Biology 11 [11]

Citation preview

‫وزارت ﻣعارف‬

‫بﻴﻮلﻮژى‪ -‬صﻨف ﻳازدﻫم‬

‫بﻴﻮلﻮژى‬

‫‪Biology‬‬

‫صﻨف ﻳازدﻫم‬

‫‪.‬سال چاپ‪ ١٣٩٨ :‬هـ ‪ .‬ش‬

‫سرود ملی‬ ‫دا وطن افغانســـتـــان دى‬

‫دا عــــزت د هـــر افـغـان دى‬

‫کﻮر د سﻮل‪ ３‬کﻮر د تﻮرې‬

‫هر بچی ﻳ‪ ３‬قهرمـــــان دى‬

‫دا وطن د ！ﻮلـــﻮ کـﻮر دى‬

‫د بـــــلـﻮ＇ـــــــﻮ د ازبـکــــــــﻮ‬

‫د پ‪＋‬ـــتــﻮن او هـــــزاره وو‬

‫د تـــرکـمنـــــــﻮ د تـــاجـکــــــﻮ‬

‫ورســـره عرب‪ ،‬گﻮجــر دي‬

‫پــامﻴــرﻳـــان‪ ،‬نـﻮرســـتانﻴــــان‬

‫براهﻮي دي‪ ،‬قزلباش دي‬

‫هـــم اﻳمـــاق‪ ،‬هم پشـه ‪４‬ان‬

‫دا ه‪５‬ــــــﻮاد به تل ‪＄‬لﻴ‪８‬ي‬

‫لـکـه لـمــر پـر شـــنـه آســـمـان‬

‫په ســـﻴنــه ک‪ ３‬د آســـﻴـــا به‬

‫لـکــــه زړه وي جـــاوﻳــــــدان‬

‫نﻮم د حق مـــﻮ دى رهبـــر‬

‫واﻳـــﻮ اهلل اکبر واﻳﻮ اهلل اکبر‬

B i o l o g y

curriculum@moe gov af

)Cell(

Cell

Robert Hook

Cell

)Cell Theory(

Unicellular Multicellular

Microscope

Scope

Microse

Zachariah

Johan Johnson

Compound Light. M

mm m nm

Knoll

Ruska Ruska

Ruska

Ultra Violet M Fluorescence M

Dark Field M Phase Contrast M

Stereo M

Electron M Focus

TEM SEM

DNA

STM

Scanning Tunneling M

SEM

STM

DNA

DNA

Cover Slide

Cell

Ruska

)Cell Structure(

6 0m m

Fiber Cell

Pro

:)Prokaryota( Karyon

DNA

DNA

Karyon

Eu

:)Eukaryota(

ER

Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

:)Cell Wall(

Primary Wall Secondary Wal Middle Lamella

Wax

:)Cell Membrane( Semi Permeability

Selective Permeability

Cytoplasm & Organelles

Ectoplasm Endoplasm

Sol Sol Gel Inclusion Body

Gel

Organelle )ER( Endoplasmic Reticulum ER

ER ER Agranular ER

Granular ER ER

ER

ER

ER

ER ER

Palade ER

ER :)Ribosome(

:)Mitochondria(

ATP

Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Organic Molecules & CO2

CO2 ATP

Respiratory Enzymes

Matrix Cristae

:)Lysosome( Dewy

:)Golgi Apparatus( Camello Golgi Protein Packing Factory ER

)Centrosome(

:)Plastids( Pigments

Chloroplast Chromoplast Carotinoid Leucoplast Amiloplastide

:)Nucleus( Robert Brown

Necleoplasm Gen DNA RNA

DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DNA

O

Ribose OH

H

)T) Thymine Crick

)G) Guanine

)A) Adenine )C) Cytosine DNA DNA

D Watson

DNA DNA

RNA

RNA rRNA

DNA

ribosomal RNA

mRNA Messenger RNA tRNA Transfer RNA Wagner

RNA RNA RNA

:)Nucleolus( RNA

:)Vacuole(

Cytoskeleton

ER

Flagella

Cilia

Flagella

:)Kentosome(

Oxidative

Cell Plate

DNA RNA

ER

« » Gel

RNA Sol RNA

« »

DNA

Passive Transport

Hydrophobe Hydrophile

Diffusion

Osmosis

Plasmolysis

Hemolysis

Isotonic

Solution Hypotonic Solution :Hypertonic Solution

Active Transport

:)Endocytosis(

Phagocytosis

Penocytosis

:)Exocytosis(

« »

« »

)Metabolism(

Anabolism Catabolism

Photosynthysis

Grana

6CO2 + 6H2O

Stroma

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Producer Autotrophs Heterotrophs

:)Leaf(

Vascular Bundle CO2-O2

Mesophyl

Epidermis Epidermis

Stomata Guard Cell Mesophyl Palisade

Palisade

Vascular Bundle Xylem Phloem

)Structure of Chloroplast(

Grana Thylakoid

Light Reaction Dark Reaction Grana

Photolysis 12H2O

6O2 + 24H

Dark Reaction

Enzyme

6CO2 +24H+

ATP

C6H12O6 + 6H2O

NAD: Nicotinamid Adenine Dinucleotide ADP: Adenosine Di Phosphate

L L

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

Guard Cell

ATP

ATP ATP

ATP

6 C O2 6 H 2 O

ATP

ATP ATP

ATP Adenosine Tri Phosphate ATP

P

P

P

ATP H 2O

ADP P Energy Adenosine Di Phosphate

Adenosine Mono Phosphate ATP

ADP P Energy

AMP P1 Energy

C O2

C O2 C O2 C O2

Green House Effect Global Warming

C O2

Light Reaction Dark Reaction

Grana ATP

« »

« »

)Cellular Respiration(

Oxidation Reduction

ATP

)Aerobic Respiration(

H 2O

CO2

ATP

Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain

o o // // C CooH CHCH C CooH 3 3

T

Anaerobic ATP Glucose

Respiration Glycolysis Cytoplasm

2 Pyruvic Acid

+ 2 ATP

H Krebs

:)Krebs Cycle(

C 6 H1 2O 6 6 O2

6 C O 2 6 H 2 O Energy 3 8 ATP 38 ATP

ATP

ATP

CO2

CO2

2ATP

2ATP

34ATP

Total= 38ATP

ATP

)Anaerobic Respiration(

Fermentation

CO2

C6H

Yeast

12

Glucose

O6

2 C 2 H O O H 2 C O 2 Energy (2 ATP) 118 Cal Ethyl Alcohol

+ Carbon Di Oxide

OH OH

// // Enzyme CooHEnergy Energy (2 ATP C 6C H612HO126O 6 Enzyme CHCH CooH (2 ATP ) ) 3 C 3 C

CO2

+ Energy

CO2

CO2

CO2

« »

« »

)Cell Division( Virchow

Vegetative Cells Reproductive Cells

:)Amitosis(

Cartilage

Meiosis

Mitosis

S G1 G2

G1 Growth DNA DNA

S Synthesis DNA DNA G2

G1

S G2

Check Point

)Mitosis(

Daughter Cells :)Interphase(

:)Prophase( Chromomer Aster Rays

Spindle :)Metaphase(

:)Anaphase( :)Telophase(

G2 Interphase

Metaphase

Prometaphase

Anaphase

Prophase

Telophase & Cytokinesis

)Cytokinesis(

Cell Plate

DNA

:)Meiosis(

Gonads

n

Colling Crossing Over Spindle

Aster Groove

)Meiosis 2( n

Haploid

Diploid

Segregation

n

n

n

« »

« »

Zoology Zoo Logy

)Phylum Molluska(

Mollis

Mantle Radula

Coelom

Gastropoda Cephalopoda Poly Cypoda

)Snail(

Slug

Slug

Snail

)Bivalve(

Conchioline

Bilateral Symmetry Radial Symmetry Asymmetry

)Phylum Annelida( Annelus

Nephridia

Polychaeta Nirus brani Oligochaeta Hirudinea

)Earth Worm(

Coelom Gut

Oligos Chaeta

Clittellum

Coelom

:)Leeches( Chaeta

:)Phylum Echinodermata( derm Echino

Water Vascular System

Oviparous Regeneration

Sea star Sea urchins Sea cucumber

Brittle star

Viviparous

Asteroidea Ophioridea Echinoidea Sand dollar Crinoidea Holothoroidea

)Sea star( Disc (Oral

Disc

)Phylum Arthropoda(

Arthro Joint feet

Poda feet

Joint

Cephalothorax Hemocoel O2

:)Class Crustacea or Crustacean( Cray

Shrimp

Crab

Cray

:)Class Insects( Entomology

Entomon

Insecta

Spiricle

Partenogenisis )The Grasshopper(

Prothorax Mesothorax Metathorax

Nectar

Nectar

Nectar Stomach

Cocoone

)Class Archnoidea( Oid

Archne

Archnoid

Coxal Gland

)Scorpion(

Ovoviviparous

)Class Chilopoda(

)Class Dipllopoda, Millipedes(

Radula Coelom Anneledus Chitin Clittlum derm Water Vascular

Echino Radial Symmetric System

poda

Arthro Parthenogenesis Crust Insect Entomology

CO2

Coxal

Ganglion

Cross Fertilization Hermaphrodite

Ovum

:)Metamorphosis(

Larva Adult

Pupa

Larva

Adult Pupa

)Regeneration( )Internal Fertilization(

Budding )External Fertilization(

)Ganglion( )Cross Fertilization(

)Vertebrata(

(Eustachiantub

Vertebra

Bilatral Symmetric

Pices Amphibian Reptalia Aves Mammalia )Pisces( Pices Ichthylogy

Ichthyes

Dipnoi

Agnatha stoma

Cyclostoma Cyclo

Lampery

:

Ray

Hammer Head shark

Epicertodous

Trout

Flat

Sea horse

Labeo Eel

Head

Operculum

Trunk

Tail

:)Amphibian( Amphibious

Newts

Toad Frog Salamander Caecilian

Ceacillian

:)Frog(

:)Rana Tigrana(

)Reptilia(

Reptile Herptalogy

Dinosaurs

Turtle

Crocodile

)Turtle( )Tortoise(

)Snakes(

Karf

Fung

Rattle snake

Boa

Fung

Fung

)Aves(

Aves Orinthology

Cassowary

Penguin

Ostrich

Kiwi

:)Kiwi(

:)Flying Birds(

)Mammalian(

Herbivores Carnivorous Omnivorous Oviparous Viviparous

Duckbill platypus

Placenta

Kangaroo Koala bear

Opossum

:Placental Mammalia

Hedgehog Mole

Sherew

:)Edenate(

Pangolin Armadillo :)Rodent(

Bat

Canine

Lion Tiger

Jackal

Fox

:)Hoofed(

Wolf

:)Fish like( Whale

Hyena

Vertebra

Bear

Bilateral symmetric Internal Fertilization

Cyclostoma

External fertilization

Opercatum Coloaca

Orinthology

Sternium

Rectum

CO2

CO2

Branch

)Alveoli

Syrinex

CO2

Urethra

Tadpole

Homeostasis Piokelthermous Homo thermous

Hibernation

Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Interact

Symbiosis Antagonism

Commensalisms Mutualism Neutralism :)Commensalisms(

: )M u t u a l i s m (

Rhizobiom

:)Neutralism(

Antibiosis Explaitation

Parasitism

Ectoparasite Endoparasite Oxior Hyperprastie Haustoria

Cascuta

Predation Prey Prey

Predator Predation

Drosera Heterotroph

:)Competition( Competitors Competition

Drosera

Symbiosis Antagonisim Commonsalism Mutualism I Omnivores

Cornivores

Herbivores II III

)Biomes(

)Species

Forest Tropical Grassland

Tundra

Taiga

Savanna Chaparral

Rain

Species

:)Savanna(

:)Taiga( Taiga

:)Tundra( 1 5

:)Grassland(

:)Desert(

Atacana

:)Chaparral(

Species

:)Aquatic Biomes(

Species Plankton

Arthropds Mollsuks Littoral Zone Limmonitic Zone Profunded Zone

Limnetic Zone

Hydrophytes

Species

Plankton

Taiga

Grassland Chaparal

3 4

4 3

Tundra

1 6

) Life Science Teacher Edition Holt, Rinehart and Winston ,A Harcourt Education Company. ) Biology: The Dynamic of Life Science, Daniela Bluestein, . ) Biology, Salvias Mader, th edition, , Mc Graw Hill ) Holt Biology Teacher Edition, Johnson and Raven, U.S.A. ) Biology: An Everyday Experience, Albert Kaskel, Paul J, Hummer Jr, , New York. ) Biology: THE DYNAMICS OF LIFE SCIENCE, Alton Biggs, Chris Kapicka, Linda Lundgren, . ) Biology Concepts & Connections, Third Edition, Neil Campbell, Lawrence G, Mitchell Jane B. Reece. ) Campbell, Reece Biology Eighth Edition, Campbell, Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Jackson. ) GLENCOE Biology: AN EVERYDAY EXPEIRENCE, Albert Kaskel, Paul J. Hummer, Jr. Luck Daniel, . ) Biology: The Study of Life, Third Edition, Allyn and Bacon. NWFP NWFP