Biology 11 [11]

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‫د پوهن‪ ３‬وزارت‬

‫بﻴﻮلﻮژي‪ -‬ﻳﻮولسم ！ﻮلگی‬

‫بيولوژي‬

‫‪Biology‬‬

‫ﻳﻮولسم ！ﻮلگی‬

‫د چاپ کال‪ ١٣٩٨ :‬ﻫـ ‪ .‬ش‪.‬‬

‫ملﻲ سرود‬ ‫دا وطن افغانســـتـــان دى‬

‫دا عــــزت د ﻫـــر افـغـان دى‬

‫کﻮر د سﻮل‪ ３‬کﻮر د تﻮرې‬

‫ﻫر بچی ﻳ‪ ３‬قﻬرمـــــان دى‬

‫دا وطن د ！ﻮلـــﻮ کـﻮر دى‬

‫د بـــــلـﻮ＇ـــــــﻮ د ازبـکــــــــﻮ‬

‫د پ‪＋‬ـــتــﻮن او ﻫـــــزاره وو‬

‫د تـــرکـمنـــــــﻮ د تـــاجـکــــــﻮ‬

‫ورســـره عرب‪ ،‬گﻮجــر دي‬

‫پــامﻴــرﻳـــان‪ ،‬نـﻮرســـتانﻴــــان‬

‫براﻫﻮي دي‪ ،‬قزلباش دي‬

‫ﻫـــم اﻳمـــاق‪ ،‬ﻫم پشـه ‪４‬ان‬

‫دا ﻫﻴــــــﻮاد به تل ‪＄‬لﻴ‪８‬ي‬

‫لـکـه لـمــر پـر شـــنـه آســـمـان‬

‫په ســـﻴنــه ک‪ ３‬د آســـﻴـــا به‬

‫لـکــــه زړه وي جـــاوﻳــــــدان‬

‫نﻮم د حق مـــﻮ دى رﻫبـــر‬

‫واﻳـــﻮ اهلل اکبر واﻳﻮ اهلل اکبر‬

B i o l o g y

[email protected]

)Cell(

Cell Cell Cell

Robert) (Hook

Cell

Cell Theory

Unicellular Multicellular

)Microscope(

Scope

Microse

Zachariah

Johan Johnson

Compound Light M

Binocular

mm m nm

Knoll

Ruska

Ruska

Ultra Violet. M Fluorescence. M Dark Field. M Phase Contrast. M

Stereo. M

Focus

TEM Transmission SEM Scanning STM

Scanning Tunneling M STM DNA

TEM

SEM

DNA

DNA

STM

Cell

:)Cell Structure(

‫او‬ Fiber Cell

)Pro(

)Prokaryota( )Karyon(

DNA

DNA

Karyon

Eu

)Eukaryota(

ER

Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

:)Cell Wall(

)Primary Wall( )Secondary Wall( )Middle Lamella(

)wax(

)Cell Membrane(

Semi Permeability

Selective(

)Permeability

Cytoplasm & Organelles

Ectoplasm Endoplasm

Sol sol gel Gel Inclusion body

Organelle E.R Endoplasmic Reticulum ER ER Granular ER

Agranular ER

ER ER

ER

ER

ER

ER ER ER Ribosome )Palad( ER

)Mitochondria(

ATP

Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Organic Molecules & O2

CO2 ATP

Respiratory Enzymes

Matrix Cristae

)Lysosome(

)Golgi Apparatus( )Camello golgi(

Protein Packing Factory ER

)Centrosome(

)Plastids( Pigment

Chloroplast Chromoplast )Carotinoid( Leukoplast

)Nucleus( )Robert Brown(

Nucleoplasm Gene DNA DNA RNA )Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid( DNA )Nucleotide( Ribose T

G

A DNA D.Watson DNA

O

OH

H

C Crick

DNA

DNA

RNA

DNA RNA

Ribosomal RNA RNA Messenger mRNA )tRNA( Transfer )Wagner(

Nucleolus

RNA

)Vacuole(

)Food Vacule(

)Cytoskeleton(

ER

Flagella

Cilia

Oxidative

Cell Plate

DNA

RNA

ER

RNA DNA

DNA

)Passive Transport(

)Hydrophobe( )Hydrophile(

:)Diffusion(

Transpiration

)Osmosis(

)Plasmolysis(

Isotonic

Solution Hypotonic Solution Hypertonic Solution

Hemolysis

)Active Transport(

)Endocytosis(

)Phagocytosis(

Penocytosis

)Exocytosis(

)Metabolism(

Anabolism Catabolism

Grana

Stroma

Producer Autotrophs Heterotrophs 6CO2 + 6H2O

C6H12O6 + 6O2

)Leaf(

Epidermis Mesophyl

Vascular Bundle

(O2 CO2 )

Guard Cell

Palisade

Veins Pholem

Xylem

)Structure of Chloroplast(

)Grana( )Thylakoid(

)Light reaction( )Dark reaction( Grana Photolysis 12H2O

6O2 + 24H

Stroma

)Dark Reaction(

6CO2 +24H+

Enzyme

C6H12O6 + 6H2O

ATP

NAD: Nicotinamid Adenine Dinucleotide ADP: Adenosine Di Phosphate

Blue

CO2

CO2

Guard Cell Guard Cell

ATP

ATP ATP ATP

ATP

6 C O2

ATP

6H 2O

ATP

ATP Adenosine Tri Phosphate P

P

P

Nucleotide ATP

ATP H 2O

ADP P Energy Adenosine Di Phosphate

AMP Adenosine Mono Phosphate ATP

ADP P Energy

AMP P1

Energy

CO 2 CO 2

CO 2 CO 2 CO 2

Green House Effect Global Warming

‫ې‬

ATP

)Cellular Respiration(

ATP

)Aerobic Respiration(

CO2

H 2O

ATP

)Glycolysis( )Krebs Cycle( )Electron Transport Chain( )Glycolysis( O (CH 3 C COOH )

)Anaerobic( Glucose

Glycolysis Cytoplasm

ATP 2 Pyruvic Acid+ 2 ATP

)Krebs Cycle( )H Krebs(

C6 H1 2O6 6O2

Enzyme

6 C O2 6 H 2O Energy 3 8 ATP ATP

ATP ATP

CO2

2ATP

2ATP

34ATP

Total= 38ATP

ATP

)Anaerobic(

Fermentation

Yeast CO2

C6 H1 2 O6 Glucose

enzyme

2 C 2 H 5 O H 2 C O2 Energy (2 ATP) 118 Kal Ethyl Alcohol + Carbon Di Oxide + Energy OH OH OH

CC66HH1212OO66

Enzyme Enzyme

///// CH333 CCC H CooH CooH Energy CH Energy((22ATP ATP))

CO2

CO2

)Cell Division(

Virchow

Vegetative Cells Reproductive Cells

:)Amitosis(

)Unicellular( )Cartilage(

Mitosis Meiosis

S G1 G2

G1 Growth DNA

S Synthesis

DNA

DNA DNA G2

G1

S G2 )Check Point(

)Mitosis(

Daughter Cells

)Interphase(

)Prophase(

)Chromomer( Aster rays )Chromatid( )Centromer( Spindle )Metaphase( )Anaphase( V

G2 Interphase

Metaphase

Prometaphase

Anaphase

Prophase

Telophase & Cytokinesis

)Telophase(

)Cytokinesis(

Cell Plate

DNA

)Meiosis(

gonads Daughter cells n 2n

colling Crossing Over Spindle Fiber I I )Aster( )Groove(

)Meiosis 2(

n

Diploid )Segregation( Mixing n 2n

n

2n

)Zoology( Zoo Logy

)Phylum Mollusca(

Mollis Mentle )Radula(

Coelom

Coelom

Gestropoda Cephalopoda Polecypoda

)Snail(

Slug

Slug

Snail

)Bivalve(

)Conchioline(

Bilateral Symmetry Radial Symmetry Asymmetry

)Phylum Annelida( Annelus

Bilaterally Symmetry Chitin

Nephridia

Polychaeta Nirus brani Oligochaeta

Hirudinea

)Earth Worm(

Chaeta

Oligos

Clittellum Coelom

Coelom Gut

)Leeches( )Chaeta(

Host

)Phylum Echinodermata( Echino derm

Water Vascular System

Coelem

Viviparous Regenaration Coelem

Sea star Sea urchins

Brittles star

Asteroidea Ophiuridea Echinoidea Sand Dollars

Sea lilies Sea cucumber

Crinoidea Holothoroidea

)Star Fish(

Oral

Disc

Disc

)Phylum Arthropoda(

Arthro poda feet

Joint

Joint feet

Exoskeleton

thorax

–

Head

– Abdomen Cephalo thorax

Hemocoels

Class Crustacea )Crustaceans(

Crusta Shrimp

Crab

Cray Fish

Gills

craw

Cray Decapoda

)Class Insects(

Entomon

Entomology Insecta

Spirical

Partenogenisis

)The grass hopper(

Prothorax Mesothorax Metathorax

Nectar

Nectar stomach

Larva Cocoone

)Mosquuitones(

)Class Arachnoidea( oid

Arachne

Tick

Coxal Gland

)Scorpion(

Ovoviviparous

)Class Chilopoda, Centipedes(

Somites

)Class Dipllopoda, Millipedes(

Mentle Radula Coelom Anneledus Chitin

Setae Clittelum

Derm Water Vascular

Echino Radial Symmetric

System Arthro

Poda Chitin Ovoviviparous Viviparous Parthenogenesis

Oviparous

Insect

Crust Entomology

Entomology

CO2

Coxal

Ganglion

Cross Fertilization Hermaphrodite

Ovum

)Metamorphosis(

Larva

Egg Adult

Pupa

Larva

Adult

Pupa

Budding

)Regeneration( (Internal fertilization( ovum

Sperm

)Budding( )External Fertilization(

Ganglion )Cross Fertilization(

Vertebrata

Notochord

Eustachain tub

Vertebra

Bilaterlly Symmetric

Pisces Amphibian Reptalia Aves Mammalia )Pisces( Pisces

Ichthyes Ichthylogy Dipnoi

Agnatha Stoma

Cyclostoma

Cyclo

Lamprey

Saw Ray

Hammer head shark

)Bony Fish(

Epicertodus

Sea horse

Labeo Eel

Trout

Flat

Tail

Trunk

Head

)Amphibian( Amphibios

Newts

Toad Frog Salamandar Caecillian

Ceacilian

)Frog(

)Rana tigrana(

)Reptilia(

Reptile Herpetolgy

Dinosaur

Tortoise

Turtle

)Lizard(

Crocodile

Tortoise )Turtle(

)Snakes(

Fung Karf

Rattle Snakes

Boa

Fung

Fung

)Aves(

Aves Ornithology

Cassowary

Penguin

Ostrich

Kiwi

)Kiwi(

)Flying Birds(

5mm2

)Mammalian(

Herbivourus Carnivours Omnivorus Oviparous Viviparous

Duckbill Platypus

Placenta

Echidna

– – –

)Pouched(

Kangaroo Koala bear

)Placental Mammalian(

Mole

shrew

Hedgehog

Opossum

)Edenate( Armadillo

Pangolin

)Rodent( Incisor Porcupine Rabbits

Bat

)Carnivorous( Canine

Tiger

Lion

Fox Jackal Wolf

)Hoofed(

)Fishlike Mammal( Whale

Hyena

Bear

Vertebra Pisces Amphibian Reptile

Viviparous

Oviparous

Placenta

Cyclostoma

External

Bilaterally symmetric Internal fertilization Fung Opercolum -Coloaca fertilization

Ornithology

Sternum

O2

CO2

CO2

Branch Alveoli

Syrinex

Alveoli

C O2

Urethra

Tadpole

Homeostasis

Piokelthermous Homothermous

Hibernation

Herbivores

Carnivores

Omnivores

Interact

Symbiosis

Antagonism

Commensalisms

Mutualism Neutralism

Cellulose

Termites

Rhizobiom

Antibiosis Exploitation

Parasitism

Host

Ectoparasite Endoparasite Hyper parasite Haustoria

Cascuta

Predation Predator

Predation

Prey

Prey

Drosera

:)Competition( )Competition(

)Competition(

HOST Drosera

Exploation

Mutualism

Commentsalisms

Omnivores

Antagonism Symbiosis Competition Predatio

Cornivores

Herbivores

)Biomes(

Species

-

Species - (

: (

‫( ‪-‬‬

‫د ﺧﺘﯿځ اﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ ﺳﺎواﻧﺎ‬

‫(‪Taiga‬‬

‫( ‪-‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫(‪-‬‬

:

- (

: Atacana

- (

:

- (

Species

- (

- (

- (

: / Species Plankton

:) : :)

‫ﺳﺎﺣﲇ ﺳﯿﻤﻪ ﯾﺎ زون‬ Limnetic Zone

- (

Hydrophytes(

Plankton

Taiga Grass land Chaparral /

/

/

Tundra

.

NWFP NWFP

. ) Biology: An Everyday Experience, Albert Kaskel, paul j, Hummer Jr, , New york. ) Biology Concepts & connections, Third Edition,Neil Campbell, Lawrence G, Mitchell jane B Reece. ) Biology, Salvias Mader, th Edition, , Mc Graw Hill. ) Biology: ThE DYNAMICS OF LIFE SCIENCE, Alton Biggs, Chris Kapicka, Linda Lundren, . ) Biology The Dynamic of Life Science, Daniela Bluestein, . ) Biolog: The Study of Life, Third Edition, Allyn and Bacon. ) Campbell, Reece Biolog Eighth Edition, Campbell, Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Jackson. ) GLENCOE Biolog: AN EVERYDAY EXPEIRENCE, Albert Kaskel, paul J. Hummer, Jr. Luck Daniel, . ) Holt Biolog Teacher Edition, Johnson and Raven, U.S.A. ) Life Science Teacher Edition Holt, Rinehart and Winston ,A Harcourt Education Company.