Chronologies du Proche Orient / Chronologies in the Near East, Parts i and ii: Relative Chronologies and Absolute Chronology, 16,000-4,000 B.P.. C.N.R.S. International Symposium, Lyon (France) 24-28 November 1986 9781407389752, 9781407389769, 9780860544876, 9781407346557

Citation preview

Chronologies du Proche Orient Chronologies in the Near East Relative Chronologies and Ab solute Chronology 16,000-4,000 B.P. C.N .R.S. International Symposium, Lyon (France) 24-28 Novemb er 1986 edited by

Olivier Aurenche Jacques Evin. F-rancis Hours t ·,

Part i Mai son de !'Ori ent Mediterraneen (C.N.R.S.-Universjte Lumi ere-Lyon 2), Lyon, France Archaeological Series No 3

BAR International Series 379(i) 198 17

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney M.ead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR 8379 (I), i987: 'Chronologi es du Proche Ori ent/Chronologi es i n the Iear Bast' Part I © The Individual Authors, 1987 The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407389752 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407389769 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860544876 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407346557 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860544876 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

S OINAIRE C O NTENTS

P art i L iste L ist

des of

7 7

participants

participants

Avant-propos

1 1

F oreword

1 3

I NTRODUCTION

ET MgTHODES

DE

DATATION

I NTRODUCTION

AND

OF

DATATION

O .

Aurenche,

q ue

dans

l e

J .

avec

H . T.

Waterbolk

P . E.

J .

by

in

: The

s equence

t i 3 .700

BC

chronologiet

sa

r ela-

radiocarbone

h istory

of

2 1

radiocarbon

dates

in

South-

t he

calibration

of

radiocarbon

provenance Gowlett

du

Mook,

H .

Hasper

of

1 4

Gasc6

H .

: La

Valladas

a pplication

aux

Aitken:

materiaux

de

data-

Orient

Hedges

1 05

: Radiocarbon a pplications

t o

dating

by

archaeolo1 21

et

J .

Van

der Plicht

: Background

and

C calibration

: Traitements au

c ertains

s pectrometry:

procedures

a pplication

par

Proche

et R . E.M.

mass

6 1

poses

East

M .J.

Une

1 2.000

3 9

Near

J .

du

Gascö: de

: Working with

t he

W .G.

J .

dendrochronology

a ccelerator g y

d onnees

: Problömes

en

J .A. J.

et

Orient

A sia

Evin

t ion

l es

Damon

dates

Evin

Proche

t ion

w estern

METHODS

P roche

1 45

graphiques

des

dates

radiocarbone

:

Orient

datation g isements

Potential

f or

par

1 51 la

t hermoluminescence

e t

son

archeologiques luminescence

1 77 dating

in

t he

Near

East P .

1 83

Rognon:

g igues

au

Relations Moyen

entre

O rient

d e

phases 1 6.000

c limatiques a 1 0.000

BP

et

chronolo1 89

M . J. LE

PROCHE

THE 0 .

Aitken:

NEAR Bar

Archeometrical

ORIENT EAST

Yosef

et

1 6. 000 1 6. 000

J .C.

of

M . C.

Cauvin:

dans

r epipaleolithique

Valla

dans S .

t he

Levant

absolue

2 07

BP a nd

South

relatives

du

: Chronologie

e t

absolute

of

t he

chrono-

Levant

chronologie

2 19

a bsolue

Nord

et

2 47

c hronologies

relatives

Natoufien

Bottema

East M .

le

in

review

B P

1 0.000

: Relative

epipaleolithic Chronologies

rapporteur

A 1 0.000 TO

Vogel

logy

F .

t he

DE

FROM

dating:

from

Faure

2 67

: Chronology 1 6. 000

t o

and

1 0.000

et

C .

Guörin

Pleistocene

au

Mayen

c limatic

phases

in

the

Near

BP

: Les

2 95

grands

Orient:

mammiferes

c ommentaires

et

la

f in

du

biochronologi-

ques J . C.

3 11 Vogel

1 0. 000 LE

J .

NEAR

ORIENT EAST

Cauvin

dans

le

1 0. 000 H . G.

DE

FROM

1 0. 000 1 0. 000

: Chronologie nöolithique

et

8 . 000

radiocarbon

Gebel

beyond

: Relative

Chronologies

Jarrige:

BP

8 . 000

Levant

BP et

nord

and

between

et

absolute

1 0. 000

in

Problömes

t he de

et

absolue

d ' Anatolie

chronologies

8 .000

Iranian

datation

entre

Baluchistan,

Pakistan

B .

et

B .

: Calibration

7 .200

BP

Becker

of

t he

BP

3 43

3 53

Neolithic du

Mehrgarh, Kromer

chronologie

3 25

F .

Hole:

A 8 . 000 TO

r elative

du

Levant

beyond

dates

BP

Southern

J . F.

of

3 19

PROCHE

THE

: Calibration

BP

s ite

nöolithique

de 3 81

of

radiocarbon

dates 3 87

J .

Cauvin

: Chronologies

au

Proche

Orient

de

r elatives

1 0. 000

ä 8 . 000

e t B P:

chronologie Synthese

absolue

3 95

Part i i L E

PROCHE

THE L .

NEAR

EAST

Copeland

a nd

their

r elative T .

ORIENT DE F ROM

et

F .

8 .000 8 .000

Hours

TO

Watkins

a bsolute

et

S .

BP

6 .000

: The

contemporaries a nd

A 6 .000

in

BP

Halafian,

Northern

t heir

Syria

predecessors

and

t he

L evant:

chronologies

Campbell

: The

4 01

c hronology

of

t he

Halaf

c ulture Y .

4 27

Calvet

: L ' apport

d e

Tell

e l

' Oueili

e l la

chronologie

d ' Obeid J .

4 65

Oates:

P .P.

' Ubaid

Vörtesalji

Mesopotamia A .

Le

dans A .

Brun le

LE

PROCHE

EAST

Haas,

in

r elative

et

chronologie

a bsolue

Chypriote

5 25

e t

chronologie

a bsolue

a u

FROM

la J .

6 .000 6 .000 P .

arabe

Devine,

Radiocarbon

R .

l es des du

BP

4 .000

Sanlaville

avec

a propos

r ive

A 4 .000 TO

BP : Confrontation

donn6es

Wenke,

M .

des

data-

göomorphologiques

variations Golfe

chronology

5 59

chronology

r elatives

du

et

n iveau

Persique Lehner,

and

t he

5 67 W .

Wolfi

historical

and

G .

calendar

Egypt

H .J.

M .

Chalcolithic

4 83

Near-Eastern

i sotopiques

sur

Bonani:

r ic

i n

ORIENT DE

a rchäologiques

i n

t he

5 49

Dalongeville e t

t ations

H .

of

BC)

: Chronologie

I ssues

NEAR

marin

chronology

Orient

Hole:

R .

The

4 73

: Archöomagnätisme

F .

THE

:

( 6.200-3.400

nöolithique

Hesse

Proche

c hronology

5 85

Nissen: periods

Voigt

between

The in

c hronology

M esopotamia

: Relative 6 .500

a nd

a nd

3 .500

of and

t he

BC

and

Early

histo-

Susiana

a bsolute cal.

Proto-

chronologies

6 07 f or

Iran 6 15

6

R . H.

Dyson

Hissar H . J. La

I I

Jr. and

Nissen

Annex:

Liste

14

relative

and

Proto-Elamite

: Introduction

chronologie

Annexe:

: The the

and

a bsolute

horizon summary

de

6 . 000

a 4 . 000

des

dates

Radiocarbone

C dates

l ist

of of

chronology Northern t he

session

BP

( 14. 000-5700

of

Iran..

6 47

: 6 79

( 14. 000-5700

B P)

BP)

6 83 6 87

L ISTE D ES PARTICIPANTS L IST OF PARTICIPANTS

A ITKEN M .J. * R esearch

6 Keble Road, OXFORD OX1 3QJ,

Laboratory f or A rchaeology,

G RANDE BRETAGNE A URENCHE O livier* U niversitö L umiöre-Lyon 2 Maison d e l 'Orient, 7 r ue R aulin,

6 9007 L YON,

F RANCE

B AR-YOSEF O . I nstitute

o f

A rchaeology,

H ebrew

University,

9 1905

J ERUSALEM,

I SRAEL BECKER Bernd* B otanisches I nstitut,

U niversität H ohenheim 2 10,

7 000 S TUTTGART 7 0,

R .F.A. BEECHING A lain C entre d 'Arch6ologie P röhistorique, O rmeaux, 2 6000 V ALENCE, F RANCE

4 Place des

M usöe d e Valence,

B OTTEMA S . B iologisch-archaeologisch I nstituut, 6 , GRONINGEN 9712 ER, PAYS-BAS

R ijksuniversiteit,

P oststraat

B RENIQUET Catherine U RA

8 , Institut d 'Art, 3 r ue M ichelet, 7 5006 P ARIS, F RANCE

C ALVET Yves* U RA 1 ,

Maison d e l 'Orient,

7 rue Raulin, 6 9007 L YON, F RANCE

A MBEL H . B irinci C ad.

2 12/2,

A RNAVUTKOY,

I STANBUL,

T URQUIE

C AUVIN Jacques * U RA 1 7,

C .N.R.S.,

M aison d e l 'Orient,

7 rue

Raulin,

6 9007

L YON,

M aison d e l 'Orient,

7 rue

Raulin,

6 9007

L YON,

F RANCE. C AUVIN Marie-Claire* U RA 1 7,

C .N.R.S.,

F RANCE C ONTENSON H enri C .N.R.S.,

( de)

1 0 P romenade M ona L isa,

7 8000 VERSAILLES,

F RANCE

C OPELAND L orraine *

3 The Green, Aston Rowant, OXFORD OX9-5ST, GRANDE BRETAGNE D ALONGEVILLE R ömi* U A 9 13,

*

a fourni

une

M aison d e l 'Orient,

contribution

publiee

7 rue Raulin, 6 9007 L YON, F RANCE

dans

c e

volume.

8

D AMON P aul E .* D epartment o f G eosciences, U niversity A RIZONA . U .S.A.

o f

A rizona ,

D ELIBRIAS G . L aboratoire d e R adiocarbone, C entre d es C .N .R .S., 9 1190 G IF S UR Y VETTE , F RANCE D OLLFUS G enevieve C .N .R .S., 1 0 r ue Q uatrefages,

F aibles

7 5005 P ARIS ,

T UCSON

8 5721,

R adioactivitäs.

F RANCE

D YSON R obert H . j r* T he U niversity M useum o f t he U niversity o f P ennsylvania , S pruce S treets, P HILADELPHIA P A 1 9104, U .S.A.

3 r d a nd

g VIN J . L aboratoire d e R adiocarbone, D epartement d es S ciences d e T erre,LA 1 1. C .N.R.S., U niversitä C laude B ernard-Lyon 1 , 4 3, B d . n ov . 1 918, 6 9622 V ILLEURBANNE C edex , F RANCE

l a 1 1

F AURE M artine* D äpartement d es S ciences d e l a T erre, U niversitä C laude B ernardL yon 1 , 2 7-43 B d . d u 1 1 N ovembre, 6 9622 V ILLEURBANNE C EDEX , F RANCE G ABASIO M . L aboratoire d e R adiocarbone, U niversitä L yon 1 , 1 918, 6 9622 V ILLEURBANNE C EDEX , F RANCE G ASCO J ean* C entre d 'Anthropologie d es S ociötäs R urales, T OULOUSE , F RANCE

4 3 B d

1 1

n ovembre

5 6 r ue d u T aur ,

G EBEL H ans _ G eorg * I nstitut f ür U rgeschichte ( Jägerische A rchäologie), T übingen , S chloss, 7 4000 T UBINGEN 1 , R .F .A .

3 1000

U niversität

G OWLETT J .A .J.* R adiocarbon A ccelerator U nit, R esearch L aboratory f or A rchaeology , O xford U niversity , 6 , K eble R oad , O XFORD O X1 3 QJ , G RANDE BRETAGNE G UgRIN C laude* D äpartement d es S ciences d e l a T erre, U niversitä C laude B ernardL yon 1 , 2 7-43 B d . d u 1 1 N ovembre, 6 9622 V ILLEURBANNE C EDEX , F RANCE H AAS H erbert* R adiocarbon L aboratory , I nstitute f or t he S tudy o f E arth a nd S outhern M ethodist U niversity , D ALLAS 7 5275 , TEXAS. U .S.A . H EDGES R .* R esearch L aboratory f or A rchaeology , O xford R oad, O XFORD O X1 3 QJ, G RANDE BRETAGNE H ELLY B runo C .R .A ., S ophia A ntipolis, H ESSE A .* C entre d e R echerches L OIRE , F RANCE

U niversity ,

0 6565 V ALBONNE C EDEX ,

G öophysiques

-

G archy ,

M an ,

6 K eble

F RANCE

5 8150 P OUILLY s ur

9

H OLE F .* D epartment o f A nthropology , Y ale U niversity , S tation , N EW H AVEN 0 6520, C ONNECTICUT . U .S.A . H OURS F rancis* U A 9 13, M aison d e l 'Orient, H UOT J ean-Louis 1 6 r ue d u V al d e G räce, I BRAHIM M oawiyah Y armouk U niversity , I RBID, J ORDANIE

P .O.Box

Y ale

7r ue R aulin , 6 9007 L YON , F RANCE

7 5005 P ARIS, F RANCE

I nstitute

I NIZAN M arie-Louise C .N .R.S., 1 p lace A . B riand ,

o f

A rchaeology

9 2190 M EUDON ,

J ARRIGE J .-F .* C .N .R .S., 1 3 a venue d e l a M otte-Picquet,

a nd

7 5007 P ARIS,

L E B RUN A lain* C .N .R .S., 1 1 r ue d e M azagran , 7 5010 P ARIS,

F RANCE

L E B RUN O dile C .N .R .S., 1 1 r ue d e M azagran , 7 5010 P ARIS,

F RANCE

L ECHEVALLIER M onique C .N.R .S., 1 8 r ue d e l a J ustice,

A nthropology ,

F RANCE

K ROMER B ernd* I nstitut f ür U mweltphysik , U niversität H eidelberg , F eld 3 66 , 6 900 H EIDELBERG 1 , R .F .A .

M ARGUERON J ean 9a llöe d e l a R obertsau ,

2 114

9 2310 S EVRES,

6 7000 S TRASBOURG ,

I m

F RANCE

N euenheimer

F RANCE

F RANCE

M OOK W .G. L aboratorium v oor A lgemene N atuurkunde, W estersingel 3 4, G RONINGEN 9 718 C M , P AYS-BAS

R ijksuniversiteit,

N ISSEN H ans J .* I nstitut f ür A rchäologie ( WE 3 ), S eminar f ür V orderasiatische A ltertumskunde, F reie U niversität B erlin , B itterstrasse 8 -12, 1 000 B ERLIN 3 , R .F .A . O ATES J oan* G irton C ollege,

C AMBRIDGE C B3 O JG ,

G RANDE BRETAGNE

O RCEL A . L aboratoire R omand d e D endrochronologie, M OUDON , S UISSE

4a y .

d e

P röville,

P ERLES C atherine U ER d 'Histoire, d öpartement d e P röhistoire, U niversitö P aris X , a venue d e l a R eublique, 9 2001 N ANTERRE C EDEX , F RANCE P ERROT J ean 2 r ue E .

F aguet,

7 5014 P ARIS,

F RANCE

1 510

2 00

1 0

P HILIBERT D enise 5 0 r ue C hevreul,

6 9007 L YON,

F RANCE

R ENAULT-MISKOVSKY J osette I nstitut d e P al6ontologie h umaine, F RANCE

1 r ue R en6 P anhard,

7 5015 P ARIS,

R OGNON P . L aboratoire d e G eographie, 7 5230 P ARIS C edex 0 5, F RANCE S AINT-BLANQUAT H enri ( de) 1 5 r ue g rard, 7 5012 P ARIS,

U niversit6 P aris V I,

I .P.O.,

J ussieu ,

F RANCE

S ANLAVILLE P aul * U A 9 13, M aison d e l 'Orient M 6diterraneen, F RANCE S TORDEUR D anielle U RA 1 7, C .N.R.S., F RANCE

4 place

J alös-Berrias,

7 rue

R aulin,

6 9007 L YON,

0 7460 S AINT-PAUL-LE-JEUNE ,

V ALADAS H 616ne* L aboratoire d e T hermoluminescence, C entre d es R adioactivites, C .N.R.S., 9 1190 G IF S UR Y VETTE, F RANCE V ALLA F rancois * C entre d e R echerche F ranyais d e J erusalem, B P 5 47, 9 1004 J ERUSALEM, I SRAEL V gRTESALJI P eter P aul* I nstitut f ür V or- u nd F rühgeschichte, R .F.A.

4 rue

S chloss,

F aibles

A braham

7 400

L incoln ,

T UBINGEN

1 ,

V OGEL J .C. N atural I sotopes D ivision, C SIR, P OBox 3 95 , PRETORIA,

N ational P hysical A FRIQUE d u S UD

R esearch

V OIGT M ary* T he U niversity M useum o f t he U niversity o f P ennsylvania , S pruce S treets, P HILADELPHIA P A 1 9104, U .S.A.

L aboratory ,

3 3rd

a nd

W ATERBOLK H .T.* B iologisch-archaeologisch I nstituut, 6 , GRONINGEN 9712 ER, PAYS-BAS W ATKINS T revor F .

R ijksuniversiteit,

P oststraat

*

D epartment o f A rchaeology , U niversity o f S quare, E DINBURGH E H8 9 JZ, G RANDE BRETAGNE

E dinburgh,

1 9

G eorge

Chronologies in Aurenche 0 ., Evin BAR I nternational

the Near J . and Hours S eries,

F .

East, eds. 1 987

A V A N T P R O P O S Une chronologie solide eat indispensable. E lle ne peut s ' etablir que par le moyen d ' un programme concerte de datations, comportant un nombre r elativement eleve d ' analyses et qui devra e tre elabore en commun par l es archeol ogues et les laborstoires de 14C ( Hours, in Mook et Wat erbolk, 1983, 407.)

L e C olloque i nternational d u C NRS C hronologies r elatives e t c hronologie a bsolue d ans l e P roche O rient ( 16 0 00 - 4 0 00 B P ), a r duni ä L yon du 2 4 a u 2 8 n ovembre 1 986 q uarante p articipants e t v ingt-quatre i nvites . P lusieurs c ollägues p ressentis n 'ont P u a pporter l eur c ollaboration : M M . D . C harpin , J .M . D urand , J . L ambert , J . L eclant ( France), G . H illman ( Grande-Bretagne), G . K ohl ( Allemagne d e l 'est). D 'autres o nt e nvoyd l e t exte d e l eur c ommunication , m ats n 'ont p u a ssister a ux s eances: MMes L . C opeland e t J .Oates ( Grande-Bretagne). L e b ut d u C olloque d tait d e c onfronter l es t ravaux d es c ollägues " dateurs" o u " mesureurs" a vec c eux d es " utilisateurs" d e d ates , a rchdologues e t p rdhistoriens . C e n 'est p as l a p remiäre f ois q ue l 'on m ettait e n p rdsence d es p hysiciens e t d es a rchdologues , e t l e S ymposium d e G roningen e n 1 981 s ur 1 4 C a nd A rchaeology ( Nook e t W aterbolk , 1 983) a vait o uvert l a v oie . L e C olloque d e L yon s 'est s itud d ans l a m dme l igne: J . £ vin e t F . H ours , q ui a vaient p articipd a u S ymposium d e G roningen e t o nt d td c o-organisateurs , a vec O . A urenche , d u C olloque d e L yon , a ssuraient c ette c ontinuitd . L a p erspective c hoisie ä L yon d iffäre c ependant s ur d eux p oints: o n s ouhaitait n e p as l imiter l e c hoix d es m dthodes d e d atation a u s eul 1 4 C , e n l e c onfrontant a vec d 'autres m dthodes , m ais o n v oulait , e n r evanche , r estreindre l e c hamp d 'application ä u ne r egion e t ä u ne p driode p rdcises . L e P roche O rient d e 1 6 .000 ä 4 .000 B P a d td c hoisi p arce q u'il f ut , d urant c ette p driode , l e t hdätre d 'un g rand n ombre d e m utations i mportantes: a pparition d e l 'architecture , p remiers e ssais d 'agriculture e t d 'dlevage , i nvention d e / a c dramique , t ravail d es m dtaux , m ise e n p lace d es p remiäres s ocidtds u rbaines .

1 2

0 .

A URENCHE e t J .

E VIN

L e C olloque a m is n e vidence p lusieurs f aits d ominants . M algrd d es e fforts r dcents , l e 1 4 C d emeure , ä l 'heure a ctuelle e t p our l a p driode c onsiddrde , l a p rincipale m dthode d e d atation a bsolue . L es p rogräs c onsiddrables q ui s eront a ccomplis p ar l 'usage e n r outine d es a ccdldrateurs p our l a m esure d u r adiocarbone ( mdthodes " AMS"), r isquent d 'accentuer e ncore , ä t erme , c e d dsdquilibre a vec l es a utres m dthodes . D 'autre p art , l 'accord e ntre l es s pdcialistes d e c orrection d es d ates 1 4 C e n a nndes r äelles s ur u ne s eule c ourbe d e " calibration" e t l e r ecul p rogress i f d e s es l imites e n a rriäre d ans l e t emps , v ont p ermettre d 'obtenir u ne v ue p lus g lobale , e t p robablement p lus j uste , d u c alendrier r eel d es d vdnements . C elui-ci s era m esurd n on p lus s eulement e n a nndes r adiocarbone ( BP), m ais e n a nndes s olaires ( notdes " cal B C" o u " avant J .C . c al ."). L es v astes s ynthäses r egionales p rdsentdes a u C olloque p ar l es p rdhistoriens , a mdliorant s ur d e n ombreux p oints l es c hronologies r elatives e n v igueur , v ont p ouvoir , a präs a voir d td " traduites" e n a nndes r eelles , ä tre c ompardes l es u nes a ux a utres s ur d es b ases p lus s olides . I i s ubsiste e ncore d e g randes z ones d 'ombre , d ues n otamment a u t rop p etit n ombre d es d atations a bsolues ( 600 d ates e nviron p our l 'ensemble d u P roche O rient d e 1 4.000 ä 5 700 B P ; c f . A nnexe , c e v olume). L es l acunes p ortent , p aradoxalement, s ur l es p driodes l es p lus r dcentes . D e m äme , l 'absence d e c ertains h istoriens d e l 'Egypte o u d e l a M dsopotamie n 'a p as p ermis d 'aller a ussi l oin q u'on a urait P u l e s ouhaiter d ans / a c onfrontation d es d atations a bsolues e t d es d onndes a stronomiques f ournies p ar l es t extes . C ette c onfrontation d tait p eut-ätre p rdmaturäe , e lle n 'en r este p as m om s n dcessaire . M algrd c es l acunes , o n s ouhaite q ue c ette r eunion a lt pu p ermettre u ne m eilleure c omprdhension m utuelle d es p roblämes d es u ns e t d es a utres . L es c ommunications , q ui a vaient d td d istribudes a ux p articipants p lusieurs s emaines a vant l e C olloque , e t , q ui, e n s éance , o nt f ait l 'objet d e d iscussions , o nt d td r egroupdes e n p lusieurs s ections: l a p remiere c onfronte l es d ifferentes m dthodes d e d atation , e n r epla ant l 'ensemble d u P roche O rient d ans u n c adre c limatique; l es a utres s ont c lassdes p ar o rdre c hronologique , m ettant e n r elation e ntre e lles d es s eries d e c hronologies r elatives r egionales , c onfrontdes a ux d onndes d e / a d atation a bsolue . C haque s ection e st c onclue p ar u ne s ynthäse q ui r eprend , e n o utre , l 'essentiel d es d iscussions t enues p endant l e C olloque .Une a nnexe p rdsente e nfin u ne l iste d e l 'ensemble d es d ates 1 4 C d u P roche O rient d e 1 4.000 ä 5 .700 B P . A u m oment d e m ettre s ous p resse l es A ctes d e c e C olloque , i l n ous e st a grdable d e r emercier t ous c eux q ui o nt p ermis s a r dussite: l a d irection d u d dpartement S ciences d e l 'Homme e t d e l a S ocidtd e t l 'Administration D dldgude d e / a 7 äme c irconscription d u C NRS , q ui o nt p ris e n c harge l es f rais d e d dplacement e t d e s djour d e / a q uasit otalitd d es p articipants , a insi q ue / a s aisie d es t extes e n v ue d e l 'impression; / a S ous-direction d es S ciences S ociales e t H umaines d u M inistäre d es A ffaires E trangäres q ui a p ermis / a v enue d e d eux p articipants l ointains e t c ontribud a ussi ä l a s aisie d es t extes; l es U niversitds C laude B ernard-Lyon 1 e t L umiäre-Lyon 2 , q ui o nt a ccueilli l e C olloque d ans l eurs l ocaux . A L a M aison d e l 'Orient e t a u L aboratoire d e R adiocarbone , l es a ppuis o nt d td n ombreux e t e nthousiastes .

S uzette

B etito ,

s ecrdtaire

A VANT-PROPOS

1 3

d u C olloque , a p rété t outes s es c omp tences e t s on i nc Wectible a mabilit . O n r emerciera e n o utre c eux q ui, ä d es t itres d ivers , d epuis l a p reparation d e / a r encontre j usqu'ä l a r ealisation d es A ctes , o nt a pporté l eur c oncours: S ylvie C alley , J eanine C hevalier , M ich le D alongeville , L aurence D armezin , D ominique E ynard , I brahim K owatli, A nne L ambert-P contal, M arie L e M i re , P ierre L ombard , Y ves M ontmessin , H uguette S alles . C et A vant-Propos a urait d ü p orter l es t rois n oms d es o rganisateurs d u C olloque . M ais F rancis H ours e st d c &M , b rutalement e t p r matur & ient , l e 1 7 a vril 1 987 . 1 1 n 'aura d one Pu v oir l 'ouvrage a chev4 . . I i é tait run d e c eux q ui, e n F rance , a l e p lus o euvré p our q ue n aisse e ntre l es d eux d isciplines , l a p hysique e t l 'arch ologie , " un e sprit d e c ollaboration q ui s oit rellement C 'est ä s a m moire q ue n ous c Mdions c et o uvrage .

i nterdisciplinaire" .

Olivier

l ' Unlversite Maison

de

Laboratoire Universite

Professeur

ä

Lumiere-Lyon

2

l ' Orient,

Lyon

Jacques

EVIN

Ingenieur

CNRS

de

Claude

AURENCHE

Radiocarbone

Bernard-Lyon 1 Villeurbanne

B ibliographie M OOK W .G. a nd W ATERBOLK H .T . 1 983 P roceedings o f t he A rchaeology , P ACT 8 .

F irst

G roningen 1 981.

I nternational S trasbourg ,

S ymposium

C onseil d e

1 4 c,and l 'Europe,

Chronologies Aurenche BAR

0 .,

in Evin

International

the J .

Near

and

East,

Hours

F .

Series,

eds. 1987

F O R E W O R D

A reliable tial. It

can

be

chronology established

of a concerted t ions, i ncluding ber

of

anal yses

program a quite and

which

is by

essenmeans

of datahi gh numshoul d

be

jointly constituted by archaeolog ists and 14C laboratories (Hours, in Nook and Waterbolk, 1983, 407).

T he i nternational C NRS S ymposium o n R elative C hronologies a nd A bsolute C hronology i n t he N ear E ast ( 16 .000-4.000 B P) a ssembled i n L yon f rom t he 2 4th t o t he 2 8th o f N ovember 1 986, w ith f ourty p articipants a nd t wenty-four g uests. S everal o f t hose i nvited c ould n ot c ontribute t o t he S ymposium: M essrs. D . C harpin , J .M . D urand, J . L ambert, J . L eclant ( France), G . H illman ( Great-Britain), G . K ohl ( East G ermany). O thers s ent t heir c ommunication, b ut c ould n ot a ttend t he s ession: M rs L . C opeland a nd J . O ates ( Great-Britain). T he a im o f t his s ymposium w as t o c onfront " daters" a nd " mesurers" c olleagues' w orks p rehistorians. I t

w ith t hose o f " users" o f d ates, a rchaeologists a nd i s n ot t he f irst t ime t hat p hysicists a nd

a rchaeologists w ere b rovght f ace t o f ace, a nd t he S ymposium o f G roningen i n 1 981 a bout 1 C a nd A rchaeology h as b een t he f irst o f t his k ind. T he L yon S ymposium f ollowed t he s ame t rend: J . E vin a nd F . H ours, w ho h ad t aken p art i n t he G roningen S ymposium a nd w ho h ave c oo rganized w ith O . A urenche t he S ymposium o f L yon, e nsured t he c ontinuity. H owever, t he c hosen p rospect i n L yon w as d ifferent i n t wo p oints: w e d id n ot w ish t o l imit t he c hoice o f t he m ethods o f d atation o nly t o 1 4 C i n c omparing i t w ith o ther m ethods; b ut, o n t he o ther h and, w e w anted t o r estrict t he f ield-work t o p recise r egion a nd p eriod. T he N ear E ast f rom 1 6.000 t o 4 .000 B P h as b een c hosen b ecause d uring t his p eriod i t w as t he t heatre o f a g reat n umber o f i mportant c hanges: e mergence o f a rchitecture, b eginnings i n a griculture a nd d omestication, i nvention o f p ottery, w ork o n m etals, o rganization o f t he f irst u rban s ocieties. T he S ymposium b i rght t o l ight s ome o utstanding f acts. D espite r ecent e fforts, 1 C r emains, n owadays a nd f or t he c onsidered p eriod, t he m ain m ethod o f a bsolute d atation. T he h uge p rogress w hich w ill b e

1 6

0 .

A URENCHE a nd J .

EV IN

a chieved b y t he c ommon u se o f a ccelerators f or t he m esure o fc 1 4 ( "AMS" m ethods) w ill, f rom n ow o n , e mphasize a gain t he g ap w ith t he o ther m ethods. O n t he o the h and , t he a greement o btained b etween s pecialists o f c orrections o f 1 C d ates i n r eal y ears o n o nly o ne " calibration" c urve, a nd t he p rogressive b ackward m ovment i n t ime o f i ts l imits w ill a llow t he o btaining o f am ore g eneral a nd p robably t ruer v iew o f t he r eal c alendar o f e vents, n ot o nly c alculated i n r adiocarbon y ears ( BP), b ut i n s olar y ears ( cal. B C). T he b road r egional s yntheses p resented d uring t he S ymposium b y p rehistorians, i mproving , o n s everal p oints, t he r elative c hronologies u sually u sed, c ould b e c ompared o n m ore r eliable b ases, o ne w ith a nother , a fter b eing " translated" i nto s olar y ears. T here s till r emain i mportant d ark a reas, p articularly o wing t o t he t oo s mall n umber o f a bsolute d atations ( about 6 00 d ates f or t he w hole N ear-East f rom 1 4.000 t o 5 700 B P, c f . A nnex , t his v olume). P aradoxically , t he l ack c oncern t he m ore r ecent p eriods. I n t he s ame w ay, t he a bsence o f s ome h istorians w orking i n E gypt a nd M esopotamia d id n ot a llow u s t o g o a s f ar a s w e w ished i n t he c onfrontation o f a bsolute d atations a nd a stronomic d ata p rovided b y t exts. S uch a c onfrontation w as p erhaps p remature; h owever , i t r emains n ecessary . D espite t hese l imitations, w e h ope t hat t his m eeting a llowed a b etter u nderstanding o f t he p roblems o f o ne a nd a ll. T he p apers, w hich w ere d istributed t o t he p articipants s everal w eeks b efore t he s ymposium , a nd w hich w ere d ebated d uring t he s ession, h ave b een g athered i n s everal p arts. T he f irst o ne c onfronts t he d ifferent m ethods o f d atation, p lacing t he w hole N ear-East i n a c limatic c ontext; t he o thers a re c lassified i n a c hronological o rder , s etting c onnections b etween r egional s eries o f r elative c hronologies, a gainst t he d ata o f t he a bsolute c hronology . E ach p art i s c oncluded w ith a s ynthesis w hich r ecapitulates t he m ain p oints o f t he d iscussion h eld d uring h t he S ymposium . A t t he e nd o f t he b ook , a n A nnex g fves a l ist o f t he 1 " C d ates f rom t he N ear E ast b etween 1 4.000 a nd 5 .700 B P. A t t he t ime o f s ending t o p ress t he P roceedings o f t he S ymposium, w e t ake p leasure i n t hinking a ll t hose w ho h ave c ontributed f or i ts s uccess: T he D irection o f t he D epartment o f H uman S ciences a nd t he D elegated A dministration o f t he 7 th d istrict o f t he C NRS, w hich h ave t aken i n c harge t he t ravelling a nd l iving e xpenses o f a lmost a ll t he p articipants, a nd a llowed t he t yping o f t he m anuscripts; t he S ubdirection o f S ocial a nd H uman S ciences o f t he F oreign O ffice, w hich h as a llowed t he c oming o f t wo p articipants; t he U niversities C laude B ernard-Lyon I a nd L umiöre-Lyon I I w hich h ave w elcomee t he S ymposium i n t heir b uildings. A t L a M aison d e l 'Orient a nd t he 1 C L aboratory , t he s ervices r endered w ere n umerous a nd e nthusiastic. S uzette B etito, s ecretary o f t he C olloque, h as l ent h er p roficiencies a nd k indness. W e w ould t hank p articularly t hose w ho h ave i n d ifferent w ays h elped , f rom t he p reparation o f t he m eeting u ntil t he r ealization o f t he P roceedings: S ylvie C alley , J eanine C hevalier , M ichöle D alongeville, L aurence D armezin , D ominique E ynard , I brahim K owatli, A nne L ambertP öcontal, M arie L e M iöre, P ierre L ombard , Y ves M ontmessin, H uguette S alles.

F OREWORD

T his f oreword c ould h ave b e s igned b y

1 7

t he

t hree

o rganizers.

B ut

F rancis H ours d ied s uddenly a nd p rematurely o n 1 7th A pril, 1 987. H e w ould n ot h ave s een t he w ork a chieved. I n F rance, h e w as o ne o f t hose h aving d one t he m ost f or t he d evelopment, b etween b oth p hysics a nd a rcheology, o f " the w ill t o c ollaborate b eing r eally i nterd isciplinary". T hus, w e d edicate t his b ook t o h is m emory.

O livier

l ' Universite Maison de

Laboratoire Universite

de

Claude

AURENCHE

Professeur ä Lumiere-Lyon 2 l ' Orient, Lyon Jacques

EVIN

Ingenieur

CNRS

radiocarbone, B ernard-Lyon

1

V illeurbanne

R eferences M OOK W .G. a nd W ATERBOLK H .T. 1 983 P roceedings o f t he F irst I nternational S ymposium 1 4 C a nd Archeology , G roningen 1 981. S trasbourg , C onseil d e l 'Europe, P ACT 8 .

I NTRODUCT ION ET MüTHODES DE DATAT ION

I NTRODUCT ION AND METHODS OF DATAT ION

Chronologies in Aurenche O ., evin BAR International

the Near J . and Hours S eries,

F .

East, eds. 1987

U N E S E Q U E N C E C H R O N O L O G I O U E D A N S L EP R O C H E O R I E N T D E1 20 0 A37 0 0 B C E TS AR E LA T I O N A V E C L E S D O N N g E S D UR A D I O C A R B O N E Olivier AURENCHE, Jacques gVIN, Jean CASCO.

RESUME: sur

un

L ' article ensemble

ä 3 . 700

BC

f iabilite

l a

e t

comparees

ä une

La du

The

concerning

a group

( uncalibrated to

the

archaeological l ack

global cultural

dates

de

dates

d 'ensemble

ont

s equence

comparaison

nombre

s tatistique

Orient

e t

occupes

e t6

de

598

de

14. 000

c lassees

chronologique deux

certaines

p eriodes,

correlati ons

e tablies

obtenues BP

fonction

e tablie

pour

1 4C

ä 5 . 700

en

des d es

s eries

dates

fait

sur

( 12. 000 d e

des

apparaitre, l a

validite

sur

d es

l eur

criteres malgre g lobale criteres

culturel.

ABSTRACT:

the

Proche

Ces

chronologie

r elation

traitement

du

calibre).

l 'insuffisance d ' ordre

un

s ites

non

archeologiques. de

offre

d e

of

article of

12. 000

presents

m iddle t o

r eliability c riteria.

a sufficient

r eliability

of

East

a

s tatistical

s ites

occupied

3 .700

BC).

These

and

compared

The number the

to

comparison of

dates

whole

treatment from

dates

14. 000 have

been

a chronological between

concerning

chronology

and

the

two

some some

of

598

down

14C

to

dates

5 . 700

c lassified

sequence s eries,

p eriods,

b ased

in

spite

shows

correlations

based

BP in on of the on

criteria.

F inalitö du p rojet L a v olontö d 'obtenir d e l a p röhistoire r öcente d u P roche O rient u ne v ision g lobale e t s ynchronique a c onduit, v oici d ix a ns, u n g roupe d e c hercheurs d e l a M aison d e l 'Orient ä c onjuguer l eurs e fforts. L eur b ut ö tait d 'obtenir, n on p as u ne h istoire j uxtapos6e d e r egions v oisines o ü l ion 6 tudiait l a s uccession d es c ivilisations, m ais u ne v ue d 'e nsemble d u P roche O rient ä t ravers l e t emps: s avoir, p ar e xemple, c e q ui s e p assait a u E i öme m illönaire a / a f ois e n S yrie e t e n I ran, e n r eliant e ntre e ux c es ö vönements s ur u ne ö chelle c hronologique h omogäne. I i f allait a ussi r eplacer c haque s ite c onnu, q u 'il a lt f ait l 'objet d 'une f ouille, d 'un s ondage o u d 'une p rospection, d ans s on c ontexte c ulturel ä l a f ois r egional e t g önöral. I i n e s 'agissait p as d e s e l imiter a ux " grands" s ites, m ais a u c ontraire d e l es c onsidörer c omme d es " sites-phares" a utour d esquels l es a utres s ites m om s c onnus v iendraient s 'ordonner. L e c adre c hronologique c hoisi s 'est i nscrit e ntre d eux ä vönements c ulturels m ajeurs, d ont röpicentre, d ans l es d eux c as, 6 tait l e

2 2

0 .

A URENCHE ,

J .

EVIN e t J .

G ASCO

P roche O rient: l a " revolution n eolithique" e t l a " revolution u rbaine". L a p erspective c hoisie a p ris e n c ompte c e q ui p recedait d irectement l a p eriode n eolithique, c 'est-ä-dire c ette p eriode i ntermödiaire, p ostörieure ä l a f in d u p aleolithique s uperieur, q ue l 'on a ppelle c ommunöment " epipaleolithique", m ais o n s 'est a rret6 a vant l a r evolution u rbaine p roprement d ite. E n t ermes d e c hronologie a bsolue, l a p öriode e nvisagee s 'etend d e 1 4.000 ä 5 .700 B P, s oit 1 2.000 ä 3 .700 B C ( demi-vie L ibby, 5 568 a ns). C e d ernier m ode d e c alcul ( annöes B C) c orrespond a u c alendrier " implicite" d e l a p lupart d es p rehistoriens. I l a p aru p referable, a u d epart, ä t outes l es a utres f ormes d e c alendrier " calibre", q ui, f aute d 'accord e xplicite ä l 'epoque d u d ebut d e l 'enquete, n e p ouvaient a lors q ue c reer d es s ources d e c onf ion. M aintenant q ue l a c alibration f ait l 'objet d 'un c onsensus q uas, _ g eneral, l e p assage d es a nnees B C a ux a nnöes r eelles d evient p ossible, e t c 'est p recisement l 'un d es o bjets d e c e c olloque. L es l imites g öographiques c orrespondent a ux r egions n aturelles o ü s e s ont p roduits c es ö venements: d e l 'ouest ä l 'est, o n a d onc p ris e n c ompte l e L evant ( Jordanie, I srael, L iban, S yrie), a vec u ne p artie d u t erritoire e gyptien ä l 'est d u N il ( Sinai), l 'Anatolie ( une p artie d u t erritoire t urc c omprenant l e T aurus, u ne p artie d u p lateau i ntörieur e t l a b ordure c ötiere m eridionale) , la M ösopotamie ( Iraq, I ran ) e t s es b ordures m ontagneuses a u n ord e t ä l 'est, y c ompris l e p lateau i ranien, e n e nglobant l e T urkmenistan s ovietique, m ais s ans p ouvoir, f aute d e m oyens, a ller j usqu 'ä l a v allee d e l 'Indus, e nfin l es p ays r iverains d u g olfe a rabo-persique e t l es r egions v oisines d 'Arabie S aoudite. M ethode d e t ravail A pres a voir d öfini

l e

c adre

s patio-temporel,

o n

a

r eparti

l e

t ravail d ocumentaire q ui s 'est e tabli ä p artir d 'un c anevas d irecteur e labore e n c ommun p renant e n c ompte d e m aniöre a ussi s ystömatique e t h omogene q ue p ossible l e m aximum d '616ments d isponibles. L a r öpartition d es t äches s 'est e ffectuee d e l a m aniere s uivante: J . e t M .-C. C auvin o nt a nalyse l a d ocumentation s ur l e L evant s ud, F . H ours c elle q ui p rovenait d e S yrie e t d u L iban, L . C opeland c e q ui c oncernait l a T urquie, l 'Iraq e t l es p ays d u g olfe, O . A urenche c e q ui p rovenait d 'Iran e t d u T urkmenistan s oviötique. L es d ifferents e lements a insi r eunis p ouvaient ö tre c ompares e ntre e ux. A fin d e f aciliter c es c omparaisons, l 'ensemble d u f ichier a ö tö i nformatise ( logiciel T EXTO, M . D alongeville e t P . D esfarges) e t p eut ö tre, d es m aintenant, i nterroge s ur l 'ordinateur d e l a M aison d e l 'Orient. U ne a ttention p articuliere a ö tö p ortee ä l a l ocalisation g eographique: c haque s ite a ö te r eplace e t r eference s elon l es c oordonnees d e l a W orld M ap a nglaise. C ette l ocalisation t opographique a p ermis d e r egrouper l es s ites d ans u n c ertain n ombre d e z ones " naturelles", s pöcialement e tablies p our l es b esoins d e c e t ravail p ar P . S anlaville. C es z ones o nt ö tö d öfinies e n f onction d e l 'ensemble d es d onnees 6 cologiques d isponibles ( cf. A urenche e t a l., 1 981). A fin d e c omprendre l '6volution g önörale d es e venements, l es h uit m illenaires r etenus o nt 6 t6 d ivises e n d ix p öriodes ( de 0 ä 9 ) d e d uröe i negale, c orrespondant c hacune ä u ne o u p lusieurs e tapes c ulturelles p ertinentes ( fig .1). L es l imites d e c es p eriodes o nt e te,

U NE S EQUENCE C HRONOLOGIQUE

2 3

d ans u n p remier t emps, a rbitrairement e t e mpiriquement c hoisies s elon u n c ritäre t emporel. L eurs d ates a bsolues e taient f ournies p ar l es d onnees c hronologiques e n p rovenance, l e p lus s ouvent, d es s ites-cles f ournissant l 'ossature d e l a c hronologie. A c ette A tape, l a c orrelation a vec l es d ates a bsolues n 'a p as e te s ystematique. E n c as d e d esaccord f lagrant, l a p riorite a t oujours e te a ccordäe a ux c ritäres c ulturels e t a rcheologiques. P arallälement ä c e t ravail d ocumentaire, o n a c onetitue u n a utre f ichier i nformatise p ertant s ur l 'ensemble d es d ates 1 C d isponibles e n p rovenance d es s ites r etenus ( O. A urenche, v oir A nnexe e n f in d e v olume ) . O n d isposait a insi, p our l a p remiere f ois, d e l a t otalite d ans l a m esure d e l a d ocumentation a ccessible- d es d ates o btenues d ans l e P roche O rient. L e f ichier q ui a s ervi d e b ase ä c e t ravail, a e te e tabli s ans t enir c ompte d es d onnees n ouvelles f ournies p ar l es p articipants a u p resent c olloque. E n r evanche, l 'Annexe c ontient l 'ensemble d es r esultats n ouveaux p resentäs d ans l es t extes r assembles d ans c e v olume. C e t ravail s 'est e ffectue, e ssentiellement, p ar l e d epouillement d e R adiocarbon, o u, ä d efaut, p ar c ompilation d es d onnees r ecueillies d ans l es p ublications a rcheologiques. E n e ffet, t ous l es l aboratoires n e p ublient p as a vec l a r apidite s ouhaitee l eurs r esultats d ans R adiocarbon , e t l es l istes p ubliees n e s ont p as t oujours c ompletes. I i f allait d onc r ecourir a ux r enseignements f ournis p ar l es p rehistoriens e ux-memes, q ui, e ux a ussi, s ont l oin d e p ublier l a t otalite d es d ates m esurees. C es d erniäres s ources o nt d e p lus u n i nconvenient m ajeur, q ui e st, e n g eneral, d e n e p as i ndiquer l es c onditions t echniques d ans l esquelles l es m esures o nt ö te e ffectuees. O r l 'un d es i nteräts m ajeurs d e c e f ichier a e te d 'affecter c haque d ate d 'un c oefficient d e f iabilite ( J. E vin). L 'estimation d e l a v aleur d es d ates r epose ä l a f ois s ur d es c onsiderations o bjectives, c omme l a f iabilite t heorique d u m ateriel d e d atation, e t s ur d es c onsiderations p lus s ubjectives, d ont, e n p articulier, u n j ugement s ur l a m aniöre d ont l a d ate a e te o btenue, c 'est-ä-dire l 'appreciation q ue l 'on p eut p orter s ur l e l aboratoire d e d atation, e t s urtout s ur l e t raitement q u 'il a e ffectue. O n a partage l es d ates e n q uatre c ategories. D 'abord l es d ates t räs f iables ( 4 a sterisques: * ***). C e s ont c elles p our l esquelles l es i nformations d isponibles g arantissent ä l a f ois l a q ualite d u m ateriel, l a p recision d e l a m esure, l a r igueur d u t raitement e t l 'experience q ue s emble a voir l e l aboratoire p our c e t ype d 'echantillon a rcheologique. S i u n p etit d oute s ubsiste, p ar u ne c arence d e l a d ocumentation, o n s e l imite ä t rois a sterisques ( ***). D e t outes m aniöres, c es d ates s ont r eputees " fiables", e t d onc d ignes d e f igurer s ans r eserve d ans l es b ilans s tatistiques. S ur l es h istogrammes p resentes, e lles s ont f igurees e n n oir. I l e st b ien e ntendu q u 'il s 'agit u niquement d 'un j ugement s ur l a v aleur p hysique d es d ates e t n on p as d 'une a ppreciation a rcheologique, p ar e xemple s ur l a f ouille o u l 'association e chantillon-materiel a rcheologique. E n r evanche, s i l 'on d oit f aire d e s erieuses r eserves s ur l 'une d es r ubriques c i-dessus, l es d ates c orrespondantes s ont a ffectees d e d eux a stärisques ( **), e t m eme, S i l a c ritique p orte s ur l es t ypes d e m ateriel d ate, o n s e l imite ä u n s eul ( *); t ant i l e st v rai q u 'un t rös b on l aboratoire n e p ourra f aire q u 'une d atation d outeuse s i, p ar e ssence, l e m ateriel u tilise e st n otoirement p ollue o u d e t eneur

2 4

O .

A URENCHE ,

J .

£VIN e t J .

G ASCÖ

o riginelle e n r adiocarbone i ncertaine ( J. g vin, c e v olume). D ans l es h istogrammes, c es r ösultats s ont n otes e n b lanc, a fin d 'être b ien d istingu6s d es p röcödents. N otons e nfin q ue, e xceptionnellement, u ne d ate q ui a urait P u ö tre c lass6e * ** e st i ndiquöe c omme n on f iable s i, d ans l e c ommentaire a ccompagnant l a p ublication, d e s 6rieuses r eserves o nt ö tö 6 mises p our d es r aisons a utres q ue c elles q ui t iendraient a u l aboratoire: p erturbation d u n iveau, i ncertitude s ur l e m ode o u l e l ieu d e p r616vement, c onservation i ncertaine, e tc. O n d ispose a insi d 'un e nsemble d e 5 98 d ates, r 6parties d e m aniöre t rös i nögale ( tableau c i-dessous); l es p öriodes 0 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6e t 7o nt d es % d e d ates f iables s upörieurs o u 6 gaux ä l a m oyenne ( 60%).

F iabilit6 F N ombre iabilitö % d ates * *** d e d ates * ** f iables P öriode 0 P 6riode 1 P 6riode 2 P öriode 3 P öriode 4 P 6riode 5 P 6riode 6 P öriode P eriode P öriode T otal ,

7 8 9

3 1

2 8

4 8

2 0 1 8

5 4 1 20

9 5 6 5 4 1 5 5 3 2 5 7 5 98

r ) 2 3

4 4 2 4 1 9 1 4

4 3 3 1 1 7 1 0

2 0

2 3

1 1 4

3 8

2 02

1 63

( 33%)

( 27%)

9 0 5 2

7 9 7 3 5 8

5 5 5 8 7 8 1 2

3 9 6 1

T ableau 1

I l e n r 6sulte q ue l a c onfiance ä a ccorder ä l a d atation d e c hacune d es d ix p hases c hronoculturelles e st v ariable. I l e st p aradoxal d e c onstater q ue l es d eux p lus r öcentes, p ar e xemple, s ont ä a ppr6cier a vec d iscernement. U n a utre t ableau a ccentue e ncore c e d 6s6quilibre. I l f ait a pparaitre, p our c haque p öriode, l e n ombre d e d ates d isponibles par r apport a u n ombre d e s ites a ppartenant ä c hacune d es p 6riodes. C es s ites o nt f ait l 'objet, t antöt d e f ouilles, t antöt d e s ondages, t antöt d e p rospections. O n a f ait f igurer d ans d es " p6riodes d oubles" ( 3/4, 5 /6, 8 /9) d es s ites q ue l 'on n e p ouvait r attacher a vec c ertitude ä a ucune d es d eux p öriodes d e r 6f6rence.

U NE S EQUENCE C HRONOLOGIQUE

D uree( 1 4 C ) p eriodes P eriode P öriode P eriode P eriode P eriode P eriode P eriode P eriode P eriode P eriode P eriode P eriode P eriode

0 1 2 3 4 3 /4 5 6 5 /6 7 8 9 8 /9

4 000 1 700 7 00 l 000 6 00 1 600 4 00 6 00 1 000 5 00 4 00 1 4 00

2 5

N ombre d e s ites ondage p rosp . f ouille s 9 1 8 1 0 1 3 1 5 2 2 2 4 6 1 6 5 4 7 5 7 1 5

8 00

2 9 4 4 1 9 1 6 1 4 1 7 3 0 5 1 6 6 2 6 9 6 2 1 7

4 0 6 7 5 8 1 6 2 3

9

9 0 3 05 7 3 3 94 1 40 1 04 5 31 T otal

t otal 7 8 1 29 8 7 4 5 5 2

18

1 42 4 02 8 0 5 21 2 56 2 23 5 63 2 696

N ombre d ates 3 1 4 8 5 4 1 20 9 5 1 6 5 4 1 o 5 5 3 2 5 7 0 5 98

T ableau 2 O n v oit d onc q ue l es c onditions d e d atation, l oin d 'être i deales, p ermettent c ependant, p our l a p remiere f ois, d 'aborder d e m aniere g lobale l a c hronologie d u P roche O rient a utrement q ue p ar l e b iais d e s equences p artielles i mpossibles ä c orröler l es u nes a vec l es a utres. P our r endre c ette s equence p lus " lisible" l 'un d e n ous ( J. G ascö) a f ait a ppel ä l a c onstruction d 'histogrammes ( pour l e d etail d e l a m ethode c f . J . G ascö , c e v olume). D eux s eries o nt e te c onstituöes: u ne p our l es d ates B C ( fig .2-3) e t u ne p our l es d ates c alibrees ( fig .4). L es c hroniques s ont e tablies e n d istinguant d eux g roupes: f iabilite * *** e t * ** e n n oir e t f iabilite * * e t * e n b lanc. L es 5 98 d ates s ont a insi p resentees e n u n s eul t ableau . A fin d e f aciliter l a c omparaison a vec l es d ates c alibrees e t p our a tteindre 9 5% d e s ecurite, d eux e carts-types e n p lus o u e n m om s o nt e te u tilises p our p ositionner c haque d ate; a ucune d ate n 'a e tö e xclue. O n p eut d es m aintenant, ä t itre p rovisoire, p resenter u n c ertain n ombre d e c ommentaires. L es d ates r adiocarbone B C L es c hroniques s 'öchelonnent d ans l e t emps r adiocarbone B C e ntre 1 8 .000 e t l 'actuel. O n c onstate, j usqu 'ä l a p äriode 4 i ncluse, u n c ertain d eveloppement d ans l e t emps, s oit p r ies d e 1 4 m illenaires 1 4 C . Ap artir d e l a p eriode 5 , t rois m illönaires r adiocarbone c ouvrent l es c inq p eriodes t erminales. C ette d istribution t raduit g rossiörement l 'acceleration d es p henomenes a nthropologiques m ajeurs d ans l e P roche O rient. O n p eut e xaminer c haque p eriode s uccessivement. P eriode 0 . L es 3 1 d ates e tudiees s ont p ratiquement t outes p lacöes e ntre 1 3.000 e t 1 1.000 B C. M ais l a c hronique f ait a pparaitre u n l ot d e d ates f iables s 'öchelonnant e ntre 1 5.000 e t 1 7.000 B C. L a s erie n 'est p as h omogene: l es d eux e ntites q ui e xistent o nt p our o rigine, s oit d es d ifferences c hrono-culturelles, s oit d es d ifferences d 'ordre s patiot emporel, m ais d 'autres r aisons, t echniques o u a rchöologiques, p euvent e galement j ouer . L es c inq d ates " anciennes" p roviennent d e Z in D 5

2 6

O .

A URENCHE ,

J .

EV IN e t J . G ASCÖ

( deux d ates) e t d e N ahal O ren ( 3 d ates). A ctuellement, 7 8 s ites a ppartiennent ä l a p eriode O . P ar r apport a u " calendrier" i nitial p ropose ( fig .1), o n c onstate u n a llongement d e l a p eriode c onsideree, m ais l e " pic" c entral c orrespond b ien a u " centre" d e l a p lage t emporelle e nvisagee . P &riode 1 . O n d ispose d 'un e nsemble d e 4 8 dates p our l es 1 29 s ites c onnus d e c ette p eriode, q ui s e s itue e ntre 1 1.000 e t 8 .000 B C. L a c hronique e st a ssez r eguliäre p our l es d ates f iables, m algre u n c ertain e tirement e ntre 1 1.000 e t 9 .000 B C . L es d ates p eu f iables a llongent l e f useau j usque v ers 1 2.300 d ans u n s ens e t 5 .000 d ans l 'autre. D ans l 'ensemble, c es d ates f ragiles t endraient ä v ieillir l 'ensemble d u p henomäne . P ar r apport a u c alendrier d e l a f ig .1, o n c onstate l a m öme t endance ä l 'etirement, m ais l 'ensemble e st e ncore b ien " centre", n otamment a utour d e 9 .000. P &riode 2 . C entree a ux e nvirons d e 7 .500 , c ette p eriode c ouvre u ne p lage t emporelle d e 9 .000 ä 6 .500 B C, a vec 5 4 d ates p our 8 7 s ites. L es d ates l es m om s s üres, p eu n ombreuses, t endent ä r ajeunir l 'ensemble. O n c onstate, c ette f ois-ci, q ue l e p ic s e s itue e ncore d ans l a m arge d e l a p eriode d u c alendrier " ideal", m ais n ettement v ers s a l imite s uperieure ( la p lus r ecente). , T )2. . iode 3 . L es 1 20 d ates u tilisables s e c alent e ntre 8 .000 e t 6 .200 B C, a vec u n p ointement v ers 7 .000 . Q uelques d ates f iables " anciennes" s 'isolent e ncore, a lors q ue d ans l 'ensemble l es d ates l es p lus f ragiles n e p erturbent g uäre l a c hronique. L es d ates a nciennes s ont g eneralement r efusees ( Qayönü , G rN-8103 a vec 8 480±80 B C) o u s uspectees ( Tbeik, B elt) p our d es p roblämes d e c ontamination o u d e p relävement ( Abu H ureyra , J ericho). C ette p eriode, a vec 4 5 s ites p our 1 20 d ates, e st l 'une d es m ieux d atees. E lle s e c ale d e n ouveau p arfaitement s ur l e d ecoupage d u c alendrier " ideal" d e l a f ig .1. I l riode 4 . C ette p eriode e st e ncore b ien d atee, a vec 9 5 dates p our 5 2 s ites r ecenses. E lle s 'inscrit e ntre 5 .500 e t 7 .000 B C, a vec u n p ic a utour d e 6 .000. M ais e ile o ffre p lusieurs a berrations, a vec u n e nsemble f iable e ntre 5 .500 e t 4 .000, e t u n s econd c onstitue d e d ates f ragiles o u a bsurdes e ntre 7 .000 e t p räs d e 1 1.000 ( Choga S efid, J armo, A ssouad , A swad )! L e c alendrier " ideal" e st e ncore b ien c entre s ur l e p ie p rincipal. P eriode 5 . R egroupant 6 5 d ates p our 1 42 s ites c onnus, c ette p eriode c harniäre ä p lus d 'un t itre s e c ale e ntre 6 .500 e t 5 .000. S a c hronique e st e tiree v ers l 'ancien p ar d es d ates q ui f ont b loc v ers 7 .000; d 'autres d ates m om s f iables, q ui a ttirent v ers l e r ecent l 'ensemble d e l a c hronique, a voisinent l a p lage 4 .000-5.000 B C. E nfin, d eux d ates t räs r ecentes s 'excluent d e l a c hronique m algre l eur f iabilite. D es d ates p lus a nciennes e ncore, s uspectees ä c ause d e l a p resence d e c arbone d e b itume, s ont l ogiquement r ejetees e t n e f igurent p as s ur c e g raphique ( El K owm, 1 1.270, 2 3.500, 3 3.500 B P). L e p ic c entral c orrespond b ien a u " centre" d e l a p eriode 5 d u c alendrier " ideal". P eriode 6 . B ien r amasse e ntre 6 .200 e t 5 .100 B C, l 'ensemble d es 4 1 d ates u tiljsables ( pour 4 02 s ites!) e st v ieilli, l orsque l es e chantillons p eu f iables s ont p ris e n c ompte , j usque v ers 7 .000 B C. L e b loc c entral d es d ates t ombe e xactement s ur l a p eriode d u c alendrier " ideal" d e l a f ig .1. P eriode 7 . T räs p roche d e l a p recedente, c ette p eriode s 'etablit e ntre 5 .500 e t 4 .500 B C. M ais l e t race d e l a c hronique f ait a pparaitre u n

U NE S EQUENCE C HRONOLOGIQUE

2 7

e nsemble p lus a ncien a utour d e 6 .000-7.000 B C. E nfin , d es d ates p eu f iables r ajeunissent s on p rofil. A vec s eulement 5 5 d ates p our 5 21 s ites, i l s emble d ifficile d e c onsiderer t ous l es s ites d 'une m aniere i dentique. P ar r apport a u c alendrier " ideal", l 'ensemble d es d ates " fiables" p arait u n p eu a ncien ; c et i nconvenient d isparait e n p artie s i l 'on p rend e n c ompte l a t otalite d es d ates d isponibles. Per iode 8 . L es d ates f iables s ont l es p lus j eunes, e ntre 3 .000 e t 3 .500 B C, m ais l eur n ombre e st t res f aible; l es m om s s üres s ont r egroupees e ntre 4 .000 e t 5 .000 B C c orrespondant ä l a p eriode d u c alendrier " ideal". L a m ajeure p artie d es d ates t echniquement f iables p ourraient ö tre a rcheologiquement r emises e n q uestion . O n d ispose d e 3 2 d ates p our 2 56 s ites c onnus, m ais c 'est c ette p eriode q ui o ffre l e p lus f aible p ourcentage d e d ates f iables ( 12% c ontre p lus d e 5 0% p our l es a utres p eriodes 0 ä 7 ). C ertaines d e c es d ates, f iables d 'un p oint d e v ue t echnique, s ont r ejetees p ar l es a rcheologues, y c ompris b ien e ntendu p ar l eurs i nventeurs d ans c ertains c as. L a p eriode 8 e st d onc l a p eriode l a m om s b ien c onnue ä c e j our . E ncore n e f aisons n ous p as i ntervenir l e c ritere d e r epartition g eographique d es d atations q ui, d ans c e c as, m ontre u ne d istribution d ans h uit p ays d ifferents. Per iode 9 . C ette p eriode s 'echelonne e ntre 3 .500 e t 4 .000 B C. L es 5 7 d ates ( dont 2 2 s ont f iables, s oit 3 9% ) s ont r eparties e ntre 4 .500 e t 2 .000 B C. G lobalement, l es d ates q ui p osent d es p roblämes d e f iabilite s e d eveloppent e ntre 4 .000 e t 3 .000 B C; e lles r ajeunissent l 'ensemble . L e n ombre d e s ites c onnus s 'eleve ä 2 23, m ais i l e st e n f ait b eaucoup p lus i mportant, c ar l es c riteres a rcheologiques n e p ermettent p as ä c ette p eriode, n otamment e n M esopotamie, d e d istinguer e ntre l es p eriodes 8 e t 9 : 5 63 s ites s e t rouvent d ans c ette s ituation, q u 'il f audrait d onc a jouter a ux s ites d es p eriodes 8 e t 9 , c e q ui d onnerait u n t otal d e 1 .042 s ites p our 8 9 d ates d isponibles! L es p eriodes r ecentes s ont d onc b ien l es p lus m al l oties d ans c e d omaine. L e t ableau c i-dessous p ermet d e r esumer l 'ensemble d e l a s ituation :

C alendrier B C C alendrier B C " archeologique" r adiocarbone f ig .1 f ig .2-3 P eriode 0

1 4.000-10.000

P eriode P eriode P eriode P eriode P eriode P eriode P eriode P eriode P eriode

1 0.000- 8 .300 8 .300- 7 .600

1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

7 .6006 .6006 .0005 .6005 .0004 .5004 .100-

6 .600 6 .000 5 .600 5 .000 4 .500 4 .100 3 .700

1 7.000-15.000 1 3.000-11.000 1 1.000- 8 .000 9 .000- 6 .500

8 .0007 .0006 .5006 .2005 .5005 .0004 .500-

6 .200 5 .500 5 .000

5 .100 4 .500

3 .500 3 .500

T ableau 3 O n

n otera ,

d ans

l e

c alendrier

r adiocarbone,

d e

n ombreuses

2 8

0 . A URENCHE , J . EV IN e t J . G ASCÖ

s uperpositions d e p lages t emporelles d urant l esquelles o n d olt s ituer l es p eriodes r etenues. T rois c as m ajeurs p osent d 'importantes q uestions: l es p eriodes 2 e t 3 , oü la s econde p eriode s e t rouve i nscrite d ans l e t emps d e l a p remiäre; l es p eriodes 5 e t 6s ont p ratiquement s ituees d ans l e m öme l aps d e t emps; l es p eriodes 7 , 8 ,

t räs m al d atee, e t 9s e r ecouvrent a ussi, m ais p artiellement. L es r eponses ä c es q uestions s ont d e p lusieurs o rdres. L e n ombre t otal d e d ates e st e ncore n ettement i nsuffisant p our r endre c ompte d e l 'ensemble d 'une c hronologie a ussi l ongue. L a d isparite d es l aboratoires n e f ait q u 'accentuer c e p hänomäne ( cf. W aterbolk, c e v olume). I i f audrait d onc, p our t enter d e s ortir d e l 'impasse, p roposer d e v eritables " programmes d e d atation" s ur u ne e chelle q ui r este ä d efinir . C e p eut ö tre l 'un d es o bjectifs d e c e c olloque ( 1). I i f audrait a ussi, d ans l e d etail, s e l ivrer ä u ne c ritique s erree d es r esultats d éjà o btenus, p our t enter d 'eliminer l es " aberrations" s usceptibles d e f ausser l es r esultats. L e s chema p resente i di e st v olontairement t räs g eneral, e t d estine, s urtout, ä f aire a pparaitre l es p roblämes. Q u 'il s 'agisse d 'une l imite d e l a m ethode q ui n e p eut a border d e r eelles c hronologies f ines, o u q u 'il s 'agisse d e p roblämes a rcheologiques ( que d ate-t-on ? ä q uelle c ulture r attacher l a d ate ? ), l es q uestions s ont n ombreuses a uxquelles o n s ouhaite q ue l e c olloque p uisse a pporter d es e lements d e r eponse. L a s ituation n 'est g uäre p lus c laire l orsqu 'on a borde l e c alendrier e n a ge r eel. L es d ates e n a ge r eel

(1 4 C c alibre)(fig .4-6)

L e p assage d u c alendrier r adiocarbone ( dates B P o u B C) a e te o pere s ystematiquement d 'apräs l es t ables d e c orrection p ubliees p ar K lein, R alph, L erman e t D amon e n 1 982 dans Radiocarbon. E lles s ont l imitees ä l ' annee r adiocarbone 7 240 BP. E lles d onnent d es i ntervalles d e dates e n a ge r eel a vec u n d egre d e c onfiance d e 9 5% , t out e n e tant c alculees a vec l a m arge s tatistique d e l a d ate B P, r eposant d onc c onventionnell ement s ur u n d egre d e c onfiance d e 6 5% . O n p ourra e tendre u lterieur ement c ette c orrection ( ou " calibration") j usque v ers 9 .000-10.000 l orsque l es t ables c omplementaires s eront p ubliees, p robablement e n 1 988 , d 'apräs l es c onclusions d e l a c onference i nternationale d e r adiocarbone d e T rondheim e n 1 985 . 4

L es d ates C q ui p euvent e tre c alibrees n e r epresentent q ue 2 8% d es d ates r ecensees p our l 'ensemble d es p eriodes e tudiees. E lles s ont a u n ombre d e 1 61, d ont 6 1 ( soit 4 0% ) ont ö te c lassees a vec u ne f iabil ite d e * ** o u d e * ***. E ncore f aut-il o bserver q ue d es s ituations t räs v ariables e xistent s elon l es p eriodes.

( 1)

C ette d '8cho

pr: iposition, imm diat...

r enouvel6e

lors

de

i s

séance

d e

c löture,

n 'a

pas

r encontre

U NE S EQUENCE C HRONOLOGIQUE

2 9

N ombre d e d ates

4 5 6 7 8 P eriode 9

P eriode P öriode P öriode P öriode P öriode

N ombre d e d ates f iables

8 7

2 2

2 1

1 4

4 5 2 5 5 5

1 6 4 2 3

1 61

T otal

% 2 5 2 8 6 7 3 6

1 6 4 1

6 1

T ableau

4

I i a pparait a ussi q ue l a d istribution g eographique f ort d ifförente s elon l es p eriodes e tudiees

d es

( fig .5 e t 6 ):

d ates

e st

u n s eul p ays

p our l a p eriode 4 , t rois p our l a p eriode 5 ( ces d eux p öriodes n e s ont q ue t räs p artiellement c oncernees p ar l a c alibration), s ix p our l a p öriode 6 , l a p eriode 7 e t l a p öriode 8 , c inq p our l a p öriode 9 , la p lus r ecente. L es c hroniques s ynthetiques ö tablies ( fig .4) r eposent s ur l e c alcul d es p lages m oyennes, c 'est-ä-dire c elui d es v aleurs e xtremes, h autes e t b asses, d es d ates c alibrees q ui s ont e xprimees s ous f orme d 'un l aps d e t emps l imite p ar d eux b ornes, a vec 9 5% d e s ecurite. L es p öriodes 4 e t 5 , s oft entre 7 .550 et 8 .550 B P p ar d efinition, l ivrent q uelques d ates t räs j eunes q ui p euvent e tre m öcaniquement c alibrees m ais q ui n 'ont pas d e s ens a rcheologiquement. L e t ableau s uivant c orrespond a u g raphique p resente:

M oyenne s ur l 'ensemble D uröe M oyenne s ur l es D uree d es d ates d ates f iables P öriode P eriode P eriode P eriode

6 7 8 9

6 210-5370 5 770-4990 5 260-4650 4 550-4100 T ableau

8 40 7 80 6 10 4 50

6 220-5410 6 090-5320 4 875-4425 4 700-4160

8 10 7 70

4 50 5 40

5

C es r esultats m ontrent l a g rande s imilitude d es m oyennes e t d es d uröes d es p eriodes s elon l es m odes d e c alcul, s i c e n 'est p our l es p öriodes 7 e t 8 . Dans l es d eux c as, 3 00-400 a ns s öparent l es r ösultats s elon q ue l 'on p rend l a t otalitö d es d ates o u s eulement l es d ates f iab les. O n p eut n oter q ue l e p ourcentage d e r epresentativite ( tableau 4 ) d es d ates f iables n e r öväle p as t oujours c et e tat d e f ait. L es c hroniques s ynthetiques p ortent d es i ndications s upplömentaires a vec l es v aleurs e xtremes e nregiströes p our c haque p öriode ( fig .4). L es m oyennes s 'en r essentent n öcessairement. L e m aximum d es d ates e st a ussi f igure; i i n e c orrespond p as t oujours a u l aps d e t emps " moyen" c alculö. E nfin, l es m oyennes ö tablies p our l a p hase 8 n 'ont p as g rande s ig nification c ar e lles s ont c alculees s ur d es d ates t rop d ispersöes.

3 0

0 .

AURENCHE ,

J .

EV IN e t J . G ASCÖ

E nsemble d es d ates. L es c hroniques v ont d e 6 210 ä 4 100 ans a y. J .C., c ouvrant 2 110 a nnees c alendaires. L es d ifferentes c hroniques, q ui c orr espondent ä d es p eriodes p otentielles d 'existence d es c hronoc ultures, s e c hevauchent e n p artie. C es c hevauchements r eprösentent 8 1% d e l a d uree t otale d es c hroniques! L a p eriode 6 p ossöde 4 40 a ns d e " vie a utonome", e t p artage 4 00 a ns a vec l a p öriode 7 ( de 5 770 ä 5 370 ). L a p öriode 7 e st s eule p räsente e ntre 5 370 e t 5 260 ( 110 a ns). P uls, e ntre 5 260 e t 4 990 , l es p eriodes 7 e t 8s ont p rösentes. E ntre 4 990 et 4 650 , l a p öriode 8 s e d öroule ( 610 a ns). E ntre 4 650 e t 4 550 , u n v ide a pparait s ur l es g raphiques. L a p äriode 9 d ebute v ers 4 550 e t s e t erm ine e n 4 100 a y. J .C. L a p öriode 8 ( de 5 260 ä 4 650 d ont 7 0% d u t emps n on partage) r este t res m al d atöe e t s a p lace c hronologique d emande ä e tre c onfortöe. L a e ituation s erait t rop s imple s i l es r ösultats o btenus s ur l es d ates 1 C f iables c orrespondaient, m eme a pproximativement, ä c et ö tat d e f ait..., c e q ui e st l oin d 'être l e c as! D ates f iables. L es c hroniques n e c ouvrent p lus q ue 2 060 a ns, d ont 105 ( 46% ) d e s uperposition. E lles d öbutent e n 6 210 a vec l a p öriode 6 , qui d urant 1 30 a nnees e st s eule ä c ouvrir l 'espace t emporel. P uls d urant 6 80 a ns, s oit d e 6 090 ä 5 410 a ns a y. J .C., e ile l e partage a vec l a p eriode 7 . C ette d erniöre n 'est p lus a utonome q ue p our 9 0 a ns j usqu'en 5 320 . La l ogique v oudrait-elle q ue c es d eux p öriodes s oient r öunies e n u ne s eule ? U n l aps d e t emps d e 4 45 a ns s öpare l a p eriode 7 d e l a p eriode s uiv ante. C e " blanc", m eme ö tabli ä p artir d e r esultats m oyens, e st ä c onsidörer ( manque d e d atations ? ). D e 4 875 ä 4 700 , l a p öriode 8 o ccupe l e t errain. A p artir d e 4 700 , e h e d olt l e p artager a vec l a p eriode 9 , p our u ne d uree d e 2 75 a ns. E nfin, d urant 2 65 a ns, l a p eriode 9 e st s eule p rösente s ur l e g raphique j usqu 'en 4 160. D e c es d onnöes o n p eut r etenir l es 6 80 a ns s ur 9 00 de partage de l 'espace t emporel d es p öriodes 6 e t 7 . L es r ythmes p euvent a ussi e tre s ignificatifs: 1 30 a ns d 'autonomie, 6 80 c ommuns, 9 0 a ns a utonomes, 2 75 a ns c ommuns, 2 65 a ns a utonomes. L a r egularite d es r ythmes e st a ssez f lagrante, m ais q uel s ens l ui d onner ( la p eriode 8 ö tant mal d efinie) ? L 'ensemble d es h ypotheses q u 'une a pproche d e c e t ype p eut e ngendrer n e d olt p as s e l imiter a ux v aleurs c hiffrees. C es d onnees s ont l e r esultat d e t raitements m ultiples, e t, b ien q ue c alculees, e lles n e d oivent s urtout p as e tre c onsiderees c omme u ne t ranscription m athemat ique d e l a r ealite. C 'est d ans c e c adre q ue l es g raphiques s ont v olontairement s ynthötiques e t a bstraits. P ourtant, c es i nformations c onstituent v irtuellement l a b ase d es r öflexions ä mener s ur l a c hronologie d u P roche O rient. O n p ourrait r evoir l es t ermes d 'ident ification d es p öriodes 6 e t 7 , qui s 'inscrivent d ans u ne p lage d e t emps c ommune, c eux d e l a p öriode 8 , peu f iable a rcheologiquement,

U NE S EQUENCE C HRONOLOGIQUE

3 1

d ont l es d ates " fiables" s e r etrouvent c hronologiquement i nversöes. M ais l a m eilleure f a wn d e r ösoudre l es p roblömes ö tait d 'abord d e l es f aire a pparaitre.

0 . Professeur

AURENCHE,

ä l ' Universite Lumiere-Lyon 2 ( Maison de l ' Orient), Lyon J .

EVIN,

I ngenieur Laboratoire Universite

de

Claude

Bernard-Lyon 1 Villeurbanne J .

( Centre

CNRS

Radiocarbone

Charge de r echerche au CNRS d ' anthropologie des societes

CASCO,

- ER 289 rurales) Toulouse

B IBLIOGRAPHIE A URENCHE O ., S ANLAVILLE P . 1 981

C AUVIN

J .,

C AUVIN

M .C.,

C OPELAND

L .,

H OURS

F .

e t

C hronologie e t o rganisation d e l 'espace d ans l e P roche O rient d e 1 2.000 ä 5 .600 a y. J .C. ( 14.000 ä 7 .600 B P). P r histoire d u L evant , C olloque i nternational d u C .N .R .S ., n °598. M aison d e l 'Orient 1 980 , 5 71-601.

H OURS F ., A URENCHE S ANLAVILLE P .

O .,

C AUVIN

J .,

C AUVIN

M .C.,

C OPELAND

ä p araitre. A tlas d es s ites d u P roche O rient d e 1 4.000 L yon, C ollection d e l a M aison d e l 'Orient. K LEIN J ., L ERMAN J .C., D AMON P .E . a nd R ALPH E .K. 1 982 C alibration o f r adiocarbon d ates : t ables

ä

b ased

L .

5 .700

o n

e t B P .

t he

c onsensus d ata o f t he w orkshop o n c alibrating t he r adiocarbon t ime s cale, R adiocarbon, 2 4, 1 03-150.

3 2

0 . A URENCHE ,

J

. . •

r x .

, . , „

u

z u p

e

Z

a -e t

e

-

c e

I -

_ ,z , t . . . •

S chema c hrono log ique

L r z .c 6 )

— Z . ' Z

• Z2 2 , v)

, ) •

.4

' › ' . : i

• , .

".. , 7 2 , e

z e

0

• t , 3 . c a ) E

Ez $ •: . , ; ' ) 2 . = . . c 0. 1 : 3 • " . 3 .. 5 c ( . ) 0 . e • ( 1 ) k r ; " 5 l a •' E

. 0

a 0, ' . C A ' 2 , •

c §. u O ._ , .▪ > , • -N u

I ,

( , )

7

. e.

" , C a l

U t i . : e • 0 ) . . 0 ) ) .' . . — . • t u

, - E'

( 1)

T . '

, o

C t .

-

, . : i

C a l

e t ?

. 4 . .

0

8 0 Z ' e 8 . . . • . 1 :_ 0. . — c e ; .. • . N M 8 0

e ▪r ,

. 1 », b i ) , z l • -

m j • -J ' " . • 4 N 0

0

-E i

k C .

8

•.

T. 4 t ) C h i

« .G

0 ) ▪

W

2

z

. . z• z

e

Z

C)

. . t .

c h C 2

• ü •

e •

0

u

E c

' e

c i

u-

▪ ( , )

tv )

• t .,( . ) . . 0 • -" C : 1 C 1 2i . =

0

ar i l

. . z ,

, • ,

•• o . e d , ,a ) . . r, ,, - c "

0

7 . . , t i k

0

A .

Q J p

pj

> 4 F 1 ' C I )

8

d e l 'Orient .

t c i . Z

,

G ASCÖ

e e

▪' 7 ,

J . £ VIN e t J .

0

e ( % )

4

e

. 4 5

3

4 ) F 4

8

c r , 0

t g )

ba

▪ s u 0 I .

7 : 3

U NE S EQUENCE C HRONOLOGIQUE

3 3

c i

L . )

8

0 8.C.

�a -

J-4 JG 06 86

F!AB!L!TE DES DATE S fl, ��1-2

95 .% DE SECURITE ±. 2 ECARTS TYPES

Dates CIC be da Proebe-Orlent

"L,-Js

- �-----

Fig. 3 - Histogrammes de l'ensemble des dates BC du Proche Orient (periodes 5 a 9); en noir les dates fiables et en blanc les dates mains fiables.

8000

6000

4 000

2000

08.C.

AC TUEL

(") C

�

c:....

�

«)

t?j,

� N

0

C C )

o o r \ J

— " z r ' ‹ x

r t s F IAB ILITES

L i n e 2 1 ) o • o ) ' 2 c u

I

w e

r o ( , )

2

•c . ) t s ) 0

• r4

V ALEUR E XTREME

MOYENNE ANC1ENNE

MAX IMUM D E D ATES

MOYENNE R ECENTE

V ALEUR E XTREME

_

C )

0 0 1 ' )

0

o

0 v

41

o o

0 i n

0 0 ( 0

C )

• e z t i

0 L i

k

, L)

F . 4

c o

J .

a )

£VIN e t J .

JC

1

6 010 0 a vant

C »

.

G ASCO

F i t i f Z u

c lassdes

A URENCHE ,

A R EJETER

0 .

3 6

N . •••• •

o— o

d u P roche

N .

e

• i e F 4 4

el -)

c o 4 ›

0

e t p ar p ays

• e 4 r ä

c . 0

0 * r e 4

s

r • z i

0

c i p 0 0 0 — ( 0

c o N

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0

0 0 0 c s i

3 7

d u P roche O rient c lassees p ar

U NE SEQUENCE CHRONOLOGIQUE

Chronologies

in

the

Aurenche 0 ., 2vin BAR International

Near

East,

J . and Hours S eries,

F .

eds. 1987

W O R K IN G W I T H R A D I O C A R B O N D A T E S I NS O U T H W E S T E R N A S IA H . T.

ABSTRACT:

By

successive

layers

one

area,

that

or

enable

should

of us

treat

possible

to

l ooking at

a ll t o

a ll

at

s ite

dates

of

use

the

dates

r ecognize

l aboratories,

groups

one

dates

a s

radiocarbon

of

dates

larger

are

with

more

be

expected

i t

r egions,

precision between on

be

successive

measurements.

d ifferences

t o

dates,

from

homogeneous

individual

quality

which

of

or

the

and The

the

WATERBOLK

s ets

of

cultural

confidence,

of

the

of

i n

t urn

than

procedure

production

from

s tages

r egularities

same

basis

dates

up,

if

we

makes

i t

d ifferent

s tudy

of

Baxter

qui

p euvent

e tre,

m8me

s ite,

( 1983). RESUME: soft

L ' observation

des

dates

dates

de

t outes

phases l es

datations traitee

comme

differences on

doit

de

des

culturelles

dates

avec

d 'ensembles

provenant

p lus une

s ' attendre

de

r egions precision

mesure

en

e t

de

l es

dans

de

l a

p lus

m8me

Le

m8me

Baxter

que

procede

des

d ' un a ire

e tendues,

confiance

r esultats

l 'etude

radiocarbone,

s tratigraphie

homogenes

i solee.

entre

d ' apres

dates

successives

de

qualite

de

niveaux

d ivers

e i

soft

g eographique, permet

chacune

p ermet

de

d ' utiliser d 'elles

l es

e tait

r econnaitre

laboratoires,

des soft

l es

auxquelles

( 1983).

T ypology a nd s tratigraphy a re t he b asic m ethods f or b ringing a n i nitial c hronological o rder i n t he m aterial r emains o f t he p ast t hat a re t he s ubject o f a rchaeological s tudies. C hronological s equences a re i n p rinciple o nly v alid w ithin n arrow r egional l imits. B y c hronolog ical s tudies, h owever, r egional s equencies c an b e t ied t ogether t o f orm a c hronological f ramework t hat c an b e u sed i n a l arger a rea . F or c ertain r egions, s uch a s E gypt a nd M esopotamia , w ritten s ources p ermit m aking t he r elative c hronology a bsolute, b ut o nly f or t he l ast 5 000 y ears. Radiocarbon d ating s erves t he s ame p urpose f or a p eriod o f 5 0,000 y ears. B oth h istorical d ating a nd r adiocarbon d ating m eet w ith p roblems. E specially i n t he e arly p hases h istorical d ata a re n ot e asy t o i nterpret a nd t here i s, o r u sed t o b e, r oom f or b oth l ong a nd s hort c hronologies. A s a rchaeologists w e l argely d epend o n t he w ork o f t he a ncient h istorians. T he p roblems t hey f ace i n e stablishing h istorical c hronologies a re w ell i llustrated b y H . N issen 's p aper i n t his v olume. T he t ransfer o f t he h istorical d ates t o c ommon a rchaeological m aterials s uch a s p ottery, m etals, w orked s tones a nd h ouse r emains i s a c omplicated m atter w hich b rings u s r ight i n t he h eart o f c ontinuous a rchaeological d iscussion.

T his a pplies t o E gypt a nd M esopotamia a nd

4 0

e ven m ore t o a reas,

H .T .

s uch a s t he E uropean c ontinent,

t o w hich

W ATERBOLK

w e

w ish

t o t ransfer t he h istorical d ates. R adiocarbon d ating h as t he a dvantage o f b eing d ependent o nly o n t he p hysical p roperties o f t he e arth, a nd t hus b eing e qually a nd d irectly a pplicable o n a ll p arts o f t he e arth, w ithout t he c umbersom s tep-wise t ransfers t hat a re i nherent t o h istorical d ating . B ut r adiocarbon d ating h as o ther d ifficulties. I t d oes n ot p roduce d ates i n c alendar y ears b ut a ssessments s ubject t o t he l aws o f s tatistics. I ts t ime s cale i s n ot s traight b ut u ndulating a nd w iggling , a p roblem w hich c an o nly p artly b e o vercome b y c alibration p rocedures. O ne n eeds t o k now s ome p hysics, c hemistry, s oil s cience, g eology a nd m athematics t o u nderstand t he t rue n ature o f a r adiocarbon m easurement a nd i ts i nherent u ncertainties. S ome p roblems a re c ommon t o b oth d ating t echniques, f or e xample t he o ften u ncertain a ssociation o f t he d atable m aterial w ith t he o bjects o r s tructures f or w hich a d ate i s s ought, o r t he p ossible d ifferences i n t ime o f o rigin o r f abrication o f t he v arious c omponents t hat m ake u p a c losed f ind, o r t he p roblem o f r eworked o lder m aterials i n r aised s ites, o r t he p roblem o f u nrecognized s tratigraphical c omplications i n t est-trenches, r esulting i n s o-called i ntrusions o f y ounger m aterials, e tc. O ften u nexpected r adiocarbon d ates a re r ejected w ithout d ue c onsideration o f t he p ossibility o f s uch a rchaeological c omplications. F or a g ood j udgement o f t he c ontext o f a s ample t he a rchaeologist i s r esponsible. T here a re g ood a nd b ad e xcavators. I t i s w ell k nown t hat a t a c omplicated s tratified s ite i t m ay t ake m any s easons o f f ield w ork b efore w e g et t he s tratigraphy u nder c ontrol. S ome e xcavat ors p ut g reat e ffort i n c ollecting g ood s amples, a nd h ave t hem m icroscopically i dentified, o thers j ust t ake s ome b ags f ull o f d ark e arth t hat l ooks l ike a sh. I n a f inal j udgement o f a r adiocarbon d ate, t he m atter o f q uality o f b oth t he e xcavator a nd t he s ample c annot b e o verlooked. A t t his m eeting w e c oncentrate o ur e fforts o n t he p eriod f rom 1 6000-4000 B P, a nd w e a re p articularly i nterested i n c ombining a nd i ntegrating t he r esults o f b oth c hronological t echniques. F ortunately, w e c an p rofit f rom t he r ecent s pectacular r esults a chieved b y d endroc hronology, w hich e nable u s t o c alibrate r adiocarbon d ates, i .e. t o r elate t hem t o c alendar y ears f or t he w hole o f t he p eriod w here b oth d ating t echniques o verlap ( see K romer a nd B ecker, t his v olume). I n t his p aper I w ant t o d raw a ttention t o s ome t ypical p roblems i n t he a pplication o f r adiocarbon d ating t o a rchaeology. I s hall l eave o ut o f c onsideration t he p hysical a nd c hemical a spects o f t he r adiocarbon d ating t echnique. I s hall a lso r efrain f rom g oing i nto t oo m uch a rchaeological d etail. R ather I w ant t o s uggest s ome w ays o f l ooking a t r adiocarbon d ates s o t hat a rchaeology m ay p rofit m ost f rom t hem. M y e xamples w ill a ll b e f rom S W A sia . F or t he p eriod a nd a rea u nder c onsideration t he t otal n umber o f p ublished r adiocarbon d ates m ay b e e stimated a t a bout o ne t housand. N early a ll t he s amples a re o f c harred p lant m aterials. T he d ates h ave b een p roduced o ver t he l ast t hirty y ears b y a l arge n umber o f l aborat ories, s ome o f w hich h ave b een m ore a ctive i n t he f ield t han o thers. T his p roduction i s o f u nequal q uality . S ome d ates w ere r un i n t he e arly d ays o f r adiocarbon d ating , w hen t he c ounters d id n ot y et p ermit p re ,. ; ision m easurements, n o i nternationally u niform r ecent s tandards

W ORKING W ITH R ADIOCARBON

4 1

w ere u sed, t he p retreatment o f t he s amples w as i mperfect, n o c orrections w ere m ade f or i sotopic f ractionation, a nd t he m easuring p rocess w as n ot k ept u nder c ontinuous c omputerized c ontrol. S ome p ioneer l aboratories h ave s topped d ating , o thers h ave f ound o ut t hat t heir e arly m easurements w ere i n n eed o f r evision a nd h ave p ublished c orrections o f t heir e arly d ates, f or e xample G roningen i n 1 963 a nd H eidelberg i n 1 984. T here i s i ndeed e very r eason t o b elieve t hat t here a re c onsiderable d ifferences o f q uality i n r adiocarbon d ates. I t i s t ragic t hat S W A sia h as s uffered m ost, f or i t w as h ere t hat t he i nterest i n t he n ew t echnique w as g reatest a nd s amples f rom h ere g ot p riority. T he w idely s cattered e arly d ates f rom J armo a nd J ericho c an i llustrate m y p oint. B ut n ot o nly t he p roduction o f t he e arly y ears s hows d ifferences i n q uality. A f ew y ears a go t he l aboratory o f G lasgow c ompared s eries o f d ates o f 2 0 l aboratories o n 8 samples of homogenized t ree r ing m aterials s pread o ver a n i nterval o f 2 00 y ears w ith a n a ge o f c . 5 000 y ears B P ( Baxter, 1 983). T he r esults w ere r eally d iscomforting . T here w as e vidence b oth f or s ystematic b ias u p t o 2 00 y ears a nd f or v ariab ility w hich w as n ot a ccounted f or b y t he s tandard d eviation g iven t o e ach m easurement. A lthough a ll t he s amples s hould d ate b etween 5 000 a nd 5 200 B P, t he d etermination r anged f rom 4 650-5460 B P! I t w as, h owever, r eassuring t hat t he l aboratories t hat a re a ble t o p roduce d ates w ith h igh p recision w ere l east a ffected b y t his p henomenon. A pparently t he h igh-precision p rocedures d o r educe t he e rrors m arkedly. W e c an b e s ure t hat e rrors u naccounted f or b y t he s tandard d eviation w ere e ven m ore c ommon i n t he e arly y ears o f r adiocarbon d ating . S ometimes t he d ifferences i n q uality s how u p e mpirically. I s hall g ive a f ew e xamples. I s hall u se a s implified g raphic p resentation o f t he d ates, w hich e nables m e t o s urvey q uickly a l arge n umber o f d ates. M y f irst e xample i s J ericho. T he s ummary ( graph 1 ) s hows t hat t he d ates a re w idely s cattered o ver t he t ime s cale. I n g raph 2 t he d ates a re g rouped a ccording t o a rchaeological p eriod. B y m eans o f s ymbols t he l aboratories i nvolved a re i ndicated. T he G L d ates a re o bviously t oo y oung . T he e arly B M d ates, o n t he o ther h and, a re t oo o ld. A s i s t o b e e xpected, t he d ifference i n y ears d ecreases w ith t ime, t o b ecome h ardly r ecognizable i n t he B ronze A ge l ayers. T he

s econd e xample a pplies t o t he c hronological d ifference b etween

t he G eometric K ebaran a nd t he M ushabian. G raph 3 i ncludes a ll s amples l isted b y W einstein ( 1984) i n h is e xtremely u seful s ummary s urvey a s d erived f rom P alaeolithic a nd E pipalaeolithic s ites i n t he S L evant. T he g raph s hows t he e normous d ifficulties i n o btaining g ood d ates o n M iddle Palaeolithic s amples. H alf o f t hese m ust b e d iscarded a nd t he r est s hould b e c onsidered a s t ermini a nte q uem. I s hall n ot d iscuss t hese o ld d ates, n or c ompare t he d ifferent l aboratories i nvolved. F or t he U pper P alaeolithic t he p icture i s n ot s atisfactory e ither. I t i s o nly w ith t he K ebaran t hat t he s ituation i mproves. Y et t here i s a c onsiderable o verlap o f t he G eometric K ebaran a nd t he M ushabian. G raph 4g ives t he d ates f or t hese p eriods o n a nother s cale a nd t he l aboratories a re i ndividually i ndicated. T he o verlap d isappears c ompletely w hen t he l aboratories a re c onsidered s eparately: a t t he s tratified s ite o f M ushabi X IV, S MU a nd R T p roduce h igh d ates, Q C a nd M C l ow d ates.

S MU h as a lso d ated f ive s amples f rom o ther s ites

a ttri-

4 2

H .T .

W ATERBOLK

b uted t o b oth p hases. T hey c onfirm t he r esults o f M ushabi X IV. S ome P ta d ates o f t hese s ites a re i n l ine w ith t hem. O n t he b asis o f t he d ates o f S MU, R T a nd P ta , w hich h ave a h igher p recision t han t he o thers, a nd t herefore w ould s eem p referable, t he c hronological b order b etween t he G eometric K ebaran a nd t he M ushabian a t s ite M ushabi X IV w ould l ie a t c . 1 3,700 B P. T here a re t hree w idely s pread d ates f or t he s ite N ahal Z in D V I t hat c annot b e e xplained b y t he f oregoing . T he s ite m ay n ot b e h omogen eous, o r i t may b e i nfected b y b itumen ( see b elow). A s t o t he h igh R T a nd P ta d ates f or t he s ites M ushabi X VI a nd L agama N orth V III, r espect ively, t hey m ay b e e xplained b y t he h ypothesis, a dvocated b y B arY osef a nd V ogel ( this v olume), t hat G eometric K ebaran a nd M ushabian i ndustries d id e xist c ontemporaneously i n t he s ame g eneral a rea ( the N egev). A s a t hird e xample t he B ronze A ge s ite o f A i c an s erve ( graph 5 ). I f w e r estrict o urselves t o t he P d ates, t here i s n o p roblem. A t a ll t he l evels t he T x d ates a re g enerally h igher, i n a ddition t hey s catter w idely. T he f act t hat s ome T x d ates o n g rain f rom E B I I l evels a re o lder t han P d ates o n g rain f rom E B I l evels d efinitely i ndicates t hat t here i s s omething w rong . S ince t he P d ates a re m ore c onsistent a nd h ave h igher p recision t han t he o ther d ates, t hey h ave t o b e p referred. H ere w e h ave a c lear e xample o f b oth t he s ystematic b ias a nd t he u nexplained v ariability a s i ndicated b y t he G lasgow a nalysis f or t he s ame t ime r ange a nd w ith c omparable q uantitative e ffects. T he J ericho s eries ( graphs 1 a nd 2 ) m ay s erve t o i llustrate s ome o ther p oints. I f t he G L a nd B M d ates ( for t he N eolithic) a re l eft o ut, t he s ummary g raph g ives a g ood g eneral s urvey o f t he p eriod d uring w hich J ericho w as o ccupied. T here r emain n o d ates f or t he p eriod b etween 8 500 a nd 4 600 B P. B ut d o t he d ates t ruly r eflect t he a ctual d uration o f t he o ccupation ? T here a re m any r easons w hy i n a r aised s ite a d ate o n w ood c harcoal m ay c ome o ut t oo h igh: t he w ood m ay s tem f rom a l ong-lived t ree, i t m ay h ave b een u sed a nd r eused a s a b uilding m aterial b efore i t s erved a s f ire w ood, t he s ample m ay c onsist o f o r b e c ontaminated b y r eworked m aterial f rom o lder l evels, e tc. O n t he o ther h and t he o verlying l ayers p rovide p rotection a gainst r ecent r oots a nd o ther d isturbances; t here w ill b e f ew y ounger h umus i nfiltrations a nd t hese c an e asily b e r emoved b y c hemical p ret reatment. C learly t he c hances o f d ates c oming o ut t oo h igh a re m uch g reater t han t heir c oming o ut t oo l ow. T his m eans t hat i n t he t ime r ange u nder c onsideration o ne s hould p refer t he y oungest d ates p er s tratigraphic o r a rchaeological u nit f or e stablishing t he c hronolog ical l imits o f t hese u nits. I f t here i s c ontinuous o ccupation , t he b est e stimation f or t he b eginning o f a p hase i s t he y oungest d ate o f t he p receding p hase. I f t here i s n o p receding p hase, e .g . a t t he b ase o f t he t ell, t he a ctual b eginning o f t he o ccupation c annot n ormally b e d etermined. O nly i f d ates o n s amples o f s hort-lived m aterials, s uch a s c harred g rain, a re a vailable i n s ufficient q uantity m ay o ne b e a ble t o b e m ore p recise a s t o t he b eginning o f a p hase o r a s tratigraphic u nit. I n t he J ericho g raph 2 a rrows i ndicate t he c hronological l imits d etermined i n t his w ay . O f c ourse, t hese l imits a re t o b e c onsidered a s p reliminary. A s t he n umber o f d ates i ncreases, t hey m ay s hift u pward a l ittle. I t i s a lso c lear t hat t his p rocedure d oes n ot w ork w hen o nly o ne o r t wo s amples p er p hase a re a vailable.

W ORKING W ITH R ADIOCARBON

4 3

F or a nother e xample I t ake t he s ummary g raph o f a ll S L evant d ates f or t he E pipalaeolithic, N eolithic a nd B ronze A ge, a ssembled b y W einstein ( graph 6 ). E xcluding a f ew i solated y oung s amples, t here i s a g ood s tep-wise p rogression o f t he a ges f or t he d ifferent p hases. O n c lose i nspection, h owever, t here a re c onsiderable o verlaps, t hat c annot b e e xplained b y s tatistics, f or i nstance b etween t he d ates f or t he C halcolithic, t he E arly B ronze A ge I ; a nd t he E arly B ronze A ge I I. O n t he b asis o f o ur d iscussion o f t he A i d ates, w e m ust f ear t hat q uality d ifferences i n t he p roduction o f t he d ifferent l aboratories i s t he m ain c ause f or t his o verlap. G raph 7 g ives a s urvey o f t he A rslan t epe d ates, a ll p roduced b y o ne l aboratory ( R). T he s uccession i s v ery s atisfactory. O ne d ate i n t he E Br I i s t oo l ow , b ut i t i s c ontemporary w ith M Br a nd L Br I d ates f rom t he s ame t ell. I n t his c ase o ne s hould r eckon w ith t he p ossibility o f a n u nrecognized s tratigraphical c omplication. S ometimes l aboratories p ublish d ates w ith a m uch l arger e rror t han t hey n ormally d o. I n s uch c ases t he s ample w as s mall o r o f b ad q uality a nd c ontained l ittle c arbon. I t h ad t o b e d iluted w ith i nactive c arbon t o a llow m easurement . T he d ilution m ay i ntroduce a n e xtra e rror ( although i t s hould n ot). M ore i mportant i s p robably t he f act t hat s mall s amples c annot o ften b e p retreated t oo c arefully which m ay m ean t hat n ot a ll c ontamination i s r emoved. I n p ractice w e s ee t hat d ates w ith a h igh s tatistical e rror s pread m uch m ore w idely t han i s a ccounted f or b y t he e rror . M any o f t he d eviant y ounger d ates i n g raph 6a ppear t o b elong t o t his c ategory. G raph 5 permits u s t o s tudy a nother p roblem. A t A i t here i s l ittle o r n o d ifference i n y oungest d ates p er p hase. A ll s top a t 4 100-4200 B P. T his o ccurs m ore o ften , e .g . a t N ippur ( graph 8 ) a t t he s ame t ime l evel. l evel

T his p henomenon i s e xplained b y t he f act t hat e xactly a t t his t here i s a n a nomaly i n t he r adiocarbon c ontent o f t he

a tmosphere, s howing u p a s a w iggle i n t he c alibration c urve. T he e ffect o f t his w iggle i s t hat d ates o f s ay, 4 150-4050 B P c an b e p roduced t hroughout a p eriod o f c . 3 50 y ears ( 2900-2550 B C). I f o ne o r t wo p hase l imits f all w ithin s uch a p eriod, t hey w ill n ot s how u p i n t he 1 C r ecord. H ere w e a re f aced w ith t he l imits o f r adiocarbon d ating . I n s ome c ases, h owever, w e m ay p rofit f rom t he w iggles, a s w e s hall s ee p resently. I s hall e xamine n ow t wo o ther i nstances w here w e c an c ompare t he r elation b etween s tratigraphy a nd r adiocarbon d ates. F rom t he r oughly c ontemporary s ites o f Q atal H üyük a nd B ouqras a re f or e ach 2 6 d ates a vailable, m ade b y t he l aboratories P a nd G rN, r espectively. I n b oth c ases t hey a re e venly s pread o ver a s tratigraphy c omprising 1 2, r espectively 1 0 b uilding l evels. Q atal l ies i n C entral A natolia a t c . 1 000 m a ltitude i n t he K onya p lain ( rainfall 3 00-400 m m). B ouqras l ies a t t he e dge o f t he E uphrates f lood p lain i n S yria ( rainfall l ess t han 2 00 m m). T he c ounting e rrors a re i n g eneral 8 0-110 y ears w ith t he P d ates a nd 4 0-60 y ears w ith t he G rN d ates. T he g raphs 9a nd 1 0 s how s triking d ifferences. A t Q atal t he d ates p er l evel s pread w idely, o ver u p t o f our c enturies, a t B ouqras t hey l ie c losely t ogether. T he e xplanation c an o nly b e t hat a t Q atal o ld b uilding w ood,

c ut a t h igh a ge o f t he t rees

( oak,

j uniper)

r emained

l ong i n u se, w hilst a t B ouqras t he m ain w ood u sed f or b uilding a nd f iring was q uickly g rowing p oplar f rom t he f lood p lain.

4 4

H .T .

W ATERBOLK

A nother s ite w here t he u se a nd r euse o f o ld w ood c auses a w ide s cattering o f d ates a nd n o c lear c hronological d ifference b etween t he s tratigraphic p hases i s B eidha ( graph 1 1). A t B ouqras t he d ates f ollow t he s tratigraphy w ith a f ew d eviation o f t he g eneral t rend: l evels 1 0 a nd 5 p roduced l ow d ates, a nd t here i s a s teep j ump b etween t he d ates o f t he l evel 1 a nd 2 . A t Q atal t here i s n o a pparent d ifference i n y oungest d ates p er l evel t hroughout l evels V II t o I I. T he p henomenon i s a ll t he m ore r emarkable s ince f our s amples o f s hort-lived m aterials ( grain, b rain) a re i nvolved . T o u nderstand t hese u nexpected p atterns w e m ay t urn t o t he p reliminary c alibration c urve r ecently p roduced b y t he H eidelberg l aboratory f or t he p eriod 8 250-7000 B P ( Kromer a nd B ecker , t his v olume). o f a w iggle d ates a round 7 500 B P c an b e e xpected t o o ccur

A s a r esult d uring 2 00

c alendar y ears ( c. 6 450-6250 B C), s o t hat t his p eriod i s a vailable f or l evels V II t o I I a t Q atal. A t B ouqras t he s ame w iggle c auses t he j ump b etween p hases 2 a nd 1 . T he d epression a t l evel 5 o f B ouqras c orresp onds t o a nother w iggle a t 7 050-7000 B C, a nd t he d epression a t l evel 1 0 o f B ouqras m ay w ell b e e xpected i f t he w iggle pattern c ontinues b eyond 7 200 B C .B y t his s ort o f " wiggle m atching" w e a rrive a t a n e stimation o f t he c alendar a ge o f 7 250-6250 c al B C f or B ouqras a nd 6 650-6250 c al B C f or Q atal. W iggles a ppear t o b e p resent t hroughout t he c alibrated r adiocarbon t ime s cale. Y et t he n umber o f i nstances w here r ole c an b e d emonstrated i n p ractice i s s mall. B ut t his s hould b e c lear f rom t he f oregoing : o nly s eries o f r elatively s hort-lived s amples, t hat have b een d ated w ith f airly g ood p recision b y a l aboratory t hat o perates o n t he s ame s tandard l evel a s t he l aboratories t hat h ave p roduced t he c alibration c urves, w ill r eflect w iggles c learly. A t B ouqras, s quare 1 3/7 h as g iven t wo h igh d ates. S ince b itumen w as u sed i n t he s ettlement, f or i nstance a s a c over o f w oven m ats, i t m ay w ell h ave i nfected s ome c harcoal s amples. A t o ther s ites, t oo, t he p resence o f b itumen c an b e t he c ause o f a nomalous h igh d ates, s pread i rregularly o ver t he t ime s cale. G ood e xamples a re t he B ronze Age t ells E l Q itar, S elenkahiye a nd T erqa , a ll i n t he E uphrates v alley ( graph 1 2). A t E l Q itar a ll d ates b eyond 3 500 B P s hould b e d istrusted. A t t he s ites o f S elenkahiye a nd T erqa b itumen has a ctually b een c hemically i dentified i n s amples t hat p roduced t oo h igh a ges. O ther s ites w here H ureyra.

b itumen

m ight

e xplain a berrant d ates a re J armo a nd A bu

A n i nteresting i nstance o f t he p ossible r ole c ontamination m ay p lay i n s amples f rom a t ell i s g iven b y t he I RPA s eries o f 3 7 dates from t he B ronze A ge T ell e d-Deir i n I raq w ith a n e xpected a ge o f 2 100-1600 B C. F our s orts o f m aterial w ere d ated, g ray e arth, c arbonaceous e arth, c harred w ood a nd c arbonated n odules ( graph 1 3). A ll d ates o n g ray e arth a re m uch t oo o ld; t he c arbonated n odules o n t he o ther h and a re t oo y oung . T he s amples l abelled c arbonaceous e arth s pread w idely . O nly t he c harred w ood s amples f orm a n arrow g roup a t t he e xpected a ge a round 4 000 B P, w ith, h owever, t wo o utliers b etween 6 000 a nd 5 000 B P. W hatever t he e xplanation o f t hese t wo o utliers i s, i t i s e vident t hat t horoughly p retreated c harcoal s amples a re d efinitely t o b e p referred. T he f oregoing e xamples a ll s how t hat i t i s p rofitable t o d eal w ith g roups o f d ates f rom a c ommon a rchaeological c ontext. I n t he s ame way i t i s u seful t o c ompare g roups o f d ates f rom a c ommon g eographical

W ORKING W ITH R ADIOCARBON

4 5

c ontext. A s a n e xample t he i ntroduction o f p ottery c an s erve. W here a nd w hen d id i t o ccur f irst ? I n g raph 1 4 I a ssembled d ates f rom a s mall n umber o f k ey s ites i n 1 6 d ifferent a reas, i n w hich m ostly b oth p re-pottery a nd p ottery N eolithic i ndustries o ccur . F or t heir i dentification I r ely c ompletely o n t he i mportant r ecent w ork b y M . L e M iäre o n t he e arliest p otteries o f t he m iddle E uphrates ( thesis U niversity L yon I I, 1 986). I n v iew o f w hat h as b een s aid b efore, i t i s c lear t hat i n g eneral m ore i mportance s hould b e a ttached t o t he y oungest d ates f or p rep ottery l evels t han t o t he e arliest d ates f or p ottery-bearing l evels. V ery l ate p re-pottery l evels o ccur i n C yprus ( up t o 6 900 B P). L ate l evels o ccur a lso i n t he K owm a rea i n S yria ( up t o 7 300 B P). I n m ost a reas p re-pottery d ates g o u p t o t he c enturies a round 8 000 B P. T his h orizon i s p assed i n t he Z agros ( if t he J armo d ates c an b e r elied u pon), i n S E A natolia ( Gritille), i n t he D amascus b asin ( Ramad), i n t he N L evant ( Labweh) a nd i n K huzistan ( if t he d ates o f A li K osh c an b e r elied u pon). L ast p re-pottery d ates b efore 8 000 B P o ccur i n t he D eir e z-Zor a rea ( Bouqras), W est C entral I ran ( Ganj D areh), N S yria ( Abu H ureyra ) a nd C entral A natolia ( Suberde). T he a rea N o f t he D ead S ea a nd t he W adi A raba l ack c ontinuity b etween p ottery a nd p re-pottery o ccupation a nd c an t herefore l eft o ut o f c onsideration i f w e w ant t o s tudy t he i ntroduction o f p ottery. A t f irst g lance C entral A natolia ( Qatal H üyük) s eems t o p resent g ood e vidence f or a v ery e arly o ccurrence o f p ottery: n o p re-pottery d ates b eyond 8 500 B P, e arliest p ottery d ates o f 8 300 B P. Y et, a s w e h ave s een i n d etail i n g raph 9 , t here i s v ery r eason t o r eckon w ith a v ery h igh a ge o f t he t rees b efore u se, a nd t here i s n o p roof o f e arlier o ccupation a t Q atal t han 7 800 B P. T he s ame m ay h old g ood f or S uberde. F urther p re-pottery d ates f or t hat a rea a re n eeded. A s t o N S yria, t he e vidence i s m eagre. T here i s a h igh d ate f or a p ottery b earing l ayer a t A ssouad, b ut t he a uthenticity o f t his l ayer i s n ot b eyond d oubt. T he e vidence f rom W C entral I ran i s n ot v ery c lear e ither. T he e arliest p ottery d ate ( Sarab) p ostdates 8 000 B P. A t p resent t he D eir e z-Zor a rea h as p roduced t he e arliest e vidence f or p ottery. F ollowing L e M iäre 's d etailed a nalysis i t i s p resent f rom l evel 7 upwards. T his l evel h as a d ate o f c . 8 200 B P ,w hilst t he y oungest d ates f rom t he u nderlying l evels s tay b eyond 8 100 B P ( see g raph 1 0). T his i s a q uite u nexpected r esult s ince a ccording t o L e M iäre t he e arliest p ottery a t B ouqras i s a lready v ery d ifferentiated a nd i ts o rigin s hould t herefore b e s ought e lsewhere. I n v iew o f t he g eneral a ffinity o f t he B ouqras p ottery i n n ortheasterly d irection, o ne w ould f irst l ook i n N M esopotamia . U nfortunately t here i s a g reat l ack o f d ates i n t hat a rea , f or e xample f rom t he p ottery s ite U mm D abaghiah a nd t he p re-pottery s ite M agzaliah. F rom t he i mportant s ite o f H assuna t here i s o nly o ne d ate. A s t o t he Z agros a rea , t here i s t he p roblem t hat t he s ame p re-pottery l evels o f J armo t hat p roduced t he U CLA d ates o f 7 980±140 a nd 7 950±200 g ave a W d ate o f 8 830±200 a nd a H d ate

o f 8 520±175.

I f t he U CLA d ates s hould b e w rong,

t here w ould b e

a mple r oom i n t hat a rea f or p ottery d ates b efore 8 000 B P. T he c onclusion c an o nly b e t hat m any m ore d ates a re n eeded a nd t hat f urther e fforts t o s olve t he p roblem o f t he o rigin a nd d ate o f t he e arliest p ottery i n S W A sia s hould c oncentrate o n N M esopotamia .

4 6

H .T .

F or a l ast t heme I w ant t o c ome b ack t o g raph

W ATERBOLK

6 . I t s hows t hat

t he

a vailable d ates a re q uite u nequally s pread o ver t he t ime s cale . I n t he S L evant t here a re h ardly a ny d ates b etween 8 000 a nd 7 000 B P a nd t here i s a nother p oor p eriod b etween 6 200 a nd 5 500 B P. I f w e m ake s ummary g raphs f or o ther a rees, o ther p atterns t urn u p. T here a re v ery f ew a reas w here t he 1 C d ates a re r andomly s pread o ver t he t ime s cale. T here m ay b e m any r easons f or t his p henomenon, s uch a s t he hazards o f a rchaeological d iscovery, t he p reference o f a rchaeologists f or c ertain f ormative p eriods s uch a s t he E arly N eolithic o r t he E arly B ronze A ge, t he p ersonal i nterest o f t he e xcavation l eaders i n s olving c hronological p roblems b y m eans o f r adiocarbon d ating , t he n ational p olicies w ith r egards t o e xtending p ermissions f or s urveys a nd e xcavations, t he e asiness o f a ccess o f t he e xcavation l eader t o r adiocarbon l aboratories, e tc. but a lso t he a bsence o r r eduction o f h uman a ctivity d uring c ertain p eriods i n t he a reas c oncerned. A s t he n umber o f s urveys a nd e xcavations i ncreases, a nd a ttention i s i ncreasingly d rawn t o p roblems o f c ontinuity a nd d iscontinuity , t he l ast m entioned f actor w ill g ain i n i mportance i n e xplaining t he p atterns. I t m ight, t herefore, b e u seful t o m ake s uch t otal g raphs a nd c ompare t hem, t o s ee w hether e vidence a lready i s p resent w hich d oes s uggest f luctuations i n h uman a ctivity. T o t his e nd, t he g rouping s hould t ake p lace, n ot o n t he b asis o f p resent p olitical b oundaries, b ut o n t he b asis o f u nits o f p hysical g eography, s uch a s c limate z ones, r iver s ystems, e levation, i solation, e tc. I n t his w ay w e m ay f ind c orrelations w ith t he o ccupation h istory, w hich m ay h elp t o u nderstand t he p atterns. I h ave t hus g rouped t he d ates a ccording t o s ix m ajor r egions a nd t hree v egetation b elts. T he r egions a re t he L evant ( including t he D amascus b asin), t he E uphrates a rea i n S yria a nd S E T urkey, t he T igris a rea i n I raq, I ran, a nd S E T urkey, t he I ranian p lateau, t he A natolian p lateau a nd C yprus. T he v egetation b elts a re t he s ubdesert a nd s teppe ( zone A ), t he f orest s teppe ( zone C ) ( following t he V egetation m ap o f E ast, b y P . L alande, p ublished b y 1 5, 2 0 f or z one A , n rs. 2 2, 2 3, 2 5, f or z one C ).

B ), a nd t he e vergreen f orest ( zone t he M editerranean r egion , s heet F AO/UNESCO, m ainly l egend n rs. 1 3, 3 1 f or z one B a nd n rs. 2 6, 2 8, 3 5

I i ncluded o nly t he d ates p ublished i n R adiocarbon, t ogether w ith s ome a dditional u npublished G rN d ates. T he g raphs s hould b e c onsidered a s v ery p reliminary f or o ther r easons a s w ell: t he a ttribution t o t he c limatic z ones w as n ot a lways e asy; w ith o ther z one b oundaries o ther p atterns w ill c ome u p. I n a f irst g raph ( graph 1 5) I h ave a ssembled a ll d ates u sed i n t he a nalysis. I t s hows t he e xpected p eaks o f a rchaeologists' i nterest i n t he E arly N eolithic a nd i n t he E arly B ronze A ge, a nd a m arked d epression a t c . 6 800-6200 B P. S amples f rom I ron Age s ites w ere o mitted, w hich i n p art e xplains t he d ecrease i n d ates a fter 3 000 B P. C omparisons w ith s ummary g raphs f or o ther a reas, s uch a s t he H ungarian p lain o r t he N etherlands m ight b e q uite i nteresting . S uch a c omparison w ould, h owever, f all o utside t he s cope o f t his p aper . W ith t he g eneral t rend i n m ind w e s hould s ubareas a nd c limatic z ones.

n ow

l ook

a t

t he g raphs f or t he v arious

S tarting w ith t he t hree s teppe a reas ( graphs 1 6, 1 7 , 1 8), w e s ee t hat t he e arly d evelopments i n t he L evant a nd t he E uphrates a rea r un

W ORKING W ITH R ADIOCARBON

4 7

p arallel, s uggesting f or b oth a reas a n E pipalaeolithic-Early N eolithic c ontinuity. I n t he T igris a rea t he e arly p eriods a re a s y et h ardly r epresented a nd t he o ccupation s eems t o s tart a s l ate a s c . 8 000 B P ( Deh L uran). I n t he L evant t he h abitation s hows s ome i nterruptions a fter 8 000 B P. F rom c . 5 600 B P o nwards i t i s c ontinuous. I n t he E uphrates a rea h abitation i s a bsent d uring m ore t han t wo m illennia , t o b e r esumed o nly a fter 4 700 B P w ith t he o nset o f i rrigation a griculture. T he T igris a rea s eems t o h ave b een c ontinuously s ettled s ince t he s tart o f t he o ccupation. N ow w e m ay c ompare e ach o f t hese a reas w ith t he c limatologically b etter z ones b ordering t hem. A fter s ome e arly E pipalaeolithic a ctivity ( e.g . E ynan) t here i s a mple N eolithic a ctivity i n t he L evant ( graphs 1 9 a nd 2 0) b etween 9 200 a nd 7 800 B P i n z one B . I n z one C i t i s o nly a t c . 8 400 B P t hat w e f ind t he f irst d ates ( Ras S hamra ). I n b oth z ones w e f ind a fter t hree m illennia o f o nly s poradic a ctivity a c lear i ncrease a fter 5 000 B P. I n t he u plands a round t he b asins o f t he T igris a nd E uphrates, w hich w e h ave t aken t ogether ( graphs 2 1 a nd 2 2) c ontinuous o ccupation s tarts a t c . 8 350 B P i n z one B ( Jarmo, H ayaz) a nd a t c . 9 400 B P i n z one C ( Cayönü). I n b oth z ones t here i s n o d ocumentation o f E pipalaeolithic a ctivity. C yprus, t oo, h as e arly a nd u ninterrupted o ccupation ( graph 2 3) ( e.g . K alavassos T enta). T he n ext a reas t o b e c ompared a re t he I ranian a nd A natolian p lateau w ith t heir f orest-steppes ( graphs 2 4 a nd 2 5). T he p atterns d iffer c onsiderably: h ardly a ny a ctivity i n I ran u ntil 7 000 B P, s trong a ctivity i n A natolia f rom 9 000 B P o nwards w ith g aps i n I ran 6 800 a nd 6 100 B P a nd i n A natolia b etween 6 p o o and 5000 BP.

b etween

M any r eaders w ill k now o f u npublished 1 4 C d ates f illing i n g aps, o r o f e xcavators o f h ighly i mportant s ites w ho d id n ot c are a bout c ollecting a nd s ubmitting s amples f or r adiocarbon d ating , o r o f s urveys o r t est e xcavations t hat s uggest h uman a ctivity f or a reas o r p eriods t hat s till a re b lanks i n t he r adiocarbon r ecord. O ne m ight a lso h ave p referred q uite o ther g eographical o r c limatological g roupings o f t he d ates. Y et I t hink i t i s b eyond d oubt t hat s ome o f t he major p atterns i n t he g raphs d o i ndeed r eflect d ifferences i n o ccupation d ensity , w hich n eed e xplanation i n s uch t erms a s e nvironmental c hange, p opulation e xpansion, t echnological d evelopment o r a daptation.

T he main p oint I w anted t o m ake i n t his p aper i s t hat b y l ooking a t g roups o f r adiocarbon d ates, b e i t s ets o f d ates f rom s uccessive l ayers a t o ne s ite o r o f d ates f rom s uccessive c ultural s tages i n o ne a rea , o r o f a ll d ates o f l arger h omogeneous r egions, i nteresting r egularities t urn u p. T hey e nable u s t o u se t he r esults f rom r adiocarbon d ating w ith m ore p recision a nd c onfidence, t han i f w e s hould t reat a ll d ates a s i ndividual m easurements. T his p rocedure h as t he f urther a dvantage t hat w e r ecognize i n a n o bjective w ay d ates t hat d erivate f rom t he r egular p atterns, a nd w hich t herefore n eed c ritical r eexamination a s t o t he p ossible c auses o f t he d eviation. I h ave s hown m any r easons w hy a r adiocarbon m easurement m ay g ive u nexpected d ates, a nd s ome o f t he r easons c an b e q uite a wkward, s uch a s t he p resence o f b itumen. B ut t he g reat m ajority o f r adiocarbon d ates o n c harred p lant m aterials d ocument a h uman a ctivity a t o r s ome

4 8

H .T .

W ATERBOLK

s hort t ime a fter t he t ime i ndicated b y t he d ate. T his d ocumentation i s i ndependent o f t he a rchaeologist's i nterpretation o f t he c ontext i n w hich t he s ample w as c ollected. I t m akes r adiocarbon d ating f rom a p urely t echnical d ating d evice t o a t ool i n a rchaeology i n i ts o wn r ight, a longside t ypology, s tratigraphy a nd c hronology.

Biologisch-Archaeologisch Instituut Rij ksuniversiteit, GRONINGEN

REFERENCES B AXTER M .S. 1 983 A n i nternational t ree r ing r eplicate s tudy ( report p repared b y a n i nternation s tudy g rovp). P roceedings o f t he F irst I nternational S ymposium 1 C a nd A rchaeology, G roningen 1 981. W .G . M ook a nd H .T . W aterbolk, e ditors. ( =PACT 8 ), S trasbourg 1 983, 1 23-132. W EINSTEIN J . 1 984 R adiocarbon d ating i n t he 2 97-366

S outhern

L evant.

R adiocarbon

2 6,

W ORKING W ITH R ADIOCARBON

4 9

C r3

. • • C C: 3

B M ,l a t e r s e r ie s

•1 . • ••

02

r 0

L U

E

4 1 LC / —

• —1 CM

2C 0-

CM

•

E !s

•

e • 4

r •2

-

—

-

I I S

. .1 1

-

. . .

• _

, . _ .= _

•• . . . .

7 — * = — e S g -

. . 1

.L W

_

C L

n a

•

F . l a 4 1

I k -

m

M M

M

_ _ _

I

••

_ _

I

_

•••

.

C. 3

CC !

• • •

CI L A,

a .

C •1

t • •3

.3 CA C /3

CO

{ • • • -

5 0

H .T .

Z = C /7

W ATERBOLK

• • • •

C I

C D 2 E l -

-0 1 e= 1

C= .

t = t

( c f i h

34 — E g

2

R

03 OJ X

J 71

e s

M -

*WP

p i

et2

'

. , ,

. . . . . . e n

_ _

L

a . , •. , • • t a r e -

_

E a r l y N a t u fI a n

.

_I n t . , ,_

+ 1

_

,

_ _ _

_ _ _

e s,

M u s ha b ia n

03 RI

G e om e t r i c K e ba r a n A

M ushab i X IV

G eom .K eba ran

e

_

E

4-

L r b-

-

_

44 1

< 1

i . c ._

_

a »

=

'C I "7 X

. '

. . . .

-

03

_ -

-

. c. • -

Ct.

_ -

-

-

I .-

-

1

=

E . . . E

_

-

i , . .

. .

.

_

I

I

1 1

1

_

_

.

. , :

M

u i

*" -

-

t ,

I l

•

M

I

_ _

, I IM

C L m • --

W ORKING W ITH R ADIOCARBON

5 1

S .L evant , J e r icho e xc luded We ins te in , 1 984 1

A i

t o a l

I I V V l" . 8 r . v ( E l k I E , B r . (E (E . B r . l c ) I ) I ) I )

B P

B P

E p i- „ E , p a l . n r. IM

E a r l y N e o l . I

L a t e N e o l .

C h a l c o - E a r l yB r o n z e l i t h i c I 5

5

E a r l yB r on z e I

. B r . M . 8 E a r l yB r . E . 8 r . M I V I I I

5

•

D s e ed s T x

5 0 00

0 : 1 P

ti . . . . . —

I J I BI M B

4 0 00

n oon

G a k

1 11 1 1 0 ,

1 0 000 .

• . : j j

.

9 000

3 0 0 0

m

il

1 al _ t

G r aph S . D a te s f rom

s

I

_± .

8 0 00

I

A i ( a f ter W e in -

.

s t e in , 1 984 ) g rouped p er l e ve l . D a t ing l a bora tor ie si nd ica ted .

7 0 00

I l

I i

5 0 00

4 0 00

3 0 00

G r aph 6 . A l l d a te s f ro m t he S L evan t f rom t he E p ipa laeo l i th ic , N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze Age , g rou -

s

.

I F. . . ,. 1 . . t . I L± I _ _ F :. ,. , ? • 1 , p i . I

I ?

p ed p er p er iod ( a f ter W e in s t e in , 1 984 ) .

_ -

•

6 0 00

2 0 00

1 9 45 5

5

5 2

H . T . W ATERBOLK

A rs ian T ape ( F e)

t o t a l

N ippu r ( P)

L a t e C h a l c .

. 8 r . M . 8 r . E a r l y B ' L L a t e E o t h e r E . 8 r . I H id I I I 5

B P

5

B P

5 0 0

. G . E . D . E II 1/ 1 1 .

E . D . I

t o ta l

5 0 0

3

I l l —

TT 1 3

3

4 0 0

I 3 _

4 0 0

3 0 0

5

3 0 0

3 . 2

G r aph 8 . D ate s

f ro m

N ippur .

F rom d ate l i st s D V I a nd V I I I

R a d io c a rbon

5 ,

1 963

a nd

i n 7 ,

1 965 .

2 0 0

I

I

5

G r aph 7 D ate s f ro m Ar s lan d a te l i s t

R X IV i n

T epe . F rom

r t a l H üyük ( P)

R ad io c a r bon

1 8 , 1 976 .

t oa l B P

1

X I I . 1.

1

I A V I V I V I V IE l V

X I X V I I V I 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0 s e ed s e t c .

8 5 0 0

8 0 0 I1

7 5 0 0

t er va l 5 0 y ear s . F rom d ate l i s t s

R ad io c a r bon 7 ,

1 965 a nd 1 1 , 1 969 .

7 0 0

3 1 -n I

G raph 9 . D a te sf ro m ç ata l Hüyük . T ime i n PV I I Ia nd P X Ii n

3

5

W ORKING W ITH R ADIOCARBON

5 3

—> N R r r l

r n —> R

N71 1

1 .0

cc,

> D l a E I S L I

—

. _ - .

, ,

. . , -

, i

. . . 7_ CM

. n r i

F l

_ _

_ -

. . . .•

I,. I

C .4 Al a

— —

. . ,. 1...

-

. , . C I,

.

_

_

t o c o e i , a a g a ,

, . , , a

, ,

. i

L e,

1

I

r 1- 1

n , , E ln , :n R . n R . I I

a a

-

:

a I a a

. o . . . .

I

a a

n :R

,

. . . . I I

. ,

a a

—

, ,

_

a

, , i

. , , , I I

,

1

I 1

a I

a a

:

. .

_

a a a

, . , .

_ -

_

. _

_ _ -

_ _

I . T

c a rb o n a ce ou s e a r th

5 4

e l L e

•[ S I

W ATERBOLK

0

.1 0

4— •

e — CJ

C D E l

—

0 0 0

t r ,

0 0) 0

In

0 0 0

C .)

U.)

0 aD LO

-

-4

A

A

L a" —

-L c ) 0 0 0 0 OD


u p ww l r qr 4e 4r 4r 4 11 1 1 1

otnir ec o . ermrn m m L r lin v lint r , r qr 4e ir ic v 11 1 1 1

O

W I O VI V-1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 M P mP M M M N e s I C S I N N

V I O W I C A CN I M M M ( N I C4 CA

i nin tr I O VI r n A 0 Ch 0, 0 9 N rs l. t 4 C N I N CS I CA

0 04 11 0 0 C O P- VD W V " I r I r nA r nA 01 ,4 C N I N N N O 1

I t I VI VII I1 V1 0 4 , 4 e4P14, 4 e l e t l e4 e4 0 1

1 / 1 0 0 0 r s 1 0 Ch W 0 0 0 1 0 1 C N I CAr

ul ul

a ul

c r er mr e. . e C., I N C4 f4 r4 1 1 1 1 1

WI O VI Ch e , 03 W W W C,I N P A 1 1 1

2 0 YRS.

I I

i n V D C D r A

t r l un u1 0 0 t r b tr tr i m m m m rn M M M M M 1 1 1 1 1

i z otr ,Do

S IGMA=

u l e Ln ul 0 Cn ON W r . r . W W W W W r . 4.-4 e4r1 ,4

u n un 0 0 0 10 10 1 0 1 0 10 m rn m m m M M M M M 1 1 1 1 1

S IGMA=100 YRS.

S IGMA=200 YRS.

S IGMA=300

YRS.

7 8

OI A 031.. W W N N I 1

1

O N W N 1

1

11

I

V I O LO W 1 uD W M W W CO NI. . rA N C,I N 1 1 1 1

WI VI O U11 49 N e r l e . le-4 , 4

0 0 V1 r n Ar n .4 0

0 0

N

I N I CA

N

N IN

1 1

I

I

I

VI

N OA

N

I

I I

I

O UI

N

0.11

c oco r r w w w ww m CA 1

N 1

N N C . , 1 1 I 1

0 0 0 0 0 c i n co N ,D uI 0 0 0 0 0 e r mr . e r. e e,

0 0

I

1

1

I

O V ) Q M N

M N

1

1

0 111 04, 1 C O NI " . ..O N N N N N O I N N I 1 1 I

0 W N N I

1 0 01 111 01 41 O N M CA N r nA M M M M M N CN I NCN I N 1

I

1 1

1

i r l

1

o ul

I

1

o tti

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

e mr 4, 40 1

I

I

I

1

0 V 1 0 0 V1 i n .r .r .r en . 4 3 43 W W %C, e l e i N N N 1 1 1 1 I

O V1 0 1 11 0 r n r y C V M P m t . W W O uli n C N I CA PN I CA N 1 I I 1 1

O tr i tn O th m r u ltils A ult n C S I N NI IN N 1 I 11 I

0. 41 F 1 0 .4 0 01 M M NIN.1 N N CA N N

O V1 C h CO r If1 C S I CN I

0 0III V I VI W W 1.4 • M N r i vIor n 4 rA rI C A N CA N N

I

I

1 1

1

1 1

0 W N 1

0 LP I N VD N 1

N I

r ne lr nr 4

1 1

1

1

1

. , re r m mr 4

W V ) VD VD V, ( N I N C,I N C,1 1 1 1 1 1

c v. r. r. Tr l

o oir lir so mr ir vo ar 4

I N I N CA CN I N 1 1 1 1 1

N r..1 '.. W VD CA CA N CN I rA 1 1 I 1 1

0 0 0 0 m r c l iNo -A 0 0 0 0 m P er m

0 0 0 0 0 O N CO N ,O U ' l 0 , 01 Ch CA Ch M r1 M M M

0 0 0 0 . T rn r s 4 .4 0 ' 0 1 0 1 01 m m m m

0 0 0 0 0 C h CO r . - W( 11 W W W W W el rn M el M

c l o acpcp c re ir q, A0 ww www e lm m m m

O

W 1 1JI

0 V1

wa , mco r c o rr -r -r -

0 0 0

0 1 11 41,

0t in

r wtr Itn

0

0' ,1

01d 1

0 0 m

0 4 11

0

0t in

W VII/1 11 1 V ) N C N I N N O . 1 1 1 1 1 1

4 1 11 41 V1Ink n N e4 C4 C,4e4 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1

1

0 S 0 1 1

al O ult/ 1 0 r n A r n A r n A VI I nI nIn in N O I N N N I I 1 1 1

4 4 C4

i f i VI I II 0 0 p I O N O ON . 4. . . 4 0 0 Ch ei rA NIN I F1 I

I

1 1

I

i nu l ou lu l . 4 . 4.

V I VI V1 M M N r . I N C,1 0 1 I 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 C h ca r . - ,D in m

m

m

m

m

D AMON

0 L t-% 0 0 L r " ) ,r )

0 c r , 0 c n

r-4 • .. I C.1

o f P earson

L P )

,J0

e rror i n

2 795-2180

0

00

p recision c alibration

2 760-2305

0 c v

2 645-2315

2 890-2050

0 C • J

r,

alibration H igh p recision c

I ntermediate p recision ( 3)

2 860-2460

c a

2 580-2390

CD

2 860-2140

c j

c n N . 4

2 585-2335

i nterval

• 1

2 555-2435

i nterval

b C

c alibration

i nterval

T HE H ISTORY O F T HE C ALIBRATION 7 9

H

. c a ° . . A . c

8 0

P .E .

w iggles r etrieved f rom t he i ntermediate p recision d ating

H n ese"

D AMON

a re

s lightly a ttenuated. T able 3 a lso d emonstrates t hat a 1 C d ate o f o rdinary p recision w ould h ave a l arge c alibration r ange e ven i f t he c alibration c urve w ere p erfect w ith n o e rror . I t c an b e s een f rom t able 1 t hat t he i ntermediate p recision c alibration o f K lein e t c a . ( 1982) a nd t he h igh p recision c alibration o f P earson ( 1983) d iffer b y n o m ore t han 8 0 y ears w ith t he a verage d ifference b eing 3 5 years a nd t here i s n o s ignificant s ystematic d ifference b etween t he t wo c alibration m ethods. O ne m ay c onclude t hat t he h igh p recision c alibration c urve y ields a s ignificantly m ore p recise c alibration i f t he d ate t o b e c alibrated h as a p recision o f ± 50 y r o r b etter b ut, f or l ower p recision d ates, l ittle h as b een g ained o ver t he i ntermediate p recision c alibration. F or d ates o f o rdinary p recision, t he p referred m ethod i s m ostly a m atter o f c onvenience. I n f act, u ser f riendly c omputer p rograms w ill p robably r eplace b oth ( Robinson, 1 986; S tuiver a nd R eimer, 1 986). F inally a f orthcoming p aper b y H assan a nd R obinson ( in p reparation) w ill d e rnstrate t hat t he h igh p recision r adiocarbon c alibration y ields 1 C d ates i n e xcellent a greement w ith h istorical B C d ates f rom M id E ast ( Fig . 8 ). S ummary A s ummary o f m ilestones i n t he d evelopment r adiocarbon t ime s cale i s g iven i n t able 4 .

o f

a

T able 4 S ummary o f ' Milestones' i n t he e volution o f a C alibrated R adiocarbon T ime S cale

1 . 2 .

' Milestone' 14 of N (n, p)

R eference

D iscovery

Pr 4 e diction 1

of

C r eaction.

existence

C .

of

1 4

natural

3 .

D emonstration

4 .

F irst fairly accurate determination 14 of C half-life ( 4700±A70,

of

l ong

53002 ' ,800).

5 .

D etection g ically

6 .

F irst in

of

natural

produced

C i n

of

counter

biolo-

1 4

methane

measurement

shielded

1 4

C half-life

natural with

7 .

C

i s

well

nation

that

F irst

calibration

atmospheric

measurement sampleT

of

of

14

C dates

historically

and

Kamen

Ruben R eid and

e t

a l.

Anderson

( 1939)

( 1941)

( 1946);

Ingrahm

Anderson

Norris

( 1946)

e t

a l.

( 1947a,

e t

al.

( 1951),

C

by

were

made

in

1 957.

mixed worldwide and determi14 of C activity of biospheric

samples.

8 .

Danforth

measurements

1 4

D emonstration

( 1934) and

1 947b)

anti-

coincidence.

Kurie Korff

Anderson and

( 1949);

Libby

Arnold

Anderson

( 1951)

and

L ibby

( 1949)

and

L ibby

( 1951)

dated

4

9 .

F irst

1 0.

Publication

1 1.

L ibby's book: Radiocarbon Dating. 1 4 C dating comes of age with

Kulp

burgeoning

son

C date of

of

l ist. f irst

Arnold e diting

p ioneering

of

l abora-

L ibby

( 1952)

e t e t

a l. a l.

( 1951); ( 1953);

AnderF ergus-

c alibrated

T HE H ISTORY O F T HE C ALIBRATION

t ories s ity

( Columbia

University,

of Copenhagen,

Institute

of

nia,

and

F irst

evidence

1 3.

Publication

of

Radiocarbon

Dating.

changes

14.

F irst

2nd

l iving

e dition

f or

s ecular

and

of

f luctua1 4 C by

Rafter

e t

a l.

Vries

and

Suess

( 1954b);

( 1955);

Barenden

( 1953,

L ibby

( 1955)

d e ( 1954);

Ralph

McCallum

Suess

d e

( 1953);

( 1953);

( 1955).

1 955)

Vries

( 1958,

S chulman

( 1958)

1 959)

c auses.

S chulman Arizona

1 6.

Pennsylva-

Saskatchewan.

pre-anthropogenic

natural 1 5.

Yale

anthropogenic 1 4 a tmospheric C activity.

i n

of

of

of

son B lau

f or

evidence

t ion

S tudies,

University

University

1 2.

Univer-

N ew-Zealand

Nuclear

University,

8 1

of

t he

University

d iscovers

4 .600

bristlecone

Confirmation

of

of

year

o ld

p ine.

d e

Vries

effect.

Broecker

( 1954);

( 1959);

W illis

( 1960);

and

Suess

e t

Damon

a l. e t

a l.

( 1962)

1 7.

D emonstration effect on

a h igher

p eriod 1 8.

L ibby

t hat

wiggles

t he

are

d e

Vries

Ralph

s urimposed

amplitude,

l onger

and

e t

( 1961); a l.

( 1963)

t rend. r eceived

t he

Nobel

chemistry,

D ecember

1 0,

d eveloping

r adiocarbon

prize 1 960,

i n f or

dating.

The of

Swedish S ciences

t he

3 ,

20.

S tuckenrath

Suess

Damon

award

was

1 9.

and

( 1960);

Preci 4s e and 1 of C half

a ccurate l ife

d etermination

( 5730±Ä0

Cambridge

r esolution

t he

5 568

L ibby

half

o n

years).

maintaining

l ife

while

R oyal

A cademy

decided

and

announced

t he on

upon

d ecision November

1 960.

Mann

e t

e t

a l.

e t

a l.

a l.

( 1961);

( 1961);

Watt

and Olsson

( 1962).

Godwin

( 1962)

a llow-

i ng t ime f or t he evaluation of t he 1 4 C content of d endrochronologically and 2 1.

historically

F irst

dated

r adiocarbon

drochronologically 22.

Use

of

1 970

r evolution

23.

the

F irst

24.

and

opt

s econd

a t

millenia r educes

O lsson

R enfrew

( 1970,

t ables

Michael

and

Univer-

Watkins

( 1975);

1 973)

dating of

culture

with

E dinburgh v s.

c urves

with

( 1975)

l ess

agreement

calibration

over BC

wiggly

c urved

A lso,

r adiocarbon dates

( 1970);

( 1970)

Europe.

c urves

f or w iggly

h istorical

t o

s econd

S uess

Ralph

( 1972)

B C.

s mooth

s chwung.

between

Suess

East

5 400

m embers

debate

cosmic

25.

t o

causes

d iffusion

calibration

S eminar s ity

t he

d en-

t ree-rings.

r adiocarbon

Middle

extending

using

dated

c alibration i n

challenging f rom

s amples.

c urves

t he

t hird

and and

questioned.

wiggles

f or

f ourth

and

S uess

( 1979)

McKerell

8 2

P .E .

s econd

half

based of

on

old

data

s chwung

26.

of

new

t he

data but

f ifth m illenium and

r eevaluation

d efends

during N inth

Radiocarbon

Conference

Angeles

La

and

c osmic

I nternational

Jolla

h eld

i n

a t

Los

1 976.

H igh

precision

r esults

wood

appear

a llow no wiggles

t o

greater

t han

2075

t o

BC

wiggle

±25

years

b i-decadal

b etween

ca.

and

s upport

smooth

s triking

b low a t

cosmic

3215

curves

on

BC

Pearson

e t

a l.

( 1977)

S tuiver

( 1978b)

s chwung. 27.

28.

29.

Radiocarbon

t ime

o ther

dating

dates

between

s cale

m ethods 8000

t o

±700

t ested

B P

and

are

valid

f or

5 730 year half-life.

Counter-attack between

ca.

d efends

c osmic

Workshop in

i n

pooling

cally

B C

32.000

i f

S uess

t o

3 700

wiggles

BC

Tucson, 1 200

Arizona

r esults

d endrochronologi-

curves

Wiggle

with

Jong e t

a l.

( 1979)

and

curve

high

Damon

e t

a l.

( 1980);

e t

a l.

( 1980);

e t

a l.

( 1982)

c onfirmed,

d e

Jong and Mook

way

Pearson

( 1980)

S tuiver

( 1982)

Pearson

e t

P earson

( 1983);

a 8000 year wiggle

table.

de

and

s chwung.

of

calibration

BP

c orrected

calibrated measurements

ducing

ment

y ears

confirms

3 200

against 1 4 C

suggests

pro-

curve

and

K lein

K lein

p lus

c alibration

i s

i n

good

precision data

agrees lightly

a ttenuated. 30.

Suess a s

wiggles

cosmic

precision effect 3 1.

partially

s chwung g ives objectivity.

p ersists

d e

t o

h igh

Vries

t hroughout

Holocene.

High

precision

c alibration

on

wood

of

r adiocarbon

t ime

calibration

c urve

t he

AD

( 1980);

d ecadal s cale

published. 32.

High

precision

pushed

back

t o

5 200

B C.

a l.

3 3.

Irish 5289 oak

34.

oak BC

p ine

User

t o

Pearson

e t

( 1986)

Pilcher

e t

a l.

( 1984).

German

t o

6731

computer

t ime

F erguson L inick and

e t

e t

a l.

a l.

Kromer

( 1986);

( 1986);

( 1986)

B C.

c alibrations

s chemes

r adiocarbon

e xcellent

dynastic

Publication i ssue

bristlecone

f or

cali-

Robinson and

( 1986);

R eimer

S tuiver

( 1986)

C dates.

precision in

c hronology

and

r adiocarbon

back

friendly

t ian

3 7.

B C

r eplac 4e o ther

High t ry

master

6731

pushed

brating 36.

p ine

to

calibrated,

s cale

may

completed

cross-dated with

( 1983);

chronology.

Bristlecone completed

3 5.

chronology

and

a l.

of

precision

of

agreement

data

Hassan i n

Egyp-

a nd

Robinson

( 1986

preparation)

chronology. special

Radiocarbon

calibration

c hronomewith

and user

program.

c alibration

with

h igh

f riendly

S tuiver and

K ra

( 1986)

D AMON

T HE H ISTORY O F T HE C ALIBRATION

8 3

P rospects f or t he f uture W e n ow h ave a h igh p recision, d endrochronologically c alibrated r adiocarbon c hronology e xtending b ack t o 8 700 y ears B P a nd g ood p rospects o f e xtending t he c hronology b ack a cross t he H olocene b oundary ( 10,000 B P) i nto t he l ate P leistocene ( 12,000 B P). T his m ay w ell b e a ccomplished d uring t he n ext d ecade. H ow f ar b ack t he c hronology c an b e p ushed d epends c ritically o n t he p rospects f or f inding G erman o ak l ogs. T he N ear E ast h istorical c hronologies s eem t o b e i n g ood a greement w ith t he c alibrated r adiocarbon c hronology. R adiocarbon d ating c an n ow b e u sed t o a nswer m ore r efined q uestions b ut w ith a w ord o f c aution. T here a i -e p eriods o f t ime i n w hich r adiocarbon d ates a re n ot u nique. T he w orse c ase i s " the i st m illennium B C r adiocarbon c atastrophe" ( Baillie a nd P ilcher, 1 983) d uring w hich t he c alibration c urve i s f lat a nd p arallel t o t he B C c alibrated d ate a xis ( 400 B C t o 7 60 B C). I t c an b e s een f rom t able 5 t hat e ven h igh p recision d ates ( ±20 y r., s .d.) f or t hat t ime h ave c alibration r anges o f a bout 3 90 y ears. F ortunately, t he c alibration c urve i s v ery s teep b efore a nd a fter t he c alibration d isaster a nd h igh p recision d ates c an b e v ery a ccurate i ndeed w ith r anges o f 1 5 y r t o 3 5 y r a t t he 9 5% c onfidence l evel. S o t he c atastrophe i s p receded f ore a nd a ft b y h appy t imes w here w e c an p recisly f ix e vents r elative t o a stronomic t ime. S uch t imes c an b e u sed t o a nswer f airly p recise q uestions c oncerning h istorical c alendars.

T able

5

C alibration R ange ( 95% c onfidence) o f R adiocarbon D ates f or F irst M illenium B C Radiocarbon

Calibration

D ate

L imits

T 1/2=5568 Y ears

I C 220

BP

Years

Calibration Range

yr

( 1 ±20

B C

L imits yr

cI -- 80

yr

Range 4 1 5 W180

yr

Years

2300

38 0- 3 95

15

1 75-765

590

2400

390-760

37 0

370-805

435

2 450

400-785

385

390-810

420

2500

4 o5 -8 00

3 95

3 7o -8 45

4 75

2 600

795

-8 30

3 5

405-920

415

2700

820-910

90

795-1040

245

I t s hould a lso b e k ept i n m ind t hat h igh p recision d ating , a t p resent, r equires l arge s amples ( 40 t o 2 00 g rams) o r l ong c ounting t imes w ith g as p roportional c ounters. T he l arge s ize r equirement u sually

l imits

t he

m aterial

t o w ood a nd t hen w e m ust a sk q uestions

a bout a rchaeological w ood s amples.

I s i t a l ong-lived s pecies ? I f s o,

8 4

P .E .

i s o ur s ample f rom i nner o r o uter g rowth r ings ? H ow l ong w as i t c ut ? H as i t b een r ecycled ? A n ew t echnology i s b urgeoning , a tomic m ass s pectrometry

D AMON

b efore ( AMS).

u se A

p recision o f c a . ± 80 y r ( s.d.) c an b e o btained o n a o ne m illigram s ample o f c arbon d uring o ne h our o f c ounting t ime u sing t he t andem a ccelerator m ass s pectrometer h ere a t t he U niversity o f A rizona ( Juli e t a l ., 1 986). I f w e w ere t o d ate s ixteen, 1 m g s amples, w e c ould o btain a ± 20 y ear p recision . W ith s uch a s mall a mount o f c arbon , 1 6 m g , a w ide r ange o f s amples b ecome d atable b ut a t t he p rice o f 1 6 s amples a t ± 80 y ears w hich w e e stimate a t $ 500 e ach o r $ 8000 f or a s ingle h igh p recision s ample! H owever, A MS i s a n ew t echnology a nd I e xpect t hat n ew d evelopments m ay e ventually y ield h igher 1 4 C b eam c urrents a nd l ower t he t ime a nd c osts f or h igh p recision d ating . A nother o ption i s t o c alibrate o n a y ear b y y ear b asis u sing s ingle t ree r ings. T his w ould b e v ery i mportant f or g eophysical r easons a nd a nswer i nteresting q uestions b ut I d oubt t hat i t w ould b e o f g reat s ervice t o a nthropology. R esearch o n t he f ine s tructure i s m ost l ikely t o b e i mportant f or s olar-terrestrial i nvestigations c oncerned w ith s olar a ctivity s uch a s f lares a nd s unspots. A lso, t here m ay b e p aleoclimatic cv isequences o f s olar a ctivity t hat t he f ine s tructure o f a tmospheric 1 C f luctuation c ould s hed l ight u pon s uch a s t he p roverbial " seven y ears o f f east a nd s even y ears o f f amine". S o, f or g eophysics, d own t o t he f ine s tructure a nd, f or a nthropology a nd Q uaternary s tudies, o n t o t he l ate P leistocene! A knowledgments I a m p articularly g rateful t o P rofessor R .E. T aylor, D epartment o f A nthropology, U niversity o f C alifornia a t R iverside, f or s ending m e a p reprint o f h is e xcellent f orthcoming b ook o n R adiocarbon D ating: A n A rchaeological P erspective w hich c ontained m any u seful r eferences o n t he e arly h istory o f r adiocarbon d ating . A lso, t o P rofessor F ekri H assan, D epartment o f A nthropology, W ashington S tate U niversity, a nd D r. S tephen R obinson, U .S. G eological S urvey, M enlo P ark, f or p ermission t o u se f igure 8 ( this p aper ) f rom t heir a rticle i n p reparation e ntitled " High p recision r adiocarbon c hronometry o f a ncient E gypt a nd c omparisons w ith N ubia, P alestine a nd M esopotamia", a nd f or h elpful c onversations. T he f inal v ersion o f t his p aper h as b een s ignificantly i mproved b y t he c omments, s uggestions, a nd c orrections o f D rs. J ames R . A rnold, T he U niversity o f C alifornia , S an D iego; A ndrew C ohen a nd C . V ance H aynes, T he U niversity o f A rizona , T ucson; H enry N . M ichael, T he U niversity o f P ennsylvania ; G ordon W . P earson, T he Q ueen 's U niversity o f B elfast; I ngrid U . O lsson , U ppsala U niversity; C olin R enfrew, U niversity o f C ambridge; M inze S tuiver, U niversity o f W ashington; H enrik T auber, C arbon-14 D ating L aboratory o f t he D anish N ational M useum, C openhagen; a nd R .E . ( Erv) T aylor o f t he U niversity o f C alifornia, R iverside. I a m a lso p articularly g rateful t o D r. I ngrid U . O lsson f or h er v ery t horough e diting o f t he t ext. T his o f A rizona .

w ork w as f unded b y N .S.F .

G rant E AR 8 512761 a nd t he S tate

N . S. F. Accelerator Facility for R adioisotope Analysis and Laboratory of I sotope G eochemistry D epartment of Geosciences University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 8 5721

T HE H ISTORY O F T HE C ALIBRATION

8 5

R EFERENCES

A NDERSON E .B. 1 936 E ine

1 949 1 953

e mpfindliche

Z ählrohranordung ,

9 8 , 5 97-604 . N atural R adiocarbon. P h.D. D issertation, U niversity o f C hicago. T he p roduction a nd d istribution o f n atural r adiocarbon, Annual R eview o f N uclear S cience, 2 , 6 3-89 .

A NDERSON E .C., L IBBY W .F. 1 951 W orld-wide d istribution R eview , A NDERSON E .C., G ROSSE A .V. 1 947a 1 947b

Z eitschrift für P hysik ,

o f

n atural

r adiocarbon,

L IBBY W .F.,

W EINHOUSE S .,

R EID A .F .,

K IRSCHENBAUM A .D.,

R adiocarbon f rom c osmic r adiation, S cience, 1 05, N atural r adiocarbon f rom c osmic r adiation, R eview , 7 2, 9 31-936 .

A NDERSON E .C., A RNOLD J .R., L IBBY W .F. 1 951 M easurement o f l ow l evel r adiocarbon, I nstruments, 2 2, 2 25-230.

6 -9 .

1 949 1 951

5 76. T he

P hysical

T he R eview o f S cientific

A NDERSON E .C., L EVY H ., T AUBER H . 1 953 C openhagen n atural r adiocarbon m easurements,

A RNOLD J .R .,

P hysical

8 1 , 6 4-69 .

I ,

S cience,

18 ,

L IBBY W .F .

A ge d eterminations b y r adiocarbon c ontent: o f k nown a ge, S cience, 1 10, 6 78-680. R adiocarbon d ates, S cience, 1 13, 1 11-120.

c hecks w ith s amples

B AILLIE M .G.L. 1 983

D endrochronology:

t he c urrent s ituation:

a n i ntroduction,

i n

A rchaeology , D endrochronology a nd t he R adiocarbon C alibration C urve, e dited b y B .S. O ttaway, O ccasional P aper N o.9, D epartment o f A rchaeology, U niversity o f E dinburgh, 1 5-24. B AILLIE M .G.L, 1 983

F ILCHER J .R.

S ome o bservations o n t he h igh-precision c alibration o f r outine d ates, i n A rchaeology , D endrochronology a nd t he r adiocarbon C alibration C urve, N o.9, D epartment 2 4.

e dited b y B .S. o f A rchaeology,

O ttoway, O ccasional P aper U niversity o f E dinburg , 1 5-

8 6

P .E .

D AMON

B AILLIE M .G.L., P ILCHER J .R., P EARSON G .W. 1 983 D endrochronology a t B elfast a s a b ackground t o h igh-precision c alibration, R adiocarbon, 2 5, 1 71-178. B ANNISTER B ., S MILEY T .L. 1 955 D endrochronology, i n G eochronology, e dited U niversity o f A rizona P ress, T ucson, 1 77-195. B ECKER B . 1 979 H olocene

t ree

r ing

s eries

b y T .L.

S miley,

f rom s outhern c entral E urope f or

a rchaeological d ating , r adiocarbon c alibration a nd s table i sotope a nalysis, i n R adiocarbon D ating , I nternational R adiocarbon C onference , 9 th P roceedings, e dited b y R . B erger a nd H .E . S uess, B erkeley/Los A ngeles, U niversity o f C alifornia 1 980

1 983

P ress, 5 54-565. T ree-ring d ating a nd r adiocarbon c alibration i n s outh-central E urope, i n I nternational R adiocarbon C onference , 1 0th P roceedings, e dited b y M . S tuiver a nd R . K ra , R adiocarbon, 2 2, n °2, 2 19-226. T he l ong-term r adiocarbon t rend o f t he G erman o ak t ree-ring c hronology, 2 800 t o 8 00 B .C., R adiocarbon , 2 5, 1 97-203.

B ECKER B ., K ROMER B . 1 986 E xtension o f t he H olocene d endrochronology b y t he p reboreal p ine s eries, 8 ,800 t o 1 0,100 B .P., i n I nternational R adiocarbon C onference , 1 2th P roceedings, e dited b y M . S tuiver a nd R . K ra , R adiocarbon, 2 8, n°2 B, 9 69-979 . B ERGER R ., S UESS H .E . ( Eds) 1 979 R adiocarbon D ating , P roceedings o f t he C onference , L os A ngeles a nd L a J olla , U niversity o f C alifornia P ress. B LAU M .,

1 953

D EEVEY E .S., G ROSS M .S. Y ale n atural r adiocarbon m easurements, Z ealand a nd i ts p roblems,

S cience,

B ROECKER W .S., O LSON E .A. 1 959 L amont r adiocarbon m easurements S cience R adiocarbon S upplement , 1 , B ROWN D .M., M UNRO M .A.R., 1 986 D endrochronology:

I .

9 th I nternational 1 976. B erkeley,

P yramid V alley,

N ew

18 , 1 -6 .

V I, A merican C XI-CXIII .

B AILLIE M .G.L., P ILCHER J .R. t he a bsolute I rish s tandard,

J ournal

i n

o f

T welfth

I nternational R adiocarbon C onference P roceedings, e dited b y M . S tuiver a nd R .S. K ra , R adiocarbon , 2 8, N o.2B, 2 79-283. B RUNS M ., M UNNICH K .O., B ECKER B . 1 980 N atural r adiocarbon v ariations R adiocarbon, 2 2, N o.2, 2 73-277.

f rom

A D

2 00

t o

8 00,

T HE H ISTORY O F T HE C ALIBRATION

C AIN W .F. 1 976 1 4 C

i n

m odern

8 7

t rees,

i n

R adiocarbon

D ating ,

I nternational R adiocarbon C onference P roceedings, B erger a nd H .E .

S uess,

N inth

e dited b y R .

4 95-510.

C AIN W .F., S UESS H .E . 1 976 C arbon 1 4 i n t ree r ings,

J ournal o f G eophysical R esearch,

8 1 ,

3 688-3694 . C LARK R .M. 1 975 A c alibration c urve f or r adiocarbon d ates,

A ntiquity ,

2 66 .

1 978

B ristlecone p ine A rchaeometry , 1 4 ,

a nd

a ncient

E gypt:

a

4 9 , 2 51-

r e-appraisal,

5 -19 .

C LARK R .M., R ENFREW C . 1 972 A s tatistical a pproach t o t he c alibration o f f loating t reer ing c hronologies u sing r adiocarbon d ates, A rchaeometry, 2 0, 5 -17. C RAIG H . 1 954 C arbon-13 i n p lants a nd t he r elationships b etween c arbon-13 a nd c arbon-14 v ariations i n n ature, J ournal o f G eology, 6 2, 1 15-149. D AMON P .E . 1 970 C limatic v ersus m agnetic p erturbation o f t he a tmospheric C -14 r eservoir , i n R adiocarbon V ariations a nd A bsolute C hronology, e dited b y I .U. O lsson, P roceeding X II N obel S ymposium, N ew Y ork, W iley, 5 71-593 . D AMON P .E., 1 974

F ERGUSON C .W.,

L ONG A .,

W ALLICK E .I.

D endrochronologic c alibration o f t he r adiocarbon A merican A ntiquity , 3 9 , 3 50-366 .

t ime

s cale,

D AMON P .E., L ERMAN J .C., L ONG A . 1 978 T emporal f luctuations o f a tmospheric 1 4 C c ausal f actors a nd i mplications, A nnual R eview o f E arth a nd P lanetary S cience, 6 ,

4 57-495 . D AMON P .E., L ERMAN J .C., L ONG A ., B ANNISTER B ., K LEIN J ., L INICK T .W . 1 980 R eport o n t he w orkshop o n c alibration o f t he r adiocarbon t ime s cale, R adiocarbon , 2 2, n o.3, 9 47-949. D AMON P .E ., L INICK T .W. 1 986 G eomagnetic-heliomagnetic m odulation o f a tmospheric p roduction, i n I nternational R adiocarbon C onference , 1 2th P roceedings, e dited b y M . S tuiver a nd R . K ra , R adiocarbon, 2 8, n o.2A, 2 66-278.

8 8

P .E .

D AMON P .E., L ONG A . 1 962 A rizona r adiocarbon d ates I II, R adiocarbon,

D AMON

4 , 2 39-249 .

D AMON P .E ., L ONG A ., G REY D .C . 14 1 966 F luctuation o f a tmospheric C d uring t he l ast s ix m illennia , J ournal o f G eophysical R esearch, 7 1, 1 055-1063. 1 970 A rizona r adiocarbon d ates f or d endrochronol ogically d ated s amples, i n R adiocarbon V ariations a nd A bsolute C hronology , e dited b y I .U. O lsson, Y ork, W iley, 6 15-618.

P roceedings X II

N obel

D AMON P .E ., L ONG A ., S IGALOVE J .J. 1 963 A rizona R adiocarbon D ates I V, R adiocarbon,

S ymposium ,

N ew

5 , 2 83-301.

D AMON P .E ., L ONG A ., W ALLICK E .I. 1 972 D endrochronologic c alibration o f t he c arbon-14 t ime s cale, i n P roceedings 8 th I nternational R adiocarbon D ating C onference , W ellington , N ew Z ealand , e dited b y T .A. R after a nd T . G rantT aylor, R oyal S ociety o f N ew Z ealand, A 28-A43. D E J ONG A .F.M., M OOK W .G. 1 980 M edium-term a tmospheric 2 67-272. D E J ONG A .F .M.,

1 979

M OOK W .G.,

C onfirmation

1 4

C v ariations, R adiocarbon ,

2 2,

n o.2,

B ECKER B .

o f t he S uess w iggles:

3 200-3700 B C,

N ature,

4 8-49 .

2 80 ,

D E V RIES H l. 1 958 V ariation i n c oncentration o f r adiocarbon w ith t ime a nd l ocation o n e arth, K oninkl . N ederlandse Akad . W etensch ., P roc .

1 959

S er . B ., 6 1, 9 4-102 . M easurement a nd u se o f n atural r adiocarbon, G eochemistry, 1 89.

D E V RIES H 1., 1 954

e dited

b y

P .H.

A belson,

i n

R esearches

N ew Y ork,

1 69-

N ature,

1 74 ,

B ARENDSEN G .W.

M easurements

o f

a ge b y t he c arbon-14 t echnique,

138 . D OUGLASS A .E. 1 946 P recision o f r ing d ating i n t ree r ing c hronologies, o f T ree-Ring R esearch B ulletin B ulletin , T ucson. D YCK W . 1 965

i n

W iley ,

S ecular v ariations i n t he

1 4

C

N o .3 ,

U niversity

c oncentration

o f

L aboratory o f

A rizona

D ouglas

f ir

t ree r ings, i n R adiocarbon a nd T ritium Dating , S ixth I nternational R adiocarbon C onference P roceedings, e dited b y R .M. C hatters a nd E .A. O lson, 4 40-451. E LSASSER W ., 1 956

N EY E .P.,

W INCKLER J .R.

C osmic-ray i ntensity a nd g eomagnetism, N ature,

1 78,

1 226-1227.

T HE H ISTORY O F T HE C ALIBRATION

E NGELKEMEIR A .G., 1 949

H AMILL W .H.,

T he half-life o f n o.12, 1 825-1833.

8 9

I NGHRAM M .G.

r adiocarbon

( C

f 4

L IBBY W .F . ) ,

P hysical

R eview ,

7 5 ,

E NGELKEMEIR A .G., L IBBY W .F . 1 950 E nd a nd w all c orrections f or a bsolute b eta-counting i n g as c ounters, R eview o f S cientific I nstruments, 2 1, 5 50-554 . F ERGUSON C .W . 1 969 A 7 104-year a nnual t ree-ring c hronology f or b ristlecone p ine, P inus a ristata f rom t he W hite M ountains, C alifornia , T ree-ring B ulletin , 2 9, n o.3-4, 1 -29. 1 970

1 970

1 973

D endrochronology o f b ristlecone p ine, P inus a ristata: e stablishment o f a 7 484-year c hronology i n t he W hite M ountains o f e astern-central C alifornia , i n R adiocarbon V ariations a nd A bsolute C hronology , e dited b y I .U. O lsson, P roceedings X II N obel S ymposium, N ew Y ork, W iley, 2 37-245. C oncepts a nd t echniques o f d endrochronology, i n S cientific M ethods i n M edieval A rchaeology , e dited b y R . B erger, B erkeley, U niversity o f C alifornia P ress, 1 83-200 . D endrochronology o f b ristlecone p ine p rior t o 4 000 B C, i n I nternational R adiocarbon D ating C onference , 8 th P roceedings , W ellington , N ew Z ealand , e dited b y T .A . R after a nd T . G rantT aylor, R oyal S ociety o f N ew Z ealand, A 1-A10.

F ERGUSON C .W ., L AWN B ., M ICHAEL H .N. 1 985 P rospects f or t he e xtension o f b ristlecone p ine c hronology: r adiocarbon a nalysis o f H -84-1, i n T welfth I nternational R adiocarbon C onference , A bstracts w ith P rogram, G ulliksen a nd R . N ydal, 4 5. F ERGUSSON G .J.,

1 953

e dited b y S .

R AFTER T .A.

N ew Z ealand 1 C a ge m easurements: 1 , N ew Z ealand J ournal o f S cience a nd T echnology, B 36 , 3 71-374 .

G ODWIN H . 1 962a R adiocarbon d ating , N ature, 1 95 , 9 43-945 . 1 962b Half-life o f r adiocarbon, N ature, 1 95 , 9 84 . H AMMER C .U ., 1 986

H ASSAN F .A., 1 986

C LAUSEN H .B.,

T AUBER H .

I ce-core d ating o f t he M estocene/Holocene b oundary a pplied t o a c alibration o f t he 1 C t ime s cale, R adiocarbon, 2 8, n o.2A, 2 84-291. R OBINSON S .W .

( Eds)

H igh-precision r adiocarbon c hronometry o f a ncient Egypt a nd c omparisons w ith N ubia , P alestine a nd M esopotamia, p reprint o f m anuscript i n p reparation.

9 0

P .E .

D AMON

H UBER B . 1 970

D endrochronology o f c entral E urope, i n R adiocarbon V ariations a nd A bsolute C hronology, e dited b y I .U. O lsson, P roceedings X II N obel S ymposium, N ew Y ork, W iley, 2 33-235.

H UBER B ., G IERTZ V . 1 970 C entral E uropean d endrochronology S cientific M ethods B erger, 2 01-212. H UGHES E .E ., 1 964

i n

M edieval

f or

t he

M iddle

A rchaeology,

A ges,

e dited

i n

b y R .

M ANN W .B.

T he h alf-life o f c arbon-14; c omments o n t he m ass s pectrometric m ethod, I nternational J ournal o f A pplied R adiation I sotopes, 1 5, 9 7-100.

K ARLEN I ., O LSSON I .U., K ALLBERG P ., K ILICCI S . 1 964 A bsolute d etermination o f t he a ctivity s tandards,

A rk .

G eofys .,

o f

t wo

1 4

C

d ating

4 , 4 65-471 .

K IGOSHI K ., H ASEGAWA H . 1 966 S ecular v ariations o f a tmospheric r adiocarbon c oncentration a nd i ts d ependence o n g eomagnetism, J ournal o f G eophysical R esearch, 7 1, 1 065-1071. K LEIN J ., 1 980

L ERMAN J .C.,

D AMON P .E.,

L INICK T .W .

R adiocarbon c oncentration i n t he a tmosphere: 8 000-year r ecord o f v ariations i n t ree r ings: f irst r esults o f a U SA w orkshop, i n I nternational R adiocarbon C onference , 1 0th P roceedings, e dited b y M . S tuiver a nd R . K ra , R adiocarbon, 2 2, n o.3, 9 509 61.

K LEIN J ., 1 982

L ERMAN J .C.,

D ANFORTH W .E .

N eutron R eview ,

m easurements w ith b orontrifluoride c ounters, P hysical

5 5 , 9 80 .

K ROMER B ., R HEIN M ., S TUIVER M ., B ECKER B . 1 986

R ALPH E .K.

C alibration o f r adiocarbon d ates: t ables b ased o n t he c onsensus d ata o f t he w orkshop o n c alibrating t he r adiocarbon t ime s cale, R adiocarbon , 2 4, 1 03-150.

K ORFF S .A.,

1 939

D AMON P .E .,

R adiocarbon

B RUNS

M .,

c alibration

m illennium, i n T welfth P roceedings, e dited b y M . 2 8, n o.2B, 9 54-960.

S CHOCH-FISCHER d ata

f or

t he

6 th

M UNNICH t o

t he

K .O., 8 th

I nternational R adiocarbon C onference S tuiver a nd R .S. K ra , Radiocarbon,

K ULP J .L., F EELY H .W ., T RYON L .E . 1 951 L amont n atural r adiocarbon m easurements:

5 68 .

H .,

1 ,

S cience,

14 , 5 65-

T HE H ISTORY O F T HE C ALIBRATION

K URIE F .N.D. 1 934 A n ew R eview ,

m ode

o f

9 1

d isintegration i nduced b y n eutrons,

P hysical

4 5 , 9 04-905 .

L AMARCHE V .C., J r. a nd H ARLAN T .P. 1 973 A ccuracy o f t ree-ring d ating o f b ristlecone p ine c alibration o f t he r adiocarbon t ime s cale: J ournal G eophysical R esearch

,7 8 ,

f or o f

3 6 , 8 849-8858 .

L ERMAN J .C., M OOK W .G., V OGEL J .C. 1 970 C -14 i n t ree r ings f rom d ifferent l ocalities,

i n

R adiocarbon

V ariations a nd A bsolute C hronology , e dited b y U .I. O lsson, P roceedings X II N obel S ymposium, N ew Y ork, W iley, 2 75-301. L IBBY W .F . 1 933 R adioactivity o f o rdinary e lements , n eodymium: m ethod o f d etection . 1 934

e specially s amarium a nd P h.D. D issertation,

U niversity o f C alifornia , B erkeley. R adioactivity o f n eodynium a nd s amarium,

P hysical R eview ,

4 6 ,

1 96 . 1 952 1 955 1 967

R adiocarbon D ating . C hicago, U niversity o f C hicago P ress. R adiocarbon D ating . C hicago, U niversity o f C hicago P ress,

1 75

p ., 2 nd e d. H istory o f r adiocarbon d ating , i n Radioactive D ating a nd M ethods o f L ow L evel C ounting , V ienna , I nternational A tomic E nergy A gency , 3 -25.

L IBBY W .F ., L ONG E .A . 1 937 T he p roduction a nd p roperties P hysical R eview , 5 2, 5 92.

o f

l ow

t emperature

n eutrons,

L INICK T .W ., L ONG A ., D AMON P .E., F ERGUSON C .W. 1 986 H igh p recision r adiocarbon d ating o f b ristlecone p ine f rom 6 554 t o 5 350 B C, i n T welfth I nternational R adiocarbon C onference P roceedings, e dited b y M . S tuiver a nd R .S. K ra , R adiocarbon , 2 8, n o.2B, 9 43-953 . L ONG A .T .

1 979

A .,

A RNOLD

L .D.,

D AMON P .E.,

F ERGUSON C .W.

L ERMAN J .C.,

W ILSON

R adial t ranslocation o f c arbon i n b ristlecone p ine, i n R adiocarbon D ating , N inth I nternational R adiocarbon C onference P roceedings,

e dited b y R .

B erger a nd H .E.

M ANN W .B., M ARLOW W .F ., H UGHES E .E. 1 961 T he h alf-life o f c arbon-14, R adiation I sotopes, 1 1, 5 7.

S uess,

I nternational J ournal

5 32-537 .

o f

A pplied

M cCALLUM K .J. 1 955 C arbon-14 a ge d eterminations a t t he U niversity o f S askatchewan ( 1), T ransactions o f t he R oyal S ociety o f C anada, 4 9(4), 3 1-

3 5 .

9 2

P .E .

D AMON

M cKERREL H . 1 975 C orrection p rocedures f or C -14 d ates, i n R adiocarbon , C alibration a nd P rehistory, e dited b y T . W atkins, E dinburgh, E dinburgh U niversity P ress, 4 7-100. M ELLAART J . 1 979 E gyptian a nd N ear E astern c hronology:

a d ilemma ? ,

A ntiquity,

5 3 , 6 -18 .

M ICHAEL H .N., R ALPH E .K. 1 970 C orrection f actors a pplied t o E gyptian r adiocarbon d ates f rom t he e ra b efore C hrist: r adiocarbon , i n R adiocarbon V ariations a nd A bsolute C hronology, P roceedings X II N obel S ymposium, 1 972

e dited N ew Y ork,

b y I .U. O lsson, W iley, 1 09-120.

D iscussion o f r adiocarbon d ates o btained f rom p recisely d ated S equoia a nd b ristlecone p ine s amples, i n P roceedings 8 th I nternational R adiocarbon D ating C onference , W ellington , N ew Z ealand , e dited b y T .A. R after a nd T . G rant-Taylor, R oyal S ociety o f N ew Z ealand,

M UNNICH K .O. 1 957 H eidelberg 1 94-199.

n atural

2 8-43.

r adiocarbon m easurements I ,

S cience ,

1 26,

N EUSTUPNY E . 1 970 T he a ccuracy o f r adiocarbon d ating , i n R adiocarbon V ariations a nd A bsolute C hronology , e dited b y I .U. O lsson, P roceedings X II N obel S ymposium, N ew Y ork, W iley, 2 3-34. N ORRIS L .D., I NGHRAM M .G. 1 946 H alf-life d etermination o f c arbon(14) w ith a m ass s pectrometer a nd l ow a bsorption c ounter , P hysical R eview , 7 0 , 7 72 . N YDAL R . 1 968 F urther n ature,

i nvestigation

o n

t he

t ransfer

J ournal o f G eophysical R esearch,

o f

r adiocarbon

i n

7 3 , no.2, 3 617-3635.

O LSSON I .U. ( Ed.) 1 970 R adiocarbon v ariations a nd A bsolute C hronology, S tockholm, A lmqvist a nd W iksell, S tockholm, a nd W iley I nterscience D ivision, N ew Y ork, 6 52 p . O LSSON I .U. 1 979 T he i mportance o f p retreatment o f w ood a nd c harcoal s amples, i n R adiocarbon D ating , N inth I nternational R adiocarbon C onference P roceedings, e dited b y R . B erger a nd H .E . S uess, 1 35-146. O LSSON I .U., K ARLEN I ., T URNBULL A .H., P ROSSER Ni :J .D. 1 962 A d etermination o f t he h alf-life o f 1" C w ith a p roportional c ounter, A rkiv für F ysik, 2 2, n o.14, 2 37-255.

T HE H ISTORY O F T HE C ALIBRATION

O LSSON I .U..

1 963

K ARLEN I .

The h alf-life o f 1 4 C a nd t he p roblems w hich a re e ncountered i n a bsolute m easurements o n ( 3 -decaying s ubstances, P roceedings o f t he S ymposium o n R adioactive D ating , I .A.E.A., V ienna , 3 -34.

P EARSON G .W . 1 980 H igh

1 983

9 3

p recision

r adiocarbon

d ating

c ounting a pplied t o r adiocarbon Radiocarbon , 2 2, n o.2, 2 67-272. T he d evelopment o f h igh p recision

b y t ime 1 4

C

l iquid s cintillation s cale

c alibration,

m easurement

a nd

a pplication t o a rchaeological t ime-scale p roblems. D issertation, T he Q ueen 's U niversity, B elfast.

i ts P h.D.

P EARSON G .W., B AILLIE M .G 4 L . H igh-precision 1 C T easurements o f I rish o aks t o s how t he 1 983 natural a tmospheric 1 C v ariations o f t he A D t ime p eriod, Radiocarbon, 2 5, 1 87-196. .W., P ILCHER J .R., B AILLIE M .G.L., P EARSON G A bsolute r adiocarbon d ating u sing 1 977 t ree-ring c alibration, N ature, 2 70,

H ILLAM J . a l ow a ltitude 2 5-28.

E uropean

.W., P ILCHER J .V., B AILLIE M .G.L. P EARSON G 1 983 H igh p recision 1 C m easwrements o f I rish o aks t o s how t he natural a tmospheric 1 C v ariations f rom 2 00 B C t o 4 000 B C, Radiocarbon, 2 5, n o.2, 1 79-186. P EARSON G .W ., P ILCHER J .R , B AILLIE M .G.L., C ORBETT D .M., Q UA F . 1 986 H igh-precision 1 C m easurements o f I rish o aks t o s how t he natural v ariations f rom A D 1 840-5120 B C, i n I nternational Radiocarbon C onference , 1 2th P roceedings, e dited b y M . S tuiver a nd R . K ra , R adiocarbon, 2 8, n o.2B, 9 11-934. P ILCHER J .R. 1 980 Radiocarbon

c alibration:

r ecent

p rogress,

S cientific D ating M ethods, e dited b y R . P aper N o.21, B ritish M useum, 4 5-52.

i n

P rogress

B urleigh,

i n

O ccasional

P ILCHER J .R., B AILLIE M .G.L., S CHMIDT B ., B ECKER B . 1 984 A 7 ,272-year t ree-ring c hronology f or w estern E urope, 3 12, 1 50-152.

N ature,

P ILCHER J .R., H ILLAM J ., B AILLIE M .G.L., P EARSON G .W. 1 977 A l ong s ubfossil o ak t ree-ring c hronology f rom I reland, N ew P hytology, 7 9 , 7 13-729 .

t he

R ALPH E .K. 1 955 U niversity o f P ennsylvania r adiocarbon d ates I , 1 49-151.

S cience,

n orth

o f

1 21,

9 4

P .E .

D AMON

R ALPH E .K., K LEIN J . 1 979 C omposite c omputer p lots o f 1 4 C d ates f or t ree-ring d ated b ristlecone p ines a nd s equoias, i n R adiocarbon D ating , I nternational R adiocarbon C onference , 9 th P roceedings, e dited b y R . B erger a nd H .E. S uess, B erkeley/Los A ngeles, U niversity

5 45-553 .

o f C alifornia P ress,

R ALPH E .K., M ICHAEL H .N. 1 970 M ASCA r adiocarbon d ates f or S equoia a nd b ristlecone-pine s amples, i n R adiocarbon V ariations a nd A bsolute C hronology, e dited b y I .U. O lsson, P roceedings X II N obel S ymposium , N ew Y ork,

W iley,

6 19-624.

R ALPH E .K., M ICHAEL H .N., H AN M .C. 1 973 Radiocarbon d ates a nd r eality, M ASCA Newsletter, R ALPH E .K., S TUCKENRATH R . 1 960 C arbon-14 m easurements o f k nown a ge s amples,

9 , 1 -20 .

N ature,

1 88 , 1 85-

1 87. R EID A .F., D UNNING 1 946 Half-life o f

1" C,

W EINHOUSE S ., G ROSSE A .V. P hysical R eview , 7 0, 4 31.

R ENFREW C . 1 970 N ew c onfigurations i n o ld w orld a rchaeology, Archaeology, 2 , n o.2, 1 99-211. 1 973 B efore C ivilization, N ew Y ork, K nopf, 2 92 p . R ENFREW C ., C LARK R .M. 1 974 P roblems o f t he r adiocarbon A rchaeometry, 1 6 , 5-1 8 .

c alendar

W orld

a nd i ts c alibration,

R OBINSON R .W. 1 986 A c omputational a lgorithm f or c alibration o f r adiocarbon d ates, i n T welfth I nternational R adiocarbon C onference P roceedings , A bstracts w ith P rogram, e dited b y S . G ulliksen a nd R . N ydal, 4 3. R UBEN S . K AMEN M .D. 1 941 R adioactive c arbon,

P hysical R eview ,

S CHELL W .R., F AIRHALL A .W., H ARP G .D. 1 965 M easurements o f c arbon-14 i n

k nown

4 59 , 3 49 .

a ge

s amples

a nd

t heir

g eophysical i mplication, i n R adiocarbon a nd T ritium , S ixth I nternational R adiocarbon C onference P roceedings, e dited b y R .M. C hatters a nd E .A. O lson, 3 97-414. S CHULMAN E . 1 956 1 958

D endroclimatic C hanges i n S emiarid A merica, T ucson, U niversity o f A rizona P ress, 1 42 p . B ristlecone p ine, o ldest k nown l iving t hing , T he N ational G eographic M agazine,

1 23,

n o.3,

3 55 -3 92 .

T HE H ISTORY O F T HE C ALIBRATION

S TUIVER M . 1 965 C arbon-14 1 978 1 982

c ontent

9 5

o f 1 8th- a nd 1 9th c entury w ood,

v ariations

c orrelated w ith s unspot a ctivity, S cience, 1 49 , 5 33-535 . R adiocarbon t imescale t ested a gainst m agnetic a nd o ther d ating m ethods, N ature, 2 73 , 2 71-274 . A h igh-precision c alibration o f t he A D r adiocarbon t ime s cale, R adiocarbon, 2 4, 1 -26.

S TUIVER M ., K RA R .S. ( Eds.) 1 986 1 2th I nternational R adiocarbon R adiocarbon ( Calibration I ssue), 2 8,

C onference , P roceedings , n o.2B, 1 030 p .

S TUIVER M 1 'K ROMER B ., B ECKER B ., F ERGUSON C .W. 4 1 986 C a ge m atching o f t he G erman o ak a nd b ristlecone p ine t reer ing s eries i n t he s ixth a nd s eventh m illennium B .C., i n T welfth I nternational R adiocarbon C onference P roceedings, e dited b y M . S tuiver a nd R .S. K ra , R adiocarbon, 2 8, n o.2B,

9 69-979 . S TUIVER M ., R EIMER P .J. 1 986 A c omputer p rogram f or r adiocarbon a ge c alculation, i n T welfth I nternational R adiocarbon C onference P roceedings, e dited b y M . S tuiver a nd R .S. K ra , R adiocarbon, 2 8, n o.2B, 1 022-1030. S TUIVER M ., Q UAY P .D. 1 980 C hanges i n a tmospheric S cience,

2 07,

1 4

C

a ttributed

t o

a v ariable s un,

1 1-19.

S TUIVER M 14 , R OBINSON S .W., Y ANG J .G. 1 979 C dating t o 6 0,000 y ears B .P. w ith p roportional c ounters, i n R adiocarbon D ating , I nternational R adiocarbon C onference , 9 th P roceedings, e dited b y R . B erger a nd H .E. S uess, B erkeley/Los A ngeles, U niversity o f C alifornia P ress, 2 02-215. S TUIVER M ., S UESS H .E . 1 966 O n t he r elationship b etween r adiocarbon d ates a nd t rue a ges, R adiocarbon , 8 , 5 34-540 . S UESS H .E. 1 954a Natural r adiocarbon a nd t he r ate o f e xchange o f c arbon d ioxide b etween t he a tmosphere a nd t he s ea . I n P roceedings o f t he C onference o f N uclear P rocesses i n G eologic S ettings. N ational C ouncil, W ashington, p .52. 1 954b

1 955

U .S. G eological S urvey r adiocarbon d ates I . 4 67-473. R adiocarbon c oncentration i n m odern w ood,

1 961

S ecular

S cience,

1 20,

3 11,

S cience,

1 22,

4 15-

4 17 . v ariations

i n

t he

c oncentration

r adiocarbon, i n P roceedings o f a n P roblems R elated t o I nterplanetary I llinois, J une 2 0-22, 1 960, 9 0-95 .

o f

a tmospheric

i nformal c onference , M atter, H igland P ark,

9 6

1 965

1 967

1 970

1 979

1 980

P .E .

D AMON

S ecular v ariations o f t he c osmic-ray-produced c arbon-14 i n t he a tmosphere a nd t heir i nterpretations, J ournal o f G eophysical R esearch , 7 0 , 5 937-5952 . B ristlecone p ine c alibration o f t he r adiocarbon t ime s cale f rom 4 100 B C t o 1 500 B C, i n R adioactive D ating a nd M ethods o f L ow-Level C ounting , V ienna, I AEA, 1 43-151. B ristlecone p ine c alibration o f t he r adiocarbon t imescale 5 200 B .C. t o t he p resent, i n R adiocarbon V ariations a nd A bsolute C hronology, e dited b y I .U. O lsson, P roceedings X II N obel S ymposium, N ew Y ork, W iley, 3 03-311. A c alibration t able f or c onventional r adiocarbon d ates, i n R adiocarbon D ating , I nternational R adiocarbon C onference , 9 th P roceedings, e dited b y R . B erger a nd H .E. S uess, B erkeley/Los A ngeles, U niversity o f C alifornia P ress, 7 77-785 . T he r adiocarbon r ecord i n t ree r ings o f t he l ast 8 000 y ears, i n I nternational R adiocarbon C onference , 1 0th P roceedings, e dited b y M . S tuiver a nd R . K ra, R adiocarbon, 2 2, n o.2, 2 002 09.

S WITSUR V .R. 1 973 T he r adiocarbon c alendar r ecalibrated,

A ntiquity,

4 7 , 1 31-137 .

V OGEL J .C. 1 980 A ccuracy o f t he r adiocarbon t ime s cale b eyond 1 5,000 B P, i n I nternational R adiocarbon C onference , 1 0th P roceedings, e dited b y M . S tuiver a nd R . K ra, R adiocarbon, 2 2, n o.2, 2 10-218 . W ATKINS T . ( Ed.) 1 975 R adiocarbon: C alibration a nd P rehistory, U niversity P ress, 1 47 p . W ATT D .E., R AMSDEN D ., W ILSON H .W. 1 961 T he h alf-life o f c arbon-14, Radiation I sotopes, 1 , 6 8 .

E dinburgh,

I nternational J ournal

W ENDLAND W .M., D ONLEY D .L. 1 971 R adiocarbon-calendar a ge r elationship, S cience L etters, 2 , 1 35 -1 39 . W ILLIS E .H., T AUBER H ., M UNNICH K .O. 1 960 V ariations i n t he a tmospheric r adiocarbon t he p ast 1 300 y ears, R adiocarbon , 3 , 1 -4 .

E arth

a nd

E dinburgh

o f

A pplied

P lanetary

c oncentration

o ver

Y ANG A .I.C., F AIRHALL A .W. 1 972 V ariations o f n atural r adiocarbon d uring t he l ast 1 1 m illennia a nd g eophysical m echanisms f or p roducing t hem, i n P roceedings 8 th I nternational R adiocarbon d ating C onference , W ellington , N ew Z ealand , e dited b y T .A. R after a nd T . G rant-Taylor , R oyal S ociety o f N ew Z ealand,

A 44-A57.

T HE H ISTORY O F T HE C ALIBRATION

9 7

S amp l e so fK nown A ge

1 00 0 0 > . ,9 0 >

T r ee R i ng ( 1 072 A D ) T r ee R i ng ( 5 80 A D ) c l i )T r ee

« z x

R i ng ( 5 75 A D ) B i b le ( 1 00 ± 100 B C )

8 0 C . ) 0

P t o lem y( 3 30± 150 B C ) T a y ina t ( 6 75± 5 0B C )

: 1 7 : 3

7 0

1 )

R edwood ( 9 79±52 B C )

C D

-* C 3

S e so s t r is ( 1 800 B C )

C D

‘ •• C D

N i ppu rS \

6 0

C a lcu la ted f r om p r e sen t d a y p o in ta n dh a l f l i f e o fR ad ioc a rbon 5 568±30 y e a r s

a a )

c 2 -5 0

Z o se r( 2700±75BC ) S n e f e ru ( 2 625± 7 5B C ) y l \f- H emaka ( 2 950±200BC )

, •• » •

. M•

Ml l m•

MM I I

MM I I M

L l i lk M M MB I »•• m• M M

I

I IN M q l I l l f l•N M

L M•Z• I• 1M 1•• I M•NM

J I. M

M I M

M

1 0 00 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 H i s t o r ica l A ge ( y ea r s )

F ig .1 - P redicted d ecay r ate o f r adiocarbon a s a f unction o f t ime f or s amples o f k nown a ge i ncluding b oth h istorically d ated s amples a nd d endrochronologically d ated s amples . N ote t hat , d uring B C t ime , s ix s amples fall a bove t he c urve a nd o nly o ne b elow t he c urve f or e xponential d ecay w ith a 5 568-year h alf-life . N ote a lso t hat t he C alifornia r edwood ( Sequoia) d ata f all w ell a bove t he c urve . C ompare w ith t he m ore r ecent p lot o f h istorically d ated s amples ( figure 5 ). T he h istorical d ata f or P tolemy's C offin h as b een c orrected f rom 2 00 B C o n o riginal f igure b y L ibby ( after L ibby , 1 955).

P .E .

9 8

D AMON

( RA = 1 4 .1) A t mosphe re ( NA = 6 70 ) CF ixa t ion 1 5 5 1

, o( ‚---

( . . .--

O CEAN

)

1

F resh Wate r H ydrosphe re

T erres tr ia l B iosphe re

e r • r n ö 4 0 1

— O rg an(i 0 c« 960 Ma t te r

C hem ica l E ros ion

g-

R A )

( 1 .57 NA )

(. 009 N A )

M IXED L AYER ( 1 .34 NA )

v

c i

D ead ( C ) .873 O rgan ic M a t te r

R A )

. - 45 /

1 32 / t

( 27 11

( 4 .48 NA )

I' 51

t

( 0 .872 R A ) D EEP S EA

7 : ;2 4

. \ ,

c t

i i-C f i xa t ion 1 40 1

( 0 .9 65 RA )

( 0 .67 N A )

i s 6 i

RA )

M ar ine B iosphe re

( 0 .82 NA ) . _

( 1 .0 1

RA )

( 57 .56 NA )

—

. _

1

( 0 .58

V o lcan ism 1 0 .6 /

( 0 .965 RA )

F o s s i l F ue l C o tntu s ti o n

, --

D isso lu t ion 1 0 .236 1

1

,

LAND

S ED IMENTS 1 34 ,000 NA

'-' 2

C oo l o nd O i l

1

( 14 .92 NA )

a

M e tamo rph ism

i

E ros ion

( Mechan ica l)

L ITHOSPHERE

F ig .2 - T he c arbon c ycle i n n ature p rior t o l arge-scale d etonation o f n uclear w eapons , i .e . A .D . 1 950. A ll f luxes i n units o f 1 01 5 g /yr . A ll m asses a re r elative t o N = 670x10 5g f or t he a tmospheric r eservoir . A ll a ctivities a re r elative t o t he a tmospheric v alue of 1 4.1 d pm/g C ( after D amon e t a l., 1 978).

T HE H ISTORY O F T HE C ALIBRATION

1

1

1

9 9

1

1

4 0—

2 0— sl f

4 f 4

t i

4

c > °

• • . ) •

( 4 )

F i

' e l

•p a • , )e s u

u o lo i lod

%

. e VIN

1 19

M ATERIAUX DE D ATATION

M ATeee

d' a u

t r u ch e c o qu i l le di c e u f p oter ies

v e ge t aux

F ig . 2 - R eartition d es 5 60 d atations 1 4 C d e l 'arch&ologie d u P rocheO rient e n f onction d e l a n ature d e l eur m at er iel d 'origine .

Chronologies

in

the

Near

East,

Aurenche O., Evin J. and Hours F. eds. 1987 BAR International Series,

RADIOCARBON DATING BY ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY APPLICATIONS TO ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE NEAR EAST

John A.J. GOWLETT and R.E.M. HEDGES

Introduction

Radiocarbon dating in the Near East can present different, and sometimes more severe problems, than in more temperate latitudes. Bone is usually difficult or impossible to date, because of the rapid decay of collagen in hot and arid environments. Charcoal is often well preserved, but it can present problems of association. In the period of the origins of agriculture and domestication, the crucial remains of plants and animals are often small and precious, and it is of great benefit if they can be dated directly. It is now well known that accelerator radiocarbon dating (AMS­ Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) offers major advantages in tackling some of these problems. The Oxford radiocarbon accelerator, which has been in operation since 1983, has now produced about 1000 dates. We review here those dates whic� appertain to the Near East, and the nature of the problems which they have solved, thrown up, or which remain outstanding. Since 1984 it has been our practice to publish dates regularly in Archaeometry; other dates mentioned below are to be found in papers in Gowlett and Hedges (1986a). As an aid in giving a brief review of issues here, we attach an appendix which brings together as many dates as possible. The principal advantages of acceler�tor dating in this area have been: (a) ability to date small crucial samples directly, ruling out possibilities of poor association; (b) ability to use refined sample preparation techniques, as in isolating amino acids of collagen for bone dating, and thus to obtain bone dates in difficult circumstances; or in isolating different fractions of a sample for separate dating (Batten et al., 1986a).

The principal limitation has been the problem of dating low-collagen bone. It appears that even when achieved, bone dates may be underestimates of real age in situations where less than 5% of original collagen survives (Gowlett and Hedges, 1986b). Dating of charred bone

1 22

J .A .J .

G OWLETT a nd R .E .M .

H EDGES

h as b een o ur m ain a lternative. A s imilar p roblem h as o f c ourse b een e ncountered b efore b y c onventional l aboratories i n d ating b one i n t he N ear E ast, a nd i t h as l ong b een t he p ractice t o b ase d ates o n c harred b one ( see e .g . G roningen d ates i n M cBurney, 1 967). T he d ating o f p lant r emains S ingle g rains c an b e d ated b y A MS. I t h as b een s hown e lsewhere t hat p reserved g rains a re u nlikely t o h ave h igh a ntiquity u nless t hey a re m oderately c harred ( Hillman e t a l., 1 985). T here a re o f c ourse e xceptions t o t his, a nd w e h ave d ated u nburnt g rain f rom S aqqara ( Gillespie e t a l., 1 985 , 2 43, s ee A ppendix ), w hile f rom Q asr I brim P . R owley-Conwy h as p rovided b oth b urnt a nd u nburnt r emains f rom t he s ame c ontext. T hus t here i s n o r eal s ubstitute f or d irect d ating , a nd e ven i n t he c ase o f c harred r emains, c lose p roximity o n t he s ite i s n o i ndication t hat t he s ame a ge w ill b e o btained . G rains o r s eeds f ound c lose t ogether s ometimes d iffer i n a ge b y m any t housands o f y ears, a s a t N ahal O ren, o r a t C an H asan ( Table 1 ). I n s uch s ituations t he p ossibility o f l aboratory e rror h as t o b e c onsidered. O ur s uites o f k nown a ge d ates, o r o f d ates f rom s ealed c ontexts, d o n ot e xhibit s uch v ariability, a nd i n t he c ase o f C an H asan t here i s i ndependent e vidence t hat c ereal r emains o f v ery d ifferent a ges o ccur t ogether ( see A ppendix). T he d egree o f s ecurity o f a ssociation n aturally e nough v aries f rom s ite t o s ite, a s c an b e s een f rom t he f ollowing l ist: - W adi K ubbaniya : a ll g rains ( 8) m ore r ecent t han c ontext - A bu H ureyra : 6o ut o f 7g rains m atch c ontext - A in M allaha :1 g rain, o ut o f c ontext - N ahal O ren :2 g rains y ounger, o ne o lder t han c ontext - W adi H ammeh :3 /3 s amples m atch c ontext - H ayonim :2 s eeds m atch c ontext - N etiv H agdud :g rains m atch c ontext T hese f igures d o n ot a lways g ive a g ood m atch w ith p rior e xpectation ( but o f c ourse d ifferent a rchaeologists have d ifferent i deas a bout " prior e xpectation"). A t A bu H ureyra t here w as a g eneral f eeling t hat s ome c ontexts w ere v ulnerable t o i ntrusion, b ut w ith o ne e xception t he d ates a re i n a ccordance w ith t he E pipalaeolithic a ge o f t he c ontexts ( see L egge a nd R owley-Conwy, 1 986; M oore e t a l ., 1 986). A t W adi K ubbaniya o n t he o ther h and, a ll g rains d ated b y t he A rizona a ccelerator w ere s een t o b e i ntrusive ( Wendorf a nd S child, 1 984), a s w as a d atestone d ated a t O xford ( Table 2 ). I n m ost c ases w e d ate t he g rains f rom t he a cid a nd a lkali r esistant c arbonaceous r esidue. B ut i n s ome i nstances w here t he e ntire s ample d issolves, d ates c an o nly b e b ased o n t he " humic e xtract" a nd i t h as p roved w orthwhile t o d ate b oth h umic e xtract a nd c arbonaceous r esidue i n a n umber o f c ases ( Batten e t a l ., 1 986a). T his c an p rovide a dditional e vidence a s t o w hether i ndividual g rains o r s eeds a re i ntrusive. T he c arbonaceous r esidue, i f i ts p reservation a llows t horough p urification, s hould g ive t he m ost r eliable d ate f or t he s pecimen i tself . I t a ppears, h owever, t hat i ntrusive s eeds o r c harcoal t end t o p ick u p a " humic c omponent" f rom t he b eds i nto w hich t hey i ntrude, a nd i t m ay b e p ossible t o d ate t his s eparately. A g rain f rom N ahal O ren p rovides a n e xample: i t w as f ound i n K ebaran s ediments, f or w hich t here a re c onventional d ates o f c . 1 5-18,000 B P.

A CCELERATOR M ASS S PECTROMETRY

1 23

T he g rain, h owever , w as i ntrusive, a nd h ad a d ate o f c . 3 100 B P b ased o n t he c arbonaceous r esidue ( OxA-395); t he h umic d ate, h owever, w as c . 6 650 B P ( OxA-396). A nother g rain f rom N ahal O ren w as f ound t o b e m ore t han 3 0,000 y ears o ld ( see L egge, 1 986). A c orollary o f t hese f indings i s t hat d ates o n t he h umic c omponent a lone c ould g ive m isleading r esults i n s ome c ircumstances, t hough i n t he m ajority o f c ases, w here t here i s n o r eason t o s uspect i ntrusion, t he h umic c omponent a nd t he c arbonaceous r esidue g ive d ates i n g ood a greement. A lthough i t i s p ossible t o d ate s ingle c ereal g rains, w hich u sually w eigh o ver 1 0 m g , i t i s f requently n ecessary t o c ombine s eeds o f o ther p lants, a s a t W adi H ammeh ( Table 1 ; s ee A ppendix), o r i n t he c ase o f m illet s eed ( for e xample s ubmitted f rom G obedra i n E thiopia b y D .A . P hillipson). T he l aboratory h as n ow d ated g rains o r s eed f rom m ost c ountries i n t he N ear E ast. T he f indings c an b e s ummarised a s f ollows: - t hey c onfirm t he a ssociation o f c ereals a nd o ther p lants w ith h uman o ccupation, f requently a s f ar b ack a s 1 2-13,000 y ears a go, a nd o n a t l east o ne o ccasion m ore t han 3 0,000 y ears a go; - t hey c onfirm t he p resence o f d omesticated g rain ( barley) a t N etiv H agdud c . 1 0,000 y ears B P. - t hey h ave p rovided s ufficient s urprises, i n t he n ature o f r esults e arlier/later t han e xpected, t o j ustify m uch f urther w ork. The d ating o f i dentified a nimal r emains A ccelerator d emands a r evolution i n a ttitudes t owards d ating f auna . I n t he past t hose r emains h ave u sually b een s elected w hich a re u nidentifiable, a nd w hich h ence c an b e " spared" f or d ating . I n E urope m ost b ones a re w ell-enough p reserved t hat t hey c an b e d ated b y A MS f rom o ne g ram o r l ess o f b one, s o t hat b one i dentified t o i ndividual s pecies c an b e f ixed i n t ime, w ith c onsiderable b enefits. T his i s m uch m ore d ifficult i n t he N ear E ast, w here e ven a verage p reservation m ay o ften d emand a s ample o f c . 5 g rams. W e h ave f ound t hat s ufficient c ollagen f or d ating c an u sually b e e xtracted f rom b ones f rom N eolithic s ites ( such a s A rjoune) b ut t hat h ardly a ny r emains i n b ones f rom l ate P leistocene s ites, s uch a s A bu H ureyra o r A zraq. N ormally a n a ssay o f a mino a cid c ontent i s c arried o ut

b efore

d ating , u sing t he T NBS r eaction. A s ample o f a bout 3 0 m g b one i s s ufficient f or t his, a nd i n o ur e xperience i t p rovides a m ore r eliable r esult t han t he K jeldahl N itrogen t est. N evertheless, a ny t est d esigned t o a ssess t he p rotein c ontent o f b one h as a m argin o f e rror a ttached t o i t. I n t he c ase o f l ow c ollagen b one t he o rganic c ontent i s s ometimes o verestimated, a nd c are m ust b e t aken t o a void d estroying s everal g rams o f p recious s ample w ithout a chieving a s ignificant y ield o f a mino a cids. T he s ample p reservation p rocess i n u se a t O xford h as m ade i t d esirable t o h ave a y ield o f c . 3 0 m g a mino a cid . T aking c ollagen a s b eing 2 0% b y w eight o f m odern b one, t his w ould n ecessitate a s ample 1 50 m g o f m odern b one, a nd c . 3g rams o f b one w here p reservation w as 5 % m odern. S amples b ased o n 1 0 m g a mino a cid o r l ess h ave b een p repared a s t argets u sing t he r outine c racking m ethod ( Batten e t a l., 1 986b), w ith a c ertain r isk o f f ailure. I t a ppears t hat e ven s maller q uantities c an b e p repared u sing t he i ron c atalysis m ethod, n ow u nder d evelopment.

1 24

J .A .J .

G OWLETT a nd R .E .M .

H EDGES

T he e ffect i s t hat s mall q uantities o f a mino a cids d erived f rom v ery p oorly p reserved b one w ill b e d atable. M any N ear E astern b one s amples r outinely e ncountered, h owever, p reserve l ess t han o ne p er c ent o f t he o riginal c ollagen, a nd i t i s f ar f rom c ertain t hat r esults f rom t hem w ould b e r eliable d ates f or t he b ones, i n v iew o f t he c omplex p rocesses o f b one d iagenesis, a nd a ll t he p ossibilities o f c ontamination . T hree p rojects w hich i llustrate s ome o f t hese p oints a re t hose o f d ating e arly e quids ( in c ollaboration w ith J . C lutton-Brock, R . B urleigh a nd R . M eadow), e arly c amels ( on b ehalf o f C . G rigson), a nd e arly c anids ( from D ouara C ave, o n b ehalf o f S . P ayne). M ost o f t he e quid s pecimens a re l ess t han 4 000 y ears o ld, a nd h ave d ated s atisfactorily f rom a mino a cid p ress; s ee T able 3 ). T he c amels, w hich h ave n ot

o f c ollagen

( Clutton-Brok e t a l .,

y et b een d ated,

i n

g ive h ighly v ariable

c ollagen r eadings, s uggesting t he p resence o f b oth s ome m odern s pecimens, a nd s ome v ery o ld o nes. T he c anid b ones h ave v ery l ow c ollagen c ontents, s o t hat t hey c ould o nly b e d ated t han n ormal s amples.

b y

t aking

l arger

T he d ating o f s ites f rom c harred b one a nd c harcoal T he d ifficulty o f d ating b one b y n ormal p rocedures h ad l ed u s t o f ar m ore d ates o n b urnt b one i n t he N ear E ast t han i n E urope.

d o

G radually w e h ave b een a ble t o b uilt u p p atterns o f i nterc omparisons. A bu H ureyra i s a gain i mportant h ere, s ince b oth c harred a nimal b ones a nd c harred g rain a re a vailable f rom n umerous c ontexts. I n g eneral w e f ind w e h ave g ood a greement b etween o ur d ates f or t hese. I t i s n ot p ossible, h owever , t o c haracterise p recisely a c ertain f raction, a s w ith a mino a cids o f b one. O ur g eneral i mpression i s t hat b urnt b one d ates a re a l ittle l ess r eliable t han c harred s eed, g rain o r c harcoal d ates. T he r esults f rom A rjoune ( see A ppendix) i ndicate t hat i n g ood c ircumstances d ates f rom b one a nd f rom c harred b one c an b e e ntirely c ompatible. M any s ites o ffer o nly r udimentary c hances o f d ating . S ome o f t he J ilat s ites ( Garrard, 1 985) c an o nly b e d ated f rom f ragments o f c harred b one. I n t hese c ases a p attern o f d ates i s n ecessary b efore t he r esults c an b e f ully e valuated, a nd s ome " outliers" a re o nly t o b e e xpected . H istorical P eriod D ates M ost o f t he A MS d ates p roduced b y O xford f or t he N ear E ast h ave b een i n t he p rehistoric t ime-range, b ut a f ew d ates h ave b een p roduced f or d ynastic p eriod s amples f rom E gypt, m ost o f t hem a t l east a pproximately o f k nown a ge. T hese a re s hown t ogether w ith b est e stimates o f t he h istorical v alues t o b e e xpected ( Table 4 ). T he s amples a re f rom v aried c ontexts ( see A ppendix). I n g eneral t erms t he r esults a re c onsistent w ith t he h istorically d erived f igures. O xA-127 w as o ne a mong a g roup o f m easurements o btained f or t he B ritish M useum t extile c omparison ( Burleigh e t a l ., 1 986). T he p ooled m ean r esult f rom a ll p articipating l aboratories w as 4 298 B P, w ith a 9 5% c onfidence r ange o f 4 138 - 458 B P, y ielding a c alibrated r ange o f 3 100-2670 c al B C ( following P earson e t a l ., 1 986). F urther w ork o n

A CCELERATOR M ASS S PECTROMETRY

1 25

i dentified s amples o f h igh q uality w ould a llow t esting o f h istorically d erived d ates i n a s imilar m atter t o t hat u ndertaken b y H aas a nd c olleagues ( this v olume). S election o f c ontexts A MS d ating i s p otentially a t wo-edged s word . I t m akes i t p ossible t o d ate s mall o rganic r emains o f i nterest, r egardless o f t heir c ontext. B ut i f t he m ain o bjective i s t o d ate p articular l ayers o r f eatures f rom i ncluded o rganic r emains, t he p rocess c ould b e m ore h azardous t han c onventional d ating , i f m isused . I t h as c ertain o bvious a dvantages t o c ounter t his: i n p articular , c ombining o f s ample m aterials i s v ery r arely n ecessary . T hen, t oo , s ample s election i n t he f ield h as v ery m uch g reater f lexibility . I t i s i mportant t o m ake u se o f t his i n t he f ield , r ather t han i n r ummaging t hrough m ultitudes o f p lastic b ags a fterwards. W e h ave f ound i t p ossible t o s elect s ample m aterials f rom w ells ealed c ontexts. F or e xample, a t C hesowanja i n K enya a " Neolithic" h earth f eature w as d ated f rom c harcoal s ealed w ithin b aked c lay ( Gowlett e t c a ., 1 986a , 1 24). A t S heri K han T arakai i n P akist a n , i n e xcavations b y R .J. K nox a nd F . K han , f resh c harcoal w as f ound p rotected i mmediately u nder a l arge s herd w hich h ad b een t hrown i nto a r ubbish p it. A lthough s ome o rganic m aterial m ay b e r eused o r r edeposited , t here a re a lso m any c ircumstances t his i s u nlikely . S elected s traw o r c haff f rom a m udbrick s hould b e v ery s uitable f or d ating ( apparently t his i s m ore o ften a vailable f rom E gypt t han M esopotamia : r e-use o f t he m aterial i s ah azard, b ut l ess l ikely i n t he c ase o f a s pecially-commissioned m ajor p ublic b uilding , s uch a s t he t emple o f T uthmosis I V ( see A ppendix )). I n o ur e xperience m any q uestions a bout s ample a ssociation c ould b e a nswered m uch b etter i f a rchaeologists c ould b e p ersuaded t o t ake p hotographs o f s amples a t t he t ime o f s ampling , s o t hat t hey w ere a vailable f or f uture c onsultation . I t i s i mportant n ot t o o ffer t oo m any s trictures, a s i f t he a rchaeologists w ere i n s ome w ay t o b lame f or h aving a n i mportant s ite w hich i s d ifficult t o d ate. O n s ome s uch s ites i ndividual c ontexts a re i nevitably i nsecure , b ut v aluable r esults c an e merge f rom ap attern o f d ating . I n s uch c ases t he i ndividual r esults w hich s eem u nhelpful o r m isleading a re s imply t he p rice t o b e p aid f or t he b roader p icture. F uture P rospects C areful a rchaeological w ork o ver t he l ast t wenty y ears m akes p lain h ow o ften p lant a nd a nimal r emains a re p reserved o n N ear E astern s ites. T he f irst p hase o f a ccelerator d ating h as b een a imed a t s orting o ut c rucial p roblems l inked w ith t he t imescale o f t he o rigins o f a griculture a nd d omestication . I t h as r uled o ut o f c onsideration a q uantity o f s purious m aterial, a nd h as i f a nything c onfirmed t he i mportance o f t he p eriod 1 0,000 t o 8 ,000 B P i n t he s cenario o f c hange. I n t he f uture w e c ould s ee a ccelerator d ating b ranching o ut f urther i n t wo d irections. O n t he o ne h and i t w ould t race a nd d ocument m anp lant a nd m an-animal a ssociations f urther i nto t he p ast, p erhaps a s f ar a s 5 0,000 y ears a go . O n t he o ther , i t c an b e u sed t o m ap o ut t he h istories o f s pecific p lant a nd a nimal s pecies t hrough t he l ast f ew t housand y ears.

1 26

J .A.J .

G OWLETT a nd R .E .M .

H EDGES

A cknowledgements T he O xford R adiocarbon A ccelerator U nits i s s upported b y a n S .E .R.C. R esearch G rant. T he a uthors w ish t o a cknowledge t he a ssistance o f R . Batten, A .D. B owles, J .F . F oreman, E . H endy, M .J. H umm a nd A .J. S tocker.

Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit R esearch Laboratory for Archaeology 6 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3QJ

REFERENCES Archaeometry l ists 1 - G ILLESPIE R ., G OWLETT J .A.J., H ALL E .T ., H EDGES R .E .M. 1 984a R adiocarbon m easurement b y a ccelerator m ass s pectrometry: e arly s election o f d ates, A rchaeometry, 2 6(1), 1 5-20.

a n

2 - G ILLESPIE R ., G OWLETT J .A.J., H ALL E .T ., H EDGES R .E.M., P ERRY C . 1 985 R adiocarbon d ates f rom t he O xford A MS s ystem: A rchaeometry D atelist 2 , A rchaeometry , 2 7(2), 2 37-246.

3 - GOWLETT J .A.J., H ALL E .T ., H EDGES R .E .M ., P ERRY C . 1 986a

R adiocarbon d ates f rom t he O xford A MS D atelist 3 , Archaeometry, 2 8 (1 ), 16-125 .

s ystem:

A rchaeometry

4 - GOWLETT J .A.J., H EDGES R .E.M., L AW I .A ., P ERRY C . 1 986b

R adiocarbon d ates f rom t he O xford A MS D atelist 4 , Archaeometry, 2 8(2), 2 06-221.

s ystem:

A rchaeometry

5 - GOWLETT J .A.J., H EDGES R .E .M., L AW I .A ., P ERRY C . 1 987

R adiocarbon d ates f rom t he O xford A MS D atelist 4 , Archaeometry, 2 9(1), 1 25-155.

s ystem:

A rchaeometry

R eferences i n t ext B AR-YOSEF O ., 1 980

B AR-YOSEF O .,

1 973

2 01-206 .

G OREN N .

G ILLESPIE R .,

G OWLETT J .A.J.,

P al&orient,

1 ,

4 9-68 .

H EDGES R .E .M .

T ha A MS d ating o f s eParate f ractions i n a rchaeology, P roc . I nternational R adiocarbon C onference , R adiocarbon, 2 8, 2 A , 7 01.

B ATTEN R ., P ERRY C . 1 986b

G ORING-MORRIS A .N . a " Sultanian" m ound i n t he L ower J ordan V alley,

N atufian r emains i n H ayonim C ave,

B A UEN R ., 1 986a

G OPHER A .,

N etiv H agdud: P a Uorient, 6 ,

B RONCK C .R.,

G ILLESPIE R .,

G OWLETT

J .A.J.,

H EDGES

1 2th 6 98-

R .E.M.,

A r eview o f t he o peration o f t he O xford R adiocarbon A ccelerator U nit. P roc . 1 2th I nternational R adiocarbon , 2 8, 2 A, 1 77-185.

R adiocarbon

C onference ,

A CCELERATOR M ASS S PECTROMETRY

1 27

B ETTS A . 1 983

B lack D esert S urvey, 1 5, 1 -10.

f irst p reliminary r eport,

L evant,

1 984

B lack D esert S urvey, J ordan: s econd p reliminary r eport, 1 6, 2 5-34. B lack D esert S urvey, J ordan: t hird p reliminary r eport, 1 7, 2 9-52.

L evant,

1 985

J ordan:

B URLEIGH R ., L EESE M ., T ITE M . 1 986 A n i ntercomparison o f l aboratories, R adiocarbon,

s ome A MS a nd 2 8, 2 A, 5 71-577 .

s mall

g as

L evant,

c ounter

C LUTTON-BROCK J ., B URLEIGH R ., G OWLETT J .A.J. i n p ress E arly d omestic e quids i n E gypt a nd W estern A sia : a n a dditional n ote. I n M eadow R . a nd U erpmann H .P., e ds.: E quids i n t he Ancient W orld , v ol.2. T übingen: T AVO. C ROWFOOT-PAYNE J . 1 976 T he t erminology o f t he A ceramic N eolithic p eriod i n t he L evant. I n W endorf F ., e d.: D euxi me c olloque s ur / a T erminologie d e / a P rO listoire d u P roche O rient. U ISPP C ongress. N ice, 1 31-137. D ELIBRIAS C ., 1 986

G if

6 8 .

G UILLIER M .-T .,

L ABEYRIE J .

N atural R adiocarbon M easurements X ,

R adiocarbon ,

2 8,

1 ,

9 -

E DWARDS P .C. 1 984

T wo E pipalaeolithic s ites i n t he W adi H ammeh ( Area X X). I n B all W ., B asset S ., E dwards P ., M acumber P ., P etocz D ., P otts T ., R andle L ., V illiers L . a nd W atson P .: P reliminary R eport o f t he U niversity o f S ydney 's f ifth s eason o f e xcavation ( 1982-83) a t P ella i n J ordan, A nnual o f t he D epartment o f A ntiquities o f J ordan , X XVIII, 5 5-86. i n p ress T he E pipalaeolithic p eriod. I n M cNicholl A ., e d.: P ella i n J ordan I I. C anberra : A ustralian N ational G allery. E DWARDS P .C., i n p ress

g VIN J ., 1 985

C OLLEDGE S .M.

T he N atufian s ettlement i n t he W adi H ammeh ( Area X X). I n P otts T .F., C olledge S .M. a nd E dwards P .C.: P reliminary R eport o f t he U niversity o f S ydney 's 6 th s eason o f e xcavation ( 19838 4 ) a t P ella i n J ordan, A nnual o f t he D epartment o f A ntiquities o f J ordan . M ARgCHAL J .,

M ARIEN G .

L yon N atural R adiocarbon M easurements X , 3 86-454.

R adiocarbon ,

G ARRARD A ., B YRD B ., H ARVEY P ., H IVERNEL F . 1 985 P rehistoric e nvironment a nd s ettlement i n t he r eport o n t he 1 982 s urvey s eason,

L evant,

1 7,

A zraq 1 -28.

2 7,

b asin:

2 B,

a

1 28

J .A.J .

G ARRARD A ., 1 986

B YRD B .,

G OWLETT a nd R .E .M .

H EDGES

B ETTS A .

P rehistoric e nvironment a nd s ettlement i n t he A zraq b asin: a n i nterim r eport o n t he 1 984 e xcavation s eason, L evant, 1 8 , 5 -24 .

G OWLETT J .A.J., 1 986a

H EDGES R .E .M.

( Eds.)

A rchaeological r esults f rom a ccelerator d ating . C ommittee f or A rchaeology M onographs N o.11.

O xford:

O xford

G OWLETT J .A.J., H EDGES R .E .M. 1 986b L essons o f c ontext a nd c ontamination i n d ating t he U pper P alaeolithic. I n G owlett J .A.J. a nd H edges R .E .M ., e ds.: A rchaeological r esults f rom a ccelerator d ating . O xford: O xford C ommittee f or A rchaeology M onographs N o.11,

6 3-71.

H ARRIS D .R. 1 986

P lant a nd a nimal d omestication a nd t he o rigins o f a griculture. I n G owlett J .A.J. a nd H edges R .E .M., e ds.: A rchaeological r esults f rom a ccelerator d ating . O xford: O xford C ommittee f or A rchaeology M onographs N o.11, 5 -12.

H ILLMAN G .C. 1 972 T he

p lant

r emains.

I n F rench D .H.,

P ayne S .

E xcavations a t C an H asan I II i n T urkey , e d.: P apers i n U niversity P ress.

1 975

1 986

C ambridge

R OBINS G .V.,

O DUWOLE D .,

S ALES K .O.,

M cNEIL D .A.C.

T he u se o f e lectron s pin r esonance s pectroscopy t o d etermine t he t hermal h istories o f c ereal g rains, J ournal o f A rchaeological S cience, 1 2, 4 9-58 .

H ILLMAN G .C.,

K HAN F .,

I n H iggs E .S.,

C ambridge:

p reliminary r eport, P roc . P rehist . S oc ., 4 1, 5 0-77 . C harred r emains o f c rops f rom t he d estruction o f M ycenae G ranary. I n T aylour, L ord W ., F rench E . a nd W ardle K ., e ds.: W ell b uilt M ycenae, v ol.2. L a H aule, J ersey: L a H aule B ooks.

H ILLMAN G .C.,

1 986

p rehistory.

P lant f ood e conomy a t T ell A bu H ureyra : a p reliminary r eport. I n M oore A .M., E xcavation a t T ell A bu H ureyra i n S yria: a

i n p ress

1 985

e conomic

a nd H illman G .C.:

1 969-70.

C OLLEDGE S .M.,

H ARRIS D .R.

P lant f ood e conomy d uring t he E pi-palaeolithic p eriod a t T ell A bu H ureyra , S yria : d ietary d iversity, s easonality a nd m odes o f e xploitation: P aper p recirculated a nd p resented a t S ymp . R ecent a dvances i n t he u nderstanding o f p lant d omestication a nd e arly a griculture , W orld a rchaeological c ongress, S outhampton, S eptember 1 -7. K NOX J .R.,

T HOMAS K .D .

S heri K han T arakai: a n ew s ite i n t he N WFP o f P akistan , J ournal o f C entral A sia, 9 , 1 , 1 3-34 ( Islamabad: J uly 1 986). i n p ress N ew p erspectives o n e arly s ettlement i n B annu D istrict, P akistan, S outh A sian A rchaeology.

A CCELERATOR M ASS S PECTROMETRY

K RA R . 1 986

1 29

a nd S TUIVER M . P roceedings o f t he 1 2th I nternational R adiocarbon C onference. T rondheim, N orway. R adiocarbon 2 8, 2 A a nd 2 B.

L EGGE A .J. 1 986

S eeds o f d iscontent: a ccelerator d ates o n s ome c harred p lant r emains f rom t he K ebaran a nd N atufian c ultures. I n G owlett J .A.J. a nd H edges R .E.M., e ds.: A rchaeological r esults f rom a ccelerator d ating . O xford: O xford C ommittee f or A rchaeology M onograph N o.11, 1 3-21.

L EGGE A .J., 1 986

R OWLEY-CONWY P .

N ew r adiocarbon d ates f or e arly s heep a t T ell A bu H ureyra. I n G owlett J .A.J. a nd H edges R .E .M., e ds.: A rchaeological r esults from a ccelerator d ating . O xford: O xford C ommittee f or A rchaeology M onograph N o.11, 2 3-35 .

M cBURNEY C .B.M. 1 967 T he H aua F teah C ave ( Cyrenaica) a nd t he S tone Age o f t he s outhe ast M editerranean . C ambridge: C ambridge U niversity P ress. M OORE A .M., G OWLETT J .A.J., H EDGES R .E .M., H ILLMAN G .C., L EGGE A . a nd R OWLEY-CONWY P . i n p ress R adiocarbon A ccelerator ( AMS) d ates f or t he E pipalaeolithic s ettlement a t A bu H ureyra , S yria , R adiocarbon, 2 8 , 3 , 1 068-

1 076 .

N OV T .,

1 973

L EGGE A .J., H IGGS E .S. R ecent e xcavations a t N ahal O ren,

I srael,

P roc .

P rehist .

s ite

i n

S oc .,

3 9 , 7 5 -9 9 . P ARR P .J. i n p ress. A rjoune: E xcavations a t a I nternational S eries.

p rehistoric

S yria ,

B AR

P ERROT J . 1 960

L e g isement n atoufien d e L 'Anthropologie, 7 0: 4 37-483.

P ERROT J . 1 985

M allaha

( Eynan),

I srael,

a nd L ADIRAY D .

L es s öpultures n atoufiennes d e M allaha ( Eynan), M moires T ravaux d u C entre d e r echerche f ra wais d e , Mrusalem, 4 , 1 .

S ILLEN A . 1 984 D ietary c hange i n t he E pi-Palaeolithic L evant:

t he S r/Ca e vidence,

P a Uorient,

a nd 1 0,

N eolithic 1 ,

o f

e t

t he

1 49-155.

S OLIVERES-MASSEI O . 1 985

L es h ommes d e M allaha , 1 moires e t r echerche f ran v iis d e . l rusalem, N o.3.

T ravaux

d u

C entre

d e

1 30

J .A.J .

W ENDORF F . 1 984

T able

G OWLETT a nd R .E .M .

H EDGES

a nd S CHILD R .

S ome i mplications o f L ate P alaeolithic c ereal e xploitation a t W adi K ubbaniya ( Upper E gypt). I n K ryzaniak L . a nd K obusiewicz M ., e ds.: O rigin a nd e arly d evelopment o f f ood-producing c ultures i n n orth-eastern A frica. P oznan: P olish A cademy o f S ciences.

1

P lant r emains f rom t he M iddle E ast

O xAO xA-

1 70 1 71

A bu H ureyra , A bu H ureyra ,

T riticum b oeoticum , T riticum b oeoticum ,

O xA-

E 261 E 313

1 0600 1 0600

± ±

2 00 2 00

1 72

A bu H ureyra ,

T riticum b oeoticum ,

E 326

1 0900

±

2 00

O xA- 3 86

A bu H ureyra ,

T riticum b oeoticum ,

E 276

1 0800

±

1 60

O xA- 3 97

A bu H ureyra ,

T riticum b oeoticum ,

E 286

1 0420

±

1 50

O xA- 8 82 O xA- 8 83

A bu H ureyra , A bu H ureyra ,

T riticum b oeoticum , T riticum b oeoticum ,

E 324 E 326

6 100 1 1450

± ±

1 20 3 00

O xA- 5 41 O xA- 5 43

R akafet, v etch , V icia e rvilia A in M allaha , T riticum a estivum

2 760 3 30

± ±

2 00 1 00

7 910

±

1 60

2 50

±

9 0

1 1920 1 2200

± ±

1 50 1 60

1 1950

±

1 60

2 940 > 33000

±

1 20

3 100

±

1 30

6 650

±

1 90

O xA- 3 88

C an H asan ,

g rain o f T riticum d icoccum

O xA- 3 92

C an H asan ,

r achis o f T riticum d urum

O xA- 3 93 O xA- 3 94 O xA- 5 07

W adi H ammeh 2 7, W adi H ammeh 2 7, W adi H ammeh 2 7,

O xA- 3 89 O xA- 3 90

N ahal O ren , N ahal O ren ,

O xA- 3 95 O xA- 3 96

T able 2 :

c harred s eeds , c harred s eeds , c harred s eeds ,

i ncl. l egumes ? Chenopodium i ncl. l egumes

T riticum , T riticum ,

3 07 .0/33 3 07 .0/32-33

N ahal O ren ,

T riticum ,

3 08 .0/28

N ahal O ren ,

h umics o f O xA-395

A ccelerator D ates f rom W adi K ubbaniya

A A 9 8 A A97 A A 2 26

B arley s eed E -78-3 , B arley s eed E -78-3 , B arley s eed E -78-4,

A F-25 1 0 cm A E-25 2 5 cm l ayer a h earth

8 20 1 090 2 . 39

± ± ±

5 00 5 00 0 . 05

A A 2 25

B arley s eed E -78-4 ,

l ayer a h earth

2 670

±

m odern 2 50

A A 2 27

B arley s eed E -78-4,

l ayer a h earth

1 .33

±

0 . 05% m odern

A A 2 28

B arley s eed E -78-4 ,

l ayer a ,

O xA-101

D ate s tone E -78-3 ,

A C29 ,

4 850

±

2 00

4 ,

6 0 cm

K -5

1 0 cm

3 50

±

2 00

6 0 cm

1 01.5

±

c arbonaceous r esidue O xA-102 A A 9 6

D ate s tone E -78-3 , A C29 , 4 , h umic a cids C harcoal E -78-3, l evel 4

1 7450

±

2 .5 % m odern 1 ,000

O xA-103

C harcoal E -78-3 ,

l evel

8

1 7150

±

3 00

A A 2 24A

C harcoal E -78-4,

l ayer a

1 9060

±

1 , 000

A A 2 24E

C harcoal E -78-4,

l ayer a

1 8020

±

5 25

A CCELERATOR M ASS S PECTROMETRY

T able 3 :

D ates o n a nimal

O xA- 4 34 O xA-

4 35

O xA- 3 87 O xAO xAO xAO xAO xA-

4 68 4 69 4 70 4 74 4 75

1 31

r emains i n t he X iddle E ast

A bu H ureyra E 2 86 G azelle , c harred b one A bu H ureyra E 2 86 G azelle , h umic A bu H ureyra E 3 26 B os , c harred b one A bu H ureyra E 3 26 B os , c harred b one A bu H ureyra E 3 26 B os , h umic

1 0490

±

1 0450

±

1 80

1 1070

±

1 60

1 1090 1 0920

± ±

1 50 1 40

h umic

1 0820 1 0930

± ±

1 60 1 50

G azelle , h um ic W ild s heep , h umic W ild s heep , h umic

9 060 1 0620 1 0750

± ± ±

1 40 1 50 1 70

1 0000

±

1 70

2 10

±

1 50

7 00 3 400

± ±

1 20 1 20

4 390

±

1 30

O xA- 4 72

ureyra E 3 A bu H 26 A bu H ureyra E 2 85 A bu H ureyra E 2 52 A bu H ureyra E 2 75 A bu H ureyra E 2 81

O xA- 4 73

A bu H ureyra E 2 81 W ild s heep ,

O xA-

O xA- 5 64 O xA- 5 65

C amel, c f C amelus d romedarius m andible, A ss , B adari G aza H orse

O xA- 5 66

A ss ,

O xA- 4 71

1 35

T able 4 :

E gypt,

B os , h umic W ild s heep ,

c harred b one S hiqmim

T arkhan

D ynastic P eriod d ates

O xA-127 O xA-566

B X i ntercomparison t extile, T arkhan A ss , 2 nd d ynasty

O xA-147 O xA-565

S aqqara g rain , 2 nd d ynasty G aza H orse , H yksos p eriod

O xA-917

S traw f rom b rick o f T emple o f T uthmosis I V

O xA-1062 S traw f rom b rick ,

i st d ynasty

? 25th D ynasty ,

C alibrated 3 030-2940

C asr

4 390 + /4 390 + /-

1 00 1 30

4 120 + /3 400 + /-

1 50 1 20

3 150 + /- 8 0

I brim 2 800 + /- 8 0 H istorical

O xA-127 O xA-566

3 030-2940

3 300-2910 3 360-2710 3 330-2900 3 380-2670

O xA-147

2 860-2720

2 900-2490 3 040-2290

O xA-565

1 880-1530 2 030-1430

O xA-917

1 730-1690 1 430

O xA-1062

9 80-930

1 040-850

1 520-1330 1 620-1260 1 250-810

2 920-2770 2 770-2650 2 630-2611 1 640-1550 1 401-1391 7 70-712

1 50

1 32

J .A.J .

G OWLETT a nd R .E .M .

H EDGES

APPEND IX O XFORD R ADIOCARBON A CCEL iiöi D ATES F OR T HE N EAR E AST

T his a ppendix i ncludes a ll N ear E astern d ates p ublished u p t o t he e nd o f 1 986 , a nd g ives " Archaeonetry" D atelist r eferences w here a ppropriate . S ome , b ut n ot a ll, o f t he d ates p ublished i n A rchaeometry D atelist 5 ( Gowlett e t a / 1 987) h ave b een a dded . A ll d ates a re e xpressed a ccording t o i nternational c onvention i n y ears B P . T he d ates h ave b een o btained b y t he m ethods g iven i n G illespie e t a l ( 1985).

E ARLY P LANT R EXAINS K nown A ge I n e xperimental w ork v arious p lant r emains o f k nown a ge h ave b een d ated ( Gillespie e t a l 1 985 ,

O xl-145 .

p 2 43).

P hrygian G ordian ,

B PB ,

S E R oom

2 650 ± 1 50

C harred w heat g rain f rom G ordion , P olatli P rov , T urkey . I d T riticum a estivus b y G C H illman , I nst A rchaeol, U niv L ondon . C oll 1 971 b y R Y oung a nd s ubm 1 982 b y G .C . H illman . C omment ( GCH): s ample c ane f rom a n u nbroken v essel s ecurely s ealed b eneath b urnt t imbers , a ssociated w ith d estruction o f G ordion , a t h istorically d erived d ate o f c6 80 B C c 1 0 y ears). C omment ( Lab): o n t he B elfast c urve ( Pearson a nd S tuiver 1 986) t he m ean v alue 2 650 B P t ranslates a s c 8 00 c al B C , b ut a s ingle s d i ncorporates t he r ange d own t o c6 00 c al B C .

G iA-146 ,

l ecenae ' granary '

2 970 ± 1 30

C harred g rain f rom N ycenae c itadel, G reece, i d T rlticum d icoccum b y G C H illman . C oll 1 921-3 b y A J B V ace a nd s ubm 1 982 b y G C H illman . C omment ( GCH): g rain b elieved t o h ave c one f rom w ell-sealed d eposit s ecurely a ssociated w ith f inal d estruction o f N ycenae , a t h istorically d erived d ate o f c 1 100 B C . C omment ( Lab): t here i s g ood a greement w ith s everal d ates o n c harcoal b y t he P ennsylvania l aboratory . T he m ean v alue o f 2 970 B P t ranslates t o c 1 250-1220 c al B C o n t he P earson a nd S tuiver ( 1986) c urve , w ith a r ange o f c 1 410-990 B C a t o ne s d . ( For d etails , s ee H illman , i n p ress .)

D ioser 's p yram id ,

7 2-123

4 120 ± 1 50

N on-charred e r g rain f rom b urial c hamber o f K ing D ioser 's p yramid , S aqqara , E gypt ( 29 5 1' 1 , 3 1' 1 4' E ). D esiccated g rain , i d T riticum d icoccum b y GC H illman . C omment ( GCH): c ontrol s ample s ubmitted t o i nvestigate p ossible p roblems a ssociated w ith d ating o rganic r emains p reserved p urely b y d esiccation . C omment ( Lab): m ean v alue o f 4 120 B P s traddles m ajor w iggle i n 3 rd m illennium B C o n c urve o f P earson e t a / . ( 1986) c 2 600-2860 B C , e xtending t o c2 450-2900 B C a t o ne s d . T he h istorically d erived d ate i s c2 900 B C .

A CCELERATOR M ASS S PECTROMETRY

O xA-917 .

1 33

T emple o f T uthmosis I V ,

E 46

3 150

8 0

S traw f rom a m ud b rick i ncorporated i n t emple o f T uthmosis I V ( XVIII D ynasty), T hebes , E gypt ( 25* 4 3 ' N , 3 2 3 6 ' E ), s ubm 1 984 b y R L W ilson , S ub-dept o f G eophysics , U niv L iverpool. T he s ample h as h igh s ecurity o f c ontext a s i t w as t aken d irectly f rom a s tanding w all ( Gowlett e t a l, 1 986b , p 2 08). C omment ( Lab): t he c alendrical e stimate f or T uthmosis i s 1 400-1390 B C . I t i s g enerally r eckoned t hat N ew K ingdom h istorically d erived d ates a re a ccurate w ithin c 1 0 y ears . T he d ate w as r un a s a ' blind ' t est a s t he h istorical

v alue w as n ot k nown t o R EMH a t

o f P earson a nd S tuiver

( 1986)

W adi K ubbaniya s eries ,

s outhern E gypt

S amples f rom W adi K ubbaniya , C oll a nd s ubm 1 983 b y F W endorf,

O xA-101.

W adi K ubbaniya ,

W adi K ubbaniya ,

W adi K ubbaniya ,

F ollowing t he c urve

E gypt

( 24'

1 5 '

A C 2 9 ,

N ,

3 2*

4 8 2

E ).

D allas .

60cm

3 50 ± 2 00

f rom d atestone .

E -78-3 ,

H um ic a cids f rom d atestone .

O xA-103 .

N o f A swan ,

S outhern M ethodist U niv ,

E -78-3,

A lkaline-insoluble m aterial

O xA-102 .

t he t i m e o f d ating .

t he e xpected v alue i s c3 100 B P .

A C 2 9 ,

6 0cm

1 01.5 ± 2 .5% m odern

S ame s ample a s O xA-101 .

E -78-3 ,

L ayer 8

1 7 ,150 ± 3 00

C harcoal C omment:

T hese d ates a ppear i n G illespie

T he d atestone

i s c learly r ecent .

A bu H ureyra s eries ,

e t a l

( 1984 ,

p 1 7).

S ee a lso W endorf a nd S child

( 1984).

S yria

S amples o f c harred g rain ( Triticum b oeoticum ) f rom M esolithic l evels a t T ell A bu H ureyra ( 35' 5 2 ' N , 3 8' 2 4 ' E ), E uphrates V alley . C oll 1 973 b y A N T M oore a nd s ubm 1 984 b y G C H illman ,

I nst A rchaeol,

U niv L ondon .

O xA-170 .

C harred g rain .

E .261

1 0 ,600 ± 2 00

O xA-171.

C harred g rain ,

E . 313

1 0 ,600 ± 2 00

O xA-172 .

C harred g rain ,

E .326

1 0 ,900 ± 2 00

O xl-386 .

C harred g rain ,

E .276

1 0 ,800 ± 1 60

O x1-397 .

C harred g rain ,

E .286

1 0 ,420 ± 1 40

1 34

J .A.J .

G OWLETT a nd R .E .M .

H EDGES

°Li 882 .

C harred g rain ,

1 . 324

6 100 * 1 20

° xi-883 .

C harred g rain ,

E .326

1 1,450 * 3 00

C omment: c f B K-1121: 1 0 ,792 ± 8 2 , d ate o n c ombined c harcoal f rom l ayer E . T he d ates s how t hat c ereal g rains o f T riticum b oeoticum a re c ontemporary w ith t he X esolithic l evels i n w hich t hey a re f ound , w ith e xception o f O xA-882 . F or d etails s ee H arris ( 1986), H illman ( 1975), H illman e t a / ( 1986), L egge ( 1986), X oore e t a l ( 1986), G owlett e t a l ( 1987).

C an H asan C ereal r emains f rom C an H asan , A natolia G C Ellaan , I nst A rchaeol, U niv L ondon .

O x1-388 .

C harred g rain o f

T riticum

( 37' 3 0 '

N ,

3 3

3 0 '

E ).

S ubm 1 984 b y

7 910 t 1 60

C omment ( GCH): b ased o n t hree g rains o f d omestic e mner w heat ( Triticum d lcoccun) f rom t he l owest e xcavated l evels o f a ceramic N eolithic o f T rench 4 9L . C f t he c onventional d ate B K-1667 8 360 ± 6 0 o btained f rom a l arger c ollection o f w ood c harcoal. T he d ifference b etween t he d ates i s s ignificant a t t he 9 5% l evel ( for f ull c omment s ee G illespie e t a / 1 985 , p 2 43). ( For d etails o n d ated g rain , s ee H illman ( 1972).)

O x1-392 .

C harred r achis

2 50 t 9 0

C harred r achis o f T riticum d urum f rom a s mall s ealed h earth i mmediately b elow t he s urface a nd b uilt a gainst t he t op o f o ne o f t he N eolithic w alls i n t rench 4 8K . T he d ate c ompares w ith B K-817, < 100 y ears B P , b ased o n a l arge a ssemblage o f w heat g rain , s elected a s b eing p oorly p reserved , a nd t herefore d ispensable . T he u nexpected n ature o f t he f irst d ate p rompted t he r equest f or a n a ccelerator d ate b ased o n p recisely i dentifiable r emains . T he s tructural c onnection o f t he h earth w ith a n i ndisputably N eolithic w all l ooked s ecure, a nd t he c ereal a ssemblage i ncluded a l arge n umber o f g rains a nd s pikelet f orks o f e ar ner w heat w hich s eemed u nlikely t o h ave b een c ultivated i n t his p articular a rea i n r ecent t ines .

J abal O ren S amples f rom t he c ave o f J abal O ren , i n t he W adi F ellah , 1 0km S o f H aifa , I srael ( 32' 4 4 ' N , 3 5' 0 0 'E), ( Noy e t a l 1 973). C harred s eeds f rom T rench 3 00 . C oll 1 970-1972 a nd s ubm 1 984 b y A J L egge , D ept E xtra-Xural S tudies , U niv L ondon .

O x1-395 .

C harred T riticum ,

Ox4396 .

H umics o f 3 08 .0/28

3 08 .0/28

3 100 t 1 30 6 650 t 1 90

A CCELERATOR M ASS SPECTROMETRY

1 35

O xA-390 .

C harred T riticum ,

3 07 .0/32 .33

> 33 0 00

O xA 389 .

C harred T riticum ,

3 07 .0/33

2 940 t 1 20

C omment : f ull d iscussion i s i n L egge ( 1986). T he d ates a re b oth o lder a nd y ounger t han t hose f or t he c ontaining l ayer w hich b elongs t o t he K ebaran . O xA-396 i s a n e xample o f a g rain y ielding a n o lder h um ic f raction t hrough b eing i ncorporated i nto o lder s ediments .

' Ain N allaha S ample o f g rain i ncorporated i n t he N atufian s ite o f ' Ain X allaha ( Eynan), I srael. ( 33 10 'N , 3 5 33 'E ). S ubm 1 984 b y A 3 L egge f rom e xcavations o f 7 P errot ( 1960). F or a ccounts o f l ithics a nd b urials f rom s ite s ee V allat ( 1985), P errot a nd L adiray ( 1985) a nd S oliveres-Xassei ( 1985).

O x1-543 .

G rain o f

T riticum m estivum

C omment: t he g rain i s o f r ecent b readwheat;

3 30 t 1 00 s ee L egge

( 1986).

R akafet S ample o f G itter v etch f rom R akafet c ave , I srael ( 32'39 '1 , 3 5 96 'E). I d a nd s ubm 1 984 b y G C H illman . F or s ite s urroundings s ee V ita-Finzi a nd H iggs ( 1970). O xA-541.

S eed o f

V iola e rellia ,

D 20/56-7/x

2 760 t 2 00

C omment ( GC ): t he K ebaran-Natufian a ssociation o f t he R akafet p ulses w as i n d oubt, s ince t here w ere s o m e l ater p its i n t he v icinity .

H ayanim S amples f rom H ayonim C ave, V G alilee , I srael ( 29' 5 5 ' N , 3 5 1 3 ' E ). E xcav 1 965-1979 b y O . B ar-Yosef ( Bar-Yosef a nd G oren 1 973 ; S illen 1 984), i d a nd s ubs 1 985 b y X H opf.

O xA742 .

L upinus s eed 1 77 4 (9 .7)

1 2 ,360 t 1 60

O xA-743 .

L upinus s eed 1 76 4 (5)

1 2 ,010 t 1 80

C omment : S amples f rom L oc .4 , a d welling , r egarded a s E arly N atufian f rom a rtefacts o n t ypological g rounds . T he d ates w ere i ntended t o c onfirm w hether t he N atufians c ollected p ulses ; t he p ositive r esults a re a mong t he f ew d ates f or e arly N atufian s ites .

1 36

J .A.J .

G OWLETT a nd R .E .M .

H EDGES

N etiv B agdud S amples f rom N etiv H agdud , a ' Sultanian ' m ound i n t he l ower J ordan V alley , I srael ( 31 5 9 ' N , 3 5' 2 6 ' E ), e xcavated 1 983 b y 0 B ar-Yosef ( Bar-Yosef e t a l 1 980), i d b y X K islev a nd s ubm 1 985 b y 0 B ar-Yosef, p ublished i n G owlett e t a l(1986b). T he S ultanian i s a h eavy d uty t ool o riented f acies o f P re-Pottery N eolithic A ( Crowfoot-Payne 1 976). L ocation o f s ample i n g rid s ystem i s 198R10 , l evel 5 .55 . T his i s a r ubbish z one , 2 .60m b elow s urface , o verlain b y a t l east f our b uilding p hases .

O il-744 .

H ardens : s pontaneum/distichan g rains

9 700 *

1 50

C omment ( OBY): o ne o f t he e arliest s ecurely s tratified o ccurrences o f d omesticated t wo-rowed b arley i n t he N ear E ast.

V adi H a meh S amples f rom V adi H ammeh 2 7 , i n t he f oothills o f t he A ilun H ighlands , o verlooking t he J ordan V alley , c2 km N E o f t he a ncient s ite o f P ella ( modern v illage o f T abaqat F ahl) ( 35' 3 8 ' N , 3 2' 2 7 ' E ). C oll 1 984 b y PC E dwards a nd S X C olledge , I d b y S X C olledge a nd G C H illman .

Oxi393 .

C harred s eeds I I/D+/3/4

( unit b )

1 1,920 * 1 50

M A-394.

C harred s eeds I I/D/4/1

1 2 ,200 * 1 60

O xA507 .

C harred s eeds 1 1/D415/1

1 1,950 ± 1 60

C omment ( SIC): O xA-393 w as b ased o n s everal s pecies o f s mall r ound s eeds ( c 2 90 i n t otal c ollection), i ncluding s mall l egumes ( eg T rifolium/Obonis s pp .) s mall c ruciferae a nd r anunculaceae t ypes ; O xA-507 o n s im ilar c ollection ( c 1 60 s eeds i n t otal). O xA-394 w as b ased o n c harred m asses o f s eeds ( ?Chenopadium s p .). T he t hree s amples w ere t aken f rom d eposits i nside o ne o f t he N atufian ' houses ' ( in p lot D /D+ , e xcav b y P C E dwards). S ample X X/D/4/1 w as t aken f rom a l ayer d irectly o verlying a f loor l evel; X X/D+/5/1 c losely c orrelates w ith i t. S ample X X/D/3/4 ( unit b ) w as s lightly h igher i n t he s tratigraphic s equence . A ll o f t hese l ayers r epresented o ccupation d ebris a nd t he s ediments c ontained m any w orked N atufian f lint a nd s tone t ools .

O xA-393 a nd 507 w ere d ated f rom t he h umic c omponent, O xA-394 f rom c arbonaceous r esidue ; t he t hree d ates a re e ffectively t he s ame , a nd d emonstrate e arly I atufian o ccupation a t c 1 2 ,000 B P ( for f urther d etails s ee E dwards e t a l, 1 984 ; E dwards , i n p ress ; E dwards a nd C olledge , p ublished i n G owlett e t a l ( 1986b).

A CCELERATOR M ASS S PECTROMETRY

1 37

A NIXAL R EXAINS

A bu H ureyra S amples o f c harred b ane a lso f rom T rench E , b y A X T M oore a nd s ubm 1 984 b y A J L egge , D ept E xtra-Xural S tudies , U niv L ondon , a nd P R owley-Conwy , D ept A rchaeol, U niv C ambridge ( see L egge a nd R owley-Conwy 1 986). S ee B atten e t a l ( 1986) f or d iscussion o f s eparate f ractions d ated . H umic a nd f ulvic f ractions a re l abelled s eparately ; t he o ther d ates a re b ased o n c arbonaceous r esidue o f b one , w hich a ppears t o g ive t he m ost r eliable d ates .

L evel 3 26

1 1,070 t 1 60

O zA-387 .

C harred p halange o f. H oe ,

O zA-468 .

R epeat,

O zA-469 .

R unde a cids f rom O zA-468

1 0 ,920 t 1 40

O xA-470 .

R unde a cids f rom O zA-468

1 0 ,820 ± 1 60

O zA-407 .

C harred b one ,

O zA-408

H unde a cids f rom O z1-407

1 0 ,250 t 1 60

O zA-471.

R epeat,

1 0 ,620 ± 1 50

O zA-472 .

R unde o f E .281 o f O zA-473

1 0 ,750 ± 1 70

O zA-473 .

C harred b one o f E .281

1 0 ,000 t 1 70

O x1-430 .

C harred b one ,

O zA-431 .

H undc a cids f rom O zA-430

1 0 ,680 t 1 50

O x1-434 .

C harred b one ,

1 0 ,490 t 1 50

O zA-435 .

H undc o f a cids f rom O zA-434

O zA-476 .

F ulvic a cids f rom O zA-434

O zA-474.

C harred b one ,

V ild s heep ,

O zA 475 .

Charred b one ,

G azelle ,

1 1,090 ± 1 50

B os L evel 3 26

W ild s heep ,

V ild s heep ,

L evel 2 75

L evel 2 75

G azelle,

G azelle,

( repeat)

L evel E . 316

L evel 2 86

1 0 ,050 t 1 80

1 1,020 t 1 50

1 0 ,450 ± 1 80 9 600 t 2 00

L evel 2 06

L evel 2 52

1 0 ,930 t 1 50 9 060 t 1 40

S amples f rom T rench D , N eolithic l evels , e xcav f rom n ear t he b ottom o f t he V s lope o f t he N eolithic s ettlement, A bu H ureyra ( cf a lso E X d ates i n B urleigh e t a l 1 902a , p p 2 52-253), p ublished i n G owlett e t a l 1 987.

1 38

J .A.J .

L evel 7 3 ,

G OWLETT a nd R .E .M .

P hase 1

HEDGES

O mA-878 .

C harred w ild a ss b ona ,

O x1-877 .

C harred s heep/goat b one ,

0 m1-878 .

C harred w ild a ss b one.

L evel 6 8 ,

P hase 4

8 490 t 1 10

O xA-879 .

C harred w ild a ss b one ,

L evel 4 1,

P hase 4

8 570 t 1 30

O mA-880 .

C harred w ild a ss b one ,

L evel 1 0 ,

P hase 4

1 4 ,920 t 1 80

O xA-881 .

C harred s heep/goat b one ,

L evel 7 0 ,

L evel 3 2 ,

P hase 1

P hase 7

8 500 t 9 0 8 300 t 1 50

8 870 t 1 00

C omment C A JUN ): t hese d ates w ere o btained t o p rovide a n i ndependent c hronology f or c hanges i n e xploitation o f p lants a nd a nimals a t A bu H ureyra , a nd t o d ate t he s uccessive s ettlements t here . S amples O xA-876 , 877 , 878 , 879 , 880 a nd 881 c ame f rom T rench D , e xcavated n ear t he b ottom o f t he V s lope o f t he N eolithic s ettlement a t A bu H ureyra . S amples O xA-882 a nd 883 w ere f rom b asal l evels o f t he E pipalaeolithic s ite u nder t he N eolithic s ettlement i n T rench E . T he d eposits i n T rench D w ere e xpected , b ecause o f t heir l ocation , t o b elong t o t he i nitial e xpansion a nd s ubsequent f loruit o f t he N eolithic s ettlement , b ut n ot i ts f inal p hase o f o ccupation . T he A NS d ates f rom T rench D c onfirm t his a rchaeological o bservation . T he c ontexts f rom w hich t he s amples w ere t aken s pan t he e ntire s equence o f o ccupation i n t he t rench , f rom P hase 1 a t t he b ottom t o P hase 7 a t t he t op . T he d ates , e xcepting O xA-880 , a re c lose t ogether i n t ime , a nd O xA-876 , 877, 878 a nd 879 o verlap e ach o ther a t o ne s tandard l aboratory d eviation . T hey s uggest t hat t he a lmost 4 m o f s ettlement d eposit i n T rench D a ccumulated r apidly o ver a f ew c enturies a round 8 500 B P . T he d ates a gree c losely w ith a c onventional '4C d ate o n c harcoal o btained f or P hase 3 i n T rench D , B N1 721 : 8 410 ± 6 0 B P ( Burleigh e t a l 1 982b , p 2 84). T he b one d ated i n O xA-880 c ame f rom a n o ccupation l evel i n P hase 4 . T here a re n o k nown d eposits o n t he s ite a s o ld a s t he d ate o f t his s ample . T he b one m ay h ave c ome f rom a n o lder d eposit i n t he v icinity o f t he s ite , u nknown t o u s , o r t he d ate i s a berrant . O xA-881 c ane f rom a l arge p it d ug i nto t he s urface o f T rench D t hat w as r efilled w ith m aterial s imilar t o t he d eposits i n w hich i t w as e xcavated . T he d ate p rovides a m aximum a ge f or t he p it .

S hiqmim S ample f rom c amel j aw b one e xcavated a t S hiqm im , N V N egev , I srael. C oll b y T L evy a nd s ubm 1 983 b y C G rigson , R oyal C ollege o f S urgeons , L ondon .

O xl-135 .

Am ino a cids o f c amel b one f rom S hig em

1 982

2 10 t 1 50

C omment : d ate d emonstrates t hat t he c amel b one f rom a b aulk o f B ronze A ge d eposits i s i ntrusive a nd r ecent ( Gillespie e t a l , 1 985 , p2 45).

A CCELERATOR M ASS S PECTROMETRY

1 39

E arly E quids i n t he N ear E ast Am ino a cids r ecovered f rom b one s amples f rom e quid r emains f rom a rchaeological s ites i n D ept Z oology c ollection , B ritish M useum ( Natural H istory). S ubm 1 984 b y R B urleigh

( BE

a nd J C lutton-Brock

( B UN).

S amples

( id b y J CB)

s elected t o

p rovide d ates f or a pparently e arly o ccurrences o f h orse a nd a ss i n d omestic c ontexts ( Brunton a nd C aton-Thompson) 1 928 , p p 9 3 , 1 05 ; P etrie 1 914 , 1 934 , p p 1 51 6),

a s p art o f p rogramme f or i nvestigating c hronology o f e arly d omestic e quids

a nd t heir w ild p rogenitors i n N A frica a nd w estern A sia ( Burleigh 1 986 , B urleigh e t a l i n p ress ; C lutton-Brock a nd B urleigh 1 983 ; M eadow a nd U erpmann 1 986 , d ates p ublished i n G owlett e t a l 1 987). S pecimens t oo s mall p reserved f or c onventional r adiocarbon a nalysis . O xA-564 .

B adari a ss

o r c ollagen t oo b adly

7 00 ± 1 20

A xis v ertebra ( ref 1 73) o f E quus a sinus , c oil c 1 922 b y G B runton a nd G C atonT hompson , f rom A rea B 4 a t E l B adari, c 5 0 km S A syut, U pper E gypt ( 27 95 'N , 3 1'25 'E). E xpected a ge P redynastic , c5 200 B P .

O xl-565 . E piphysis o f

G aza h orse l eft m etacarpal

3 400 t 1 20 o f

E quus f erus ,

c oll

1 933-1934 b y V X F P etrie ,

f rom

B urial 1 474 ( Hyksos p eriod , c 1 650-530 B C) a t T ell e l A iJul, G aza , S inai, E gypt ; n ow I srael M ilitary A dministration ( 31 30 'N , 3 4 30 'E). E xpected a ge c 3 300 B P .

Ox1-566 .

T arkhan a ss

4 390 t 1 30

P art o f i ncisor r egion o f m andible o f E quus a sinus , f rom T omb 2 053 ( 1st D ynasty , c2 850 B C) a t T arkhan , ( 29 40 'N ,

3 1 15 'E).

E xpected a ge

c oil 1 913 b y W X F P etrie , n ear C airo , L ower E gypt

c 4 100 B P .

G eneral c omment(JAJG , J C-B , R B): r esult f or G aza s pecimen ( Oxi-565) i s e arliest d ate o btained f or d omestic h orse i n N ear E ast. O ther s keletal r emains f or d omestic h orse d ated i ndirectly f rom a rchaeological e vidence ( see r efs c ited i n M eadow a nd U erpmann 1 986) h ave b een r ecovered f rom A rad , I srael ( EB2 , 2 950-2650 B C ), M iddle B ronze A ge J ericho , a nd f rom d estruction o f f ortress o f B uhen , E gypt ( 1675 B C). O xA-564 s hows t hat r emains o f a ss f rom B adari a re i ntrusive i nto P redynastic l evel, b ut d ate f or r emains f rom T arkhan ( OxA-566) a grees w ith a ge e xpected o n a rchaeological g rounds a nd i s e arliest d irect d ate f or a ss s o f ar ( Burleigh e t a l i n p ress).

1 40

J .A.J .

G OWLETT a nd R .E .M .

HEDGES

D ATES B ASED ON CHARCOAL OR U NIDENTIFIED C HARRED BONE

J ebel N aJa S ample f rom J ebel ( 31' 5 0 '

N ,

3 7

2 5 '

N aJa 2 321 a ceram ic N eolithic s ite ,

E ),

e xcav 1 983 b y A B etts

( 1983 ,

B lack D esert,

1 984,

1 985).

EJ ordan

T he s ite l ies o n

a s teep s lope o verlooking W adi Q uattafi w here i t e merges o ut o f t he b asalt f rom i ts s teep c ut w adi o nto t he o pen g ravel P lains ( Betts , 1 985 , p 3 6). T he s ite i s c entred a round a c luster o f c orrals a nd c leared t erraces . T rench 4 00 r evealed t he f ill o f a s mall h ut ; t rench a long o utside o f h ut w all c ontained t hree f irepits , a shy d eposits , f ire-cracked f lint , a nd t races o f a b ead-making w orkshop . 2 321 i s a s ingle p eriod s ite . S ample c ane f rom l evel 4 08 , a p it f illed w ith b lack a sh a nd d iagnostic a rtefacts , s ealed b y 4 03 a nd c ut i nto 4 07 , b oth o f w hich c ontain t he s ane d iagnostic m aterial.

0 x1-375 . C omment : A lmost 1 930s .

T he s ample w as c 2 0cm b elow s urface .

C harcoal f rom p it,

l evel 4 08

7 430 t 1 00

2 321 b elongs t o a g roup o f s ites w hich c ontain d istinctive f lint t ools .

1 00 o f t hese s ites a re n ow k nown a nd o nly o ne p reviously e xcavated , i n t he I t w as t hought t hat t he d ate c ould p otentially l ie a nywhere b etween 1 2,000

a nd 3 000 B C

( date p ublished i n G owlett

V adi e l J ilat,

e t a / ,

1 986b .

p 2 17).

J ordan

S amples s ubm 1 985 f rom a s urvey a nd e xcavation p roject c onducted b y t he B ritish I nstitute 'in A mman i n t he A zraq a rea o f J ordan ( 31' 3 0 ' N , 3 6' 2 3 ' E ), d irected b y A N G arrard ; s ee G arrard e t a l ( 1985 , 1 986). G arrard a re t aken f rom G owlett e t a l ( 1986b , p 2 17).

0 x1-519 .

B urnt b one ,

S ite 9 ,

S quare 1 ,

D eposit 2 A

T hese c omments b y A N

2 1,150 t 4 00

C omment : b urnt b one c ollected f rom a n U pper P alaeolithic o ccupation c ontained i n a w eathered p alaeosol. S ince n o s oil i s f orming i n t his a rea u nder p resent a rid c onditions , t he d ate p rovides a u seful i ndication o f a p eriod o f m ore h umid c limatic c onditions w ith c ontinuous p robably s teppic v egetation c over .

° xi-520 . C omment :

Charcoal,

S ite 1 0 ,

S quare 7 ,

D eposit 1 1B

1 4 ,790 t 2 00

t his o ne p hase E pipalaeolithic o ccupation i s l ikely t o r epresent a s hort

t erm e ncampment,

a s m any o f t he a rtefacts w ere c on joinable a nd t he t ool k it w as

v ery r estricted . I t h ad a l ow m icrolithic c omponent a nd b ore l ittle r esemblance t o t hat f rom a ny o ther E pipalaeolithic s ite i n t he r egion . T he o ccupation w as c ontained i n a eolian s ilts i ndicating d rier c onditions a t t he t i m e o f f ormation .

0 x1-521.

C harcoal,

S ite 8 ,

O xA-838 .

B urnt b one ,

S quare 3 ,

S ite 8 ,

D eposit 4 C

S quare 3 ,

D eposit 4 D

1 3 ,310 t 1 20 1 0 ,540 t 1 60

A CCELERATOR M ASS S PECTROMETRY

C omment :

1 41

t his s ite w as h eavily d eflated a nd w as c ontained

( like s ite 1 0 a nd t he

u pper p hase o f s ite 6 ) i n a n a eolian s ilt a ccumulation . T he i ndustry c ontains e lements o f t hose f ound i n a ll t hree p hases a t J ilat 6 , a nd i t i s p ossible t hat t here i s s ome m ixing a s a r esult o f e arlier p eriods o f d eflation a nd/or r odent b urrowing .

OxA-522 .

C harcoal,

OxA-523 .

B urnt b one ,

O xA-524.

C harcoal,

S ite 6 ,

S quare 4 ,

D eposit 8 A

1 5 ,520 ± 2 00

O xA-525 .

C harcoal,

S ite 6 ,

S quare 1 ,

D eposit 54

1 6 ,010 ± 2 00

Ox1-539 .

Charcoal,

S ite 6 ,

S quare 1 ,

D eposit 1 4A

C omment :

S ite 6 ,

S quare 4 ,

S ite 6 ,

D eposit 1 2A

S quare 2 ,

1 1,740 ± 8 0

D eposit 1 2A

1 1,450

2 00

7 980 ± 1 50

d ates o btained f rom a 2 m x 2 m s ounding w hich w as c ut t hrough t he h ighest

p art o f an 1 8 ,000 s q m E pipalaeolithic

' tell'.

T he t rench w as c ut t o a d epth o f

1 .5m , b ut o nly t he t op 1 .0m y ielded o ccupation d eposits , w hich c ould b e d ivided i nto t hree p hases s eparated b y s em i-sterile d eposits . O xA-524, 525 a re f rom t he t op p hase, o f v ery d ense o ccupation c ontained i n a eolian d eposits i ndicating d ry c onditions ;

t hree o bvious f loor l evels ,

t he u pper o ne c onsisting o f c rushed l ine

a nd t he l ower t wo o f c ompacted r ed p ig m ented s urfaces . T here w ere m any r odent b urrows , b ut e very e ffort w as m ade t o i solate t he c ontents o f t hese . T he l ithic a ssemblage w as v ery d istinctive c omprising a g eometric b acked b ladelet a ssemblage d ominated b y t riangles a long w ith s ome l unates a nd m icrogravettes . T he o nly c lose p arallel w as f ound a t E in G ev I V i n P alestine , a nd i s t hought t o d ate t o b etween 1 1-13 ,000 B P . 2 0-30cm o f s em i-sterile s ediments s eparate t he u nderlying m iddle p hase ,

w hich i s a

s hort t erm o ccupation i n a s oil p rofile , i ndicating m ore h um id c onditions . T he i ndustry w as a gain v ery d istinctive , c haracterised b y l arge n on-geo m etric n icroliths o f w hich L a N ouillah p oints a re t he m ost p ro m inent . T his s ort o f m aterial h as b een r adiocarbon d ated i n S inai a re f rom t his p hase .

t o 1 2 ,500-14,000 B P .

O xA-522 ,

523

T he l owest p hase i s a s hort t ern o ccupation i n s oil p rofile i ndicating m ore h u m id c onditions , s eparated f rom o verlying h orizon b y 8 -12cm o f s end-sterile s ediments . T he i ndustry w as a gain q uite d ifferent - t his t i m e b eing d om inated b y t hin , f inely m ade , c urved p ointed , a rched-backed b ladelets . T here i s a v ery c lose p arallel i n K ebara l evel C ,

w hich i s t hought t o d ate

( on r elative g rounds)

n o l ater t han

1 4 ,500 B P . T he o nly d atable s ample w as a v ery s mall p iece o f c harcoal r etrieved b y f lotation ( OxA-539). C omment ( Lab): A I G arrard b elieves t hat t he l ate d ate ( OxA-539) m ay b e t he r esult o f c ontamination i n t he e arth-flushing p rocess . T he I nversion i n t he o ther d ates i s u nexplained , a nd f urther d ates a re n eeded t o i nvestigate t he i ssue .

0 2A-526 .

C harcoal,

S ite 7 ,

S quare 6 ,

D eposit 2 81

8 810 ± 1 10

O x1-527 .

C harcoal,

S ite 7 ,

S quare 8 ,

D eposit 2 54

8 520 ± 1 10

1 42

J .A.J .

A zraq e sh Shiahan ,

G OWLETT a nd R .E .M .

S ite 3 1

T his A ceramic/Ceranic N eolithic t ransitional s ite b urials - O xA-871)

HEDGES

( cut b y e arly I slamic

i s l ocated a mongst s ilt d unes o verlying c alcretes a djacent t o

Q a e l-Azraq - t he m ajor p laya a t t he c entre o f t he A zraq B asin . O x1- 8 70 .

C harcoal,

O xl-871.

B one ,

C omment(ANG):

S q .1,

S q .14,

D ep .10

8 350 t 1 20

D ep .107

1 280 t 9 0

t he s ite i s o f i nterest

i n p roviding t he e arliest d ates f or

o vicaprid p astoralism f rom e astern J ordan . I n a ddition t o o vicaprids , g azelle , c attle a nd a ss b ones , A zraq 3 1 a lso p roduced s mall q uantities o f c ultivated h ulled b arley ( Hordeum s ativum a nd w hat ( Triticum s p .) s eeds .

W adi e l J ilat,

S ite 1 0

T wo f urther d ates a re s ignificantly y ounger t han O xA-520 o n c harcoal

f rom t he s ame l evel.

s hort t erm o ccupation

A rioune,

( 14,790 ± 2 00)

b ased

T he a rchaeological e vidence p oints t owards a

( Archaeometry D atelist 4 ,

p 2 17).

Syria

S amples f rom t hree d ifferent p arts o f t he N eolithic s ite o f A rjoune, S yria ( 34 3 3 ' N , 3 6' 3 1 ' E ), e xcav 1 978-1982 b y P J P arr , s ubm 1 985 b y C G rigson a nd P J P arr . A nimal b one s amples a re f rom f ill o f h abitation p its , h uman b one f rom b urial.

0 x1-571 .

1 rJoune V ,

4 03 .2 ,

b urnt b one f ragment

0 m1-617 .

A rJoune V ,

4 03 .2/3 ,

O m1-650 .

A rJoune V ,

1 02 .3 ,

0 x1-572 .

1 rJoune V I,

7 00/800 .3 ,

0 x1-573 .

A rioune V I,

8 04 .3 ,

O x1-816 .

A rJoune V I,

7 01.31 ,

carbonised g rain

5 810 t 8 0

0 x1-817 .

A rioune V I,

7 02 .38 ,

c arbonised g rain

5 850 t 80

O m1-818 .

A rJoune V I,

7 02 .3 ,

0 m1-574 .

A rioune V II,

1 002 .3 ,

b urnt b one f ragment

6 440 t 9 0

0 m1-575 .

A rJoune V II,

1 010 .2 ,

p ig t ibia

6 600 t 1 00

O m1-576 .

A rjoune V II,

1 002 .3 ,

p ig t ibia

6 760 t 1 00

p ig a tlas

b urnt b one f ragment

b urnt b one f ragment

b urnt b one f ragment

p ig u lna

6 510 t 1 00 6 670 t 1 40 6 700 t 1 10

4 730 t 1 00 5 650 t 1 00

5 450 t 1 10

A CCELERATOR M ASS S PECTROMETRY

1 43

C omment : t his s ite p roduced a n i ndustry r eminiscent o f t he e arly t o m id P re-Pottery N eolithic B o f t he L evant, a nd t he t wo d ates a re w ell w ithin t he e xpected r ange . T hree c lusters o f s tone s tructures w ere v isible a t t he s ite s urface a nd a p ortion o f a s tone c ircle w as e xcavated w hich w as b uilt f rom s tone s labs p laced o n e nd , w ith i nternal s ubdivisions .

T he s ite w as m ost i nteresting f or e vidence o f s ubsistence, p reserving p lant r emains i ncluding w ild e inkorn , e mmer , b arley , v arious sm all-seeded g rasses , l egumes , c henopods , l iliaceae , e tc .; b ut a lso a n umber o f g rains o f c ultivated h ulled b arley a nd c ultivated e inkorn . F urther e xcavation m ay d etermine w hether t he c ultivars w ere p rocessed l ocally o r p erhaps i mported . B y c ontrast , t he f aunal r emains w ere m ore o r l ess i dentical t o t hose o n t he e arlier J ilat s ites ( mainly g azelle , b ut w ith a ss , h are, f ox , w olf a nd t ortoise). T here w as a bsolutely n o t race o f c losely-husbanded l ivestock , i n p articular o vi-caprids , s uch a s w ere f ound a t m ost o f t he c ontemporary s ites i n w estern J ordan a nd P alestine w here c ultivated p lants a re a ttested . F urther d ates f rom t he A zraq b asin w ith c omments b y A I G arrard a re l isted i n G owlett e t a l 1 987, p p 1 35-136 . S ee a lso G arrard e t a / ( 1985 , 1 986). I n s ummary t hese a re : V adi e l U waynid ,

S ite 1 8

T hese t hree d ates w ere o btained f rom c harcoal e xcavated f rom a n e arly B pipalaeolithic ( and p ossible U pper P alaeolithic) s ite f ound e roding f rom a n a lluvial t errace i n t he W adi e l U waynid , 1 0 k m t o t he S W o f A zraq . O zA-864 .

C harcoal S q .5 ,

O zA867 .

C harcoal, S q .9 ,

D ep .19A

2 3 ,200 t 4 00

O zA868 .

C harcoal,

D ep .3i

1 9 ,500 t 2 50

V adi e l Uw aynid ,

D ep .15B

S q .1,

1 9 ,800 t 3 50

S ite 1 4

T his s ite l ies 1 20 m d ownstream f on U waynid 1 8 i n a s imilar c ontext . O zA-865 .

C harcoal,

S q .10 ,

OzA-866 .

C harcoal,

S q .5 ,

A zraq e sk S hishan ,

D ep .15 D ep .18

1 8 ,900 t 2 50 1 8 ,400 t 2 50

S ite 1 7

T he c harcoal u sed f or t his s ample c ane f rom a n E pipalaeolithic o ccupation c ontained i n a eolian s ilts o verlying a c alcrete i n t he A zraq e sh S hishan m arshes . O zA-869 .

C harcoal,

S q .11,

D ep .11

1 3 ,260 t 2 00

1 44

J .A.J .

O xi 577 .

Ä rJoune V II.

1 007 .3,

G OWLETT a nd R .E .M .

h um an b one

HEDGES

6 480 t 1 30

C omment : f or a p reliminary a ccount o f t he s ite s ee K arfoe e t a l ( 1981). A rJoune V a nd V II a re b elieved t o b e s hort-term o ccupations ( I) J P arr , p ars c ommun), a nd b oth a re e ffectively t he sane a ge, c 6 800 B P . A rJoune V I c learly r epresents l ater o ccupation . F inal r eport f orthcom ing i n B AR ( Parr , i n p rep).

P akistan S heri K han T arakal S amples f rom S heri K han T arakai ( 32 5 1'N , 7 0* 2 8 'E), n ear J ani K hel, B annu D istrict, N VFP , P akistan , c oil 1 986 b y J A J G owlett i n c ollaboration w ith F K han , U niv o f P eshawar , R J K nox , B A , a nd K D T homas , I nst A rchaeol, U niv L ondon . T he n ewly d iscovered p re/protohistoric s ite h as p ainted p ottery , g round a nd f laked s tone t ools , a nd t erracotta f igurines ( Khan e t a l 1 986 , i n p ress). S ample f rom t rench a t P oint B , w here a m odern f ield t errace b ank i s c ut b y a g ully , e xposing a s ection o f s ilty s ediments c ontaining a rchaeological r emains . C h ia-982 .

L ow-fired c lay w ith o rganic m aterial,

1 1

5 660 t 2 00

S ample f rom a t rench m ade a t e ast e nd o f s ite , w here t wo l arge w ater j ars w ere f ound i n a p it . O xA-968 i s f rom c harcoal s ealed u nder a l arge s herd f rom o ne o f t he j ars ; O xA-1003 f rom c harcoal a bout 5 c m l ower . M A-968 .

C harcoal,

1 7

4 590 ± 7 0

O KA-1003 .

C harcoal,

1 8

4 950 t 1 20

C omment : t hese p reliminary d ates m ay e stablish t he r ange f or t he s ite , w hich h as a s t ,ratigraphy 3 -4 m d eep i n p laces . S ince O xA-968 c annot b e o n i ntrusive c harcoal, i t a ppears t hat O xA-1003 i s b ased o n c hacoal f rom o lder w ood .

I slam C howki S amples f rom t he K ot DOian s ite o f I slam C howki n ear B annu ( 33' OPI , 7 0' 3 5 'E) c oil b y J AJG i n c ollaboration w ith F K han , J R K nox a nd K D T homas . T he s ite r epresents a s mall v illage w ith m ud b rick a rchitecture , p ainted p ottery , s tone t ools a nd t erracottas . O x1-1004 .

C harred g oat d ung ,

0 1 t1-1005 .

C harcoal f rom l ens ,

S ample 1 , S ample 2

f irepit

4 010 t 1 20 4 160 t 1 00

C om m ent : s amples w ere t aken f rom a s ection e xposed b y r ecent n on-archaeological d igging . O xA-1004 w as f rom a f irepit c 7 0 c m b elow s urface, a nd f rom t he n ature o f t he s ample s hould b e c ontemporary w ith t he f eature . O xA-1005 i s f rom a l ens o f c harcoal 4 0 c m l ower i n t he s ection . c l a lso B A-1941 ( 3690 ± 4 50 B P).

Chronologies in the Near East, Aurenche 0 ., evin J . and Hours F . eds. BAR International S eries, 1 987

B A C K G R O U N D A N D P R O C E D U R E S O F1 4 C C A L IBR A T IO N J .

ABSTRACT:

The

p aper

d etermination procedure

of

d iscusses

a s well

can

c omputers.

r eal-age

probabilities

p ersonal

L ' article

radiocarbone en

maniere

d ' äge

r eel.

i s

d iscute

adequately

C ette r outine on p eut

I n

in

conventional

conventional be t his

VAN

ages

p erformed way

radiocarbon

i nto

by

a graphical

r eal

age

ages.

This

f it

f or

programs

r epresentation

f or

obtained. d es

i ncertitudes

c onventionnels

" calibration". c ette

uncertainties

t ranslating

c alibration

use

l 'emploi

i n

on

routine

RESUME:

a s

W .G. MOOK, H . HASPER, DER PLICHT

que

d erniere d e

dans

c orrection

programmes

obtenir

une

tant

l eur

dans

l a

determination

t ransformation p eut

adaptes

valablement

ä d es

r epresentation

en s e

ordinateurs

graphique

age

d es

ages

r eel,

f aire

p ersonnels.

d es

ou par D e

p robabilites

D efinitions C onventional 1 4 C a ge = a ge o f s ample i n y ears b efore 1 950 P resent=BP) b ased o n i nternationally a greed c onventions:

A D

( Before

1 4 1 4 . 1 . S pecific C a ctivity o f s ample ( A i n d isintegrations o f 14C p er g ram o f c arbon=dpm/gC) t o b e c ompared w ith s tandard s pecific a ctivity e qual t o 0 .95 o f s pecific a ctivity o f N BS O xalic A cid (1 4. s A

.

0 .9514A0x) o r t o 0 .746 o f

O xalic A cid ( 14A s = 0 .746 1 4 A

NOX

2 .

1 4

A

o f

s amples

f ractionation t o

3 .

1 4

h alf-life

4 .

T he

1 4

C

( T

a nd 1 3

1/2

1 4

t o

NOX

0'

a ctivity

o f

N BS

N ew

) .

A

5 =-25 o /

s pecific

1 4

b e

A

o x

t o

c orrected 1 3

5 =-19 0

f or

i sotope

/ 0 0'

)t o b e u sed i s 5 568 y ears.

a ge o f s ample

( T )

i s t hen :

T =-(5568/1n 2 )1n 14A/14A R eal a ge = a ge i n c alendar y ears, p referentially t o b e q uoted o n t he A D/BC c alendar . A ges d eterminated b y d endrochronology a re o ften r eferred t o a s d endro-ages ( in d endro-years). C alibration = t ranslation o f ( conventional) 14 C a ges ( BP) i nto r eal a ges, a ccording t o T rondheim 1 985 c onvention t o b e q uoted a s c al A D o r c al B C.

1 46

W .G .

W hy d iscrepancy b etween

1 4

W OK ,

H .

H ASPER ,

J .

V AN D ER P LICHT

C a ge a nd r eal a ge ?

1 - E ven p erfect p hysical m easurement o f

1 4

C a ctivity h as a n i ntrinsic

( statistical) u ncertainty; t his i s g iven a s a s tandard d eviation ( a). P robability r ange o f T ±a i s 6 8%, T ±2a i s 9 4%, T ±3a i s 9 9 .7% . This a i s d ue t o s tatistical c haracter o f r adioactive d ecay a nd c an o nly b e m inimized b y r egistrating a l arge n umber o f e vents ( large c ounter c ontaining l arge q uantity o f s ample,

o r/and l ong m easuring t ime).

2 -N on-perfect p hysical m easurement c auses s hift i n T ; d ue t o e rror i n: 1 . s tandardization (1 4 A ) 2 .

3 . 4 . 5 .

t his

c an

b e

p ressure a nd t emper aure m easurement d uring g as c ounting ( GC) o r i n q uantity d etermination o f b enzene f or l iquid s cintillation c ounting ( LSC) p urity o f c ounting g as o r q uenching o f b enzene f ractionation m easurement (1 3 5 ) b ackground o f t he c ounting e quipment w ith n o t he s ample.

1 4

C

p resent

i n

3 - C ontamination i n w idest s ense, i .e. d uring r esidence o f s ample i n t he g round, b y p reservation o r d uring s ample c ollection, m ay i ntroduce f oreign c arbon i n t he s ample m aterial. 4 - F or s amples o f c ertain g eochemical n ature, t he o riginal 1 4 C c ontent m ay n ot o r i naccurately b e k nown: d ates o f m arine a nd f reshw ater s hells a nd o f u nderwater p lants s uffer f rom t he a pparent 1 C a ge o f d issolved c arbon i n t he w ater; t he o riginal l ' C c ontent o f g round w ater s trongly d epends o n t he s ource o f d issolved c arbon a nd p rocesses i n t he u nsaturated z one. 5 -T he a tmospheric 1 4 C c oncentration h es n ot b een c onstant t hroughout t ime. T his e ffect i s k nown a s n atural 1 C v ariations. H ow t o o vercome t hese d iscrepancies ? 1 .

2 . 3 .

T he s tatistical n ature o f d ecay i s w ell k nown, b ut f orms t he m ajor c omplication o f c alibration; a c an b e m ade a s s mall a s r equired ( in p rinciple), p rovided e nough s ample a nd p roper e quipment a re a vailable. T he p hysical m easurement h as t o b e c arefully c ontrolled b y p roper e quipment, s tandard g ases a nd i ntercomparison s amples. I f c ontamination c onsists o f i norganic o r o rganic m atter f oreign t o t he s ample m aterial, i t c an i n g eneral l argely o r c ompletely b e r emoved b y p roper c hemical m ethods. A nalytical m ethods c an b e e xploited t o d etermine s ample p urity ; c omparable p reparative

4 . 5 .

m ethods c an b e a pplied t o o btain p ure s amples, e specially n ow t hat t he A MS t echnique c an d ate s mall f ractions. T hese p roblems a re s ubjects o f g eochemical s tudies, o f w hich a d iscussion i s b eyond t he s cope o f t his p aper. E specially t he m edium-term 1 1 C v ariations ( amplitudes o f 5 0 t o 2 00 y ears)

a re

o f

g reat

c once v i,

s ince

t hey

c ause

d isturbing

i rregularities ‚ „ in t he 1 C t imescale. V ariations a re d etermined b y IC d ating o f d endrochronologically d ated r ings. T his r esults i n a c alibration c urve.

b est t ree

1 4

C C ALIBRATION

C onclusion : c alibration o f.

1 47

C alibration o f a c urve.

T he

1 4

C a ge i s p erformed b y u sing t he

p roper

c alibration p rocedure i s c omplicated b ecause

- i rregularities i n t he c alibration c urve, 1 4 - t he s tatistical u ncertainty o f t he C l aboratory.

a ge

o btained

i n

t he

C alibration C alibration r emoves d iscrepancies b etween 1 .

Treal

2 .

3 .

1 4

C a nd r eal t ime d ue t o:

l ong t erm t rend w hich c ould s eparately b e r emoved b y a pplying : = 1 838 - 0 .71T- 1 .61x10 - 4

T2 c ony+

1 .5x10 8

T3

c ony

( Wendland a nd D onley, 1 971, a djusted t o y ield r eal a ges A D/BC w here B C c ounts n egative). u se o f t he e rroneous h alf-life o f 5 568 y ears w ith c onventional d ates i nstead o f t he b etter v alue o f 5 730 years, which error c ould b ut s hould n ot s eparately b e r emoved b y m ultiplying c onventional d ates b y 1 .029 . N atural m edium-term v ariations.

R emark: A pplying c urrent c alibration c urves a utomatically i mplies c orrecting f or l ong-term t rend a nd f or e rroneous h alf-life. / -S pecial f eatures o f c alibration ( curves) 1 .

2 .

3 . 4 . 5 .

N o d ifferences h ave y et b een o bserved i n 1 4 C c oncentrations o f c ontemporaneous t ree r ings f rom t he s ame h emisphere ( see, f or i nstance, S tuiver a nd P earson, 1 986). 1 4 C a ges o f t ree r ings f rom t he S outhern H emisphere a ppear 3 0 y ears o lder t han t hose o f c ontemporaneous r ings f rom t he N orthern ( Lerman e t a l ., 1 970). A mplitudes o f v ariations d epend o n t he t ime-width o f s amples d ated ( see b elow). H orizontal p arts o f t he c urve t end t o c luster 1 4 C a ges ? f s amples o f v arying r eal a ges ( about 1 00 y ears) a round o ne 1 C a ge. S teep v ertical p arts o f t he c urve t end t o s pread 1 4 C a ges o f s amples w hich h ave a n arrow r ange o f r eal a ges.

6 .

T he c alibration c urve i tself h as s tatistical u ncertainty p rocedures o f c alibration).

( see

2 - S election o f c alibration c urve D uring r ecent y ears a v ariety o f h igh-precision c alibration c urves w ere o btained , p rimarily o n G erman a nd I rish O ak, a nd A merican R edwood. Radiocarbon , v ol.28, 2 B c ontains t he m ajority o f d ata . F loating c hronologies o n v ery o ld m aterial a re s till t o b e m atched b y u sing S uess' c urve o n t he B ristlecone p ine ( Suess, 1 978). T he i nternational r adiocarbon c ommunity h as d ecided t o r ecommend o nly t hose c urves o r p arts t hereof,

t hat h ave l b een

c ross-checked

b y

a nother l aboratory. D uring t he T rondheim 1 4 C c onference i n 1 985 t he c urves o f S tuiver a nd P earson ( present t o 5 00 B C) a nd P earson a nd S tuiver ( 500 t o 2 500 B C) h ave b een r ecommended. T he s ituation w ould h ave b een i deal i f a c urve w ould e xist b ased o n

1 48

W .G .

M OOK ,

H .

H ASPER ,

J .

V AN D ER P LICHT

s ingle-year t ree r ings, s uch a s t he c urve o f D e J ong , B ecker a nd M ook f or 3 900 t o 3 200 B C ( revised i n R adiocarbon , v ol.28, 2 B). S tuiver a nd P earson g enerally u sed 1 5-year t ree-ring s amples. S ome c aution i s t herefore n eeded a pplying t heir c urves t o, f or i nstance, g rain s amples, b ecause t he c urve l acks t he d etail n eeded f or m aterial o f o ne-year g rowth. 3 - T ime-width o f s amples S trictly t here i s n o q uestion o f o ne c alibration c urve. T he b asic c alibration c urve, b ased o n t he a ctual t ree-ring m easurements, h as t o b e s moothed t o a pply t o s amples h aving a c ertain t ime-width, i .e. c overing a c ertain n umber o f g rowth y ears. T his s moothing c an e asily b e p erformed b y c omputer a pplying a m oving a verage p rocedure. I f a b asic o ne-year c urve w ould b e a vailable, i t i s e asy a nd p robably s ufficient t o p rovide a rchaeologists w ith 1 -year, 1 0-year, 5 0-year a nd 1 00-year c urves ( Mook, 1 983). T he 1 5-year c urves o f S tuiver a nd P earson c an b e s moothed t o g ive 5 0-year a nd 1 00-year c urves. T he l arger t he s igma v alue o f t he c onventional 1 4 C a ge t o b e c alibrated, t he l ess i mportant i t i s t o c arry o ut t he s moothing p rocedures ( Mook e t a l ., 1 979 ). 4 -A pplying t he c alibration c urve T he f irst t hing t o d o i s a djusting t he s igma v alue o f t he t o i nclude t he s igma o f t he c alibration c urve, 0

=

-

J0

2 dat e

+

0

1 4

C

a ge

a ccording t o

2 cur ve

A fter d oing t his t he u ncertainty r ange o f t he c alibration c urve i tself c an b e n eglected . O nly i f t he c alibration c urve w ere a s traight l ine, w ould t he G aussian e rror i n t he 1 4_ u a ge b e t ranslated i nto a G aussian d istribution o f t he r eal a ge. I n g eneral t his i s n ot t he c ase. I rregularities i n t he c elibration c urve, t ogether w ith t he s tatistical u ncertainty i n t he 1 C a ge, r eveal a r eal ( calibrated) a ge w hich i s v ery i rregular a nd c an t herefore n ot b e g iven a s a n ( age ± s igma ) v alue. I t i s s afe t o g ive a n a ge r ange. H owever d oing t his, v aluable i nformation i s l ost, b ecause t he e ntire r ange i s n ot e qually p robable. T he c alibrated d ate c an e ven r esult i n t wo o r m ore p referential r eal a ge r anges. 1 4 T he b est w ay t o h ave t he C l aboratory p rovide a s mall g raph s howing t he r esult o f e ach c alibration. T he a rchaeologist t hen c an f orm h is o wn o pinion p out p robabilities. C alibration c ertainly d oes n ot m ake t he u se o f 1 C e asier! O n t he o ther h and, e xamples e xist t hat d iscrepancies i n t he p ast c an n ow b e u nderstood. T he p rovision G roningen p rogram i s b eing d eveloped o n a n I BMc ompatible P C w ith a m athematical c o-processor ( details t o b e p ublished). A t p resent, c alibration i s p ut i nto o peration a ccording t o d ata f rom S tuiver a nd P earson ( 1986) a nd P earson a nd S tuiver ( 1986)(i.e. A D 1 940-BC 2 490). T he d ata p oints f rom a m atrix

( x,y)=(AD/BC,

B P)

a nd a re f itted w ith

1 4

C C ALIBRATION

1 49

a c ubic ( i.e. s econd o rder) s pline. T he r esulting f unction y =f(x) o btained t his w ay r epresents t he c alibration c urve. T he c rucial p art o f t he c alibration p rocess i s t he t ranslation o f t he r adiocarbon a ge ( BP, y -axis) i nto t he c alibrated a ge ( AD/BC, x a xis) v ia t he f unction y =f(x). T he r adiocarbon a ge ( dating r esult) h as a G aussian d istribution: y= y + o w here o i s t he s tandard o Y ' Y ' d eviation ( 68% p robability). U nless t he c alibration c urve y =f(x) h appens t o b e a s traight l ine, t he c alibrated d ate h as p robably d istribution a long t he x -axis w hich i s n ot G aussian, a nd t herefore t he s tandard d eviation s o c an n ot b e d efined. H ence t he c alibrated r esult c an o nly b e t ruly r epresented i n a g raphical w ay. T he p robability d istribution a long t he x -axis i s g iven b y t he e xpression: x 1 1 E yo I 2 e xp I - 72. o y d x -

w hich i s n ormalized b y i ntegrating t o x =+-. I n r eality, t he i ntegration b oundaries a re c hosen a s t hese p oints a long t he x -axis w hich c orrespond t o y ± 3 o , . A s a n e xample f igure 1 s hows t he r esults f or r adiocarbon ° d ate y ± a )= 4 80±70 B P. T he g raph c ontains a s elected p art o f t he c alibra don & irve, t he d ating r esult a s a G aussian a long t he y -axis a nd t he r esulting p robability d istribution f or t he c alibrated d ate a long t he x -axis. T he i ntegration s tep s ize d x i s u ser d efined, a nd w as t aken a s 2 y ears i n t his e xample. T he e xample i llustrates c learly t hat t he c alibrated d ate d ate c an n ot b e g iven a s a s imple r esult o f t he f orm ( x ± a ) . x I t i s o ur o pinion t hat i n t ime a c onsensus a bout t he m ost p roper a nd u nambiguous c alibration p rocedure a nd a bout t he u se o f c alibrated a ges w ill b e r eached. W. G.

BO O K

Ce nt r u m

an d

vo o r

J. V A N

DE R

Is ot o pe n

Uni ve r s i t y

of

On de r z o e k Gr o ni n g e n H.

Ph y s i c s Uni ve r s i t y

PL I C H T

HA S P E R

La b o r at o r y

of

Gr o ni n g e n

R EFERENCES L ERMAN J .C., M OOK W .G ., V OGEL J .C. 1 970 C -14 i n t ree r ings f rom d ifferent l ocalities. I n O lsson I .U ., e d.: R adiocarbon V ariations a nd A bsolute C hronology . N obel S ymposium X II. S tockholm, 2 75-301. M OOK W .G.,

1 979

D E J ONG A .F .M.,

G EERTSEMA H .

A rchaeological i mplications o f n atural P alaeohistoria , X XI, 9 -28.

c arbon-14

v ariations,

M OOK W .G. 1 983

I n M ook W .G. P ACT P ub1.8,

a nd W aterbolk H .Tj., 5 17-525.

e ds.:

1 4

C

a nd

A rchaeology .

1 50

W .G .

M OOK ,

H .

H ASPER ,

J .

V AN D ER P LICHT

P EARSON G .W., S TUIVER M . 1 986 H igh-precision c alibration o f t he r adiocarbon t ime s cale, 2 500 B C, R adiocabon, S TUIVER M ., P EARSON G .W . 1 986 H igh-precision

2 8,

2 B,

J olla

w ood,

8 39-862.

c alibration o f t he r adiocarbon t ime s cale,

1 950-500 B C, R adiocabon , S UESS H .E. 1 978 L a

5 00-

2 8,

m easurements

R adiocarbon ,

2 B,

A D

8 05-838.

o f r adiocarbon i n t he t ree-ring d ated

2 0,

1 -18.

2 5 0 2 0 0

S tu iver a nd

P earson 1 986

. 2 7 -6 5 0 ( A 0 0 c x6 —5 0 s l z4 5 0 c o 5 c ' r4 0 0 1 ' 2 3 5 0

c3 0 0

, . \ . . . .

, . , . ,

. " .

1

. ..

. '

!I

..

. I .

." . .

I . i

i '\

\ \'•

\ \

1 I

,

1 3 50

/

\

. „ , , \

1

1 4 0

R EAL

.

. . . . 1. .

I

1 3 0 0

,

4 / 1

/

/

2 5 0 J . 2 5

\

.

‚. .• •

/. . . .

. .

%

A GE

.

,. , _ . •

i

4 5 0 ( cat

: 1 . 5 0 0

m

. , . . . ... .. .

i

1 . 5 50

1 . 6 00

AD)

F ig .1 - G raphical r epresentation o f 1 4 C c alibration . T he c alibration c urve i s a s pline f it t hrough o riginal d ata f rom S tuiver a nd P earson ( 1986). A c onventional 1 C a ge o f 4 80±70 B P , r epresented b y a G aussian p robability c urve a long t he v ertical a xis , i s t ranslated i nto a r eal a ge p robability c urve p rojected a long t he h orizontal a xis . T o x ,y o o a nd o i s r eferred i n t he t ext .

1 6 5

Chronologies Aurenche 0 ., BAR

in 2vin

J .

I nternational

the and

Near Hours

F .

Series,

East, eds. 1 987

T R A IT EM E N T G R A P H I Q U E D E S D A T E S R A D IO C A R B O N E A P P L IC A T IO N A UP R O C H E O R I EN T Jean

R esume : sont

Les

dates

e tudiees.

1 4C

L es

methode

radiocarbone

la

des

suite

de

t ravaux

de

t elles

exploitations. qui

a insi

graphique ABSTRACT: East

analysed. show

the

que

balanced

l es

of

h istograms

advantage

of

about

The

such are

14C used

calibrated graphic

of

dates

montrent de

14C.

e t

la

l imites

procedes

r esultent

quant

e t

des

annees

l a ä d e

graphiques

developpees

duree en

Orient par

utilisees

chronologie

( traitement

en

Proche

l es

Sont

de

visualiser 1 4C

qui

Epi-palaeolithic t o

put

methods,

ways.

for

Ottaway

du

obtenues

graphiques

l ' application de

de

dates

dates

cycles.

r eelles)

au

l es

c elles e st

t raitement

radiocarbone.

danger

graphic

s tudy

des

dates

s tudied.

Several of

p ermettant

dates

Radiocarbon are

s eries

implications de

B .

Neolithique des

methodes

d istribution

calibration

s eries

l imits

processes

r esults

des

l a

e t

propose

de

d e

ponderes

de

du

Plusieurs

Waterbolk

l 'etude

d ' histogrammes

L ' interet

Near

analyses.

H . T.

e t

l 'interpretation

L ' auteur

permettent

d ' histogrammes evoque

d e

sont

s imples notions

l '2pipaleolithique

dangers

GASCÖ

The f or

used

intent

s eries.

a bad of

r epresent

datation,

after this

H istograms i n

r eal

the

and

Neolithic

construction H . T.

Waterbolk

paper of

with

i s

to

and

duration i s

of

i n

the

dates

i s

B .

propose

d istribution,

calendar,

s ites 14C

Ottaway

some

easy

" chronicles",

each

presented

cycle.

The

just

the

a s

methods.

L es d onnäes r adiocarbone L 'observation s tratigraphique e t l e r aisonnement a rcheologique p ermettent l a m ise e n p lace d e c adres g eneraux f ournissant u ne c hronologie r elative. L e r ecours ä l a c hronologie a bsokue q ue f ournit l a m ethode d e d atage p ar l a m esure d u r adiocarbone (1 C ), c omme c elle d e l a t hermoluminescence p ar e xemple, v ise ä e n e prouver l a c oherence. C ritique d es s ources P ourtant, a lors q ue l e r aisonnement a rcheologique

( archeographique)

e st c lairement d efini e t f onde s ur d es p rocedures d e c ollecte, d es m ethodes d e m esure o u d e r econnaissance, d es a lgorithmes d e c omparaison e t d e m ise e n o rdre ( conscients o u n on f ormalises), l 'utilisation d es r esultats d e l a m ethode r adiocarbone m ontre t rop f requemment l a m econnaissance d es c onditions n ecessaires ä l eur e xploitation. S ans i ntervenir d ans l e d ebat s pecifique d es p hysiciens, i l e st p eut-ötre u tile d e p ppeler q uelques t ermes q u 'impose l 'appreciation d 'une d atation 1 C . U n d ouble t ableau r esume l es p rincipaux p realables ä r especter; l es d onnees s ur r echantillon c oncernent a u p remier r ang l 'archeologue, c elles s ur l es m esures l es

1 52

J .

G ASCO

l aboratoires 1 4 C ( ces 6 16ments s uccincts d oivent b eaucoup ä J . g vin e t J .S. M estres i T orres d u l aboratoire d e B arcelona ). M ais l a c ollaboration i ndispensable d e c es d eux p artenaires n 'exclut a ucune r esponsabilitö r 6ciproque. g chantillon - C ritique d u p rölövement . n ature: t erre h umique o u c harbonneuse, b ois, c harbon d e b ois, o ssement, t issu, c oquille d e m ollusques, c oquille d 'oeuf d 'autruche, e tc. .q uantit6, d imension, h omogön6it6 •p osition a rch6ologique: s tratigraphie, r emaniement, r 6emploi, e tc. .c ontamination, c onservation, t ransport - S election j ustifi6e d u p rölövement d ater u n o bjet: r 6emploi, p reparation ( bitume), e tc. . d ater u ne s 6pulture: o ssements e n p osition, r emaniements, r ite ( incineration), e tc. .d ater u ne s tructure d e c ombustion: c ombustion e n p lace, d 6p6t, e tc. .d ater u ne c ouche: d anger d es c harbons " flottants" d ans l es s ediments e n p articulier d ans l e c as d e s ites ä l ongue o ccupation e t s itu6s e n z one c limatique s emi aride o ü l a v ögötation e st p rofond6ment e nracin6e o u e ncore s itu6s e n m ilieux ä f orts c ontrastes c limatiques s aisonniers ( erosion l in6aire e t r uissellement, a mplitudes t hermiques, e tc.) - P osition d e l 'arch6ologue p ar r apport ä l a d atation d emand6e .e xploration p onctuelle .e xploration s öquentielle .c onfirmation .p rö-supposition d u j ugement ( dates t rop h autes o u t rop b asses) M esure - P reparation e t p urification d e l 'öchantillon .c ontribution a u c hoix d u m atöriau ä d ater .f raction s oluble d ans l aquelle f raction r ösiduelle i nsoluble

l es

c arbones

p euvent

m igrer

e t

- M esure e n l aboratoire .t ype d e r öglage, v itesse s elon l es a ppareillages .v aleur s tatistique d e l a m esure: 6 16ments p ris e n c ompte p our l e c alcul, e rreurs s tatistiques ( degrAs d e c onfiance), v aleurs a rrondies - P osition d e l a d ate o btenue .d ate i solöe: ö vönement .d ate j ustifi6e d ans u ne s 6rie ( möme l aboratoire, m öme p rotocole d 'obtention): c ycle t emporel .m ultiplicitö d es d ates c orrespondant ä u ne m ultiplicit6 d e s ites d e f ouilles ( problömatiques, t echniques, ö chantillons v aries)

e t

C onjoncture e k & )& lement L a d atation I C v ise d onc p arfois ä s ituer d ans l e t emps d es p i6ces a ssoci6es o u d es o bjets p articuliers d ont l a n ature n e p ermet p as d e l es s ituer d ans u ne c hronologie g 6n6rale. D ans c e c as, i i s 'agit d e d ater u n p h6nom6ne d e d ur6e i nconnue p our l e r amener d ans l e c adre d e l ' Histoire c yclique, c elle d e l a c onjoncture. M ais p lus g 6n6ralement l a d ate 1 4 C e st u tilis6e p our s ituer a vec e xactitude l a p lace d 'un 6 chantillon p ris c omme r epr6sentatif d 'un h orizon c hrono-culturel d ans

T RAITEMENT G RAPHIQUE

1 53

u ne f ourchette t emporelle q ue l 'on a p r6alablement e stim6e p ar d 'autres s ources. L a d ate c oncerne a lors u n p hänom6ne d e l 'Histoire d e l a C onjoncture c ulturelle u tilis6e p our a pprocher t emporellement u n 6 v6nement. L a d atation d e rövönement ( la " mort" d 'un o bjet) e st d iversement a ppröci6e p ar l es a rch6ologues. L orsque l a d ate f ournie p ar l es c alculs e st c oh6rente a vec c elle q ue l 'on a ttendait, i i y a a cceptation s ans d iscussion r eelle: B eidha I V ( Charred w ood) B M- 1 11: 6 840±200 B C e t ( id . p istachio t ree) G rN-5136: 6 860±50 B C. S i l e r ösultat d u d atage f ournit u ne d ate q ui p arait a berrante, s 'offrent a lors d eux p ossibilit6s: s oit l 'accepter e t t enter d e l 'expliquer ( evolution , p hänomene p röcurseur , f aciös, e tc.), s oit l a r efuser e n s uspectant röchantillon , l a m 6thode, l e l aboratoire, e tc. E ncore f aut-il ö tre p rudent. L a d ate 1 4 C e st u n l aps d e t emps D ans t ous l es c as l a d ate e st e ncore t rop g 6n6ralement p er9ue c om e c elle d 'un 6 v6nement. A t el p oint q ue l 'on t rouve s ouvent u ne d ate 1 C a nnonc6e d e l a m aniöre s uivante: 6 840 B C s ans a utre p recision . O r l a m 6thode d e m esure s e p lace d ans u n t out a utre c adre, c elui d es c ycles d e d ur6es. U ne d ate 1 4 C e st e n r 6alit6 u ne P LAGE T EMPORELLE d e d ur6e v ariable d urant l aquelle rävönement a p u s e d örouler ; l es c ertitudes n 'existent p as, s eules l es e stimations q ue l e c alcul S TATISTIQUE 6 value n ous p ermettent d e m esurer l a d ur6e d 'un c ycle ( ou d ate) r adiocarbone. E xemple l a d ate d e J 6richo P hase I ( P-377) d e 7 632±89 B C. L a d ate d e 7 632±89 s ignifie q u 'entre 7 543 ( 7632-89) e t 7 721 ( 7632+89) B efore C hrist rövönement a p u s e p roduire a vec 6 8% d e c hance o u d e s 6curit6. A insi ä p rös d 'une c hance s ur t rois röchantillon p eut ö tre p lus a ncien s o u p lus r ecent. L a s äcurit6 ( raisonnable) n öcessaire ä l 'utilisation d 'une t elle d ate i sol6e s erait d onc d 'utiliser d eux f ois l a v aleur d e l '6cart-type a jout6e ä l a v aleur c entrale p our o btenir 9 5 c hances s ur 1 00 : s oit 7 454 ( 7632-(2x89)) e t 7 810 ( 7632+(2x89)). O n p eut r emarquer q ue p our a tteindre 9 9,8% d e s 6curit6, i i s uffirait d 'utiliser t rois f ois l a v aleur d e l '6cart-type. I l e st c ertain q ue s elon l a v aleur d e l '6cart d e c onfiance l a l ongueur d e l a p lage t emporelle s erait a lors c onsiderable ( 712 a ns d ane c et e xemple). U ne t eile u tilisation r endrait l 'int6r6t d e l a d ate 1 C a ssez r elatif p our l es p hases r öcentes d e l a ? r aistoire. L a l ecture d 'une d ate 1 C d oit d onc r ecourir ä s a t raduction e n u ne p lage t emporelle. A insi, u ne d ate d e 4 400±100 B C e st t out ä f ait c omparable ä c elle d e 4 000±200 B C. C es v aleurs s ont ä d 6composer a insi: -4 400±100: 4 300 ä 4 500 ( 67% d e s äcurit6) e t 4 200 ä 4 600 ( 95%) -4 000±200: 3 800 ä 4 200 ( 67%) e t 3 600 ä 4 400 ( 95%) U ne p 6riode d e d eux s i6cles d e c hevauchement ( entre 4 200 e t 4 400 B C) e xiste d onc p our l es d eux d ates r adiocarbone; l es d eux p h6nom6nes c ompares p euvent ö tre c ontemporains v oire s imultanös ( en d onn6es " calibr6es", c 'est-ä-dire e n a nn6es r eelles, c omme n ous l e d övelopperons p lus l oin ; l es d eux d ates c orrespondent ä 5560-5060 e t 5265-4435 a vant J .C. c e q ui c onfirme l 'observation p r6c6dente).

1 54

J .

C omparaisons d e d ates I l e st a pparu n öcessaire

d epuis

d e

G ASCÖ

l ongues a nnöes d 'utiliser d es

s eries d e d ates p lutöt q ue d es m esures i solöes. L es s eries s ont d e d eux o rdres. E lles p roviennent d e c olonnes s tratigraphiques e t f orment a lors d es d atations d e l a l ongue d uröe d 'occupation d 'un s ite. D 'autres s ont d es s eries " transversales" f ixöes ä p artir d e l 'appartenance c ulturelle d es h orizons d atös p rovenant d e s ites d ifförents. L 'ölaboration d e c es d erniöres l istes d olt ö tre m enöe a vec p recaution, c ertaines d ates p ouvant ö tre p ubliäes a vant l a c onfirmation d e l 'attribution ä u ne c ulture s upposöe. L 'existence d e s ites s tratifies d öcoupös e n p hases ( dont l a d enomination e st e nsuite g önöralisöe ä d 'autres s ites) p eut c onstituer u ne a utre s ource d 'erreurs d ue ä u ne c ascade d 'approximations. L es d atations d e c ertains h orizons d e s ites d e r öförence s ont e n e ffet d ifficiles ä c orröler ä d es e ntitös a rchöologiques r epöröes s ur d es s ites o ü u ne s eule c ulture e st r eprösentöe. E n a dmettant l a r esolution d e c es p oints c ritiques, p lusieurs m äthodes d e t raitement e xistent p our f aciliter l 'interprötation d es d ates 1 4 C . L e c alcul d es m oyennes P our m ömoire n our r appellerons l e p rocödö q ui c onsiste ä c alculer l a m oyenne a rithmötique d es d atations r öunies. C ette m öthode a ö tö u tilisöe p ar d e n ombreue c hercheurs i i y a u ne v ingtaine d 'annöes. A insi ä p artir d es d ates 1 C d e d ivers s ites d u L evant r ecueillies p ar O . B ar-Yosef ( "A n ote o n t he G eometric K ebaran A " p rö-print d u C olloque I II " Sur l a t erminologie d e l a p röhistoire a u P roche O rient" U .I.S.P.P. N ice 1 976, p .78-105) n ous a vons c alculö q uelques m oyennes. L es m oyennes o btenues p ar c es t rois s eries s ont l es s uivantes: A urignacien r ecent ( 5 d ates) 1 5980 B C; K öbarien ( 6 d ates) 1 4640 B C; K öbarien A g äomötrique ( 5 d ates) 1 3260 B C. L a s uccession c hronologique d es c ultures a rchöologiques s e c onfirme n ettement, a lors q ue c ertaines d ates d u K öbarien s ont p lus a nciennes q ue l a p lupart d e c elles d e l 'Aurignacien r ecent. A insi m algrö d es s uperpositions p artielles d e s equences c hronologiques, l es m oyennes e xpriment d es s uccessions e t n on d es s ynchronismes. P ourtant ? ette m öthode e st e n c ontradiction a vec l a d efinition m öme d e l a d ate 1 4 C , ä s avoir u n c hiffre e t u n ö cart s tatistique i ndiquant u n c oefficient d e p robabilitö. R apidement s on u sage e n a ö tö c ritique e t g önöralement a bandonnö. L a m& liane e t

l es q uartiles

D ans l e m öme e sprit, e t p our l ever l es r eserves p röcödentes, q uelques c hercheurs o nt f ait a ppel a u c alcul d e l a m ödiane e t d es q uartiles. L a m ödiane s e c alcule ä p artir d u c hamp t otal d e v ariabilitö d es d ates 1 4 C r assemblöes. L es q uartiles d ont o n n e r etient q ue l es d eux i ntervalles p roches d e l a m ödiane s ont a lors c onsidörös p our d öfinir s ur u n d iagramme d e d ispersion l es p lages

t emporelles

s ignificatives

d es p hönomönes d atöe. L a f igure 1 e st ö tablie s cion c ette m öthode e n r eprenant l es d ates 1 C p röcödemment c ollectöes. M ais f ixer l e c hamp d e v ariabilitö d es d atations a ux l imites d es v aleurs c entrales l es p lus ö loignöes e st d ifficile ä j ustifier . O n t rouvera u ne e xploitation p oussöe d e c ette m öthode d ans l 'ouvrage r ecent d e R . T reuil s ur L e N&Aithique e t l e B ronze a ncien 4 , e n ( De B occard, P aris, 1 983).

T RAITEMENT G RAPHIQUE

1 55

L es d iagrammes d e d ispersion L a c onstruction d 'un d iagramme d e d ispersion d es d ates r adiocarbone e st d ösormais c laseique p our f ormaliser u ne c hronologie a bsolue ( fig .2). L es d ates 1 C s ont p lacöes s ur u ne g rille c hronologique; l a v aleur c entrale d e l eur m esure e st p ointöe p ar u n s ymbole; c elle d e l 'öcart-type, e n p lus o u e n m om s, e st i ndiquöe p ar u n v ecteur. S ur n otre e xemple ( dates d e J ericho P PNB) n ous a vons i ndiquö e n o utre l a v aleur d e d eux ö carts-types a fin d 'approcher u ne p recision d e l 'ordre d e

9 5% .

U ne p röcision i dentique a pparait s ur l a f igure 2 bis o ü l e d iagramme d e d ispersion e st p rösentö s ous f orme d e b arves. U ne t elle f iguration i ndique p lus n ettement l e f ait q ue l a d ate 1 C e st e n r öalitö u ne p lage t emporelle, u n l aps d e t emps, e t n on u n ö vönement d ont o n p ourrait p onctuellement i ndiquer l a p lace d ans l 'öchelle d u t emps. O n p eut r emarquer q ue l e c hamp d e v ariabilitö d es d ates 1 4 C p araitra d 'autant p lus g rand q ue l 'öchelle c hoisie e n a bscisse s era p etite. C omme d ans t oute r eprösentation g raphique l a m ise e n p age d es d iagrammes i nflue s ur l a p remiöre l ecture d es p hönomönes r eprösentös. L es h istogrammes s imples C es c onstructions d ont n ous a vons p rönä l 'usage ( cf. b ibliographie) s e r öpand d ans l es e tudes r öcentes d e l a P röhistoire r öcente e ur eenne. C e s ont d es d iagrammes a ux v aleurs c umulöes. L es d ates 1 C s ont f iguräes c omme d e p etits t riangles d ont l a h auteur e st f ixe e t d ont l a l ongeur e st d öfinie p ar l a m esure r adiocarbone. A fin d 'en f aciliter l a c onstruction c umulöe ( series d e d ates) l es m esures s ont a rrondies a ux 2 5, 5 0 o u 1 00 a nnöes l es p lus p roches. P our i llustrer c ette m öthode l a f igure 3 a ö tö ö tablie ä p artir d es d onn6es c oncernant l e P PNB d e J ericho ( voir s upra). L a l ecture d irecte d e c e g raphique e st f acilitöe p ar l a r epresentation s ymötrique d e l 'histogramme ö tabli. V olontairement l es v aleurs 1 4 C n 'ont p as ö tö a rrondies c e q ui e xplique e n p articulier l e d enticulö d e l a " chronique". O n n otera q ue l a s imple f iguration d es v aleurs d es d ates 1 4 C ä 6 7% d e s öcuritö i nstaure d eux e nsembles, l 'un a ntörieur ä 6 570, l 'autre p ostörieur ä 6 440 B C. L 'histogramme p renant e n c ompte l es v aleurs a pproch6es a vec 9 5% d e s öcuritö r egroupe l es d eux e nsembles. L a f igure 4 e st c elle d es d ates d u N atoufien s elon l a m öme m öthode. L 'approximation e st i ci d e 6 7% d e s öcuritö. L es f igurations e n f useau p our l esquelles n ous a vons p ropose l e t erme d e " chronique" p euvent A tre a ppliquöes ä l a c hronologie i nterne d es s ites c omme ä c elle d es c ivilisations o u c ultures m aterielles. E lles t iennent c ompte d es ö carts s tatistiques d es d atations s elon l e d egrö d 'approximation d ösirö. L 'individualisation d e c haque d atation p eut ö tre c onservöe e n f aisant a pparaltre l a v aleur c entrale d e c hacune d 'entre e lles ( fig .3). E tude d es h istogrammes L es c hroniques p rösentent d e m ultiples a vantages: f acilitö d e c onstruction, f ixation d 'une i mage d ont l a f orme s ignificative p ermet d 'isoler u n o u p lusieurs p ics c hronologiques, p ossibilit6 d 'övaluer d es p hases d ans l e p hönomöne ö tudiö, c omparaison a isöe a vec d 'autres c hroniques g räce ä l a m emorisation d es i mages, e tc.

1 56

J .

G ASCÖ

L a f igure 5 e st e tablie ä p artir d e 1 6 d ates r adiocarbone p rovenant d u s ite d e B eidha e t r eprösente l es 4 p hases c ulturelles q ui y a nt e te d ecrites. C et e xemple n 'a d e v ertus q ue p edagogiques. D 'un p oint d e v ue a rcheologique c ertaines m esures d oivent e tre c ritiquees e t r epoussees. N otre i llustration e st d onc ä c onsiderer c omme u n e xercice d e s imulation. U ne d ifficulte d 'interpretation p ropre ä c e g raphique e xiste. I i n e s 'agit p as d e s 'interroger s ur l a r ealite d e c es q uatre p hases n i s ur l a f iabilite q ue l 'on d oit a ccorder a ux e chantillons e tes ( phase V e t I I t out p articuliörement, b ien q ue l es a utres 1 C p uissent e tre e galement s uspectös). N otre p ropos e st d ifferent. N ous n ous i nterrogeons s ur l 'existence d 'un c hevauchement i mportant e ntre l es d ates d e l a p hase V I e t c elles d e l a p hase I V. L es c hroniques ( fig.7) d egagent c ependant u ne v aleur c entrale e ntre 6 700 e t 6 600 B C p our l a p hase V I e t e ntre 6 900 e t 6 800 p our l a p hase I V. P eut-on p reciser l e c hevauchement? I l e st p ossible d 'etudier l a r epartition d es p hases c ulturelles s elon l a c hronologie ( suivie i ci s elon d es c lasses d e 5 0 a ns B C). P our c haque c lasse c hronologique o n c alcule s implement l a part r evenant a ux d ifferentes p hases c ulturelles. I i a pparait s ur l a f igure 8 q ue d e 7 300 ä 6 800 B C l a p hase I V r eprösente t oujours p lus d e 5 0% d es p lages t emporelles ( la s eule e xception e tant l a t ranche 7 150-7100 B C o ü l a p hase I I e st i mportante) e t q u 'ä p artir d e c ette d ate e t j usqu iä 6 400 l a p hase V I l ui s uccäde d ans d es p roportions i dentiques. L a f igure 9 c onfirme d onc l es d urees p robables d es p hases I V e t V I; e ile m ontre q ue l es p hases V e t I I r estent ä d efinir c hronologiquement o u ä r eexaminer d 'un p oint d e v ue a rchöologique. C et e xemple e st ä l a l imite d e l 'exploitation d e l a m ethode u tilisee, 1 6 d ates 1 4 C e tant u n c hiffre i nsuffisant p our u ne e tude d e c e t ype. N otre o bjectif e tait d e p resenter u n p rocede s imple d e c omparaison; d e m eme n ous n ous s ommes c ontente d e 6 7% d 'approximation a fin d e f aciliter l e m aniement d es d onnees. S implification d es c hroniques L es h istogrammes p euvent e tre t ransformes e n c ourbes a fin d 'en s implifier l a l ecture. L es i mages p arfois c omplexes s ont a lors r eduites p ar l a s uppression d e c ertains d etails, m ais e n f ait s ans d iminution d e l 'information. L e " lissage" d es g raphiques n ous s emble t out ä f ait d ans l 'esprit d e l 'approche d es s eries r adiocarbone. L a f igure 1 0 m ontre d iffer mtes m aniäres d e s implification. A p artir d e l 'histogramme d u s ite d e J ericho ( PPNB) n ous p resentons a insi l e p olygone d e f requence q u 'il e st p ermis d 'ötablir . U n a utre c lassement p ar c ategories d e 5 0 a ns p ermet d e m ieux p ercevoir l es d ifferences e t d e s implifier l es " dentelures" d e l 'histogramme e tudie. E nfin l e r ecours a u c alcul d e l a m oyenne m obile c entree ( sur l a f igure 1 0 e h e e st c alculee s ur 2 50 a ns) s ouligne l a t endance g önerale d e l a c hronique. L es h istogrammes p ond s L a c onstruction d es c hroniques r epose s ur l e c umul d es d ates o rdonnees d e l a p lus a ncienne ä l a p lus r ecente. L es d ates s ont d evenues d es b andes d e l ongueur v ariab ) . .e s elon l 'importance d e l 'ecart d e c onfiance d e c haque d ate.

L a d ate "C d ont l 'ecart d e c onfiance e st f ort

v a

s e

T RAITEMENT G RAPHIQUE

1 57

t rouver d ans l 'histogramme c umul6 t enir u ne i mportance p lus g rande q u 'une a utre d ate m ieux r approch6e p ar l e c alcul s tatistique. L es h istogrammes p räcödents o nt t ous l 'inconv6nient d e d onner u ne p rime ä l 'incertitude. A ussi a vons-nous p ropose u n s ystöme d e p ond6ration g raphique q ui c orrige c ette a mbiguit6. A u l ieu d e c umuler d es b andes e gales e n 6 paisseur , n ous u tilisons d es b andes a ux p rofils s ym6triques d 6croissants. L a h auteur d e c haque c lasse v an e s elon l '6talement d e l a d atation , c 'est-ä-dire s elon l e n ombre d e c lasses q ui l a d 6finit. N ous a vons r 6alis6 l es p rofils d e c es b andes p ar l e c alcul p uls l es a vons a dapt6s a ux l imites d e l a v isualisation g raphique. T outes l es s urfaces d es d iagrammes d e b ase s ont 6 gales e ntre e lles ( fig .11). N ous p r6cisons l es v aleurs u tilis6es t out e n i ndiquant q ue l 'utilisation d 'un t raceur a utomatique e t d 'unit6 d e c alcul p ermettrait d 'employer d es v aleurs m om s a pproch6es. L a f igure 1 1 e st 9e e xploitation d e c ette m öthode. L es d onn6es r etenues s ont l es d ates 1 C d e J ericho ( PPNB) p rises a vec u n s euil d e 9 5% d e s 6curit6 ( deux ö carts-types). D ans u n p remier t emps, n ous a vons r amen6 c es d ates ä d es b andes d ont l 'unit6 e st l a c entaine d 'ann6es. L 'histogramme c umul6 e st ä d roite . P uis n ous a vons t race l a c hronique p ond6r6e i ndispensable p our r öduire l es i ncertitudes d ues ä l 'approximation s tatistique. L 'histogramme o btenu e st ä g auche d e l a f igure. S ur l e g raphique p rimitif n ous a vons i ndiqu6 l es d iff6rences q ui r 6sultent d es d eux t races. E ntre 7 000 e t 6 400 d e g randes v ariations e xistent e ntre l es d eux t races, e t l ä o ü u n " creux" p ouvait ö tre p er u u n p ointement d olt e n f ait ö tre o bserve. C hoisir l es l imites d es r epresentations . L 'ensemble d es g raphiques d 'exploitation d es d ates d e J ericho P PNB m ontre l 'äventail d es m odes d e r epresentation q ui s 'offrent a u c hercheur p our v isualiser r apidement u ne s örie d e d ates r adiocarbone e t 6 ventuellement p our e n f aire u n c hamp d 'investigation. L e c hoix q ui s era f ait n e s era j amais n eutre. L e s ystäme d e p ond6ration g raphique e st c elui q ui a pproche l e p lus l 'esprit q ui d olt p resider a u t raitement d es d onn6es s tatistiques. M ais l 'allure d es c hroniques i ndique d es p hases t emporelles d ont l 'explication e st ä a pprofondir . c onvient d e s e s ouvenir q ue l es c ycles r adiocarbone, l es d ates 1 4 C , q ue l 'on t raite o nt u ne ö chelle s pöcifique q ui n e c orrespond p as d irectement a ux c ycles d es a nn6es r eelles! L es u nites d e m esure e n a nn6es r adiocarbone c onventionnelles ( BP o u B C) n e s ont p as c ompatibles e i a nn6es c alendaires r eelles. I i c onvient d e c onvertir l es d ates 1 C e n a ge r eel ( proc6d6 d it d e l a c alibration) e t c eci n 'est p ossible q u 'ä p artir d e 7 240 B P ( 5290 B C) ä c e j our ; u ne t able " universelle" d e c alibration a 6 t6 a dopt6e p ar l e " groupe d e T ucson" e n 1 979 q ui p ermet d es t ranscriptions a is6es ( nous n 'aborderons p as l a r epresentation d es b ases d e c ette m öthode d e c onversion q ui r epose s ur l es r ösultats d e l a d endrochronologie). L es d ates c onverties e n a ge ree l L a t ransformation d es d ates 1 4 C e n a ge r eel a d e l ourdes c onsequences q uant ä l 'interprötation d es s eries c hronologiques. E n e ffet, l es a nn6es r eelles e t l es a nn6es r adiocarbone n e s ont p as d e d ur6es c onstantes. I l e n r 6sulte q ue l es d o rm 6 es t emporelles d 6finies

1 58

J .

G AS C

p ar l es m esures p euvent v arier d e p rös d e 7 00 a ns a u d ebut d u V Ie m illänaire. U n e xemple p ermet r apidement d e p rendre c onscience d es r isques d 'erreurs s i l 'on r aisonne e n " temps r adiocarbone b rut": s i l 'on p rend u ne d ate d e 2 660±140 B C ( soit u ne p lage t emporelle B C ä valuäe p our 6 7% d e s äcuritä ä 2800-2520 B C e t p our 9 5% d e s äcuritä ä 2940-2380 B C), l es t ables d e c alibration i ndiquent u ne p lage t emporelle d e 3765-2980 a vant J .C. C e d ernier r äsultat e st d onnä a vec 9 5% d e s äcuritä s ans q ue l 'on p uisse r amener l ' approximation ä 6 7%. I l e n r äsulte d onc q ue l a d uräe d e l a p äriode m esuräe e st d e 5 60 a nnäes r adiocarbone e t d e 7 85 a nnäes r eelles, s oit p rös d e 3 0% d e d iffärence. U n e xemple c oncret p eut ö tre d onnä. A p artir d es d ates r äcoltäes p ar l a M aison d e l 'Orient ( Lyon) e t c lassäes d ans l a p äriode 7 ( cf . A urenche, g vin e t G asc6; c e v olume), n ous a vons P u ä tablir l es d eux h istogrammes s imp 4s d e 4 3 d ates. A fin d e m esurer p leinement l es & arts, l es d ates I C n e s ont p as p ondäräes g raphiquement s ur c et e xemple. S ur l a f igure 1 2, l es 4 3 d ates f o ment e n a ge B C u n e nsemble ä voluant d e 5 620 ä 3 600 p our s a m asse p rincipale a vec u n p ic v ers 4 940 B C. E n a ge r eel ( avant J .C.) c et e nsemble c ompact v an e d e 6550 ä 4 540 a vant J .C. a vec u n p ointement v ers 5 570 a vant J .C. L es d iffärences a tteignent p rös d e 1 000 a ns! L 'exemple i ntögre p armi l es 4 3 d ates d es r äsultats q ui s ont p our d iverses r aisons ä r ejeter ; n otre p arti e st, c omme p räcädemment, d 'insister s ur l es m äthodes d e r epresentation e t l eur s ignification. P ossibilites d e r epresentation g raphique d es d ates e n a ge r eel A u d elä d es b ouleversements q ue l 'emploi d e l a c hronologie r eelle e ngendre d ans l es r äflexions s ur l a d uräe e t l a p lace d es c ivilisations, s e p ose e n t ermes n ouveaux l a q uestion d e l a r epresentation d es d ates 1 4 C . E n e ffet l es d ates c alibräes s ont r epräsentäes c omme u ne p lage t emporelle ä tablie p ar u n c alcul ä 9 5% d e s äcuritä. Mais e ntre l es d eux b ornes d e l a d atation 1 1 n 'existe p as u ne d istribution n ormale q uelle q ue s oit l 'amplitude d e l 'intervalle. D ös l ors a ucune p ondäration g raphique u tilisäe p our l es d ates 1 4 C B P-BC n e p eut e tre r etenue;

d 'autres s olutions e xistent c ependant p our

u n t raitement s ynthätique s ans r ecourir ä l a c ourbe d e c alibration. H istogramme p ondéré e n a ge z i el L e c umul e n h isto famme d emeure l a m eilleure s olution p our a border u ne s ärie d e d ates C t ranscrites e n a ge r eel. L a p ondäration g raphique q u 'il c onvient d e m ettre e n o euvre ( les r aisons ä tant i dentiques ä c elles d es d ates n on c alibräes) n e p eut r eposer q ue s ur l a v ariation d e l a s urface o ccupäe p ar c haque d ate s ur l e d essin; l 'amplitude d e c haque d ate r estant f ixäe p ar l es b ornes t emporelles, s eule l 'äpaisseur d e l a b arre s ymbolisant ( fig .13) l a d atation d olt v arier s elon l a l ongueur d e c ette d erniöre, c ourte o u l ongue ( la p roportionnalitä p eut A tre r espectäe ä troitement o u l 'on p eut u tiliser u n c lassement p ar p aliers). I i s 'agit d onc d e p rivilägier s ur l e d essin l es d ates ( plages) l es p lus r esserräes e t d e m inimiser l es d ates l es m om s r approchäes. L 'exemple d e l a f igure 1 3, p ris p our l es b esoins s euls d e l a d ämonstration, g änärale s ans

i ndique g rossiörement l es d angers d 'une i nterpretation p ondäration g raphique ( voir e n particulier l a

T RAI7EMENT G RAPHIQUE

1 59

c omparaison d es d eux h istogrammes a dosses). I i c onvient p eut-Atre d e r appeler q ue l es d ates c alibrees s ont p lus a u m ains a pprochöes s elon e n r ealite n on s eulement l eurs p ositions d ans l e t emps m ais e ncore s cion l a v aleur d e l eurs e carts-types ( leurs m esures). E t l 'on t rouve d onc d ans l es d atations c alibrees e n a ge r eel l es m emes p rincipes ä r especter p our e n t irer l a p lus g rande i nformation p ossible q ue p our l es d ates B P-BC. C alcul d es m oyennes e t r epr sentat e g raphique L es g randes s eries d e d ates 1 C c alibrees a ssurent u ne b onne c onnaissance d es c hronologies. M ais l eur e mploi r este s ouvent a ssez l ourd ( si l 'on n e r ecourt p as ä l ' automatisation c omme n ous l e v errons e n d ernier l ieu) s i l 'on e ntreprend l a c omparaison d e d eux c ultures a u d eux e nsembles, q uels q u 'ils s oient, i ssus d e c es s eries. M ais i l e st f acile d e r ealiser u ne f iguration s ynthötique g räce a u c alcul d es m oyennes. L a f igure 1 4 r epose s ur 8 d ates p rovenant d e J armo e t c lassöes d ans l e P PNB f inal ( periode 4 ). L es v aleurs e xtremes d e l a p lage c ouverte p ar l es d ates s ont 395 ( date C -744: 5 266±540 s oit 4565-3395) e t 6 235 ( date C -743: 6 695±360 s alt 6235-5180). L es m oyennes a nciennes e t r ecentes s ont c alculees ä p artir d es t otaux r espectifs d es p lages t emporelles. S ur l e g raphique t outes c es i ndications p euvent e tre p ortöes: u n r ectangle f igure l a p lage e ntre l es m oyennes, u n f useau j oint l es v aleurs e xtremes e t s ignale l a p osition d u m aximum d e l a s erie. D e t elles f igures a isement m emorisables p ermettent d e r apides c omparaisons e t a utorisent d e s ituer d ans l e t emps u n p henomöne ä p artir d e p lusieurs d atations. N otons q u 'aucun t ri p realable, d 'un p oint d e v ue a rcheologique, n 'a e te o perö a u s ein d e c ette s erie. L a r epresentation d e c es m ethodes s imples d e t raitement d es d ates 1 4 C p ourrait n 'ötre q u 'un p retexte. E lle e st e n e ffet l 'occasion d 'insister s ur l a q ualite d es r esultats d e d atations r adiocarbone p our a utant q ue l 'on e n c onnaisse a u q ue l 'on e n s aisisse t otalement l es p rincipes. D ans c e c adre e ile s 'inscrit a ussi d ans l a t räs l arge i nformation n ecessaire q uant ä l 'utilisation d es r esultats d e l a c hronologie c alibree d epuis l e c onsensus a yant s uivi l a p ublication d e c ertaines t ables d e t ranscription. M ais c ette p resentation s imple v ise ä e ngendrer u ne n ouvelle u tilisation d es s eries d e d ates r adiocarbone p ar l e r ecours ä d es i mages r ationnelles p ermettant d e t raiter e xhaustivement d es i nformations p ar l a s implification. D ans c c t exte p eu d 'allusions a nt e te f aites a u t raitement a utomatique d es d onnees. M ais i l e st e vident q ue c hacune d es m ethodes p resentees p euvent s ans g randes d ifficultes A tre p rogrammees. L 'informatisation f ait g agner d e l a p recision e t d u t emps. L es r esultats s ystematiques a pparaissent t ranscrits e fficacement; m ais i i r este ä j uger p leinement d u c ontenu d e l 'information t raitee. A c et i nstant d 'autres p rocedures d oivent a lors e ntrer e n l ice e t l ' archeo-

1 60

J .

G ASCö

l ogue e n e st a lors l e s eul m aitre, c omme i i l 'etait l ors d u c hoix d onnäes ä u tiliser o u ä r ejeter a u p realable.

E R

d es

2 89-Centre d 'Anthropologie d es S oci s r urales 3 1000 T oulouse

B IBLIOGRAPHIE C ette c ourte b ibliographie e st d eveloppant l es m ethodes p resentees.

o rientee

v ers

q uelques

t itres

B INDER D . 1 983

A pproche d es i ndustries d u N& )lithique T hese.Universite d e P aris X , 2 87p ., 9 5 f ig .

a ncien

p rove wal.

B LANCHET J .C. 1 983 U n e xemple d e l 'apport d es d ates 1 4 C c orrigöes: l e N öolithique f inal e t l e C halcolithique d ans l e B assin P arisien e t l e N ord d e l a F rance, S upplement ä l a e evue d 'Arch om trie: L es t ableaux d e c orrections d es d ates 1 C e ffectu s p ar l e " groupe d e T ucson" . A pplication ä l 'arch ologie, R ennes, 8 5-91. C ONSTANTIN C ., L ASSERRE E .M . 1 983 C hronologie n eolithique e t d atation r adiocarbone, S upplement ä l a R evue d 'Arch6o r n trie: L es t ableaux d e c orrections d es d ates 1 4 C e ffectu s p ar l e " groupe d e T ucson". A pplication ä l 'arch ologie,

R ennes,

9 3-99 , 1 f ig ., t abl.

G ASCO J . 1 983 E tudes d es d atations r adiocarbone d u N eolithique a ncien e n F rance m editerranöenne, A ctes d u C olloque i nternational du C .N .R .S . P remi res c ommunaut s p aysannes d e l a 1 Vditerran e O ccidentale, M ontpellier, 7 p ., 1 0 f ig . G ASCO J . 1 985 C ontribution ä l 'etude d es c alendriers d e d atations a bsolues, A ctes d u C olloque i nterr 4ional s ur l e N &olithique , R evue A rch ologique d e l 'Ouest, C aen, 1 2p., 1 1 f ig . G ASCÖ J . 1 985

H istogrammes e t d ates r adiocarbone, B ulletin P rO listorique F rançaise, 8 2/4 , 1 08-111, 6 f ig .

G ASCo J ., 1 983

d e

l a

S ociété

B INDER D .

S eries d e d ates r adiocarbone e t r epresentations g raphiques, S upplement ä l a R evue d 'Arch &m trie: L es t ableaux d e c orrections d e d ates 1 4 C e ffectu s p ar l e " groupe d e T ucson". A pplication ä l 'arch ologie,

R ennes,

7 5-84,

8f ig .

T RAITEMENT G RAPHIQUE

1 61

BC 20 000

A

7

1 7500 _ 15,9 80

B

K EBAR I EN A

K EBAR I EN A G E OMETR IOUE A

A

1 50 00 A UR IGNAC IEN R ECENT

1 4 640 +

1 3260 •

1 25 00

1 0000 •m oyenne

F ig . 1 -D ates 1 4 C B C d e l 'Aurignacien r ecent , d u K ebarien e t d u K ebarien A ( geometrique2 s elon 0 . B ar-Yosef , 1 976 . A / C hamp d e v ariabilite d es d ates 1 C a vec l eurs e carts-types . B / c hamp d e v ariabilite d es v aleurs c entrales . L es m edianes e t l es q uartiles s ont i ndiques; o n r emarque / a d ifference p arfois i mportante e ntre / a v aleur d e l a m oyenne e t c elle d e l a m ediane .

7 500

7 000

6 500

6000 L O WER

5 500 BC - I J ER ICHO PPNB P RECERAM IOUE B

• M IDDLE UPPER

1 11 1. . .

+

I

m il u3

L O WER M IDDLE

APPROX IM AT ION •

67Y .

E l

95

UPPER

F ig .2 - D ates 1 4 C B C d e J ericho P PNB ( preceramique B ) a vec d eux d e r epresentation d es a pproximations , u n e t d eux e carts-types .

m odes

1 62

J .

G ASCö

J ER ICHO PPNB P RECERA M IQUE B

APPROX IMAT ION

n67 Ze F ig .3 - D ates

1 4

C B C

2 95

d e

%

, M .richo

P PNB:

h istogramme

s ym trique d es d ates p r sent&es s ur l a f igure 2 . d es d ates s ont p oint es s ur l 'axe m edian .

d ouble

d e

s on

L es v aleurs c entrales

T RAITEMENT G RAPHIQUE

1 63

N ATOUF IEN BC 7 500 -L

8000

8 500

9000

9 500

1 0000

1 0500

1000

APPROX IMAT ION

67 %

F ig .4 - D ates 1 4 C B C . scurit& ( un c art-type).

d u N atoufien: c hronique é tablie a pe 6 7% d e L e p rocessus d e c onstruction e st f igure .

J .

1 64

F ig .5

-

D ates

14

C

B C

G ASC IC

d u s ite d e B eidha rearties e n q uatre p hases

c ulturelles . L es v aleurs c entrales ( points) e t l es c arts-types ( traits) ( Winissent l es p lages t empore l ies d e c haque d ate . L es p hases s ont

i ndiqu es p ar

l 'assemblage d es rsultats .

F ig .6 -D ates 1 4 C B C d u s ite d e B eidha . p ropres a c haque p hase d u s ite .

C onstruction d es h istogrammes

T RAITEMENT G RAPHIQUE

1 65

BE /DNA PHASE I V BC 7200

PHASE I PHASE V I

7000 PHASE V

r

6800

1 -

6 600

6400 APPROX IMAT ION 67 7 .

F ig .?

-

D ates

1 4

C B C d u s ite d e B eidha .

C hroniques d es q uatre p hases

c hronoculturelles ( approchees e t 6 7% d e s ecurite).

B E IDHA

1 00

PHASE

3 i v V I

s o

V I 0 7 300' •

6 400 BC

APPROX IMATION 67 2

F ig .8

-

D ates

a l

1 4

C

C LASSES D E

B C d u s ite d e B eidha .

5 0 ANS

V aleur r elative e n % d e

l a

p resence d 'un e lement d e l a d atation p ropre a c haque p hase c hronoculturelle d efinie d ans u ne t ranche d e 5 0 a ns e ntre 7 300 e t 6 400 B C .

L es c hevauchements p euvent e tre a isement c hiffres e t a pprecies .

1 66

J .

G ASC0

BE IDHA Be

7 300

6 800

6 300 h

•

• -

PHASE V I

, / •

100

/ V

4 ‚ , 5 0

I / 10

F ig .9 - D ates " C B C d e B eidha c lass&es p ar p hases e t e n % p ar t ranches d e 5 0 a ns ( le t otal d 'une t ranche = 1 00 p our l es é léments d e l a p hase I I , I V , I e t V I a dditionn s).

T RAITEMENT G RAPHIQUE

1 67

• • ••• • • •••

BC 5 500

H IS

POLYGONE D E F REQUENCE

6000 C LASSES D E 5 0 A NS

4

MOYENNE MOB ILE

6 500

7 000

7 500

F ig .10 - D ates 1 4 C B C d e J ericho P PNB p resentees s ous d ifferentes f ormes: h istogramme c umuld , p olygone d e f requence , c ourbes l issees d ont c elle d e l a m oyenne c entree m obile c alculee s ur 2 50 a ns .

1 68

J .

G ASCÖ

BC 5 500

6 000

IiI i1

6 500

1 P ONDER AT ION G RAPH IQUE

— 7000

J ER ICHO P PNB

7 500

F ig .11 - D ates " C B C d u s ite d e J ericho P PNB . H istogramme p ondere g raphiquement a vec p resentation d es v aleurs p our d eux d carts-types . E n h achures g rises e st i ndiquee l a d ifference d e c e r dsultat a vec l e t race d e l 'histogramme n on p ondere ( egalement v isible s ur / a p artie d roite d e l a c hronique 2 ).

T RAITEMENT G RAPHIQUE

1 69

1 000

200C

3000

B EFORE

C HRIST 3 601

4000

r

a r A V ANT J .C . 454 0

5000

52

5 570

1-

6000

615-5 0

F ig .12 -D ates r adiocarbone e xprimdes e n a ge B C e t e n a nndes s olaires o u c alendaires ( avant J .C .). L es d eux h istogrammes p rdsentent l es d ates d e l a p driode 7 d u f ichier d e / a M aison d e l 'Orient ( 43 d ates).

1 70

J .

E D =

G ASCO

E TC . PONDE R AT ION r z i

1 I

1

D ATES

1 4C

A V ANT J C

^ A

F ig .13 - S ysteme d e p onderation d es d ates c alibrdes e n a ge r eel . L es h istogrammes a dosses i ndiquent l es d ifferences e nregistrees e ntre d es r epresentations s imples ( a) e t p onderees ( b).

3000

e x treme

3 395

4000

4 865 m oyenne 5000

Max imum d e d a tes 5 768 m oyenne 6000 e x treme

V6 235

F ig .14 -D ates e n a ge r eel d e l a p eriode 4 d u f ichier d e / a M aison d e l 'Orient . F iguration d es m oyennes ( ancienne e t r ecente) e t d es e xtremes .

c o

QJ ( J

Q.)

C :t

4I

C N I 4 3

NATOUF IEN

N . RECENT

r - z • z c

t i

es e

a ( N

( . 1)

I

L _ r- ,

1 4 C ± 2& c ar t s t ype

2

E JO A

l aboratoire

1 71

T RAITEMENT G RAPHIQUE

J .

G ASCÖ

N ATOUF IEN

1 72

( I ) Q . ) F 4

• / .4

T Z ) ' Q J

r t Z )

Q J C l ) r -0

e ( I )

f t

C D

C D

A nnexe 2 .

d u s ite d e

Q J

( : $

T RAITEMENT G RAPHIQUE

DATES

1 4C

1 73

D E

CAYÖNÜ

BP

,f A d

6 000

7000

U CLA

g

Gr _N 8 000

9000

1 0000

1000

A nnexe 3 .

D ates

1 4

C d e c ayona d 'apr s J .

C auvin ( ce v olume).

1 74

J .

1 BR

9 000

8 000

7 000

6 000

G ASCÖ

5 000

A

ERA M IQUE

1

NEOL ITH I QUE

CHYPR I OTE

1 4C -I - 2 g car ts-type

A nnexe 4 . v olume).

D ates

1 4

C d u W olithique c hypriote d 'apr s A .

L e

B run

( ce

T RAITEMENT G RAPHIQUE

C D

1 75

c )

NEOL ITH IQUE

C ERA M IQUE

t \

03

s ites s ont

c ultures

A nnexe 6 .

SAMARRA

MESOPOTAM IE

c lass e s elon l es

CHALCOL I THI QUE

1 76 J. G ASC Ö

Chronologies Aurenche 0 ., BAR

in evin

International

J .

the and

Near Hours

F .

Series,

East, eds. 1987

L AD A T A T I O N P A R L AT H E R M O L U M IN E S C E N C E E TS O N A P P L I C A T IO N A U X G I S E M E N T S A R C H 2 O L O G I Q U E S D UP R O C H E O R I E N T Hölöne

RESUME: et des

de

Breve

ses

t erres

ABSTRACT: i ts of

cuites Short

conditions Near

presentation

conditions

of

du

de

la

methode

d ' application; Proche

r evue

de

datation

de

par

quelques

la

VALLADAS

thermoluminescence

r esultats

publies

cur

Orient.

presentation application;

of

the

r eview

method of

some

of

thermoluminescence

published

r esults

on

dating

and

potteries

East.

L a d atation p ar t hermoluminescence ( TL), m ise a u p oint n otamment d ans l e l aboratoire p our l 'Archäologie e t l 'Histoire d e l 'Art d 'Oxford ( Aitken e t a l ., 1 967) e st f ondäe s ur l a m esure d e l a l umiöre & Ilse p ar c ertains m inäraux d es c Aramiques e t d es r oches l ors d 'une c hauffe. E lle p ermet d e d äterminer l e t emps q ui s 'est ä coulä d epuis l a d erniöre c hauffe ä h aute t emperature d e r ächantillon q ue l 'on v eut d ater. E n e ffet, c ette c hauffe a e fface l a T L a ccumuläe d ans l e m ineral d epuis s a f ormation e t a d onc r emis l e c hronomötre ä z ero ( Aitken, 1 985; L alou e t Valladas, 1 985). L a T L d es m inäraux a p our o rigine l es r adionuclides c ontenus ä rätat d e t races d ans p ratiquement t outes l es r oches: c e s ont l es f amilies d e l 'uranium e t d u t horium e t l e p otassium 4 0, i sotope r adioa ctif d u p otassium. L es r ayonnements a lpha , b öta e t g amma q u 'ils ä mettent d äplacent l es e lectrons q ui s ont a lors p iägäs p ar l es i mpuretäs d u m ineral, j usqu 'ä c e q u 'une c hauffe ä 5 00 °C l es l iböre. L e n ombre d 'älectrons p iögös e t, p ar s uite, l 'intensitä d e l a l umiöre ä mise p endant l a c hauffe s ont d 'autant p lus g rands q ue l a q uantitä d e r ayonnement r evue aä tä p lus i mportante, d onc l e t emps d 'irradiation p lus l ong . D epuis s a c uisson, h e m ineral a d onc r evu u ne c ertaine d ose d e r ayonnements a ppeläs " paläodose". P our l a d äterminer, o n c ompare l a T L n aturelle d e r öchantillon ä l a T L a rtificielle i nduite a u l abor atoire p ar u ne d ose c onnue, e ngendräe p ar u ne s ource ö talonnäe ( Sr9 0)

d ans u n ä chantillon s emblable a u p remier.

P our c alculer l ' äge,

i i

f aut a ussi c onnaitre l a d ose a nnuelle d äposäe d ans l e m ineral p ar l es r ayonnements a lpha, b eta e t g amma . E lle c omprend l a d ose i nterne ( alpha+böta ), d äduite d es c oncentrations e n r adioäläments d ans l 'ächantillon e t l a d ose e xterne p rovenant d es g amma i ssus d es m ömes

1 78

H .

V ALLADAS

r adio616ments c ontenus d ans l e s ol e t d u r ayonnement c osmique. C ette d erniäre e st g änäralement m esur6e s ur l e t errain a vec d es d osimätres T L t räs s ensibles. L 'äge e st e gal a u r apport p al6odose/dose a nnuelle. L 'application d e l a T L n äcessite d es p recautions d ans l 'ächant illonnage e t d es m esures p hysiques s ur l e t errain. E n p ratique, l a d atation c ommence d onc s ur l e c hantier d e f ouille. A insi, c haque d atat ion p ose d es p roblämes s päcifiques ( concentration e n e au d ans l a c ouche a rchäologique, m esure d e l a d ose d e l 'environnement...). P ar a illeurs, l es ä chantillons, e n p articulier c eux q ui s ont t ranslucides c omme l es q uartz e t l es s ilex, n e d oivent p as ö tre e xposés ä u ne l umiäre v ive ( soleil) q ui e fface l eur T L p otentielle. L 'erreur s ur u n a ge T L e st g änöralement c omprise e ntre 8 e t 1 2%. L a p recision s ur l ' äge d 'un n iveau d onn6 p eut ä tre a mälior6e s i p lusieurs 6 chantillons s ont d atäs ( pour u ne d iscussion s ur l es d ifförentes s ources d 'erreur, v oir A itken e t A lldred, 1 972). L es a pplications J usqu 'ä p resent, l a T L a 6 t6 p eu a ppliquäe a ux v estiges a rch6ologiq ues d u P roche O rient. L a r aret6 d es d atations n e s 'explique p as p ar d es d ifficultös p articuliäres r elatives ä l a m ise e n o euvre d e l a m 6thode p uisque l es ö chantillons d atables p ar T L ( c6ramique, p ierres c hauff6es) y s ont n ombreux. E n r evanche, e ile s 'explique p lus v rais emblablement p ar l ' anciennet6 d e c ertaines f ouilles e t l 'impossibilit ä d e f aire l e t ravail d e t errain, i ndispensable ä l 'obtention d 'äges s ignificatifs. L a t hermoluminescence a s ervi ä a uthentifier c ertaines p oteries d e s tyle H actlar d ont l ' anciennet6 6 tait m ise e n d oute. L es p rospections d e J . M ellaart e n 1 956 d ans l a r egion d e B urdur a u S ud O uest d e l a T urquie o nt m ontrö l 'intörät d u g isement d e H actlar o ü d es p oteries p eintes a vaient 6 t6 d 6couvertes p ar d es v illageois. L es f ouilles q u 'il y a e ntreprises e ntre 1 957 e t 1 959 o nt p ermis d e t racer l e d öveloppem ent c ulturel d e c ette i mplantation p röhistorique, d e s on o rigine v ers 9 000 a ns a vant l e p resent ( pöriode p räcöramique) ä s on a bandon ä l a f in d u 8 eme m illenaire B P ( Mellaart, 1 970). L es n iveaux c orrespondant ä u ne d euxiäme ? ccupation d u s ite, a u d ebut d u 8 eme m illönaire B P ( chronologie 1 C ), o nt l ivr6 d e n ombreuses t erres c uites p olies m onoc hromes d e b elle q ualitä. A p artir d e c ette 6 po pe e t j usqu 'ä s a d est ruction ( niveau I d ate v ers 7 200 a ns B P, a ge 1 C , P -315), l e g isement a p roduit u ne g rande q uantitä d e t erres c uites p olies, a vec p arfois u n d ecor p eint: v aisselle ( gobelets, b ols), v ases a nthropomorphes, f igurines f äminines, r emarquables p ar l eur f inesse. D es l a f in d e l a f ouille d u g isement, d e n ombreuses p oteries d e s tyle H actlar s ont a pparues s ur l e m arch6 d e l 'art. L eur v ariöt6 e t l es d ifferences e xistant a vec l es t essons t rouvös e n p lace d ans l es c ouches a rchäol ogiques, o nt c onduit l es s päcialistes ä m ettre e n d oute l ' authent icit6 d e c ertaines d e c es p iäces. S oixante s ix t erres c uites d e s tyle H actlar ( vaisselle, v ases a nthropomorphes e t s tatuettes) p rovenant d e m us6es e t d e c ollections p riv6es o nt a lors 6 t6 s ölectionnäes e n v ue d 'un e xamen p ar l a t hermoluminescence ( Aitken e t a l ., 1 971). P arall element, t rois t essons ( niveaux I e t I I) e t s ix f igurines r ecoltees l ors d es f ouilles e taient e galement e tudies d ans l e m öme l aboratoire. L es f igurines n 'ont P u f aire l 'objet d 'une d atation c omplete ( mesure d e l a p aleodose s eulement) e n r aison d e l a p etitesse d u p relävement d e

T HERMOLUMINESCENCE

c eramique e lements.

1 79

( 20 m g ), i nsuffisante p our l a m esure d es t eneurs e n r adioL es a ges o btenus s ur l es t essons s ont r espectivement

6 900±1000 e t 7 940±800 ( 6chantillons a l e t a 2, n iveau I ) e t 8 200±10p0 a ns B P ( 6ch. b 2, n iveau I I), e n a ccord r aisonnable a vec l es a ges 1 4 C o btenus p our l es m ömes n iveaux ( P-315: 7 200±120 B P, n iveau I e t P 3 26a : 7 390±130 B P, n iveau I I). L a p recision l imitee d es d atations T L e st d ue ä l 'incertitude s ur l a d ose d e l 'environnement d es t essons; e n l ' absence d e p relävement d e s ediment d ans l a c ouche a rcheologique, c ette d ose a 6 t6 e stimee ä p artir d es m esures d es r adioelements c ontenus d ans l a t erre a dherant ä d es p oteries H actlar a uthentiques. C es d atations s ur d es p ieces s orties d e f ouille o nt p ermis d e c onn aitre l es p roprietes d e l a T L d es p oteries d 'Hactlar e t d 'aborder d ans d e b onnes c onditions l es m esures s ur l es p ieces ä a uthentifier , d ont l a p rovenance e tait i nconnue. S ur l es 6 6 p ieces t estees p ar l a T L ( mesure d e l eur p aleodose), 1 8 s eulement e taient a uthentiques ( ages c ompatibles a vec l e h uitieme m illenaire a vant l e p resent), l es a utres ö tant d e f abrication m oderne ( Aitken e t a l., 1 971). L es p ieces a uthentiques n 'ont p u e tre d atees a vec u ne m eilleure p recision q ue ± 30% ( dose a nnuelle m al c onnue e n r aison d e l a p etite q uantite d e p oudre d isponible p our l a m esure d es t eneurs e n r adioelements e t d u m anque d e s ediment d es c ouches a rcheol ogiques). D es d atations o nt e te f aites e galement s ur d es c eramiques p red ynastiques ( Whittle, 1 975 ) p rovenant d es g isements d e H emamieh ( Brunton e t C aton-Thompson, 1 928) e t d e Q urna-Tarif ( fouille p ar l e D r D . A rnold) s itues d ans l a v allee d u N il. A H emamieh, 8 t essons o nt 6 t6 d ates, d ont 6 a ppartiendraient ä l a c ulture b adarienne. L es t essons b 18 d e H emamieh e t a l e t b 2 d e Q urna-Tarif s ont a ttribuös a u G erzeen. L e t ableau 1 d onne l es a ges o btenus q ui s ont e n a ccord a vec l a s trat igraphie. C es a ges, ä l 'exception d e c eux d es e chantillons b 13 e t i n4 , c orrespondent a ux c ultures b adarienne e t g erzöenne ( chronologie C ). L a T L a a ussi 6 t6 a ppliquee ä 5 v ases a vec d es d ecors p eints, a tt ribues a u G erzeen, d ont l ' anciennete ö tait m ise e n d oute ( CrowfootP ayne e t a l ., 1 977 ). D eux d e c es v ases o nt d onne u n a ge p redynastique m ais l eur e tude a m ontre q ue l eur d ecor e tait r ecent. D eux a utres v ases, s ans d oute a nciens, s emblent a voir s ubi u ne n ouvelle c hauffe r ecemment. L e t roisieme e chantillon e st c ontemporain. L a d atation d e l a n öcropole n eolithique d 'El K adada d e l a h aute v allee d u N il e st e ntreprise p ar G eus e t a l. ( 1985 ). C onclusion D e n ombreuses a uthentifications 1 985)

o nt

6 t6

( voir

F leming ,

1 979

f aites s ur d es o bjets d u P roche O rient

e t

A itken,

( civilisations

h ittite, c hypriote...), q ui n e c onstituent p as d es d atations p recises. A n otre c onnaissance, i i n 'y a p as e u d e d atation s ystematique p ar l a T L s ur c es r egions, d e p ar l ' anciennete d e c ertaines f ouilles e t l a d estruction p artielle d es n iveaux a rcheologiques, m ais d e t elles d atat ions d evraient e tre p rogrammees p our l es f ouilles ä v enir. C ertaines

1 80

H .

V ALLADAS

d e c es f ouilles n e l ivrant d i m ateriel o rganique q u 'en f aible q uantite, l eur d atation p ar l e 1 C p ourra e tre e galement a bordee a vec l e T andetron.

Centre

d es Faibles Radioactivites ( CNRS-CEA) Domaine du CNRS. Av. de l a T errasse 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

B IBLIOGRAPHIE A ITKEN M .J. 1 985 T hermoluminescence d ating ,

E d.

A cademic P ress,

A ITKEN M .J., A LLDRED J .C. 1 972 T he a ssessment o f e rror l imits A rchaeometry,

i n

3 59 p .

t hermoluminescent

d ating ,

1 4 , 2 57-267 .

A ITKEN M .J., F LEMING S .J., Z IMMERMAN D .W. 1 967 T L d ating o f a ncient c eramics. I n : M ethods o f l ow-level c ounting , P roc . V ienna , 5 23-529.

R adioactive D ating a nd o f M onaco S ymp . I .A.E .A.,

A ITKEN M .J., M OOREY P .R.S., U CKO P .J. 1 971 T he a uthenticity o f v essels a nd s tyle, A rchaeometry , 1 3 , 8 9-141 .

f igurines

B RUNTON G ., 1 928

i n t he H acIlar

C ATON-THOMPSON G .

T he B adarian c ivilization a nd P redynastic r emains n ear B adari. L ondon, B ritish S chool o f A rchaeology i n E gypt.

C ROWFOOT-PAYNE A ., K ACZMARCZYK A ., F LEMING S .J. 1 977 F orged d ecoration o n p redynastic p ots, A rchaeology, v ol .63 , 5 -12 .

J ournal o f E gyptian

F LEMING S .J.

1 979

T hermoluminescence P ress, 2 33 p .

t echniques

i n

a rchaeology.

E d.

C larendon

G EUS F ., G UIBERT P ., M ARTINAUD C ., N EY C ., S CHVOERER M . 1 985 C hronologie p ar t hermoluminescence d es c ultures n eolithiques d e l a h aute v allee d u N il: e tude d e l a s epulture d 'enfant K DD 8 6/21 d e l a n ecropole d 'El K adada , C olloque d 'Arch &m&trie, B esançon, s eptembre 1 985. L ALOU C ., 1 985

V ALLADAS G .

L a T hermoluminescence. I n: A W •thodes d e d atation p ar l es ph & lom nes n uc Uaires: a pplications. E d. E . R oth, c ol. C EA .

M ELLAART J . 1 970

E xcavations a t H actlar I a nd I I.

E dinburgh.

T HERMOLUMINESCENCE

1 81

W HITTLE E .H.

1 975

T hermoluminecence d ating o f E gyptian P redynastic p ottery f rom H emamieh a nd Q urna-Tarif, A rchaeometry , 1 7, 1 19-122.

P rofondeur

N° l abo H emamieh

( site

( metre)

A ge

( ans B P)

1 31)

b 1 8

5 750 ± 3 30

b 1 9

6 600 ± 3 55

b

6 300

9

3 55

6 420 ± 3 65

1 0 b 1

2 m ( dans

l a b reche)

b 1 2

6 660 ± 3 65 6 480 ± 4 75

b 1 3

ä 0 ,4 m s ous

b 1 4

ä 2 ,1 m

Q urna-Tarif

4 -

( site

l a b reche

7 470 ± 4 05 7 550 ± 4 20

1 92)

a l

S ection e ,

n iveau 2

6 310 I - 3 45

b 2

S ection e ,

n iveau 3

5 780 ± 3 10

F ig .1 - D escription e t ä ges d es t essons d e c ramique p rovenant d es g isements d e H emamieh e t d e Q urna-Tarif ( d'apr s E .H . W hittle , 1 975).

Chronologies in Aurenche 0 ., Evin BAR International

the Near J . and Hours S eries,

F .

East, eds. 1987

P O T E N T IA L F O R L U M IN E SC E N C E D A T IN G I NT H E N E A R E A S T M J . AITKEN

ABSTRACT: are

The

basic

briefly

sediment

t echniques

r eviewed,

which

has

been

water.

The

particular

l ikely

age

range

l imit

of

of

Thermoluminescence

latter

being

exposed

to

sunlight

advantage

of

using

the

t echniques

in

Dating

primarily during

z ircon

general,

and

Optical

applicable

transportation

grains which

i s

to by

indicated

extends

well

Dating unburnt

wind as

or

well

beyond

as the

radiocarbon.

RESUME:

Les

optique

sont

applicable durant

for

the

l eur

t echniques

de

brievement

ä des

sediments

transport

particulier

de

d ' äge

ces

pour

par

base

de

datation

exposees. non l e

brüles

vent

l ' utilisation t echniques

Cette

de en

ou

qui

ont

l ' eau.

grains general,

par

thermoluminescence

derniere

de

é té

On

exposes

met

z ircon, qui

etant

en

aux

rayons

l ' accent

sur

ainsi

sur

s ' etendent

e t

que

datation

premier

bien

du

l ieu soleil

l ' avantage l es

l imites

au-delä

du

radiocarbone.

I ntroduction L uminescence D ating c omprises t he w ell-established t echnique o f T hermoluminescence ( TL) D ating t ogether w ith t he n ew t echnique o f O ptical D ating r ecently d emonstrated b y H untley, G odfrey-Smith a nd T hewalt ( 1985), t he l atter b eing b ased o n O ptically S timulated L uminescence ( OSL) a nd s een a s b eing p rimarily a dvantageous i n a pplication t o u nburnt s ediment. F or T L d ating t he a pplication w as i nitially t o p ottery a nd o ther f orms o f b aked c lay ( bricks, h earths e tc.), t hen t here w as e xtension t o b urnt f lint, s tones, a nd v olcanic l ava e tc, a nd f inally t o u nburnt s talagmitic c alcite a nd u nburnt s ediment. F or b urnt m aterial t he e vent b eing d ated i s t he l ast h eating i n e xcess o f a bout 4 00°C a nd f or c alcite i t i s t he t ime o f c rystal f ormation. F or s ediment i t i s l ast t ime a t w hich t here w as s ubstantial e xposure t o s unlight, e g d uring t ransportation b y t he w ind b efore d eposition. I f O SL i s u sed t he n ecessary d uration o f e xposure i s a t l east a n o rder o f m agnitude l ess t han i f T L i s u sed; t his g ives t he p ossibility o f d ating s ediment t hat h as h ad r elatively b rief e xposure s uch a s d uring t ransportation b y f lood w ater o r w hile l ying o n t he s urface p rior t o b urial b y s ucceeding l ayers.

1 84

M .J .

A ITKEN

The basic t echnique B oth t ypes o f l uminescence r epresent t he r elease o f e nergy t hat h as b een s tored i n t he c rystal l attice o f t he m ineral c oncerned ( eg q uartz, f eldspar, z ircon, c alcite). T his s torage i s i n t he f orm o f e lectrons t hat a re t rapped a t d efects i n t he c rystal l attice a nd w hen r eleased ( by h eat i n t he c ase o f T L; b y l ight i n t he c ase o f O SL) s ome o f t he d e-trapped e lectrons f ind l uminescence c entres t hereby c ausing l ight t o b e e mitted ( these c entres a re u sually f ormed b y i mpurity a toms p resent i n t he c rystal l attice). T he a mount o f l ight e mitted i s p roportional t o t he n umber o f t rapped e lectrons. T hese l atter a re t he r esult o f e xposure t o n uclear r adiation a nd t here i s a w eak f lux o f t his f rom t he r adioelements ( potassium-40, t horium a nd u ranium) n aturally p resent i n c lay a nd s oil. T he t rapped e lectrons b uild u p t o a n e quilibrium l evel d uring g eological t imes a nd a n e ssential r equirement f or d ating i s t hat t he n umber o f t rapped e lectrons i s r educed t o n ear z ero a t t he t ime o f t he e vent b eing d ated; a nd a s w e h ave s een a bove t raps c an b e e mptied t hrough t he a gency o f e ither h eat o r o f l ight. T he b asic e quations a re : A ge= P alaeodose A nnual R adiation d ose a nd P alaeodose =

A ccrued l uminescence L uminescence p er u nit d ose o f r adiation

( 1)

( 2)

T he A CCRUED L UMINESCENCE , m ore u sually r eferred t o a s t he " NATURAL", i s t he l uminescence o bserved, b y m eans o f a p hotomultiplier , w hen t he s ample i s h eated ( for T L) o r e xposed t o a l aser b eam ( for O SL). T he L UMINESCENCE P ER U NIT D OSE o r S ENSITIVITY i s e valuated b y m easurement o f t he " ARTIFICIAL" s ignal ( TL o r O SL) o bserved a fter e xposure o f t he s ample t o r adiation f rom a c alibrated r adioisotope s ource. T hus t he P ALAEODOSE r epresents t he t otal d ose t hat t he s ample m ust h ave r eceived s ince t he t raps w ere l ast e mptied. A lternative t erminology i s E QUIVALENT D OSE, A RCHAEOLOGICAL D OSE, A CCRUED D OSE e tc. T he A NNUAL D OSE , o r D OSE-RATE, i s d etermined b y b oth l aboratory a nd o n-site m easurements. I t c onsists o f t wo p arts, t he I NTERNAL d ose-rate f rom r adio-elements i n t he s ample i tself, a nd t he E XTERNAL d ose-rate f rom r adioelements i n t he b urial s oil ( up t o a d istance o f a bout 0 .3 m etre f rom t he s ample). F or f lint a nd c alcite t he e xternal c omponent i s o ften a s m uch a s 8 0% o f t he a nnual d ose a nd c onsequently t he r eliability o f t he a ge i s s trongly d ependent o n a n a ccurate e valuation o f i t. T his c omponent i s a lternatively c alled s oil d ose, e nvironmental d ose, g amma d ose a nd g amma-plus-cosmic d ose; t he c osmic-ray c ontribution i s t ypically a bout 2 0% o f t he e xternal c omponent, l ess i n d eep c aves. F or o n-site m easurements w e u se ( i) T L c apsules a nd ( ii) a p ortable g amma s pectrometer . A T L c apsule, u sually o f c opper, c ontains a h ighly-sensitive T L p owder a nd i s b uried i n t he s oil i n a s ituation t hat r epresents t hat o f t he s ample a s c losely a s p ossible;

i t i s a bout

L UMINESCENCE D ATING

1 85

8 mm d iameter a nd 4 0 m m l ong . M inimum b urial t ime i s a y ear

b eing

p referred;

i t

i s

f ew m onths, a p laced a t t he e nd o f a 0 .3 m etre l ong

a uger h ole. T he d etector o f t he g amma s pectrometer i s 6 5 m m i n d iameter s o t hat a c orrespondingly l arger h ole i s r equired; h owever i n t his c ase t he m easurement t ime i s o nly a n h our. T he a nnual d ose i s i nfluenced b y t he w ater c ontent o f s ample a nd s oil d uring a ntiquity. A n u pper l imit t o t he e ffect i s o btained b y m easuring t he s aturation c ontent. T he a s-dug c ontent c an a lso b e m easured ( using a t ightly-tied p lastic b ag t o a void e vaporation d uring t ransportation t o t he l aboratory); i t i s t hen a m atter f or d iscussion a s t o w hether t he a verage d uring b urial w as b igger o r s maller t han t he a s-dug v alue. U ncertainty a bout w ater c ontent i s o ne o f t he f actors t hat l imit t he a ccuracy a ttainable a nd t he c ollaboration o f a s edimentologist i s i mportant; t he u se o f z ircons, a s m entioned b elow , g ives t he p ossibility o f a s pecial t echnique i n b oth T L a nd O SL i n w hich t he i nfluence o f w ater c ontent a nd o ther e nvironmental f actors i s e liminated. T he i nternal d ose-rate i s e valuated b y l aboratory m easurements, u sually b y t hick-source a lpha c ounting c ombined w ith c hemical d etermination o f p otassium c ontent; n eutron a ctivation a nalysis i s s ometimes e mployed, a lso b eta d osimetry b y m eans o f t he s ame h ighly s ensitive T L p owder u sed i n t he c apsules. F or f urther i nformation r efer t o A itken B erger ( 1986).

( 1985),

W intle a nd H untley

( 1982),

M ejdahl

( 1986)

a nd

A ge Range T his i s d ependent o n t he l uminescence c haracteristics o f t he s ample, i ts r adioactivity, a nd t he r adioactivity o f t he s oil; o f c ourse i n t he c ase o f s ediment, s ample a nd s oil a re o ne a nd t he s ame. I n r ound t erms b oth f lint a nd c alcite c over t he r ange 5 .500-500.000 y ears, p erhaps m ore. T he l imit f or s ediment i s n ot y et e stablished b ut c ertainly i t r eaches t o 1 00.000 y ears, i e w ell b eyond t he 1 6.000-year s tarting p oint f or d iscussions a t t his m eeting ; t he l ower l imit f or s ediment d ating i s s et b y t he e ffectiveness o f t he z ero s etting , i e b y t he d uration o f e xposure t o s unlight. W hereas f or T L t he r esidual s ignal r emaining e ven a fter 2 4 h ours e xposure m ay b e s ubstantial ( depending o n t he m inerals i nvolved; f eldspar i s m uch m ore r eadily " bleachable" t han q uartz) a nd l ikely t o g ive a l ower l imit o f 5 .0001 0.000 y ears, f or O SL t he b leaching i s v ery m uch f aster a nd a ccording t o H untley e t a l. t he l ower l imit s hould b e a round 1 .000 y ears. Thus w e e xpect t hat f or s ediment t he a ge r ange u nder d iscussion a t t his m eeting s hould b e e asily e ncompassed b y t he O SL t echnique. T he O SL s ignal i s m ore e asily b leached b ecause t he s ignal i s a ssociated o nly w ith l ight-sensitive t raps i e t hose t raps a menable t o e mptying b y e xposure t o l ight.

Z ircon d ating ( Sutton a nd Z immerman ,

1 976; T empler,

i n p ress )

T he l evels o f t horium a nd u ranium i n z ircon a re s everal h undred p arts p er m illion a nd c onsequently t he a nnual d ose f or a g rain o f 0 .1

1 86

M .J .

A ITKEN

m m o r m ore i s d ominated b y t he i nternal c ontribution. T his m eans t hat u ncertainty a bout w ater c ontent a nd o ther e nvironmental f actors ( eg g eochemical l eaching a nd r adioactive d isequilibrium e ffects) a re r elatively u nimportant. T his r emoves a n i mportant s ource o f s ystematic e rror. H owever t he t echnique i s a m uch m ore d ifficult o ne t han d ating b y c onventional T L o r O SL, a nd s o f ar i ts s uccess h as b een d emonstrated o nly f or z ircon g rains e xtracted f rom p ottery, b ricks a nd l ava . N evertheless t here i s g ood p rospect t hat i t w ill s hortly b ecome a vailable f or s ediment. T he t echnique i nvolves t he m anipulation o f s ingle g rains a nd s o i t i s t o b e e xpected t hat i t w ill b e a pplicable o nly t o s ediment f or w hich t he a verage g rain s ize i s a round 0 .1 m m o r m ore ( le s and r ather t han s ilt). A bout 1 00 g rains a re r equired; t hese h ave t o b e e xtracted a nd i dentified u sing o nly a d im r ed l ight ( to a void b leaching o f t he " natural") a nd i t i s o nly w orth a ttempting t o u se t his t echnique f or s ediments k nown t o b e f airly r ich i n z ircon .

A ccuracy a nd A pplication T he a ccuracy a ttainable, w hether u sing f eldspar o r z ircon, i s c urrently i n t he r ange 5 -10% o f t he a ge ( and i n a dverse c onditions i t i s w orse). T hus f or 1 6.000 B P t he e rror l imits o n t he a ge a re l ikely t o b e a round ± 1200 y ears a nd ± 1600 y ears, a nd f or 4 .000BP a round ± 300 y ears. I t i s i mportant r ealize t his b efore a ttempting a pplication a nd t o r eserve t he s ubstantial r esources r equired f or e xecuting t he t echnique f or c ircumstances w here e ven a n a pproximate a nswer i s u seful, e g w hen m aterial f or r adiocarbon i s a bsent f rom t he s ite o r w hen t he r adiocarbon r esults a ppear t o b e u nreliable. T he i mportance o f l uminescence d ating , d espite t he p oor a ccuracy , c ontinues t o b e d emonstrated b y t he T L d ating o f b urnt f lint i n N W E urope; f or i nstance b y B owman a t t he B ritish M useum ( Bowman a nd S ieveking , 1 983), b y H uxtable a t O xford ( Aitken, H uxtable a nd D ebenham, 1 986) a nd b y V alladas a t G if-sur-Yvette ( Valladas, 1 986). I t i s t o b e e xpected t hat o ther t ypes o f l uminescence d ating w ill p rove a s u seful, a s h as a lready b een d emonstrated f or t he T L d ating o f s ediments r elevant t o q uarternary g eology b y W intle a t C ambridge ( eg W intle, S hackleton a nd L autridou, 1 984), M ejdahl i n D enmark ( eg M ejdahl, 1 986) a nd H untley a nd B erger i n C anada ( eg B erger , 1 985; H untley, 1 985). I n r espect o f s ample a cceptability, f or b urnt f lint i t i s i mportant n ot o nly t hat t he f lint i s w ell b urnt b ut a lso t hat i t i s l arge e nough, e g a bout 1 0 m m t hick a nd 3 0 m m a cross. F or s ediment i t i s a bsolutely e ssential t hat e xposure t o l ight i s r igorously a voided. I t i s b est i f s ample-taking i s c arried o ut b y l aboratory s taff u sing s pecial c ylinders; m easurements c an b e r equired.

a t m ade.

t he s ame t ime o n-site r adio-activity S everal k ilograms o f s ediment m ay b e

R esearch

Laboratory and History

f or Archaeology of Art, Oxford

LUMINESCENCE DATING

187

REFERENCES AITKEN M.J. 1985 Thermolwninescence dating. Academic Press. AITKEN M.J., HUXTABLE J. and DEBENHAM N.C. 1986 Thermoluminescence dating in the paleolithic burned flint, stalagmit calcite and sediment. Assoc. Fr. Etude Quat. Bull. (26), 7-14. BERGER G.W. Thermoluminescence dating studies of rapidly deposited silts 1985 from south-central British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 22: 704-710. Dating Quarternary Deposits by Luminescence -Recent Advances. 1986 Geoscience Canada, 12, N ° l. BOWMAN S.G.E. and SIEVEKING G. de G. 1983 Thermoluminescence dating of PACT, 9, 253-268.

burnt flint from Combe Grenal.

HUNTLEY D.J. 1985 On the zeroing of the thermoluminescence of sediments. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 12, 122-127. HUNTLEY D.J., GODFREY-SMITH D.I. and THEWALT M.L.W. 1985 Optical dating of sediments. Nature, 313, 105-107. MEJDAHL V. Dating of feldspar and quartz. 1986 Clermont-Ferrand, March 1986.

Proceedings of 11th R.S.T.,

SUTTON S.R. and ZIMMERMAN D.W. 1976 Thermoluminescence dating using zircon grains archaeological ceramics. Archaeometry, 18, 125-134.

from

T' PLER R.H. ress. Autoregenerative TL dating of zircon inclusions. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. VALLADAS H., GENESTE J.M., JORON J.L. and CHADELLE J.P. Thermoluminescence dating of Le Moustier. Nature, 1986 454. WINTLE A.G. and HUNTLEY D.J. 1982 Thermoluminescence dating Reviews, 1, 31-53.

of

322,

452-

sediments. Quaternary Science

WINTLE A.G., SHACKLETON N.J. and LAUTRIDOU J.P. Thermoluminescence dating of periods of loess deposition 1984 soil formation in Normandy. Nature, 310, 491-493.

and

Chronologies in Aurenche O ., rvin BAR International

the Near J . and Hours S eries,

F .

East, eds. 1987

R E LA T IO N S E N T R E P H A S E S C L IM A T IQ U E S E TC H R O N O LO G IO U E S A UM O Y E N O R I E N T D E1 6 . 0 0 0 A1 0 .0 0 0 B P Pierre

RESUME:

En

BP),

correlation

i s

milieu

s tratigraphie), une

approche

continental e st

c oherence

Passe,

qu'elles

c limatique. t itution l es

Par

par

l es

rassemblees

Moyen

l es

Orient

l imitee

contre,

donnees une

entre

ä cause

de

is

is

valeur

i sotopiques, s 'il

ou

e t

r arete

10. 000

des

BP,

apporte e chelles

paleontologiques pour

introduites

des

ans

( climato-

existe

paleoclimatiques carte

( 16-10. 000

paleoclimatologie

ä e tablir

16. 000 l a

courtes

comparables

a posteriori,

cherche

sur

aussi

a priori

chronologies

verification

soient l e

p eriodes

verifier,

toutes

t res

The

paleoclimatic dry,

wet,

d ifficult the

c limato-stratigraphy events,

e tc... than

of

data.

the

a

b etween

This

c an

and

bring

1 6, 000

f or

map and

because

or

t he

same

o ld

t he

l ocal

t he

p eriod

under

method

become

i ndependant

s cales l ies

f rom t o

date

( ou une

dans

une

donnees

non)

date

un

t eile

du

modele r econs-

disponibles

BP,

available

or

i n

the

on

t hese

sur

very

here

data

model.

r econstitution

palaeoenvironments

are

more

modify

( 16-10, 000

y . t he

a posteriori

t he

confirm

coherence These

some warm,

Nevertheless,

paleontologic

t he past.

cold,

conditions

dubious. t o

correlate

correlations

consideration

a c limatic a

to

f eatures:

r egional

approach

s tate

such data

approach

salient

i sotopic,

of

i ntroduced y .

an

t he

t his

a g iven

1 0,000

i s

e nvironments,

because

an

verification data

r egional

d ifficult

s hort

have

continental

oceans

s tratigraphic

paleoclimatic

s eem

addition,

t oo

paleoclimatology

i n

t he

I n

r eally

which

But,

i n

c limate. i s

value

on

Cette

d es

paleoenvironnements.

ABSTRACT:

BP)

pour

entre

Pour

r este

sur

c limatiques,

d iscutable.

obtenues

prehistoriques.

une

tres

independante

s tratigraphiques ou

e t

d 'evenements

ROGNON

and

prehistoric

between can

For

be

a ll

the

collected

the

Middle

East,

r emains

today

v ery

are

very

f ew.

E n l 'absence d e c hronologie a bsolue, l a p al6oclimatologie a p arfois ä tä u tilisäe p our c orräler c ertains ä vänements q ui s emblent c orresp ondre ä d es c ontextes c limatiques c omparables. C ette c limato-stratig raphie p ose, a p riori, l e p rincipe d e v ariations c limatiques s ynchrones e t d e m äme s ens d ans d es r egions p arfois t räs ä loignäes. C e p rincipe e st v alable ä c ertaines ö chelles d e t emps e t d ans d es m ilieux t räs h omogänes: - s ur d es p öriodes d e t emps d e l 'ordre d e 1 00 m illönaires, i l e st p ossible, s ans r isque g rave, d e c orräler g laciaires o u i nterglaciaires ä rächelle d u g lobe c ar ä c ette ä chelle d e t emps, l es v ariations d u c limat s ont s ynchrones ( ou p resque). M ais i l e st d éjà p lus d iscutable d e r elier d es " interstades" o u d es " stades" ä l 'ächelle d e l 'Europe o y m öme d e l a F rance 6 tant d onnä l a b riävetä d e l eur d uräe ( 10 3 ä 1 0 a nnäes) e t l eur e xtension p lus l imitäe. E nfin, i i d evient i rräaliste d e c hercher ä c orröler d es c rises c limatiques, a ccidents t räs b refs

1 90

P .

R OGNON

( quelques s iöcles), e n r elation a vec d es d ösäquilibres r ägionaux ( Rognon, 1 981a e t 1 984). L a p öriode d e 6 m illänaires ( 16.000 ä 1 0.000 B P), c onsidäräe, i ci i nterdit l e r ecours ä l a c limato-stratigraphie ä rächelle d u M oyen O rient. -d ans d es m ilieux h omogänes, c omme l es o ceans, l a s tratigraphie o cäanique u tilise s ouvent d es r accords d e " pic ä p ic" d 'une c arotte ä l 'autre p arce q ue l 'ocäan e st h omogänäisä e n p ermanence p ar l a c irculation o cäanique e t n e " r eond" q ue t rös i ndirectement a ux v ariations r eelles d u c limat. M ais s ur l es c ontinents, l es c limats r ägionaux v arient d e m aniöre i ndäpendante, c e q ui a e ntrainä t rös r apidement l 'abandon d es p remiäres t entatives d e c orrelations, ä t ravers t oute l 'Afrique, d es " pluviaux" e t d es " arides". L a d iversitä d es m äcanismes c limatiques q ui i nterviennent e ntre 1 5 e t 4 2°N e mpöche a ussi d e c onsidärer l e M oyen O rient c omme u ne p rovince c limatique h omogäne. A u M oyen O rient e t s ur q uelques m illänaires, o n p eut e nvisager c ependant u ne c ontribution d e l a p aläoclimatologie ä r ätablissement d 'une ö chelle s tratigraphique d ans l a m esure o ü e ile a pporte u n m oyen i ndäpendant p our v erifier l a s oliditä d e c ette ä chelle. P our y p arvenir, i i f aut a bandonner l es n otions ö lämentaires d e " pluvial", " aride", " chaud" o u " froid" p our c aractäriser l es p ics o btenus s ur l es c ourbes d 'ävolution d es m ilieux c ontinentaux e t l es c orräler e nsuite a lors q ue l a s edimentation e st s ouvent d iscontinue. C haque p ic d oit ö tre d öfini p ar d e v äritables p aram tres c limatiques: t emperatures, b ilan p luviosit6/Övaporation , r äpartition s aisonniöre d es p räcipitations, r äsultante d es v ents, e tc... q ui r enforceront s on i ndividualitä. L es " fonctions d e t ransfert" ä p artir d es d onnäes t iräes d es m odäles a ctuels s ont u ne d es v oies l es p lus e fficaces p our a mäliorer l a d efinition d e c haque p ic. A p artir d e c es d onnäes, o n p eut e nsuite ä tablir u ne c arte p a Uoclimatique p our c haque p äriode q ui p ermettra d e r econstituer l es c entres d 'action a tmosphäriques e t d e r emonter a ux m öcanismes c limatiques. C 'est ä c e s tade q ue l e r ecours ä l a m od aisation p ermettra d e v erifier, d e m aniäre i ndäpendante, l a c ohesion d es c hronologies f ournies p ar l a P rähistoire o u l es m äthodes i sotopiques o u p al6ontologiques. L orsqu 'une a nomalie s era c onstatäe s ur l es c artes o u l e m odäle, e ile n e p ourra s 'expliquer q ue p ar l es c onditions p articuliöres d e c e s ite ( paläoclimat " stationnel") o u p ar u ne r emise e n c ause d e l a c hronologie. M alheureusement, m algrö l es p rogräs c onsidärables r äalisäs d epuis q uelques a nnäes d ans l a r econstitution d es p alöoclimats, l e P roche O rient r este e ncore u ne r egion t rös m al c onnue, e xceptä e n I sra61 e t p lus p articuliärement a u N egev . C 'est ä p artir d e c es r egions m ieux c onnues, q ue n ous e ssayerons d e m ontrer c omment l a p al6oclimatologie p eut r enforcer l a c ohärence d es r econstitutions c hronologiques. L a p äriode 1 6-10.000 B P a ä tä c hoisie p our i llustrer l es r elations e ntre p aläoclimatologie e t c hronologie a u M oyen O rient. L a p äriode h olocäne a d äjä f ait l 'objet d 'un e ssai d 'interprätation p alöoclimatique e t d e c artographie d es c entres d 'action a tmosphärique ( Rognon, 1 982), p uis d 'une c omparaison a vec d es v ariations c limatiques h olocönes d u M aghreb ( Rognon, 1 981b). C es c onclusions n e s eront p as r eprises i ci.

P HASES C LIMATIQUES E T C HRONOLOGIQUES

1 91

L 'EVOLUTION D U C LIMAT T ARDIGLACIAIRE ( 16.000 ä 1 0.000 B P) N i l a d ate d e 1 6.000 B P, n i m eme c elle d e 1 8.000 B P ( maximum d u f roid ä l 'echelle d u g lobe) n 'ont d e s ignification p articuliäre a u M oyen O rient. E lles s emblent s 'inscrire d ans u ne l ente e volution q ui a c ommence p lusieurs m illiers ( ou d izaines d e m illiers?) d 'annees a uparavant. t ant d onne l e p eu d e d atations d isponibles, c ette s tabilite c limatique e st, p eut-etre, i llusoire. M ais e ile p eut s 'expliquer a ussi p ar l 'influence d eterminante d es i nlandsis d e l 'hemisphere n ord q ui, p ar l eur e xtreme i nertie, a ttenuent l e r ole d es o scillations t hermiques e ngendröes p ar l es m odifications d e l 'orbite t errestre. L orsque l e r echauffement s 'accentue ä p artir d e 1 4.000 B P, d e b rusques r eajustements ä rechelle d u g lobe p rovoquent u ne t res g rande i nstabilite e ntre 1 4.000 e t 1 0.000 B P. UN E

PA L E O G E O G R A P HI E

QUI

SE

MO D I FI E

PE U

JU S Q U' A

14. 0 0 0

BP

D es a vant 1 8.000 B P, l e M oyen O rient s emble a voir e te u n c Msert p lus a ccentué e t p lus é tendu q u 'aujourd 'hui d ans s a p artie o rientale, p rivee d e l a s ource d 'humidite d u g olfe a rabo-persique, a sseche p ar l a r egression g lacio-eustatique. A u n ord, l a c haine d u Z agros e st u n d esert p lus f roid q u 'aujourd 'hui; a u s ud, l 'Arabie m eridionale e st s ous l 'influence q uasi e xclusive d e l a m ousson s eche d e N E e t l 'Egypte e st h yper aride. S i o n n e p eut s e f ier a ux q uelques d atations d isponibles, i l s emble q ue / a l imite d u d g .sert s ' tende l entement v ers l 'ouest a u c ours d e c ette p eriode. E n e ffet, l es l acs l ' El J afr e t d e P almyre ( Haniara e t S akaguchi, 1 978) d isparaissent d es 2 0.000 B P, c elui d e D amas a pres 1 6.000 B P e t l e p aleolac L isan ( Mer M orte) a vant 1 2.000 B P ( Begin e t a l., 1 980). O r c es l acs e xistaient b ien a vant 1 8.000 B P. L a m eme a ridification e st c onstatee e n A sie M ineure o ü l e l ac d e K onya e tait ä s on n iveau m aximum v ers 2 3-17.000 B P e t s 'asseche e nsuite r apidement ( Roberts, 1 980). C ette e xtension d u d esert n 'epargne q ue l es f açades m editerraneennes: L a c öte s eptentrionale d e l 'Aste m ineure r este t res h umide e n b ordure d e l a M er N oire t ransformee e n l ac d 'eau d ouce. M ais l 'Ouest d e l a T urquie e st c ouvert d e s teppes p lus o u m om s p arsemöes d 'arbres d urant l a f in d u P leistocene s ans p lus d e p recision c hronologique s ur l a c arotte d e S ögüt G ölü ( Van Z eist e t B ottema, 1 982). L a façade du L evant a c onnu u ne l ongue p eriode p luviale d 'apres l es a nalyses s ur c arotte d u l ac H uleh ( Nord I srael), q ui c onfirment c ette t endance g enerale ä l 'assechement p uisque l es p ollens d 'arbres r eprösentaient p lus d e 5 0% d u t otal v ers 3 0-35.000 B P e t s eulement 2 5% a ux e nvirons d e 1 8-20.000 B P ( Van Z eist e t B ottema , 1 982). D ans l e p aleolac L isan, l 'augmentation d es e lements c lastiques v ers 1 5.000 B P i ndique d es e coulements p lus t orrentiels ä l a p eripherie e t u ne b aisse r apide d u n iveau d u l ac, e n r elation a ussi a vec l e r echauffement, d onc u ne e vaporation p lus f orte. U n g radient N S s emblable ä l 'actuel e xistait d éjà a vec l e d epöt d e d iadomites a u N ord e t d 'aragonite e t d e g ypse a u S ud d u l ac. M ais l a p resence d 'aragonite i ndique u ne e vaporation m om s i ntense q ue c elle q ui p rovoque l e d epot d es s els a ctuels. L 'etude p alynologique e t s edimentologique d e q uatre s ites d u r ebord S W d es p lateaux d e J ordanie, ä 1 50 k m a u S ud d e l a M er M orte , c onfirme q ue d es c onditions p lus h umides q ue l 'Actuel o nt r egne a u S ud d u L evant e ntre 2 0.000 e t 1 5.000 B P,

a vec u n b rusque a ssechement e ntre

1 92

P .

1 5.000 e t 1 4.000 B P

( Henry,

R OGNON

ä p araitre).

L a t endance ä l 'aridification e st t res n ette a ussi ä l a b ordure S ud d e c et h ot d 'humidit6. G räce ä r ätude

p recise d e n ombreux s ites a rchäologiques d u N ord

S inai e t d e l 'Ouest d u N egev, o n a p u m ontrer q ue d ans c e s ecteur ( Goldberg , 1 986): - L es s ables 6 oliens a pparaissent ä Q udeirat W . a prös 2 5.000 B P; -u ne p hase d 'incision d es o ueds e t d e d äsequilibre O omorphologique a c ommence v ers 2 5.000 ä W . M ushabi e t G . M aghara e t s 'achäve v ers 1 4.500 p ar u ne s tabilisation d es v ersants e t l a f ormation d e s ols. C ette p ädogenäse a p eut-ötre c ommence d es l e t out l 'Epipaläolithique; - a u N ahal N izzana , d es d unes l ongitudinales c ontiennent

d ebut

d e

l 'industrie

d e l a f in d u P aleolithique s uperieur e t i ndiquent u ne a ridite b ien e tablie i ci e ntre > 2 2.000 e t 1 7.000 B P; - ä S hunera , d es d ebts d e l oess d epuis > 2 5.500 j usque v ers 1 8.000, i ndiquent u n c ouvert v ägetal e ncore a ssez d ense p our p ieger l es p oussiäres. P uis a präs 1 6.000 B P, l e d eclin d e l a v egetation p rovoque l 'incision d e c es l oess e t b e & pot d e g raviers d 'epandage d 'oueds. A insi d ans c ette z one d e 1 50 k m d 'Ouest e n E st, d es i ndications n ombreuses e t c oncordantes p ermettent d e s uivre l e p assage d 'une l ongue p 6riode d e p luies f ines, a ssez a bondantes, b ien r eparties s ur l ' annee ( depots d e v allee e ssentiellement l imoneux) q ui r emonte p eutö tre j usqu 'ä 4 5.000 B P, ä u ne p eriode d 'instabilite g eneralisee e t d 'incision d ans u n c ontexte p roche d e l 'Actuel ( Goldberg , 1 981). LE S

RA PI D E S

CH A N C E ME N T S

CL1 M A TI Q UE S

EN T R E

14. 0 0 0

ET

10. 0 0 0

BP

L 'instabilite c limatique e n I srael e t e n J ordanie Dans l e N ord du S inai e t l 'Ouest d u N egev , l a c oupe d e W adi M ushabi m ontre q ue b e s ol r ougeätre c alcique q ui s e d äveloppe v ers 1 4-15.000 B P e st r ecouvert p ar 1 o u 2 m etres d e s ables ä oliens ( periode a ride) p uis 8 ä 1 0 m etres d e d äpots p alustres o u l acustres c ontenant d es o utils i n s itu d u M ushabien e t d u K ebarien g eometrique, d atant c ette s equence d e 1 4.000 ä 1 2.000 B P. L e " pluvial" q ui s 'installe d onc ä c ette é poque s emble a voir e te i nstable, e ntrecoupe d e p hases d 'ariditä. A Q adesh B arnea, ä 1 00 k m p lus ä l 'Est, c ette p äriode h umide e st m arquee s eulement p ar u n s ob d ecolorö e t g leyifiä, i ndiquant u n h aut n iveau d e l a n appe a quiföre d ans d es a lluvions s ableuses e t d ate d e 1 3.930±120 e t 1 4.130±160, c e q ue c onfirme l a p resence d 'outillage d u K ebarien g eometrique. D ans b e N ahal N izzana, l es d unes l ongitudinales s ont f ixees e t a ltäräes e n s ob c arbonate ä pais, p robablement d 'äge K ebarien, t andis q u 'ä S hunera, u ne p hase d 'aridite e st a ttestee p ar b e d epot d e s ables e oliens e t d 'evaporites ( gypse e t C aCO ) , d ates d e 1 0.300 B P. E nfin, c ette p eriode p luviale e st c onfirmee p a' l a t räs f orte d ensite d e s ites d e l ' gpipa r eolithique s uperieur ( 14.500-12.000 B P), c omparee ä c elle d es s ites a nterieurs ( Paleolithique s uperieur f inal) o u p ostärieurs ( = K ebarien t ardif: 1 21 1.000 B P). C ette d ensitä d es s ites d u M ushabien e t d u K ebarien g eometrique s e r etrouve, e n p laine c o me e n m ontagne, d e S uez a u L iban ( Goldberg e t B ar-Yosef, 1 982). D e part e t d 'autre d u r ift: C ette i nstabilitä c limatique e st c onstatee a ussi ä l 'Est d u r ift, s ur b e r ebord d u p lateau j ordanien,

ä l a m äme l atitude,

o ü

l a

p hase

P HASES C LIMATIQUES E T C HRONOLOGIQUES

1 93

a ride d e 1 5 ä 1 4.000 B P e st s uivie d 'un a ccroissement d e l 'humidite ( 14 ä 1 2.000 B P), p uis d 'une a ridification a pres 1 2.000 B P ( Henry, ä p araitre). A 2 50 k m a u N NW, s ur l e r ebord o uest d u r ift , e n S amarie, l 'etude d es g isements p rehistoriques d es w adis F azaül e t S alibiya c onfirme c ette i nstabilite ( Goldberg , 1 981). - L es a nalyses p olliniques i ndiquent d es p ourcentages d 'arbres d e 2 83 0% p our l e K ebarien g eometrique e t s eulement 5 % ä l a f in d u N atoufien. C es a nalyses o nt e te c onfirmöes p ar c elles d e F . D armon ( 1984) q ui m ontrent u n p ourcentage d 'arbres e ncore n otable ( 13%) a vec u ne g rande v ariete ( Oleacees, C henes, F renes, T amaris, O rme, S aule) e t t res p eu d e C hänopodiacees p our l e K ebarien g eometrique ( vers 1 4.0001 3.000 B P). A u c ontraire, ä l a f in d u N atoufien ( vers 1 1.000 B P), l es C henopodiacees r eprösentent j usqu 'ä 9 0% d es p ollens e t l es a rbres s ont a bsents. D e m eme, l a f aune d e l a p remiere p eriode c omprend e ncore d es d aims ( environnement b oise) q ui d isparaissent d ans l a s econde. - L e paleolac L isan e xistait e ncore ä s on n iveau m aximum v ers 1 3.500 B P ( -180 m d 'altitude c ontre 356 m a ctuellement). L a d isparition d e c e l ac p rofond d e 1 80 m e nviron a e te t res r apide p uisque l e s ite d e J ericho e st e xonde a vant 1 1.166±107 B P. C ette a ridification e st c onfirmee p ar l 'etude p ollinique d u s ite d e M allaha H uleh). Dans 1 982)

l e Nord d 'Israel, m ontre q ue l e

1 6.250±200

B P,

s e

l a c arotte d u l ac H uleh r apport A P/NAP e ncore

( en b ordure d u l ac

( Van Z eist e t B ottema , e n r egression a pres

r edresse j usqu 'ä d es v aleurs p roches d e c elles d u

p luvial d e 2 9-30.000 B P, v ers 1 4-12.000 B P, p our r edescendre ä , d es v aleurs t res b asses v ers 1 0.000 B P ( peu a vant l a d ate 1% d e 9 .770±200) ( 1). C ette e volution d e l a p luviositö e st c onfirmee p ar u ne e tude i sotopique: s ur l es 1 4 s ites d 'Israül, l 'etude d es t eneurs e n 1 8 0 d es c oquilles d e L evantina c aesareana, m ollusque i ndicateur d es p luies d e s aison f raiche, a p ermis d 'ötablir u ne c ourbe d e l 'evolution d es p recipitations ( Magaritz e t H eller, 1 980). C ette c ourbe m ontre, e n p articulier , l 'existence d 'une p eriode d 'aridite t res m arquee e ntre 1 1.000 e t 1 0.500 B P ( apres u n m aximum p luviomötrique d e 1 4.000 ä 1 2.000) q ui c orrespondrait a u r efroidissement d u D ryas r ecent e n E urope o ccidentale. C es v ariations i sotopiques, a ssociees ä c elles d es i ndices d e t aille d es c oquilles, c onfirment d onc l a r apidite d es c hangements c limatiques ä l a f in d u T ardiglaciaire. L a r aretö d es d onn es d ans l e r este d u M oyen O rient: L es paleolacs de l 'arc m ontagneux t urco-iranien e voluent d ans un s ens o ppose ä l 'Ouest e t ä l 'Est ( Robert , 1 982): - ä K onya ( centre d e l 'Asie M ineure), o ü p ar s uite d e l 'assechement a pres 1 7.610±160 B P, l e l ac r eapparait e ntre 1 2.010±65 e t 1 0.950±65 B P, n on p lus a vec p lus d e 4 .300 k m e t 3 0 m d e p rofondeur, m ais m orcele e n c inq p etits l acs. D urant c e s econd e pisode, l es p luies o nte lles e te m ains a bondantes? o u c ontrariees p ar u ne e vaporation p lus f orte? o u e ncore l e b ilan d u l ac e tait-il e xcedentaire p ar s uite d e l a f onte d es g laces e t n eiges s ur l es m ontagnes e nvironnantes? - ä Z eribar ( Ouest-Zagros) o ü u n l ac p rofond a vant 1 4.000 B P d escend

( 1)

L es

analyses

montrent

polliniques

aussi

une

p lus

dans grande

l a

grotte

humidité

d e vers

Nahr

I brahim

13-14. 000

BP.

( Leroi-Gourhan,

1 973)

1 94

P .

R OGNON

ä s on n iveau l e p lus b as e ntre 1 4.000 e t 1 1.000 B P. C e c hangement s 'accompagne, v ers 1 3.600±160 B P, d 'une m odification d ans l a c omposition d es s teppes e nvironnantes o ü l es p ollens d 'Armoises s ont r emplacäs p ar d es C hänopodiacäes, c e q ui e st i nterprätä c omme u ne a ccentuation d e l 'ariditä p ar c ertains p alynologues ( El M oslimany, 1 982; B run, 1 985). L e r apport C hänopodiacäes/Armoises p ubliä p ar E l M oslimany p our Z eribar o ppose u ne p eriode p lus h umide e t s table, d e 2 2.000±500 ä 1 4.000 B P, ä u ne p eriode d 'alternances p rononcäes d e p hases a rides e t h umides j usque d ans i nfärieur ( 8.160±160 B P). C e n 'est q ue v ers l a l imite d e ( bien a pres 1 1.480±160 B P e t p lus p räs d e 8 .100±160) p ourcentage d 'arbres c ommence ä c roitre, t res l entement, d es h erbacäes.

r apides e t l 'Holocäne l ' Holocene q ue l e a ux d äpens

Q ueLques a nalyses polliniques , a u S ud d e l 'arc m ontagneux , m ontrent a ussi u ne e volution i nverse e ntre l 'Ouest e t l 'Est: - a l 'Ouest, d ans l a p laine d u G hab, l es p ollens d 'arbres ( Quercus , O lea, e tc...) a ugmentent r apidement e ntre 1 1 e t 1 0.000 B P a pres u ne p äriode ä v ägötation s teppique m al c onnue. - a 1 75 k m s e r l 'E .NE , a M ureybet, c 'est l a s teppe q ui g agne s ur l es a rbres v ers 1 0.500-10.000 B P e t l 'aridite s emble a voir p ersiste s ur t out l e M oyen O rient O riental, p uisque l es f onds e xondäs d u g olfe a rabo-persique o nt ä te r ecouverts p ar d es s ystemes d e d unes l ongitudinales, i ndicateurs d 'une i ntense a ctivite ä olienne d urant l a t ransgression m arine ( entre 1 5.000 e t 6 .000 B P). L es s ediments a ragonitiques c ontemporains d e c ette t ransgression n e c ontiennent d 'ailleurs a ucun ä lement d ätritique, m öme a u p ied d u Z agros, p reuve q ue l es o ueds e taient e ncore m om s a ctifs q u 'aujourd 'hui o ü l es r apports t errigänes s ont n otables ( Sarnthein , 1 972). S i o n r approche c es d onnäes d es p räcädentes, i l s emble q ue l a p artie n ord d u M oyen O rient d evienne p lus h umide ä l 'Ouest ( Konya , G hab) t andis q u 'elle s 'asseche ä l 'Est ( Zeribar, M ureybet). C ette t endance v ers l a f in d u T ardiglaciaire e st r enversee p ar r apport ä l ' aridification p rogressive d 'Est e n O uest c onstatäe a vant 1 4.000 B P. E SSAI D 'INTERPRgTATION PALgOCLIMATIQUE C ette t entative d e r econstitution d e l 'evolution d u c limat d e 1 6.000 ä 1 0.000 B P a ä tä ä tablie ä p artir d e d onnäes c hronologiques e xträmement d isparates. L e b ut d e l a p aleoclimatologie e st d e v erifier s i c e s chema p räsente u ne c ertaine c oherence d u p oint d e v ue d es m öcanismes d u c limat. L' E X T E N S I O N

DE

L' A R 1 D I T E

VE R S

L' O U E S T

DE

>

16. 0 0 0

A

14. 0 0 0

BP

L a q uasi-permanence d es reg imes d e h aute p ression S i d es c onditions t res a rides, f tendues d u Z agros ä l 'extröme S ud d e l 'Arabie, s ont c onfirmäes p ar l es r echerches f utures, e lles i mpliquent u ne e xtension c onsiderable d es h autes p ressions, p ar l a j onction, s ans l ignes d e d iscontinuitä, e ntre p lusieurs a nticyclones ( fig .1): un a nticyclone dynamique , d ü ä u ne r emontäe d e l 'onde p lanötaire d u f ront p olaire j usqu 'ä d es l atitudes t räs s eptentrionales ( 35-40 0N ), e n r elation a vec l a d epression d 'altitude, c rääe ä l 'Est d e l a b arriere d e g lace ( haute d e p lusieurs m illiers d e m etres) q ui s tätendait s ur l ' Europe d u N W. P ar s on a ltitude e t s on a lbädo p ermanent, l 'inlandsis n ord-europäen e ngendrait, e n e ffet, d es h autes p ressions d ynamiques

P HASES C LIMATIQUES E T C HRONOLOGIQUES

1 95

s ur s on f lanc S E, c 'est-ä-dire l e M ayen O rient. C es h autes p ressions e taient p ermanentes , c e q ui e xplique ä l a f ois l ' absence d e d iscontinuites e ntre l es c ellules d e h aute p ression e t l a p ermanence d e l 'aridite s ur l 'ensemble d e l ' annee, a lors q ue l es p luies a ctuelles d u M ayen O rient s ont d eterminees p ar l es o scillations s aisonniöres d e c e f ront p olaire, a ujourd 'hui m obile. L a s tabilité d es c onditions a rides d epuis > 18.000 j usqu 'ä < 14.000 B P c orrespond t rös e xactement ä l a p hase d e d eveloppement, p uis a u m aintien d e l 'inlandsis p ar i nertie t hermique. L 'extension d e l 'aridit v ers l 'Asie M ineure e t / a c öte d u L evant e ntre 1 8.000 e t 1 5.000 B P a pparait l ogique d ans c e c ontexte, c ar n ous s avons q ue l 'inlandsis n ord-europeen s 'est c onsiderablement r enforce ä l 'Ouest d e l 'Europe ( d 'oü p rovenait s on a limentation n eigeuse), e ntrainant u n d eplacement s imilaire d e l 'onde p lanetaire q ui l ui e st d irectement a ssociee. U n autre anticyclone dynamique , d 'origine t ropicale , s oude a u p remier s ur s a l imite n ord, d evait s 'ötendre s ur t out l e N E d e l 'Afrique e t l a t otalite d e l a p eninsule a rabe e t s e p rolonger p ar u ne d iagonale d e h autes p ressions r ejoignant l ' anticyclone t hermique a siatique. C e r enforcement d es h autes p ressions ä d es l atitudes a normalement b asses ( aux d epens d es r egions s aheliennes) e ntre 1 8.000 e t 1 2.000 B P e st c onnu e t s es m ecanismes a nt e te e xpliques p our l e S ahara ( Rognon, 1 976 e t 1 980). M ais a u M oyen O rient , l es c onditions d e s on e xtension e t d e s a s tabilité s ur t aute l 'annee e t s ur d es m illänaires e taient p articuliörement f avorables: - p ar s uite d e l a d isparition d e l a s eule s ource d 'humidite c ontinentale ( le g olfe a rabo-persique) - p ar l e c ontraste t hermique t rös d efavorable e ntre l e c ontinent e t l 'Ocean I ndien. E n e ffet, l a m ousson d 'ete ( qui a möne l a p luie) e st f avorisee p ar d es t emperatures o ceaniques p lus f aibles q ue c elles d u c ontinent.

O r e ntre " 18.000 e t 1 0-12.000 B P,

l es t emperatures d u N W d e

l 'Ocean I ndien s ont r estees s emblables ä l 'Actuel, a lors q ue l e c ontinent s 'est r efroidi. L es e tudes i sotopiques e t p alynologiques s ur l e N ord d e l 'Ocean I ndien c onfirment d 'ailleurs c e n et r enforcement d e l a m ousson d 'hiver M ee ä l 'intensite d es h autes p ressions) e t l a q uasi-disparition d e l a m ousson d 'ete, d e f avon p ermanente e ntre 2 2 e t 1 5.000 B P ( Duplessy , 1 982; V an C ampo e t a l., 1 982). L a d isparition ou l e d dtournement d es t rqjectoires c ycloniques A l 'heure a ctuelle ( fig .3), l es c yclones v enus d e l a M editerranöe o ccidentale, s ouvent r egeneres a u v oisinage d e C hypre, p luies s ur l e M ayen O rient s elon t rois t rajectoires: -d e l a M er E gee v ers l a M er N oire e t l 'Asie -d e l a M editerranöe a u g olfe a rabo-persique m ontagneux e t e n s uivant l e g olfe

e n

a pportent d es

l ongeant

l ' arc

- d e l a M öditerranee v ers l a M er R ouge, e n u tilisant l es d iscontinuites e ntre l es a nticyclones d u M ayen O rient e t d u S ahara o riental. E ntre 1 6.000 e t 1 4.000 B P, o n a ssiste a u r enforcement d e l a p remiöre t rajectoire q ui c orrespond a u t race i mmobile d u f ront p olaire ( ete c omme h iver), e t ä l a d isparition d es d eux a utres: L a t rajectoire d e / a M er N oire e st f avorisee n on s eulement p ar d es c onditions d ynamiques ( presence d u f ront p olaire), m ais p ar l 'existence d e m asses d ' air h umides e t i nstables a u-dessus d es v astes

1 96

P .

R OGNON

ö tendues l acustres d e l a M er N oire, e t p robablement d e l a C aspienne ( Brice, 1 978) q ui j ouaient a lors u n r ole d ans l a r ögönöration d es c yclones c omme l a M er b altique a ctuelle e n E urope o cidentale. L a f orte p luviositä s ur l a c ote n ord d e l a T urquie s 'explique ö galement p ar d es a dvections d 'air p olaire e t d es v ents d e s ecteur N ord ( tournant d ans l e s ens d es a iguilles d 'une m ontre a utour d es h autes p ressions t hermiques d e l 'inlandsis e uropöen). L a t rqjectoire v ers l e g olfe a rabo-persique a d isparu, a vec l a d isparition d e c e g olfe W s a vant 1 8.000 B P), l 'extension d e l 'onde p lanötaire t rös a u N ord e t a ussi l a p rösence p robable d 'un a nticyclone t hermique r egional s ur l 'arc m ontagneux, e ntrainant l a d escente d e v ents s ecs ( effet d e f oehn) v ers l es p laines d u M oyen O rient. E n e ffet, l 'abondance d es n övös e t d es p etits g laciers s ur l es c haines d u T aurus e t d u Z agros d oit a ussi ö tre p rise e n c ompte ( Erin9, 1 978). P ourtant l es c onditions l ocales s ur / a U diterran e o rientale é taient t r s

f avorables e l l a c yclog & l se ä c ette é poque.

E n e ffet,

d ans l e S E

d e c ette m er, l es t emperatures d es e aux d e s urface d evaient ä tre v oisines d e l 'Actuel e t, p our l 'ensemble d e c e s ecteur, e lles ö taient a u m aximum d e 2° ä 3 ° i nförieures ä l 'Actuel. O r, ä l a d ifference d es m öcanismes d e l a m ousson ö voquös c i-dessus ä p ropos d e l 'Ocöan I ndien, i ci l a c yclogönäse d evait ä tre f avorisäe p ar d es t emperatures d e l a m er p lus ö leväes q ue c elles d u c ontinent. M ais l ' activitä c yclonique ö tait l imitöe ä l a f açade d u L evant, f aute d e c onditions d ynamiques f avorables ä s on e xpansion v ers l 'intörieur. E n e ffet ä l 'heure a ctuelle, l a p rogression d es c yclones s ur l e M oyen O rient s e t raduit p ar u ne d isposition N ord Sud d es i sothermes. O r a . 1 8.000 B P, R .C. T hunell ( 1979) a m ontrö q ue l es i sothermes d 'ötö e t d 'hiver ö taient o rientös

E st-Ouest.

C e f ort g radient t hermique N S m ontre l 'existence

d 'une c irculation a tmosphörique b eaucoup p lus m öridienne q ue z onale. C ette d isposition t raduit l 'influence p rödominante d e l 'anticyclone d ynamique. O n p eut m äme p enser q ue l ' accroissement d e l a s öcheresse c onstatä e ntre 2 0-18.000 e t 1 6.000 B P ö tait u ne c onsequence d e c e r enforcement d e c et a nticyclone t rös p rös d es c otes m öditerranöennes, l imitant l es c onditions f avorables ä l a c yclogönäse a ux z ones l ittorales. L a t rqjectoire v ers l a M er R ouge f onctionnait e ncore v ers 1 8.0002 0.000 B P, a pportant d es p luies f ines e t b ien r öparties s ur l ' annäe ( qui c aractörisent l es p luies d e d iscontinuitö e ntre d eux a nticyclones) s ur l e S inai e t l e N egev . M ais c ette t rajectoire d isparait p eu a präs, e ntrainant l 'aridification d e c es r egions j usque v ers 1 4.000 B P. O r l 'absence d e F oraminifäres e t d e C occolites d ans l es d epots d e c ette é poque e n M er R ouge n e p ermet pas d e c onnaitre rövolution d e c ette m er a utour d u m aximum g laciaire. S on i nfluence t hermique a P u ö tre r öduite s i s es e aux o nt s ubi u n r efroidissement e stimö ä 4 * e t < 7 ° de mom s q u'aujourd 'hui 4 Luz, 1 982). L a f orte s alinitö d es e aux, e stimöe ä p lus d e 5 0 / , s erait l 'indice d e c onditions p lus a rides, r ösultat d 'une j onction trös f röquente ( ou q uasi p ermanente) e ntre l es a nticyclones d e M oyen O rient e t d u S ahara o ccidental. E n c onclusion, l es q uelques i nformations d isponibles ä l 'heure a ctuelle p our c ette p öriode d e 1 6.000 ä 1 4.000 B P c oncordent a ssez b ien a vec c e q ue l 'on s ait d e l a c irculation a tmosphärique ä c ette é poque.

L 'ariditä r enforcöe s ur t out l e M oyen

O rient

r ösultait

s oit

P HASES C LIMATIQUES E T C HRONOLOGIQUES

1 97

d 'une s ubsidence c ontinue d e l ' air a u c oeur d es a nticyclones d 'origine d ynamique, s oit d e l a p ropagation d e l a s echeresse p ar l es v ents s ecs d ivergents ä p artir d e c es a nticyclones ( Syrie i nterieure; p laine d u T igre e t d e l 'Euphrate), s oit d e l a j onction p ermanente d e d eux a nticyclones ( absence d e d iscontinuite s ur l a M er R ouge). L' I N S T A B I LI T E

DU

CL I M A T

EN T R E

14. 0 0 0

ET

10. 0 0 0

BP

A pres 1 4.000 B P , l es t emperatures s 'elevent v ite d ens l es r egions c ontinentales d 'Europe o ccidentale, s urtout a u B olling , p uis ä l 'Alleröd. L es q uelques d onnees s ur l es p aleotemperatures d e l a M editerranee o rientale, f ournies p ar l es c arottes m arines, m ontrent q ue l a m er s e r echauffe, s urtout a prs 1 3.600 B P ( Vergnaud-Grazzini e t H erman-Rosenberg , 1 969). M ais l 'inertie o pposee p ar l es g laces a ccumulees a u c ours d es m illenaires p recedents e xplique l 'instabilite c limatique d e c ette p eriode e t l a r apidite d es c hangements l orsque c e f rein ä l a r emontee d es t emperatures c ede b rusquement v ers 1 0.000 B P. C omment s e t raduit c c r eajustement g lobal ä l 'echelle d u M oyen O rient? L 'amorce B P.

d 'un

c hangement a ux l atitudes m öditerranöennes:

1 4 t i 1 2.000

L e r ecul d e l 'inlandsis n ord-europeen a p eu d e c onsequences a u N ord d u M oyen O rient o i l l e l ac d e K onya r este s ec e t c elui d e Z eribar s 'asseche. I l e st d ifficile d e c onclure ä u ne i ntensification d e l ' anticyclone ( et d e l 'aridite) ä p artir d e d onnees a ussi r ares. E n r evanche, o n p eut p enser q ue l es h autes p ressions s e r elächent a u S ud d u L evant, e ntre l 'anticyclone d u M oyen O rient e t c elui d u S ahara o riental. L es d onnees s ont a ssez p recises i ci p our d etecter l a r eouverture d e l a t rajectoire c yclonique e n d irection d e l a M er R ouge ( Sinai, N egev) e t d u r ift i sraölo-jordanien e ntre 1 4 e t 1 2.000 B P. M ais a ucun i ndice j usqu 'ä p resent n e p ermet d e d eceler d es c hangements ä l 'interieur d u M ayen O rient. C ela p arait l ogique d e ns l a m esure o i l l a t ransgression m arine n e s 'amorce d e ns l e g olfe a rabo-persique q ue v ers 103 m etres ä 1 4.000 B P e t n e s 'achevera q ue v ers 8 .200 B P ( Luz, 1 982). A l a l atitude d e l 'Arabie m eridionale ( 15-20 °N ), a ucun c hangement n 'apparait d e ns l e r egime a nticyclonique j usqu 'ä 1 2.000 B P. E ntre c et a nticyclone s table a u S ud e t u n a utre t res p uissant a u N ord, i l s emble n ormal q ue l ' affaiblissement c onstate de ns l e s ysteme d es h autes p ressions s e p lace e ntre l a p artie l a p lus t iede d e l a M editerranee ( au S E) e t l a M er R ouge, s eule n appe d 'eau i mportante e xist e nt d e ns l a z one e tudiee. E n a ttendant d es i nformations p lus p recises, o n p eut d ire q ue l a p aleogeographie d u M oyen O rient s emble a voir t res p eu c hange p endant l es p remiers g rands b ouleversements d es c limats e n E urope o ccidentale. L es

g rands e nsembles a nticycloniques s e m aintiennent i ci,

s tabilite, ( fig .2).

m algre

q uelques

" craquements"

de ns

L 'instabilite s e p recise e ntre 1 2 e t 1 0.000. E n

d iverses

r egions

d u

g lobe,

l es

l 'edifice

a ssurant l a p recedent

B P . a ntagonismes

e ntre

l e

r echauffement i mpose p ar l es p arametres d e l 'orbite t errestre e t l 'inertie t hermique d es i nlandsis ( et d e ns u ne m oindre m esure, d es o ceans) e ntrainent u ne e xtreme i nstabilite d ont l a m eilleure i llustration e st l 'opposition b rutale d e l 'Alleröd ( 11.700 ä 1 1.200 B P e nviron)

e t d u D ryas r ecent

( 10.800 ä 1 0.200

B P

e nviron)

e n

E urope

1 98

P .

R OGNON

o ccidentale. L e r efroidissement d e c ourte d ur6e ( quelques s iöcles), m ais d e f orte i ntensit6, d u D ryas e st u ne c rise c limatique q ui i nterr ompt l a t endance ä l ong t erme a u r 6chauffement. C ette c rise a 6 t6 s uffisamment a ccentu6e p our s 'inscrire d ans l es s ediments d e n ombreuses r egions d u g lobe, o ü e ile s 'est t raduite p ar d es r uptures d '6quilibre d es m ilieux n aturels. E lle a e u d es a spects m ultiformes: b rusque r efroidissement e n E urope o ccidentale, d ans l 'Atlantique t empör6 e t e n A mörique d u N ord; c rise d 'aridit6 d ans l e M idi d e l a F rance e t a u S ahel; p luviosit6 e xcessive a u C hili, e tc... ( Rognon , 1 983). E lle p rösente c ertainement a ussi d es d ifferences d e d ur6e o u d es d 6calages c hronologiques, v oire u ne c omplexit6 d ans s on d öroulement q ue l 'impröcision d es d atations d isponibles n e p ermet p as e ncore d '6tablir. E nfin, c es m anifestations r isquent d 'avoir 6 t6 d ifförentes m öme ä l '6chelle d 'une r egion c omme l e M oyen O rient. D ans u ne p 6riode d 'instabilit6, i i f aut d onc u tiliser l es c rises c omme m arqueurs s tratigraphiques a vec u ne e xtreme p rudence ( Rognon, 1 984). I ndications d e c rises c limatiques ä l a p i rip Mrie d u M oyen O rient . - L e l ong d e / a v al Ue d u N il, d epuis l e S oudan ( Williams e t A damson , 1 980), l a H aute g gypte ( Butzer e t H ansen, 1 968; W endorf e t S child, 1 976) j usqu 'aux d eöts e n M öditerran6e o rientale ( Rossignol-Stick , 1 982), u ne p 6riode d e t rös f aibles c rues ( comparables ä c elles d e l a p öriode d 'aridit6 d e 1 8.000 ä 1 3.000 B P) a s ucc6d6 ä d es c rues e xceptionnelles ( le " Wild N ile") e n d eux m illönaires. C es d eux c rises s uccessives ( Rognon, 1 983) o nt d ur6, c hacune, q uelques s iöcles, m öme s i l es d atations s ont e ncore i mpröcises: .p our l e " Wild N ile": s elon l es a uteurs, l a f ourchette s e s itue e ntre 1 2.500 ? t 1 1.000 a u S oudan e t e n N ubie; 1 3 ä1 2.000 d 'apräs 1 5 d atations 1 C s ur l es s ilts n oirs d u s ite d e M akhadma e n Haute g gypte ( Paulissen, 1 986); 1 2.600 ä 1 1.700 d 'aprös l es d atations s ur c arottes m arines. C es d 6calages s ont-ils r eels ( retard d es e nregistrements e n m ilieu m arin) o u d us ä d es e rreurs d e m esures? .p our l es t rös f aibles 6 tiages, l a p lupart d es a uteurs p arlent d 'une c orrelation a vec l e D ryas r ecent ( entre 1 1 e t 1 0 .000 B P), m ais F . W endorf e t R . S child o nt o btenu 1 1.410±180 p our l e d ebut d e l a r ecession ä E dfu ( 25°N) e t F . F airbridge ( 1962) 1 1.200±285. -A u l arge d e l 'Arabie , d ans l 'O . I ndien, l es a nalyses p olliniques s ur l es c arottes M D 7 6 1 35 ( 51°E) i ndiquent u n d ouble p ic, d 'abord d e f orte h umidit6 ( taxons t ropicaux), p uis d 'aridit6 ( Ch6nopodiac6es e t e spöces s ah6liennes); c e D ryas r ecent ( Van C ampo e t M ascate ( 57 °E ), m algrö d es m e t 3m e n 1 8.000 a ns s ur 7 6 1 35), p luviosit6, a l ., 1 978 ).

d ernier e st c orr616, p ar h ypothöse, a vec l e a / ., 1 982). P lus ä l 'Est, s ur l a r adiale d e v itesses d e s edimentation p lus 6 1ev6es ( 3,8 l es c arottes K 1 7 e t 8 , c ontre 2 ,4 m s ur M D

o n o bserve s eulement u ne r emont6e p rogressive d e d epuis > 11.000 B P j usqu 'au m aximum h olocöne ( Caratini

S imples i ndices

d 'instabiiité

a u

M oyen

O rient .

L a

p recision

l a e t d es

d onn6es a u M oyen O rient n 'est p as s uffisante p our r etracer l 'histoire d e c rises a ussi b röves. S eule l e6tude i sotopique d e M agaritz e t H eller ( 1980) m ontre u ne c ourte p öriode d 'aridit6 t rös m arquee e ntre 1 1.000 e t 1 0.500 q ui p ourrait ö tre c orr616e a vec l e D ryas r ecent.

P HASES C LIMATIQUES E T C HRONOLOGIQUES

A illeurs,

l es i ndications s ont p onctuelles,

1 99

m Ame d ans l es r egions

p lus 6 tudiäes: .I p riode p lus h umide e ntre 1 2.010±65 e t 1 0.950±65 B P

a u

l ac

l es d e

K onya ( Alleröd?) .p i riode d 'aridité a ccentu e a utour d e 1 0.300 B P ä S hunera ( Negev), a prös 1 2.000 B P s ur l e b ord d u p lateau j ordanien, v ers 1 1.000 a u N ord d e l a M er M orte, a präs 1 0.5000-10.000 B P ä M ureybet, e tc... C ette p äriode d u N atoufien f inal p ourrait b ien c orrespondre ä l a c rise d e r efroidissement e n E urope o ccidentale ( Dryas). O r e ile c orrespond, e ntre 1 1.000 e t 1 0.000 B P, a u ne r apide a ugmentation d es p luies s ur l a S yrie o ccidentale ( Ghab). C ette i nstabilitd s 'explique p ar l a d isparition r apide d e l 'dquilibre d es hautes pressions a ntärieures: . / a r emont e d e l 'onde p lan taire t end ä s 'att&nuer e t ä s 'inverser a vec l e r etrait r apide d e l 'inlandsis s ur l a S candinavie e t s on r enforcement, a u c ontraire, s ur l es l ongitudes d u M oyen O rient. E n e ffet, l a c alotte g laciaire d u N ord d e l a S ibärie o ccidentale s emble s 'ötre a ccrue a präs 1 2.500-11.000 B P p ar s uite d e l a d isparition d e l 'inlandsis o uest-europäen q ui f aisait 6 cran ä s on a limentation n eigeuse ( Kvasov, 1 978). P rös d e l a P etchora, l es m oraines o nt e ncore a vancä s ur d es d äpöts l acustres e ntre 9 .900 e t 9 .100 B P. C e d äplacement d u p öle d u f roid ( valeurs d 'albädo m axima ) e t d e l a m asse d es g laces v ers l 'Est a d ü e ntrainer u ne d escente e n l atitude d u f ront p olaire d äs 1 2.000 s ur l a T urquie c entrale ( Konya ) e t 1 1.000 B P s ur l e N ord d u L evant ( Ghab). . l es h autes p ressions t ropicales s 'affaiblissent a prös 1 2.000 B P a vec l e r öchauffement p rogressif d es c ontinents a ux l atitudes 1 52 0°N e n l iaison a vec l es p aramätres o rbitaux. A 1 8°N, d es l acs a pparaissent d ans l 'Ouest d u R oub e l K hali a prös 1 1.465±115 ( Mac C lure, 1 976) e t l ' anticyclone s 'attänue. I l s e d 6place v ers l e N ord e n A rabie e t a p u c ontribuer a insi a u r enforcement d e l 'ariditä e n S yrie c entrale ( Mureybet) e t d ans l e S ud d u L evant. D ifficultd d e d istinguer c rises e t t endance ä l ong t erme L es e volutions c onstatäes e ntre 1 2.000 e t 1 0.000 B P p ourraient s 'expliquer p ar u n d äclin d es a nticyclones a ux l imites n ord e t s ud e t l eur r enforcement s ur l es r egions c entrales d u M oyen O rient. M ais c omment A tre s ür q ue l es o bservations p onctuelles n e r eflätent q ue c ette t endance g änärale, 6 tant d onnä q ue p our d eux r egions p äriphär iques ( Nil e t c ötes m äridionales d e l 'Arabie), d es e nregistrements c ontinus a pportent l a p reuve q ue c ette t endance g änärale ( trend) a ä tä c ontrariäe p ar d es a ccidents c limatiques ( crises) d e c ourte d uräe? L orsque l 'on n e d ispose p as d 'enregistrements c ontinus ä m aille t räs f ine ( quelques s iäcles), i l e st i mpossible, d ans u ne p äriode d 'instabilitä c limatique, d e d istinguer l a t endance ä l ong t erme e t l es c rises.

2 00

P .

R OGNON

C ONCLUSION L a p eriode 1 6-10.000 B P a e te c hoisie p our i llustrer l es r elations e ntre p aleoclimatologie e t c hronologie a u M oyen O rient. S i l ' on s e r eporte a ux c onditions f ixees d ans l 'introduction p our u ne i ntervention d es d onnöes p aleoclimatiques d ans l 'etablissement d e l a c hronologie a u M ayen O rient, l e b ilan s 'etablit a insi: La c aractörisation d es p ics d e v ariations c limatiques e st, a vant t out, l 'oeuvre d es p alynologues q ui a nt a ccompli u n t ravail c onsiderable d ans c et i nventaire. M ais i l e xiste p eu d e t ravaux i nterdisciplinaires p our c ontröler l es c onclusions t iröes d es p ollens. A insi, A . L eroiG ourhan ( 1984) a m ontre q ue l a r epresentation d e l a v egetation e xistant a u N atoufien a utour d u l ac H ouleh e tait d ifferente s elon q ue l es p ollens a nalyses p rovenaient d e d epöts l acustres a u d e s ols b ordant l e p alöolac. I i f audrait p ouvoir c aractäriser c haque p ic p ar d ifförents p arametres e t d e f a wn q uantitative ( fonctions d e t ransfert). E n p articulier, l es m ethodes i sotopiques, s i c ourantes d ans l a s tratigraphie o ceanique, n 'ont g uöre e te u tilisees i ci e n d ehors d 'Israel. L 'ötablissement d e c artes p alöoclimatiques e st b ien m ains a vancee q ue p our l e S ahara p arce q u 'il e xiste d e v astes r egions p our l esquelles o n n e d ispose d 'aucune d onnee e ntre 1 6.000 e t 4 .000 B P. I l n 'est g uöre p ossible, e n d ehors d u N egev-Sinai, d e r econstituer p ar e xemple l es v ariations d es l imites d u d esert. F aute d e d onnees, e n p articulier s ur l es d irections d es v ents, i l e st i mpossible d e r econstituer l es g rands c entres d 'action a tmosphöriques. L es h ypotheses a vancees c i-dessus s emblent v erifier u ne c ertaine c ohesion e ntre l es d onnees m ais e lles s ont l oin d 'être s uffisamment e tayees. L a m odölisation ,

a u s tade a ctuel,

e st i mpossible,

e xistantes,

f aute d e d onnöes s ur

l a r egion e lle-meme, m ais a ussi s ur l e c ontexte p aleoclimatique d u c ontinent e uroasiatique ä c es l ongitudes. E n e ffet, p our e tre v alable, u n m odöle d oit p rendre e n c ampte d es c entres d 'action a tmospheriques s itues p arfois ä d es c entaines a u d es m illiers d e k ilometres.

4p lace

Departement de G eodynamique des Milieux Continentaux Universite P . e t M . Curie Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05

P HASES C LIMATIQUES E T C HRONOLOGIQUES

2 01

B IBLIOGRAPHIE B EGIN Z .B., N ATHAN Y ., E HRLICH A . 1 980 S tratigraphy a nd f ad es d istribution i n t he L isan f ormation. N ew e vidence f rom t he a rea S outh o f t he D ead S ea ,Israel, I srael J .

o f E arth S c .,

2 9,

1 82-189.

B RICE W .C. 1 978 T he e nvironmental h istory o f t he N ear a nd M iddle t he L ate I ce A ge. A cad. P ress, L ondres, 3 84 p . B RUN A . 1 985

E ast

L a c ouverture s teppique e n T unisie a u Q uaternaire C .R . A cad . S c ., P aris, 3 01, I I, 1 085-1090.

B UTZER K .W., H ANSEN C .L. 1 968 D esert a nd r iver i n N ubia.

U niv.

o f W isconsin,

s ince

s upörieur,

M adison,

5 62 p .

C ARATINI C ., B ELLET J ., T ISSOT C . 1 978 E tude m icroscopique d e l a m atihre o rganique: p alynologie e t palynofacies. I n: G ochimie o rganique d es s ediments m arins profonds. O rgon I V e d. C NES, 2 65-291. D ARMON F . 1 984 A nalyses p olliniques d e d eux s ites d e l a b asse J ourdain: F azael V III e t S alibiya I X, P a Uorient, 1 10. D UPLESSY J .C. 1 982 G lacial t o i nterglacial c ontrasts O cean, N ature, 2 95, 4 94-498.

i n

t he

v a n & d u 1 0-2, 1 06-

n orthern I ndian

E L M OSLIMANY A .P. 1 982 T he L ate Q uaternary v egetational h istory o f t he Z agros a nd Taurus M ountains. B AR I ntern . S eries, 1 33, 3 43-351. E RINQ S . 1 978 C hanges i n t he p hysical e nvironment i n T urkey s ince t he e nd o f t he l ast G lacial. I n: T he e nvironmental h istory o f N ear a nd M iddle E ast s ince t he L ate I ce A ge. W .C. B rice e d., L ondres, 8 7-110. F AIRBRIDGE R .W. 1 962 N ew r adiocarbon 1 10.

d ates

o f N iles s ediments, N ature,

1 96,

1 08-

2 02

P .

ROGNON

G OLDBERG P . 1 981 L ate Q uaternary s tratigraphy o f I srael. A n e clectic v iew . P rO listoire d u L evant, C oll. C NRS , n°5 98, 5 5-66. 1 986 L ate Q uaternary e nvironmental h istory o f t he S outhern L evant, G eoarcheology, 1 , 3 , 2 25-244 . G OLDBERG P ., 1 982

B AR-YOSEF O .

E vidence f or c limatic I ntern . S eries, 1 33 , 2 ,

c hange

i n

t he

S outhern L evant.

B AR

3 99-414 .

H ANIARA K ., S AKAGUCHI Y . 1 978 P aleolithic s ite o f D ouara c ave a nd p aleogeography o f P almyra b asin i n S yria. U niv. T okyo, B ull. d u M usöe n° 1 4, 1 21 p . H ENRY D . ä p araitre. L ate P leistocene e nvironment a nd P aleolithic a daptations i n s outhern J ordan. I n: S tudies i n t he H istory a nd A rcheology o f J ordan, I I, A . H adidi 6 d., A mman, D ept o f A ntiquities. K VASOV D .D. 1 978 T he B arentz I ce S heet i nterglacial a lteration,

a s a r elay r egulator Q uat . R es ., 9 , 2 88-299 .

o f

g lacial-

L UZ B . 1 982

P aleoclimatic i nterpretation o f t he l ast 2 0,000 y . r ecord o f d eep s ea c ores a round t he M iddle E ast, B AR I ntern . S eries ,

1 33 , 4 1-61 . M AGARITZ M ., H ELLER J . 1 980 D esert m igration l and s nail s hells, 1 62.

i ndicator: o xygen i sotopic c omposition o f P aleog ., P aleoclim ., P aleoecol., 3 2, 1 53-

M c C LURE H .A. 1 976

R adiocarbon c hronology o f L ate Q uaternary l akes i n t he Arabian d esert, N ature, 2 63 , 7 55-756 .

L EROI-GOURHAN A .

1 973

P ossibilitös d e l ' analyse p ollinique e n P a Uorient, 1 , 3 9-47 .

1 984

L 'environnement d e M allaha 1 03-105.

a u

S yrie

N atoufien,

e t

a u

P a Uorient,

L iban, 1 0-2,

P AULISSEN E . 1 986

C haracteristics o f t he " Wild N ile" s tage i n U pper Egypt. S ymposium I NQUA, C hangements g lobaux e n A frique, D akar, e dit. O RSTOM, 3 67-369.

P HASES C LIMATIQUES ET C HRONOLOGIQUES

2 03

R OBERTS N . 1 980 1 982

L ate Q uaternary g eomorphology a nd p aleoecology o f t he K onya b asin , T urkey . P h.D. t hesis, U niv . L ondres, 2 96 p . L ake l evels a s a n i ndicator o f N ear e astern p aleoclimates: a p reliminary a ppraisal, B AR I ntern . S eries, 1 33 , 2 35-267 ;

R OGNON P . 1 976

E ssai

d 'interpretation

d epuis 4 0 0 00 a ns, 2 -3, 2 51-282.

R ev .

d es

v ariations c limatiques a u S ahara

G&v .

p hys .

e t G ol.

d yn .,

2 ,

X VIII,

1 980

U ne e xtension d es d eserts ( Sahara e t M oyen O rient) a u c ours d u Tardiglaciaire ( 18 0 00 - 1 0 0 00 a ns B P), R ev . G ol . d yn . e t G60g . p hys ., 2 2, 4 -5 , 3 13-328.

1 981a

L es c rises c limatiques,

1 981b

I nterpretation p alöoclimatique d es c hangements d 'environnements e n A frique d u N ord e t a u M oyen O rient d urant l es 2 0 d erniers m illenaires, P alaeoecol . o f Af ., 1 3 , 2 1-44 .

1 983

E ssai d e d efinition e t t ypologie d es c rises c limatiques, I nst . 1 63.

1 984

G&a .

B assin A quitain ,

N ESTEROFF W .,

A fter t he d eluge: f ormation, N ature,

1 2,

n° s pecial

C orrelations s tratigraphiques e t S oc. G ol. F r ., 2 6 , 6 , 187-1192 .

R OSSIGNOL-STRICK M ., 1 982

L a R echerche,

1 354-1364 .

c rises

O LIVE P .,

M editerranean

c limatiques,

1 51B ull .

V ERGNAUD-GRAZZINI C . s tagnation

2 95 , 1 05-110 .

B ull .

" Palöoclimats",

a nd

s apropel

S ARNTHEIN M . 1 972

S ediments a nd h istory o f t he p ost-glacial t ransgression i n t he P ersian G ulf a nd N W G ulf o f O man , M arine G eology, 1 2, 2 45-266 .

T HUNELL R .C.

1 979

E astern M editerranean S ea d uring t he L ast G lacial m aximum; 1 8 0 00 y .

V AN C AMPO E ., 1 982

D UPLESSY J .C.,

a n

1, 3 53-372 .

R OSSIGNOL-STRICK M .

B OTTEMA S .

H ERMAN ROSENBERG Y .

g tude p al oclimatique d 'une c arotte d e M editerranee o rientale, R ev . G& )g . p hys . e t G ol . d yn ., 1 1, 2 79-291.

W ENDORF F ., 1 976

R es .,

V egetational h istory o f t he E astern M editerranean a nd t he N ear E ast d uring t he L ast 2 0,000 y ., B AR I nternat . S eries, 1 33, 2 , 2 77-321.

V ERGNAUD-GRAZZINI C ., 1 969

Q uat .

C limatic c onditions d educed f rom a 1 50 k yr o xygen i sotopic p ollen r ecord f rom t he A rabian S ea, N ature, 2 96 , 5 6-59 .

V AN Z EIST W ., 1 982

B P r econstruction,

S CHILD R .

P rehistory o f t he N ile v alley.

W IGLEY T .M.L., F ARMER G . 1 982 C limate o f t he I nternat .

S eries,

E astern

A cad.

P ress,

M editerranean

N .Y.,

a nd

4 04 p .

N ear

E ast,

B AR

1 33 , 1 , 3 -37 .

W ILLIAMS M .A.J., A DAMSON D .A. 1 980 L ate Q uaternary d epositional h istory o f t he B lue a nd W hite N ile r ivers i n c entral S udan. I n: T he S ahara a nd t he N ile. Balkema,

R otterdam,

2 81-304.

2 04

P .

R OGNON

CARTE N °1 1 618000 BR

e x tens ion d e l aC asp ienne

• ...... •

(hiver

t )

. 4 07 //

41

7/

P ALEOENV IRONNEMENTS

C IRCULAT ION A TMOSPHER IQUE B ) e n a t t itude

A ) p ri is d u s o t UMWMM MI M EO UWE -

5

1

6

2

7

3 4

L EGENDE

Az kA AA t

v

8

1

9

1 2

1 0 I

r ".

1 3

>

1 4

F ig .1 - E ssai d 'interpr tation d es p a Uoclimats d u M oyen O rient v ers 1 6 .000 a ns B P . 1 : d öme d e g lace d e l 'inlandsis n ord-europ en ( 2-3000 p i tres d 'altitude); 2 : r egions h umides; 3 : r egions a rides; 4 : e aux m arines t i des; 5 : a nticyclone t hermique; 6 : c entre d e c yclog n se; 7 : t rajectoires p robables d es d epress i ons m Miterran ennes; 8 : d irection d es v ents a u s ol; 9 : p osition m oyenne p robable d u front p olaire e n h iver ( Sud) e t é të ( Nord) e ncadrant l es p luies c ycloniques l es p lus f r quentes; 1 0: d iscontinuitC e ntre d eux a nticyclones; 1 1: a nticyclone d ynamique; 1 2: t halweg d 'altitude ä l 'abri d e l 'inlandsis; 1 3: p osition m oyenne d u J et s ubtropical e n h iver ( Sud) o u é té ( Nord); 1 4: s ens d u d elacement d es h autes p ress i ons o u d es g laces d ans / a 7 D riode c onsid e ( Cette U .gende e st c ommune a ux t rois f igures).

P HASES C LIMATIQUES E T C HRONOLOGIQUES

2 05

CARTE N °2 1 2000 B .P .

. ..... •••-

F ig .2 - E ssai d 'interpr tation d es p a Uoclimats d u M oyen O rient v ers 1 2 .000 B P . R emarquer l e c hangement n otable d ans / a d isposition d es o ndulations d u f ront p olaire , e n r apport a vec l e r etrait d e l 'inlandsis s candinave e t s on d elacement v ers l e N .E . ( pour l a Mgende: v oir f ig .1).

2 06

P .

A

A A A A

A A

A

A A

A

A A A

A

A

A

A

A A A

A A

A A

A

A A A

A

A A A A

A A

A

A

A A

A

A A

A A

A

A

A A A A A A A A A A A

A

A A

R OGNON

A A

A A

A A

A

F ig .3 - E ssai d e c artographie d es p rincipaux m ecanismes c limatiques a ctuels . L es p ositions m oyennes d u f ront p olaire ( en h iver) e t d u J et s ubtropical ( en h iver e t e n e te) o nt e te t races d 'apres W igley e t F armer ( 1982). L 'extreme v ariabilite a ctuelle d u f ront p olaire e st l iee ä l a d isparition d e l 'inlandsis s candinave ( pour / a l egende: v oir f ig .1).

Chronologies in Aurenche 0 ., Evin BAR I nternational

the Near J . and Hours Series,

East, eds. 1987

F .

A R C H A E O M E T R IC A I D A T IN G : R A P P O R T E U R R E V I EW Martin

ABSTRACT: r egion

A g eneral

and

t ime

radiocarbon

and

r eview

interval p roblems

i s

g iven

under of

of

dating

d iscussion,

conversion

t echniques

particular

from

J .

applicable

emphasis

radiocarbon

AITKEN

being

years

t o

to g iven

the to

calendar

years. R£SUMe: e t

ä l a

On

passe

periode

culierement

sur

radiocarbone

en

en

r evue

c onsiderees l e

l as

radiocarbone

annees

t echniques

p endant e t

l e sur

de

datation

colloque l es

en

problemes

applicables insistant de

ä la p lus

conversion

des

r egion partiannees

calendaires.

I ntroduction S everal d ating m ethods a re a pplicable d uring t he p eriod u nder c onsideration. H owever, t he p recision o f r adiocarbon i s s ubstantially b etter t han t he o ther p ossibilities a nd h ence i t i s c ertainly t he p referred m ethod. N evertheless t here a re c ircumstances w hen r adiocarbon i s n ot a pplicable ( e.g . n o s uitable s amples) a nd i t i s t hen a ppropriate t o s eek a ssistance f rom a nother t echnique, u sually t hermoluminescence; f or t his r eason s ome i ndication o f t he s cope o f t he o ther m ethods w ill b e g iven l ater. A lthough t he p recision o f r adiocarbon i s g ood t here i s t he n eed f or c alibration o f t he r adiocarbon t imescale w hen a bsolute c hronology i s r equired. T his c alibration p rocess i s a s tumbling b lock i n t he u se o f r adiocarbon a nd t his h as l ed s ome w orkers t o q uestion t he n eed f or i t. H owever b esides t he d esirability o f l inking t o a bsolute c hronology w hen c omparison i s m ade w ith d ates f rom o ther t echniques, p articularly w ith h istorical p eriods w hen t he b e l ittle c hange t ime; c onversely

c hronology, i t i s i mportant t o r ealize t hat t here a re r adiocarbon t imescale i s s o d istorted t hat t here m ay i n r adiocarbon y ears d uring s everal c enturies o f r eal t here a re o ther p eriods, u sually b efore o r a fter o ne

o f t he " plateaux" j ust m entioned, w hen a c hange o f s everal h undred y ears o n t he r adiocarbon s cale m ay r epresent l ess t han a c entury o f r eal t ime. T herefore i t i s a ppropriate t hat a s ubstantial p roportion o f t he d iscussion i n t his s ession w as o ccupied w ith t he i nherent p roblems o f c alibration ( see p apers b y D amon a nd b y M ook). O ther t opics i n r adiocarbon c oncerned r eliability o f s amples ( paper b y g vin), t he u se o f a ccelerator m ass s pectrometry ( AMS - p aper b y G owlett a nd H edges), g raphic r epresentation ( paper b y G asc6), e xtension a nd B ecker,

o f

c alibration

a nd b y V ogel).

b eyond t he p resent l imit A mong

t he

o ther

m ethods

( papers b y K romer d iscussed

w ere

2 08

M .J .

A ITKEN

c limate ( paper b y R ognon), t hermoluminescence ( paper b y V alladas), o ptical d ating ( paper b y A itken) a nd a rchaeomagnetism ( paper b y H esse). R ather t han g ive, i n t his r ésumé, a d etailed a ccount o f t he d iscussion, a c oherent o verview w ill b e a ttempted, a imed p rimarily a t e nlightenment o f a rchaeological c olleagues. F or f urther d etails t he E uropean S cience F oundation H andbook o n R adiocarbon D ating ( ISBN 2 9 03148-44-9) i s r ecommended. The r adiocarbon t imescale T he b asic p rinciple o f t he m ethod i s t hat t hroughout t he " exchange r eservoir" c onsisting o f a tmosphere, b iosphere a nd o ceaps t here i s a n a pproximately u niform r atio ( 1 p art i n 1 0 12 ,) b etween 1 4 C a nd 1 2 C , a nd l e at

t his r atio h as b een a pproximately t he s ame t hroughout p ast t ime. C i s p roduced b y c osmic-rays, i n t he u pper a tmosphere, a nd i t m ixes r apidly w ith t he " ordinary" c arbon ( 99% o f 1 2 C a nd 1 % o f 1 3 C ) o f t he e xchange r eservoir . F ormation o f w ood c ellulose ( by p hotosynthesis) r epresents r emovel o f c arbon f rom t he r eservoir a nd f rom t he t ime o f f ormation t he 1 C/ 12 C r atio b egins t o d ecrease, b y 1 % e very 8 3 y ears. H ence b y m easuring t he r atio f or a n a ncient s ample o f w ood t he y ear t hat h ave e lapsed s ince i ts c ellulose w as f ormed c an b e d etermined, a s i ndicated b y t he l ower c urve i n f igure 1 . F or t his c urve i t i s a ssumed ( 1) t hat t he s tarting r atio w as t he s ame a s e valuated f or A D 1 950, a nd ( 2) t hat t he h alf-life i s 5 568 y ears. T he d ate s o o btained i s t he c onventional r adiocarbon a ge i n r adiocarbon y ears B .P .; t he l atter s tands f or B efore P resent b ut w ith " present" d efined a s A D 1 950 ( perhaps i t w ould b e b etter t o r egard i t a s B efore P hysics). S everal o ther c onditions a re i nvolved a nd f or t hese r eference s hould b e m ade t o t he p apers b y D amon a nd b y M ook. B ecause a n a ge i n r adiocarbon y ears i s n ot t he s ame a s a n a ge i n c alendar y ears, i t i s r egrettable t hat t he u se o f B .P., i nitiated f or r adiocarbon d ates, i s a lso u sed f or a ges d etermined b y o ther t echniques. T hough t hese d o n ot n ecessarily r epresent c alendar y ears, t heir d istortions, i f a ny, a re n ot t he s ame a s f or t he r adiocarbon t imescale. R eal t ime S ubsequent t o e arly u se o f r adiocarbon, l aboratory d eterminations i ndicated t hat t he t rue h alf-life w as 5 730 ( ±30 ) y ears some 3 % g reater t han a ssumed f or t he l ower c urve o f f igure 1 . F or r easons e xplained b y D amon t he r adiocarbon c ommunity d ecided n ot t o c hange t he b asis o f d ate e valuation. H ence a b etter e stimate o f r eal a ge i s o btained b y m ultiplying t he r adiocarbon a ge b y 1 .03 ( N.B.: t o a pply t his t o a d ate g iven i n r adiocarbon y ears B .C. i t i s n ecessay f irst t o a dd 1 950 i n o rder t o c onvert t o a ge). H owever t he a pproximation i nvolved i n t he a ssumption o f ( 1), t hat t he s tarting l evel h as b een t he s ame t hroughout p ast t ime l eads t o a m uch m ore s erious d eviation b etween r adiocarbon y ears a nd c alendar y ears. D iscussion o f t he c auses o f n on-constancy o f s tarting l evel i s n ot a ppropriate h ere a nd I s hall p ot g o b eyond l isting t hem: - C hange i n p roduction r ate o f p ot d ue t o c hange i n s trength o f e arth 's m agnetic f ield ( long t erm d istortion). - C hange i n p roduction r ate d ue t o s unspot a ctivity ( short t erm d istortion-"wiggles"). - C hange i n

s izes

o f

r eservoir

c omponents

a nd

a nd t he

s upernovae m ixing-rates

A RCHEOMETRICAL D ATING : R APPORTEUR R EVIEW

2 09

b etween t hem ( likely t o b e c limatic e ffects). A lthough t his n on-constancy i s v ery d istressing t o a rchaeologists i t m akes r adiocarbon d ating m uch m ore i nteresting t o g eophysicists a nd g eochemists. C alibration T he d ominant s ource o f i nformation a bout d istortion i s r adiocarbon m easurement o n t ree r ings f or w hich t he a ge h as b een d etermined b y c ounting i .e. b y d endrochronology ( see p aper b y K romer a nd B ecker). A nnual s ediment l ayers ( "varves") a t t he b ottom o f l akes a re a nother s ource. C omparisons w ith o ther d ating t echniques, t hermoluminescence a nd u ranium-series, a lso y ield i ndications. I n p rinciple s uch m easurements a nd c omparisons a llow t he s tarting r atio i n p ast c enturies t o b e i nferred; t hen b y u sing t he p rocedure i ndicated f or t he u pper c urve o f F igure 1 ( which a lso i ncorporates t he " new" o r " revised" h alf-life, a s o pposed t o t he " old" o r " Libby" h alfl ife) t he c alendar a ge c an b e o btained. I n p ractice t he r eal a ge i s o btained b y m eans o f g raphs a nd t ables b y w hich a ge i n r adiocarbon y ears B P c an b e c onverted t o c alendar y ears. T he r ecommended t erminology f or t he a ge o r d ate s o o btained i s " cal B P" o r " cal B C" ( or " cal A D"). I t s hould b e m entioned h ere t hat u ntil n ow i t h as b een t he c onvention i n t he j ournal A ntiquity, a nd s ome o ther j ournals, t o r efer t o u ncalibrated a ges a nd d ates u sing b p, b c a nd a d , r eserving c apital l etters f or c alibrated a ges a nd d ates. B ack t o 2 500 c al B C t he h igh p recision c alibrations o f S tuiver a nd P earson, a nd P earson a nd S tuiver a re r ecommended f or u se. T hese a re p ublished i n V olume 2 8, p art 2 B, o f t he j ournal R adiocarbon . T he s ame i ssue c ontains c alibrations g oing b ack e arlier i n t ime, t o 7 200 c al B C. T hese a re a ll " high p recision" c alibrations a nd s upercede t he l ow p recision " consensus" c alibration o f K lein e t a / . ( 1982). F ortunately e xcept i n a f ew c enturies t he h igh p recision c alibrations l ie w ithin t he e rror l imits o f t he l atter a nd t here a re n o s trong d ifferences b etween t he c onsensus c alibration a nd v arious p re-consensus l ow p recision c alibration ( see p aper b y D amon). T his i s m ore i mportant t han a m atter o f c onvenience b ecause w hereas t he l atter i s b ased o n t he h igh a ltitude b ristlecone p ine o n t he w est c oast o f t he U SA, f or t he h igh p recision c alibrations l ow a ltitude w ood f rom B ritain a nd G ermany h ave b een u sed. T he a greement i s i n a ccord w ith g eophysical e xpectation t hat t he c alibrations h ave w orldwide a pplicability which h ad b een q uestioned b y s ome a rchaeologists. B eyond 7 200 c al B C t here a re i ndications f rom t he w ork o f S tuiver e t a / . ( 1986), u sing v arve-based d ata, t hat f or s amples b ack t o 1 2,300 c al B C t he r adiocarbon d ate i s t he o rder o f a m illennium t oo r ecent. C omparisons w ith u ranium-series h ave b een r eported b y V ogel a nd c omparisons w ith t hermoluminescence d ates o f V alladas a re g iven i n T able 1 . H ence i t s eems l ikely t hat b ack t o t he l imit o f t he p resent c olloquium a t 1 6,000 B P r adiocarbon a ges a re s ubstantially t oo y oung . A t r isk o f r epetition i t i s e mphasized t hat t he c orrection i ntroduced b y c alibration i ncludes t he h alf-life c orrection. E rror l imits T he p lus/minus ( one s igma ) e rror l imits q uoted b y a l aboratory d efine t he r ange w ithin w hich t here i s 6 8% p robability o f c ontaining

2 10

M .J .

A ITKEN

t he c orrect a ge i n r adiocarbon y ears; f or 9 5% p robability t he e rror l imits s hould b e p lus/minus t wo s igma . T his u ncertainty h as n othing t o d o w ith c alibration b ut r eflects r andom u ncertainties i n t he m easurement p rocess. T he c omplications i nvolved w hen t hese e rror l imits g o t hrough t he c alibration p rocess a re c onsiderable. T he p rocedure r ecommended b y s everal a uthors ( e.g . S tuiver a nd P earson, 1 986) i s i llustred i n F igure 2 . T his t akes i nto a ccount b oth t he e rror l imits o f t he c onventional r adiocarbon a ge d ue t o u ncertainty i n l aboratory m easurement a nd t he e rror l imits o f t he c alibration c urve. W hen t here a re w iggles a nd p lateaux p resent i n t he r elevant p ortion f or t he c alibration c urve i t m ay n ot b e p ossible t o e xpress t he r esult a s a c alibrated a ge w ith p lus/minus e rror l imits b ut has t o b e q uoted a s a r ange, e .g . 2 700-2850 c al B C; t he m ost p robable a ge i s n ot t he c entre p oint o f t his r ange, n or i s i t p ossible, s trictly, t o d escribe t his r ange a s h aving 6 8% c onfidence l imits. T his q uestion i s f urther d iscussed i n t he p aper b y M ook, a nd i ts u se i llustrated i n t he p aper b y H aas. A lso i llustrated i n F igure 3 i s t he w ay i n w hich w iggles i n t he c alibration c urve c an l ead t o s everal p ossible r anges i n r eal t ime; t his t oo i s d iscussed b y M ook. G raphic r epresentation a nd r eliability T he p receding s entences r efer t o t he r ange o f p robabilities r elevant t o a s ingle d ate. A nother a spect i s t he i nterpretation o f a g roup o f d ates f or a n a rchaeological p hase a nd a s ystem f or d oing t his i s p roposed b y G ascö a nd u tilized i n t he p aper b y A urenche, g vin a nd G ascö. T he s ystem i ncorporates t he r eliability g rading i ntroduced i n t he p aper b y g vin, a nd t his l atter e mphasizes t he i mportant p oint t hat p lus/minus e rror d oes n ot n ecessarily t ell t he w hole s tory a bout r eliability. T here a re s ome t ypes o f s amples t hat a re k nown t o g ive d ifficulty, p articularly i f t he a mount i s s mall a nd s tringent p ret reatment p rocedures r uled o ut. I nterference b y b itumen, m aking t he a pparent a ge t oo o ld, i s a p articularly o bjectional f orm o f c ontamination a gainst w hich n o e ffective p re-treatment h as s o f ar b een d evised. R eliability o f t he p articular l aboratory i nvolved i s a nother f actor w hich n eeds t o b e c onsidered a nd, a s w ell i llustrated i n t he p aper b y W aterbolk, e arly w ork d oes n ot n ecessarily h ave t he s ame h igh q uality a s l ater w ork. A ccelerator m ass s pectrometry ( AMS), b esides e xtending t he s cope o f r adiocarbon d ating ( allowing s ingle s eeds, f or i nstance, t o b e dated), p ermits m uch m ore c omprehensive p re-treatment t o b e e mployed, h ence g iving g reater r eliability. D espite t he a bility t o w ork w ith s mall q uantities, b one s till p resents a p roblem o n m ost N ear E astern s ites b ecause o f t he r apid d ecay o f c ollagen. T his a nd o ther a spects o f a ccelerator d ating a re d iscussed b y G owlett a nd H edges. A q uestion r aised b y D amon i s w hether i t i s b etter t o h ave 1 6 ( say) l ow p recision d ates o n 1 6 d ifferent s amples o r t o s pend t he s ame a mount o f m easurement t ime o n a v ery h igh p recision d ate o n a s ingle s ample. D amon a rgues f irmly i n f avor o f t he f ormer o n t he g rounds t hat a s ingle s ample m ight c arry e rror o f a rchaeological a ssociation, o r u ndetected c ontamination, w hereas s uch e ffects a re a veraged o ut i f m any s amples a re d ated. O f c ourse t he g reater r apidity o f m easurement

A RCHEOMETRICAL D ATING : R APPORTEUR R EVIEW

2 11

i s a nother s trong a dvantage o f t he a ccelerator t echnique, p er y ear b eing f easible f or a s ingle i nstallation.

1 000 d ates

O ther m ethods B ecause o f t he u biquity , a nd s ignificance, o f p ottery i t i s n atural t o l ook e nthusiastically t o t hermoluminescence d ating , p articularly i n v iew o f t he d iscouraging c omplications o f c alibration t hat a re n ecessary i n t he i nterpretation o f a r adiocarbon d ate. H owever a s i ndicated i n t he p apers o n T hermoluminescence D ating ( by V alladas) a nd L uminescence D ating ( by m yself ), t he p recision a ttainable i s s ubstantially w orse t han f or r adiocarbon, t he e rror l imits i ncreasing f rom a round ± 300 y ears a t 2 000 c al B C t o ± 1200 y ears a t 1 4000 c al B C. S o i t i s n ot u seful i n t he p eriod c oncerned e xcept ( 1) o n s ites w here t here a re n o r eliable r adiocarbon s amples o r ( 2) w here t he u ncertainty i ntroduced b y a " plateau" i n t he c alibration c urve i s l arge ( as f or i nstance f rom 8 00 t o 4 00 c al B C) a nd ( 3) b eyond t he p eriod o ver w hich t he c alibration e xtends ( see T able 1 f or i nstance). T he r eal s trength o f t hermoluminescence i n p rehistoric a rchaeology i s i n d ating p alaeolithic s ites t hat a re b eyond t he r ange o f r adiocarbon ( e.g . B owman a nd S ieveking , 1 983; A itken, H uxtable a nd D ebenham, 1 986; V alladas e t a l ., 1 986). B ut e ven w hen t hermoluminescence i s a ppropriate i t s hould b e n oted t hat t he d emands o f s ample c ollection a re g reater t han f or r adiocarbon in p articular s amples o f b urial s oil m ust b e o btained; s ome c ontexts a re n ot s uitable. F inally t here a re m ethods w hich m ay b e c ategorized a s " reference d ating". F or t hese t he v alue o f t he p arameter b eing m easured i s r eferred t o r eference d ata w hich i ndicates h ow t hat p arameter h as v aried i n t he p ast dated u sing s ome o ther t echnique a s t imescale. H ence t he d ate o btained c an n ever b e m ore r eliable t hat t he t echnique u sed t o d ate t he r eference d ata . P ollen a nalysis i s a p owerful i llustration o f t he u sefulness o f r eference d ating , a s d iscussed i n t he

paper

b y

B ottema ;

o ther

a spects

o f

c limatic

v ariation

a re

d iscussed i n t he p aper b y R ognon. A rchaeomagnetism, u sing e ither a ncient g eomagnetic d irection o r a ncient g eomagnetic i ntensity, i s o utlined i n t he p aper b y H esse w ith t he c onclusion t hat f or d irection t here i s t he p ossibility o f r ather p recise t ime r esolution i f e nough e ffort i s e xpended o n a g eomagnetically h omogeneous r egion ( a f ew h undred k ilometers a cross), a ssuming t hat t here i s a g ood t emporal s pread o f p ottery k ilns o r o ther f urnaces. F or i ntensity i t a ppears t hat i t i s o nly i n t he f irst a nd s econd m illenia B C t hat t here w as s ufficiently s trong c hange f or t he m ethod t o b e u seful unfortunately o utside t he t ime p eriod a t p resent u nder c onsideration .

Research Archaeology

6

Keble

R EFERENCES A ITKEN M .J. 1 985 T hermoluminescence d ating .

A cademic P ress.

Road,

Laboratory

& H istory

of

for Art

Oxford University Oxford OX1 3QJ, UK

2 12

M .J .

A ITKEN M .J., H UXTABLE J ., D EBENHAM N .C. 1 986 T hermoluminescence d ating i n t he p alaeolithic: s talagmitic c alcite a nd s ediment, A ssoc . F r . B ull ., 2 6, 7 -14. B OWMAN S .G.E., S IEVEKING G . d e G . 1 983 T hermoluminescence d ating o f b urnt f lint P ACT , 9 , 2 53-268.

f rom

A ITKEN

b urnt f lint, E tude Q uat .

C ombe

G renal,

K LEIN J ., L ERMAN J .C., D AMON P .E ., R ALPH E .K . 1 982 C alibration o f r adiocarbon d ates: t ables b ased o n t he c onsensus d ata o f t he W orkshop o n c alibrating t he r adiocarbon t imescale, R adiocarbon, 2 4, 1 03-150. P EARSON G .W., S TUIVER M . 1 986 H igh-Precision C alibration o f R adiocarbon , 2 8, 2 B, 8 39-862.

t he

R adiocarbon

T ime S cale,

S TUIVER M ., K ROMER B ., B ECKER B ., F ERGUSON C .W. 1 986 R ediocarbon A ge C alibration b ack t o 1 3,000 Y ears B P a nd t he 1 C A ge M atching o f t he G erman O ak a nd U S B ristlecone P ine C hronologies, R adiocarbon , 2 8, 2 B, 9 69-979. V ALLADAS H ., G ENESTE J .M., J ORON J .L., C HADELLE J .P. 1 986 T hermoluminescence d ating o f L e M oustier ( Dordogne, N ature, 3 22, 4 52-454. Table:

C omparisons b etween

E TIOLLES ( Essone) ( foyer P 1 5) C : ( N 2 0) O x A -138 O x A -139

Tu

1 4

C a nd T L d ates o btained by H . V alladas

1 5.200±1.000 a ns B P 1 2.990± 3 00 1 3.000± 3 00

O x A -173 1 2.8001 : 2 20 O x A -175 1 2.900± 2 20 O x A -174 1 1.900± 2 50 ( Voir l es c ommentaires p ar G owlett e t a l ., 2 8, P art 1 , p our l a d atation O x A -174) ( QR 5 )

L y 1 351

F rance),

1 2.000±

2 20

( moyenne s ur d eux g räs) ( ossements)

1 986,

A rchaeometry,

v ol.

( ossements)

( J. 2 vin, 1 979, R äflexions g änörales e t d onnöes n ouvelles s ur l a c hronologie a bsolue 1 4C d es i ndustries d e l a f in d u P aläolithique S upärieur e t d u d ebut d u M ösolithique, i n D . d e S onneville-Bordes, e d), L a f in d es t emps g laciaires e n E urope , C olloques I nternationaux d u C NRS N ° 2 71, T alence p . 5 -13). D e b as e n h aut, o n a s uccessivement l es s tructures Q R 5 , N 2 0 p uis P 1 5. P INCEVENT ( Seine e t M arne) T L:

c ouche I V, c ouche I V,

n iveau i nförieur 1 3.800±600 n iveau s upärieur 1 3.600 1 -8 00

( moyenne s ur d eux g räs) ( un g räs)

A RCHEOMETRICAL D ATING : R APPORTEUR R EVIEW

1 4

C

2 13

c ouche I V, n iveau i nförieur G if-358

1 2.3001400

( matiöre c arbon6e)

( G . D elibrias, M .T . G uillier a nd J . L abeyrie, 1 970. G if N atural R adiocarbon M easurements v . R adiocarbon , v ol. 1 2, N °2, p .421-443. c ouche I V

G if-6283 G if-6284 G if-6310 G if-5971 ( G . D elibrias e t a l. G if R adiocarbon , t o b e p ublished) c ouche I V ,

c ouche I V ,

c ouche I V,

1 2.1201130 ( matiöre c arbon6e) 1 1.8001130 1 2.1001130 1 2.1001120 ( charbon) N atural R adiocarbon M easurements

X I,

n iveau i nf6rieur L v-291 L v-292 L v-293

1 0 .9201 :540 1 1.610±400 1 1.3101 .330

( fin d ebris d e c harbon d e b ois e t o s)

n iveau i nf6rieur O x A -149 O x A -176 O x A -177

1 2.400±200 1 2.000 1 . 220 1 2.3001220

( ossements)

n iveau s upörieur O x A -148

1 2.6001200

( ossements)

( JAJ G owlett e t a l .,

1 986,

A rchaeometry, V ol.

2 8, p art 1 )

M ARSANGY ( Yonne) T L: 1 4

c

1 1.7001700 O x A -178 O x A -505

( moyenne s ur 5 g rös)

1 1.6001200 ( ossements) 9 .7701180

L A V IGNE B RUN ( Loire); P ärigordien s upärieur

2 7.200 1 . 2.200

( moyenne s ur 3 s ilex e t 4q uartz c hauff6s)

L y-2337

2 3 .450±690

( os b rülös)

L y-2638 L y-2639

2 1.5801600 2 3.230 1 . 750 2 3.500 1 1000

T L:

1 4

C :

L y-2640

f t

2 14

M .J . A ITKEN

S ta r t ing a c t iv ity

t r ue a ssu med

-1 3

1 00

( 1 )

C D

8 0 M easured s a mp le — . a c t iv i ty

. 1 1 1 -

6 0

3 o C D D 1

5 730 5 568

l e

h a l f l i fe

A ge i n m i l lenn ia

( D 0

2 0

I t

7

6

5

C a l ib ra ted a ge

4

3

2

%C onven t iona l '

r ad ioca rbon

a ge i n y ea rs

F ig .1 - T he l ower c urve s hows t he t heoretical d ecay o f a ctivity a ssuming t he h alf-life t o h ave t he o ld " Libby" v alue o f 5 568 y ears a nd t hat t he s tarting l evel o f t he s ample's a ctivity w as e qual t o t he l evel t hat a l iving s ample w ould h ave h ad i n A D 1 950 . F rom t his c urve t he " conventional" a ge i n r adiocarbon y ears i s o btained . T he u pper c urve i s b ased o n t he r evised h alf-life o f 5 730 y ears a nd o n t he t rue s tarting l evel f or t he p articular s ample c oncerned . T he t rue s tarting l evel c hanges s lightly f rom c entury t o c entury a nd d ata o n t his i s d erived f rom r adiocarbon m easurements o n t ree r ings t hat h ave b een d ated u sing d endrochronology . T he u pper c urve y ields t he c alibrated a ge , a s i ndicated .

" to ta l

u oq m3op i D J

+

I DUO4U8AU03

2 15

A RCHEOMETRICAL D ATING : R APPORTEUR R EVIEW

C a l ib ra ted a ge

F ig .2 - T he e rror l imits o n t he c alibrated a ge a re o ften g reater t han t he ± o g iven b y t he l aboratory f or t he r adiocarbon a ge . T wo e ffects a re involved: - t here i s ad egree o f u ncertainty i n t he c alibration c urve , e xpressed a s 2curve, w here i22

l ab

a nd ,

i n

p erforming t he c alibration ,

2 total

m ust b e u sed

+ 02

— c urve

- a g iven c hange i n c alendar y ears ( i.e . c alibrated a ge) m ay c orrespond t o a l arger , o r a s maller c hange i n r adiocarbon a ge d epending o n t he p eriod; i f i t i s s maller t hen t here i s a w idening o f t he e rror l imits .

2 16

M .J .

A ITKEN

C onven t iona l r ad ioca rbon a ge 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) ( r ) e 0) 4 -, • , . ) t 5 Z

l a )

C

2 . . - a .

0

)

4C 7

CL (r )

e c al

C 5 _ C )

• Z 4 3

C i e

, Z i 4

0

2 . r 4

( 0 Z 4 • 3

F , P . ,e Z * , 4

u g l i E c o ' t : J c e • , ) 0

t 5 Z

C O e ` t 5 2 5 Z * 4 3

0 ) F 1 • Z 1 -1 0 4 3 e

" f 3 .

0 ? « ) '

, z

U F . ' 7 5

0 ) 0 F 4 F 4 • Z r N * ' t i 0 ) 4 3

-3

0 ) 0 ) , Z 4 -, 4 -, , ' g 1 . C e F 4 e i 2 ( J 0 E . 4

1 : i

z

No -N ,

( (f )) >

. _ 0

_

C

a ) 40 —

"7"

e

F 4 4 -, e r ) • & 0 4 -3 0 ) C O

c i 5 • 0 Z _ • / )• , )

0 Z

R 0 ) c e

ze

• r ,

r/ Z i

Z

R . , 0 ) ( I ) f 4 0 )

( 4 ) 4 3 Z

u p F 4 9 - ,e

• , ) eao

. 2

t . ) • , > r i 0 ) . 4 4 t z r ) F 4 r a 4 3 " 4 , R . , 0 0 ) w 4 3 ( 7 1 ) 4 ) Z U U U Z e z t c i c )F 4 Q D

0

w e. 4 .

e m

( 7 ) • • 4 . - F 4 2 Q j 0 ) 4 3 F 4 0

e

Q oe

e j w, z F 4e o z i e m te i- o E

0 )

F 4 " C 5

,

e

. z

F ,

• , -t . eo

F 4 E 4 ( 4 ) ( 1 ) 4 : " . ) 0 ) Tz : 5 • , ) •. 4 3 F 1 , C 0 ) 1 t i e i 3 3 -3

t n c uQ ) rQ G )

0 z 1 . • , 3 • . )

4 t ig z .e . )F I

. 0 )

F 4 e :

e

C I C O

LE PROCHE ORIENT DE 16.000 A 10.000 BP

THE NEAR EAST FROM 16.000 TO 10.000 BP

Chronologies

in

the

Aurenche 0 ., Evin BAR International

Near

East,

J . and Hours Series,

F .

eds. 1987

R E LA T IV E A N D A B S O L U T E C H R O N O L O G Y O FT H E E P I P A L A E O L I T H IC I NT H E S O U T H E R N L E V A N T Ofer

ASTRACT:

The

paper

Epi-palaeolithic approach" to

s tudy

as the

locations.

r eviews

cultural

t he

most

The

of

t he

cultural

followed final

by

t he

section

entities. tool

for

I t

i s

of

available

Kebaran,

presents

a

concluded

that

RESUME:

Cet

preconise adapte

article

pour

servent et

12

p ermettre toile

BP.

Kebarien

et

geometrique, derniere

de

r evue ses

l e

l e sa

comme

l e

concept de L es

aux

changements des

puis

l as

cultures

qui

presente

quelques

a t

position

of

the

us

specific for

survey

variations, The

archaeological

the

most

suitable

and

i ts

fully

au

Levant

or

la

l eur

chronologie pour

chronologique

archeologique la

definir par

sont

entre

par

et

000

par

l e

Kebarien

contemporaines. par

duree aux

des

19/18

l e

caracteristiques absolue

On

plus

paleoclimatiques commence

poursuit

rapport

l e

sedentarisation

donnees

l a

pour

l ' Epipaleolithique.

culturels

se

article

contemporaines.

enable

in

contemporaries.

t echno-typologiques

ensembles

r egionaux,

que

will

a background

entity

de

l ' apparition

fond

f iable

the

"cultural

systematic

employee

speci fiques.

zones

conlut

defining

the

r egional

i s

VOGEL

entities. t erminologie

plus

mom s

chronology

chronologiques

p lus

i ts

traits

la

e t

as

The

their

archaeological

des

On

and and

at

systematique

for

which

given BP.

revue

archeologique ou

other

each

d ' analyser

cet

l ithique.

l 'instrument

Kebaran

C .

communities

is

non-artifactual of

Levant

construct

farming

radiocarbon

John

advocates

culturels

fad es

de

t he

I t

Mushabian

dans

Mushabien

partie

l ' industrie eat

La

en

in

evidence

t he

the

culturelle"

agricoles

de

500

passe

and

19/18, 000-12, 500

with

few

span

with

ensembles

l '"approche

communautes

between begins

contemporaneity

and

palaeoclimatic

t ime

used

units.

archaeological

complexes

the

time

sedentism

changes

partial

les

and

Geometric

defining

definir

t erminology

units

adequate

emergence

t echno-typological

the

BAR-YOSEF

autres

datations

de

chaque

autres

La qua 14C

culture cultures

I ntroduction R elative c hronology b ased o n d epositional a nd c ultural s tratigraphy h as s erved i n t he p ast a nd i s s till u sed f or t emporal a nd s patial o rdering o f a rchaeological e ntities. T he i ntroduction o f r adiometric t echniques h as a ided a rchaeologists i n b uilding b etter c ontrolled c hronological f rameworks, m ainly f or t he l ater p rehistoric p eriods. H owever, d espite t he i ncrease i n t he n umber o f r adiometrically d ated a ssemblages b elonging t o t he l ast 2 0 K yrs, w e a re s till i n g reat n eed o f b oth m ethods f or s everal r easons. F irst, w e a re f ar f rom a chieving t he r efined c hronological r esolution f or t he e ntire L evant w hich i s n eeded f or t esting m odels c oncerning t he o rigins o f s edentarism, t he e mergence c ommunities, s tages i n p lant d omestication, e tc.

o f f arming S econdly,

2 20

0 .

B AR-YOSEF a nd J .C .

V OGEL

s atisfactory c hronological r esolution w ill e nable u s t o e xtend o ur i nterpretation b eyond t he l imits o f t he L evant t o t est m ore g eneral m odels a bout c ultural d iffusion, m oving f rontiers, e tc. i n m anner s imilar t o t he w ay i t c an b e d one f or t he a rchaeological r emains f rom t he l ast t hree m illennia B C. T he f actors i nvolved i n c reating u nfortunate s ituation a re : - t he u nevenly r esearched r egions w ithin s outhwestern A sia ; - a mbiguities, d isagreements, a nd m isunderstandings i n t he d efinition o f a rchaeological p eriods a nd/or e ities; - t he i nsufficient n umber o f 1 C d ates f or c ertain a rchaeological u nits. W hile t he d esire t o h ave m ore t ightly c ontrolled a rchaeological s equences i s s hared b y e very a rchaeologist w orking i n t his p art o f t he w orld, i t i s u nnecessary t o d iscuss h ere w hy s ome p ortions o f s outhwestern A sia a re l ess w ell s tudied t han o thers. M ore i mportant a re t he t axonomic a mbiguities w hich r eflect t he d iversified a pproaches o f d ifferent " schools" o f a rchaeology i nvolved i n f ield w ork , r epresented b y s cholars a nd s tudents f rom m any c ountries. O ne m ay d eplore t he l ack o f l ocal L evantine d evelopments i n a rchaeological t heory, b ut o ne c annot i gnore t he p otentialities f or m odel t esting p rovided b y t he r ich a rchaeological r ecords o f t he r egion. T hus, w e c hoose t o o pen t his p aper w ith a b rief d iscussion o n t he t axonomic i ssues t o b e f ollowed b y t he d escription o f i mportant a rchaeological e ntities a nd p eriods. T he a ppendix i ncludes r adiometric d ates a vailable t o u s a t t he t ime o f w riting t his p aper ( July 1 986). T he t erm " Epi-Palaeolithic" w as o riginally i ntroduced t o t he L evant b y J . P errot ( 1966) w hile d escribing t he e xcavation r esults f rom M allaha ( Eynan). T he E uropean t axon " Mesolithic" s eemed i nappropriate f or t he N atufian i ndustry w hich a t M allaha w as n ot a s r ich i n m icroliths a nd w as f ound t o b e o f T erminal P leistocene a ge. T he E uropean c orrelation o f

a

" proliferation

o f

m icroliths"

w ith

t he

" post-glacial a ge" c ould n ot b e m atched w ith t he e vidence f rom t he L evant. T he a doption o f t he t erm " Epi-Palaeolithic" a s u sed i n N orth A frica e nabled t he i ncorporation o f e ntities c onsidered t o b e p art o f t he U pper P alaeolithic s equence ( Garrod a nd B ate, 1 937; N euville, 1 934) i nto a n i ndependant l arge t ime-unit ( e.g ., B ar-Yosef , 1 970a , 1 975; B esançon e t a l ., 1 975-77; H ours e t a / ., 1 973; M arks, 1 977). D uring t he 1 970 's i t b ecame e vident t hat t he h igh f requencies o f m icroliths, w hich a s a g roup w ere c onsidered a s t ime-markers f or t he o nset o f t he E pi-Palaeolithic, c ould a ctually i n s ome c ases b e d ated t o a n e ven e arlier p eriod. S uch i s t he c ase o f t he L agaman i n n orthern S inai, d ated t o a round 3 2-30,000 B P, w ith u p t o 4 0% r etouched b ladelets ( Bar-Yosef a nd B elfer-Cohen, 1 977); o r v arious l ayers i n K sar A kil, b eginning w ith l evel 1 2 ( Tixier a nd I nizan, 1 981), w hich c ontain u p t o 6 5% o f t his t ool g roup. T herefore, i t i s n ot s urprising t hat t he s uggested U pper P alaeolithic/Epi-Palaeolithic c hronoline, e stimated i n t he 1 970 's a s 1 8/19,000 B P, s hould b e q uestioned ( BarY osef, 1 981). A n ew d emarcation l ine c haracterized b y a n a brupt i ncrease o f g eometrics ( mainly t rapeze-rectangles) c ommencing a round 1 4,000 B P ( Bar-Yosef, 1 975, 1 976) h as b een s uggested f or t he o nset o f t he E pi-Palaeolithic ( Gilead, 1 983, 1 984). T here a re o nly t wo w ays i n w hich t he c hronological o rdering o f t he p eriod u nder d iscussion c an b e h andled. O ne i s b y c lassifying t he

T HE E PIPALEOLITHIC I N T HE S OUTHERN L EVANT

2 21

a ssemblages, l ayers, s ites, e tc., i nto t ime u nits s uch a s P eriod 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ... ( Aurenche e t a l ., 1 981) o r E pi-Palaeolithic 1 , 2 ( Moore, 1 985). T he a lternative w ay i s b y d efining a rchaeological e ntities o n t he b asis o f t he g eographic a nd t emporal d istribution o f c ertain t ypological f eatures. E ach a pproach h as i ts o wn a dvantages a nd d eficiencies. T he f irst a pproach g roups t ogether q uasi-contemporary o ccurrences w hich c an b e p lotted o n m aps ( e.g ., A urenche e t a l., 1 981, c arte 2 -12; M oore, 1 985, f igs. 5 , 8 ). S ites o r a ss9mblages a re i ncorporated i n t hese " time-slices" o n t he b asis o f 1 4 C d ates o r i n t heir a bsence b y c onsidering l ithic t ypological s imilarities. T his l atter p rocedure a ssumes, i n m any c ases, w hat s hould b e d emonstrated. H owever, i n s everal i nstances i ntuitive d ecisions b y a rchaeologists, g uided b y t heir p ersonal e xperience, h ave b een f ound t hrough t he y ears t o b e c orrect. T he s econd a pproach i s a " cultural-historical" o ne, w hich s eeks t o i nvestigate t he d ifferences i n t he a daptations o f v arious h uman g roups d uring t he m illennia w hich s aw t he e mergence o f a gricultural a nd p astoral c ommunities. T his a pproach i s b ased o n e arlier w orks o f V . G ordon C hilde a nd D avid C larke a nd h as b een e xplicitly e xpressed i n v arious p apers ( e.g ., B ar-Yosef, 1 975a , 1 981, 1 983 , i n press; H enry,

1 977, 1 983 ). I t i s a lso w orth n oting t hat l ocal L evantine a rchaeologists f ind s upport f or t heir a pproach i n t he w orks o f c olleagues w ho s tudy t he N ear E astern B ronze a nd I ron a ges. W ritten d ocuments f avour t entative c orrelations b etween a rchaeological a ssemblages a nd s pecific p eoples. T he basic a ssumptions a nd p racticalities o f t he c lassificatory s ystem w ill n ot b e d iscussed h ere e xtensively. W e w ould o nly s tate t he f ollowing : -M odern s tudies o f h unter-gatherers c onsidered e specially t he r elationship b etween m obility a nd t he d istribution o f r esources, g roup s ize, c amp o rganization, a nd s tylistic v ariability e xpressed i n t heir m aterial c ulture t hat p ermits t he i dentification o f s pecific g roups, e tc. -T he e ver-growing b ody o f d ata o n b asic k napping t echniques, c hoice o f b lanks f or s econdary t rimming , t echniques o f s econdary t rimming , v arious p henomena o f r esharpening , h afting , r etooling , e tc. e nable u s t o r ecognize w ell a s t he

s pecific p atterns

r eduction r esulting

s equences ( chaines o peratoires) a s f rom c lustering o f s tylistic

a ttributes. -I dentification o f " archaeological c ultures" t akes i nto a ccount t he v ariability i n h unter-gatherers m aterial c ulture a nd i ts p ossible r eflection i n t he l ithic a ssemblages, p ersonal o rnamentation, a rchitectural r emains, s ite s ize, s ite l ocation, e tc. -W hen c hanges i n m aterial c ulture t hrough t ime a re o bserved i n t he a rchaeological r ecord w e f ace a t wofold q uestion: ( a) W hat c aused t he c hange, a nd ( b) s hould t he l ater a ssemblages b e g iven a n ew n ame? I n t his p aper, a s i n p revious o nes, w e a ssume t hat a s pecific c hatne o peratoire, w hen i dentified ( and e ven i f n ot s tudied i n d etail b y r eplication) a nd/or a c ombination o f s tylistic a ttributes o ften r ecognized i n t he s econdarily t rimmed p ieces, c haracterizes c ertain p rehistoric " people". T hus, a rchaeological e ntities a re d efined a nd, i f t he s ame s cale i s k ept, p henomena o f u nity a nd d iversification c an

2 22

0 .

B AR-YOSEF a nd J .C .

V OGEL

b e t raced a nd c ompared . I n t his a pproach w e t reat q uantitative t ypological s tudies w ith c aution, b ecause v ariability i n t ool f requencies m ay r eflect t he n ature o r c ontext o f v arious a ctivities ( e.g ., s pecific t ask , a vailability o f r aw m aterial, c uration, e tc.) a nd a re n ot n ecessarily d iscriminants o f d ifferent c ultures. T hus, c omparative s tudies o f o ne t ool g roup, s uch a s t he m icroliths, a re p referred o ver i ntera ssemblages c omparisons. W ithout i ntensive r efitting o f b lanks, t ools, a nd c ores, t he r atio o f c ores t o d ebitage p roducts, o r o f c ores t o t ools, a re m eaningless. T he p resence a nd f requencies o f v arious t ool g roups o r d ebitage c ategories m ight r esult f rom d ifferent d iscard p atterns. C onjoining i s a t ime c onsuming o peration a nd o ften c an b e d one i n o nly p ristine d epositional s ituations. T herefore, t he a vailable q uantitative s tudies s hould b e c arefully i nterpreted. F inally, t he N atufian c ulture a nd i ts c ontemporaries, w hich i s c ommonly i ncluded i n t he E pi-Palaeolithic, w ill b e d ealt w ith b y F . V alla ( see t his v olume). P alaeoclimatic R ecords T he

m ost

r eliable

s ources f or p algeoclimatic r econstructions f or

t he p eriod u nder d iscussion a re t he 51 0 f luctuations r eflected i n d eep-sea c ores a nd p alynological r ecords f rom l akes. O ther s ources s uch a s 5 18 0 c hanges i n l and s nails a nd n odular c arbonate h orizons ( Magaritz a nd H eller, 1 980; M agaritz, 1 986); f luctuations i n a nimal s izes ( Tchernov, 1 982); d epositional a nd a ggradational e vents i n f luviatile t erraces ( Goldberg , 1 986); l ake s hores ( Begin e t a l ., 1 985; R oberts, 1 982), e tc. p rovide s upportive a lthough r ather s potty e vidence. F aunal s pectra a nd p alynological s tudies o f a rchaeological s ites a re o f d oubtful p alaeoclimatic v alue. A b iased p icture m ay r esult f rom v arying h unting s trategies, a nd f rom t aphonomic p rocesses i ncluding s elective p reservation o f p ollen g rains ( e.g ., T urner , 1 985). T he n umber o f p ublished d eep-sea c ores f rom t he E astern M editerranean i s a s y et r ather s mall. H owever, t he a vailable e vidence f rom t he e ntire n orthern h emisphere d emonstrates a c onsiderable d egree o f s imilarity b etween t he m ajor c limatic f luctuations, e specially b etween t he g lacially i nfluenced r egions a nd t he M editerranean b asin ( Nesteroff e t a l ., 1 983; R ossignol-Strick e t a l ., 1 982; L uz, 1 982). T he m aximum o f t he L ast G lacial l asted a t l east u ntil 1 6,000 B P. W arm s pells h ave b een r ecognized a round 1 6/15,000 B P, 1 3,500 B P a nd 1 2,800 B P, b ecoming w armer a round 1 1,900 a nd 1 0,000 B P ( Nesteroff e t a l ., 1 983). W hile i ncreases i n m ean a nnual t emperature i nfluences h umidity, i t i s t he p attern o f p recipitation w hich i s t he p rominent v ariable a ffecting v egetation g rowth i n L evantine w oodland a nd s hrub d esert e nvironments ( Shmida e t a l ., 1 986). P alynological s tudies o f t he L evant p rovide a p icture o f r ainfall f luctuations w ith c onsiderable r egional v ariability ( Van Z eist a nd B ottema, 1 982; B ottema a nd V an Z eist, 1 981). T he G hab s equence p oints t o h igh p recipitation b etween 1 8,000 a nd 1 4,000 B P, a d ecrease u ntil 1 0,000 B P, f ollowed b y a n i ncrease o f r ainfall a nd t emperature. A d ifferent T sukada 's

p attern i s e xhibited i n t he H ula s equence ( based o n w ork) w hich c orresponds t o f luctuations r ecorded i n I onina

a nd P hillipon T enaghi i n n orthern G reece.

I n

h igher,

e astern

s ites,

T HE E PIPALEOLITHIC I N T HE S OUTHERN L EVANT

2 23

s uch a s Z eribar i n t he Z agros m ountains, a rboreal v egetation p enetrated o nly a fter 1 1,000 B P ( Van Z eist a nd B ottema , 1 977 , 1 982 ). D iscrepancies b etween t he s tudied c ores a nd d isagreements a mong t he v arious s cholars d o n ot o bscure t he b asic o bservation t hat m ost o f t he k nown K ebaran C omplex s ites ( ca . 1 9/18,000-1 4 /1 4 ,500 B P) w ere o ccupied u nder r elatively d ry a nd c old c onditions a nd t hat t he G eometric K ebaran a nd i ts c ontemporaries ( ca . 1 4114,500 - 1 2,500 B P) m ay h ave e xploited s omewhat b etter w atered e nvironments. T he s ources f or d ating s ites R elative c hronology i s b ased o n s tratigraphy. H owever, s tratified s ites w here d ifferent i ndustries o verlie e ach o ther a re r ather r are. T he f ew a vailable e xamples, s uch a s Y abrud I II, F azael I II, o r J ilat 6 , w ill b e m entioned b elow, b ut t he p henomenon a s a w hole, s hould b e t reated b riefly h ere. T he e xpectation o f f inding s tratified s ites i n w hich e very i ndustry i s p resent s tems f rom t he g eological i deal " type-locality". I n h uman t erms i t m eans t hat, d espite e nvironmental f luctuations a nd c hange i n o rganizational s ystems s uch l ocales w ould a lways h ave b een o ccupied. T his n aive e xpectation r eflected i n t he p ast t he p aucity o f a nthropological k nowledge p ossessed b y a rchaeologists c oupled w ith m inimal u nderstanding o f s ite f ormation p rocesses. T oday, m ost f ieldworkers a re l ooking f or i ndependant m eans f or d ating s ites w hich a re o ften f ound a s i solated o ccurrences. T his s ituation i ndicates c hanging s ettlement p atterns, w hich a s a p henomenon b y i tself r equires e xplanation. T hus r adiometric d ates a re o f p rime i mportance. I n t he a rid r egion o f t he L evant, c harcoal i s o ften w ell p reserved. A lthough t his i s n ot t he c ase i n e very d esertic e nvironment s uch a s t he s andy a reas o f t he w estern N egev, m ost o f t he a vailable 1 4 C d ates o riginate i n n orthern S inai, t he N egev, s outhern J ordan, a nd t he A zraq b asin. I n t he M editerranean v egetation z one c harcoal, a t l east p ieces v isible t o t he n aked e ye, a re s eldom p reserved. T he t erra r ossa a nd r endzina s oils a re w etted e very w inter a nd d ry u p e very s ummer. E specially i n t he c layey t erra r ossa , c racks f orm a nd t he c harcoal b reaks i nto s mall p ieces a nd l eaches a way. I n m any i nstances o nly f lotation m ay r ecover c arbonized r emains. B ut t hese m ay o ften b e l at r . i ntrusions. T herefore, b ones p rovide m ost o f t he s amples f or 1 C d ating . W ith ; t he n ew a ccelerator t echnique, p reviously r un c onventional 1 C d ates c an b e c hecked. U ntil t his i s d one, o ne m ust d eplore t he p aucity o f K ebaran r adiocarbon d ates a nd i nevitably r etreat t o r elative c hronology a ided b y t echno-typological s tudies ( Table 1 ). T he K ebaran C omplex a nd i ts c ontemporaries T he

t erm

" Kebaran"

w as

o riginally

c oined

t o

i ncorporate

t he

m icrolithic-dominated a ssemblages o f t he T erminal U pper P alaeolithic s equence, k nown a t t he t ime a lso a s U .P. s tage V I ( Garrod a nd B ate, 1 937 ; Garrod, 1 957 ; N euville, 1 934, 1 951; S tekelis, 1 938). I ntensive e xcavations w hich c ommenced d uring t he 1 960 's i n E in G ev I a nd J iita I I ( Stekelis a nd B ar-Yosef, 1 965; B ar-Yosef, 1 970a ; H ours, 1 966; C havaillon a nd H ours, 1 970; H ours a nd L oiselet, 1 975-77 ; Hours, 1 973 , 1 976), a ccompagnied b y t he t ypological a nalysis o f m any s urface

2 24

0 .

B AR-YOSEF a nd J .C .

V OGEL

c ollections, l ed t o t he s ubdivision b etween K ebaran a nd G eometric K ebaran ( Bar-Yosef , 1 970a, 1 975, 1 976; B esançon e t a l., 1 975-77; H ours e t a l ., 1 973; H ours, 1 976). O n t he w hole, t he p roliferation o f t rapeze-rectangles a mong t he m icroliths w as c onsidered a s t he m ain m arker s eparating t he t wo c omplexes. V arious o ther n ames h ave b een p roposed f or G eometric K ebaran a ssemblages, s uch a s " Bergian" ( Copeland a nd W aechter, 1 968), " Falitian" ( Besançon e t a /., 1 975-77), " Middle H amran" ( Henry, 1 982), b ut i t s eems t hat t he f ormer t axon h as r ecently g ained r ecognition o ver m ost o f t he L evantine r egion ( e.g ., F ujimoto, 1 979; M .-C. C auvin, 1 981a ,b; H enry, p .c. 1 985). U nfortunately, w ork o n t he K ebaran a lmost c ompletely s topped i n t he m id-1970's a nd o nly a f ew s mall t est e xcavations i n t he J ordan V alley ( Bar-Yosef e t a l ., 1 974; G oring-Morris, 1 980), t he A zraq b asin, a nd s outhern J ordan a dded t o t he o verall p icture ( Muheisin, 1 983; H enry , 1 982, 1 983). A dditional i nformation i s n ow e merging f rom o ngoing f ield w ork i n t he J ordan V alley a nd t he w estern N egev ( Edwards i n M cNicoll, n .d.; H overs a nd B ar-Yosef, i n p rep.; G oring-Morris, 1 985). T he K ebaran C omplex i n t he s outhern L evant i s n ot s olely d efined o n t he b asis o f t he t echno-typological f eatures o f t he a ssemblage o f l ayer C i n K ebaran c ave f rom w hich i ts n ame w as d erived. S uch a p rocedure o f u sing o ne a ssemblage, i s u nacceptable i n v iew o f t he d iverse p rocesses r esponsible f or t he f ormation o f a n e ntire a rchaeological e ntity w hich r epresents i n i ts v arious a ssemblages t he y ear r ound a ctivities o f a g roup o f p eople. T he p rocedure f or c lassifying a ssemblages w ithin t he K ebaran c omplex i s b ased o n c omparisons b etween t he ( retouched b acked b ladelets i ncluding g eometrics).

m icrolithic

T he r easons f or u sing t his t ool g roup a re a s f ollow: -T hey f orm a t l east 4 0% o f e ach a ssemblage a nd t hus p rovide s ample f or d etailed s tudy. -T hese a rtifacts, a s d emonstrated b y m icrowear, h afting s tudies ( e.g ., A nderson-Gerfaud, 1 983;

g roups

a

l arge

e dge d amage, a nd T omenchuck, 1 983;

K ukan, 1 978; B ar-Yosef, i n p ress), s erved a s c omponents o f h unting d evices a nd a s s uch, o ccasionally f or c utting . - C ontrary t o t he i nvestment i n p roducing t he s hafts o f a rrows o r s pears, w hich a re t ime a nd e nergy c onsuming , m icroliths a re e asily s haped o nce t he b lanks a re r eady. W hile r etooling i t i s e asier a nd q uicker t o m ake t he s ame m icrolithic f orm w hich w as d amaged o r f elled o ff t han t o r eshape t he s haft. -T he s econdary t rimming t echniques, s everal o f w hich a re m ore e laborate t han o thers, d esignate " schools o f k napping" c onvey s ocial i nformation.

a nd

t herefore

- D ifferences i n t he s hapes o f m icroliths r esult f rom h afting m ethods a nd s tylistic v ariability. T he m ixture o f b oth c arries s ocial i nformation i nvisible.

a lthough I t i s

w hen h afted m ost t herefore a ssumed

o f t he a ttributes b ecome t hat a dditional s tylistic

a ttributes w ere e xpressed i n t he v isible p arts o f t he h unting d evices. - S eriation o f f requencies o f m icrolithic t ypes b ased o n s tratified s ites p rovide t he m eans f or t racing c hanges t hrough t ime a nd s pace. S ome o f t hese m orphological c hanges s uch a s f rom o bliquely t runcated b acked b ladelets t o t rapeze-rectangles m ay r eflect i mprovements i n h afting t echniques ( Kukan, 1 978). S imple s eriation s tudies o f v arious K ebaran a ssemblages h as l ed

t o

T HE E PIPALEOLITHIC I N T HE S OUTHERN L EVANT

2 25

t he r ecognition o f l ocal s equences. T he f ollowing , a lthough n ot a q uantitative p resentation, i s a m odified v ersion o rganized b y s ubregions ( see a lso t able 1 ): L ebanese m ountains ( Hours, 1 973 , 1 976 ) - " Mbarien a ncien": e arly D hour C houeir f acies ( Jiita I II 2 ,1) w ith t riangles. D hour C houeir f acies ( Jiita I I 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 ). - "Mbarien c lassique": o bliquely t runcated b acked b ladelets w ith f ine r etouched b ladelets ( Jiita I I 2 , 1 ; A bri B ergy V , I V; D hour e ch-Choueir). G alilee-Carmel a rea ( Bar-Yosef, 1 970a ; S axon e t a l ., 1 978; N oy e t a l ., 1 973). - E arly K ebaran:

n arrow c urved

m icropoints,

o bliquely

t runcated

b acked b ladelets, f inely r etouched b ladelets ( Hayonim c ave C b-Ce; N ahal O ren I X; K ebara c ave C ( ?); N ahal H adera V , 6 -4 ). - L ate K ebaran : d ominance o f o bliquely t runcated b acked b ladelets ( Nahal H adera 2 -1; H aifa I ). S outhern C oastal P lain ( Bar-Yosef, 1 970a,b; G oring-Morris, i n p ress) - E arly K ebaran: n arrow c urved m icropoints, f inely r etouched b ladelets ( Kiryat A rieh I II, K efar D arom 3 ). Broad c urved m icropoints ( Kefar D arom 8 , S oreq 3 3Q, 3 3T). - L ate K ebaran: n arrow m icropoints, o bliquely b acked t runcated b ladelets ( Kefar D arom 1 3; S oreq 3 3M2; G iveath H a 'esev). W estern N egev ( Goring-Morris, 1 985) - E arly K ebaran: a rched b acked b ladelets, b road m icropoints ( Azariq V I). - L ate K ebaran: o bliquely t runcated b acked b ladelets ( Shunera X VII). C entral J ordan V alley ( Bar-Yosef, 1 970a ) - L ate K ebaran: o bliquely t runcated b acked b ladelets, n arrow c urved b acked b ladelets, w ith F alita p oints ( Ein G ev I , I I). L ower J ordan V alley ( Bar-Yosef e t a l. 1 974; G oring-Morris, 1 980) - E arly K ebaran: c urved b acked b ladelets ( Fazael I II, 6 ; Urkan I I - L ate K ebaran: o bliquely t runcated b acked b ladelets, c urved b acked b ladelets, " microgravettes" ( Fazael I II, 4 ; Fazael V II). A zraq B asin ( Muheisin, 1 983) - E arly K ebaran ( 7) " phase A ": r etouched b ladelets, m icrogravettes, t riangles, o bliquely t runcated b acked b ladelets ( Kharaneh I V, s ondage 1 , 6 -7). - L ate K ebaran " phase B ": o bliquely t runcated b acked c urved b acked b ladelets ( Kharaneh I V, s ondage I , 4 -5). T o s um u p,

b ladelets,

t he K ebaran c omplex h as a n o verall u nity w hich s eparates

i t f rom b oth e arlier U pper P alaeolithic a ssemblages a nd t he l ater G eometric K ebaran a nd i ts c ontemporaries. W ithin a c ertain a rea , w hich e ncompasses t he r egion f rom w adi A ntelias ( Lebanon) t hrough Y abrud ( Anti-Lebanon M ts.), A zraq b asin, W adi M adamagh ( Edom) i n s outhern J ordan ( Kirkbride, 1 958), a nd Nahal B esor, w estern N egev, w e n ote t hat t he L ate K ebaran i s d ominated b y o bliquely t runcated b acked b ladelets ( Kebara p oint). H owever, t he e arlier s tage o r s tages o f t he K ebaran a re c haracterized i n e ach s ub-region b y a d ominance o f v arious t ypes o f m icroliths, n one o f w hich a ppears i n h igh f requencies i n p reK ebaran t imes.

2 26

0 .

B AR-YOSEF a nd J .C .

V OGEL

R egional c haracteristics, s uch a s m icrogravettes a nd F alita p oints, a re u biquitous e ast o f t he J ordan R ift. S poradic o ccurrences o f t riangles ( often a ccompanied b y m icroburin t echnique) a re n oted w ithin t he K ebaran s equence. H owever, t hey d o n ot h erald t he s hift t o t rapeze-rectangles a s t hey w ere h afted i n t he s ame K ebara p oint.

w ay

a s

w ere

t he

C hronologically, i t s eems t hat t he c harcoal d ate f rom W adi H ammeh 2 7 ( 19,500 B P) s upports t he b one d ates f rom t he s ite a nd t he c ontention t hat l ate U pper P alaeolithic a ssemblages i n o asis s ituations c an b e c ontemporary w ith t he K ebaran. H owever, a s m entioned a bove, w e a re i n g reat n eed o f m any m ore d ates b efore w e c an t he K ebaran C omplex a s r adiometrically w ell d ated.

c onsider

T he G eometric K ebaran C omplex T he s tratigraphic s equence i n a f ew s ites i ndicates t hat t he a ssemblages c lassified a s G eometric K ebaran s ucceeded t he K ebaran, p receded t he N atufian a nd w ere p artially c ontemporary w ith t he M ushabian c omplex a nd i ts c ontemporaries. T he G eometric K ebaran o verlies t he K ebaran i n A bri B ergy ( Copeland a nd W aechter, 1 968) a nd Y abrud r ockshelter I II ( Rust, 1 950), w here t hey w ere c alled r espectively " Falitian" a nd " Nebekian". I n W adi F azael ( Lower J ordan V alley), t he G eometric K ebaran o f F azael I II, l ayer 3 , a nd F azael V III w ere e mbedded a bove t he K ebaran a ssemblages o f F azael I II, l ayers 4 a nd 6 , a nd F azael V II ( Bar-Yosef e t a / .,1974; G oring-Morris, 1 980). I n H efsibah, a s ite o n t he l eft b ank o f N ahal H adera i n t he c oastal p lain, a G eometric K ebaran a ssemblage o verlaid a K ebaran s ite ( Ronen a nd K aufman, 1 976; K aufman, 1 976, i n p ress). I n K haraneh I V ( Azraq b asin) a s imilar s ituation w as o bserved b y M uheisin ( 1983). G eometric K ebaran a ssemblages i re c onsidered c ontemporary w ith t he M ushabian o n t he b asis o f b oth 1 4 C d ates ( see A ppendix) a nd t he s tratigraphic e vidence f rom M ushabi X IV ( Gebel M aghara , n orthern S inai), w here l ayer 1 ( Mushabian) o verlays l ayer 2 ( Geometric K ebaran). I n N ahal B esor ( northern N egev), a G eometric K ebaran s ite ( Hamifgash I ) i s s tratigraphically l ater t han H amifgash I V, p ossibly a M ushabian s ite ( Goring-Morris, 1 985). F inally, a t H ayonim T errace, a G eometric K ebaran a ssemblage w as d iscovered u nder t he N atufian d eposits ( Henry e t a l ., 1 981). I n t his c ase, a n u nknown t ime l ag h ad p assed b etween t he a ccumulation o f t he e arlier d eposits a nd t he N atufian o ccupations, l ong e nough t o a llow f or t he d ecomposition o f b ones. I n E dom, t he E arly-Middle H amran e xhibits a d evelopmental s equence o f t rapeze-rectangle a ssemblages, i n w hich l unates a ppear a nd l ater b ecome d ominant ( Late a nd F inal H amran), a ll p receding t he E arly N atufian ( Henry, 1 982, 1 983). I f t his s equence c orroborates t hat o f N ahal O ren, w here E arly N atufian i s m issing , t hen w e s hould e xpect m ore s ites w ith l unates t o b e o lder t han t he E arly N atufian s ites. 1 4 T he a vailable C d ates f rom G eometric K ebaran s ites i n n orthern S inai a nd t he N egev i ndicate a n o verall c ontemporaneity w ith t hose o f t he M ushabian C omplex ( see A ppendix). T he s pan o f 1 4,500-13,000/12,500 B P f or t he G eometric K ebaran m ay h ave b een e ven s horter i n t he d esertic b elt ( probably i ncluding o ccupations i n t he S yro-Arabian d esert).

T HE EPIPALEOLITHIC I N T HE S OUTHERN L EVANT

2 27

T echno-typological o bservations o n G eometric K ebaran s ites a re a vailable m ainly f rom a f ew s ites i n t he c entral a nd s outhern L evant ( Bar-Yosef, 1 976; B ar-Yosef a nd G oring-Morris, 1 977; S immons, 1 977; G oring-Morris, 1 985; G arrard e t a l., 1 986; F ujimoto, 1 976). P roduction o f b ladelets a nd b lades w as o ften a chieved b y r emovals f rom c ores w ith o ne s triking p latform. B ladelets, a nd l ater b lades, w ere m odified i nto t rapeze-rectangles.

A f ew l ate a ssemblages p resent h igh f requencies o f

v ery l arge g eometrics a nd e specially a symmetric t rapezes w hich w ere o ften m ade f rom f lakes. U niformity a mong t he m icrolithic g roup ( fewer t ypological v ariants a mong t he m icroliths) c haracterizes t he d esertic s ites. S tratigraphic e vidence f or t echno-typological s hifts w ithin t he G eometric K ebaran C omplex i s h ardly a vailable, a nd o nly r adiometric d ates c an c onfirm t he a bove o bservations. T he l ack o f r epeatedly o ccupied l ocales m ay i ndicate a h igh d egree o f m obility c aused b y f luctuations i n t he d istribution o f r esources. S tone a nvils w ere u sed f or t he p roduction o f t he g eometrics w hich c haracterize t hese a ssemblages. T hus, K rukowski m icroburins a s b yp roducts o f m icrolithic p roduction m ight b e a c ommon w aste i n s ome s ites. B roken g eometrics a re t he r esult o f m ishaps i n t he p rocess o f r etouching o r d ue t o u se. T hus, i n l ocations w here r etooling a nd s econdary t rimming t ook p lace, t he n umber o f b roken p laces w ill b e c onsiderable. T he g eographic d istribution o f t he G eometric K ebaran s tretches f rom E l-Kowm i n n ortheastern S yria ( M.-C. C auvin, 1 981a, M .-C. C auvin e t a l ., 1 982) t o W adi S ayakh i n s outhern S inai ( Bar-Yosef a nd K illbrew, 1 985), partially o verlapping w ith t he M ushabian C omplex a nd p ossibly w ith o ther c ontemporary i ndustries s uch a s t he Q alkhan. I f t he t wo ( or m ore) a rchaeological e ntities r epresent a ctual h uman g roups, t hen c ontinuous i nteraction w as p robably t he c ause f or m utual c hanges i n l ithic t echnology. W hat a re a ssumed t o b e l ate G eometric K ebaran a ssemblages c ontain, i n a ddition t o t he t rapeze-rectangles, a rched b acked b ladelets a nd L a M ouillah p oints a nd t he i ntensive u se o f m icroburin t echnique. T he t hree l ater t raits a re t ypical o f t he M ushabian. A ssemblages d ominated b y t riangles, m ostly p roduced b y m icroburin t echnique, w ith s ome l unates, s ometimes w ith m icrogravette p oints, w ere i dentified i n s everal l ocalities. I n N ahal O ren a nd s outhern J ordan ( the L ate H amran), t hey a ppear t o p recede l unate-dominated a ssemblages ( Noy e t a l ., 1 973; H enry, 1 982, 1 983). I n o ther c ases t hese a re i solated s ites s uch a s E in G ev I V ( Bar-Yosef, 1 970a ), W adi J ilat 6 , upper layer ( Garrard e t a l ., 1 986), a nd H amifgash I V ( GoringM orris, 1 985). T he d istribution o f t hese o ccurrences i s r ather s potty a nd B P.

t heir a ge i s d ebatable,

a lthough t hey c an b e p laced a round 1 3,000

T o s um u p, t he o riginal G eometric K ebaran e merged f rom t he L ate K ebaran a nd e xpanded i ts t erritory i nto d esertic a reas. S ometime d uring i ts d uration, m ainly i n t he a rid a nd s emi-arid z one, i t c oexisted w ith o ther i ndustries ( Table 1 ). I n n orthern S inai a nd t he N egev, i t h as b een i nterpreted a s r eflecting t he p enetration o f h unter-gatherers f rom t he N ile d elta d uring t imes o f c limatic a melioration. W hatever t he e xplanation, t he a vailable l iterature c onveys t he i mpression o f c ontemporaneity o f t ypologically h ighly

2 28

0 .

d iversified i ndustries a round e mergence o f t he E arly N atufian.

1 3,000

B P,

B AR-YOSEF a nd J .C .

i .e.

j ust

b efore

V OGEL

t he

T he M ushabian C omplex a nd i ts c ontemporaries T he t erm M ushabian t akes i ts n ame f rom W adi M ushabi i n G ebel M aghara, n orthern S inai w here t his c omplex w as f irst s tudied ( Phillips a nd M intz, 1 977). S ince t hen s ites h ave b een f ound i n t he N egev ( Marks a nd S immons, 1 977 ; G oring-Morris, 1 985) a nd p ossibly i n s outhern J ordan. T he M ushabian C omplex i s c haracterized t echnologically b y t he i ntensive u se o f m icroburin t echnique w ith w hich b ladelets, o ften w ide a nd s hort, w ere s haped i nto f orms s uch a s a rched backed b ladelets, o bliquely t runcated b acked b ladelets a nd L a M ouillah p oints. E arly M ushabian s ites h ave p rovided d ates w hich, t ogether w ith t he s tratigraphic e vidence m entioned a bove, d emonstrate t heir o verall c ontemporaneity w ith t he G eometric K ebaran C omplex ( see A ppendix). T he L ate M ushabian i ncorporates t hose a ssemblages o nce c alled " Negev K ebaran" ( Marks a nd S immons, 1 977) o r " Ramonian" ( GoringM orris, 1 985). A ll r esearchers w ho h ave w orked i n t he N egev a nd t he S inai a gree t hat t he t echnological c ontinuity i s c lear. A mong t he m icroliths t here i s a s hift f rom a p redominance o f a rched b acked b ladelets t o o bliquely t runcated b acked b ladelets ( often w ith a c oncave b ack), b oth s haped w ith t he a id o f m icroburin t echniqu? ( which i s a chieved e asily b y a n o blique s nap). U nfortunately, n o 1 C d ates f or t he L ate M ushabian a re a vailable, b ut i ts f inal f acies w hich c ontains H elwan l unates i s c onsidered t o b e c ontemporary w ith t he E arly N atufian a round 1 2,500 B P. S uch c ontemporaneity i s s upported b y t he a bsence o f E arly N atufian b ase c amps i n t he N egev ( despite b oth i ntensive a nd e xtensive s urveys), a nd t he p resence o f o nly a f ew e phemeral E arly N atufian s ites i n t his e conomically m arginal r egion . T hus, t he M ushabian c omplex h as a t ime s pan r anging f rom a round 1 4,000 B P u ntil a t l east 1 2,500 B P ( Table 1 ). T he d ates o f 1 1,700 a nd 1 1,000 B P f rom S hunera I V ( see A ppendix) a re i ntriguing a nd m ay i ndicate e ither u nknown l ate p ersistence o f t he M ushabian, i ntrusion o f t he d ated h earth i nto a p re-existing o ccurrence, o r c ontamination b y y ounger c arbon. T he i ndustrial c omplexity d uring t his p eriod c haracterizes t he r egion e ast o f t he J ordan R ift. I n s outhern J ordan t he s equence o f t he L ate a nd F inal H amran h as

b een

d escribed

b riefly

b y

H enry

( 1982,

1 983). I t d emonstrates a s hift f rom a d ominance o f t rapeze-rectangles a nd l unates t o a p roliferation o f l unates ( shaped b y a brupt r etouch) w ith t he i ntensive u se o f m icroburin t echnique. I n t he A zraq b asin, t he s ites J ilat 8 a nd U waynid 1 4 e xhibit a m ixture o f t rapeze-rectangles a nd a rched b acked b ladelets p roduced b y m icroburin t echnique ( Garrard e t a l., 1 985, 1 986). T he d ate o f J ilat 8 o f 1 3,310 B P f alls w ell w ithin t he r ange o f t he G eometric K ebaran a nd M ushabian c omplexes. T he p henomenon o f " mixed" f eatures h as a lso b een o bserved i n t he N egev a nd n orthern S inai. G iven w hat s eems t o b e t he s olid a rchaeological e vidence f or t wo d ifferent i ndustries o riginating i n t wo g eographic r egions ( Levant a nd t he N ile v alley), o ne m ay w onder i f t he " mixed" t raits ( trapeze-rectangles, a rched b acked b ladelets a nd t he u se o f m icroburin t echnique) a re n ot t he r esults o f e xchange a nd m utual i nfluence b etween t wo p opulations

T HE E PIPALEOLITHIC I N T HE S OUTHERN L EVANT

2 29

o ver a s pan o f a bout 1 ,000 r adiocarbon y ears. N on-artifactual t raits o f t he a rchaeological e ntities F ollowing t his r ather l engthy d iscussion o f t echno-typological c haracteristics o f E pi-Palaeolithic i ndustries, w e o ught t o b riefly p resent s everal o f t hose t raits w hich i n o ur v iew s hould e nable u s , w hen s tudied m ore p rofoundly, t o u nderstand t he o bserved l ithic v ariability. S ite l ocation i n t erms o f t opography r arely i ncludes d uring t he t ime s pan o f t he K ebaran C omplex e levations a bove 9 00 m a bove s ea l evel. L ater, f rom a bout 1 4,000 B P o nwards, s ites a re f ound a t a ltitudes o f 1 000 m o r m ore. T he a voidance o f t he u pper r eaches o f m ountain r idges s uch a s t he A nti-Lebanon M ountains p ossibly r eflects t he p revalence o f l ower t emperatures e ven d uring t he s ummer, t he p aucity o f d esired s ubsistence r esources, a nd t he l ack o f a dequate t echnologies a mong L evantine h unter-gatherers t o c ope w ith s uch s ituations. G iven t he l ength o f t ime i nvolved, w e d o e xpect s mall e phemeral s ites t o t urn u p i n t he f uture a t h igher a ltitudes, b ut t he b ulk o f k nown o nes i s s pread b etween t he l owlands, p resumably r epresenting w inter c amps, a nd h illy a reas, p robably r epresenting s ummer o ccupations ( Bar-Yosef, 1 981; H enry, 1 983). T he e cological v ariability o f t he M editerranean L evant s uggests t hat w hen c onditions a veraged o ver s everal t housand r adiocarbon y ears a re t aken i nto a ccount, t he e quation o f l owlands=winter a nd h ighlands= s ummer i s p robably c orrect. I n b rief, w ater a vailability i n t he h ighlands d epends o f t he C enomanian-Turonian o r J urassic l imestone a quifers a s w ell a s l ate s ummer w ater s tanding i n p ools i n g orges. N atural p astures d ry u p d uring l ate s ummer i n h igher a ltitudes a nd f ruits a re a vailable d uring l ate s ummer a nd f all. J anuary-February t emperatures w ould h ave b een c lose t o o r b elow 0 °C i n t he m ountains a nd h igh p lateaux, a ccompanied b y h arsh w inds, m aking t he h igher L evantine a ltitudes a l ess d esirable e nvironment f or h unter-gatherers. T hus, i n w inter a nd s pring t ime, t he l owlands ( e.g ., c oastal p lain, J ordan R ift, o r i nland b asins s uch a s t he A zraq) w ould have p rovided b etter l iving c onditions a nd n umerous s eed p roducing s pecies w hich r ipen f rom A pril t hrough M ay/June. W ater s ources w ould h ave b een i n t he f orm o f s prings ( Quaternary a quifers), p ools i n w adi c hannels, f reshwater l akes, e tc. I n a s chematic r econstruction o f s ites d ispersal o ver t he l andscape ( fig .1) v arious o ptions a re p ossible, a lthough i t i s o ur c ontention t hat t he m ain p attern a s d escribed a bove h olds a nd a ccounts f or t he a vailable r ecord o f s ite s izes a nd o ccupational d ensities. D etermining s ite s ize f or E pi-Palaeolithic s ites i s n ot a n e asy t ask, e xcept f or d eflated o ccurrences w hich r emain l argely o r p artly i n s itu. O thers m ay a ppear a s a v eneer o f l ithics o n t he s urface, b ut w hen e xcavated ( as h as b een d one i n t oo f ew i nstances) s how t hat t he i n s itu d istributions o ccupy s maller s urfaces t han a re s uggested b y t he s urface m anifestations. E rosion a t t he t ime o f o ccupation o r i mmediately a fter, a s w ell a s p ost-depositional e rosion a nd d eflation, h ave c aused m any s ites t o b e r eported a s l arger t han t hey a ctually w ere a t t he t ime o f o ccupation. T hus, i n t his p aper, a s i n p revious o nes ( Bar-Yosef, 1 975 , 1 981), s maller e stimates a re u sed , . K ebaran s ites r ange f rom s mall o ccurrences o f 1 5-25 m2 t o 4 00 m2 . A

2 30

s ingle h abitation f ond d e c abane,

O .

B AR-YOSEF a nd J .C .

V OGEL

t o j udge f rom t he e xample o f E in G ev

I ( Arensburg a nd B ar-Yosef, 1 973), i s 2 5-50 m2 w ith a n a dditional p eriphery o f l ittered b ones a nd l ithics o f 1 00 m2 . T he s ize o f G eometric K ebaran, M ushabian, a nd r elated s ites r eported f rom t he L evantine c oast, , the N egev, a nd n orthern S inai v aries f rom 1 5-25 m2 t o 3 00-400 m2 ( Bar-Yosef, 1 981; G oring-Morris, 1 985). Q alkhan a nd H amran s ites i n E dom a re a round 4 00-600 m2 ( Henry , 1 983), w hile s ites i n t he A zraq b asin ( Garrard e t a l ., 1 285, 1 986) a re r eported t o b e l arger s urface s catters u p t o 1 0-20,000 m . E xcavations a t K haraneh I V ( Muheisin, 1 983) i ndicate t hat t he s urface s pread o f 2 1,700 m2 a t t hat s ite d oes n ot r epresent c ontinuous o r p enecontemporaneous o ccupation o ver t he e ntire a rea . H owever, w e c annot r ule o ut t he p ossibility t hat t he l arge E pi-Palaeolithic s ites i n t he s outhern L evant e xisted i n e cologically p rime s ituations s uch a s t he s hores o f i nland l akes ( e.g . A zraq), o r o n t he f oot o f M t. C armel ( Kaufman, 1 985) w hich p rovided l ong-term r esource s ecurity . H owever, t his p ossibility c an b e o nly d emonstrated b y l arge-scale e xcavations o f s ites i n t hese s pecial s ettings. S4 -r uctural r emains h ave b een r eported f rom f ive s ites: E in G ev I ( Ba p sef, 1 970a ), E in G ev I II ( Martin a nd B ar-Yosef, 1 978), H aon I II ( B i J osef, 1 975b), I raq Z igan ( a r ockshelter i n H aifa; W reschner a nd 19 75), a nd N eve D avid ( Kaufman, 1 985). M ost d esertic o ccupations p robably h ad s helters b uilt o f l ight o rganic m aterials a lthough t he u se o f s ome u ndressed s tones i s e xpected. S torage f acilities i n E pi-Palaeolithic s ites a re a s y et u nknown , a lthough t here a re i ndications o f t he p resence o f i nstallations s uch a s t he s mall o val s tructure i n E in G ev I II ( Martin a nd B ar-Yosef , 1 978). H owever, i n a s ystem w here h igh r esidential m obility c an b e i nferred f rom t he a rchaeological r ecord, s torage f acilities c ould h ave b een o utside t he d welling z one o r a long t he m ain w est-east r outes o f m ovement ( as d ictated b y t he t opography) a nd t hus h ard t o f ind a nd d ate. U nfortunately, t o d ate, f loral r emains a re e xtremely r are i n E piP alaeolithic s ites i ncluding m ost o f t he N atufian o nes. T his m akes t he f aunal s pectra t he o nly, a nd p robably a n o ver-emphasized, s ource o f i nformation a bout e conomic a ctivities i ncluding s easonality, s cheduling, s elective c ulling , e tc. M ortars, p estles, c upholes, s tone b owls, a nd g rinding t ools o ccur i n s mall n umbers i n E pi-Palaeolithic s ites i ndicating t hat v egetal f ood p rocessing ( as w ell a s o chre p ounding ) w as a c ommon a ctivity, a s o bserved t oday a mong h unterg atherers i n s ubtropical t o s emi-arid r egions. H owever, t he k inds o f p lants t hat w ere b eing p rocured a nd p rocessed ( e.g ., c ereals, p ulses, a nd a corns) a re a s y et u nknown. G iven t he p robable s easonal s carcity o f r esources d uring t he l ate w inter, i t s eems l ikely t hat p ulses w ould h ave b een c ollected, b ut t heir c onsumption m ight n ot h ave r equired t he u se o f p ounding o r g rinding t ools. F aunal s pectra f rom K ebaran a nd G eometric K ebaran s ites ( e.g ., B arY osef, 1 981; D avis, 1 983) i ndicate t hat g azelle w as o ften t he m ain p rey w ith s ome f allow d eer a nd w ild b oar. I n t he A zraq b asin s mall q uantities o f e quids, o vicaprines, h ares, f oxes, w olves, b irds, a nd t ortoise h ave b een i dentified i n a ddition t o t he p rominent g azelle r emains. U nfortunately, i nteresting q uestions a bout h unting s easons, p rey s election, a nd p rocessing p atterns c an n ot b e a nswered, g iven t he

T HE E PIPALEOLITHIC I N T HE S OUTHERN L EVANT

2 31

c urrent s tate o f a vailable r eports. O ne o bservation, p erhaps, i s w orth n oting. I n c ontrast t o t he K ebaran a nd G eometric K ebaran, t he s ucceeding N atufian s ites o ften c ontain, b eside m ammals, a bundant r emains o f b irds, r eptiles, f ish ( in a f ew i nstances), a nd t ortoises. T his e xpansion o f r esource b ase t o i nclude a m uch w ider r ange o f s maller s pecies m ay b e i ndicative o f i ncreasingly s tressful c onditions, p ossibly c oupled w ith a g reater d egree o f s edentarism. M arine s hells h ave b een f ound i n m any o f t he K ebaran, G eometric K ebaran, M ushabian, a nd o ther p re-Natufian E pi-Palaeolithic s ites ( Bar-Yosef D .E. a nd B ar-Yosef O ., 1 986). O ften t hey i ndicate c ontacts a cross t he h illy M editerranean r anges, w ith a d ominance o f M editerranean s pecies ( Columbella r ustica , D entalium s p., A rcularia g ibbosula , M itrella s p., e tc.). T he M ushabian s ites a lso c ontain s ome R ed S ea s pecies. T he t otal n umber o f s hells a nd t he d egree o f v ariability a mong s pecies a re r ather l ow w hen c ompared t o t he l ater N atufian. B one o bjects, w hether u sed f or h ide w orking , s ewing , o r b asketry, a re q uite r are i n m ost p re-Natufian s ites. T wo i ncised p oints, o ne f rom J iita I I a nd t he o ther f rom K sar A kil ( Copeland a nd H ours, 1 977 ; T ixier, 1 974), p ossibly b ear c oded i nformation a s y et u ndeciphered. M ortuary p ractices a re e videnced i n a f ew s emi-flexed b urials i n E in G ev I , K haraneh I V, a nd N eve D avid ( Kaufman, 1 985) a nd c remated r emains o f a t l east 7 i ndividuals w ere r ecovered f rom K ebara C ave. W hile t he f ormer t hree s ites m ay i ndicate a c ommon, r egular h abit o f b urying u nder t he f loors o f h abitation a rea , t he l atter c ase a nd t he c ircumstances o f i ts d iscovery a re n ot w ell u nderstood. S ummary T he b asic a ssumption u nderlying t his p aper i s t hat t echnot ypological s tudies o f t he m icrolithic i ndustries, w hen d one c arefully, d espite t he f act t hat t hey r epresent o nly o ne o f m any a spects o f d aily l ife o f p rehistoric g roups, c an n evertheless b e u sed a s s ocial m arkers o r g roup " guide f ossils". I n o ur v iew, t hese c lusters o f m icrolithic f orms c onvey e ssential s ocial i nformation w hich r eflects t he d egree o f i ntraa nd i nter-group r elationship. M icroliths, i ncluding t he g eometric f orms, a re t he b est y ardstick f or m easuring t hese r elationships, a nd o ne c an o nly h ope t hat p reliminary s ite r eports i n t he f uture w ill i nclude m any m ore d rawings a nd p recise d escriptions o f t hese a rtifacts. T he o verall t ypological v ariability a mong t he m icroliths o f t he E arly K ebaran i s d emonstrated l arger t han i n t he L ate K ebaran. T his, i n o ur v iew, p oints t o a r elatively h igh l evel o f l ocal i solation b etween a bout 1 9,500 B P a nd 1 6/15,800 B P, a n o bservation w hich a ccommodates t he p resence o f " Late U pper P alaeolithic" i n t he N egev . N ot s urprisingly, t his p icture f its w ell w ith t he c old a nd d ry c onditions o f t he L ate G lacial m aximum, w hen f orested a reas w ere l imited t o t he h illy c oastal r anges a nd d eserts r eached t heir m aximum e xtension. A b etter l evel o f i nter-territorial c ommunication w as a chieved i n t he L ate K ebaran a nd e arly G eometric K ebaran, t hus l eading t o t he f ast e xpansion o f t he h afting t echnique i nvolving t rapeze-rectangles a nd t he u se o f l ime p laster ( Kingery, p ersonal c ommunication). A n i ncrease i n p recipitation, m ainly i n t he s outhern a nd e astern r eaches o f t he

2 32

0 .

B AR-YOSEF a nd J .C .

V OGEL

s outhern L evant, e nabled t he e xploitation o f t oday 's a rid r egion b y L evantine a nd N ilotic h unter-gatherers. P erhaps A rabian ( Red S ea h illy r ange) g roups a lso p enetrated i nto t his r egion. A l ong t ime s pan o f c oexistence o f t wo o r m ore t ypes o f g roups r esulted i n t he e xchange o f t raits, m ainly i n t he a doption o f t he m icroburin t echnique a s a s napping t echnique b ut a lso i n t he a doption o f h afting t echniques s uch a s t rapeze-rectangles v ersus a rched b acked b ladelets ( Bar-Yosef, i n p ress). I t i s n ot i mpossible t hat s ome o f t he s o-called " mixed" a ssemblages t hat h ave b een r eported i n t he l iterature r esulted f rom t he d iscard o f m icroliths o btained b y e xchange a nd n ot l ocally p roduced b y t hose r esponsible f or t he f ormation o f t he s ite. S imilar e xchange o f h unting d evices t hrough g ift g iving h as b een r ecorded f requently i n t he e thnographic l iterature ( e.g . W iessner, 1 983). T his p eriod o f t ypological c omplexity b egan a round

1 4,000

B P

a nd

l asted u ntil t he e stablishment o f E arly N atufian b ase c amps i n t heir c ore a rea ( ca . 1 2,500 B P) a nd l onger i n t he s emi-arid m argins. I mproved e cological c onditions a fter 1 4,000 B P l ed t o i ncreases i n l ocal p opulations w hich c a . 1 2,800 B P p robably f aced a m ajor c risis c aused b y s uddenly d iminishing r esources a nd t he r elocation o f o thers. T hese d etrimental c hanges g ave r ise t o n ew a daptative s trategies w hich i ncluded t he a bandonment o f r esidential m obility i n f avour o f l ogistical m obility a nd u ltimately p robably r esulted i n t he s edentarism d ocumented b y E arly N atufian b ase c amps. W e m ay c onclude t hat i n o rder t o s upport t he h istorico-cultural c onstruct p resented i n t his p aper, m any m ore 1 4 C d ates a re n eeded . R adiocarbon c hronology w ould e nable u s t o e xhibit t he e xtant t o w hich c ertain a rchaeological e ntities w ere p artially o r f ully c ontemporary w ith o thers. W e f eel t hat e ven w ithin t he l imits o f t his d ating m ethod, m ore a ccurate c hronological o bservations c an b e o btained. Ofer Institute

of

BAR-YOSEF

Archaeology

Hebrew

University

9 1905

JERUSALEM

J ohn

Nati onal

C .

VOGEL

Natural I sotopes Division Physical Research Laboratory PRETORIA

REFERENCES A NDERSON-GERFAUD P . 1 983

A c onsideration o f t he u ses o f c ertain b acked a nd " lustered" s tone t ools f rom l ate M esolithic a nd N atufian l evels o f A bu H ureyra a nd M ureybet ( Syria ). i n: M .-C. C auvin (M .), T races d 'utilisation s ur l es o utils n& plithiques d u P roche O rient, T MO 5 , 7 7-106. L yon: P ublications d e l a M aison d e l 'Orient.

A URENCHE O ., S ANLAVILLE P . 1 981

C AUVIN

J .,

C AUVIN

M .-C.,

C OPELAND

L .,

H OURS

F .,

C hronologie e t o rganisation d e l 'espace d ans l e P roche O rient d e 1 2,000 ä 5 ,600 a y . J .C. ( 14,000 ä 7 ,600 B P). I n : J . C auvin e t P . P aris:

S anlaville E d. d u C NRS.

(Ms.),

P rO listoire

d u

L evant,

5 71-601.

T HE E PIPALEOLITHIC I N T HE S OUTHERN L EVANT

A RENSBURG B ., B AR-YOSEF O . 1 971 H uman r emains f rom P a Uorient,

1 ,

E in

G ev

2 33

I ,

J ordan

V alley,

I srael,

2 01-206.

B AR-YOSEF D .E., B AR-YOSEF O . 1 986 D iachronic c hanges i n s hell u se f rom t he U pper P alaeolithic t hrough t he C halcolithic i n t he S outhern L evant. P aper r ead i n t he I nternational c onference o f A rchaeozoology. B ordeaux, 1 986. B AR-YOSEF O . 1 970a T he E pi-Palaeolithic C ultures o f P alestine, t hesis, H ebrew U niversity, J erusalem. B AR-YOSEF O . 1 970b G isements e pipal6olithiques p rös d 'Ashdod, R oy . A nthrop . P rO zist ., 8 1, 5 -27 .

u npublished

I srael,

B ull.

P h.D.

S oc.

B AR-YOSEF O . 1 975a T he E pi-Palaeolithic i n P alestine a nd S inai. I n : F . W endorf a nd A .E. M arks ( eds), P roblems i n P rehistory: N orth E ast Africa a nd t he L evant, 3 63-378. D allas: S MU P ress. B AR-YOSEF O . 1 975b L es g isements " KM parien g öometrique A " d 'Haon , V allöe d u J ourdain, I srael, B ulletin d e l a S ociétë p r Odstorique f ra waise, 7 2, 1 0-14 . B AR-YOSEF O . 1 976 A n ote o n t he g eometric K ebaran A , P roceedings o f t he I X U ISPP C ongress , C olloque I I, 7 8-105. N ice. B AR-YOSEF O . 1 981 T he E pi-Palaeolithic c omplexes i n t he s outhern L evant. I n: J . C auvin e t P . S anlaville ( öds), P rd .histoire d u L evant, 3 89-408. P aris: E d. d u C NRS. B AR-YOSEF O . 1 983

T he N atufian o f t he s outhern L evant. I n : C .T. Y oung , P h.E .L. S mith a nd P . M ortensen ( eds), T he H illy F lanks a nd B eyond , S tudies i n A ncient O riental C ivilization, n °36, T he O riental I nstitute, U niversity o f C hicago P ress, 1 1-42.

B AR-YOSEF O . i n p ress D irect

a nd

i ndirect

e vidence

f or

H afting

i n

t he

E pi-

P alaeolithic a nd N eolithic s outhern L evant. I n: D . S tordeur ( 6d.), M anches e t e mmanchements e n p rO tistoire. L yon: P ublications d e l a M aison d e l 'Orient.

2 34

O .

B AR-YOSEF a nd J .C .

V OGEL

B AR-YOSEF O . i n p ress L ate P leistocene a daptations i n t he L evant. I n: O . S offer ( ed.), R egional P erspectives o n t he P leistocene P rehistory o f t he O ld W orld . P lenum P ress. B AR-YOSEF O ., B ELFER A . 1 977 T he L agaman I ndustry. I n : O . B ar-Yosef a nd J .L. P hillips ( eds), P rehistoric i nvestigations i n G ebel M aghara , N orthern S inai, Q edem 7 , 4 2-84 . J erusalem: I nstitute o f A rchaeology, H ebrew U niversity. B AR-YOSEF O ., G OLDBERG P ., L EVISON T . 1 974 L ate Q uaternary s tratigraphy a nd p rehistory i n W adi F azael, J ordan V alley, P al orient, 2 , 4 15-428 . B AR-YOSEF O .,

1 977

G ORING-MORRIS A .N.

G eometric K ebaran A o ccurrences. I n : O . B ar-Yosef a nd J .L. P hillips ( eds), P rehistoric I nvestigations i n G ebel M aghara , n orthern S inai, Q edem 7 , 15-148 . A rchaeology, H ebrew U niversity.

B AR-YOSEF O ., 1 985

B .,

C OPELAND L .,

D RUCKMAN

Y .,

K AUFMAN

A ., A

H OURS F .

T ableaux d e p röhistoire l ibanaise ,

B OTTEMA S ., 1 981

B UCHBINDER

K ebaran s ite i n s outhern S inai,

D ead S ea a nd L ake L isan l evels i n t he l ast 3 0,000 y ears. p reliminary r eport. G eological S urvey o f I srael, J erusalem.

B ESAN WN J .,

1 975 -7 7

I nstitute o f

K ILLBREW A .

Wadi S ayakh - A G eometric P a Uorient, 1 0/2 , 9 5-102 .

B EGIN B .Z., B ROEKER W ., M ARGARITZ M ., N EEV D . 1 985

J erusalem:

P a Uorient,

3 , 5 -46 .

V AN Z EIST W .

P alynological E vidence f or t he C limatic H istory o f t he N ear E ast 5 0,000-6,000 B P. I n: J . C auvin e t P . S anlaville ( eds.), P rO listoire d u L evant, 1 11-132. P aris: E d. d u C NRS.

C AUVIN M .-C. 1 981a

L 'Epipaleolithique d e S yrie d 'apres l es p remieres r echerches d ans l a c uvette d 'el-Kowm ( 1978-1979). I n: J . C auvin e t P . S anlaville ( eds.), P r histoire d u L evant, 3 75-388. P aris: E d. d u C NRS.

C AUVIN M .-C. 1 981b

L 'Epipaleolithique d u L evant ( Synthese). I n : J . S anlaville ( ed.), P rO listoire d u L evant, 4 39-441. d u C NRS.

C auvin e t P . P aris: E d .

T HE EPIPALEOLITH1C I N T HE S OUTHERN L EVANT

C AUVIN M .-C., 1 982

C OQUEUGNIOT E .,

H OURS F .

J iita

I I

( Dahr

p röliminaire, C OPELAND L .,

C ahiers

3 , 2 7-32 .

l 'Euphrate,

C HAVAILLON J .,

1 977

N IERLg M .-C.

Rapport pröliminaire s ur l a c ampagne 1 980 d 'El-Kowm 1 , de

1 972

2 35

e l

M ghara),

c ampagne

1 971,

r apport

2 3 , 2 15-231.

B ulletin d u Mus e d e B eyrouth,

H OURS F .

E ngraved

a nd

p lain b one t ools f rom J iita,

E arly K ebaran c ontext,

L ebanon,

a nd t heir

P roceedings o f t he P rehistoric S ociety,

4 3 , 2 95-301 . C OPELAND L ., 1 968

W AECHTER J .

The s tone i ndustry o f A bri B ergy, I nstitute o f A rchaeology ,

L ondon,

L ebanon,

Bulletin

o f

t he

7 , 1 5-36 .

D AVIS S .J.H. 1 982

C limatic c hange a nd t he a dvent o f d omestication o f r uminant a rtiodactyls i n t he l ate P leistocene-Holocene p eriod i n t he I srael r egion,

P al orient,

8/ 2 ,5 -16 .

E DWARDS P h. n .d.

Two E pi-Paleolithic s ites i n W adi Hammeh. I n: Ball, S . B assett, P h. E dwards, P h. Macumber, P otts,

L .

R andle,

L .

V illiers

r eport o n t he U niversity o f e xcavation a t P ella i n J ordan.

a nd

P .

Sydney's

A . D .

M cNicoll, P etocz,

B . T .

Watson,

P reliminary

f ifth

s eason

of

F UJIMOTO T .

1 979

The E pi-Palaeolithic a ssemblages o f U niversity M useum , T okyo, 1 6 , 4 7-75 .

G ARRARD A ., 1 985

B YRD B .,

H ARVEY P .,

c ave,

G ARRARD A .,

B YRD B .,

B ulletin

H IVERNEL F .

Prehistoric e nvironment a nd s ettlement i n t he A zraq r eport o n t he 1 982 s urvey s eason,

1 986

D ouara

L evant,

1 7,

Basin:

B ETTS A .

Prehistoric e nvironment a nd s ettlement i n t he A zraq B asin: i nterim 2 0.

a

1 -28.

r eport

o n t he 1 984 e xcavation s eason,

L evant,

a n

1 8 , 1 -

G ARROD D .A.E.

1 957

N otes s ur l e P alöolithique s upörieur d u M oyen O rient, d e

l a S ociété P rO listorique Française,

G ARROD D .A.E.,

1 937

5 4,

B ulletin

4 39-446 .

B ATE D .M.

T he S tone Age o f M ount C armel,

v ol.I.

O xford:

C larendon P ress.

G ILEAD I . 1 983

U pper P alaeolithic o ccurrences i n S inai a nd t he t ransition t he

E pi-Palaeolithic i n t he s outhern L evant,

3 9-54 .

P a Uvrient,

t o

9 /1,

2 36

0 .

B AR-YOSEF a nd J .C .

G ILEAD I . 1 984 I s t he T erm " Epi-Palaeolithic" r elevant P rehistory?, C urrent A nthropology , 2 5, 2 27-229.

t o

V OGEL

L evantine

G OLDBERG P . 1 986 L ate Q uaternary G eological H istory o f t he s outhern L evant: G eoarchaeological a pproach, G eoarchaeology, 2 , 2 25-244. G ORING-MORRIS A .N. 1 979 P rehistoric s ites n ear N ahal S oreq, u npublished s ubmitted t o t he D epartment o f A ntiquities.

A

r eport

G ORING-MORRIS A .N. 1 980 L ate Q uaternary s ites i n W adi F azael , L ower J ordan u npublished M .A. t hesis, H ebrew U niversity, J erusalem,

V alley , 1 28 p p.

G ORING-MORRIS A .N. 1 985 T erminal P leistocene H unter-Gatherers i n t he N egev a nd S inai, u npublished P h. D . t hesis, H ebrew U niversity, J erusalem, 3 43 p p. G OWLETT J .A.J., H EDGES R .E.M., L AW I .A. a nd P ERRY C . 1 986 R adiocarbon d ates f rom t he O xford A MS s ystem: D atelist 4 , A chaeometry, 2 0: 2 06-221. 1 987 R adiocarbon d ates f rom t he O xford A MS s ystem: A rchaeometry d atelist 5 . Archaeometry, 2 9: 1 25-155. H ENRY D .O. 1 977 A n e xamination o f t he a rtifactual v ariability i n t he N atufian o f P alestine, E retz I srael, 1 3 , 2 29-240 . H ENRY D .O. 1 982 T he p rehistory o f s outhern J ordan a nd r elationships w ith t he L evant, J ournal o f F ield A rchaeology, 9 , 4 17-444. H ENRY D .O. 1 983

A daptative E ast. I n : F . A rchaeology ,

e volution

w ithin t he E pi-Palaeolithic o f t he N ear

W endorf a nd A .E . C lose ( eds), A dvances v ol.II, 9 9-160. A cademic P ress.

i n

W orld

H ENRY D .O., L EROI-GOURHAN A ., D AVIS S .J. 1 981 T he e xcavation o f H ayonim T errace: a n e xamination o f T erminal P leistocene c limatic a nd a daptative c hanges, J ournal o f A rchaeological S cience, 8 , 3 5-58 . H OURS F . 1 966 R apport p röliminaire M us e d e B eyrouth , 1 9 ,

s ur

l es f ouilles d e J iita,

1-28 .

B ulletin d u

T HE E PIPALEOLITHIC I N T HE S OUTHERN L EVANT

2 37

H OURS F . 1 973 L e K öbarien a u L iban. R äflexions a p artir d es f ouilles d e J iita e n 1 972, P a Uorient, 1 , 1 85-200. H OURS F . 1 976 L 'gpipaläolithique a u L iban. R ösultats a cquis e n 1 975. I n : F . W endorf ( chairman), S econd S ymposium o n T erminology o f t he N ear E ast, I X U ISPP C ongress. N ice. H OURS F ., C OPELAND L ., A URENCHE 0 . 1 973 L es i ndustries p aläolithiques d u P roche O rient: c orrelation , L 'Anthropologie, 7 7, 2 29-280, 4 37-496. H OURS F .,

e ssai

d e

L OISELET J .

1 975 -7 7 C alcul p ar o rdinateur e t t echniques d e f ouilles. P räcisions s ur l e K öbarien a ncien d e J iita ( Liban), P a Uorient, 3 , 1 511 80. H OVERS E ., B AR-YOSEF O . i n p ress E pi-Palaeolithic s ites E xploration J ournal. K AUFMAN D . 1 976 T ypological

a nd

i n

t he

t echnological

P alaeolithic a ssemblages f rom t he M .A. t hesis, T el A viv U niversity .

L ower J ordan V alley,

c omparisons C oastal

o f

P lain

I srael

t wo o f

K AUFMAN D . 1 986 A r econsideration o f a daptative c hanges i n t he L evantine P alaeolithic. I n : L .G. P alaeolithic i n t he O ld I nternational S eries 2 84.

S trauss ( ed.), W orld , 1 17-128.

E pi-

I srael,

E pi-

T he E nd O xford:

o f t he B .A.R.

P etra ,

J ordan,

K IRKBRIDE D . 1 958

A K ebaran r ockshelter i n W adi M an , 5 8, 5 5-58.

M adamagh

n ear

K UKAN G . 1 978 A t echnological a nd s tylistic s tudy o f m icroliths f rom c ertain L evantine E pi-Palaeolithic a ssemblages. t hesis, U niversity o f T oronto.

U npublished

P h.D.

L UZ B . 1 982

P alaeoclimatic

i nterpretation o f t he l ast 2 0,000 y ears r ecord

o f d eep s ea c ores a round t he M iddle E ast. I n : J .L. B intliff a nd W . V an Z eist ( eds), P aleoclimates , P aleoenvironments a nd H uman c ommunities i n t he E astern M editerranean r egion i n L ater P rehistory , 4 1-61. O xford: B .A.R I nternational S eries 1 33.

2 38

0 .

B AR-YOSEF a nd J .C .

V OGEL

M AGARITZ M . 1 986

E nvironmental t he

D esert

c hanges r ecorded i n t he U pper P leistocene a long b oundary,

P alaeoclimatology , M AGARITZ M ., 1 980

s outhern

P alaeoecology,

I srael,

P alaeogeography ,

5 3 , 2 13-229 .

HELLER J .

A d esert m igration i ndicator-Oxygen l and

s nail

s hells,

P alaeoecology,

3 2,

I sotopic

P alaeogeography ,

c omposition

o f

P alaeoclimatology ,

1 53-162.

M ARKS A .E.

1 977

T he E pi-Palaeolithic o f Eretz I srael, 1 3 , 2 16-228 .

M ARKS A .E.,

1 977

I srael,

1 979

c entral N egev:

C urrent S tatus,

S IMMONS A .H.

T he N egev P rehistory

M ARTIN G .,

t he

K ebaran o f t he H ar H an f. a nd P alaeoenvironments o f

v ol.II,

2 33-270.

D allas:

I n: A .E. M arks ( ed.), t he C entral N egev ,

S MU P ress.

B AR-YOSEF O .

E in G ev I II,

I srael

( 1978),

5 , 2 19-220.

P al orient,

M OORE A .M.T. 1 985

The d evelopment F . W endorf a nd Archaeology,

M UHEISIN M . 1 985

o f N eolithic s ocieties i n t he N ear E ast. I n: A .E . C lose ( eds), Advances i n W orld

v ol .4 , 1 -69. A cademic P ress.

e l-

L 'Apipaläolithique d ans P a Uorient, 1 1, 1 49-160.

N ESTEROFF

W .D.,

V ERGNAUD-GRAZZINI

l e

g isement

C .,

d e

B LANC-VERNET

K haraneh

L .,

I V,

O LIVE P h.,

R IVAULT-ZNAIDI J .,

R OSSIGNOL-STRICK M .

1 983

c limatique d e l a M äditerranäe o rientale a u c ours d e

E volution

l a d erniöre g laciation. I n: R esearch a nd M odels, 8 1-94.

A . G hazi ( ed.), P alaeoclimatic B oston: D . R eidel P ublishing C o.

N EUVILLE R . 1 934

1 951

La P rähistoire d e Palestine. R evue B iblique, 4 3 : 2 37-259 . L e P a Uolithique e t l e M &solithique du c Msert d e J ud&e. M ämoire d es A rchives d e l 'Institut d e

Paläontologie

2 4e

H umaine,

Paris. N OY T .,

L EGGE A .J.,

1 973

R ecent e xcavations a t N ahal O ren,

H IGGS E .S.

P rehistoric S ociety,

I srael,

P roceedings

o f

t he

3 9 , 7 5-99 .

P ERROT J . 1 966

L e g isement n atoufien d e L 'Anthropologie, 7 0 , 4 37-484 .

M allaha

( Eynan),

I sraöl,

T HE E PIPALEOLITHIC I N T HE S OUTHERN L EVANT

P HILLIPS J .L., M INTZ E . 1 977 T he M ushabian.

I n :

O .

2 39

B ar-Yosef

a nd

J .L.

P hillips

( eds),

P rehistoric i nvestigations i n G ebel M aghara , n orthern S inai, Q edem 7 , 1 49-163. M onographs o f t he I nstitute o f A rchaeology, H ebrew U niversity, J erusalem. R OBERTS N . 1 982

L ake l evels a s a n i ndicative o f N ear E astern P alaeoclimates: a p reliminary a ppraisal. I n: J .L. B intliff a nd W . V an Z eist ( eds), P aleoclimates , P aleoenvironments a nd H uman c ommunities i n t he E astern M editerranean r egion i n L ater P rehistory, 2 352 67 . O xford: B .A.R. I nternational S eries 1 33.

R ONEN A ., K AUFMAN D . 1 976 E pi-Palaeolithic s ites n ear N ahal I srael, T el A viv, 3 , 1 6-30 .

H adera ,

c entral

p lain

o f

R OSSIGNOL-STRICK M ., N ESTEROFF W ., O LIVE P ., V ERGNAUD-GRAZZINI C . 1 982 A fter t he d eluge: M editerranean s tagnation a nd s apropel f ormation, N ature, 2 95, 1 05-110. R UST A . 1 950

D ie H öhlenfunde v on J abrud ( Syrien).

S AXON E .C., M ARTIN G ., B AR-YOSEF O . 1 978 Nahal H adera V : A n o pen-air P a Uorient, 4 , 2 53-266 . S HMIDA A ., E VENARI M ., N OY-MEIR I . 1 986 H ot d esert e cosystems. I n: Arid S hrublands, 3 79-387 . P ublishers.

M .

N eumünster:

K .

W achholtz.

s ite o n t he I sraeli L ittoral,

E venari ( ed.), H ot D eserts a nd A msterdam: E lsevier S cience

S IMMONS A .H.

1 977

T he G eometric K ebaran " A" c amp s ite o f D 101c. I n : A .E. M arks ( ed.), P rehistory a nd P alaeoenvironments o f t he C entral N egev , I srael, v ol.II, 1 19-131. D allas: S MU P ress.

S TEKELIS M . 1 938

C ontribution t o t he s tudy o f t he P alestine. M agnes A nniversary b ook, ( Hebrew).

S TEKELIS M ., 1 965

p remesolithic J erusalem,

a ge

i n

4 61-464

B AR-YOSEF O .

U n h abitat d u P alöolithique s upörieur L 'Anthropologie, 6 9 , 1 76-183 .

ä

E in

G uev

( Israel),

T CHERNOV E . 1 982

F aunal r esponses t o e nvironmental c hanges i n t he e astern M editerranean d uring t he l ast 2 0,000 y ears. I n : J .L. B intliff a nd W . V an Z eist ( eds), P aleoclimates , P aleoenvironments a nd Human c ommunities i n t he E astern M editerranean r egion i n L ater P rehistory,

1 05-127.

O xford:

B .A.R.

I nternational S eries 1 33.

2 40

O .

T IXIER J . 1 974 O s i ncise d e K sar A qil,

L iban,

B AR-YOSEF a nd J .C .

P a Uorient,

2 ,

V OGEL

1 23-132.

T IXIER J ., I NIZAN M .-L. 1 981 K sar A qil, s tratigraphie e t e nsembles l ithiques d ans l e P aleolithique s upörieur. F ouilles 1 971-1975. I n: J . C auvin e t P . S anlaville ( Öds.), P r Mistoire d u L evant, 3 53-368 . P aris: E d. d u C NRS. T OMENCHUK J . 1 983 P redicting t he p ast: E xamples f rom t he u se-wear s tudy o f s elected c hipped s tone t ools f rom t wo E pi-Palaeolithic o ccupations i n I srael. I n : M .-C. C auvin ( ed.), T races d 'utilisation s ur l es o utils n&f lithiques d u P roche O rient, T MO 5 , 5 7-76 . L yon: P ublications d e l a M aison d e l 'Orient. T URNER C . 1 985 P roblems a nd p itfalls i n t he a pplication o f p alynology t o P leistocene a rchaeological s ites i n W estern E urope. I n : J . R enault-Miskovski, B . B ui-Thi e t M . G irard (& 1s.), P alynologie a rch ologique,

3 47-372.

P aris:

V AN Z EIST W ., B OTTEMA S . 1 982 P alynological I nvestigations

E d .

d u C NRS.

i n W estern I ran,

P aleohistoria,

1 9 , 1 9-95 . V AN Z EIST W ., B OTTEMA S . 1 982 V egetational H istory o f t he E astern M editerranean a nd t he N ear E ast d uring t he l ast 2 0,000 y ears. I n : J .L. B intliff a nd W . V an Z eist ( eds), P aleoclimates , P aleoenvironments a nd H uman c ommunities i n t he e astern M editerranean r egion i n l ater P rehistory, 2 31-277. O xford: B .A.R . I nternational S eries 1 33. W IESSNER P . 1 983 S tyle a nd S ocial i nformation i n K alahari p oints, A merican A ntiquity , 4 8 , 2 53-276 . W RESCHNER E .,

1 975

S an

p rojectile

R ONEN A .

I raq e z-Zigan,

1 975 , I srael E xploration J ournal, 2 5, 2 54-255.

T HE EPIPALEOLITHIC I N T HE S OUTHERN L EVANT

2 41

0 • 0 C N

—c o

— - t r )

• r . . )

—

Z

s outhern

0

1

0




L i )

0

— J

C s ; ( 3 )

e i c o . F I

_ 0

p c Z F 4 c l ) ( 3 3

E

e y )F 1c f _

— J I 4 3

Z

< 0

a-

U

0 t r )

0 0

0

c i i

0 .

, 0 . o

.

r . 1 .

v -I

0

c o

0

.

( 1 0 .

, 0 . .

, 0 . .

, 0 0 .

r -1

r4

, 1

v -I

I4

.

L ATE M USHABIAN + H ELWAN

r -I

c ! , . .

E ARLY N ATUFIAN

a . ,

c 2 4

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C )

0

C ,1 r— I

i n

t— I

V Dr4

17,000-

ol 8

2 , . .

.

B ORJ B ARAJNE

L ATE N ATUFIAN

g

G EOMETRIC

( D I 0 .

U NNAMED I NDUSTRIES

01 .

B AR-YOSEF a nd J .C .

e ntities a nd t heir

2 42

V OGEL

T HE E PIPALEOLITHIC I N T HE S OUTHERN L EVANT

A ppend ix

:R ad iocarbon

D ates o f

P a laeo lithic S ite

L ate U pper s ites

J ilat

i n

P a laeo lithic

t he L evant m ateria l

2 1,150+400

O x -519

b b

1 9,980+1,200

S MU-5

c h

1 7,890+600

S MU-6

c h

1 7,390+560

S MU-8

c h

1 7,510+290

1 -5495

c h

1 6,900+250

1 -5494

c h

1 6,100+150

P ta-3403

o st

1 5,800+160

P ta-3702

o st

2 3,200+400

O xA-867

c h

U pper P alaeo lithic

9

E in A gev

S hunera X VI

U waynid 1 8 L owermost h earth

K ebaran c omplex U waynid 1 8 t op

l evel

1 9,800+350

O xA-864

c h

U waynid 1 8.top

l evel

1 9,500+250

O xA-868

c h

1 8,400+250

O xA-866

c h

W ad i H asa 6 18 T est 1 (kebaran)

2 0,300+600

U A-4395

c h

W ad i

H asa 7 84X

1 9,000+1300

U A-4396

c h

W ad i

H ammeh 2 7

1 9,500+600

S UA-2101

c h

1 8,910+300

1 -6865

1 8,250+320

U CLA-1776c b

U waynid 1 4

l owest

R akefet N ahal

O ren

L .

I X

l evel

r ect.

3 00

u nit

6

1 3,880+340

U CLA-1776b b

r ect.

3 00

u nit

3

1 5,300+300

U CLA-1776a b

1 5,700+415

G rN-5576

E in

G ev

1 ,

L .

4

a nd E pi-

L ab. N o.

D ate

T erminal

2 43

b

c onfidence

2 44

0 .

W ad i

H asa,

T est

Ste

B AR-YOSEF a nd J .C .

1 065

B ,

l evel

7

1 5,99 ( 1+290

U A-4392

c h

T est B ,

l evel

8

1 5,860+430

J A-4394

c h

T est C ,

l evel

1 3

1 6,570+380

U A-4390

c h

T est

C ,

l evel

1 3

1 6,790+340

U-4393

c h

T est A ,

l evel

5

1 6,900+500

U A-4391

c h

1 4,790+200

O aX-520

c h

7 ,980+150

O xA-539

c h

1 5,300+600

K N3594

b

1 4,300+650

K N3593

b

l ayer V III

1 3,970+150

Q ?

l ayer V

1 2,200+140

0 -3074

1 8,840+690

S MU-7

1 5,820+1730

T x-1121

c h

1 3,170+230

1 -5497

c h

l ayer G

1 4,130+160

P ta-2158

c h

l ayer E iD

1 3,930+120

P ta-2159

c h

W ad i

J ilat

1 0

J ilat 6 l ower M adamagh

l ayer

l ower

l ayer

M adamagh A 2 K haraneh

I V,

s ondage

I

° metric K ebaran N ahal

Z in D 5

at s ash

ä arnea 8 ,

M ushab i

X VII

1 4,170+480

S MU-661

c h

M ushab i

X VIII

1 3,930+110

S MU-217

c h

M üshab i

X IV,

1 4,330+120

S MU-226

c h

1 4,200+100

R T4738

c h

1 3,830+490

R T447D

c h

1 3,750+285

Q C-201

c h

1 3,690+150

M C-99I

c h

L ayer 2

V OGEL

T HE E PIPALEOLITHIC I N T HE S OUTHERN L EVANT

2 45

L agama N orth V III

1 2,900+500

P ta-2730

c h

+

S hunera II

5 ,210+70

P ta-3696

o st

-

l ayer V

1 0,620+125

0 -3073

b

-

l ayer II

9 ,840+120

0 -3072

b .

-

K haraneh I V, s ondage II

N eve D avid.

M ushib ian

S quare 2 1

S p it 1 3

1 2,610+130

O xA-892

b b

S p it 1 3

1 3,400+180

O xA-859

b b

1 3,900+400

R T417

c h

1 3,800+150

R T473A

c h

1 3 18 00+130

S MU-225

c h

1 3,260+200

M C-992

c h

1 2,900+235

0 C-202

c h

1 2,990+110

S MU-171

c h

1 2,700+90

P ta-2157

c h

1 3,310+100

S MU-117

o st

1 3,530+144

S MU-268

c h

1,000+140

P ta-3003

c h

1,700+140

P ta-3690

c h

6 ,860+250

P ta-3002

c h

A DA r elated i ndustries

M ushab i X IV,

l ayer 1

M ushab i V

M ushab i

I 1 2/13

w ith N aha ;

+

Cc orr.

Z in D 1018

S hunera I V

S hunera I

1 3,620+

J ilat 8 m ixed i ndustry

1 3,3 10+120

O xA-521

c h

J ilat 8

1 0,540+540

O xa-160

b b

J ilat 6 m idlayer

1,740+80

O x -522

c h

J ilat 6 m idlayer

1,450+200

O xa-523

b b

J ilat 6 t op l ayer

1 5,520+200

O xa-524

c h

J ilat 6 t op l ayer

1 6,010+525

O x -525

c h

U waynid 1 4 t op l evel

1 8,900+250

O xA-865

c h

M a in s ources: M arks 1 977;

B ar-Yosef a nd P hillips 1 977; B ar-Yose4

G orring-Morris 1 985; M uheis in

1 985;

e t a l1985,1986;

i n p ress;

C lark e t a l.

G ow lett e t a 1,1986,1987; S chy le a nd U erpmann

1 981;

G arrard i n p ress.

Chronologies in the Near Aurenche O ., Evin J . and Hours BAR I nternational S eries,

F .

East, eds. 1 987

E LA T IV E S E TC H R O N O L O G I E A B S O L U E C H R O N O L O G I E S R D A N S Le I P A IS O L I T H I Q U E D UL E V A N T N O R D Marie-Claire

RESUME:

L es

surtout

dates

datees

p ar

Entre

1 7.000

parait

correspondre

c ette

p eriode

Palmyre Entre

e t

La

d 'El

d istincts

t endance

e te

l e

r ares l e

d e

au

L evant

L evant

K ebarien

d e

Jabrud

t rouves

1 2. 000

s cion d eux

BP

e t

qua

s erait

d es

BP

au Nebekien

nombreux

d istinction

t res avec

sur

K s

Akil

I II

( c.

l e

nord

oü

l es

c ultures

s ont

Sud. e t

d e

J iita

6 -5).

sur

l e

Quelques

Moyen

Euphrate

e t

d its

"Kebariens

dans

l ittoral s ites

l es

d e

oasis

d e

K owm. e t

p lus

s ont

1 4.000

ont

1 4.000

beaucoup bien

e t

1 4C

c omparaison

CAUVIN

l es

s ites

d isperses,

mais

predominent

p lus

l es

c ulturelle

f acies

a d evenir

paraissent t riangles

que avec

s e

ou

geometriques"

d iviser

l es

e n

d eux

t rapezes

chronologique,

avec

l e

t emps,

comme

au

Natoufien

parait

t raverser

s ont

f acies

r ectangles. une

L evant

commune

Sud,

mom s

microlithiques. Entre

1 2.000

t echniques

e t

1 0.300

BP

mesolithic

( N.

r ecent)

ABSTRACT:

The

1 4C

dates

are

mainly

dated

by

aspects

are

B etween

1 7.000

l ittoral, Some

s ites of

B etween

and

s eems

Oasis more

t o

of

t his and

1 4. 000

and

numerous

and

a ccording

t o

would

two

Mureybet

b e t o

v ery

qu'au

L evant

I A

f inal)

( N.

p eriod E l

sont

l es

S euls dates

p ar

t he

Northern

L evant

S outhern

L evant.

K ebarian

have

b een

t he

f ound

of

K sar

N ebekian i n

t he

Akil

of

where

and

Jabrud

Middle

phases Hureyra

1 4C.

t he

t he

m8mes Abu

i n

B P

s eldom

Sud.

c omparison w ith

c orresponding with

c ultural

J iita, I II

( c.

Euphrates

and

on

t he

6 -5). i n

t he

s ites

a re

Kowm.

1 2.000

s cattered

t he

f acies

e t

1 4. 000

b e

Palmyre

difference t he

l e

( ancien-recent-final)

B P, but

t he

s eem

s o t o

predominance

of

more

t han

cultural

b ecome,

l ately

i n

called b e

"geometric

d ivided

t riangles

i n

or

l ess

d ifferent

r ectangular

c hronological

t ime,

K ebarian"

two

with

t rapezes.

a common

m icrolithic

a s

f acies

in

t endency t he

The of

S outhern

L evant. Between phasis Hureyra

1 2.000 a s

i n

( N.

t he

a nd

1 0.300

S outhern

r ecent)

B P

L evant

and Mureybet

t he

Natufian

s eems

t o

know

t he

( ancient-recent-final).

Only

I A

by

( N.

f inal)

are

dated

same

t echnical

mesolithic

Abu

1 4C.

I l e st q uestion i ci d 'etablir u ne c hronologie a u L evant N ord e ntre 1 7.000 e t 1 0.000 B P. L es d onnees r adiocarbone s ont t res r ares; n ous p ourrons d u m om s u tiliser d es s equences s tratigraphiques l ivrant d es c hronologies r elatives. N ous e ssaierons d e s uivre l a s uccession d es c ultures e t l eurs r elations a vec c elles d u L evant S ud, q ui p arfois s ont m ieux d atöes e n c hronologie a bsolue. C ela s uppose e videmment, c omme h ypothäse d e d epart, q u 'il n 'y a it p as e u d e d ecalage c hronologique, p our u ne m eme c ulture, e ntre L evant S ud e t L evant N ord . C ette p eriode c orrespond e n E urope ä l a f in d u W ürm I V : e ile d ebute v ers 1 7.000 B P, c 'est-ä-dire ä l 'Interstade d e L ascaux, e t s e t ermine

2 48

M .C .

C AUVIN

v ers 1 0 .000 qui e st l e d ebut d e l 'Holocöne e n E urope. I i e xiste e n S yrie u ne s eule s tratigraphie c oncernant l a t otalite d e c ette p eriode: e ile v a e videmment n ous s ervir d e r eference p rincipale: c 'est c elle d e l ' abri I II d e Y abrud ( Rust, 1 950). O n p eut y d istinguer t rois p hases p rincipales: l a p lus a ncienne, q ui c orrespond a ux c ouches 7 e t 6a vec, c omme c ulture, l e " N ad .kien", u ne p hase m oyenne, ä s avoir l es c ouches 5 -4-3, a uxquelles c orrespond e ntre a utres l e " Falitien", e nfin l a p lus r ecente a vec l a c ouche 2 q ui a ppartient a u " Natoufien". A c öte d e c ette s tratigraphie t res c omplete, n ous e xaminerons d 'autres s equences d u L evant N ord, p lus p artielles, s e l imitant ä c ertaines d e c es p hases. Premiere p hase

( 17.000 - 1 4.000 B P)

A Yabrud , l 'industrie d es c ouches 7 e t 6 , d ite NO ) kien , c omporte d es l amelles ä d os e t p ointes l amellaires t res e troites e t a d éjà e te a ssimilee a u K ebarien p ar-Yosef, 1 970; B esançon e t a l ., 1 975-1977 ). I i n 'y a a ucune d ate I C . E n c hronologie a bsolue o n s e r eferera d onc ä d es d atations d u L evant S ud p our d es g isements a yant ' lyre d es i ndustries s imilaires ( Bar-Yosef, 1 981). - N ahal O ren 1 5 .800±300 ( 13 .850 B C ) C .VIII U CLA-1776A: 1 6.880±340 ( 14.930 B C) C .VIII U CLA-1776B: 1 8.250±320 ( 16.300 B C) C .IX U CLA-1776C: - E in G ev 1 5.700±415 ( 13.750 B C) G rN-5576: A u L evant N ord, d 'autres g isements d u L iban o u d e S yrie p euvent n ous a ider ä p röciser l a c hronologie r elative s ur l a c öte. A J iita I I , s ite d u l ittoral l ibanais ( Hours, 1 976), s ept p hases o nt e te r econnues: a u K ebarien a ncien q ui c orrespond a ux p hases A -D ( A e tant l a p lus a ncienne) s uccöde l e K ebarien r ecent: p hases E -F. C 'est s ur l 'horizon d e c es d eux d ernieres p hases q ue s e s ituent l es n iveaux V ( phase E d e J iita ) e t I V ( phase F ) d e l 'abri B ergy ( Hours, 1 976; C opeland e t W aechter , 1 968). E nfin n on l oin d e J iita , ä K sar A gil, T ixier ( Tixier e t I nizan , 1 981) a r econnu 1 9 c ouches g öologiques; i i y a d istingue s ept p hases a llant d e l 'Aurignacien a u P rotokebarien. L a ' phase I ', l a p lus r ecente, s urmonte l es p hases I I ( couches 4 ä 6 ), I II e t I V. L es p hases I II e t I V s ont d ites p ar T ixier ( 1974) a ppartenir ä l a " fin d u P aleolithique s upörieur". L es p hases I e t I I s eraient d onc, p our n ous, e pipaleolithiques: l a p hase I c orrespondrait a ux c ouches g eologiques 1 ä 3 : e n 3 h , l es f ouilleurs r elövent l a p resence d e n ombreuses c oquilles e t d 'eclats a nguleux d enotant u ne c ertaine h umidite ( 1). O n n e d ispose p our c ette s equence d e K sar A qil q ue d e d eux d ates, o btenues s ur d es c oquilles: l 'une, 2 8.840±380 B P ( GrN-2195), d aterait l 'Aurignacien d u L evant, l ' autre, 1 4.100±500 ( Mc-411), c oncerne d es n iveaux e ncore p lus p rofonds e t e st r ejetee p ar

( 1)

D ' apres

la

complex

superieur",

c limat Darmon,

palynologie,

humide

pour

com.

p ers.)

l 'un

d eux

e chantillons

i mmediatement

l 'echantillon

l e

ayant

e te

au-dessus,

p lus

r ecent

T ixier.

preleves

l ' autre ( Ar.

L es

au-dessus

ä 65

cm,

i l

L eroi-Gourhan,

n iveaux

du

"Stony

y aurait 1 980;

un F .

L '£P1PAL£OLITHIQUE D U L EVANT N ORD

2 49

e pipaleolithiques n e s ont d onc p as d ates ä K sar A qil, m algre H enry e t S ervello ( 1974) q ui a ttribuent a u K äbarien l a s econde d ate. A u c olloque " PrO listoire d u L evant", l a s ynthöse c oncernant l ' pipaläolithique ( M.-C. C auvin, 1 981b) f aisait ä tat d 'un t res p etit n ombre d e s ites, c c q ui e tait m is e n r elation a vec u n c limat i nhospitalier d it f roid e t s ec. N ous v oyons ä p resent q u 'une c ertaine h umidite e st n otee ä K sar A qil t out ä f ait ä l a f in d e c ette p hase. L e g isement d e D hour C houeir ( Hours, 1 976) a l ivre e n s urface u n m obilier i dentique ä c eux d e l a p hase F d e J iita e t d u n iveau I V d e l ' abri B ergy, e t a ttribue p ar c onsequent a u K äbarien c lassique ( Besancon e t a l ., 1 975-1977 ). C ompte t enu d e s a s ituation ä 1 200 m d 'altitude, H ours n otait q ue c ette o ccupation m ontagnarde n e p ouvait e tre q u 'une h alte s aisonniere, ä m ains q u 'elle n e r emontät, d isait-il, ä u ne p eriode d e r echauffement a nterieure ä l 'oscillation d e B ölling , s oit v ers 1 5.000 B P. C 'est c ette a melioration c limatique q ui, p eut-etre, p ermettrait a ussi d 'expliquer d es i nstallations d e p lein a ir d ans l a z one s emi a ride o u a ride, d ans d es e nvironnements q ui o nt P u c onnaitre a lors d es c onditions p lus c lementes. I i y e n a , e n e ffet, s ur l e M oyen E uphrate e t e n o asis: s ur l 'Euphrate i i s 'agit d e Nahr e l-Homr ( Roodenberg , 1 977), o ü a ä tä r ecueillie e n s tratigraphie d ans l e " sondage H ", s ur 1 ,20 m d e p rofondeur, u ne i ndustrie h omogöne a vec l amelles ä r etouches i nverses o u s emi abruptes e t t echnique d u m icroburin. P lus a u S ud, d ans l 'oasis d e Palmyre , ä l a l imite d es z ones a ctuelles d esertiques e t s emi-däsertiques, F ujimoto ( 1979b) r eleve s ur l e s ite 5 0 , e n s urface, t rois o ccupations ( points A , D e t E ) a vec g rattoirs n ucläiformes, b urins p lus n ombreux q ue l es g rattoirs e t m icrolithes c omposes u niquement d e l amelles ä d os e t d e l amelles ä t roncature o blique ( points D e t E ) o u d roite ( point A ). E nfin, d ans l 'oasis d 'El K owm, n ous a vons r ecueilli ä J uwal A , d ans u n t alus r emaniA v oisin d 'une s ource, u ne i ndustrie b eaucoup p lus a bondante e t c aracteristique q ue c elle d ont n ous f aisions d äjä e tat e n 1 981 ( M.-C. C auvin, 1 981a ): l 'ensemble e st ä b ase d e l amelles ä r etouches f ines i nverses ( lamelles d e D hour C houeir) p lus o u m ains t orses, d e l amelles ä r etouches f ines d irectes a vec o u s ans t roncature o blique, d e q uelques l amelles t ronquäes a vec o u s ans d os, d e l amelles ä e ncoches. I i s 'y j oint u ne p ointe n aturelle ä t roncature c oncave p roximale, d e r ares b urins t ransverses e t d es g rattoirs s ur e clats o u l ames, e t e nfin q uelques g eometriques p ouvant d 'ailleurs e tre i ntrusifs i ci o u l ä .

c omme l e s ont l es q uelques h aches p olies

t rouvees ä galement

A insi, d urant c ette p eriode q ui v a d e 1 7.000 ä 1 4.000 e nviron B P, l es o ccupations t rouväes s ur l e l ittoral e t d ans l e M ont L iban, s urtout e n a bris, e t l es s tations s yriennes d e p lein a ir p ourraient c orrespondre ä u ne m eme p hase d e r echauffement t ardif.

Q u 'en e st-il a u L evant S ud? B ar-Yosef t echnocomplexes a ppartenant a u K äbarien.

( 1981) y a d iffärenciä d ivers L e p lus r ecent s erait l e

g roupe D . O r u n m obilier d e b royage a pparait ä E in G ev I , d ate d e 1 5.700±415 B P ( GrN-5576), a insi q ue d ans d 'autres s ites d ont l 'industrie e st a ussi r attachee a u g roupe D . S i o n p osait c omme h ypothese u n l ien e ntre c c m obilier l ourd e t l a p resence d e c ereales s auvages, o n p ourrait s upposer q ue c elles-ci s e s ont d eveloppäes l ors d 'un a ccroissement d e l a t emperature e t d e l 'humidite ä l a f in d e

2 50

M .C .

C AUVIN

c ette p öriode. M ais c ette u tilisation a limentaire d u m obilier l ourd e st l oin d 'être a ssur6e. N otons e n t out c as q u 'il n 'y a q ue t rös p eu d e s ites a u L evant N ord c orrespondant ä c es c hasseurs k öbariens.

D euxi & ne p hase

( 14.000-12.000 B P)

A ucune d ate a bsolue n 'existe p our l e L evant N ord; s eules d es c hronologies r elatives d 'aprös d es s equences s tratigraphiques, l es a nalyses d e m obilier e n p rovenant e t d es c omparaisons a vec d es i ndustries d u L evant S ud n ous p ermettent d e d ire q u 'il s 'agit b ien i ci d e l a p 6riode 0 t elle q u 'elle a d éjà 6 t6 p ropos6e e n 1 981 ( Aurenche e t a l.), c 'est-ä-dire e ntre 1 4.000 e t 1 2.000 B P. C es i ndustries s ont s ouvent d ösign6es s ous l e n om g lobal d e Ka )arien g&n r z trique. T outes i ntögrent, ä d es d egr6s d 'ailleurs d ivers, d es g 6om6triques: c omme a u L evant S ud, i l y a d es s ites o ü i i s 'agit p lutöt d e t riangles, d 'autres d e t rap6zes e t l 'on s 'oriente v ers l a d 6finition d e p lusieurs f aciös d istincts d ont l es r elations n e s ont p as t oujours c laires, c ar i l e st d ifficile d e f aire l a p art d es f acteurs c hronologiques e t d es f acteurs c ulturels. E n e ffet, l a p lupart d es i ndustries t rouv6es a u L evant N ord l 'ont 6 t6 e n s urface s auf s ur q uelques s ites o n e lles s ont e n p lace, i nt6gröes ä u ne s tratigraphie: ä Y abrud I II, ä l ' abri B ergy e t J iita I I E st, d ans l es o asis d 'El K owm e t d e P almyre, e nfin s ur l 'Euperate ä N ahr e l-Homr, m ais a ucun n iveau n 'a f ait l 'objet d e d atations C . C hronologies r elatives a u-dessus d e l a c ouche 6 " Nöbökien" e t s ous l a c ouche 2 ( cf. i nfra), R ust a d istingu6 t rois c ouches: c .5, c .4 e t c .3 ; c .5 e t c .4 c orrespondent r espectivement a u " Spätcapsien" e t a u " Jungeres N ebekien". I l s 'agit d 'industries a vec l amelles ä d os m ais

A Y abrud, n atoufienne

a ussi l amelles s calönes e t t riangles m icrolithiques. L a c ouche 3 , s up6rieure, d ite " Falitien" p ar R ust, a , p ar c ontre, u n d 6bitage l aminaire e t n on p lus l amellaire. L 'outillage e st c aractöris6 p ar d es " pointes d e F alita" t r6s a bondantes, t ype o ü R ust r egroupe d es p ointes ä d os r ectiligne, d es l ames ä d os e t t roncature o blique, s oit d istale, s oit p roximale, e t q ui r essemblent a lors ä d e g rands t riangles s cal6nes. I l y a a ussi q uelques r hombes. I i y a d onc ä Y abrud d eux e nsembles s uccessifs, l e p remier l amellaire, l e s econd l aminaire ( Falitien). L e m öme t erme d e " Falitien" a 6 t6 e mploy6 p ar B esançon e t a l . ( 1975-1977) p our q ualifier l 'industrie d e l ' abri B ergy , n iveau I II-I. L es p ointes d e F alita y s ont e n e ffet p r6sentes, d u m om s e n I I-I, a vec l a m öme d efinition a ssez l arge q u 'ä Y abrud. M ais ä l a d iff6rence d e Y abrud, i l y a s urtout d es t rapezes r ectangles q ui c onstituent l a q uasi-totalit6 d es g öomötriqtes ( Hours, 1 976). L eur l argeur d 'apr6s l es f igures ( Copeland e t W aechter, 1 968) s erait d 'abord i nf6rieure o u 6 gale ä 0 ,8 c m, m ais t endrait v ers 1 c m a u n iveau I . I i y a urait d onc, l ä a ussi, u ne t endance p rogressive v ers u n d öbitage p lus l aminaire, c e q ui s era ä v erifier p ar u ne 6 tude p lus a pprofondie d e c e m ateriel ( en c ours p ar S . C alley).

L 'APIPAL£OLITHIQUE D U L EVANT N ORD

2 51

L a t roisiäme I ndustrie e n p lace s e t rouve d ans l 'oasis d 'El K owm, ä l a b ase d u t en d 'El K owm I ( M.-C. e t a l ., 1 982b) s onde s ur 4 m2 . S ur l e s ol v ierge e t s ous u ne c ouche a vec N atoufien a ncien, l es c ouches 7 e t 8 contiennent u n m obilier l aminaire o ü, a vec d es g rattoirs, o n t rouve d e g rands t riangles s calönes o u i socöles a vec d es l ames e t p iquant t riädre. p eu

ä

d os

O n r emarque d onc q ue, p armi c es g isements e n p lace, i l n 'y a p as o u d e t rapeze, ä Y abrud I II, n i ä E l K owm 1 e t, b ien q u 'ä b ase d e

t rapezes r ectangles, l 'industrie d e l ' abri B ergy s emble i ntägrer a ussi d e g rands s calänes p armi d es p ointes d e F alita . L es a utres g isements d u L evant N ord a yant l ivrä d es i ndustries s emblables s ont d es s tations d e s urface: A u M ont L iban, l e f aciäs ä p ointes d e F alita-triangles s e

r etrouve

( avec u n s eul t rapäze r ectangle) ä D hour C houeir ( Hours, 1 976; C opeland e t W escombe, 1 965). D ans l 'oasis d 'El K owm 1 1 e xiste u n a utre f ad , d ifferent d e c elui d 'El K owm 1 : d ans l a p artie S ud d e l a c olline d 'Aarida ( M.-C. C auvin, 1 981a), s ur l a s tation d 'Aarida 3 , o nt ä tä r ecueillis, s ur 2 00 m2 , d e g rands t riangles p lus l arges e t p lus c ourts q u 'ä E l K owm 1 , ä c ötäs r etouchäes s ouvent c oncaves, l es p ointes d e Q alka d e J ordanie

q ui o nt q uelque r essemblance a vec ( Henry, 1 982). Q uelques g rands

t riangles d e c e t ype o nt ä tä ä galement t rouväs ä J uwal, m élanges ä d u Kf tarien. E nfin, b eaucoup p lus ä l 'Ouest, d es g äomätriques s ont s ignaläs ä A in Hazir e t ä A sh A sh ( Copeland e t W escombe, 1 966), ä l 'Est d e T ripoli: l 'industrie e st d ite, s elon W aechter, " pränatoufien I ", u ne s orte d e K äbarien, p as t räs d iffärent d e c elui d es n iveaux s upärieurs d e K sar A qil,

m ais a vec d es t riangles

( 1).

I i y a , d 'autre p art, l es s tations ä t rapezes p ourrait r äserver l e n om d e K äbarien g äomätrique. O n e n t rouve s ur l e l ittoral, e n s tratigraphie, ä

a uxquelles J iita

I I

o n E st

( Chavaillon e t H ours, 1 970). E n s urface, s ur l es S ables d e B eyrouth ( site " 8 I I" d e C opeland e t W escombe, 1 965), d e t räs n ombreux t rap zes r ectangles ( 2) s ont s ignalAs a vec d e r ares t riangles s calönes, c omme e ux l amellaires. L 'analyse p alynologique ( Arl. L eroi-Gourhan, 1 981) y s uggäre u ne p hase s äche. S ur l 'Euphrate, r appelons q ue d u K äbarien g äomätrique s e t rouve ä N ahr e l-Homr , p araissant s uccäder e n s tratigraphie ä d u K aarien d ans l es 9 0 c m s upärieurs d u s ondage H . I l c ontient n otamment d es t rapäzes r ectangles. D ans l 'oasis d e P almyre, o n p eut s e r äförer ä l a s tratigraphie d e l a g rotte d e D ouara , ä l 'horizon I I a ux " units A e t B " ( Akazawa e t a l ., 1 973 ). Dans d u s able a lluvionnaire a vec b locs d e c alcaire a nguleux d änotant l ä u n c ontexte c limatique p lutöt h umide, l 'industrie l amellaire e st c omposäe s urtout d e g äomätriques e ntiers o u c assäs. C e s ont d es t rapezes r ectangles ä troits ( largeur m oyenne d e 0 ,7 c m e nviron).

L es q uelques m acrolithes c omportent p lus d e

( 1)

Garrod

notait

( 2)

Une

soixantaine

de

J .

Cauvin,

ont

une

l argeur

e tudie

une

g rande

a illeurs

l es

t races

d ' une

m icrolithes,

c ertaine surtout

oscillant s erie.

humidite d es

autour

dans

t rapezes, d e

0 ,6

ou

c e

b urins

q ue

d e

s ite.

d ' une 0 ,8

s erie cm.

J .

r ecueillie T ixier

en

par a par

2 52

M .C .

C =IN

g rattoirs. E n s urface p ar c ontre, e n P almyräne, l e s ite 5 0 ( Fujimoto, 1 979b) a f ourni a u l ocus C u n e nsemble d e 2 39 p iäces r etouchöes o ü l es m acrolithes s ont s urtout d es g rattoirs, t andis q ue, p armi l es m icrolithes, l es t rapäzes r ectangles s ont l e t ype d ominant, u n p eu p lus l arges q u 'ä D ouara ( 0,8 c m d e l argeur m oyenne) e t p ortant s ouvent d es r etouches i nverses. T oujours e n p lein a ir, m ais d ans l 'oasis d 'El K owm, l e s ite d e Nadaoulyeh 2 ( 1) a f ait l 'objet d 'un ö chantillonnage s yst6matique s ur 2 400 m .I l n ous a l ivrö 2 164 o utils r etouches. L es m acrolithes ( 20%) s ont s urtout d es e ncoches e t d es g rattoirs; l 'essentiel d u m obilier c onsiste e n f ragments d e l amelles ä d os e t t roncature q ui s ont d es t rapäzes c ass6s. L es g öomötriques e ntiers s ont p resque t ous d es t rapäzes r ectangles, l es s calänes s ont t räs r ares. I l s 'agit b ien d 'une i ndustrie l amellaire ( la l argeur m oyenne d es m icrolithes o scillant a utour d e 0 ,6 c m).

4

E nfin, ( M.-C.

t oujours ä E l K owm, s ur l a c olline d 'Aarida , l e l ocus A arida C auvin, 1 981a) p rösente a ussi d es l amelles ä d os e t t rapezes

ö troits, m ais p arfois ä r etouches i nverses c omme s ur l e s ite 5 0 d e P almyröne. C elui t out p roche d 'Aarida 8 ( inödit) c ontient a ussi d es t rapezes r ectangles m ais p lus g rands, u ne b onne p artie d 'entre e ux ö tant f a9onnös s ur l ames, c e q ui p ourrait ö tre u n i ndice d e m oindre a nciennetö s i l 'on s e r öfäre ä l 'övolution d e l ' abri B ergy. E ntre l es o asis d e l 'intörieur e t l e l ittoral, d 'autres g isements s ont l ocalisös d ans l e Q alamoun e t a u M ont L iban. D ans l e Q alamoun, u ne p rospection e n 1 981 ( M .-C. C auvin e t a l., 1 982b) a p ermis d e t rouver u n e nsemble d e g isements s ur l a r ive o rientale d 'un a ncien l ac, a ctuellement d essächö, d it M allahatJ ayroud, ä 8 00 m d 'altitude. P armi c es s ites d e d iverses é poques, c elui d e J 8a f ait l 'objet d 'un ö chantillonnage s ystömatique, s ur 8 0 m2 , q ui a p ermis d e r ecueillir d u m obilier l ourd a insi q ue 2 079 a rtefacts e n s ilex : l e d öbitage e st ä b ase d e l ames e t l amelles ( 60%). I i y a 3 8 n ucleus ä s urface d öbitäe t räs ö troite e t ä u n s eul p lan d e f rappe e t 1 65 o utils r etouchäs s e r öpartissant e n 2 3% d e m icrolithes, p rincipalement d es g rattoirs, 2 9% d e m icrolithes n on g öomötriques e t 4 8% d e g öomötriques, s urtout d es t rapäzes ä d os r etouchö d ont l a m ajoritö a u ne l argeur i nförieure ä 0 ,6 c m, q uelques-uns v ariant a utour d e 0 ,8 c m. O n y o bserve a ussi q uelques t rapäzes ä r etouches p lates i nverses c omme e n P almyröne e t d es s calänes ö troits. E nfin, s ur l a p ente O uest d u M ont L iban, F . H ours ( 1976) a r öcoltä ä N . Mghara ä 1 200 m d 'altitude, a vec u ne m eule ( Copeland e t W escombe, 1 965), l e m öme m obilier q u'ä D ouara , s oit u ne i ndustrie c ontenant p lus d e b urins q ue d e g rattoirs, a vec 5 9% d e m icrolithes d ont l a m oitiö s ont d es g öomötriques ( trapezes r ectangles). U ne i ndustrie ö galement ä t rapezes r ectangles a ö tö r ecueillie s ur l e f lanc E st d u M ont L iban ä 0 . D aher I e n a bri ö galement e n a ltitude. A insi, K öbarien,

( 1)

En

t outes l es s tations c itöes, b ien p lus n ombreuses q u 'au f orment d onc u n e nsemble r elativement d isparate e t d ispersö

cours

de

publication

collective.

L 'EPIPALEOLITHIQUE D U L EVANT N ORD

2 53

d ont i l e st d ifficile d 'ordonner l es ä läments s uivant d es c ritäres c ulture's e t c hronologiques. L es g isements s tratifies p ouvant s ervir d e r äförence s ont r ares e t l es e tudes t ypologiques r arement a pprofondies. T riangles e t t rapäzes s ont l es d eux c ategories d ont l 'abondance c aractärise c ette p hase. B ien q u 'il a rrive q u 'elles c oexistent d ans l a m öme I ndustrie, i i s emble q ue c es d eux g roupes b ien d istincts d 'armatures p uissent ä tre d istinguös s elon l a p redominance d e l 'un o u d e l 'autre. C ette d istinction s emble p lus c ulturelle q ue c hronologique. I l e st e n e ffet p robable q ue l es i ndustries ä t riangles o u ä t rapezes s oient l es u nes e t l es a utres p assäes p ar u ne p hase ä d öbitage l amellaire p uis par u ne p hase o ü l es g äomötriques s ont p lutöt f a9onnäs s ur l ames. B ar-Yosef ( 1976) ö tait a rrivö ä d es c onclusions a nalogues p our l e L evant S ud. C ela e st e n t out c as a ttestö ä Y abrud p our l es i ndustries ä t riangles, m ais i i f audra e ncore l e c onfirmer p our l es t rapezes r ectangles d e l 'abri B ergy . I i r este q ue l es d isparitäs s ubsistent, m Ame s i l 'on c lasse l es i ndustries s uivant c es d eux c ritäres. A insi, p ar e xemple, p our l es i ndustries ä t riangles d e d äbitage l aminaire, d e f ortes d ifferences e xistent p our d eux i ndustries t rouvöes d ans l e m Ame c ontexte, o asis, e ntre E l K owm 1 e t A arida 3 , s ituöes ä 3 k m l 'une d e l ' autre. O n n e s alt, p our l 'instant, s 'il s 'agit d 'un ö cart c hronologique o u c ulturel. E nfin, s i l 'on s uppose q ue l 'ensemble d e c es i ndustries e st c ontemporain d e c elles d u L evant S ud, n otre s econde p hase, o u p äriode 0 , s e s ituerait, c ompte t enu d es d ates d u L evant, s urtout p endant l 'oscillation d e B ölling : o n a v u q ue l 'on n otait i di e t l ä d es i ndices d e r öchauffement e t d e p lus g rande h umiditä, q u 'ils s oient d 'ordre p ädologique c omme ä D ouara o u A sh A sh, d 'ordre t opographique ( installation ä 1 100, 1 200 m d 'altitude), o u d 'ordre d ömographique ( presence d e b eaucoup p lus d e s ites); l ' amölioration d u c limat a morcäe ä l a p remiäre p hase s e p oursuit d onc, p eut-ötre a vec q uelques m oments p lus s ecs c omme d es a nalyses p alynologiques l 'indiqueraient p our l es S ables d e B eyrouth.

T roisjAme p hase A vant

( 12.000 - 1 0.300 B P)

d 'aborder c ette t roisiäme p hase a u L evant N ord,

r appelons e n

q uelques m ots c e q u 'il e n e st a u L evant S ud. C ette p hase, d ite p äriode 1 ( Aurenche e t a l ., 1 981; H ours e t a l ., ä p araitre), c orrespond ä l a c ivilisation n atoufienne, b ien d äfinie e n c hronologies r elative e t a bsolue: e ile i rait d 'environ 1 2.000 B P ä 1 0.300 B P. C e s ont e ncore d es c hasseurs-cueilleurs, m ais o n l es t rouve d e p lus e n p lus s ouvent e n " villages" p ermanents d ans d es e nvironnements ä r essources a ssez d iversifiäes p our p ermettre c ette s ödentaritä. T rois ä tapes c hronologiques, e t n on d eux c o me n ous l e p ensions e ncore e n 1 981, o nt ö tä d 6finies ä l 'intörieur d u N atoufien, d ans c hacune d es d eux " provinces" q ue V alla ( 1984) y a r econnues r äcemment: l e N egev e t l a G alilee. C es ä tapes ( Natoufien a ncien, r ecent e t f inal) o nt ä tö d istinguöes, n otamment s ur f ondant s ur d eux c ritäres t ypologiques

l a s equence d e M allaha , e n s e c oncernant r espectivement l e

2 54

M .C .

C AUV1N

m ode d e r etouche e t l es d imensions d e l a c atögorie d es m icrolithes q ui c aractörise d ösormais l 'ensemble d e l a c ulture, ä s avoir l es s egments. L e p remier s e r apporte ä l a r etouche d u d os d es s egments; u ne n ouvelle r etouche, o btenue p ar p ression, a ö tö i nventee a u N atoufien a ncien: c 'est l a r etouche b ifaciale o blique o u r etouche H elouan . O r, t rös i mportante a u N atoufien a ncien, e ile n e c esse d e d öcroitre, l a r etouche a brupte r edevenant d e p lus e n p lus f requente a vec l e t emps. N otons c ependant q u 'ä l 'exception d e s ites " recents" d u N egev c omme R osh H oresha o i l i i n 'y a q ue d es r etouches a bruptes, l es d eux t echniques v oisinent t oujours j usqu 'ä l a f in a u L evant S ud, s implement e n d es p roportions d ifförentes. L e s econd c ritere, d imensionnel, s e r apporte ä l a m iniaturisation p rogressive d es s egments, p articulierement a ccentuöe a u N atoufien f inal ( Mallaha I b, N . O ren V ). L e N atoufien a ncien, b ien d ate ä M allaha I V e t I II ( 1) e t ä W . H ammeh ( Gowlett e t H edges, c e v olume), i rait d 'environ 1 2.000 ä 1 1.000 B P, l e N atoufien r ecent, d ate ä R osh H oresha d e 1 1.000 ä 1 0.450 B P, l e N atoufien f inal e st p osterieur ä 1 0.450 B P. S itöt a prös c e N atoufien, o u p artiellement c ontemporain d e s a f in, a pparaitraient, d ans l es d erniers s iecles d u I Xe m illenaire B C, l es p remieres i ndustries ä f löches c omme l e H arifien d u N egev, l e K hiamien d e J udöe o u d 'ailleurs. S i n ous c onsidörons ä p resent l e L evant N ord, n ous c onstatons q ue d 'une p art, c e s ont d es i ndustries ä s egments q ui o ccupent a ussi l a m eme p eriode, d 'autre p art, q ue l es c ritöres t ypologiques e t d imensionnels e tablis a u L evant S ud p our e n d istinguer l es p hases y s emblent a ussi, a p riori, a ssez o pörationnels. P räcisons c ependant q ue t outes c es p hases n 'y s ont p as ö galement b ien d atees e n c hronologie a bsolue. O n n e d ispose d e d atations r adiocarbone q ue p our d eux g isements d u M oyen E uphrate, A bu H ureyra e t M ureybet. A A bu H ureyra , i l s 'agit d u n iveau d e b ase. L es d ates s ont: B M-1121: 1 07921 : 8 2 ( 8842 B C) B M-1718: 1 1160±110 ( 9210 B C) C ela s emblerait m ettre c e g isement ä p eu p rös s ur l 'horizon d u N atoufien r ecent d u L evant S ud, c e q ui s erait c onfirmö p ar l a d ate: B M-1723: 1 0700±500 ( 8750 B C), p rovenant d u s ommet d e l a t ranchöe E ( 2 A M ureybet, i i s 'agit d u n iveau I A d e b ase p our l equel l es d ates s ont, d e h aut e n b as: M c-733: 1 0030±150 ( 8080 B C) M c-635: 1 0170±200 ( 8280 B C) M c-674: 1 0090±170 ( 8150 B C) M c-731: 1 0230±170 ( 8280 B C) M c-732: 1 0230±170 ( 8280 B C) M c-675: 1 0350±150 ( 8400 B C)

( 1)

La

presence

contribue ( 2)

Cette

pointes

indication

nombreuses dans

de

ä donner

ce

dates

colloque

une

de

Kebara,

note

chronologique obtenues ( ce

de

ancienne

volume).

parait

par

lamelles ä cette

Dhour

egalement

Gowlett

et

Choueir

et

de

microgravettes

i ndustrie. confirmee

Hedges

par

la

ä l ' accelerateur

maj orite et

des

presentees

L 'EPIPALEOLITHIQUE D U L EVANT N ORD

2 55

C ompte t enu d es a utres d ates o btenues p our l es n iveaux s usjacents ä c es d erniers, J . C auvin ( 1977) a ä tä c onduit ä t rop b asse e t ä n 'accepter M c-635 e t M c-674 i nförieure d 'incertitude. C 'est-ä-dire q ue p rös d e 1 0.400 ä 1 0.200 B P, s ur l 'horizon d onc

c onsidörer M c-733 c omme q ue d ans l eur l imite M ureybet I A i rait ä p eu d u N atoufien f inal d u

L evant N ord. E n n ous f ondant s ur c es d eux p oints d e r epäre c hronologiques e t e n n ous r äservant d e p räciser l eur i mplications t ypologiques, n ous a llons d one ä p räsent p asser e n r evue l es d iverses i ndustries d u L evant N ord s elon l es d iffärentes " provinces" o ü o n l es a t rouvöes: z one l ittorale, B eqaa , H auran, A nti-Liban e t Q alamoun, o asis d 'El K owm, M oyen E uphrate e t n ous e n p roposerons u ne c hronologie r elative e ncore e n g rande p artie h ypothätique. P hase a ncienne S i l 'on s e f ie a ux i ndications d u L evant S ud, e n c onsidärant l a p redominance d e l a r etouche H älouan c omme u n i ndice d 'anciennetö, n ous c oncluerons q ue l e L evant N ord p rösente l ui a ussi m aintes t races d e c e N atoufien. Z one l ittorale S ur l a c öte l ibanaise u n i mportant g isement s tratifiä e st c elui d e J iita : i i s 'agit, d 'une p art, d e l a g rotte, d ite J iita I II ( Hours, 1 966; B esançon e t a l ., 1 975-77 ), d 'autre p art, d e l a t errasse f ouilläe ä l 'Est d e l ' abri d it J iita I I ( Chavaillon e t H ours, 1 970). C 'est ä J iita I I, a u-dessus d es n iveaux K äbarien e t K äbarien g äomötrique d éjà v us, q u'il y a vait d es s egments ä r etouche H älouan o u a bruptes. L es 8 p iäces f iguräes o nt p lus d e 1 ,4 c m d e l ong . S i e lles s ont r epresentatives d e l 'ensemble, o n p ourrait p enser, v u l eurs d imensions e t l eur p osition s tratigraphique i mmödiatement s ur l e K äbarien g äomätrique, q u 'il y a vait d u N atoufien a ncien ä J iita. A ntiliban e t Q alamoun O n p eut a ppliquer l e m öme r aisonnement ä u ne i ndustrie p rovenant d e l 'abri I II d e Yabrud : l a c ouche 2 s urmontant l e F alitien c ontient d es s egments a ssez g rands q ui p ortent, d 'apräs l es f igures, d es r etouches H ölouan o u a bruptes ( les p roportions n e s ont p as i ndiquäes). I i s emble s 'agir d e N atoufien a ncien. I i p ourrait e n ö tre d e m öme ä Q ornet R horra ( Contenson, 1 966; V an L iere e t C ontenson, 1 963) n on l oin d e S aidnaya : l es d eux t echniques d e r etouches y c oexistent a vec d es l amelles ä d os e t d es m icroburins. T oujours d ans l e Q alamoun, p räs d e J ayroud , a u b ord d u l ac d essächä d éjà d äcrit, l e l ocus J 2 ä chantillonnö p ar n ous s ur 5 0 m2 ( M.-C. C auvin e t a l ., 1 982b) a l ivrä 1 210 a rtefacts d ont 8 % ä taient r etouchäs: p armi c es d erniers s e t rouvaient 2 2 s egments, s oit 6 ä r etouches a bruptes e t 1 6 ä r etouches H älouan. us s ont p articuliörement l arges e t t rapus, d avantage, s emble-t-il, q u 'il n 'est d 'usage s ur d 'autres g isements " natoufiens". L es m esures d es l ongueurs s uggörent d eux g roupes d imensionnels: l 'un a utour d e 1 ,8 c m, l ' autre a utour d e 2 ,7 c m . I l y a a ussi d es g rattoirs, p lus n ombreux q ue l es b urins. L e d äbitage e st s ur ä clats e t i l n 'y a p as d e m icroburins. S i l 'on s 'en t ient ä l a n ette p rädominance d e l a r etouche H älouan, i i s 'agirait l ä e ncore d e p hase a ncienne.

2 56

M .C .

O asis d 'El K owm L a c uvette d 'El K owm a l ivrä t räs p eu d e N atoufien:

C AUVIN

s ur l a s tation

d e s urface d 'Aarida 7 , o i l t rois s egments ä r etouches H ölouan a nt ä tä t rouvös a vec d es b urins ( M.-C. C auvin, 1 981a , f ig .7), e t e n p lace d ans l e s ondage p ratiquä ä E l K owm o i l u n n iveau " natoufien" p räsentait d es s egments u n p eu p lus p etits, ä r etouche H älouan, i nverse a u d irecte, a ssociös ä d es g rattoirs. I i y a t rop p eu d e m ateriel p our d ater c e m ateriel a vec c ertitude, m ais i i n 'y a p as, d ans l 'oasis d 'El K owm, d e N atoufien d 'allure p lus r äcente q ue P hase r öcente O n a v u q ue, s elon l e m odäle d u L evant S ud, c ette p hase c onnaitrait l a m ontäe d es s egments ä r etouches a bruptes, m ais q ue d eux v ersions p euvent y e xister: s oit q u 'ils c onstituent l a t otalitä d es s egments ( cas d e R osh H oresha ), s oit p lus f räquemment q u'ils p rennent s implement l e p as s ur u ne r etouche H älouan q ui s ubsiste e n m oindre p roportion, p ar e xemple ä M allaha I b; l es d eux v ersions p ourraient e xister e n S yrie. M oyen E uphrate L a p remiäre v ersion e st l a p lus s üre e t e ile e st b ien d atöe,

o n l 'a

v u, s ur l 'Euphrate ä A bu H ureyra : i l s ' agit d es n iveaux 2 80 ä 3 30, ä l a b ase d u t ell, a vec d es h abitats c reusös d ans l e s al v ierge ( Moore, 1 975). L es s egments s ont t ous ä r etouche a brupte e t d e 2 ,7 c m d e l ongueur m oyenne, c 'est-ä-dire d e g rande t aille ( module: 0 ,54). us s ont a ccompagnös s urtout d e g rattoirs, d 'encoches e t d e d enticuläs, d e q uelques b urins, p er wirs e t o utils l ourds: c hoppers, b ifaces, e tc. ( Olszewski, 1 98 ) 4 ). T oujours s ur l e M ayen E uphrate, D ibsi F araj a l ivrö e n s urface 5 02 a rtefacts d ont 1 20 o utils r etouchäs ( Olszewski, 1 984). L es 2 9 s egments t rouväs n 'ont p as, l ä n on p lus, d e r etouche H älouan ; l eur l ongueur m oyenne e st e ncore s upörieure ä c elle d 'Abu H ureyra . O n p ourrait a ussi, s elon l 'exemple d e M allaha , a dmettre d ans l a p hase r öcente d es i ndustries o i l l es s egments H ölouan, s ans ö tre a bsents, n e j ouent q u 'un r ole e fface. Q alamoun I l s 'agit ä p räsent d es s tations J 3 e t J 9 d e J ayroud ( M.-C. C auvin e t a l ., 1 982b) o ü l 'on a t rouvä d es s egments a ssez g rands ( L=2 c m e nviron), n on p lus l arges c omme ä J 2 m ais d 'allure ö lancäe; l a m ajoritö e st ä r etouches a bruptes ( parfois s ur e nclume), l a r etouche H Alouan e st p räsente, m ais t räs m inoritaire. C omme s ur J 2, l e m ateriel a ssociä c omprend s urtout d es g rattoirs, p arfois l ourds. I i y a d es p iäces b ifaces e t d u m ateriel d e b royage. C es d eux s tations s e t rouvant d ans l e m öme s ecteur q ue J 2, c ela l aisse s upposer q ue l eurs d ffärences t ypologiques n e s ont p as d e c aractäre r egional m ais r elävent, c omme o n l 'a v u a u L evant S ud, d 'une e volution d ans l e t emps. H auran T out ä f ait a u S ud d e l a g isement d e Taibö ( M.-C. C auvin, b asaltique, s ont p resents

p lusieurs m ais

c ouches

r ares,

l a

S yrie, 1 974) d e

d ans l a r egion d e B osra , l e p räsente, s ur u ne c olline

N atoufien o ü l es s egments H älouan

g rande

a bruptes. B urins e t g rattoirs s ont m icroburins e t d u m ateriel d e b royage.

m ajoritä p eu

ä tant

n ombreux.

ä I i

r etouches y

a

d es

U PPIPALEOLITHIQUE D U L EVANT N ORD

2 57

Phase f inale M oyen Euphrate N ous a vons e ncore l ä u n p oint d e r epäre c hronologiquement a ssure ( cf. s upra). C 'est M ureybet I A . A l a b ase d u t ell, s ur 1 m d 'äpaisseur, p lusieurs n iveaux o nt 6 t6 r econnus a vec s ols d 'argile r apportäe, f osses-foyers e t f oyer s urölevö ( M.-C. C auvin, 1 980). S ur u n ä chantillon d e 9 000 p iäces, ä d äbitage s ur ö clats, e n g änäral, o u s ur l ames c ourtes ( Calley, 1 984), 4 01 o utils r etouchäs c omportent p lus d e g rattoirs q ue d e b urins ( ces d erniers t räs r ares), d es o utils l ourds ( herminettes, p ointes p ädonculöes ä paisses) e t d es m icrolithes: t riangles r ares e t s egments. L es 5 6 s egments s ont t ous ä r etouche a brupte e t p articuliärement p etits ( L=1,4 e n m oyenne; ä cart-type=2,0). I i y a d es m icroburins. A insi l es d eux c ritäres d öfinis p our l e L evant S ud ( retouche, d imensions)

j ouent p leinement i ci.

A nti-Liban-Qalamoun I i s 'agit e ncore d e J ayroud : l a s tation J l ( 2400 m2 ) a l ivrö 1 127 a rtefacts ( ramass6s s ur 1 6 m2 ) , d ont 5 0 o utils r etouchäs s eulement; p armi e ux u n t iers d e m icrolithes, d ont 1 8 g öomätriques: 2 t riangles i nacheväs, 1 0 s egments e t 6f ragments d e s egments; l es s egments s ont t ous ä r etouche a brupte. I l y e n a d e t outes l es d imensions, a llongös c omme ä J 3 o u J 9, g rands ( L=2,5 c m e nviron) e t a ussi d es p etits, n e d äpassant p as 1 ,5 c m d e l ong . L 'effectif g änöral e st t rop f aible, m ais l a s tation J 1 p ourrait f ournir u ne v ersion d u N atoufien ä J ayroud p eut-ötre p lus r äcente q ue l es a utres. A vant d e t irer l e b ilan, p our l e L evant N ord, d e c e q ue n ous a vons p assé e n r evue, o n c itera e ncore t rois g isements " natoufiens" d ont l a c hronologie n 'est p as c laire. L e p remier e st e n B äqaa: c 'est S aaidö I I, c orrespondant ä " TB 2 32 5" ( Schroeder, 1 970); i l a f ait l 'objet d 'un s ondage, m ais l e m ateriel e st m al c onnu: i i y a vait d es s egments t räs p etits, s cion H ours ( cor n . p ers.), d ont o n i gnore l a t echnique d e r etouche, a ssociäs ä d es t riangles ä galement t räs p etits. O n p enserait ä u n N atoufien r ecent, m ais l e s ondage a a ussi l ivrä u ne t öte d e c ervidö e n o s q ui s erait t räs p roche d u N atoufien a ncien d 'El O uad e t u ne s äpulture p illäe a vec p erles d e d entales ( Hours e t a l ., ä p araitre). L e d euxiäme, e n g rotte, d ans l 'Anti-Liban ä 2 000 m d 'altitude, e st N acharini: o n s ait q ue d u N atoufien, d ans l a c ouche st SOUS 5 , y e j acent ä d es n iveaux ä p ointes d 'El K hiam ( Schroeder, 1 976 e4t ä p araitre) m ais o n e n c onnait m al l es d onnöes, e t l es d atations C , p our l es n iveaux p lus r öcents, s ont a berrantes. L e t roisiäme g isement e st s ur l ' Euphrate: c 'est N ahr e l-Homr , n on p as l e s ondage H a yant l ivrö K äbarien e t K äbarien g öomötrique, m ais u n a utre s ondage, 4 0 m p lus ä l 'Est ( Boerma e t R oodenberg , 1 977). On y a d istinguö q uatre n iveaux: c eux d e l a b ase I V-III o nt l ivrä 1 07 o utils d ont 2 5 m icrolithes. I i y a 7 g öomätriques q ui c omprennent d es t riangles, d es t rapäzes e t d es s egments, t ous ä r etouches a bruptes. L es m acrolithes s ont d es o utils s ur ö clats, d ont d es g rattoirs e t d e r ares b urins. L es n iveaux s upörieurs c ontiennent 1 72 o utils r etouchäs, d ont 4 5% d e m icrolithes; l es o nze g äomötriques s ont s emblables ä c eux d u n iveau p räcädent, m ais 3 s egments s ur 6 d öcouverts s ont ä d os H älouan. I ls s eraient a ssociös ä d es f l? 3,c hes ö voquant ä t out l e m om s

2 58

M .C .

C AUVIN

u n E pinatoufien. L a s ignification d e c es n iveaux s upörieurs e st a mbigu : s oft l es s egments ä r etouche H ölouan, a bsents d es p hases r 6cente o u f inale d 'Abu H ureyra e t M ureybet I A , n 'apparaitraient s ur l ' Euphrate q u 'en f in d e c ourse, c e q ui e st p eu p robable, s oft l es c ouches d e c e s ondage, d istingu6es d ans u n d iluvium, n e s ont p as h omogönes d u p oint d e v ue a rch6ologique. L 'int6röt e st c ependant d e n ous m ontrer q ue l a r etouche H älouan e xiste a ussi s ur l e M oyen E uphrate. L es s egments d e N ahr e l-Homr p ourraient a ppartenir ä u ne p hase a ncienne d u N atoufien, l es n iveaux i nf6rieurs e t s up6rieurs c ontenant p ar a illeurs d es t rapezes r ectangles. N ous a vons d onc t ent6, p our l e L evant N ord, d e d resser u ne c hronologie r elative ä p artir d e d ocuments t rös d isperses d ans d es e nvironnements t rös d ivers d epuis l e b ord d e m er j usqu 'aux h autes a ltitudes, d e l a z one m öditerran6enne ä l a z one d ösertique. F aute d e d atations a bsolues s uffisantes, n ous a vons d ü n ous i nspirer, q uand c '6tait n 6cessaire, d es m odöles d '6volution a u L evant S ud. L es c ritöres p ris e n c ompte n e c oncernent, p our l a 3 è p hase, o u p 6riode 1 , q ue l es s egments ( du r este p resents d ans t out l e L evant, f üt-ce e n p roportion i nfime c omme ä M allaha ), c e q ui e st ö videmment t rop r estreint p our r endre c ompte d 'une r eelle d iversitö c ulturelle e t d e l a v ari6t6 d es s ituations 6 cologiques! D u m om s a vons-nous c onstatö q ue, l ä o ü i l y a vait d es s tratigraphies b ien d atöes, c es c ritöres p araissaient b ien f onctionner. D 'autres d onnöes p lus g ön6rales, c omme l 'aspect b eaucoup m om s l aminaire d u d 6bitage d ans l e N atoufien p ar r apport ä l 'gpipal6olithique d e t radition k öbarienne, s ont ö galement c ommunes ä t out l e L evant, l a s tation J 2 d e J ayroud r epräsentant u n m aximum d ans c ette t endance p uisque t ous l es m icrolithes y s ont f a9onnös s ur 6 clats. C omme a u L evant S ud, i l y a d es f aciäs a vec o u s ans m icroburins, e t c 'est c e f onds m icrolithique ä s egments q ui s 'enrichira d e p ointes d 'El K hiam ä M ureybet I B. C et a ssemblage k hiamien s e r etrouvera s ur l e l ittoral l ibanais ä B orj B arajnö ( Besancon e t a l ., 1 975-77 ), v oire e n m ontagne ä N acharini c .4 . C 'est c ette i mpression g 6n6rale d 'unit6 c ulturelle a u L evant q ui a f ait c onserver ä p lusieur c hercheurs l e n om d e " civilisation n atoufienne" p our d 6signer l a t roisiöme p hase ö pipal6olithique, o u p 6riode 1 , a u L evant N ord. C ette c ivilisation e st p r6par6e, c omme a u L evant S ud, p ar u n f onds c ommun K 6barien g 6om6trique/Falitien e t p oursuivie d e m öme p ar l e K hiamien. C e t erme d e N atoufien n e r end 6 videmment p as c ompte d es d iff6rences d ans l e c ontexte i ndustriel d es m icrolithes n i d es e nvironnements s inguliers e ntrainant d es m odes d e v ie o riginaux. E n c e q ui c oncerne l es i ndustries, i l f aut c ependant s ouhaiter q ue s e m ultiplient l es e tudes a pprofondies s elon d es m 6thodes p ermettant l es c omparaisons s ite ä s ite. I l e st t rös d ifficile n otamment d e c omparer l es p roc6dös d e d 6bitage, f aute d 'unit6 d ans l es c ritöres d '6tude.

Q uant a ux d ifferences d e m ode d e v ie, i l n e f aut p as n on p lus l es e xagörer: 1 1 s 'agit e ncore p artout e xclusivement d e c hasseursc ueilleurs s elon A . L eroi-Gouhan ( 1974) e t V an Z eist e t W oldring ( 1980). L es p ropositions d 'une a griculture p rimitive d ans l e " Mesolithic" d 'Abu H ureyra ( Moore, 1 979 ) n 'ont j usqu 'alors r encontr

L '£PIPALEOLITHIQUE D U L EVANT N ORD

2 59

a ucun e cho. O n n ote s implement q u iä l 'image d u L evant S ud d es v illages s edentaires c o me M ureybet e t A bu H ureyra c oexistent a vec d e s imples h altes d e c hasse, c e q u 'est s ans d oute N acharini, e t q ue l a d iversite d es e nvironnements s uggäre d es p ratiques d e p redation s ouples e t e clectiques. L a p resence d e N atoufien a ncien ä E l K owm, e n z one d esertique, m ontre e n p articulier q ue l es c ereales s auvages, s ouvent i nvoquees d ans l a d iöte d es n atoufiens, p euvent a ussi n 'y a voir j oue a ucun r ole. L e C olloque d u L evant a vait d onc p ropose q ue l 'on c onservät l e m ot g enerique d e N atoufien p our r endre c ompte d e c es c onvergences, t out e n d istinguant s oigneusement l e f aciös p our d ecrire l es d ifferences l ocales, c o me i l e n e xiste d 'ailleurs d ans t oute c ivilisation. N ous n e r eprendrons p as i ci c e d ebat, m algre l es r ecentes c ritiques d e O lszewski ( 1985). S a s olution s e r amöne, e n f ait, ä u n p robläme d e n omenclature e t d e d efinition c onceptuelle d 'une " culture".

URA Maison

de

17,

CNRS

l ' Orient LYON

B IBLIOGRAPHIE A KAZAWA T .,

1 973

B ABA H .,

E NDO K .

I nvestigations o f t he D ouara C ave s ite, 1 970 s eason, n '5 , U niversity M useum , U niversity o f T okyo, 9 -27.

B ulletin

A URENCHE O ., C AUVIN J ., C AUVIN M .-C., C OPELAND L ., H OURS F ., S ANLAVILLE P . 1 981 C hronologie e t o rganisation d e l 'espace d ans l e P roche-Orient d e 1 2000 ä 5 600 a y. J .C.. I n : J . C auvin e t P . S anlaville ( ed.), P rO listoire d u L evant, C olloque I nternational d u C .N.R.S., N°5 98, L yon 1 980, 5 71-601. B AR-YOSEF O . 1 970 1 981

T he e pipalaeolithic c ultures o f P alestine. P h.D. T hesis, H ebrew U niversity, J erusalem. T he e pi-Palaeolithic c omplexes i n t he S outhern L evant. I n : J . C auvin e t P . S anlaville ( ed.), P rO listoire d u L evant, C olloque I nternational d u C .N.R.S.,

B AR-YOSEF O .,

1 979

N °598,

L yon 19 80 ,

3 89-408 .

V ALLA F .R.

L 'evolution

d u

N atoufien.

N ouvelles s uggestions,

P a Uorient,

5 , 1 45-152 .

B ESAN WN J .,

C OPELAND L .,

H OURS F .

1 975-1977. Tableaux d e p rehistoire l ibanaise, P al orient, 3 , 5 -46 . B ESA KON J .,

H OURS F .

1 970

c oupe

U ne

c entrale,

d ans L iban),

l e

Q uaternaire

H annon ,

V ,

2 9-62.

r ecent.

S aaide

I

( Bäqaa

2 60

M .C .

C AUVIN

B OERMA J .A.K., R OODENBERG J .J. 1 977 U ne d euxiöme i ndustrie e pipaleolithique s ur l e N ahr e l-Homr, P alaeohistoria, 1 9 , 8 -17 . C ALLEY S . 1 984 L e d ebitage P a Uorient, 1 0,

n atoufien 2 , 3 5-48.

d e

M ureybet:

e tude

p reliminaire,

C AUVIN J . 1 977 L es f ouilles d e M ureybet ( 1971-1974) e t l eur s ignification p our l es o rigines d e l a s edentarisation a u P roche-Orient, A .A.S .O .R ., 4 4 , 1 9-48 . C AUVIN J ., C AUVIN M .-C., S TORDEUR D . 1 980 R echerches p rehistoriques ä E l K owm ( Syrie). 1 978, C ahiers d e l 'Euphrate, 2 , 7 9-117 .

P remiere c ampagne

C AUVIN M C. 1 974 L 'industrie n atoufienne d e T aibe d ans l e H auran ( Syrie), B ulletin d e / a S ociétê P r aistorique F rançaise, 7 1, 4 69-478 . 1 980 D u N atoufien s ur l ' Euphrate?. A ctes d u C olloque d e S trasbourg , 1 977 , L e M oyen E uphrate - Z one d e c ontact e t d ' changes, 5 , 1 1-20. 1 981a L 'gpipaleolithique d e S yrie d 'apres l es p remieres r echerches

1 981b

d ans l a c uvette d 'El K owm ( 1979-1979 ). I n : J . C auvin e t P . S anlaville ( ed.), P rO gistoire d u L evant, C olloque I nternational d u C .N.R .S., N °598, L yon 1 980, 3 75-388. L 'gpipaleolithique d u L evant. S ynthäse. I n: J . C auvin e t P . S anlaville ( ed.), P rO listoire d u L evant, I nternational d u C .N.R.S., N 598, L yon 1 980, 4 39-441.

C olloque

C AUVIN M .-C., C OQUEUGNIOT g ., L E M IERE M ., N IERLg M .-C. 1 982a P rospection p rehistorique ä M allahat-Jayroud ( Qalamoun, S yrie), A nnales A rch &Aogiques A rabes S yriennes, 2 2, 2 73-281. C AUVIN M .-C., C OQUEUGNIOT g ., N IERLg M .-C. 1 982b R apport p röliminaire s ur l a C ampagne 1 980 ä E l K owm 1 , d e l 'Euphrate, 3 , 2 7-32 . C HAVAILLON J ., 1 970 J iita

H OURS F . I I ( Dahr

p röliminaire, C ONTENSON H . 1 966

e l-Mghara).

C ampagne

B ulletin d u M us e d e B eyrouth,

1 971. 2 3,

C ahiers

R apport

2 15-231.

d e

L a s tation p röhistorique d e Q ornet R horra p res d e S eidnaya , A nnales A rch ologiques A rabes S yriennes, 1 6 , 2 , 1 97-200 .

C OPELAND L ., W AECHTER J . 1 968 T he s tone i ndustry o f A bri B ergy ( Lebanon), B ulletin o f I nstitute o f A rchaeology , U niversity o f L ondon, 7 , 1 5-36 .

t he

U PPIPALEOLITH1QUE D U L EVANT N ORD

2 61

C OPELAND L ., W ESCOMBE P . 1 966 I nventory o f s tone a ge s ites i n L ebanon, l 'Universitd . S aint J oseph,

4 2,

P art I ,

M élanges d e

1 -174.

F UJIMOTO T . 1 979a T he e pipaleolithic a ssemblages o f D ouara C ave, i n P aleolithic s ite o f D ouara C ave a nd p aleogeography o f P almyra b asin i n S yria , B ulletin n °16 , U niversity M useum, U niversity o f T okyo,

1 979b

4 7-75 . U pper P aleolithic a nd E pi-Paleolithic a ssemblages i n P almyra b asin, i n P aleolithic s ite o f D ouara C ave paleogeography o f P almyra b asin i n U niversity M useum, U niversity o f T okyo,

G ORING-MORRIS A .N. 1 986 T erminal P leistocene S inai.

P h.D.

T hesis,

H unter/Gatherers H ebrew U niversity,

S yria , 7 7-130.

i n

t he a nd

B ulletin n °16 ,

t he N egev a nd t he

J erusalem.

H ENRY D .O. 1 982 T he p rehistory o f S outhern J ordan a nd R elationships w ith t he L evant, J ournal o f F ield A rchaeology , 9 , 4 , 4 17-444 . 1 983

A daptative E volution w ithin E ast. Advances i n A rchaeology ,

1 60 .

t he E pipaleolithic o f t he N ear ö d. F . W endorf e t A . C lose, 9 9-

H ENRY D .O., S ERVELLO F . 1 974 C ompendium o f C 14 d eterminations p rehistoric s ites, P a U 'orient, 2 ,

d erived f rom 1 , 1 9-44 .

N ear

E astern

H OURS F . 1 966 R apport p röliminaire s ur l es f ouilles d e J iita , B ulletin d u M us e d e B eyrouth, 1 9, 1 1-28. 1 976 L 'epipalöolithique a u L iban. Rsultats a cquis e n 1 975 . I Xe C ongr s U ISPP N ice, c olloque I II, 1 06-130. H OURS

F .,

A URENCHE

O .,

C AUVIN

S ANLAVILLE P . ä p araitre. L e P roche-Orient l 'Orient, L yon .

d e

J .,

C AUVIN

1 4000

ä

M .-C.,

5 700

B P .

C OPELAND C MO,

L .,

M aison d e

L EROI-GOURHAN A rl. 1 974 e tudes p alynologiques d es d erniers 1 1000 a ns e n S yrie s emid 6sertique, P al orient, 2 /2, 43-451 . 1 980 L es a nalyses p olliniques a u M oyen O rient, P al orient, 6 , 7 9-

9 1.

1 981

D iagrammes

p olliniques

d e

s ites

a rchöologiques

O rient, B eiträge: U mweltgeschichte d es V orderen T übinger A tlas d es V orderen O rients, R eihe A ., n °8 ,

a u

M oyenO rients ,

1 21-133 .

2 62

M .C .

C AUVIN

M ARKS A .E ., L ARSON P .A. 1 977 T est e xcavation a t t he N atufian S ite o f R osh H oresha, 1 91-232. I n M arks A .E. ( ed.) P rehistory a nd P aleoenvironments i n t he C entral N egev , I srael . I I , T he A vdat/Ac iev a rea , a nd t he H ar H an f . D allas: S MU P ress. M OORE A .M.T. 1 975 T he e xcavation o f t ell A bu H ureyra i n S yria . A p reliminary r eport, P roceedings o f t he P rehistoric S ociety, 4 1, 5 0-77. 1 979 A p re-Neolithic F armer 's v illage o n t he E uphrates, S cientific A merican , 2 41, n°2 , 6 2-70. O LSZEWSKI D .I. 1 984 T he e arly o ccupation a t t ell A bu H ureyra i n t he c ontext o f t he L ate E pipaleolithic o f t he L evant. P h.D., U niversity o f A rizona . 1 985

L 'occupation d urant l 'gpipal6olithique r ecent H ureyra, L 'Anthropologie, 8 9 , 2 , 2 49-250.

R OODENBERG J .J. 1 977 A n e pipaleolithic i ndustry o n t he

N ahr

d e

e l-Homr,

t ell

A bu

A .A.S .O .R .,

4 4 , 9 -17 . R UST A . 1 950

D ie H öhlenfunde v on J abrud ( Syrien).

N eumünster.

S CHROEDER H .B. 1 970 A p rehistoric s urvey i n t he N orthern B ekaa V alley, B ulletin d u M us e d e B eyrouth , 2 3, 1 93-204. 1 976 T he A nti-Lebanon C ave o f M ughara e n-Nachcharini. A p reliminary r eport. I Xe C ongress U ISPP-Nice. ä p araitre. N acharini, a S tratified p ost-Natufian C amp i n t he A ntiL ebanon M ountains. T HOMMERET, T HOMMERET 1 973 M onaco R adiocarbon M easurements,

R adiocarbon ,

1 5,

2 ,

3 21-344 .

T IXIER J . 1 970 1 974

L 'abri s ous r oche d e K sar 'Aqil. L a c ampagne d e f ouilles 1 969, B ulletin d u M us e d e B eyrouth , X XIII, 1 73-191. F ouilles d e K sar 'Aqil, L iban ( 1969-1974), P a Uorient, 2 , 1 ,

1 83-195 . T IXIER J ., I NIZAN M .-L. 1 981 F ouilles d e K sar 'Aqil,

s tratigraphie

e t

e nsembles

l ithiques

d ans l e P alöolithique s upörieur. F ouilles d e 1 971-1975. I n: J . C auvin e t P . S anlaville ( öd.), P rO listoire d u L evant, C olloque I nternational d u C .N .R .S., N °598, L yon 1 980 , 3 53-367 . V ALLA F .R. 1 984

L es

i ndustries d e s ilex d e M allaha

d ans l e L evant. M ömoires F ran9ais d e J örusalem, n °3 .

( Eynan)

e t

d u

N atoufien

e t T ravaux d u C entre d e R echerche

L 'EPIPAL£OLITHIQUE D U L EVANT N ORD

V AN L IERE W .J., 1 963

C ONTENSON H .

2 63

d e

A n ote o n f ive e arly N eolithic s ites i n I nland S yria, Arch&ologiques Arabes S yriennes,

V AN Z EIST W ., 1 980

1 3,

A nnales

1 79-181.

W OLDRING H .

H olocene

v egetation

P alaeohistoria,

X XII,

a nd

c limate

1 11-125.

o f

N orthwestern

S yria,

2 64

M .C .

C AUVIN

F ig .1 - C arte d es s ites d u L evant N ord: 1 7000-14000 B P . 1 , N ahr e lH omr; 2 , J uwal; 3 , s ite 5 0: l ocus A , D , E ; 4 , J abrud I II: c .7- 6 ; 5 , J iita I I; 6 , K sar A qil; 7 , D hour C houeir; 8 , a bri B ergy V -IV .

1 1 2 1 3

. „ f

,,,,, ,,,,,,, , ,, •,,,,

1 4 1 5 1 6

7 .6

1 7 1 8 1 00

2 00k m

Br . .7 :2 1 1r "

F ig .2 - C arte d es s ites d u L evant N ord : 1 4000-12000 B P . 1 , N ahr e lH omr; 2 , J uwal; 3 , N adaouiyeh 2 ; 4 , E l K owm 1 ; 5 , A arida , l ocus 2 , 3 , 4 , 8 ; 6 , D ouara; 7 , s ite 5 0 , l ocus C ; 8 , J abrud I II: c .5-4-3; 9 , J ayroud , J 8; 1 0 , L es S ables; 1 1, A sh A sh; 1 2 , N .Mghara; 1 3 , J iita I I; 1 4 , A in H azir; 1 5 , K sar A qil; 1 6 , D hour C houeir; 1 7 , 0 .Daher; 1 8 , a bri B ergy I II-I .

L '2PIPALSOLITHIQUE D U L EVANT N ORD

2 65

F ig .3 - C arte d es s ites d u L evant N ord: 1 2000-10000 B P . 1 , N ahr e lH omr; 2 , M ureybet I A; 3 , D ibsi F araj; 4 , A bu H ureyra; 5 , E l K owm 1 ; 6 , A arida 7 ; 7 , J abrud I II: c .2; 8 , S aaid I I; 9 , N acharini; 1 0 , J iita I I e t I II; 1 1, J ayroud , J .1, J .2 , J .3 , J .9; 1 2 , Q ornet R horra; 1 3 , T arbd .

2 66

M . C. C AUV I N

Sud

Le v a nt

N or d C O

H V D

B . P .

-3

H 0

Y _

( 0 4 ) • r i H -3

2 CD f 4 a ) CO

E c ) 2

{ 4 D

m E

5 4

3 c ) C 3

c i

3 n cr

_Mureybet I A

L evan t

1 0000

tc . 1 1

•

1 2000-

9

o r/ 4 . 1 1

2

3

4

4

G I T I 9 0

1 4000-,

5

•

6

2 3 4 5 F 6 E

1 6000 -

7

B

2 10

A

1 8000

-

i x •

T ableau d es c hronologies a bsolues e t r elatives .

Chronologies in the Aurenche O ., Evin J . e ds. BAR I nternational Oxford,

Near East, and Hours F . S eries, 000, 1 987

E L A T I V E H R O N O L O G I E R B S O L U E E TC C H R O N O L O G I E A D A N S L EN A T O U F I E N Franvois

RESUME:

Apres

Natoufien

un

a donne

s tratigraphie daterait BP,

d e

grille,

on

encore

e t

c a.

s uivie

bref l ieu, l es

l a

possible

L 'evolution accusee

BP,

p hase

s 'efforce

d e

l a

c arnee.

l e

choix

de

p lus

e n en

f aveur p lus After

concerning

the

the last

dated

down

BP.

B eing

of

t he

c limatic the

d es

a a nd

f rom

in

possession I t

variations.

r elation m eat

marked b etween f ood.

t he

c hoice

and

s teadier

f or

To

The i n

s e

of

humains d e qui

we down

evolution

ancient

j ustify which

would

not

such was

we

phase, i n

supposed b een

avance

l a

t o

1 4C BP,

t he t he

p hase t o

l es

t o

que

t he

g roupes

of

t he

r esearches

suggested ancient

by

p eriod would 1 0.200

t o t he t he

t hat

l oose.

t he

d e

Natoufiens.

f ollow

t he

t he a

t rend same

t o

t ime,

more

a nd

hypothesis

t hat

presence

Natufians

d evelopment contemporary

t he

A t

s uggests

s uggest

a llow by

en

l 'hypothese

phase

prove

bones

r apport

about

t o

we

l e

d e

r ecent

s eems

made

s edentarite,

down

c lassify

human

pas

p lus

most

t o

g etting

c ette

s emble

p ermanence

p ar

yet

i s

l a

s ubdivisions

f inal

a s ituation,

have

on

endeavour

p ossible

n e

1 0.500

d e

c ontemporaines.

ä

d evelopment

t hree

1 1. 000 t he

I I

l e la

ancienne

vers

p ossession

a limentation

f ait

t he

c a. by

a grid,

cultural t he

e te

A ccording

t o

appear

une

p ar

phase

Parallelement,

p ermettre

t he

i s

c limatiques t endance

auxquelles

j usque

p eriode.

s ituation

about

En

VALLA

suggerees

1 4C,

BP.

l a

i s

e ncore

r ecall

l e

ensuite.

d evait

p as

f ollowed

s uch

d e

s uggere

c ette

i ndustry.

not

S cion

1 0.200

que

r eläche

r echerches

poursuivrait

f luctuations

summary

B P,

d es

s ubdivisions

s e

v ers

S tronthium/Calcium

c ereals,

groups,

o s

1 2.500

does

s ilex.

i ndiquer

p eriod,

f lint

c a.

du

r ecente

l es

n 'aurait

1 0.500

t rois

d eroulement

c ompte

short

about

p eriod.

l e

c ereales,

t o

s edentarism, more

r endre

Natufian

s tratigraphy

would b e

l es

l es

j usque

ancienne,

s tables,

ABSTRACT:

f inale

parait

p hase

Pour

d eveloppement

p hase

s uivre

S tronthium/Calcium dans p lus

i s

d 'ordonner

culturelle

dans

du

r appelle

i ndustries

1 2.500

par

r ésumé on

R .

of

s teadier

yet.

L a c hronologie r elative d u N atoufien a f ait l 'objet d e r echerches, d e c ontroverses e t d e m ises a u p oint d epuis u ne c inquantaine d 'annäes. L es d ernieres s yntheses p arues s ur l a c ulture, o u b ien o nt r enoncä ä a gencer e n s equence s es p rincipaux t emoins ( Valla , 1 975 ; C auvin , 1 978 e t i n L ichardus e t a t ., 1 985), o u b ien , s i e lles l 'ont t entö ( BarY osef , 1 983, 1 8, d 'apres B ar-Yosef e t V alla , 1 979), s e s ont g ardäes d e s uivre l e f il p roposä p our a ccöder a u d äroulement d e l 'ensemble d e s es m anifestations. R äcemment p ourtant, u ne ö tude d etailläe d es i ndustries d e s ilex e n s tratigraphie a p ermis d e d ögager l es p rincipes d 'une o rganisation q ui, s ans a voir b eaucoup d e f inesse, p arait i ntroduire u n o rdre p rovisoirement a cceptable d ans l a c onfusion d es d onn6es ( Valla , 1 984). C et o rdre n 'est p as e n d ösaccord a vec l es q uelques d ates

2 68

F .

V ALLA

o btenues p ar l e r adiocarbone d ont l a m ultiplication d evrait p ermettre d 'introduire p rogressivement d avantage d e n uances, e t q ui a ssurent l a p lace d u N atoufien s ur röchelle d u t emps a bsolu. A pres a voir r ésumé l 'histoire d es p rises d e p osition a uxquelles l e p roblöme a d onne l ieu, o n r appellera i ci l es p rincipes d e l a s ubdivision n ouvelle e t o n s 'essayera ä s uivre l a t rajectoire d es t raits l es p lus m arques d e l a p eriode t els q u 'ils s ont a ctuellement a ccessibles. C ette m ise e n p erspective c onduira ä u ne i nterpretation d u N atoufien l ägerement d ifferente d e c elle q ui a c ours d 'ordinaire. L orsque, e n 1 932, D .A .E . G arrod f it c onnaitre l e N atoufien q u 'elle v enait d 'identifier , d 'abord ä S houkba p uis ä E l Q uad , e ile s uggöra d 'emblee d 'y r econnaitre d eux p hases, a ncienne e t r äcente . E lle s e f ondait s ur l a f räquence d 'un t ype p articulier d e r etouche, b ifaciale e t o blique s ur c haque f ace, d it b ientöt r etouche d 'Helouan , q ui a bondait s ur c ertains o utils d e s ilex , m ais s urtout s ur l es s egments d e c ercle c aracteristiques d e l a c ulture , ä l a b ase d u d epöt d e l a t errasse d 'El O uad , s e r arefiait p lus h aut , e t m anquait t otalement ä S houkba . L es e lements l uströs, c ompris c omme d es a rmatures d e f aucille, l 'outillage e n o s e t l es o bjets d 'art, t ous p lus f requents d ans l a p hase a ncienne , ä r etouche b ifaciale, q ue d ans l a p hase r öcente, a pportaient u n c omplement d e j ustification ä l a s equence p roposee. P our l 'äge a bsolu d e c e " Mesolithique", q u 'elle p ensait i mmädiatement a nterieur a u C halcolithique, G arrod a vanvait p rudemment u ne d ate d e 5 000-4000 a y . J .C. D eux a ns p lus t ard , g race ä s es t ravaux d ans l e d esert d e J udee, R . N euville ö tait ä m e i ne d e r ectifier e t d e c ompleter c ette e squisse. P our l ui, l e N atoufien s e s ubdivisait e n q uatre e pisodes. L a d escription d es p remiers s e c onformait ä c elle d e G arrod a vec q uelques a jouts: l a l ongueur d es s egments d e c ercle m icrolithiques d iminuait d e l a p hase I ä l a p hase I I q ui v oyait a ussi a pparaitre e n n ombre d es m icroburins. D ans l a p hase I II, l es s egments, t oujours p lus p etits, e t t otalement d epourvus d e r etouche b ifaciale o blique, s e r arefiaient e n m äme t emps q ue l es p er wirs d evenaient a ussi m icrolithiques. L es m icroburins p ersistaient. L a p hase I V s e d istinguait p ar l a p resence d e p ointes d e f löche p rimitives ä e ncoches, c onnues d epuis s ous l e n om d e " pointes d 'El K hiam" ( Neuville, 1 934a ). L 'art n atoufien , r approche d e c elui d u M agdalönien f ranyais, l 'existence a ussi d e d eux n ouveaux e pisodes, i ncitaient l 'auteur ä r epousser l 'äge d e l a p hase a ncienne " entre l e X eme e t l e X IIeme m illenaire a vant n otre e re" ( Neuville, 1 934b, p .9 d u t ire-a-part). A prös l 'effervescence c onsecutive ä l a d ecouverte , l es i dees s emblent s e s tabiliser . E n 1 937 , G arrod s e r allie, a vec q uelques r eserves, a u s chema q uadripartite d e N euville. U ne n ouvelle d imension d ecoule c ependant d e l 'introduction d u c hien d omestique, t rouve d ans u ne z one i ndifferenciee ä E l O uad e t a ttribuable ä l 'une d es d eux p remieres p hases. L 'äge a bsolu d e l a c ulture r este d ifficile ä ö tablir : l 'argument t ire d e l 'art n e c onvainc p as G arrod p our q ui l es r ealisations p alestiniennes s ont i nförieures ä c elles d 'Europe o ccidentale, m ais l es r evisions e ntrainees p ar l es t ravaux d e G arstang ä J ericho, q ui c onduisent ä m ieux a ppröcier l a s uccession d u T ahounien p re-ceramique a u N eolithique c eramique p uls a u C halcolithique, e ngagent ä r ejeter l a f in d u N atoufien d ans l e V er ne e t p eut-etre m eme d ans l e V ie i l le m illönaire . L e d ebut d e l a p eriode s erait

L E N ATOUFIEN

2 69

c onsiderablement p lus v ieux, s ans q ue l ' auteur s e r isque ä p r6ciser d avantage ( Garrod e t B ate, 1 937 , 18 ). Une a ttitude ö galement c onservatoire p ersiste d ans l es t ravaux p ubliös p ar N euville e t J . P errot e n 1 951. Q uelques r epentirs s emblent p ourtant n öcessaires a prös l a r eprise d es f ouilles ä E l K hiam. L a d ivision s tratigraphique e ntre l es Natoufiens I II e t I V n 'apparait p lus t rös c laire. L es p ointes d e f löche s e r encontrent d ös l a p hase I II, e t l a p hase I V, q ui f orme t ransition v ers l e T ahounien, e st d orönavant c aractörisöe p ar l 'apparition, s ur l e f ond a ncien, d e r etouches p lates p ar p ression, d e p ointes d e f löche ä e ncoches e t p ödoncule, e t d 'un n ouveau t ype d 'ölöment d e f aucille , d enticulö p ar r etouche i nverse ( Perrot, i n N euville, 1 951, 1 65-166). A utre i nnovation, d ans l a f aune d e c es p hases, e t d ans c es p hases u niquement, V aufrey r econnaissait t rois a nimaux d omestiques: " Chövre, B oeuf p robablement, e t, p eut-ötre P orc" ( Ibidem, 2 17). O n n e s 'aventure p as ä p roposer u n a ge a bsolu, m ais N euville t ient f ermement q ue l e d ernier p luvial ( equivalent d u W ürm) a vait p ris f in ä l 'aurore d u N atoufien ( Ibidem, 2 64, n ote e t t ableau 2 , 2 63). E n 1 957 , Garrod m aintient e t r esume l es g rands t raits d e c e t ableau: c ulture d es g rains d ös l e N atoufien I , e n r ecul a u N atoufien I I, c röditö, e n r evanche, d e l a d omestication d u c hien, a pparition d es p ointes d e f läche e t d e n ouveaux a nimaux d omestiques a u N atoufien I III V r öunis e n u ne s eule p hase. L es p remieres d ates p ar l a m öthode 1 4c o btenues p our l e N öolithique p rö-cöramique d e J ericho, r epoussö p resque j usqu 'au V IIIöme m illönaire a y. J .C., r eculaient d 'autant l a f in d u Natoufien, q ue l 'on c royait a ssez p eu a ntörieure. I i r evint a ux c hercheurs d es a nnöes s uivantes d e r emettre e n c ause c e q ui s emblait a cquis. P lutöt q ue c ulture d es c öröales o n c oncöda , s ous l 'influence d e B raidwood e t d e s on ö quipe, l a s imple r öcolte d es g ramin6es s auvages. L e c hien d omestique d e B ate, r öexaminö, f ut i nterprötö c omme u n l oup d e p etite t aille. L a s ignification ö volutive d es c aractöres d es s egments d e c ercle e t d e l 'apparition d es m icroburins f ut r ejet6e. U n a utre t ype d 'explication, p ar a daptation ä d es e nvironnements d ifförents, f ut a vancö p our r endre c ompte d e l a v ariabilitö d es i ndustries. L a p resence d e p ointes d e f löche ä l a f in d e l a p öriode p arut j ustifier q u 'on i ntroduisit d e n ouvelles c oupures c ulturelles e t d e n ouveaux t axons: K hiamien, P roto-nöolithique, N öolithique p rö-cöramique A . S cion l a v ision n ouvelle, a ppuyöe s ur l es f ouilles d e N ahal O ren, d e M allaha e t d e J ericho, l es N atoufiens ö taient d es c hasseursc ueilleurs ä l ' alimentation p articuliörement d iversifiöe, ö tendue d e l a c hasse t raditionnelle a ux m ammiföres g rands e t m oyens, m ais s urtout d es g azelles, ä l a r öcolte i ntensive d es g raminöes s auvages, e n p assant, s uivant l es r essources l ocales, p ar l a r echerche d es o iseaux, d es r ongeurs, d es r eptiles, d es g astöropodes, d es c rabes e t d es p oissons. M ais, a vec d es m oyens d e s ubsistance e nracinös d ans l es h abitudes p alöolithiques, us a uraient d öveloppö, l ä o ü l es n ourritures a bondaient, u n m ode d e v ie s ödentaire, a ttestö p ar d es h abitations e n p ierre, d e n ombreuses s öpultures, d es s ilos d estinös ä r ecevoir l es g rains r äcoltes p endant l es q uelques s emaines o ü i ls s ont ä m aturitö, e t u n r iche m obilier n on t ransportable, e n b asalte o u e n c alcaire, s uppose a voir s ervi ä d öcortiquer l es c öröales. L es d imensions d es

g isements

m ontreraient

u n

a ccroissement

r apide

d e

2 70

l 'effectif d es g roupes d öveloppements s ubs6quents,

F .

V ALLA

s 6dentaris6s, q ui e xpliquerait l es p articuliörement i mpressionnants ä J ericho

o ü q uelques e xemples d e c 6r6ales d omestiques s e r encontraient d äs l e P .P.N.A. Q uant ä s on a ge, l e N atoufien ö tait p lace p ar J . P errot, a pproximativement, " aux l imites d u P l6istocäne s up6rieur e t d e l 'Holocäne" e ntre 1 0.000 e t 8 .000 a y. J .C. ( Perrot, 1 968, c o1.383). A q uelques n uances p räs, c ette i mage, p rösent6e d 'abord c omme u n 6 chafaudage d 'hypothäses, e st e ncore l argement d ominante a ujourd 'hui. A l 'appui d e l a p ermanence d e c ertains h abitats, E . T chernov e t J . P ichon o nt i nsistö s ur l ' accroissement, d ans l e N atoufien d 'Hayonim ( grotte), d e l a r epr6sentation d es c ommensaux d e l 'homme q ue s ont l es m oineaux e t l es s ouris d ont l a f r6quence a a ussi 6 t6 m ise e n r apport a vec l a c onsommation d es g rains ( Tchernov, 1 984, 1 07; P ichon, 1 984, 1 43). A M allaha , J . D esse a m ontr6 q ue l a p öche ö tait p ratiquöe t oute l ' ann6e, a vec t outefois u n c reux ä l 'automne ( sous p resse). L a d öcouverte d e s ites n atoufiens d ans l e N öguev e t s ur l e M oyen E uphrate a r enforcö l 'id6e d e d iversitö r egionale, s oulignöe a ussi, d ans l e n oyau p alestinien, p ar l es v ariations d e l '6tat d entaire ( Smith , 1 972) e t d e l a r obustesse d es s quelettes ( Ferembach, 1 976). B ien q ue l es p roblämes l ies ä l a d iäte d es N atoufiens c ontinuent ä s usciter i nterrogations e t d 6bats ( Leroi-Gourhan, 1 974 e t 1 984; M oore, 1 979 ; V an Z eist e t W oldring, 1 980), l a p lupart d es a uteurs s 'a Fordent ä r econnaitre u n r ole m ajeur a ux c 6r6ales. E nfin, l ' äge 1 C d e l a p öriode, f ixe p ar u ne s oixantaine d e t ests, c onfirme a pproximativement l 'estimation d e J . P errot. R estait p ourtant ä o rdonner l a c onfusion p ersistante d es f aits a rch6ologiques ä l 'int6rieur d e c es 2 .000 a ns. L e p robläme f ut l ögörement t ouché p ar D . H enry q ui r eprit, d äs 1 973 , l 'id6e d 'une e volution d 6cel6e p ar l a f r6quence d e l a r etouche b ifaciale o blique d ans l 'industrie d e s ilex, m ais s ans p ouvoir a pprofondir, f aute d e s tratigraphies. L a r öouverture d u c hantier d e M allaha , o ü, s ur p räs d e 3m d '6paisseur, d es i ndustries n atoufiennes s e s uccödaient d ans t rois h orizons g 6ologiques d istincts, d evait f ournir l 'occasion d 'un r 6examen. E n p oussant l a r echerche s ur d 'autres g isements s tratifi6s, E l O uad, l a t errasse d 'Hayonim, N ahal O ren, i l a 6 t6 p ossible d e c onstruire u n s chema d e l a c hronologie r elative d u N atoufien s ur l equel l a p lupart d es s ites c ontemporains o nt P u ö tre a ccroch6s. T rois p hases s e l aissent i ndividualiser. L a p lus a ncienne, r eprösentöe p ar l es c ouches d e M allaha , B 2 d 'El Q uad, B d e K öbara , A 2 d 'Erq e l-Ahmar, e tc., s e l aisse c aractöriser p ar l ' abondance d e l a r etouche b ifaciale o blique, q ui i ntöresse t oujours p lus d e l a m oiti6 d es s egments d e c ercle. C es m icrolithes s ont, ä c ette p öriode, r elativement l ongs ( de 2 8 ä 1 8 m m e n m oyenne) e t l arges ( de 9 ä 6m m e n moyenne). L e p lus s ouvent , l a t echnique d u m icroburin n 'est p as e mployee, q uoique q uelques d 6chets t ypiques p uissent a pparaitre. A E l Q uad, c ependant, us s ont p assablement f r6quents ( 24,55% d e l 'outillage, o u 1 ,87 m icroburin p our c haque s egment d e c ercle) e t l a p lupart d es m icrolithes d e B eidha e n p ortent l es s tigmates. L 'outillage t 6moigne d 'une d iversitö t out a ussi r eelle. L es m icrolithes n on g öom6triques s ont t räs a bondants ä M allaha e t a u O uadi H ammeh 2 7, u n p eu p lus r ares ä E l Q uad, e t l '6taient p robablement e ncore d avantage ä K 6bara, E rq e l-Ahmar e t B eidha . L es g rattoirs s e m ontrent n ombreux ä B eidha e t ä E rq e l-Ahmar m ais n on a illeurs. L es

L E N ATOUFIEN

2 71

b urins n e f igurent e n

g rand

n ombre

d 'Hayonim e t a u O uadi H ammeh 2 7. u niquement ä K öbara .

q u 'ä

M allaha ,

d ans

l a

g rotte

L es p ieces l usträes s e m ultiplient

L a p hase r öcente a e te o bservee ä M allaha ( couche I c), H ayonim ( terrasse: l oc.4 e t p artie s upärieure d e l a c ouche n atoufienne), E l Q uad ( B1), N ahal O ren ( VI), S houkba ( B), S alibyiah I , T or A bou S if, H atoula ( V-VI), R osh C in, A bou H ureyra , e tc... A c ette p hase, l a r etouche b ifaciale o blique n e s e t rouve p lus q ue s ur u ne m inorite d e s egments d e c ercle, o u m anque t otalement. S auf e xceptions, l es s egments m esurent, e n m oyenne, d e 2 0 ä 1 5 m m d e l ong p our u ne l argeur c omprise e ntre 7 e t 4m m . us t endent ä e tre p lus p hase p räcedente. L 'emploi d e l a t echnique d u

e lances q u 'ä l a m icroburin s emble

p rogresser, m ais s ans m ontrer a ucune h omogeneite. I l e st n ul ä S houkba , H atoula e t S alibyiah I , r are ä M allaha e t ä N ahal O ren, f requent ä T or A bou S if, E l Q uad, e t s ur l a t errasse d 'Hayonim, e nfin, o mnipresent s ur c ertaines s tations d u N öguev c omme R osh C in. S ur l a t errasse d 'Hayonim, o n r emarque, e ntre l e r emplissage d u l oc.4 e t l a p artie s uperieure d u d epöt n atoufien, u n g lissement d ans l a f requence r elative d es m icroburins o rdinaires e t K rukowski, d e s orte q ue l es p remiers s e r arefient a u p rofit d es s econds. D u p oint d e v ue q uantitatif , l a d iversite d es o utillages s e m aintient. L es m icrolithes n on g eometriques d emeurent p lus f requents q ue l es g öometriques ä M allaha , E l Q uad, N ahal O ren e t s ur l a t errasse d 'Hayonim, a lors q ue l e c ontraire s e r encontre ä H atoula e t ä R osh C in. L es b urins l 'emportent s ur l es g rattoirs ä M allaha , E l Q uad e t, d ans u ne m oindre m esure, s ur l a t errasse d 'Hayonim, m ais l es d eux t ypes s ont ä galement m al r epresentös ä R osh C in. L es p ieces l ustrees n e s ont j amais a bondantes. L a p hase f inale, i dentifiee d ans l es c ouches l b d e M allaha , A d 'El Q uad, V d e N ahal O ren, ä F azael I V e t ä l a b ase d e M ureybet, a ccuse u n n ouveau d eclin d e l a r etouche b ifaciale o blique l ä o ü e ile p ersiste: ä M allaha e h e i nteresse m om s d e 2 0% d es s egments. D ans d 'autres c as, d e m öme q u 'ä l a p hase r ecente, c ette r etouche a d isparu. T rait p lus d istinctif e ncore, l a f aveur p our l es p etits s egments s 'accentue d e s orte q ue l a l ongueur m oyenne d e c es m icrolithes n e d epasse p as 1 5 m m; t outefois, l eur l argeur n e d iminue p as ä p roportion. L a t echnique d u m icroburin d emeure p eu r epresentee ä N ahal O ren.

A illeurs,

e h e f igure

t antöt a vec d e m inuscules K rukowski ( Mallaha ), t antöt a vec d es d echets o rdinaires ( El Q uad, F azael). M algrä l e p etit n ombre d 'echantillons c onnus, o n o bserve, d ans l es o utillages, d es v ariations q uantitatives s imilaires ä c elles d es p hases p recödentes. A M allaha , l es m icrolithes g eometriques, s ont m om s f requents q ue l es n on g eomötriques a lors q ue c eux-ci a pparaissent ä p eine ä F azael I V o ü o n n ote a ussi l a q uasia bsence d es g rattoirs e t d es b urins. L es p ieces l ustrees c ontinuent d ' être r ares ä M allaha , m ais l eur r epresentation a tteint 8 ,62% e t 4 ,22% ä F azael I V e t N ahal O ren, r espectivement. C e s chema a ppelle p lusieurs r emarques. L es t endances g enerales s ur l esquelles i l e st f onde ( abondance p uis d eclin d e l a r etouche b ifaciale o blique, m iniaturisation p rogressive d es s egments d e c ercle) p araissent a ssez s olidement ä tablies p our q u 'on p uisse ä tre a ssure d e l eur r ealite ( 1). E n r evanche, l es c oupures i ntroduites s ont s enties

( 1)

Toutefois, grands, r ecent.

a Hatoula,

p assant

de

l es

1 5,52

s egments mm

a

1 9,37

de mm

c ercle de

s emblent

l ong,

de

la

devenir base

au

de

p lus

sommet

du

en

p lus

Natoufien

2 72

F .

V ALLA

c omme p urement c onventionnelles d ans u ne e volution c ontinue. E lles p ermettent s eulement d e r egrouper, e n g ros, d es t ämoins a pproximativement c ontemporains. D e s urcroit, c e c hangement s e s urimpose ä d es v ariations d ivergentes d ont c ertaines s emblent p ropres ä c haque s tation e t d 'autres r elever d e p articularitös r egionales, m ais q ui c oncourent t outes ä u n m öme e ffet d e b rouillage. A insi, l e N atoufien a ncien e st p resque a bsent d u N öguev e t e ncore t rös m al c onnu s ur l ' Euphrate. L 'examen d es c aractöristiques d es s egments d e c ercle r assemblöes d ans l e t ableau I p arait i ndiquer q ue l es s ites d u n ord d 'Israöl, M allaha , E l Q uad, H ayonim, o nt c onserve p lus l ongtemps l a r etouche b ifaciale o blique, p rösente j usque d ans l a p hase f inale, q ue n e l 'ont f ait l es s tations d e l ' Euphrate ( Abu H ureyra) o u c elles d u s ud ( Shoukba , S alibyiah, e tc.). L es p opulations q ui r öoccupent l e N öguev a u N atoufien r ecent n e f ont p as n on p lus u sage d e c ette r etouche. E n r evanche, l e n ord d 'Israöl s emble a voir , d ös l 'origine, p röförö d es s egments p lus c ourts q ue c eux d es r egions p öriphöriques. E nfin, l es g roupes d u N öguev p araissent s 'Atre e ngages p röcocement d ans l a m ise e n o euvre d e p ointes d e f löche p rimitives, a vec l e H arifien , a lors q ue l e r este d u L evant c ontinuait d e d öpendre d es s egments. L 'emploi d e l a t echnique d u m icroburin, c ontrairement ä c e q u 'avait p ens6 N euville, n e p eut ö tre p ris e n c ompte c omme i ndicateur c hronologique. D ös l e d öbut d e l a p öriode, l a t echnique e st u tilisöe s ur c ertains g isements e t n ögligöe a illeurs, s ans q u 'il s oit a isö d 'y d ömöler u ne l ogique. O n p eut s eulement m ettre e n e vidence, d ans l e s ud d e l a z one d 'influence d u N atoufien, l 'existence d 'une t radition q ui m et l a t echnique ä i ntense c ontribution, q ue B eidha m anifeste d ös l a p hase a ncienne, e t q ui s e p erpötue ä R osh H oresha, R osh C in e t I ra 1 0, p endant l a p hase r öcente. S ur t ous c es g isements, l es d öchets a bandonnös s ont d es m icroburins o rdinaires. A illeurs, q uand e ile e st e mployöe, l a t echnique l 'est d e f aQon m odöröe e t v ariable. L es m odulations d e l a p resence d es K rukowski a pparaissent ä c et ö gard e xemplaires. O n r emarque, e n e ffet, ä M allaha ( Ib) e t s ur l a t errasse d 'Hayonim, u ne c ertaine a ssociation d es p etits s egments a vec d es m icroburins d e c e t ype. P ourtant, i i n e s ' agit p as d 'un t rait g önöral: F azael I V n e c onnait p resque q ue d es m icroburins o rdinaires e t l es K rukowski d iminuent e n f röquence ä t ravers l es t rois c ouches d 'El Q uad ( Valla , 1 984, 1 77ss). L es p remiers e fforts d e N euville e t d e G arrod p our r eplacer l e N atoufien d ans l e t emps s 'appuyaient s ur s a p osition s tratigraphique d ans l a s equence a rchöologique l ocale, t eile q u 'on l a c onnaissait a lors, o u s ur d es r approchements ä l ongue d istance n öcessairement a löatoires. L es t entatives r öcentes ( Valla , 1 984, 1 82 184, G oringM orris, 1 985, 1 73) s e f ondent t outes s ur l es d atations l ' C q ui s e s ont m ultipliöes d epuis l es t ests d emandös p ar K enyon p our J öricho e n 1 958. T outefois, e t b ien q ue c es d atations s oient r elativement n ombreuses, u ne s oixantaine, l a c hronologie a bsolue d u N atoufien r este a ssez f loue. C ela t ient a u n ombre l imitö d es f ouilles e t s urtout ä l a q uasia bsence d e c harbon d e b ois d ans l es g isements d u n oyau p alestinien o ü l es m atöriaux b rülös s e p rösentent e n g önöral s ous f orme d e c endres g risätres p ulvörulentes. U ne p art i mportante d es e ssais o nt d onc ö tö m enös s ur d e l 'os ( El Q uad, K öbara , R akefet, N ahal O ren) o u s ur d e t rös p etits ö chantillons

( Mallaha ).

A ctuellement,

l es d ates

l es

p lus

L E N ATOUFIEN

2 75

hautes p roviennent d u o uadi J udayid, u ne s tation d u s ud j ordanien f ouillöe p ar D . H enry q ui, s ur 2 m2 , p armi 1 54 o utils, a uxquels s 'ajoutent 7 4 m icroburins, c ompte 9 6 s egments d e c ercle d ont l a m oitiö ä r etouche b ifaciale o blique ( Henry, 1 982, 4 37 e t t ableau 7 , 4 33). E lles o scillent e ntre 1 2.784±659 B P e t 1 2.090±800 B P. L es r ösultats o btenus d ans l a g rotte d 'Hayonim ( sur a ccölörateur), ö galement a ntörieurs ä 1 2.000 B P, m ilitent a ussi e n f aveur d 'un N atoufien a ncien d éjà f orme d ans l a s econde m oitiö d u l ie m illönaire a y. J .C. us s 'accordent e n c ela a vec l a p lupart d es t ests m enös p our l e K öbarien g öomötrique e t l e M oushabien q ui t ombent v ers l a f in d u 1 3e e t d ans l e 1 2e m illönaire ( l'exception l a p lus n otable e st K harreneh 4 , m ais i i s 'agit d e d atations s ur d e l 'os, m anifestement t rop r öcentes) ( Muheisen, 1 985). O n a dmettra d onc, ä t itre p rovisoire, q ue l e Natoufien a ncien a it P u s e d övelopper ä p artir d e 1 2.500 B P e n a ge 1 4 C . L 'äge a pproximatif d e l a f in d e l a c ulture e st i ndiquö p ar l es c omptages e ffectuös ä N ahal O ren e t ä M ureybet I A, l e p remier t rös b as

e t s ur l 'os, l es s econds o scillant s ur 3 00 a ns. O n d ispose a ussi d es d ates a cquises d ans l e H arifien, ä A bu S alem, M aaleh R amon e t R amat H an f ', e ntre 1 0.550±90 B P ( Pta-3292) e t 1 0.000±200 B P ( Rt-1068N), s i l 'on s 'en t ient a ux r ösultats c rödibles, e t d e c elles d e J ericho P roto-Nöolithique ( Sultanien) ( BM-106: 1 0.300±200 B P) e t d e M ureybet I B ( Lv-607: 1 0.590±140 B P). L e t ableau q ui e n r ösulte m anque d e c oherence. D ans l e N öguev, l e H arifien p arait p oindre p röcocement e t t enir l ieu d e N atoufien f inal. A illeurs, i l s emble q ue l es i ndustries d öfinies c omme n atoufiennes s oient r emplacöes p ar d 'autres d ans l e d ernier q uart d u 9 e m il Mnaire a vant n otre ö re. P robablement n e f auti l pas t rop f aire f ond s ur l es f igures o btenues ä N ahal O ren V e t ä E l Q uad B 1. I l p arait d onc r ais?nnable d e p enser , p our l 'instant, q ue v ers 1 0.3000-10.200 B P, e n a ge 1 C , l e N atoufien, p artout d ans l e L evant, a ö voluö v ers a utre c h?se. L a r öpartition d es d ates 1 C o btenues j usqu 'ä p resent d ans l e N atoufien e ntre l es t rois p hases i dentifiöes p lus h aut f ait r essortir s urtout l 'insuffisance d e n os d ocuments. M ise ä p art c elle d 'El Q uad, a ucune s equence l ongue n 'a f ait l 'objet d e s eries d e t ests ö tendues ä p lusieurs p hases. M algrö c es l imitations, l es f aits n e s ont p as, e n g ros, d ösordonnös m ais i ls n e p ermettent q u 'une a pproche s ans f inesse. L es i ndustries a ttribuables ä röpisode a ncien f ournissent p our l a p lupart d es d ates a ntörieures ä 1 1.000 B P. L 'öpisode r ecent n 'est d ate q ue s ur q uatre g isements. D es v ingt-cinq r ösultats d isponibles, t rois a u q uatre p araissent a berrants, t rop h aut o u t rop b as. L es a utres p ointent v ers l a p öriode 1 1.000-10.500 B P. C omme a ttendu, l es d ates d u N atoufien f inal s e c oncentrent d ans l es q uelques s iöcles q ui s uivent. E n r ésumé, e t p our n e p as s e l aisser 1 . eurrer p ar u ne p röcision i llusoire, l es d onnöes a ctuelles d u 1 C n e s 'opposent p as a ux c onclusions s uggöröes p ar l a s tratigraphie e t l a t ypologie. E lles p ermettent, s ur l 'öchelle q ui e st l a l eur , d e p lacer l e N atoufien e ntre 1 2.500 e t 1 0.200 B P e nviron, a vec d es a rticulations v ers 1 1.000 e t 1 0.500 B P, r espectivement. P arvenu ä c e p oint, i l r este ä t enter d e s uivre l e N atoufien d ans l e d öveloppement d e s es p rincipaux c aractöres. M ais p our e ssayer d e l e c omprendre, i l n e s uffit p as d e s 'intöresser a u c omportement d es h ommes. I l e st e ssentiel d e t enir c ampte d es p aysages d ans l esquels us a nt v öcu, a u m ains s 'il e st v rai q ue l 'homme f ait p artie d 'un

2 74

F .

V ALL I

s ystöme d ont t ous l es e lements r eagissent l es u ns s ur l es a utres. O n s 'interrogera d onc s ur l es c onditions c limatiques e t, s urtout, s ur l es f luctuations d u c limat a u L evant p endant l a p öriode c onsideröe, a vant d 'en v enir a ux a spects p roprement c ulturels. U ne p remiere r emarque s 'impose: d ate d e 1 2.500-10.200 B P, l e N atoufien o ccupe u ne p eriode m arquee p ar u ne a ugmentation a ssez r apide d e l a t emperature d ans l 'hemisphere n ord, e ntre l a d erniere g laciation e t l e P ost-glaciaire ( Dansgaard e t a l ., 1 971 , 4 8 , f ig .6; D eschger e t a l ., 1 983, 1 04, f ig .1). L es c onsequences p recises d e c e p henomene s ur l es c limats d u L evant d emeurent i ncertaines. E lles n 'ont p ourtant p as d ü e tre n ulles. L a d iminution d e l a t aille d e p lusieurs M ammiferes, e n p articulier d es C arnivores ( Kurten, 1 965; D avis, 1 981), s uggere u n c ertain r öchauffement. D ans c e c ontexte, l e f ait q ue d eux M uridös ( Apodemus S . s ylvaticus e t A .S . M ystacinus) s ont, a u c ontraire, p lus g rands q u 'au K öbarien ( Tchernov, 1 982, 1 13) p ourrait s 'expliquer p ar l e j eu d e l a c ompetition d es e speces. E n r evanche, p ar r apport ä c eux d 'aujourd 'hui, l es R ongeurs n atoufiens s ont p lus g rands, c e q ui s 'accorde a vec l a p resence, j usque d ans l a p hase r öcente d e M allaha , d 'oiseaux p alöarctiques q ui n e f röquentent p lus l a r egion ( Pichon, s ous p resse) p our i ndiquer q ue l e c limat d emeurait p lus f roid q ue l 'actuel, c onformement ä c e q u 'on p eut e ntrevoir d e l 'elevation d es t emperatures a pres 1 0.000 B P. L es c hangements d e l 'humidite s ont p lus d ifficiles ä e valuer. L e g onflement o u l a c ontraction d u c ouvert f orestier e n e st p er9u c omme u n b on i ndicateur, m ais o n manque d e m oyen s ür p our l 'apprecier e t l a r eference ä l a s ituation a ctuelle, c onsecutive ä p lusieurs m illenaires d e d epredation p ar l 'homme e t s es t roupeaux, ä q uoi s 'ajoute l e c aptage d e l a p lupart d es s ources, r isque d e b iaiser l es i nterpretations. L es d iagrammes p olliniques e n s eraient l e p lus f idele r eflet, m ais i l f audrait d isposer d e s eries d 'analyses c onvergentes... S elon l 'ötude d e T sukada p our l e l ac H oule, u ne p eriode h umide, m arquee p ar d 'abondants p ollens d e C hene ( jusqu eä 7 0%), s e d övelopperait e ntre 1 4.000 e t 1 0.000 B P, s oit p endant l e K öbarien g eometrique e t l e N atoufien ( Van Z eist e t B ottema , 1 982). T outefois, l es a nalyses r ealisees s ur d ifferents s ites a rchöologiques d onnent u ne i mage u n p eu d ifförente, o ü l a v egetation a rboröe n e s erait p as s i a bondante. P ar r apport a ux é poques a ntörieures, u n e pisode h umide s e d övelopperait a u K öbarien g eometrique ( Fazael V III), o u s eulement ä l a f in d e c et e pisode, e t a u N atoufien a ncien ( Terrasse d 'Hayonim, O uadi J udayid, M allaha I V). M ais l es p ollens d 'arbres n e c omptent j amais p our p lus d e 1 3% d u s pectre ( Leroi-Gourhan, 1 984; D armon, 1 984; H enry e t a l ., 1 981 , 1 985). L a s öcheresse r eprendrait l e d essus d es l e N atoufien r ecent, a vec 4 % ä 6 % d e p ollens d 'arbre s ur l a t errasse d 'Hayonim. L a d isparition d es p lantes a quatiques ä M allaha I c p ourrait s ignaler l 'eloignement d u l ac. P lus a u n ord, e t d ans u ne z one c limatique d ifförente, M ureybet I A s erait a ussi t res s ec. L 'aridite p ersisterait a u d ebut d u K hiamien e t s e r elächerait p endant c ette p hase ( 18% d 'arbres ä S alibyiah I X) p our f aire p lace ä p lus d 'humidite a u P .P.N.A. L a c oherence m itigöe d e c es r ösultats i ncite ä l es c omparer a vec d 'autres. L es v ariations d u n iveau d u l ac L isan p araissent p articulierement s uggestives. S elon N eev e t H all, a pres u ne p remiere d öcrue e ntre 1 8.000 e t 1 6.000 B P, l e l ac s erait r evenu ä s on m aximum d e 180 m e ntre 1 5.000 e t 1 3.000 B P. U n a ssechement r apide e t c omplet

L E N ATOUFIEN

2 75

a urait s uivi e t s e s erait m aintenu j usque v ers 1 0.500 B P. L e l ac s erait e nsuite r emonte u n p eu a u-dessus d e s on n iveau a ctuel p our s e c ontracter ä n ouveau a ux e nvirons d e 7 .000-6.500 B P. C ette s equence, q ui s 'expliquerait p lutöt p ar l e c limat q ue p ar l a t ectonique, n 'est p as i nfirmee p ar l a d istribution d es g isements p rehistoriques d ans l e o uadi F azael e t l e b assin d e S alibyiah. A u ne e xception p res, l e K ebarien e t l e K öbarien g eometrique n e s 'y r encontrent p as a u-dessous d e 180 m . L e N atoufien a ncien, a u c ontraire, s e t rouve ä 218 m ä S alibyiah X II. I l y c orrespond ä d es l imons c olluvies d eposes a pres u n e venement t ectonique p ar-dessus u n c one d 'alluvions l ui-meme m is e n p lace l orsque l es d epots d e l a L isan, q ui n 'affleurent p as ä c et e ndroit, e urent e te e rodes. O n s ait q u 'ä J ericho, i l e st ä 251 m . L e N atoufien r ecent d e S alibyiah I s e t rouve ä 230 m , a u f ond d u b assin, d ans d es a rgiles e t l imons g ris-noir m arbres d ont l a b ase, q ui p asse p rogressivement a u b run-gris, p arait r epresenter d es m arecages e n d isconformite s ur l es m arnes d e l a L isan. L es p rincipaux s ites n eolithiques, G ilgal I , N etiv H agedud, o ccupent d es e minences q ui d ominent l a c uvette. S chuldenrein e t G oldberg e n d eduisent u n e pisode d 'erosion majeur ä l a f in d u K ebarien g äometrique ( 15.000-14.000 B P), s uivi p ar u n r etour ä d es c onditions m om s s everes a u N atoufien r ecent, a vec m arecages e t s ources, p uis u ne r eelle a melioration a u P .P.N.A., o n u n r egain d 'humiditä s 'accompagne d e c olluvionnements p lus i mportants, m arques p ar l 'apport d e l imons e t d 'argiles r oses d erives d es p entes d e l a S amarie. C omme o n v olt, s i l es g eologues s 'accordent a vec c ertains p alynologues p our n oter d es f luctuations c limatiques ä l a f in d e l 'gpipaleolithique, l a c oncordance d e c es f luctuations n 'est p as e tablie. L a f aune o ffre u ne t roisieme v ole d 'accös. I ci l 'abondance d es g azelles p resque p artout d ans l e t ableau d e c hasse p arait d ecisive. M ais s on i nterpretation f ait l 'objet d e c ontroverses. O n a p u y v oir, s oit l 'indice d 'un c limat s ec ( Bate, D avis), s oit l e r esultat d 'une p reference c ulturelle p our c e g ibier ( Vaufrey, H enry), s oit, e nfin, l e s igne d 'un c ontröle p roche d e l a d omestication ( Vita-Finzi e t H iggs, G arrard). L es d onnees s usceptibles d 'une m ise e n s equence f ine n e s ont m alheureusement p as t res n ombreuses s i o n e carte l es e chantillons t rop f aibles. O n a c umule d ans l e t ableau 3 l e p ourcentage d es o s d 'ongules f orestiers ( Capreolus, C ervus, D ama) o ppose ä c elui d es g azelles, e n t ächant d e r egrouper l es g isements s elon l eur l ocalisation g eographique e t l eur e nvironnement. I i n 'y a a ucune d onnee p our l e K ebarien g eometrique. L e r etrait d es f orestiers a u N atoufien , p ar r apport a u K ebarien, s e f ait s entir p artout. I l s emble m eme q ue c es a nimaux a ient p resque d isparu d ans l e s ud d e l a P alestine a u N atoufien r ecent, a lors q u 'ils s e m aintiennent d ans l e n ord o ü l eur f requence a ugmente e n f in d e s equence ä E l O uad e t ä M allaha , m ais n on ä N ahal O ren. E n d efinitive, l a t hese d 'une p reference c ulturelle n e p eut A tre e cartee, m ais l es v ariations d 'un e nvironnement ä l ' autre d emontrent a ussi u n e vident p ragmatisme q ui l aisse s a p lace ä l 'influence d u c limat. L es p references d es c hasseurs s ont b ien i llustrees p ar l a s ituation o bservee d ans l a g rotte d 'Hayonim. L ä , l es N atoufiens, t outes p hases c onfondues, o nt l aisse u ne f aune d 'ongules o ü l es g azelles c omptent p our 8 7%. C e c hiffre e st c orrobore p ar l a p roportion d ans l 'avifaune d es o ssements d 'oiseaux v ivants e n m ilieu o uvert e t s ürement c hasses p ar l 'homme, q ui a tteint 9 1,03%. T outefois, l es

2 76

F .

V ALLA

c alculs p ondörös d e J . P ichon, f ondös s ur l e n ombre m inimum d 'oiseaux r ecueillis, o ü f igurent u n g rand n ombre d e p assereaux r ögurgitös p ar l es r apaces, s uggörent u n e nvironnement b oisö ä p rös d e 3 0%. L e c hoix d es c hasseurs n e f ait p as d e d oute. I l e st p lus d ifficile d e s avoir j usqu 'ä q uel p oint l es c hiffres e n r endent c ompte f idölement. C 'est p ourquoi o n h ösite ä i nterpröter e n t ermes c limatiques l e r ecul d es g azelles ä M allaha I c. A c e n iveau, l a c hasse a ux a utres o ngulös, s ylvicoles o u n on, p arait s tötre i ntensifiöe, e n m öme t emps q ue l a r echerche d es o iseaux a quatiques. L a m icrofaune, q ui p ourrait ö tre p lus u tile p arce q ue l es p etits m ammiföres s ont p lus s ensibles q ue l es g ros a ux v ariations c limatiques e t p arce q ue l eur i ntroduction s ur l es g isements e st i ndöpendante d e l a v olontö d es h o mes, n e c onfirme q ue l 'ambiguitö d es r enseignements q ui p räcödent, f aute d 'analyses e n s tratigraphie f ine. C o me p our l a f aune, l e K öbarien g öomätrique n 'est p as c onnu. E n c ombinant l es d onnöes d e l a g rotte d 'Hayonim e t d e R akefet, T chernov o btient l es r ösultats s uivants ( 1982, f ig .4 e t 5 ). E ntre l e K öbarien e t l e N atoufien, l a r epresentation d es s ylvicoles v an e ä p eine ( de 7 ,5% ä 6 ,94%) m ais c elle d es r ongeurs q ui v ivent e n m ilieu r ocailleux p asse d e 1 6,66% ä 2 5%, a ux d epends d u m ilieu o uvert q ui & cro f t d e 7 5 ,83% ä 6 8,05%. C omme l e d aim, röcureuil, u n b on t 6moin d e l a f orät, s e t rouve d ans l e N atoufien a ncien d e K öbara , d 'El Q uad, d e M allaha e t d 'Hayonim, o ü i l e st s i a bondant s ur l a t errasse q u 'il p ourrait a voir ö tö c hassö ( Henry e t a l ., 1 981, 5 0). T ous l es d eux c ohabitent a u N atoufien r ecent a utour d e S houkba , m ais m anquent ä H atoula, q uelques k ilomötres p lus a u s ud. A u N atoufien f inal, röcureuil p ersiste ä E l O uad e t ä M allaha, s euls s ites p our l esquels l es d onnöes a ient ö tö p ubliöes. M entionnons e ncore r apidement l es c oquilles t errestres, d ont u ne, S phincterochila c ariosa, a H ayonim e t ä E l O uad A , d onne u ne i ndication s ur l a p luviositö m inimum p uisqu 'elle e xige a u m ains 5 00 m m d e p luie p ar a n ( il t ombe a ujourd 'hui 6 00 ä 7 00 m m d 'eau s ur l es p iömonts o ü s ont c es g isements). L a m ultiplication d 'Euchondrus s eptendatatus e t d e C alaxis H ierosolumarum a E l O uad A , s i e lles s ont b ien c ontemporaines d e l 'industrie, p ourrait i ndiquer u ne a ugmentation d e l 'humiditö a u N atoufien f inal ( Tchernov, i n V alla e t a l ., s ous p resse). U n r apide b ilan d es f aits a cquis e t d e c eux q ui d emeurent o bscurs m ontre q ue l a r öalitö d e f luctuations c limatiques i mportantes p endant l es q uelques m illönaires q ui e ncadrent l e N atoufien n e f ait g uöre d e d oute. L e p aysage q u 'ont f röquent6 l es h ommes d e c ette é poque d ans l e s ud d u L evant d evait ö tre a ssez d ifförent d e l ' actuel. L e c limat ö tait p lus f roid e t, p eut-ötre, p lus h umide. L e c ouvert f orestier ö tait p lus ö tendu; a illeurs, l e t errain ö tait m ieux g arni d e s ol, q uoique l e r ochen d önudö n e m anquät p oint. L a b asse v allöe d u J ourdain d evait ö tre p lus v erte: l e d aim p ersiste ä t ous l es p oints c onnus d e l a s equence M barien-N6olithique p rä-cöramique A d ans l a r egion d e F azael-Salibyiah. I i m anque t outefois ä J ericho. O n n e p eut m alheureusement g uöre a ller p lus l oin. L e d öroulement d es e pisodes c limatiques r este m al a ssure. L a d atation p recise d es f aits g öologiques e st t oujours d ifficile. O n n e s alt p resque r ien d es f aunes d u K öbarien g öomötrique, q ui f ourniraient u n j alon c apital. Q uant a u r este d e l 'information, i i s erait d angereux d e t rop l e s olliciter.

L E N ATOUF1EN

2 i7

P our s ortir d e l 'incertitude o n a r ecouru ä l a d ensit6 d u p euplement d u N öguev: l e K öbarien g 6om6trique y e st b ien r eprösent6, a lors q ue l e N atoufien a ncien n 'a l aiss6 q ue q uelques s tations d e s urface. L e N atoufien r ecent d onne a u m om s u n s ite b äti ( Rosh C in) e nfin, l e H arifien a pparait c omme u ne s orte d '6panouissement. T ranspos6 e n t erme d e c limat, c ela p ourrait s upposer u n K öbarien g 6om6trique h umide, s uivi d 'un N atoufien a ncien s ec, p uis d 'une a melioration p rogressive j usqu'au H arifien ( Goldberg e t B ar-Yosef, 1 982, 4 02-403). C ette s uccession n 'est p as s ans a nalogie a vec c elle p ropos6e ä p artir d es n iveaux d u l ac L isan . E lle a p ourtant l 'inconv6nient d e r eposer s ur d es f aits h umains e t d onc s ur d es c hoix d ont l es m otifs r estent d outeux. O n d oit a dmettre n e p as s avoir e ncore t rös b ien s ynchroniser a u L evant f aits c limatiques e t f aits c ulturels: u n d es f acteurs i mportants q ui a gissent s ur l a v ie d es h o mes r este h ors d e p ort6e. I i f aut p rendre l a s uite d es f aits d e c ulture s ans c hercher d 'influences p rovisoirement i naccessibles. L eur m ise e n o rdre c hronologique v a n ous c onduire ä l 'esquisse d 'un m odöle q ui s '6carte u n p eu d e c ertaines d es i d6es a dmises. L es a nt6c6dents l ocaux d es ö tablissements n atoufiens d emeurent t rös m al c onnus. O n p eut e n d iscerner l es o rigines l ointaines d ans l e K öbarien d 'Ein G uev I e t l e K 6barien g öom6trique d 'Ein G uev I II, o ü i i s emble q ue d es c uvettes a ient ö tö a m6nag6es ä c ontre-pente d ans l es c ollines q ui s urplombent l e l ac d e T iböriade, s elon u ne t echnique q ui p r6figure l es h abitats s emi-enterr6s u ltörieurs. A E in G uev I II, l 'habitation, p lusieurs f ois r efaite, ö tait d 6limit6e p ar d es p ierres ( Martin e t B ar-Yosef , 1 978, 2 19). C e c as p ourrait s e r eproduire ä H aon I II, s ur l e m öme h orizon c ulturel ( Bar-Yosef, 1 975 , 1 3). L 'association d 'une h abitation e t d 'une s öpulture e st a ttest6e ä E in G uev I , o ü u ne f emme a 6 t6 i nhum6e s ous u n d es s ols d e l a c abane ( Bar-Yosef, 1 970, 1 10ss). D ans l e K 6barien g 6om6trique, l a s ituation d e l a s öpulture d e N ewe D avid p ar r apport ä l 'habitation r este p roblömatique. C es t rös f aibles i ndices s uggörent t out d e m öme q ue römergence d es 6 tablissements n atoufiens f ut p lus g raduelle q u 'il n 'y p arait. A c ontrario, o n d oit c ependant t enir c ompte d es p ratiques f unöraires a pparemment d ivergentes n ot6es d ans l a c ouche k äbarienne ( C) d e K öbara, o ü o n a c ru r econnaitre d es r estes d e c remation ( TurvilleP etre, 1 932, 2 76). D ans r ötat a ctuel d es d ocuments, l es c onstructions n atoufiennes t ömoignent d 'un s aut c onsiderable p ar r apport a ux a mönagements a ntörieurs. A c et ö gard, c 'est l a p hase a ncienne q ui p r6sente l a p lus g rande d iversitö. O n c ontinue ä c reuser p our p röparer l es s urfaces u tilisöes. L e m ur d 'El O uad, c eux d e M allaha o u d u O uadi H ammeh 2 7 ( zone X X F , E dwards e t a l., i n p ress) s ont d es p arements d resses c ontre l a l imite d es e xcavations. D e m öme, l es s tructures q ui f orment l e p rincipal e nsemble d e c onstructions d ans l a g rotte d 'Hayonim s ont e n p artie e nterr6es d ans l es d öpöts p r6c6dents; i i s emble q u 'on a it d ögag6 u ne g rande f osse p our l a b ourrer e nsuite d e b locs d e c alcaire e n r 6servant l es e spaces d estin6s a ux " maisons". A J 6richo, s elon K enyon, o n a urait c reus6, m ais c ette f ois a utour d e l a s urface u tile, c onserv6e c o me u ne s orte d e p late-forme c ontre l aquelle u n m uret ö tait 6 tabli ( Kenyon, 1 981, 2 71-272). D ans c ertains c as, c o me ä E l O uad e t ä J 6richo, o n a 6 t6 j usqu 'ä a planir l e s oubassement c alcaire. A

c ette

t echnique

t raditionnelle,

e xploit6e

s ur

u ne

p lus

l arge

2 78

F .

V ALLA

ö chelle, s 'en a joute u ne s örie d 'autres, q ui, e lles, s ont n ouvelles. L es p arements e n m oellons d e c alcaire p euvent a voir p lus d '1 m d e h aut ä M allaha . O n u tilise a ussi u n e nduit o btenu ä p artir d e c alcaire b royö m ais n on c ult ( Mallaha , a bri I ) ( Goldberg, c or n . p ers.), e t, p our f aire d es m urets, l 'argile a rm6e d e b ois ( Jericho). L a t echnique d u b ourrage e ntre d eux p arements s erait a ttestöe ä J ericho. E nfin, ä B eidha , d es s ortes d e b riques p rimitives, f aites d e l imon s ableux e t n oyöes d ans u ne b oue a rgileuse, o nt ö tö e mployees p our c onstruire u n m ur c urviligne h aut d 'l m , s ur f ondation d e p ierre ( Kirkbride, 1 967, 1 0-12). L es t oitures e taient p arfois s outenues p ar d es p oteaux c alös d ans d es t rous m assifs c einturös d e p ierre, c omme d ans l 'abri 1 31 d e M allaha . L ä o ü d es h abitations o nt p u ö tre c lairement d efinies, e lles s ont r ondes, o vales o u s emi-circulaires, a lignöes a u p ied d 'un t alus, ä M allaha , o u g roupöes e n c ellules d 'abeille, d ans l a g rotte d 'Hayonim . E lles s ont p eu n ombreuses: t rois o u q uatre u nites ö ventuellement c ontemporaines s ont c onnues s ur l e p remier s ite ( Valla , 1 981, f ig .2) e t s ix s ur l e s econd ( Bar-Yosef, 1 979 , f ig .1). I i n 'y a g uöre d e f osses p roprement d ites ä c ette p hase, s inon ä M allaha o ü o n e n m entionne d eux. L es s öpultures s emblent a voir ö tö s tratifiöes a vec l es c onstructions. T outefois, l e d etail d es h abitudes f uneraires p arait a voir ö te d ifferent d e g roupe ä g roupe e t s usceptible d e m odifications a vec l e t emps. S elon G arrod, l es p remieres s epultures s ur l a t errasse d 'El O uad a uraient r euni p lusieurs s ujets, p arfois e n p osition c ontractee f orcöe. P lus t ard, l es m orts a uraient ö te e nterres i solöment e t l egörement f löchis. U n t roisiöme e nsemble d e t ombes, c ollectives e t i ndividuelles, r assemblöes d ans l a g rotte, n e p eut A tre p lace c hronologiquement p ar r apport a ux d eux a utres, b ien q u 'appartenant a ussi a u N atoufien a ncien. A M allaha , l es i ndividus d e l a p hase a ncienne s emblent a voir e te e nfouis i solöment, p lus o u m om s f löchis e t p arfois, p eut-ötre, s ous l es m aisons, a lors q ue l eurs c ontemporains d 'Hayonim e taient r assembles l e p lus s ouvent ä l ' arriere d e l a g rotte, ä l a l imite d e l a z one h abitee. A u O uadi H ammeh 2 7, l a s eule t ombe c onnue, ö loignee d e l a f ouille p rincipale, r enfermait a u m om s t rois s ujets e n s epulture s econdaire. C omme a utres v ariantes, c ette f ois s ur d es s ites n on c onstruits, o n p eut s ignaler, ä K öbara , u ne f osse q ui c ontenait p öle-möle d es c orps d 'adultes e t d 'enfants a pparemment j etös e t r ecouverts d e p ierres ( Turville-Petre, 1 932, 2 71), e t c elle d 'Erq e l-Ahmar o ü s e t rouvaient a u m om s s ix s quelettes i ncomplets e n i nhumation s econdaire e t u n s eptiöme e n s epulture p remiöre ( Neuville, 1 951, 1 09-110). T raduites e n t ermes d e c onception d e l 'espace, c es d onnees p araissent e xprimer l a c onscience d 'un c entre, s ymbole d e l a p örennitö d u g roupe, q uel q ue s oit d 'ailleurs l e d egrö d e s edentarite d e s es m embres. L a p rösence, d ans c ertaines t ombes, d e p arures, o u , e xceptionnellement, d 'objets d isposes a vec l e c orps - u ne l ongue b aguette d 'os a vec H .33 ä H ayonim ( Bar-Yosef, 1 979 , 9 6 ), u ne d ent d 'Equide ä c ötö d e c hacun d es c ranes d 'Erq e l-Ahmar, u n j eune C anidö p rös d e l a t öte d 'H.104 ä M allaha ( Valla , 1 975-1977 ) -i mplique p eutö tre l 'idee d 'une e xistence p ost-mortem , c e q ue p arait c onfirmer l e d epöt d e p ierres s ur l es a rticulations o u l a p oitrine d e p lusieurs d öfunts. C ertaines m anipulations, s uggöröes p ar l a p resence d e r estes c räniens s ur c ertains s ols d e M allaha,

s upposent u n i nteröt

p our

c es

L E N A7OUFIEN

2 79

o ssements d estines ä s e p erpetuer l ongtemps. L a p ortee s ociale d es f aits o bserves r este ä d ecrypter . L a p rincipale t entative d ans c e s ens ( Wright, 1 978) n 'a p as c onvaincu, t ant i l e st m alaise d 'interpreter l es m odestes d önivellations q ui d istinguent l es s epultures. L 'economie d es N atoufiens p ose u n a utre p roblöme e n r aison d e l a d ifficultö q u 'on e prouve ä c erner l a p art d es v egetaux d ans l 'alimentation, e t p lus p recisement c elle d es c ereales d ont o n p eut s e d emander s i e ile n 'est p as s urevaluee p ar p rojection d e l a s ituation u lterieure o ü l es g rains j oueront u n r ole p rimordial a vec l a d omestication . I ncontestablement, e n m eme t emps q ue l ' architecture s e d äveloppe, l e m obilier l ourd p rend u n e ssor c onsiderable: p ilons e t m ortiers, m ais n on m eules, a bondent, q ui d oivent e tre e n p artie a ssocies a u t raitement d es n ourritures v egötales, q uoique n ombre d 'entre e ux p ortent d es t races d e c olorant. P ourtant i l n 'y a p as d e s ilos, l es a nalyses p olliniques n 'indiquent p as d e c ereales, e t l es g raines e lles-memes s ont r arissimes. A u O uadi H ammeh 2 7, l es g raminees ( orge, s tipe) s ont m om s a bondantes q ue l es l egumes ( indetermine e t l entille). A H ayonim , d 'oü p roviennent l es m eilleurs e chantillons q u 'on c onnaisse, ä c öte d e d eux g rains d 'orge, d 'amandes e t, p eutA tre, d e p ois, c e s ont l es l upins ( Lupinus p ilosus) q ui f orment l 'essentiel d u m ateriel ( Hopf e t B ar-Yosef, s ous p resse). D e s on c öte, l a f aune i ndique, o utre l a p ression e xercee s ur l es g azelles, l a r echerche d e t outes s ortes d e p etites p roles. L 'existence d e p etits s ites, d ans l es r egions p eriphöriques, s uppose p eut-etre d e p etites e xpeditions d e c hasse. O n r etiendra a ussi l es r esultats d e S illen ( 1984, 1 51s) q ui, p ar l 'etude d e l a p roportion r elative d u S tronthium e t d u C alcium d ans l es o ssements, p arvient ä N atoufiens a nciens c onsommaient a utant p redecesseurs K ebariens, m ais p as d avantage.

l a c onclusion q ue l es d e v egötaux q ue l eur

L 'art d e c ette p öriode a pparait d 'emblee p arfaitement d öveloppe. I i e st f iguratif a vec d es m anches d 'outils s culptes d 'animaux e n r ondeb osse c onnus ä E l O uad e t ä K öbara , e t q uelques p etits o bjets, c omme l a t ete h umaine e n c alcite d 'El O uad o u l e " scarabee" ( ?) ( Perrot, 1 976, f ig .6) d e M allaha. I i p eut a ussi s e m ontrer p lus o u m om s g eometrique e t a bstrait s ur d es o bjets d 'os ( Köbara , H ayonim) o u d e p ierre ( Erq e l-Ahmar , O uadi H ammeh 2 7). L es p arures d 'El O uad s ont u ne a utre m anifestation d e l a s ymbolique d e l 'epoque. L 'architecture d e l a p hase r ecente p oursuit l es t raditions d eveloppees p recedemment. O n c ontinue d e c reuser p our e nterrer d es h abitations d ont l es p arois s ont r evötues d e b locs c alcaires ä N ahal O ren, e t ,M allaha o u äR osh C in, m ais n on ä A bu H ureyra . P ourtant, c ertaines d es t echniques d u N atoufien a ncien n e s ont p lus a ttestöes, p eut-etre ä c ause d u s eul h asard d es d ecouvertes. L es m aisons t endent ä e tre p lus o u m om s r ondes. A M allaha , e lles s ont p lus n ombreuses q u 'auparavant e t s ' alignent s ur l e s ommet, s ur l a p ente e t a u p ied d 'un t alus, a lors q ue l e g roupement d es q uatre s tructures r econnues ä R osh C in r appelle c elui o bserve d ans l a g rotte d 'Hayonim ä l a p hase a ncienne. L es f osses s ont m aintenant n ombreuses ä M allaha , o ü e lles s e t rouvent p lutöt d ans l es r emplissages q ue d ans l es a bris. L eurs d imensions v arient. L es p lus g randes, q ui s 'elargissent

v ers

l e

b as,

p euvent

a voir

8 0

c m

d e

d iamötre

ä

l 'ouverture e t p lus d 'l m d e p rofondeur. C ertaines s ont e nduites, a u m om s partiellement, s oit d e c ouches d 'argile, s oit d 'un m ateriau

2 80

F .

V ALLA

r etrouv6 s ous f orme d e n odules b lanchätres e t q ui 6 voque l e r evötement d e l 'abri I . I l e n e xistait a ussi ä N ahal O ren, a u p ied d 'un m ur v raisemblablement d e s outönement e t d ans u ne " maison". U ne a utre a 6 t6 r econnue s ur l a t errasse d 'Hayonim, ä l 'ext6rieur d e c e q ui p ourrait ö tre u ne h abitation: e ile a pparait p eu p rofonde ( 30 c m), ö vas6e, t apiss6e d e d alles d e c alcaire. L e c ontenu d e c es f osses i ndique q u 'elles o nt P u s ervir d e p oubelles o u d e s 6pultures, m ais i l e st p arfois a morphe, e t l 'interpr6tation c omme s ilo r este p ossible. O n c ontinue ä e nfouir l es m orts ä p roximit6 d e l 'habitat e t l a v ariabilit6 o bserv6e a nt6rieurement n e s e d äment p as. L es t ombes d 'El O uad s ont i ndividuelles, c orps l ögörement f löchi. C elles d e N ahal O ren r enfermaient u n s ujet r epli6, o u p arfois p lusieurs. E lles s emblent a voir 6 t6 r egroup6es e n u n c imetiöre e t m arqu6es s yst6matiquement p ar d e g rands m ortiers d 6fonc6s e n c alcaire ( Stekelis e t Y israeli, 1 963, 1 1-12; C rognier e t D upouy-Madre, 1 974, 1 03s.). A S houkba , l es s 6pultures 6 taient p rimaires o u s econdaires, p arfois m ultiples. T outes c es p ossibilitös s e t rouvent 6 galement ä M allaha , q ui e n f ournit l es m eilleurs e xemples, a vec u ne p redilection p our l es t ombes c ollectives d ans l es r emplissages. C ependant, e t e n o pposition ä l a f orte d ensit6 d es s 6pultures s ur l es s ites d u n oyau p alestinien, R osh C in, d ans l e N 6guev, e t A bu H ureyra, s ur l 'Euphrate, s ont v ides ä c et 6 gard. L e m obilier f un6raire d emeure r arissime: q uelques c hevilles o sseuses d e g azelle d ans u ne t ombe d e M allaha , q uelquefois d es p arures ( El O uad, M allaha ), p eut-ötre q uelques o bjets d e p ierre e t d 'os ä N ahal O ren, r epr6sentent l 'essentiel d e c e q ui a 6 t6 s igna16. L 'habitude d e p r6lever c ertains c ranes e st b ien a ttest6e s ur l a t errasse d 'Hayonim e t p robablement ä N ahal O ren. A . K eith s ignale a ussi u ne p iöce d 6coup6e d ans u n f rontal e xhum6 ä S houkba ( 1931, 2 092 10). T ous c es t raits r elövent d e l a m öme a mbiance q u 'ä l a p hase p r6c6dente. L '6conomie d es N atoufiens r öcents n 'est p as m ieux c omprise q ue c elle d e l eurs p r6d6cesseurs. L a f aune i ndique l a m öme r echerche d es p etites p roies. O n a v u q u 'ä M allaha u n c ertain g lissement d es h abitudes d e c hasse a ugmente l a p ression r elative s ur l es o iseaux d 'eau e t l es m ammiföres m om s e xclusivement s ecs q ue l a g azelle. C e p h6nomöne s e p roduit s imultan6ment a vec u ne b aisse d e l a p roportion d u S tronthium d ans l es o ssements, s ensible a ussi ä N ahal O ren, e t q ue S illen m et e n r apport a vec u n r ecul d e l a n ourriture v 6g6tale. L a c hasse j ouerait d onc u n r ole a ccru d ans l 'alimentation q ui, d u p oint d e v ue d es c onsommateurs, s 'am6liorerait. S i c ertaines f osses s ont b ien d es s ilos, l a s 6curit6 f ace ä l a f amine s 'accroitrait a ussi. T outefois, i i r este ä d eterminer q uels v 6g6taux ö taient u tilis6s, c ar l es s ites p alestiniens r estent m uets ä c et 6 gard. C e n 'est q u 'ä A bu H ureyra q ue l 'engrain, s auvage, e st b ien a ttest6. L 'art p oursuit s a t rajectoire. A nimalier , i i t rouve u ne d e s es p lus b elles e xpressions d ans l a s tatuette d e r uminant e n c alcaire g ris d 6couverte p ar N euville ä O umm e z-Zoueitina . U ne t öte h umaine p rovient d e N ahal O ren. L es m otifs g 6om6triques p ersistent e t d 6corent d es o bjets d 'os ( Shoukba), d e p ierre ( Nahal O ren) e t d e c oquille d 'oeuf d 'autruche ( Rosh C in). S ur c e d ernier g isement, l 'entr6e d 'une c abane 6 tait m arqu6e p ar u n m onolithe d ress6, a u p ied d uquel o n a vait c ach6 d ivers o bjets ( Henry, 1 976, 3 19).

2 e l

L E N ATOUFIEN

L 'architecture d e l a p hase

f inale

n 'est

p as

c onnue.

M allaha

a

c onserve s urtout p our c ette é poque q uelques p etites c onstructions e n p ierre e t d es f osses p arfois e nduites. A M ureybet, C auvin ( 1977, 2 1 e t 1 978, 2 6) d ecrit d es s ols s uperposes e n a rgile r apportee, q ui s ont l es p remiers e xemples " construits" q u 'on c onnaisse, e t q ui o nt d ü a ppartenir ä d es m aisons e nterrees a ux s uperstructures l egöres. D es f oyers s ont a ussi m entionnes. A illeurs, l es s ondages, t rop e xigus, n 'ont r ien d onne. L es s epultures s ont a ttestöes ä M allaha e t ä N ahal O ren. E lles s ont i ndividuelles, e n p osition a ssise o u r epliee. S ur l e s ite d u H oule, l a p lace s tratigraphique d e c ertaines d 'entre e lles s uggöre q ue l e l ieu a p u c ontinuer ä s ervir d e c imetiöre a pres s on a bandon c o me h abitat. L 'absence d e c onstructions l ourdes p ourrait l aisser s upposer u n r etour v ers d avantage d e m obilite. P ourtant, l e b ref d e l 'episode, l e h asard d es f ouilles, p euvent a ussi s uffire ä e xpliquer l a p auvretö d e l 'information. E n r evanche, l es c outumes f uneraires d e M allaha s emblent c onfirmer u ne p erception d e l 'espace c entröe s ur u n p oint s ymbole d e l a p erennite d u g roupe. L ' absence d e s epulture ä M ureybet, c omme ä A bu H ureyra , r eflete p eut-ötre d es p ratiques d ifferentes ä l 'egard d es m orts s ur l 'Euphrate e t e n P alestine, m ais l es s urfaces e xploitees s ont l imitees. L a s ubsistance c ontinue d 'être a ssuröe p ar l es m oyens t raditionnels. I l s e p eut q ue l a c ueillette r ecule; t outefois, l es i ndices, e ncore t rop f aibles ( pression a ccentuee s ur l a f aune f orestiäre ä E l O uad , r apport S tronthium/Calcium t rös b as d ans u n s quelette d e M allaha ), n e s ont p as d ecisifs. L 'emploi d e l 'engrain s auvage e st d 'ailleurs a ttestö ä M ureybet. P lus a u s ud, l 'interet p our l es v egötaux e st s ignale p ar l ' augmentation d es l ames l ust/ sees ä N ahal O ren e t ä F azael I V, m ais o n n e p eut p rouver l a c oupe d e p lantes c onsommees. U ne n ouveautö d oit e ncore e tre n otäe a u c hapitre d es ö changes ä l ongue d istance: d e l 'obsidienne a rrive ä M ureybet. Q uelques f ragments p arviennent a ussi ä M allaha , m ais l e n iveau n 'est p as s uffisamment s cellö p our q u 'ils n e p uissent ö tre i ntrusifs. L 'art d e c ette p hase d emeure m al c onnu. L es r epresentations h umaines s chömatiques s ur g alet d e M allaha l ui s ont p robablement a ttribuables e t p euvent s ignaler u ne t endance ä l ' abstraction. L a p arure c omprend d es p erles s pheriques e n c alcaire, i ncisees d 'une r ainure p our f ixer u n l ien, e t, ä M ureybet, d es b ätonnets p olis p erforös ä u n b out. D e c et e xposé u n p eu s ec o n r etiendra d 'abord d eux f aits. L e p remier, c 'est l e d öveloppement e xtraordinaire a u N atoufien a ncien d e l 'architecture

e t

d es

t echniques q u 'elle s uppose.

L e s econd s era l a

d iminution p rogressive, s i o n s e f ie a ux m esures d u C alcium e t d u S tronthium d ans l es o s h umains, d e l a n ourriture v ögetale, a vec s on c orollaire, l e r ecours a pparent ä u ne c hasse d e p lus e n p lus d iversifiöe. L 'essor d es t echniques a rchitecturales p endant l a p remiere p artie d u N atoufien s aute a ux y eux. M ais, p our l 'apprecier s ainement,i1 n ous m anque, e t l e r elais d u K öbarien g eometrique, e t l a p ossibilitö d 'en s uivre l a c omplexitärobable p endant u n i ntervalle d e t emps e stime ä p lus d 'un m illönaire. A p eine p eut-on ö valuer l a d istance q ui s epare l es p etites c ellules d e l a g rotte d 'Hayonim d es c onstructions s pacieuses,

e t,

p our

c elles

d ont

o n

c onnait

l a

s uccession

2 82

F .

V ALLA

c hronologique, d e p lus e n p lus s oignees, d e M allaha , p uisque l 'äge a bsolu d e c es d erniäres n 'est c onnu q u 'approximativement. P ourtant, m anifestement, l es g roupes d u N atoufien a ncien o nt f ranchi u n s euil s ur l a v oie d e l a s edentarisation. L 'importance d es t ravaux d e t errassement a uxquels us s e s ont l ivres l e p rouve, e t, p lus e ncore, l a d iversite d es t echniques m ises e n o euvre, d ont p lusieurs s ont n ouvelles. I l e st d ifficile d e s aisir c omment c es r emplissaient l es t rois f onctions q ui, s elon A .

e tablissements L eroi-Gourhan,

a ppartiennent ä t out h abitat h umain: c elle " de c reer u n m ilieu t echniquement e fficace, c elle d 'assurer u n c adre a u s ystäme s ocial, c elle d e m ettre d e l 'ordre, ä p artir d 'un p oint, d ans l 'univers e nvironnant" ( Leroi-Gourhan, 1 965, 1 50). L 'exploitation r ayonnante d 'un t erritoire ä p artir d 'un e tablissement o ccupe t oute l 'annee p ar l es m embres l es m om s m obiles d u g roupe s erait e nvisageable. U n c ommencement d e p reuve e n c c s ens e xisterait, m äme s 'il e st v rai q ue l a f requence d es s ouris e t d es m oineaux d epende d e l a p ermanence d e l 'habitat. D e s on c öte, l a r ealite d e m ouvement e t d 'echanges e st a ttestee p ar l es o bjets e trangers a ux a bords d es g isements q u 'on r encontre p artout, s elon l es c as, g räs, b asalte, p once, p oissons d e m er, d entales, e tc. A l 'interieur, l es c ellules d e l a g rotte d 'Hayonim, t rop e xiguäs, n e s emblent p as c omporter d 'amenagement p articulier. T out a u p lus y a -t-on r econnu d es c aches. A M allaha, a u c ontraire, o utre d es d allages, d es f oyers o nt e te r encontres d ont n i l e c ontenu n i l 'environnement n 'est h omogäne. A utour d e l 'un d 'eux, b ourre d 'os d e v olatiles, d es r epas o nt s ans d oute e te p ris. D ' autres n e c ontenaient q ue d es c endres. D ans u ne h abitation, d eux s ols s uperposes o nt ' lyre, l 'un a u-dessus d e l 'autre, d es a mas d e g alets d ont l a f onction n 'est p as c laire, m ais p articipe e videmment d e c c " milieu t echniquement e fficace" q ui n ous i nteresse. E n q uoi l es p remiers h abitats n atoufiens r eflötent l e c adre s ocial e st p lus m alaise e ncore ä e xpliciter. L es " cases" q ue n ous c onnaissons n 'expriment p as d e h ierarchie m ais e lles p araissent i mpliquer , d ans l a g rotte d 'Hayonim, u n t ravail c ollectif c oordonne. S i r estreints q u 'aient e te l es g roupes, u n m inimum d 'organisation s 'y m anifeste p ar l a f a wn d ont l es m aisons s ont e lles-mämes a gencees l es u nes p ar r apport a ux a utres. Q uant ä l a m aniäre d ont l 'habitat o rdonne l e m onde a utour d e l ui, i l e st p robable q ue l a f orme m Ame d es c ellules, r ondes p lutöt q u 'angulaires, e xprime a ussi, a u-delä d es c ontraintes t echniques, d es d onnees p sychologiques e t s ociales. O n a d it e galement q ue l e s oin d 'y e nterrer l es m orts a upräs d es v ivants p ourrait s ymboliser l a p erennite d u g roupe e t s on a ncrage d ans l 'espace. L a s uite d u N atoufien a joute p eu d e c hoses ä c es e lements d 'interpretation. D eux p oints v alent p ourtant d 'être r eleves. P our l a p remiere

f ois,

u n g rand m ortier a pparait d ans u ne m aison,

s igne p eut-

ä tre d e l 'integration d u t ravail ä l 'interieur. E ncore n e f aut-il p as t rop t irer d 'un e xemple u nique, a lors q ue l es m ortiers ä l 'air l ibre s ont f requents, s urtout s ous l a f orme d e r ochers c reuses e n p lace. T outefois, l 'habitude d e m oudre d ans l 'espace d omestique e st b ien a ttestee e nsuite, a u H arifien e t a u P .P.N.A. L 'autre p oint a t rait ä l 'organisation s ociale. I l e xiste c lairement ä M allaha d es m aisons d e d imensions d ifferentes. O n i gnore n aturellement c c q u 'il f aut m ettre e n c ause: l e s tatut d es l ocataires? l eur n ombre?... C urieusement l es d erniers s iöcles d u N atoufien n 'ont p as e ncore ' lyre d 'architecture.

L E N ATOUFIEN

2 83

L a t radition s e p oursuit p ourtant, m ais d ans l e N öguev, a vec l e H arifien, q ui a d onne d es s tructures r ondes, p lus p rofondöment e nterrees q ue l es d erniöres c onstructions d e M allaha o u c elle d e R osh C in, s ans d oute ä c ause d es i ntempöries a uxquelles e lles s ont e xposöes. O n y r elöve a ussi c ertains d öveloppements n ouveaux, s urtout ä R amat H an f: u n v estibule e t d es d alles d e c alcaire s urelevees c ontre l a p aroi, p our s ervir d e t ables, e t m arquees d e c upules e t d 'incisions. L 'integration f onctionnelle d e l a m aison, s ur u n p lateau v entö ä p res d e 1 000 m d 'altitude, e st i ci p articuliörement s aisissante. P ourtant, l es f ouilleurs s uccessifs s 'accordent s ur u n p oint: l 'etablissement n e s erait p as s ödentaire m ais s aisonnier . A bsence d 'habitat c onstruit a u n ord d u N öguev, i nstallations eisodiques d ans c e d esert, m aisons l ögöres ä M ureybet, o n e st c onduit ä s e d emander s i l a f in d u N atoufien n e c orrespond p as ä u n r etour ä p lus d e m obilitö, a pres l es e pisodes p recedents. C ontrairement a ux f aits a rchitecturaux, c e q ui a t rait ä l 'usage d e l a f lore e st l e p lus s ouvent e n t otalitö e vanescent: l es p lantes d isparaissent, l es o utils d e b ois a vec l esquels e lles s ont t raitöes a ussi. R este l e l ustre s ur l es s ilex, l e m ateriel d e b royage e n p ierre, q uand i l e xiste, l es s ilos, l es p ollens, e t, d öcisifs l e c as ö cheant, l es v ögötaux b rülös q ui o nt p u s e c onserver. E ncore c ette i nformation e st-elle e n p artie ö quivoque; a insi, l e l ustre n 'implique p as l a f inalite a limentaire d u t ravail s ur l es f ibres, e t o n p ulverise d es a liments n on v ögötaux... P our v enir a u s ecours d e c es d onnöes d outeuses, o n s 'est t ournö v ers l 'examen d es s quelettes e ux-mömes, e t, d epuis p lusieurs a nnees, v ers l ' analyse c himique d es o ssements. I l e st c lair q ue l es N atoufiens o nt u tilise l argement l es v ögötaux. D ös l a p hase a ncienne, l es s ilex l ustres a bondent ä K ebara , l es m ortiers e t l es p ilons ä E l O uad, H ayonim, M allaha . C es v ögötaux o nt a ussi ö tö c onsommes. L 'usure d es d ents e t l a f röquence d es c aries s upposeraient, s urtout ä E l O uad e t ä M allaha, l 'absorption d 'aliments m ölös d e p articules m inörales, m ises e n r apport a vec l e p ilonnage d es c ereales. E nfin, l es o ssements i ndiquent u n f ort p ourcentage d e n ourriture v ögötale. L a p hase r öcente a joute ä c e t ableau d 'öventuels s ilos e t l es h ommes d e N ahal O ren s e r angent a vec c eux d 'El O uad e t d e M allaha q uant ä l eur ö tat d entaire. P ourtant, s elon S illen, l a d iöte s erait d avantage c arnöe, e t c ette t endance s 'accentuerait ä l a p hase f inale, ä e n c roire l e p eu d 'informations d ont o n d ispose. P ourquoi c e r ecul a vant l a d omestication d es g rains q ui p arait a cquise d ans l a v allöe d u J ourdain e t dans l e b assin d e D amas d es l a p remiere m oitiö d u 8 e m illönaire a vant J .C.? N e s erait-ce p as q ue l 'essentiel d e l a n ourriture v ögötale d es N atoufiens, a u m om s d ans l e n oyau p alestinien, r eposerait s ur d es e speces n on c erealieres? D e f ait, d 'apres H . H aelbeck ( Hole, F lannery, N eely, 1 969, 4 01), m ortiers e t p ilons s ont b ien a daptös a u t raitement " de n ombreuses e spöces d e l a f amille d es L eguminosa e d ont l es g raines s ont d ifficiles ä s öparer d e l a c osse. O r c 'est p recisement ä c ette f amille q u 'appartiennent l es l upins e t l es ö ventuels p ois d 'Hayonim. O n s ait q u 'une f ois l e b lö e t l 'orge d evenus p reponderants, l es m ortiers p rofonds l aisseront l a p lace ä d es c upules p uis ä d es m eules r elativement p lates. L es p ollens, d e l eur c ötö, n e p laident p as e n f aveur d e l 'emploi i ntense d es c ereales q ui n 'apparaissent q u'exceptionnellement d ans l es d iagrammes d 'Hayonim ( terrasse) e t d e M allaha . I l e st v rai q u 'elles

2 84

F .

V ALL . 1

s ont r ares a ussi ä M ureybet o ü d es g rains c alcin6s a nt b ei e t b ien 6 t6 t rouv6s. E nfin, d ernier a rgument m ais d e p oids, a lors q ue l e b 16 e st b ien p r6sent s ur l 'Euphrate, o n n e m entionne p lus a u s ud q ue d e r ares s pecimens d e c 6r6ales, a rge a u s tipe. E n r evanche, l es 1 6gumineuses e t l es f ruits ( amandes, p istaches) s ont r elativement b ien a ttest6s. O n s 'acheminerait d onc v ers u ne h ypothöse s elon l aquelle l es N atoufiens, d ans l a z one d e c limat m 6diterranöen, a uraient 6 t6 ä m öme d e m ener, p endant p rös d e d eux m illönaires, u ne v ie p lus a u m ains f ix6e e n c hassant d es m ammiföres e ux-möme s 6dentaires, l es g azelles, p öchant l e c as 6 ch6ant, r amassant t outes s ortes d e p etites p roies s uppl6mentaires, c ueillant d es l egumes e t d es f ruits s aisonniers, c ollectant ö ventuellement l es c 6r6ales. C et 6 quilibre s e s erait d ötraqu6 e nfin, m ais v ers l e h aut, l a c hasse d evenant p lus e fficace, e t l e r ecours a ux r essources v 6g6tales m ains n 6cessaires, d 'oü , p eutö tre u n c ertain r ecul d e l a s 6dentarit6. C e s erait s eulement p lus t ard, e t p eut-ötre s ous l 'influence d es p opulations h abitant l es z ones p 6riph6riques d u N 6guev ( 1) a u d u d 6sert s yrien, q ue l es c 6r6ales s eraient d evenues, e t c ette f ois e n q uelques s iöcles, u ne r essource e ssentielle, b ientöt p rot6g6e p uis d omestiqu6e. D ans u n t el s ch6ma l 'adoption g önöralis6e d es p ointes d e f löche q ui m arque l a f in d u N atoufien, 6 tonnante ä l 'aurore d e l 'agriculture, s 'expliquerait par l ' accent r evenu, p our u ne b röve p öriode, s ur l es a ctivit6s c yn6g6tiques. L a s öriation e n c hronologie r elative d es p rincipales o bservations p ar l esquelles l e N atoufien n ous e st c onnu a boutit d onc ä u ne h ypothöse p aradoxale. L e m ouvement q ui p arait s e d essiner v ers u ne a limentation d e p lus e n p lus l argement c arn6e n 'est p as c elui q ue l aissait a ttendre l a v ision c lassique d u " progrös" v ers l ' agriculture. A dmettons t outefois q ue l es d onn6es, e ncore s inguliörement f aibles, d emandent ä ö tre 6 tay6es. L e r ecul d e l ' alimentation v ögötale d ans l a z one m 6diterranöenne d oit ö tre c onfirmö, l e r ole m ineur d es c 6r6ales d ans c ette z one v 6rifi6e. C omment l es s tructures s ociales m ises e n p lace p endant l a p öriode d e s ödentarit6 r elative o nt-elles 6 t6 a dapt6es ä u n r etour ä p lus d e m obilitö? D ens q uel s ens a nt j ou6 l es f luctuations c limatiques e t q uel f ut l 'impact s ur l e c omportement d es h ommes? A utant d e q uestions o uvertes. L a c onstruction p ropos6e i ci n 'est d onc q u 'un m odöle,

q u 'on l ance ä l 'eau,

s elon l 'expression d e F .

B raudel, p our v oir s 'il f lotte a u s 'il c oule. I l a ura r empli s on r ole s 'il c ontribue t ant s oit p eu ä 6 clairer l es p roblömes e t ä p rovoquer d e n ouvelles r echerches, p our a u c ontre!

CNRS, Centre Francais

de de

R echerche J rusalem J ERUSALEM

( 1)

S i

se

veri fie

Morris,

pour

l ' hypoth6se qui

l es

de

T . R.

Harifiens

Scott

auraient

( 1 977, en

328),

partie

r eprise

c i pendu

des

par c

A . N.

ales.

Goring-

L E N ATOUFIEN

2 85

B IBLIOGRAPHIE B AR-YOSEF O . 1 970 T he E pipaleolithic c ultures o f P alestine. d actylographiee, J erusalem, H ebrew U niversity, 2 60 p .

T hese

B AR-YOSEF O . 1 975 L es g isements " Kebariens g eometriques A " d 'Haon, J ourdain, I srael. B ull . S oc . P r aist . F rançaise 7 2, 1 , 1 0-14, 3 f igs., 3 t abl.

v allee d u C .R.S.M.

B AR-YOSEF 0 . 1 979 L es f ouilles d e l a g rotte d 'Hayonim ( 1975-1979). H aeven , 1 7, 8 8-98, 1 f ig., 1 t abl. ( en h ebreu).

M itekufat

B AR-YOSEF O . 1 983 T he N atufian i n t he S outhern L evant. I n Y oung T ., S mith P h., M ortensen P .: T he H illy F lanks a nd B eyond . S AOC 3 6, C hicago, U niversity o f C hicago P ress, 1 1-42, 1 0 f igs., 6 t abl. B AR-YOSEF O ., V ALLA F .R. 1 979 L 'evolution d u N atoufien, 1 45-152, 2 t abl.

n ouvelles s uggestions.

P a Uorient 5 ,

B OUCHUD J . s ous p resse. L a f aune d u g isement n atoufien d e M allaha ( Eynan), I srael. l moires e t t ravaux d u C entre d e R echerche F ra wais d e . Mrusalem . C AUVIN J . 1 977 L es f ouilles d e M ureybet ( 1971-1974) e t l eur s ignification p our l es o rigines d e l a s edentarisation a u P roche-Orient. Annual o f t he A merican S chool o f O riental R esearch , 4 4, 1 9-48, 2 0 f igs. C AUVIN J . 1 978 L es p remiers v illages d e S yrie-Palestine d u

I Ume

m il U .naire a vant J .C . L yon. C ollection d e l 'Orient, n°4 , S erie A rchöologique 3 . 1 60 p .

l a

a u

V II me

M aison

d e

C ROGNIER E ., D UPOUY-MADRE M . 1 974 L es N atoufiens d e N ahal O ren, I srael. E tude a nthropologique. P a Uorient 2 /1, 1 03-121, 9 f igs, 1 3 t abl. D ANSGAARD W ., J OHNSEN S .J., C LAUSEN H .B., L ANGWAY C .C. J r 1 971 C limatic r ecord r evealed b y t he C amp C entury i ce-core. I n T urekian K .K .: L ate C enozoic G lacial A ges. N ew H aven a nd L ondon, Y ale U niversity P ress. 3 7-56, 9 f igs, 1 t abl. D ARMON F . 1 984 A nalyses p olliniques d e d eux s ites d e J ourdain: F azael V III e t S alibyiah I X. 1 10, 3 f igs.

l a b asse v allee d u P al orient 1 0/2, 1 06-

2 86

F .

V ALLA

D AVIS S .J.M. 1 981 T he e ffects o f t emperature c hange a nd d omestication o n t he b ody s ize o f L ate P leistocene t o H olocene m ammals o f I srael. P aleobiology 7 , 1 , 1 01-114, 1 2 f igs. D AVIS S .J.M. 1 982 C limatic c hange a nd t he e vent o f d omestication: t he s uccession o f r uminant a rtiodactyls i n t he l ate P leistocene-Holocene i n t he I srael r egion.

P aldorient 8 /2 ,

5 -15 , 3f igs, 3 t abl.

D ESSE J . s ous p resse. M allaha , l 'ichtyofaune. M dmoires e t T ravaux d u C entre R echerche F ra wais d e J drusalem.

d e

E DWARDS P .C., C OLLEDGE S .M., M ACUMBER P .G . s ous p resse. L ate P leistocene P rehistory i n t he O uadi A l-Hammeh , J ordan V alley. I n G arrard A . a nd G ebel H . ( eds.). O xford, B AR I nternational S eries. F EREMBACH D . 1 976 I nfluence n utritionnelle e t d iff6rences m orphologiques c hez l es p opulations p r& listoriques ( Natoufiens-Israel). X IIIdme C ongrds d e l a S ocidtd d 'Anthropologie, B rno, 1 99-201, 1 t abl. G ARRARD A .N. 1 982 T he e nvironmental i mplications o f a r e-analysis o f t he l arge m ammal f auna f rom t he W adi e l-Mughara C aves, P alestine. I n B intliff J .L. a nd V an Z eist W .: P aleoclimates , P aleoenvironments a nd H uman C ommunities i n t he E astern M editerranean R egion i n L ater P rehistory. O xford, B AR I nternational S eries 1 33, 1 65-187 , 9f igs, 1 t abl. G ARROD D .A.E. 1 932 A n ew M esolithic I ndustry : t he N atufian o f P alestine. J ournal o f t he R oyal A nthropological I nstitute, 6 2, 2 57-269, 5 f igs, 4 P l. G ARROD D .A.E . 1 957 T he N atufian C ulture: P eople i n t he N ear E ast. 4 3, 2 11-227, 9 p l.

t he L ife a nd E conomy o f a M esolithic P roceedings o f t he B ritish A cademy ,

G ARROD D .A.E ., B ATE D .M.A. 1 937 T he S tone A ge o f M ount C armel , E xcavations Mughara. O xford, T he C larendon P ress, 2 40 P .

a t

t he

W adi

G OLDBERG P ., B AR-YOSEF O . 1 982 E nvironmental a nd A rchaeological E vidence f or C limatic C hange i n t he S outhern L evant. I n B intliff J .L. a nd V an Z eist W .: P aleoclimates , P aleoenvironments a nd Human C ommunities i n t he N ear E astern M editerranean R egion i n L ater P rehistory . O xford, B AR I nternational S eries 1 33, 3 99-414, 5 f igs, 1 t abl.

L E N ATOUFIEN

2 87

G ORING-MORRIS A .N. 1 985 T erminal P leistocene H unters/Gatherers i n t he N egev a nd S inai. T hese d actylographiee. J erusalem, H ebrew U niversity. 3 43 p . H ENRY D .O. 1 973 T he N atufian o f P alestine: i ts M aterial C ulture a nd E cology . T hese d actylographiee. D allas, S outhern M ethodist U niversity. 3 03 p . H ENRY D .O.

1 975

F auna i n N ear E astern A rchaeological D eposits. I n W endorf F . a nd M arks A .E.: P roblems i n P rehistory: N orth Africa a nd t he L evant. 3 79-385 , 3f igs, 2 t abl.

H ENRY D .O. 1 976 R osh Z in: a N atufian S ettlement n ear E in A vdat. I n M arks A .E.: P rehistory a nd P aleoenvironments i n t he C entral N egev , I srael, v ol .I . T he A vdat-Aqev A rea , p art 1 , 3 17-347 , 1 9 f igs, 1 3 t abl. H ENRY D .O., L EROI-GOURHAN A n ., D AVIS S . 1 981 T he E xcavation o f H ayonim T errace: a n E xamination o f t he T erminal P leistocene C limatic a nd A daptative C hanges. J ournal o f A rchaeological S ciences, 8 , 3-58 , 9f igs, 4 t abl. H ENRY D .O., 1 985

H OLE F ., 1 969

T URNBULL P .,

E MERY BARBIER A .,

L EROI-GOURHAN A n.

A rchaeological a nd F aunal E vidence f rom N atufian a nd T imnian S ites i n S outhern J ordan. B ull , o f t he A merican S chool o f O riental R esearch 2 57 , 4 5-64 , 1 0 f igs, 9 t abl. F LANNERY K .V .,

N EELY J .

P rehistory a nd H uman E cology o f t he D eh L uran P lain. M emoirs o f t he M useum o f A nthropology I . A nn A rbor, T he U niversity o f M ichigan. 4 38 p ., 4 3 p l.

H OPF M .,

B AR-YOSEF O .

s ous p resse.

P lant R emains f rom H ayonim C ave,

K EITH A . 1 981 N ew D iscoveries R elating t o W illiams a nd N orgate. 5 12 p .

t he

W estern G alilee.

A ntiquity o f M an.

L ondan,

K ENYON K . 1 981

Excavations a t J ericho . S tratigraphy o f t he T ell. A rchaeology i n J erusalem. I :

K IRKBRIDE D . 1 967 B eidha 1 965: I nterim R eport. 5 -13, 2 f igs, 6 p l.

V ol .3 , T he A rchitecture L ondon. B ritish S chool T exte, 2 40 p ., I I: P lanches.

P alestine Exploration

a nd o f

Q uarterly,

2 88

F .

V ALLA

K URTEN B . 1 965

The 1 07,

C arnivora o f t he Palestine C aves. 7 4 p ., 1 1 f igs, 4 p l., 2 5 t abl.

L ECHEVALLIER M ., R ONEN A . 1 985 L e s ite n atoufien-khiamien I sraöl.

F ouilles 1 980-1982,

d e

A cta Z oologica F ennica,

H atoula,

p r s

d e

r apport p r liminaire.

du C entre d e R echerche Fra wais d e J rusalem,

I ,

L atroun,

L es

C ahiers

1 20 p .

L EROI-GOURHAN A . 1 965

L e g este e t

/ a p arole ,

d 'aujourd 'hui.

P aris.

l a i T moire

e t

A lbin M ichel.

l es

r ythmes.

S ciences

2 85 p .

L EROI-GOURHAN A n. 1 974

E tudes palynologiques d es d erniers 1 1.000 a ns e n d ösertique.

P al&orient 2 /2,

4 43-451,

2 f igs,

S yrie

s emi-

1 t abl.

L EROI-GOURHAN A rl. 1 984

L 'environnement d e M allaha 1 0/2, 1 03-105, 1 f ig.

L ICHARDUS J ., 1 985

L ICHARDUS-ITTEN M .,

L a proto-histoire d e

( Eynon)

1 979

Natoufien.

B AILLOUD G .,

l 'Europe .

P a Uorient

C AUVIN J .

N ouvelle

P resses U niversitaires d e F rance. M ARTIN G .,

a u

C lio

1

b is,

P aris,

6 40 p .

B AR-YOSEF O .

E in-Guev I II,

I sraöl

P a Uorient 5 ,

( 1978).

2 19-220.

M OORE A .M.T.

1 979

A

P re-Neolithic F armer 's V illage o n t he E uphrates.

American 2 41,

2 ,

6 2-70,

S cientific

1 0 f igs.

M UHEISEN M .L. 1 985

N EEV D .,

1 977

L 'öpipalöolithique d ans P al orient 1 1/2, 1 49-160.

l e

g isement

K harreneh

I V.

H ALL J .K. C limatic

F luctuations d uring t he H olocene a s R eflected b y t he

D ead S ea

L evels.

P reprint

presented

a t

C onference o n T erminal L akes. W eber J erusalem. G eological S urvey o f I srael. N ESTEROFF D ., V ERGNAUD R OSSIGNOL-STRICK M . 1 983

d e

G RAZZINI

C .,

O LIVE

P .,

t he

S tate

I nternational C ollege,

U tah.

R IVAULT-ZNAIDI

J .,

E volution c limatique d e l a M diterran e o rientale a u c ours d e l a d erniAre g laciation. I n G hazzi A .: P aleoclimatic R esearch a nd M odels. f igs,

D ordrecht,

1 t abl.

D .

R eidel P ublishing C ompany,

8 1-94,

2

L E N ATOUFIEN

2 89

N EUVILLE R . 1 934a 1 934b

L e P röhistorique d e P alestine. R evue B iblique 4 3 , 2 37-259 , 2 1 p l., 3 f igs. L es d ebuts d e l 'agriculture e t l a f aucille p röhistorique e n P alestine. R ecueil d e l a S ociété Ha .rarque d 'Exploration e t d 'Arch ologie P alestinienne. 2 1 p ., 1 f ig ., 7 p l .

N EUVILLE R . 1 951

L e P aleolithique e t l e M esolithique d u D esert d e J udee. Archives d e l 'Institut d e P a Montologie Humaine, M emoire 2 4, Paris, M asson . 2 70 p .

N OY T .,

S CHULDENREIN J .,

1 980

G ilgal, a P re-Pottery N eolithic V alley. I srael E xploration J ournal, t abl., 3 p l.

T CHERNOV E .

O ESCHGER H ., B EER J ., S IEGENTHALER L ANGWAY C .C. 1 983 L ate-glacial C limate H istory

A S ite i n t he L ower J ordan 3 0, 1 -2, 6 3-82 , 4f igs, 5

U ., f rom

P aleoclimatic R esearch a nd M odels. P ublishing C ompany, 9 5-107, 4 f igs.

S TAUFER B ., I ce-core. D ordrecht,

D ANSGAARD W ., I n

G hazi A .: D .

R eidel

O LSZEWSKI D .I. 1 984

T he E arly O ccupation a t T ell A bu H ureyra i n t he C ontext o f t he L ate E pipalaeolithic o f t he L evant. T ucson, T he U niversity o f A rizona . T hese d actylographiee. 3 39 p .

P ERROT J . 1 968

L a P rehistoire p alestinienne. S upp Ument a u D ictionnaire d e B ible, V III, P aris, L etouzey e t A nä, c o1 .286-446 .

/ a

P ERROT J . 1 976

Mallaha a u 1 0eme m illenaire a vant l 'ere c hrätienne. du C .N .R .S . 2 2, 1 3-18 , 7f igs.

C ourrier

P ICHON J . 1 984 L 'avifaune n atoufienne d u L evant. T hese d actylographiee, P aris, U niversite P aris V I, 2 v ols. s ous p resse. L 'avifaune d e M allaha . P l moires e t T ravaux du C entre d e R echerche F ra wais d e J rusalem . S AXON E .C. 1 974 T he

M obile

H erding

E conomy o f K ebara C ave,

M ount C armel:

E conomic A nalysis o f t he F aunal R emains. Archaeological S cience 1 , 2 7-45 , 6f igs, 5 t abl.

J ournal

a n o f

S CHULDENREIN J ., G OLDBERG P . 1 981 L ate Q uaternary P aleoenvironments a nd P rehistoric S ite D istribution i n t he L ower J ordan V alley: a P reliminary R eport. P a Uorient 7 /1, 5 7-71, 7 f igs, 2 t abl.

2 90

F .

V ALLA

S COTT T .R. 1 977 T he H arifian o f t he C entral N egev. I n M arks A .E.: P rehistory a nd P aleoenvironments i n t he C entral N egev , I srael , v ol .II . T he

A vdat/Aqev

A rea ,

p art

S outhern M ethodist U niversity t abl.

2 ,

a nd

P ress,

t he

H ar H an f .

2 71-322,

D allas,

f igs,

1 7

S ILLEN A . 1 984 D ietary V ariability i n t he E pipaleolithic o f t he L evant: S r/Ca E vidence. P al6orient 1 0/1 , 1 49-155 , 1 0 f igs, 3 t abl.

t he

S MITH P . 1 972 D iet a nd A ttrition i n t he N atufians. P hysical A nthropology, 1 3, 1 -12, 6 f igs,

A merican 4p l.

T CHERNOV E . 1 982 F aunal R esponses t o E nvironmental C hanges M editerranean d uring t he l ast 2 0 .000 Y ears.

1 984

2 2

J ournal

o f

i n t he E astern I n B intliff J .L.

a nd V an Z eist W .: P aleoclimates , P aleoenvironments a nd H uman C ommunities i n t he E astern M editerranean R egion i n L ater P rehistory. O xford, B AR I nternational s eries 1 33, 1 05-127 , 7 f igs, 1 t abl. C ommensals A nimals a nd H uman S edentism i n t he M iddle E ast. I n C lutton-Brock J . a nd G rigson C .: A nimals a nd A rchaeology: E arly H erders a nd t heir F locks. O xford, B AR I nternational S eries 2 02, 9 1-115, 7 t abl., 3 f igs.

T URVILLE-PETRE F . 1 932 E xcavations i n t he M ugharet e l-Kebarah. A nthropological I nstitute, 6 2, 2 71-276,

J ournal o f t he 3f igs, 3 p l.

V ALLA F .R. 1 975 L e N atoufien , u ne c ulture p rO listorique e n P alestine . d e l a R evue B iblique 1 5, P aris, G abalda. 1 35 p .

R oyal

C ahier

V ALLA F .R.

1 975 -7 7

L a s epulture H .104 d e M allaha ( Eynon) e t l e p roblöme d e l a d omestication d u c hien e n P alestine. P a Uorient 3 , 2 87-292 , 3 f igs.

V ALLA F .R. 1 981 L es e tablissements n atoufiens d ans l e n ord d 'Israöl. J . e t S anlaville P . (Ms) : P rO listoire d u L evant. d u C .N.R.S., 4 09-419, 4 f igs.

I n C auvin P aris.

E d.

V ALLA F .R. 1 984 L es i ndustries d e s ilex d e M allaha ( Eynan) e t d u N atoufien d ans l e L evant . M emoires e t T ravaux d u C entre d e R echerche F ran9ais d e J erusalem 3 , Paris, A ssociation P aleorient. 3 28 p .

L E N ATOUFIEN

V ALLA F .R.,

2 91

B AR-YOSEF O .,

S MITH P .,

s ous p resse. U n n ouveau s ondage ( 1980-1981). P al orient.

T CHERNOV E ., s ur

D ESSE J .

l a T errasse d 'El O uad,

I sraöl

V an Z EIST W ., B OTTEMA S . 1 982 V egetational H istory o f t he E astern M editerranean a nd t he N ear E ast d uring t he l ast 2 0.000 Y ears. I n B intliff J .L. a nd V an Z eist W .: P aleoclimates , P aleoenvironments a nd H uman C ommunities i n t he E astern M editerranean R egion i n L ater P rehistory . O xford, B AR I nternational S eries 1 33, 2 77-321, 1 4 f igs. V AN Z EIST W ., W ORLDING H . 1 980 H olocene V egetation a nd C limate P aleohistoria 2 2, 11-125 , 4f igs.

o f

N orthwestern

S yria .

V AUFREY R .

1 939

P alöolithique e t M ösolithique p alestiniens. 6 -7 , 3 90-406 , 1 5 f igs.

V ITA-FINZI C ., 1 970

R evue S cientifique

H IGGS E .S.

P rehistoric E conomy i n t he M ount C armel A rea o f P alestine: S ite C atchment A nalysis. P roceedings o f t he P rehistoric S ociety 3 6 , 1 -37 , 1 9 f igs.

W RIGHT G .A. 1 978 S ocial d ifferenciation i n t he E arly N atufian. I n R edman C .L., B erman M .J., C urtin E .V., L anghorne j r.W.T., V ersaggi N .M., W anser d ating.

J .C.: S ocial A rchaeology , b eyond s usbsistence L ondon, A cademic P ress. 2 01-233, 9 t abl.

a nd

2 92

F .

N N A TO U F l i iN A I N C Id i No l ue0-sud d e l a P a les t ine b e id ha 1 7 1 * M a ha l R u t V I 3 6 E r g e l -A hma r A . 2 1 6 2 O u mm O a laa l A za r ig X V 6 4 M o nt C a r me l 6 a l ili e k e b a ra 8 1 0 0 M ä lla ha I V a 1 0 1 6 . c l 'Hayo n im 6 i n f . E l W ad 8 . 2 4 5 97 M A IN F IEN R E CEN T N ee f li s u d d e I iP a les t in e. G o mm e z 2o ue it ina 2 1 T o r A bo u S i f 1 3 1 S h oo kba 8 2 8 3 S a lib y ia h I R o s ä H o res ha R o s h L i n 1 2 0 M a ha l S e cker V I 1 0 4 * S hunera X V III 5 9 e H a lut za 2 5 9 M o nt L a rm e16 a li le e M a l la ha l c 5 4 6 . d 'H ayo n im B s u p T . d 'Hayo n im l o c .4 5 7 E l Q u ad 8 . 1 2 5 4 2 T . d 'Ha yo n im s u p . 2 8 0 N a ha l O r en V I 5 1

R e t .b ii .ob l.

m u tre r e t . L o ng ueu r

E c a r tty pe L a rg eur

V ALLA

E c a rttype

M od u le

E c a rt-typ e

8 3 2 5 5 6 9 1 4 6

8 3 ,04% 7 4 5 1 ,85 7 2 ,52 5

1 6 ,95% 2 6 4 8 ,14 2 7 ,47 4 5

2 8 ,25 2 8 ,5 2 5 ,44 2 1 ,74 2 4 ,3

3 . 6 9 4 , 1 5 , 59 4 , 6 0 3 , 4

8 , 42 9 , 3 8 , 92 7 , 18 7 , 8

1 , 09 1 , 9 1 , 93 1 , 8 1 1 , 1

3 , 3 6 3 , 1 2 , 8 8 3 , 0 6 3 , 2

0 , 4 1 0 , 5 0 , 49 0 , 4 7 0 , 5

6 5 6 4 1 9 1 8 7

6 ,0 5 9 ,4 0 9 4 ,73 5 8 ,75

3 4 ,0 4 0 ,59 5 , 26 4 1 ,24

2 3 ,42 2 ,28 1 9 ,73 1 8 ,8 1

4 , 6 1 3 , 10 3 , 07 4 , 03

7 , 9 1 9 , 32 1 , 5 7 6 , 14

1 , 93 1 , 3 4 1 , 2 1 1 , 8 1

3 , 02 2 , 3 9 2 , 6 4 3 , 14

0 , 5 1 0 , 2 5 0 , 46 0 , 6 1

1 4 ,28 6 , 87 .1 , 06 1 , 5 1

8 5 ,7 1 9 3 ,12 9 6 ,93 9 8 ,48 1 0 0 9 7 ,5 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

0 , 84 0 , 92 2 , 541,73 1 , 85 1 , 3 0 , 9 1 , 0

3 , 4 3 3 , 6 1

0 , 52 c i , J e

3 , 06 2 , 7 2 , 8 3 , 0

0 , 6 2 0 , 4 0 , 3 0 , 3

2 , 5 0 2 , 8 8 2 , 9 1 3 , 2 1 3 , 24 3 , 47

0 , 45 0 , 5 7 0 , 59 0 , 6 O 0 , 5 2 0 , 4 9

3 , 08

0 , 48

G ,C:

U .JJ

J ,Z4

c . b u

4 6 6 1 0 3-42 4 7 8 5 4 7 5 2

3 0 3 8 1 5 8 8 6 2 7

2 , 5 0

4 6 ,29 3 6 ,84 3 6 ,48 2 4 ,62 1 , 5 0

2 0 ,5 0 1 9 ,0 0 2 0 ,3 0 2 0 ,0 1 2 ,8 19 ,7 1 8 ,6 1 1 6 ,4 1 6 ,4 2 1 ,1

2 , 3 5 2 , 5 9 4 , 2 1-5 ,5 3 , 9 9 2 , 6 2 , 0 2 , 1

6 , 04 5 , 6 2 7 , 4-6 ,1 6 , 29 6 , 4 6 , 1 7 , 1

5 3 ,7 0 6 3 ,15 6 3 ,15 7 5 ,37 9 2 ,5 0 1 0 0

1 7 ,5 0 1 7 ,8 1 1 6 ,53 1 5 ,07 1 6 ,58 1 5 ,5 9

4 , 42 2 , 97 2 , 9 9 2 , 96 3 , 16 2 , 4 6

7 , 2 6 , 39 5 , 93 4 , 9 4 5 , 17 4 , 55

2 , 12 1 , 56 1 , 70 1 , 6 1 0 , 97 0 , 75

2 1 9

1 0 0

2 6 ,15

6 , 1

7 , 1

1 , 3

9 6

3 8

I O U

1 3 ,3 4

1 , 7 1

4 , 5 2

0 , 28

1 4 6 6 7

6 9 3 5

8 1 ,5 0 l ü u

1 3 ,4 2 1 3 ,2 U

3 , 48 3 , 29

5 , 99 4 , 11

1 , 45 u , YJ

. 1 4 ,8 0

2 0A 1

E u h r a t e ' A b u H u rey ra N A TOUF 1EN 14 4t N eo ueu, s u d d e l aP a les t in e F a zai l I V M o n t L a m m& 6 a lile e M a llaha l b N a ha l u r en V E u p hra te . M ü rerb et l a

5 e

1 8 ,49

l u u

T ableau 1 - L es s egments d e c ercle: e mploi d e / a r etouche b ifaciale o blique e t d imensions m oyennes d es o utils . L a p remi re c olonne g auche d onne l e n ombre d 'objets s ur l esquels l a r etouche a é té o bservee , l a s econde , l e n ombre d 'objets e ntiers m esur s . L es d onn es p r c& l es d u s igne * s ont d 'apr s G oring-Morris , c elles p r e& le 'es d u s igne° d 'apr s O lszewski.

L E N ATOUFIEN

2 93

N ATO UF IEN A N C IEN . J e r icho

T e rra ss e d ' Ha yo n im 0 b r o tte d ' H a yo n im W a d i H a nm eh 2 7

M a lla ha 1 1 M a lla ha I V E l W a d 8 . 2 h e b a ra R a kef et W ad i J u d a y id C

G L 6 9 6 L / 0 i l 7 2 P 3 76 0 . M . 14 07 S M U 2 3 1 O x A 7 4 2 O x A 7 4 3 O x A -3 93 O x A-3 94 C e A -5 0 / L Y 1 6 6 1 L Y 1 6 6 2 L Y 1 6 6 0 U C L A U C L A U C L A 17 0 3 2 I7 0 3 0 S I M U 8 0 5 9 1 U 8 0 6 S M U 8 0 3

9 . 05 0 +24 0 b . p . 1 0 .8 0 0 + 18 0 b . p . 9 . 8 0 0+24 0 b . p . 1 . 166 + 10/ b . p . 1 .09 0+9 0 b . p . 1 .92 0 +9 0 b . p . 1 2 .3 6 0 + 16 0 b . p . 1 2 .0 10+ 18 0 b . p . 1 .9 2 0 + 15 0 b . p . 1 2 .2 0 0+ 16 0 b . p . 1 .95 0+ 16 0 b . p . 1 ./4 0 +5/ 0 b . p . 1 .3 10 +8 8 0 b . p . 1 .5 9 0+5 4 0 b . p . 1 .92 0 +66 0 b . p . 1 .4/5 +65 0 b . p . 1 . 15 0 +4 00 b . p . 1 0 .98 0+26 0 b . p . 1 0 .5 8 0 + 14 0 b . p . 1 4 .09 0+8 0 0 b . p . 1 2 .75 0 + 10 0 0 b . p 1 2 .78 4 +65 9 b . p .

7 . 9 0 0 b . c . 8 . 85 0 b . c . 7 . 85 0 b . c . 9 . 2 16 b . c . 9 . 140 b . c . 9 . 97 0 b . c . 1 0 .4 10 b . c . 1 0 .06 0 b . c . 9 . 9 /0 b . c . 1 0 .25 0 b . c . 1 0 .0 00 b . c . 9 . /9 0 b . c . 9 . 36 0 b . c . 9 . 64 0 b . c . 9 . 9 7 0 b . c . 9 . 5 25 b . c . 9 . 2 00 b . c . 9 . 03 0 b . c . 8 . 63 0 b . c . 1 0 .14 0 b . c . 1 0 .8 00 b . c . 1 0 .83 4 b . c .

1 . 5 496 S M U 1 0 e l l 9 8 M 112 1 8 4 12 18 t h c A -43 4 0 1 ( A -435 ü x A -3 81 O x A -46 8 O x A -46 9 O x A -4 / 0 O x A -4 74 O x A -475 W A 47 1 O x A -4 72 O x A 473 O x A 17 0 O x A 17 1 O x A 172 O x A386 0 1 A -3 97 0 A -88 2 0 ) 0 4 -8 8 3 U C L A R T 5 0 5 A

1 3 .09 0 +2 0 0 b . p . 1 0 .8 8 0+28 0 b . p . 1 0 .4 90 +43 0 b . p . 1 0 .1 92 +8 2 b . p . 1 . 16 0 + 110 b . p . 1 0 .4 9 0 + 15 0 b . p . 1 0 .45 0+ 18 0 b . p . 1 .0/ 0 + 16 0 b . p . 1 .09 0 + 15 0 b . p 1 0 .92 0 + 14 0 b . p . 1 0 .8 2 0 + 16 0 b . p . 1 0 .93 0 + 15 0 b . p . 9 . 06 0 + 14 0 b . p . 1 0 .6 2 0 + 15 0 b . p . 1 0 .75 0 + 17 0 b . p . 1 0 .0 00 + 1/ 0 b . p . 1 0 .6 0 0 +2 0 0 b . p . 1 0 .6 00 +2 0 0 b . p . 1 0 .9 00 +2 00 b . p . 1 0 .8 00 + 16 0 b . p . 1 0 .42 0 + 15 0 b . p . 6 . 10 0+ 12 0 b . p . 1 .45 0 +3 00 b . p . 9 . 7 95 +6 00 b . p . 1 .53 0 + 15 5 0 b . p .

1 . 14 0 8 . 93 0 8 . 5 4 0 8 . 84 2 9 . 2 10 8 . 5 4 0 8 . 5 00 9 . 12 0 9 . 14 0 8 . 9 7 0 8 . 8 7 0 8 . 9 8 0 7 . 1 10 8 . 6 / 0 8 . 8 00 8 . 05 0 8 . 6 5 0 8 . 65 0 8 . 95 0 8 . 85 0 8 . 47 0 4 . 15 0 9 . 5 00 7 . 8 4 5 9 . 5 8 0

8 M -76 4 M c 7 3 3 M c 6 3 5 M c 6 7 4 M c 7 3 1 M c 7 3 2 M c 6 / 5

1 0 .046 +3 18 1 0 .ide lb e 1 6 . 170 +2 00 1 0 .09 0 + 17u 1 0 .23 0 + 17 0 1 0 .23 0 + 17 0 1 0 .35 0 + 15 0

C C C . 0 C C O r a in es b r a Tn es . G r a ines b r a in' s ( ) n ines

C O S O b O S ü b O S C

1 9 5 8 1 9 5 8 1 9 58 1 9 4 1 1 9 i8 L . 4 2 4 8 /2 5 0 L . 4 2 1 / 722 1

S r o t te T e rr ass e

C

N A TOU F IE N R E C EN T R o s h H o r es ha

A b u H u re ira

E l ( w ad 8 . 1 S a l ib y ia h 1

b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c. b . c . b . c. b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c . b . c .

O S o s o s o s o s o s o s O S O S O S

o s g r a in e g r a in e g r a in e g r a in e g r a ine g r a in e g r a in e O S

N A TOU F IEN F I NA L M a ha l O r e n V M e reyb e t I A

b . p . b . p . b . p . b . p . b . p . b . p . b . o .

8 . 096 b . c . b . c . 8 . 2 2 0 b . c . 8 . 15 0 b . c . 8 . 28 0 b . c . 8 . 48 0 b . c . 8 . 4 0 0 b . c .

U S

U . NU

C C C

T ableau 2 - L es d atations 1 4 C d ans l e N atoufien , rearties e n f onction d es t rots p hases s uggdr&es p ar / a s tratigraphie e t l a t ypologie .

2 94

F .

V ALLA

K E 8 AR IEN k e ba ra C

F a zae l I IA F o res t ters G a ze lles

1 8 a

H . O r en 1 / 7

3 6 ,35 5 ,30

H a yo n im C 1 8 2

E n G u e v 3 6 4

K E 8 A R IE N G E O ME TR IOU E P a s d e d o nnees . N ATOU F IEN A N C IEN K e b a ra 8 F o res t ters G a ze lles

E l O u ad

M a lla ha

7 , 3 2 4 , 5 ,55

N ATOU F IE N R E CEN T S a lib y ia h F o res ters G a z e lles

1 9 4

H a to u la 4 U 9 7 ,4 2

2 0 ,05 7 1 ,04

E l O u ad

s

N . O r en 9 , 9 2 , 6

0 . Ham m eh 2 , 7 9 8 2 ,79

M a lla ha 3 00 5 ü ,5

N A TOU F la i E l Q u ad F o res t iers G a ze lles

T ableau

N . O r en

f f 4 +

3

-

l es faunes d e

t s 1 ,5

P ourcentage d es o ngul s forestiers e t des g azelles d ans l 'Epipa Molithique du sud L evant.

Chronologies

in

Aurenche O ., Evin BAH International

the

Near

J . and Hours S eries,

East, F .

eds. 1 987

C H R O N O L O G Y A N D C L IM A T IC P H A S E S I NT H E N E A R E A S T F R O M 1 6 ,0 0 0 T O1 0 ,0 0 0 B P Sytze

ABSTRACT: 10, 000

The

BP

chronology

will

b e

e specially

palynology,

synchronous

f or

may

r elative

p rovide

absolute moment.

Tentative

RESUME: Proche

are

consideree. une

absolue moment.

d e

caractere

phases

in

Evidence that of

area

chronologies

upon

t he

Near

obtained

calendar

East

f rom

c limatic

the

demonstrating

presente

1 6. 000

La

sont

pas

are

possible

f rom

various Various

discussed. does

not

p eriods

To

s eem

1 6, 000

t o

d isciplines,

oscillations

considered.

years

s ur

propose p lus

un

l e

chronologie

l a

BP.

porte

r elative

dans sur

ou

calendrier

s chema

L es

des

are

not

methods

that

e stablish possible

with

phases

r esultats

palynologie,

synchrones

d iscussion

chronologie

la

ä 10. 000

s pecialement ne

fondee On

parts

absolute

based

s chemes

L ' article Orient

c limatiques

here.

i ndicates

various or

c limatic

a

at

more

an the

humid

g iven.

disciplines,

f ournir

t he

chronology

character

of

d iscussed

BOTTEMA

l es

l es

montrent

differentes

solaire

hypothetique

que

d ifferentes

absolue.

c li matiques

obtenus

ne

methodes

s emble en

l es

parties

L 'etablissement

mettant

par

pas

evidence

dans

l e

d ifferentes oscillations

de

l a

r egion

susceptibles

d ' une

possible des

d e

chronologie pour

periodes

l e ä

humide.

I ntroduction I n t his c ontribution w e w ill c onsider t he p ossibility e stablishing a n a bsolute c hronology f or t he N ear E ast w ith r egard

o f t o

v egetational a nd c limatic c hanges d uring t he p eriod u nder d iscussion. T he f irst p riority i s t o e stablish a r elative c hronology b ased o n p alynological d ata f or t he d ifferent p arts. T he n ext s tep i s t o o btain a bsolute d atings f or t he c limatic r ecord. O nly i f s uch d ates a re a vailable, c an t he c hronology o f d ifferent a reas b e c ompared i n o rder t o s ee w hether c orrelations d o o r d o n ot e xist. B ecause o f t he l imitations o f t his m ethod, c omplete s equences a re n ot p resent e verywhere a nd t he d istribution o f s uitable c ores o ver t he N ear E ast i s n ot u niform. E specially f or t he d esert a rea i nformation, h as t o b e o btained f rom o ther d isciplines. P alynology,

c limate a nd r elative c hronology

P alynology i s w idely u sed t o r econstruct t he v egetation h istory i n a reas w hich h ave a t emperate c limate a t p resent. T he p ast v egetation i nforms u s a bout t he p ast c limate. P alynological i nvestigations a re l argely d ependent u pon t he p resence o f s ediment i n w hich p ollen i s p reserved. D eposits w hich c ontain p ollen a re o nly c ommon i n a reas w ith a t emperate o r s ub-mediterranean c limate. I n t he N ear E ast s uitable

2 96

S .

B OTTEMA

s ediments a re m ostly r estricted t o h igher e levations, f or i nstance A natolia o r t he Z agros m ountains. P ermanent l akes w hich c ontain s ediments c overing a l ong t ime s pan a nd i n w hich p ollen i s p reserved a re s eldom f ound i n d eserts a nd o nly r arely i n s teppe a reas. A s f or t he p eriod u nder d iscussion e ven i n t emperate z ones, f or i nstance i n w estern E urope, s ediment c ontaining p ollen i s m ostly r estricted t o t he s o-called L ate G lacial ( c. 1 3,000-10,200 B P). I nformation o n a ny c limatic o scillations t hat o ccurred f rom 1 6,000 t o 1 0,000 B P a nd t hat a re i ndicated b y t he p ollen r ecord i s v ery s carce c ompared t o t hat o f t he H olocene p eriod. P alynology i tself c an b e u sed t o e stablish a r elative c hronology, b ut d ifficulties a re m et w ith i f o ne t ries t o c orrelate p ollen d iagrams f rom d istant l ocations. I ndicative c hanges i n t he p ollen r ecord, e specially i n t he A P/NAP r atio ( the r elation b etween a rboreal a nd n on a rboreal o r h erb p ollen) w hich h ave b een d ated b y r adiocarbon, d emonstrate t hat s uch e vents n eed n ot b e s ynchronous ( van Z eist a nd B ottema , 1 982). A p rerequisite f or t he r adiocarbon d ating o f t he p ollen r ecord i s t he p resence o f o rganic d eposits. E specially i n t hose p arts o f t he N ear E ast w here a rchaeological r esearch i s c oncentrated, t he a vailable s ediments a re o f m ineral o rigin a nd o rganic m aterial i s l acking . A c hronology b ased u pon c onventional r adiocarbon d ates c ould b e e stablished o nly f or t he p eripheral p art, v iz . t he M editerranean a nd t he m ountainous i nterior. A c alibration c urve f or t he r adiocarbon d ates f or t he p eriod o f 1 6,000 t o 1 0,000 B P h as n ot y et b een e stablished. P ossible a lternative d ating m ethods I t m ay b e p ossible t o d ate p ollen r ecord i n a n a bsolute w ay b y t he u se o f o ther m ethods. O ne p ossibility w ould b e t he u se o f v arve c ounting . I f p resent, a nnual o r s easonal l aminations c an p rovide a p ollen d iagram w ith a n a bsolute r ecord o f c alendar y ears. O n o ne o ccasion a s ediment f rom t he N ear E ast, t hat o f L ake V an ( fig .1) i n e astern A natolia , w as v arve-dated ( Kempe a nd D egens, 1 978). A p ollen d iagram f rom t his s ediment w as p repared b y v an Z eist a nd W oldring ( 1978a , b ). T he L ake V an d iagrams c ould n ot b e s ynchronized w ith t hat o f L ake Z eribar ( van Z eist a nd B ottema , 1 977 , 1 982) w hich i s t he n earest l ocation a vailable. T he d iscrepancy i n t ime b etween t he v arve d ated r ecord o f V an a nd t he r adiocarbon-dated r ecord o f Z eribar a mounts t o a bout 3 000 y ears f or t he m ost i ndicative p alynological e vents. T he d ifference w ould o nly i ncrease i f t he c onventional r adiocarbon d ates w ere c alibrated. V an Z eist a nd B ottema ( 1982, 1 985) t ried t o e xplain t he r etarded v egetational a nd c limatic d evelopment o f t he V an a rea c ompared t o Z eribar i n t erms o f d ifferent g eography . T hey a ssumed a d ifferent m oisture r egime c aused b y d ifferent o rientation o f t he m ountain r idges. T his e xplanation b ecomes d oubtful i f n ew p alynological i nformation o n t he V an a rea i s c onsidered ( Bottema , 1 986). P reliminary i nvestigation o f a p eat c ore f rom S öeütlü, s outhwest o f L ake V an n ear N emrut D ag , i s p resented h ere ( fig .2) a nd c ompared w ith t he V an r ecord. T he p ollen p ercentages o f s ome s elected t ypes s hown i n f ig .2 a re b ased u pon t he s um o f t he t ree p ollen t ypes, A rtemisia a nd C henopodiaceae. F rom t he l evel a t w hich t he c lay s ediment a t t he

C LIMATIC P HASES

2 97

b ottom o f t he S ögütlü c ore c hanges i nto p eat,

a

r adiocarbon

d ate

o f

7 135±180 B P ( SI-736) w as o btained. T his l evel i s c haracterized b y a v alue o f c . 2 5% Q uercus B etula p ollen p ercentages s lightly d ominate o ver t hose o f P inus. I n t he V an r ecord, a c omparable l evel i s v arved ated a t c . 5 000 B P. C alibration o f t he S ögütlü r adiocarbon d ate w ould o nly i ncrease t he d ifference. T hus, t he e vidence f rom t he S ögütlü c ore c asts d oubt u pon t he v alidity o f t he a bsolute d ating o f t he V an c ore. T he l inear b ands p resent i n t he V an s ediment m ay i ndicate a c ertain p eriodicity, b ut n ot c alendar y ears a s i s a lso p ostulated b y K elts a nd S hahrabi ( 1986). E vidence o btained f rom a c ore f rom L ake U rmia i n n orthwestern I ran ( Bottema, 1 986), a lso p resented i n t his p aper, i ndicates t hat t he i ncrease i n a rboreal p ercentages i n t he V an c ore i s d ated t oo y oung . O ne m ay c onclude t hat a bsolute d ating o f t he p ollen r ecord a nd t he c limatic h istory o f t he N ear E ast c annot b e e xpected f rom v arve c ounting .

1 6

A nother p ossible d ating m ethod t hat w ill b e d iscussed h ere i s t he 0 /1 8 0 m ethod. I t w ill b e s een w hether i t i s p ossible t o c orrelate

t he r elative c hronolo q o f t he p ollen r ecord w ith t he t emperature c urve o btained f rom t he 60 /1 8 0 r atio i n t he i ce c ore f rom C amp C entury o n G reenland ( Dansgaarg l e t a l ., 1 971). A t f irst t he C amp C entury 1 0 /1 8 0 c urve w as c orrelated w ith t he n orthwest E uropean p ollen r ecord. A n a bsolute t ime s cale f or t his c urve was e stablished b y c ounting t he l aminations i n t he i ce t hat w ere t hought t o b e o f a nnual o rigin ( Hammer e t a l., 1 985). T his m ethod d ates t he b oundary b etween t he L ate G lacial a nd t he H olocene a t 1 1,000 B P, c . 7 00 y ears o lder t han i s i ndicated b y c onventional r adiocarbon d ates. T his c orresponds m ore o r l ess t o t he o rder o f t he d ifference b etween c onventional a nd c alibrated r adiocarbon d ates a s e stablished a t t he m oment f or t he o lder p art o f t he H olocene. T hus, t he p eriod o f 1 6,000 t o 1 0,000 B P ( based u pon c onventional r adiocarbon d ates) a ppearing f rom p alynological s tudies w ill b e c . 7 % o lder, a t l east f or t he u pper l imit. C orrelation o f t he t emperature c urve d erived f rom t he 1 6 0 /1 8 0 r atio w ith A P/NAP r atio i s p roblematical. r elative p ollen p recipitation o f a t emperature

b ut

a lso

b y

m oisture.

T he p ollen r ecord r epresents t he v egetation r uled n ot o nly b y B oth

f actors

a re d ifficult t o

s eparate a nd o ften t heir c ombined r esult, h umidity , i s u sed. V egetation d evelopment m ay s how a c ertain i nertia c ompared t o c limatic c hanges b ecause o f s u p f ectors a s m igration s peed, s oil r ipening , e tc. B esides, t he 1 0 /1 0 r atio i s n ot o nly a m atter o f t emperature, b ut m ay b e a lso d ependent o n t he h eight o f t he s ea l evel. T o e stablish a n a bsolute c hronology f or t he p ollen r ecord o f t he N ear E ast b y c orrelation w ith t he 1 6 0 /l ö 0 r atio s eems i mpossible a t t he m oment. I t i s o bvious t hat c limatic o scillations f ound i n t he N ear E ast s hould b e c orrelated w ith t he w ell-established r ecord f or w estern E urope. V an C ampo ( 1984) g ives a n i nteresting e xplanation f or t he d ry p eriods w hich o ccurred f or i nstance f rom c . 1 6,000 t o 1 3,000 a nd 1 1,000 t o 1 0,200 B P i n w estern E urope. A ccording t o v an C ampo, i ncreasing s ummer t emperature i s r esponsible f or e xtensive i ceberg c alving t hat c onsiderably l owered t he o cean s urface t emperature. T his l ow t emperature p revented e vaporation a nd s ubsequent r ain-carrying d epressions. T his e xplanation s eems a cceptable f or t he N orth A tlantic a nd b ordering n orthwestern E urope,

b ut w ould n ot h old f or t hose

a reas

2 98

S .

B OTTrAA

w here a n i ce s heet d id n ot o ccur. I n t his r espect i t i s s triking t hat t he w ater t emperature c urve f or t he A driatic S ea f or t he L ate G lacial a nd H olocene p eriod , b ased u pon t he s tudy o f t he m ollusc f auna ( van S traaten, 1 985), n ot o nly m atches t he p ollen r ecord f or t hat a rea , b ut a lso r uns i n l ine w ith t hat o f n orthwestern E urope. F or i nstance, v ery l ow w ater t emperatures a re f ound b y v an S traaten f or t he L ate D ryas p eriod i n t he A driatic. I t s hould b e m entioned t hat t he g laciers o f t he A lps h ad a lready m elted b efore t he L ate D ryas. T he v egetation h istory o f t he n orthern c oastal a rea o f T urkey i s a lso i dentical t o t hat o f w estern a nd n orthwestern E urope. N evertheless, A tlantic i nfluence d id n ot r each t he n orth c oast o f T urkey a nd a n i ce s heet w as n ot p resent i n t he B lack S ea . H owever a ttractive v an C ampo 's e xplanation f or t he c ause o f t he L ate D ryas c limate m ay b e, i t d oes n ot e xplain t he v ery s imilar d evelopment i n t he A driatic a nd n orthern T urkey . F rom w hat i s s aid a bove, i t c ould b e c oncluded t hat t he v egetation a nd c limatic s equence f or t he p eriod o f 1 6,000 t o 1 0,000 B P f or t he N ear E ast c an i ndeed b e c orrelated w ith t he w ell-established s equence o f n orthwestern E urope. T his i s, h owever , o nly p artly t rue. T he r ate o f c hange o f t hose a reas, w hich c arry h eavy a nd t o a l arge e xtent d eciduous f orest a s n atural v egetation n owadays, c an b e c orrelated r ather w ell f or t he p eriod u nder d icussion. A s m ost o f t he N ear E ast d oes n ot s how s uch v egetation a t p resent, a n a bsolute c hronology c orrelating p alynological i nformation c annot b e e stablished.

b y

I t i s c lear f rom e arlier s tudies ( van Z eist a nd B ottema , 1 977 , 1 982; B ottema a nd v an Z eist, 1 981) t hat a r etarded d evelopment o f t ree g rowth i s o bserved f urther a way f rom v ast b odies

o f

w ater

l ike

t he

M editerranean a nd t he B lack S ea d uring t he c ourse o f t he L ate G lacial a nd t he f irst m illennia o f t he H olocene. I n i tself t his w ould n ot n ecessarily c ontradict t he o ccurrence o f c limatic o scillations h appening a t t he s ame t ime a ll o ver t he N ear E ast. T he e xpression o f s uch o scillations w ould b e m ore w eakly v isible i n s teppe o r d esert a reas. C orrelation o f t he p ollen r ecord i n t hose p arts s hould n ot b e m ade w ith a rboreal p ollen t ypes, w hich a re a ltogether p resent i n l ow n umbers o nly, b ut e specially w ith i ndicative h erb t ypes. S uch a n a pproach w as m ade, f or i nstance, i n t he s tudy o f t he v egetation h istory o f t he Z eribar a rea ( van Z eist a nd B ottema , 1 977) o r t hat o f L ake U rmia ( Bottema , 1 986). H owever, e ven t hen, d iscrepancies i n c limatic d evelopment a re f ound i n s ome p arts o f t he N ear E ast, f or i nstance t he L evant ( Bottema a nd v an Z eist, 1 981). T he r ecord o f t he n orthern L evant s hows a c ontinuous d ecrease i n a rboreal p ollen p ercentages f rom c . 1 5,000 t o 1 1,000 B P. B etween 1 1,000 a nd 1 0 ,000 B P f orest r apidly e xpanded i n t hat p art o f t he L evant. A fter 8 000 B P d rier c onditions a re c oncluded f rom t he p ollen r ecord. I n t he s outhern L evant o ak-dominated f orest e xpanded, a s i s c oncluded f rom i ncreasing A P v alues, f rom 1 4,000 t o 1 0,000 B P. D rier c onditions d eveloped d uring t he n ext p eriod f rom 1 0,000 t o 7 400 B P. T his d ifference i n v egetation d evelopment m ay h ave b een c aused b y d ifferences i n s ea-water t emperature. T he s ummer a nd w inter t emperatures o f t he w ater o f t he n orthern p art o f t he M editerranean b ordering t he L evant w ere m uch l ower t han t hose o f t he s outhern p art a t 1 8,000 B P a nd

v an

C ampo,

1 984).

( Hiede

i n :

S abatier

E vaporation i ncreases w ith t he t emperature o f

t he w ater a nd t his m ay e xplain w hy a n i ncrease i n t ree g rowth o ccurred

C LIMATIC P HASES

2 99

i n n orthern I srael b efore c omparable e vents t ook p lace i n n orthwestern S yria . F rom t he f oregoing i t i s c lear t hat a n a bsolute c hronology f or t he w hole o f t he N ear E ast f or 1 6,000 t o 1 0,000 B P ( and t his a lso h olds f or t he H olocene) c annot b e e stablished o n t he b asis o f t he p ollen r ecord. F or m any p arts, e ither a r elative o r m ore r arely a n a bsolute c hronology c ould b e e stablished. F or t he p eriod u nder d iscussion, s ynchronization o f p ollen c urves w as p ossible o nly f or t hose d iagrams o btained f rom l ocations s ituated r elatively c lose t ogether o r f or s ome s ites h aving a n i dentical v egetation a t p resent. T he o ccurrence o f c limatic p hases f rom 1 6,000 t o 1 0,000 B P T he c limate i n t he N ear E ast h as b een t reated b y v arious a uthors i n B intliff a nd v an Z eist ( 1982). V an Z eist a nd B ottema s howed s chematical h umidity c urves f or t he l ast 2 4,000 y ears a s i nferred f rom p ollen d ata . E specially f rom 1 6,000 t o 1 4,000 B P d ry c onditions p revailed a ll o ver t he a rea e xcept f or n orthwestern S yria w here s lightly m oister c onditions p revailed. D uring t his p eriod t emperatures w ere m uch l ower t han a t p resent b ut a t l ower e levations t emperature c annot have b een t he l imiting f actor f or t ree g rowth. L ack o f p recipitation m ust h ave b een r esponsible f or t he a bsence o f t rees i n m ost o f t he N ear E ast. A fter 1 4,000 B P s ooner o r l ater m ore f avourable c onditions d eveloped b ut s uch a d evelopment i s n ot s ynchronous. T he c ritical t ime s eems t o b e a bout 1 3,000 B P, w hen i n w estern E urope ( van C ampo, 1 984) a nd i n t he A driatic ( van S traaten, 1 985) m ore h umid c onditions d eveloped. A s n o d irect e vidence f or t he d esert a rea i s a vailable, p alynolog ical i nformation o btained f rom m ore p eripheral l ocations, o ften s ituated i n t he s o-called f ertile c rescent ( fig .1) s urrounding t he n orthern p art o f t he N ear E astern s teppe a nd d esert, i s u sed t o i nform u s a bout c limatic c hanges. I t i s a ssumed t hat c limatic c hanges i n t he p eripheral a rea w ere f elt i n t he a djoining s teppe o r d esert a rea a t l east t o c ertain e xtent. I n p art o f t he N ear E ast l akes w ere f ormed a round t his t ime, v iz. A kgöl ( Konya p lain) a nd L ake U rmia ( northwestern I ran). T he p alynological a nd c limatic h istory o f A kgöl a nd U rmia w ill b e s ummarized h ere. A kgöl

( Konya p lain)

T he m arshes a nd l ake o f A kgöl a re s ituated i n t he e astern p art o f t he p lain o f K onya a t a n e levation o f c . 1 000 m a bove s ea-level ( Bottema a nd W oldring , i n p ress) ; o verage J uly a nd J anuary t emperatures a mount t o 2 0-24 °C a nd 0 -4°C, r espectively. A nnual p recipitation i s u nder 3 00mm a nd l ess t han 6 0mm f alls d uring t he s ummer. T he n atural v egetation i n t he K onya p lain i s f ormed b y s teppe o r v ery o pen s hrub v egetation. I n t he m ountains s outh a nd s outheast o f t he p lain P inus n igra a nd A bies c ilicica a re t he m ain c onstituents, w hereas P inus b rutia f orest i s f ound o ver t he w atershed. O n v olcanoes r ising f rom t he p lain i tself d eciduous o ak i s f ound. T he l ower p art o f t he s ediment i n t he A kgöl c ore ( fig .3), d eposited i n b etween 1 3,000-11,000 B P ( zone 1 ), r eflects e xtreme c limatic c onditions. T he v ery l ow a rboreal p ollen p ercentages i ndicate t hat t he K onya p lain a s w ell a s t he s urrounding m ountains w ere d evoid o f t rees

3 00

S .

B OTI : 2N1

a t t hat t ime. T he h erb p ollen t ypes i ndicate t hat i t w as v ery d ry d uring t hat p eriod a nd t hat l ack o f p recipitation p revented t ree g rowth. D uring z one 1 t he c urves o f s ome N AP-types d o c hange m arkedly. F rom c . 1 3,000 t o 1 2,400 B P ( subzone l a) v ery a rid c onditions o ccurred i n t his p art o f A natolia a s v alues f or C henopodiaceae, N oaea-type a nd N itraria i ndicate. A fter c . 1 2,400 B P ( subzone l b) G ramineae p ollen i ncreased. A t t he s ame t ime v alues f or C henopodiaceae p ollen d ecrease. T his p oints t o a s light i ncrease i n p recipitation. T his p eriod l asted t o a bout 1 1,600 B P. A fter 1 1,600 B P ( subzone 1 c) A rtemisia p ollen p ercentages d ecrease. G ramineae p ollen d ominates t he s pectra a nd a t t he s ame t ime a s light i ncrease i n o ak p ollen p ercentages i s v isible. B oth t he a ppearance o r i ncrease o f g rasses a nd o aks p oint t o am ore f avourable m oisture b alance. T his p eriod l asted o nly a bout 4 00 y ears a nd a t c .11,200 B P ( subzone 1 d) A rtemisia p ollen v alues i ncreased a gain a t t he e xpense o f t hose o f G ramineae a nd t rees. D rier c onditions d eveloped a nd l asted u p u ntil a bout 1 0,500 B P ( zone 2 ). F rom c . 1 0,500 B P o nward f orest s tarted t o s pread o ver T aurus m ountains b ordering t he K onya p lain. F irst B etula w as t he main c omponent o f t ree c over, a t a bout 9 000 B P r eplaced b y Q uercus . M odern c limatic c onditions h ad d eveloped a t a bout 8 000 B P. T he v egetation d evelopment i n t he K onya p lain f or t he l ast f our m illennia i s n ot r epresented a s i n t he u pper s amples p ollen w as n ot p reserved. L ake Urmia L ake U rmia l ies i n n orthwestern I ran a t a n e levatica o f 1 300 m , s urrounded b y m ountains o f o ver 2 500 m , i ncluding t he S ahand t hat e ven r eaches 3 750 m . A nnual p recipitation v aries f rom 2 00-300 m m ; w inter t emperatures v ary f rom 0 °C t o 20°C a nd s ummer m axima a re u p t o 4 0°C. T he U rmia a rea i s d ominated b y s teppe v egetation b elonging t o A rtemisietea f ragrantis. O n h igher p arts u p t o c . 2 000 m s teppe f orest o f Q uercus b rantii f orms n atural v egetation. T he p ollen d iagram ( Bottema , 1 986) c overs a bout t he l ast 1 3,000 y ears, c alculated f rom t wo r adiocarbon d ates: 2 05-210 c m: 7 505±125 B P ( U .M.) 2 95-300 c m: 9 540±130 B P ( U.M.) T he l ower p art ( fig .4), z one Y ( 290-450 c m) i s c haracterized b y v ery h igh h erb p ollen p ercentages. A P p ercentages, g enerally u nder 5 %, p oint t o t he a bsence o f u pland t rees i n t he U rmia a rea . The c omposition o f t he h erb p ollen a ssemblages d iffers i n p arts o f z one Y . T hree s ubzones c ould b e e stablished i ndicating s lightly d ifferent v egetations a nd c onsequently d ifferent c limatic c onditions. T he m ost e xtreme c onditions w ere f ound d uring s ubzone Y l. P ollen p ercentages o f C henopodiaceae a nd A rtemisia d ominate t he s pectra a nd r elatively i mportant v alues f or A traphaxis-type a re f ound. T he n ext p eriod, s ubzone Y 2, i s c haracterized b y a n i ncrease o f G ramineae p ollen, m ostly a t t he e xpense o f A rtemisia v alues. D uring s ubzone Y 3 c onditions r esemble t hose o f s ubzone Y 1 t o s ome e xtent. A rtemisia v alues i ncrease a gain a nd t hose o f G ramineae d ecrease. A part f rom t he p alynological i nformation o btained f rom t he U rmia s ediment, i nformation o n t he m ineral c omposition i s a vailable ( Shahrabi, 1 981). T he c urve f or A rtemisia d uring z one Y s hows a s triking r esemblance t o S hahrabi's c urve f or t he r elative p ercentages o f m ineral i nflux. A t f irst s ight o ne w ould c onclude a n i ncrease i n m ineral i nflux t o b e

C LIMATIC PHASES

3 0'

c aused b y a n i ncrease i n p recipitation . S till h igh A rtemisia v alues a re t hought t o r epresent d ry c onditions a nd t his i dea i s s trongly s upported b y m odern a nalogues. T he c urve f or t he G ramineae i s t he r everse o f t hat o f A rtemisia a nd t hat o f t he m ineral i nflux. V alues f or G ramineae p ollen i n N ear E astern d iagrams g enerally r un p arallel w ith t he A P c urve, a t l east d uring t he L ate G lacial a nd t he e arly H olocene. I t i s t hought t hat G ramineae d o p rofit f rom h igher p recipitation ( van Z eist a nd B ottema , 1 977), a t l east i n o pen v egetations. T hus, t he p alynological r ecord s eems t o c ontradict t he s edimentological r ecord. T his c ontradiction, h owever, i s o nly i llusory. F ree r unoff o f p recipitation f rom t he m ountains a nd d eflation a round L ake U rmia w as s trongly f avoured b y a l ow d egree o f p lant c over. A n i ncrease i n p recipitation f avoured a n i ncrease i n g rasses.

T he r esulting h igher d egree o f p lant c over p revented m ost o f

t he p recipitation t o d ischarge t owards t he l ake d irectly a nd a lso a cted a s a p rotection a gainst d eflation a s c an b e c oncluded f rom t he a bsence o f m ineral i nflux d uring t his p eriod. I nstead, t he w ater r an o ff m ore e venly i n t ime. I n z one Y , m ore h umid c onditions o ccurred d uring s ubzone Y 2, f rom a bout 1 2,000-10,800 B P. D uring s ubzone Z 1 a n i ncrease i n p recipitation i s c oncluded f rom t he i ncreasing t ree a nd g rass p ollen v alues. A t a bout 7 000 B P m odern c limatic c onditions w ere e stablished a nd t he p ollen r ecord d oes n ot i ndicate a ny c limatic c hanges a fter t his t ime. O ther e vidence f or c limatic p hases V arious

d isciplines

h ave d ealt w ith c limate i n t he N ear E ast.

T he

i nformation i s g enerally l imited t o o pinions o n t he p resence o f m oister o r d rier c onditions, a s c an b e s een i n f ig .5. T he w eight o f t he t erms m oist a nd d ry i s d ifficult t o m easure b ut n evertheless a n a ttempt h as b een m ade t o d raw a t entative s cheme t o s ee i n h ow f ar s ynchronization o f p hases i s p ossible ( fig .6). T he i nformation o btained f rom g eology, g eomorphology, a rchaeology, a rchaeozoology a nd p alynology i s n ot e venly d istributed o ver t he a rea w hich s treches f rom t he M editerranean c oast t o t he P ersian G ulf. F or s ome l ocations n o c hange i n c limate c ould

b e

d educed

b y

t he

c ompiler J .J.P. O lde L oohuis. G enerally f or s uch l ocations c limatic c hange w as d emonstrated o nly a fter 9 000 B P. F or t hose l ocations w here a c hange i n c limate i s s upposed, s uch c hanges m ostly o ccur i n t he y ounger part o f t he p eriod u nder d iscussion. T he g ravity p oint o f t he e arliest i ndications o f i ncreasing m oisture l ies i n t he I sraelian r ealm o r i n t he e astern p art o f t he a rea s tudied. T he l atter m ay h ave b een u nder t he i nfluence o f t he m onsoon r egime. S ynchronization o f s upposed c limatic o scillations i s n ot p ossible, w hich m eans t hat c hanges w ere e ither r estricted t o p art o f t he N ear E ast o r t heir i mpact was t oo w eak, e specially i n t he i nterior, t o b e m ade v isible. T he f irst s ign o f i ncreasing m oisture c onditions a ppear a t a bout 1 3,000 B P. T his i s i n l ine w ith o ther i nformation b rought f orward i n t his p aper. F or t he s ites s hown i n f ig .6 c onditions f avourable f or h uman h abitation m ust h ave b een l ocal i n o therwise m arginal a reas. C onclusive r emarks R adiocarbon d ated p ollen d iagrams i ndicate t hat c limatic o scillations d emonstrated f or t he p eriod 1 6,000 t o 1 0,000 B P i n t he

3 02

S .

N ear East a re n ot s ynchronous.

B OTT L ,2 ii i

H umid c onditions s eem t o s hift i n

t ime

a nd s pace f rom t he E astern M editerranean t o t he eastern i nterior. A bsolute c hronologies i n c alendar y ears c annot b e e stablished. A cknowledgements T he

a uthor

i s

m uch

i ndebted

MacGillavry f or p reparing t he

t o

G .

manuscript

E ntjes-Nieborg a nd

t o

S .M.

a nd

van

J .M.

G elder-

O ttoway f or c orrecting t he E nglish.

B iologisch-Archaeologisch I nstituut Rij ksuniversiteit GRONINGEN

REFERENCES B INTLIFF J .L., 1 982

VAN Z EIST W .

P alaeoclimates, t he

( eds.)

P alaeoenvironments a nd

Human

C ommunities

Eastern M editerranean R egion i n L ater P rehistory.

B .A.R.

I nternational S eries,

1 33,

i n

O xford:

2 v ol.

B OTTEMA S . 1 986

A Late Q uaternary p ollen d iagram f rom L ake U rmia ( northwestern I ran), R eview o f P alaeobotany a nd P alynology, 4 7 , 2 41-246 .

B OTTEMA S ., i n p ress.

W OLDRING H . Late

Turkey. B OTTEMA S ., 1 981

Q uaternary Part I I.

v egetation

E ast,

e vidence

5 0,000-6000 B P.

f or

I n:

Pr Mistoire d u L evant,

1 984

c limate

o f s outhwestern

2 6.

V AN Z EIST W .

Palynological

C AMPO M .

a nd

P alaeohistoria,

J .

t he c limatic h istory o f t he N ear C auvin e t

1 11-132.

P aris:

P . E d.

S anlaville

V AN R elations e ntre l a v egetation d 'Europe e t l es

t emperatures

s urface o ceaniques a pres l e d ernier maximum g laciaire, e t S pores, D ANSGAARD W ., 1 971

2 6,

d e

P ollens

4 97-518.

J OHNSON S .J.,

C LAUSEN H .B.,

L ANGWAY J .R.

C limatic r ecord r evealed b y t he C amp C entury i ce c ore. I n : K .K. Turekian ( ed.), T he L ate C enozoic G lacial Ages, 3 7-56 . N ew Haven/London.

H AMMER,

C LAUSEN,

1 985

P oster 1 2th I nternational

K ELTS K ., 1 986

( ed.),

d u CNRS.

TAUBER 1 4

C C ongress,

T rondheim.

S HAHRABI M .

H olocene s edimentology o f h ypersaline L ake U rmia, I ran,

P alaeogeography ,

P alaeoclimatology ,

n orthwestern

P alaeoecology ,

5 4.

C LIMATIC P HASES

3 03

K EMPE S ., D EGENS E .T . 1 978 L ake V an v arve r ecord: t he l ast 1 0.420 y ears. I n : E .T . D egens a nd F . K urtman ( eds.), T he G eology o f L ake V an , 5 6-64 . Ankara: M TA P ress n° 1 69. S ABATIER R ., C AMPO M . V AN 1 984 L 'analyse e n c omposantes p rincipales d e v ariables i nstrumentales a ppliquee ä l 'estimation d es p aleoclimats d e G rece, i i y a 1 8.000 a ns, B u// . S oc . B ot . F r . ( actual . b ot .), 1 31, 8 5-96. S HAHRABI M . 1 981 H olocene l acustrine f ad es a nd c limatic c ycles i n t he h ypersaline l ake U rmia B asin , n orthwestern I ran . D iplomarbeit A bt. N aturwiss., E TH Z ürich. S TRAATEN L .M.J.U . V AN 1 985 M olluscs a nd s edimentation i n t he A driatic S ea d uring l ateP leistocene a nd H olocene t ime, G iornale d i G eologia ( ser.3), 4 7, 1 81-202. Z EIST W .

V AN ,

B OTTEMA S .

1 977

Palynological i nvestigations i n w estern

1 982

V egetational h istory o f t he e astern M editerranean a nd t he N ear

1 985

Z EIST W . 1 978a

I ran,

P aleohistoria,

1 9 , 1 9-95 . E ast d uring t he l ast 2 0,000 y ears. I n: J .L. B intliff a nd W .van Z eist ( eds.), P alaeoclimates , P alaeoenvironments a nd Human C ommunities i n t he E astern M editerranean R egion i n L ater P rehistory, 2 77-321. O xford: B .A.R. I nternational S eries 1 33. H olocene v egetation a nd c limate o f w estern I ran a nd e astern T urkey . I n: P roblems o f G eology o f H olocene. X I C ongress o f I NQUA, M oscow 1 982. A cademy o f S ciences o f A rmenian S SR, Y erevan ( Russian w ith E nglish s ummary). V AN,

W OLDRING H .

A p ollen p rofile f rom L ake V an : a p reliminary r eport. I n: E .T. D egens a nd F . K urtman ( eds.), T he G eology o f L ake V an, 1 15-123. A nkara : M TA P ress n °169.

Z EIST W . V AN, W OLDRING H . 1 978b - A p ostglacial p ollen d iagram f rom L ake V an i n E ast R eview o f P alaeobotany a nd P alynology, 2 6, 2 49-276. Z EIST W . 1 982

V AN,

A natolia ,

W OLDRING H .

H olocene v egetation a nd c limate P alaeohistoria, 2 2, 1 11-127.

o f

n orthwestern

S yria,

S . B OTTEMA

3 04

5 0

1 . 3

. , • Jü rm e n eA ggba ; I

U .

s % ,

S . S . R .

t _ , . .0

K a r am ik B a ta k le

S öt t l ü

' Ho y r an G ö lh i s a r K ö y ce i z \ •

P i na r b ae t . •o t •l e Y fe h i r eS iu .

Of

eA k g ö l

I

Wm ia

B o zo va e t v I W T e l l H ammam " '

3 6-

' ;Ghab

SY RI A

Z e r iba r

. / Bouam

, 1 I RA N

f, 41B ;r a da

H u leh " B i r k e t R am • ' . . " s l K i nw e n g o , ,•

1 4-

Z. %

. , -

/

, ,

RAQ

.

s ,

‘ . . ,

•M i r a b ad

3 2— s * ".

,D e a dS e a

0

‘ .

3 9 0k m

F ig .1 - M ap o f t he E astern M editerranean a nd t he N ear E ast s howing t he p ollen s ites .

S OÖÜTLÜ 1 0

2 0

V AN GÖLÜ 3 0

4 ' 0

6' 0

7' 0

8' 0

9 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5. 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

2 500

3 600

0 300 6 800

Q UERCUS -

P 1NUS

8 100 7 1 35±180 S I -7 36 1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

S O

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

I

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

1 0

1 0

F ig .2 - P reliminary i nformation f rom t he S ögütl i l c ore c ompared w ith t he p ollen d iagram o f L ake V an .

3 05

C LIMATIC P HASES

NAP 1 0

1 0

2 0

OCHENOPOD IACEAE

•

6 = _

— 1 0

eARTEMISIA

D EPTH I N CM

L ITHOLOGY

0

P OLLEN Z ONES

A KGÖL ADABAG

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

d e f= r

0 Z 4 4

9 0

CO I 3E

.

n o p o l len

e ir

Z 3 3

1 00

n o p o l len 8 Z 2 3 3 7 3

. , . ,

. --.

r

3 3 Z1

3 3 2

2 00

3 1 3 0 Y 2 2 9

. ,

-- -' 1-1 040 s1 4 0

. .

. .

2 7 2 6 y

,

2 5 2 4 2

3 00

2 2 1

109202150

0 X 4 2 1 9 I 6 1 7

X3 4 00

1 6 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 2 1

0 X 2 1 9

—

' 5 00 7 6 5 X1 4 3 1 3050 49 50

2 1

i ° e

I f 1I

Il l

9 0

8 0

7 0

6 0

5 0

3 0

2 0

1 0

F ig .3 - S election o f p ollen c urves f rom a d iagram o f A kgöl ( Bottema a nd W oldring , i n p ress).

S .

3 06

0 v . • , , . ,, L AKE

B OTTEMA

U RN I IA

-

I

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

S O

S O

7 0

5 0

9 0

4 0

3 0

2 0

.

) -

XXX

1

1

P

2 4

). t e

»

2

p

,

l e - ,

1' f i l r

1

A 2

5

1. 1 1

g

e t, g ö l g

e 2 , 3 3 .ien

•

w g

xt

U I

e g

Me g i i

ne23 , 1§ . 1 aMe l
4 • •

4 . 1 . 5

; i i` g

t . '

2 . 2 ,_ __ . -_ __ _ — > ' . ' " . 2 , .__ < -. %' i t ---

I f INO9 V D0H3

,

. . - e s , . . , '

° Ve t / -t I VAAVCO

:

i . Z

0 i ,

f . f ,

4 3 I . . i f )

• • • ,

v . i. M c a . ä

I

e.

5

, ,c , ig ,.

1 5 2 __ i —

I -

2%

g

1 . . '3 :" i

. :7 .

K, ,

. .. . , -- , . . .1, . . .

. "

r • • 1

I

r . i _, t s . I

227 . i :22 M . _ .

Sa t IV P I b a nd V OD

1 SV

.

, . , r , .

,

lea

v s ns

--,

_ _ n __ c r l

I t em

3 1 ( . 1d0d3V

ii P i : .

,

.

4 1 • 1 / — P . 4

-

.

a '

I‚r i ll

z

.. .

*

0 133S

H SIW

i n

22

i • 4 3

1 HVW 3 d31

Z 4

• • 1

, _ ,

N A3H ) IA3HS t i de

4

—

,s . e .x c

3 V8V p 1 ) 10 e 1V3

STAN: KHUZ II

C . .

d i .

1 . 1 . HSr ld

X 0

< N

r c o

SM IN9 1 1 3H . L0 9 l ing G 311 . 3 1T 1 / 4

S JIWV 1 13D A l ' AV3

D l if il laDV

F .

3 78

P hase

A l i K osh

C h agha S e f id

T i ps S a bi

M us iyan

H OLE

F a rukhabad

S a rga rab S usa A

F a rukh B a yat M e heeh

K h azineh

x

S a bz C h ogha M am i T r ans it ional

S u rkh S e f id M o hammad J a ffar A l i K osh B us M o rdeh

T ab le 3 -Excavated s t rata a nd t ota l n u mber o fs i tes i ne ach Deb Luran P hase .

P h ase

Z o ne

I s otopes , I n c .

S e ithmon ian I n st itut ion

U n ive rs ity o f G e o rg ia

H u m b le O i l & R e f in in g C o .

S h e ll D e ve lopment C o .

U C LA

B A YA T

4 1

1 1499

6 0 5 (2 140

S 1 -203

6 1 7 0 :900

B A YA T

4 2

1 1503

5 8 60 . 1 2 30

B A YAT

4 3

1 150 2

6 0 60 ' 1 140

S I -204 S I -205 S 1 156

6 0 60 ' 1200 5 7 0 (2250 5 7 702 120

7 5 0 4

6 0 70 : 1 100

5 I -206

7 2 00 ' 1 100 0

7 5 08

6 9 22200

7 5 0C

9 0 501 ' 160

7 5 0 0

900 : 1200

M E HM EH

B I

1 1500

5 4 1 (2 160

M E NNEN K H AZ IN EH K H AZ IN EH

8 3 C l C 3

1 1493 1 150 1

6 4 70 1 160 7 4 601 160

S A BZ

D

1 1497

6 7 40 ' 1 190

S U R KH S E F 1D

F C l

U 6 a29 1 U 6 a293

7 30 ' 1 110 8 0 00±7 10

S E F 1D

8 1

U 6 a297 U 6 a3 10

8 0 40±90 9 5 30± 145

S E F ID M O HAMMAD J A F FA R

4 A l 4 2

A L I K O S H

8 1

A L I K O SH

8 2

B U S M O RDEH

C l

1 1496

7 3 80 ' 1 180

B U S M O RD EH

C 2

1 148 9

7 6 7 (2 170

U 6 a30 0 1 1495 1 1494

7 2 20t 160 7 8 201 ' 190

S I 160

7 8 29± 100

1 149 1 1 1490

8 ' 1 0 01 170 95 (2 190

S I -207

7 40t600

U 8 a295 U 6 a302 U 6 a296

1 270 ' 1 ' 90 9 6 9 (2 100 8 0 82 145 8 7 60± 165

U 6 a294

8 7 602 150

U 6 a305

1 0 422 145

H I848 7 7 (2330 H 1845 8 2 50 ' 1 175 H 183 3

S 1246 S 1174

8 4 10 ±200 850 ' 12 10

8 4 22 180

T ab le 4 -I nter laboratory v ar iab i l i ty i nr ad iocarbon d ates f or A l i Kosh , C hagha S ef id a nd T epe S abz . ( I n u nca ly ear s BP .)

T HE I RANIAN NEOLITHIC

3 79

G e o ch ron o log ica l C h icago C e ram ic l e v e ls 3 I 1 ,1,

C 743 6 92360 C 744 5 2 66 . 1 4 50

3 1 1 ,5

A c e ram ic

C 113 6 7 0 7. 9 30

l e ve ls

C 742 6 06930

3 1 1,7 , 3 1 ,7 ,8

L a bo ra to ry L o n d on

G r on in gen

G L -44

G r N

6 50 . 1 20

1 4 4

6 9 30± 120 1

1 4 4

6 3 0 0t 180 c

G L -45

6 70± 120

1 4 5

W a s h in g ton

U C LA

H e ide lbe rg

W 65 1

8 30200

U C LA 17 14E

7 9 80 t 1 40 H 5 5 1149 1

W 652

7 9 50200

W 607 W 608 W 65 7 W 665

9 0 40250 7 50250 1 2 40900 1 200 . 2 00

U C LA17238 U C LA1723A U C LA 1723C U C LA 1723D

7 2 70 . 1 20 7 8 00 1 .2 0 6 1 80900 6 5 50 . 2 00

6 3 53t

6 7 50t 120 3

U n ce rta in l e ve ls K 2 1 ,N ,18 , P 0 14

T ab l e 5-I n ter labor a tory v ar iab i l i ty i nr ad iocarbon d a te sf or J armo . ( I n u nca ly ear sB P .) 1N aOH ,

H c l2 f i l t r a te

3N a0H ,Hc l

8 5 20 . 1 75

Chronologies Aurenche 0 ., BAR

in £vin

International

J .

the and

Series,

Near Hours 000,

F .

East, eds. 1987

P R O B Le E S D EL AD A T A T IO N D US I T E N g O L I T H IQ U E D E M E H R G A R H , B A LU C H I S T A N , P A K I S T A N Jean-Frangois

JARRIGE

D ans l 'etat a ctuel d e n os t ravaux, l e n öolithique s e d ivise e n q uatre g randes p hases: p öriodes I A, I B, I IA e t I IB. S i l 'on t ient c ompte d es d öplacements c onstants d es z ones d 'occupation e t d e l a s urface c onsiderable d e d öpöts a rch6ologiques q ui o nt 6 t6 e mportös p ar l 'erosion e t p ar l a B olan, i l e st f ort p ossible q ue d es p hases i ntermediaires e ntre c es p öriodes n ous m anquent. C 'est e n p articulier l e c as s ans d oute e ntre l es p eriodes I IA e t I IB. N eanmoins, o n p eut e spörer q ue l a s equence t eile q u 'elle e st f ixöe a ujourd 'hui c onstitue u ne b ase s olide p our l es t ravaux p ortant s ur l e N eolithique d e M ehrgarh. I i s ' agit d onc d 'une s equence b eaucoup p lus i mportante q ue c elle q ue n ous a vions p roposee d ans l e r apport d e l a t roisieme c ampagne. L es r ösultats d es d ifförents c hantiers d e f ouilles, l es t ravaux d e r elevös d es c oupes d e l a B olan, l 'etude d es f ormations a lluviales e t l es p remieres a nalyses s ödimentologiques o nt e n e ffet f ourni d es r esultats q ui o nt t ous c onverge e n f aveur d 'un ö largissement t res i mportant d e l a s equence d u n öolithique d ans l a z one M R.3/4. L es r echerches m enees d ans l es d omaines d e l a p aleoethnobotanique e t d e l a z ooarcheologie p araissent m aintenant p lus c ohörentes d ans u n c adre c hronologique b eaucoup p lus v aste q ue c elui q ue n ous a vions p ropose a u d ebut d e n os t ravaux . I l a pparait, e n e ffet, d 'une f aQon a ujourd 'hui i ndiscutable q ue h e n eolithique d e M ehrgarh n e s aurait ö tre a nalyse c omme ö tant u ne p hase s ubneolithique, c ontemporaine d es p öriodes c halcolithiques a nciennes d es r egions s upposees p lus a vancees d e l 'Asie m oyenne e t d e l 'Asie c entrale. U ne t eile h ypothese p ouvait ö tre e nvisagee a u d ebut d e n os t ravaux s ur l a b ase d es p remieres d atations r adiocarbone o btenues e t s ur n otre p remiere v ision g lobale d e l a s tratigraphie. A vant l 'achevement d es d ifferents s ondages e ntrepris d ans l a z one M R .3/4, i l n ous s emblait q ue n ous a vions u ne p remiere p eriode p receramique ( zone M .3), s uivie, d ans u ne z one p eriphörique ( MR.4), p ar u ne p hase ( pöriode I I) m arquee p ar l ' apparition d 'une c eramique r ouge l uströe, r elativement, f ine a ssoci6e ä q uelques t essons d 'une p oterie t res g rossiere. P ar a illeurs, u ne s erie d e d ates r adiocarbone a utour d e 4 000 B C ( non c alibrees) o u d e 5 000 B C a vec c alibration ( par r eference ä

; 7 ' 32

R alph, M ichael a nd H an, s upörieures d e l a

J .F .

1 973), p rovenant d '6chantillons z one M R.3, s emblait a ccröditer

J AR 1,

d es c ouches ridöe d 'un

n öolithique p rö- o u a c6ramique r elativement t ardif p ar r apport a u r este d e m oyenne e t a u P roche O rient. P ar c omparaison a vec l es s ites d u Z agros o u d e l 'Iran s eptentrional ( T6p6 S ang-e C axmaq), i i m anquait ä M ehrgarh u ne l ongue p hase n öolithique c aractörisöe p ar l 'apparition p rogressive e t l e d öveloppement d 'une c öramique g rossiöre f ormöe p ar u n m élange d 'argile e t d e p aille. A ujourd 'hui o n s alt q uelle e st l 'importance d es p hases n öolithiques d e M erhgarh, a ssoci6es ä d e l a c öramique c ontenant u ne f orte p roportion d e p aille. A vec l a m ise e n e vidence d es p 6riodes I B e t I IA a uxquelles c orresponde, d ans l es p arties f ouillöes, u ne v ingtaine d e p hases a rchitecturales, l e p arallölisme e ntre rövolution d u n 6olithique d e M ehrgarh e t c elui d es p remiers ö tablissements a gricoles d e l 'Iran o ccidental e t s eptentrional d evient b eaucoup p lus f rappant. C e p arallölisme n 'est p as e n s oi u n a rgument p our a ffirmer l a c ontemporanöit6 d e M erhgarh a vec c es p remiers v illages d u m onde i ranien. O n p eut, e n e ffet, i maginer q ue l 'on a e u ä M erhgarh u n p rocessus d 'övolution e t d e t ransformation r eproduisant p lus o u m om s c elui d es s ites a gricoles a nciens d u Z agros, m ais a vec u n d öcalage c hronologique e t a u c ours d 'une p 6riode d e t emps b eaucoup p lus b reve. O n c onnait e n e ffet e n I nde d es c ommunaut6s s ubm6solithiques o u s ubn6olithiques, a u C ashmire o u a u R ajasthan e t a u G ujarat, q ue l 'on d ate d u 3 6me e t d u 2 eme m illönaire e t q ui o nt v öcu e n m arge d es p opulations d u c halcolithique o u d e l ' äge d u b ronze d e l a v all6e d e l 'Indus e t d u B aluchistan. P ouvait-on a lors i maginer, p our t enir c ompte d es d ates a utour d e 5 000 a vant J .C. ( avec c alibration) p our c e q ue n ous c royions d 'abord ö tre l es n iveaux s upörieurs d u p r6c6ramique, q ue n ous a vions a ffaire ä M ahrgarh ä u ne f orme a ttard6e d e n 6olithique, c opiant a vec u n f ort d öcalage c hronologique d es m odöles o riginaires d u P roche O rient o u d e l 'Asie c entrale m öridionale? U ne t elle h ypothöse p r6sentait d e g rosses d ifficultös, c ar c omment c omprendre l 'absence d e t out i ndice r 6v6lant d ans l 'assemblage d e M ehrgarh c e d öcalage c hronologique ? O n s alt q u 'au C ashmire o u a u G ujarat, d es p oteries p eintes t ournöes, d es o utils d e m etal o u d es v estiges d e p lantes e t d 'animaux d omestiqu6s a ttestent l 'influence d es c ommunautös a gricoles c halcolithiques s ur d es g roupes c onservant p ar a illeurs d es m odes d e v ie s ubn6olithiques o u s ubmösolithiques. E n r evanche, ä M ehrgarh , t out m ilite e n f aveur d 'un n 6olithique p rimaire, q u 'il s 'agisse d es p rocessus d e d omestication d es p lantes e t d es a nimaux o u d e rövolution d es m odes d e v ie e t d es p ratiques a rtisanales. A ucun ö löment n e s uggöre l 'influence d e g roupes t echniquement p lus a vancös s ur l es p remieres p opulations n 6olithiques d e M ehrgarh, a ussi b ien d ans l e d omaine d es a rtisanats q ue d e l 'agriculture. A insi, l orsque, l 'on t ient c ompte d es r elations d u B aluchistan a vec l a T urkmönie m 6ridionale t out a u l ong d u c halcolithique e t d e l 'äge d u b ronze, i l p arait i mpensable q ue l e n 6olithique d e M ehrgarh p uisse ö tre p ostörieur ä l a p 6riode d e D jeitun, d ont l es d ebuts s ont s ituös a utour d e 6 000 a vant J .C. L a m ise e n e vidence, a u c ours d es d erniöres c ampagnes, d 'une s equence n 6olithique b eaucoup p lus l ongue q ue n ous n e l ' avions e nvisag6e a u d ebut p ermet d e d onner ä l 'occupation d e l a z one M R.3/4 u ne b ien p lus g rande d imension t emporelle e n d öpit d es p roblömes q ue p ose u ne s örie d e d ates r adiocarbone. L e n öolithique a cöramique ( IA)

N EOLITHIQUE DE M EHRGARH

3 83

e st u ne p öriode q ui s emble c orrespondre ä u ne l ongue d ur6e. M R.3 r epresente u ne a ccumulation d e 6 .50m d e d öpöts

L e s ondage e ntiörement

a c6ramiques, a lors q ue, d ans l e s ondage M R.3-Bolan, 7 .50m d e d öpöts, c orrespondent ä o nze p hases a rchitecturales, a vec, i ntercalees, d es z ones d e n 6cropoles. P ar a illeurs, l es e tudes d e L . C ostantini e t d e R .H. M eadow o nt p ermis d e m ettre e n l umiöre, a u c ours d e c ette p hase a c6ramique, u n p rocessus d e t ransformation m anifeste d e l '6conomie d e s ubsistance. A ussi, l e f ait q ue t aute u ne s 6rie d e d ates r adiocarbone o btenues ä p artir d 'öchantillons p r6levös a ussi b ien d ans l es n iveaux s upörieurs q ue d ans l es n iveaux i nförieurs d onne d es r 6sultats a utour d e 6 000 B P ( soit e nviron 4 000 s ans c alibration e t 5 000 B C a vec c alibration ) p ose-t il u n r eel p roblöme. E t c eci d 'autant p lus q ue l 'on r etrouve c es m ömes d ates a utour d e 6 000 B P p our d es n iveaux d es p 6riodes I B, I IA e t I IB, ä c öt6 d e d ates b eaucoup p lus a nciennes. O n p eut n aturellement ö tre i mpressionn6 p ar l e n ombre d e d ates r adiocarbone a utour d e 6 000 B P o btenues d ans l a z one M R.3/4 e t ö tre e n d roit d 'estimer q ue t aute l a s equence n 6olithique t ourne a utour d e 6 000 B P. L a s 6rie d e d ates b eaucoup p lus a nciennes, p rovenant s ouvent d es m ömes n iveaux, p ourrait a lors ö tre 6 cart6e. I l n ous p arait c ependant b ien d ifficile d e c roire q ue l es p eriodes I A, I B e t I IA, q ui r epr6sentent p lus d 'une t rentaine d e p hases a rchitecturales d ans l es p rincipaux c hantiers, p uissent n 'avoir d ur6 q ue q uelques a nn6es. N ous a vons a ussi i ndiqu6 d ans n os d erniers r apports q ue d 'autres a rguments m ilitaient e n f aveur d 'une l ongue d uree d e l a p 6riode n 6olithique. L es r elevös d e G . Q uivron h e l ong d es c oupes d e l a B olan e t l es p remiöres a nalyses s ödimentologiques d e M . D rin a nt p ermis d e m ettre e n e vidence d es p hases d 'alluvionnement e n r elation a vec l 'occupation d u s ite. T out r 6cemment, L . W engler, q uaternariste e t p röhistorien, a e ntrepris u ne 6 tude d es f ormations a lluviales d e l a B olan d ont l es p remiers r ösultats g ardent e ncore u n c aractöre p r6liminaire t ant q u 'une s 6rie d 'analyses e n c ours n e s era p as a chev6e. M ais, s ans v ouloir t rop a nticiper s ur c es r 6sultats f uturs, i l e st d éjà p ossible d e d ire q u 'ils a pportent e ux a ussi d es 6 16ments e n f aveur d 'une l ongue d ur6e d e l a p äriode n 6olithique. S i l 'on s e r eporte a u r elev6 d e l a c oupe d e l a B olan d ress6 p ar G . Q uivron, q ui f igure d ans h e r apport d e l a n euviöme c ampagne, o n s 'aper wit q ue l e t 6p6 a c6ramique ( IA) r epose s ur u ne p etite b utte n aturelle d ont n ous a vons s ignal6 l a p r6sence. I i s emblerait m aintenant, ä l a l umiöre d 'une 6 tude g önörale d es p rocessus d 'alluvionnement d e l a B olan, q ue c ette b utte e st u n v estige d 'une a ncienne t errasse, p rot6g6e p ar l e t öp6 a rch6ologique e t e mport6e a illeurs l ors d 'une p hase d '6rosion e t d e n ivellement d e l a p laine. L 'aspect t rös 6 rod6 d e l a s urface e t d es p entes d u t öp6 I A c onfirme l 'existence d 'une p hase d 'örosion r elativement l ongue q ui p röcöde l e d öpöt d es c ouches d e l a p öriode I B. A insi f aut-il m aintenant c onsidörer q u 'il y a e u u n l aps d e t emps i mportant e ntre l es c ouches d e I A e t d e I B t elles q u 'elles a pparaissent d ans l a c oupe d e l a B olan. Q uant ä l a p 6riode I B, e h e c orrespond ä u ne p öriode d e f ormation d e t errasse a lluviale d ont l es d ifförentes s trates v iennent b uter e n b iseau s ur l es f lancs d u t 6p6 I B, t out e n s 'intercalant a vec d es c ouches a rch6ologiques, ä l a p 6riph6rie d es z ones c onstruites. N ous a vons s ignal6 d ans l es d erniers r apports, c ompl6t6s i ci p ar l 'ötude p r6liminaire n ombreux

d e

e pisodes

M .

D rin, b ien

q u 'un t el p rocessus a lluvial,

l isibles

d ans

l es

c oupes,

n e

m arqu6 p ar d e p ouvait

s e

3 84

J .F .

J ARRIGE

c oncevoir q ue d ans u n e space d e p lusieurs s iäcles, c omme l e c onfirment d e n ouveaux r elevös d e L . W engler. I i n e s aurait ä tre q uestion d e f aire d ire p lus ä l 'analyse s ädimentologique q u 'elle n e p eut l e f aire. I l e st, e n e ffet, i mpossible d e c onsidärer d es p rocessus a lluviaux c omme d es ä läments d e d atation, m ais i l e st c ependant p ermis d 'affirmer q ue, d ans c ertains c as, c eux-ci d oivent ö tre i nterprätäs d ans u ne v aste ö chelle d e t emps. C 'est p räcisäment l a s ituation d u p rocessus d e f ormation d e t errasse q ui c orrespond ä l a p äriode T B. O n p eut d onc e stimer, s ans g rand r isque d 'erreur , q ue l a p öriode I B c onstitue u ne l ongue p hase d 'occupation, c omme l e m ontre d 'ailleurs l a s uccession i mportante d e n iveaux a rchitecturaux. I i d evient d onc d e p lus e n p lus e vident q u 'entre l a p öriode I A e t l a p äriode I IA e t ä p lus f orte r aison I IB, i i s 'est p assé u n t emps c onsiderable, s ans d oute l a m öme d uräe q ue c elle q ui c orrespond, s ur l es s ites d u Z agros o u ä T öpä S angi C axmaq, a u p assage d 'un n öolithique a cöramique c aractörisä p ar u ne a griculture p rimitive ä u n n äolithique ö voluä, a ssociö a u d äveloppement d e l a c äramique. C 'est d onc c e f acteur d e d uröe q u 'il e st i mpossible d e m ettre e n d oute s ans f l ier d es f aits i ncontestables e t q ui a mäne ä e xaminer a vec p rudence l a l iste d es d ates r adiocarbone p our l e n äolithique. C omme n ous l ' avons i ndiquö, l a m ajoritä d e c es d ates s e s ituent e ntre 5 000 e t 6 000 B P. C es r ösultats q ui, e n f aisant i ntervenir l es c oefficients d e c alibration f ixes p ar K lein, L erman, D amon e t R alph ( 1982), c orrespondent ä d es d ates a utour d e 5 000 B C, p euvent p araitre a ujourd 'hui m om s e n c ontradiction a vec l a c hronologie q ue n ous p roposons, e n n ous a ppuyant s ur n os t ravaux l es p lus r äcents. I l a pparait b ien d ans l 'ensemble d es c oupes s tratigraphiques q ue l es p remiers c harbons a nalyses, p rälevös d ans l es n iveaux s upörieurs d e M R.3, p roviennent e n f ait d e n iveaux c orrespondant ä l a f in d e l a p äriode I B e t ä röpoque d e t ransition e ntre T B e t I IA. D onc, e n d atant l e t out d äbut d e l a p öriode I IA a utour d e 5 000 B C ( toujours e n t enant c ompte d e l a c alibration), r ien n e s 'oppose ä c e q ue l 'on a ttribue d es d ates b eaucoup p lus a nciennes p our l e d ebut d e l a p äriode I B e t s urtout p our t oute l 'occupation a cäramique ( IA) a vec s es 7 .50m d e d äpöts. M ais o n s e t rouve d evant u n a utre p robläme q ui t ient a u f ait q ue l a m ajoritö d es d ates r adiocarbone d es n iveaux i ntermödiaires e t p rofonds p öriode I A s e s ituent e lles-aussi e ntre 5 530 BP e t 5 800 B P.

d e

l a

N ous s ommes d onc d ans u ne s ituation o ü l es d ates r adiocarbone, d ans l eur m ajoritä e t i ndäpendamment d es l aboratoires q ui o nt e ffectuö c es m esures, n e r eflätent p as röpaisseur t emporelle d es o ccupations e t d es s equences d 'äpisodes s ädimentaires. P ar a illeurs, o n r emarque q u 'ä c ötä d e c es r ösultats e ntre 5 500-6000 B P, o btenus i ndistinctement d ans l es c ouches p rofondes o u s upörieures, d ans l es n iveaux d e I A, I B, HA e t I IB, e xiste u ne s örie d e d ates r adiocarbone p lus a nciennes e ntre 9 385±120 B P p our I A e t 7 115±120 B P p our I IB. P our l a p öriode I II d e M ehrgarh ( époque c halcolithique a ncienne), n ous a vons u n r ösultat d e 6 500±80 B P. C ette s örie a ncienne p räsente l ' avantage d 'offrir u n c adre c hronologique c ohärent p our l a s equence n äolithique d e M ehrgarh, d e l a f in d u 8k le m ill6naire j usqu 'ä l a f in d u 6 eme e t l e d ebut d u 5 äme m illänaire. C ependant c es r ösultats n e p ermettent p as d 'expliquer t oute l a s ärie d e d ates b eaucoup p lus t ardives q ui s emblent n ier t oute ö paisseur t emporelle ä u ne s equence q ue l es o bservations a rchäologiques e t s ödimentologiques l ongue.

c onduisent

p ourtant

ä

c onsidärer

c omme

t räs

L E N EOLITHIQUE DE M EHRGARH

3 85

D e t els p roblämes e xistent a ussi p our l es p öriodes p lus r öcentes q ue n ous n 'aborderons p as i ci. P our c es p öriodes, l es i mportations e t l es c ontacts e ntre M ehrgarh , N ausharo, a vec l es s ites d e l 'Iran o riental q ui o nt l ivr6 d es t ablettes p roto-ölamites o u a vec d es s ites m ösopotamiens o ü o nt ö tö d öcouverts d es s ceaux i nfluences p ar l a c ivilisation d e l 'Indus, f ournissent d es a ncrages c hronologiques. O r o n s 'apervoit q ue p our t ous l es r ösultats: 4 190±140 B P p our l a p öriode I V , 3 960±140 B P p our l a p öriode V I ( contemporaine d e l a p öriode I d e S hahriS okhta , d atöe v ers 3 100 a vant J .C.), 3 570±150 B P p our l a p öriode V II ( pröcödant l es n iveaux l es p lus a nciens d e l a c ivilisation d e l 'Indus v ers 2 500-2400 a vant J .C.), i i m anque p lusieurs s iöcles p our q ue c es d ates s oient c onformes a ux s equences d e c es r egions. C ela e st e ncore p lus v rai p our u n a utre r ösultat d e l a p öriode I V, d ate a utour d e 3 500 a vant J .C. p ar r öförence a M undigak q ui e st d e 3 590±60 B P, s oit 2 1701 755 B C, e n t enant c ompte d es c alibrations d e K lein e t a / .

Musee

M ehrgarh :

l iste d es d ates r adiocarbone

P är inde I A

D a t ia 3 B P

B eta4407

7 1 15 ±2 90 6 9 25± 8 0 5 8 60± 7 0 9 38 5 ±12 3 5 3a 180 5 729 +730 5 8 31190

E e l :a -AC . 3 B e ta -26 86 B eta71721

L y -19 49 I , y -19 48 4 7-19 i r i

P er iode I B L A T-9 93 B eta1 719

4 .49 46 1 y1T 30 L v -906 L v -93 7 L v -9 c6 L v -909

6 1 10 4 . 9 0 C 29 22 7 0 1 3 3 4 (h125 3 203h310 8 4 /Ke .2 50 5 9 51 6 5 f are 8 0 6 o 9 ce 7 o 5 9 4 Ce00

Guimet PARIS

3 86

J .F . J ARRIGE

F eedo & L EA E tta -2688 E tta -7314

9 19Ce 7 0 5 40 2e 9 0

P e 'v iode DB E tta -1720 I t y -1945

7 115 ± 120 5 36 :k3 10

I er iode B eta -269 3

6 50 C2 , 8 0

P er iod9 I V I , y-1528 E tta -26 90

4 190 + 1 / 10 3 99 ct f o

P ev iode V I L t Y15 29

3 96 Ce .1 40

l eriode V II L t Y1 5 27

3 5 70150

Chronologies in the Near East, Aurenche o., £vin J. and Hours F. eds. BAR International Series, 1987

CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON DATES BEYOND 7200 BP

Bernd KROMER and Bernd BECKER

ABSTRACT: The radiocarbon data base for the calibration of radiocarbon dates beyond 7200 BP is discussed. Calibration curves based on Bristlecone Pine tree-ring series reach back to 7800 BP (6550 C); curves based on South German Oak reach back to 8250 BP (7200 BC). Beyond 8250 BP floating Pine series provide information about a strong aecular variation around 9650 BP leading to quasi constant radiocarbon ages during a calendar interval of 350 years. R£SUJ1£: On discute des donnees radiocarbone servant de base a la correction des dates radiocarbone au-dela de 7200 BP. Des courbes de correction basees sur les anneaux de croissance du Pin "Bristlecone" permettent de reculer jusqu'a 7800 BP (6550 BC): d'autres courbes a partir du Chene du Sud de l'Allemagne remontent jusqu'a 8250 BP (7200 BC). Au-dela de 8250 BP des series flottantes de Pin indiquent une forte variation seculaire autour de 9650 BP conduisant a des ages radiocarbone quasi constants pendant un intervalle calendaire de 350 annees.

Introduction

Calibration of radiocarbone dates (i.e. reconstruction of the past atmospheric radiocarbon level) is closely linked to any progress achieved in extending dendrochronologically datable tree-ring series. It is generally agreed that tree-ring series are most suited for calibration purposes as cellulose of tree-ring truly records the atmospheric radiocarbon level at the year of growth and there are well established procedures to remove any contaminating carbon compounds. In the age range beyond 7200 BP (1) two tree-ring series exist: Bristlecone pine and South German oak/pine series (high precision radiocarbon measurements covering younger intervals have been reported by a number of radiocarbon laboratories; they are discussed by other contributors to this meeting). In this paper we review radiocarbon data sets obtained using these two tree-ring series and discuss the prospects of extending them in the near future. Additional evidence on the long-term trend of the atmospheric radiocarbon level is obtained by measurements on yearly layered lake sediments.

(1)

In this paper solar ages are given in years "BC" whereas conventional radiocarbon dates are designated "BP"

3 88

B .

K ROMER a nd B .

B ECKER

Bristlecone P ine L inick e t a / . [ 1] h ave p ublished c alibration c urves o btained o n B ristlecone p ine i n t he a ge r ange 5 350 t o 5 850 B C a nd 6 080 t o 6 550 B C 1 4 ( C : 6 400 t o 7 000 B P a nd 7 200 t o 7 800 B P). F erguson [ 2] has i dentified t wo B ristlecone p ine r emnants d ated a round 8 800 B P b ut i t i s u nknown t o t he p resent a uthors i f t hey w ill r esult i n a n e xtension o f t his t ree-ring s eries. S outh G erman o ak s eries I n t he H ohenheim l aboratory a f loating o ak s eries h as b een c onstructed c overing 3 182 w ell r eplicated r ings. I t i s f loating b ut i t h as b een t ied t o t he B ristlecone p ine i ndependently b y t hree r adiocarbon l aboratories ( Linick e t a / . [ 7], S tuiver e t a l . [ 2], K romer [ unpublished]), a nd t o t he I rish o ak s eries a t 6 000 B P ( Kromer, u npubl.). T he m atching p rocedure p oints t o a s tarting a ge o f t he f loating o ak s eries b etween 7 190 a nd 7 234 B C. U sing 7 230 B C a s a s tarting a ge K romer e t a / . [ 3] have p ublished c alibration c urves i n t he a ge r ange 4 400 B C t o 7 200 B C ( 5600 B P t o 8 250 B P) s hown i n f ig .1 a nd 2 . S tuiver e t a / . [ 2] h ave p ublished c alibration c urves o btained f rom a s ubset o f t he f loating o ak s eries i n t he a ge r ange 6 450 t o 7 200 B C ( 7600 t o 8 250 B P) u sing a s lightly d ifferent s tarting a ge ( 7215 B C). B eyond t he f loating o ak s eries d iscussed s o f ar t here i s a nother f loating o ak s eries ( Main 9 ) e xtending f rom 8 200 t o 8 800 B P t hus o verlapping i n r adiocarbon y ears w ith y ounger s eries. A c orresponding m atch i n r ing w idths h as n ot y et b een o bserved s o o nly l ower l imits o f t he a bsolute a ge o f t his s eries c an b e g iven. A ssuming a s mooth t ransition i n t he a tmospheric r adiocarbon l evel a t t he j unction o f t he t ree-ring s eries K romer e t a / . [ 3] h ave o btained l ower l imits f or t his l evel b ack t o t he b eginning o f t he b oreal p eriod. F rom t hese d ata t here i s n o e vidence f or a l ower a tmospheric r adiocarbon l evel i n t he E arly H olocene p redicted b y t he a ssumption o f a l ong t erm s inusoidal " grand" t rend. I nstead t he r oughly 1 000-years d ifference b etween s olar a ge a nd r adiocarbon a ge a ppears t o p ersist. P reboreal S outh G erman p ine s eries O ak t rees s tarted t o s pread a ll o ver c entral E urope a round 8 800 B P; b efore t hat t ime o nly p ine c ould g row. A t p resent t hree f loating p ine s eries h ave b een c onstructed ( Becker a nd K romer [ 4]) a nd r adiocarbon d ata h ave b een o btained f rom t hem ( fig .3 a nd 4 ). A s t hese s eries a re f loating , o nly r elative i nformation o n c hanges o f t he p reboreal r adiocarbon l evel c an b e d erived. F rom f ig .4 a f airly s trong r adiocarbon v ariation i s e vident a round 9 600 B P l eading t o a c onstant r adiocarbon a ge o f 9 630 B P f or a t l east 3 30 s olar y ears p receded by a s harp t ransition a t 9 750 BP. This f inding i s i mportant, e .g . f or t he i nterpretation o f g rowth c urves o f p eat c ores d ated b y r adiocarbon. W e h ave a dditional p ine t ree a vailable t o c over a ll t he p eriod f rom 8 800 BP t o 1 0200 B P w ithout g aps s o a c ontinuous d endrochronologically d ated s equence m ay b e a vailable i n t he n ear f uture. E vidence f rom v arve s eries A lready i n 1 970 S tuiver [ 6] a nd T auber [ 5] p ublished r adiocarbon d ates o f l ake s ediments d ated b y v arves t o s how t he E arly H olocene

C ALIBRATION B EYOND 7 .200 B P

3 89

r adiocarbon l evel. A t t hat t ime t here e xisted a l arge d iscrepancy b etween t he t wo d ata s ets. S tuiver ( [6], [ 2]) l ater s howed t hat t he L ake o f t he C louds v arve d ata c losely f it t o t he t ree-ring d ata a t y ounger i ntervals a nd t hat t he r evised s wedish v arve d ata c an b e u sed t o e xtend t he l ong-term r adiocarbon r ecord t o 1 3300 B P. I t s hould b e n oted t hat t he t entative m atch o f t he M ain 9 s eries g iven a bove f ully a grees w ith t he L ake o f t he C louds v arves b ut o f m uch h igher t emporal r esolution .

c ourse

p roviding

a

C onclusion M id-holocene r adiocarbon c alibration c urves b ased o n t ree-ring s eries m easured i ndependently b y f our r adiocarbon l aboratories ( La J olla, S eattle, H eidelberg , A rizona ) a re n ow r anging b ack t o 7 200 B C ( 8250 B P). T he d ata s ets a gree w ithin a f ew d ecades, i nterlaboratory o ffsets b eing o f t he s ame m agnitude o r l ess ( Stuiver [ 2]). T he d ata o f L inick e t a l . [ 7], S tuiver [ 2] a nd K romer e t a l . [ 3] ( all o btained f rom S outh G erman o ak ) a re c ompared i n f ig .5 i n t he d elta-scale s howing q uite s atisfactory a greement. I t a ppears q uite f easible t hat t he r adiocarbon c alibration d ata b ase c an b e e xtended b ack t o t he e nd o f t he Y ounger D ryas u sing S outh G erman p ine c hronologies. I t i s a lready a pparent n ow t hat t he a tmospheric r adiocarbon l evel w as r oughly 9 % higher t hroughout t he E arly H olocene a nd t hat s trong s ecular v ariations c omparable t o t hose o f t he A D p eriod o ccurred a t t he b eginning o f t he B oreal a nd t he m iddle o f t he P reboreal p eriod. A cknowledgement T he w ork o n t he S outh G erman p ine h as b een s upported b y g rants o f t he G erman S cience F ondation ( DFG). Bernd

KROMER

Institut für Umweltphysik Universität Heidelberg Bernd

BECKER

Botanisches Institut Universität Hohenheim

REFERENCES

[ 4] BECKER B ., K ROMER B . 1 986

( in p ress)

E xtension

o f

t he

H olocene

D endrochronology

P reboreal P ine S eries f rom 8 800 t o 1 0100 B P, R adiocarbon , n °1. [ 3] K ROMER B ., R HEIN M ., S TUIVER M ., B ECKER B . 1 986

B RUNS M .,

S CHOCH-FISCHER H .,

b y 2 8,

M UNNICH K .O.,

( in p ress) Radiocarbon c alibration d ata f or t he 6 th t o t he 8 th m illennium B C, R adiocarbon , 2 8, n °1.

3 90

B .

K ROMER a nd B .

B ECKER

[ 1] L INICK T .W., L ONG A ., D AMON P .E ., F ERGUSON C .W. 1 986 ( in p ress) H igh p recision r adiocarbon d ating o f B ristlecone p ine f rom 6 550 t o 5 350 BP, Radiocarbon, 2 8, n° 1 . [ 7] L INICK T .W ., S UESS H .E., B ECKER B . 1 985 L a J olla m easurements o f R adiocarbon i n S outh G erman O ak T reer ing C hronologies, R adiocarbon, 2 7, 2 0-32.

[ 6] STUIVER M . 1 970

I n : I .U. O lsson ( ed .), R adiocarbon V ariations a nd A bsolute C hronology , P roc . 1 2th N obel S ymposium, W iley I nterscience, 1 97-214.

[ 2] S TUIVER M ., 1 986

K ROMER B .,

B ECKER B .,

F ERGUSON C .W.

( in g ress) R adiocarbon a ge c alibration b ack t o 1 3.300 B P a nd t he 1 C a ge m atching o f t he G erman O ak a nd U .S. B ristlecone P ine C hronologies, R adiocarbon , 2 8, n°1 .

[ 5] T AUBER H . 1 970

I n : I .U. O lsson ( ed.), R adiocarbon V ariations a nd A bsolute C hronology , P roc . 1 2th N obel S ymposium, W iley I nterscience, 1 73-196.

C ALIBRATION BEYOND

7 . 200 BP

3 91

I d

CD CD L 0

M M

n W

M G

e

M M

M S

W

N W

m

W

( da

s _ JA)

a 6u

S M W

M 0

M 0

M

0

M

C O

w

n

0 n

uogJeo0 p2d

e -

c o

( de

s JX)

a f ie j

c o

uoqueo0! ped

C D L f l

3 92

B .

K RONER a nd B .

C u

C u C u

t n

I n

c o

C D

C u C u

c o

l f 0 3

C u

U i I D 0 3

c o

n n

.C u

c nr z i

C u

C u

C u

c o

m

C u

C u

C u

C u

C u

C u

m

m

N .

C u

( dE l

C u I .

c o( s )

1

I

1

C u

I

I

I

s JA)

.LI

. .

C u

C u

C u

e N _

C D

( d ig

s JX)

m

a6u

1 L

1

C u

C u m

N .

-1 C u

m N .

C u N _

96 1, 1

C S J

C u

N .

c o N .

n N -

C u r . _

C u

C u

C u m

C u e N .

uocu Jeoo! ped

C u

C u

C u

C u

C u C u L n

-1, --iti — I t, . , C u

C u

— N .

uocpe3o! ppd

C u

C u

C u N .

C u

C u

m C )

nw C u

m w

B ECKER

3 93

a ) C u . .

1••••••••• •••

M

c i )

6 ) C D — C D .

6 1 e a 6 ) f S ) . .

C D 6 ) c n c n

e a 6 ) c o a )

c s

C D C D N . m

t he S outh G erman P ine s eries P fuhl 1 8 a nd

C ALIBRATION B EYOND 7 .200 B P

3 94

B .

9900 r

K ROMER a nd B .

B ECKER

1 4—C

9800

9700

I i

II l

' I

9600

I I 1

9500

9400

9300 CHRONO R ing*

..

9200 0

1

0 0

200

300

400

500

600

700

F ig .4 - R adiocarbon d ata f or t he P reboreal p ine c hronology . De 1ta

1 00

50

8000

7000

6000

5000

BC

4000

F ig .5 - C omparison o f r adiocarbon d ata s ets o btained from S outh G erman o ak ( Hd = H eidelberg [ 3], S = S eattle [ 2], L J = L a J olla [ 7])

Chronologies in Aurenche 0 ., Evin BAR International

the Near J . and Hours S eries,

F .

East, eds. 1 987

E L A T IV E S E TC H R O N O L O G I E A B S O L U E C H R O N O L O G I E S R A UP R O C H E O R I E N T D E1 0 .0 0 0 A8 . 0 0 0 B P : S Y N T H E S E Jacques

CAUVIN

L es t ravau d es p hysiciens s ont e ncore e n c ours p our l e c alibrage d es d ates 1 C c oncernant c ette p äriode e t a ucune t able d e c orrelation n 'a e ncore ä tä p ubliäe. L es a rchäologues b önöficient d onc d 'un s ursis p our c e t ravail p räalable i ndispensable q ui e st l a m ise a u p oint d 'une c hronologie r elative c ohörente c onfrontäe a ux d atations B P d isponibles. L e L evant L e p remier e ffort d e c orrelation q u 'on a ttendait d e l a q uatriäme s éance d e c e C olloque c oncernait l es d eux p arties d u L evant: L evant S ud e t L evant N ord . E n 1 980, l e C olloque P rdhistoire d u L evant n 'avait P u v enir ä b out d e c ertaines d ifficultös m algrä l e f ait q ue d es c ultures s emblables, ä galement i ssues d u N atoufien , a ient r ecouvert l es d eux r egions. L e " nettoyage" a uquel s 'est l ivrä W aterbolk ( ce v olume) s ur l es d ates d e J ericho n 'est p as ö tranger a u f ait q ue n ous c ommen9ons ä y v oir c lair . P our l a p öriode q ui v a d e 1 0.300 ä 9 .600 B P ( Päriode 2 d u " calendrier" d e l a M aison d e l 'Orient), l e s ynchronisme s e c onfirme d 'abord e ntre l e K hiamien d e M ureybet I B-II e t c elui d u L evant S ud, d atä ä A bu M adi e t r etrouvä r öcemment d ans l a v allöe d u J ourdain ä S alibiyah I X . I l s 'agit d ans l es d eux c as d 'une i ndustrie ä p ointes d 'El K hiam e t p ersistances m icrolithiques, n ettement d öriväe d u N atoufien f inal e t d atöe d 'environ 1 0.300 ä 1 0.000 B P. G ebel ( ce v olume) p ense q ue l es p ointes d 'Heluan s 'ajoutent a ux p ointes d 'El K hiam d ans c et a ssemblage, p arce q u 'on l es a t rouväes a ssociees s ur c ertains g isements j ordaniens ( cf . S abra I , d u r este n on d ate). N ous s uggärons, d 'apräs l a s tratigraphie d e M ureybet, q ue c e t ype d e g isement ä p ointes d 'Heluan p ourrait ö tre u n p eu p lus t ardif q ue l e K hiamien p roprement d it, q ui l es i gnore, t ant ä A bu M adi q u 'ä S alibiyah I X e t M ureybet; i l p ourrait e n r evanche c orrespondre a ux n iveaux I X-XI d e l a f ouille v an L oon ä M ureybet ( 1) o ü s e p rösente l a mf te

( 1)

Cf.

M . C.

o sseux d e

Cauvin de

Tell

l ' Euphrate

in

CAUVIN

Mureybet

N .1).

M . C. Syn c

e t

STORDEUR

( fouilles

D ., van

1 978: Loon,

Les 1965).

outillages Paris,

l ithiques

C . N. R. S.

e t

( Cahiers

3 96

J .

C AUVIN

a ssociation . U ne d ate e xiste p our c es n iveaux q ui f orment t ransition e ntre l es p hases I I e t I II d es f ouilles C auvin : c 'est P -1220: 9 885±115, s oit i mmädiatement a vant 1 0.000 B P. U ne p remiäre d iscordance c ulturelle a pparait ä p artir d e 1 0 .000 B P e ntre L evant N ord e t L evant S ud . C 'est l 'apparition , p ropre ä c e d ernier, d e l 'industrie " Sultanienne" q ui e st c elle d u P PNA d e J ericho, c aractörisäe p ar l a r aröfaction d es f läches e t l a d isparition d es m icrolithes a u p rofit d 'un o utillage s ur l ame e t d e n ombreux t ranchets b ifaces. L 'antärioritä d u K hiamien p ar r apport a u S ultanien s emble d ösormais s 'imposer a u L evant S ud , m ais u n p robläme s ubsiste: l 'industrie " protonöolithique" d e J äricho, d ont B ar-Yosef a d e n ouveau s oulignä q u 'elle n 'est r ien d 'autre q ue l a p hase a ncienne d u S ultanien l ui-möme, p eut-elle ö tre d éjà p lus o u m om s c ontemporaine d u K hiamien? Ch e st c e q ue n ous a dmettions n ous-mömes a u v u d es p lus a nciennes d ates 1 C d e J ericho ( 1) d onnäes p ar l e B ritish M useum . C es d ates, B ar-Yosef e st p artisan d 'attendre e ncore p our l es reudier d öfinitivement, a dmettant d es l ors u n c ommencement d u S ultanien v ers 1 0.300 B P, t andis q u 'il s 'agit ä l 'ävidence p our W aterbolk d 'une d iscordance i mputable a u l aboratoire. L a q uestion d u d ebut e xact d u P PNA-Sultanien n e f ait d onc p as e ncore l 'unanimitä. I i r este q u 'ä p artir d e 1 0.000 B P, l e P PNA d e J ericho, c omme c elui d e N etiv H agdud, e st, d 'apräs l es d atations, e n p aralläle c hronologique a vec l a p hase I II d e M ureybet e t l a p hase I A d e T ell A swad . M ais s 'il e xiste a lors e ntre L evant S ud e t L evant N ord d es a ffinitös ä conomiques ( premieres e xperiences a gricoles) e t a rchitecturales ( persistance d es m aisons r ondes) i ncontestables, p röcisons q u 'au n iveau important- d es o utillages, l a d iscordance c ulturelle e st n on m om s e vidente . S eules l es i ndustries l ithiques d u M oyen E uphrate e t d e D amascäne p euvent r 6ellement p asser p our d irectement d äriväes d u K hiamien , l es f läches ä e ncoches d äriväes d es p ointes d 'El K hiam a ccusant c ependant u ne p lus l ongue p ersistance ä A swad q u 'ä M ureybet. M ais r ien n e r appelle l e S ultanien a u L evant N ord ( 2). E t s i l 'on c onsidäre l 'industrie S ultanienne c omme u ne c omposante n äcessaire d e l a c ivilisation P PNA, i i e st d onc e xclu d e p arler d e P PNA a u L evant N ord ( 3). U ne a utre p recision a pportäe p ar l e C olloque c oncerne l e t erminus a d q uem d u P PNA ä J ericho. W aterbolk a yant m ontrö l a n äcessitä d 'äliminer l es d ates d e G lasgow ( GL-40, 4 1, 4 2: 8 .900-8.700 B P), u ne s ource d 'h6sitation t ombe e t i l d evient c lair , c omme d ' ailleurs l a p lupart d es s päcialistes l 'estimaient d éjà , q ue l e P PNA n e d ure p as a u-delä d e 9 .100 B P. C ette d ate, q ui c orrespond ä l a f in d u 8 öme m illönaire B C e n c hronologie t raditionnelle, d emeure c ependant b eaucoup p lus t ardive q ue l a f in d es c ultures d e M ureybet I II e t A swad I A , d ont l es d ebuts c oincidaient ä p eu p räs, o n l 'a v u , a vec c elui d u P PNA. I i y a d onc p erduration p articuliere d u P PNA , c ulture p ropre a u L evant S ud, p ar

( 1)

( 2)

En

admettant

d ' ailleurs

c e

qui

ä vrai

n 'est

L 'industrie egalement outillages

osseuse

tres

qu'elles

dire de

Jericho

differente

osseux

du

proviennent

precise

de

nulle qui

celle

Natoufien

de

part

d 'echantillons ä notre

comporte, de

Mureybet

Mallaha.

e ile I II,

Cahiers

"proto-neolithiques",

connaissance. aussi,

des

cf.

STORDEUR

de

la

" tranchets"

e st

D .

ä paraitre:

L es

Mission

Permanente

d e

Jerusalem. ( 3)

L ' expression pour PPNA

attenuee

exprimer de

Jericho.

une

"horizon

s imple

PPNA"

( Perrot)

concordance

pouvant

chronologique

8 tre entre

ä

la

l e

r este

r igueur du

utilisee

L evant

et

l e

L E P ROCHE O RIENT D E 1 0 .000 ä 8 .000 B P: S YNTHESE

3 97

r apport a u L evant N ord , o ü c 'est l e P PNB q ui s 'elabore d es 9 .600 B P. Q uant a u P PNB d e J ericho, s i o n e limine a ussi, c omme n ous y i nvite W aterbolk, l es d atations l es p lus r ecentes t outes i ssues d u l aboratoire d e G lasgow , i l a pparait q ue, c omme c elui, d e B eidha , i i s 'inscrit e ntiörement e ntre 9 .000 e t 8 .500 B P. D 'oü l es d eux c onclusions: 1 - I l n 'y a p as d e P PNB r ecent a J ericho m eme, 2 - I l n e s emble p as y a voir d ans l 'etat a ctuel d es d atations, P PNB a nterieur ä 9 .000 B P n on s eulement a J ericho, m ais d ans t out L evant S ud .

d e l e

I i y a urait d onc, c omme n ous l e p ensions e t c omme B ar-Yosef l 'a s ouligne e n s éance, u n c hevauchement e ntre l a f in d u P PNA a u L evant S ud e t l a p remiere p hase d u P PNB a u L evant N ord . S i n ous a doptons, rechelle d e t out l e L evant, e t n on d u s eul L evant S ud, l a d ivision t ripartite ( ancien, m oyen , r ecent) s ouvent p roposee p our l e P PNB ( cf . G ebel, c e v olume), l e P PNB a ncien s erait a lors u niquement u ne a ffaire s yrienne: i l s e s itue , d 'apres M ureybet I V e t A swad I B, e ntre 9 .600 e t 9 .200 B P e t y e st d éjà c aracterise p ar s on d ebitage s ur n ucleus n aviformes e t p ar l es p remieres p ointes d e B yblos. L e P PNB m oyen ( circa 9 .200-8.500 B P), r epresente e n S yrie m eme p ar A bu H ureyra a cöramique 1 e t A swad I I, v errait l 'extension d u P PNB a ussi b ien v ers l e L evant S ud ( oü i l s e p rösente a vec u n f acies p articulier ä p ointes d e J ericho) q ue v ers l e T aurus t urc ( "PPNB d u T aurus") e t p eutö tre a ussi, c omme G ebel l 'a r appele e n s éance, v ers l a D jezireh i rakienne ( Magzalia ). P our l e P PNB r ecent e nfin ( 8.500-8.000 B P), l es s ites d ates p ar 1 4 C r estent r ares a u L evant S ud e t g eographiquement a ssez m arginaux : l eur i ntöret r este d e p rouver l 'occupation d es z ones d esertiques ä c ette p eriode, a u S inai ( Wadi T beik , U jrat e l M ehed ) a u a u D esert N oir j ordanien ( Dhuweila ). A u L evant N ord, o ü l e P PNB r ecent d u M ayen E uphrate, d e D amascene e t d u l ittoral e st d epuis l ongtemps b ien d ate, l es e lements n ouveaux s ont v enus d e l a T urquie d u S E a vec l es p recisions c hronologiques a pportees e n s éance p ar V oigt e t W aterbolk s ur l es s ites r ecemment f ouilles d e G ritille e t d 'Hayaz. L e Z agros e t a u-delä I i a pparait q ue l e Z agros, b eaucoup m ains r iche e n s ites e t e n d atations e t p ar s urcroit t res c ompartimente e n u nites g eographiques i solees, n e p resente p as d e s equence n öolithique c omparable ä c elle d u L evant n i l e s ynchronisme g eneral q u 'on y o bserve d ans l a v itesse d 'e volution. H ole s 'est l ivre ä u n t ravail d 'archöologie c omparative e t d e c ritique d e d atations q ui n ous f ait i ncontestablement p rogresser . O n o bserve e n p articulier q ue l es s euls s ites d ates q ui s emblent t emoigner d 'un c ertain p arallölisme a vec l e N atoufien e t l e p remier N eolithique d u L evant s ont S hanidar e t Z awi C hemi, s ituäs t ous d eux d ans l 'extreme o ccident d u Z agros, s ur l e H aut T igre. O n av u q ue c 'est d ans l a m eme z one q ue Q ayönü p articipe, a p artir d e 9 .300 B P, a l a c ivilisation d u P PNB. L a r egion d u H aut T igre p arait d onc b ien " fonctionner" d e c oncert a vec l es p ays d u L evant. D ans l e Z agros i ranien , p ar c ontre, l e r etard d e l a n eolithisation

3 98

J .

C AUVIN

d öpasse u n m ill6naire s i l 'on m et e n q uestion, c omme l e f ait H ole, l es p lus a nciennes d ates d e G anj D areh e t d 'Asiab: c es s ites, e n e ffet, n e p araitraient g u6re a nt6rieurs ä 8 .700 B P. E nfin, c 'est s ur d es b ases p urement a rchöologiques o u s ödimentologiques q u 'encore p lus ä l iest J arrige c onclut ä u ne d atation d u N öolithique d e M ehrgarh ( Pakistan) ä p eu p r6s e ntre 9 .000 e t 8 .000 B P, a lors q u 'il y e xiste u ne l ongue s 6rie d e d ates 1 4 C b eaucoup p lus t ardives. C 'est b ien l e s igne d e l 'inutilit6 d es d atations a u r adiocarbone d ans l es c as, c omme c elui-ci, d 'öchantillons c ontamin6s. L 'apport d e c ette r encontre e st d onc,

p our

l a

p äriode

c onsidör6e,

p lus d iversifiö p our l es p ays d u L evant q ue p our l es c ontr6es p lus o rientales. L e p lus g rand n ombre d e s pecialistes d u L evant p articipant a u C olloque r eflötait, e n e ffet, u ne r echerche p lus a ncienne, 6 clat6e e ntre d e p lus n ombreuses 6 quipes d e d iverses n ationalit6s, p ar a illeurs h abitu6es ä ö changer l eurs i nformations. U ne i ndöniable " maturit6" a pparait d onc a u h iveau d es c hronologies r elatives e t l es p oints d e d ivergence s ont d evenus s econdaires. L a c alibration d es d ates v a d onc a rriver ä p oint p our d onner d es v aleurs a bsolues ä u n s chema c hronologique c oh6rent.

Maison

URA de

17, CNRS l ' Orient LYON

Chronologies du Prodle 0rient Chronologies in the Near East Relative Chronologie� and Absolute Chronol0gy 16,000-4,000 B.P. C.N .R.S. International Symposium, Lyon (France) .24-28 November 1986 edited by

Olivier Aurenche Jacques Evin Francis Hourst Part ii Maison de !'Orient Mediterraneen (C.N.R.S.-Universite Lumiere-Lyon 2), Lyon, France Archaeological Series Nb 3

BAR International Series 379(ii) 1987

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR 8379 (II), 1987: 'Ch ronologies du Proch e Orient/Chronologies in the lear East' Part II

©

The Individual Authors, 1987

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407389752 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407389769 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860544876 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407346557 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860544876 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Part ii LE PROCHE ORIENT DE 8.000 A 6.000 BP THE NEAR EAST FROM 8.000 TO 6.000 BP L. Copeland et F. Hours : The Halafian, their predecessors and their contemporaries in Northern Syria and the Levant: relative and absolute chronologies........................

401

T. Watkins et S. Campbell : The chronology of the Halaf culture...................................................

427

Y. Calvet : L'apport de Tell el 'Oueili

a

la chronologie

d'Obeid...................................................

465

J. Oates: 'Ubaid chronology...............................

473

P.P. Vertesalji : The chronology of the Chalcolithic in Mesopotamia (6.200-3.400 BC) ..............................

483

A. Le Brun : Chronologie relative et chronologie absolue dans le neolithique Chypriote.............................

525

A. Hesse : Archeomagnetisme et chronologie absolue au Proche Orient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

549

F. Hole: Issues in Near-Eastern chronology................

559

LE PROCHE ORIENT DE 6.000 A 4.000 BP THE NEAR EAST FROM 6.000 TO 4.000 BP R. Dalongeville et P. Sanlaville : Confrontation des data­ tations isotopiques avec les donnees geomorphologiques et archeologiques apropos des variations relatives du niveau marin sur la rive arabe du Golfe Persique................. H. Haas, J. Devine, R. Wenke, M. Lehner, W. Wolfi and G. Bonani: Radiocarbon chronology and the historical calendar �,.. .

567

in Egypt ........'..........................................

585

H.J. Nissen: The chronology of the Proto- and Early historic periods in Mesopotamia and Susiana....................

607

M. Voigt : Relative and absolute chronologies for Iran between 6.500 and 3.500 cal. BC............................

615

R .H.

Dyson

H issar H .J. La

I I

Jr. and

Nissen

Annex:

L iste 1 4

r elative

de des

C dates

and

Proto-Elamite

: Introduction

chronologie

Annexe:

: The t he

and

a bsolute

horizon s ummary

6 .000

a 4 .000

dates

Radiocarbone

l ist

of of

chronology Northern t he

s ession

BP

( 14.000-5700

of

I ran..

6 47

: 6 79

( 14.000-5700

BP)

BP)

6 83 6 87

LE PROCHE OR IENT DE 8 .000 A 6 .000 BP

THE NEAR EAST FRO M 8 .000 TO 6 .000 BP

Chronologies Aurenche BAR

0 .,

in Evin

International

the J .

and

Near Hours

Series,

East, F .

eds. 1 987

T H E H A LA F IA N S , T H E IR P R E D E C E S S O R S A N D T H E IR C O N T E M P O R A R I E I NN O R T H E R N S Y R IA A N D T H E L E V A N T R E L A T IV E A N D A B S O LU T E C H R O N O L O G I E S Lorraine

t he

COPELAND

and

Francis

HOURS

I n 1 984 t he p resent w riters p resented a p aper o n t he d istribution o f H alaf c ulture a nd i ts e xpansion ( Copeland a nd H ours, i n p ress). I n

t his p aper w e w ill d eal w ith a d ifferent b ut r elated s ubject: H alafian c hronology. I n o r e t o c onstruct t his c hronology w e w ill u tilise n ot o nly t he a vailable 1 C d ates b ut a lso a ny c onfirmatory a rchaeological e vidence g ained f rom t he s tratigraphy a nd f rom c ontemporary t hough n onH alaf c ultures, f rom t heir p redecessors a nd s uccessors i n t he s ame r egions, a nd t he c hanging r elationships b etween t hem t hrough t ime, s ince t hese d ata h ave a b earing u pon t he i nternal H alafian d evelopment. A s o ur t itle i ndicates, w e w ill c oncentrate o n t he S yro-LebaneseT urkish p art o f t he H alaf s phere; w e m ust, o f c ourse t ake i nto a ccount t he h appenings i n t he e astern p art, i n n orthern I raq, b ut t his w ill n ot b e o ur m ain c oncern. T he s tudy w ill b e c arried o ut i n t wo p arts; i n t he f irst, w e w ill r eview t he r egional s equences o f c ontemporary c ultures i n o ur a rea t hese a re g enerally k nown i.e. a s cheme b uilt u pon u ncalibrated 1 C d ates ( where " acceptable") t ogether w ith t raits l inks a nd o ther u seful a rchaeological c roos-references. I n p ractice s uch a s ubjective 1 4 c onstruct i nvolves n umerous c ompromises such a s t he r ejection o f c d ates n ot c onsidered t o f it t he e vidence- o r o ur u nderstanding o f i t a nd b y i gnoring e ven t he s tandard d eviations o f t he d ates a ccepted; i t w as i n t his w ay t hat t he c hronological s cheme w hich w e u se h ere w as w orked o ut n ot o nly b y o urselves ( Aurenche e t a t ., 1 981; H ours e t a l ., i n p rep.), b ut o ther s ynthetic w orks i n t he p ast ( Porada , 1 965; M ellaart, 1 966; P errot, 1 978; R edman, 1 978) a nd m ore r ecently b y e .g . G ebel ( 1984). I n t he s econd p art w e w ill c ompare t he c onventionnally c onstructed s equence w ith o ne u sing c alibrated d ates.

4 02

L .

C OPELAND a nd F .

H OURS

he a rea i nto c ultural P eriods a ccording t o A urenche e t W e d ivide t a s f ollows ( excluding P eriods 1 a nd 2 , E pi-Paleolithic a nd c a ., 1 981, P .P.N.A.):

3 : 4 : 5 : P eriod 6 : P eriod P eriod P eriod

P eriod 7 : P eriod 8 : P eriod 9 :

P .P.N.B., c. 7 .600-c .6 .600 BC. L ater P .P.N.B. a nd e arly P ottery N eolithic, 6 .500-6.000 B C A muq A , B yblos N&olithique A nd en ( 1), 6 .000-5.600 B C. A muq B , B yblos N6olithique A nd en ( 2), 5 .600-5.000 B C. A muq C , B yblos N6olithique M oyen , H alaf, 5 .000-4.500 B C. A muq D , B yblos N6olithique R ecent, T ransition H alaf-Ubaid , U baid 3 , 4 .500-4.100 B C. A muq E , B yblos £ n&olithique And en , N orthern U baid , U baid 4 , 4 .100-3.600 B C.

I n t his s tudy w e w ill r eview t he s ituation i n P eriods 4 -8 , f or, a s T . W atkins h as r ightly p ointed o ut ( this S ymposium) t o k now s omething o f t he H alaf o ne m ust k now s omething o f t heir o rigins. T hat i s w hy w e b egin b y l ooking a t t he " Halaf H omeland" i n n orthern S yria a nd I raq a t housant o r s o y ears b efore t hey a rrived i n i t ( if t hat i s w hat t hey d id) in f act, f rom t he f irst u se o f p ottery i n t he r egion, a bout 6 .500 B C. T his i s f ollowed b y t he s ome 1 .000 y ears o r m ore o f H alaf o ccupation i n t he c entral a rea a nd o f i nfluence i n s urrounding a reas, i ncluding t he r ather c onfused t ime a t t he e nd o f t he H alaf c ultural s pan. T he g eographical l imits o f o ur s tudy i nclude a ll a reas e ither o ccupied ( in t he v iew o f m ost w orkers) b y H alafians a s w ell a s t he p eripheral r egions i nhabited b y i ndigenous g roups w ho, n evertheless, w ere i nfluenced b y H alaf p ottery s tyles; t hey a re r egarded a s h aving e ither i mported o r c opied H alaf p ots ( 1) . A s w e s hall s ee, t he d ividing l ine b etween t he t wo t errains h as b ecome e xtremely d ifficult t o d efine, f ollowing t he a dvent o f N eutron A ctivation A nalyses o f c eramics, a nd i s p robably n ot t o b e b ased o n t he p resence o f s herds c onsidered, b y t he e xcavator o r c ollector, t o b e " local H alaf" o r " true H alaf" b y e ye i nspection a lone. O ne s uch n on-Halaf r egion

w ould

b e

t he

" Syro-Cilicia"

o f

t he

B raidwoods ( Braidwood a nd B raidwood, 1 960), c omprising M ersin a nd T arsus o n t he C ilician P lain; t he A muq P lain i n t he H atay; t he A k-Su v alley n orth o f i t; t he c oastal p lain s ites d own a s f ar a s B yblos; w e w ould a lso i nclude t he i nland a reas: Q oueik v alley t o t he E uphrates, e ast o f A leppo a nd n orthward f rom t he S ajour r iver d rainage t o t he G aziantep a rea , a lthough m ost o f t hese a reas m ay b e " true H alaf" l ands. A nother a rea i s t he O rontes B asin ( Homs, H ama, t he G hab) a nd t he n orthern B eqaa V alley n ear B aalbek-Hermel. F urther n orth i s t he T urkish E uphrates B asin ( Urfa , S amsat, A diyaman) a nd t he u pper T igris a nd S iirt a reas ( Diyarbakir , M ardin). T he m ain H alaf r egion i s t hat o f t he S yrian J ezireh, e specially t he v alleys o f E uphrates t ributaries s uch a s t he B alikh a nd t he K habour ( the R add a nd t he W adi D ara b eing t ributaries o f t he l atter). T he d istribution m ap s hows a g ap f rom h ere t o t he I raqi b order ( Tell K ochek) b ut t his a pparent l ack o f s ites m ay b e d ue t o l ack o f

( 1)

Those J .

who

have

Mellaart

and

worked P .J.

on

Halaf

Watson

matters

( see

in

the

B ibliography

area f or

i nclude p ublished

T .

Davidson,

works).

I .

H ijara,

T HE H ALAFIAN I N N ORTHERN S YRIA A ND T HE L EVANT

4 03

s urveying . F inally, w e m ention t he I raqi J ezireh s urrounding J ebel S injar a nd o ver t o t he T igris B asin a round a nd t o t he n orth o f M ossul. W e w ill a bstain f rom d iscussion o f a rea f urther V o t he e ast o r s outh-east e xcept w here n ecessary t o m ention a " useful" 1 C d ate. F or c onvenience , d ata o n s ignificant s ites i s t abulated o n T ables 1 a nd 2 , t he d ividing l ine b etween a reas b eing a rbitrary. B ibliographic r eferences t o s ites m entioned a re g iven i n T able 3 ; u sually t he m ost u p-to-date r eference i s t he o ne c ited . N otes o n t erminology B efore b eginning t he r eview, t hree t erminological p roblems n eed t o b e m entioned . 1 : u se o f " Neolithic" v ersus " Chalcolithic"; 2 : u se o f t he t erm " DFBW"; 3 : u se o f " true H alaf" v ersus " local H alaf". I n t he c ase o f t he f irst p roblem ( Mellaart, 1 970: C .A .H .J., 1 , 2 51), t he C halcolithic a s ac ultural p hase w as d efined d ifferently i n e astern ( Mesopotamian ) a nd L evant a reas o f t he N ear E ast; p ainted p ottery w as t he c riterion i n t he e ast, u se o f m etal i n t he L evant. H ence t he H alaf c ulture i s r egarded a s C halcolithic, w ith t he i ncongruous r esult t hat i n i nland S yria w e f ind M iddle N eolithic f olk e mploying C halcolithic p ots ( cf . A rd T laili a nd A rjoune)! I n a ny c ase, a s w e n ow k now, a " Neolithic" c ulture i n t he s ense o f B raidwood a nd H owe ( 1960, " primary v illage f arming c ommunities...") s uch a s U mm D abaghiya , h as p ainted p ottery, a nd s ome e ven e arlier s ites h ave p roduced m etal, s o t hat t he p roblem n eeds c larification . A s t o t he s econd p roblem , i t s eems t o u s t hat B raidwood 's t erm D FBW ( Dark F aced B urnished W are) ( Braidwood a nd B raidwood , 1 960) h as o ften b een m isused a nd a pplied t o d ull-coloured b urnished p ottery o f a ny s ort. T his h ad l ed t o m istakes i n a ge-distribution , p articularly o f s urvey m aterial a nd h as e ffectively r eplaced t he u seful a nd p recise t erm o f B raidwood w ith o ne h aving n o c hronological v alue. I n f act, i t a ppears t hat t he A muq A /B N eolithic t ype o f D FBW o nly o ccurs i n S yroC ilicia f or a c ertain p eriod a nd i s c ompletely d ifferent f rom t he c entral a nd n orthern S yria w ares e ven b urnished , b oth e arlier a nd l ater ( the l atter b eing a ssociated w ith t he H alaf ). B riefly , t he A muq A /B t ype o f D FBW i s a t hin , f ine w are w ith d ark p aste c ore a nd s urface t emper, o ften d ecorated w ith i mpressions, i ncisions o f a ppliqué, a nd i f p lain, b urnished w ith a p ebble. T hrough t ime t he m ethod o f b urnishing c hanges a nd t he w alls b ecome t hicker ( cf . t he A muq C a nd D p hases " Kurdu t ype" p ottery). T his s equence c learly d oes n ot o ccur i n t he n orth a nd e ast, w here s tyles e volve i ndependently o f b oth t he L evant a nd t he A muq . A s olution m ight b e t o r efer t o t hese w ares a s t he " Thick B urnished S eries". O ur t hird p roblem h as a risen a s a r esult o f t he N eutron A ctivation A nalyses c arried o ut o n H alaf a nd o ther s herds b y e .g . D avidson a nd M cKerrell ( 1976 a nd 1 980). B ased o n c omparison w ith c lay t aken f rom s ources c lose t o p rehistoric s ites, t hey w ere a ble t o s how , i n an umber o f c ases, t hat s herds f ound i n ap eripheral o r " non-Halaf" s ite a nd c onsidered t o b e " true H alaf" ( imported) w ere i n f act m ade o n t he s pot w ith l ocal c lay , i n o ther w ords t hey w ere n ot i mports b ut c opies u nless, o f c ourse t he s ite w as r eally a H alaf o ne. E arly a ttributions

4 04

a s

L .

C OPELAND a nd F .

t o o rigin o f s herds i n p ublished r eports m ust t herefore b e

H OURS

r egarded

w ith c aution. The c onventional c hronology I n t he p re-Halaf e ra w e h ave t hree p hases P PNB,

p re-Amuq A ;

P eriod 5 , Amuq A ;

( our

p hases):

P eriod

4 ,

a nd P eriod 6 , A muq B .

P eriod 4 , c .6 .500-6 .000 B C ( uncalibrated d ates) P rior t o t he A muq A p hase, p ottery-using w as e rratic, i ntermittent o r a bsent a ltogether a nd t he p hase i s u sually s een a s h" Later P .P.N.B." o r a ceramic. H owever , a n umber o f c onsistent l' C d ates g ives a c hronological f ix o n s ome c ontemporary N eolithic c ultures w here p ots w ere b eing made. T hese a ppears e arly i n t he B alikh V alley s ites, t wo o f w hich, A ewad/Assouad a nd D amishliyya , h ave b een e xcavated, t he f irst b eing 1 C d ated t o 6 .670 a nd 6 .500 B C f or a c eramic l evel b elow ( sic) a n a ceramic o ne. S everal m ore s ites w ith t he s ame m aterials a re a lso k nown i n t he v icinity ( Breilat, M afraq S louq, D amishliyya I I). A t D amishliyya , t he c eramics b egin n ear t he t op, a nd a t a ll t hese s ites t he w ares a re s imple i n f orm, l ight i n c olour, t hick a nd p oorly f ired, a nd e ntirely u ndecorated e xcept f or s light b urnishing . F urther t o t he s outh-east, a s imilar s ituation i s f ound a t B ouqras a nd T ell e s-Sinn a t t he m outh o f t he K habour ; h ere t oo t he a dvent o f c eramic o ccured n ear t he e nd o f t he s equence, w hich i s d ated t o f rom 6 .430-5.975 B C. I t i s a s hade m ore s ophisticated, s ome p ieces b eing d ecorated w ith p ainted r ed l ines. P ottery i s n ot k nown a t t his t ime i n t he L evant; R as S hamra V C ( dated t o c .6 .414 ) a nd t he b ig E uphrates t ells E . o f A leppo a re a ceramic. H owever, r ecent w ork o n t he T urkish E uphrates n ear S amsat h as p roduced a g roup o f s ites i n t he P .P.N.B. t radition a t w hich a d ate f or t he s tart o f p ottery-use h as n ot y et b ecome c lear: G ritille, H ayaz, N evalla Q ori a nd K umartepe. T he f irst t wo, a s w ell a s G ritille 's l ower l ayers s eem t o b e a ceramic, b ut a f ew s herds o ccurred i n G ritille 's u pper l ayers; t he s ite h as d ates b etween 6 .700 a nd 5 .800 B C ( the s ame r ange a s B ouqras a nd, a t t he s tart, A ssouad ). K umartepe, o n t he o ther h and, i s r eported t o b e a c eramic s ite w ith p ottery r elating t o t hat o f A muq A /B. W hile t he m ain c eramic s eems t o b e a t hick, c oarse, b uff a nd s lightly b urnished w are, a s econd t ype h as m ineral i nclusions, i s t hinner, o f a r ed-grey c olour a nd i s 3 0% b urnished; s mall f ragments o f s herds w ith r ed v ertical l ines p ainted o n ab uff g round a re m entioned, h ence t he a ttribution t o A muq A o r B ( the l atter t o b e d iscussed b elow). I t i s a q uestion, t herefore, w hether t he e arly p ottery o f t his g roup l inks u p w ith t hat o f t he J ezireh s ites a nd i s " Pre-Amuq A ", o r a lternatively w hether i t l inks w ith t he c onventionally p ost-6.000 B C L evant ( Amuq A ), o r w hether t hey r epresent a t hird f ad es; f or t he m oment t he d scription o f t he w are s eems t o p oint t o t he f irst p ossibility. S o f ar a s w e k now, p ottery h as n ot b een f ound o n n orthern I raq s ites o f a p re-Amuq A d ate, a lthough a ceramic s ites ( Magzalia , D er H all) r egarded a s e arlier t han U mm D anaghiya a nd S otto,

d o o ccur.

A muq A , P eriod 5 , 6 .000-5 .600 B C E ven t hough v irgin s oil w as r eached n either a t M ersin o r J udaidah, t he d ate o f 6 .000 y ears B C c onventionally f ixes t he s tart o f A muq A ( Judaidah X IV).

T he J udaidah a nd D hahab p ottery ,

a nd i ts

a nalogues

i n

T HE H ALAFIAN I N N ORTHERN S YRIA A ND T HE L EVANT

5

t he Q oueik B asin, A k-Su V alley ( Sakce G özü P eriod I ) a nd C ilicia , i s q uite u nlike t hat d escribed a bove; a s w e h ave m entioned p reviously, t he D FBW o f A muq A i s ap ebble-burnished, t hin w are w ith a v ariety o f d ecorative t reatments, p ainting b eing v irtually a bsent. T he " True D BW" i s f ound o n t he L evant c oast ( Ras S hamra V B, S ukas N , T abbat a l-Hammam , B yblos N&Aithique A nd en) a s w ell a s i nland ( Nebi M end b ase, L abwe, N eba 'a F aour). T he f lint i ndustry a nd o ften t he a rchitecture r esemble t hat o f t he p revious P .P.N.B. p hase. W e c onsider t he d ate o f 5 .410 a s t oo l ate f or t he s tart o f B yblos N6plithique A nd en . P art o f t he c entral J ezireh E uphrates m ay h ave b een a bandoned a t t his t ime, j udging b y t he l atest d ates o f A ssouad a nd B ouqras a nd t he a bsence o f A muq A -type p ottery; a n e xception ( i n t he K habour h ead w aters a rea ) m ay b e F akhariya , b ut t he e vidence i s a mbiguous. S trictly s peaking , w ith a d ate o f 5 .620, t he " Neolithikum" a t t he b ase o f T ell H alaf b elongs i n P eriod 5 , but i s b est d iscussed i n P eriod 6 , t ogether w ith a nalogous " Altmonochrom" m aterial a t t he b ase o f o f H abesh, a lso u nderlying H alaf l ayers. I n t he s ame r egion, t he b ase o f C hagar B azar ( pre-15 p its) m ay h ave s ome A muq A m aterial. W e h ave r ecently h eard o f L ate N eolithic p ottery f rom T ell S abi A byad o n t he B alikh ( p.c. P .M.G . A kkermans, 1 987). I n c ontrast, t here a re s everal s ites i n N orthern I raq w hich h ave e arly p ottery, s ome i n q uite a rid a reas ( such a s U mm D abaghiya ), w hich a re r egarded a s d ating t o a bout 6 .000 B C; S otto, f or e xample, i s d ated t o 5 .768 B C i n l evel 7 . A s i n c ontemporary A muq A , t his i s o ften d ecorated, b ut h ere t hey p referred s tyles w ith p ainting , m ore t han a ppliqué a nd b urnishing . T he s hapes a re u nlike t hose o f t he L evant, a nd t he w alls a re m ost o ften t hick a nd p oorly-baked. O ne m ight w ish t o s ee a p ossible a ncestor f or t he H alafians i n t he U mm D abaghiya/Sotto c ulture, b ut, a s w e s hall s ee, t he l atter s eems t o d evelop i n a nother d irection ( towards t he H assunan). A muq B , P eriod 6 , c .6 .600-5 .000 B C B eginning a gain i n t he w est, a u seful d ate f or t his p hase i s t hat f or R as S hamra : 5 .234 B C a t t he t op o f V A . I n t he e ponymous r egion, J udaidah 2 5-24 a nd D hahab m aterial i s r egarded a s a d evelopment f rom A muq A w here n ew c eramic s tyles o ccur, i ncluding , f or t he f irst t ime h ere, a p ainted s eries ( Brittle P ainted, d escribed a s a l ocal p ainted p re-Halaf w are) w hich f orms 5 -10% o f t he p ottery. T his p ottery i s w ell-cooked, p ale b uff t o o range, w ith v ertical o r w avy r ed l ines l ike t he " Ytldtrtms" a t c ontemporary M ersin 2 5-26. H owever, t he D FBW i s a lways t he p redominent w are a lthough p attern b urnished e ffects, a s w ell a s t hicker w ares, n ow o ccur. S imilar m aterials h ave b een f ound a t S ukas, H ama M , l ater B yblos W olithique A ncien ; Y ildirims o ccurred o n B ahouerta s herds. S ome p ainted s herds a t S akce G özü w ere ( in a n e arly r eport) a ttributed t o t he S amarran; t hese a rrived i n P eriod I I o f t he s ite t ogether w ith t he f irst H alaf t ypes, p robably b y t he e nd o f o ur P eriod 6 . I n t he J ezireh, i n C hagar B azar , s ome S amarran s herds w ere a lso f ound, b oth i n t he p its m entioned a bove, a ccompanied b y t ypically A muq B s herds, a nd i n l evels 1 5-13 ( it i s w orth n oting h ere t hat a S amarran s ite i n c entral I raq, S awwan, i s d ated t o 5 .349 BC i n l evel I II o n M ound B ). W e h ave a lready m entioned t he d ate o f 5 .620 f or t he b ase o f T ell H alaf,

w hich i ndicates a d ate a t t he b oundary b etween o ur P eriods

5a nd

4 06

C OPELAND a nd F .

H OURS

6 . T he N eolithic A ltmonochrom a ssemblage u nderlying H alaf l ayers, w as f ound a lone a t t he b ase o f a ll t he s oundings a nd w as a g reyish w are, t hick, o ften b urnished, w ith s imple s hapes, s ome o f w hich w ere c arinated l ike t hose i n t he U mm D abaghiya/Sotto c ulture a nd H assuna I A; t here a re r are i ncised o r p ainted s pecimens. S imilar m aterial w as o bserved b y D avidson, a lone, a lso u nder H alaf , a t H abesh, a t ell n ear A qab w hich h ad b een t runcated. T he n ext s tage a t T ell H alaf i s o ne w here H alaf a nd A ltmonochrom o ccur t ogether i n t he s ame l evel; t his o ccurs a t t he b ase o f A qab t o t he t une o f 3 8% f or t he N eolithic. S uch a s tage i s p resent a lso a t H abesh a nd p robably a t C hagar B azar a s w ell. D avidson, f ollowing h is r esearch i nto a ll t he a vailable m aterial, a nd a fter s tudy o f a s ample o f c .8.500 s herds f rom h is o wn e xcavation o f T ell A qab, c onsiders t hat t his s tage m arks t he e arliest a ppearance o f H alaf c eramics, a round 5 .500-5.300 B C i n t he U pper K habour ( Davidson, 1 977). S herds c onsidered b y D avidson t o r esemble t hose o f t his e arly p hase o f t he Halaf w ere a lso f ound o n B alikh t ells, e .g . M ounbateh a nd S awwan ( Davidson, p .c., 1 980). M ore r ecently s ome e arly t ypes w ere f ound i n t he H alaf p it i n D amishliya , ( the p it i ntrudes i nto t he N eolithic l ayers m entioned a bove). A t D amishliya , t oo, t he H alaf s herds w ere a ccompanied b y a n on-painted s eries; s ice t hese h ad s ome t raits l ike, o thers u nlike, t he N eolithic w are, w e m ay h ave h ere a c lue t o t he r elationship b etween t hem ( successive?). F or t he r ecord, t he e ssential i nformation g ained f rom A qab w as a s f ollows: i n T rench 3 t he A ltmonochrom c omponent i s d escribed a s c oarse, t hick, a nd b urnished ( one s pecimen b eing p attern-burnished, a n A muq B t rait). T he t ypology o f t he p ainted E arly H alaf c ould b e d istinguished f rom t he m ore t ypical c eramics o f l ater l ayers. ( To a nticipate o ur d iscussion i n t he n ext p hase, A muq C , t his o ccurs a t A qab i n T rench 2 , 2 -4 a nd T rench 3 ,1, w hich p roduced a c omplete t holos l ined w ith p laster, a nd o ther t races o f c ircular s tructures. T he p ottery , c alled M iddle H alaf, h as m ore s ophisticated p ainted e lements, i ncluding s ome w ith S amarran-like m otifs; t here i s a d ecrease t o 1 4% o f t he p lain b urnished s eries. F or D avidson t here a re c lose p arallels h ere i n t he p ainted s eries w ith e arly A rpachiyah, C hagar B azar a nd T ell H alaf , a ll i n P eriod 7 , w hich w e w ill d iscuss l ater ). F rom a ll t he a bove d ata w e c onclude t hat

t here

w as

s ome

k ind

o f

c ontinuum b etween t he N eolithic a nd t he H alaf i n t he " heartland" a rea , d uring P eriod 6 ; h owever , w hether t he u npainted s eries r epresents t he i ndigenous p opulation, i ntruded u pon b y t he H alafians ( but f rom w here?), o r w hether t he f ormer g radually a dopted t echniques o f p otteryp ainting a nd b ecame t he H alafians, i s a q uestion w e c annot a nswer . I n n orthern I raq a n e ven m ore c omplex s ituation i s f ound i n P eriod 6 , e specially t owards t he e nd. A t f irst, t he H assuna I a c ulture f ollows ( or i s a d evelopment o f ) t he U mm D abaghiya/Sotto c ulture a nd i n t urn i s s ucceeded b y ( or d evelops i nto) t he " true" H aesunan c ulture a s k nown i n T ell H assuna l evels I b-II ( 1). T here a re n o 1 C d ates e xcept f or t wo

( 1)

The

culture

found

at

Bashilov

e t

al.

see

and

Safar,

Lloyd

Umm

for

Dabaghiya,

discussion

Chart

I ,

of

Sotto, i ts

footnote*;

Yarim

evolution 1943.

Tepe to

the

I

and

other

Hassunan).

For

s ites

( see

"Hassunan"

T HE H ALAFIAN I N N ORTHERN S YRIA A ND T HE L EVANT

4 07

which w e r egard a s t oo l ate- f or Y arim T epe I , l evel 8 -7: 5 .200 a nd 5 .090 B C ( they a re r eversed). W e w ould h ave e xpected a d ate a bout 2 00 y ears e arlier a nd t hat t here w ould b e c ontemporaneity b etween t he H assunan a nd t he E arly H alaf o f t he K habour: t he p ainted p ottery c omponent o f e ach c ulture i s q uite d istinct f rom t he o ther, a nd, o f c ourse, b ecause p ainted p ottery i s p roduced, b oth a re r egarded a s " Chalcolithic". T o c omplicate m atters, t he S amarra c ulture a lso m akes i ts a ppearance i n P eriod 6 . The Samarans i nhabited a n a rid b and o f m ore s outherly t erritory i n c entral I raq ( Baghouz-Choga M ami) a nd i nteracted b oth w ith t he K habour E arly H alaf p eople ( e.g . a t C hagar B azar) a nd w ith t he H assunans, w ho, a t a l ater s tage i n t heir d evelopment, e .g . a t T ell H assuna I II-V, b egan t o i mport S amarran p ottery ( it h as nr , b een s uggested t hat t hey c opied t he l atter ). T he o nly a cceptable 1 C d ates f or t he c ulture a re f or a p re-Samarran s tage a t t he t ypesite, T ell e sS awwan ( a c ulture w ith a N eolithic a mbience, l evels I a nd I I o n M ound C ) o f 5 .506 B C, a nd a d ate o f 5 .349 B C f or t he m ain S amarran s tage, l evel I II o n M ound B . T his l ast d ate i s u seful i n t hat f rom i t w e c an i nfer t hat t his i s a lso b roadly t he d ate o f t he H assunan c ulture perhaps b efore t he S amarra p ottery-importing s tage. T he r elationships b etween t he S amarrans, H assunans, a nd t he H alafians o f A rpachiyah, a re n ot y et c lear, b ut a mong t he t hree, t he c learest l inks a re b etween t he S amarrans a nd t he l atest p hase o f t he H assunans. I t a ppears t hat t he H assuna c ulture d isappeared s oon a fter t his s tage, a nd i ts s ites ( T . H assuna , K harabet S hatani, Y arim T epe I e tc...) w ere a bandoned. S ome w ere r e-occupied b y H alafians ( e.g . t he p eople o f Y arim I I u sed t he s ummit o f Y arim I a s a c emetery), b ut n ever b y S amarrans, a nd t he l atter a lso d isappeared w ithout r e-occupation o f s ites s uch a s B aghouz a nd S awwan. T his s uggests a n a rrival o f H alafians s outh o f t he S injar n ot b efore t he e nd o f P eriod 6 , a lthough t hey m ay h ave o ccupied a reas t o t he n orth e arlier, a s T . W atkins h as s uggested ( Arpachiya l ower?). T here i s n o e vidence f or o r a gainst t his, e xcept f or t he p resence o f s ome S amarran p ottery t here, w hich s uggests c ontact w ith t he l ast S amarran p hase ( Period 7 ); t his s eems t o b e c onfirmed b y t he p resence o f H alaf s herds a t S awwan l evel V , s aid t o b e l ate H alaf. I n a ny c ase, t he c omplex o f c ultures i n P eriod 6 s eems t o h ave e nded i n P eriod 7 , when we f ind o nly t he H alafians o ccupyinF t he a rea . I t i s a t t his t ime t hat w e w ould l ike t o h ave m any m ore 1 C d ates t o v erify o r a lter t he c hronology s et o ut a bove, b uilt s o f ar l argely o n i nferences f rom t he s tratigraphy . A muq C , P eriod 7 , 5 .000-4.5 9 B C T here a re f ive " good" 1 C d ates f or P eriod 7 , f rom H as S hamra I VB, A rpachiyah, A rd T laili a nd t wo f rom Y arim T epe I I. C onventionally, t his i s t he e ra w hen t he H alafians w ere m ost w idely d istributed ( from A leppo t o K urdistan) a nd m ost c ulturally i nfluential. A d etailed a nd c omprehensive s ynthesis a nd r eview o f H alaf m atters, c arefully r eferenced a nd d ealing w ith m any a spects w hich w e a re n ot a ble t o d iscuss h ere, h as r ecently b een p ublished b y P .J. W atson ( 1983). A s s he p oints o ut, H alaf s ites a re r ecognised a bove a ll b y t heir c eramic, t o s ome e xtend b y t he a rchitecture i f p resent ( tholoi), a nd b y t he r ange o f s mall o rnaments. T he c ulture i s r egarded a s h aving p assed t hrough a n E arly, M iddle a nd L ate p hase, e .g . b y M allowan a t A rpachiyah a nd b y M ellaart ( Mallowan a nd R ose, 1 935 ; M ellaart, 1 975 a nd i n M atthers a nd

4 08

C OPE L A M o nd F .

H OLRS

O thers, 1 981), a nd t hese p hases w ere d istinguishable b y t r ite i n t he p ottery ( polychromy; z oomorphic m otifs; p resence o f s pe ial f orms, e .g " cream b owls", e tc...). T he r ecent e xcavations d o n ot a ll c onfirm t he e arlier s chemas; f or e xample, t he p roportions i n w hich c ertain s hapes ( regarded a s d iagnostic o r h aving c hronological v alue) m ay b e p resent s eem r ather t o b e d ue t o d iffering n eeds a nd f unctions f rom o ne s ite t o a nother, n ot t o s tylistic e volution o ccurring s ynchronously a t a ll s ites a s s ome h ave s uggested ( P.J. W atson, 1 983, 2 39- 2 10); a lthough t he o verall s imilarity o f H alaf c eramic s tyle ( across w ide d istances a s f ar a part a s T ilki T epe, Y unus a nd A rpachiyah) h as b een d emonstrated b y L eBlanc a nd W atson ( 1973), b y n ot r especting t he i nter-level c hronology a t e ach s ite s tudied, t he w ay i n w hich s tyles d eveloped t hrough t ime w as n ot i lluminated. I n t he w est, t here w as a pparently a h iatus a t t he e nd o f A muq B , a nd i ts t rue l ength i s n ot k nown; t his i s t he r eason t hat, a t K urdu ( Amuq C ) t he c harachteristic A muq B f orms e.g . t he B rittle P ainted-were n ot p resent. A lthough p lenty o f " local H alaf" w as p resent a t K urdu , " true H alaf" ( imported) s herds a mounted t o o nly 4 -9%; C ilicia ( Mersin a nd T arsus) a s w ell a s t he c oastal s ites f urther d own t he L evant c oast, a re " non-Halaf" a reas. W e r ecall t he c omment o f D avidson ( 1977) t hat t he c riterion f or t he r are " true" H alaf s herds w as t hat i t w as b etter t han t he b est " local" p ainted t ypes. H e a lso c onsiders t hat a t f irst, M iddle H alaf t ypes w ere b eing i mported o r c opied, a nd l ater, L ate H alaf t ypes. R as S hamra i s d ated t o 4 .600 B C a t t he t op o f I VB, i .e. n ear t he e nd o f t he p hase; i t, S ukas N , 3 -1, a nd B yblos i n t he N& )lithique M oyen c ontinued t o p roduce t heir o wn s tyles, n ow t he K urdu t ype o f D FBW , w ith e volved w ays o f b urnishing a nd w ith t he a ddition o f n ew f orms o f d ecoration, s uch a s r ed s lip. H owever , R as S hamra a lso i mported a nd c opied H alaf t ypes, a nd s eems t o b e a t t he w estern l imits o f H alaf i nfluence. D avidson ( 1977) h as p roposed t hat t he J ebel S emaan , b etween t he Q oueik a nd t he A muq, i s t he b oundary b etween t he l atter a nd H alaf t erritory . C ertainly, H alaf o ccupation i n t he Q oueik V alley w as q uite d ense ( Ain e t-Tell, M aled, B ahouerta , B ernä, e tc...). T o t he s outh i n t he O rontes b asin a n i ndigenous M iddle N eolithic ( so-called) c ulture w as p resent 4 r epresented b y H ama M , A rjoune i n T renches V a nd V II, d ated b y 1 C t o c . 4 .600 B C ( p.c. P . P arr ), Q alaat a l-Mudiq, a nd A rd T laili ( the l atter t o 4 .890 B C f or t his p hase), w hose c eramic c onsisted m ainly o f r ed s lipped a nd b urnished, o r s lipped a nd i ncised w ares. J ust a s a t R as S hamra , H alaf p ots w ere b eing i mported a nd c opied; s ome o f t he p ainted s herds g ive a t rue H alaf i mpression , o thers s eem c learly l ocal c opies. I t i s e asy t o u nderstand h ow t his a rea k ept i n c ontact w ith H alafians f urther n orth u p t he O rontes v alley ( Bern6), j ust a s t he A muq k ept i n t ouch v ia A frin v alley ( Tabarat T arfah). I t i s s trange t hat m ore H alaf/Mid e N eolithic t ells a re n ot k nown ( except f or H uwayiz) i n t he G hab. T he 1 C d ates t end t o c onfirm t he d ate o f t he c ontacts. I t i s p erhaps n ot n ecessary t o d well a t l ength o n t he

s ituation

i n

t he H alaf l ands t o t he n orth a nd e ast. T he s ites a re a lmost a lways f ound i n v alleys w ith g ood a lluvial s oil; A rab A zz6 a nd H udhud o n t he S ajour; M ureybet G as P ump, S hamseddine T anira , C archemish, Y unus o n t he E uphrates; T urlu, G aziantep, a nd s tretching f rom U rfa t o A diyaman a nd b eyond, t o A yngerm i n T urkey ( new s ites i n t his a rea i nclude Q avi T arlasi,

s aid t o h ave f ive

H alaf

l evels,

a nd

K urban

n ear

S amsat).

T HE H ALAFIAN I N N ORTHERN S YRIA AND T HE L EVANT

B eyond,

i n

t he

T aurus

f oothills

w e

a re

4 09

o nce

a gain

b eyond

H alaf

t erritory, e .g . a t K orucutepe A ( with L ate H alaf t ypes), o r a t T ülintepe a nd T epecik a nd p erhaps o ther K eban D am s ites, a lthough t he s tratigraphic s ituation b eing u nclear , w e a gree w ith D avidson t hat t he s pecimens p ublished s eem t o b e l ater ( Amuq D , P eriod 8 ). A ll t hese s ites a re a lso p roducing t heir o wn t hick b urnished s eries. G irikihaciyan s eems t o b e a b orderline c ase, h aving t holoi, b ut w ith j ust c .15% p ainted H alaf p ottery. I n t he J ezireh s outh o f t he f oothills w hich r epresents t he v eritable H alaf h eartland, p erhaps b ecause b est s urveyed. O ne w ell-studied a rea i s t he W adi D ara d rainage ( a K habour t ributary) w here H alaf t ells a re d ense. I nteresting s tudies ( unusually, n ot b ased o n c eramic t ypology) w ere c arried o ut o n p ottery-clay s ources, a nd, u sing N eutron A ctivation A nalysis t o d etermine t he o rigin o f s elected H alaf s herds, t hese s tudies r evealed a t rade-network i n p ainted p ots i n f orce b etween H alaf s ites a nd t heir n eighbours ( Davidson a nd M cKerrell, 1 976 a nd 1 980). A nother w ell-studied a rea i s t hat s urrounding J ebel S injar ( Lloyd, 1 938; H ijara , 1 980 ), r egarded b y H ijara a s a H alaf n uclear z one ( Hijara, 1 980 a nd i n p reparation) w here n umerous H alaf o ccupations a re a ttested ( e.g . Y arim T epe I I, Y arim T epe I II, A shiq, T ell H assuna , A hmed P hottotepe), s ome f ar t o t he s outh ( Khunaifis). Y arim I I i s a n e ntirely H alaf s ite a nd h as t wo " good" d ates: 4 .500 a nd 4 .470 B C ( levels 7 -6) w hich p robably r efer t o t he e nd o f P eriod 7 . The s equence i s c onsidered, j udging b y t he d escriptions o f t he e xcavators, t o b e M iddle a nd L ate H alaf ( 1), a s i s t hat o f S ounding 2 a t T . H assuna ( Lloyd a nd S afar, 1 945) a lso h as M iddle a nd L ate H alaf . Y arim I II m ay h ave l ater ( transitional) m aterial, c ompleting t he H alaf s equence i n t he a rea . A cross t he T igris i s t he t ypesite o f t he e astern a rea Arpachiyah. C onventionally, i .e. u sing t he a vailable 1 4 C d ates o f 4 .980 B C f or T .T .19-1 o f H ijara a nd 5 .077 B C f or T .T.10-8 o f M allowan , a nd r ejecting a c learly a bberrant d ate o f 6 .114 B C f or a l ater l evel, w e w ould h ave t o p ut a ll o f t he l owest p art o f t he s equence i nto P eriod 7 that i s M iddle H alaf i n o verall c hronological t erms ( cf. t he E arly K habour H alaf i n P eriod 6 - w hich h owever, i s n ot 1 4 C d ated). T he l ater l evels a t A rpachiyah, w ith p olychromy, w ould t hen r efer t o t he L ate H alaf. H owever t he l ower l evels c oncerned a re c alled E arly H alaf b y t he l atest e xcavator, I . H ijara ( Hijara a nd O thers, 1 980) f ollowed b y T . W atkins. W e a ssume t hat w hat i s m eant h ere i s e arly r elative t o A rpachiyah i tself, s ince o f c ourse, t he l ower l evels a re c learly e arlier t hat t he o verlying o nes; b ut a re t hey e arly i n r elation t o t he c ultural s equence e lsewhere? I t w ould g reatly h elp i f e xcavation c ould b e c ontinued i n o rder t o k now w hat l ies b eneath ( more H alaf? N eolithic a s a t T ell H alaf?). A lternatively, m ore d ates c ould b e s ought w hich m ight s how t hat t he p resent o nes a re t oo l ate. I f t hey a re g ood, t hey c ould i ndicate t hat a ll o f A rpachiyah s o f ar d ug i s c ontemporary w ith Y arim

( 1)

Polychromy 1 977). his

and note

Early

l ower. f irst

We

N .B.

s ophisticated that

phase nine

H ijara

th A rpachiyah,

C dates

t hree-quarters

of

the

forms

( p.c.

are 5 th

are

1980) which

the

indicates

mentioned Mil"

described

l ikens by

t he

( Merpert

( Merpert

lower

a Middle

l evel Halaf

excavators

and

Munchaev,

and

Munchaev,

material phase

p lacing 1976).

t o

for

Yarim

1976;

that

of

Arpachiyah I I

" in

the

4 10

L .

C OPELAND a nd F .

H OURS

I I, Y arim I II, a nd T ell H assuna . O n t he o ther h and , t he l owest A rpachiyah p ottery i s s aid t o r esemble t hat o f t he E arly K habour H alaf ( Davidson a nd W atkins, 1 981). T his p roblem a ffects t he o pinion a f T . W atkins ( this S ymposium ) t hat t he e arliest H alafians o f n orthern I raq o verlapped w ith t he H assunans. O f c ourse t his m ay b e s o , b ut t he e vidence g ained u p t o n ow f rom a rcheological s ources s eems t o p oint i n a nother d irection : n umerous c ases a re r eported w here H assuna l evels u nderlie H alaf o nes, o ften a fter a h iatus, f or e xample a t Y arim I w ith t he g raves m entioned a bove, T . H assuna w here t he H alaf i s f ound 2 3 m d istant, A zzo, H ajjiluk , J ikan , K harabet S hatani w ith 1 m o f s ilt s eparating t he t wo, e tc... T he r everse d oes n ot o ccur a nd H assunans w ere n ot i mporting/copying H alaf p ots s o f ar a s w e a re a ware, n or w ere H alafians u sing H assunan p ots. T he o nly l ink b etween t he t wo s eems t o b e o ne m entioned e arlier that b oth w ere i n c ontact w ith S amarrans-perhaps s uccessively. W e a re o nce a gain t hrown b ack o n t he h ope t hat p ossible t ypological/chronological d istinctions c an b e m ade i n t he c eramics, a lthough w e h eed t he w arnings o f W atson m entioned e arlier ( P.J . W atson , 1 983). T his s ubject h as b een s tudied b y H ijara , t aking i n t he m aterial f rom m ore t han 2 00 H alaf s ites t hroughout n orthern a nd c entral I raq. W e e agerly a wait t he p ublication o f h is d issertation ( Hijara , i n p reparation) o f 1 980 a nd i n t he m eantime w e r eserve j udgement o n w hat c onstitues, a nd m ay p roperly b e c alled , E arly , M iddle a nd L ate H alaf . A muq D , P eriod 8 , 4 .5000-4 .100 B C I f t here w ere p roblems c onnected w ith t he c hronology o f c ultural c hange a t t he s tart o f t he H alaf e ra , P eriod 6 -7, d ue t o i nsufficient d ates, n o d ates, b roken s equences o r i ncomplete e xcavation , t hen t here i s a c omparable s et o f p roblems a t i ts e nd . W e h ave a d ate a t T urlu , u nfortunately f rom a m ixed s ample, o f 4 .480 B C, w hich g ives a n a pproximate i dea o f t he s tart o f t he p hase , w hile w e h ave m entioned t he d ate o f 4 .259 f or t he b ase o f K orucutepe A , r egarded a s c ontaining a n A muq D a ssemblage. I n t he e ast, T epe G awra X VIII d ates t o 4 .470 B C, c onsistent w ith T urlu a t t he s tart o f P eriod 8 , w hile R as S hamra l evel I IIC m arks t he e nd o f t he p hase a t 4 .184 B C . P eriod 8 i s m ost c onveniently s een a s o ne o f t ransition d uring w hich t he H alaf c ulture, a s k nown i n P eriod 7 , d isappeared o r w as t ransformed i nto t hat o f N orthern U baid ( equivalent t o U baid 3 o f O ates, 1 960 , i n M esopotamia ). O nce a gain t he a rchaeological e vidence i s m ainly d rawn f rom c eramic t ypology w hich s hows t hat U baid w ares g radually a ppeared i n t he s herd s amples, i ncreasing t hrough t ime a t l ong-sequence s ites, e ventually r eplacing t hose o f H alaf ; b y t he e nd o f P eriod 8 o nly U baid p ainted s tyles a re p resent i n t he e ast a nd c entral a reas, a nd o nly U baid s tyles a re i mitated o r i mported i nto w estern a reas. I n s hort, t he e rstwhile H alaf-influenced r egions b ecame t he U baid-influenced r egions b y a bout 4 .100 B C. I n f act, t hese c hanges d uring P eriod 8 d id n ot o ccur e ither s ynchronously ( Davidson c onsiders t hat t here w as a c hronological l ag f rom e ast t o w est) n or i n f orm o f a s traight s witch f rom H alaf t o U baid . A t m any s ites, p ots m ade i n U baid s hapes a nd f abrics w ere p ainted w ith H alaf m otifs. I t w as t hese t ransitional o r h ybrid f orms w hich s uggested t o D avidson t hat t hey r epresented a f ourth o r f inal H alaf p hase ( Davidson , 1 977). W e m ust c onclude f rom t he p resence o f h ybrids t hat t he H alafians, i n t heir t urn , b ecame " influenced" b y

T HE H ALAFIAN I N N ORTHERN S YRIA A ND T HE L EVANT

4 11

a nother c ulture, t he o ne i nhabiting a reas t o t he s outh-east. I t i s d ifficult t o k now w hat w as t he f inal e nd o f t he H alaf c ulture. A re w e t o a ssume t hat,

h aving

f or

a

t ime

b een

" influenced",

t hey

e ventually a dopted a ll t he U baid c eramic t echniques? O r i s t he o ld " invasion" i dea t o b e i nvoked? B etter d ating w ould b e h elpful i n i lluminating t he m atter, f or e xample i f i t c ould c onfirm o r d eny t he l ag p roposed b y D avidson ( it w ould s eem, b ased o n t he a bove m entioned d ates, t hat U baid 3 w as a lready p resent i n G awra X VIII, e ast o f t he T igris, b ut w as n ot y et a ttested a t R as S hamra ). W e w ill a gain r eview t he s equence o f e vents f rom w est t o e ast, e ven i f t he f low o f i nfluence s eems t o h ave b een i n t he o ther d irection . I n S yro-Cilicia , M ersin X VI, a t l east, s eems t o b e o ut o f t he p icture a t t his t ime, a nd o riented t owards A natolia . T he A muq D s equence i s f ar f rom b eing c learly u nderstood. T he s ites u sually a ssigned t o i t ( Judaidah, K urdu, S heikh X -XII, K araca K hirbet A li) h ave m aterials w hich d o n ot c ompletely c orrespond. A t T ell e sh-Sheikh, W oolley ( Woolley, 1 935 ; Hood, 1 951, h as a lso d escribed t his m aterial) s tates t hat t he l ocal p ainted e lements i n l evel X ( succeeding l evel X I i n w hich U baid-like t ypes o ccurred) r epresented a n i ndividual r esponse t o H alaf a nd U baid i nfluences b ut w ere n ot t he s ame a s e ither. T he S heikh X m aterial m ay b e m ore a kin t o t hat o f K araba K hirbet A li t han t o t hat o f K urdu. A t K urdu, t he " type a ssemblage" f or A muq D , i n T rench I t he a mount o f " true H alaf" s herds h as d ropped t o 2 -7% a nd " Ubaid-like M onochrome" t ypes a ppear. H owever t he l ocal c eramics, t he r ed s lipped, w ashed, b urnished " Kurdu t ype D FBW", e tc... p revail a s u sual; c haracteristic t raits a re b ow r ims a nd s played j oins b etween p ot s houlder a nd h andle. O n t he c oast, i n R as S hamra I VA, o nly 7 % H alaf t ype c eramic p ainting i s r eported, a nd n one c ame f rom t he n ext l evel, I IIC a lthough b ow r ims w ere p resent i n t he l atter. A ccording t o i ts d ate ( 3.960 B C f or p hase M ), t here w ould b e ag ap a t t his t ime i n t he S ukas s equence, b ut a t B yblos i n t he N&Aithique r ecent, t he A muq D t ype o f e volved b urnishing a nd r ed s lip o r w ash t reatment w ere p resent, a s w ere b ow r ims. U nusually , s ome r are p ainted s herds a lso o ccurred ( should t his p ermit u s t o c all t his a ssemblage C halcolithic?). I nland, i n t he O rontes V alley, a n A muq D t ype o f c ulture s eems t o b e p resent a t H uwayiz, i n t he G hab, Q alaat a l-Mudiq, H ama L 6-4 , A rjoune i n T rench V I, d ated t o c . 3 .800-3.600 B C, a nd t he t op o f A rd T laili ( both o f t he l atter h aving b ow r ims). I n t hese s ites t here i s a s lackening o f Halaf i nfluence w hile l ocal f orms c ontinue t o e volve. T urning t o t he H alaf t erritory, t he b ig t ells o n t he Q oueik h ave p roduced T ransitional t ypes ( e.g . a t t he b ase o f R ifaat, a nd B ahouerta ). I n T urkey t he n orthern l imits o f i nfluence w ere r eached a t K orucutepe A , a nd t he o ther K eban D am s ites. A d ifferent a nd m ore c omplex T ransitional p hase o ccurred, a s m entioned e arlier , i n t he J ezireh a nd a cross t o n orthern I raq, w here t he h ybrid f orms o ccur ( on t he B alikh a t H ammam e t-Turkman, M efesh, Z aidan, e tc...), i n t he W adi D ara a rea ( Aqab), i n t he e ast ( Yarim I II a nd e specially T epe G awra X X, t he l ast H alaf l evel). E ven h ere t he c hanges t ook p lace u nevenly a nd n ot a lways s moothly. O ppenheim a nd S chmidt n ote a " period o f d ecadence" a t T ell H alaf, w hich w as t hen a bandoned; S akce S hamseddine, Y unus a nd o thers w ere a bandoned a s w as C hagar B azar, a lthough c ertainly n ot a ll a t t he s ame t ime. O n t he

4 12

L .

C OPELAND a nd F .

H OURS

o ther h and n o h iatus w as n oted a t A qab o r T urlu ( both e xcavated), w here U baid d irectly f ollowed t he T ransitional p hase. W e g ather f rom r eading t he l iterature t hat t here w ere s igns o f d isruption a lso i n t he e ast. A s n oted a bove, S ounding 2 a t T . H assuna , l evel V II-X, w ith p olychrome p ainted p ots, s eems t o r epresent a L ate o r T ransitional H alaf p hase a nd t here i s a h iatus b efore t he n ext ( Ubaid) o ccupation ( levels X IXIV); s omething c omparable o ccurred a t T halathat I I a nd ( without, i t i s s aid, a T ransitional p hase) a t A rpachiyah. S ome o f t he n ew s ites n orth o f M osul a lso r eveal i nterrupted s equences ( Hatara, J ikan); D erak i s r eported t o h ave a T ransitional a ssemblage. H owever, t here s eems t o b e n o g ap a t T epe G awra , e ven t hough t he l ast H alaf l evel, X X ( Transitional f or D avidson) w as o nly " probed". I t m ust b e r emembered t hat t he a bandonment o f a s ite ( especially i n m arginally a gricultural z ones) d oes n ot i ndicate n ecessarily t he d isappearance o f t he p opulation b ut r ather a m igration t o a l ess w orked o ut l ocality. N evertheless, i n w hatever f ashion , a nd o ver t he w hole t errain, t he r eplacement o f H alaf b y U baid d id t ake p lace. W hat a bout c alibration? T he

s cenario d escribed a bove f or P eriods

" good" d ates, e xpert o pinions e vidently m any s hortcomings.

4 -8 , based on uncalibrated

a nd a rchaeological s tratigraphies h as F or i nstance, t he t erritorial d ivisions

s eem t oo s imple, t he p ottery a ttributions a s t o o rigin a re n ot a lways r eliable: t he d egree o f " Halafness" c annot b e b ased o nly o n v isual i nspection, a nd f inally t he t ime s cale i s b ased o n t oo f ew a nd s ubjectively-judged d ates. G iven t hat p ainted p ots c haracterize t he H alaf a nd t hat p ainted s herds i n a s ample a lways a ttract t he m ost a ttention i n r eports, w e h ave f ocused o n t he v arious p ainted s eries. I t s hould b e o bvious h owever t hat t he p ainted H alaf i s a lways a ccompanied b y n on-painted s eries w hich, i n t he w est a nd c entral a rea , d iffer c ompletely i n a mbiance f rom i t, a nd c an e ither f orm a s ubstrate, d ecreasing i n p roportions u pwards ( as i n A qab), o r f orm t he p redominant t ypes ( as i n A muq). T he d ifferences s eem m ore t han o ne w ould e xpect b etween " Kitchen w are" ( as W oolley r egarded t he n on-painted w ares) a nd f ine w are. W e h ad h oped t hat t he s tudy o f t he u npainted , n on-Halaf c eramics w ould c ontribute t o o ur u nderstanding o f t he H alaf o rigins, b ut t hey h ave i nstead b een m ore h elpful i n c hronological r econstructions, a s h ave a lso t he t races o f o ther c ultures. T o v isualize o ur i nterpretation ho f t he c hronological p osition o f t he H alaf, a ccording t o u ncalibrated 1 % d ates, w e p resent o ur r esults i n a t able, t ogether w ith t he s ame t entatives b y p revious A rchaeologists: t able 4 ( 1). I t i s r emarkable t hat i n 1 965-1966 t he H alafian w as c onsidered a s o ccupying a s pan o f t ime b etween . 000 a nd 4 .100/4.400 B C, a nd t hat t o d ay , w ith t he p roliferation o f 4C d ates a nd m ore e xcavations, a rchaeologists t hink t hat i t b egan e arlier. I n 1 975 , M ellaart p roposed c autiously t he c ontemporaneity o f t he e arly H alaf, t he

H assunan

( 1)

With we

the put

added

a nd

t he

S amarran.

interpretation

of

the

the

of

Porada

a column

opinions f or

our

Maison

W hen

de

1965,

interpretation

w e

l ' Orient Mellaart

based

on

o ffered

based 1 966,

on

data

Perrot

c alibration

a

m odel f or t he

mostly

1 978,

( see

f rom

Redman

below).

1981,

1978.

We

T HE H ALAFIAN I N N ORTHERN S YRIA A ND T HE L EVANT

4 13

d evelopment o f t he c ivilizations i n t he M iddle E ast ( Aurenche e t a l ., 1 981), w e a rrived a t t he s ame c onclusion, b ut n ot e xactly » T ith t he s ame d ates, b ecause h e i ntroduced s ometimes s urreptitiously 1 C d atations b ased o n t he l ong h alf-life. N evertheless, t he a greement w as q uite g ood, a nd e verybody a ccepted a b eginning f or t he H alaf a t a bout 5 .500 B C a nd a n e nd a t m ore o r l ess 4 .500 V C. E verybody k new i n 1 975 t hat t he 1 y ears w ere w rong , a nd w e h ad a n i dea o f t he d ifference b etween t he 1 C d ates a nd t he c alendar b ased o n K ing l ists o r a stronomical e vents, f rom a bout 2 .000 B C. H ence t he q uestion a rose a s t o t he c onn rtion b etween t he t wo s ystems. I n o ther w ords, t he c alibration o f t he 1 C w as c rucial f or t he t ime o ccupied b y t he c ultures o f U baid, U ruk J emdet N asr a nd t he s tart o f t he E arly D ynastic i n t he E astern M esopotamia , o r A muq D -G, B yblos W olithique 1 . )cent, E r i olithique a nd t he E arly B ronze i n t he S yro-Palestinian a rea . I t i s o nly r ecently t hat t he p rogress o f t he d endrochronology g ave a p ossibility w ith e nough a ccuracy t o c ompile a d etailed t able o f c alibration ( Klein e t a t ., 1 982). W e a pplied t he p roc ss o f c alibration d escribed b y K lein e t a t. i n o rder t o c alibrate t he 1 C a vailable a nd p ossible d ates f or t he M iddle E ast, a t t he p eriod o f t he H alaf a nd l ater o n, t aking t his t ime n ecessarily i n a ccount t he s tandard d eviations, a nd u sing t he B P q uotations. A ll t hat m eans a l ot o f m anipulations, a nd w e h ope t hat w e d id n ot m ake t oo m any m istakes i n t ransfering B C d ates t o B P, a nd i n t he c alculations o f s ome m eans. O n t he o ther h and , w e t reated 4 1 d ates o nly, a nd i t i s n ecessary t o d eal w ith m ore m aterial. C learly, t his f irst a ttempt n eeds c orrection a nd p recision . N evertheless, t he r esults a re i nteresting e nough, a nd a re s hown i n T able 4 . O ur p eriods 4 a nd 5 a re i mpossible t o c alibrate ( too e arly). W e c an o nly c alkbrate t he e nd o f o ur p eriod 6 , which was f ixed i n u ncalibrated 1 C d ates a t a bout 5 .000 B C. I t i s n ow a ssumed t o g o b ack t o a bout 5 .825. T his m eans t hat w e d on 't k now t he e xact d ate f or t he b eginnings o f t he H alaf, b ut t he t ime o f t he f ull H alafian i nfluence ( our p eriod 7 ) s hould b e l ocated b etween 5 .825 a nd 5 .400 B C. T he U baid 3a nd 4 , n ot a lways e asy t o s eparate, s eem t o h ave l asted t ill t o 4 .525 B C. W e d on 't s ee a ny h iatus b etween t he H alaf a nd t he U baid o ccupations i n t he a rea , e ven i f, a t s ome s ites, a g ap c ould e xist i n t he s tratigraphy. O n t he c ontrary, t he f ew d ates a vailable f or t he U ruk a nd J emdet N asr c ultures, o nce c alibrated, g ave a n u nexpected r esult a nd s how t hat t hey l asted f rom 3 .880 a nd 3 .110 B C, t he l atter d ate b eing t he s tart o f t he E arly D ynastic ( Early B ronze i n t he L evant). S o w e h ave a h iatus i n t he s uccession o f r oughly 7 00 y ears. I t w ould b e g ood t o k now w hy, a nd t o b ridge t he g ap, i f t here i s o ne. Lorraine Institute

of

COPELAND

Archaeology, Francis

Maison

de

l ' Orient,

London HOURS Lyon

4 14

L .

C OPELAND a nd F .

H OURS

B IBLIOGRAPHY A KKERMANS P .M.G . i n p ress. T he 1 984 S oundings a t T ell D amishliyya . I n : M . H ammam e t-Turkman I : P reliminary R eport o n S easons. L eiden .

V an L oon ( ed.) t he 1 981-1984

A KKERMANS P .A. e t a / . 1 983 B ouqras r evisited: P reliminary R eport o n a p roject S yria , P roc . P rehist . S oc ., 4 9 , 3 35-373 .

i n

E astern

A URENCHE O ., C AUVIN J ., C AUVIN M .-C., C OPELAND L ., H OURS F ., S ANLAVILLE P . 1 981 C hronologie e t o rganisation d e l 'espace d ans l e P roche O rient d e 1 2.000 ä 5 .600 a vant J .C. I n : J . C auvin e t P . S anlaville ( Eds) P rO listoire d u L evant, C NRS, 5 71-602. EEDEN H ., A ZOURY I ., B ERGMAN C ., G USTAVSON-GAUBE C ., A L-RADI S . ,S U ERPMANN H .P. 1 980 A s tone V illage o n t he E uphrates: R eports f rom t he H alafian E xcavations, S ettlement a t S hams e d-Din T annira : A UB R escue 1 974, B erytus, X XVIII, 8 7-126. B ADER N .O. 1 979 T ell M agzalia , A rk ., 1 979/2 , B ASHILOV B .A., 1 980

a n E arly N eolithic S ite i n N orthern

17-133 .

B LOSHAKOV 0 .G .,

S oy .

K OUZA A .V.

T he E arliest S trata o f Y arim T epe I , S umer,

B RAIDWOOD L . 1 958 T he S tone F akhariyah . C hicago.

I raq,

3 6 , 4 3-64 .

A rtifacts. I n : C . M cEwan e t a l ., O riental I nstitute P ublications,

S oundings a t T ell L XXIX, U niv. o f

B RAIDWOOD R .

1 937

M ounds o n t he P lain o f A ntioch: a n Archaeological O riental I nstitute P ublications, 4 8 , Univ. of Chicago.

B RAIDWOOD R ., B RAIDWOOD L . 1 960 E xcavations i n t he A ssemblages: P hases U niv. o f C hicago.

P lain o f Antioch , v ol .I . T he E arlier A -J . O riental I nstitute P ublications, 6 1,

B RAIDWOOD R ., H OWE B . 1 960 P rehistoric I nvestigations i n A ncient O riental C ivilizations", U MBEL H ., 1 980

B RAIDWOOD R .

S urvey .

I raqi Kurdistan . " Studies i n 3 1, U niv. o f C hicago.

( Eds.)

T he J oint I stanbul C hicago U niversities' P rehistoric R esearch i n S outheastern A natolia , v ol .I. I stanbul U niversity, F aculty o f L etters, N °2589.

T HE H ALAFIAN I N N ORTHERN S YRIA AND T HE L EVANT

C AUVIN J ., C AUVIN M .-C. 1 972 S ondage ä T ell A ssouad S yriennes, X XII, 8 5-104.

4 15

( Djezirah),

S yrie,

A nn .

A rch .

C OLLON D .C., O TTE M ., Z AQZOUK A . 1 975 S ondages a u f lanc S ud d u t ell d e Q alaat a l-Mudiq. d 'Apam e d e S yrie: M iscellanea, f asc.11, B russels. C ONTENSON H . 1 973

1 982

A r .

F ouilles

d e

L e n iveau H alafien d e R as S hamra : R apport p reliminaire s ur l es c ampagnes 1 968-72 c l ans l e s ondage p röhistorique, S yria, 5 0, 1 33 3. L es p hases p röhistoriques P aldorient, 8 /1, 9 5-98.

d e

R as

S hamra

e t

d e

l 'Amuq ,

C OPELAND L . 1 969 N eolithic V illage S ites i n t he S outhern B eqaa , L ebanon, M élanges d e l 'Universitd S aint J oseph , 1 969, 8 5-114. 1 979 O bservations o n t he P rehistory o f t he B alikh V alley, S yria , f rom t he 7 th t o t he 4 th M illennia B .C., C OPELAND L ., H OURS F . i n p ress. L 'expansion h alafienne,

P aldorient,

u ne i nterpretation d e l a

5 ,

2 51-275.

r epartition

d es s ites. I n : J .L. H uot ( Ed.) L a M dsopotamie p rd-et p rotohistorique e t l 'exploration r dcente d u J ebel H amrin , C NRS, C olloque. D ec. 1 984. D AVIDSON T . 1 977 R egional V ariation w ithin t he H alaf C eramic T radition . P h.D. D issertation , E dinburgh U niversity L ibrary. 1 980 P ottery M anufacture a nd T rade a t t he P rehistoric S ite o f T ell A qab, S yria , J ournal o f F ield A rchaeology, 8 11, 6 5-77 . D AVIDSON T .,

M cKERRELL H .

1 976

P ottery A nalysis a nd H alaf R egion, I raq , 3 8, 1 , 4 5-56.

1 980

N eutron A ctivation A nalysis o f H alaf T ell A rpachiyah a nd T epe G awra , I raq ,

D AVIDSON T ., 1 981

T rade

i n

t he

K habour

H eadwaters

a nd U baid P ottery 4 2, 1 55-167.

f rom

W ATKINS T .

T wo S easons o f E xcavation a t T ell A qab i n E ast S yria , I raq, 4 3 , 1 -18 .

t he

J ezirah,

N orth

D IRVANA S . 1 944

C erablus c iravinda Y unus'ta b ulunan T el B elleten , 4 , 4 03-420, P lates L XVII-LXXXV.

D ONEMEZ A ., 1 949

H alaf

k eramikleri,

B RICE W .

T he D istribution o f s ome V arieties o f E arly P ottery E astern T urkey , I raq, 1 1, 4 4-58.

i n

S outh-

4 16

L .

C OPELAND a nd F .

H OURS

D UNAND M .

1 973

L 'architecture,

l es

t ombes,

l e

m ateriel

d omestique,

d es

o rigines n eolithiques ä lta v nement u rbain. F ouilles d e B yblos, 5 . Paris, Maisonneuve. E SIN U . 1 982

T epecik E xcavations, 1 974. A ctivities. A nkara , 9 5-118.

E SIN U ., 1 982

P roject

7 ,

1 974-1975

P roject

7 ,

1 974-1975

A RSEBUK G . T ülintepe E xcavations, 1 974. A ctivities. A nkara , 1 28-133.

F OREST J .D. 1 983 K hirbet D eark, K utan O rientale, 6 , 5 0 -5 1. F UKAI S ., 1 981

K eban

( 1983).

K eban

L ettre

d 'Information

A rch ologie

M ATSUTANI T .

T elul e th-Thalathat I V: T he E xcavation o f T ell I I , ( 1976), U niveristy o f T okyo.

G ARSTANG J . 1 953 P rehistoric M ersin: C larendon P ress.

Y ümük

T epe

i n

S outhern

F ifth S eason

T urkey .

O xford ,

G EBEL H .G . 1 984

D er Akeramische N eolithikum V orderasiens: S ubsistenzformen S iedlungsweisen . O rients, R eihe B ,

B eihefte z um T übinger N°5 2, W iesbaden .

A tlas

d es

u nd

V orderen

G OLDMAN H . 1 956

E xcavations a t G özlüküle , T arsus , v ol .2: T he N eolithic t hrough t he E arly B ronze Age L evels. P rinceton U niversity P ress.

G USTAVSON-GAUBE C . 1 981/1982. T ell M aled.

Archiv far O rientforschung ,

H IJARA I . 1 978 T hree n ew g raves a t A rpachiyah, 1 28. 1 980

X XVIII,

W orld A rchaeology ,

2 29-230.

1 0/2,

1 25-

T he H alaf P eriod i n N orthern M esopotamia, P h.D. D issertation , I nstitute o f A rchaeology, L ondon. P ublication i n p reparation.

H IJARA I . a nd O THERS 1 980 A rpachiyah 1 976 ,

I raq,

4 2 , 1 31 -1 54 .

H OLE F .

1 959

R eanalysis

1 83 .

o f

B asal

T abbat a lHamma i n,

S yria ,

S yria ,

3 6 , 1 49-

T HE H ALAFIAN I N N ORTHERN S YRIA A ND T HE L EVANT

H OOD S . 1 951

E xcavation a t T abara a l-Akrad,

4 17

1 948-1949, Anatolian S tudies,

1 ,

1 13ff. H OURS F .,

A URENCHE O .,

C AUVIN J .,

C AUVIN M .-C.,

C OPELAND L .,

P . i n p reparation. L e P roche O rient Ancient d e 1 0 .000 ä M aison d e l 'Orient.

3 .700

S ANLAVILLE B C,

I NGHOLT H . 1 940 R apport p r liminaire s ur s ept c ampagnes d e f ouilles ä S yrie ( 1932-1938). C openhagen, L evin a nd M unksgaard. K ILLICK R . 1 958 E xcavations i n I raq, K ILLICK R ., R OAF M . 1 983 E xcavations i n I raq,

1 983-4,

1 982,

I raq,

I raq ,

X LVII,

X LV/2,

L yon,

H ama

e n

2 15-240.

2 06-207.

K IRKBRIDE D . 1 974 U mm D abaghiyah : A T rading O utpost?, I raq, X XXVI, 1 -2, 8 5-92. 1 975 U mm D abaghiyah ; a F ourth P reliminary R eport, I raq, X XXVII, 3 -10.

1,

K LEIN J ., L EQMAN J .C ., D AMON P .E ., R ALPH E .K . 1 982 C alibration o f R adiocarbon D ates ( Tables b ased o n t he c onsensus d ata o f t he W orkshop o n c alibrating t he Radiocarbon T ime S cale), R adiocarbon , 2 4, 1 03-150. K ORFMANN M . 1 982 T ilkitepe.

I stanbuler M itteilungen,

2 6.

T übingen.

L EBLANC S .A., W ATSON P .J. 1 973 A C omparative S tatistical A nalysis o f P ainted P ottery f rom S even Halaf S ites, P a Uorient, 1 /1, 1 17-133. L LOYD S . 1 938 S ome A ncient S ites i n t he S injar D istrict, L LOYD S .,

I raq,

V ,

1 23-142.

S AFAR F .

1 945

E xcavations b y t he I raq G overnment D irectorate o f A ntiquities i n 1 943 a nd 1 944: T ell H assuna , J ournal o f N ear E astern S tudies, 4 , 2 55-289.

L OON M . 1 967

V AN T he T abqa R eservoir S urvey. P ublication o f t he D epartment o f A ntiquities, D amascus. H ammam e t-Turkman o n t he B alikh: F irst R esults o f t he U niversity o f A msterdam 's 1 984 E xcavation, A kkadica, 4 4, 2 1-40.

1 985

4 18

L .

C OPELAND a nd F .

H OURS

L OON M . V AN ( Ed .) 1 980 K orucutepe v ol .III, N orth H olland . M ALLOWAN M . 1 936 T he E xcavations a t T all C hagar B azar a nd a n A rchaeological S urvey o f t he H abur R egion, 1 934-35, I raq , I II, 1 -86 . 1 937 T he E xcavations a t T all C hagar B azar a nd a n A rchaeological S urvey o f t he H abur R egion . S econd C ampaign , 1 936 , I raq , I V , 9 1-177. 1 946 E xcavations i n t he B alih V alley , I raq , V III, 1 11-156. M ALLOWAN M ., R OSE J .C. 1 935 E xcavations a t T all A rpachiyah ,

1 933,

I raq ,

I I/1,

1 -178 .

M ARFOE L ., C OPELAND L ., P ARR P . 1 981 A rjoune 1 978: P reliminary I nvestigation o f aP rehistoric S ite i n t he H or ns B asin , S yria , L evant, X III, 1 -27. M ATTHERS J . a nd O thers 1 978 T ell R ifa 'at, 1 977: P reliminary S urvey , I raq, X L/2, 1 19-162.

R eport o f a n A rchaeological

M ATTHERS J . ( Ed.) a nd O thers 1 981 T he R iver Q oueik , N orthern S yria a nd i ts C atchment. B ritish A rchaeological R eports, I ntern . S er ., N °98. M ELLAART J . 1 966 T he C halcolithic a nd E arly B ronze Age i n t he N ear E ast a nd A natolia . K hayats, B eirut. 1 970 C ambridge A ncient H istory , I , 1 , 2 48-326. 1 975 T he N eolithic o f t he N ear E ast. T hames a nd H udson , L ondon . M ELLINCK M . 1 964 A rchaeology i n A sia M inor : T urlu n ear J ournal o f A rchaeology 6 8, 1 56 . 1 985 A rchaeological R esearch i n A sia M inor, A rchaeology , 8 9, 5 48-558.

G aziantep, A merican A merican J ournal o f

M ERPERT N ., M UNCHAEV R . 1 976 E vidence a bout A ncient F arming S ettlements i n N orth M esopotamia o btained b y t he S oviet E xpedition . C ommunication t o t he I Xe C ongress , U .I .S .P .P ., N ice, 5 8-67. M ERPERT N ., M UNCHAEV R ., B ADER N . 1 977 T he I nvestigations o f t he S oviet E xpedition i n I raq , i n S umer , 2 3, 6 5-104. 1 981 I nvestigations o f t he S oviet E xpedition i n N orth I raq i n S umer , 3 7, 1 -2, 2 7-54. M ESNIL D U B UISSON H . d u 1 948 B aghouz: T ell A rcharque e t Ncropole . O rientis A ntiquii, 3 , L eiden .

D ocuments

e t

1 974, 1 976,

M onumenta

T HE H ALAFIAN I N N ORTHERN S YRIA A ND T HE L EVANT

4 /9

M ISRIR A . 1 985 N evalla Q ori. I n : R ecent A rchaeological R esearch i n T urkey , A natolian S tudies, X XXV , 2 28. O ATES J . 1 960 U r , E ridu : t he p rehistory , I raq , X XII, 3 2-50. 1 969 C hoga M ami 1 967-68: P reliminary R eport, I raq , X XXI, 1 15-152. 1 973 T he b ackground a nd d evelopment o f e arly f arming c ommunities i n M esopotamia a nd t he Z agros, P roceedings o f t he P rehistoric S ociety , 3 9 , 1 47 -1 81. 1 983

U baid M esopotamia R econsidered . I n : C uyler Y oung T .C.Jr , S mith P .E .L. a nd M ortensen P . ( Eds.): T he H illy F lanks a nd B eyond ( R .J. B raidwood F estschrift), 2 51-282.

O PPENHEIM M . V on, S CHMIDT H . 1 943 T el/ H a/gf , v ol .I: G ruyter .

D ie

P rähistorische

F unde.

B erlin ,

D e

P ARR P . 1 983 T he E xcavations a t T ell N ebi M end ( Qadesh o n t he O rontes). L ecture r ead t o t he A nnual G eneral M eeting o f t he B ritish I nstitute i n A mman f or A rchaeology a nd H istory , N ovember 1 983. L ondon. P ERROT J .

( see M ELLINK ,

1 964)

P ERROT J . 1 978 S yrie-Palestine 1 ( Archaeologia M undi), N agel. P ORADA E . 1 965 T he r elative c hronology o f M esopotamia . C hronology i n O ld W orld A rchaeology , C hicago. P OSTGATE N ., W ATSON P .J. 1 979 E xcavations i n I raq ,

1 977-1978,

I raq, X LI,

I n

R .W .

E hrich ,

1 41-181.

R EDMAN C .L . 1 978 T he R ise o f C ivilization . R IIS P .J., T HRANE H . 1 974 S ukas I II: T he N eolithic P eriods. P ublication o f t he C arlsberg E xpedition t o P hoenicia , 3 . C openhagen , M unksgaard . R OODENBERG J .J. 1 979-1980a . P remiers r ösultats d es r echerches a rchöologiques a H ayaz H öyük, A natolica , V II, 3 -20. 1 979-1980b . S ondages d es n iveaux n öolithiques d e T ell e s-Sinn , S yrie, A natolica , V II, 2 1-34. R OODENBERG J .J., W ILKINSON T .J., B AYRI-BAYKAN S .

4 20

1 984

L .

S urveys

a nd

Anatolica,

X I,

s oundings

a t

K umartepe:

C OPELAND a nd F .

a n

i nterim

H OURS

r eport,

1 -16.

S ANLAVILLE P . ( Ed.) 1 985 H olocene S ettlement i n N orth S yria: R eport o n T wo A rchaeological S urveys i n t he E uphrates a nd S ajour V alley i n 1 977 a nd 1 979. B ritish A rchaeological R eports, I ntern. S er ., N °238. S ETON-WILLIAMS V . 1 954 C ilician S urvey, T AYLOR J .

d u P lat,

1 951, A natolian S tudies,

S ETON-WILLIAMS V .,

4 , 1 21-174 .

W AECHTER J .

1 950-51 T he E xcavations a t S akce G özt i i n 1 949,

I raq,

I I,

5 3-138.

T OBLER A . 1 950

E xcavations a t T epe G awra I I: L evels I X-XX. U niv. o f P ennsylvania P ress, P hiladelphia .

M useum M onographs,

V OIGT M . 1 985 V illage o n t he E uphrates: E xcavations a t N eolithic G ritille i n T urkey, Expedition , 2 711, 1 0-24. V OIGT M ., E LLIS R .S. 1 981 E xcavations a t G ritille,

T urkey,

P a Uorient,

7 12,

8 7-100.

W ATKINS T . I n p ress. K harabet S hatani... I n : J .L. H uot ( Ed.), L a U sopotamie p r& . e t p rotohistorique e t l 'exploration r cente d u J ebel H amrin . C NRS S ymposium, P aris, 1 984. W ATSON P .J. 1 965 T he C hronology o f N orth S yria a nd N orth M esopotamia f rom 1 0.000 B .C. t o 2 .000 B .C. I n : E hrich R .W . ( ed.), C hronology i n O ld 1 980

W orld A rchaeology , 6 1-100. G irikihaciyan: a H alafian s ite i n S outheastern T urkey. I n: H . Q ambel a nd R . B raidwood ( Eds), T he J oint I stanbul a nd C hicago U niversities' P rehistoric A natolia , v ol .I. F aculty

1 983

R esearch P roject i n S outheastern o f L etters, I stanbul U niversity,

N°2 589. T he H alafian C ulture: a R eview a nd S ynthesis. I n: T .C. Y oung , P . S mith a nd P . M ortensen ( Eds), T he H illy F lanks a nd B eyond . S tudies i n A ncient O riental C ivilisations, 3 6, U niversity o f C hicago,

2 31-250.

W OOLLEY L . 1 934 T he P rehistoric P ottery o f C archemish, I raq, I , 1 45-154. 1 955 T he P re-Alalakh p eriods. I n : A lalakh; A n A ccount o f t he E xcavations a t T ell A tchana i n H atay , 1 937-1949. O xford U niversity P ress,

5 -10.

4 21

T HE H ALAFIAN I N N ORTHERN S YRIA AND T HE L EVANT

D a t e a r ch e o lo g i c a t t y e x pe c t e d 6 .500 6 .oco

ct i .000 f i c c5 . 400 ?

C

5 .3oo

c 5 . 600 C 5 .600

C 5 .5oo

C 5 .6o0

5 .600

S i te & A rea

Tha lathat I Leve lS 1 3-16 I raq , 5 insj ar

3o + to Sotto 6 -4 I r aq ,5 in jar

Neo l ith ic, P re Hassunan U rnm D ab/So t to Cu lture Neo l ith ic e ar ly UD5 Hassuna I a

Neo l ith ic Y ar im I b ase Hassuna L a I raq, 5i r yar ( 1 . 1-12 .1 8 r 3 . ,A rcha ic H assuna ( .10-9) Sa wwan I 11 b ase o n Moun C N. Baghdad

-

C 5 .500

Chagar B azar Khabour 1 5 -1 3

I, 8-4 5 injar

_ Hassuna

[ on Mound B , Sarne irran]

_

a l l H a laf p hases 3 I s

Hassunan

u nexcavated

,

Archa ic 1 l assunan

H assuna/Samar ra

5 .000

Da rn ish l igya

Khabour M idd le K h . E arly H a l af 1 M ehmeh A bada I II

' Oueili 1 0 ' Ubaid 1

B rak

K hazineh

[ Middle H alaf]

E ridu T .S. X VIII-XVI ' Oueili 1 0-12 E ridu T .S.

S abz ( Sefid 6 )

X IX

" Ubaid Z ero" B

' Oueili 1 4-16

" 'Ubaid Z ero" A

' Oueili 1 8-20

C . M ami T ransitional S ongor A S amarra

T .S.

=

E ridu T emple S ounding

H .S.

=

E ridu H ut S ounding

B ayat

G awra X VI-XV A bada I A bada I I

' Ubaid 3 b

G awra X III

F arukh

4 e--=>

[ Early H alaf]

S efid 5

S efid 4 /3

4 80

J .

C hart 2

R ADIOCARBON E STIMATES

B M d eterminations b c

( Madhur)

O ATES

o ther l abs

B C

b c

B C

E ARLY U RUK

3 810

4 672

( Farukh)

T ERMINAL

4 030

4 864

( 'Oueili)

a y.

4 000

4 856

( 'Oueili)

a y.

4 018

4 859

( Bayat)

' UBAID 3 b

4 630

[ 5500]

' UBAID 3 a

4 359

5 235

' UBAID

' UBAID 4

3 620

( Abada)

3 820

4 434

( Leilan V IA )

4 520

( Late H alaf I VB, B anahilk ) [ 5375] ( Mehmeh)

4 450 4 550 4 975

5 320 ( Late H alaf I VA , 5 415 Y arim T epe I I) [ 5825] ( Khazineh)

4 679

' UBAID 2

( Arp H alaf I I/III) ' UBAID 1

4 980

[ 5825]

( C. M ami)

C MT

4 896

[ 5750]

( Sawwan)

S AMARRA

5 080

[ 5950]

a v.

*

a y.

6 070

( Sefid 3 )

C hart 2 : C alibrated a fter C lark 1 975. F or s ake o f s implicity t hese a re e stimated a verages o nly. F or a m ore a ccurate g raphic r epresentation o f t hese d ata, s ee O ates 1 984, ]

F ig.

8 9.

H alaf d esignations f ollow H ijara,

i ndicates r ough e stimate;

C MT

=

1 980.

C hoga M ami T ransitional

t his d etermination i s c ertainly t oo e arly; c f. r ecent d eterminations f or e ssentially t he s ame m aterial f rom H ammam e t-Turkman o n t he B alikh o f c . 4 200-4100 b .c.

( van L oon,

A kkermans,

i n p ress)

' UBAID CHRONOLOGY

481

t o a ccompany C hart 2

C hart 2 . D ates a re q uoted i n s tandard f orm : y ears b efore 1 950, 5 568 h alf-life; c alibration a fter C lark 1 975, w ith 2 -sigma r ange. F or a m ore d etailed l ist, s ee O ates 1 984, 2 71-72. R . =R adiocarbon.

E arly F arukh

M -2153

5 760±200 b p

( 3810 b c)

5 110-4236

' Oueili 1 "b elow 2 t t u

M C-2382 M C-2383 M C-2384 M C-2385 M C-2386

5 980±100 6 190±90 5 650±90 6 170±90 5 800±100

b p b p b p b p b p

( 4030 ( 4240 ( 3700 ( 4220 ( 3850

b c) b c) b c) b c) b c)

5 141-4587 5 3144 718-4351 5 295-4838 4 957-4461

B M-1458

5 570±55

b p ( 3620 b c)

4 625-4243

4 434 B C

S I-156 S I-204 1 -1503 S I-205 S I-203 1 -1499

6 070±100 6 060±140 5 770±120 6 060±200 5 860±320 5 700±250 6 170±200 6 050±140

b p b p b p b p b p b p b p b p

5 218-4666 5 268-4595 4 962-4412 5 187-4681 5 244-4301 5 141-4026 * 5 326-4862 5 259-4596

4 942 4 931 4 687 434 4 773 4 584 5 094 4 928

U M-1817

6 580±100 b p ( 4630 b c)

M adhur T epe S abz: B ayat P hase, A 3 t ,A 2 I t

,A l

L eilan V IA

U CLA-750 1 -1502

B anahilk " Late H alaf" ( Hijara I VB) P -1501

b c) b c) b c) b c) b c) b c) b c) b c)

W right,436

4 864 B C J -L. H uot [ 5111] B C I t 4 535 B C I t 5 067 B C t 4 709 B C

B C B C B C B C B C B C B C B C

5251

R .vii 3 55 R .x 2 90 R .viii 4 19 R .ix 3 79 R .ix 3 79 R .ix 3 79 R .ix 3 79 R .ix,379 W eiss

( 4359 b c)

[ 5450]-5020

5 235 B C

R .xv 3 73

A bada B M-1823 ( fill b etween l evels

5 770±45 b p ( 3820 b c)

4 911-4447

4 679 B C

R .xxix 2 78

T .

6 470±160 b p

S abz, M ehmeh

1 -1493

Y arim T epe I I L EL evel V I ( Hijara I VA) T .

6 309±78 b p

( 4120 ( 4110 ( 3820 ( 4110 ( 3910 ( 3750 ( 4220 ( 4100

4 672 B C

( 4520 b c)

5061

6 400±120 b p ( 4450 b c) 6 500±100 b p ( 4550 b c)

5 456-5184 5255

S abz, K hazineh U CLA-750B 6 925±200 b p ( 4975 b c)

R .x 2 90 5 320 B C 5 415 B C

H ijara

R .vii 3 55

A rpachiyah H alaf B M-1531 ( Hijara I I/III)

6 930±60

b p

( 4980 b c)

R .xxix 2 48

C hoga M ami C MT

B M-483

6 846±182 b p

( 4896 b e)

R .xix 1 51

S awwan I II m ean d ate

B M-1434-1438 7 030±28

b p

( 5080 b e)

R .xxiv 2 47

C . S efid 4 ( Surkh p hase)

U Ga-291

7 730±110 b p

( 5780 b e)

H ole,

C .

U Ga-293 U Ga-297

8 000±710 b p ( 6050 b e) 8 040±90 b p ( 6090 b e)

S efid 3 ( Sefid p hase)

2 5

4 82

J .

C hart 3

O ATES

D istinguishing C eramic F eatures o f P hases D iscussed S outh

M esopotamia

N orth

( Gawra X I: s tamped w are, d ouble r im v essels, r ed & g rey b urnish " spectacle i dols"/"hut s ymbols")

c one-shaped v essels E arly U ruk

C oba b owls, r ed b urnish " sprig w are", b lack-on-red T erminal

' Ubaid

' Ubaid 4

a ) b )

( Eridu H .S. t ype 1 ) c haff t emper b owls w ith i nterior i ncised c ombing ( Eridu H .S. t ypes 6 -7) t ) E ridu H .S. t ype 8 ( usually i nverted r im, w ide b and o f i nterior d ecoration)

a ) b ) c )

" soup p lates" ( Eridu t ype 5 , H .S. 9 ) r ing-based b eakers ( Eridu t ype 8 , H .S. s imple c ups ( Eridu t ype 1 , H .S. 2 ,3)

1 4)

i ncised ' Ubaid i n H amrin ' Ubaid 3 a /b t o ( ?early) 4 ' Ubaid 3 a

a ) v ery d istinctive " infflling" m otifs ( e.g. E ridu F ig. 8 2:1-3) b )

' Ubaid 3 b

a )

h emispherical b owls

f ine, p ainted C . M ami b ) s mall c )

b ell-shaped b owls, o ften w ith s ingle b and n ear b ase ( Eridu t ype 2 9; ' Oueili, F ig.4:3-10, G awra X VIII-XVI) p ainted t riangles o n f lat r ims ( Eridu, ' Oueili,

C . M ami F ig. 5 :6-9) b owls w ith w ide p ainted i nterior h orizontals ( 'Oueili, C . M ami F ig. 4 :18,19)

d )

b owls w ith i nterior s wag d ecoration, o ften o verlapping ( 'Oueili, E ridu X III-X , C . M ami F ig. 5 :12, A bada F ig. 1 57) e ) i ncised b ase i nteriors ( central M esopotamia o nly) ( e.g. C .Mami F ig. 5 :6, F ig. 8 ; A bada F ig. 2 16) N .B. n ote i dentical i mported b lack-on-red s herds f rom R as a l ' Amiya, C . M ami ( Fig. 6 :2-4), A bada ( Fig. 1 59). ? ?? I ranian s ource ' Ubaid 2

a )

" classic H ajji M uhammad" b owl, f lared w ith c arination, c rossh atched d ecoration: a lso c haracteristic o f ' Ubaid 3 a! b ) t all v essel w ith l ow c arination a nd s olid d iamond p attern c )

' Ubaid 1

( e.g. H ajji M ohd., E ridu F ig 9 5:1.4, g enerally c arinated b owl p rofiles

d )

r eserve p atterns;

a )

" classic

t ype 2 5,

a nd p .

1 77)

c haracteristic a lso o f 3 a

' Ubaid 1 b owls"

( e.g.

' Oueili P l. V II; P l. X :2) b ) t all b eakers ( Eridu t ype 3 2);

E ridu F ig.

9 4:4,

9 7:17;

n ote s imilar t ypes i n

' Ubaid 2 a t A bada, F ig. 1 00) c ) g enerally r ound r ather t han c arinated b owl p rofiles ' Ubaid " Zero" B

l imited d ecorative r epertoire, g enerally p lain b ands o r v ery s imple p atterns; a s y et i ll-defined

' Ubaid " Zero" A

a ) b )

' Ubaid c omponent o f C hoga M ami " Transitional" c igar-shaped m ud-bricks ( also ' Ubaid 1 a t ' Oueili a nd l evel 1 5 a t E ridu)

r eferences a re t o S afar, M ustafa a nd L loyd 1 981 ( Eridu), J asim 1 986 ( Abada), C alvet 1 983 ( 'Oueili), L ebeau 1 983 ( 'Oueili L . ' Ubaid), O ates 1 984 ( Choga M ami) 1-T her e i so ne e xamp le p ub l i shed f rom E r idu l e ve l X( F ig . 8 6

1 7 ) .

2 -No te t ha t a t E r idu t h i s t ype b eg in s i n ' Uba id 2a nd r eache s i t s m ax imum f r equency i nl e ve lX , t hough i nt he l a t ter l e ve l t her e a r e o n ly t wo e xamp le s w i th t he c i r cu la r b and a t t he b a s e ( Er idu p p . 1 55 -56 ) . T h i s i s av ery c ommon t ype a t C hoga Mam i , i n t he ' Uba id w e l l d epo s i t , a t ' Oue i l ia nd a tG aw r a ( l eve l s X IX -XV I I ) .

Chronologies in Aurenche O ., Evin BAR International

the Near J . and Hours Series, 000,

East, eds. 1987

F .

T H E C H R O N O L O G Y O FT H E C H A L C O L I T H I C I NM E S O P O T A M IA

( 6 2 0 0 3 4 0 0 B . C . ) Peter Paul

ABSTRACT: p eriod

The

in

common

which

t erm

"Chalcolithic"

copper

tools

implements-

were

already

of

copper

- as

occasionally

and

specialization

i rrigation

and

Mesopotamia

i t

and

other

Le

en

t erme

- ä

cuivre,

dans

l ' agriculture En

c eramique

peinte,

s equence

on

en

s e

f ormation.

s tandard

at

un

d ' une

we

end

of

large

designe

une de

Orient, de

la

s ceaux

a t

des la

s tade

d ' autres

confronte

Chronologiquement, tardif/Uruk,

ä une on

outils

de

ou

development

laquelle

avec

outils

distinguer nombreuses

un

par

des

canaux

aux

A l a

premiers Obeid,

un

on au

alors e t

f in

a

armes

arrive

conduit

l ' apparition

premier

phases

e t

c ela

t echniques. a t

are

s tate

a Pre-' Obeid-,

croissante

urbanisee

we

initial

p endant comme

In

s eals

phases.

- des

coincide

canal

s tage.

s eparate

ä l 'irrigation

societe

peut

avec

periode

ornaments,

made

pottery,

and

between

specialisation

charrue,

c a

this

many

pierre

j ewelry)

agriculture,

c ities

with

s tone

differentiation

painted

of

t ime

of

t echnological

of

differentiate

d ' outils

( e. g.

p lough

the

majority

increasing

this

At

s eulement

ä l ' usage

Obeid

in

appearance

can

Mesopotamia,

t rouve

to

' Obeid-/Uruk-period

Proche

d es

l ed East

archaeological the

objects

The

the

society

majorite

plus

l e

display

Near

with

urbanized

a Late

non

Dans

pastoralisme.

only

Neolithic.

the

an

-beside

the

" chalcolithique"

cöte

e t

neolithique.

in

about

not

t echniques.

an

says

weapons

communities

Chronologically and

in

coincides

and

with

S tandard' ObeidRESUME:

human

mostly

here

f ormations.

use,

pastoralism

tools

c onfronted

utilise

of

in

and

VgRTESALJI

d e de

au la la

e tats Obeid

differentes.

O ne o f t he g reatest p rehistorians, V . G ordon C hilde w rote i n s everal p apers w e s hould b etter u se o nly n umbers a s p eriod d esignations. T his w ould b e, o f c ourse, t he m ost o bjective w ay t o n ame a n a rchaeological t ime s equence. B ut w here t o b egin? A nd d o w e h ave a ll t he r elevant i nformation y et? U nfortunately , w e d o n ot. S o w e h ave t o u se o ther d esignations. W e c an e ither t ake g eographical n ames f rom t he p resent t ime a s d esignation l abels f or p rehistoric p eriods o r w e c an a pply o ther m ethods. I n t he f irst c ase t he m ost i maginative t echnique ( river n ames f or e xample) w as i ntroduced i n t he D eh L uran P lain o f G reater M esopotamia ( Hole, F lannery a nd N eely , 1 969). I n S outhern M esopotamia t he n ame o f T ell e l-'0beid w as u sed a s a l abel f or t he s o-called ' Obeid p ottery d evelopment, i mplying a n e xplanation f or i ts ( superficial) g enetic r elationships a nd u nproved c ontinuity . F or a n e xamination o f c ontinuity p roblems w e n eed a d ata-bank w ith a ll t he a vailable i nformation a nd v ery s ophisticated s tatistics, s eriations e tc.. U ntil w e h ave t his i t i s n ot f easible t o g ive

4 84

P .P .

V £RTESALJI

s tatements a bout c ontinuity i n a n a ffirmative s ense. R ather w e c an o nly s tate n o s igns f or d iscontinuity , a t t he p resent s tate o f r esearch . B ut i n t he m ost q uoted a pproach t o c ontinuity p roblems ( Oates, 1 960) t here i s n o m ention o f t he f act t hat T ell e l-'Obeid w as n ever r eally e xcavated . I t h as y ielded a l ot o f s urface f inds f rom t he o ldest p hases o f t he s o-called ' Obeid p ottery d evelopment a nd , - f rom s ome s oundings, a f ew e xcavated f inds f rom t he o ther e nd b ut n othing f rom t he c rucial m iddle p art o f t he s equence k nown a s ' Obeid . C an w e n ame a p rehistoric p eriod o f m ore t han t wo t housand y ears a fter a s mall h amlet w ith a c onsiderable g ap o f s ettlement? I d o n ot s uppose w e c an. C onsidering t he s econd w ay o f n aming - a nd t his i s r eally o ur o ldest a nd m ost t ested a rchaeological t radition , t he s implest m ethod i s t o t ake t he m aterial n ame o f t he p rincipal c utting t ools a nd w eapons o f t he p eriod i n q uestion , i n G reek o r L atin i f p ossible, a nd t o a dd a n e nding w ith t he m eaning o f " time d imension". F or n early t hree t housand y ears C hinese , G reek a nd R oman a uthors h ave u sed s uch a n omenclature. S ince 1 812, w hen C h . T hompsen r eintroduced t his i nto t he a rchaeological l iterature, m any r esearchers f ound t hat t his w as t he m ost f lexible w ay o f n aming a c hronological f ramework . A rchaeologists w orked w ith i t w ithout h aving p roblems w ith h istorical i nterpretations: i n A merica R .J. B raidwood a nd h is c olleagues, i n G ermany A . M oortgat a nd h is c olleagues, f or e xample. A lso i n F rench i t c an b e u sed - a s w ell a s i n A rabic: " al-'mar a l-hajari a l-ma 'dani" s eems t o b e ag ood t ranslation ( u r; a _ A A J I u ire o . . . 1 1 C halcolithic i s a v ery s ui€able n ame f or a n a rchaeologicalc hronological f ramework , e ven i f t here a re f ew c opper t ools. O f c our s e, o bjections t o t his a lso e xist. C halcolithic s eems t o b e s uitable o nl y f or S outheastern E urope a nd t he N ear o r M iddle E ast. W e w ork t here! C halcolithic s eems t o b e a s ub-period o f N eolithic b ecause t here a re a pparently n o e conomic c haracteristics w hich w ould h elp t o d ifferentiate i t f rom t he f oregoing o ne ( better c alled E neolithic). B ut t here a re! I n A . S herratt 's w ords: " The ' secondary p roducts r evolution ' t hus s eparate s t wo s tages i n t he d evelopment o f O ld W orld a griculture: a n i nitial s tage o f h oe c ultivation , w hose t echnology a nd t ransportation s ystems w ere b ased u pon h uman m usclep ower, a nd i n w hich a nimals w ere k ept p urely f or m eat; a n d a s econd s tage i n w hich b oth p lough a griculture a nd p astoralism c an b e r ecognised , w ith a t echnology u sing a nimal s ources o f e nergy ." ( Sherratt, 1 981 : 2 63). C halcolithic i n t his s ense t akes t oo m uch f rom N eolithi c . S orry , b ut t his s eems t o b e t he N ear E astern c ase a nd a nyway y ou h ave a lso y our v ast P re-Pottery N eolithic! F or t he s eparation o f C halcolithic f rom N eolithic w e c an t hus s ummarize t he f ollowing p ecularities: a ( more o r l ess) p ainted p ottery , s ome h ints a t c opper m etallurgy , i .e. a t t ools m ade o f c opper ( for e xample i n t he b ottom l evel o f T ell e s-Sawwan ), t he i ncreasing u se o f s tamp a nd ( later ) c ylinder s eals, t he i ntroduction o f t he s o-called t ournette a nd ( later ) p otter 's w heel, t he u se o f s ome a ncestors o f p lough a nd f inally t he p lough i tself ( Vörtesalji, 1 983), a nd last b ut n ot l eastt he u se o f i ncreasingly s ophisticated i rrigation t echniques b y c anals f or w atering l arger a reas, n oted b y O ates d uring h er e xcavations a t C hoga M ami ( Oates, 1 968, 1 969). F urthermore , i n t he M esopotamian c ase w e a re f inally c onfronted w ith a n u rbanized s ociety o f l arge c ities

T HE C HALCOLITHIC I N M ESOPOTAMIA

( Adams, B ut

1 981). h ow t o s ubdivide t he l ong C halcolithic p eriod?

4 85

I n M esopotamia

t he p ainted p ottery p eriod b egins w ith t he H alaf a nd H assuna w ares. A ccording t o n ew e xcavation r esults f rom T ell A rpachiya ( Hijara , p ersonal c ommunication ) a nd o ther s ites ( Watkins, i n t his v olume) t he H alaf ' culture' b egins a t a v ery e arly t ime: as w as a ssumed l ong a go o n a ccount o f s ome H alaf v essel f orms i mitated i n t he d ark-faced b urnished, s o-called ' Altmonochrom ' w are f ound a t T ell H alaf, ' Amuq A a nd U mm D abaghiya . T his w are w as a lso e xcavated i n t he b ottom l evels o f T ell H assuna a nd T ell e s-Sawwan a nd i t t herefore p redates H assuna . O n t he o ther h and t he l abel ' Early H alaf ' w as f irst i ntroduced a nd e xtensively u sed f or t he t ime p eriod w hen i t ( reciprocally) o verlapped w ith a nd w as c ontemporary w ith ( Classic) S amarra a t A rpachiya 7 -10 a nd S haghir B azar 1 5. T herefore, I w ould r ather u se t he l abel ' Earliest H alaf ' f or t he t ime p eriod o f H alaf p rior t o ' Classical' S amarra . T his ' Earliest H alaf ' s eems t o b elong t o t he o ldest ( e.g . s lightly o lder t han 6 500 B .C.) p ainted p ottery t raditions i n t he e astern a nd n orthern p art o f t he F ertile C rescent l ike J armo, T epe G uran , M ushki, J arri a nd M ohammed J affar. B ut t hese a re b etter a scribed t o t he N eolithic b ecause o f t he s ite a nd t ype c haracteristics d escribed i n t he f oregoing d efinition . ( See a lso V oigt 's c ontribution t o t his v olume f or t he c orrect c ategorization o f M ushki, J arri a nd M ohammed J affar.) M iddle H alaf b egins w ith t he d isappearance o f S amarra i n N orthern M esopotamia d uring o ur p hase I C 2 w hich c orresponds w ith C hogha M ish E arly S usiana . A s a m atter o f f act, t he H alaf e xpansion t o t he e astern p art o f N orthern M esopotamia s eems t o h ave c aused t he e nd o f S amarra ( V& tesalji, 1 981). L ate H alaf i s c ontemporary w ith ' St a ndard ' O beid a nd K hazineh a n d M ehmeh d uring o ur p hases I I B a nd I I C . T he L ate ' Obeid p eriod i s c alled h ere I II A a nd h as t hree p hases w hich c ould b e e quated w ith t he B ayat, t he F arukh a nd t he S usa A p hases o f t he S usiana P lain. T he U ruk p eriod c an a lso b e s ubdivided i nto t hree p arts a ccording t o S ürenhagen 's n ew r e-examination o f t he m aterial f rom t he d eep s ounding i n U ruk-Eanna w here E arly U ruk b egins a s e arly a s l evel X VI a nd M iddle U ruk w ith t he m ass-produced b evelled r im b owls i n X II ( Sürenhagen, 1 986). T here a re s peculations a bout t he ' gradual e nd ' o f L ate ' Obeid i n L evel X IV ( von H aller , 1 932 : 3 7) b ut I d o n ot b elieve t hat a ll p its a nd t he s econdary u se o f o lder d ebris a s m aterial f or m ud b ricks c ould b e r ecognized i n a s mall t rench f or a d eep s ounding , d espite u tmost c arefulness. H ence t here c ould b e a l ot o f ' out-ofp lace ' s herds i n t he m aterial f rom t he l evels X VI t o X IV. T he a bsolute c hronology o f t he p eriods c oncerned i s a lso n ot w ithout p roblems. T he l ast c ollection o f r adiocarbon d eterminations w as p ublished b y O ates ( Oates, 1 983 : 2 71.272). T his l ist a lso c ontains a l ot o f u npublished d ates, t hus w e p refer i t t o o ur o wn c ollection f rom t he p eriodical R adiocarbon. W e s hould c ontinue i t u ntil w e h ave a t l east o ne t housand d eterminations f or o ur p eriods. ( This i s, o f c ourse, n ot a p racticable p roposal b ecause i t w ould c ause g reat f inancial p roblems). W ith o nly a bout s ixty d ates w e c annot r each a h igh d egree o f p recision. N evertheless w e s hould u se t hem, a t l east f or a p ragmatical, n on-precise s earch f or p eriod l imits. T hese s eem t o b e t he m ost i nteresting c urre n t a rchaeological p roblems. T here a re m any m ethods f or t he e valuation o f r adiocarbon d ata a nd d ifferent m ethods f or t heir c alibration ( for e xample C lark, 1 975 - which s eems

4 86

P .P .

V £RTESALJI

t o b e o ut-dated i n c omparison t o t he a rticle o f K lein , L erman , D amon a nd R alph , 1 982). F or t he c alibration o f o ur " period-limits" w e u se t he I rish C alibration C urve d irectly . O f c ours e , i t w ould b e b etter i f w e h ad a c alibration c urve f rom t he N ear E ast - b ut w e h ave n ot. T he b est c hances f or g athering t he m aterial f or s uch a c ur y e w ere l ost o ver t he l ast n inety y ears. I t i s n ot v ery p robable t hat w e s hall b e a ble a gain t o a cquire s o m uch c oherent m aterial, a s i n C alifornia , i n I reland a nd i n S outhwestern G ermany . T he e valuation o f t he a bove-mentioned r adiometric d ata w as c arried o ut a s f ollows: a ll m easurements o f ap articular p eriod - a s d efined b efore: C halcolithic I ( Pre-'Obeid ), I I ( St a ndard-'Obeid ), I II A a nd B ( Late ' Obeid a nd U ruk ) - w ere c ollected s eparately . S ome w ere i mmediately d iscarded i f t hey s cattered o ut o f t he l imits o f s tandard d eviation o f t heir i mmediate n eighbours. ( At t he p resent s tate o f r esearch w e m ust d eal c arefully w ith i solated o utliers - b etter t o e xclude t hem. T his"laundered" d ata s et w as e valuated a ccording t o t he G auss t heory o f p robability b y c omputer ( Jaguttis-Emden , D ombek a nd K unst, 1 982). T hen t he d ouble s pan o f s tandard d eviation w as c ut o ff i n m ost c ases. T he r emaining " limits" w ere c alibrated a nd t he r esults w ere r ounded o ff . T hese " period-limits" w ere c ontrasted w ith e ach o ther . I n m ost c ases w e f ound a n o verlap. ( The o nly e xception w as t he c ase o f L ate ' Obeid a nd U ruk w here w e h ave a g ap o f m ore t han 3 00 y ears i n t he p resent e vidence - f illed w ith d eterminations o f S usa A r elated a ssemblages.) I n c ase o f " simple", ( i.e n ot m edial) o verlapping t he m iddle o f t he i ntersection w as l ocated, s ometimes p roportionally a l ittle s hifted , a ccording t o t he p ower o f t he c ontents o f d ata s ets. I n c ase o f o verlap b etween t he m edial v alues i f t he m edian o f t he d ata s et o f a s upposedly s ucceeding p eriod i s b efore ( !) t he m edian o f t he d ata s et o f a s upposedly f oregoing p eriod , - t he p roportionally s hifted c entre w as s earched f or . T his w as t he c ase b etween t he l ast p hase o f t he L ate C halcolithic U ruk p eriod a nd t he P rotodynastic J amdat N asr p eriod w here a c lear o verlapping c an b e s een b etween t heir e valuated a nd c alibrated r adiometric d ata-sets, i n o ther w ords b etween c . 3 500 a nd 3 400 B .C. ( +85/80 y ears). H ere w e a re c onfronted w ith a n ew e vidence f or o verlapping - w hich w as a rchaeologically s upposed l ong b efore a nd r adiometrically c onfirmed n ow ( I i rtesalji a nd K olbus, 1 985 : 9 4-96 , F ig . H ). N ewly c onfirmed w as a lso t he a ssumption o f H . M üller Beck a nd H . O eschger o f a n o lder d ate o f t he E gyptian P rotodynastic p eriod a nd t he U ruk I V a - I II b l evels w ith 2 50 t o 8 00 ( 500) y ears w hich w as p roposed b y t hese a uthors a s l ong a go a s i n 1 967. ( Müller Beck a nd O eschger , 1 967 : 1 62.163.165). H ere a re t he r esults i n d etail: C halcolithic I , t he P re-'Obeid p eriod s eems t o h ave l asted b etween c . 6 200 a nd 5 400 B .C. ( with a p roposed d eviation r ange o f a bout 2 80/220 y ears), a lthough t he b eginning c an n ot b e s tated e xactly , o f c ourse. C halcolithic I I, t he S t a ndard-'Obeid p ottery p eriod d ates t o c . 5 400-4800 B .C. ( with a d eviation r ange o f a bout 2 20/180 y ears). C halcolithic I II A , t he L ate ' Obeid p ottery p eriod c overs t he t ime-span b etween c . 4 800 a nd 4 100 B .C. ( with a d eviation r ange o f a bout 1 80/130 y ears. T his I II A s hould b est b e s ubdivided i nto a B ayat- ( 1), a F arukh- ( 2) a nd a S usa A r elated ( 3) s ub-phase. T he S usa A - a nd S usa A -influenced i ntermediate p eriod o verlaps b oth I II A 3 a nd I II B 1 ( e .g . E arly U ruk ) a nd g oes f rom c . 40 0 t o 3 850 B .C, ( with a d eviation r ange o f a bout 1 50/110 y ears).

T HE C HALCOLITHIC I N M ESOPOTAMIA

4 87

C halcolithic I II B , t he U ruk p eriod , c overs t he t ime-span f rom c . 4 100 t ill 3 400 B .0 ( with a d eviation r ange o f a bout 1 30/80 y ears), w hereby i t c an p erhaps b e s ubdivided i nto a n e arly p art ( III B 1) b etween c . 4 100 a nd 3 850 B .C. ( + 1 30/110 y ears), a m iddle p art ( III B 2) b etween c . 3 850 a nd 3 650 B .C . ( + 1 10/100 y ears) a nd a l ate p art ( III B 3 w hich i s p artly c ontemporaneous w ith P rotodynastic J amdat N asr ) b etween c . 3 650 a nd 3 400 ( + 1 00/80 y ears). F or t he c omputation o f t he p recision r anges o f t he p eriod a nd p hase l imits b efore 3 400 B .C. I h ave u sed a s imple f ormula e laborated o ver a l ong p eriod o f w orking w ith r adiocarbon d ata . B ecause t he d eviation r ange o f t he e xtensive E gyptian P rotodynastic s ample c an p resently b e e stimated a t 7 5 y ears a t 3 325 B .C., I h ad t o s ubtract 325 f rom a ny l ikely p eriod l imit n umeral ( within t he r ange o f o ur c alibrated r adiocarbon c hronology ). T hen I h ad t o d ivide t his b y t he f actor ' 14.1' a nd t o a dd 7 5 t o t his s um . I n t his w ay I c an e stimate t he p recision r ange o f m y d ata-set a t a bout 3 00 y ears a t t he m aximal l imit o f 6 500 B .C., w hen t he M esopotamian C halcolithic m ay b egin . T his f igure d oes c over t he q uite c onsiderable d eviation o f t he I rish C alibration C urve f rom t he C alifornian o ne a nd i rons o ut m ost o f t he " wiggles". T he p recision o f c omparative d ating w ith p ottery i n t he C halcolithic c an b e e stimated a t t he d ouble s pan o f t his r adiometrically r eliable f igure i n e ach c ase. T his m eans a l ot o f w ork f or a rchaeologists i n t he f uture, u ntil t hey a sk t he l aboratories f or m ore p recise d eterminations. I n r elative-chronological t erms, t he o ne d ozen p resently k nown s ites o f E arly C halcolithic i n S outhern M esopotamia a re ' Abada , ' Amiya , N S 1 604, W S 0 42,245,267,298, ' Oueili, T ell e l-'Obeid, U r , ' Useila a nd E ridu . F rom t hese o nly ' Abada , ' Amiya , ' Oueili, U r a nd E ridu h ave y ielded s tratified m aterial. ' Oueili c ertainly b elongs t o t he o ldest o nes b ut I w ould h esitate t o d ate i t e arlier t han E ridu . T hat e arly d ating h as a pparently a rosen f rom t he l atest E ridu s herds f rom C ouche 1 0 a nd 9 w hich w ere c ompared w ith " Obeid 1 - E ridu" i n t he w hole ( Calvet 1 986 :1 30-131). B ut t he e arlier l evels o f ' Oueili d o n ot n ecessarily b elong t o P re-Eridu t imes. T he v ast l evels o f t he E ridu s equence m ay r ather r epresent 8 00-10 0 0 y ears. I d o a gree w ith a ll t he c omparisons b etween C ouches 1 4-13 a nd S amarra , B aghouz, T ell e s-Sawwan ( Calvet 1 986 : 1 38) w ith t he e xception o f E ridu 's p osition : i n m y o pinion E ridu l evel X VII i s f irst t o b e e quated w ith t his l ate " Classic" S amarra-phase i n C entral M esopotamia a ccording t o c omparisons w ith ' Amiya V -IV ( Vörtesalji 1 984a : 1 27-128). W ith t he f ind s f rom ' Oueili 1 0 a nd 9 a nd f rom E ridu X V-XIV w e m ay b e a t t he v ery e nd o f t he S abz p hase o f D eh L uran a nd a t t he b eginning o f t he C hogha M ish M iddle S usiana s equence b ecause E ridu X VI d oes f ully c orrespond w ith t he S abz a nd t he C hogha M ish E arly S usiana p hases. B ut w e h ave t o r eturn t o t he v ery e arliest p hase o f p ainted p ottery d evelopment i n t he S outh . F or t he m oment w e h ave a bout 3 0-40 s herds f rom t his o ldest p hase o f M esopotamian C halcolithic ( IA) f rom t he s outhern s ites W S 2 98 , ' Oueili a nd E ridu . T his m aterial b ase i s n ot s ufficient f or ab etter d ifferentiation . T he o nly d ifference b etween E ridu o n t he o ne h a nd a nd W S 2 98 a nd ' Oueili o n t he o ther c an p resently b e s een i n t he f act t hat t he l atter h ave s ome C hogha M ish A rchaic S usiana " close l ine" s herds ( cf . A dams a nd N issen 1 972 : F ig . 6 6:10; 1 75 a nd C alvet 1 987 : S umer a rticle i n p rint: P l. X XIV :5; p ossibly P l. X X :4 a nd P l. X VIII:1) b ut E ridu h as n one. C an t his

4 88

P .P .

V £RTESALJ1

d ifferent d istribution b e a ttributed t o t he f act t hat E ridu w as o bviously s ituated i n a n i solated p osition o n t he w est b ank o f t he E uphrates a nd t he o thers p resumably m ore t o t he e astern s ide? O r d o w e s imply h ave t oo s mall a s ample o f p ottery s herds f rom E ridu? T here a re, o f c ourse, a lso s light d ifferences i n t he p ainting s tyle a t a ll t hree s ites. T he ( simple) v essel t ypes s eem t o b e w ell c omparable , e ven i f w e d o n ot h ave a f ooted b owl f rom e ach s ite. T he d ifferences b etween I A a nd I B c an b e s een i n t wo m ore s ites f or t he l atter ( e.g . t he s urface f inds f rom T ell e l-'Obeid a nd ' Useila ), i n m ore f ooted b owls ( cf. P late 1 :31,33) a nd i n a l ot o f n ew p ainting m otifs l ike 4 95 6. T he E n d u -'0ueili p ottery c an a t p resent o nly b e c onsidered n ative t o t he S outh , f ully f ledged a nd i n s patial ( neighbourly ) r elation o nly t o H assuna-Samarra . I n I C l, w hen a t t he n orthern m argins o f t he ' Oueili-Eridu p ottery g roups t he s o-called H ajji M ohammed p ottery o riginated f rom t he f ormer ( under c onsiderable i nfluence f rom E arly H alaf w ith w hich i t s hares a l ot o f c ommon m otifs, v essel s hapes a nd t he m anganese a s a b asic m aterial f or p ainting - i n c ontrast t o t he i ron-oxides a s ab asic p ainting m aterial o f t he H assuna-Samarra a nd ' Obeid t raditions ( Noll, 1 977 : 3 9-40) w e h ave t hree s ites w ith c losely c omparable m aterial: ' Abada , ' Amiya a nd t he u nstratified r iver-bed s ite H ajji M ohammed . I n a n e arlier w ork I h ave d esignated t he b earers o f t his n ew p ottery " YL eute" a nd I s till b elieve t hat t hey w ere s pecialised p astoralists. F or a s tructuralist a nalysis o f " supratemporal" e lements i n t he m aterial c ulture o f ( irrigation) a griculturalists ( X ) a nd s pecialised p astoralists ( Y ) s ee V örtesalji, 1 984a : 1 18). B ut I h ave n ever c onsidered t he H ajji M ohammed p ottery a s " materiel H alaf i mporte" ( misquoted b y B reniquet 1 986/1987 : 2 35, n ote 3 1). T he c orrect t ranslation o f t he a fore-said e asy s entence ( Vertesalji 1 981 : 2 77) i s a s f ollows: " some s outhern s ites ( with H ajji M ohammed p ottery) h ave a n umber o f H alaf i mports o r i mitations." T he H ajji M ohammed p ottery m anufacturing i s r ather i ndependent a nd i t d id n ot i nfluence c ontemporaneous o r l ater ' Obeid a nd s o, a nd t hat i s w hy i t c annot b e s een a s t he ( second ) p art o f t he s o-called ' Obeid s equence ( 1-4). B ecause ' Abada I II h as y ielded a lso " more c lassical" S amarran p ottery a nd b ecause t his d isappeared d uring t he M iddle H alaf e xpansion a nd c annot b e t raced l ater t han a ssemblages c omparable w ith E ridu X VII, I w ould r ather d ate t he b eginning o f ' Abada a p hase o r o ne E ridu l evel e arlier t han J asim ( 1985: F ig . 2 68) w ith h is c omparison t o E ridu l evel X VI a nd f ollowing . A lthough t he c ontemporaneity o f t he E arly H alaf- a nd t he H assunaS amarran w ares i n N orthern M esopotamia i s q uite s ure, t he e vidences a re r ather s carce ( Mallowan 1 936 : 1 3 a nd H ijara : p ersonal c ommunication ). F irst w ith t he ( ill-defined ) M iddle H alaf s equences d uring I C a nd I I A /B? a n e xpansion o f H alaf i nto E astern a nd C entral M esopotamia b ecomes v isible a nd l inks a re t hen m ore n umerous. ( Campbell T hompson a nd M allowan 1 933 : P ls. X LI-XLIV ; L loyd a nd S afar 1 945 : F ig . 5 ; M allowan a nd C ruikshank R ose 1 935 : 2 2). " Middle" H alaf i nfluences t he H ajji M ohammed w are ( in p roce s s o f d evelopment) a nd t he " Late S amarra-Eridu-Choga M ami T ransitional S amarra-'0beid" c omplexes w hich i n t urn a lso a ffect t he H ajji M ohammed p ottery. E arlyM iddle H alaf i mports r each U r ( for e xample W oolley 1 956 :P l. 4 6:39) a nd E ridu ( Safar : p ersonal c ommunication i n 1 972); M iddle-Late H alaf

T HE C HALCOLITHIC I N M ESOPOTAMIA

4 89

i mports o ccur i n R as e l-'Amiya ( unpublished s herds w ith H alafb ucranium i n I raq M useum ) a nd Q alat H ajji M ohammed ( at l east o ne p olychrome s herd ) a t t heir e nd a gain . T he " Middle H alaf e xpansion" c ould w ell h ave b een t he r eason f or t he " Late S amarra m ovement" i nto t he S usiana a nd t h e b orderlands o f S outhern M esopotamia ( cf . V örtesalji 1 981 : 2 80 a nd 1 984a : 2 04-206). A t t his e arly s tage, t he ' Oueili s trata 1 5-13 a nd t he w ell c omparable E ridu s tratum X VII d o n ot s how a ny r emarkable i nfluence f rom t his n ew k ind o f p ottery ( "Y") w hich b egan t o r eplace t he o lder o ne ( "X") o nly o ne t o t wo p hases l ater . I n IC 2 a s ignificant c hange c an b e o bserve d i n U r I a nd E ridu X VI, w hen a p ottery w ith g reenish s urface a nd p ainting i n b lack o f r ather s imple m otifs l ike w avy-lines a nd f loral d esigns ( "actual ' Obeid") m ade t heir f irst o ccurence. ( Eridu X VI i s e xtremely w ell c omparable w ith C hogha M ish E arly S usiana .) T here a re a lso a l ot o f n ew v essel t ypes a t t his s tage. ( For a r econstruction o f W oolley 's l ost s ix o ldest O beid t ypes a nd a c riticism o f O ates ' i ncorrect c orrelation o f e arliest U r a nd E ridu s ee V örtesalji 1 984a : 1 03-107). F or a n e xplanation o f t he s udden a ppearance o f t his n ew k ind o f p ottery w hich m ay a t t his s tage b e c alled ' Proto-'Obeid ' w e h ave t o w aite u ntil a l arge-scale e xcavation o f t he ' Oueili l evels 1 2-11 a nd 1 0 c an b e u ndertaken . A t t he p resent w e c an o nly s tate t hat s uch f abrics w ith ( unpainted ) g reenish s urface w ere a lready p resent i n E ridu l evel X IX . B ut w e h ave n o r eal ' Obeid p ottery s hapes i n i t. T herefore i t c an n ot v ery w ell b e a rgued t hat t his c ould b e t he p ottery o f aS outh M esopotamian p opulation s ubstratum , m ainly e ngaged i n f ishing , u ntil s ome a griculturalists ( Eridu-people?) h ave a rrived " with g rain f rom t he m ountains". S hall w e e ver t race m ythologies i n a rchaeological r emains ?W e s hould l eave o ut s uch s peculations f rom a c hronological c onsideration b ut i t i s v ery h ard t o u nderstand h ow w e c an h ave a t hird c ategory o f p ottery a lready i n C halcolithic I C 2 w ithout b ringing p ossible f unctional r eflections i nto p lay. A nyway , t his r eal ' Obeid w are b ecomes p redomin a nt i n t he n ext f ollowing p eriod w hich w e w ould c all ' St a ndard '-'Obeid t imes b ecause o f t he g ood m anufacture o f t he p ottery a nd t he e qually p racticable c omparisons o f v essel t ypes a nd p ainted m otifs i n t his p eriod . E arlier t he m otifs a re m ore u seful f or c hronological c omparisons, l ater t he s hapes. I n C entral M esopotamia , t he L ate S amarra w are d isappears c ompletely a s e arly a s IC 2/II A : i t c ould h ave b een a bsorbed b y e arliest a ctual ' Obeid . I n t he D eh L uran P lain , t he S abz p hase ( I C 2) m ight r epresent ap relude t o t he a ctual O beid " Mehmeh" w are ( II B ?/C), a lthough t he s equence w as a pparently i nterrupted b y K hazineh ( II A /B? - e .g . L ate H ajji M ohammed ). T hese l ate " Y"-traditions o f p ottery m anufacturing f rom R as e l-'Amiya , Q alat H ajji M ohammed a nd f rom t he K hazineh p hase i n t he D eh L uran a nd t he G reater S usiana P lain m ight t hen h ave c ontinued i nto S usa A - i f w e t ake i nto c onsideration t he h igh l evel o f t echnology o f t hin-walled v essels i n g eneral a nd t he m ore s pecific p reference o f s ome m otifs l ike 3 69, 4 44 b is, 5 26 a nd 5 29 a t b oth p ottery g roups. O r t hey m ight h ave b een a bsorbed b y L ate ' Obeid , w ithout h aving g reat e ffects o n i t. I n N orthern M esopotamia , t he " Middle" H alaf d omination s eems t o c ontinue a t l east u ntil I I B . D uring t his p hase L ate H alaf b egins w hich d isappears a lready i n I I C , n early s imultaneously w ith L ate

4 90

P .P .

V £RTESALJI

H ajji M ohammed. E arliest N orthern ' Obeid ( Tepe G awra X VIII) g rew o ut o f m ostly H alaf b eginnings ( Tepe G awra X IX). I n t he S outh, b ichrome p aintings o ccur o n c reamy-yellowish s lips ( For e xample C ALVET 1 986 : F ig . 1 ). T hey c ould a lso b e c alled " pseudob ichrome" b ecause t hat e ffect s eems t o h ave b een c aused s olely b y d ifferent t hickness o f p ainting m aterial l aid o n. D uring t he p hase I I A t he S tandard-'Obeid g radually r eplaces t he E ridu, i n I I C e ven t he H ajji M ohammed p ottery. I n I I C a gain s ome g reater c hanges c an b e o bserved. S tandard-'Obeid g radually t urns i nto L ate ' Obeid w hich s eem t o b e p redominant f rom t he S usiana P lain w here a ' great t rend t o p astoralism ' ( WRIGHT, p ersonal c ommunication) c an b e o bserved. T his p eriod I II A c an a lso b e s ubdivided i nto t hree p hases, t he f irst o f w hich c an b e e quated w ith t he B ayat p hase. T he m ain c hronological h all-marks o f t his w hole p eriod a re t he i ncised b owls 3 74,447 a nd 4 50 a nd t he h igh, t hin-walled " Knopffußbecher" ( 348,349,418,419,515,517). W ith t he s econd s ub-phase ( III A 2) w e a rrive a t t he " Age o f t he S nake", w hen a l ot o f p ottery w ith p lastic a pplication a nd p ainting ( for e xample 4 48,544,554,555 a nd t he S usa A -painted o ne 5 56) r emind u s o f t he f act t hat a g oddess o r h er s ymbolic a nimal, t he s nake, w as ( also) w orshipped i n t he E ridu T emples V III-VI a nd w hich c an b e e quated w ith t he f ish 's, t hat i s E nki's w ife D amgalnunna ( V6rtesalji, 1 984b : 2 9-33). T h is p eriod o f f requent s nake r epresentations o n p ottery l asted r oughly f rom 4 500 t o 4 000 B .C. T ables 2 -3). T he m ain d ifferences b etween t he N orthern a nd

( cf. t he

C hronological S outhern

L ate

' Obeid w ares s eem t o b e t hat t he f ormer i s m ore o rientated t oward H alaf-like p ainted m otifs a nd p ainting t echniques ( cf. T epe G awra X VII-XIV/XIII). T he S outhern L ate O beid w are i s o ften " vitrified", i t w as b aken a t a n e xtremely h igh t emperature. T he c reamy-yellowish a nd b rownish s lips o f t he f oregoing p eriod a re r are n ow, m ost p ieces h ave a g reenish o r d ark-greenish s urface. B ecause o f t he " vitrification b ubbles" t he s urface t exture i s o ften w ell-distinguishable. I n t he D eh L uran P lain, t he B ayat a nd t he F arukh p otteries o ccur, a nd l ater, i n t he w hole S usiana t he d istinct S usa A p ottery. F rom t he e nd o f t he p eriod ( III A 3) o n, t he l atter h as a ffected t he S outhern L ate O beid w are i n a c onsiderable w ay . M ore t han t his, i n c ase o f t he s ites T ell U qair , T ello " Est", U ruk-Eanna a nd E ridu " Hut-Sounding", w e s hould p erhaps u se t he t erm " Susa A -influenced T erminal ' Obeid P ottery". T he s ites w ith t his s eem t o b e c oncentrated a t t he e nd o f t he p eriod a nd t he v ery b eginning o f t he n ext o ne w here o ne m isses a " smooth t ransition" t o t he E arly U ruk p ottery m anufacturing . M any s ites s eem t o h ave a t l east t wo d ifferent " loci" a t t he e nd o f I II A : o ne w ith m ore p ainted p ottery i n S usa A -manner a nd o ne w ith m ore p lain p ottery w ith s cratched a nd p lastic o rnaments. A t t he p resent s tate o f k nowledge t he p hases I II A 3 a nd I II B 1 ( e.g . T erminal ' Obeid a nd E arly U ruk) m ust b e c alled a " Dark A ge", m ainly i n o rder t o s timulate f urther r esearch. T his p hases s how t he a bove-mentioned i nfluence f rom S usa A e specially i n m otifs ( cf . 5 26,528 w ith 5 29 a nd o thers o n P late 2 ), t o a l esser a mount i n s hapes b ut

a gain

w ith

a

h eavy g eneral t rend t o m ore t hin-walled v essels).

F rom t his " Dark A ge" w e h ave a 3 00-350 y ears l ong g ap i n o ur M esopotamian r adiometric d ata-set a nd a lso f or o ur c omparisons w e h ave m ostly p roblematic e xcavations. F uture i nvestigations m ay s how w hether

T HE C HALCOLITHIC I N M ESOPOTAMIA

4 91

t he a bove s uppositions w ith t he s oundings f rom T ell ' Uqair , W arka , T ello, a nd E ridu w ill t urn o ut t o b e c orrect o r n ot. S o w e c an n ot r eally u nderstand t he b eginning o f E arly U ruk w hich c ould b ecome s lightly e arlier i n t he S usiana P lain . F or f uture r esearch l et u s a llow s ome m ore s peculations: i f t he p roduction t echnics o f t he S argarab w are c an i ndeed b e t raced e arlier i n t he C entral Z agros ( WRIGHT e t a l. 1 981 : 1 82-183), w e c ould e ventually h ave a w eak h int t hat s ome p eople h ave c rossed t he Z agros o n t he G reat K horrassam R oad o r " Große V ölkerstraße", m aybe c oming f rom t he C aspian r egion . T hey p erhaps a lso u sed t he s uccessful c olonization m ethod o f ' becoming a p air ' w hich w as s eemingly d eveloped b y t he e arlier L ate ' Obeid p eople w ho s ettled o n t he e astern p eriphery o f a n o lder s ettlement l ike i n U ruk w here i n l evel 1 /6 i n K X VII s ome S tandard-'Obeid r emains i ndicate a s lightly e arlier s ettlement t han i n E anna X VIII. T he s ame i s t he c ase i n t he E ridu T emple A rea a nd i n i ts i mmediate n eighbourhood o f t he H ut S ounding a rea a nd m aybe a lso i n T ello. S o i n t his " Dark A ge" w e a re p erhaps c onfronted w ith t he r emaining e arlier s ettlers ( "Prototigriter"?), s ome u nidentified ( Susa A -) p eople c oming f rom t he S usiana P lain a nd t he d istinct E arly U ruk p eople o f S outhern M esopotamia . T he l atter s eem t o h ave f irst s ettled i n t he N ippur a rea ( ADAMS, 1 981). T hey s eem a lready t o h ave d eveloped a s tate-like f ormation b y M iddle U ruk t imes. T he c hronological h all-mark o f t his a nd t he f ollowing p eriod , t he " Glockentöpfe" ( 601) m ay r epresent t he f irst m ass-produced p ottery t ype i n S outhern M esopotamia . T hese s eem t o h ave b een u sed a s b readm oulds a s f irst i dentified b y R eisner i n t he t hirties i n E gypt a nd n ow c onfirmed b y B oese. T he e xcavation f indings o f T ell S heikh H assan i n N orthern S yria h ave r ecently i ndicated s uch a u se ( BOESE , p ersonal c ommunication ). E arly a nd M iddle U ruk p ottery c an b e c haracterized b y t he f requent u se o f f inger a nd f inger-nail i mpressions. S ome s hapes l ike t he s lender b ottles w ith p ointed b ases ( 579-582, 6 32-635 a nd 6 97 s eem t o f ollow L ate ' Obeid p rototypes l ike 3 44,422 a nd 5 16). C lay s ickles a re a lso c ommon t o b oth. B ut o ther r esemblances i n p ottery s hapes m ay b e a ccidental. T he m anufacturing m ethods s eem t o h ave b een r adically c hanged . A fter t he f irs t a ttempt a t w are c lassification i n U ruk ( von H aller , 1 932) a nd t he s econd o ne i n T ell H assuna ( Lloyd a nd S afar , 1 945) w e h ave n ow a n e ven m ore s ophisticated o ne f or t he U ruk P ottery ( Sürenhagen , 1 986; c f . h is c orrelation o f t he o lder a nd t he n ew o ne i n T ab. 1 ; 1 5). B ut t he m ost u rgent p roblem o f a b etter c lassification o f ' Obeid w ares i n M esopotamia d id n ot c hange. ( A n ew s ite w ith a l ong ' Obeid s equence l ike T ell e l-'0ueili w ould p rovide a s ufficient m aterial b ase f or t he c lassification o f w ares o f t his p eriod .) A fter s everal u nsuccessful a ttempts a t t ype s eriation o f t he m aterial f rom t he W arka a nd N ippur S urvey s ites I c an o nly s tate t hat t he s o-called E arly-Middle U ruk-related N ippur S urvey s ites a ll b elong t o t he M iddle U ruk p eriod , w hen h eavily c arinated r ims m ade t heir f irst a ppearance, s eemingly a s a c onsequence o f am ore t horough u se o f t he p otter 's w heel. T he " Knickwandschalen" w ith t heir " anti-splash r im", p rototypes f or t he w hole E arly B ronze A ge o f t he L evant a nd A natolia c ontinue ( 618) a fter t heir f irst a ppearance i n E arly U ruk t imes ( 566,567). T hey w ere a pparently p roduced i n ap ottery m ould ( Beck 1 985 : 1 9). W hereas t his c omplicated p roduction m ethod w ith i ts

4 92

P .P .

V £RTESALJI

s everal p hases f ound a w idespread u se, t he l ater b evelled r im b owls w ith t heir s imilar, b ut s implified m anufacturing p rocess r emained l imited t o s pecific U ruk-related p roduction c entres. I n L ate U ruk t imes t he t humb-impressed d ecoration d isappears a nd s everal m ethods o f r eserved s lip d ecoration c ome i nto f requent u se. H ighly s ophisticated, v ariously p olished r ed w ares o ccur a nd a lso t he m uch e laborated e gg-shell w ares l ike 6 54 w hich a lso r emind o ne o f t he A natolian E arly B ronze A ge. S cratch d ecoration w ith s ometimes c omplicated m otifs a re n ow q uite p opular . A lso t hick a pplications o f r eddish p igments ( which a re o ften p olished ) a re i n u se - b eside a v ast q uantity o f c oarse w ares. T he c hronological i mportance o f t he i nnumerable b evelled r im b owls o r b read m oulds ( "GT"-s) a re s urely o verestimated. T he s o-called " coarse f lower p ots" o r " GBT"-s b elong t o t he L ate U ruk p eriod ( Nissen, 1 970). A t t he v ery e nd o f L ate U ruk p ainted v essels l ike t he s o-called r ed-line p ottery ( 703,716,717,718) a nd t he p olychrome-painted J amdat N asr p ottery c ome i nto u se. T heir c hronological i mplications r equire f urther r esearch. T he c entre o f L ate U ruk s ettlement s eems t o h ave s hifted t o t he S outh i n c omparison w ith t he M iddle U ruk p eriod: f rom t he N ippur r egion o f a n e arly s tate d evelopment t o t he U ruk c ountryside ( Adams, 1 981). N ot a s ingle g rave f rom L ate U ruk t imes i n S outhern M esopotamia h as b een d iscovered y et - a t l east a cccording t o m y k nowledge. ( The l ast t wo f rom T ell e l-'Obeid c an b e d ated t o t he M iddle U ruk p hase.) T he L ate U ruk p eriod w ith i ts f ar-reaching c olonization ( Habuba a nd s everal o ther S yrian, A natolian a nd I ranian s ites, n ow p erhaps a lso e vidence o f " Tonstifte" a nd o ther U ruk-related m aterials f rom a M a 'adi f ind-spot o f L ate N aqada I I t imes a t T ell e l-Fara 'in/Buto i n t he W estern D elta o f t he N il i n E gypt - K aiser, p ersonal c ommunication) s eems t o h ave e nded i n a s udden c ollapse. T he m aterial r emains o f t he f ollowing P rotodynastic J amdat N asr p eriod a re q uite d ifferent f rom t he f oregoing C halcolithic t imes. T he m ain c hange c an b e o bserved i n t he n ow v ery d ifferent t rend t o s mall-scale d evelopment a nd d emarcation ( Vörtesalji a nd K olbus, 1 985 : 1 04). I t m ust b e e mphasized t hat n ot a s ingle l inguis t , p hilologist o r s cript-researcher w as a ware o f t he f act t hat t he U ruk m aterial c ulture o f S outhern M esopotamia a nd t he S usiana P lain ( and c onsequently t he f oundations o f P roto-Elamite) w ere a lmost i dentical. T hese ( estimated) 9 5 % o f s imilarity w as c ontinually o verlooked d uring t he b uilding o f t heory m odels. A fter t he v ery r estricted E arly D ynastic I p eriod a n ew p eriod o f i ncreasing c ontacts b egins. T his E arly D ynastic I I s hows t he f irst r eliable i nformation f or t he r econstruction o f a p rotohistoric c hronology i n M esopotamia ( EDZARD 1 967 : 5 7-61). B ut i t w as n ot u ntil t he v ery e nd o f E arly D ynastic I II, w hen t he f irst f loating s equences o f h istorical c hronology, w ith r epeated i nterruptions u p t o t he N eoassyrian P eriod, a ppear ( Nissen, a t t his c onference). A cknowledgement : I w ould l ike t o t hank M iss M . G lass ( Tübingen) a nd M rs . J . K illick ( Cambridge) f or t heir c orrections i n t his t ext .

T HE C HALCOLITHIC I N M ESOPOTAMIA

4 93

E xplanations t o t he p lates: I n t he l ower l ine o f t he f irst p late o f p ottery i llustrations s everal w ares a re m entioned w hich c ould n ot b e w ritten i n f ull i n s ome c ases. T hese a re i n C halcolithic I A ( PRE-'Obeid): t he H assuna-Samarra '-, t he S efida nd t he ( Chogha M ish) A rchaic S usiana-wares; i n I B ( PRE' Obeid): t he E arly H alaf-, t he S amarra '-, t he S urkh- a nd t he ( Chogha M ish) A rchaic S usiana-wares; i n I C l ( PRE-'Obeid): t he E arly H alaf-, t he S amarra '-, t he S urkha nd t he ( Chogha M ish) A rchaic S usianaw ares; i n I C 2 ( PROTO-'Obeid): t he M iddle H alaf-, t he H ajji M ohammed-, t he S abza nd t he ( Chogha M ish ) E arly S usiana-wares; i n I I A ( STANDARD-'Obeid ): t he M iddle H alaf-, t he H ajji M ohammed-, t he K hazineh- a nd t he ( Chogha M ish) M iddle S usianaw ares; i n I I B ( STANDARD-'Obeid ): t he L ate H alaf-, t he H ajji M ohammed-, t he K hazineha nd t he ( Chogha M ish) M iddle S usianaw ares; i n I I C ( STANDARD' Obeid): t he L ate S usiana- w ares.

H alaf-,

t he M ehmeh- a nd t he

Institut

( Chogha M ish )

für

Vor-

und

M iddle

Frühgeschichte TUBINGEN

R EFERENCES A BBOUD S . 1 979 T ell

' Abada .

S umer 3 5 .

B aghdad

:5 25-529.

A BU A L-SOOF B . 1 964 U ruk p ottery f rom t he D okan a nd S hahrazur d istricts. S umer 2 0. B aghdad : 3 7-44. 1 968 D istribution o f U ruk, J amdat N asr a nd N inevite V p ottery a s r evealed b y f ield s urvey w ork i n I raq. I raq 3 0. L ondon : 7 4-

8 6 . 1 970 1 972

1 973 1 974

1 975 1 985

M ounds i n t he R ania p lain a nd e xcavations a t T ell B asmusian ( 1956). S umer 2 6. B aghdad : 6 5-104. N otes o n t he l ate p rehistoric p ottery o f M esopotamia . S umer 2 8. B aghdad : 3 -8 . U ruk p ottery f rom E ridu, U r a nd a l-'Ubaid. S umer 2 9. B aghdad : 1 7-22. L ate p rehistoric p ottery a t N ineveh, G awra a nd t he n eighbouring s ites. S umer 3 0. B aghdad : 1 -9. L ate p rehistoric p ottery a t t he T ell A 'far-Sinjar r egion. S umer 3 1. B aghdad : 2 1-23. U ruk P ottery . O rigin & D istribution . R epublic o f I raq. M inistry o f C ulture & I nformation. S tate O rganization o f A ntiquities & H eritage. B aghdad.

A DAMS R . M cC. 1 965 L and b ehind B aghdad . A H istory o f S ettlement o n t he D iyala P lains. T he U niversity o f C hicago P ress. C hicago a nd L ondon. 1 970 T he s tudy o f a ncient M esopotamian s ettlement p atterns a nd t he p roblem o f u rban o rigins. S umer 2 5. B aghdad : 1 11-124.

4 94

1 975 1 981

P .P .

V £RTESALJI

A n e arly p rehistoric s ite i n t he W arka r egion. S umer 3 1. B aghdad : 1 1-15. H eartland o f C ities . S urveys o f A ncient S ettlement a nd L and U se o n t he C entral F loodplain o f t he E uphrates . T he U niversity o f C hicago P ress. C hicago a nd L ondon .

A DAMS R . M cC. a nd N ISSEN H .J. 1 972 T he U ruk C ountryside . T he N atural S etting o f U rban S ocieties. T he U niversity o f C hicago P ress. C hicago a nd L ondon. B ECK P . 1 985

A n E arly B ronze A ge " family" o f b owls f rom T ell A phek. A viv V ol. 1 2,1. T ell A viv : 1 7-28.

T ell

B OEHMER R .M . 1 972 D ie K eramikfunde i m B ereich d es S teingebaüdes. I n V orla i lfiger B ericht f i ber d ie v on d em D eutschen A rchäologischen I nstitut u nd d er D eutschen O rient-Gesellschaft a us M itteln d er D eutschen F orschungsgemeinschaft u nternommenen Ausgrabungen i n U ruk-Warka 1 968 u nd 1 969, 2 6/27 . B erlin : 3 1-42. 1 975 D as R ollsiegel i m p rädynastischen A egypten. I n A rchäologischer A nzeiger H eft 4 , 1 974. B erlin : 4 95-514. B RAIDWOOD R .J. 1 952 T he N ear E ast a nd t he F oundations f or C ivilization . A n E ssay i n A ppraisal o f t he G eneral E vidence. C ondon L ectures. E ugene, O regon. B RAIDWOOD R .J. a nd B RAIDWOOD L .S. 1 960 E xcavations i n t he P lain o f A ntioch I . T he E arlier A ssemblages. P hases A -J. O riental I nstitute P ublications 6 1. T he U niversity o f C hicago P ress. C hicago a nd L ondon. B RAIDWOOD R .J. 1 944

e t a l.

N ew C halcolithic m aterial o f S amarran t ype a nd i mplications. J ournal o f N ear E astern S tudies 3 . U niversity o f C hicago P ress. C hicago a nd L ondon : 4 7-72.

i ts T he

B RAIDWOOD R .J. e t a l. 1 952 M atarrah : a s outhern v ariant o f t he H assunan a ssemblage, e xcavated i n 1 948. J ournal o f N ear E astern S tudies 1 1. T he U niversity o f C hicago P ress. C hicago a nd L ondon : 1 -111. B RENIQUET C . 1 987 N ouvelle h ypothöse s ur l a d isparition d e l a c ulture d e I n C olloques i nternationaux C NRS . P rO listoire U sopotamie 1 7 - 1 8 - 1 9 P aris : 2 31-241.

c M .cembre

1 984.

E ditions

d u

H alaf . d e l a C NRS.

C ALDWELL J . 1 968

T all-i-Ghazir . I n R eallexikon d er v orderasiatischen A rchäologie B and I II.

3 49-355 .

A ssyriologie u nd B erlin u nd N ew Y ork :

T HE C HALCOLITHIC I N M ESOPOTAMIA

4 95

C ALVET Y . 1 983 L e s ondage p rofond e n Y 2 7. I n H UOT J .L. e t a l., L arsa e t ' Oueili, t ravaux d e 1 978-1981. E d. R echerche s ur l es c ivilisations. P aris : 1 5-69. 1 984 L e s ondage p rofond d e T . a l-'Uweli. A rchiv f ar O rientforschung 2 9/30. G raz, W ien u nd H orn : 1 85-187.

1 986

1 987

L e d äbut d e l a p äriode d 'Obeid e n M äsopotamie d u s ud. I n D e l 'Indus a ux B alkans ( recueil J ean D eshayes). E d. R echerche s ur l es c ivilisations. P aris : 2 49-260. L a p hase ' Oueili d e l 'äpoque d 'Obeid. I n C olloques i nternationaux C NRS . P rO listoire d e l a U sopotamie 1 7 - 1 8 1 9 ( Mcembre 1 984. E ditions d u C NRS. P aris : 1 29-151. T he n ew d eep s ounding X 3 6 a t t ell e l ' Oueili. S umer. B aghdad .

C AMPBELL T HOMPSON R . a nd H AMILTON R .W. 1 920 T he B ritish M useum e xcavations a t A bu S hahrain i n i n 1 918. A rchaeologia 7 0. L ondon.

M esopotamia

C AMPBELL T HOMPSON R . a nd M ALLOWAN M .E .L. 1 933 T he B ritish M useum e xcavations a t N ineveh, 1 931/32. A nnals o f A rchaeology a nd A nthropology. I nstitute o f A rchaeology . U niversity o f L iverpool. L iverpool : 7 1-186. C ANAL D . 1 978

L a h aute t errasse d e l 'acropole d e S use. 1 69-176.

C HILDE V .G. 1 950 T he U rban R evolution . 2 1,1. L iverpool : 3 -17. 1 951

1 953 1 957 1 978

P a Uorient 4 . Paris

I n T he T own P lanning R eview Q uarterly

S ocial E volution . C .A. W atts & C o. L ondon. N ew L ight o n t he M ost A ncient E ast. T he N orton Y ork. T he B ronze A ge. W hat H appened M iddlesex.

:

L ibrary .

N ew

I n P ast & P resent 1 2. K endal : 2 -15. i n H istory. P enguin B ooks L td, H armondsworth,

C LARK R .M. 1 975 A c alibration c urve L ondon : 2 51-266.

f or

r adiocarbon

d ates.

Antiquity 4 9.

D OLLFUS G . 1 971 L es f ouilles ä D jaffarabad d e 1 969 ä 1 971. C ahiers d e l a 1 M Ugation A rch ologique F rancaise e n I ran 1 . P aris : 1 7-86. 1 975 L es f ouilles ä D jaffarabad d e 1 972 ä 1 974. C ahiers d e l a E f Ugation A rch&ologique F rançaise e n I ran 5 . Paris : 1 1-222. 1 978 D jaffarabad, D jowi, B endebal: c ontribution ä l 'ätude d e l a S usiane a u V e m illdnaire e t a u d ebut d u I Ve m illänaire. P a Uorient 4 . Paris : 1 41-167.

4 96

P .P .

D U M ESNIL D U B UISSON H . 1 948 B aghouz , l 'ancienne C horsote.

V £RTESALJI

L eiden.

D YSON R .H . J r. 1 965 P roblems i n t he r elative c hronology o f I ran 6 000-2000 B .C. I n E HRICH R .W ., e d. : C hronologies i n O ld W orld A rchaeology. T he U niversity o f C hicago P ress. C hicago a nd L ondon : 2 15-256. 1 966

E xcavations o n t he A cropole a t S usa a nd P roblems o f S usa A , B , C . U npublished P hD D issertation, H arvard U niversity . C ambridge M ass.

E DZARD D .O. 1 965 D ie f rühdynastische Z eit. I n F ischer F rankfurt a m M ain u nd H amburg : 5 7-91.

W eltgeschichte

B d .

2 .

F OREST J .-D. 1 983a R apport p röliminaire s ur l a 3 öme c ampagne a T ell e l-'0ueili. I n H UOT J .L. e t a l., L arsa e t ' Oueili, t ravaux d e 1 978-1981. E d. R echerche s ur l es c ivilisations. P aris : 7 1-80. 1 983b L es p ratiques f undraires e n M dsopotamie d u 5 äme m illdnaire a u d ebut d u 3 äme . E tude d e c as. E d. R echerche s ur l es c ivilisations. P aris. 1 984 T . a l-'Uweli. A rchiv f ur O rientforschung 2 9/30. G raz, W ien u nd H orn : 1 83-185. G ENOUILLAC H . d e 1 934 F ouilles d e T elloh I . G IBSON M cG. 1 979 C hicago-Copenhagen B aghdad : 4 59-467.

E poques p rdsargoniques.

e xcavations a t U ch T epe,

P aris.

H amrin.

G IBSON M cG. e t a l. 1 981 U ch T epe I . T ell R azuk . T ell A hmed a l-Mughir . H amrin R eport 1 0. A kademisk F orlag . C openhagen. G OFF C .L. 1 971 L uristan b efore t he I ron A ge. H ALL H .R. 1 919 A S eason's W ork a t U r , e lsewhere. L ondon .

S umer 3 5 .

T ell A jamat.

I ran 9 : 1 31-151.

A l-'Ubaid ,

A bu

S hahrain

( Eridu)

a nd

H ALL H .R .; W OOLLEY C .L.; G ADD C .J. a nd K EITH S ir A . 1 927 U r E xcavations . V ol. 1 : A l-'Ubaid . O xford. H ALLER A . 1 932

v on

D ie K eramik d er B erlin : 3 1-47.

a rchaischen

S chichten

v on U ruk.

I n U VB 4 .

T HE C HALCOLITHIC I N M ESOPOTAMIA

H AMLIN C . 1 975 D alma T epe.

I ran 1 3

4 97

: 11-127 .

H ANSEN D .P. 1 965 T he R elative C hronology o f M esopotamia .

P art I I.

T he

P ottery

S equence a t N ippur f rom t he M iddle U ruk t o t he E nd o f t he O ld B abylonian P eriod ( 3400-1600 B .C.) I n E HRICH R .W., e d. : C hronologies i n O ld W orld A rchaeology. T he C hicago P ress. C hicago a nd L ondon : 2 01-213. H EINRICH E . 1 933 D ie S uchgrabung i n d en P lanquadraten 0 X I-XII. 1 6. B erlin. H EINRICH E . u nd F ALKENSTEIN A . 1 938 F orschungen i n d er U mgebung v on W arka . 3 8.

U niversity o f

I n U VB 5 : 1 3-

I n U VB 9 . B erlin

:3 1-

H ERZFELD E . 1 930

D ie A usgrabungen v on S amarra T öpfereien v on S amarra. B erlin.

V .

D ie

v orgeschichtlichen

H IJARA I . 1 978

T hree n ew g raves a t A rpachiyah. 1 25-128.

W orld A rchaeology 1 0.

L ondon :

H OLE F .

1 977

S tudies i n t he A rchaeological H istory o f t he D eh L uran P lain: t he E xcavation o f C hoga S efid . M emoirs o f t he M useum o f A nthropology , U niversity o f M ichigan, N o. 9 . Ann Arbor.

1 978

T he c omparative s tratigraphy o f t he e arly p rehistoric p eriods i n K huzistan. P aldorient 4 . Paris : 2 29-232. A nalysis o f s tructure a nd d esign i n p rehistoric c eramics. W orld A rchaeology V ol. 1 5, N o. 3 . L ondon : 3 26-347.

1 984a 1 984b

A r eassessment o f t he N eolithic R evolution. P aris : 4 9-60.

H OLE F .,

F LANNERY K .V .

P aldorient

1 0/2 .

a nd N EELY J .A.

1 969

P rehistory a nd Human E cology o f t he D eh L uran P lain . A n E arly V illage S equence f rom K huzistan , I ran . M emoirs o f t he M useum o f A nthropology, U niversity o f M ichigan, N o. 1 . A nn A rbor .

H OLE F . 1 967

a nd S HAW M . C omputer A nalysis o f C hronological S eriation. R ice U niversity S tudies V ol . 5 3 , N o. 3 . H ouston.

H ROUDA B . 1 972

H alaf-Kultur.

I n

R eallexikon

v orderasiatischen A rchäologie . B erlin u nd N ew Y ork : 5 5-58 .

1 973

d er

A ssyriologie

V ierter B and .

E rgebnisse e iner R uinenbesichtigung i m B aghdader M itteilungen 6 . B erlin : 7 -18.

E rste

u nd

L ieferung .

s üdöstlichen

I raq .

4 98

P .P .

H UOT J .-L. 1 971 T ell 1 980

E l

O ueili:

5 8. T ell e l ' Oueili P aris : 2 07-211.

s urface e xploration. ( Iraq):

S umer 2 7.

l es p remiers r äsultats.

V £RTESALJI

B aghdad

:4 5-

6 .

P a Uorient

H UOT J .-L. e t a l. 1 978 L arsa , r apport p räliminaire s ur l a s eptiöme c ampagne e t T ell e l'Oueili, p remiere c ampagne ( 1976). S yria 4 5. P aris : 1 832 23. H UOT J .-L. e t a l. 1 983 L arsa e t ' Oueili. T ravaux d e 1 978-1981. C ivilisations. P aris.

R echerche s ur

l es

I PPOLITONI F . 1 971 T he p ottery o f T ell e s-Sawwan - F irst s eason. M esopotamia 1 970-71. T orino a nd F irenze : 1 05-146.

5 -6 ,

J AGUTTIS-EMDEN M . 1 977 Z ur P räzision a rchäologischer A rchäeologica V enatoria. I nstitut U niversität T übingen. T übingen.

E d.

D atierungen. V erlag f ur U rgeschichte d er

J AGUTTIS-EMDEN M .; D OMBEK G . u nd K UNST M . 1 982 D ie A uswertung a rchäologischer u nd g eologischer 1 4C-Daten. A cta P raehistorica e t A rchaeologica 1 3/14. B erlin . J ASIM S .A . 1 985 T he U baid P eriod i n I raq . R ecent e xcavations i n t he H amrin R egion. B AR I nternational S eries 2 67 ( i & i i). O xford . J AWAD A .J. 1 974 T he E ridu 1 1-46.

m aterial a nd i ts i mplications. S umer 3 0.

B aghdad

:

J OHNSON G .A. 1 973 L ocal E xchange a nd E arly S tate D evelopment i n S outhwestern I ran . A nthropological P apers N o. 5 1. M useum o f A nthropology , U niversity o f M ichigan. A nn A rbor . 1 980 S patial o rganization o f E arly U ruk s ettlement s ystems. I n L 'Archäologie d e l 'Iraq d u d ebut d e l 'äpoque n äolithique ä 33 a vant n otre ä re. C olloques I nternationaux d u C NRS N o 5 80. P aris : 2 33-263. K ALB P h. 1 983 D ie K eramik.

I n U VB 3 1/32.

K ILLICK R . a nd R OAF M . 1 979 E xcavations a t T ell M adhur.

B erlin

S umer

:1 9-20.

3 5 . Baghdad : 5 30-542.

T HE C HALCOLITHIC I N M ESOPOTAMIA

4 99

K LEIN J .; L ERMAN J .C.; D AMON P .E . a nd R ALPH E .K . 1 982 C alibration o f r adiocarbon d ates: T ables b ased o n t he c oncensus o f t he W orkshop o n C alibrating t he R adiocarbon T ime S cale. R adiocarbon 2 4/2 : 1 03-150 . K RADER L . 1 968

F ormation o f t he S tate.

P rentice H all I nc.

E nglewood C liffs.

L EBEAU M . 1 983 L a c 6ramique d u n iveau O beid 4d e T ell e l'Oueili, r apport p r6liminaire. L es o bjets d u n iveau O beid 4 d e T ell e l'Oueili, r apport p röliminaire. I n H UOT J .L. e t a l., L arsa e t ' Oueili. T ravaux d e 1 978-1981. E d . R echerche s ur l es C ivilisations. P aris : 8 1-131 e t 1 33-140. 1 984 L a c 6ramique d es n iveaux s up6rieurs d e T . a l- Tweli. A rchiv f ur O rientforschung 2 9/30. G raz, W ien u nd H orn : 1 87-188. L E B RETON L . 1 957 T he e arly p eriods a t S usa : L ondon : 7 9-124.

M esopotamian

r elations.

I raq

1 9.

L E B RUN A . 1 971 R echerches s tratigraphiques ä l 'Acropole d e S use ( 1969-1971). C ahiers d e l a D & Ugation A rch ologique F rançaise e n I ran. N o. 1 . L ibraire o rientaliste P aul G euthner. P aris : 1 63-233. L ENZEN H .J. 1 936 D ie a rchaischen S chichten v on E anna . I n U VB 7 . Berlin : 5 -21. 1 937 D ie a rchaischen S chichten v on E anna . I n U VB 8 . B erlin : 8 -19. 1 940 D ie S chürfung b ei d er Q al'a d es H aggi M ohammed. D ie G rabungsergebnisse. I n U VB 1 1. B erlin : 2 6-28. 1 958 M osaiktempel u nd R iemchengebaude i n M d-NaXV4-XVI2. I n U VB 1 4. B erlin : 2 1-35.

1 959

1 961 1 962 1 965

D ie A usgrabungen a n d er W estecke v on E anna . K leinfunde a us d em B ezirk d es S teinstifttempels. A . K eramik. I n U VB 1 5. B erlin : 8 -21. D ie K leinfunde - B . T errakotten C . K eramik. I n U VB 1 7. B erlin 1 961 : 2 6-28. D ie h ocharchaischen S chichten v on E anna . I n U VB 1 8. B erlin 7 -15. D ie K eramik. I n U VB 2 1. B erlin : 36-42.

L EVINE L .D. a nd M cDONALD M .M.A. 1 977 T he N eolithic a nd C halcolithic p eriods i n t he M ahidasht. 1 5 :3 9-50 .

I ran

L LOYD S . 1 947 A n ote o n p rehistoric r esearch. S umer 3 . Baghdad : 2 6-29. 1 948 U ruk p ottery . A c omparative s tudy i n r elation t o r ecent f inds a t E ridu. S umer 4 . Baghdad : 3 9-52 .

5 00

P .P .

V ERTESALJI

L LOYD S . a nd S AFAR F . 1 943 T ell U qair. E xcavations b y t he I raq G overnment D irectorate o f A ntiquities i n 1 940 a nd 1 941. J ournal o f N ear E astern S tudies 2 . C hicago : 1 31-159. 1 945 T ell H assuna . E xcavations b y t he I raq G overnment D irectorate o f A ntiquities i n 1 943 a nd 1 944. J ournal o f N ear E astern S tudies 4 . Chicago : 2 55-289. 1 947 E ridu. A p reliminary c ommunication o n t he f irst s eason 's e xcavations, J anuary-March 1 947. S umer 3 . Baghdad : 8 4-111. 1 948 E ridu . A p reliminary c ommunication o n t he s econd s eason 's e xcavations 1 947-1948. S umer 4 . Baghdad : 1 15-125. M ALLOWAN M .E .L. 1 936 T he e xcavations a t T all s urvey o f t he H abur r egion, 1 937 T he e xcavations a t T all

1 965

M ERPERT N .Ya .

1 973

a nd C RUIKSHANK R OSE J .

B ,

a nd C .

Sumer

1 933 .

3 5 . Baghdad : 5 21-524.

a nd M UNCHAEV R .M .

R annezemledel'cheshkie p oseleniya s evernoy M esopotamii ( po m aterialam r askopok s ovyetskoy e kspedicii). S ovyetskaya A rcheologiya 1 971. N o. 3 . Moskva : 1 41-169. E arly a gricultural s ettlements i n t he S injar P lain. I raq 3 5 . L ondon : 9 3-113.

M ULLER-BECK H . 1 967

N ew Y ork.

P rehistoric A ssyria : T he E xcavations a t T all A rpachiyah, I raq 2 . L ondon : 1 -178.

M ATSUMOTO K . 1 979 T ell S ongor A ,

1 971

1 934-1935. I raq 3 . London : 1 -86. C hagar B azar a nd a n a rchaeological S econd C ampaign 1 936. I raq 4 .

s urvey o f t he H abur r egion. L ondon : 9 1-177. E arly M esopotamia a nd I ran . M cGraw-Hill B ook C o.

M ALLOWAN M .E.L.

1 935

C hagar B azar a nd a n a rchaeological

D ie

u nd O ESCHGER H .

C 14-Daten a us d er n eolithischen S tation v on B urgäschisee-

S M. I n B RUNNACKER K . e t a l, S eeberg B urgäschisee-Süd T eil C hronologie u nd U mwelt. A cta B ernensia I I. B ern : 1 57-168. M UNCHAEV R .M. 1 981

4 ,

a nd M ERPERT N .Ya .

R annezemledel'cheskie p oseleniya s evernoy M esopotamii. I ssledovaniya s ovyetskoy e kspedicii v I rake. M oskva .

M OORTGAT A . 1 945

D ie E ntstehung d er s umerischen H ochkultur. 4 3. L eipzig .

D er A lte O rient B d .

T HE C HALCOLITHIC I N M ESOPOTAMIA

M ORTENSEN P . 1 962 O n t he 1 964a 1 964a 1 970

1 973

c hronology

o f

5 01

e arly

v illage f arming c ommunities i n

N orthern I raq. S umer 1 8. B aghdad : 7 3-80. A dditional r emarks o n t he c hronology o f e arly v illage-farming c ommunities. S umer 2 0. B aghdad : 2 8-36. E arly v illage-farming o ccupation : e xcavations a t T epe G uran, L uristan . A cta A rchaeologica 3 4. C openhagen : 1 10-121. T ell S himshara . T he H assuna P eriod . C openhagen. A s equence o f S amarran f lint a nd o bsidian t ools f rom C hoga M ami. I raq 3 5 . L ondon : 3 7-55 .

N AGEL W . 1 954 D as S tempelsiegel i m f rühen V orderasien . U ngedruckte D issertation F reie U niversität B erlin. 1 961-4 Z um n euen B ild d es v ordynastischen K eramikums i n V orderasien. B erliner J ahrbuch z ur V or- u nd Frühgeschichte 1 -4. B erlin. 1 964 D jamdat N asr-Kulturen u nd f rühdynastische B untkeramiker . B erliner B eiträge z ur V or- u nd Fruhgeschichte B d . 8 . B erlin. 1 972 H aggi M uhammad Keramik u nd Keramikgruppen. I n R eallexikon d er A ssyriologie u nd v orderasiatischen A rchäologie , V ierter B and , E rste L ieferung . B erlin u nd N ew Y ork : 4 0-48 . N ISSEN H .J. 1 970 G rabung 1 985

i n

d en

Q uadraten

K /L

X II i n U ruk-Warka .

M itteilungen 5 . Berlin : 1 01-191. O rtsnamen i n d en a rchaischen T exten a us U ruk. S eries 5 4. R oma : 2 26-233.

B aghdader

O rientalia N ova

N OLL W .

1 977

N eolithische u nd c halkolithische b emalte K eramik d es V orderen O rients: M aterial, R ohstoffe u nd H erstellungstechnik. A cta P raehistorica e t A rchaeologica 7 /8. B erlin : 1 5-47.

N UTZEL W . 1 978

T o w hich d epths a re " prehistorical c ivilizations" t o b e f ound b eneath t he p resent a lluvial p lains o f M esopotamia? S umer 3 4. B aghdad : 1 7-26.

O ATES D . a nd O ATES J . 1 976a T he R ise o f C ivilization . O xford. 1 976b E arly i rrigation a griculture i n M esopotamia . I n D E G . S EVEKING G ., L ONGWORTH I .H. a nd W ILSON K .E ., e ds. : P roblems i n E conomic a nd S ocial A rchaeology.

L ondon

:1 09-135.

O ATES J . 1 960

U r a nd E ridu: t he p rehistory . I raq 2 2. L ondon : 3 2-50. S urvey i n t he r egion o f M andali a nd B adra . S umer 2 2. B aghdad 5 1-60.

1 968

P rehistoric i nvestigations n ear M andali, :1 -20.

1 969

C hoga-Mami 1 967-68: 1 15-152.

a p reliminary r eport.

I raq./raq 3 0. I raq

3 1.

:

L ondon

L ondon

5 02

1 972

1 973

1 983

p .

p •

V ERTESALJI

A r adiocarbon d ate f rom C hoga M ami. I raq 3 4. L ondon : 4 9-53 . T he b ackground a nd d evelopment o f e arly f arming c ommunities i n M esopotamia a nd t he Z agros. P roceedings o f P rehistoric S ociety 3 9 . L ondon : 1 47-181. U baid M esopotamia r econsidered. I n C UYLER Y OUNG T . J r .; S MITH P h.E .L. a nd M ORTENSEN P ., e ds. : T he H illy F lanks . E ssays o n t he p rehistory o f S outhwestern A sia . ( Braidwood-Festschrift). S tudies i n A ncient O riental C ivilization N o. 3 6. T he O riental I nstitute o f t he U niversity o f C hicago.

O ATES J .;

1 977

D AVIDSON T .E.;

K AMILLI D .

:2 51-281.

a nd M cKERELL H .

S eafaring m erchants o f U r? A ntiquity 5 1.

O PPENHEIM M . F reiherr v on 1 943 T el/ H alaf I . D ie p rähistorischen F unde. P ARISELLE C hr. 1 985 L e c imetiAre d iEridu s eptembre-octobre 1 985.

C hicago

C ambridge

:2 21-234.

B erlin.

:E ssai d 'interpr f tation. B ruxelles : 1 -13.

A kkadica 4 4 .

P ERKINS A .L. 1 949 T he C omparative A rchaeology o f E arly M esopotamia. T he O riental I nstitute o f t he U niversity o f C hicago. S tudies i n A ncient O riental C ivilization N o. 2 5. T he U niversity o f C hicago P ress. C hicago. P ORADA E . 1 965 T he

r elative

c hronology

o f

M esopotamia

P art I : S eals a nd

t rade ( 6000-1600 B .C.). I n E HRICH R .W ., e d. : C hronologies i n O ld W orld A rchaeology. T he U niversity o f C hicago P ress. C hicago a nd L ondon : 1 33-200. S AFAR F .; M USTAFA M .A. a nd L LOYD S . 1 981 E ridu . R epublic o f I raq. M inistry o f C ulture a nd I nformation . S tate O rganization o f A ntiquities a nd H eritage. B aghdad. S CHMIDT J . 1 972 A nu Z ikkurat. S teingebaüde. I n U VB 2 6/27 . B erlin : 9 -30. 1 974 Z wei T empel d er O bed-Zeit i n U ruk . B aghdader M itteilungen 7 . B erlin : 1 73-187. 1 978 T ell M ismar: e in p rähistorischer F undort i m S üdiraq . B aghdader M itteilungen 9 . B erlin : 1 0-17. S ERVICE E .R . 1 962

P rimitive S ocial O rganization: R andom H ouse. N ew Y ork.

A n

E volutionary

P erspective .

S HERRATT A . 1 981 P lough a nd p astoralism: a spects o f t he s econdary p roducts r evolution. I n H ODDER I ., I SAAC G . a nd H AMMOND N . ( eds.), P attern o f t he P ast . S tudies i n h onour o f D avid C larke . C ambridge U niversity P ress. C ambridge, L ondon, N ew Y ork, N ew R ochelle, M elbourne, S ydney : 2 61-305.

T HE C HALCOLITHIC I N M ESOPOTAMIA

5 03

S PEISER E .A. 1 935 E xcavations a t T epe G awra. V ol.

I .

P hiladelphia .

S TARR R .F .S. 1 937-9 Nuzi: Report on t he E xcavations a t Y organ T epe n ear K irkuk , I raq , 1 927-1931. C ambridge M ass. S TEVE M .J. a nd G ASCHE H . 1 971 L 'Acropole d e S use: n ouvelles f ouilles ( rapport p röliminaire). U moires d e / a I M Ugation A rch ologique i n I ran . V ol . X LVI . P aul G euthner. P aris. S TROMMENGER E . 1 963 A rchaische S iedlung - I . K eramik. I n U VB 1 9. B erlin : 4 5-53 . 1 964 D ie K leinfunde a us d em E -anna-Heiligtum. I n U VB 2 0. B erlin : 2 4-25. 1 980 T he c hronological d ivision o f t he a rchaic l evels o f U ruk-Eanna V I t o p ast a nd p resent. A merican J ournal o f A rchaeology 8 4/4 : 4 79-487 . S TRONACH D . 1 961 T he e xcavations a t R as a l'Amiya . S URENHAGEN D . 1 975 U ntersuchungen

1 986

z ur

I raq 2 3.

K eramikproduktion

L ondon

:9 5-127.

i nnerhalb

d er

S pat-

U rukzeitlichen S iedlung H abuba K abira-Süd i n N ordsyrien. A cta P raehistorica e t A rchaeologica 5 /6. B erlin : 4 3-164. A rchaische K eramik a us U ruk-Warka . E rster T eil: D ie K eramik d er S chichten X VI-VI a us d en S ondagen " Tiefschnitt" u nd " Sägegraben" i n E anna . B aghdader M itteilungen 1 7. B erlin : 7 -

9 5 . V 2RTESALJI P .P.

1 977

1 981

1 983

1 984a 1 984b

J arim T epe

T epe).

R eallexikon

d er

A ssyriologie

u nd

V orderen O rients . W iesbaden : 2 75-285. Z u d en A ckerbaugeräten d er a lten M esopotamier. T eil 1 : D as P roblem d er H acke m it d em s teinernen B latt. M itteilungen d er D eutschen O rient-Gesellschaft 1 15 . B erlin : 1 5-41. B abylonien z ur K upfersteinzeit. B eihefte z um T übinger A tlas d es V orderen O rients , R eihe B , N r. 3 5 . W iesbaden. Z ur c hronologischen u nd s ozial- s owie r eligionsgeschichtlichen B edeutung d es E ridu-Friedhofs. B aghdader M itteilungen 1 5. B erlin : 9 -33 .

V 2RTESALJI P .P. 1 985

( Yarim

v orderasiatischen A rchaologie . F ünfter B and . D ritte/Vierte L ieferung . B erlin u nd N ew Y ork : 2 61-266. Z ur H erkunft d er f rühesten S iedler B abyloniens. I n F REY W . a nd U ERPMANN H .-P., e ds. : B eiträge z ur U mweltgeschichte d es

a nd K OLBUS S .

R eview o f P rotodynastic D evelopment i n B abylonia . 2 0. T orino a nd F irenze : 5 3-109.

M esopotamia

5 04

P .P .

W EISS H . 1 977 P eriodization,

p opulation

a nd

e arly

s tate

V £RTESALJI

f ormation

i n

K huzistan. I n L EVINE L .D. a nd Y OUNG T .C.Jr., e ds. : M ountains a nd L owlands: E ssays i n t he A rchaeology o f G reater M esopotamia. B ibliotheca M esopotamica 7 . M alibu : 3 47-369. W HALLON R . J r . 1 969 E arly B ronze A ge d evelopment i n t he K eban R eservoir , e astc entral T urkey. C urrent A nthropology 1 0,1. T he W enner-Gren F oundation f or A nthropological R esearch. N ew Y ork : 1 28-133. W OLF E .R. 1 966 P easants .

P rentice-Hall,

I nc.

E nglewood C liffs.

W OOLLEY S ir L . 1 956 T he E arly P eriods: a R eport o n t he S ites a nd O bjects p rior i n D ate t o t he T hird D ynasty o f U r D iscovered i n t he C ourse o f E xcavations. U r E xcavations V ol. 4 . P hiladelphia . W RIGHT H .T . 1 969 T epe F arukhabad. I ran 7 : 1 72-173. 1 978 T he c omparative s tratigraphy o f f ourth m illenium K huzistan. P a Uorient 4 . P aris : 2 33-234. 1 981

T he S outhern M argins o f S umer . A rchaeological S urvey o f t he A rea o f E ridu a nd U r. I n A DAMS R .McC., H eartland o f C ities. A ppendix. T he U niversity o f C hicago P ress. C hicago : 2 95-345.

W RIGHT H .T . 1 981

e t a l.

A n E arly T own o n t he D eh L uran P lain . E xcavations a t T epe F arukhabad . M emoirs o f t he M useum o f A nthropology. U niversity o f M ichigan 1 3. A nn A rbor.

W RIGHT H .T .; M ILLER N . a nd R EDDING R . 1 980 T ime a nd p rocess i n a n U ruk r ural c enter.

I n L 'Arc Uologie d e

l 'Iraq d u d0 out d e l ' eoque n6olithique e z 3 33 a vant n otre C olloques I nternationaux d u C NRS, N o 5 80. P aris : 2 65-284. W RIGHT H .T .; N EELY J .A.; J OHNSON G .A. a nd S PETH J . 1 975 E arly f ourth m illenium d evelopments i n s outhwestern I ran. 1 3 :1 29-148.

I ran

Z IEGLER C h. 1 953

D ie K eramik v on d er Q al'a d es H aggi M ohammad. D eutschen B erlin.

F orschungsgemeinschaft

i n

A usgrabungen d er

U ruk-Warka ,

B and

5 .

I

I

I

I

I

I

I l

1

I I

6200

6000

I

j

I B

Archaic Susiana

Surkh phase

Eridu XVIII

cuaeila surface

Hajji

Eridu XVII

c--us'eila surf.

I

ws 042,267

b-a

I

I

ws 042,267,275

c-Amiya IId-a

t�78,247,

f Nippur K 3-4

I

l, A ix-Marseille, 1 985. T AYLOR C . M ., I LLING L .V. 1 969 H olocene i ntertidal c alcium c arbonate c ementation P ersian G ulf . S edimentology , v ol.12, p . 6 9-107.

Q atar,

V ARIATIONS RELATIVES D U N IVEAU M ARIN

KO WE IT tÄ F A ILAKA

5 75

0

1 3 00 km

Z

BAHREIN e

F ig . 1- C ar te d e l oca l i sa t ion .

5 76

R .

D ALONGEVILLE e t P .

S ANLAVILLE

U

o 0 0 q r b e t

r e X

a . .. ..

/

. ....

. ...

. . . . .

. .. . .

. ."" .

. ,

, o 0 0 i n

. . "

-

. . , '

.e . . ..

e .

o 0 o e . ", . . , " . . .. . .

0

. ,

. . ,

. „

. ,

. .

,

F ig . 2 -V ar iat ions r e lat ives d u n iveau n iar in ä F a i laka ( Kowe it ) , e n a nne 'e s BP .

0 0 0 e q

VARIATIONS RELATIVES DU NIVEAU MARIN

577 0 0 0

0

(?lU�U!lUOJ lU�W�U!,\U �p JS'tlld s�nb!1s1u;,n�-;ud Sl!nd

0 0

2 UO!SOJJOJ �p JIOUOJI 98 snos )i,1d �p uopio:> 0 0 0 N

�zuoig np s�ipu�:> - -- - - - - -

�;,u,pioJS!P u� , s�d �p SJO(q , ni;,wo1Suo:> •- •-

,�nb11pqoo - -- - •

-2---- - --)

0 0 0

,.,

?qJnlO!q UOZIJOH

0 0 0

•

.,,~,,,qo -----------------

t

SUIJ?W Slf?d?p S�p UO!l?pl(OSUO:) -- - -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - • ,

-

�

-- - - -

0 0 0

"' ,.,

'' ♦

0

80.

.........

'

i .........

''

I

"

�

l u

0.. u

� 8

0 0 0 ,0

� 0 0 0

"

5 78

R .

D ALONGEVILLE e t P .

S ANLAVILLE

0

0 0



o 4 )

. -

E A _ Y 0 L . 1 d i ( 4 ' 0 3 4 0 i d a . 0 o L L 4 i d4 1 . 0 L 00 E , . . z A l4 3 E. t i l 3

0 E C 0 . L L i . 4 -

0 O L L 0 , -. 3 1 L 0. > A 0 .0 , . 4 : p 1 3 .. 0 C I 0 L . 0 4 N . 0 . 4 ( . 3 6 1

i t e o 0. • 0 1 . 4 . ‘ C I X 0 0.0 G P C . C 1 40 «4 7

t 1 1 .

L . 3 0 0 > 0 4 «1

4 C L .. 4 >4 3 I 0 U 1 C

Te 0C ^!I N

O D I n C 1 L e

, 71

c -1 3 . 4 e O C 4 1 0 L 0.0 ., . . ) 2 :

« ..

0 1 ‘ • 4 I +

0 - 1 0 I L - M 1 C O .4 e I +

0 1 0 O L.. e I +

0 I L h. 0 I n N e I +

O L g I f ) 1 +

4 1 . 0 o 4 W1 0 1 0 U l I +

. - 0 ( 7 % i n C D I n 1- I 4 -

r - A e a% . r y 1- I 4 -

e " C O I M

0 Y 3 I n e

1 1 0 1 . I

0 I l . 4 0

1. CO

e

e +

0 0 C O V ) P O. 4 e I

0 L D M 1 e

. e C Y I +

0 % C I ) % 0 C ) 1 ,.C Y l e g g +

G O e C I L I M

3

g o2 : 0( A

ON A

I D C D 0 1 L O I +

4 3. 4 O L I L 0 s -4 e 1 +

1 ' ) P O O L e

0 1 C O P O I +

1 0 t 1 f ) • " , 0 141 1- I +

1 1 4 "

0 I D 0 C Y 1 0. 4 e I

0 0 r l e

0 V ) t O e

O D A U ) I N C Y N e I +

f \-0

a `

e

,-.

O L N 0 1 I +

‘ h r i V) . -•

1- I +

. 0 L O M O I L - .4 e I +

2

X

e e 1 +

• •• ,

', ,

P s 0 • • * I A C D 4 .1•10 ) C T N O C MP ID I D • • N O r t

. ( i )

n I C . I C . W ( 3r1/ 4 1 0'. , . C P• . 0L )

1 775)

I 0Z U 4 - t r i

Q i . ) 1 . 3 4 : 3 t i

4 d ) 0 0 L e z O

E 1

2 -C omparison

3590,3650

a t

0 0 0 1 1 I D 1 1 C M o n* C D « 1 1 C M M I 1 1 N C Y C Y N A l M D

46 / 1 .

O

M O N .

i n mee t* **

+

n

t o. .

0

U N

C f,

e • 0 .

L i 1 T

• . 0

0 ) , . e e

M

A 0

00 0 0 0 0 on o m o n

I f ) 4 , °

1 3 0 4 3 4 . •

t

+

n

0 0

e I

+

+

I D C Y r i I

+

0 P . 4 I

0 I D . 0 0 1 .4 e I

C Y e C n M 1 g \ M 1 +

C ) U D V I M 1 0 1 M 1 +

+

E 3 C 0 E (4 -

o

L .

+

C )

. 4c ( go 0.4 r e 4 , 1 O b q o• e4 . . > O0 C1 3 0 L' V . c L O 4 1 2 0 C .£

4

4 b 4 3 % 0. Ia C C

,1 '

c r )

n

C ) t o N I +

u ) 4 M 1 e

t i ) 0 N I +

l b m ü P C )

( c ) C V

t o r _ % T

W I C P m 1

U l U /

0

C D M 1 0 I N PO 1 +

0 C O C l r \ t

0 3 C l N

C ) K ) N

g o .

I n N

4 . C 0 C 4 C 0 I C C • . 14 h . . 1 3 . 4 1 3 4 3 0 O i 0 0 L L • 4 00 1 1 4 V I O 0 4 1 e b O 0

. E 0 L

X )

01

13

o

O •0 ( 1 -

multi

t

E TH D ates .

I

13

1 3 L .

oer lA P ao

( nearly

-C omparison o f D ifferent C alibration T ables a nd C urves .

0Z CM4W

•

e l 0 . 4 j 4 1

4 ä

*

me

1 0 . . 1 1 3 h-

C .

1 0 10 )•• « I WV Aelefe

«

• r g

0

V I C LL O

v-

m r 4

1 0 4

f r ) . 4

0 0. 4 ) a a 0

F . '

c )

L i 1 r

t i c

n

n

c s

c %

0 0. 0 A 1. 0 04 r r e i - I - t i

«

( \ f

In

CO

• m *

H .

H AAS ,

J .

DEVINE ,

R .

WENKE ,

M .

L EHNER ,

W .

W OLFLI a nd G .

0 -

D ifference

4 . 1

O D C D C O C D ,r s r s r , 0 V D 0 ,0 r u C Y r u C Y 11 1 1 P . P . P . P, u 0 , 0 u D V D V ) N I C Y C V C V

4, 4 . 1 u U I S I S Lt . ( 1 W 4 . 1 m .

c C V 0 1 0 s r s r > u0 , 0 • • r uf, l V I 1 1 3 C D O D L s r s r 4 ) u 0 u 0 C C Y

C n C n

O D h l U l C n s , P . O D

O D ,t h i M 1

r, e u D h i d i , C 1

+

1

Calibration

> >

C D 1 1 . 0 V 2 4, c n + +

C O r , t oU i 0, C D + +

M I O W I

h i . P . 0 C D 0 d i r u c n C D C D h l C V C V

II U l

. C D l r 0 1 6 1

C D P 1 0 C n M 1 C Y

P O M i h l h l L C 1 U l C V ( N I M C O C D U i U 1 i n r q r y

C D U l C D

C D s r h l r, c n C D C I D C D s r 0 s r r, C V V U l U l M 1 C Y u D C D C, 0, C n C D I n I s 1

C A O D u 0 s r O D s C D , 0 s r C Y . C D C D c y

r n

n

! ! . C D P . U l h l

0, u 0 u D C V

11 1 1 1

1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 4 4

11 1 + 1 1 14 14 , 0 C D a u s r ‘ e , D r y . . C D C D r . r . h i h i h i h i C Y C V C Y

1 0 10 10 ,0 , 1 o 00 0 0 0 0 01 o 0 0 0 0 L L i 0 0 ‘ ) U U U O L u o u o ur n Ll3 L L L L L I- L a I L L L L . L .. . . . . N O 1 1 1 1 1 r e 4 1. 0 A 1 1 m / L . L 0.C.C.C.C.C.C_C ..C.C_C.C.L 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 - 0 0 U U U E

1 1 10 0 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 3 L L L LI . _ i ii0 . 1 1 . 1 1 ' 0 L L . C.C.C.C_C 4. ., 0 0 0 0 01 5 0 1

1 0 R I 4 1 0 I 1E 1 I V 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u 0 0 0 0 0 u L L L L L . L . L 1 1 1 i n K . i on ) _ C.L.C.L.C.C.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C Y s r r, e l C D h i h i M 1 C D C ) 0

c n

C D u 0 . U l h i h i h i C D

C D , 0 s r U l C n P, C D V D s t f t l h i h i m i m l m l . 0 0 0 0 - -

I I I I I :D e - b - I e - 3 : L U L U 1 . 1 L V U J i n

: D 7 C 7 C : D : D 7 : S - S - S - s - 3 : 3 : U l L V L 1 U J L U U l L n

C V t O C D h i

C D C Y C D h i

O D C D C M O D C, c n 0 1 0 1

U 1 t, C A C Y

. P . c n C V

C D U l c n C V

c n C V C n C Y

13 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3

0 0 L L I I . C.0 U U

0 3 L 1 13 1 L I J . C 4, a l I JU I L

C D 1 1 h i

A n C M N . O D C Y V ) c n c n M i M 1 h i h i C D

C D h i I l l 0 1 e l C D .

d l O D x i. C Y u D d l h i h l h l C D

( N I C V c n s r M 1

• 7 : u n

1 0 = 0 S - 7 : 1 : 1 : 0 . 1Ln u n

7 C :D S - I C L ü

7 C : D S - 1 : 7 : L U U 1 u n

: D 1 : 1 : ( 111 1

U

U L 1 . 0 0

oo

1 3 13

•n l

1 1 )

1 0

o

1 3 13 0 0 0 0 3 2

c l / 0

1 1 11 1

c n r, C D h i h i s r C ) C D .

0

-

0

1 1

P . r u C V C D

W r u C Y 0

c, C ) c n C Y

c n C ) 0, C V

nodules

0 1

* .n 1

U l C D h i C D h l P . C D U l s r . C P

1 2

C D 0, C D h i

'

1 1.

U l N 1 u D M 1 0 2 C D C D ( D C D N I h i h i h i H 1 C D C D C ) C D C D

C V C D h l C D

7 C 7 C 7 C 7 : 7 C : D 7 C W

I . !

M i h i N i h i m l 1 1 1h i M i U 1 u l U l u l r u r u ( u c v i l l i C O O D C D O D O D U i U i U l U i L i U l U l U l U l r y r q r y r q

c n s r P - 2, C D p . s r 0 r , c m 0 . C D C D C P O D s r h i h i h l r u c u C Y N

. 0 . M 1

F 4 1 4 . 1

n i e n U l r u

c n m n U D u D U l O D 0 2 C O C M C , 1 C Y

C n 0 O D h l

0 1

charcoal

.n 1

1 0 10

. e l r d N 1 P ., O G 1 7 s r C D ,t 7, r , O U l r y P i . 4 . + +

O D C D C D C D O D C D : C U l U i U l U l U l 1 1 U 1 U l U l u l u l U l u i C V C V 0 1 r d C V 0 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 V D u l V D V D , 0 V D U l U l U l U l U l 1 0 U l r y r q r q c q c q r y r u

n1

( 5

Nlf l N . I S . M 1 1 C V + + + 1

U l U i U l U i U i U l u D V D , 0 U l U l 0 d i U l C Y C V 0 1 C V C Y C V 1 1 1 1 11 C A c, c n C A c n c n C D C O C D O D C D O D I l l 1 1 U l U l U l U l r d r d r d r u 0 10 1

U I 0 0 0, 0, 1 51 5 L . L . 4 -

N 1 1 5 . 0 s r s r + + +

i f / U l U l U 1 U l U l U / U l U l 0 W , 0 W , 0 , 0 U l U l U l U l U l d i U l U l U l U l C Y C Y C V C V r u r u r u C Y 0 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 c n O n C A c n c n c n o, 0, C A 0, C D C O O D C O C O O D C O C O C D C D U l U l U 1 1 2 U , U l W 1 U l U l U 1 r u 0 1 0 1 1 ,1C V C U 0 1 C V r d r d

1 1 M 1 1 . 0 r d M 1

r, C D r, O J O I 4 +

0 1 N I . / 4 1 0v D C Y C V 11

(\I

• e I

C U h i ,t h l O D s r h i r u r u r u C V C M . O D s r C V s C n 0, r, u l h l h l C P W I J + 4 + 4 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 +

w ood

s r e l U l 0,

o r

, 0 • +

u D s r C D 0, s r C D d l u l C y C V . + + + +

2915-2890

7,

Material

6 04

C D . e t s

s r C D N i C D

7 C 7 C 7 C 7 C 7 C : D 7 C e - 1 - 3 : e W W W W UI W W W W W W W W UL W

P . C Y s m n h l N 1 C D C D C D

C D C Y h l C D

4, 4,

W . L .

— o

1 0 3 e l E .0 W 0 nI •. L . 0 1 W4 -

e l

U

C e l . C w > O L

a ‘ . 4, C I

E 3 C O

I

0 0 0 . 0 1

0 0 0 . W 1 3 -0 L L 0 0 0 0 --, 4 - 4 -

c r .

c 0. .

t ot o 0 3

L . w . 0 E i n Z 0

3 1 0 L 3 0 u

0 1 0 L 3 0 0

0 1 I A L

0 U

.

u

C

L

3 e l 0 0 u L 3 7 3 0 C u N 13 L -c w L N c . W L 0 W 0 L O U 0 1 a y 04 . 3 C Z W 1 W Z LU 0 1 0 1 E 1 3 1 3 w 0 . . 13 L . 0 0 . 4 I A

1 3 a l C L W -0 . , 3 I n . C . 0 C _ C l i l O I L 4, 0 N .. nW 0 0 1 0 0 3 L n i n C e. 0 . L o E C E E . e d U 1 3 3 u - L W. a l . 0 0 e l C C O 0 W I l e i U L .I- 1 3 0 0 E 0 a l 0 1 4 r i a, " Crt l C . 0 1 3 1 L i n . 3 0 L L u 3 3 . L c i, L Z Z 4 . ) ( . 1- w e l, i 3 - W 0 0 0 . c , L . 4, 4 , 4, • • 0 4 - 3 0 0 N 1 I n 0 L 1 3 M O M O 0 0 113 1 3 . .0.0 L . L IC D LulL r e W 3 C L 3 L W O O E Z C ..C Y 3 31 41 0 3 U n C E . 04 d O .. E E M E . i n 0 0 O N • 0 13 1 1 Z L 1 -C . U L 0 . 1 1 _ C 3 1 0 0 0 C C 0 L C 0 0 EL e d W -. 0 1 w e l e l E 0 • . 1 0 C E E l l 1. .. /3 W u M.C.0 i .- L- . 0 0 0 1 C r.0 0 AI- i l i d i . ... C N i l, 4 ., 1 . a ie e wla l L 2 L G I C r • . . 4 . W • . . ` , 1 4 7 i l. L . 1• . . C D c D C C M . 0 L e . u l 1 1 3 J O L. ed 0 . 1 3 3 . a . O . 0 " 3 3. a l LL I C r . C l1 L LIT L L . . , a- . v l 1 W L E E O " . -0.0. 4 . . ,. . . -. -. 0 0 . 1 Min E E 0 c r v . , .4 -, L 1 1 3 1 W a l 1 w c u4 - . E C -0 u u 4 -4 O L . N e l 1 3 L u L 0 3e-I-Ln L L E 1 W . . . L iD 0 0 1 w • • 0 U 0 0 + . , , . . 3 D C 1 . L E L' s L 2 2 L L L . L • E E .17 0 3 L 2 . 3 . 4 01 1 1•. L U . 1 1 4 1 Z Z a l a li l i a l Ud . / U I C ) L 1 O L L . 1 0 0 3, M L C C C C C C 1 0 0 1 .0 1.0 0 1 W r in e ).C. . -- --.3 . - U 2, L L W W L L L L e l - W i n . 2, C ) E 0 13 3 3_y O U r n 1 - CL 0 0 13 -0 0 0 0 0 13 0 . -0 N ) L O. M O M .1 . .. .d.e . E C C . E . 4, U U .. . . . 0 u u u 0 1 4 . 4, 44 - 0 0 L L a l W e l L 3 L . L 4, 1 1 ) 1 0 C L 0 . / J 4, 0 t h 0 0£ 31 3 3 W 1 2 2 =L i . . .La w 0 E C a iLL IU I Z w O E E _y Z Z a 3 .C D 0 1U 1 I r . 3 3 L A , 1 1 U l 0 Z I - Z 0. . 4 . . . 0 1 w L . , 1 1 0 1 0 I C D

c

0

o ,

0

Z

e 0 L . 3 0 O ' M

1 0t o

0

W L 0 U

C 3 0 L

. . L E4 ' I C 1 , 0 1 2, CI 40 . . . 0L u

. 0 U C c u L 4,

a l u

3

m L 0 L C 0 0 1 0 L C.

0

0 L i

I 0 1 0 L L W £ 0 1 U ) W L . e l W L w. . , i n E . W C > e l 4 - c u i , 0,. I . . 4 0 L 0 0 M A L . u n r o 3 0.0 C V e i_ C L 3 a l a .. . W 0 13 0 1 1 5 1 -0 17 1[ 3 0.C u 0 •C 4 1 C L - . 0 0 L u L N C I E 4, win 1 0 e -3 3 0. . . .1 C N ‘ . W 0 s 0 e l e W 0 . 1 L u . 0 won . 0 I . ) W 0 0 0.C u l el N c r . . • L 0 L r e 0. 0 0e n , _ e i e j . . L . 3. . 0 L 3 . 0 4 - 1 X L 0. -- -. 0 1 C U 04 . 3 0 Z 4 C C U ,4 - , • a. .Q. N • -. W O r o 0 Zin Z a., 1 3 w E E 13 0.4 - 0 w C E 0 0 . 1 e in i . 13 3 1 13 . 0 0 a l -C U 3 00 o r -0 E 1 - i - E c . , L -13 C L 4 . L 4 1 . 0 ui n .u n . 1 1 , 1 i , Li n L LN 3 L . W L . CC 01 . . 11 . 1 11 3, 3 1 L . . 0 0 Wrn 0 3 C D \ 0 s r L L . 7 C -C U O L O W 3 W WL0 m MC I . W W L _C e L T e l L e O u t . 01 1 /3 -0 3 3 1 3 -0 0 -0 0 -0 -0 t u I. . . . ( V 0 . 4j 44 0 . •. 4 0 . 0 . . 01

C a s, 1 3 ' 1 3 ( 1 )L 0 0 L 0 L L N un C1 .0 C13 1 0 0 0 • L O Nu I N w 3 2 1r _ . ) = 1: :: , 0

j

-

C U 1 u l 1 . 1 0 0 o 0 1 u . i uu l uiti l Z ,1 Z Ln e . . 0

B ONANI

6 05 i ntrusive?

I ntrusive?

C HRONOLOGY I N E GYPT

M M o•• e o + +

M O M a p - ,o

n r nio n n C D 0 C D C D C D C D W 1 U l 1 1 U l 1 1 U I N N N N N N 11 1 1 1 1 N 1 h l h.) N 1 M 1 M 1 h l M M 4 1 I l l 0 4 1 1 1 C v N N c V n 1

0 C ) 0 C D C D C D C D U l 4 1 U l 1 1 4 1 u l N N N N N N N 11 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 C D C D C D C D C D C ) C D 1 1 U I 4 1 U l I l 4 1 r J N N Nr ' Jr I j

r P , r , r, O D C D C D C D C D s t e s r e N N N N N 11 1 1 1 s r s r s t e e C, M C, M C A s t s t. s t s t s t N N N N N

e l e l e l r, P 1 1 1 N N N II I r , r , p , 0 0 0 1 1 1 r u

n 1 1 1 M 1 M 1 M 1 N N N 11 1 i n i n r, r, e l m n m l r u

- e - ff l

o n o -o s- m M N. . . . 0 0 0 E 1

r s - m n uD e n m O N M N O MCD C V

e

O o

I ! + +

II I + + + + + +

11 1 M I + + + + + + +

11 1 1 1 + + + + +

u D s t N r u

r, r u r, r y m C D C D C A 4 1 e n r y r u

C D C V C D e l

C O r u a n m s t s t M C D . C D C A C D 4 1 m l e l r y r y r u

m 2 P, M . 0 r u r y

r, o . CO n e + +

M 1 C O C, r u

r N e +

o o,o -, N M O OD n n m m + 1 1 1

C D M I M 1 P, C V N r, m a, C D N m D r u ( \ I

O e u p +

N nJn n e + +

n r n m M,

.4

.4

+ + 1

C A M O +

M O M +

M N N +

O N m +

N N e +

e 0 m +

M +

M I M I M 1 M N N II 4 1 w l e s r M I M

2 269-2175

n m • 1 . 1 4 1 U l N N 11 C D C D 0 0 I t ) I ( ) n 1 N

1 1 O D C D N

m m el ru o n m m n er - n n e + + I i i

2 269-2175

r , n n +

0 0CD N CD O

C O O C D O v e .4

N 0 C y

0 s t

11 1 + +

II I + 4 +

II + +

I +

I

C D C 2 I 0' ' C D I n r, r u

0, c n c n 0 u D C O 0 T D U1 r u n J

V D

u D N

C M

M I N

M I

3 545 35 0 0 0 1 2 0 12 L L L 4 4 4 1 . 0 . 0 . 0 U U U

I * E 1 2, q I L 04 U L M 4 0 . 0 0 0 3

charcoal

( 2 ,0 N e +1

.4

NCD n o 44

e N

I

M

W

O

▪ 0 0 . o

U 0 m

W 1 0 U

W L 0 U

0 N L D 0 U

W N L D 0 U

e l e l r u C D

0 M I r u C D

C D s t c n r, . e l e e l . r ....

= I = M M M r e- r r r r 0 W 0 0 0 0

a n r m u D 4 1 n P, C P c n m l e e l e l M C 2 .

I S I M M M M 1 -/-›- Z E E E W W W 0 0 0 0

O D V D 3 ) N . I n r u c n C V M 1 M 1 e e l e C D C D 0 I

I

( L I L 0 0

I

1 0 1 00 1 1 0 01

V I I A I I . . Y_Y.2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. . .... Z .0.0 I I L 0 U

M 0 0 3

M 0 0 L 4

M 0 0 L 4

Q 0 0 L 4

0 0 0

O M 1 e l C 2

N r, m .

. e l p n C D

e e l m n N p n e C D

r u

MI I h - r eU J U I W

I M M 1 - E Z W 0 0

I

T 11 4 3 3 L L.. 0 4 0 0 M 0

a l L 0 0

W C . 0.. . • . . C E 4 4 L W M0

n

M

n M

0

U J U 1

charcoal

U l c n r u e r u 0

4 ,1 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L L L L 4 4 . 0 4 1 L -C.C.0 0 0 0 0

4,

c

W e W > 4 a

0 M L . . 0 E D C 0 3

1 st

a ccretion

4 . ) 0 N C C C c U . . W O W D O W I W C L W W W W W , C C C EJ .. . .Y.X 4 X 1 W -L 0 0 3 3 3 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 . W M . .1 1 1 4 1 Lk . 4, 4, 4 l i . . 4 1 . . . > 0 0 0 0 M I, . .. . . . 0 U M M 7 7 W W W W . 4 0 . 1 . / . 0 1 0-. -.. .. 0 O M 0 4 1, 4 C C 0 0 M .0.0 W . 4 L -. 4 1. .. 4 a m m m w . . M E 3 0 4 N N 0 0 0. .. 10 3 -. M. .. 17 . C M 3 0 - - - 0 . 4 C O M C M C 0 0.0 0 , 4 3 £ W W M M . C.0 W W W W 3 D U 3 3 3 D . .. ... .... 0 3 U . .C 3 C C W. 4 . I.4, 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 71. . Z m m L n n m i L L I„ Ln wc. . . o wc. . o , 1 4 / 4/ 1 1 1 0 i , ;, w L C A M 2 n n m 2 2 2 I . L L L 4 4 4 4 L L W C . L Y 7 . 0 0 4 1 1 1 0 0 01 1 7 W O D O D W . 0.C.0.0 0 4 4 o m o o m a o o _y e e r - u o u o > u o > w , m U D L 0.0.. 0 4 4 . - c o n n m o o 0 0 0 0 L L L L . 0 0 44 1 1 ..C.0 W . 0 . 0 . C L ., 13 . . 1 • • . 0 • • • . 0 0 0 W W I / t e -0 4 3 E L I / . 0 1 3 .L ) . C C 4 . 1 . . 1 4 . 1 0 1 U 4 0 U 43 1 4 1 L 1 3 1 3 1 3 -0 0 0 J C U l 4, 1 0 0 00 . 1 0 0( 113, 0, 0, 7 C ( V C C R I C C C C L . . R / C 6 1 C 4 . 1 . ) 3,4, 1 3 I ( 1 ) 1 I l l 1 1 L I 1 0- a ! ( I ) 3 0 1 I L 0 0 I S 3 3 3 3 2, a . oul D L O L L C • . 3 3 . . - . .1 1 1 n ) ( 5 0 N 0 1 3 " G . E . 0 4 4 4 I A 0 , 4 1 W W W OD O D O U1 L.. _X L _X L U L 0 3 0 w e N m m o r o n ,, 0 2 0 3 0 3 0 W W W W W / - 4 1 4 1 4 W W . 0 4 1 0 x l m . .. .. 44 C . 0 -. 0 . 0 \ • . 1 4 4 . 4 . .. . . 13 L. . .« . . Z L . ) L D 1 / 1 1 14 . .3 L U 1 1 L ( . ) L 0 1 3 C . 1 3 . 0 - C LC 2, O . O . 0 5 0 . . 4 ., 4,. 0 l e g . , - -\ 0 0 0 0_0 W M 1 3 . E E E E 0 L E E 3 C E VE C L L1 3 0 0 1 0 1T ) U l U l W 4 ) 13,1 1 1 31 3 N -O N E 0 . 1 0 1 0 CU V L R 1 1 11 U 0 0 0 M S 0• . - - .L . Do t, . D e 3. :0 0)-1-1 --I -- 3 . 01-i- N u - .3- i c c. . . . u . a s . . " 0 1 3 • . Q . 0 1 10 E L L L L L L 0 ) E -. 3 1 E. . E.. L c 5 1 14 . 1 L 1 N L.. . 0 W 4 E C C 4 W W W W W W0 _ 71 31 31 31 3 1 31, 71 71 4 - - M N W O 4 O C C L C C C C C C - -o - - - -a L L L , .4 - m O L L u m m l. r m m z M O 2, 1 - 0 0 -AL L £ 1 1 L 0 O W W W W W M M M M O CC E M M W . . 4 W. 0 C \ CL . ... 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 M M ID M M M M , 7 0 7 3 \ X 0 0 U O U 0 0 0.0 . . C .. . . . 4.0 0 ,1 0 4 1 0 .4 . 1.0 0 4 0 4.0 0 4 1 . . M.. 0 C U U M 4 0 4 1 4 0 10 0 14. .X L L , L L L 3 L L \ L L L \ L M M . . . L W W W W W W 0 L 0 0 0 0 0 3 . 0 0 0 W M 0.. . . 71 0. . W.. . . 4 L w w . ou l o oLn u l o z Ln w_m u l ut il o r r r r u z o r r m a a r-o a - a m a r a . c m o m c 0 0 0 1 . / 1 1 . r m 0 1 = , o . a . 4

sample

• e C D -

* * * . 4 0 0 L 4 1 Z 0

Amalgamated

c u

. 4 0 0 L 4 L 0

1 351

C D W

0 0 L 4 L 0

. 4 0 0 L 4 L 0

1 469

▪ 0 0

4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0..•.•• U 0 0 17 . 0 0 L L L M M M 1 5 D ' 01 0 ' Z .C. .C L L L 0 0 0 0 0 0

. 4 0 0 L 4 I 0

*

. 4 1 0 0 L 4 Z 0

SMU

. 0 0 0 L M

* * . 4 0 0 L 4 I 0

SMU

4 0 0 L M

* .

course

3 3 3 0 0 0 a a a

*

L L L EWE

6 06

H .

H AAS ,

J .

DEVINE ,

R .

WENKE ,

M .

L EHNER,

W .

W OLFLI a nd G .

B ONANI

L M

C . 0 L . 0 0 1

0

1 0

I D

O J T

P 1

P O

I f

L .

MID 1 0 i n.* N N

I L h i n N

N i n N

O r I n N

C O

I D

4'

. ;

O s

0, I 2

3 L I A 0 0

C . O O

C L •

c r Z

0 4

i

i

i

c n N 0 C D C O 0 c n c n c n o, e M 1 C D C D 0, c 0 c m C M C D P, P, 0 N C D C D u D U D C D 0 0 0 C O CO 0 P OPMIr 1POIM N N N N N N N N N N N

I

52

60

, 7 ) 2 • 2

; › , N K . N

O • N

, e1

. 4 1

, 0

C O

S P U k f i d g s e a r a y r a m ,

• •

M 1 1 0 C l C K I C V 1 3 W., E C M 1 3

IM

1 . 1

I.

i n

n ,

P I

V I 4 3 • E 20 Z 0

M

.

Temple

I

P M 0,

I

Pyramid

I

N I 0,

L imas

I

N

2 '

Sahure

I

O

Saggara,

I

N

Rbusir,

I

about

I

wei gh ed

i

r o e o ,tO

•

char coal

1

0

N

I + + + C D C D ,t

ero n- - m oco o e c, e ( 1 1 e P, m 0 N . J 0 C D 0, C D C P 1 / 4 0C D 1

0 C O

•

C m C D e U D C O

1

1

I I

2957.-

2 4

*

1

• • 0,

N

Z ACE EL ,

C A C D 0 C Y h l M 1

o

° Z 2 N •

89

C 0 .o .

2719.-

O LD

2966. -

L L U G I C • • L 0 L U I L L C l U 0 1 1 " 0 C C -C C • • 2 L N C . E L L 1 , 1 Z O 0 L O O U W O U U Z L L 0 0 C LZ N 1 C 0 0 0 1 4) C 0 W L -Y C O Z 4 - W " 0 L . ,1 : 1 V I U 1 i l L C L C 3 W C 0 0 W 0 . 1N 0 0 13 I A . . U C I 0J 3 W O W U L D L V I C L13 U 1 V. . t 1 0 00 _ C 0 W11 1 .1 / 1•. . 1 1 .0 4 . 1 0 2 0 14 .1 1 / 1 W L 1 , 4 1 , 1 C D U I A 0 0, I C . W V 1Lf l O E Z Z ZIJ 1 Z • 0 3 I * L 1 1 4 -1 L O - C I J C L I C U 0 C U C U W -OD 3 0 3 0 0 1 , 1 . 1 M L , J 1 I A 0 . 0, 0 O L L . L L 41 L 3 L L L L r t , . .. ucn o p 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 U 0 0 0 0 • . . .3 ._C U U U t I CL C 1 U 0 u U L N 4 ) 1 0 IC D C O J : 1 : 1 3 L IM 4 ) 13 1: 11 : 1 , • ou l c n 4 4 4 c c c c C C . ) I C V 0 0 C V I - N c O N N L E W L L C — 0 L 1 3 -4 - C O 4 -1 L IJ a r t . 0 0 . 0 2 4 .1 C L Z

average

0 0 •

Chronologies

in

Aurenche 0 ., Evin BAR International

the

Near

J . and Hours Series,

East, F .

eds. 1 987

T H E C H R O N O L O G Y O FT H E P R O T O - A N D E A R L Y H I S T O R IC P E R I O D S I NM E S O P O T A M IA A N D S U S IA N A Hans

T his c ommunication w ill c onsist o f t wo p arts,

J .

NISSEN

a s o ne t he h and I w ill

h ave t o c over t he l ate p art o f t hat v ery l ong p eriod i n t he d evelopment o f m ankind w here w e h ave t o r ely o n a rchaeological e vidence e xclusively, a nd t hus I w ill h ave t o p rocede t he s ame w ay a s e veryone e lse i n t his c onference. O n t he o ther h and, I t hink I a lso s hould m ake a n e ffort t o e laborate o n t he h inges o f t his p re-written c hronology t o t he c hronology a s r evealed f rom h istorical w ritten s ources. I n t rue f ashion o f a n h istorian, I w ill s tart w ith t he p art f irmly r ooted i n t he w ritten s ources. I w ill h ave t o t respass t he f rame g iven t o t he c olloque s ince M esopotamian a bsolute c hronology a s e videnced b y w ritten s ources d oes n ot r each b eyond t he m iddle o f t he 2 nd m ill. B C. I w ill r efrain, t hough, f rom e ven s ummarizing t he r easoning l eading u p t o f ixing t he e arliest a bsolute d ate i n t he 1 4th c entury B C. B ut I w ould l ike t o b e m ore s pecific a bout t he p ossibilities a nd l imitations o f u sing w ritten s ources f or t he p receding p eriods. B efore s ome m oment i n t he 1 4th c entury B C w e a re c onfronted w ith a t ime r ange o f a s harp d ecline i n t he n umber o f w ritten d ocuments a mong w hich t here a re n one w hich w ould l end t hemselves t o a ny k ind o f c oherent h istorical r econstruction. T his p eriod, t herefore i s o f u nknown l ength a nd t hus h as b een c alled t he " Dark A ge". T hough o ver m any y ears t his p roblem h as a ttracted t he a ttention o f m any s cholars w e h ave n ot c ome c loser t o a s olution. A gain I w ill n ot e nter a d iscussion o f t he v arious d atings p roposed ( 1) f or t he b eginning o f t he D ark A ge. I t s hould b e m entioned, t hough, t hat w ith e qually r easonable a rguments s everal d ates h ave b een p roposed n one o f w hich c an b e p roven c orrect, b ut n either o ne c an b e d ismissed a s e ntirely f alse. T his u ncertainty i s p articularly u nfortunate b ecause f or s till e arlier p eriods w e h ave s o m any t exts t hat f or a r ather l ong s tretch o f

( 1)

Those

interested

most

r ecent

Kühne

1978

and

in

both

attempt Hüber

a summary

to 1982.

of

the

older

r eorganize

the

material

l iterature are

and

r eferred

opinions, to

and

Sollberger

t he 1954,

6 08

H .J . N ISSEN

t ime w e a re a ble t o f ix a y ear-to-year c hronology . I a m r eferring t o i t a s t he U r I II - O ldbabylonian b loc. A t entative w ay o ut o f t his u ncertainty w as s hown b y S ollberger ( 1) w ho p roposed t hat a c ertain p oint n ear t he e nd o f t he e arly b loc s hould b e t aken a s y ear 0 f rom w hich t he y ears o f t he e arly b loc w ould s tart t o b e c ounted . A s t hat d atum l ine h e p roposed t he y ear 3 1 o f t he r eign o f H ammurapi, t he f amous r uler o f t he F irst D ynasty o f B abylon . W hat h ad t o b e d one i n o rder t o c onvert t hese f igures i nto " absolute" d ates w as t o s elect t he p roposal f or t he l ength o f t he D ark A ge c lose t o o ne 's h eart a nd c alculate t he d ate f or H ammurapi y ear 3 1 ( 2). T he p hase p receding t he D ark A ge i s c haracterized b y t he c onstant s truggle f or h egemony o f s everal l ocal d ynasties b efore t he i st D ynasty o f B abylon f inally s uccedes i n u niting e ntire B abylonia . W e h ave g ood w ritten i nformation a bout t heir f ights o r c oalitions, a nd t herefore i t w as p ossible t o c onstruct a c lose n et o f s ynchronisms b etween t he r ulers o f t he v arious l ocal d ynasties. A s i n a ddition w e k now t he s uccession o f r ulers f or e ach o f t hose d ynasties, a nd t he l ength o f t heir r espective r eigns w e a re a ble t o r each a t a c losely k nit c hronology f or e ntire B abylonia . T his g ives u s ad ate f or t he b eginning o f t his p hase, o r t he F irst D ynasty o f I sin , o f 2 56 y ears b efore y ear O . T he p eriod b efore t he F irst D ynasty o f I sin i s m arked b y t he r eign o f t he 3 rd D ynasty o f U r , e ncompassing t he a rea o f e ntire B abylonia . T herefore, w e d o n ot n eed s ynchronisms b etween v arious r ulers i f w e w ant t o g et a c hronology f or e ntire B abylonia ; a ll w e n eed i s a s ynchronism b etween t he f irst r uler o f I sin a nd t he l ast r uler o f t he 3 rd D ynasty o f U r . S ince w e h ave s uch a s ynchronism a s w ell a s i nformation o n t he s uccession a nd t he r uling p eriods o f t he r ulers o f U r w e c an a dd t his p eriod t o t he b loc m entioned a bove . T he f irst y ear o f U rnammu , t he f irst k ing o f t he U r D ynasty , c an b e f ixed a t 3 51 y ears b efore y ear O . T he y ear U rnammu 1 m arks t he b eginning o f t he U r I II-Oldbabylonian b loc, i nsofar a s f or t he p receding t ime o ur d ates a re l ess s ecure. O ne p roblem i s t hat w e f ind o urselves a gain i n ap hase o f c ompeting l ocal d ynasties, b ut t his t ime w e h ave a lmost n o s ecure s ynchronisms. Y et, t he v arious c alculations a re n ot t oo f ar a part, a nd c enter a round 4 5 y ears f or t he t ime e lapsed b etween t he y ear U rnammu 1 a nd t he l ast r uler o f t he p receding d ynasty o f A kkad . T hough t his d ynasty a gain i s o ne r uling o ver t he e ntire a rea o f B abylonia w e c annot f ollow t he s ame a pproach a s b efore. T he r eason i s t hat f or t he d ynasty o f A kkad w e o nly k now t he s uccession o f r ulers b ut n ot t he l engths o f t heir r eigns at l east n ot f rom c ontemporary s ources. T he o nly w ay t o o vercome t his p roblem i s t o a ccept t he l istings o f ad oubtful s ource. T he s o c alled " Sumerian K inglist" g ives a l ong l ist o f l ocal d ynasties f rom b efore a nd a fter t he f lood w ith t heir r ulers a nd t heir r eignal y ears. T he p roblem i s t hat f or s till e arlier p eriods t he f igures g iven a ra p hantastically h igh a nd c ertainly r eflect m ore m ythical i deas t han r eality . T he f igures g iven f or t he r ulers o f t he

( 1)

Sollberger,

( 2)

S ee

t he

l ist

1 954 i n

S ollberger,

1 954,

p .47,

note

1 86.

T HE P ROTO- A ND E ARLY H ISTORIC P ERIODS

6 09

d ynasty o f A kkad a re m ore w ithin a r ealistic r ange, a nd t hus c ould b e r eal t hough a f igure f or S argon , t he f irst r uler , o f 5 6 y ears c ertainly i s o n t he v erge. H owever, s ince w e h ave n o o ther m eans o f c ontrol w e s imply h ave t o a ssume t hat t hese f igures a re c orrect. B y c omputing t he f igures g iven b y t he S umerian K inglist w e g et 1 80 y ears f or t he e ntire d ynasty. A dding t he 4 5 y ears m entioned a bove w e g et a d ate f or t he b eginning o f S argon, t he f irst r uler o f t he d ynasty o f A kkad o f a round 2 25 y ears b efore U rnammu 1 , o r 5 73 years before 0 . D ifficulties a mass o nce w e g o b ack i n t ime s ince t he t ime b efore t he d ynasty o f A kkad i s c haracterized a gain b y c ompeting l ocal d ynasties. A gain w e w ould n eed a l arge n umber o f s ynchronisms p lus i nformation a bout t he s uccession o f r ulers f or t he v arious l ocal d ynasties, p lus i nformation a bout t heir r eigns, i n o rder t o r econstruct t he c hronological f rame f or t hat p eriod. S erious l acunae i n e ach o f t hese t hree l ines p revent u s f rom r eaching t hat g oal. T o e pitomize o ur d ifficulties, t he o nly d ynasty s tretching o ver a l onger p eriod o f t ime w here f rom i nternal s ources w e c an r econstruct t he s uccession o f r ulers b eyond d oubt, a d ynasty o f t he c ity o f L agash, i s n ot i ncluded i n t he S umerian K inglist. T his a rea w hich a pparently w as n ot a ccepted f or t he c anon f or u nknown r easons, f urthermore, h as y ielded m ost o f t he t extual m aterial f or t he p eriod i n q uestion, h owever, w ithout o ffering c lues a s t o t he l engths o f t he r ules. W e t ake U rnanshe a s t he f irst o ne o f t his l ine, a lthough i n h is i nscriptions h e m entions b oth h is f ather a nd h is g randfather a s i f b oth h ad b een k ings a lready. B ut U rnanshe i s t he f irst o ne w ho h as l eft a s ubstantial n umber o f i nscriptions d ealing w ith h is r eligious a nd p olitical d eeds. I n f act, h is a re t he f irst i nscriptions o f m ajor h istorical v alue. A ltogether, w e c ount 9 r ulers o f w hich 6 belonged t o t he s ame f amily . S ince w e k now o f o ne c ase w here a r uler s ucceded h is b rother a nd s ince m ost p robably t he l ast r ulers d id n ot r eign v ery l ong , w e p robably a re d ealing w ith a p eriod o f n ot m ore t han 1 50 y ears f or t hose 9 r ulers. F rom t he f ew s ynchronisms w e h ave a nd f rom a c omparison w ith c ontemporary d ynasties a s m entioned i n t he S umerian K inglist, w e g et t he f eeling t hat w e m ay n ot b e t oo f ar o ff; y et, w e h ave t o a dmit t hat t he f igure o f 1 50 y ears i s p ure g uess-work. A ccepting t his f igure w e w ould r each 3 75 years f or t he b eginning o f U rnanshe b efore t he b eginning o f t he U r I II-Oldbablylonian b loc, o r 7 25 y ears b efore y ear O . A lready w ith t hat s tep o f e stimating l engths o f r eigns w ithout a ny e vidence w e h ave e ntered t he a rea o f s peculation. Y et, t here s till w as s ome c ontrol a s w e h ad s ome d ocuments. T his i s e ven m ore l imited o nce w e e nter t he p receding p eriods. T he m ain r eason h as b een m entioned a lready. T o b ring i t e ven m ore t o t he p oint: t here i s n o w ritten material a vailable b efore U rnanshe t hat w ould e nable u s t o a dopt a ny o f t he l ines o f a rgument f ollowed b efore. T o b e s ure, w riting w as k nown a lready f or s everal c enturies b ut i t w as b asically u sed o nly f or e conomic r ecords ( 1). T he v ery f ew i nscriptions o f e arlier d ate t han U rnanshe m entioning n ames o f r ulers o therwise k nown f rom t he S umerian K inglist a re s hort d edicatory i nscriptions o f f ew l ines e ach. T hey d o

( 1)

N issen,

1986.

6 10

H .J .

N ISSEN

n ot c ontribute t o c onstructing a h istorical f rame, t hough t hey a re v aluable a s t hey p rove t he e xistence o f t hose p ersons. I n f act, t he u sage o f w riting b efore t he t ime o f U rnanshe d id n ot a llow t o w rite l onger t exts w ith a ll t heir s yntax. I n s pite o f t he o vert i mpossibility t o c ontinue b y u sing w ritten s ources, s ome a ttempts h ave b een m ade t o a rrive a t s ome n otions a bout t he c hronology o f s till e arlier p hases. I m ention t hem h ere o nly t o t otally d isavow t heir u sefulness i f w e a re t alking a bout a bsolute c hronology e ven i n a v ery l oose s ense. C ounting b uilding l ayers a nd a ttributing t hem a m ean l ife-time i s e xtremely u nreliable i n t he l ight o f w hat w e k now a bout t he p ossible l ife-time o f a m udbrick h ouse, a s t his m ay r ange b etween 1 0 a nd 6 0 y ears. S uch r easoning f urthermore w ould h ave t o d epend o n l ong , u ninterrupted s equences o f b uilding l ayers, w hich w e d o n ot h ave t o t he e xtent w e w ould n eed t hem . O ther a ttempts i nclude t he u se o f o bservations o f s tylistic c hange w ith a ll k inds o f a rtifacts, i ncluding w riting . B ut a s u seful a s t his m ay b e f or c alling s omething e arlier t han s omething e lse, a nd t hus f or e stablishing a r elative c hronology, t his i s i rrelevant f or a bsolute d ating . O ur e arliest q uasi-absolute d ate t hus r emains t he b eginning o f U rnanshe's r eign. A s r egards t he b eginning o f h istorical c hronology i n S usiana I c an l imit m yself t o b rief r emarks, a s S usiana, o r E lam f or t he h istorical p eriods, h as n ot c ontributed e nough w ritten m aterial i n a ny k ind o f c ontinuity t o a llow u s t o b uild u p a n h istorical c hronology o f i ts o wn ( 1). I nstead, w e h ave t o m ake u se o f t he f act t hat t he a rea o f S usiana w as s trongly t ied t o B abylonia i n p olitical t erms d uring s everal p hases o f i ts h istory. I t i s t hrough t hese t ies t hat w e c an s ecurely d ate s everal p hases o f t he S usiana h istory. T he e arliest d ate e merges f rom a s ynchronism o f l ocal g overnors o f S usiana w ith t he d ynasty o f A kkad. T hus, S usiana d oes n ot c ontribute t o e nlarging t he h istorical f ramework o f B abylonia a nd t he A ncient N ear E ast. S ummarizing t his f irst p art w e h ave t o k eep i n m ind t he v arious g rades o f r eliability o nce w e g o b ack i n t ime b eyond t he s econd h alf o f t he 2 nd m ill. B C, o r b eyond t he y ear O . S till, I t hink w e c an m ake t he p oint t hat o ur c alculation o f t he b eginning o f t he r eign o f U rnanshe o f L agash a t 7 26 y ears b efore t he y ear 0 i s a r easonable m ean f igure. I f w e t ry t o c onvert t his t o a bsolute d ates w e h ave t he c hoice b etween 3 p ropositions f or o ur y ear 0 = H ammurapi y ear 3 1: 1 818, 1 762 a nd 1 698 B C. W ith a ll u ncertainties t his g ives u s a r ough e stimate o f 2 540, o r 2 480, o r 2 420 B C f or t he b eginning o f U rnanshe, d epending o n o ur c hoice f or t he d uration o f t he D ark A ge. T he s econd p art o f t his p aper c oncerns i tself w ith t he p eriods b efore U rnanshe w hen b asically o nly a rchaeological e vidence c an b e m ade u se o f. T he r esult, t herefore, c an o nly b e i n t he a rea o f r elative c hronology, a nd o nly a t t he v ery e nd w ill s ome a ttempt b e m ade t o t ranslate i t i nto t erms o f a bsolute d ating . T he p urpose c annot b e t o r eevaluate t he t erminology, n or t he c omparative s tratigraphy o f B abylonia a s t he m inute c hanges w ithin a n

( 1)

Carter

and

S tolper,

1984

T HE P ROTO- A ND E ARLY H ISTORIC P ERIODS

6 11

o therwise a ccepted f rame a re o f n o p articular i nterest f or o ur d iscussion . I nstead , o nly s ome p oints w ill b e s tressed , a nd p articularly s uch c ases w here as I p refer c alling t hemc hronological b races c an b e d efined o ver l arger a reas o f t he A ncient N ear e ast. T he t erminology t o b e u sed i n t his p art i s t he o ne a ccepted i n a rchaeology . I n t his s ense, U rnanshe n ormally i s d ated t o t he b eginning o f t he 3 rd p art o f t he E arly D ynastic p eriod , o r E D I II, p receded b y E D I a nd I I, b oth o f w hich a re d efined a ccording t o a s equence o f b uilding l ayers. T hough i nternally u nder d ebate t here i s n ot v ery m uch o f r ecent d iscussion w hich w ould i ndicate t he d uration o f t hese p eriods. I t o nly m ay b e w orthwhile t o n ote t hat t he o pinion o f H . F rankfort w ho i ntroduced t his c hronological t erminology h as b een c onfirmed: a gainst o thers w ho w ould c all t he p eriod e quivalent t o E D Io nly " transitional" a nd p ropose o nly as hort d uration E D Ih as b een s hown t o h ave b een a m ajor p hase i n t he d evelopment o f B abylonian h istory ( 1). T he m aterial o f t his p eriod d oes n ot l end i tself t o c onstructing a c hronological b race o ver m ore t han t he a rea o f B abylonia . T hough w e k now o f c lose a nd p ermanent c onnections o f B abylonia t o h er n eighbors d uring t his p eriod w e h ave h ardly a ny m aterial i n t he s ense o f m utual i mports o r o ther s ynchronisms w hich w ould a llow s uch a n a pproach . T he s ituation c hanges, h owever , o nce w e g o f urther b ack i n t ime. B efore t he E arly D ynastic P eriod w e f ind a p eriod w hich c onventionally i s s plit u p i n t wo p hases b y t he n ames o f U ruk a nd J amdet N asr . A lthough a t s ome o ther p oint I h ave s hown t hat b oth s hould b e r egarded a s c losely c onnected ( 2), i t m ay b e g ood f or t he a rgument t o r etain s eparate n ames, a s a c hange i n t he e valuation o f t hese t wo p hases h ad m ajor r epercussions o n t he e ntire s etting . S ince a l ong t ime i t h ad b een r ecognized t hat o ccasionally c ylinder s eals h ave s hown u p i n p laces a t c onsiderable d istances f rom B abylonia w hich n evertheless b ear u nmistakeable B abylonian d esigns. T hese s eals f rom a s f ar a s S yria , A natolia a nd E gypt c ould r eadily b e c ompared t o a n umber o f s eals f ound d uring t he e xcavations i n t he B abylonian s ite o f J amdet N asr . I n f act, t he e ntire a ssemblage f rom t hat s ite l ooked s o c oherent t hat t hey w ere t aken t o r epresent a p hase o f i ts o wn, c onsequently c alled t he J amdet N asr p eriod ( 3). I t w as o nly c onsequent t hat t hese s eals f ound a broad s hould b e t aken a s i ndicating r elations b etween B abylonia a nd t he n eighboring c ountries d uring t he J amdet N asr p eriod . T wo o bservations h ave s haken t his l ong-time b elief . O n t he o ne h and , n ew e vidence s howed t hat t he s tyle o f s eals i n q uestion w as n ot r estricted t o t he J amdet N asr p eriod b ut d id e xist a lready b efore i n t he L ate U ruk p eriod ( 4). O n t he o ther h and , t he e xpansion o f e xcavation a ctivities i n S yria a nd T urkey h as p resented u s w ith a n umber o f s ites i n t hese a reas w hich a re e ither i dentical i n t heir e ntire i nventory t o B abylonia , l ike i n t he c ase o f s ome s ites i n S yria , o r s how a t l east a v ery s trong i nfluence f rom B abylonia . T he d ate o f

( 1)

N issen,

1983,

chapter

V .

( 2)

N issen,

1 983,

chapter

IV.

( 3)

F or

a r ecent

d iscussion

1 986. ( 4)

Nissen,

1 974

and

1 977.

of

t he

t erm

and

t he

chronology

s ee

F inkbeiner

and

Rölling,

6 12

H .J .

N ISSEN

a ll t hose s ites i s v ery c lear : t hey u ndisputedly c onnect w ith t he L ate U ruk p eriod i n B abylonia . T he e vidence i s s o u nambiguous t hat a c onnection t o t he J amdet N asr a ssemblage c an b e e xcluded . T he c onclusion i s i nevitable: t hose s eals o f B abylonian o rigin f ound o utside o f B abylonia s hould n ot b e c onsidered i ndicating a J amdet N asr c onnection b ut i nstead b e t aken a s f urther e vidence f or t he w ide e xpansion o f L ate U ruk m aterial o ver t he e ntire A ncient N ear E ast, i ncluding E gypt. I n t he s ense o f a c hronological b race, t hese v arious s ites w ith B abylonian f eatures p lus a ll i solated f inds l ike s eals o r s pecial p ottery p roducts ( 1) h ave t o b e c onsidered c ontemporary . W hile t his c onnection i s t rue f or t he w est t he c ase i s d ifferent f or t he r elations o f B abylonia a nd t he e ast, i .e. S usiana a nd b eyond . T o b e s ure, m ore t han a nything e lse d oes S usiana t ie u p w ith B abylonia d uring t he L ate U ruk p eriod i n n early e very r espect. I f i t w ere n ot f or s ome f eatures b oth a reas c ould b e c onsidered t o h ave b elonged t o o ne c lose c ultural u nit. T he a rea o f t he m ost c onspicuous d ifferences i s w riting . W hile b oth B abylonian a nd S usiana ( "Proto-Elamite") w riting s hare t he m aterial ( clay t ablets) a nd t he w riting t echnique ( writing t he s igns i nto t he s oft c lay b y m eans o f a s tylus) t hey d iffer c ompletely i n t he s hape o f t he s igns, a nd p resumably i n t he l anguage. F or a n e valuation o f t he m utual d ate w e h ave t o t ake a c loser l ook a t o ne d etail, a p art o f t he w riting t echnique, w hich o ffers s ome p ossibility f or t emporal d ifferentiation. T he m ore t han 4 000 c lay t ablets o f t he L ate U ruk a nd t he J amdet N asr p eriods f rom U ruk o ffer a s ample l arge e nough t o o bserve a b asic d ifference b etween t he t ablets o f t he t wo p eriods. W hile t he e arlier m ore n aturalistic s igns a re i ncised w ith a p ointed s tylus t he l ater J amdet N asr p hase t ablets u se a t echnique o f o bliquely i mprinting l ines i nto t he s urface o f t he t ablets. T hus t he c haracteristic s hape o f t he l ines w as p roduced c onsisting o f a d eeper " head" a nd a t ail, p rompting t he n ame " cuneiform" f or t his s cript. T he d ifference i n t echnique i s v ery c learly a t emporal o ne. W e c an u se t his o bservation t o c reate a c hronological b race b etween B abylonia a nd S usiana b ecause b oth a reas a re l inked s o c losely t hat b asic c hanges p resumably o ccured s imultaneously . " Protoelamite" w riting u sed t he t echnique o f i nprinting e xclusively , s uggesting t hat t he s tage o f p rotoelamite w riting a nd t he J amdet N asr p hase w riting d ate f rom t he s ame t ime. T his i s s upported b y a n o ther o bservation r egarding t he d istribution o f t he " bevelled r im b owls" m entioned a bove . T his k ind o f m ass-produced p ottery i s t he h all-mark o f L ate U ruk l ayers o f b oth B abylonia a nd S usiana , o ccurring b y t he m illions. T his m assive a ppearance c omes t o a s udden e nd w ith t he L ate U ruk p eriod i n B abylonia . I n S usiana t his d isappearance i s o bserved b efore t he a ppearance o f w riting , a gain p ointing t o a c ontemporaneity o f p rotoelamite w riting a nd J amdet N asr . E stablishing t his c hronological b race, h owever , m eans m ore t han

( 1)

I solated part well

of

specimens Syria,

known

but

context

while

period.

See

of

where

the they

a lso

they

Nissen,

so

called

c learly

well

dated,

"bevelled

are as

hardly

survive

in

1983,

chapter

I V.

r im

intrusive. they f ew

show

bowls" I n

up

specimens

have

been

Mesopotamia by

the

i nto

millions

the

found

they in

f ollowing

are any

over

large

not

only

Late

Jamdet

Uruk Nasr

T HE P HOTO- A ND E ARLY H ISTORIC P ERIODS

6 13

l inking B abylonia a nd S usiana b ecause e xamples o f p rotoelamite w riting a re f ound o ver l arge p arts o f t he I ranian t erritory r eaching a s f ar e ast a s S eistan . O f c ourse, t here c an b e n o d oubt a s t o t he s trict c ontemporaneity o f t he r espective l ayers w ith t he p rotoelamite p hase i n S usiana . F or I ran , t herefore, w e a rrive a t ad ifferent p attern f rom t he W est a s t he e xpansion f rom t he c ore a rea i s d elayed a nd r eaches t he l evel o bservable i n o ur r ecord o nly d uring t he J amdet N asr p eriod , i n B abylonian t erminology . U sing o nly a rchaeological m ethods w e h ave b een a ble t o e stablish a c hronological b race o ver t he e ntire N ear E ast, f rom t he e asternmost e nd o f I ran a ll t he w ay t o E gypt c onsisting o f t wo l ayers, a L ate U ruk l inking B abylonia w ith S yria , A natolia a nd E gypt, a nd a J amdet N asr o ne l inking B abylonia w ith S usiana a nd I ran ; b oth a re t ied t ogether t hrough t heir c ontext i n B abylonia . A t f irst s ight, t his r emains a f loating b race s ince w e h ave n o w ay o f e stimating t he t ime e lapsed b etween t his t emporal h orizon a nd t he t ime o f U rnanshe, t he f irst q uasi-absolute d ate i n B abylonian h istory . F ortunately , t he i nclusion o f E gypt o ffers s ome o utside h elp. A s f ar a s t he s eals m entioned b efore w ere f ound i n c ontext t heir f ind-spots c an b e d ated t o N agada I I i n E gyptian t erminology , o r t he l ate p redynastic p eriod . I n a ddition t o s eal w e c an d istinguish c lear B abylonian i nfluence i n r epresentational a rt a nd a rchitecture ( 1). T his h orizon , b y o ur d efinition , h ooks u p w ith t he L ate U ruk p eriod i n B abylonia ; a ll w e h ave t o d o, t herefore, i s t o f ind t he a bsolute d ate f or N agada I I t o b e a ble t o t ransport t his d ate t o B abylonia . I n f act, t his w ay h as b een f ollowed a ll a long , o nly t hat i n B abylonia t he c ounterpart w as s upposed t o b e J amdet N asr , n ot L ate U ruk . C onventional d ates g iven f or N agada I I c entered a round t he l ast c enturies o f t he 4 th m ill. B C; h ence, a d ate o f 3 300/3200 B C f or t he L ate U ruk p eriod i s g enerally a ccepted . A t t hie c onference w e w ere f ortunate t o h ave b een p resented w ith t wo s ets o f 1 C d ates w hich i n g eneral s upport t hese e stimates. D ating a s eries o f s amples f rom t he p yramides o f t he I Vth D ynasty H aas r edates t he b eginning o f t hat d ynasty t o a bout 3 000 B C. W ith t he c onventional c alculation o f c a . 4 00 y ears b etween t he e nd o f t he p redynastic p eriod ( =Nagada I I) a nd t he I Vth D ynasty t his w o e g ive a r ough e stimate o f 3 400 B C f or N agada I I= L ate U ruk. F or I ran 1 C d ates a re n ow a vailable f or H issar I I Banesh, p art o f t he P rotoelamite- J amdet N asr h orizon , r anging b etween 3 380 a nd 3 000 B C. T aking a 3 400/3200 r ange f or t he e nd o f L ate U ruk , a nd a 3 200/3000 s pan f or J amdet N asr , a nd c onsidering t he h ighest d ate f or U rnanshe o f L agash a t 2 540 B C t his w ould l eave c a . 5 50 y ears f or E arly D ynastic I a nd I I. T his i s t oo m uch f or m y t aste a nd I w ould t ry t o f ind a ny a rgument i n f avor o f a r eduction . B ut t here a re n o a rguments b eyond f eelings. Y et, I c ertainly w ould r esist a ny a ttempts t o e ven s tretch t hat p eriod .

Freie

( 1)

Drower,

1968/69.

Universität

Berlin

6 14

H .J .

N ISSEN

B IBLIOGRAPHY B RINKMAN J .A . 1 964 M esopotamian C hronology o f t he H istorical P eriod. A ppendix t o: A .L. O ppenheim, A ncient M esopotamia , P ortrait o f a D ead C ivilization . D ROWER M .S. 1 968/69 E arly C onnections b etween S umer a nd E gypt. o f A rchaeology, 8 /9: 2 43 s qq.

B u// ,

o f

t he

I nst .

C ARTER E . a nd S TOLPER M .W. 1 984 E lam. F INKBEINER U . a nd R OLLIG W . ( eds) 1 986 G amdat N asr: P eriod o r R egional S tyle? H AYES W .C. 1 970 C hronology : E gypt t o E nd H ist . V ol.I 3 , c hapter V I.

o f

T wentieth

D ynasty .

H UBER P .J . 1 982 A stronomical D ating o f B abylon I a nd U r I II. t he N ear E ast. 1 .4.

C ambr .

O ccas .

A nc .

P apers

o n

K UHNE C . 1 982

P olitische S zenerie u nd i nternationale B eziehungen V orderasiens u m d ie M itte d es 2 . J ahrtausends v . C hr. B erliner B eitr . z . V ord . O rient, 1 .

N ISSEN H .J. 1 974

Z ur F rage d er A rbeitsorganisation i n B abylonien w ährend d er S päturuk-Zeit. A cta A ntigua , X XII: 5 s qq .

1 977

A spects o f t he D evelopment o f E arly C ylinder S eals. I n G IBSON a nd B IGGS ( eds), S eals a nd S ealing i n t he A ncient N ear E ast . B ibl. M esopot., 6 .

1 983

G rundzüge e iner G eschichte d er Frühzeit d es V orderen O rients .

1 986

T he A rchaic T exts f rom U ruk.

R EINER E . 1 975

W orld A rchaeology ,

1 7.

a nd P INGREE D .

B abylonian P lanetary B ibl . M esopot .,2.1.

O mens I :

T he V enus T ablet o f A mmisaduqa .

R OWTON M .B. 1 970

C hronology: c hapter V I.

A ncient

W estern

A sia .

C ambr .

A nc .

H ist .,

S OLLBERGER E . 1 954 S ur l a c hronologie d es r ois d 'Ur e t q uelques c onnexes. A rchiv f ür O rientforschung , 1 7: 1 0 s qq.

V ol.I 3 ,

p roblömes

Chronologies Aurenche 0 ., BAR

in Evin

J .

International

the and

Near Hours

F .

East, eds.

S eries,

1987

R E L A T IV E A N D A B S O L U T E C H R O N O L O G I E S F O R I R A N

B E T W E E N 6 5 0 0 A N D 3 5 0 0 C A L B C

ABSTRACT:

The

d ependent

on

number

of

r elative f or

c lustered

three the

R£SUMe: pour

r egions l inks

Ubaid La

une

p euvent

in

absolute

western

Uruk

ä

avec

de

l imite

pour

period

dating. dates

suggest

s till

primarily

i s

Nevertheless,

can

Well-documented

( Khuzistan,

and

l 'Iran

pour

la

methodes

de

dates

is

be

used

to

a l imited anchor

archaeological

Kangavar/Mahidasht,

changes

periode

in

the

the

s equences

Urmia

absolute

r adiocarbones,

documentees

Kangavar/Mahidasht, l es

e t

suggerent

periodes

prehistorique

t raditionnelles

chronologie

bien

Mesopotamie,

utilisees

prehistoric

r elative

radiocarbon

t ime.

I ran

des

f ixer

( Khuzistan, la

the

of

VOIGT

basin)

dates

used

periods.

part,

nombre

f or

consistent

Mesopotamia,

chronologie un

I ran

methods

archeologiques

occidental absolues

and

servir

s equences l iens

and

in

t o

grande

Neanmoins,

of

t raditional

chronology

provide f or

chronology

Mary

des

d ' Ubaid

r elative de

groupees dans

trois

bassin

l e

depend

datation e t

r egions dans

encore, r elative.

consistantes,

t emps

d ' Urmia)

changements e t

de

absolu. de

fournissent l es

Des

l 'Iran des

datations

d ' Uruk.

I ntroduction A c hronology f or I ran d uring t he p rehistoric p eriod i s f or t he m ost p art d ependent o n t he t raditional a rchaeological m ethod o f a rtifact c omparisons. A lthough r adiocarbon d ates i nitially s eem t o b e p lentiful, t here a re m any g aps i n s pace a nd t ime, a nd s ome o f t he l argest s eries o f d ates a re i nconsistent a nd d ifficult t o i nterpret. I n a r ecent a ttempt t o c onstruct s uch a c hronology, R obert D yson a nd I b egan w ith t he s tratigraphically-based r egional s equences t hat h ave b een t he f ocus o f r ecent r esearch i n I ran . W hen w e a ttempted t o l ink a djacent r egions, o ften d istant a nd e cologically d iverse, a rtifact p arallels w ere s ometimes v ague a nd u nsatisfying . S uch s tylistic d iscontinuities a re t o s ome e xtent t emporary a nd a rtificial, a r esult o f t he ( necessary ) u se o f p reliminary o r p artial s ite r eports t hat c ontain h ighly s elected a rtifact s amples. I t i s a lso t rue, h owever , t hat t he a rchaeology o f p rehistoric I ran i s c haracterized b y t he d evelopment o f w ell-defined a nd d istinctive r egional s tyles, a nd i n m any c ases b y o nly s parse e vidence f or d irect c ontact b etween g roups i nhabiting a b roken t errain .

6 16

M .

V OIGT

N evertheless, w hen a ll o f t he r elationships s uggested b y s tylistic a nd t echnological c riteria w ere p lotted o n ap rovisional c hronological c hart, t he p arallels d id f orm a b roadly c onsistent p attern . O nce t he r elative s equence w as c ompleted , w e u sed r adiocarbon e vidence ( 15 a veraged s ets o f t ightly c lustered d eterminations s pread t hrough e ight g eographical r egions) t o e stablish f ixed p oints i n t ime. W ith r are e xceptions, t he g rid d erived f rom t he a veraged d ates w as c ompatible w ith t hat d erived f rom a rtifact c omparisons. T his p aper b uilds o n t he g eneral c hronology t hat w e h ave p roposed f or I ran, b ut d iffers i n t wo m ajor w ays. F irst, t he p lacement o f a ssemblages r elative t o o ur c alendar d iffers s lightly . F or t he m ost p art, s uch v ariations r esult f rom t he u se o f n ewly p ublished c alibration c urves a nd t ables t o c onvert t he r adiocarbon d eterminations i nto c alibrated B C d ates ( see b elow ). S econd , t he f ocus h ere i s n ot o n i ndividual r egional s equences, b ut o n t he d efinition o f t emporal h orizons a cross t he I ranian p lateau . O f g reat v alue i n d efining t hese h orizons a re r ecent s yntheses o f t he a rchaeological e vidence f or t wo m ajor a reas i n w estern I ran : f or K huzistan, t he w ork o f H ole ( in p ress) a nd D ollfus ( 1983; 1 986 ); a nd f or t he c entral Z agros, t he w ork o f E . H enrickson ( 1985). A t hird a rea s ynthesis, c overing n orthwestern I ran o r A zerbaijan f rom c .6500-4000 c al B C, i s n ow b eing p repared f or p ublications ( Voigt , i n p rogress). A d etailed e xamination o f t he s tratigraphic a nd c eramic e vidence f rom t he U shnuS olduz v alley t o t he s outh o f L ake U rmia i ndicates t hat t his s equence, o ften c ited i n p revious d iscussions o f M esopotamian a s w ell a s I ranian c hronology , c an b e u sefully r evised i nto s maller t ime u nits. T his r evision w ill b e p resented f irst, i n o rder t o c larify a spects o f t he g eneral p eriodization p roposed a t t he e nd o f t his p aper . T he U shnu-Solduz A rchaeological S equence G athered b y m embers o f t he H asanlu P roject b etween 1 956 a nd 1 977 , i nformation o n t he e arly p art o f t his s equence c omes p rimarily f rom e xcavations c onducted a t H ajji F iruz, D alma , P isdeli a nd H asanlu T epes, s upplemented b y s urface s urvey ( Dyson , 1 983; V oigt, 1 983: 2 792 81). A d eep s ounding a t H ajji F iruz T epe m ade b y C harles B urney i n 1 958 i nitially e stablished t he s tratigraphic r elationship o f t he t hree e arliest a ssemblages ( Voigt, 1 983: 7 -8, F ig .4). E ach a ssemblage w as n amed a fter t he s ite w here i t w as f irst r ecognized , a nd p laced w ithin t he r egional s equence a s H asanlu p eriods X ( Hajji F iruz), I X ( Dalma ) a nd V III ( Pisdeli). S ince n o e arlier s ites h ave b een f ound e ither t hrough e xcavation o r s urface s urvey , t he H ajji F iruz a ssemblage a pparently r epresents t he i nitial o ccupation o f t he U shnu-Solduz v alley i n t he H olocene. T he n ature o f t he a rchaeological e vidence o btained f or t hese p eriods v aries s ignificantly. T he H ajji F iruz p eriod i s t he b est k nown a s a r esult o f h orizontal c lear a nces a t t he t ype s ite, w hich p roduced a w ide r ange o f a rtifact t ypes a s w ell a s i nformation o n a rchitecture a nd s ettlement p lan . F or t he D alma a nd P isdeli p eriods, h owever, o nly l imited a reas h ave b een e xposed a nd t he e vidence a vailable c onsists p rimarily o f s mall, h ighly s elected c eramic s amples. C hanges i n t he c eramic i ndustry w ill t herefore b e u sed t o r efine t he c hronological s equence.

I RAN B ETWEEN 6 .500 A ND 3 .500 C AL .

B C

6 17

T he H ajji P in ts P eriod ( Hasantu X ) T he i nitial o ccupation o f t he U shnu-Solduz v alley b y f arming g roups a pparently t ook p lace i n t he s econd h alf o f t he s eventh m illennium c al. B C. I n s itu m aterial d ating t o t his p eriod h as b een r ecovered o nly f rom t he t ype s ite, w here c . 5 .5 m o f d eposit l ay a bove t he w ater t able ( Voigt, 1 983). T hirteen a rchitectural p hases h ave b een d istinguished . M ost o f t he e xcavated m aterial c omes f rom t he l atter p art o f t he s equence , o r H ajji F iruz p hases D t hrough A . I n a ddition, a f ew H ajji F iruz s herds w ere a lso f ound i n a m ixed " wash" l ayer ( stratum 6 ) a t t he b ase o f D alma T epe ( see b elow ). H ajji F iruz p ottery i s c haff t empered a nd p oorly f ired , b ut r elatively d urable. V essels w ere f ormed b y " slab" c onstruction t echnique, b uilding o n b asal s ections f ormed b y u sing c oiled b askets a s m olds ( Vandiver , 1 985). D ecorative t echniques i nclude t he u se o f a t hin s lip t hat f ired f rom r ed t o b rown , i ncision ( very r are), a nd t he p ainting o f b old d esigns c omposed o f h orizontal b ands, d iagonal l ines, c hevrons a nd t riangles w ith a r ed o r b rown p aint o n a l ight b rown t o o range b urnished s urface ( Voigt, 1 983; F igs 9 2-98). E vidence f or c hange w ithin t he H ajji F iruz c eramic i ndustry i s l imited. T he s ample f or t he e arliest p hases ( L-H ) i s s mall a nd h ighly s elected , b ut i t d oes s uggest t hat t he u se o f ä r ed s lip i s v ery c ommon e arly i n t he p eriod , a nd t hat p ainted d ecoration i s r are. T he l atest H ajji F iruz s herds h ave b een r ecovered f rom t he l owest e xcavated d eposit a t D alma T epe ( stratum 6 ) , w hich e xtends b elow t he p resent w ater t able i n S olduz. W hile t hese s herds c an b e a ssigned t o t he H ajji F iruz p eriod b ased o n t heir f abric, f orm a nd s urface f inish , t hey e xhibit s ome u nusual a ttributes s uch a s t he u se o f ab lack p aint. T echniques o f m anufacture, p ainted d esigns, a nd v essel f orms ( husking t ray , c arinated b owls, a nd c ollared j ars w ith o void o r c arinated b odies) a ll l ink t he H ajji F iruz c eramics t o e arly H assuna s ites s uch a s U mm D abaghiyah , T elul e th-Thalathat X VI-XV , a nd H assuna L evels I -II. T he p resence o f i mported s herds a nd t he s tyle o f t he h uman f igurines, h owever , i ndicate t hat H ajji F iruz p hases D -A a re c ontemporary w ith t he l atter p art o f t he H assuna s equence, a s w ell a s w ith " classic" S amarra ( Voigt, 1 983: 1 01-102; 1 63-167; 1 78-181). Y oung ( 1962) o riginally s aw a c lose r elationship b etween H ajji F iruz a nd s ites w ithin t he Z agros G roup a s d efined b y M ortensen ( 1962, 1 963, 1 964). A c loser e xamination o f t he c eramics i ndicates t hat t here a re o nly g eneral t echnological a nd s tylistic s imilarities b etween H ajji F iruz a nd S arab L inear w are ( see M cDonald, 1 979). O n t he o ther h and , t here a re g ood p arallels i n c eramic f orm a nd d ecoration b etween H ajji F iruz a nd U pper J armo ( Voigt, 1 983: 1 61-163). S everal c hipped s tone t ypes f rom H ajji F iruz a re d istinctive, a nd s trengthen t he e vidence f or c ontact w ith Z agros G roup s ettlements s uch a s J armo, a s w ell a s w ith m ore d istant s ites t o t he w est . T hese t ypes i nclude o bsidian t hin-sections ( also k nown a s " side-blow f lakes") a nd o bsidian b lades w ith s teep l ammelar f laking ( "Qayön t i r ods") ( Voigt a nd D yson , i n p ress). W ithin t he U rmia B asin , t he N eolithic a ssemblage f rom Y anik T epe t o t he n ortheast i s s ufficiently s imilar i n a rchitecture, b one t ools a nd c eramics t o b e c onsidered p art o f t he H ajji F iruz t radition ( Burney ,

6 18

M .

V OIGT

1 964; V oigt, 1 983: 9 5). I n g eneral, t he o ccupation a t Y anik s eems t o b e c ontemporary w ith t hat a t H ajji F iruz, a lthough i t i s p ossible t hat m uch o f t he e xcavated Y anik N eolithic s ample i s e arlier t han t he b est k nown H ajji F iruz p hases ( D-A ). C eramic p arallels f or t he Y anik L ate N eolithic c an b e d rawn w ith S ialk 1 :3 o n t he I ranian p lateau , a s w ell a s w ith H assuna/Samarra ( Voigt, 1 983: 1 67). A labaster a rtifacts, i ncluding n umerous b angle f ragments, a b owl, a nd t wo h uman h eads, s uggest a r elationship t o Z agros s ites s uch a s J armo , S arab, S himshara , t o L evel I a t T ell e s-Sawwan i n c entral M esopotamia , a nd t o T epe S ialk I -II o n t he I ranian p lateau ( Voigt, 1 983: 1 78, 2 45). T he D alma P eriod ( Hasanlu I X) M ost o f t he e xcavated s ample f or t his p eriod c omes f rom D alma T epe, w ith m uch s maller a reas e xposed a t H ajji F iruz a nd P isdeli T epes. T he d eposit a t D alma c onsists o f a t l east f ive a rchitectural p hases, w ith a t otal d epth o f c . 3m eters i ncluding a d isturbed d eposit a t t he t op o f t he m ound ( Hamlin , 1 975). I n O peration I a t H ajji F iruz T epe , D alma m aterial w as s tratified t o ad epth o f c . 2m eters. A t H asanlu T epe, a d eep w ell c ut i nto t he c itadel m ound p enetrated " Late D alma" d eposits t o ad epth o f 3m eters b efore t he w ater t able w as e ncountered ; t he t otal a ccumulation o f D alma p eriod d eposits a t H asanlu T epe i s t herefore u nknown . W hile t here a re m any p roblems i n u sing d epth o f d eposit a s a n i ndicator o f t ime, t he d ata d o s uggest t hat t he D alma p eriod w as r elatively s hort i n c omparison t o b oth t he H ajji F iruz a nd P isdeli p eriods. D alma p ottery i s h andmade, w ith a h eavy c haff t emper a nd i n s ome c ases, a c haff a nd f ine g rit t emper . I n g eneral, v essels a re u niformly f ired t o b rownish-orange. F our m ajor c eramic g roups o r " wares" h ave b een d efined ( see H amlin , 1 975). D alma P ainted W are h as l arge s weeping d esigns c overing t he e ntire v essels, u sually a d eep b owl w ith a p lain p inched r im . C ommon m otifs i nclude w ide b ands t hat s wirl d iagolally a round t he v essel, n ested z igzag b ands w hich m ay b e s olid o r c rosshatched , s olid o r h atched t riangles t hat a re f requently p laced a t r im a nd b ase, a nd s olid o r i ntricately f illed l ozenges a rranged i n b ands o r b etween b ands o f t riangles. T he p aint r anges i n c olor f rom a d eep p urply r ed ( sometimes r eferred t o a s " plum" o r " maroon") t o b rown ; i t i s f requently a pplied o ver a c ream s lip. A s econd d istinctive c eramic t ype i s D alma I mpressed W are, m ade b y m anipulating t he w et c lay s urface t o g ive i t r elief . I n m ost c ases, o bjects w ere p ressed i nto t he v essel's s urface. T hese c an b e i dentified a s f inger t ips, f ingernails, r eeds, s ticks w ith s mooth o r " frizzed" e nds, c ombs, f ibers, a nd o bjects w ith a s mooth , w ide, r ounded t ip. D alma R ed-Slipped p ottery i s a l arge g roup o f s mooth s urfaced v essels w ith av ariety o f f orms a nd p resumably f unctions. D alma F ine R ed-Slipped v essels i nclude t hin-walled b owls a nd s mall j ars. T hey a re s imilar t echnologically t o D alma P ainted p ottery , b ut h ave a u niform c oat o f d ark r ed p aint ( sometimes o ver a c ream s lip) r ather t han a d esign . D alma C oarse R ed-Slipped v essels h ave t hick w alls, a re l ess c arefully s haped , a nd l ess w ell-fired . R elatively r are w ithin t he s ample a re v essels w ith a n u nslipped s moothed s urface ( Dalma P lain ).

I RAN B ETWEEN 6 .500 AND 3 .500 C AL .

B C

6 19

T here i s s ome e vidence f or s tylistic c hange t hrough t ime w ithin b oth D alma P ainted a nd D alma I mpressed W ares. P revious p ublications o f t he D alma c eramic i ndustry h ave f ocussed o n t he p ottery f rom t he b est k nown s egment o f t he D alma s equence, r epresenting t he b ulk o f t he e xcavated d eposit a t D alma T epe. E arlier m aterial i s k nown o nly f rom t he b asal s tratum ( 6) a t t he t ype s ite, a t ertiary c ontext w hich a lmost c ertainly c ontains s herds d erived f rom s everal s tratigraphic/chronological u nits. A lthough t ypologically d istinct b ecause o f t he w ay i n w hich a ttributes d iagnostic o f t he H ajji F iruz a nd D alma c eramic i ndustries a re c ombined, t his s mall s ample o f e arly D alma p ottery d oes n ot c onstitute s ufficient e vidence f or t he d efinition o f a s eparate s ub-period a t p resent. O ther s herds f rom D alma s tratum 6 a re u nique w ithin t he S olduz s ample i n b oth p aste a nd d esign. W ithout a dditional e vidence i t i s i mpossible t o a ssign t hem t o e ither a l ate H ajji F iruz o r a n e arly D alma p hase. I n s um, t he n ature o f t his d eposit a nd i ts c ontents i ndicate t hat t here i s a g ap i n t he e xcavated s equence, f alling b etween H asanlu p eriods X a nd I X. T he r adiocarbon e vidence s uggests t hat t his g ap may b e a s l ong a s 5 00 y ears ( Table 1 , F ig .2). T he t ransition b etween t he D alma a nd s ucceeding P isdeli p eriods i s, o n t he o ther h and, a g radual o ne. T he l atest p hase o f t he D alma p eriod, n ow d esignated a s H asanlu I XA, m ay b e d istinguished f rom " classic" D alma o r H asanlu I XB o n b oth q ualitative a nd q uantitative g rounds. A t D alma T epe i tself, t he u ppermost s tratum w as d isturbed b y d eeply c ut p its c ontaining I ron A ge b urials. A lthough t he c eramic s ample i s c learly m ixed a nd i ncludes p ottery b rought u p f rom e arlier o ccupation l evels, t his c ontext d oes p rovide s ome i nformation o n t he d evelopment o f D alma p eriod c eramics. R ecovered f rom i t w ere v ariants o f D alma I mpressed a nd P ainted w ares t hat d o n ot o ccur i n t he e arlier ( undisturbed) D alma l evels. F or e xample, a s mall D alma P ainted b owl h as a h emispherical f orm d ecorated w ith b ands o f s mall s olid t riangles a s triking c ontrast t o t he d eep f orms a nd b old, o verall d esigns t hat a re t ypical o f c lassic D alma P ainted w are. T he I mpressed w are f rom t his l ate D alma d eposit d iffers i n b oth f orm s urface f inish f rom t hat f ound i n e arlier l evels. I n t he e arliest D alma d eposits a t D alma T epe a s ingle f orm p redominates: a g lobular j ar w ith a s hort v ertical o r s lightly e verted n eck, o ften w ith o ne o r t wo h andles o r l ugs. T he s urface o f t hese j ars i s d eeply i mpressed w ith a d ense, u niform " jab" p attern m ade w ith a s tick, r eed o r f ingertip, l eaving a p lain ( unimpressed) b and a t t he r im. I t m ay b e l eft p lain o r r ed-slipped, b ut i s a lways r ough a nd m atte. M ost v essels h ave a s moke-blackened s urface, a nd m any r etain a shy d eposits i nside t he i mpressions, e vidence f or t heir u se a s c ooking v essels. G radually g aining i n p opularity u ntil t hey p redominate i n t he l atest d eposits a re l arge s traight-sided v ats, h ole-mouth j ars, a nd l ow t rays w ith i mpressions o n t he u nderside o f t he b ase. O n t hese f orms, i mpressions g enerally s hallow a nd t end t o b e w idely s paced; t hey a re o ften n eatly a rranged i n v ertical o r h orizontal b ands. T he s urface w as c overed w ith a b right r ed s lip t hat w as s ometimes b urnished, a nd i s n ever s moked. A v ariety o f m aterials w ere u sed t o m ake i mpressions, i ncluding f ingertips, f ingernails, h ard s mooth o bjects w ith r ounded e nds, f ibers, a nd c ombs. T he s tratigraphic p osition o f t hese L ate D alma I mpressed a nd P ainted W are v ariants i s c onfirmed a t

o ther

s ites.

A t

H ajji

F iruz

6 20

M .

V OIGT

T epe, s herds o f D alma I mpressed w are i dentical t o t hose f rom t he l atest s tratum ' a t D alma w ere f ound i n ap ottery-rich d eposit, r esting o n a l ocal e rosion s urface t hat c apped t he H asanlu X d eposit ( square F 11; V oigt, 1 983: 1 6-17, F ig .8); t he s ame c ontext y ielded b oth D alma R ed-Slipped w are a nd P isdeli r ed-slipped a nd b urnished p ottery ( see b elow ), b ut n o D alma P ainted w are. A t P isdeli T epe, l ate D alma I mpressed a nd P ainted w are v ariants w ere f ound i n t he s ame s tratum a s t he e arliest P isdeli p ainted a nd r ed-slipped w ares; t he u nderlying s tratum c ontains o nly " classic" D alma t ypes. T o s ummarize, a lthough t he s ample i s a dmittedly s mall a nd i n s ome r espects p roblematic, t he s tratigraphic d istribution o f s tylistic a ttributes o f D alma I mpressed a nd P ainted w ares a t t hree d ifferent s ites c an b e u sed t o d istinguish a C lassic D alma o r H asanlu I XB p hase f rom a L ate D alma o r H asanlu I XA p hase. O ne q uantitative a spect o f H asanlu I XA r emains t o b e e xamined . T he e vidence f rom H ajji F iruz s uggests t hat a t l east i n S olduz, t here w as a p hase a t t he e nd o f t he D alma p eriod w hen D alma I mpressed w are w as c ommon, b ut D alma P ainted w are w as r are o r a bsent. D ata w hich l ends s upport t o t his c onclusion c omes f rom O peration I a t D alma T epe, e xcavated b y C harles B urney i n 1 958. A lthough s herd c ounts a re n ot g iven i n t he f ield r ecords, B urney s tates t hat t here w as a c hange i n t he r elative f requency o f D alma P ainted a nd I mpressed W ares t hrough t ime, w ith t he p roportion o f I mpressed W are i ncreasing i n t he l atest p art o f t he d eposit. D alma p ottery h as b een f ound o ver a l arge g eographic a rea w ithin I ran . W ithin A zerbaijan , i t h as b een f ound o n t he s urface o f s ites a long t he e ntire w estern s ide o f t he U rmia b asin ( see K earton , 1 970 ; P ecorella a nd S alvini, 1 984). T he o nly o ther e xcavated s ite i s T epe S eavan i n t he M ergavar v alley , w here a t est e xcavation p roduced m aterial t hat s hows l ittle v ariation f rom t hat a t t he t ype s ite ( Solecki a nd S olecki, 1 973), i .e. H asanlu I XB. I n t he m ountains t o t he s outh , a D alma a ssemblage h as b een r ecovered t hrough e xcavations a t S eh G abi a nd G odin T epes i n t he K angavar v alley , a nd a ssigned t o P eriod X i n t his s equence ( Young a nd L evine, 1 974). T here a re , h owever , d ifferences i n t he c eramic s ample a s p resently k nown . I n K angavar , D alma S treaky W are i s c haracteristic o f t he e arliest p hase i n t he K angavar s equence, r ecovered f rom X YZ s ounding a t G odin ( spits 5 9-63 ; H enrickson , 1 983: 1 73-200). I n S olduz, o nly o ne s herd o f D alma S treaky h as b een r ecovered , f rom t he e arliest I XB s tratum a t D alma T epe. T hus a t p resent, t he e arliest w ell-defined D alma a ssemblage c omes f rom K angavar . A n e xamination o f t he p ottery f rom S eh G abi i n t he c ollections o f t he R oyal O ntario M useum s uggests t hat t he b est k nown p hase o f t he D alma o ccupation i n K angavar i s p robably c ontemporary w ith S olduz L ate D alma , H asanlu I XA. T his a ssessment i s b ased o n a ttributes o f f orm a nd p ainted d esign f ound b oth o n p ainted a nd i mpressed w ares. A s i n H asanlu I XA , t he S eh G abi D alma P ainted w are i s c haracterized b y t he u se o f s mall m otifs a rranged i n b ands; t he m ost c ommon f orm i n b oth a ssemblages i s a r elatively s mall h emispherical b owl ( Henrickson , 1 985: F ig .7). M uch o f t he S eh G abi D alma I mpressed w are h as s hallow i mpressions t hat a re w idely s paced a nd a rranged i n l inear p atterns. T ypical f orms a re d eep s torage v essels a nd h ole-mouth v essels ( Henrickson , 1 985: F ig .8). M aterial e quivalent t o H asanlu I XB m ay o ccur i n a d eep s ounding a t S eh G abi, b ut t his m aterial i s s till i n

I RAN B ETWEEN 6 .500 A ND 3 .500 C AL .

B C

6 21

t he p rocess o f a nalysis ( E . H enrickson a nd L . L evine p c, 1 986). L inks b etween H asanlu I X a nd s ites i n M esopotamia a re p resent i n t he f orm o f i mports r ecovered f rom D alma T epe . S everal s herds a nd o ne c omplete v essel o f p ainted w are r ecovered f rom H asanlu I XB c ontexts a re c losely p aralleled i n f abric, v essel s hape a nd d ecoration i n L evel X VI o f T epe G awra , o r t he U baid 3 p eriod ( Voigt a nd D yson, i n p ress). T he P isdeli P eriod ( Hasanlu V III) T he P isdeli a ssemblage i s k nown p rimarily f rom s oundings a t t he t ype s ite a nd a t H ajji F iruz T epe ( Dyson a nd Y oung , 1 960; V oigt, 1 983). T he d epth o f d eposit a t P isdeli T epe ( over 8 m ) a nd i n t he H asanlu w ell ( 6 m ) s uggests a l ong t ime s pan f or t his p eriod . T he c eramic i ndustry i s h ighly v ariable. B oth a f ine c haff t emper a nd c oarse t o f ine g rit t empers w ere u sed . T he f iring i s l ess u niform t han i n t he D alma p eriod, a nd m any v essels h ave a l ight t o d ark g ray c ore . A f ormal d ivision o f t he p ottery i nto " wares" b ased o n a ttributes s uch a s p aste, c olor a nd s urface t reatment h as n ot y et b een c ompleted, p ending t he c ompletion o f t echnical a nalyses. M ajor g roups i nclude r ed-slipped a nd b urnished p ottery ; l ight o range t o b uff p ottery w ith e ither a m atte o r a b urnished s urface; a nd i mpressed v essels t hat h ave s ometimes b een r ed-slipped . T he o range t o b uff p ottery o ften h as a l ight c olored s urface, w hich r esults f rom t he m igration o f s alts t o t he s urface d uring t he d rying a nd f iring p rocess. O nly i n r are c ases i s t here e vidence f or t he a pplication o f a b uff t o w hite s lip. T he P isdeli p eriod i s c haracterized b y t he a ppearance o f p ainted p ottery t hat i s w ithin t he U baid t radition . D ark b rown o r b lack g eometric d esigns a re u sually p ainted o n a b uff o r o range m atte s urface, b ut s ome s herds h ave t he s ame p aint o n ab urnished r ed t o d ark o range s urface. T he o ccurrence o f i mpressed w are a nd s tylistic v ariations i n t he p ainted w ares p ermit t he d efinition o f t hree s ubp eriods. A t P isdeli T epe, b asal d eposits c ontaining H asanlu I XB ( Classic D alma ) p ottery a re s ealed b y ah ard p acked l ayer t hat m ay r epresent e rosion a nd a g ap i n t he o ccupation . S tratified a bove t his " hard p ack" a re d eposits c ontaining a c eramic a ssemblage t hat i s t echnologically a nd t ypologically t ransitional b etween D alma a nd P isdeli. T his e arly P isdeli o r H asanlu V IIIC a ssemblage i ncludes i mpressed a nd i ncised s herds; r ed-slipped p ottery r anging i n c olor f rom D alma " plum" t o P isdeli " red"; p ainted s herds t hat c an b e c onsidered a v ariant o f D alma P ainted ; a nd P isdeli p ainted s herds. C haracteristic o f t he i mpressed w are a re s hallow i mpressions a nd d esigns t hat t end t o b e m ore o rdered a nd p recise t han t hose i n t he D alma p eriod. M iddle P isdeli o r H asanlu V IIIB i s d efined b y t he m iddle o f t he d eposit a t P isdeli T epe . U baid-related p ainted p ottery i s c ommon . D esigns a re u sually c omposed o f w ide b ands o f l ozenges, c rossh atching , t riangles, s wags, o r d ots s et b etween a nnular b ands. N aturalistic m otifs s uch a s b irds a nd c aprines a lso o ccur . P lain r eds lipped h emispherical b owls a nd s mall j ars w ith e verted r ims a re a lso c haracteristic. T he s ame c eramic g roups a re p resent i n t he P isdeli d eposit e xcavated a t H ajji F iruz T epe ( Trench F 10).

6 22

M .

L ate P isdeli o r H asanlu V IIIA i s d efined b y

t he

u pper

V OIGT

l evels

a t

P isdeli T epe, a nd i s t he b est k nown p art o f t he s equence: a ll o f t he p ottery p ublished b y D yson a nd Y oung ( 1960) f alls i n t his t ime r ange. T he r ange o f d esigns i s m ore l imited t han i n V IIIB, a nd t he d ecorated z one t ends t o b e r estricted t o a n arrow b and b elow t he r im. T he r eds lipped p ottery o f V IIIA t ends t o b e m ore h ighly p olished t han i n e arlier p hases, a nd a ppears t o h ave a g reater r ange o f f orms. N umerous s hape a nd d esign p arallels c an b e d rawn b etween P isdeli p ainted v essels a nd p ottery f rom G awra X III-XII. A c lay s ealing f ound e roded o ut o f a b alk a t H ajji F iruz i s v irtually i dentical i n d esign t o a s eal f rom G awra X IA ( Voigt a nd D yson, i n p ress); a lthough u nstratified, t his s ealing i s a lmost c ertainly d erived f rom P isdeli d eposits. T hus H asanlu V III C -A i s e quivalent t o b oth U baid 4 a nd E arly U ruk i n t he M esopotamian s equence ( see P orada a nd D unham, i n p ress). I n t he Z agros, t he i mpressed w are o f E arly P isdeli ( Hasanlu V IIIC) i s s imilar t o t hat f ound i n t he D alma p eriod i n K angavar ( Godin X ) a nd t he E arly S iahbid p hase i n t he M ahidasht, s uggesting a c hronological o verlap b etween t hese a ssemblages. W ithin A zerbaijan, s ettlements l ocated o n t he U rmia p lain a re c losely r elated t o H asanlu V III. T he p ublished m aterial f rom t he C halcolithic d eposits a t K ordlar T epe ( Kromer a nd L ippert, 1 976: 8 08 1; P l.VI), a s w ell a s s urface m aterial f rom K ush A li T epe ( also c alled R eza tiyeh R oad T epe) n ear G eoy a nd o ther s ites i n t he r egion p arallel t hat f rom M iddle a nd L ate P isdeli, o r H asanlu V IIIB a nd A . T he p ottery f rom G eoy p eriod M ( Burton-Brown, 1 950) a nd f rom T epe G ijlar ( Pecorella a nd S alvini, 1 984) c an b e p laced l ater t han a ny o f t he P isdeli m aterial r ecovered f rom U shnu-Solduz o n t ypological g rounds. B ut, a lthough t he p ainted s tyle m ay b e d istantly d erived f rom t he P isdeli t radition, t he p ottery f rom G eoy M a nd G ijlar X V-X ( Urmia s urvey P eriod C ) i s t echnologically v ery d ifferent. M oreover t he p attern o f c ontact b etween r egions c hanges a t t his t ime. W hile U shnu a nd S olduz w ere a pparently a bandoned b y s edentary f armers, t he v illages a t G eoy M a nd G iljar X V-X s eem t o h ave i n c lose c ontact w ith s ettlements t o t he w est. T he b est c eramic p arallels a re f ound i n " Late C halcolithic" l evels a t s ites i n t he K eban r egion o f e astern T urkey ( Norvuntepe a nd T epecik), a nd a t T epe G awra i n L evels X IIA-IX ( Voigt a nd D yson, i n p ress w ith r efs.). L ittle c an b e s aid a bout G eoy N . T he c eramic i ndustry i ncludes a " well-polished r ed w are"; a s ingle s herd i n t he c ollection o f t he A shmolean M useum i s h eavily g rit-tempered, a nd m ore s imilar t o P iseli c ooking w are t han t o t he C halcolithic R ed W ares. T he o nly e xcavated s equence f rom t he e astern B asin c omes f rom Y anik T epe. T he Y anik C halcolithic p rimarily f rom a d eep s ounding , s o t hat m ost o f t he c eramic ( Burney , 1 964).

P isdeli a nd Y anik p art o f t he U rmia p eriod i s k nown e vidence i s a gain

M ost o f t he p ottery i s h andmade, u sually c haff t empered, a nd n early a lways r ed s lipped . A f ew s herds f rom t he e arly l evels a t Y anik w ere i dentified a s D alma P ainted a nd D alma I mpressed W ares b y t he e xcavator. A n e xamination o f t he p ottery f rom Y anik s tored a t M anchester U niversity i n r elationship t o t he r evised H asanlu s equence, h owever, s uggests t hat t he e arliest Y anik C halcolithic l evels a re n o e arlier t han H asanlu I XA ( Late D alma ) a nd m ay b e c ontemporary w ith H asanlu V IIIC ( Early P isdeli). T he L atest Y anik C halcolithic p ottery

I RAN B ETWEEN 6 .500 A ND 3 .500 C AL .

B C

6 23

i ncludes h ighly b urnished r ed-slipped v essels w hich a re c omparable t o p ottery f rom t he v ery l atest P isdeli l evels i n S olduz. T hus t he Y anik C halcolithic p eriod i s g enerally c ontemporary w ith t he P isdeli p eriod, b ut m ay b egin s lightly e arlier a nd a lso p ersist s lightly l onger. I t i s w orth n oting t hat t he C halcolithic d eposit a t Y anik T epe i s n ine m eters d eep, c omplementing t he e vidence f or a l ong t ime s pan f ound a t P isdeli T epe ( see a bove). T he R adiocarbon Evidence for N orthwest I ran T he N eolithic o ccupation o f t he U rmia b asin i s d ated b y a g roup o f r adiocarbon s amples f rom H ajji F iruz s ites i n S olduz, a nd f rom t he L ate N eolithic/Hajji F iruz s ettlement a t Y anik T epe. T he e arliest d ated m aterial f rom a n e xcavated c ontext c omes f rom n ear t he b ase o f t he d eposit a t H ajji F iruz T epe ( Operation I I) f alling a t t he e nd o f t he s eventh m illennium c al B C ( Table 1 ). I t s eems r easonable t o p lace t he i nitial o ccupation o f t he U rmia B asin w ithin t he s econd h alf o f t he s eventh m illennium, a d ating s upported b y a s ingle s ample f rom B aranu T epe ( Shell 7 040-6440). B aranu h as n ot b een e xcavated, b ut r ecent c uts h ave e xposed N eolithic d eposits r esting o n a g ravel r idge w hich i s s till a bove p lain l evel a s harp c onstrast t o a ll o f t he e xcavated s ites i n S olduz w hich e xtend n ot o nly b elow p resent p lain l evel, b ut b elow t he w ater t able. T hus a lthough t he B aranu d ate s eems v ery e arly, i t i s p lausible. T he l atest d ates f or t his p eriod f all w ithin t he f irst h alf o f t he s ixth m illennium c al B C, b ut d o n ot d ate t he e nd o f t he p eriod . A s ingle s ample f rom a H asanlu I XB o r c lassic D alma d eposit d ates t o t he e arly f ifth m illennium c al B C. F or t he P isdeli p eriod, a c onsistent s eries o f r adiocarbon d eterminations w ithin t he s econd h alf o f t he f ifth m illennium h as b een o btained f rom t he t ype s ite a nd H ajji F iruz T epe i n S olduz, a nd f rom K ush A li T epe, a s mall m ound i n t he U rmia P lain d estroyed b y l ocal f armers ( Table 1 ). A nalysis o f t he i ndividual d ates s uggest t hat t he t ransition f rom D alma t o P isdeli t ook p lace i n t he f irst h alf o f t he f ifth m illennium, a nd t hat P isdeli s ites i n S olduz w ere a bandoned b y c .4000 c al B C. T wo d ates f or t he Y anik C halcolithic p eriod f all o n b oth s ides o f 4 000, a nd a re s lightly l ater t han w ould h ave b een p redicted f rom t he r elative c hronological e vidence. C hronological H orizons i n t he I ranian N eolithic a nd C halcolithic T he f ollowing s cheme p laces a ssemblages w ithin b roadly d efined c hronological u nits o r h orizons. D ocumentation f or t he r elative c hronology, a s w ell a s a c omplete l ist o f r adiocarbon d eterminations f or I ran, a re p resented i n V oigt a nd D yson ( in p ress). I t i s i mportant t o n ote t hat t he c al B C d ates l isted i n t his e arlier w ork d iffer s lightly f rom t hose l isted h ere. T he g eneral c hronology w as p repared f or t he t hird e dition o f C hronologies i n O ld W orld A rchaeology, a nd l ike a ll p apers i n t hat v olume u sed a o ne s igma c alibration t able g enerated b y J effrey K lein o f t he U niversity o f P ennsylvania ( unpublished, b ased o n t he 2 s igma t ablee i n K lein e t a l ., 1 982). A s a r esult o f o ur d iscussions i n L yon,

t he

1

C d ates f or

I ran

h ave

b een

r ecalibrated f or t his p aper , u sing m ore r ecent d ata p ublished i n t he P roceedings o f t he 1 2th I nternational R adiocarbon C onference a t

6 24

M .

V OIGT

T rondheim ( Radiocarbon 2 8, N °2B). I n c onstructing t he c hronological c hart, t he p rocedure w as t he s ame a s i n o ur e arlier w ork . C onsistent c lusters o f r adiocarbon d ates w ere u sed t o p lace a ssemblages i n a bsolute t ime w here p ossible; a n etwork o f a rtifact p arallels w as t hen u sed t o a ssign a d ate t o o ther a ssemblages. F inally , l ines w ere d rawn a cross t he r egional s equences, t o i ndicate t he a pproximate c hronological b oundaries o f e ach m ajor p eriod o r h orizon. T he e xact p lacement o f t hese " horizon l ines" w as d ictated b y p ragmatic f actors. F irst, a s a r ule, t he b oundary b etween h orizons w as p laced t o r eflect r oughly c ontemporary b reakpoints i n s everal r egional s equences. O f c ourse , t he a bsolute t ime s pan o f s pecific a ssemblages i s r arely i dentical. A rrows h ave t herefore b een u sed t o i ndicate t he a pproximate d uration o f e ach a ssemblage. S econd , s ince t he r egional s equences o f w estern I ran c an f requently b e l inked t o t he M esopotamian s equence , b reaks i n t hese r elatively w ell-known I ranian a reas ( i.e. K huzistan , c entral Z agros, A zerbaijan ) h ave b een g iven p reference i n e stablishing h orizon l ines. T he r esulting c hart c ontains s ome a nomalies. P erhaps m ost d istressing t o a rchaeologists w orking i n K huzistan a nd M esopotamia i s t he l ong t ime s pan a llotted t o t he C halcolithic 4 ( and t he r elated U baid 4 ) p eriod . A r elated p roblem i s t he a ppearance o f s ubstancial g aps, e ven i n r egions t hat a re r elatively w ell-known a rchaeologically . A lthough s uch g aps m ay r epresent p eriods o f a bandonment b y s ettled v illage p opulations, t hey m ay a lso r epresent p eriod(s) d uring w hich s ettled p opulations m anufactured a nd u sed o nly p lain w ares. G iven l imited e xcavation , s mall s urface s amples f rom g rass-covered m ounds, a nd/or a h igh d egree o f c ontinuity i n t he c eramic a ssemblage, s uch " plain w are p eriods" m ight w ell g o u nnoticed . O ne o bvious e xample i s t he B anesh p eriod i n F ars, w hich w as n ot i solated f or a nalysis u ntil t he l ate 1 960 's. M oreover , w hen p eriods c haracterized b y p lain w ares h ave b een i solated , t here i s p robably a t endancy t o u nderestimate t heir d uration . T his a ssumption a ccounts f or t he p roposed l ength o f t he S hamsabad p eriod i n F ars. F inally , a w ord o n t erminology . T he t erms " Neolithic" a nd " Chalcolithic" a re e mployed h ere f or o nly o ne r eason : t hey a re a lready s o w idely i n u se b y a rchaeologists w orking i n I ran ( both i n t he n aming o f i ndividual a ssemblages a nd o f l arger r egional g roupings) t hat t heir c ontinued u se a nd e xtension s eems p referable t o t he i ntroduction o f n ew j argon . A n umerical d esignation i s u sed t o s pecify g roups w ithin t hese l arger e ntities b ecause i t i s u nambiguous a nd r elatively e asy t o r emember . N umbers a re a lso n eutral w ith r espect t o c ulture a nd c ultural r elationships, s pecifying o nly p lacement w ithin a l inear/chronological s equence . N eolithic 1 T he N eolithic 1 p eriod i s e ssentially e quivalent t o t he " aceramic N eolithic" i n I ran . I t i ncludes t he A li K osh a nd B us M ordeh p hases i n D eh L uran , a s w ell a s m aterial f rom T epes A siab a nd G anj D areh i n t he C entral Z agros. O ther e xcavated s amples c ome f rom a s mall s ounding a t C hoga B onut i n S usiana , a nd f rom B elt a nd H otu C aves a long t he s hore o f t he C aspian S ea . T he a bsolute d ating o f s ites a ssigned t o t his t ime r ange i s d iscussed b y F rank H ole i n t his v olume. N ote t hat w hile

I RAN B ETWEEN 6 .500 A ND 3 .500 C AL .

B C

6 25

r adiocarbon d eterminations h ave b een o btained f or B elt a nd H otu C aves, a ll b ut o ne o f t hese s amples w ere r un a s s olid c arbon i n t he e arly y ears o f r adiocarbon d ating , a nd a re n ot c onsidered r eliable. N eolithic 2 M ost o f t he s ites a ssigned t o N eolithic 2 a re w ithin t he " Zagros g roup" t radition a s d efined b y M ortensen ( 1962, 1 963, 1 964). A mong t he c haracteristic a rtifacts a re g round s tone v essels a nd o rnaments, a nd a s oft, s traw-tempered p ottery s uch a s t he " tadpole w are" f ound i n t he l ower c eramic l evels a t J armo a nd i n t he S I o r E arly d eposit a t T epe S arab. A pparently l imited t o w estern I ran , s ettlements o f t his p eriod m ay i nclude t hose o f t he M ohammad J affar p hase i n D eh L uran . T he c hronology o f t he e arly p ottery b earing s ites i s a lso d iscussed b y H ole i n t his v olume. A s et o f c onsistent r adiocarbon d ates f rom T epe G uran a nd t he E arly ( SI) p hase a t T epe S arab p lace t he N eolithic 2 a ssemblages w ithin t he m iddle o f t he s eventh m illennium . N eolithic 3 D uring t his t ime r ange a gricultural c ommunities s pread a cross t he I ranian p lateau . A ssemblages a ssigned t o N eolithic 3 a re f requently c haracterized b y c haff-tempered p ottery d ecorated w ith r ed p ainted l inear d esigns. R ed-slipped a nd b urnished p ottery i s a lso c ommon . T oward t he e nd o f t he p eriod b lack a nd/or w hite p aint c omes i nto u se i n m ost r egions. N eolithic 3 a ssemblages i n K huzistan i nclude t he S efid a nd S urkh p hases i n D eh L uran, a nd A rchaic S usiana 1 a nd 2 o f t he C hogha M ish s equence. T o t he e ast , t he M ushki p hase o f F ars c an b e l inked s tylistically t o C hogha M ish A rchaic 1 . T he c hronological p osition o f t he d istinctive J an i c eramic a ssemblage w hich a pparently f ollows M ushki i n F ars i s d ifficult t o a scertain, b ut i t p robably b egins w ithin t his t ime r ange . I n t he Z agros, N eolithic 3 i ncludes t he L ate S arab o r S V p hase a s d efined b y M cDonald ( 1979). C ontemporary w ith L ate S arab a s k nown f rom s urvey a s w ell a s e xcavation a re t he l atest N eolithic d eposits a t T epe G uran ( Guran R ed-Burnished W are p hase), a nd s urface m aterial f rom C hena A i n t he H ulailan v alley . M oving t o t he e ast, s pecific s tylistic p arallels l ink L ate S arab a nd L atest C eramic J armo t o t he e arliest p art o f t he Z agheh d eposit ( Zaghe A rchaic), a nd t o H ajji F iruz ( Hasanlu p eriod X ) s ites i n A zerbaijan i ncluding t he Y anik L ate N eolithic . S ialk I l ocated o n t he e astern e dge o f t he I ranian d eserts c an b e l inked b y c eramic d esigns t o L ate S arab a nd Z agheh a s w ell a s t he Y anik L ate N eolithic. T oward t he e nd o f N eolithic 3 , s ites t hat a re c losely r elated t o t he D jeitun c ulture o f T urkmenistan a ppear a long t he n ortheastern e dge o f t he I ranian p lateau . A s mall n umber o f r adiocarbon d ates f rom N eolithic 3 s ites, s uggest t hat t his h orizon b egan i n t he l ast q uarter o f t he s eventh m illennium a nd e nds b efore 5 500 c al B C. B oth t he p resence o f t rade s herds a t H ajji F iruz T epe a nd C hagha S efid a nd m ore g eneral s tylistic p arallels p lace N eolithic 3 c ontemporary w ith t he H aesunan a nd S amarran a ssemblages i n M esopotamia . A l arge c luster o f 1 C d ates f rom T ell e sS awwan I II p rovides i ndependent d ating o f t he S amarran a ssemblage t o

6 26

M .

V OIGT

t he e arly p art o f t he s ixth m illennium c al. B C. C halcolithic 1 T he i ntroduction o f g rit-tempered w ares i n s outhwestern I ran p rovides a c onvenient m arker f or t he b eginning o f C halcolithic 1 . A ssigned t o t his p eriod a re t he C hogha M ami T ransitional a nd S abz p hases i n D eh L uran , a nd r elated a ssemblages a ssigned t o t he E arly J affarabad p hase, C hogha M ish A rchaic S usiana 3 , a nd E arly S usiana p eriods. T he C MT a ssemblage p rovides a s ecure l ink b etween t he I ranian a nd M esopotamian s equences. A cross t he s outhern Z agros, p lain c haff-tempered c eramic i ndustries a re c haracteristic o f t he S hamsabad a ssemblage i n F ars, a nd t he r elated M uradabad a ssemblage f rom T epe G az T avila i n t he K irman a rea . T he G az T avila p ottery a pparently d ocuments t he b eginning o f t he t radition b etter k nown f rom p eriod V II a t T epe Y ahya . I mported s herds f ound a t C halcolithic 1 s ites i n K huzistan h ave b een i dentified a s C heshmeh A li w are b y D yson , p roviding a l ink t o t he f ollowing s ites d istributed a cross t he n orthern p lateau : t he u pper l evels a t Z agheh , C heshmeh A li ( Ray ), S ialk I I, a nd S angi C hakhmak . I n t he c entral a nd n orthern Z agros, t here i s l ittle t o i ndicate h uman o ccupation . T he o nly a rchaeological m aterial w hich m ight b e a ssigned t o C halcolithic 1 a re s urface s herds f rom t he M ahidasht ( Sarab B lack-and-White) a nd s ome o f t he s herds f rom t he w ash l evel a t t he b ase o f D alma T epe i n S olduz. T here a re n o u sable r adiocarbon d eterminations f or t his p hase, a nd i ts a bsolute d ate i s f ixed o nly w ith r elationship t o t he t ime r ange s uggested f or t he e nd o f N eolithic 3 . A lthough t here i s s ignificant s tylistic c hange w ithin t he c eramic i ndustries o f K huzistan, t his t ime p eriod m ay b e o f r elatively s hort d uration . C halcolithic 2 W ithin K huzistan , t his h orizon i s r elatively w ell-documented b y s ites a ssigned t o t he K hazineh a nd M ehmeh p hases i n D eh L uran , M iddle S usiana 1 t o t he b eginning o f M . S usiana 3 . E lements o f t he H ajji M ohammad s tyle s ecurely l ink t his p eriod w ith U baid p eriod 2 a nd 3 a ( Oates i n t his v olume) i n M esopotamia . I n t he c entral Z agros, t he l ocal s equence i s i nterrupted b y t he l ate H alaf-related J W are p eriod i n t he M ahidasht. T here i s n o e vidence f or o ccupation i n A zerbaijan . I n K angavar , t he S hanabad p eriod c an b e a ssigned t o t his h orizon s olely b y i ts r adiocarbon d ates. I n t he c entral a rea o f t he p lateau i t s eems h ighly l ikely t hat t he C heshmeh A li a ssemblage c ontinues. T his c onclusion i s b ased p rimarily o n t he g reat d epth ( 7 m ) o f t he S ialk I I d eposit. W ith t he e xception o f S hanabad , t he d ates f rom C halcolithic 2 a re h ighly i nconsistent. T he p lacement o f t his h orizon i n t ime i s, t herefore, a gain d ependent o n i ts p osition r elative t o a b etter d ated h orizon: s ince C halcolithic 3 b egins a round 5 000 c al B C ( see b elow ), C halcolithic 2 c an b e p laced i n t he l ast q uarter o f t he s ixth m illennium . N ote t hat t he b eginning o f C halcolithic 2 h as b een p laced a rbitrarily o n t he c hronological c hart, a nd i ts l ength r elative t o C halcolithic 1 i s u ncertain .

I RAN B ETWEEN 6 .500 A ND 3 .500 C AL .

B C

6 27

C halcolithic 3 T his p eriod i s a pproximatively e quivalent t o O ates' U baid 3 b p eriod i n M esopotamia , w ith p arallels l inking l owland a nd h ighland s ites a long t he e ntire l ength o f t he w estern Z agros. C halcolithic 3 i n I ran i s r epresented b y t he B ayat p hase i n D eh L uran , b y m ost o f C hogha M ish M iddle S usiana 3 , a nd b y t he e arly a nd m iddle C hogha M ish p eriod i n t he S usa a rea . I n F ars, r adiocarbon d ates f rom B akun M ound B s uggest t hat t he S hamsabad a ssemblage c ontinues i nto t he e arly p art o f t his p eriod , b ut a s eries o f a rtifact p arallels l inking E arly B akun a nd t he C hogha M ish p eriod s uggest t hat E arly B akun r eplaces S hamsabad w ithin C halcolithic 3 . I n K irman , Y ahya V I a nd I blis I c an b e l inked t o b oth S hamsabad a nd E arly B akun . I n t he Z agros, t he D alma a ssemblage i s f ound f rom K angavar t o n orthern A zerbaijan . T he p resence o f i mpressed w are h as b een u sed t o p lace t he " Ubaid r elated" E arly S iahbid p hase i n t he M ahidasht w ithin t his h orizon , b ut t he s mall n umber o f p ublished s herds ( Henrickson , 1 985: F ig .9) a ppear m ore s imilar t o t he i mpressed w ares o f L ate D alma ( Hasanlu I XA ) a nd e arly P isdeli ( Hasanlu V IIIC) t han t o " Classic" D alma ( Hasanlu I XB). T hus a lthough E arly S iahbid m ay b egin i n C halcolithic 3 , i t f alls p rimarily w ithin C halcolithic 4 a p lacement i n a ccord w ith t he r adiocarbon d ates f rom t he t ype s ite. T he C halcolithic 3 h orizon i s a nchored i n a bsolute t ime b y l arge s eries o f d ates f or t he B ayat p hase, w hich p lace i t a t t he v ery e nd o f t he s ixth a nd b eginning o f t he f ifth m illennium c al B C. A s ingle d ate f or H asanlu I XB a t D alma T epe f alls w ithin t his r ange. A lthough s ome s cholars h ave o bjected t o t he B ayat d ates a s " too e arly", t hey a re c onsistent n ot o nly w ith d ates f or C halcolithic 4 i n I ran , b ut a lso w ith t he U baid 4 d ates f rom T ell O uelli i n I ran , w hich w ould p lace t he b eginning o f t hat p eriod n o l ater t han 4 800 c al B C. C halcolithic 4 W ithin K huzistan , t his h orizon i ncludes t he F arukh p hase i n D eh L uran, Q abr S heykheyn 2 -4, a nd b y t he l atter p art o f t he C hoga M ish p eriod a s d efined b y D ollfus f or S usiana . T o t he e ast C halcolithic 4 i ncludes t he M iddle a nd L ate B akun p hases o f F ars w hich h ave s trong t ies t o K huzistan . M iddle B akun i s l inked t o t he e ast t o E arly I blis I I a nd Y ahya V C a nd B , w hile L ate B akun s hares a s maller n umber o f p arallels w ith L ate I blis I I a nd Y ahya V A . I n t he Z agros, t he E arly S iahbid a ssemblage c ontinues i n t he M ahidasht; t o t he e ast a nd n orth , t his h orizon m arks t he a ppearance o f " Ubaid r elated" p ainted w ares, a s d ocumented b y t he S eh G abi ( Kangavar I X ) a nd P isdeli ( Hasanlu V IIIC-B) a ssemblages. A long t he c entral d eserts, t he s ettlements r epresented a rchaeologically b y S ialk I II: 1 -2 a nd H issar I w ere a pparently e stablished n ear t he e nd o f C halcolithic 4 . T he r adiocarbon d eterminations f or t his h orizon a re i nconsistent, b ut a g ood c luster f or t he P isdeli p eriod i n A zerbaijan s uggest t hat C halcolithic 1 4 dates t o t he m iddle o f t he f ifth m illennium.

6 28

M .

V OIGT

C halcolithic 5 I n K huzistan , t he C halcolithic 5 p eriod i s r epresented b y t he S usa A /Late S usiana a ssemblage, a nd p robably b y p oorly k nown E arly U ruk l evels a t F arukhabad a nd S usa . S usa A c an b e l inked t o L ate B akun a nd t he e arly p art o f t he L apui p eriod i n F ars, a nd l ate L apui c eramics s how s ome p arallels w ith t he E arly U ruk. A c onvenient h orizon m arker w ithin t he c entral Z agros i s p rovided b y s herds o f B lack o n P lum W are, w hich a re f ound n ot o nly i n S usa A c ontexts, b ut a lso i n t he c emeteries o f H alakan a nd P archineh, a nd a t M aran p hase s ites i n t he M ahidasht. O n t he p lateau , S ialk I II: 3 -5 i s f irmly l inked t o H issar I ( Hissar I A/B i n V oigt a nd D yson , i n p ress). G lyptic p arallels l ink S ialk I II: 3 -5 , S usa A a nd L ate B akun , a s w ell a s G odin V II. T he p lain a nd i mpressed p ottery o f G odin V II m arks a b reak i n w hat i s e ssentially a s equence o f p ainted w are t raditions d uring t he C halcolithic. T his d istinctive c eramic a ssemblage h as a lso b een f ound i n a n e xcavated c ontext a t G habristan I a nd p erhaps I II, a nd o n t he s urface o f s ites s tretching n orth i n t he Z agros a lmost t o t he U rmia B asin . G habristan I I h as av ery d ifferent c eramic a ssemblage f rom t hat o f G habristan I a nd I II, o ne t hat i s c losely p aralleled b y S ialk I II: 3 -4. G iven t he p attern o f a rtifact p arallels, t here s eems t o b e a n a lternation o f i nfluences f rom t he w est a nd e ast o n t he s ettlement a t G habristan d uring t his t ime r ange. I n A zerbaijan , C halcolithic 5 i s r epresented b y t he l atest p art o f t he P isdeli p eriod ( Hasanlu V IIIA ), a nd b y t he l atest Y anik C halcolithic d eposits. W hile i t i s d ifficult t o p lace S usa A r elative t o t he M esopotamian s equence o n t he b asis o f a rtifact p arallels, g lyptic p arallels s uggest t hat i t m ay o verlap i n t ime w ith t he E arly U ruk p eriod i n M esopotamia . B oth c eramic a nd g lyptic e vidence f irmly l ink t he L ate P isdeli ( Hasanlu V IIIA ) a ssemblage i n A zerbaijan t o t he E arly G awra/Early U ruk p eriod i n n orthern M esopotamia . T hus C halcolithic 5 i n I ran s hould b e c ontemporary n ot o nly w ith " Terminal U baid" a ssemblages i n M esopotamia ( e.g . U r U baid 3 ) b ut a lso E arly U ruk . T he C halcolithic 5 p eriod i s a nchored f irmly i n a bsolute t ime b y a c onsistent s eries o f r adiocarbon d ates f or S usa A , w hich p lace i t a t t he e nd o f t he f ifth a nd b eginning o f t he f ourth m illennium c al B C. T he s ame r ange i s i ndicated b y t he o nly o ther d ate c luster , t hat f or H issar I . C halcolithic 6 T his t ime r ange i s e quivalent t o t he M iddle a nd L ate U ruk p eriod i n M esopotamia . S trong t ies e xisted b etween S outhern M esopotamia a nd K huzistan , a s d ocumented b y U ruk p hase s ettlements i n D eh L uran , t he P rotoliterate p eriod a t C hoga M ish, a nd m ost o f P eriod I I a t S usa . C eramic p arallels l ink S usa I I a nd t he E arly B anesh p hase i n F ars. I n K irman , C halcolithic 6 i s r epresented b y t he I blis I V o r A liabad p eriod, w hich h as b een f ound o n s urvey i n t he Y ahya a rea . I n t he Z agros, t he G odin V I c eramic a ssemblage i s f ound f rom K angavar t o t he B ijar a rea i n t he n orth . C losely l inked t o G odin V I b y c eramic p arallels a re S ialk I II: 6 -7 a nd G habristan I V , w hich i s i n t urn l inked t o T erminal H issar I ( Hissar I C/IIA i n V oigt a nd D yson , i n

I RAN B ETWEEN 6 .500 A ND 3 .500 C AL .

B C

6 29

p ress). S eal i mpressions p lace t he G odin V I s ettlement a t S eh G abi c ontemporary w ith t he M iddle U ruk p eriod i n K huzistan. I n A zerbaijan, t he U shnu-Solduz r egion i s a pparently a bandoned. T o t he n orth, t he G eoy M a ssemblage s hows s trong c eramic t ies t o s ites i n e astern A natolia a nd t o T epe G awra d uring t he M iddle a nd L ate U ruk p eriod. A lthough n ot t ightly c lustered, t he r adiocarbon e vidence i ndicates a d ate i n t he e arly t o m iddle p art o f t he f ourth m illennium c al B C, a d ate t hat i s c onsistent w ith t he t ime r anges s uggested f or C halcolithic 5 a nd f or t he s ucceeding P roto-Elamite h orizon ( Dyson i n t his v olume).

The of

the

University

University of Philadelphia,

Museum

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

B IBLIOGRAPHY B EALE T .W. 1 986 T he S ite. I n L AMBERG-KARLOVSKY C .C. a nd B EALE T .W.,eds. E xcavations a t T epe Y ahya , I ran: 1 967-1975.American S chool o f P rehistoric R esearch B ulletin , 3 8: P eabody M useum , H arvard U niversity.

1 1-20.

C ambridge,

M ass.:

B URNEY C . 1 964

T he E xcavations a t Y anik T epe, P reliminary R eport. I raq, 2 6: 5 4-61;

A zerbaijan ,

1 962:

T hird

B URTON-BROWN T . 1 951

E xcavations i n A zerbaijan ,

1 948 .

L ondon:John M urray.

C ALDWELL J .R . 1 967 T he s etting a nd R esults o f t he K erman P roject. I n C ALDWELL J .R., e d. I nvestigations a t T al-i I blis . I llinois S tate M useum P reliminary R eports, 9 : 2 1-39. S pringfield , I ll. D OLLFUS G . 1 983 D jowi e t B endebal: K huzistan ( Iran). F rançaise e n I ran , 1 986

d e

l a

p laine

c entrale

d u

C ahiers d e / a D elegation A rcheologique 1 3. P aris: A ssociation P alöorient.

L e p euplement d e l a S usiane P aleorient, 1 1, 2 : 1 1-20.

D YSON R .H., 1 983

d eux v illages

a u

c ours

d u

V öme

m illönaire.

J r.

T he G enesis o f t he H asanlu P roject. I ntroduction t o V OIGT M .M., H ajji F iruz T epe: t he N eolithic S ettlement. H asanlu E xcavation R eports, V ol. 1 . U niversity M useum M onographs, 5 0. P hiladelphia : P ennsylvania .

T he

U niverity

M useum

o f

t he

U niversity

o f

6 30

M .

D YSON R .H ., J r. a nd Y OUNG T .C., J r . 1 960 T he S olduz V alley, I ran: P isdeli T epe. Antiquity, E HRICH R .W .,

V OIGT

3 4 : 1 9-27 .

e d.

i n p ress. C hronologies i n O ld W orld A rchaeology . U niversity o f C hicago P ress. H AMLIN C . ( KRAMER) 1 975 D alma T epe.

I ran ,

1 3:

( 3rd

e d.)

C hicago:

1 11-128.

H ENRICKSON E .F . 1 983

C eramic S tyles a nd C ultural I nteraction i n t he E arly a nd M iddle C halcolithic o f t he C entral Z agros , I ran . P h.D. d issertation, D epartment o f A nthropology , U niversity o f T oronto. A nn A rbor : U niversity M icrofilms.

1 985

A n U pdated C hronology o f t he E arly a nd M iddle C halcolithic o f t he C entral Z agros H ighlands, W estern I ran. I ran , 2 3: 6 3-108.

H OLE F .

1 977

S tudies i n t he A rchaeological H istory o f t he D eh L uran P lain: t he E xcavation o f C hogha S efid . M emoirs o f t he M useum o f A nthropology o f t he U niversity o f M ichigan, 9 . Ann Arbor.

I n p ress.

A rchaeology

o f

t he

V illage

P eriod.

I n

A rchaeological P erspectives o n W estern I ran . :S mithsonian I nstitution. H OLE F ., 1 969

F LANNERY K .V .

H OLE

F .,

W ashington ,

e d. D .C.

a nd N EELY J .A.

P rehistory a nd Human E cology o f t he D eh L uran P lain . M emoirs o f t he M useum o f A nthropology o f t he U niversity o f M ichigan, 1 . A nn A rbor.

J OHNSON G .A. 1 976 E arly S tate F ield R eport.

O rganization i n S outhwestern I ran: P reliminary I n B AGHERZADEH F ., e d . P roceedings o f t he I Vth

Annual S ymposium o n A rchaeological R esearch i n I ran , 1 975: 1 90-223. T eheran: I ranian C entre f or A rchaeological R esearch. K EARTON R . 1 970 A s tudy o f S ettlement i n t he S almas V alley , W est A zerbaijan , I ran . M anuscript i n t he f iles o f t he H asanlu P roject, T he U niversity M useum, U niversity o f P ennsylvania . K LEIN J ., L ERMAN J .C., D AMON P .E . a nd R ALPH E .K. 1 982 C alibration o f R adiocarbon D ates: T ables B ased o n t he C onsensus D ate o f t he W orkshop o n C alibrating t he R adiocarbon T ime S cale. R adiocarbon , 2 4: 1 03-150. K ROMER K . a nd L IPPERT A . 1 976 D ie ö sterreichischen A usgrabungen a m K ordlar-Tepe i n A serbaidschan. M itteilungen d er A nthropologischen G esellschaft i n W ien, 1 06: 6 5-82.

I RAN B ETWEEN 6 .500 A ND 3 .500 C AL .

B C

6 31

K ROMER B ., R HEIN M ., B RUNS M ., S CHOCH-FISCHER H ., M UNNICH K .O., S TUIVER M ; a nd B ECKER B . 1 986 R adiocarbon C alibration D ata f or t he 6 th a nd 8 th M illennia B C. R adiocarbon , 2 8: 9 54-960. L AMBERG-KARLOVSKY C .C. 1 970 E xcavations a t T epe Y ahya , A merican S chool C ambridge, M ass.:

I ran:

1 967-1969.

P rogress R eport 1 .

o f P rehistoric R esearch B ulletin , P eabody M useum, H arvard U niversity .

L INICK T .W., L ONG A ., D AMON P .E. a nd F ERGUSON C .W. 1 986 H igh p recision R adiocarbon D ating o f B ristlecone 6 554 t o 5 350 B C. R adiocarbon, 2 8 : 9 43-953 .

P ine

2 7.

f rom

L INICK T .W., S UESS H .E . a nd B ECKER B . 1 985 L a J olla M easurements o f R adiocarbon i n S outh G erman O ak T reeR ing C hronologies. R adiocarbon , 2 7: 2 0-32. M ASUDA S . 1 972

E xcavations a t T appe S ang-e C agmaq . P roceedings o f t he i st A nnual S ymposium o f A rchaeological r esearch i n I ran , 1 972. T ehran: M inistry o f C ulture a nd A rt. ( Pamphlet).

M cDONALD M .M .A.

1 979

A n E xamination o f M id-Holocene S ettlement P atterns i n t he C entral Z agros R egion o f W estern I ran . P h .D. d issertation, D epartment o f A nthropology, U niversity o f T oronto.

M ORTENSEN P . 1 962 O n t he C hronology o f N orthern I raq. S umer , 1 963

E arly

V illage-Farming

E arly

O ccupation.

E xcavations a t T epe G uran, 1 10-121. 1 964

V illage

F arming

C ommunities

i n

1 8 : 7 3-80 .

L uristan.

I n

M ELDGAARD

A cta

J .

e t a l.,

A rchaeologica,

3 4:

A dditional R emarks o n t he C hronology o f E arly V illage F arming C ommunities i n t he Z agros A rea . S umer, 2 0: 2 8-36.

P EARSON G .W., P ILCHER J .R 4 , B AILLE M .G., C ORBETT D .M. a nd Q UA F . 1 986 H igh-precksion 1 C M easurement o f I rish O aks t o s how t he N atural 1 C V ariations f rom A D 1 840-5210 B C. R adiocarbon , 2 8: 9 11-934. P ECORELLA P .E .and S ALVINI M ., e ds; 1 984 T ra l o Z agros e l 'Urmia : R icerche S toriche n ell R oma :

' Azerbaigian I ranico. E dizioni d ell ' Ateneo.

I ncunabula

e d

A rcheologische

G raeca,

7 8 : 1 37-300 .

6 32

M .

V OIGT

P ORADA E . a nd D UNHAM S . I n p ress. T he C hronology o f M esopotamia , c a . 7 000-1600 B C. I n E HRICH R .W., e d. C hronologies i n O ld W orld A rchaeology . ( 3rd e d.) C hicago: U niversity o f C hicago P ress. P RICKETT M .E . 1 986 A n E xamination o f M id-Holocene S ettlement P attern i n t he C entral Z agros R egion o f W estern I ran . P h.D. d issertation, D epartment o f A nthropology, H arvard U niversity . S OLECKI R .L. a nd S OLECKI R .S. 1 973 T epe S eavan, a D alma P eriod S ite i n t he M argavar V alley, a zerbaijan, I ran. B ulletin o f t he A sia I nstitute, 3 : 9 8-117. S hiraz: P ahlavi U niversity. S TEVE M .J. a nd G ASCHE H . 1 971 L 'Acropole d e S use. M &moires d e l a L I Ugation A rch6ologique e n I ran , 4 6 . L eiden a nd P aris : B rill a nd G euthner. S TUIVER M ., K ROMER B ., B ECKER B ., a nd F ERGUSON C .W. 1 986 R ediocarbon A ge C alibration b ack t o 1 3.300 y ears B P a nd t he 1 C A ge M atching o f t he G erman O ak a nd U .S. B ristelcone P ine C hronologies. R adiocarbon , 2 8 : 9 69-979 . S TUIVER M . a nd P OLACH H .A. 1 977 D iscussion: R eporting o f

1 4

S TUIVER M . a nd R EIMER P .J. 1 986 A c omputer P rogram f or R adiocarbon , 2 8: 1 022-1030.

C D ata .

R adiocarbon ,

R adiocarbon

A ge

1 9 : 3 55-363 .

C alibration.

V ANDIVER P .B. 1 985

S equential S lab C onstruction: a n ear E astern P ottery P roduction T echnology , 8 000-3000 B C . P h.D. d issertation, D epartment o f M aterial S cience a nd E ngineering , M assachusetts I nstitute o f T echnology.

V OIGT M .M. 1 983

H ajji F iruz T epe , I ran: t he N eolithic S ettlement. H asanlu E xcavation r eports, V ol.l. U niversity M useum M oonographs, 5 0. P hiladelphia : T he U niversity M useum o f t he U niversity o f P ennsylvania .

I n p rogress. T he E arly P eriods i n S olduz. H asanlu E xcavation R eports, V ol.2. U niversity M useum M onographs. P hiladelphia : T he U niversity M useum o f t he U niversity o f P ennsylvania . V OIGT M .M.

a nd D YSON R .H .,

J r.

I n p ress. T he C hronology o f I ran, c a . 8 000-2000 B C. I n E HRICH R .W., e d. C hronologies i n O ld W orld A rchaeology . ( 3rd e d.). C hicago: U niversity o f C hicago P ress.

I RAN B ETWEEN 6 .500 A ND 3 .500 C AL .

B C

6 33

W RIGHT H .T. e d. 1 981 A n E arly T own o n t he D eh L uran P lain: E xcavations a t T epe F arukhabad. M emoirs o f t he M useum o f A nthropology o f t he U niversity o f M ichigan , 1 3. A nn A rbor. Y OUNG T .C., J r. 1 962 Taking t he H istory o f Y ears: Valley, Y OUNG T .C., 1 974

J r.

t he

H asanlu

A rea

B ack

A nother

S ixth a nd F ifth M illennium S ettlements i n P ersia . I llustrated L ondon N ews, 2 41: 7 07-709.

5 000 S olduz

a nd L EVINE L .D.

E xcavations o f t he G odin P roject: S econd P rogress r eport. R oyal O ntario M useum o f A rt a nd A rchaeology O ccasional P apers, 2 6. T oronto.

6 34

M .

V OIGT

I RAN B ETWEEN 6 .500 A ND 3 .500 C AL .

B C

6 35

c n

M .

6 36

V OIGT

I RAN

N IES OPOTA MIA

SOUTH WESTERN LO WLANDS ( KHUZ ISTAN )

HOR IZON

D a te c a l B .C .

D EH LURAN

SW

S E

ZAGROS

I RAN

E AST

WEST

MARV

S US IANA

SUS IANA

DASHT

SOGHUN

S usa I VA S usa IC

E . D ynast ic

E . D ynast ic PR OT O-ELA M ITE 2

J e mdet N asr

3 000 - PR OTO-ELAM ITE

1 - J e mdet Nasr

- Ghaz ir S take 1 0

-S usa I A ( Susa

P -E T RANS IT ION L . U ruk M . U ruk

_ L . U ruk

3 500 -

L . Banesh

S usa IB

M .

CHALC OL ITH IC 6

U ruk

-

_ Susa

- M . BANESH - Yahya I VC :2 "

1 7x)

I

Y ahya I VC :1

1 /

_ E . Banesh

_

P roto l i tera te

. A l iabad

L apu i

E . U ruk P ost-Farukh? E U ruk

4 000

- CHALC OLITHIC

5

-

S usa A

_ SUSA A l SUSA I

- L. Su s ian a

T erm ina l U ba id

_ L . B akun

_

. Y ahya VA Yahya VB

Qabr S heykheyn 1 -4

U ba id 4

4 500 -

CHALCOL ITH IC 4

-

F arukh

M . B akun

-

-

-

Y ahya VC -

Y ahya V I

.

E . B akun ish Chogha M

Uba id 3 CHALCOL ITH IC 3

5 000 -

- BAYAT

_ M . S us iana 3

_

Meh meh Uba id 2

U ba id

1

Chogha Ma m i T rans i t iona l

CHALC OL ITH IC 2

5 500

- CHALC OL ITH IC

1

S urkh SA W WAN I l

6 000 -

N E OL ITH IC 3

U pper J armo

S ef i d

-

i

I

K h az i n e h

S abz - Oh Ma m i T r

Y ahya V I I

-

M . S us iana

2 /1

S ha msabad

J affarabad

E . S us iana A rcha ic S us iana 3 • \ .

I

.

_

Muradabad

I -

' • J an i

A rcha ic S us iana 2 A rcha ic S us iana 1 A rcha ic F or mat iveSus iana

Mushk i

-

-

-

-

-

-

_

'

Moha m mad J a ffar

6 500 -

-

-

'

NE OL ITH IC 2

S awwan I

-

7 000 -

A l i Kosh

-A cera m ic

S us iana

-

4

'

L ower J armo

7 500 -

N E OL ITH IC

1

-

_

-

_

_

F igure 2 - C hart s howing t he c hronological r elationship o f t he m ajor r egional s equences f or I ran . T he N eolithic a nd C halcolithic h orizons p roposed o n t his c hart a re d iscussed i n t his a rticle; t he P rotoE lamite h orizons a re d iscussed b y D yson i n t his v olume . T he d otted l ines s how t he a pproximate c hronological

l imits f or e ach h orizon b ased

'

I RAN B ETWEEN 6 .500 A ND 3 .500 C AL .

6 37

B C

I RAN CENTRAL WESTERN I RAN

NORTH WESTERN I RAN ( AZERBA IJAN )

CENTRAL NORTHERN & NORTHEASTERN I RAN

MAH I

L UR ISTAN

K ANGAVAR

DASHT M a ran R ed S l ip

E .B ronze I

QAZV M/

DAMGHAN/

KASHAN

KHORASAN

_

L . Cha lco l i th ic D eh S ava r -

U RM IA

N .E . U RM IA

B AS IN

G od in I 1 :6

P LA IN

BAS IN

D a te c a l B .C .

H ASANLU V I

G od in I V -

S . URM IA

Y an ik E . B . I

E . H i ssa r I l

G eoy K . 2 ,

e rm ina l V I /V _T

S i a lk I V :2

.H I SSAR I -L

G od in V I /V

S i a lk I V :1

M . H ISSAR I l

-

- G eoy K . 1

- 3"

G eoy M -G od in V I

-

S i a lk I :6 -7

-E . H i ssa r I

-

-3 500

an ik I I IA _Y asan lu V _H C ha lco l i th ic

-4 000

-

-

T e rm ina l H i ssa r I

G od in V I -H aka lan P a rch inah

-M a ran

-

_S i a lk I 1 :4-5 G od in V I I I

_ , H issa r I

L .S i ahb id

S i a lk 1 :1-3 G od in I X ( S eh G ab i )

_

-

-

H asan lu V I IB ( P ISDEL I )

-

C ha lco l i th ic -4 500 -

-

-

-5 000

-

-

-5 500

Y an ik H asan lu X i ruz ) _L .N eo l i th ic _ _ ( Ha j j i F

-6 000

-

-

-

-

-

H asan lu I X - ( Da lma )

I I IC H asan lu V

E .S i ahb id

.

-

+

S hanabad

JW a re

_

G od in X

-

-

heshmeh A l i-C heshmeh A l i -C

?

C hena A D j e i tun _G u ran R ed _ L .S a rab B u rn ished

-S a rab

-Z agheh

-S an gi C hakhmaq

.Z ag ros S t anda rd

-E . S a rab

.

-

-

-

-

-

-

G u ran A rcha ic

.

_ G an j D a reh

_ A bdu l H ose in

-

-

_

_

-6 500

-

-

-

-7 000

-

-

_

-7 500

o n r adiocarbon d ates . T hey d o n ot , h owever , i ndicate t he c hronological d uration o f s pecific p eriods o r a ssemblages . A ssemblages o r p eriods t hat h ave p roduced l arge a nd c onsistent s eries o f r adiocarbone d ates a re s hown i n c apital l etters ( e .g . B AYAT , S USA A ).

M .

6 38

T ABLE 1

V OIGT

R ADIOCARBON D ATES R ELATING T O T HE N EOLITHIC A ND C HALCOLITHIC I N I RAN I

S ite/Period

L ab N o.

5 568 h l

B P2

C al

B C

( 1

s igma)

3

R eferences 4

N EOLITHIC 1 a nd S ee H ole

t his v olume

f or c alibrated d ates.

N EOLITHIC 3 C hagha S efid S efid

U Ga-297

8 040+90

7 130-6810

H ole 1 977 :25;

C ALIB 1

U Ga-293

8 000+710

> 7210-6 110

H ole 1 977 :25;

C ALIB 1

U ga-291

7 730+110

6 680-6450

H ole 1 977:25;

C ALIB 1

T K35b

6 800+600

6 220-5220

R C 1 1:514;

C ALIB 1

7 150+90

6 090-5960

R C 1 4 :459 ;

C ALIB 1

7 270+130

6 220-5990

M asuda

1 972 :2;

C ALIB 1

7 240+150

6 210-5970

M asuda

1 972 :2;

C ALIB 1

Z one C l S efid Z one C l S urkh Z one F M ushki M ushk i L evel

2 a

( Animal

B one)

Z agheh A rchaic S ang i

T UNC-12

C hakhmaq W est

S ang i

C hakhmaq

S ang i

C hakhmaq

B aranu T ope

?

( Sayid H ammadan i,

H aaanlu X

S hell

N Q-6) 7 800+210

7 040-6440

O p .

1 969 :339 ;

V oigt 1 983 :349 ;

P irus T ope N asanlu X

H ole e t a l.

P -455

7 270+90

6 180-6000

R C 5 :90;

P -I843

6 870+ 100 _

5 820-5640

R C 1 6:222;

C ALIB

C ALIB 1

I I D 5 ( basal)

H asanlu X P hase D H asanlu X

1 983 :348; P -502

6 900+ 80 _

5 830-5650

P hase B -D

R C 5 :90;

C ALIB 1 V oigt

1 983:348;

Y anik T epe L ate N eolithic

P -1244

7 040+70

5 980-5810

L evel P 7 L ate N eolithic L evel

P 5

R C 1 1:150; C ALIB 1

P -1243

6 930+80

5 950-5720

R C 1 1:150 C ALIB 1

V oigt

C ALIB 1

I RAN B ETWEEN 6 .500 AND 3 .500 C AL .

T ABLE 1

B C

6 39

R ADIOCARBON D ATES R ELATING T O T HE N EOLITHIC A ND C HALCOLITHIC

B ite/Period

L ab N o.

5 568 h l

B P2

C al

B C

( 1

s igma)

3

I N I RAN I

R eferences 4

C HALCOL1THIC 1 T epe

S abz

S abz

1 -1497

6 740+190

5 750-5480

Z one D

1 969 :336;

T epe G az T avila E arly Y ahya P hase

H ole e t C ALIB

a l.

1

( R 3 7)

V II

P RL-749

6 650+180

5 700-5420

R C 2 7:102;

C ALIB

1

V II

P RL-748

6 640+ 180 _

5 650-5410

R C 2 7:102;

C ALIB 1

V II

P RL-744

6 670+150

5 650-5480

R C 2 7:102;

C ALIB 1

S I-206

7 200+ 1000 _

7 210-7180

R C 9 :379;

H ole e t a l.

1 969 :336;

C ALIB 1

R C 7 :355;

H ole e t

1 969 :335;

C ALIB

I I

E arly Y ahya P hase

R C 1 0 :291;

I II

E arly Y ahya P hase

I V .5

C HALCOLITHIC 2 T epe S abz K hazineh Z one C 3 K hazineh Z one

6 930+200

5 980-5630

C 3

K hazineh Z one

U CLA-750B

1 -1501

7 460+ 160 _

6 450-6120

C l

M ehmeh

6 470+ 160 _

5 540-5240

Z one B 3

Z one

1

H ole e t

1 969 :335 C ALIB 1 -1493

M ehmeh

R C 1 0 :291;

R C 1 0 :290; 1 969 :335;

1 -1500

5 410+160

4 450-4010

B l

R C

1 0 :291;

1 969 :335;

a l.

a l.

1

H ole e t C ALIB

a l.

1

H ole e t a l. C ALIB

2

S eh G abi S hanabad

S I-2668

6 220+80

5 240-5070

M cDonald

1 979 :348;

C ALIB

1

S hanabad

S I-2669

6 200+110

5 300-5000

M cDonald

1 979 :348;

C ALIB

1

S hanabad

S I-2670

6 060+80

5 200-4860

M cDonald

1 979:348;

C ALIB

2

U CLA-750A

6 070+ 100 _

5 210-4860

C HALCOLITHIC 3 T epe S abz B ayat Z one A 3 B ayat Z one A 3

1 -1502

6 060+ 140 _

5 220-4790

R C 7 :355;

H ole e t

1 969 :335;

C ALIB

R C 1 0 :291; 1 969:335;

2

H ole e t C ALIB

a l

2

a l.

6 40

M .

T ABLE 1

R ADIOCARBON D ATES R ELATING T O T HE N EOLITHIC A ND C HALCOLITHIC I N I RAN'

S ite/Period

L ab N o.

D ayat

S I-156

5 568 h l

B P2

5 770+120

C al

B C

( 1

4 780-4490

Z one A 3 B ayat

1 -1503

5 860+ 230 _

5 050-4470

Z one A 2 S I-204

6 060+ 200 _

5 230-4780

Z one A 2 B ayat

S I-205

5 700+ 250 _

4 890-4340

Z one A 2 B ayat

S I-203

6 170+ 200 _

5 330-4860

Z one A l B ayat

T al-i

s igma)

3

R eferences 4 R C 8 :419 ;

H ole e t

1 969 :335;

C ALIB 2

H ole e t a l. C ALIB

B ayat

Z one

V OIGT

1 -1499

6 050+ 140 _

5 210-4790

A l

a l.

1 969 :335;

2

R C 9 :379;

H ole e t

1 969 :335;

C ALIB 2

R C 9 :379;

H ole e t

1 969 :379;

C ALIB

R C 9 :379;

H ole e t

1 969 :335;

C ALIB

H ole

e t

C ALIB

a l.

a l.

a l.

2 a l.

2

1 969 :335;

2

B akun

S hamsabad

P -931

6 260+ 70 _

5 310-5210

R C 8 :350;

S hamsabad

P -438

5 990+ 80 _

5 000-4790

R C

B eta-6561

5 680+ 200 _

4 780-4350

B eale 1 986:table 2 .1;

5 :90;

C ALIB 1 C ALIB 2

T epe Y ahya Y ahya

Y ahya

Y ahya

V IIC .1

V IIB.4

V IIB.2

G X-1509

B eta-6559

6 070+ 180 _

5 550+80

5 230-4780

4 470-4350

C ALIB

2

B eale

1 986:table

C ALIB

2

B eale

1 986:table

C ALIB

2

2 .1;

2 .1;

S eh G abi G odin X M d B L evel D alma

S I-4915

5 630+ 80 _

4 580-4360

6

H enrickson ' 1 983 :table

7 1;

C ALIB 2

T epe

H asanlu I XB

P -503

5 990+90

M -2153

5 760+ 200 _

5 040-4790

R C 5 :90;

C ALIB 2

C HALCOLITHIC 4 F arukhabad E arly E xc.

F arukh B l ayer 4 5

4 900-4370

R C 1 4:191;

W right

4 36;

2

C ALIB

1 981:

I RAN B ETWEEN 6 .500 AND 3 .500 C AL .

T ABLE 1

B C

6 41

R ADIOCARBON D ATES R ELATING T O T HE N EOLITHIC A ND C HALCOLITHIC I N I RAN I

S ite/Period

L ab N o.

5 568 h l B P2

G aK-197

5 870+160

4 940-4550

R C 5 :115;

C ALIB 2

G aK-198

5 440+120

4 450-4160

R C 5 :115;

C ALIB 2

G x-867

6 180+160

5 310-4910

C aldwell

1 967:fig.

2 ;

1 967:fig.

2 ;

1 967 :fig.

2 ;

1 967 :fig.

2 ;

1 967:fig.

2 ;

C al

B C ( 1

s igma) 3

R eferences 4

T al-i G ap E arly B akun L evel

1 7,

G AT I

M iddle B akun L evel 6 , G AT I I T al-i

I blis

I blis I A rea B I blis

I

A rea

B

C ALIB 2 G X-868

5 460+ 110 _

4 450-4170

C ALIB 2

I blis I

G x-869

6 210+ 130 _

5 310-4950

H ouse G f loor I blis I

c x-863

I

5 780+ 160 _

4 890-4470

5 710+ 160 _

4 780-4360

H ouse D f loor

1 964 S ect.

C aldwell C ALIB 2

G x-866

I blis I

C aldwell C ALIB 1

H ouse F f loor I blis

C aldwell

C aldwell C ALIB 2

P -924

5 710+70

4 710-4470

0

R C 8 :351; f ig.

2 ;

C aldwell

1 967:

C ALIB 2

T epe L angar I blis

I

W SU-671

6 050+270

5 300-4680

P rickett 1 986;

C ALIB 2

Y ahya V IB .1

G x-1737

5 570+160

4 660-4250

B eale 1 983 :12;

C ALIB 2

Y ahya V IB .1/2

G x-1728

5 610+ 140 _

4 670-4340

B eale .J . 983:12;

C ALIB 2

Y ahya V IA

B eta-6477

6 870+550

6 220-5240

.B eale 1 983:12;

C ALIB 1

Y ahya V B

B eta-6476

5 210+ 130 _

4 230-3820

T epe Y ahya

B eale 1 986:table 2 .1; C ALIB 2

T epe S iahbid E .

E .

S iahbid

S iahbid

QU-1035

P -442

5 870+120

5 820+80

4 930-4600

4 790-4590

H enrickson 1 983 :table 7 1; 1 985:73;

C ALIB 2

R C 5 :91;

H enrickson

1 985:73;

C ALIB

2

6 42

M .

T ABLE 1

V OIGT

R ADIOCARBON D ATES R ELATING T O T HE N EOLITHIC A ND C HALCOLITHIC I N I RAN I

S ite/Period

L ab N o.

5 568 h l B P2

S I-4914

5 160+90

C al B C ( 1

s igma) 3

R eferences 4

S eh G abi G odin X /IX

4 040-3820

T ransition

C ALIB

G odin I X

S I-4913

M d B L evel

4 220-3990

H enrickson 1 983 :table 7 1;

5 020+ 70 _

3 950-3710

H enrickson 1 983 :table 7 1; C ALIB 2

S I-4909

5 500+ 60 _

4 450-4340

2

H enrickson 1 983 :table 7 1; C ALIB 2

T epe

I I

S tr.

I I

P -505

5 640+9 _0

4 660-4370

R C 5 :89;

C ALIB 2

P -504

5 520+80

4 460-4340

R C 5 :89;

C ALIB 2

P -1842

5 370+80

4 340-4050

R C 1 6 :222;

C ALIB

P -1841

5 460+ 80 _

4 360-4240

R C 1 6 :222;

C ALIB 2

4 830-4360

H ole e t a l.

1 0

H asanlu V IIIB O p.

5 240+ 60 _

2

H asanlu V IIIB O p.

H enrickson 1 983 :table 7 1;

C ALIB 2 S I-4910

G odin I X

P isdeli

4 230-4000

2

G odin I X

H enrickson 1 983 :table 7 1;

C ALIB 2 S I-4911

M d B L evel

5 180+ 50 _

2

G odin I X

M d B L evel

4 350-4240

2

C ALIB 2 S I-4912

M d B L evel

5 430+50

3

G odin I X M d B L evel

H enrickson 1 983 :table 7 1;

S tr .

5

H ajji F iruz T epe H asanlu V IIIB F 10 S tr .

3 a

H asanlu V IIIB F 10 S tr . K ush A li

2

2

T epe

( Rezaiyeh R oad T epe,

C halcolithic

S hell

R Y-2)

5 730+190

p 969 :339 ;

C ALIB 2 C halcolithic

P -866

5 450+70

4 360-4240

R C 8 :350;

C ALIB 2

G rN-6054

5 280+80

4 240-4000

S teve a nd G asche

C HALCOLITHIC 5 S e i ' a S usa A /Susa I L oc.

3 14

S uss A /Susa I L oc.

1 971:n . G rN-6052

5 370+40

4 330-4160

3 01a

S usa A /Susa I

4 790+110

3 700-3380

C ALIB 2

S teve a nd G asche 1 971:n .

S pr-1

3 8;

3 8;

C ALIB 2

S teve a nd G asche 1 971:n.

3 8;

C ALIB 2

I RAN B ETWEEN 6 .500 A ND 3 .500 C AL .

T ABLE 1

B C

6 43

R ADIOCARBON D ATES R ELATING T O T HE N EOLITHIC A ND C HALCOLITHIC I N I RAN I

S ite/Period

L ab N o.

5 568 h l

B P2

C al B C ( 1

s igma) 3

R eferences 4

J affarabad S usa A /Susa I L evel

C ALIB 2

T UNC-46

5 140+120

4 210-3790

R C 1 5:596;

C ALIB 2

T UNC-44

5 100+120

4 030-3780

R C 1 5:596;

C ALIB 2

T UNC-43

4 970+ 80 —

3 940-3690

R C 1 5:596;

C ALIB 2

T UNC-6

5 240+70

4 220-3990

R C 1 4 :458;

C ALIB 2

T UNC-5

5 250+ 70 _

4 230-3990

R C 1 4 :458;

C ALIB 2

T UNC-4

5 170+70

4 040-3830

R C 1 4 :458;

C ALIB 2

T UNC 3

5 060+70

3 980-3780

R C 1 4 :458;

C ALIB 2

B M-171

5 050+150

4 000-3700

R C 1 0 :3-4;

C ALIB 2

P -925

5 870+ 70 _

4 890-4720

R C 8 :351;

C aldwell

1 967:fig.

2 ;

3

S usa A /Susa I L evel

R C 1 5:596;

3

S usa A /Susa I L evel

4 030-3810

3

S usa A /Susa I L evel

5 130+90

3

S usa A /Susa I L evel

T UNC-48

2

S usa A /Susa I L evel 2 S uss A /Susa I L evel

2

S usa A /Susa I L evel

1

T al-i N okodi L ate B akun T al-i I blis E .

I blis I I

1 964 l ev.

1

I blis I I

G x-864

6 060+ 40 _

5 060-4910

A rea A G x-865

A rea E l ev. I blis

1 964

I I

l ev.

l ev.

5 880+150

4 940-4580

4

2 ;

5 860+ 70 _

4 890-4680

2 P -927 3

C aldwell

1 967:fig .

2 ;

C ALIB 2 P -926

I blis I II 1 964

1 967:fig .

C ALIB 2

I blis I I

L .

C aldwell

C ALIB 2

5 570+60

4 470-4350

R C 8 :351;

C aldwell

1 967:fig.

2 ;

R C 8 :351;

C aldwell

1 967:fig.

2 ;

C ALIB 2

C ALIB 2

6 44

M .

T ABLE 1

V OIGT

R ADIOCARBON D ATES R ELATING T O T HE N EOLITHIC A ND C HALCOLITHIC I N I RAN I

S ite/Period

L ab N o.

5 568 h l

B P2

C al

B C ( 1

s igma)

3

R eferences 4

T epe Y ahya Y ahya V A .1

W SU-872

5 580+280

4 780-4050

B eale 1 986:table 2 .1; C ALIB 2

Y ahya V A .1N

B eta-6560

5 060+110

3 990-3710

B eale 1 986:table 2 .1; C ALIB 2

T epe M uradabad

( R 2 6)

L ate Y ahya V A

B eta-6480

5 160+110

4 210-3820

P rickett 1 986;

C ALIB 2

G aK-1074

4 730+120

3 650-3360

H enrickson 1 983 : t able 7 1;

G odin T epe G odin V II O p.

B S tr .

3 9a

G odin V II O p.

B S tr .

C ALIB 2 G ak-1073

5 710+100

4 720-4460

3 5

H enrickson 1 983 : t able 7 1; C ALIB 2

S eh G ab i C odin V II

S I-4917

4 690+50

3 610-3370

M ound A G od in V II

H enrickson 1 983 : t able 7 1; C ALIB 2

S I-49 18

4 470+ 60 _

3 340-3040

M ound A

H enrickson 1 983 :table 7 1; C ALIB 2

T epe H issar H issar I

• P -2622

5 060+320

4 240-3520

R C 2 6 :220;

C ALIB 2

H issar I

P -2774

5 750+60

4 720-4520

R C 2 6 :220;

C ALIB 2

H issar I

P -2623

5 200+ 70 _

4 210-3970

R C 2 6:221; C ALIB 2

H issar I

P -2765

5 020+70 _

3 950-3710

R C 2 6:222;

C ALIB 2

P isdeli T epe H asanlu V IIIA O p .

P -157

5 450+ 160 _

4 460-4050

I2.5 m

R C 1 :50,

r ecaculcated t o

1 950 b .p.;

C ALIB 2

Y anik T epe C halcolithic

P -1246

5 270+ 70 _

4 230-4000

R C 1 1:150;

C ALIB 2

P -1245

5 090+ 60 _

3 980-3790

R C 1 1:150;

C ALIB 2

L evel M C17 C halcolithic L evel M C8

I RAN B ETWEEN 6 .500 A ND 3 .500 C AL .

T ABLE 1

B C

6 45

R ADIOCARBON - D ATES R ELATING T O T HE N EOLITHIC A ND C HALCOLITHIC I N I RAN I

S ite/Period

L ab N o.

5 568 h l B P2

C al B C ( 1

s igma)

3

R eferences 4

C HALCOLITHIC 6 S uss U ruk A padana

l oc.

P -912

5 420+70

4 350-4170

R C 8 :352;

C ALIB 2

T UNC-59

4 650+90

3 610-3340

R C 1 5:596;

C ALIB 2

P -2210

5 140+60

4 030-3820

R C 1 9 :207;

C ALIB 2

T UNC-32

4 830+ 60 _

3 700-3530

R C 1 5:595;

J ohnson 1 976:

6

U ruk A cropole I H 5 T epe S harafabad M iddle U ruk B RB P it M id.-Late U ruk B RB P it

t able 3 ;

M id.-Late

U ruk

T UNC-33

4 330+ 50 _

3 030-2910

B RB P it

C ALIB 2

R C 1 5:595; J ohnson 1 976: t able 3 ;

C ALIB 2

F arukhabad M iddle U ruk? E xc. T ali

M -2152

4 460+ 190 _

3 380-2910

A l ayer 2 1

R C 1 4 :19 1; W right 1 981: 4 36-437;

C ALIB 2

K ure

T erm inal

L apui

P -2624

5 000+ 290 _

4 220-3390

R C 2 3:232;

C ALIB 2

I n itial

B anesh

P -2627

4 360+ 230 _

3 360-2630

R C 2 3:232;

C ALIB 2

I n itial

B anesh

P -2626

4 550+ 40

3 640-2910

R C 2 3 :232;

C ALIB 2

5 430+ 60 _

4 350-4240

R C 8 :351;

C aldwell

1 967:fig.

2 ;

R C 8 :351;

C aldwell

1 967:fig.

2 ;

T al-i

I blis

I blis

I V

P-928

1 964 s ect. I blis

4

I V

P -929

1 964 s ect.

4 680+ 60 _

3 610-3370

5

C ALIB

C ALIB

T epe H issar T erminal

H issar I ?

P -2763

4 870+70

3 780-3540

R C 2 6 :222;

C ALIB

2

T erminal

H issar I

P -2619

4 830+60

3 700-3530

R C 2 6:221;

C ALIB 2

T erminal

H issar I

P -2764

4 910+70

3 780-3640

R C 2 6:222;

C ALIB 2

2

2

6 46

M .

T ABLE 1 :

1

T he

d ate

F OOTNOTES

l ist

l ist

o f

f or

d ates p resented h ere I ran p ublished b y

e limintated d eviate c . s pan i n t he

2

F or

t he

r elative

5 0,

r ounding

1 970's.

a nd D yson

o r more

d ate

t he

t o m ake

l abs a ll

o f

5 i s

t he

d ates

t o

t he

t he

r ounding o f

s ame

t ime

d ates i n T able

u nrounded

n umbers h ave

g uidelines.

N ote

t he

B .P .

n earest multiple o f

1 0

( For s tandard d eviations u nder p referred.)

T his p ractice h as

r eporting i n R adiocarbon s ince

p ublished a s

t hat

t han 5 0 t o

1 977:362).

n earest multiple

f ollowed b y m ost I n o rder

T hose

f rom o thers a ssigned

l ists i n R adiocarbon,

( Stuiver a nd P olach

t o

( in p ress).

c hronology.

s tandard d eviations g reater

r ecommended

f act b een

r epresents a s election f rom a c omplete

V oigt

1 000 y ears

p ublication o f

d ates a nd o f i s

V OIGT

I c onsistent,

i n

t he e arly

t hose d ates

b een r ounded i n a ccordance w ith p resent

d ates p ublished b y H ole i n t his

v olume

a re

p resented

a s p ublished. . 9 .

3

A ll

C ALIB

c al.

B .C .

d ates w ere

o btained

( revsion 1 .3) w ritten b y M . t he

p rogram c an b e

o btained o n f loppy d iskette

S ince

g enerated

4

o f W ashington

C ALIB h as b een p ublished

r ounded

B .P .

d ates w ere

b y ' CALIB w ere

a lso

u sed

t he u se o f

S tuiver a nd P .J .

I sotope L ab o f

v ersion o f

U niversity

t hrough

t he c omputer p rogram

R eimer o f

t he Q uaternary

( Seattle W ashington, f rom

t he a uthors.

9 8195).

A n e arlier

i n R adiocarbon ( Stui ver a nd R eimer i n

r ounded

t heir c alculation, t o

a multiple o f

T his

t he o ne

s igma

1 986). v alues

1 0.

A bbreviations:

R C:

R adiocarbon

p c:

p ersonal

C ALIB 1 : b y

c ommunication

c alibration d erived

L inick,

S uess a nd

1 986;

K romer,

1 986;

a nd

C ALIB 2 :

R hein,

L inick,

f rom a 2 0 y ear w eighted a verage

B ecker 1 985; B runs,

L ong,

S choch-Fisher,

D amon a nd

C alibration d erived

S tuiver,

K romer, M unnich,

o f d ata

B ecker a nd

p ublished

F erguson

S tuiver a nd

B ecker

F erguson 1 986

f rom d ata

p ublished b y

P earson e t

a l.

1 986.

Chronologies in Aurenche 0 ., Evin BAR International

the Near J . and Hours S eries,

F .

East, eds. 1 987

T H E R E L A T IV E A N D A B S O LU T E C H R O N O L O G Y O FH I S S A R I A N D T H E P R O T O E L A M I T E H O R I Z O N O FN O R T H E R N I R A N Robert

H .

DYSON,

Jr.

I ntroduction

I n h er p aper o n t he " Relative a nd A bsolute C hronologies f or I ran b etween 6 000 a nd 3 500 B C" M .M. V oigt ( this v olume) h as i ndicated t he c ollaborative p rocedures f ollowed b y t he t wo o f u s i n c onstructing o ur p aper " The C hronology o f I ran 6 000-2000 B C", s oon t o a ppear i n C hronologies i n O ld W orld A rchaeology ( Robert W . E hrich, e ditor). T hat p aper p rovides a f ull l isting o f a ll r adiocarbon d eterminations f or a ll p eriods i n I ran f rom t he a ceramic N eolithic t hrough t he t hird m illenium B C, a s w ell a s d ocumentation s upporting t he r elative c hronology p roposed. I n t he E hrich v olume, a ll r adiocarbon d eterminations w ere c alibrated, u sing u npublished t ables g enerated b y J effrey K lein o f t he U niversity o f P ennsylvania . T hese K lein t ables, w hich p rovide c al B C d ates a t t he o ne s igma l evel o f c onfidence, w ere b ased o n t he s ame d ata s et a s t hose p ublished b y K lein e t a l. ( 1982): 1 151 s amples o f d endrochronologically d ated w ood, p rimarily b ristlecone p ine a nd g iant s equoi. D ates p ublished i n t he o riginal r eport o n t he 1 976 e xcavations a t T epe H issar ( submitted f or p ublication i n 1 979 ; Dyson a nd H owward, i n p ress) w ere a lso c alibrated u sing t he K lein o ne s igma t ables. T he c alibrated valued u sed i n t his p aper d iffer s omewhat f rom t hose i n o ur e arlier ( COWA ) paper, s ince t hey a re b ased o n t he c alibration c urves p ublished a fter t he T rondheim C onference, i ncorporating t he E uropean o ak s eries. A ll c al B C d ates p resented h ere o btained t hrough t he c omputer p rogram C ALIB ( revision 1 .3) w ritten b y M . S tuiver a nd P .J. R eimer o f t he Q uarternary I sotope L ab o f t he U niversity o f W ashington. ( An e arlier v ersion o f C alib h as b een p ublished i n R adiocarbon ( Stuiver a nd R eimer, 1 986)) T he d ata e mployed b y C ALIB f or t he t ime r ange u nder d iscussion a re t hose p ublished b y P earson e t a l . ( 1986).

6 48

R .H .

D YSON J r .

T he p resent p aper p rovides a b rief s ummary o f c urrent e vidence f rom T epe H issar i n n ortheastern I ran w ith s ome i mplications f or t he r elative a nd a bsolute d ating o f t he s o-called " Proto-Elamite" p eriod. I n b uilding t his c hronology, t he H issar s tratigraphic s equence m ust b e r elated t o t hat a t S usa , t he k ey s ite f or t he d efinition o f t his p eriod. A rtifact p arallels a re t herefore t raced a long t he n orthern e dge o f t he p lateau v ia t wo s ites: T epe S ialk a nd G odin T epe. T wo m ajor e xcavated s ites i n s outhern I ran, M alyan a nd Y ahya T epe, w ill n ot b e d iscussed i n d etail s ince o nly g eneral d escriptions o f t he r elevant a ssemblages h ave b een p ublished. W hen a n a nalysis o f t he c eramic a nd g lyptic e vidence h as b een c ompleted, t he l ong s tratified s equence f or M alyan B anesh ( with i ts l arge n umber o f r adiocarbon d eterminations), s hould b e p articularly v aluable a s a m eans o f r elating t he S usa s equence t o s ites a long t he n orthern e dge o f t he I ranian p lateau, b y w ay o f F ars. The " Proto-Elamite" p eriod T he P roto-Elamite p eriod, d ivided h ere i nto t hree c hronological h orizons, f ollows i mmediately u pon t he C halcolithic 6 h orizon a s d efined b y V oigt ( this v olume). T he t erm " Proto-Elamite" w as o riginally a pplied t o t he a rchaic w riting s ystem f irst d iscovered a t S usa ( Scheil, 1 905: 5 9 f f). I t h as m ore r ecently b een a pplied t o t hose e xcavated l evels i n w hich t ablets i nscribed w ith P roto-Elamite s cript h ave b een f ound, t he p rimary s ource b eing t he S usa A cropole I s ounding , l evels 1 6-14B ( Le B run 1 971, 1 978; L e B run a nd V allat 1 978; V allat 1 971, 1 973, 1 978). T he e xact n ature o f t he t ransition b etween t he l atest C halcolithic 6 a nd t he P roto-Elamite a rchaeological a ssemblages a t S usa i s p oorly k nown. I n S usa A cropole I , l evels 1 7B a nd 1 7A a re c haracterized b y " Late U ruk" c eramics o f M esopotamian t ype. T he p ublished s tratigraphic s ection ( Le B run 1 971: f ig . 3 2) s hows t he m ud-built s tructures o f l evel 1 7B f illed w ith d ebris f rom t heir o wn d ecay; t he w all s tubs a nd f ill a re o ver-lain i n p art b y s loping s trats o f s econdary t rash t ermed 1 7A ( Le B run 1 971: 2 10-211). T his e ntire d eposit i s t erminated b y l eveling a ctivity d uring t he c onstruction o f t he s tructures o f l evel 1 6 w hich h ave a d ifferent o rientation f rom t hose o f 1 7B. T here i s, t herefore, a d iscontinuity i n t he s tratigraphy o f u nknown d uration w hich m ust b e t aken i nto c onsideration. A lthough D ittmann ( 1983b: 1 ) h as p ointed t o s ix s omewhat g eneralized e lements o f c eramic c ontinuity a t S usa , t he f ull a ssemblages o f l evels 1 7 a nd 1 6 a re q uite d istinct, t he c eramics o f t he l atter b eing c losely l inked t o M iddle B anesh M alyan. M oreover , t he a ppearance o f t he f ully d eveloped P roto-Elamite w riting s ystem i n A cropole I : 1 6 s ets i t o ff f rom I : 1 7 w ith i ts s olely n umerical t ablets. T he o ccurence o f n umerical t ablets b earing s ingle n on-numerical s ymbols o r s igns i n m aterials f rom t he o ld e xcavations a t S usa , a nd a t s uch s ites a s G odin a nd S ialk, h as s uggested t o s ome s cholars t hat t he h iatus b etween 1 7 a nd 1 6 i s t he p eriod i n w hich t he s cript d eveloped ( Amiet 1 972, 1 979; C arter 1 984; D ittmann 1 983b). T he e xcavator o f A cropole I e xplicitly r ecognizes t his p ossibility

( Le

B run

1 978 :

3 1)

s tating t hat d ocuments c ombining n umerals a nd s igns m ight h ave c ome f rom a l evel ( which h a c alls 1 7X) s ituated b etween l evel 1 7A a nd 1 6 b ut

H ISSAR I I A ND T HE P ROTO-ELAMITE

6 49

n ot f ound i n t he e xcavated a rea . T his h ypothetical s tratigraphic u nit m ay s till b e a ttested i n a nother p art o f t he m ound o r o n o ther m ounds. I n a ny e vent, L e B run t akes n ote o f t he e xistence o f t he 1 7X h iatus. W e u se h is t erm i n t his d iscussion i n p reference t o D ittmann 's l ater t erm " 17ax" ( Dittmann 1 983b). T wo a ssumptions m ay b e m ade a bout t his h iatus w ith v ery d ifferent i mplications: e ither t he d iscontinuity w as e xtremely b rief, o r t he h iatus r epresents a s ignificant p assage o f t ime. I f t he f ormer i s t he c ase, i t w ould m ean t hat t he r eplacement o f t he a ssemblage o f l evel 1 7 b y t hat o f 1 6 w as a brupt, w ith n o t ime f or l ocal d evelopment; t he o rigin o f t he 1 6 a ssemblage w ould c onsequently have t o b e s ought e lsewhere. I n t he s econd s ituation , s ufficient t ime w ould n eed t o b e i nvolved t o a llow f or a s hift i n c eramics a nd g lyptic, a nd f or t he P roto-Elamite s ign s ystem t o a ppear. T his c hange w ould h ave o ccurred e ither a t S usa , i n t he n eighboring h ighlands, o r i n b oth p laces c oncurrently. C arter ( 1984: 1 17) p oints o ut t hat i t i s a t t he e nd o f S usa I : 1 7 t hat t he f inal c ollapse a nd a bandonment o f t he h igh t errace o ccurs ( Canal 1 978: 5 0), a nd t hat a n e rosion l ayer o f t he s ame a pproximate d ate was f ound b y S teve a nd G asche o n t op o f t he t errace ( Steve a nd G asche 1 971: 1 0, p lan 2 , c oupe C ; p lan 7 , c oupe 4 ). D ittmann ( 1983b n ote 4 6) b elieves t hat C hogha M ish w as a lso a bandoned a round t he t ime o f 1 7B. C arter c omments: " The c ause, n ature, e xtent, a nd d uration o f t hese d isturbances i n a nd a round S usa a t t he e nd o f p eriod I I r emain o bscure" ( 1984: 1 17). F or t he p urposes o f t his p aper, w e h ave a ccepted t he s econd a ssumption, a nd t he p eriod r epresented b y t he S usa 1 7X h iatus h as b een d esignated a s t he P roto-Elamite T ransition, f ollowed b y P roto-Elamite 1 ( Susa A cropole I : 1 6-15B, i .e. S usa I IIA), a nd P roto-Elamite 2 ( Susa I IIB, o r A cropole I : 1 4A-13 a nd V ille R oyale I : 1 8-16); t his t erminology f ollows t hat s uggested b y D ittmann ( 1983b), a nd d iffers f rom t hat u sed b y C arter ( 1984: 1 31-132), f ollowing t he c omments o f L e B run a nd V allat i n A lden 1 982. I t i s l argely t o t his n ew f rame o f r eference t hat t he n ew a nd o ld w ork o n t he n orthern I ranian p lateau m ust b e r elated a s a f irst s tep i n c ultural r econstruction. A doption o f t his t erminology a nd u sing t he w ell-documented S usa A cropole I s tratigraphy a s a r eference p oint f or r elative c hronology a voids t he u ncertainties i ntroduced w hen s ites o n t he p lateau a re r elated d irectly t o t he m ore d istant M esopotamian s equence. T he l atter h as i ts o wn s hare o f c hronological p roblems, c onceptual c onfusions, a nd s tratigraphic u ncertainties, a s s hown b y t he r ecent T übingen C onference o n t he n ature o f t he J amdat N asr p eriod . T his p aper d oes n ot a ttempt a n e xplanation f or t he p henomena n oted, b ut i t d oes a ttempt a s c learly a s p ossible t o p resent t he d irect e vidence o n w hich c hronological c orrelations m ust b e b ased i n t his a rea o f I ran. S ummary o f t he p roposed s equence B efore e xamining t he a rchaeological e vidence i n d etail, l et u s s ummarize t he i mmediately p receding g eneral h orizons f or I ran a s p roposed b y T epe H issar.

V oigt, a nd b y t his p aper, p articularly a s i t r elates t o F or m ore c omplete i nformation o n t he r adiocarbon

d eterminations c ited,

s ee V oigt

( table 1 )

a nd t able 2 b elow .

6 50

R .H .

D YSON J r .

C halcolithic 4 c onnects e arliest H issar I ( Schmidt 's H issar I A a nd I B) t o S ialk I II: 1 -2, t o t he m iddle P isdeli ( Hasanlu V IIIB) p eriod i n A zerbaijan, a nd t o t he l ate C hoga M ish p eriod i n S usiana , M iddle t o L ate B akun i n F ars, a nd Y ahya V B i n K irman . A g ood c luster o f d ates f or M iddle P isdeli f ix t he C halcolithic p eriod w ithin t he m iddle o f t he f ifth m illenium. C halcolithic 5 l inks l ater H issar I t o S ialk I II: 3 -5 , Godin V II, S usa A /Susa I , L ate B akun, a nd L ate P isdeli ( Hasanlu V IIIA ). L ate P isdeli c orrelates w ith t he E arly G awra/Early U ruk p eriod i n n orthern M esopotamia, a nd S usa A i s a pparently c ontemporary w ith b oth " Terminal U baid" a nd E arly U ruk i n s outhern M esopotamia . A l arge a nd c onsistent r adiocarbon d ate c luster f or S usa A p laces t his h orizon a t t he e nd o f t he f ifth a nd b eginning o f t he f ourth m illenium c al B C. F our s amples f rom l ater H issar I p rovide a n a verage r ange o f 4 330-4160 c al B C. C halcolithic 6 i ncludes T erminal H issar I ( Schmidt's I C/IIA ), S ialk I II: 6 -7, G habristan I V, G odin V I, S usa I I, a nd E arly B anesh i n F ars. S usa I I c orrelates w ith M iddle-Late U ruk i n M esopotamia . R adiocarbon d ates f or t his p eriod i n I ran s uggest a r ange o f e arly t o m iddle f ourth m illenium c al B C. A n a verage o f 3 samples f rom T erminal H issar I p rovides a d ate r ange o f 3 700-3690 c al B C. E arly H issar I I h as a r ange o f 3 620-3380 c al B C b ased o n a n a verage o f 2 s amples. P roto-Elamite T ransitional i ncludes M iddle H issar I I,

T ureng T epe

I IB,

S ialk I V: 1 , t he G odin V I/V O val ( originally d esignated a s G odin V : 3 ), a nd S usa 1 7X. A n a verage r ange o f 3 350-3140 c al B C; f ive s amples f rom G odin V I/V a lso p rovide a n a verage r ange o f 3 350-3140 c al B C. P roto-Elamite 1 i ncludes L ate H issar I I, S ialk I V : 2 , p ossibly t he t ermination o f t he G odin V I/V o ccupation , S usa I IIA ( Acropole I : 1 61 5B), M alyan M iddle B anesh , a nd Y ahya I VC: 2 . T welve s amples f rom L ate H issar I I p rovide a n a verage r ange o f 3 040-2930 c al B C. T hree s amples f rom t erminal G odin V I/V g ive a n a verage r ange o f 3 030-2910 c al B C. A n a verage o f 4d ates f rom A BC ( BL 4 A) a n a verage r ange o f 3 260-2930 c al B C, w hile a n a verage o f 9 samples f rom t he M alyan T UV s ounding ( Building L evel 3 A) y ields a r ange o f 3 310-3050 c al B C. P roto-Elamite 2 i ncludes E arly H issar I II, S usa I IIB, M alyan L ate B anesh, Y ahya I VC: 1 a nd S hahr-i S okhta I : p hases 1 0-8. D ate r anges b ased o n s ingle s amples a re 2 860-2620 ( Hissar ), 2 920-2710 ( Malyan), a nd 3 040-2620 ( Yahya ), a ll c al B C. A n a verage o f t hree s amples f rom S hahr-i S okhta I g ive a r ange o f 2 890-2700 c al B C. T hese d ates a re i ncluded h ere t o s how t hat t here a ppears t o b e s ome c onsistency a cross t he p lateau. E arly H issar I II i s p oorly d escribed a nd a t t he m oment i s m arginal t o a " Proto-Elamite" h orizon, s ince n o P roto-Elamite t ablets h ave b een r ecovered f rom t he s ite. T he P roto-Elamite 2 h orizon a s m arked b y t he p resence o f t ablets i s c learly p resent i n t he s outh, a nd t he r elevant a ssemblages a nd h as b een d iscussed D yson, i n p ress).

e lsewhere

( Voigt

a nd

H ISSAR I I A ND T HE P ROTO-ELAMITE

6 51

D ocumentation a nd d iscussion T epe H issar H istory o f R esearch T he o riginal e xcavation o f T epe H issar, D amghan, I ran w as u ndertaken f or t he U niversity M useum o f t he U niversity o f P ennsylvania i n 1 931 a nd 1 932 b y D r. E rich F . S chmidt ( 1933, 1 937). A t t he t ime t he e xcavations p aralleled t hose b eing m ade a t T epe S ialk n ear K ashan o n t he w estern e dge o f t he c entral p lateau b y R oman G hirshman ( 1938). F rom t he m id1 930 's t o t he p resent d ay t hese t wo s ites h ave p rovided t he m ajor p ublished e arly s equences f or t he N orthern I ranian P lateau. T he k nown s equence a t H issar c overs a r ange o f t ime f rom t he f ifth t o t he s econd m illenium B C. I t i s d ivided b roadly i nto t wo m ajor p eriods: t he C halcolithic, c haracterized b y p ainted p ottery ( Hissar I ); a nd t he P roto-Elamite p eriod a nd B ronze A ge, c haracterized b y t he b urnished b lack a nd g rey p ottery ( Hissar I I a nd I II). T he m ajority o f t he a rtifacts a nd p ottery f orms r eported b y S chmidt c ame f rom t he m any g rave g roups e xcavated , r ather t han f rom o ccupational l evels; S chmidt 's s eriation o f t his m aterial w as l argely b ased o n c eramic t ypological a nd s tylistic c riteria . T he r esulting b urial s equence w as t hen u sed t o d ate t he o ccupation l evels. A lthough t hese l evels c ontained l arge q uantities o f p ostsherds, m ost o f t hem w ere l eft a t t he s ite u nstudied. A c ursory e xamination o f s herds s till f ound o n t he s urface s uggests t hat t hey r epresent a l arge p ercentage o f f orms n ot f ound i n t he g raves. B rief e xaminations o f t he s ite w ere c arried o ut b y t he a uthor i n 1 956; b y t he a uthor a nd W illiam S umner i n 1 971; a nd b y t he a uthor, S usan H oward, M aurizio T osi a nd F irouz B agherzadeh , D irector o f t he I ranian C enter f or A rchaeological R esearch, i n 1 974. I n 1 972, i nspired b y t he s uccess o f h er f lint t echnology s tudies a t S hahr-i S okhta , G razia B ulgarelli m ade a l imited s urvey o f s urface f lint m aterials w ith i nteresting r esults

( Bulgarelli,

1 975).

I n 1 974 J ean D eshayes a ttempted

a r estudy o f p ainted p ottery s herds c ollected f rom t he s urface ( Deshayes 1 975 ) which has b een c ommented o n e lsewhere ( Dyson 1 985). T hese s tudies a nd v isits s uggested t hat m uch n ew i nformation o n s tratigraphy , c hronology, a rchitecture, t echnology a nd e cology c ould b e r ecovered w ith a m inimum a mount o f a dditional e xcavation a nd s urface s urvey. T he 1 976 R estudy P roject I n 1 976, a j oint H issar r estudy P roject w as o rganized b y T he U niversity M useum o f t he U niversity o f P ennsylvania , T urin U niversity, a nd t he I ranian C enter f or A rchaeological R esearch ( fig . 1 ). A rchitectural a nd s tratigraphic s tudies w ere c arried o ut o n t he M ain M ound b y S usan H oward, a ssisted b y V incent P igott; o n t he N orth F lat b y t he a uthor a ssisted b y W .C.S. R emsen; a nd o n t he S outh H ill b y M aurizio T osi, a ssisted b y G razia B ulgarelli a nd I ngrid R eindell. R affaele B iscione m ade a s tratigraphic s tudy o f t he w esternmost m ound o f t he T wins, t o t he s outhwest o f t he m ain s ite. T he s tratified s herd s equence a t e ach t hese f our l ocations a llow a c ross-correlation b etween t he a reas. T his c orrelation h as s ubsequently b een c onfirmed b y t he

6 52

R .H .

D YSON J r .

s tratified s equence o f c arbon d ates o btained f or e ach ( table 1 ). I n a ddition, t he e xpedition s taff c arried o ut a s urface o f t he s ite, c oncentrating o n t he d istribution o f c opper s lag , p ottery s urvey w asters a nd l ithic d ebitage ( calcite, l apis l azuli a nd s treatite/chlorite). A g eo-morphological s urvey o f t he p lain w as c ompleted b y O skar M eder o f t he M arburg G eographic I nstitute, w hile K athryn M aurer T rinkaus m ade a g eneral s ite s urvey o f t he D amghan p lain ( Dyson a nd H oward i n p ress). O ne o f t he m ajor a ims o f t his s tudy w as t he r e-examination o f t he s tratified r emains o f t he o ccupational ( as o pposed t o t he b urial) s equence i n o rder t o e stablish d ocumented a nd c orrelated e vidence f or b uilding l evels w ith a ssociated c eramic a nd c arbon s amples. T his e vidence, d eveloped f or f our s eparate l ocations o n t he s ite ( as i ndicated a bove) p rovides a n i nternally c onsistant s tratigraphic s equence i ndependent o f t he S chmidt b urial s equence b ased o n t he s tylistic a nd t ypological a nalysis o f g rave g oods. T he n ew d ata f rom o ccupational s trata a lso p rovide a r evised f ramework f or t he c omparison o f t he H issar s equence t o o ther s ites i n C entral A sia , N orthern I ran a nd M esopotamia . T he r esulting c orrelations o f H issar I I a re i n n o w ay d ependent u pon t he d ating o f s ites i n F ars a nd K erman p rovinces o f t he s outhern I ranian p lateau , a lthough t he a bsolute d ating o f " ProtoE lamite" l evels a t t hese s ites a nd o f H issar I I s hows t hat t hey a re i n p art c ontemporary . T erminology A n i mmediate d ifficulty i n t he r estudy o f H issar i s t he u se o f S chmidt 's t erms f or p eriods. I n t he c ase o f " Hissar I I" S chmidt f irst i dentified a l arge b ody o f m aterial w hich h e l abelled " Hissar I IB". T he m aterial w as c haracterized b y t he p resence o f b urnished l ight g rey p ottery i n q uantity a nd t he p edestal-based g oblet f orm . B urials c ontaining b oth p ainted v essels w ith d isintegrated g azelle a nd l eopard d esigns a nd g rey w are v essels w ere a ssigned t o " Hissar I IA" t o a ccomodate a " transition" f rom t he e arlier p ainted w are b urials w ithout g rey w are t o t he l ater g rey w are b urials i n w hich s ome p ainted w are c ontinued a s f unerary o fferings i n an umber o f c ases. S imilarly , t he " transition" f rom S chmidt 's I IB b urial g roup t o b urials o f I II t ype w as m anaged b y c reating a " buffer s ubstratum" ( IIIA ) t o c ontain b urials t hat " might h ave b een a ttributed t o H issar I I o r I II r espectively" ( Schmidt 1 937: 1 55). G iven t he a rbitrary a ssignment o f b urials b ased o n i ndividual v essel t ypes a nd t he u ndefined s tratigraphic n ature o f t hese s ub-periods w e c annot u se t hem i n t he c ontext o f s tratigraphic d escriptions. I nstead w e h ave u sed t he f ollowing a pproximate c orrespondence f or t erms b ased o n o ccupational s trata : T erminal I f or S chmidt's I C/IIA ; H issar I I ( which c an b e s ubdivided i nto E arly , M iddle a nd L ate, f or S chmidt 's I IIA a nd I IIC. I t m ust b e e xplicitly u nderstood t hat t he d escription o f t hese p eriods b ased o n a ssociations o f c eramic a nd a rtifact t ypes i n o ccupational s trata s tudied i n 1 976 a re o ften n ot t he s ame a s t hose u sed f or t he S chmidt g rave g roups. O f t hese p eriods, E arly H issar I I a nd E arly H issar I II a re p resent b ut p oorly d efined b y e xtant e xcavations. I t m ust a lso b e n oted t hat f or t hose o bjects f rom a reas o f s ite n ot e xamined d uring t he 1 976 s tudy w e c an o nly m ake r eference t o S chmidt 's p eriod a ssignments w ithout k eying t hem i nto t he

H ISSAR I I A ND T HE P ROTO-ELAMITE

6 53

n ew s ystem . I n s uch i nstances w e h ave r etained h is t erminology i ndicate h ow a nd w here s pecific a rtifacts a re d ocumented .

t o

T he M ain M ound S equence S ome o f t he b est e vidence f or t he g eneral s equence w as o btained i n t he M ain M ound . I n S chmidt 's 1 937 f inal r eport t wo p ages w ere d evoted t o t he s tratigraphy o f t he M ain M ound . I n 1 976 o ne m onth w as s pent o n a r estudy o f t he c enter o f t his a rea w hich i nvolved t he c leaning a nd d rawing o f t he s tanding b aulks a long t he n orth s ide o f s quares D F09, t he P innacle ( highest p reserved a rea o f t he M ain M ound ) o n t he s outhern e dge o f C G90 , a nd t he w est b aulk o f C G90 ( 1). T his s equence i s d ated d irectly w ith a s et o f c arbon s amples t aken f rom s ections a nd r elated s tructures ( table 1 ). T he m ost i mportant r esult o f t his w ork , a side f rom t he c larification o f t he b uilding p lans, w as t he d emonstration t hat t he m ain b uildings p lotted o n S chmidt 's H issar I IIB p lan ( 1937: f ig . 8 6) b elonged i n f act t o p eriod I I. T his d ating e rror w as d ue t o S chmidt 's u se o f b urials t o d ate l evels i nto w hich t hey w ere d ug a nd , a s a s tudy o f t he f ield r ecords s hows, t he s etting a side o f f ield d ata i n o rder t o a ccomodate h is t ypological b urial g roupings ( 2). T he r estudy m akes c lear t he f act t hat o ccupation a t t he s ite s hifted a round , a nd t hat i ndividual s tructures b urned f rom t ime t o t ime i n d ifferent p eriods. C ontra S chmidt, t here i s n o e vidence f or a t otal c onflagration i n a ny s ingle p eriod . U noccupied s lopes w ere u sed a lternatively f or c emeteries a nd b uildings. B urials w ere n ot p laced u nder h ouse f loors, b ut w ere d ug i nto r uined h abitations. T he r edating o f t he b uildings o n t he M ain M ound t o M iddle a nd L ate P eriod I I r equires a r egrouping o f c eramic a nd a rtifact e vidence, a nd a llows a dditional f ield d ata f rom t he o riginal e xcavation t o b e r eassessed ( 3). T he 1 976 R estudy s hows a bundant e vidence f or e xtensive w orking o f l apis l azuli a t t he s ite f rom T erminal P eriod I a nd i n P eriod I I, c onsisting o f t he l apis i tself a nd a c omplete r ange o f f lint i mplements u sed i n w orking i t. T he R estudy a lso s hows t hat H issar w as a m ajor c opper w orking c enter a s e videnced b y t he r emains o f c opper o re, h uge q ualities o f s lag a nd f urnace f ragments ( Pigott 1 982) ( 4).

( 1)

This

horizontal

produced soil

s trata

which

t op

down).

The

of

3

substages

B and ( 2)

S chmidt's

carefully

( 4)

For

example,

Howard

press).

( in of

with

s lag

a lloying

ingredient;

t he

m id-fifth

speculation i tem,

a t

t o by

l east

the

across

attributed

t o

Period

I I;

to

the

mold-made a t of

f ield

deep

t est

divided

( A

S tage

I ;

C l

in 13

F ,

f rom

S tage

and

DF09,

into

through

Terminal

i s

a tomic

as

well

lack

rather,

of

the

s econd

( 1978) t he

by

C2

major the

D consists and

t hat

northern

of

millenium t in

may

p lateau

arsenic evidence BC. have

Such

many

S tages

built and

development in

c lay

to

of

evidence

tokens

being t hat

c opper fails

l apis

of in

were this with

press).

suggests

suggesting

of

correlate

analysis

was

in

r emains

when

r eported

ores

changed

facades

i s

accompanied

route.

that

s eems

Remsen

content

arsenical

was

s tanding

show

The and

analysis

absorption as

any

use

and

t hat

I I

the

buttressed

s ite

Dyson

this

of

s ections had

t he

indicates in

period

mudbrick. on

( see

Progress

z inc the

points

archives

Hill

t o

r estudy

originally

pottery

I I.

The

sun-dried

various grey

l evels

s tratigraphic

s tructures

early

Muhly

s tages to

t hese

and

an

the height

belong

burials.

South

importance

building

the

of

considerable

in

E )

on

Period

l ead

of

meters

and

of

of

t o

major

( F

dating

r elation

f rom

high

D3)

these

a r eview

6

into

s tages

section

5

over

work

production

belong

vertical

I II.

appears

f igurines

ore

in

constructed

increased

A s tudy

his

I I

t echnique

the

and

f ield

3

2 and

Hissar

masonry

D2

during

the

s ection

grouped

l owest

Period

i nitial

buildings Middle

were

to

plus

vertical

two

( D1,

A belong

Philadelphia

( 3)

s ection,

a combined

and in

animals

Dyson

that

and

copper

exploited.

t in

was

used

prevailed to

support

lazuli

as

Of a s

from t he

a t rade

6 54

R .H . D YSON J r .

A n a nalysis o f t he p ottery r ecovered f rom t he m ain s tratigraphic s equence o f t he M ain M ound ( Howard 1 982) h as p roduced t he f irst d etailed q uantitative a nd q ualitative d escription o f t he p ottery f rom o ccupational c ontext a t H issar . F ive r ecurring c eramic " wares" w ere d efined b y a c ombination o f p aste, s urface t reatment a nd d ecorative t echniques ( 1). M inerals i dentified a re s imilar i n a ll w ares o f d ifferent p eriods. T his f act s uggests t hat t he s ame c lay s ources w ere e xploited t hroughout f or t he v arious w ares, a nd c onfirms t he b asic u niformity o f c lay u sed i n b uff , r ed a nd g rey w ares ( 2). D ata f rom t he N orth F lat A n i mportant r esult o f t he w ork o n t he N orth F lat w as t he r ecovery o f t he d etails o f p art o f a b uttressed f açade o f P eriod I I d ate c omparable t o B uilding 2 a nd 3 o f M iddle P eriod I I o n t he M ain M ound . A L ate H issar I I t wo-room a ddition t o a s till-standing w all o f t he e arlier s tructure h ad b urned , p roviding s amples P -2706, 2 615 a nd 2 700, a ssociated w ith am ass o f p ottery . F or t his c ontext , t herefore, t here i s b oth f irm s tratigraphic a nd c lose c hronological c ontrol. T he a ssemblage i ncluded p ainted a nd u npainted b uff w are a nd b urnished g rey w are. O ne o f t he r ooms c ontained 3 0 p ottery v essels, 1 1 o f w hich w ere t ypical H issar b urnished g rey w are ( Dyson a nd R emsen , i n p ress) ( 3 ). " Types" a ssigned b y S chmidt s eparatly t o h is p eriods I IB, I IIA , a nd I IIB h ere a ll o ccur t ogether i n a c losed L ate P eriod I I c ontext d ating t o t he e nd o f t he f ourth m illenium B C ( 4). I t i s a pparent f rom t his e vidence a s w e h ave a lready p ointed o ut a bove , t hat S chmidt 's t ypological s equence n eeds r e-evaluation i nsofar a s i t h as b een u sed t o d ate g raves a nd o ther c ontexts u sing s ingle v essel t ypes. I t s hould n ot b e u sed u ncritically i n t he l ight o f t he 1 976 r esults.

( 1)

These i s

f ive

both

s eparates p ieces a s

surface,

and

lack

from

which

t he

r ecovered

in

experiments r egularity

1 100

The

C .

control

of

present

from

pottery

The the

the and

although

painted grey

the the

vessels

a ssigned

s equence

here

Period

a

in

s ize

e lsewhere

I than

would

on

the

of

s izes

of in

t he

appear

t he

by

Hissar a s

1 . 2%

e t

al.

show

employed

drinking included

as

f rom

shapes

1976:

incising

16-19)

were

r ed

as

well

burnished

or

total

both

applique

sample

a high being

processes t he

d ifferent

from

show

materials Hissar

of at

a s killed

specialists

raw a t

l evel f ired

was

u sed

and

in

Tureng

s imilar.

goblets differs on

l ess as

grave

compared

The more

grave

show ware

full-time

than

p edestal-based

vessels that

and

by

that

based

well. the

e arliest

burnishing.

r eduction

ware

the

l evels

a plain

the

There

objectively

that

have

of

ware.

which

pottery

I I,

and

also

utility

noted

r ibbing,

Only

production

indicate

solely

such Tepe.

be

painted

oxidizing

S chmidt

buff

may

buff

and

function s ite

to

superficially

and

I t

later

and

pottery

the

mass

appear

large

the

coarse

t he

with

s tudies

suggested

difference

pattern

small-sized

were

combination

difference and

were

as

Tureng

t echniques

products

1985).

in

( Bouchez

t hat

These

f iring

vessels This

suggests

CNRS of

i n

assigned

sophistication

suggesting s tart.

height).

The

at

grey,

t echniques a t

exhibited

and

r ed, change

( Dyson

d eposits

l evels

homogeneity

f iring

I I

a lready

decorative

1 976

t echnical

Early in

comparable

buff,

a qualitative occur

sherds

R efiring

T epe,

( 4 )

the

delineated: and

I and

ware the

the

( 3)

grey of

Hissar

were

Terminal

of

most

known

( 2)

wares

a quantitative

r elative painted groups.

an

10

cm

goblets

high,

( 16

t o

a ssemblage

while

25 f rom

cm

in the

goods. t o

the

grey

quantities pottery

was

ware of in

v essels

these

wares

use

after

H ISSAR I I A ND T HE P ROTO-ELAMITE

6 55

A bsolute D ating f or P eriod I I O ccupational L evels T able 1 g ives a l isting o f t he a vailable c orrected r adiocarbon d eterminations f or e ach o f t he f our l ocalities s tudied i ndependently. T he t wo e arliest d ates f or P eriod I I, ( Early I I i n o ur s equence) c ome f rom S outh H ill a nd p roduced a r ange o f 3 620-3380 c al B C. M iddle H issar I I i s d efined b y b uilding 2 a nd a ssociated a reas i n t he M ain M ound w ith f ive c losely c lustered d ates g iving a n a verage o f 3 350-3140 c al B C. L ate H issar I I i s d ated b y t wo s amples f rom B uilding 3 a built over t he B uilding 2 l evels, w ith a n a verage r ange o f 3 260-2930 c al B C. T his m aterial i s p aralleled o n t he N orth F lat b y s trata u nderlying t he B urned B uilding o f M iddle H issar I II, w hich i s b uilt i nto t he s lope o f t he o lder ( Late I I) m ound. S even s amples f rom t hese s trata p rovide a n a verage d ate r ange o f 3 020-2920 c al B C, i .e. L ate H issar I I. T he c omparable l evels a t t he T wins p roduced a s ingle s ample w ith a d ate o f 3 290-2920 c al B C. T hus P eriod I I a t H issar w ould s eem t o b egin s ometime i n b etween 3 600 a nd 3 400 c al B C ( South H ill), w ith M iddle I I d ating s ometime b etween 350 a nd 3 100 c al B C ( Main M ound), a nd L ate I I b etween 3 100 a nd 2 900 c al B C ( Main M ound, N orth F lat, T he T wins). T he R elative C hronology o f H issar I I I n p eriod I I H issar b ecame a p rosperous t rading t own f illed w ith c raftsmen s melting c opper a nd w orking e xotic m aterials ( gold, s ilver, l apis l azuli, c arnelian, t urquoise, a labaster, e tc.) a s d ocumented e xtensively b y b oth S chmidt 's e xcavations a nd t he 1 976 R estudy. H issar s hares t he u se o f t hese e xotic m aterials w ith S ialk w here t hey f irst a ppear i n I V: 1 . A lthough p ottery w as a bundant i t r epresents a l ocal d evelopment. O nly t hree m inor p arallels c an b e d rawn w ith S ialk I V: 1 a t p resent: a s mall b eaker, a b owl o n a l ow f laring p edestal b ase, a nd a h emispherical b owl ( 1). T he a bscence o f l arge q uantities o f l owland p ottery d istinguishes t he s ituation a t H issar f rom t hat a t S ialk a nd G odin I V/V ( see b elow). O n t he o ther h and, a n umber o f m anufactured o bjects c an b e f ound a t H issar a nd a t o ther s ites. T he l ocal p roduction o f c opper l ed i n P eriod I I ( and I II) t o a n e laboration o f t he n umber a nd v ariety o f p roducts

( 1)

H76-4,

a small

rooms

excavated

through f ill

the to

in

DG11

( Schmidt 1 ,

of

plain

ware at

( Schmidt,

came

1976

Late

south

1 937:

pl. to

A second

r ibbing

in

of

l evel

period

IV:

dug

f ig.

1 36,

Middle

f ig.

i t

f loor

l evel

Sialk

IV

grave

1 i s

of

east

wall

the

Howard,

t o

in

7 9,

Early of

D G09

I I

1 on 2 of

I II

i s

and pl.

in

5 9,

the

Ghirshman,

in

Hissar

XC:

r im

identical

base)

H3903

XXVI).

Main

as

i t

Mound.

a Late

Burned 1938:

The i s

dug

A

Building 9 ).

( except

into

grave grey

r ing

for

I IB

base

a l ight

grey

ware

of

this

burial

f ill

over

a meter

hemispherical I I

H3971

in

plain

high

into

variants

H3967,

S31,

Hissar

context

Hissar

f ig.

of

carry

dug

occurs

and

burned to

X-5

f ill:

form

virtually to

DG51,

I I

pl.

thickened

Hissar

appears

Hill). 0ther

this

9 ,

Late

shape

South

S ialk f ig.

with

date, in

At

two

H2228

in

Middle/Late

bowl

the This

( e. g.

structure

1938:

the

into

press).

I IIB).

documented

r oom see

9 ),

X-29,

Hissar

a type of

to

a low

body

Building

press,

DG61

1 ( Ghirshman

between

1 cut in

Hissar into

attributed

1938:

join

the

and

3

the

( Ghirshman,

below

below

over

1 ,

the

Burial Hemmen,

into

grave

makes

Dyson

and

f rom

1 937:

Flat,

CF58

I I

Building

XXXCIII;

form

from

( Dyson

Hissar

a building

attributed

ware). in

end

next

occur

beaker,

burial

( H76-28m,

bowl

from

from

the

North

CF

4 8

B-1,

6 56

R .H .

D YSON J r .

w ith n o b asic c hange i n t echnology ( Pigott, 1 982). C opper b lades m ade w ith t angs a nd s light m idrib p arallel t hose i n S ialk I V: 1 ( 1). D ouble s piral-headed p ins a ppear a nd a re c haracteristic o f t he p eriod, d isappearing a fter H issar I IIA. T hey a lso m ake t heir i nitial a ppearance i n t he S ialk s equence i n I V : 1 , a nd i n t he G odin s equence i n V I/V ( 2). A nother s pecial o bject i n H issar I I i s t he s piral b racelet w hich h as a lso b een f ound i n S usa A cropole I : 1 4B ( 3). A p arallel u se o f e xotic m aterials f or b eads a nd p endants i s q uite e vident i n M iddle a nd L ate H issar I I, a nd i n S ialk I V: 1 a s d ocumented b y t he c ontents o f g raves 1 a nd 2 a nd t he h oard i n p ainted j ar S 689 ( 4). S ialk G raves 1 a nd 2 a nd t he h oard w ere f ound b eneath t he f loor l evel o f t he I V: 1 s tructure. I f t hey p roperly b elong t o I V: 1 ( and h ave n ot b een d ug i n f rom I V: 2 ) t he a rtifacts f rom t hese c ontexts e vidence a h igh l evel o f t echnical s ophistication i n t he p eriod , c ombining a s t hey d o g old, l apis a nd s hell i nlay i n i ndividual p ieces. A t H issar , t he u se o f g old a nd l apis t ogether i s e videnced o nly b y a g old e ncircled l apis b ead a ttributed t o H issar I IB ( 5). T he u se o f g old a nd s ilver f or b eads ( 6) a nd a v ariety o f s pecialized b ead f orms i n s tone l ink H issar I I t o S ialk I V: 1 , G awra V III a nd S usa A cropole I : 1 5-14B.

( 1)

Copper have

blades ( 2)

blades

tangs

and

f irst

began

at

s light

r ib

appear

in

Hissar ( e. g.

S ialk

in

period

IV:

I but

1 937:

Schmidt,

continued

1 19,

1 ( Ghirshman,

p l.

6 4,

1 938:

in

XXLX:

p l.

period H3012).

XXIX:

2 ,

I I

where

they

At

S ialk

such

XCV:

S76).

1 937: 119. They are directly paralleled in Sialk IV: 1 ( cf. S chmidt, 1 937: X XIX: 1 4856 and Ghirshman, 1938: pl. XCV: S 1602e) and Godin VI/V ( Operation B , S tratum 17; Young, 1969: 8 ). D ittmann ( 1983b: 7 , n ote 8 6) says that these pins are S chmidt,

p l.

t oo

long-lived

1 965). p ins ( 3)

( 4)

He

i s

have

S chmidt,

1 937: 1 8.

Graves

1 and

Ghirshman, ( 5)

S chmidt,

( 6)

Gold: X -9

a t

p l.

2 :

1 937:

1 937:

-2. 6

m .

widespread

concerning occurence

X xvIII:

p l.

p l.

1 937: 121, 1 35, pl. S ilver:

( double-spiral

both

1938:

XXVII:

x XxII:

1 ,

be

useful

t emporally

60-61,

c hronologically

r eferences

1 2194,

XC:

and

Hissar

9 ,

f ig.

S 1689,

XXX:

to

( referring

Anatolia

and

to

Dyson,

e lsewhere

such

spacially.

I IB.

p l.

Compare

XXX:

2 .

with

Le

Painted

Brun,

jar

1971:

and

hoard:

1 .

1 2185. pl.

XXXA:

XXXA:

H1717,

H2184,

1 937:

S chmidt,

p endant),

to

earlier

1 2170,

Ghirshman,

1938:

S chmidt,

S chmidt,

two

a l imited

f ig.

67:

and

correct

H2983

gold 1 21,

p l.

( earrings),

1 937:

c atalogue,

miscellaneous

objects:

H2981

( earring),

H4351

H4519

( bead),

gold s trip

H2175

( beads).

bead i n

XXXA: 2 994

from

gypsum H2178 ( oblong

( diadem),

South

( ?)

( finger bead).

H3176

Hill,

ornament

r ing),

Also

( diadem

DG60;

f rom s ee

and

DG53, H2659

S chmidt beads),

H ISSAR I I A ND T HE P ROTO-ELAMITE

6 57

T he l atter i nclude t ear-drop p endants ( "amulets"), t rapezoidal a nd c rescent-shaped b eads, a nd s quare b eads p ierced d iagonally a t t wo c orners ( 1). F inally, a nd m ost i mportant t o t his e ntire c orrelation q uestion, t here a re s everal t ypes o f a rtifacts r ecovered f rom H issar I I c ontexts t hat c an b e r elated t o a dministration a nd t rade: n amely, c ylinder s eals, c ounters o r t okens, j ar s toppers, a nd t ablet b lanks. T osi ( in p ress) c omments o n t his d evelopment a s f ollows: " The c ombined p resence o f c opper s melting , s lag , d evices f or k eeping a ccounts i n a n e arly a dministrative s ystem s uch a s t he s mall c onical o r p yramidal c ounters, a nd t he c lay l abel/tablets a re i ndications o f t he g rowth o f a dministrative o rganization a ssociated w ith s pecialized c raft l abor a t H esar a t t he b eginning o f p eriod I I." T hree c ylinder s eals h ave b een f ound a t H issar i n o ccupational d ebris ( 2). A f ourth h alf-seal ( H693) w as n ot i ncluded i n t he p ublished c atalogue, b ut i s d ocumented i n t he o riginal F ield C atalogue ( University M useum A rchives) ( 3). T he h alf s eal i s o f a w ell-known t ype, m ade o f b urnt s teatite/chlorite a nd d ecorated w ith l adder p atterns f ound c ommonly i n t he D iyala P roto-literate l evels a nd a t S usa i n t he o lder e xcavations ( 4). M ore r ecently t hese s eals o r t heir i mpressions h ave b een f ound a t S usa i n A cropole I : 1 5B a nd V ille R oyale I : 1 7 ( 5). A n a dditional e xample o ccurs a t G odin T epe ( 6). F urther

( 1)

A

t ear-drop

a labaster

p endant

i s

paralleled

by

r ock

XXXII:

H2187)

Trapezoidal gypsum

by

the

( Arne,

paralleled

in a t

( Schmidt,

1 933: t o

I :

1 980:

f ig.

( 2)

H 116,

H892,

( 3)

H693 South

Hill.

1984: that

I :

s eal 724,

14B

611b).

from

Hissar in

C VIII: notes

( Le

Brun,

Hissar

1 935: a lso

R ed

that

pl.

i t

1971:

I I

and

i s

pl.

bead

1 937:

H 2107)

2 ,

the and

l ink

in

the i s

now in

not

been

Tepe

bead

with

bead

Jamdat

has

4 )

A square

the

but

in

in

Hill,

( Schmidt, 4 ).

found

South

Tepe

X-30),

in

in

Shah

a unique

type

70:

also

press).

parallel

lapis

assigned

common

X-5

in

b ) p l.

shaped

archives),

same

exact

2 ,

1 937:

Howward,

an

DG60,

i s

XXX:

A crescent

LXXXIII:

( CG28,

Museum

The

type

provides

Hill

H1202)

later.

Schmidt,

between

Le

was

f ig. i t

14)

-2.20

northeast

Royale

1974:

f ig.

H3710;

1 939:

Frankfurt,

This

and

f rom

just

Acropole

The

f ig.

( University

continues

and

I I).

p l.

( Schmidt,

and

have

from

n599,

f rom

I I

H2107;

9 ,

f ig.

I IB

Dyson

hoard

Hissar

bead

1938: f rom

( H76-57, S ialk

LXVIII:

( Speiser,

p l.

I I

the

one

the

i s

i s

p ierced west

and

i llustrated

original

f ield

commented

upon.

Nasr

p eriod

in

found

a t

in

Yahya

Suss

IVC

( Potts,

57a).

ED79,

Ville ( 6)

c ame

8 ,

Hissar f rom

( Ghirshman, Hissar,

Late

a burial

p eriod

5 1,

15

VIII

from

X CII:

t rapezoidal

f rom

S ialk

p l.

to

p l.

corners

but

Late

2 31,

289,

f ig.

his

( 1942:

A cropole

( 5)

the

catalogue

Mesopotamia

necklaces

Gawra

R ecovered

McCown

f rom

t he

r estudy

the

f rom

crystal

one

1 937:

1976

with

south.

( 4)

in

1945:

associated d iagonally

in

and

beads

( Schmidt,

r edated A III

two

p l.

originally 34:

note

could

1 971:

Carter,

3 ). 4 ),

have

but

-2. 65

191,

dating

mound

L e

5 9: 9 , 3 .

1 18. the

on

Breton,

p l.

surface

the

of

outwash

1 957:

X XII:

5 ;

the

p lain

l ow

mound

southwest

of

i n the

1 08. s ee a lso A miet,

1 971:

2 26.

17: as

r ecently,

derived

f ig.

m below

1972;

f ig.

f ig.

published t he

199,

Sassanian

Amiet,

1980:

More

been

and

the

1 2 -1 5;

Brun,

I :

of

1 937:

of

f rom

coming i t

has

from been

comparable a Terminal

Godin

I II

( Young

assigned

t o

s eals

o ther

Godin

at VI/V

Period

IV

s ites

context.

and

L evine,

( Henrickson, a lso

suggests

6 58

R .H .

D YSON J r .

a field b ut w ithin t he s ame P roto-Elamite 1 h orizon t he t ype i s r eported f rom M iddle B anesh M alyan, Y ahya I VC, a nd f rom t he s urface o f S hahr-i S okhta ( 1). T he d istribution o f t hese s eals, a nd s ealings i s f urther e vidence o f t he d istribution o f i ndividual i tems a long t he m ajor t rade r outes a cross t he p lateau d uring P roto-Elamite I . T he p resence o f s uch a s eal a t H issar s upports t he c onclusion t hat H issar s till p articipated i n t his d istribution p attern i n L ate H issar I I. O f t he t hree o ther c ylinder s eals f rom H issar ( Schmidt, 1 937 : 1 99, f ig . 1 18), o ne o f a labaster s howing a c hariot a nd a g room ( H892), w as f ound i n a p eriod I II c ontext, p robably I IIC ( 2). T he d ate o f m anufacture o f t he s eal i tself r emains p roblematical. S eal H 3710 i s m ade o f l imestone a nd d ecorated w ith a nimals a nd b irds. A lthough t here i s l ittle i nformation o n c ontext i n t he s ite r eport, a n a nalysis o f t he F ield C atalogue s uggests a d ate a t t he e nd o f H issar I I o r t he b eginning o f H issar I II ( 3). T he t hird, H 116, c an b e s tratigraphically p laced i n L ate H issar I I b y a r eassessment o f t he o riginal f ield d ata ( 4). T his s eal s hows a b ull i n p rofile f acing a d ouble r ing e mblem o n a p ole; i t b ears a c lose r esemblance t o a s eal f rom a P roto-literate c c ontext a t K hafajeh ( 5). T he e vidence, l imited a s i t i s, a ppears t o i ndicate t hat a t T epe H issar c ylinder s eals w ere a t l east k nown b y L ate H issar I I t imes, a lthough a pparently n ot a dopted f or c ommon u se. T hey t hus a ppear t o h ave a rrived a t H issar a t a l ater d ate t han a t s ites t o t he w est. S eals w ere a lready i n u se a t S ialk i n p eriod I V: 1 , a nd a t G odin i n V I/V ( 6 ). Rare j ar s toppers o ccur i n M iddle H issar I I, S ialk I V: 1 , G odin V I/V , a nd i n S usa A cropole I : 1 7B a nd 1 7A ( 7), i ndicating t he s pread o f t his t echnical d evice. A s ignificant c ategory o f a dministrative o bjects t hat o ccurs i n H issar I I i s t he c lay c ounter o r t oken. T hese a rtifacts a re f ound i n a v ariety o f c ontexts b y S chmidt; a ssigned t o H issar r eanalysis f or a m ore p recise a ttribution.

( 1)

Sumner, Amiet,

( 2)

S eal

H892

below

1 986: ( 3) ( 4)

( 6) ( 7)

was

f ig.

f ound

TUV

f ig.

in

Building

lh,

square

LXXXV:

DF19,

X-60

1 937:

Schmidt,

Level

p l.

1 99,

I II;

f ig. on

3 09,

the

Potts,

1 0,

s eal

Main

c atalogue

3 73,

1980:

f ig.

r equire

6 1b,

TY17:

n *6.

Mound, and

t hey

at

f ig.

a

1 18;

s epth

of

Dyson

and

90

cm

Harris,

8 6. H3710

S eal

H116

i s was

( Dyson

r ecorded

as

f ound

DG10

and

p l.

3 3.

1 939:

e lements

Ghirshman,

1 938:

H issar:

6 8,

s ealings in

V I/V,

s ee

t he

p l.

H76-92

press. Weiss

6 : a t

and

and

Young,

at

depth

a nimals

joints, Weiss

H76-98,

IV:

square

CH96;

s ee

of

2. 45

on

both

Dyson

m below

and

Harris,

surface

on

8 6.

1986: the

Main

85).

T he

l eg

XCIV;

S ialk

f rom

r efuse

1 986:

F rankfurt,

Tosi,

in

coming

Harris,

projecting

4 4.

5g i,

204-205,

surface;

S eal

Mound ( 5)

1976: 1983:

I IB,

and

and from

sharply

Young, t he

1 975:

f loor

1 ,

s ee

Ghirshman,

1 975:

12,

f ig.

5 : 4.

s eals

bent

of

1 938: S usa

I :

are

characterized

by

tails.

p l.

IV?

f ig.

a s toreroom p l. 17,

XCIV: s ee

4-5. on

S 1615, L e

Brun,

South

Hill;

S 1616.

Godin

1 971:

f ig.

H ISSAR I I A ND T HE P ROTO-ELAMITE

6 59

I n 1 976, b alls, e lipses a nd b icones w ere f ound i n E arly a nd M iddle H issar I I c ontexts o n S outh H ill ( 1), a nd o n t he M ain M ound i n M iddle a nd L ate H issar I I c ontexts ( 2). W hile t hese s mall i tems a re n ot r eported f rom S ialk o r G odin , t hey d o o ccur a t S usa b eginning i n p eriod I a nd c ontinuing i nto I II ( 3). A n i nscribed t ag o r l abel a nd a n umber o f t ablet b lanks w ere f ound i n 1 976, o n t he S outh H ill. T he c lay t ag o r l abel w ith t hree n on-ProtoE lamite s igns o r s ymbols w as f ound b elow a b uttressed S tairway S tructure i n s quare D F89 ( 4). A s econd f ind, t his t ime t hree f ragmentary p illow-shaped t ablet b lanks, w as m ade i n a s tratum c apping t he t op o f t he n orth w all a nd c orridor o f t he B uttressed S tairway S tructure ( 5). A t hird f ind c onsisted o f f ive p illow s haped t ablet b lanks ( four n early c omplete) o n t he f loor o f a s toreroom j ust n orth o f t he

B uttressed

S tairway

S tructure

( 1)

DF89,

s tratum

DF88,

( 2)

As

NW

area,

a r esult

the

Main

of

the

Mound,

s tratigraphic

S chmandt-Besserat,

( 4)

DF89

NW

e ast

corridor

the

s ite

H issar f rom

area,

I I

the

r edeposit

sample).

S tairway

S tructure ( DF89

Buttressed

DF89

( NW) cm,

contexts.

l ongitudinal

Tosi

( in

hole,

using

( ?)

not

occur

within

corner.

object

was

and

associ ated

This t he

in

5 ,

with

( one

1 ,

appear end,

of

c lay

the

furnace

( H76-91,

H 76-94,

bullae

( H76-92,

of

north

a lthough Middle

possibly

i s

t he

Susa

Are

we

H199

a more

from

precise

f irmly the

t o

Middle

BC

in

with

context

where

I t

outside s itu,

which

came

would

onset

of

or the

from of

a

the

suggest

be

Early

of

wall

would

the

S tairway wood,

s ide

( P-2766).

southern

properly

( P-2765)

old

south

the

e lsewhere

Buttressed

the

appears

only

below

dated

r epresenting

on

cal

l evel

s tructures

3 950-3710 cal BC

of

dating

a

p erfectly t he

general

Hissar

of

with

or

label

( H76-122)

which

and

unlike

the

blanks

the

inscribed point

t o

f loor

a k ind

copper

well and

as

I I

was

t he

Buttressed

a d igit The

of

the i ts in

South

s tructure

tag)

were

in

running

or

to

the

associated

s igns

0

This

f igurine

s lag. corridor

ruined

Middle

a

lower

e lsewhere.

north

Hill,

in

by

t he

( 4?)

marks

copper

over

DG61

found

t op

anthropomorphic

and

date

of

once

documented

top

a

The

smelting

Hissar

S tairway The

f loor s lag,

tokens

f ragments

in

abandoned.

the

on

measured

Hissar

but

of

north are

north). with

the

wall.

I I.

( Late

present These

two

a t

t hree

s tylized

H76-126).

c lay

two

s toreroom

and

s ide".

H76-125)

end

a s toreroom.

The

a lready

of

( H76-124,

bones, as

the

as

s ection)

t his

p inched

s igns long

tablet

"pierced

a s tylized

over

the

at

above

of

with

indicate

missing

r eally

96)

layer

( from

two

script

( 7)

should

be

and

the

( H76-N95a-c,

and

s eal,

with

one

a thin

as

near

cones

3 ,

object

a s tamp

above

l inings,

9 5,

shaped,

c lay

i s

3 ,

( H76-93,

that

DF88 of

covered

this

of

built while

i t

s toreroom

sherds,

molds,

tablet

came

against

with c lay

H76-97),

apparently

was

S tructure

date

was

fragments

from the

and

blanks

i mpressed

north

s ide

was

s till

s tanding,

i s

most

c ertainly

I I.

interesting

( c.

are of

the

if

a

building

( perhaps

to

just

animal

98).

wall

H issar

I t

the

Proto-Elamite

f igurines

s tratum

v itrified

the

up

t echnique

f ine

s tratified

which

f ragments,

i s

a very

position

s trata

area

3x1. 2

m )

17B

rooms.

to

assume,

r ooms

were

a ll

t o

made

?

be

object

s tratum

anthropomorphic

r oom

The

a layer

northeast

DF88

and date

a dump

sample,

describes

twice

s tratigraphic

brick

This

f irst

3610-3370

s tructure,

press)

S tructure

tablets

of

6 came a clay tag

S tairway

I I

f rom

runs

irregularly

s ealed

l eft,

Hissar

( 6)

i s

t o

area

the

moreover,

s tratum but

hand

Buttressed

date that

H120,

g iven

Buttressed

corridor

suspect

sample

buttressing

r ight

DF88

for i s,

r ight

was

a

p eriod,

north

carbon

the

radiocarbon

t herefore

7 )

in

S tructure.

I I

H118,

press.

1976.

5 . 8x4. 3x3. 0

( 5)

I I

the

do

the

i s

S tructure.

Hissar

This

in

of

5 )

S taircase

Hissar

as

were

i n

l isting.

debris

A s ingle

s tratum

s ince

later

t he

provided 3 ,

ware.

From

i n

of

S tairway

such

catalogue,

Tosi,

press.

a complete

a layer

A s econd

a cceptable excavated

in

area

area

Early grey

R emsen,

Mound.

use

of

and

early

( DF88

in

Dyson

7 at the base

s tratum

date

f ield

Buttressed

Main

S tructure

s tratum

S chmidt

provides

s toreroom;

tokens

the

5 -6,

the

appear

on

r e-analysis,

in

1986

3 ,

1 s tratum

l isted

s tratum of

area

s tratigraphic

context;

( 3)

on

5 -6;

( 6 ). These latter t wo g roups w ould

t o

note

with All as

abandoned

the

t hose

have

an

Weiss

of

s imilarity the

S ialk

unusually and

suddenly

Young -at

of

the

IV:

r ich ( 1975:

different

f loor

1 r ooms,

collection 1 4)

have

t imes-

or

contents

of

the

VI/V

of for i s

Godin

materials Godin some

t his lying

VI/V, other

small

r ooms, that

and

about. these

explanation

6 60

R .H .

D YSON J r .

a ppear t o b e M iddle H issar I I i n d ate a t hey a re r elated t o t he l ate p hase o f t he s tairway. T he p illow s haped b lanks a re c omparable i n s hape a nd s ize t o t ablets f ound i n S ialk I V: 1 a nd G odin V I/V ( 1) T he e vidence o f a dministrative a rtifacts w ithin t he c ontext o f a n e xpanded t rade i n e xotic m aterials, a nd t he a ppearance o f a v ariety o f s pecialized a rtifacts a t b oth H issar a nd S ialk p rovides r easonable e vidence f or a c orrelation o f M iddle H issar I I a nd S ialk I V : 1 , e ven i n t he a bsence o f c eramic p arallels. T he a ppearance o f t he c ylinder s eal a nd e lements o f p ersonal a dornment s uggest a c orrelation o f L ate H issar I I a nd S ialk I V: 2 a nd r elated s ites t o t he w est. I f t his r elative c hronology i s c orrect, c ombining i t w ith t he c lustered a nd a veraged r adiocarbon d eterminations f rom H issar p roduces t he f ollowing a pproximations ( 2) : P roto-Elamite I

L ate H issar I I 3 040-2930 c al B C ( average r ange o f 1 3 s amples)

S ialk I V:

2

P roto-Elamite T ransition

M iddle H issar I I 3 350-3140 c al B C ( average r ange o f

S ialk I V:

1

5s amples)

T epe S ialk C orrelations M oving f rom H issar t o S ialk i t i s u seful t o l ook d irectly f rom

t hat

s ite t o t hose f urther w est, G odin T epe a nd S usa . T he v arious e lements u sed i n m aking c orrelations h ave b een d iscussed b y A miet, C arter , D ittmann, V allat, a nd W eiss a nd Y oung a mong o thers i n t he p ast s everal y ears ( see b ibliography). S uch d iscussions, b ased a s t hey a re o n n ew e vidence f rom s tratigraphically c ontroled e xcavations, s upercede t he c hronological c orrrelations a ttempted o n l ess r eliable e vidence a lmost a q uarter o f a c entury a go ( Dyson 1 965) ( 3).

( 1)

S ialk:

Ghirshman,

5 .5 cm; S1629, 1 1, figs. 4-5. s tandard not in

of

although

they

l ength.

Vallat, ( 2)

Voigt

Susa

1978:

this

E lamite V ille

the at

where

L engths

S 1631,

and

0 . 25.

H issar

in

1972 i n

of

9 .0

given

e stimated

t ext,

found

Godin

I I

the

1 8

f or

scale

t ablet

measure Susa

5 .5 and

5 . 2x3. 8x1. 9

( Dimensions f rom

S 539,

: Weiss

tablets:

cm. as

I ,

concluded

as

was

to

cm,

cm;

and

tablets

are

presented

i n

5 .7 t o 5 .4 c m

measures

6 . 22

5 .0

6 .0

1 975:

r espective

individual

exceed

S 1628,

Young,

with

drawings

blanks

between t end

the

Hissar

1 976 i t

these

Malyan,

c lear

H issar

written

cm

cm

i n

( Le

l ength

Brun

and

I I

by

the

G iyan

was

1

i n

while

i s

r elated

horizon

this Late

earlier,

1 965

and

better and

edition materials

Susa.

defined

r eplacements Yahya,

I I

paper

Hissar dating

t o

as

the

Jamdat

defined combined

I I

dates

to

the

to

Nasr

h ere.

The

with

the

the

Proto-

Proto-Elamite

here. for

S ialk,

data

t hat

s emi-stratified

possible,

Hissar

Proto-Elamite

defined

only

t hat

r oughly

makes

Hissar,

horizons,

Royale

of

Middle

period

article

excavations

be

t ablets

press)

r esults

Archaeology, r eplaced

( in

1 horizon,

Transitional

0 . 44

t he

The

r e-analysis

r adiocarbon

When

in

cm;

d imensions

might

Mesopotamia,

c ontinuing

mean

t ablets

63).

8 .0

0 . 41,

noted

17B

XC1I-XCIII.

18).

Dyson

in

E lamite

As

1978:

and

p eriod

( 3)

Arithmetic

f igures).

( Vallat,

p ls.

S 1630,

deviations

g iven,

the

1938:

5 .5 c m;

are

Shar-i

These

of

Chronologies came

older

s tratigraphic

Hissar

( 1976),

Sokhta.

f rom

s equences s equences.

Godin,

in

poorly

Susa

Old

should For

World

controlled the

Acropole

now

be

ProtoI

and

H ISSAR I I A ND T HE P ROTO-ELAMITE

6 61

T he s trongest p arallels l inking S ialk I V: 1 t o G odin V I/V a nd S usa I : 1 7 a re p ottery s hapes, s eals a nd s eal i mpressions, n umerals a nd P roto-Elamite s igns ( 1). F ive v ery s pecific p ottery p arallels l ink S ialk I V: 1 t o G odin V I/V. T hese a re l ow b evelled r im b owls ( 2), t all b evelled r im b owls ( 3), j ars w ith e ither e rect o pen b eak s pout o r d ownb ent s pouts ( 4), a nd o val t rays ( 5). A lthough s herds w ith p ierced n ose l ugs o ccured a t S ialk, p otentially p aralleling t hose a t G odin, t he v essel s hapes a t S ialk w ere n either r econstructed n or i llustrated. A v ariant r ed-slipped f orm w ith u ndercut b ase a nd s olid l ugs d oes o ccur i n S ialk I V: 1 , a nd s herds f rom I V: 2 w ith n ose l ugs, d ecorated a t t he s houlder w ith h achures p ainted i n r ed-violet c olor, a re m entioned ( 6). A t S usa , f orms p aralleling t hose j ust c ited f rom S ialk I V a nd G odin V I/V o ccur i n A cropole I : 1 7, n amely l ow a nd t all b evelled r im b owls, j ars w ith e ither e rect b eak o r d own-bent s pouts, o val t rays, a nd v essels w ith f our p erforated n ose l ugs a nd s houlder d ecorations ( 7).

( 1)

Other One

i ncidental worth

Godin

( see

with

note

grooves

a labaster, Brun,

a s

Marvdasht There with

5 ,

i s an

1 .

c opper

survey

i s

in

the

IV:

mention

footnotes

1 979:

the f ig.

s imilarity

h .

and

Early

5 7: at

the

21,

the

6 .0

1938:

cm,

d .

large

The

core

end

XXVIII: and

same

type

8 .7

S ialk

( Ghirshman,

S ialk, 1 ,

S4,

1 7B

( Le

object

1013

in

the

8 .0

cm).

d . 1

1938:

XCV:

of

cm,

IV:

and

maceheads

Susa

S ite

h .

parallels.

s tone

cm)

Banesh f rom

I I

Hissar,

of

p l.

8 .0

l imestone,

a horn

Hissar a t

occurence

Middle

white

on

present

l imestone). t o

between

band

pin

1 ( Ghirshman,

blackstone,

f rom

a skeuomorph

a horn

of

the

( Pigott,

Ghirshman,

1938:

concerning

at

spouts:

i s

decorated

71,

p l.

XXIX:

22:

1938:

notes

or

antler

bone,

copper/bronze personal

and

that

object

the

dot-like

r epresent

communication).

Or

the

perhaps

inner

casting

XC: b ,

S34;

example

Ghirshman,

S 537, p . 3 :5.

XC:

1 975:

Weiss

and 63

Young, where

he

1 975:

3 :

f ig.

s tates

that

3-4 . these

were

very

f ig.

XXVI: of

1938:

an p l.

1 -3; erect

V . open

LXXXIX:

Badler, beak

t op

p ersonal

spout

2 rows;

in

the

Levine

communication oval

and

enclosure.

Young,

1984:

p l.

that

LXXXIX: the

S 1649b

oval

and

without

round

trays

t he

c enter

were

bowl

numerous;

a ttachment

and

Levine

Young,

and

p .

63, 1984:

4 .

Ghirshman,

1938:

without

H4098.

? ( Voigt,

XXXVIII,

one

horn the

communication).

XXVI:

p l.

the of

2 .

Ghirshman, he

antler

Young,

l east

f or

end

XXXVIa,

p l.

and

Ghirshman,

22:

or

pl.

1938: Weiss

f lat

personal

1938:

Ghirshman,

f orm

( 7)

may

alabaster

cross-hatched

s tructure

where

( 6)

f ind

above

we

S ialk

S49,

1-7 ,

( Alden,

on

f ig.

in

XCV:

a curious

object

Down-bent

( 5)

given

double-spiral-headed

addition,

3 9:

i mpressions

f ig.

are

the

o ccur

a surface

a lso

numerous; ( 4)

I n

cm;

f i g.

i ncised

bubbles

( 3)

6 .5

i s

2 3 cm, d . 3 . 0 cm) and a "wall cone" in copper/bronze from Susa 178 ( Le Brun, f ig. 4 0: 8 ) with a similar band around the large end. Is it possible that the

1 978:

( 2)

1 1). that

d .

1 978:

r ecorded

parallels

r ecalling

For

63,

lugs

Godin,

s ee

p l.

XXVII:

t urns Weiss

up

as

and

3 ,

X C:

S 45.

a funnel Young,

i n

1 975:

I t

i s a curious

Hissar f ig.

I IIB;

fact

that

S chmidt,

the

1 937:

p l.

vessel

X XXIX:

3 .

r im bowls: Le Brun, 1 971: f ig. 4 7: 8-1 2 ( 17A); 1 978: 7 3, fig. 20: 8 , X VIII: 9 ( 17B). Tall bevelled rim bowls: Le Brun, 1978: 7 7, fig. 24: 8-9, pl. X IX: 4 ( 17B). Jars with erect beak spouts: Le Brun, 1978: fig. 24: 8 and 9 . Jars with down-bent spouts: L e Brun, 1971: f ig. 52 ( 18B); 1978: f ig. 3 1: 4 , 6 , 1 0 ( 17B). Oval trays: Le Brun, 1 971: f ig. 4 6: 7 ( 17A); 1 978: 7 3, fig. 23: 7 ( 17B). G lobular Low

bevelled

p l.

jars and

with 17A).

nose

lugs

and

decorated

shoulders

( incised):

Le

Brun,

1971:

f ig.

5 1

( 17B

6 62

R .H .

D YSON J r .

A dditional p arallels b etween S ialk I V: 1 a nd S usa I : 1 7 i nclude t all j ars w ith s hort n ecks a nd e verted r ims) ( 1), t all j ars w ith r olled r ims ( 2). I n s ummary, p ottery p arallels l ink S ialk I V: 1 w ith G odin V I/V a nd S usa 1 : 1 7 d irectly. T here i s n o a vailable c eramic e vidence t o l ink e ither o f t hese n orthern a ssemblages w ith S usa I : 1 6-15B, o r P rotoE lamite 1 . A s econd m ajor c ategory f or t he c orrelation o f S ialk I V w ith G odin a nd S usa i s t hat o f c ylinder s eals a nd s eal i mpressions. " Square" s eals t hat a re v irtually e qual i n h eight a nd d iameter a re f ound i n S ialk I V : 1 , G odin V I/V a nd S usa I : 1 7B ( 3 ). I n S ialk I V: 1 , s chematic s tyle s eal i mpressions o ccur o n j ar s ealings, w hile a nimal s tyle s eal i mpressions o ccur o n t ablets ( 4). T he a nimal s tyle i s r epresented o n t he t ablets o f G odin V I/V. ( 5). T he t wo s tyles a lso o ccur i n S usa 1 7B w here t he s ame d ivision o f t he s chematic s tyle o n s ealings a nd t he a nimal s tyle o n t ablets t ends t o o ccur ( 6 ). While i ndividual s eals a re o ften u nreliable i tems f or d ating d ue t o t he e ase o f t heir d isplacement o r t o t heir r etention a s h eirlooms ( 7), t he o ccurence o f t he s ame s eal f orm a nd s tyles i n a ssociation a t t hree d ifferent s ites i s f airly c onvincing e vidence f or t he c ontemporaneity o f t he c ontexts u nder d iscussion. A mong t he s eal i mpressions a t S ialk a re s everal s pecific d esigns t hat a re a lso f ound i n S usa 1 7A ( 8). I f A miet 's b elief t hat t he S ialk

( 1)

Ghirshman,

1938:

p l.

XXVI:

5 -6,

1938:

pl.

XXVII:

LXXXI:

S483;

S 1608;

L e

Brun,

1978:

f ig.

29:

5

f ig.

1 7:

5

( 17B). ( 2)

Ghirshman,

4a,

5 ,

LXXXIX:

S 1608, S1645;

Le

Brun,

1971:

( 17B). ( 3)

The

s eal

in

height,

impressions and

( Ghirshman, at

Godin

2 .0

cm

Young, f rom ( 4)

1938:

which

in

p l.

f ig.

XCIV:

and

p l.

i mpressions 1971

VI:

on

Amiet

s eals

f irst in

VIII:

4 ;

A s imilar

S25,

the

appear

Acropole 1971:

seals

Susa S42,

at

I : f ig.

the

4 1,

t hose with IV:

t o

1 8,

and

on

44:

5 ,

1 1,

13);

107)

1 .

At

tablets L e

in

proportions in

in

f ig.

I b

and

and

Cb/Da

cylinder Vallat

and

64).

s chematic

jar

s tyle

d esigns

Susa

I I.

I n

Cylinder appear

1978: in

of

s tyle.

impressions

comments

over judge

animal

Elamite

( Vallat,

to

1 978:

s eal

to

with

17B

and

1 1;

cm

cm

f ound

( Weiss

1 . 5x1. 5

the

Suss,

Brun

s eals

2 .8

d iameter

s lightly

S 1609,

Cc/Da

in

I :

the

S 1934,

d escribes

and i n

and

44:

S506,

S 1633,

2 .0 and

diameter

roughly

S89,

as

height

3 .0

1971:

Ca/Cb

Susa

height

s eal,

S79,

of

between

cm

and

Brun,

S54,

seals

cm

S 1610-1614,

39,

Ca/Cb

2 .5

height

( Le

S48,

( 1961:

i n

in

by 2 .0

same

over

" square"

1938:

S ialk

20

cm 1 7B

between of

are

almost

Ghirshman, Amiet

3 .0

made

measured

s lightly

another in

1 were

s eal

These

case

occurs

IV:

the

S79).

" transitional"

equates

bullae

in

tablets.

1 as

S ialk

one

XCIV:

impressions.

S ialk

in

5 : 7).

1938:

i n

instance

measure

i llustration,

Ghirshman, s eal

f ound one

diameter,

1975:

the

in

1 35,

on pl.

A lden

1982:

animal

s tyle

633). ( 5)

Weiss

and

on

c lassified

as

E lamite ( 6)

Young,

impressions

Amiet, s eal

Dyson

( 8)

The

1979:

p l.

" eye"

1 -2,

s eals

5 ,

5 :

are

5 .

of

s eries

F igures the

5 :4

s tyle

immediately

and

6 show

Amiet

preceding

( 1961: the

4 1,

c lassic

107) Proto-

and

p l.

L e

17B

f ig.

1938:

IV:

1978: the

67-68.

Ghirshman,

s ignature

of

the

1954: owner,

38

was

of

a point

the

of

opinion

view

that

shared

by

2 ,

85.

S ialk

Brun,

Susa

4 and

1986:

of

( Le

in

Brun,

1 94.

motif

17A

V II: 2 ;

4 :

" transitional"

constituted

Harris,

( Ghirshman, 5 :

197;

1978:

and

Susa

S ialk

f ig. These

s tyle.

Vallat,

i n

a

impressions

( 7)

1975:

sealings.

1 ( Ghirshman, f ig.

44:

( Ghirshman,

8 :

p l. 4 ,

IV:

1971: 6 ,

p l.

xxxI,

6 .)

5 ;

IV: p l.

20).

1938:

1938:

p l.

a ).

The

XCIII,

p l.

Personages XCIV:

L e

S42,

s itting

S89;

griffon

S 1628;

XCIV:

Vallat, also

Brun

and

S596)

amidst 1978:

occurs Vallat,

i s

duplicated

pots 66, at

occur f ig. both

1 978:

23,

a t

8 :

5 ,

s ites f ig.

H ISSAR I I A ND T HE P ROTO-ELAMITE

6 63

s eals s tylistically b ridge t he g ap f rom S usa 1 7A t o S usa 1 6 i s c orrect, t hen S ialk I V: 1 s hould b e c orrelated w ith S usa 1 7X, t he P roto-Elamite T ransition . T he t hird c ategory o f m ajor e vidence i s t he t ablets. E ighteen w hole a nd f ragmentary t ablets w ere f ound i n r ooms 1 , 2 , 3a nd 4 o f t he S ialk I V : 1s tructure. A s ingle t ablet w ith a P roto-Elamite t ext w as f ound i n S ialk I V : 2 , i n a n u nspecified c ontext . V allat d ates t his S ialk I V: 2 t ablet b y p alaeography t o S usa 1 6 ( 1). T his c orrelation b y i mplication m akes t he t ablets o f S ialk I V : 1o lder , p lacing t hem i n S usa 1 7X-17. T he d istinguishing f eatures o f t he S ialk I V : 1 t ablets a re t heir " pillow-shape", t he p resence o f s eal i mpressions o n s ome o f t hem , t he u se o f n umerical n otation , a nd m ost i mportant, t he s cattered a ppearance o f P roto-Elamite s igns. F ive t ablets h ave o ne o r m ore s igns b ut n o s eal i mpressions ( 2). V allat d raws a c omparison w ith t he t ablets o f S usa 1 7 a nd c oncludes t hat S ialk I V b egan i n S usa 1 7 a nd e nded i n S usa 1 6 ( 3). O f t he e ighteen t ablets f ound i n S ialk I V : 1 , t en w ere p erforated f rom s ide t o s ide o r f rom f ront t o b ack b y o ne o r t wo h oles, a s i f f or a ttachment ( 4). G hirshman s uggested t hat t he t ablets m ay h ave b een i dentifications a ttached t o g oods b eing t ransported , b ut V allat f eels t hat t he o wner r ather t han t he m erchandise i s b eing i dentified ( 5). T he d istributional p attern o f n umerical t ablets, o wner i dentification s eal i mpressions o n t ablets, j ar s toppers a nd o ther l abels, f ound a t S ialk a nd b eyond r eflects a m ajor c ultural l inkage w ith l owland S usa . A miet ( 1976: 1 96) s uggests t hat t he o ccupation o f S ialk i n p eriod I V : 1 , a fter t he b urning o f l evel I II: 7 b, h ad a c lose c onnection w ith t he r ise o f A nshan o n t he r oad n orth f rom S usa v ia F ars. T he f ull p ublication o f t he B anesh s equence s hould p rovide i mportant n ew c orrelations w ith b oth S ialk a nd S usa . T he c onclusion t o b e d rawn f rom t he f oregoing c omparisons c an b e s ummarized a s f ollows. T he c eramic e vidence p oints t o a c orrelation b etween S ialk I V : 1 a nd S usa 1 7. T he g lyptic a nd e pigraphic e vidence, p oints t o a c orrelation w ith S usa 1 7X , b etween S usa 1 7 a nd 1 6 . W e d o n ot k now h ow l ong t he c eramics o f S usa 1 7 c ontinued i n u se i n S usa 1 7X , b ut t heir a ssociation w ith t he g lyptic a nd p alaeographic c hanges a t S ialk s uggest t hat t he S usa 1 7 p ottery a lso l argely c haracterizes t he 1 7X t ransition . I n a ny e vent t here i s n o e vidence f or c orrelating S ialk I V: 1 w ith S usa I : 1 6 ( 6). A dding t his c onclusion t o o ur p revious

( 1)

Ghirshman,

1938:

t o

from

a t ablet

alike

i n

s ize,

impressions. tablets

i s

He

an

p l. Susa in

Ghirshman,

( 3 )

Vallat,

( 4)

Ghirshman,

1938:

S 1627-1629,

S 1632.In

1971:

t ablets, one

of

but one

t he

( 5)

Ghirshman,

( 6)

Contra

points

crossed

( 2)

H issar,

1938:

p l.

XCII:

S28.

Vallat

243,

f ig.

58:

out

by

XCII:

and

number

that

another

S 1626,

of

the arc

S 1630,

The

s igns,

only a t

points

14).

a r ight

S 1631;

and

s ign

out two in

the

s imiliarity

tablets, the

actually

he

of

S28

says,

absence

of

occuring

are

any

seal

on

both

angle.

XCIII:

S 1 620,

S 1624.

243. 67,

10

and

67;

was

S 1618,

Ghirshman

1 975:

( see

p erforated

tablets

Vallat,

Young,

XCII:

t ext,

i llustrated

blank

i llustrated 1938:

p l.

t he

are

tablet

Weiss

1 ,

( 1971:

disposition

a lso

arc

XXXI: 16C

i s

1978:

1 1.

by

S 1619,

S 1621,

s tates

that

p late two

perforated 194,

note

captions holes

( Weiss

4 .

S 1630,

XCIII:

there

were

for

( Tosi, and

S 1622, 51624,

9

p erforated

descriptions). in

Young,

press).

1 975:

f ig.

At

4 :

At

Tepe

Godin,

6 ).

6 64

R .H .

D YSON J r .

s ummary w e h ave: P roto-Elamite 1

L ate H issar I I S ialk I V : 3 040-2930 c al B C ( average r ange o f 1 3 s amples)

2

S usa 1 6-15B

P -E T ransition

M iddle H issar I I S ialk I V : 3 350-3140 c al B C ( average r ange o f 5 s amples)

1

S usa 1 7X

G odin T epe C orrelations A f ew a dditional c omments m ay b e m ade c oncerning G odin T epe . T he r elevant m aterial f rom t his s ite c omes f rom t he O val E nclosure ( 1). T his c omplex o f b uildings w as f ormerly c alled " Godin V : 3 ", b ut i s b etter d esignated a s " Godin V I/V" ( Voigt a nd D yson , i n p ress). T he l atter t erm r eflects t he f act t hat w hile t he e nclosure c ontains e xotic o bjects, i t a pparently l ies i n t he m idst o f a t own t hat c ontinues t o u se t he a rtifact a ssemblage d esignated a s G odin V I ( Weiss a nd Y oung , 1 975 : 6 , 1 3 , 1 4 ). M ost o f t he p ublished m aterial c omes f rom t he r ooms o f t he s everal b uildings a rranged a round a n o pen c ourt w ithin t he e nclosure w all ( 2). W hile a bout h alf o f t he p ottery i n t he O val E nclosure r epresents t he l ocal, o ngoing p eriod V I p ottery , t he o ther h alf i s a pparently i mported f rom o utside ( Weiss a nd Y oung , 1 975 : 6 ) . F ive s pecific c eramic p arallels b etween S ialk I V : 1a nd G odin V I/V h ave b een l isted i n t he p receding s ection o f t his p aper . T hese i tems a lso o ccur i n S usa 1 7, a s p reviously d ocumented . A lthough s herds w ith p erforated n ose l ugs a nd p ainted h achures o n t he s houlder w ere m entioned a t S ialk , t he l ack o f i llustrations p revents a ny c lose c omparison t o G odin . I llustrated f rom G odin V I/V a re f our s quat j ars w ith l ong n ose l ugs, a nd s houlder d ecoration c onsisting o f : [ 1] r ope a ppliqué, [ 2] i ncised b ands o f t riangles a t t he l ower e nd o f t he l ugs, a nd a t t he u pper e nd, a c rossh atched i ncised b and a nd [ 3] h achured b ands i n b lack p aint. T hese v essels a re b oth r ed a nd c ream s lipped. S uch v essels o ccur a t S usa i n I : 1 7 ( 3). A n a dditional t ype w hich l inks G odin t o S usa 1 7 i s t he

( 1)

Weiss

and

1 975: 1-18; fig. 1 973: 8 0 -9 0; 1 974:

Young,

5-8 ;

1969:

excavated 312,

areas;

5 ,

f igs.

location

Young

of

7 ,

and

areas

p lan.

4-1 1;

Weiss,

3 7 -3 9,

excavation

2 ,

1974:

For

additional

Young 208-210. for

Levine,

See

also

tables

4 -5,

and

s tratigraphic

the

information

and

important

1974:

s ee

f ig.

Henrickson, information

r elationship

of

Young,

17:

p lan

1984:

concerning

periods

of

307-

VI/V

the and

IV. ( 2)

Weiss

ans

from

that

period

Weiss f ig.

1 ,

IV,

period

and

the

nose

It

in

f ig.

as

s ize,

design

may

be

worth

appeared 351.

the

This

only

noting at

details p lan

be

of of

the

6 ,

The

room the

architecture

1 ;

of

these

1 938:

5 8 -5 9, pl. Ghirshman, 1 939:

p eriod

14

and

i s

VI

massif

very

on

a vessel top

approximates

to

be to

p lacement, the of

see

and

structures

XXXII: p l.

1 ,

differs

5 -6,

LX

XXXIII,

adj acent

the

Acropole

1971:

f ig.

( 17),

and

f ig.

triangle

Weiss and

nose

at

form

17).

bands

( Le

and

of

and

( level

do

Brun,

Young,

Susa

lugs

s equence I :

Brun,

shorter

Acropole with

Le

4 ,

54:

incised

seem

identical

design

that

1 -2;

f ig.

that

l evel

sondage

3 :

f ig.

1978:

noted

that

34:

1954

l evel

( Ghirshman,

Brun,

may

lugs

1978:

lug

p lan.

1

1 975: Le

Brun,

( Although

2 ,

IV:

plan,

p lan

earlier

of

r emains,

IV).

( 17A);

r espectively. and

f ig.

XXXIV,

Young,

9 ,

5 1:

Sialk LXXXVII,

V and

including

( 3)

of

IV:

periods

1 975:

Young,

neck

has

not

bands Si;

not

and of

Dyson,

f ig.

f ig.

r im

been

1 ,

34: occur

1978:

1 975:

50:

( 17), 14,

in

3 :

are

la

incised pl.

10).

18, Le

insofar

concerned.

discussed 1966:

Susa

32:

and

( 17),

here,

i t

triangles LXXXVIII:

H ISSAR I I A ND T HE P ROTO-ELAMITE

6 65

b ottle w ith t hickened r im ( 1). T he e xcavators g ive f ull d ocumentation f or c omparisons o f t he g lyptic e vidence f rom G odin V I/V a nd t hat f rom t he o ld e xcavations a t S usa ( 2). T hese p arallels p rove c lose c ontact b etween t he t wo s ites, b ut d o n ot p rovide s tratigraphic c orrelations i n t he p resent c ontext. I t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat t he s chematic s tyle o f s eal i mpressions n oted a bove a t S ialk a nd S usa d o n ot a ppear a t G odin ( at l east n ot i n t he p ublished e xamples). I n f act, o nly a f ew s pecific s hared d esign e lements o ccur i n t he n ewly e xcavated l evels a t S usa ( 3). A s p ointed o ut e arlier s eal p roportions a re s hared w ith S usa 1 7B ( 4). A miet, o n t he b asis o f g eneral s tyle, s uggests t hat t he G odin m aterial f orms a t ransitional s eries i mmediately p receding t he c lassic P roto-Elamite s tyle ( 5). A t G odin , 4 3 t ablets a nd f ragments c ame f rom v arious p arts o f t he O val E nclosure o f V I/V , p articularly f rom t he s o-called G ate a nd f rom t he N orth B uilding ( 6 ). T he s ize a nd s hape o f t he p illow-shaped G odin t ablets d uplicate f inds i n S usa 1 7 ( 7). O ne t ablet a t G odin b ears a s ign o r s ymbol, w hile n one f ound i n S usa 1 7 d o s o ( 8). T his b y t he

( 1)

L evine

( 2)

Weiss

( 3)

and Young,

1 984:

f ig.

22:

1 975: 8 -13. ( fig . 5 : 4 ,

s ealings

many

s ealing

Weiss

and

f ragments

Young

were

( 1975)

amphikyphelloi

L e

Brun,

1 978:

f ig.30:9,

( 17B).

4 -5, 5 : 5 ), 4 I V: a , b ), and

f ound.

p oint

s pecifically

4 : 1 , 4 : 1 , 5 , 4 : 4 ,

( fig.

s ee

1 3 seal impressed tablets (fig. 4 : 1-2, 6 ), 2 cylinder seals ( fig. 5 : 7 , 8 , p l.

and Young,

j ar

1 ;

s ee

c ircle

( fig.

f igure

( fig.

8 ,

t o

Brun,

f our

d esign

1 971:

l inks

4 4:

f ig.

1 ,

t o

s eals

i n 1 7A); 4 4: 5 ,

of

S usa

r adial

1 7:

drill

i n 1 7); an 4 4: 2 , in 17); and opposed animals ( fig. 5 : 5 , see Le Brun, 1978: 6 0, f ig. 1 : 6 , p l. 1 :5). Running caprids, ovals, and f ish a lso o ccur i n Susa 1 7 ( Weiss and Young, 1 975: 1 1; Amiet, 1971: c entered

archer

5 :

L e

s ee

s ee

L e

L e

Brun,

Brun,

1 971:

1 971:

f ig.

f ig.

225). ( 4)

As

we

have

pointed

h eight

and

Young,

1 975:

material

out

d iameter, f ig.

( Le

i n

t he

o ccurs

4 :1)

Brun,

has

d iscussion

a t

Godin

and

of

S ialk,

a t

Susa.

" square"

1 6,

i n

s eal,

s teatite

t erms

of

with

s eal

t his

e qual

( Weiss

and

a parallel

i n

Susa

f ig.

4 4:

5 ;

s ee also discussion of Hissar II seal H639

points

out

that

the

Godin V I/V

1 971:

I :

t he

A g lazed

s pecialized

above). ( 5)

Amiet, f rom

1 961:

Susa,

l ater

p laque

Amiet,

1 972:

gray-black p l.

with

and a s

H e

parallels

? Young,

r ectangles, interpreted

1 07.

best

e quated

small

a

1 6

1 974:

8 )

d ecorated with

f ifth

( 1971).

r ectangle r endition

657,

A

693).

Early a t

s hows

a

the

o lder

are

b lack

s tone

horizontally building

unstratified

s eal

s implified

Cc,

t he

( see,

appears

i mpression ( Dyson,

he

s eal

or

r ecessed

t op,

for

on

f ig.

which

( stamp

vertical,

a cross

1 973:

f acade

Susa

object

facade

( Miroschedji,

excavated material

with

parallel,

s implified v ersion jar

a s imilar

of

g lyptic

f our

p laced

s imilar An

t erms

A small

of

o intment

S eries).

Susa

i n

I :

a s implified

h ,

sondage

f or

S usa

s teatite/chlorite

V III:

Dyson

4 1,

t he

t he

f ront

5 ,

1 1:

S b

f rom near 1 966:

may be

example,

p l.

of a 9407,

t he

1954

LXXXVIII:

1 4). ( 6)

Weiss

adjoining ( 7)

Weiss a lso

( 8)

t he

Young, t hat

not

culturally a ctually

By

c ontrast,

west

areas

s ide

of

9 and 11

1 975:

f igs.

1 975:

f ig.

4 -5;

the t he

( Weiss s ee,

s eal

i mpressions

Enclosure

i n

and Young,

f or

example,

on

r ooms

1 978: L e

jar

1 0,

s ealings

1 2

were

and

1 3,

and

t he

f ig.

4 4:

8 .

S ee

1 1).

Brun,

1 971:

3 5.

and i s

8 .

t he

and Young,

effect

S ialk

b e

a t

c ourtyard

note

Weiss

1 975:

and Young,

concentrated

t his

d iscussed a t

t hat

" signs"

explored.

Proto-Elamite

In

a s

and s ite.

opposed

f act

s cript

4 :

t ablet

i s

i t

2 .

i s t o

L e

B run

Sumerian!

hard

The

would

more

S ee

may be

t o

question

symbols s eem

t aken

or

t heir

f or

and Vallat The

r econcile a s

of

of

i n

Alden,

t heir

g eographically,

t o whether

emblems

s tatus

r elationship

granted

comments

i mplication

a s

any

of

f or

t han d emonstrated

as

these

by

well

a s are

t o

hard

t o f or

d esigns

example,

f orerunners

1982

r emarks

has t he

yet

t o

l ater

evidence.

R .H .

6 66

D YSON J r .

d efinition u sed i n t his p aper m akes t he G odin V I/V a ssemblage b elong t o t he b eginning o f t he t ransition t o t he P roto-Elamite s cript p roper a t ransition w hich a s w e h ave s een o n f oregoing i s h ypothesized t o o ccur d uring t he h iatus o f S usa 1 7X

( 1).

A bsolute D ating f or t he G odin V I/V O ccupation A t otal o f t en r adiocarbon d eterminations h ave b een p ublished r elating t o t he O val E nclosure o f G odin V I/V ( table 2 ). A lthough a t f irst s ight t hese d ates a ppear t o m ake l ittle s ense s ome c onsideration o f t he d ifficulty o f t he e xcavation , c ombined w ith t he i nternal e vidence o f t he d ates t hemselves s uggests t hat, i n f act, t hey m ake s ense a s f ollows. F ive o f t hese s amples a re c losely c lustered i n t ime, a s w ell a s i n s pace ( they w ere r ecovered f rom v arious f loors o r s urfaces i n t he N orth B uilding o f t he O val) ( 2). T hey p rovide a n a verage r ange o f 3 350-3140 c al B C f or t he m ain o ccupation o f t he O val. T wo s amples ( SI-2682, G ak-1072) f rom t he t opmost l evel o f r ooms 1 8 a nd 2 3 c luster t ogether, a nd g ive a n a veraged r ange o f 3 040-2910 c al B C f or t he t op o f t he d eposit, w hich f or c onvenience w e h ave r eferred t o h ere a s " Terminal V I/V" ( 3). A t hird s ample i ntrusive i t w ould a ppear i nto r oom 1 7 ( SI-2677) g ives a r ange o f 3 040-2910 c al B C. T he a verage o f t he t hree t ogether g ives a r ange o f 3 030-2780 c al B C. T his u pper l ayer o f d ebris p resumably r epresents t he v ery e nd o f I V/V a ctivity o n t he m ound, a fter t he a bandonment o f t he m ain O val e nclosure b uildings w hen i ts c onnections w ith S usa m ay v ery w ell h ave b een s evered . V ery i mportant t o a n u nderstanding o f t his t erminal s ituation i s t he n ature o f t he u pper d eposit a nd t he f ill o f s ome o f t he p eriod V I/V r ooms. T he e xcavators g ive a n e xplicit d escription: " The s tratification a nd t he c haracter o f t he d eposits...indicate t hat t his ( VI/V-IV) h iatus w as o f s hort d uration. H ere ( in t he a rea o f t he O val E nclosure) s everal o f t he P eriod V w alls w ere s till s tanding w hen t he P eriod I V o ccupation b egan. I n o ne a rea m uch a sh a nd t rash g athered f rom P eriod I V h earths h ad b een t hrown i nto a n a bandoned b ut s till s tanding P eriod V r oom. T he d eposit e xtended d own t o o nly a f ew c entimeters a bove t he l atest P eriod V f loor . I n a t l east t wo a reas P eriod I V h earths h ad b een c onstructed a gainst t he s tanding s tubs o f P eriod V w alls" ( Weiss a nd Y oung , 1 975 : 2 ). T he e xcavators a lso n ote ( on t he s ame p age) t hat: " there i s a c lear h iatus o f o ccupation a t t he e nd o f P eriod V , f or t he P eriod I V d eposit r ests u nconformably o n t he u pper s tratum o f

I t

i s

well

meters). excavation S ince have

S ince

i s

the

belonging we

to

r emember

The

very

r esumed.

At

t he

IV

i s

i t

to

the

ante

f or

period

a ll

l evel V/VI.

i t

Phase

excavated

in

t ablets

with

and

moment,

t erminal

initial

area

small

however,

d escribed

presumably

t o

a mixed

a ssigned quem

i s

which

assigned

this

l imited

i s

material to

the

sample

under

follows V I/V

can of

a short

r ather

a lso IV.

t he

be In

t han argued

e ither

Acropole

I :

s igns

turn

may

evidence

V I/V

and

h iatus

t hat

has

( Weiss

i nitial

c ase,

i s

1 7 up

( 75

s quare

s ome

day

if

lacking. not

been

and

suggested

Young,

as

1 975:

2 )

should

be

IV. these

the

dates

samples provide

a t erminus

H ISSAR I I AND T HE P ROTO-ELAMITE

6 67

P eriod V ". Y oung ( 1974: 2 08) a lso p oints o ut t hat t he m assive b rick w alls o f P eriod I V w ere " sunk i nto t he P eriod V d eposit". I t i s n ot s urprising , t herefore, g iven t he d isturbances e xtending d own i nto t he d eposit o f I V/V, t o f ind t wo s amples f rom n ear t he o riginal f loor l evel o f t he N orth B uilding y ielding v alues w hich i ndicate t hat t hey b elong w ith t he t erminal d ates a nd a re i ntrusive: S I-2674 a nd S I-2676 p rovide a n a veraged r ange o f 3 020-2780 c al B C, e ssentially t he s ame a s t hat f or t he t hree d ates f rom t he u pper l evels o f t he d eposit ( 3030-2780 c al B C), t he p robable o rigin o f t he i ntrusion. T he f ive t ightly c lustered d ates f rom t he f loor l evels w ithin t he b uilding s eem r easonable e vidence f or t he d ating o f t he m ain V I/V o ccupation. C onclusion A dding t he G odin e vidence t o o ur r elative c hronology c hart o f t he s ites w e h ave d iscussed, w e e nd w ith t he f ollowing i nternally c onsistent c hronological h ypothesis: P roto-Elamite 1 L ate H issar I I 3 040-2930 c al B C ( average r ange o f 1 3 s amples)

S ialk I V:

2

T erminal G odin V I/V 3 030-2780 c al B C ( average r ange o f 3 samples)

S usa 1 6-15

1

G odin V I/V 3 350-3140 c al B C ( average r ange o f 5 samples)

S usa 1 7X/17

P roto-Elamite T ransition M iddle H issar I I 3 350-3140 c al B C ( average r ange o f 5 samples)

S ialk I V :

I f t ablets w ith s igns s hould t urn u p i n S usa 1 7, t he c orrelations w ould h ave t o b e i nclude 1 7 a nd 1 7X. I n t his c ase S usa 1 7X m ight b e v ery s hort. A s m ay b e s een f rom t he a bove, H issar a nd S usa a re t he o nly s ites o f t he f our f or w hich w e h ave e vidence o f c ontinuous l ater o ccupation. E arly H issar t he m oment, a nd t herefore E lamite 2 h orizon i n t he t his h orizon h as n ot b een n orthern p lateau.

I II, h owever , c annot b e d efined a dequately a t a ny s uggested r elationship t o t he P rotos outh c annot b e d emonstrated . F or t hat r eason d iscussed i n t his p aper d ealing w ith t he

The

University

Museum

Philadelphia.

6 68

R .H .

D YSON J r .

R EFERENCES A LDEN J .R . 1 979 R egional E conomic O rganization i n t he B anesh P eriod , I ran . P h.D . d issertation , D epartment o f A nthropology , U niversity o f M ichigan . 1 982 T rade a nd P olitics i n P roto-Elamite I ran . C urrent A nthropology , 2 3, 6 : 6 13-640. A MIET P . 1 961 L a g lyptique m dsopotamienne a rchatque . P aris: C NRS. 1 971 L a g lyptique d e l 'Acropole ( 1969-1971). T ablettes l enticulaires d e S use . C ahiers d e l a E I Ugation A rch &Aogique F rançaise e n I ran , 1 : 2 17-233. P aris: A ssociation P alöorient. 1 972 G lyptique s usienne, d es o rigines ä l 'epoque d es P erses A chemenides. M moires Da gation A rch6ologique e n I ran , 4 3. P aris: G euthner . 1 979 A rchaeological D iscontinuity a nd E thnic D uality i n E lam . A ntiquity , 5 3 ( 209): 1 95-201. 1 980 L a g lyptique d u s econd m illönaire e n p rovenance d es C hantiers A e t B d e l a V ille R oyale d e S use. I ranica A ntigua , 1 5: 1 33-147. 1 983 T he A rchaic G lyptic a t S har-i S okhta P eriod I . I n T OSI M . ( ed .) P rehistoric S istan , I . I stituto I taliano p er i l M edio e d E stremo O riente, R eports a nd M emoirs, 1 9, 1 : 1 99-210 . R ome: I SMEO. A RNE A .J. 1 945 E xcavations a t S hah T epe , I ran . R eports f rom t he S cientific E xpedition t o t he N orth-Western P rovinces o f C hina , 2 7, 5 . S tockholm : S tatens E thnografiska M useum . B OUCHEZ R . e t a l . 1 976 D etermination d es m odes d u c uisson d e c eramique d e l 'Iran p rotohistorique, d 'apräs l eurs p roprietes m agnötiques e t l eurs s pectres M össbauer . C ongr s u nion i nternationale d es s ciences p rO tistoriques e t p rotohistoriques, 9 : 1 -33. N ice. B ULGARELLI G .M . 1 975 T epe H issar : P reliminary R eport o n a S urface S urvey , A ugust 1 972. E ast a nd W est, 2 4, 1 -2: 1 5-27. 1 979 T he L ithic I ndustry o f T epe H issar a t t he L ight o f R ecent E xcavations. I n T ADDEI M . ( ed .). S outh A sian A rchaeology 1 977, 1 : 3 9-43. N aples: I nstituto U niversitario O rientale. C ANAL D . 1 978 T ravaux ä l a T erasse h aute d e l 'acropole d e S use. C ahiers d e / a I M Ugation A rch &Aogique F rançaise e n I ran , 9 : 1 1-55. P aris: A ssociation P aleorient. C ARTER E . 1 980 E xcavations i n V ille R oyale I a t S usa : t he t hird M illenium O ccupation . C ahiers d e / a ff l&gation A rch6ologique F rançaise e n I ran , 1 1: 1 1-134.

H ISSAR I I A ND T HE P ROTO-ELAMITE

1 984

6 69

A rchaeology. I n C ARTER E . a nd S TOLPER M .W. E lam: S urveys o f P olitical H istory a nd A rchaeology . U niversity o f C alifornia P ublications, N ear E astern S tudies, 2 5: 1 03-313. B erkeley.

C ASAL J .M. 1 961 F ouilles d e M undigak . M ömoires d e l a D ölögation A rchöologique F rançaise e n A fghanistan, X VII. P aris: L ibrairie C . K lincksieck. D ESHAYES J . 1 975 T essons d e c öramique p einte d e T appeh H esar . I n B AGHERZADEH F . ( ed.) P roceedings o f t he I IIrd A nnual S ymposium o n A rchaeological R esearch i n I ran , 1 974: 1 03-120. T ehran: I ranian C entre f or A rchaeological R esearch. D ITTMANN R . 1 983a S eals, S ealings, o n " Gamdat N asr: 1 983b

a nd T ablets. P aper d elivered a t t he c onference P eriod o r R egional S tyle". T übingen.

S usa i n t he P roto-Elamite P eriod. P aper d elivered c onference o n " Gamdat N asr : P eriod o r R egional T übingen.

a t t he S tyle".

D YSON R .H., J r. 1 965 P roblems i n t he R elative C hronology o f I ran, 6 000-2000 B C. I n E HRICH R . ( ed.) C hronologies i n O ld W orld A rchaeology: 2 15-256. ( 2nd e d.) C hicago: U niversity o f C hicago P ress. 1 966 E xcavations o n t he A cropolis a t S usa a nd P roblems o f S usa A , B a nd C . P h. D . d issertation, D epartment o f A nthropology, H arvard U niversity . 1 972 T he b urned B uilding o f T epe H issar I IIB: a r estatement. B astan 1 983

1 985

C henassi v a H onar-e I ran , 9 -10 : 5 7-83 . T oward a R eassessment o f T epe H issar , I ran . P aper d elivered a t t he S econd U S-USSR S ymposium o n t he A rchaeology o f t he N ear E ast a nd C entral A sia . S amarkand, I nstitute o f A rchaeology. C omments o n H issar P ainted R ed W are. I n H UOT J .L., Y ON M . a nd C ALVET Y . ( eds) D e l 'Indus a ux B alkans , R ecueil J ean D eshayes: 37-345 . Paris: Editions Recherche sur l es C ivilisations.

D YSON R .H., 1 986

J r.

a nd H ARRIS M .V.

T he A rchaeological C ontext o f C ylinder S eals E xcavated o n t he I ranian P lateau. I n K ELLY-BUCCELLATI M . ( ed.) I nsight t hrough I mages . B ibliotheca U ndena P ublications.

D YSON R .H., i n p ress

J r.

M esopotamica ,

a nd H OWARD E .M.,

J r.

7 9-110.

M alibu,

C al.

:

e ds.

T appeh H esar: R eports o f t he M esopotamia, s upplementary v olume. D YSON R .H., i n p ress

2 1:

R estudy

P roject,

1 976.

a nd R EMSEN W .C.S.

O bservations o n A rchitecture a nd S tratigraphy a t T appeh H esar. I n D YSON R .H. a nd H OWARD S . ( eds.) T appeh H esar: R eports o f t he R estudy P roject, 1 976. M esopotamia, s upplementary v olume.

6 70

E HRICH R .W., e d. i n p ress C hronologies i n O ld W orld U niversity o f C hicago P ress.

A rchaeology

( 3rd

R .H .

D YSON J r .

e d .).

C hicago:

F RANKFORT H . 1 939 S tratified C ylinder S eals f rom t he D iyala R egion . O riental I nstitute P ublications, 7 2. C hicago: U niversity o f C hicago P ress G HIRSHMAN R . 1 938 F ouilles d e S ialk , V ol. 1 . P aris: G euthner . 1 939 F ouilles d e S talk , V ol. 2 . P aris: G euthner. 1 954 I ran . H armondsworth, E ngland: P enguin . H ANSEN D .P. 1 965 T he R elative C hronology o f M esopotamia , P t. I I. I n E HRICH R . ( ed.) C hronologies i n O ld W orld A rchaeology : 2 01-213. ( 2nd e d .) C hicago: U niversity o f C hicago P ress. H ENRICKSON R .C. 1 984 G odin T epe , G odin I II a nd C entral W estern I ran , c . 2 600-1500 B C , P h . D . d issertation, D epartment o f N ear E astern S tudies, U niversity o f T oronto. H OWARD S .M. 1 982 T he C ultural C hronology o f T epe H issar: a R eappraisal. U npublished m anuscript. P hiladelphia : H issar A rchives, T he U niversity M useum. H URST B .J. a nd L AWN B . 1 984 U niversity o f P ennsylvania R adiocarbon D ates X XII. R adiocarbon , 2 6, 2 : 2 12-240. J OHNSON G .A. 1 976 E arly S tate O rganization i n S outhwestern I ran: P reliminary F ield R eport. I n B AGHERZADEH F . ( ed .) P roceedings o f t he I Vth Annual S ymposium o n A rchaeological R esearch i n I ran , 1 975: 1 902 23. T eheran: I ranian C entre f or A rchaeological R esearch . K LEIN J ., L ERMAN J .C., D AMON P .E. a nd R ALPH E .K . 1 982 C alibration o f R adiocarbon D ates: T ables B ased o n t he C onsensus D ate o f t he W orkshop o n C alibrating t he R adiocarbon T ime S cale. R adiocarbon , 2 4: 1 03-150. L ANGSDORFF A . a nd M C C OWN D .E . 1 942 T al-i B akun A . O riental I nstiute U niversity o f C hicago P ress.

P ublications,

5 9 .

C hicago:

H ISSAR I I AND T HE P ROTO-ELAMITE

L E B RETON L . 1 957 T he e arly 7 9-124.

P eriods

6 71

a t S usa ,

M esopotamian R elations.

I raq,

1 9:

L E B RUN A . 1 971

1 978a

1 978b

R echerches s tratigraphiques ä l 'Acropole d e S use ( 1969-1971). C ahiers d e / a D dldgation A rchdologique F rançaise e n I ran , 1 : 1 63-216. P aris: A ssociation P alöorient. L a g lyptique d u n iveau 1 7B d e l 'Acropole ( campagne d e 1 972). C ahiers d e / a D dldgation A rchdologique F rançaise e n I ran , 8 :

6 1-79 . Paris: A ssociation P alöorient. L e n iveau 1 7B d e l 'Acropole d e S use. C ahiers d e / a D dldgation A rchdologique F rançaise e n I ran , 9 : 5 7-154. P aris: A ssociation Palöorient.

L E B RUN A . a nd V ALLAT F . 1 978 L 'origine d e röcriture A rchdologique F rançaise P alöorient.

ä S use. e n I ran ,

C ahiers

d e

/ a

D dldgation

8 : 1 1-59. P aris: A ssociation

L EVINE L .D. a nd Y OUNG T .C., J r. 1 984 A s ummary o f t he C eramic A ssemblages o f t he C entral W estern Z agros f rom t he M iddle N eolithic t o t he L ate t hird M illennium B C. P aper d elivered a t t he c onference " La M ösopotamie P rö- e t P rotohistorique." P aris: C NRS. M AC C OWN D .E . 1 942 T he C omparative S tratigraphy o f E arly I ran . S tudies i n A ncient O riental C ivilization, 2 3. C hicago: T he O riental I nstitute o f t he U niversity o f C hicago. M IROSCHEDJI P .

1 973

V ases e t o bjets e n s töatite s usiens d u M usöe d u L ouvre. d e l a D dldgation F rançaise e n I ran , P al6orient.

C ahiers

3 : 9 -80. P aris: A ssociation

M UHLY J .D. 1 978

N ew E vidence f or S ources a nd T rade i n B ronze A ge T in. I n F RANKLIN A .D ., O LIN J .S. a nd W ERTIME T .A. ( eds.) T he S earch f or Ancient T in : 4 3-48 . Washington, D .C. : S mithsonian I nstitution.

P EARSON G .W ., P ILCHER J .V., 1 986 H igh P re eion 1 C N atural 9 11-934.

C

B AILLE M .G., M easurement

C ORBETT D .M. a nd Q UA F . o f I rish O aks t o S how

V ariations f rom A D 1 840-5210 B C. R adiocarbon ,

t he 2 8:

P IGOTT V .C. 1 982

P yrotechnology a nd C ulture C hange a t B ronze A ge T epe H issar, I ran. I n W ERTIME T .A. a nd W ERTIME S .F. ( eds.) E arly P yrotechnology: 2 15-236. W ashington D .C.: S mithsonian I nstitution .

6 72

R .H .

D YSON J r .

P OTTS D .T. 1 980 T radition a nd T ransformation: T epe Y ahya a nd t he I ranian P lateau d uring t he T hird M illenium B C . P h. D . d issertation, D epartment o f A nthropology, H arvard U niversity. S CHEIL V . 1 905 D ocuments a rchaiques e n ä critures p roto-ölamite. D dldgation F rançaise e n P erse, 6 . Paris. S CHMANDT-BESSERAT D . 1 986 T okens a t S usa .

O riens A ntiquus,

2 5:

M dmoire d e

l a

9 3-124.

S CHMIDT E .F . 1 933 T epe H issar e xcavations 1 931. T he M useum J ournal 2 3: 3 23-483. 1 937 E xcavations a t T epe H issar , D amghan 1 931-1933 . P hiladelphia : U niversity o f P ennsylvania P ress f or T he U niversity M useum. S PEISER E .A. 1 935 E xcavations a t T apa G awra, P ennsylvania P ress.

V ol.

1 . P hiladelphia :

U niversity

o f

S TEVE M .J. a nd G ASCHE H . 1 971 L 'Acropole d e S use . M ämoires d e l a D älägation A rchäologique F rançaise e n I ran, 4 6 . L eiden a nd P aris: B rill a nd G euthner . S TUIVER M . a nd R EIMER P .J. 1 986 A c omputer P rogram f or R adiocarbon , 2 8: 1 022-1030. S UMNER W .M . 1 976 E xcavations a t T all i M alyan

R adiocarbon

( Anshan )

1 974.

A ge

I ran ,

C alibration.

1 4 : 1 03-115 .

T OBLER A .J. 1 950 E xcavations a t T epe G awra , V ol I I . U niversity M useum M onographs, 4 . Philadelphia: T he U niversity M useum o f t he U niversity o f P ennsylvania . T OSI M . a nd B ULGARELLI G .M. I n p ress. T he S tratigraphic S equence o f S quares D F 8 8/89 on S outh H ill, T appeh H esar. I n D YSON R .H . a nd H OWARDS S . ( eds.). T appeh H esar: R eports o f t he R estudy P roject , 1 976 . M esopotamia , S upplementary v olume. V ALLAT F . 1 971

1 978

L es d ocuments ä pigraphiques d e l 'Acropole ( 1969-1971). C ahiers d e / a D dldgation A rchdologique F rançaise e n I ran , 1 : 2 35-245. P aris: A ssociation P alöorient. L e M atäriel ö pigraphique d es c ouches 1 8 ä 1 4 d e l 'Acropole. P aldorient, 4 : 1 93-195 .

H ISSAR I I AND T HE P ROTO-ELAMITE

V OIGT M .M. 1 987 R elative 3 500 B C.

a nd A bsolute ( This V olume).

6 73

C hronologies f or I ran b etween 6 000 a nd

V OIGT M .M. a nd D YSON R .H., J r. I n P ress. T he C hronology o f I ran, c a . 8 000-2000 B C. I n E HRICH R . ( ed.) C hronologies i n O ld W orld A rchaeology ( 3rd e d.). C hicago: U niversity o f C hicago P ress. W EISS H .

1 975

a nd Y OUNG T .C., J r. T he M erchants o f S usa .

I ran ,

1 3:

1 -18.

W RIGHT H .T. 1 981 An E arly T own o n t he D e l i L uran P lain: E xcavations a t T epe F arukhabad . M emoirs o f t he M useum o f A nthropology o f t he U niversity o f M ichigan, 1 3. A nn A rbor. Y OUNG T .C., 1 969 1 974

1 975

J r.

E xcavations a t G odin t epe: F irst P rogress R eport . R oyal O ntario M useum O ccasional P apers, 1 7. T oronto. T he D ay w e F ound t he T ablet. R otunda, 7 , 2 : 4 -11. A n A rchaeological S urvey o f t he K angavar V alley . I n B AGHERZADEH F . ( ed.) P roceedings o f t he I IIrd A nnual S ymposium o n A rchaeological r esearch i n I ran : f or A rchaeological R esearch.

Y OUNG T .C., J r. a nd L EVINE L .D. 1 974 E xcavations o f t he G odin

P roject:

O ccasional P apers o f t he R oyal R oyal O ntario M useum. Y OUNG T .C., 1 974

2 3-30.

T eheran :

S econd

O ntario

P rogress R eport .

M useum,

J r a nd W EISS H .

T he G odin P roject:

G odin T epe.

I ran ,

1 2:

I ranian C entre

2 07-211.

2 6.

T oronto:

6 74

R .H .

F ig. 1 -T epe H i ssar , g enera l map o ft he s i te .

D YSON J r .

6 75

T reasure H ill

S outh H ill

S tructure

H ISSAR I I AND T HE P ROTO-ELAMITE

C U

C U

C U

C 1

C . 1

. • • • • • C V 0 I N f a r ‘ . 0

C . ) 1 : 1 0 H M U

C V 0 .0C O U ) a l C U C V 0 0 O a .

e l 0 4 . . . : . 1.

Ic ue C

U)

V D

4 1 C0

1 / 1

( n

o e s )

e n .e .r )

C O 0 . ) H 0 0 Q . .

la s e 4 1

• -•

0 3

N I

C U

C U

H C V 0

0

N I I H C / 3 s r ) '' C O

N I P .

0 , s I D

L n

c ' n

T erminal

M iddle I I

( I )

C U C r , H

N 1 1 C P . 0

I

N orth F lat

C O

C . . ) 0 2 H M U

0 e l r • • ( 4 s . 0 e l C V 1 1 0 04

• • • r • •

4 ) • •

0

H r .

e • e • 1 , 0 1, el N - s r ) C V C V C V C V C V L A C O H i n E r . 0 N I H N

N N I C V N -

1 1 1 1 ! A . P 4 0 40 4 0 4

• •• •

• . . N I U )

•

C I ) 4 1 0 ) C D b i r 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 C O C O C O L i > 4 > 4 > 4 • C L )