Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Africa (Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions) 3030383857, 9783030383855

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Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions Series Editors: R. W. Bussmann · N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana

Rainer W. Bussmann  Editor

Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Africa

Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions Series Editors Rainer W. Bussmann Department of Ethnobotany Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden Ilia State University Tbilisi, Georgia Saving Knowledge La Paz, Bolivia Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana Department of Ethnobotany Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden Ilia State University Tbilisi, Georgia Saving Knowledge La Paz, Bolivia Herbario Nacionál de Bolivia Universidad Mayor de San Andrés La Paz, Bolivia

Ethnobotanical research in recent years has increasingly shifted into applied aspects of the discipline, including climate change research, conservation, and sustainable development. It has by now widely been recognized that “traditional” knowledge is always in flux and adapting to a quickly changing environment. Trends of globalization, especially the globalization of plant markets, have greatly influenced how plant resources are managed nowadays. While ethnobotanical studies are now available from many regions of the world, no comprehensive encyclopedic series focusing on the worlds mountain regions is available in the market. Scholars in plant sciences worldwide will be interested in this website and its dynamic content. The field (and thus the market) of ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology has grown considerably in recent years. Student interest is on the rise, attendance at professional conferences has grown steadily, and the number of professionals calling themselves ethnobotanists has increased significantly (the various societies—Society for Economic Botany, International Society of Ethnopharmacology, Society of Ethnobiology, International Society for Ethnobiology, and many regional and national societies in the field currently have thousands of members). Growth has been most robust in BRIC countries. The objective of this new series on Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions is to take advantage of the increasing international interest and scholarship in the field of mountain research. We anticipate including the best and latest research on a full range of descriptive, methodological, theoretical, and applied research on the most important plants for each region. Each contribution will be scientifically rigorous and contribute to the overall field of study. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15885

Rainer W. Bussmann Editor

Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Africa With 666 Figures

Editor Rainer W. Bussmann Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden Ilia State University Tbilisi, Georgia Saving Knowledge La Paz, Bolivia

ISSN 2523-7489 ISSN 2523-7497 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-030-38385-5 ISBN 978-3-030-38386-2 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-030-38387-9 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38386-2 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

This volume is dedicated to three great “African” botanists: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Erwin Beck, who never hesitated to give an enthusiastic student, including this editor, the opportunity for botanical work in Africa. Prof. Dr. John O. Kokwaro, 1940–2019, leading scholar in East African plant taxonomy and ethnobotany, whose Medicinal Plants of East Africa was the first encyclopedia on the topic. Mr. Simon G. Mathenge, ca. 1938–2017, para-taxonomist at the University of Nairobi Herbarium, without whose help the fieldwork and plant identification of none of many a thesis, including of this editor, would have been done.

Preface

The use of plants by humans stretches back to the very beginning of human evolution, and Africa, as the cradle of humankind, is certainly a hotspot of humanplant interactions. While much of the African continent shows some mountain regions and high plateaus, the East African Rift and Ethiopian plateau are without doubt the mountainous areas of largest extension of the continent. In many ways, they are also the most populated and ethnically diverse systems of Africa. However, many peoples in mountain areas arrived relatively late, especially during the large Bantu migration in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Interestingly, in contrast to many other areas where leaves are used as medicine, plant use in Africa often focuses on barks and tubers, raising the issue of sustainability. Many species are used to produce strengthening soups, often important for the digestion of meat consumed during rituals, and many medicinal species are still used to purge disease-causing agents from patients’ bodies. Plant use in Africa has been documented especially since the 1970s, and the above-cited Medicinal Plants of East Africa of Prof. John Kokwaro is a striking example of these efforts. In the last two decades, lots of local ethnobotanical studies have been published, with Ethiopian scientists leading the way into modern ethnobotanical research, while the documentation – and recuperation – of traditional knowledge has gained renewed importance in the whole of Africa more recently. With the present volume, we aim to provide an in-depth introduction to the plant use knowledge of the peoples of the main tropical African mountain areas. Following an introduction to Africa. and the wider region, over 170 plant chapters feature a modern overview on taxonomy, local names, and information on the ecology and distribution of all species. The ethnobotanical information provides both an overview on historic uses as well as data from the most recent scientific studies of plant use in the region and contains the most up-to-date literature sources. We hope that the present volume will give both interested laypeople as well as professionals an opportunity to learn about the fascinating biodiversity and plant use culture of the African mountains, and will spark interest in its further documentation, sustainable use, and conservation.

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Contents

Volume 1 Part I

Regions

...........................................

1

Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions: Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

3

Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions: Eastern Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

43

Part II

67

Plants

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Abutilon sp. Abutilon angulatum (Guill. & Perr.) Mast. Abutilon grandiflorum (Will.) Sweet. Abutilon longicuspe Hochst. ex A. Rich. Abutilon mauritianum (Jacq.) Medik. Hibiscus sp. Hibiscus calyphyllus Cav. Hibiscus vitifolius L. MALVACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Acacia drepanolobium Harmes ex Sjostedt Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. Acacia seyal Delille Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne FABACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Acanthus eminens C.B. Clarke Acanthus sennii Chiov. ACANTHACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Achyranthes aspera L. AMARANTHACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Schweinf. EUPHOPRBIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Adansonia digitata L. MALVACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

69

81

95 101

107 111

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Contents

Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. AMARANTHACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Afrocanthium keniense (Bullock) Lantz Afrocanthium lactescens (Hiern) Lantz Canthium glaucum Hiern. RUBIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Ageratum conyzioides L. ASTERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Albizia anthelminthica Brogn. Albizia gummifera (J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm. FABACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

119

123 131

135

Alchemilla argyrophylla Oliv. Alchemilla johnstonii Oliv. ROSACEAE . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

141

Aloe sp. Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. ASPHODELACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

147

Amaranthus hybridus L. Amaranthus spinosus L. AMARANTHACEAE . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

153

Anthocleista zambesiaca Baker GENTIANACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

161

Artemisia absinthium L. Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. ASTERACEAE . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

165

Asparagus africanus Lam. Asparagus falcatus L. ASPARAGACEAE . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

173

Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson ACANTHACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

181

Azadirachta indica A. Juss. MELIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

185

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile Balanites pedicellaris Mildbr. & Schltr. Balanites rotundifolia (Tiegh.) Blatt. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

189

Basella alba L. BASELLACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

195

Berberis holstii Engl. BERBERIDACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

201

Bersama abyssinica Fresen. FRANCOACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

211

Bidens pilosa L. ASTERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

217

Contents

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Blighia unijugata Bak. SAPINDACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

221

Bothriocline longipes (Oliv. & Hiern.) N.E. Br. ASTERACEAE . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

223

Brachylaena huillensis O. Hoffm. ASTERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

227

Brucea antidysenterica J.F. Mill. SIMAROUBACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

231

Buddleja polystachya Fresen. SCROPHULARIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

237

Caesalpinia volkensii Harms FABACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

243

Calodendrum capense (L. f.) Thunb. RUTACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

249

Capparis tomentosa Lam. CAPPARIDACEAE Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Briq. CLEOMACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

251

Carissa spinarum L. APOCYNACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

261

Casearia battiscombei R.E. Fr. SALICACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

267

Cassipourea malosana (Baker) Alston RHIZOPHORACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

269

Catha edulis Forssk. CELASTRACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

275

Celtis africana Burm. f. CANNABACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

279

Cissampelos pareira L. MENISPERMACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

285

Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth. RUTACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

289

Clematis brachiata Thunb. RANUNCULACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

293

Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) R. Br. ex Vatke LAMIACEAE . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

301

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Contents

Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach. PERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

305

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt CUCURBITACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

309

Coffea arabica L. RUBIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

313

Cola greenwayi Brenan MALVACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

319

Commelina africana L. Commelina benghalensis L. COMMELINACEAE . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

321

Commiphora africana (A. Rich.) Engl. Commiphora rostrata Engl. Commiphora schimperi (O. Bern.) Engl. BURSERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Conyza volkensii O. Hoffm. ASTERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

331 337

Cordia africana Lam. Cordia monoica Roxb. Cordia sinensis Lam. BORAGINACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

341

Crotalaria agatiflora Schweinf. Crotalaria fascicularis Polhill Crotalaria incana L. Crotalaria natalitia Meisn. FABACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

351

Croton dichogamus Pax Croton macrostachyus Hochst ex Delile Croton megalocarpus Hutch. EUPHORBIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

357

Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. ex Spach CUCURBITACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

367

Cupressus lusitanica Mill. CUPRESSACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

371

Cussonia holstii Harms ex Engl. ARALIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

375

Cyathea manniana Hook. CYATHEACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

379

Cyathula cylindrica Moq. Cyathula polycephala Bak. AMARANTHACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. POACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

385 395

Contents

Cyphostemma maranguense (Gilg.) Desc. VITACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Dactyloctenium aegyticum (L.) Willd. Dactyloctenium giganteum B.S. Fischer & Schweick. POACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

xiii

399

403

Dalbergia lactea Vatke FABACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

407

Datura stramonium L. SOLANACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

411

Dioscorea dodecaneura Vell. Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax Dioscorea minutiflora Engl. DIOSCOREACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

421

Diospyros abyssinica (Hiern.) F. White Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC. EBENACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

429

Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. SAPINDACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

435

Dombeya torrida (J.F. Gmel.) Bamps Dombeya sp. MALVACEAE . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

441

Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb. Dovyalis caffra (Hook. f. & Harv.) Warb. Dovyalis macrocalyx (Oliv.) Warb. SALICACEAE . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

453

Dracaena afromontana Mildbr. Dracaena steudneri Engl. ASPARAGACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

461

Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. PUNTRANJIVACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

467

Ehretia cymosa Thonn. EHRETIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

469

Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. MELIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

473

Englerina woodfordioides (Schweinf.) Balle ex M.G. Gilbert LORANTHACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesm. MUSACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, Grace N. Njoroge, and John Grimshaw

481 485

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Contents

Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni) Trotter POACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

489

Erica arborea L. ERICACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

493

Erythrina abyssinica DC FABACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

501

Erythrococca bongensis Pax EUPHORBIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

507

Eucalyptus globulus Labill. MYRTACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

511

Euclea divinorum Hiern. EBENACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

519

Euphorbia candelabrum Welw. Euphorbia tirucalli L. EUPHORBIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

525

Fagaropsis angolensis (Engl.) Dale RUTACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

533

Faurea saligna Harv. PROTEACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

535

Ficus sycomorus L. Ficus thonningii Blume MORACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

537

Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. SALICACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

549

Galinsoga parviflora Cav. ASTERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

553

Garcinia volkensii Engl. CLUSIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

557

Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg. THYMELAEACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

561

Volume 2 Grewia bicolor Juss. Grewia tembensis Fresen. Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori Grewia villosa Willd. MALVACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Hagenia abyssinica J.F. Gmel. ROSACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

567 577

Contents

xv

Harungana madagascariensis Poir. HYPERICACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

591

Hypericum revolutum Vahl HYPERICACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, Grace N. Njoroge, and John Grimshaw

593

Hyphaene compressa H. Wendl. Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn. Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart. ARECACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

599

Hypoestes aristata (Vahl) Sol. ex Roem. & Schult. Hypoestes forsskaolii (Vahl.) R. Br. ACANTHACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

611

Ilex mitis (L.) Radkl. AQUIFOLIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

615

Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl. CUPRESSACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

619

Kalanchoe densiflora Rolfe Kalanchoe petitiana A. Rich. CRASSULACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

633

Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. BIGNONIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

641

Kyllinga bulbosa P. Beauv. CYPERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

649

Landolphia buchananii (Hallier f.) Stapf Landolphia kirkii DyIer APOCYNACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

653

Lantana camara L. VERBENACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

657

Lasianthus kilimandscharicus K. Schum. RUBIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

663

Lippia javanica (Burm. f.) Spreng. VERBENACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

667

Lobelia giberroa Hemsl. CAMPANULACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

673

Macaranga kilimandscharica Pax EUPHORBIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

677

Maerua angolensis DC. Maerua triphylla A. Rich. CAPPARACEAE . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

685

xvi

Contents

Mangifera indica L. ANACARDIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

691

Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum. BIGNONIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

697

Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock CELASTRACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

699

Moringa oleifera Lam. MORINGACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

711

Myrianthus holstii Engl. URTICACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

717

Myrsine africana L. PRIMULACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

721

Neoboutonia macrocalyx Pax EUPHORBIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

727

Nicotiana rustica L. Nicotiana tabacum L. SOLANACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

731

Nuxia congesta R. Br. ex Fresen. LOGANIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

739

Ocimum gratissimum Lam. Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke LAMIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

745

Ocotea usambarensis Engl. LAURACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

753

Oldeania alpina (K. Schum.) Stapleton POACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

761

Olea capensis L. Olea europaea subsp. africana (Mill.) P.S. Greene OLEACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

777

Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud. SANTALACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

787

Pavonia patens (Andrews) Chiov. Pavonia urens Cav. MALVACEAE . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

791

Phoenix reclinata Jacq. ARECACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

795

Physalis peruviana L. SOLANACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

801

Contents

xvii

Phytolacca dodecandra L’Hér. PHYTOLACCACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

807

Pinus patula Schltdl. & Cham. Pinus radiata D. Don. PINACEAE . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

815

Piper capense L. PIPERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

825

Pistacia aethiopica Kokwaro ANACARDIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

831

Podocarpus milanjianus Rendle Afrocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) C.N. Page Afrocarpus gracilior (Pilg.) C.N. Page PODOCARPACEAE . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, Grace N. Njoroge, and John Grimshaw Portulaca oleracea L. PORTULACACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Pouteria adolfi-friederici (Engl.) A. Meeuse Pouteria altissima (A. Chev.) Baehni SAPOTACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

835

845

851

Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman ROSACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

857

Psidium guajava L. MYRTACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

863

Psychotria orophila E.A.A. Petit Psychotria sp. RUBIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

869

Pterolobium stellatum (Forssk.) Brenan FABACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

873

Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez. PRIMULACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, Grace N. Njoroge, and John Grimshaw

879

Rhamnus prinoides L’Hér. Rhamnus staddo A. Rich. RHAMNACEAE . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

885

Rhus natalensis Bernh. ex C. Krauss Rhus ruspolii Engl. Rhus tenuinervis Engl. Rhus vulgaris Meikle ANACARDIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Ricinus communis L. EUPHORBIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

893 903

xviii

Contents

Rubus apetalus Poir. Rubus rosifolius Sm. Rubus volkensii Engl. ROSACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

911

Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. Rumex usambarensis (Dammer) Dammer POLYGONACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

919

Salvadora persica L. SALVADORACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

927

Sambucus africana Engl. CAPRIFOLIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

931

Schefflera volkensii (Harms) Harms ARALIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

943

Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze ex Thell. ASTERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

949

Scutia myrtina (Burm. f.) Kurz RHAMNACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

953

Solanecio mannii (Hook. f.) C. Jeffrey ASTERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

959

Solanum aculeastrum Dunal Solanum anguivi Lam. Solanum incanum L. Solanum nigrum L. SOLANACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

963

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Sonchus oleraceus L. ASTERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

975

Spilanthes mauritiana (Rich. ex Pers.) DC. ASTERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

983

Stephania abyssinica (Quart.-Dill. & A. Rich.) Walp. MENISPERMACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Stoebe kilimandscharica O. Hoffm ASTERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

985 989

Strychnos henningsii Gilg. Strychnos spinosa Lam. Strychnos usambarensis Gilg. LOGANIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

991

Syzygium cordatum Hochst. Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. MYRTACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

997

Contents

xix

Tabernaemontana stapfiana Brizten APOCYNACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Tagetes minuta L. ASTERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Tamarindus indica L. FABACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Tarchonanthus camphoratus L. ASTERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Teclea simplicifolia Engl. Vepris dainelii (Pic. Serm.) Mziray Vepris nobilis Delile. RUTACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Themeda triandra Forssk. POACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Thunbergia alata Sims ACANTHACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. RUTACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Trichilia emetica Vahl MELIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Typha domingensis Pers. Typha latifolia L. TYPHACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Urtica maasaica Mildbr. URTICACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Uvaria acuminata Oliv. Uvaria scheffleri L.L. Zhou, Y.C.F. Su & R.M.K Saunders ANNONACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Vangueria apiculata K. Schum. Vangueria infausta Burch. Vangueria madagascariensis J.F. Gmel. Vangueria volkensii K. Schum. RUBIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Vernonia amygdalina Deille Vernonia auriculifera Hiern Vernonia galamensis (Cass.) Less. ASTERACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Vigna friesiorum Harms Vigna membranacea A. Rich. Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. FABACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

xx

Contents

Vitex keniensis Turrill LAMIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1085 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Warburgia salutaris (Bertol.) Chiov. CANELLACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1089 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal SOLANACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Ximenia americana L. XIMENIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild) Waterm. Zanthoxylum usambarense (Engl.) Kokwaro RUTACEAE . . . . . 1103 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Zehneria scabra (L.f.) Sond. CUCURBITACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Ziziphus mucronata Willd. RHAMNACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, Grace N. Njoroge, Maroof Ali Turi, and Hammad Ahmad Jan

About the Editor

Dr. Rainer W. Bussmann earned his M.Sc. (Diploma) in Biology at the University of Tübingen, Germany, in 1993 and his doctorate at the University of Bayreuth, Germany, in 1994. He is an ethnobotanist and vegetation ecologist. He is currently co-director of Saving Knowledge, La Paz, Bolivia, and Principal Scientist at the Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany, Ilia State University, both of which he co-founded. Before, Dr. Bussmann was director of the William L. Brown Center (WLBC) at Missouri Botanical Garden, William L. Brown Curator of Economic Botany, and Senior Curator. Before accepting the directorship of WLBC, he held academic appointments as Research Fellow in Geography and the Environment at the University of Texas at Austin from 2006 to 2007, as Associate Professor of Botany and Scientific Director of Harold Lyon Arboretum at the University of Hawaii from 2003 to 2006, and as Assistant Professor at the University of Bayreuth from 1997 to 2003, following a postdoc at the same institution from 1994 to 1997. He holds affiliate faculty appointments at Washington University, St. Louis, USA; University of Missouri–St. Louis, USA; Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA; Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil; National University of San Marcos, Peru; and Ilia State University, Republic of Georgia, and serves as external thesis advisor at multiple other universities worldwide. His work focuses on ethnobotanical research and the preservation of traditional knowledge in Bolivia, Peru, Madagascar, the Caucasus, and the Himalayas. To date, Dr. Bussmann has authored over 270 peer-reviewed papers, over 1200 book chapters, and authored or edited over 35 books. xxi

xxii

About the Editor

Dr. Bussmann is a past President of the Society for Economic Botany and has served as board/council member of the International Society for Ethnopharmacology, Society of Ethnobiology, Botanical Society of America, and International Society of Ethnobiology. See more of his work on his website (https://www. cejaandina.org/rainer-w-bussmann/) and download publications from ResearchGate (https://www.researchgate. net/profile/Rainer_Bussmann).

Contributors

Rainer W. Bussmann Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Saving Knowledge, La Paz, Bolivia John Grimshaw The Yorkshire Arboretum, Castle Howard, York, UK Hammad Ahmad Jan Islamia College Peshawar Jamrod Road, University Campus Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan Grace N. Njoroge Department of Botany, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Saving Knowledge, La Paz, Bolivia Herbario Nacionál de Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia Maroof Ali Turi College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China

xxiii

Part I Regions

Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions: Africa Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge

Introduction Geology, Landforms and Soil Conditions Africa is an old continent. Nowhere else is so much of the surface covered by basement rocks, and the larger part of the geology of Africa is indeed the geology of pre-cambrian material (Petters 1991). Large areas, so-called cratons, have remained essentially unchanged since the early Proterozoic (~2000 MYA). The mobile belts, i.e., the huge basins and swells between these cratons, are composed of equally old rocks, but have been subject to deformation and partly to metamorphoses, mainly in the Pan-African orogenesis (700–500 MYA). Today, relief differences are relatively small in these areas, so the continent can be described as a large, uneven plateau, which is tilted to the northwest. Extensive erosion surfaces covered by ancient, heavily leached soils are more widespread in Africa than on any other continent, and the huge relatively flat Savannahs are well known. Inselbergs are very characteristic remnants of the older surfaces in these plains, but far too low to merit treatment here. R. W. Bussmann (*) Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Saving Knowledge, La Paz, Bolivia e-mail: [email protected] N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Saving Knowledge, La Paz, Bolivia Herbario Nacionál de Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia G. N. Njoroge Department of Botany, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 R. W. Bussmann (ed.), Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Africa, Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38386-2_1

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Fig. 1 Mawenzi (left) and Kilimanjaro (right), from Amboseli National Park, Kenya. (Photo R.W. Bussmann)

Equally well known as the flat surfaces are, however, some much more recent geological features, namely, the huge, isolated volcanoes of the tropical part of the country, and the high fault mountains in the Atlas region and in South Africa. In these three regions, true high-altitude environments are found, with several ranges reaching well above 4000 m. These are almost exclusively located in the tropical parts, with Mt. Kilimanjaro (5985 m, Fig. 1), Mt. Kenya (5198 m, Fig. 2), and Ruwenzori (5109 m) being the highest sites. Several other mountains reach above the tree line, with the most extensive areas being in Ethiopia. However, the High Atlas in Morocco is also high enough to support truly alpine vegetation (4165 m). Morocco occupies an intermediate position between the tectonic domains of southern Europe and Africa. The evolution is complex, and the atlas region was formed in several successive uplifting events. The south-westernmost part, the AntiAtlas contains Precambrian material, but was largely formed in the late Proterozoic. Uplift occurred in Hercynian times in close correspondence to some mountains in Europe, and again mainly in late Cretaceous tectonic movements that formed the several chains of the High Atlas and the Saharan Atlas. The northern Riff and the Tell Atlas in northern Algeria are the southernmost outposts of the Alpine orogen, but recent Tertiary uplift affected also the older ranges, notably the Saharan Atlas. Most of the material is acidic, but several ranges display calcareous rocks, like the central High Atlas, part of the Saharan Atlas, and the Rif. Only the High Atlas reaches above 3000 m, while the neighboring ranges hardly climb above 2000 m. The central Saharan mountains Hoggar and Tibesti rest on the relatively stable West African craton. Part of the Tibesti is of ancient, Proterozoic origin, but there has

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Fig. 2 Peak region of Mt. Kenya, with dense Dendrosenecio keniodendron, Central Province, Kenya. (Photo R.W. Bussmann)

been extensive recent volcanism. Both ranges are part of a chain of volcanoes of Cenozoic age that extends southwards to the central African Mt. Cameroon and eastwards to the East African Rift Valley System. Mt. Cameroon is a huge single structure of largely Tertiary origin but has been active ever since with more than 10 major events in the twentieth century, some as recent as 1982 and 2000 (Ndam et al. 2001). The series of volcanoes starting at Mt. Cameroon has been described to continue up to the Jebel Marra in central Sudan. This is a massif rather than a single volcano, which has been active from the Miocene to the early Holocene (Miehe 1988). Lavas are predominantly basaltic in all these ranges. Further eastwards, the huge volcanic plateau of Ethiopia rests on ancient material but was largely formed in the tectonic processes during the formation of the East African Rift Valley system. The EARS is the prime example for a continental rift, and its huge structure extends over more than 6000 km from northern Mozambique along all of eastern Africa and through the Red Sea. Rifting started in the Cretaceous but has intensified in the Tertiary and is most likely a consequence of tensional forces driving the two escarpments apart. Volcanism has been intensive and complex, following the two main branches, the Albertine Rift in the west, and the Gregory Rift in the east (Schlüter 1997). The Ethiopian Rift is an extension of the latter, mainly formed by basaltic magmas in the Oligocene to Miocene, and reaching above 4000 m at several sites, notably in Simen Mts. (Fig. 3) in the northern part of Ethiopia and the Bale Mts. (Fig. 4) in the southwestern part. Relatively deep and dry basins from the isolated volcanoes in east Africa proper separate this group of well-connected ranges.

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Fig. 3 Simien Mountains landscape, Ethiopia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann)

Fig. 4 Bale Mountains, Southern Ethiopia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann)

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Most of these are relatively young and of Pliocene to Quaternary age. This refers to mountains such as the Aberdares, which were formed from 3 MYA onwards; Mt. Kenya was formed between 2 and 3 MYA (Heinrichs 2001); Mt. Kilimanjaro is even younger at 1–2 and Mt. Meru appears to be of similar age as are the Aberdare Mts. Lavas on the huge shields are predominantly alkaline or basaltic, but intermediate lavas formed several stratovolcanoes. The mineral composition is similar for Mt. Elgon, which is however an exception with respect to its age. Mt. Elgon lies at the border of Uganda and Kenya and is thus not strictly located in the Rift Valley. Here volcanism commenced some 20 Mio years ago and lasted for about 10 Mio years. The neighboring Cherangani range is an ancient block of largely metamorphic rocks but has been lifted to its present height in the Miocene. These two ranges have been high mountains, long before their neighbors in the eastern part of Africa, and also those in central Africa had attained high altitudes. The Ruwenzori is a huge pre-Cambrian block, but has been lifted to alpine heights later than 2 MYA. The Kahuzi-Biéga west of Lake Kivu has apparently experienced a similar evolution (Fischer 1996). The other high mountains along the Albertine Rift Valley are exclusively of volcanic origin, with volcanism commencing as early as some 13 MYA in the Virungas. However, most of the activity occurred in the last 2 Mio. years and continued to the present, as was so strikingly demonstrated at the city of Goma, which was largely destroyed during a catastrophic lava outpour in 2001. These young mountains are in striking contrast to the truly ancient Eastern Arc Mountains in Tanzania and northern Kenya. They are composed of granulite gneiss complexes and have been mountains during for over 25 Mio years. However, they barely reach 3000 m and lack an alpine belt typical for the other mountains discussed here. Faulting during the formation of the Rift Valley has formed much of the present tropical part of African. Beyond Mozambique, mountains in the southernmost part of the continent are fault mountains like the northwestern Atlas system The lower slopes of the volcanic ranges have been subject to intensive weathering and leaching, resulting in deep reddish soil profiles, mainly Acri- and Nitisols, occasionally Ferralsols. The dominant soil types of the upper montane belt are, however, well-developed Andosols. The Andosols have moderately acidic soil pH values and are exceedingly fertile and explain the intensive agriculture on the tropical mountains. The alpine regions are partly covered by Andosols, notably on the younger volcanoes, partly by various weakly developed soils on glacial deposits such as Regosols and Rankers. Very widespread are various Histosols that result from slow decomposition of organic matter due to coldness and stagnant water. They are characterized by low pH values (