting up in business in the early 1970s, Aris and Phillips published these works, written by members of the UCL Egyptology Department, in their Modern Egyptology series. Building on Petrie’s own observations, the authors of these volumes aimed to complete the great task of publishing the Petrie Museum of Egyptian and Sudanese Archaeology’s vast collection, and to present some of the research that Petrie himself was not able to address in his own published works during his lifetime. As the current Curator of the Petrie Museum, it is a great privilege for me to support Oxbow Books in their mission to republish the series, which remains a key source of information for all those interested in object-based approaches to the study of the ancient world. The Petrie Museum, part of University College London (UCL), is home to one of the largest and most significant collections of Egyptian and Sudanese archaeology in the world. Free to visit, this extraordinary collection tells stories about the lives of ordinary people who lived along the Nile Valley thousands of years ago. Originally set up as a teaching collection, the Petrie Museum comprises over 80,000 objects housed together with an internationally important archaeological archive. It is a collection of world firsts and ‘oldests’: the oldest woven garment; the oldest worked iron objects; the first known depiction of loom weaving; the oldest known written document about women’s health; the earliest veterinary treatise; the oldest will on paper. The Museum has Designated Status from Arts Council England, meaning that it is considered to have outstanding resonance and national cultural significance. The collection has a substantial, visible international reputation for research, supporting hundreds of researchers every year, both remotely and in person. The Petrie Museum is named after Flinders Petrie, who was appointed in 1892 as the first Professor of Egyptian Archaeology and Philology in the UK at UCL. Over three-quarters of the material in the Museum comes from excavations directed or funded by Petrie, or from purchases he made for university teaching. In 1880 at

the age of 26, Petrie travelled to Egypt to survey the Great Pyramid. For the next five decades he was at the forefront of the development of archaeology in Egypt and later in Palestine, and his detailed methodological approach continues to shape the discipline today. Petrie worked at more sites, with greater speed, than any modern archaeologist: seeing his life as a mission of rescue archaeology, Petrie aimed to retrieve as much information as possible from sites that were shrinking dramatically in size as Egypt modernised during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He published a large part, but not all, of the finds from his excavations in his illustrated typological volumes, arranged according to object types and themes. Today, much of the Petrie Museum’s collection is displayed and stored in a way which reflects these publications: for example, several storage cupboards are dedicated to the material illustrated in the ‘Objects of Daily Use’ volume, and objects in the drawers are arranged according to the order of the published plates. This offers a unique opportunity for researchers to engage with Petrie’s typological and methodical approach to archaeology, as well as with the history of museum collections. The first catalogue to be published in the Modern Egyptology series was Amarna: City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti in 1972 by Julia Samson, Petrie Museum Honorary Research Assistant. As official publishers to the UCL Egyptology Department the series went on to produce facsimile reprints of eight of Flinders Petrie’s most important site reports and many of his object catalogues, originally published through the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. The substantial annual royalties from these reprints were paid into the ‘Petrie Fund’ at the time, which provided special grants to students in financial need. In many ways, the new reprints of this classic series can be seen as the latest layer in a vast ‘publication stratigraphy’ of the thousands of finds from Flinders Petrie’s excavations, which now live in museum collections around the world. On reading these volumes, I hope that readers will also be inspired to learn more about the Petrie Museum collection and its fascinating history. Dr Anna Garnett Petrie Museum of Egyptian and Sudanese Archaeology, University College London January 2023 vii

PUBLISHER’S PREFACE Oxbow Books is pleased to present this title in our Classics in Egyptology series. This series of facsimile re-issues is comprised of two sub-series. The first consists of 16 typological catalogues produced by W.M. Flinders Petrie based on his massive collection of Egyptian artefacts. Mostly excavated by Petrie during many seasons of campaign in the last years of the 19th and early decades of the 20th century, they now reside in the Petrie Museum at University College London. Published between 1898 and 1937 and long out of print, the catalogues were re-issued in facsimile by publishers Aris and Phillips in the 1970s. These were followed in the next 15 years or so by publication of a number of newly commissioned titles, based on more recent examination of elements of the Petrie Collection by contemporary experts, under the name Modern Egyptology. A selection of these additional titles forms the second component of our own series. The archaeology of Egypt continues to fascinate. Multi-​disciplinary investigation and research continues unabated, encompassing methodologies, scientific and data processing techniques, theoretical approaches, and even whole paradigms that were unheard of in the 1970s and undreamt of when Petrie was working in Egypt. Yet all the titles included in this series continue to be invaluable sources of basic data, providing an unparalleled resource that can easily be cross-­ referenced with the actual materials they describe and discuss. They remain within the Petrie Collection where they may be accessed and re-examined as new research flourishes. As historic documents, the Petrie

viii

catalogues stand as exemplars of the craft of typological classification, the backbone of modern archaeology – much of which, though refined by absolute dating and another 100 years of research, still stands the test of time.

A note on presentation The facsimile titles of Petrie’s catalogues re-issued in the 1970s were produced from scans of the original publications. Scanning technology at that time was not of the standard or resolution of today. The scans are no longer available, nor has it been possible to obtain, and in doing so destroy, original copies of the Petrie catalogues. These titles have therefore, of necessity, been rescanned from the 1970s re-issues. Where necessary the pages have been digitally enhanced for clarity of reading and to ensure the good quality of the plates, though inevitably a few are not of the standard we might wish, because of the quality of the previous scan, and occasional blocks of text are not precisely ‘straight’ or evenly situated on the page. However, some pages in the 1970s re-issues had been inserted in the wrong order and this has been corrected. The originals were produced at a folio size. The pages have been reduced slightly to standard A4 for ease of shelving and because this has the effect of slightly improving the scanned images. In some cases, illustrations were presented to scale and the original scale is given on the plate. There were also no digital files available for titles included in the Modern Egyptology series, so these too have been scanned from printed copies.

TOOLS AND WEAPONS INTRODUCTION

it has not been thought needful to copy details of ornament, or damages, which do not affect the I. IN touching such an immense subject as the comparison with Egypt; nor have. precise details history of tools and weapons, it is needful to accept of localities always been given, as the district or various limitations to the scope of the enquiry, as country is all that is required here. As every outotherwise it would be unmanageable. In the first line has the reference to the original source placed place this account refers to Egypt, and only to below it, there will be no difficulty in turning to other countries as illustrating that. The Egyptian the primary publication for further .information. material is given as completely as may be, regardSuch are the limits which it has seemed necesing types and dates, and photographs of the speci- sary to place upon this attempt to unify the early mens at University College, of which this is a history of most of the tools and weapons of the catalogue; duplicates in other collections are not last few thousand years. The enormous mass of noticed, but only such specimens as amplify the material renders selection needful, unless a lifeSUbject. From other countries comparisons are time could be given to the subject. All previous merely an index of outlines, to show varieties of publications have looked only to one country or types and their geographical range, but without one civilisation, or else handled only one type. any attempt to give all the minor variations of form There has been no corpus for reference to comor place. The sources and dating of each form parative types of various lands and their transmission, or of various ages and their history of have been the main object in view. Other countries being only taken here in rela- change. In default of such a corpus this volume tion to Egypt, it was not within the scope to notice may serve for general reference, though I am well types which were unknown in Egypt. Thus the aware that it can only be called materials for a great series of the flanged and socketted axes, the history of tools. Much here has been gleaned very varied forms of sword, the pointed halberds, directly from the museums, particularly in Greece the British looped spear heads, are all unnoticed. and Italy, which I have not found hitherto pubThese have been so well and fully studied in special lished; about a quarter of the outlines are directly papers and books already, that there is the less from cases in museums. 2. Hitherto tools have been much neglected. need to say more about them. Stone implements are not touched on here, as Weapons have been ardently collected, but the the abundance of such from Egypt would require historical evolution of tools has scarcely been a volume to themselves. No doubt they are the touched. Even when the best samples of Greek parents of many of the metal forms; but the tools have been presented to a national museum, complex question of the reflex influence of metal they have been thrown away by the head of the forms upon the later stone working, makes it Department, who remarked that they were ugly, desirable to treat the metal quite apart, and then and he did not care for them. We read of ninety to apply the results to the study of the stone imple- camel loads of excellent steel picks being discovered at Khorsabad, but how they have vanished is un~ ments. The main object being the relations of Egypt, recorded. most attention has been given to Mediterranean The aim here has been to regard the purpose of forms, rather than to the northern material which each form, the mode of its use, the reasons for its is less significant. This being only a secondary changes, the connections of its variations with publication as regards materials outside of Egypt, differences of climate and conditions. It is only I

2

INTRODUCTION

by looking at tools and weapons from the point of view of the actual user, that we can understand them, and put them in their place as forming an important support to the general history of civilisation. At first the distinctions of tools and weapons hardly existed. The same form might serve many purposes, with more or less success; much as we may still see penknives ruined by levering corks out of bottles. Civilisation is marked by the specialising of men and materials; and after the adoption of specific forms for different uses, it is needful to distinguish them in the terms we employ. Even in standard works we may find no discrimination is made between the sword for slashing and the rapier for thrusting, or between the knife and dagger, or the axe and adze. In classifYing the material here, the genetic connection of changes has been followed, where it was distinct; but, in confused instances, simple differences which can be quickly seen may make more practicable lines of division. Thus the spear forms are best arranged by the broad spear used for slashing, the straight cut-or-thrust spear, and the narrow pike only for thrusting. To some extent these belong to differences of clothing and of climate, but they are not necessarily lines of descent. Where there is a great variety of forms from one place and age, only the limits of the variation are given here, as limiting types. 3. As regards the detail of the materials, the scale of reduction of the figures has been unified. Of all classes of objects which are not too large, the photographs are on a scale of one half, and the outlines (being only secondary publication) on a scale of one quarter. Where forms are taken from small figures, ancient or modern, they are generally one-twentieth of the full natural size, as it would be inexact to expand a rather vague figure to the size of the accurate outlines. Such smaller figures are obvious among those of the uniform larger scale. Where no scale is known, the letters N.S. are appended. For unilateral forms such as axes and knives, it is desirable to place them all in one direction, preferably that in which they would naturally be used by the right hand. So far as possible the axis of the handle has been placed upright, so as to display the direction of the cutting edge clearly. It would be well if all publications would keep to these points, which are necessary in any comparative study;-uniform scale, uni-

form direction, vertical handles. In a group of axe-heads recently set out in a museum for exhibition, they are mounted without any uniformity, and it is difficult to realise how far they resemble one another, or anything elsewhere. In the order of the outlines the different metals have been followed, so far as types would permit. There is always a presumption that the copper, bronze, iron, and brass tools succeeded in that order, unless there is some individual evidence of dating to the contrary. The obj ects of each metal have therefore been placed together, and marked thus as a class; while exceptions brought in, by dating or by type, are separately marked with the name of the metal. The place names are stated in a form for easy recognition of their meaning. Where a site is well known, it is stated; if the site is obscure, the district or region is stated. The purpose is to enable any reader to see at once from the plates the range of distribution. Further detail is often given in the text, or can always be found by looking out the reference. The list of abbreviations used for reference is given on the next page. Where more than one reference is stated to an outline, the first is the direct source, and the other references are to examples that are merely similar. The dates of Egyptian objects are given in dynasties, in order to avoid the confusion caused by various arbitrary reductions of the Egyptian dates in years. Egypt" only is stated, as the place-names may not be familiar to all readers; the exact place is given by the title of the book quoted, or in the text. For facility of reference the page is stated rather than the plate number; and in series, the year rather than the volume number. In the Mykencean objects at Athens, the Roman numerals are those of the circle graves of Schliemann. Many of these objects are unpublished. Having to refer both to photographs and to outlines there is unavoidably some irregularity in the numbering. Whether the plate numbers or the text numbe-r should be continuous, has been decided by the convenience of reference in each case. In many cases the outline pages have cross references to the photographs or scattered figures. Usually the photographs and the outlines of the same series are placed facing; even if other plates intervene, such can always be held upright, so as to get a view of plates which should be compared together. A main consideration has been the H

ABBREVIATIONS

possibility of seeing in one view all material for comparison. Hence many plates are crowded in order to include the whole of one type. A few figures have been passed on to an end plate to avoid breaking up the subjects by mixing them on plates. The subject of the dates of the introduction and use of different metals has not been followed here. What is known from Egypt is stated in Ancient Egypt, IgI5, p. 12. No attempt has been made to follow the movements of types as indicating the movements of races. There is not enough yet known, to come to any safe conclusions from such arguments. Sometimes the distribution of a type may be referred to historically known movements of peoples at the same period, which is a legitimate use of history; but at present in our great ignorance of distribution of types, of the dating of objects, of the extent and direction of trade, it is premature to deduce history from types of tools. All that can be said is that strong negative evidence may be drawn from proved dissimilarities, which contradict supposed lines of connection.

I'IGURBS

B.M. B.P. B.R. B.T. C.A. C.C. C.D. C.M. C.N. C.S. D.A. D.C.

D.G. D.L. D.M.

ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED A. A.A. A.A.iii. A.C. AL. AN. A.P. A.R. A.S. A.V. A.W. B. B.A. B.B. BERL. B.F.

B.L.

3

D.vV. PIGURE!! Archaeologia (Society of Antiquaries, E.B. 100 London), 1860The American Antiquarian 12 E.D. Ayrton (E. R.), Abydos iii. IgI4 I Athens, Central Museum 38 F. Pro Alesia I F.M. L'Anthropologie, Paris . 21 Athens, Polytechnic Museum . 28 Anger, Graberfeld zu Rondsen I F.T. Aspelin (J. R.), Antiquites Nord Finno-Ougrien, 1877-84, i-v 13 G.A. Cabinet of Antiquities, Vienna I G.C. 28 G.M. Mitt. Anthrop. Gesell. Wien Bologna Museum. 37 G.N. Bissing (F. W. von), Ein Thebanischer Grabfund, Ig05 I G.P. Bertholon, Berberie Orientale I G.R. Berlin Museum 3 G.T. Bologna Fonderia (great group of G.W. fragments found together) . 50 Bathurst(W. H.), Roman Antiquities at Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, H.M. I879 2

British Museum 123 Bullettino di Paletnologia I taliana. 60 Abh. K. BayernRom.Alterthuin, 1840 I Bayeux Tapestry, ed. F. R. Fowke, 1875, I8g8 7 Caillaud (F.), Recherches sur les Arts et Metiers, 1837 . 7 Chantre (E.), Recherches dans Ie Caucase, 1885 21 Carapanos (C.), Dodone, 1878 . 18 Cairo Museum II Curle (J.), A Roman frontier post, the fort of Newstead, IgII . 21 Cartailhac (E.), Ages prehistoriques de l'Espagne, 1886 4 Delgado (Rada y), Museo Espanol de Antiguedades, 1872-80. Dussaud (R.), Les Civilisations Prehelleniques dans Ie Bassin de la Mer Egee. 2nd edit. IgI4 . II Davies (N. de G.), Rock Tombs of Deir el Gebrawi, i 2 Dechelette (J .), La Collection Millon, IgI3 8 Dechelette (J.), Manuel d'ArcheIg ologie, Ig08Demmin (A.), Weapons of War, 1870 2 Evans (J.), Ancient Bronze Imple9 ments of Great Britain, 1881 Engelhardt (C.), Denmark in the Early Iron Age, 1866 . 16 Florence, Archaeological Museum 18 Foote(R. B.), Madras Museum, Catalogue of the Prehistoric Antiquities, IgoI 20 Feldhaus (F. M.), Technik der Vor4 zeit, IgI4 . Garstang (J.), El Arabah, IgOI 8 II Gozzadini (G.), Mors de Cheval, 1875 Garstang (J.), Mahasna, Ig02 18 Gargiulo (R.), Musee National de Naples, 1870 I Gross (V.), Les Protohelvetes, 1883 9 Papa Giulio Museum, Rome 3 Gross (V.), La Tene, 1883 33 Gardner Wilkinson (J.), Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, ed. 1878 . 4 Hoernes (M.), Natur- und Drgeschichte des Menschen, 1909 I

4

ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED FIGURES

Hempel (J.), A lterthiimer . . . in Ungarn, 1905 Bryan Fausset and Roach Smith, 1.S. Inventorium Sepulchrale, 1856 Korte (G.) and Brunn (E.), vol. i, K.U. Rilievi delle Urne Etrusche, 1870, 1890, 1896 Lissauer (A.), Alterthiimer der L.A. Bronzezeit in der Provinz Westpreussen, 1891Layard (A. H.), Discoveries in the L.B. ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, 1853 Lepsius (R.), Denkmaler L.D. Lee 0. E.), Isca Silurum, 1862 L.I. Layard (A. H.), Monuments of NineL.N. veh, 1849 . L.N.R. Layard (A. H.), Nineveh and its Remains, 1849 Die Alterthlimer unserer heidM. nischen Vorzeit . . . RomischeGermanische Central Museum in Mainz, L. Lindenschmidt, 185819 11 Monumenti Antichi, 1889-1914 M.A. l\I.A.F. Mission Archeologique Franc;aise. Randall-Maciver (D.), and Woolley M.B. (C. L.), Buhan, 1901 . Rosellini, Monumenti Civile M.C. Morgan O. de), Fouilles a Dahchour, M.D. i 1895, ii 1903 Martha (J.), L' Art Etrusque, 1889 . M.E. Montelius (0.), Italie Centrale M.I.C. Montelius (0.), Italie Septentrionale M.I.S. Mliller, J uellinge Fundet M.J. Montelius (0.), Alteren KulturM.K. perioden. M.K.A. Much (M.), Kunsthistorischer Atlas, 188 9M.KG. Woolley (C. L.), and D. RandallMaciver, Karanog, 1900 Munro (R.), The Lake Dwellings of M.L. Europe, 1890 M.M. Martin (F. R.), L' Age de Bronze au Musee de Minoussinsk, 1893 Morgan O. de), L' Age de la Pierre et M.P. les Metaux, 1896 Randall-Maciver (D.), El Alnrah, M.R. 19°2 M.R.R. Rosellini, Monumenti Religiose

l'IGURES

Delegation en Perse, Memoires (de Morgan, Susa, etc.) 3° See M., vth volume. M.V. Naples Museum, and number. N. 139 Newberry (P. E.), Benihasan, i-iv, NB. 12 1893-1900 Naue (J.), Die Bronzezeit in OberN.O. 10 bayern, 1894 6 N otizie degli Scavi N.S. Naue (J.), Vorromischen Schwerter, N.V. II 19°3 10 Perugia. Museum Perugia, Guardobassi Cabinet P. 4 12 Petrie (W. M. F.), Abydos, 1902-3 . P.A. 18 P.D. " Diospolis, 1901 P.Ds. Deshasheh, 1898 4 Ehnasya, 1905 P.E. 4 Peet (T. E.), Stone and Bronze Ages Peet. 10 in Italy, 1909 Petrie, Defenneh (in Tanis II), 1888 P.F. 39 P.G. Gizeh and Rifeh, 19°7 9 Hyksos and Israelite Cities, P.H. 19 06 4 6 Hawara, 1889 P.Hw. II Illahun, 1891 P.I. P.K. " Kahun, 1890 9 P.L. Labyrinth and Gerzeh, 1912 I P.M. Parma Museum 3 P.Md. Petrie, Medum, 1892 4 P.Mp. I Memphis, 1909-15 Naukratis, 1886 . II P.N. Nebesheh (in Tanis 11.), 1888 10 P.Nb. P.Q. Naqadeh, 1896 3 Royal Tombs, 1900-1 . lZ P.R. Researches in Sinai, 1906 2 P.S. Proceedings of the Society of AntiP.S.A. quaries, 1860 16 P.S.T. Petrie, Six Temples at Thebes, 1897. 10 P.T. Tarkhan, 1912, 1914 Mitt. Prehist. Commission, Wien P.W. 21 Pumpelly (R.), Explorations in Py.T. Turkestan, 1908 4 Quibell O. E.), Tomb of Hesy, Q.H. 19 1 4 4 R. Rygh (0.), N orske Oldsager, 1885 52 Revue Archeologique, 1904R.A. I Pitt-Rivers (L. F.), Cranbourne Chase I R.C. Rome, Kircherian Museum R.K. 27 R.lVLC. Rosellini, Monumenti Civile I Ronle, New Capitoline Museum R.N.C. 4 M.S.

H.U.

26 13

6

I

3 47 I

4 1

97 72

8 6 3 3 10 14

7

13 6

48

26

5 2

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Sch~i.fer (H.), PriesterGraber(Abusir),

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V.A. V.M. W.M. vV.P.R.

Z.A. Z.B. Z.E.

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