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English Pages 160 [158] Year 2014
Atlas of Southeast Europe
Handbook of Oriental Studies Handbuch der Orientalistik section one
The Near and Middle East Edited by Maribel Fierro (Madrid) M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (Princeton) Renata Holod (University of Pennsylvania) Kees Versteegh (Nijmegen)
VOLUME 108/1
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ho1
Atlas of Southeast Europe Geopolitics and History Volume One: 1521–1699 By
H.H.A. Hötte Edited by
Colin Heywood
LEIDEN | BOSTON
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014954459
This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0169-9423 isbn 978-90-04-21467-5 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-28888-1 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Table of Contents
Editor’s Preface
3
The Author & the Atlas
5
General Historical Survey
7
General Legend 1521-1699
18
Legend of the Habsburg Dominions
20
Maps 1. 1520–1526
23
2. 1526–1530
37
3. 1530–1540
45
4. 1540–1550
55
5. 1550 - 1566
61
6. 1566 - 1593
69
7. 1593-1606
77
8. 1606–1649
87
9. 1649–1673
95
10. 1672-1683
103
11. 1683 – 1699
107
Karlóca 1699
130
Survey 1: Transylvania from 1521 to 1699
135
Survey 2: Slavonia and Croatia from 1521 to 1699
138
Survey 3: The Habsburg Empire from 1521 to 1699
141
Survey 4: Greece and the islands from 1521 to 1699
144
Index 151
Editor’s Preface
This atlas offers a survey of the history of Southeast Europe from 1521 until 1699. That it ends with the well-known Treaty of Karlóca of 1699 will be easy for most readers to understand, but the starting date might be less obvious. Why begin in 1521? The fateful year 1521 is marked by the first major land campaign undertaken by Süleyman I, the new Ottoman sultan, in the third, and finally successful, Ottoman attempt to capture Belgrade, which brought to an end almost sixty years of relative stability, at least in territorial terms, on the Danube frontier of the Ottoman Empire. In the decades which had followed Süleyman’s great-grandfather Mehmed II’s unsuccessful siege of Belgrade (1456), his final extinction of the Serbian state by the capture of the fortress of Smederevo (Semendire) in 1459, and the annexation of most of the lands of medieval Bosnia (1462-3), the frontier between the lands of the Ottoman sultanate and those wide tracts of central and eastern Europe owing allegiance to or claimed by the Hungarian-Polish crown, had followed the line of the river Danube from its mouth to Belgrade; and from thence westwards, the line of its main tributary, the river Sava; and ultimately to the limits of Venetian territory on the borders of Croatia. The “long” fifteenth century on the middle Danube frontier, which extends from the defeat and destruction in 1396, in the battle of Nicopolis, at the hands of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I, of a crusading army drawn mainly from western Europe, comes to an abrupt end in the Ottoman capture of Belgrade in 1521, and the destruction of medieval Hungary in 1526 at the battle of Mohács. It was a period in which the middle Danube frontier, and the lands which bordered the Danube-Sava line on both sides, possessed their own special character, a character which would be largely lost once the Ottoman conquest of Hungary became a reality. The Danube-Sava frontier was a border or zone of transition in more than one way: ecological, from the Balkan uplands to the marshes and swamps of the Hungarian plain; ethnic and religious, from a Slav and Orthodox world to a Magyar and Latin Catholic one; and politically, from the social structures of the Ottoman sultanate to the very different ones of the Hungarian kingdom. In the “long” fifteenth century it may have been a frontier which was territorially stable, but it was by no means quiet or even quiescent. On the Ottoman side of the frontier this was the golden age of the Rumelian uj-begis, the ‘frontier lords” and their followers, the Malkoç-oğulları, the Mihail-oğulları, and the Evrenos-oğulları, the descendants of the original uj-begis who had played a major role in the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. Under their command were the subordinate commanders (tövija) and the mass of the Rumelian akincilar, or raiders and freebooters, possibly 20,000 strong, animated perhaps more by the joy of looting, raiding and enslavement, and the profits of plunder, than by zeal as ghazis for the “holy war”, but in any case a potent destructive and destabilizing element along the whole length of the frontier throughout this period. On the Hungarian side, the growth in royal power as a response to the Turkish threat perceived more clearly in the aftermath of Nicopolis, and evident in the military reforms undertaken by the Hungarian ruler Zsigmond (1387-1437) and his successors, effected a transformation of the mobilisation and border defence systems of the kingdom, establishing a system of a double line of heavily fortified and strongly manned borders fortresses, with Belgrade, “the key to Hungary”, at its centre, at intervals on the Danube-Sava line, together with more
mobile forces built around the levies of the warrior nobility, plus increasing numbers of mercenaries drawn from diverse parts of Europe directly financed by royal revenues derived from taxation. In addition, as part of the gunpowder revolution which transformed warfare from the mid-fifteenth century onwards, the Hungarians became increasingly skilled in the use of firearms, both in the field and for defence, and in utilising the tábor (T. tábur), the Wagenburg or mobile fortified camp formed from carts chained together, which had been adopted from the Hussite rebels in Bohemia. A further aspect of this apparently stable but potentially highly unstable frontier situation was a duality in terms of the actual warfare carried on along its length. For the entire period from 1396 to 1521 all the major field encounters between Ottoman and Hungarian forces – not that there were many: Nicopolis itself (1396); the “winter campaign” of 1443-4; the crusade of Varna (1444) – and all the major Ottoman sieges – Belgrade (1440; 1456; 1521); Jajca (1462) – took place on the Ottoman side of the frontier. Ottoman offensive activity north of the river, across an arc stretching from the south-eastern provinces of Austria to Transylvania, was carried out almost entirely by the Rumelian uj-begis and their followers. Where regular Ottoman forces did penetrate north of the Danube, as in the ill-fated campaign into Transylvania led by Şihabeddin Pasha in 1442, who was defeated on the Ialomitsa River by János Hunyadi, the Ottomans were unable to penetrate the Hungarian Wagenburg / tábor system of field defences. It was this system, and the allied reforms, that brought the Hungarians close to victory in the “winter war” of 1443, only to be defeated by the bitter weather in the Balkan Mountains and the resolute Ottoman defence at the Zlatitsa Pass. After the Ottoman victory over a crusading army at Varna in 1444 – an event more momentous for crusading history as it was the last western army to penetrate the Balkans for almost two and a half centuries, than it was for this history of the Danube frontier – and after Mehmed II’s failure to take Belgrade (1456) and Jajca (1462), an uneasy peace, punctuated by episodes of furious raiding warfare from both sides, settled on the frontier. The battle of Kenyérmező (Brotfeld; Şibot), in Transylvania in 1479, late in the reign of Mehmed II, when a traditional army collected together by the Hungarian nobility annihilated an invading Ottoman force commanded by nearly all the begs of the Rumelian frontier in what has been termed “the greatest battle of the age”, was followed by further violent incursions in the years after the death of the sultan. Indeed, it has been suggested that the frontier begs of Bosnia and Semendire must have regarded the succession struggle which followed on death of Mehmed II, and the consequent temporary weakening of the central state authority under Bayezid II, as an especially favourable opportunity. In 1481, the year in which Mehmed II died (on May 3), devastating raids were launched into Hungary; in reprisal Pál Kinizsi, the Hungarian governor of Temesvár (and the redoubtable victor at Kenyérmező four years earlier) laid waste with fire and sword to the province of Semendire. Thereafter, with neither Bayezid II nor the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus (145890) eager for a serious conflict, a truce for five years, later extended to 1491, was signed in 1483. The death of Matthias in 1490 destabilised the Hungarian kingdom, which now fell on evil days. A revolt, spearheaded by the greater nobility, against royal taxation designed to support the late king’s
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“Black Army” of mercenaries, and the election of Vladislav (Wladislaw) II, a weak and amiable but clearly incompetent king, rapidly undid the military structures which underpinned the defence and security of the kingdom. Crown revenues were plundered by magnates, ecclesiastical and lay; royal power was further curtailed, and the revenues of the state were farmed out to speculators and foreigners, while a bitter struggle for power developed between the magnates and the lesser nobility. All these developments opened up for the Ottomans, even though they were themselves constrained by the ongoing crisis centred on the person of Bayezid II’s brother Jem Sultan, a hostage of the Knights of St John and the king of France, the possibility of once again intervening profitably in the affairs of Hungary once the truce of 1483 finally expired. In 1492 the Ottoman frontier raiders swept deep into Hungary, Croatia, and the Austrian provinces of Styria, Carniola and Carinthia: in a desperate battle near Villach, deep within Austrian territory, 10,000 raiders and 7,000 Christian troops were slain; further devastating raids were launched in the following years against Croatia, Styria and Temesvár, while the Hungarians were also still powerful enough to carry out retaliatory devastations in the region of Semendire. Thereafter, in 1495 both sides concluded a three-year truce, renewed on occasion (e.g., in 1503), and for the last time in 1519, despite continuing local unrest along the frontier. It was, however, not so much the continuing strength of the Hungarian defences, or their ongoing military capability, but developments elsewhere which largely led to the apparent stability of the Danube frontier in the late fifteenth and the first two decades of the sixteenth century. Ever since the last decade of the reign of Mehmed II, the focus of Ottoman policy and statecraft had shifted steadily to the east. Mehmed II himself had absorbed the once-powerful Anatolian emirate of Karaman; this had led him into hostilities with the east Anatolian/west-Iranian Turkoman dynasty of the Ak-Koyunlu, the defeat of whose ruler Uzun Hasan by Mehmed II led to conflict with the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt and Syria. It also opened up in Bayezid’s reign what became an ideological challenge to the Ottomans through the coming to political power in eastern Anatolia and Iran of the strongly Shiʿi religious movement of the Safaviyya (1501). The policies of Bayezid II in his last years, and those of his son and successor Selim I (1512-20) were determined largely by the social and religious situation in Ottoman Anatolia, where a large-scale, Safavid-inspired revolt amongst the strongly pro-Shiʿi Turkoman tribes of the region (1511) led, following on Selim I’s seizure of power (1512), to a massive Ottoman Drang nach Osten: the defeat of the armies of the Safavid Shah Ismaʿil I at Chaldiran (1514) and a major campaign against the Mamluks (1516-17) which led rapidly to the Ottoman conquest of Syria and Egypt, and to the Ottoman assumption of suzerainty over the Muslim Holy Places of Mecca and Medina.
During the six decades which lie between the Ottoman conquest of Semendire and that of Belgrade little appeared to have changed on the Danube – Sava frontier between the Ottoman and Hungarian lands. The province of Semendire, in 1520, the year in which Süleyman I ascended the throne, was still the frontier province it had become when formed in 1459. But the Ottoman state, in these years, had become changed out of all recognition. In 1459 (and for most of the succeeding period) it had been a powerful but still (despite Mehmed II’s pretensions to universal sovereignty as the conqueror of Constantinople and the self-proclaimed heir to the Caesars) an essentially local Balkan and west- and central-Anatolian polity. Now, in 1520, and thanks largely to the work of Selim I, it had become a true imperium, controlling a vast arc of territory from the borders of Hungary to the Crimea, the fringes of the Caucasus, the eastern Mediterranean lands, Egypt, the Red Sea littoral, and the Arabian Holy Places. In 1521, therefore, when Süleyman I appeared with his army before the walls of Belgrade, the kingdom of Hungary, weakened, riven by social dissent in the aftermath of the brutally suppressed Dózsa peasant rising of 1514, and with a weak, fifteen-year old king in the person of Lajos II, found itself facing unprepared the military might of a new imperial and world power. How had this situation of impending catastrophe come about? In the first place, the kingdom of Hungary, despite what is generally accepted as its immense territory, stretching from Bohemia to Poland, and its relative prosperity, was now unable to finance an effective military defence against the Ottomans. Complacency had played its part. It has indeed been argued that the sixty years of relative peace had helped to precipitate the Hungarian defeats both in siege warfare at Belgrade and on the battlefield at Mohács. It was not the Hungarian forces, but the institutions of the state and its military leadership which were militarily totally inadequate to the task. By the early sixteenth century there were few amongst the Hungarian leadership who had experience of either siege defence or battlefield tactics against the central military forces of the sultan. Furthermore, there had been a too easy acceptance of Selim’s I’s renewal of the truce in 1519, only a year before his death, an event which did not mean that Selim or, for that matter, any eventual successor, might have no aggressive intentions towards Hungary for the future. As it turned out, within a few months of the accession of Süleyman I events were rapidly to demonstrate not only that the dominant Hungarian nobility were wrong to believe that it was possible to come to a lasting agreement with an aggressive great power, but that their reliance on their – by now outdated and antiquated – personal levies would be sufficient to save the country’s independence. In 1521, and again in 1526, events were to prove otherwise. Colin Heywood
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The Author & the Atlas
This atlas was conceived and produced by Hans H.A. Hötte, who died in 2007. Hötte was born in 1922 in Semarang, the Netherlands Indies, and was educated in the Netherlands. His interests in the rich and complex history of Middle and Southeast Europe already dated back to his years in high school, but it was not until the Second World War that he turned his full attention to the subject. In 1943, Dutch students were forced to pledge their loyalty to the Nazi authorities who had occupied the Netherlands in 1940. Hötte’s refusal to make the pledge made it impossible for him to continue his medical studies and his first attempts at map-making date from this period. After the war, Hötte recommenced his medical studies, becoming a full-time ophthalmologist in the 1950s. His medical career proved impossible to combine with his passion for the history and geopolitics of Southeast Europe, but he made annual trips to the area to gather further information. In 1970, he obtained his PhD from the University of Amsterdam with a study called Orbital Fractures (published in London by William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd. in the same year). After Hötte’s retirement, he took up map-making again and began working on what he came to regard as his most important life’s work, an electronic historical atlas of Southeast Europe. Using specialised software and engaging a professional typesetter to help build the files, he compiled a digital atlas layer by layer. His expertise as an ophthalmologist was relevant to the project, because he used only those colours and patterns of demarcation which create contrasts that are optimal for the human eye; this also explains why the background to all maps is grey instead of white. During the final years of the author’s life discussions with IDC Publishers (which was later taken over by Brill) about an online publication stranded because the technical hurdles were insurmountable. Despite technological advances, these challenges are still difficult to overcome, so it was decided to publish the atlas in print first. The Atlas of Southeast Europe is published several years after the author’s death. Colin Heywood edited the author’s General Historical Survey, while the original typesetter Hötte had worked with, Huibert Stolker, extracted the maps included in this volume from the complex files in the author’s estate. Three external peer reviewers provided invaluable suggestions for improvements, after which Dr. Moniká F. Molnár copy edited both the texts and the maps. The atlas contains two types of maps: survey maps, which represent a static situation at the beginning of a (CE) calendar year, and detailed maps which zoom in on particular events. Each new section begins with a survey map, which shows the situation immediately after the events of the previous section. Volume One of the atlas ends in the year 1699, when the Treaty of Carlowitz heralded a new phase in the region’s history. That new phase will be covered in Volume Two. The publisher gratefully acknowledges the support and patience of Hans Hötte’s widow, Doris Hötte-Wintgens. The conscientiousness of Huibert Stolker and his team at Stip Grafisch Ontwerp (Marjolein, Joris and Valentine) has significantly contributed to the quality of the atlas. Maurits van den Boogert BRILL
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General Historical Survey 1521-1525
tention to the Knights Hospitallers on Rhodes (which capitulated late in 1522 after a long siege).
During the later years of his reign Sultan Selīm I was engaged militarily against the Safavid state in Iran and the Mamluk sultanate in Syria and Egypt, so Central Europe felt relatively safe. King Lajos II of Hungary was only ten years old when, in 1516, he succeeded to the throne and was placed under guardianship. In 1506 he had already been betrothed to Maria, the sister of Emperor Ferdinand, by the Pact of Wiener Neustadt, where a royal double marriage was arranged between the Habsburg and Jagiello dynasties. The government of Hungary was entrusted to a State Council, a group of men who were interested only in enriching themselves. In a word: the crown had been reduced to political insignificance; the country was in chaos, the treasury empty, the army virtually non-existent and the system of defence utterly neglected. This was the situation in Hungary when Sultan Selim I died (8/9 Şevvāl 926/21/22 September 1520) and was succeeded by Süleyman I, who would become known in the West as “Süleyman the Magnificent” and to the Ottomans as Kānūnī (“the Lawgiver”). He would rule for 46 years, waging war incessantly on many fronts, reaching the Persian Gulf in the south-east and Vienna and the headlands of the Tatra Mountains in the north-west. He would personally lead eleven full-scale campaigns into Hungary. Süleyman I must have realized that Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) was the key to Hungary and to Central Europe, so it had to be taken first. And as a superb strategist he must also have understood that before striking into Central Europe he should secure his flanks, in this case his Aegean maritime flank where the Knights of St. John still constituted a formidable threat. So in 1520, immediately after he had assumed power, he first tested and showed off his own maritime forces in order to discourage any designs by the Knights Hospitaller. Thus, in preparation of his final blow against them he ordered to attack a small group of islands called after the largest, Kastelorizo, at the time ruled by Spain. Their capture was easily accomplished. The Sultan then sent an army into Bosnia against the fortress of Jajca, as a warning of Hungary. Süleyman subsequently sent an envoy to the court in Buda offering peace in exchange for vassal status with a yearly tribute. The haughty State Council did not even think it worthwhile to consider the proposal but put Süleyman’s envoy in jail, cut off his nose and ears and sent him back in this condition to his lord in Constantinople. Infuriated, Süleyman immediately started preparations for a large campaign in the following year. In 1521 the Sultan ordered to continue his pressure on Bosnia and Dalmatia. Two army groups, one against Szabács and one against Belgrade and Zimony were then sent ahead while Süleyman followed with his main force. The fortress garrisons amounted to only 700 men in Belgrade, 500 in Szabács and 350 in Zimony. The Ottomans took all three fortresses; none of the defenders survived. Süleyman then had all three strongholds refortified and provided each with a permanent garrison. Then he returned to Constantinople. Thus the two main fortresses south of the Sava-Danube line and a bridgehead north of it, including the region of Sirmium were now in the hands of the Ottomans, opening up the soft underbelly of Hungary. These developments finally roused the king and government in Buda, and a Diet was convened. The royal couple were conducted to Székesfehérvár, where Lajos was declared to have come of age and Maria was crowned Queen of Hungary. The court returned to Buda where the official wedding was celebrated. In the meantime, Süleyman had turned his at-
1526-1530 Between 1523 and 1525 Süleyman and his Grand Vizier and favourite, Ibrahim Pasha (d. 942/1536), were chiefly engaged in settling the affairs of Egypt. His second campaign into Hungary, which was launched in April 1526, led ultimately, after a slow and difficult march, to a military encounter known as the first Battle of Mohács. It was fought on 20 Zilkade 932/29 August 1526 on the plain of Mohács, west of the Danube in southern Hungary, near the present-day intersection of Hungary, Croatia and Serbia. Both Süleyman and Lajos II participated in the battle, the forces involved being led on the Hungarian side by Pál Tomori, the Archbishop of Kalocsa, chief commandant of Lower Hungary, and on the Ottoman side by Ibrahim Pasha. The Ottoman force consisted of some 60,000 soldiers – frontier troops, janissaries and fief-holders (timariots). The Hungarian contingent has been estimated at 26.000 men. The first Hungarian attack caught the Ottomans off-guard, but they quickly recovered; within an hour-anda-half, the Ottomans had completely defeated the Hungarian army, which lost all its leaders, including the king, either dead on the field or drowned in the marshes of the Csele stream. On 12 September Süleyman entered Buda, but soon thereafter retreated to Belgrade, bringing the Mohács campain to a successful end. In a technical sense, Süleyman did not immediately add Hungary to the Ottoman Empire, keeping it as a personal possession instead (even after recognizing János Zápolya, the voivoda of Transylvania and head of the “native” party, as the King of Hungary). The first Battle of Mohács was a turning-point in Hungarian history. The death of Lajos II without an heir led to an extensive period of political chaos while the territorial and strategic losses suffered (including the earlier loss of Szerémség (Sirmium)) made the country increasingly vulnerable. After the disaster of Mohács the majority of the lower Hungarian nobility, assembled in Tokaj, proclaimed János Zápolya (r. 15261540) as king and planned an election Diet. The delegates convened in Székesfehérvár and, after having laid the recently recovered remains of King Lajos II to rest in his tomb, they opened the Diet. The agreement of 5 November 1521 between Ferdinand of Austria and Lajos was declared illegal and János Zápolya (John Zápolya) was elected King of Hungary and crowned right away by the bishop of Nyitra. In the meantime Ferdinand ordered the Palatine of Hungary, István Báthory, to convoke a Diet in Komárom for 30 November. Ferdinand, Lajos’s widow Maria, and the Palatine – the “German party” – could count on only little support and Komárom had in the meantime (16 December) been taken by Zápolya’s forces, so the “German Party’s Diet” had to be moved to Pozsony (Bratislava). Here a few delegates from the nobility, from some counties near the Austrian border, and from the cities of Pozsony and Sopron, elected Ferdinand their king. His coronation, however, had to be postponed because the crown was in the hands of Zápolya. On 1 January 1527, the delegates from Croatia convened in Cetin (actually on Slavonian territory) and elected Ferdinand as their king. Five days later, the delegates from Slavonia, convened in Dombró, elected Zápolya their king.
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King Zsigmond of Poland called representatives of both sides to Olmütz in a vain attempt at reconciliation. In these early months after Mohács virtually all of Hungary and Slavonia was in the hands of Zápolya, but he was unable to exploit this advantage. Ferdinand then declared war on Zápolya and entered Hungary with two armies. Zápolya retreated without putting up any resistance but failed to take the sacred crown of St. Stephen with him. And so Ferdinand entered Buda through open gates and sent his forces after Zápolya. This rapid advance and the ‘gift’ of Buda turned the tide in favour of Ferdinand. Zápolya was defeated in battle near Tokaj and at the same time Count Kristóf Frangepán, his great supporter, was killed in the siege of Varasd (Varaždin), which brought Slavonia under Ferdinand’s control. While Zápolya withdrew further east to Nagyvárad and thence to Transylvania, Ferdinand convened a Diet in Buda. On 3 October 1527 Ferdinand was again elected King, this time by delegates from all over Hungary and - even more importantly - this time the election was followed by his coronation in Székesfehérvár with the sacred crown of St. Stephan (3 November 1527). The massive defection of the Hungarian nobility to Ferdinand’s side induced Zápolya to send a trusted envoy, Hieronym Łaski, to Constantinople to seek support from Süleyman. While Hieronym Łaski negotiated, Zápolya made a last attempt on the battlefield, but after attacking Kassa he was defeated by Ferdinand’s troops near Szina (8 March 1528) and fled to Homonna and thence to Tarnów in Poland. Meanwhile, Süleyman granted Hieronym Łaski’s request for assistance, probably with the aim of turning Hungary into an Ottoman vassal state, similar to Wallachia and Moldavia. Popular sympathy for Zápolya grew as a result of the support he obtained from the Pauline monk and bishop of Nagyvarád, “Frater” George (Hung. György) Martinuzzi (Utješenović), who soon took over the leadership of the anti-Habsburg faction from Zápolya. Encouraged by these developments, Zápolya returned to Hungary and defeated the Habsburg forces near Sárospatak. Transylvania and all counties east of the Tisa River then drew together around “Frater” George and Zápolya, who made Lippa his residence. Thus the bipartition of Hungary came about, with Habsburgs ruling “Royal Hungary” and Croatia-Slavonia, and Zápolya ruling Transylvania with the Partes Annexae as a vassal of the Ottoman Sultan.
mans from the start: without forward bases, Vienna lay at or beyond the limits of what an Ottoman army could reach in a single campaign. The campaigning season ran for six months, approximately 185 days, from mid-April to mid-October, between spring and the earliest onset of winter, but it was impossible for an army to reach the line of the Sava River before early July. In 1529 the Ottoman army left Istanbul on 10 May. Belgrade was reached only in mid-July, and progress thereafter was impeded by incessant rain and flooded rivers, particularly at the crossings of the Dráva and Sava Rivers. Buda – in Habsburg hands -- was not reached until 3 September, after which almost two weeks were expended on besieging and taking control of the city and arranging for the enthronement of Zápolya. The onward march to Vienna took almost two further weeks, until 26/27 September: by this time the army had been on the road for 141 days – 83 of them on the march and 53 days of rest, with half of these rest days being enforced by the extreme weather, by flooded river crossings or by destroyed or impassable bridges. Vienna was well fortified and bravely defended; its garrison had been strengthened by Spanish, Italian and Flemish troops, and desperate Ottoman attempts to undermine and breach the walls were all repulsed by the defenders. It has been said that Süleyman terminated the siege on 14 October, after only 18 days, not because he was defeated in battle by a superior relief force – there was none – but because the logistics of the situation – weather, sickness and a chronic lack of supplies -- had worked inexorably against him. Possibly, also, Vienna was not as strategically or politically as significant in 1529 as it had become by 1683 and, in any case, Süleyman had achieved for the time being what had been his main aim in the campaign, the establishment of a pliant puppet ruler in Buda. There was no counter-offensive from the Habsburgs as the Ottoman army began its grim two-month retreat through the snow to Buda (26 October) and Belgrade (10 November), before finally reaching Istanbul on 16 December, no less than 220 days, more than seven months, since it had set out.
1530-1540 After the failure of the Ottoman siege of Vienna, the Habsburg rulers undertook preliminary measures to organize the defence of their borders. In the Mediterranean, the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V assigned the islands of Malta to the Knights Hospitaller, and it became their final outpost. In 1530 Habsburg forces attacked Süleyman’s vassal Zápolya in Buda, thus providing the sultan with another casus belli. This induced him to personally lead another campaign – his fourth -- into Hungary, in 1532, in order, once again, to attempt to conquer Vienna. On their route of march the Ottomans halted to besiege the small fortress of Kőszeg, in order to entice a much stronger Habsburg army to leave its defensive position around Vienna and to give battle in open field. But the Habsburg forces did not move, and Kőszeg held out for three weeks, capitulating only on 28 August, too late in the campaigning season for Süleyman to advance on Vienna. In the end, the Ottomans retreated, laying waste the Austrian province of Styria and Slavonia as they went. After his return to Constantinople Süleyman opened diplomatic negotiations. Ferdinand was willing accept the partition of Hungary and in 1531 concluded an Armistice, followed an agreement with Süleyman in Costantinople (22 June 1533). Ferdinand accepted the territorial status quo and herewith the partition of Hungary. Süleyman was now engaged (1534-6) in a major campaign in the east, against the Safavid rulers of Iran. During this period of relative quiescence on the Danube frontier, the monk, “Frater” George Martinuzzi, Zápolya’s main adviser, who had been recently appointed
1529: The First Siege of Vienna Hungary, in the years immediately following the battle of Mohács, rapidly became what it was long to remain, a divided land. Habsburg aims have been seen as the welding together of Austria, Bohemia and Hungary to form a formidable barrier against Ottoman aggression; those of the Ottoman sultan, at this point, were to establish Hungary and Transylvania as a vassal state, under a compliant native ruler, which would form, with Moldavia and Wallachia, a bulwark against further Habsburg encroachments. Thus, both Habsburg and Ottoman policies may be seen as essentially defensive, but both policies foundered on the intractable realities of the Hungarian ‘problem’. In 1528 Süleyman had recognised János Zápolya as ‘king’ of Hungary and promised him his protection. Ferdinand in response occupied Buda and sent envoys to Süleyman demanding the retrocession of all the border forts and strong places taken by the Ottomans since 1521: Süleyman, enraged, promised that he would ‘come in person to Vienna and restore what the archduke demanded’. Süleyman’s campaign against Vienna in 1529, despite being led by the sultan in person and by his Grand Vizier, Ibrahim Pasha, was a failure, in that the first Ottoman siege of Vienna, like its success 154 years later, was unsuccessful. It may also be accounted a success, in that as a result, Zápolya was again installed in Buda as king of Hungary. The odds for a successful outcome were stacked against the Otto-
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Archbishop of Nagyvarád, started negotiations with the Habsburgs. These led to the secret Treaty of Nagyvarád, concluded on 24 February 1538. While the Ottomans renew their attacks in Croatia, in 1537 Ferdinand takes action in northern Hungary. A Habsburg campaign against Eszék (Osijek) which had been Ottoman since 1526, ends in disaster. The Ottomans had already turned their attention to the Adriatic, and to war with Venice. Süleyman took Salona (1536) and the city of Kamen (1537) in Dalmatia, but the Venetian-Ottoman war of 15371540 was fought mainly at sea. The commander of the Ottoman fleet, Hayreddīn Barbarossa, ransacked the Venetian islands and coastal settlements in Greece one after the other. Many of them were either conquered or forced to pay tribute. During the same period, the Ottomans took Klis, a fortress in the mountains of Dalmatia. In 1538, Süleyman I invaded Moldavia and created the new sancak (province) of Akkerman through the conquest of south-Bessarabia. He ordered a strong castle to be built at Bender (formerly Tighina), on the new border. The town of Brăila was taken by the Ottomans in Rabīʿ II 945/September 1538. On the Adriatic front the Ottomans re-established the (tributary) “Republic” of Poglitza, but kept the fortresses of Sinj and Klis. The Venetians captured Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi) but Ottoman naval forces re-took it the following year. Off the coast of southern Epirus, near Preveza (in Ottoman hands since 14778), the fleet of the First Holy League under Andrea Doria was defeated by the Ottoman navy under Hayreddīn Pasha in September 1538. The Ottoman siege of Venetian-held Nauplia that had begun in 1537 ended with its surrender on 21 November 1540. Its capture was soon followed by the surrender of Monemvasia, the “Castle of Violets”, in the Morea. The peace treaty that ended the war between Venice and the Ottoman Empire in October 1540 stipulated that Venice was to keep only Butrinto (opposite Corfu), Parga, and six Ionian Islands (with Zante remaining under Ottoman suzerainty), as well as Tinos, Crete (Candia) and Cyprus. The Venetian fiefs of the Duchy of Naxos and several other islands remained under Ottoman suzerainty.
Rákos field under the walls of Buda, where he was proclaimed King of Hungary. For the time being the parts of Hungary owing allegiance to János Zsigmond were to be administered by a court commission, headed by “Frater” George. Basing his actions on the Treaty of Nagyvarád of 1538, however, Ferdinand, who now considered himself the sole king of Hungary, sent an army against Buda to oust János Zsigmond. At the same instant, an Ottoman army was also approaching Buda, which was now taken by the Ottomans for the third and final time: on 29 August 1541 Buda and its territories were formed into the Ottoman province which would henceforth bear its name. Thus came about the partition of Hungary, which, within continually changing frontiers, would last for 150 years: • The west and north of the country would be administered by the Habsburgs as “Royal Hungary”. • The centre, with Buda as the chief seat of Ottoman power and a base for further Ottoman expansion, would come under Ottoman rule. • The eastern lands (in essence Transylvania and Partes Annexae east of the Tisa River) were effectively governed for the time being by “Frater” George in the name of the infant János Zsigmond. Ferdinand did not accept the partition. With military support from his brother, the Emperor Charles V, he sent his army to re-conquer Buda in 1542, but its commander, Joachim, Elector of Brandenburg, redirected the attack towards Pest, opposite Buda on the east bank of the Danube, which he ineffectively besieged instead. A year later, Süleyman retaliated by personally leading his troops against the Habsburgs, taking Valpó, Siklós, Pécs, Szászvár and Szekszárd before returning to Constantinople. The Ottoman conquests in Hungary, Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia continued from the command centre of Buda, its Ottoman governor seizing Vác, Esztergom (Gran), Csókakő, Csákvár and Székesfehérvár. Ottoman forces also occupied at this time vast areas in Slavonia. In 1544 a small area in Slavonia was lost by Ferdinand to the Ottomans, while the Pasha of Buda also seized control of the fortresses of Visegrád, Nógrád and Hatvan. In the east of the country “Frater” George convoked a Transylvanian Diet in Torda, drafting a constitution for Transylvania and its Partes Annexae which forged all parts closer together into one political unit acknowledging János Zsigmond as suzerain of Transylvania (20-22 December 1542). In 1545 an armistice was agreed between Ferdinand and Süleyman I; two years later, in June 1547, they concluded the peace Treaty of Adrianople for a period of five years. The treaty entailed a confirmation of the territorial status quo and an annual payment by Ferdinand of 30,000 ducats as tribute for the lands he controlled in Hungary. The treaty forbade, but did not actually manage to prevent, continual small-scale raids (Kleinkrieg) across the border by local and provincial forces from both sides, which were to remain a constant feature of the Hungarian border until the Austrian reconquista at the end of the seventeenth century.
The Emerging Austrian Military Borders In 1535 the Uskoks (Croatian: Uskoci), settled around Žumberak on the River Kolpa, received from the Habsburgs a charter granting them privileges. This may be considered to be the birth-certificate of the Austrian Militärgrenze, the defensive so-called ‘Military Border’ against the Ottomans. Two years later the Habsburgs settled refugees from Klis around Zengg on the Upper Adriatic coast, and Žumberak and Metlika on the River Kolpa. Others were settled in Slavonia in the province which became known as the Slavonian Military Border (Windische Gränitz). Gradually German Imperial commanders in these areas took over the civil administration as well. Later in 1537 the first semi-official military border administration was established around Žumberak, receiving further Habsburg privileges in 1544. The first official Military Borders were established in Croatia, into which the Žumberak district (a captaincy since 1543) and the Zengg district (Meer Gränitz) were incorporated. The Croatian Military Border (Krabatische und Meer Gränitz) was followed by the establishment of the Varasd or Slavonian Military Border (Slawonische Gränitz). So by 1543 two distinct areas of military frontier settlements had emerged: one in Croatia and one in Slavonia, which remained under a single command until 1568.
1550-1566 In 1551 “Frater” George made diplomatic overtures towards Ferdinand, who sent his general, Giovanni Battista Castaldo, Margrave of Cassiano, to George’s aid with 8,000 men. Thereupon “Frater” George and Castaldo induced Isabella to abdicate in favour of Ferdinand, who appointed “Frater” George as governor of Transylvania. In response to these developments, Süleyman I once again led an army into Hungary. Both the Ottomans and the Habsburgs now considered “Frater” George a traitor, having secret connections with the Ottomans and, before the end of the year, Ferdinand permitted Castaldo to have him
1540-1550 On 7 July 1540, little more than a week before the death of Zápolya (on 21 July), Isabella gave birth in Buda to a son, who would become known as János Zsigmond (John II Zsigmond Zápolya, d. 1571). On 13 September Isabella and “Frater” George carried the child to the
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assassinated. The elimination of “Frater” George could not, however, prevent the outbreak of another Ottoman-Habsburg war in Hungary (1551-1562). The Ottoman army, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, crossed the Danube on 6 Ramadan 958/7 September 1551, and then the Tisa. In the first year of the war, the Ottoman campaign into the Bánát of Temesvár resulted in the Ottoman capture of Becse, Becskerek, Csanád and Lippa (which had to be evacuated again at the end of the year). In the winter of 1551-2, at his headquarters at Belgrade, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha prepared for the second year of the war. In February 1552 the Ottomans briefly lost control of Szeged, but the city was quickly recovered. In April 1552 the leadership of the Ottoman campaign was taken over by Kara Ahmed Pasha, the second vizier. In July, the Turks captured Temesvár (after a siege of 35 days) and other places in the Bánát, and the city of Szolnok, but they failed to take one of the keys Hungarian fortresses under Habsburg role of Eger. The Austrian Military Border in Croatia-Slavonia, from the Adriatic to the Dráva, were placed under a single military command; all civilian institutions were subordinated to the authority of the military. In 1554 witnessed another Ottoman attack directed from Buda against northern Hungary (Fülek, Salgó). Two years later the Turks took Kostajnica on the Unna, leaving the Austrian province of Carniola open to incursions. In the same year the “Hofkriegsrat” or Court Council of War was established in Vienna. It would thereafter play a preponderating role in the direction and conduct of Austrian military activity in Hungary. In 1558 the Ottomans penetrated further into Slavonia and captured the Balearic Islands. Ferdinand was succeeded his brother Charles as emperor. For the Habsburg lands, Ferdinand’s death (25 July 1564) had far-reaching consequences. In accordance with his wishes, the empire was divided among his three sons: Maximilian was to be Emperor, King of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia-Slavonia and Archduke of Upper- and Lower Austria; Karl would hold Inner Austria i.e. Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, Trieste, Istria and Görz and Gradiška; and Ferdinand received Tyrol, Vorarlberg and Vorder Österreich (theVorlande). Meanwhile, with the death of Ferdinand, the war recommenced. in Croatia the Ottomans took Novi and the key fortress of Krupa in 1565. During both these years frontier skirmishes led to minor border corrections in northern Hungary. In the Mediterranean, in 1565 the Ottomans, in a determined effort, besieged Malta, but were driven off by a Spanish relief force. A year later Süleyman the Magnificent, now 71 years old, personally took the field for the last time against the Habsburgs. After reaching Belgrade he sent one army east to capture Gyula, Jenő and Világos, and himself led the main force to Eszék. The sultan ordered a pontoon-bridge to be constructed to cross the Dráva river, then marched west, and laid siege (5 August 1566) to the fortress of Szigetvár (T. Sigetvār), which was defended by Count Nicholas (Miklós) Zrínyi. The siege dragged on, seemingly without success: Süleyman I died in the night of 20-1 Ṣafer 974/6-7 September 1566, just two days before the final – and successful – assault. In a heroic counter-attack from the castle, Count Zrínyi and his entire retinue was killed. Maximilian, meanwhile, had kept his sizeable army entrenched all the time near Győr, without moving to help. After Szigetvár, the minor fortresses of Babócsa and Csurgó also fell into Ottoman hands. As a result of this campaign the frontier of Croatia near Csurgó was pushed southward to a more southern branch of the Mur River, which had gradually become the main branch. Earlier in 1566, in the on-going sea war in the Mediterranean, the Ottoman fleet had set sail, finally to take the important Aegean island of Chios from the Genoeses. This successful naval campaign, under the command of the kapudan paşa (Ottoman high admiral) Piyale Pasha, also brought about the sovereignty of the Duchy of Naxos, and
the island of Andros. Süleyman I’s successor, Sultan Selim II (r. 97482/1566-74), ceded Naxos to his friend, the wealthy Sephardic Jewish banker, Joseph Nasi, who ruled it through an administrator until his death in 1579.
1566-1593 In 1567 the Ottomans made incursions into Austrian-held territory on the north bank of the Maros River. It was the last major event of the current war, a belated carry-over from Süleyman I’s last Hungarian campaigns. A year later, Emperor Maximilian and Sultan Selim II concluded another Treaty of Adrianople, which replicated that of 1547. Once again, the territorial status quo was confirmed, and this time Maximilian agreed to an annual payment of tribute. Like two decades before, raids by irregular forces from both sides continued despite the treaty. The Habsburgs now placed the Croatian and Slavonian Military Borders each under a separate command. With an unquiet peace on the Hungarian frontier, the Ottomans now turned their attention to the Adriatic and to war with Venice. In 1570 Ottoman military operations in Albania, by sea and overland, led to the capture of the Venetian strongholds of Dulcigno, Budua (Budva) and Antivari (Bar). This brought Venice to a declaration of war on the Ottomans and to forge the Second Holy League with Spain and the Pope. The Second Holy League against the Ottomans (1570-1581) In 1570, Selim II had formally demanded that Venice should hand over Cyprus. When the Venetians refused to comply, the sultan landed a strong army at Larnaca, on the south coast of the island. Nicosia, the centre of Venetian rule, and nearly all of Cyprus was easily taken, except Famagusta, one of the strongest fortresses in the Christian world. After an eleven-month siege the famished garrison surrendered in August 1571. Although they had been promised evacuation to Crete with full honours, the entire garrison was slaughtered. The Captain-General of Famagusta, Marc Antonio Bragadino, tortured and horribly mutilated, was flayed alive. The Venetian fleet, sent out to the relief of Famagusta rescue, had reached Kastelorizo, but had already turned back after learning that Nicosia had fallen. On 7 October 1571, in the sea battle of Lepanto, on the Gulf of Corinth, the Holy League annihilated the Ottoman fleet, but the Christians failed to exploit their success and the Ottomans were able to replace their lost galleys within a short time. In Bosnia the Ottomans advanced against Ripac and Bihac, the last Venetian strongholds on the right bank of the Una River, but this yielded them only small gains. Venice recaptured Budua (Budva), leaving the area of Grbalj under Montenegrin protection. Venice then concluded a separate peace treaty with the Ottomans (7 March 1573), giving up Cyprus. On 28 Şaʿbān 982/13 December 1574 Sultan Selim II died in Istanbul at the age 50, and was succeeded by Murad III (r. 982-1003/157495), his eldest son by his Venetian consort, Nūr Bānū. Almost two years later, Emperor Maximilian II died, on 12 October 1576. He was succeeded by Rudolf II, who entrusted the government of Upper- and Lower Austria and Hungary to his brother, the Archduke Ernst von Österreich (1553-1595). Two years later, upon Joseph Nasi’s death (1579), the Duchy of Naxos was placed under direct Ottoman rule. In 1583 Emperor Rudolf II united the military districts that had been formed in the area between the Karlovac and Varasd Military Borders into one new Military Border, located around Petrinja, and administered by the governor (bán) of Croatia. The new frontier is called ‘the Ban’s Border’. Resuming their attacks in Croatia and Slavo-
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nia, the Ottomans reach Slunj (Hung. Szluin) in 1584. Until 1590 a period of military stalemate then ensued, as a result of the Ottomans’ involvement in war with Safavid Iran. After that conflicts ended, the Turks resumed their border campaigns against the Habsburgs. In 1591, the Ottomans attacked in northern Slavonia and against the Kulpa line. Ripač in Croatia, near Bihac, was taken, and in between, on the south bank of the Kulpa, a strong fortress is built by the Ottomans at Petrinja, called Yeni Hisar (New Fortress). In 1592, the Ottomans advanced further towards the Kulpa River in Croatia. Bihac, the key fortress of the Croatian Military Border, was finally taken. Austro-Croatian forces, sent out to recapture it, were destroyed by the Ottomans, who strengthened the fortifications of Petrinja. The tipping-point in the “Kleinkrieg”, or ongoing border warfare, came in 1593, when Hasan Pasha Predojević, (or Telli Hasan Pasha) the Ottoman governor-general of Bosnia, with his Bosnian ghazi forces – after two vain sieges in 1591 and 1592 – attacked and besieged the fortress of Sisak (Hung. Sziszek), situated at the confluence of the Kulpa and Sava rivers. However, hastily assembled Austrian and Croatian forces made a surprise attack on the enemy at Sisak on 22 June 1593 and gained an overwhelming victory over Hasan Pasha and his Bosnian forces. Although this defeat precipitated a declaration of war by the Ottomans, it marks in some ways the turning of the tide of Ottoman predominance in Hungary. The future now looked grim for the Crown of St. Stephan: the lands of Croatia-Slavonia were reduced to a minimum, called Reliquiæ reliquiarum olim inclyti Regni Croatiæ (“The Remnants of the Remnants of the once famous Croatian Kingdom”). The resulting “Long War” in Hungary (1593-1606) will demonstrate the end of Ottoman superiority on the battlefield, but will not yet bring an end to their conquests.
After the death of Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria, the ruler of Further Austraia and Tyrol, on 24 January 1595, his lands reverted to the ruler of Inner Austria. An agreement was concluded between Prince Zsigmond Báthory of Transylvania and the emperor Rudolf II, stipulating that: 1. War and peace were to be made jointly and in concert with the voivodas of Wallachia and Moldavia. 2. Zsigmond Báthory and his male heirs were to be the hereditary rulers of Transylvania and the Partes Annexae within the limits they had in the time of János Zsigmond and István Báthory. 3. In absence of a male heir Transylvania would to revert to the Habsburgs. 4. A Habsburg princess was to be Báthory’s bride. Less than two weeks before Ferdinand II’s death, Sultan Murad III had also died on 16 January 1595. He was succeeded by his eldest son Mehmed lll, who, the day after his father’s funeral, had all his 19 half-brothers killed – the last sultan to fully implement the Ottoman custom of fratricide. Mehmed III (r. 1003-1012/1595-1603) now offered peace to the Emperor, but Rudolf felt strong enough to refuse and ordered the siege of Esztergom (Gran). The fortress of Párkány, on the opposite bank of the river, was taken first and the relief army sent by the Pasha of Buda was defeated, whereupon Esztergom surrendered on 3 September 1595. The surrender of Visegrád followed. In the meantime Zrínyi took Babócsa, Petrinja, Krastovica and Gora. Sinan Pasha now led another campaign, this time into Transylvania. The substantial army assembled by Báthory, however, forced him to retreat and, chased into Wallachia, Sinan Pasha was defeated near Gyurgyevó. Other Transylvanian troops, operating on both sides of the Maros river, took Lippa, Arad, Csanád, Pankota, Világos, Solymos and even Jenő. This encouraged the Austrians to take Vác and Hatvan in 1596. Sinan Pasha briefly lost favour at the court as a result of these Ottoman losses, but soon returned to office. While planning another campaign against Transylvania, he died, on 3 April 1596. Sultan Mehmed III then personally led a campaign into Hungary. This time the main objective was the key fortress of Eger, which fell to the Ottomans after a siege of three weeks, on 13 October 1596. The Ottomans’ hold on Eger was only secured through their defeat of the Austrian-Hungarian-Transylvanian army at the Battle of Mezőkeresztes not far from Eger, between 26 and 28 October 1596. On their way north the Ottoman forces also retook Arad and Csanád. During 1595-1597 peasant uprisings occurred in Upper Austria and part of Lower Austria, and a revolt took place in Gacko Polje (Croatia). In 1598, Austro-Hungarian forces managed to take Győr (Raab), Tata (Totis), Pápa, Szentmárton, Gesztes, Veszprém, Palota, Csesznek, Vázsony and Tihany, and they besieged Buda for the second time. In 1600, the Ottomans recaptured Babócsa and Kanizsa. On 21 December 1603 Sultan Mehmed III suddenly died, probably of a heart-attack. He was succeeded by his thirteen-year old son, Ahmed l (1r. 1603-1617) (r. 1012-1026 /1603-1617). The Ottoman efforts in Hungary continued unabated under the Grand Vizier Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha (1604-1606); after setbacks before Esztergom, Lala Mehmed Pasha managed to occupy the fortress towns of Pest, Hatvan and Vác. In a second campaign, in which he received support from István Bocskai, the Prince of Transylvania (1605-1606), Lala Mehmed Pasha successfully stormed the fortress of Esztergom (Gran), on 3 October 1605. During the same campaign the Ottomans retook Veszprém and Palota. After Lala Mehmed Pasha’s death, the office of Grand Vizier passed first to Dervish Mehmed Pasha and then to Murad Pasha, surnamed Kuyucu (“the Well-Digger”). It was the latter who signed the Treaty of
1593-1606 The “Long War” The Ottoman siege of Sisak had ended in a famous battle (22 June 1593) in which the besiegers were defeated by an Austro-Croatian relief force. Hasan Pasha drowned. Although this victory was celebrated widely in the West, the Ottomans finally conquered Sisak only two months later, on 24 August 1593. The Ottoman commander was Mehmed Pasha, the Beylerbey (beglerbeg) of Rumelia. Another Ottoman army, under the command of the Grand Vizier, Sinan Pasha (d. 1004/1596), thereupon seized Veszprém and Palota, and then returned to Belgrade. After Sinan Pasha’s withdrawal a combined force of Austrian, Hungarian and Croatian troops advanced on both sides of the Danube, turning south to lay siege to Székesfehérvár. The siege of Székesfehérvár had hardly begun when Sokolluzade Hasan, the Pasha of Buda, came to the rescue. In the ensuing battle at Pákozd the Ottomans were defeated, but after this success the Habsburg army divided its forces. The Austrians retreated to Győr; the Hungarian contingent turned north and in conjunction with local forces took a great number of cities and fortresses. In 1594 the Coratian troops under György Zrínyi turned south, to take Berzence, Csurgó, Babócsa. In the north the Habsburgs took Nógrád, while Zrínyi went on the offensive in Slavonia, his campaign objectives including Sisak and Petrinja, which were occupied by the Pasha of Bosnia in September. Zrínyi went on the offensive in Slavonia, his campaign objectives including Sisak and Petrinja. Once more Sinan Pasha marched with an army from Edirne (Adrianople) against Hungary, besieging Győr. The Austrian relief forces were chased away and the town and fortress surrendered after a siege of only five days. Sinan Pasha thereupon sent his son to Pápa, which was easily taken, while he himself laid siege to Komárom (Komárom), but its strong resistance obliged Sinan Pasha to retire his army to winter-quarters.
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Zsitvatorok (11 November 1606) with the Austrians, which ended the Long War. It stipulated that the Emperor pay the Ottomans 200,000 florins as a once-and-for-all indemnity payment; and that castles taken in the county of Nógrád were not to be returned to the Ottomans, but Esztergom with its surroundings was to remain in their hands. The future of Kanizsa and its surroundings was to be decided later.
Ottoman Empire and Austria /Transylvania simply confirmed earlier agreements (the second treaty was concluded in 1642). 1628 The bishop of Zagreb (G. Agram) again insisted on the dissolution of the Varasd Military Border, but the Grenzer flatly refused. The Emperor then issued a new charter, the Statuta Valachorum (1630). In 1630 Ferdinand II had issued the Statuta Valachorum, a charter which redefined the rights and obligations of the Grenzer of the Military Border. From now on, for example, the Grenzer could be mobilized against all enemies of the Emperor and, if the area of operation was in territory occupied by the Ottomans, the Grenzer were not to be paid for the first two weeks; in the case of other areas they would lose one week’s wages. After the death of Bethlen on 15 November 1629, the fortresses and the seven counties which he had controlled were returned to the administration of “Royal” Hungary. On 1 December 1630, György Rákóczi I was elected Prince of Transylvania. Rákóczi (1630-1648), a great landowner and magnate, had been an early supporter of Bethlen, and came to the fore after Bethlen’s widow had failed to achieve what the Porte had approved and her late husband had wished, that she should succeed him, and after further family dissention. György Rákóczi I’s period of rule coincided with the last, French-dominated phase of the Thirty Years’ War: French policy, under Richelieu, attempted to bring Transylvania into hostilities with the Emperor; unsuccessfully in 1635 and with greater but short-lived success in 1643. Two years later the Ottoman régime, under the uncertain rule of Sultan Ibrahim I (1640-48), had become embroiled in a long but ultimately successful war with Venice for the possession of Crete, which would drag on until 1669. The emperor Ferdinand II died on 15 February 1637 and was succeeded by Ferdinand III (b. 13 July 1608). In 1641, the Croatian coastal fortress of Carlopago (Bag/ Karlobag) was occupied by Ottoman forces but retaken in five years later by the Croatian Grenzer. Rákóczi’s Transylvanian campaign against the Habsburgs in 1644-1645 led to the Treaty of Linz (16 September 1645), by which the seven counties named in the Treaty of Nikolsburg were again assigned to Transylvania, and Rákóczi obtained the fortresses of Tokaj, Tarcal and Regéc in hereditary possession. The Peace of Westphalia, signed between May and October 1648, by (among others) Transylvania, ends the Thirty Years’ War. On 25 February 1650 in Istanbul the Treaty of Zsitvatorok (1606), originally made between the Habsburgs, the Ottomans (represented by Ali, the beglerbegi of Buda), and the Transylvanian prince István Bocskai, and the Treaty of Szőny (1627) were extended for a further 22 years.
1606-1649 Hungary-Transylvania In 1608 the ailing Rudolf II was forced to resign as the sovereign of Hungary and Croatia in favour of his younger brother, Matthias (b. 24 February 1557), but Rudolf continued to rule as King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor. The Hungarian crown was returned to Pozsony where Matthias was crowned King of Hungary as Matthias II. Three years later, Rudolf also transferred the crown of Bohemia to him (1611), and in 1612, on his brother’s death, Matthias succeeded Rudolf as Holy Roman Emperor. In 1613-14, Ottoman-Transylvanian border skirmishes resulted in border line corrections in favour of Transylvania. A year later, in 1615, the Ottomans seized Világos and, in 1616, took possession of Lippa from Transylvania’s Partium. In the same year there were hostilities between Austria and Venice, the latter besieging Gradiška. In 1617, Matthias, concluded the Treaty of Madrid with Venice; thereafter he resigned in favour of Ferdinand as King of Bohemia, and as King of Hungary in 1618, the year which witnessed the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War (16181648). After the death of Matthias on 20 March 1619, the Archduke Ferdinand II (b. 9 July 1578) was elected Emperor. As a result, all the Austrian Habsburg titles and lands were now brought together in the hands of the ruler of Inner Austria, the Archduke Ferdinand. Thus the three territorial branches of Habsburg family rule, in Austria, Bohemia and Hungary, created by Ferdinand I, were once again re-united. Austria was now at war with the Prince of Transylvania, Gábor Bethlen (1613-1629), and with Frederick V, the Elector Palatine and de facto king of Bohemia (1619-1620). In his first campaign, in 1619, Gábor Bethlen had driven the Austrians back, occupying a large part of “Royal Hungary” and finally coming to a favourable agreement with Ferdinand II. In early November 1620, however, the revolt in Bohemia, which had broken out in 1618, was crushed by the Imperial Habsburg army in the battle of Bela Hora, the “White Mountain”, outside Prague. This victory virtually brought to an end the last vestiges of the constitutional autonomy of the lands of the Bohemian Crown: Habsburg rule over Bohemia was now de facto hereditary. Ferdinand II was now in the ascendancy over his opponents, and able to dictate terms. On the last day of 1621, the Peace Treaty of Nikolsburg (in Moravia) was signed between Bethlen and Ferdinand II. It was agreed that the former would renounce his claim to the royal title and return the crown of St Stephen to the Habsburgs; all the Hungarian lands conquered by Bethlen were to be turned over to Ferdinand; Ferdinand, for his part, would cede to Bethlen the duchies of Oppeln and Ratibor in Silesia, as well as the counties of Ugocsa, Bereg and Szatmár, Zemplén, Abaúj, Borsod and Szabolcs. The peace between Ferdinand II and Bethlen was to be shortlived. In addition, in 1622-1623 the number of raids by Ottoman forces into Croatia increased. In 1623, in his second campaign, Bethlen, this time supported by England, France and Holland, was once again victorious against Ferdinand II. The Treaty of Vienna (1624) confirmed the Treaty of Nikolsburg, except that Bethlen also gained Nagybánya, Felsőbánya and Ecsed, but ceded Oppeln and Ratibor. Two years later Bethlen launched his third campaign against the Habsburgs, which led to the Treaty of Pozsony (Pressburg), reconfirming the Treaty of Vienna. The (first) Treaty of Szőny (13 September 1627) between the
1649-1673 Hungary and Transylvania In 1648, György Rákóczi I had died (11 October), and was succeeded by his son, György Rákóczi II (b. 30 January 1621). In an attempt to realize his father’s unfulfilled ambitions against Poland, Rákóczi allied himself with the Cossacks, Moldavia, and Wallachia, but only when, in 1657, this coalition was also joined by the Protestant king of Sweden, Karl Gustav X, did an army march against John II Casimir, the King of Poland (r. 1648-1668). Rákóczi manage to take Cracow and to enter Warsaw with his Swedish allies, but after they subsequently returned home, Rákóczi was defeated by Polish and Tatar forces. He was allowed to return to Transylvania, where he was soon deposed at the Porte’s behest, but within a few months he was reinstated by the Transylvanian Diet. Rákóczi eventually died of wounds received in the Battle of Szászfenes against Seydi Ahmed Pasha of Buda in May 1660. In the meantime, the Austrian Habsburgs were intent on securing an orderly imperial succession. Ferdinand III had seen to it that his son Leopold was elected King of Hungary in 1655 and King of Bohemia in the following year. After Ferdinand’s own death, on 2 April
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1657, the French king Louis XIV unsuccessfully opposed Leopold’s election as Holy Roman Emperor, which took place nonetheless; Leopold was crowned on 1 August 1658. Meanwhile, events at the Porte had taken a different turn. After the deposition and subsequent execution (8 August 1648) of Ibrahim I, his six-year old son, Mehmed IV was placed on the throne. The following faction-ridden and turbulent years, while the Cretan campaign, begun in 1645, went on hesitantly and the so-called ‘sultanate of the women’ dominated affairs at the Porte, were brought to an end in 1656, when the ongoing and successful Venetian blockade of the Dardanelles, which effectively prevented the Ottomans from sending supplies and reinforcements to Crete, precipitated the summoning to the grand vizierate of the elderly, uncouth but able Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, with full powers to restore order in the state. A start was made by putting the Cretan war on a sound military footing. The Ottoman navy, defeated by the Venetians in 1651 and 1656, was now rapidly rebuilt and directed against the Venetians. In the course of the following year (1657) the blockade was lifted; the islands (Tenedos; and Lemnos) in the north-eastern Aegean which the Venetians had occupied, were retaken, and at the entrance to the Dardanelles two massive fortresses, Seddülbahir (1659) and Kumkale, were rapidly erected as a deterrent to any future attempts to force or blockade the Straits. On Crete itself the majority of the island, with the exception of three Venetian strongpoints on the north coast and of the island’s capital Candia itself, was quickly overrun. The effects of the new regime at the Porte, which was the beginning of a veritable renovatio imperii, were soon also felt in the Balkans. A start was made in the reducing of Transylvania once more to vassal status. Late in June 1658 Köprülü Mehmed Pasha departed at the head of an Ottoman army destined for Transylvania, in order to bring to heel György Rákóci’s successor, György II. Rákóczi (1648-1660), who in alliance with Sweden had invaded Poland in 1657 in quest of the Polish throne. On 3 September 1658 the Ottomans seized the fortress of Jenő, the gateway to Transylvania, without a fight; two years later, on 27 August 1660, after the unforeseen distraction of the revolt of the governor of Aleppo, Abaza Hasan Pasha, the great fortress of Nagyvarád (Grosswardein) fell to the Ottomans after a six-week siege. When György Rákóczi II was dead in 1660, the sultan nominee was Mihály Apafi for the throne of Transylvania. The anti-Turkish party there now (1661) elected János Kemény to succeed Rákóczi, but a series of half-hearted Austrian attempts to aid Kemény in the ongoing civil strife came to nothing; Kemény was killed in the Battle of Nagyszőlős against Küçük Mehmed Pasha of Temesvár and Jenő, in 1662. The sultan’s nominee, was left in possession of the country. In the midst of these upheavals Mehmed Köprülü died (Oct. 1661), to be succeeded by his even more able son, the twenty-five year old Fazıl Ahmed Pasha. The Austrian emperor Leopold, who had succeeded to the throne in 1658, was timid, bigoted and indecisive, with little appetite for conflict, but with an unshakeable belief in his position as a Habsburg ruler. Mehmed Köprülü, on the other hand, was determined to build on his father’s achievements and to revive, on the middle Danube, an expansionist foreign policy of a magnitude not seen since the days of Süleyman the Magnificent. After a year’s military preparations, in April 1663 Mehmed Köprülü set out at the head of a considerable army – some estimates put its strength at 120,000 men -- en route for Hungary. Early in June the army rested for ten days at Belgrade. A month later Austrian attempts to negotiate a truce while the Ottomans were encamped at Eszék (Osijek) came to nothing; the Ottomans then turned northwards to besiege and capture (after a six-week siege; 25 September 1663) the vital Habsburg fortress of Érsekújvár (Uyvar, Neuhaüsel). The campaigning season was now well advanced; Ahmed Pasha thereupon retreated slowly to win-
ter quarters at Belgrade. In the following campaign season (1664) he returned to Hungary with a massive army, supplemented by Tatar and Cossack auxiliaries. This time he directed his line of march more to the west, in the direction of the Austrian province of Styria, while the Austrian forces under Montecuccoli steadily withdrew. Finally, with the Austrian forces supplemented by volunteers from all over Europe, the two armies came together at St Gotthard, (H. Szentgotthárd) at the point where the Ottoman line of march had brought them to cross the River Raab (1 August 1664). The Ottoman defeat at the hands of Montecuccoli effectively terminated the campaign. Ten days later, at Vasvár, a negotiated peace allowed the Ottomans to effect an orderly withdrawal from the conflict. With the ending of the campaign of 1663-1664 the Ottomans’ main preoccupation, until its fall in 1669, would be with the ongoing siege of Candia. The Ottomans poured in men and supplies, commandeering European merchant vessels in the ports of Istanbul and Izmir for the purpose, and while the defences of Candia were reinforced by volunteers from many parts of Europe, English and Dutch sappers participated as advisors in the Ottoman siege works. It would not be until 1669, by which time the Ottoman naval forces had become strong enough to interdict the passage of Venetian reinforcements and European volunteers, that Candia in the end capitulated. And it was only in 1670, after settling the affairs of the island and establishing there a new Ottoman province (Girit eyaleti), that the grand vizier would return from Crete to the mainland. Thereafter, for more than a decade, the Ottomans were concerned with their northern frontiers beyond the limits of the Balkans. Major campaigns against Poland in 1672 and 1673, which were only partially successful (e.g. defeat at Hotin in 1673), nonetheless led eventually to the Ottoman conquest of Podolia (1676) and its transformation into the short-lived province (Podolya eyaleti) of Kamieniec. Already, from 1674 the focus of Ottoman attentions shifted even further to the east and north, involving campaign in the Ukraine (capture of Ladzhin in 1674, and battle of Lwów/Lesienice in 1675). After the death of Fazıl Ahmed Pasha in 1676 the grand vizierate passed to his adopted brother, Kara Mustafa Pasha, who continued the Ottoman campaigns in the Ukraine, culminating in a major expedition in 1677-78 against the Cossack stronghold of Chyhyryn, in the course of which the town and fortress were razed to the ground after a violent and protracted siege in which a Muscovite army supported the Cossack defenders. In 1681 the Ottomans concluded a peace with Muscovy, and abandoning their pretensions in the Ukraine. Meanwhile, the Peace of Vasvár, concluded in 1664, was due to expire in the following year, 1682. Once again the affairs of Transylvania and Hungary entered the frame, with the recognition by the Porte in 1682 of the Hungarian magnate Imre Thököly, the leader of the anti-Habsburg Protestant nobility, as ‘king’ of what the Turks termed ‘Middle Hungary’ (T. Orta Macar kralı).
1673-1683 In 1672, anti-Habsburg Hungarian refugees in Transylvania, organized with Ottoman aid and French money, taking advantage from Leopold I’s involvement in war with Louis XIV, form the Kuruc movement in northern Hungary. In 1677, with the support of Polish mercenaries under French command, the Kuruc movement had inflicted a defeat on Habsburg forces at Nyalábvár. In 1680, the Hungarian protestant magnate, Imre Thököly, became the leader of the Kuruc movement, and two years later was proclaimed Prince of Upper Hungary. In these years, between 1672 and 1676, the above mentioned war was fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. A successful campaign against Poland by Ottoman
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forces led in person by the Grand Vizier Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, resulted in the Ottoman capture of the strategic border fortress of Kameniec. When the Ottomans pressed on further into Polish territory, the politically divided Commonwealth decided to sue for peace. This resulted in the Treaty of Buczacz, formally concluded on 18 October 1672, according to which the Commonwealth province of Podolia was ceded to the Ottomans. Another result of this defeat was a temporary rapprochement among the political factions in the Commonwealth. The Polish Diet then rejected the Treaty of Buczacz, after which Jan Sobieski again took to the field and defea t the Ottoman army at Hotin in November 1673, a success which gained him the Polish crown. Further Polish campaigns in 1674 and 1675 were inconclusive, but then the Ottoman army, under a new commander, besieged Żurawno. The Treaty of Żurawno, signed on 17 October 1676, modified the Buczacz treaty in favour of Poland-Lithuania: the annual tribute of 22,000 ducats stipulated in 1672 was cancelled, and the Poles retained two Ukrainian castles. Podolia, however, remained in Ottoman hands. With the conquest of Podolia, the Ottoman Empire reached its maximum extent in Europe. It now extended as far as the right bank of the Dnieper River, the left bank of which had been reached by the Russians just five years before, thus making the Ottoman and Russian Empires neighbours for the first time. The new common border led to the first Ottoman-Russian war, from 1677 to 1681. The bone of contention was the election of a single Hetman (leader) of the Ukrainian Cossacks: the Hetman of the RightBank area of the Dnieper, Petro Doroshenko, who was an Ottoman ally, or the Hetman of the Left-Bank, Ivan Samojlovich. Doroshenko refused to accept his rival’s election and decided to fight, seizing the Cossack fortress of Chyhyryn in Central Ukraine. With Russian support, Samojlovich managed to force Doroshenko to surrender. The Ottoman sultan Mehmed IV (1648-87) then appointed a new Hetman of the Right-Bank and Ottoman army moved on Chyhyryn. At the end of August 1677, the Ottoman camp besieging Chyhyryn was attacked by Muscovite forces; the Turks suffered so many casualties that they were forced to lift the siege. In July 1678 the Ottomans tried again; their army was now led by Kara Mustafa Pasha, who had succeeded his relative, Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, as Grand Vizier in June 1676. After a lengthy and bloody siege, Chyhyryn was taken and razed to the ground, after which Kara Mustafa Pasha turned back to Ottoman territory, subjecting the Ukraine to a scorched-earth policy as he retreated southwards. In 1679-1680, the Russians also managed to fight off attacks from the Crimean Tatars. Eventually, the Peace Treaty of Bahçesaray was signed, on 3 January 1681, which recognized the Dnieper as the frontier between the Ottoman Empire and the Moscovite state, which now had incorporated Left-bank part of Ukraine. On the Polish border, the Ottomans subsequently strengthened the fortifications of Hotin and extended the supporting area around it. In Hungary, after Imre Thököly had been proclaimed prince of a Kuruc “Principality” in the north, the Habsburgs ameliorated their harsh regime in Hungary in order to prevent any further escalation of the revolt. This did not prevent Thököly, in 1681, seizing the mining towns in Upper Hungary with their gold and silver, but he was defeated at Szentkereszt after the Habsburgs’ war against France had ended. The Kurucs were forced to withdraw eastwards, behind the barrier of the River Tisa. Renewed fighting and further Kuruc successes finally induced Leopold to sign an armistice and to convoke a Diet at Sopron in 1681. Here the Sopron Compromise was concluded, by which the Hungarian constitution and the country’s religious freedoms were partially restored. Thököly, however, was not content and, supported by Mihály Apafi and the Ottomans, he denounced the armistice and took the towns of Kálló and Böszörmény, only to accept another armistice in
order to be able to celebrate his wedding with Ilona Zrínyi, the widow of Ferenc Rákóczi. In 1682 Thököly concluded an agreement with the Ottomans in which he was recognized as the tribute-paying Prince of Northern Hungary, entitled to military support from the Sultan. Encouraged, Thököly once more took up arms against the Habsburgs, capturing Kassa and later Léva. Thus, by the end of the year 1682, Thököly’s power extended as far as the Vág River. From 1682, Austrian attempts to negotiate a further extension of the Treaty of Zsitvatorok had met with no success. The Ottoman Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha was intent on war, and Sultan Mehmed IV was brought to permit him to make another attempt to capture Vienna. On 31 March 1683, the Sultan himself and the Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha departed from the military assembly grounds outside Edirne at the head of an army of 120.000 men and 300 cannon. The army’s destination was to be Vienna.
1683-1699 The Great Turkish War (1683-1698) On 31 March 1683, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV, together with his Grand Vizier, Kara Mustafa Pasha, had left Edirne at the head of a large army with 300 cannon; the Ottomans’ aim was to conquer Vienna. In May Mehmed IV reached Belgrade, where he received Thököly’s envoys and handed over the command of the combined Ottoman forces to Kara Mustafa Pasha. The Sultan remained at Belgrade, to await the outcome of the campaign. On their way to Vienna the Ottomans easily took Veszprém, Tata, Pápa and Pannonhalma. In July the Ottoman army, joined by contingents from Thököly, Wallachia, Moldavia and the khanate of the Crimea, reached the gates of Vienna, which was defended by 12,000 well trained soldiers under the command of Count Rüdiger von Starhemberg. For 60 days von Starhemberg and his defenders managed, although with difficulty, to repulse all Ottoman attacks until the King of Poland, John III Sobieski, arrived with a relief army of 40,000 men. The Habsburg and Polish armies joined forces at the Kahlenberg, a hill outside Vienna. There, on 12 September 1683, the decisive Battle of Kahlenberg was fought. The alliance, under Charles of Lorraine, Louis of Baden, and the commander-in-chief, John III Sobieski, carried the day. (One of the participants in the fighting was the 19-year old Prince Eugene of Savoy, who would play a prominent role as a Habsburg commander in future field battles.) The Ottoman besiegers fled, leaving behind their siege train and cannon. Other Ottoman forces from Buda were soon also beaten, and the coalition’s army laid siege to the strongholds of Esztergom and they defeated the Ottoman forces in 7-9 October at Párkány. On 25 December 1683, the Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha was executed on the sultan’s orders at Belgrade. The Habsburgs decided to exploit their victory, which inaugurates an era of re-conquest in the Balkans. Only seven years after the Ottoman Empire had reached its largest extent, the Turks were being forced to retreat on several fronts. The situation was exacerbated for the Ottomans by the formation in 1684 of the Third Holy League. Initiated by Pope Innocent XI, it united the Habsburgs, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Venice, helped by the naval forces of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and the Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1686, Russia also joined the anti-Ottoman coalition, which continued in existence until the end of the Long Turkish War in 1699. In 1684, the Ottomans lost Vác and Visegrád, and Turkish forces making a sally from Buda are defeated. The Habsburg armies also managed to take Gyarmat, Szécsény, Hollókő, and Buják in Hungary, and in Slavonia the city of Veröce. In 1685, they gained possession of the key fortress of Érsekújvár from the Ottomans, as well as Szolnok and Arad. When the Ottomans, in a change of policy, imprisoned
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Thököly, many of his followers changed sides, handing over their fortresses to the Habsburgs and forming an army of 25,000 men to support the Imperial forces. Thus Thököly’s “Principality” was easily occupied by Habsburg forces. Only Munkács was held, by Thököly’s wife, Ilona Zrínyi, who took refuge there with the children from her previous marriage to Rákóczi. The Holy League forces also conquered the castle of Buda, on 2 September 1686, in spite of the arrival of Ottoman relief forces under the Grand Vizier, Sarı Süleyman Pasha (r. 168587); what the Ottomans called the “strong wall of Islam” had fallen. The Grand Vizier retreated to Belgrade, whereupon the Habsburgs, led by Charles of Lorraine, succeed in taking Simontornya, Pécs, Siklós, Kaposvár and Szeged. In 1687 the Hungarian town of Eger falls into Habsburg hands too; Eszék and Pétervárad soon followed, as the Habsburgs occupied the Bácska and a large part of Slavonia. Charles of Lorraine, with the bulk of his army, crossed the Danube, passed through the desolate, depopulated Hungarian puszta and headed for Transylvania, where Mihály I Apafy was forced to sign the Treaty of Balázsfalva (G. Blasendorf, today Blaj, Romania). Concluded on 27 October 1687, it stipulated that:
The second major development after these disasters took the form of a diplomatic mission from the Porte to Vienna, under the leadership of the Reisülküttab (head of the Ottoman chancery) Zülfikar effendi and the Chief Dragoman at the Porte, the Phanariot Greek Alexander Mavrocordato. The mission was a failure: Austrian demands, including the retrocession of the Hungarian lands including Vienna, were unacceptable to the Porte. In the aftermath of the fall of Belgrade, Max Emanuel, the Elector of Bavaria, had advanced further to take the Danube fortresses of Golubac and Smederevo. Despite (or perhaps because of) these setbacks, in 1689 the Ottomans staged a new major campaign, designed to recover Belgrade and induce a less intransigent frame of mind at the Vienna court. It too was a failure; Louis, the Margrave of Baden, penetrated further south, attacking the Ottomans at Batočina and driving up the valley of the Morava to take Niš (24 September 1689) and overrunning parts of Bosnia, as well as the vital Danube fortress of Vidin (14 October). The road into the heart of the Ottoman dominions now seemed to be open. In the late autumn and winter of 1689 Austrian forces, with garrisons now established in Pirot and Dragoman, raided deep into Bulgaria and wintered in Wallachia. It appeared as if Adrianople if not even Constantinople, would soon fall, and the Austrian battle-cry of “marciare verso Costantinopoli” be fulfilled. To the west, in Serbia, on 6 November forces under the Austrian general Enea Silvio Piccolomini entered Prizren to general acclamation. The prospects for Austrian arms in Macedonia and Albania looked promising, but a few days later Piccolomini died of the plague and his successor, Duke Georg Christian von Holstein was unable to capitalise on the so-called “Karposh’s Uprising of the Christian peasantry which broke out in Macedonia at about this time. The Austrian successes in 1688-9, however, were not to be the prelude to the final victory against the Ottomans, as the ‘Eastern’ faction at the Emperor’s court had hoped and believed. In fact, the remaining ten years of the war were to bring Austria and its allies few further gains. For this sea-change in the progress of the war, two causes may be adduced. Firstly, on 25 October 1689, the sultan Süleyman II appointed a strong personality to the grand vizierate. Köprülü Mustafa Pasha, nicknamed ‘Fazıl’ (the Just) was the youngest son of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha. Forceful and able, by vigorous fiscal and administrative measure he re-instilled a measure of financial stability in the state and efficiency into the Ottoman war machine, as a prelude to a counter-offensive aimed at the recovery of Hungary. Secondly, the victorious progress of Austrian arms had not gone unnoticed in France. Louis XIV, fearing growing Austrian predominance on the Danube, in the autumn of 1688 invaded the Rhineland, precipitating a major war in the west which would rapidly involve not only Austria, Spain and the United Provinces, but also England, following on from the Glorious Revolution (Nov. 1688) and the accession of the Dutch stadholder William III to the English throne, and would steadily draw off the best Austrian commanders to service on the Rhine. Even the successful Austrian campaign of 1689 was conducted by Louis of Baden with an army of only 30,000 men, contrasted with the 60,000 Imperial troops sent under Charles of Lorraine to the Rhine. Major disagreements over policy and the “two-front war” also weakened and hampered the Austrian efforts on the eastern front. As a result, Louis of Baden, nicknamed the “Türkenlouis” who was made chief commander of the Imperial army in Hungary in 1689, int he next year he handing command to his able deputy Federico Veterani. At first the campaign went well, even better than in 1689: in March Austrian detachment reached as far as the Bulgarian city of Philippopoli, capturing the local kadi and other Ottoman notables, precipitating
• 12 Transylvanian fortresses were to receive an imperial garrison • Transylvania was to pay Vienna a tribute of 700.000 Rhenish guilder • Religious freedom for all four confessions was guaranteed • The hereditary title of Prince was guaranteed until the death of Apafi In 1687 the Hungarian Diet declared the elective crown of Hungary to be hereditary in the male line of the House of Habsburg. In the next year the Austrians finally captured Munkács (14 January 1688); Ilona Zrínyi and her children were brought to Vienna. In the same year the Hungarian town of Székesfehérvár was taken, but even more substantial gains were made south of the Sava-Danube line: Maximilian, the Elector of Bavaria, took Belgrade, Smederevo and Golubac. In 1689 Louis, Margrave of Baden, penetrated further south, capturing Niš and Vidin, and occupying parts of Bosnia and Serbia, even reaching Ipek, the seat of the Serbian Patriarch, while also forcing the hospodar of Wallachia to accept suzerainty of the Emperor. The Ottoman loss of Buda in 1686, and the year of disasters for the Ottomans which followed, culminating in the defeat and destruction at Nagyharsány (Berg Harsány) or the so-called Second Battle of Mohács on 12 August 1687 of an Ottoman army sent under the command of the grand vizier Süleyman Pasha with the intention of retaking Buda, precipitated a number of significant further developments. The first stemmed from the revolt of the Ottoman army in the aftermath of its crushing defeat at Nagyharsány. The surviving troops elevated Abaza Siyavuş Pasha to be their commander and, marching on Adrianople, called for the dismissal of the grand vizier, Süleyman Pasha. The sacrifice of Süleyman Pasha and the elevation of Abaza Siyavuş Pasha to the grand vizierate was not enough to save the sultan, Mehmed IV, whose sybaritic lifestyle and addiction to hunting, and neglect of state affairs, in the face of the imminent meltdown of the state, provoked an alliance between the ulema and the army which dethroned him (8-9 November 1687) in favour of his half-brother, Süleyman II (1687-91). With the civil administration paralysed by popular uprisings in Istanbul and other towns in the empire, and the descent of much of the Balkans into rebel-infested chaos, the Austrians and their allies were able to make further advances in the following campaigning season. Eger, the strong Ottoman fortress in northern Hungary, had been taken already in December 1687; Pétervárad fell to the forces of the Elector Max Emanuel of Bavaria in the spring of 1688, and the stronghold of Belgrade, in Ottoman hands since 1521, which controlled the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, fell to the Imperialists after a short but destructive siege.
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hopes of a general Christian uprising which would allow the capture of Constantinople and the driving of the Turks “away across the sea into Asia”. But the Imperial forces were insufficient in number for such a task – Veterani had only 12,000 men under his command – and now the tide turned. In the summer of 1690 Mustafa Köprülü led an army of 80,000 combatants into the central Balkans and at the same time the Ottoman vassal Imre Thököly with 18,000 men under his command, advanced against the Austrian forces in Transylvania. Transylvania was saved, but the Austrians were forced to abandon their conquests in the central Balkans was able to advance unchallenged beyond Sofia and recover first Pirot (9 August), Vidin (29 August) and Niš (8/9 September) and then Belgrade, which capitulated on 8 October after a powder magazine exploded, leveling a section of the walls of the fortress. In the following year 1691, at the head of a large army, Mustafa Köprülü advanced beyond Belgrade into Hungary, with the intention of retaking Buda. The attempt might have succeeded, but the Austrians had also reacted to their losses of the previous year by transferring their best commanders and troops from the Rhine to the Danube. At the battle of Szalánkemén (19 August 1691) the Ottoman army, well dug in, resisted strongly, but in the mêlée Mustafa Köprülü himself was slain and the Ottomans were utterly defeated by Louis of Baden and his heterogeneous forces, in a battle which ended with immense losses on both sides. Thereafter, for several years, under a series of more or less incompetent commanders on both sides, the Balkan war stagnated in the near-impassable bogs and marshes of Hungary. Sultan Süleyman II, Mehmed IV’s successor, had died in 1691; his brother, Sultan Ahmed II, was little more than a nonentity. At Vienna and at the Porte, English and Dutch diplomats attempted to mediate a peace between the two sides, but without success. In 1692 Austrian forces under Louis of Baden took the strong fortress of Nagyvarád, but with Baden now transferred to the Rhine, an attempt under Eugen von Croy to regain Belgrade in 1693 met with failure. In the following year, 1694, an Ottoman attempt to recapture Pétervárad failed equally, more through the inclement weather than the competence of the Austrian defence. Events in the Peloponnesus and the Morea, where Ottoman and Venetian forces fought each other in a separate land war, and in the Adriatic and the Aegean, where there was a revival of naval warfare between the two states, took a different turn. Venetian forces made some slight gains in Dalmatia, but failed to make inroads in Bosnia, in the early years of the war. In the Morea, where Ottoman power was both unpopular and relatively weak, they were more successful, profiting from an anti-Ottoman insurrection (1685) to take Koroni, Kalamata, Navarino, Modon and Nauplia. Venetian forces then advanced northwards into the Peloponnesus, capturing Lepanto and Patras, and besieging and occupying Athens (1687). It was in the course of the Venetian assault that a stray shell landed on an Ottoman powder magazine in the Parthenon, reducing the building more or less to its present ruined state. Thereafter the land war slowly petered out. In the Aegean the Venetians were largely held at bay by the Ottoman fleet under the command of the redoubtable Ottoman grand admiral Hajji Hüseyin “Mezzomorto” Pasha (Hacı Hüseyin Mezamorta). In 1694 the Turks were able to take the important Aegean island of Chios (Sakız), but were forced to relinquish it in the following year after a popular uprising against their rule, achieving no further naval successes during the remaining years of the war. In the Hungarian theatre, by 1695 both the war and attempts to end it had equally reached an impasse, but with the death of Ahmed II in that year and the accession of Mehmed IV’s young son, Mustafa II, the war in the Balkans revived. Mustafa II looked back to the days of Süleyman the Magnificent and, urged on by his closest advisors,
dreamed of reviving the Holy War by once again leading an army in person. A few places, including Lippa and Lugos on the fringes of Transylvania were retaken in 1695, with the death in battle at Lugos of the under-supported Austrian general Veterani. The Ottomans enjoyed further success in 1696, defeating in the field (26 August) the incompetent Imperial commander Friedrich August von Sachsen, who had failed signally to prosecute the siege of Temesvár, but the major theatre of war in those years was on the Black Sea, where Peter the Great launched an amphibious operation against the Ottoman fortress of Azov on the coast of the Bay of Azov, and took it on 18 July 1696. At this point the tide of the war again turned. Although Jan Sobieski, the hero of Vienna, had died in 1696, to be replaced by the militarily incompetent Elector Augustus of Saxony, and although the Venetian offensives in the Morea had long since petered out, while the brilliant Ottoman Grand Admiral Mezzomorto Hüseyin Pasha, a former Dey of Algiers, at least held his own against the Venetian fleet in the Aegean, in the West the War of the League of Augsburg was also winding down, thus once more freeing the Emperor’s best generals to fight on the Danube. 1697 was the year of decision. Mustafa II, intent on building on the Ottoman successes of the previous two seasons, led yet another large army – possibly 100,000 strong – into Hungary, aiming at first to retake Pétervárad and Szeged. At a place called Zenta it encountered an Austrian army commanded by Prince Eugene of Savoy, a veteran of the earlier Turkish campaigns, and about to become the greatest soldier of his age. On 11 September 1697, with the diplomats at Ryswick about to conclude their deliberations and peace (for a time) secure in the West, the Ottoman army was surprised while fording the river Tisa, and totally destroyed. The Grand Vizier, Elmas Mehmed Pasha, most of the leading officers and viziers, and many tens of thousands of men were slain; the sultan himself barely escaped with the remnants of his army to the sanctuary of Temesvár. The war was now effectively over. There was to be no military revolt or deposition of the sultan, unlike in 1687 – that would have to wait until 1703 -- but a peace party, headed by yet another member of the Köprülü family, emerged at the Porte, and the diplomats began holding the meetings and conferences, and writing the despatches, which would eventuate in the Congress of Karlóca in the autumn of the following year. On 19 October, as the delegates were assembling at the conference site in the ravaged no-man’s land between Habsburg and Ottoman territory, a cease-fire was announced. A month later, on 13 November, the first negotiating session was held; two and a half months later, on 26 January 1699, the Treaties of Karlóca were signed. In the words of one eminent historian, this event marks in truth the ‘closing of the Ottoman frontier’.
1699: Karlóca (Karlowitz) On 26 January 1699 the Peace Treaty of Karlóca was signed, bringing to an end the long Austro-Ottoman conflict which had broken out in 1683, and the wars with the other Holy Alliance powers (with the exception of Russia, with whom peace was finally concluded in 1701). After the shattering Ottoman defeat in 1697 at Zenta, and the ensuing change of regime at the Porte, from the latter part of 1697 through the first half of 1698 preparations for the conference had been secretly negotiated between the Austrians and their allies, and the Ottomans, to be formalised and then concluded in the congress at Karlóca, with the mediation of the English and Dutch ambassadors at the Porte, William Lord Paget and Jacob Colyer. The Treaty of Karlóca, which was envisaged to last for 25 years, contained the following provisions:
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A. Austria-Hungary-Croatia-Slavonia: - Broadly speaking the border was to follow the Una-Sava-Tisa-Maros line, assigning all of Hungary-Transylvania to Austria except for the Bánát of Temesvár which was to remain under Ottoman rule. - Seven fortresses in the Bánát were to be razed: Lugos, Lippa, Csanád, Magyarkanizsa, Karánsebes, Becskerek and Becse. - The frontier between Hungary and the Danubian Principalities was to be delineated more accurately. - In Syrmium the border was to be formed by a straight line between the mouth of the Tisa in the Danube and the mouth of the Bosut in the Sava. Free shipping for both parties on the Tisa and Maros rivers was guaranteed. - Religious freedom was to be granted to the Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Prisoners of war were to be exchanged. - All fortresses on the right bank of the Una, taken by the Emperor, were to be returned to the Ottomans. Croat Dubica and the bastion at the mouth of the Una, both on the left bank of the Una, were to be kept by the Ottomans. - The position of Novi remained unsolved; de facto it remained Ottoman.
The article was added to preclude borderline disputes between the two rivals, Venice and Ragusa. This aim was achieved by Ragusa ceding two strips of land to the Ottomans: Klek (Neum) and the Sutorina. These two Bosnian outlets to the sea were confirmed in 1718 in the Treaty of Passarowitz and continued to exist until the 20th century. (The status of Klek was even revived by Tito.) D. Poland - Poland recovered Podolia. E. The Holy Mountain of Mount Athos was acknowledged as a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire.
B. Venice: - Dalmatia, the Bocche di Cattaro, the Morea, Aegina, all the seven Ionian Islands, including Santa Maura, Butrinto, Parga, Suda, Spinalonga and Tenos are to fall under Venetian rule. The payment of tribute for Zante was terminated. - Lepanto; and Preveza, occupied by Venice, were to be restored to Ottoman rule; Preveze’s population would be evacuated to Corfu. - Crete, with the exception of the fortresses of Grabusa, Suda and Spinalonga, was to remain under Ottoman rule. - Venetian territorial acquisitions in Dalmatia and Bocche di Catarro were termed the Acquisto Nuovo, being delimited by a line called the Linea Grimani, after the Venetian chief delegate to the conference. Dalmatia: The Linea Grimani commenced at the point where the boundaries of Croatia, Dalmatia and Bosnia met, near Veliko Brdo. From there it ran in straight lines to Knin-Vrlika-Sinj-Duare-Vrgorac-Gabela (Ciclut), leaving to Venice these strong points with a perimeter of “one hour’s walk”. Bocche di Cattaro: - Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi) and Risano were to fall under Venetian rule, bringing the entire Bocche di Cattaro coast under control of Venice. - Antivari and Dulcigno (Ulcinj) were to be restored to Ottoman rule. - The coastal region between Corfu and the Gulf of Arta was to be under control of Venice. Budua (Budva) remained Venetian. - The coastal area north of Budua (three villages of the county of Zupa) was placed under the protection of Montenegro. C. Ragusa - The Republic of Ragusa was to continue to pay tribute to the Ottomans, but from now on only once in every three years. - A special article (no. 9) was added, stipulating that: “The territory of the Signoria of Ragusa will be bounded by territory of the Ottoman Empire, eliminating all obstacles that might hinder the communication and the continuity of the territory of the Signoria with the territory of the Ottoman Empire”.
17
General Legend 1521-1699
“Trajan’s wall” in Bessarabia, probably falsely atttributed to Trajan. “Trajan’s wall” in the Dobruja, probably rightly atttributed to Trajan.
Personal Union of two or (more) Crowns Boundary “Holy Roman Empire” BOSNA
Fortress, shown in theZ Acolor of the country or power that is in control of the fortress at that time. LA Main border-line fortress, whose power is also felt across the border. Place or city, often walled-in but not primarily a fortress, usually shown in white, irrespective of who is a in control. If the name 6of a place onZ AaL Asmall island is identical to the name of the island, it is not given 4 BOSNA separately. 1 BOSNA
BOSNA
Place, which is important at that time. Orthodox monastery
BOSNA
6
4
Roman Catholic monastery ZALA
background of the residents ZALA
B O S NBAO S N A
Z A L AZ A L A
”Dragon”
ZALA
Diocese (churches)
a a
a
Small, nearly independentaRoman Catholic diocese6 4a
6
ZALA
BOSNA
ZALA
ZALA
ZALA
BOSNA
B O S BN OA S N A
Z A L A Z A LZAA L A
BOSNA
1
Archdiocese
BOSNA
ZALA Z AZ LAAL A The colour marks ethnic B O S N AZ A L A ZALA
a
BOSNA
B OB SONS AN A BOSNA BOSNA
a
1
4
6
6
44
4
1 1a
1
6 a1
aa6 6 4
a
6
6
a
a 4a
1 6 fugitives Settlement by Austrian authorities of mainly Orthodox Serbian on 6mainly Roman Catholic 4 6 6 64 a6 4 4 4 41 Croatian territory, this being the Austrian Military Borders. 16 1 the basis of 1 a
a
”Dragon”
4
RAGUSA
1
1
1
64
1
4
4
Roaming Nogay and other Tatar nomad tribes of the Khanate of the Crimea, who make 1 1 their power felt (particularly earlier, in time of war). 1 Extraterritorial areas in Walachia & Moldavia, which have a fortress with a permanent Ottoman garrison and are surrounded by an area with a Turkish civilian population. Such an ensemble is administered as an ? Ottoman core province. RAGUSA
”Dragon”
?
”Dragon”
Territory under direct Venetian rule / Autonomous Venetian fiefs. ? ”Dragon”
”Dragon”
”Dragon”
”Dragon” ”Dragon”
”Dragon”
”Dragon”
”Dragon”
Inaccessibility of terrain, offering relative freedom to local (Greek or Albanian) population; ill-defined, porous boundaries. ? ”Dragon”
”Dragon”
?
RAGUSA
Vassals ? A Turkish-coloured margin around the colour of an area indicates vassal status of the country. An international boundary-line marks the actual border.
”Dragon”
”Dragon”
RAGUSA
RAGUSA
RAGUSA
Scorched earth
in
RAGUSA
?
Lighter tint indicates autonomy.
RAGUSA
RAGUSA
RAGUSA RAGUSA
RAGUSA
RAGUSA
?
? International boundaries between first order political units
?
in
Boundaries between second order political units. ?
??
BOSNA
B O S NB AO
ZALA
SN
BB OO SS NN AA B BBZOOOASSSLNNNAAAA
A
ZA
in
LA
BOSNA BOSNA
ZZ AA LL AA ZZAALLAA ZALA ZALA a
a
6
4
1
a
6
4
1
in
1830s
in in
in in
in
in inin in
6 4a a a a166 4 a466 4
?? ? ?? RAGUSA RAGUSA ? ? ? The boundaries and names (in capitals) of the Hungarian comitatus ? ? (counties) ? ? Revolts, the colour indicatingthe ethnic background of the insurgents. ? ? ?
RAGUSA Boundaries (roughly), and names (in red capitals) ?of Ottoman ? ? sanjaks, or (later) eyalets
Blockade, the colours indicating participants.
Austrian troops stationed in Croatia as a buffer against Ottoman raids.
4 41
1
1
”D
r
o ag
n”
1830s
in
”Dragon” ”Dragon”
”Dragon” ”Dragon”
1830s
RAGUSA
?? ? ? to the end situationRAGUSA The initial situation of the boundaries in a map, as??compared of that map. ?? ? ? ?
641a a1 416 61
18 2
”Dragon” ”Dragon”
”Dragon”
RAGUSA
?
?
?
?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
6
BOSNA
4
aS N A BOa
BOSNA
ZALA
4 a
6 a6 4a46
BOSNA
16
Z A416L A
4
4
1 1
ZALA
11
6
1
ZALA
44
a
1
a
6
4
1
a
6
BOSNA
a
ZB OA 6SLNAA Z A4L A
4
1
”Dragon”
B O SaN A
6
4
1
Z A1L A
”Dragon” ”Dragon”
River
”Dragon”
”Dragon”
”Dragon” ”Dragon”
”Dragon”
Mountain
”Dragon”
”Dragon”
a
a6 46 a 4 16 ”Dragon” 14
1
”Dragon”
”Dragon”
RAGUSA RAGUSA RAGUSA
RAGUSA RAGUSA
River disappearing underground in karst regions, or running dry in a steppe region RAGUSA
The brown line indicates vassal status in cases of a maritime border. RAGUSA
RAGUSA RAGUSA
Paying tribute to Hungary, as wellas to the Sultan (before 1526). RAGUSA
Sometimes dots are used just to add an easily discernable shade, when discernable plain hues are running out. ”Dragon”
Austrian civil administration
RAGUSA RAGUSA
RAGUSA
”Dragon”
?
?? ? ???? ? ?? RAGUSA
?
? ?
?
?
Austrian military occupation
?? ?? ?
RAGUSA
RAGUSA
”Dragon”
”Dragon”
?
1560 – 1795 1566
?
? ? ?
??
? ?? ??
?
?
Conquests and other border changes that are related to Süleymān’s last campaign.
RAGUSA
Maximum reach of Ottoman sovereignty in Europe 1682
in
in in
in in
?
?? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ?
Maximum reach of Ottoman suzerainty
“Lineae” in Dalmatia+ Bocche di Cattaro: (Cfr. top Comment 1 Map14) 1670-1699 “Linea Nani” Map 9, 10, 11. 1699-1718 “Linea Grimani” Map 11, 12, 13 1669-1699 This shade marks the vague situation in the Makarska coastal region as mentioned in the Peace Treaty of 1670-’71 between Venice and the Ottoman Empire: Venice is “not to claim the coastal region of Makarska, and the Ottomans will be “content by only summarily taking possession of it”. 1600s
The ultimate defense line of Austria
1683-’99
Habsburg’s conquests
1690s
Ottoman recovery
1683-’88
Thököly’s principality,
1830s
1830s
1830s 1830s
1830s
19 3
1
a
6
Legend of the Habsburg Dominions
4
1
Lands of the Crown of St. Stephan: Hungary - Croatia - Slavonia - Fiume - Transylvania
A Kingdom of Hungary 1
Hungary proper
13 out of the 24 “Zips” (Spiš) cities and 3 manors in the mining district of northern Hungary, mortgaged by ”Dragon” the King to Poland, 1412–1772.
”Dragon”
Autonomous areas in Hungary Hungarian territories under Austrian administration, 1447-1647 “Royal Hungary” = Hungarian regions under control of the Emperor, 1526–1711 Original border between Transylvania and Hungary proper
RAGUSA
Border between the Principality of Transylvania and “Royal Hungary”
(Principality of) Transylvania and Partes Annexae
2
1 2 3
$
$ $
?
?
“Bohemia “Bohemia “Bohemia” “Bohemia “Bohemia “Bohemia “Bohemia
$ $ $ $ $ $
$
“Bohemia
the Transylvanian nations of the “Union of Three Nations” RAGUSA < 1521-18
“Bohemia
“Bohemia “Bohemia
After “liberation” in 1687 Transylvania is kept separated from Hungary proper, administered jointly by Transylvania and Austrian authorities (marked on map 12). To accentuate this, the King in 1713 assumes the title of Fürst von Siebenbürgen. The traditional internal selfgovernment is continued, but now under direct control of the King and his Transylvania agencies in Vienna.
$ $ $
?
Székely Magyar Saxon
Some Hungarian counties (comitates) continued to be considered as “Partes Annexae” after 1687 and remained that way.
$
In some counties civil administration is floating between the Hungarian Neo-Conquista Commission in Vienna and Transylvanian agencies.
$ $
”Bohemia”
”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”
Former Partes Annexae (Partium) 1687-1751
”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”
”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”
”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”
Civil and military authorities in the Habsburg administration of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephan. Authorities Vienna Inner-Austrian Hungarian Transylvanian Croatian
1720
$
1745
1720
”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”
Frontier between Croatia and Slavonia before the Ottomans
1720 1720 1720
c. b. c.
!
Autonomous administration by Bánus and Sabor (under supervision of Graz and Vienna). Croatian officials try to elude interfering Hungarian authorities, whose influence varies. Croatia continues to send delegates to the Hungarian Diet as well.
1720
1.
3. 4.
! ! ! ! !
!! ! ! ! ! 1720
1. 1. 2. 2. 1. 3. 3. 1. 2. 4. 1. 2. 4. 3. 3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 1. 4. 1. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 3. 2. 2. 1. 3. 2. 3. 3. 4. 2. 3. 1. 4. 4. 4. 3. 2. 4. 3. 4.
4. 1. 2. 1. 3. 2. 4. 3. 4.
“Littorale” (Hungarian/Croatian coastal area) administered by the Imperial German-Croatian Trading Company since 1670.
• • • ••
1720
c. 2.
b.
Civil Croatia
1720
•
b. 1 b.c.3.4. 1745 1745 b. 1745 c. 1745 b. 1745 c. b. 1745 c. 1745 c. ! b. b. b. b. c. b. 1745 c. c. b. c. c. b. 1745 c.
• • • •• • •
c.
?
”Bohemia”
20 2
• •
1745 1745
2.
b.
”Bohemia”
B Kingdom of Croatia & Slavonia $
1745 1745
1745 1. 1720 1720
1745
?
”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”
”Bohemia”
3
1720 1720 1720
•
c.
2
1 Austrian Military Presence; 2 Military Jurisdiction; 3 Civil Administration
1720 1720 $
b.
?
1
”Bohemia”
3
• ”Bohemia” •
”Bohemia”
$ $ $
$$ $
$
”Bohemia”
•
”Bohemia”
$
“Bo
$ $$ $
$
1
$
C “Austrian” military borders, established on the lands of the Crown of St. Stephan ”Bohem
1720
1
“Hungarian” Military Borders $
Tisza-Maros Military Border, directly under Vienna. Civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kammer in Vienna ( ). Military colonists (Militia) fall under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kriegsrat in Vienna ( ).
$
”Bohem
Bánát of Temesvár. After its annexetion in 1718 it is administered directly by Vienna and is not 1745 incorporated into the Hungarian County administration. Gradually 8 civil and 4 military districts are established. The civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kammer in Vienna ( ). Military Colonists (Militia) fall under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kriegsrat in Vienna ( ).
$
8 districts of the Bánát are gradually turned over to Hungarian civilian authorities.
1720 1720
b.
1720
b. c.
1720
Croatian Military Borders under control 1. of Inner-Austria (Graz) and Vienna The civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Estates of Inner-Österreich in Graz ( ). M.B.Militias fall under the 1745 jurisdiction of the Ho�kriegsrat in Graz ( 2.), which after 1705 is subordinated to the Ho�kriegsrat in Vienna.
1745 1720
c.
b.
c. c.c. c.
1.
c. b. b. b. c. c. c.
2. 3.
1.
1745
2. 3.
4.
4.
3. 2. 1.
b.
•
1720
•
!
!
! ! !
b. c.
1745
c.
!! !!1.2. !!3. !!4.
1720
b. c.
1745
1. 1. 2.
1745
1 2 3 4 5
3. 4. 2. 1. 1. 3. 1. 4.1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 4. 2. 3. 3. 3.2. 1.3. 3. 4. 1.4. 4. 2. 1. 4. 2. 3. 2.4. 3. 3. 4. 4. 4.
3.
Karlovac Generalate Warazdin Generalate 4. b. 1720and Krbava Counties, which after 1712 become part of the Karlovac Generalate. Lika c. Zumberak district (in Carniola !), is part of the Slunj Captaincy of the Karlovac Generalate. Bánus’ Border,1. under control of Bánus, Sabor and Vienna. Civilian and in Military ( ) matters under 1. 1745 ) and Hofkriegsrat ( ) the Bánus, Sabor 2. and local Seigneurs, under supervision of the Ho�kammer ( 2. 3. of Inner-Austria in Graz, which after 1705 is subordinated to the Ho�kriegsrat in Vienna. 3.
•
b.b. c. b. b.
Transylvanian Military Borders 1720
•
b. c. 1745 3 b. 1745c.
!
4.
4.
Habsburg garissons of Military Border fortresses holding out in Ottoman occupied territory. b. c.
!
•
2 b.
1720 1720 1720
•
1745 1745 1745 1745
• • • • ••• • • •
1745 1745
!
•
1745 1745
Sava-Danube Military Border, directly under Vienna. This area is still considered to be part of Hungary $ proper. The civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kammer in Vienna ( ). Military c. colonists (Militia) fall under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kriegsrat in Vienna ( ).
1720 1720 1720
1745 1745
•
1720
b.
4 southern districts are gradually turned into the (Hungarian) Bánát Military Border.
1720
1720
”Bohem
1526 -1. 1919 Personal1. Union in the Habsburg Dynasty ! 2. 3.
2. 3.
Lands of the Bohemian Crown Habsburg “Austrian” Lands 4. Bohemia - Moravia 1720 - Silesia
4.
“Bohemia” ! “Bohemia” “Bohemia” “Bohemia” “Bohemia”
1. 2. 3.
•
1. 1. 2. 1.
!
2.
”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”
1564
1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
“Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” 1. 1.
1564 – 1595
c.
2 2 2
2 3.
3.
2.
22 2
In his last will Ferdinand l had determined that his lands be divided between his three sons: 3. 2. 3. 3. 3.
2. 2. 2.
1.
1.
2.
1595
”Bohemia”“Bohemia” ”Bohemia”
”Bohemia”
”Bohemia”
• •• ••
2. 1
11
• •
3
2
3 3 3
22 2
3 33 3
3
2
3
• Tyrol and Vorderösterreich, ••
2.
3
3
3.
Maximilian’s ! Line became extinct, so his lands reverted to Inner-Austria:
”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”
”Bohemia”
3.
2.
all ••• other Eastern Habsburg Hereditary Lands 1.and • the Bohemian Lands 2. •• • ••
1595 – 1619
”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” 1. ”Bohemia”
1.
3
3
3. 2. • Maximilian, his 2. first born son, 3. the Lands of the Crown of 2. was to receive the Arch-Duchy of Austria, 3. 2. 3. St. Stephan and of the Crown of Bohemia. Later he was elected Emperor as well. 1. 3. 2. 4. 3. 2. • Charles was to get Inner-Austria. 2 • Ferdinand was to get Tyrol and Vorderösterreich.
”Bohemia”
”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”
3
3
a Austria in a narrower sense (Upper-2.and Lower-Austria) 3. 2 Istria b Inner Austria (Styria, 2.Carinthia, 2 Carniola, Görz & Gradiška, and Trieste) 3. b. 3. 2. 2. c Tyrol 3.and Vorarlberg 3.
1.
1.
!
1745 Austria’s Hausmacht consisting of:
1526 – 1564
4.
1.
– 1620
•
A
“Bohemia” “Bohemia” 1526
•
c.
•
b.
3.
3.
2
2
3
2
1.
3.
3 21
2.
”Bohemia”
”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”
• ”Bohemia” • • •• ”Bohemia” 1526 - 1919 Personal Union in the Habsburg Dynasty • 1619 Ferdinand’s Line became extinct, so his lands also revert to Inner-Austria. ”Bohemia”
all • Eastern Habsburg Lands •
”Bohemia”“Bohemia” ”Bohemia”
1619 – 1620
B
”Bohemia”
•
1621 – 1772 Lands of the Bohemian Crown 1 Habsburg Hereditary Lands (Hausmacht) 1647 Gradiska is sold to Prince Eggenberg; so strictly speaking it is not part of the Habsburg Dominions from 1647 to 1717.
1 11
”Bohemia”
• •
”Bohemia”
”Bohemia”
•
1
22 4
3
1. 1520–1526 SILEZIA
Munkács
Eger
Fehérvár
Kiskunság
Kapornak
S L
Istria
Bovic
Budački
Ogul in
Otočac
Islan ds
Dreznik
T rzac
Dvor
Krupa
Bihac C R O A T I A
y
Blagaj
r
S
T
E
s
Knin Kl ic
ev ac Vrana
Ostrovica
Seben ico
L
Rogosni zza
Kamen
Bua
M
Solta
i
Mezősomlyó
i B ánság
Targoviste
Mehadia
Orsova
Smederevo
Dragašani
Szörényvár
Golubac
W
Kladovo
e
r
b
Kragujevac
i
O lt
Vidin
A
Nikopoli
Prijepolje
Rusçuk
Sistova Sumen
Plevna
Varna
Niš
T llo
Vraca
Ston
T irnovo
Herzegovina
I Lagosta
Lovec
Bijelo Polje
Metkovic
Slano
A
Meleda
Su
RAGUS A Cavtat (Epidaurus)
Klobuk to
r in
Nikšić
Brda
a
MONTE NEGRO
Pelag osa Isles
Sliven
Sofia
Spuž
Cetinje
Castel Nuovo (Herceg novi)
ˇ Zabljak Budua
Upper Pulati
Pazardzik
Pastrovici An tiv
Burgas
Stara Zagora
Scu
ar i
tar
i
O
a
on ce
Küçük Kaynarca
Zimnica
Pirot Sa bi
Consta nţa
Silistria
Gyurgyevó
Turnu Magurele
` Paracin
Kraljevo
Lesina
Curzola
a en it ¸
T utrokan
Priboj
Plevlja
T ulcea
Cernav oda
Negotin
a
` Cuprija
Čačak Pozega
Mosta r
V rgorac
Slobozia
Bucharest
Calarasi
Foca
Makarska
Hirsova
Craiova
S
Kilia
Ismail
Babada gh
A
I
H
C
A
L
A
Akke rman
Macin
Brăila
Belgrad e
Bánát of Belgrade
Užice
Duare
Brazza
Lissa
(Kronstadt)
Little (Mali)-Zvornik
a
Republic of Poglizza
Spa latoAlmissa
Gyurgye vó
Brassó
Karánsebes
a Zimony
Sarajevo
i
Klis
Focşani
Szeben
Isacea
Srebrenica
Sinj
Salona
T rau
s
n
o
x
a
Tirgu Jiu
Sokol
n
Scard ona
Incoro nata
Zvornik
T ravnik
A
T
Zvonigr ad
D
i
Dulcigno
T
Skopje
n
M
a
c
T
e
d
o
n
i
Philippopoli
O
M
A
N
Kırklareli
Adriano ple
Nevrekop
a
Lüle-Burg as
Strumica
Durazzo
Prilep
a
T
Elbasan
r
b
Kavalla
Cons tant inop le
e
Skutari
San Stefa no
Rodosto
Ismid
l
Enos
Kastoria
Isnik
Samothrace
Thessaloniki
Veria
Gallipoli
Mudan ia Holy Mount Athos Argyrocastro
Delvino
Lo
E
K as
t e s i o
sa n
p
Lemnos
os
Kum Kale
s
E
M
T h e s s a l i a
l
Parga
Paxos
Arta
Antipaxos
Preveza
P
Gyaros Pelagonisi Chelidromia
Skiathos
I o n i a n
(Levkas)
(Mytilene)
Cephalonia
Psara
Negroponte (E u b o i a )
Salona Gla
Chalkis
T
A
N
A
Skyros
Lepanto=Naupakto s =Antirrhion
Mesolongi
E
Lesbos
Sporades
Gravia
V rachori
Ithaca
R
Skopelos
Lamia
Santa Maura
I
Northern
Vonitza
La Punta
•••
Tenedos
Larissa
Trikala
o Goumenitza
Troy
Tavshan Isls
Moudros
Kokkinos
Joanina
r
Corfu
ng
dr a
Brussa
Çanakkale (Kale Sultanie)
Imbros
i
Butrinto
O
I
L
A
Manissa Smyrna
C h i o s
Rrhion Vostitsa
Lixuri
Patras
Argostoli
A
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Border German Empire
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ti Kastoria
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W
o a nt Otr
is
on
of
A
Saseno
Cape Glossa or Linguetta Bay of Va l o n a
ka
Florina
Se
ni
Re
Crn
Monastir
Lake Ochrid
b
it ra St
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon) Otranto
l
rd
a
Durazzo
Shkumbi
A pulia
ga
Va
in
M
Sveti Jovan Bigorski
Elba san
Brindisi
T
Skopje
Matka
Dr
Sea
ri
Dr
i tar
Dr
Dulci gno
Adriatic
Uppe r Pulat i
Lake S c u t a ri
a
Cas tel Nuo vo (He rceg nov i)
Whi t e D
Cetin je
Bre
jic
vo
Mele da
isn
so
A
eb
i
Tr
Slano
va
Ston
Ko
Lag osta
s
N
Plevlja
o
Stalać
Ju
K
I
lo
tje
Ceh
c
ava
n)
cel
Uva
` Paracin
garia
ion
Zica
Priboj
ka
)M or
ar
Sab
an
Ib
T Cur zola
Su
bi
Kraljevo
na
t
i za
er
` Cuprija
ti
Tr
A
eb
Lesi na
Liss a
Čačak
(S
ul
Mo sta r
V rgora c
apadna
Pozega
na
Mak arsk a
Bra zza
Z
m
Foca
Dri
ssa
Li
aca
in
t
M
Solta
Sp al at oAlmi
Užice
a
etva
Bua
Repu blic of Pogli zza
er
Kame n
i
N e ret
Klis
va
Salona
T rau
Ce
L
Rogo sniz za
Ravanica
Sara jevo
Mor
Seb eni co
a
ragujevac
s
Inc oro nat a
A
E
Sca rdo na
D
T
An co na
ba
T
tr
it
sa
Al
Argyrocastro
Delvino
ia
km
E
t e s i o
p rfu
Pine
l
na l
T h e s s a l
Parga
Paxos
Arta
Antipaxos
Preveza
Gulf of Arta
ta
r k
(Levkas)
o
op
A
Santa Maura
Sperchei
mos
o
Vonitza
La Punta
Aspr
I o n i a n
a
V rachori
d
I o n i a n
ios
s
Ca
Goumenitza
M e l u n a Pa s s
Trikala
o
Co
Corfu
Meteora
Joanina
r
P h i lia t
i
Butrinto
S u
A
i a
S e a
Ithaca
Lepanto= Naupakto s =Antirrhion
Mesolongi
Cephalonia
Patras A
Zante
Lavra Kalavryta
E l i s
M
o
Lala
Olympia
a n d s
M
c h a i a
Castel Tornese Pi n e i o s
(Zakintho s)
I s l
Rrhion Vostits
Gulf of Patras
Lixuri Argostoli
Al p h e
ios
r
e
A r k a d i T
(Peloponne
M e s s e n i a Kalamata
Navarino Bay of Navarino Pylos
Methoni
Zarnat
Gulf of Messenia Koroni
M E
M ALTA
D I
T
26
E
R
R
A
m o k Vidin
Gyurg yevó
Ti
Ravanica ` Cuprija
Stalać
Krusevac
zn
Rusçu k
D u nare a Nikopoli
(B
Sum en
garia
n)
Vraca
Pirot
Mo
Iske
ra
B
Jan
Lovec
r
va
a
Aladza
Varn a
Niš
T irnovo
Tu
n d ža
Burg as G u l f o f B u r g a s
o
n
i
es
Strumica
Arda
M
Nevrekop
a
n
ta
a
c
Co ns tan tin op le
e
m
Kavalla
Dede agac h
Samothrace
M a r m o r a
o f
S e a
Marmara
Isnik
Gallipo li
Ç.
Gulf of Saros
tr
it
sa
ia
km
Gulf of
Gulf of Kasandra
Saloniki
Kas
Meteora
M e l u n a Pa s s
Trikala
Pine
Te m
pe
v
E
o
o op
a
Lepanto= Naupakto s =Antirrhion
Rrhion Vostitsa
At
al
an
ti
Ca
of
M
o
Lala
Olympia
Al p h e
ios
r
e
Eur
Corinth
a
Lara
Argos
A r Nauplia g
Burdshi
A
Manissa Smyrna
or
l
i
s
Cape Sounion
Myconos
Rinia Siros
Thermisi
Patmo s
Delos
Hermupolis
Hydra
Naxos
Antiparos
L a k o n i a
Amorgo s
Nios
Sikinos
Stampalia
Gulf of Kos
K os
Gulf of Adalia Syme
S
Nisyros
Folegandros
F
Anafi
St
Chalke
.J
O
Cerigo
C r e t e
of
S e a
Cerigotto
Rhodes
Telos
O
Santorini
Cape Malia
Cape Matapan
Kalym nos
T
Gulf of Laconia
Duchy of Naxos
Polyaigos
Mesy (Bodrum)
H
Kimolos
Melos
Fort St.Peter
I G K N
Paros
Sifnos
Passavâ
Gulf of Mendela Leros
Serifos
Monemvasia
s
Ikaria
Tenos
Gyaros
Kithnos
o
Me n d e r e
Samos
and e r
Vath y
Misthra
Eur
Me
Aidin
Andros
Keos
Gulf of A e g i n a
Methana
Gulf of Nauplia
Bay of Chesmé
Gulf of Petalia
Gulf
Maina
T
E
I
L
O
iz
Ged
Gulf of Smyrna
T
A
N
A
Karistos
Aegina
o
Kiveri
Kelapha
a
e
S
os
ta s
Methoni
Zarnata
E
C h i o s
Spetsai
Gulf of Messenia Koroni
d
Nea Moni
ip
Salamis
Saronic
Kastri
M e s s e n i a Kalamata
emi
(Mytilene)
Psara
A t t i c a
Korinthos
(Peloponnesos)
Navarino ay of avarino Pylos
Edr
f f o
Lesbos
Athens
A r k a d i a Tripolis
Gul
Northern
al
E l i s
R
Chalkis
Lavra Kalavryta
astel Tornese Pi n e i o s
I
Skopelos
B o e o t i a Gulf
Tened os
Negroponte (E u b o i a )
l
Troy
•••
Besika Bay
P
Gyaros Chelidromia
n
a
e
Brussa
Kum Kale
Moudros
Kokkinos
Mud ania
Dardanelles
Lemnos
os
Pelagonisi
Gla
Mega Spileon
c h a i a
Imbros
1
an
A
na
Çanakkale (Kale Sultanie)
11
5 14
ik
C
Patras
12 13 17
H
Rh od es
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
N
Scar pan to
(Karp atho s)
Kissamos Bay
Gramvousa
Kyr eni a
Suda I.
(Megalo kastron)
Arkadiou Gorg
ar ia f S am
R
Candia
Rhetymno
Chania eo
R
Suda Bay
A
N
Sphakiotes
C
E
A
Knossos
•••
Aspr
Lamia
Salona
Gulf of Patras
3
6
8
19 Daphne
Skyros
Gravia
Mesolongi
Karyes
15
Holy Mount Athos
Sporades
Gulf of
V rachori
16
g
Lamia
s
ta
Sperchei
ng
7
20
10
iğ i r l
Tavshan Isls
Skiathos
mos
Lo
e
M
Gulf of Vo l o s
a
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
dra
A
Larissa
ios
san
y alle
T h e s s a l i a
a
2 9
Sus
is
on
W
Al
18
4
Ismid
Büy ük Ček mede ze Kü ç ü k Ç k m e c e
Thasos
Gulf of Orphani
Thessaloniki
Veria
Skutari
Sa n Ste fan o
Rodo sto
M
a
r
Enos
ares)
Lake Ostrovo Kastoria
h
N e s to s
Lake Tachino
on
(V ard
Florina
Ev ro
Seres
Sr
ei
Axios
Monastir
T
Lake Doiran
Bosporus
E rgene
ka
Crn
Re
Lüle- Burg as
t s .
Prilep
Kırkl areli
Adri anop le
sa
ic
o
M
d
N
er
ar
e
it
ar
rd
c
A
e
Bre
p
Va
a
M
M
O
o
a
d
lnic
Rila
Philippopoli
Tun
h
ga
Pazardzik a Marits
s
R
Markov
ma
Nerezi
T
ru
T
Skopje
Matka
St
dga
Stara Zagor a
Staro Nagaricino
S e a
Black
tra
s a i n t n Slive n M o u
l k a n
Sofia
ake Prespa
n
Sistova
Gracanica
M
Du
Plevna
ul
To p l i c a
av
Zimnica
Deligrad
a
D
Turnu Magurele
` Paracin
Ju
o
a
evac
r
Knossos
Lasithi
Mesara
e t e
Spinalo nga lo el o f ra b ay Mi B
Cape Sideros
Kaso s
Nic osi a
C y p r .u s
Sitia
Pap hos
N
Gavdos
S
E A 27
T roödos Mnts
Lim ass ol
Fam agu sta Lar nac a
ÁRVA TRENCSÉN
SÁROS LIPTÓ
SZEPES
TURÓC
ZEMPLÉN
(ZIPS) ZÓLYOM
NYITRA
GÖMÖR
POZSONY
UNG
KIS-
BARS
TORNA
ABAÚJ
HONT
HONT
BEREG NÓGRÁ D
SZABOLCS
BORSOD
MOSON ESZTERGOM
SOPRON
GYŐR
SZATMÁR
HEVES
PILIS
KOMÁROM
MÁRAMA ROS
UGOCSA
KÖVÁR
H.V .
VAS
H.V .
PEST
VESZPRÉM
VIDÉKE
VIDÉKE
KK.
FEJÉR KK.
´
ZALA
BELSÖ - SZOLNOK
KRASZNA
KÜLSÖ SZOLNOK
BESZTERCE -
KÖZÉP - SZOLNOK
BIHAR
HEVES
DOBOKA
DOBOKA DOBOKA
BIHAR
B.V.
T ORDA
KOLOZS
BÉKÉS
CSIKSZ ÉK
BIHAR SOMOGY
TOLNA
CSONGRÁD
VAR ASD
CSANÁD
CSONG RÁD
TORDA
TORDA
KOLOZS
ZARÁND
ALSÖ-FEHÉR
ARANYOST. SZÉK
MAROSSZÉK UDVARHELYSZÉK
KÜKÜLLŐ F.
VERÖCE
BARANYA
KŐ RÖ S
CSANÁD
BODR OG
ARAD
K
BARANYA
ZÁG RÁ B
´
HUNYAD
TEMES
TORONTÁL
POZSEGA
SZA NA
ÓRB ASZ
VALKó KEVE
SZERÉ M (SYRMIA )
R Ö
N
A I
ALSÖFEHÉR
BÁCS
DU BIC A
I (K
KRASSÓ
TEMES
1.0.1 - The provinces of Hungary in 1520.
28 Kiveri
F.
F.
(A)
G
L
S F.
Y
FELSÖ-FEHÉR B
F
O
D
O L E
F.
N)
F (F)
D
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
HÁROMSZÉK
FOGARAS FÖLD F.
T
O
ica
Va ar
e
in
n
a
a
b
Crn
o
n
E d i r n e
Lake Doiran
i
Lake Ostrovo
it
sa
ia
Gulf of
Gulf of Kasandra
Saloniki
l
t e s i o
i
Co
r
S u
M e l u n a Pa s s
rfu
Ca
o
Goumenitza
Pine
Y a n y a
Te m
ios
s
l
Arta Preveza
va ll
ey
A
T i r h a l a
Gulf of Arta
Vonitza
S e a
o
Sperchei
o
Gulf of
op
Santa Maura (Levkas)
t
os am
Aspr
Karli-Eli
La Punta
Gulf of Vo l o s
Lamia
At
M
al
an
Rrhion
g Ca
r o na
p
l
A c h a i a
a n d s
Castel Tornese
^
Zante
M
o
Al p h e
r
Korinthos
e
a
(Peloponnesos) ios
E ǧ r i b o z
ip
Burdshi
M o r a
Kalamata
of Messenia
Koroni
Methana
Cape Sounion
Aegina
z
Pru
d
l
u
Va
B
Kithnos Rinia
Gulf of Nauplia
Siros
D u n a rea
a
j
u r D
a
Myconos Delos
Hermupolis
M E
Naxos
Antiparos
o
Kimolos
Passavâ
Gulf of Laconia
Monemvasia
Polyaigos
Melos
Santorini
Syme
Rhod es
Telos
Anafi Chalke
E
Rhod es
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
“Dragon”
Suda
ar ia f S am
R
A
Sphakiotes
Sphakia
N
C
r
1 5 14
Spinalonga
Knossos
e t e
M
29
Cape Sideros
Kasos
Nicosia Famagusta
C y p rt s . u s
E
A
N
S
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Paphos
E A
Limassol
Monastery
M. Megisti Lavras M. Vatopedio u M. Iviron M. Chilandariou M. Dionysiou M. Koutloumousiou M. Pantokratoros M. Xeropotamou M. Zographou M. Dochiariou M. Karakallou M. Philotheou M. Simonos Petras M. Agiou Paulou M. Xenophontos M. Stavronikita M. Gregoriou M. Esphigmenou M. St.Panteleimonos M. Kostamonitou Skete Prodromos
1.0.3 - 1520 The monasteries on ‘Holy’ Mount Athos.
of y o B ab e l l ira
T roödos Mn
Holy Mount Athos 11
Kyrenia
K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N
Heraklion
Rhetymno Gorg
Scarpa nto
Suda Bay
Chania
R
C r e t e
of
S e a Kissamos Gramvousa B a y
13 17
Gulf of Adalia Nisyros
Cape Malia
eo
12
Daphne
Gulf of Kos
Stampalia
Nios
Sikinos
Folegandros
K os
Amorgos
Duchy of Naxos
•••
T
19
3
6
Kalymn os
Sifnos
I 16
8
Mendelia
(Minoa)
Eur
D 7
Karyes
Gulf of
Gulf of Mendela
Paros
Cerigo
2
15
Patmos
Leros
Serifos
Misthra
Cape Matapan
18
10
and e r
Ikaria
Tenos
Gyaros
Administration Harbour
20
Me M en d e r e s
Samos Vathy
Keos
Gulf of
Nauplia
Maina
1.0.2 - 1520 The Ottoman provinces in 1520.
9
A N A T O L I A
Andros
Gulf of Petalia
Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or
Kiveri
Kelapha
Gulf of Orphani
iz
Bay of Chesmé
ta s
Pylos Methoni
Zarnata
Ged
Gulf of Smyrna
C h i o s
os
Spetsai
Gulf
a
e
Psara
Hydra
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
E
Gulf of Edremid
Athens
Kalavryta
Pi n e i o s
n t e (E ub oia )
R
al
of Corinth
I
S
o
Eur
Gulf
Besika Bay
an
Patras
ik
Dardanelles
C
Gulf of Patras
P
Sporades
e ti
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Ithaca
n
a
e
g
e
Northern
N
s
I o n i a n
pe
E
na
Paxos
Cephalonia
Gulf of Kasandra
i
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Pinios (Salamvrias)
Joanina
Parga
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Marmara
iğ i r l
km
N e s to s
p
P h t ilia
4
M a r m o r a
o f
Sus
tr
Al
Argyrocastro
I s l
Büyük Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
S e a
Gallipoli
Delvino
I o n i a n
Bosporus
Constantinople
Gulf of Saros
E
1536
V i z e
E rgene
on
is
o n y a
Butrinto
Lake Tachino
Adrianople
itsa
Ev ro
Gulf of Orphani
Thessaloniki
S e a
Ç.
vA l
Corfu
ar
W
o a nt Otr
A
Lake Tachino
on
m
Gulf of Burgas
E d i r n e
t s .
E d i r n e
Sr
St.George
ˇ
G e l i b o l u
l
of
Valona
Bay of Va l o n a
a
M
Arda
N e s to s
d
m
a
Filorina
ti
e
Saseno
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)
ni
c
ares)
m
Se
a
Monastir
Lake Prespa
(V ard
it ra St A pulia
M
Lake Ochrid
Elbasan
ei
Shkumbi
ka
Axios
E l b a s a n
Re
un
ta
B
e s Bra
r
N
g
l
M
M
es
O h r i
Durazzo
n d ža
a
A
an u
Black
tra
Ç i r m e n
E d i r n e
Tr a i
b
t Ol
p
rd
Dr
Sea
Jan
Philippopoli
a
rg
S i l i s t r e
Tu
Marits
M
o
ln ga
d
Skopje
o
T
V a l l um
be
n
n s t a i M o u n
l k a n
h
i
a
eo
o
es m Te
St
Black
B
O
in
Adr i a t i c
a ojan
n
ma
ari
Dulcigno
ri
in
N i ǧ b o l u
R
Dr
ru
ti v
Dr
An
Scutari
Danu
r
Iske
Sulina
Branch
Sulina
S t. G
a
e
K u s t e n d i l
Pir zerin
c u t a ri
Pastrovići
Bay of Spizza
B
S o f y a
Du
Bran c h
ndga
sa
Žabljak Upper Pulati
I s L ka k e e n d e r y e S
Budua
Pinios (Salamvrias)
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
dz
mits
Dunai
lia
Tu
Grbalj
N i š
Turnu Magurele
narea
Rahovo
t s .
(B
de
Jalo
u
Gyurgyevó Du
Kilia
s
Bocche di Catta ro
im
l
A
za
ic
L Kuci
Whi t e D
Cetinje
Spuž
t
et a
a
je
MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya
zn
va
Brda
a
Hercegn ovi (Castel Nuovo)
Ju
ra
in
Lim
Ve
mok
V i d i n
Po l
or
V u l ç i t r i n
Ta r a
Z
RAGUSA
Niksic
Klobuk
a h i s a r
vo
a Su t
a nA l a c )M or ava
Mo
Herzegovina jic
bi
so
isn
er
a
Ko
eb
nic
a
Tr
n u (S
i
n)
ar
b
ar
Ko m
A
ot
ra
r
Ib
Ta
e
garia
Ceh
a
A
L
A
ul
Ar
a
ul
sk
Zi
Brăila Bu
I
H
C
Ol
na
tj e
c
a
Su
H e r s e k
padna
in
N
S
B o s n a
Uva
W
ra ia n u m mT
Ki
M o u n t a i n s
Szörényvár
S e m e n d i r e
ri
m
Orsova
Dunav
lu
na
er
na
na
ra
i l l ko
Rim
Mehadia
D
a a
t
B
i za
Li
D r in
Tr
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I
M
Du
a
Za
i
N e ret
va
Alm
ta
s
T
a iss
ba
na
Spalato
n
Republi c of Poglizza
i
A
Sinj
Klis
C et
Trau
Vr
Sebenico Rogosnizza
Belgrade
Zimony
M
´
i a n t h
a r p C a
V ersec
a
K o lu b a
etva
a
Scardona
i
Szabács
Alt
Al u ta
Karánsebes
Mezősomlyó
Titel
v Sa
Bos
Travnik
s
er
Knin
Vrana Ostrovica
M
E
es
B o s n a
Zvonigrad
a
nj
A
L
Klicevac
Karin
Pétervárad
e Karlóca
s
n
o
x
a
M o r a v
Zrm
Nadin
Biograd
o
Zara
t
S
M
B
I z v o r n i k
Jajca
su
s
av
a
Sava Srebrenica
m
a
Un
Sea
A
M
D
Ti
na B os
r
ro
ç e rn a
s
D a nub
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Bo
em
Ma
Facsád Lugos
Ti
ba
S
Kobaš
Rmanj Starigrad Nona(Nin) Novigrad Obrovac
Csák Becskerek
ina
K
na Požega
v a Gradiška
Vr
Ripač
Udbina
T
Óbecse
Dr
Dubica
Sa
na Una Krupa Novi
Bihac
Plitvi cka - Jezera
Eszék
K ü k ü llő
h
C R O A T I A
Lippa
Bé ga
Bre
zá
a
gy
nc
Q u a r n e r o
Jasenovac Kostajnica
áv
Na
s
Temesvár
aca
K
a
Cazin
Otočac
Carlopago (Bag) Gospic
N MARINO
Ancona
a
Slunj
Zengg
dr i a t i c
in
Maro
Csanád
v
a
Gl
Köros
ros
S
V e n i c e
o
Sisak
Dr
Ma
Magyarkanizsa
Mohács
S L A V O N I A Glina
Ogulin
Nov igra d
of
T
up a
Fiume
Istria
a
ulp
G u l f
e
Sava
es
p
Babócsa
Du
Zumberak
Mor
C a r n i o l a
one
Gulf
Tr
e o f T r i ei est ste
s
o
Grado
Tisa
o
s
y
ve
g
n
g
ia
Mo n f a l c
llo
Gr. Gr. Gr. Srb. Gr. Gr. Gr. Gr. Blg. Gr. Gr. Gr. Gr. Gr. Gr. Gr. Gr. Gr. .Rs. Gr. Rom.
Larnaca
it
sa
ina Dr
s
na
ri
es m Te o op
Aspr
Al p h e
padna Čačak
an
Navarino Bay of Navarino Pylos
Gulf
Zarnata
l
S u
a
in
N
Gavdos
S
aca
Mor
Pruth
b
Sz dga Tun
s
ic er
l k a n Cape Sideros
Kaso s
Sitia
E A St
o
ari
r i30 n
A
e t e
Sofia
d
ma
t Scu
Dr
E
r
ru
nt
i i va r
.J
Past rovic i
N
C
Knossos
h
Lake S c u t a ri
St
Upp er Pul ati
Budu a
A
a
Spinalon ga lo el o f ra b ay Mi B
(Megaloka stron)
Sphakiotes
Sc
r
R
Bocche di Catta ro
R
Gorg
Candia
Rhetymno
Chania ar ia f S am
Whi t e D
ˇ jak and Šabac. Zabl 1.2 - Situation 1522. The Ottomans have conquered Belgrade
Suda Bay
eo
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
Cet inje
Ca ste l Nu ovo (H erc egn ovi )
R
Iske
B
Kissamos Bay
va
Z
Spuž
of
Suda I.
je
et a
MON TE NEGR O
im
Vraca
C r e t e
Pirot
S e a
ra
L
Mo
Lim
Brda
a
Cavt at (Epi daur us)
Ta r a
Duna
Niš
Gramvousa
Po l
rin
Anafi
vo
to
Nikšić
K os
Nisyros
Santorini
Cape Malia
To p l i c aCerigotto
so
Su
RA GU SA
Klo buk
Nios
Sikinos
Polyaigos
Stampalia
F
Cerigo
E
(B
Kalym nos
Amorgos
Duchy of Naxos
Folegandros
a
Cape Matapan
o
a
zn
Naxos
O
ra
Paros
Sifnos
Melos
Gulf of Mendela Leros
S
Prijep olje
Ju
Vathy
Patmos
Delos
Antiparos
Monemvasia
Gulf of Laconia
Samos
Myconos
Rinia
Vidin m o k Serifos
` Paracin
L
A
Chesmé
Ikaria
Hermupolis
Kimolos
Kelapha
Zi Bay of ul
Craiova
Passavâ
Maina
c
o
o
Smyrna
Tenos
Kithnos
Manissa
Dragašani
Andros
Gyaros
A
iz
Ged
Gulf of Smyrna
T
of ) KraljevoMethoni M Messenia o r Koroni ava
Eur
d
(Mytilene)
W
Karistos
Siros
Hydra
emi
C h i o s
Kladovo
Cape Sounion
` Cuprija
Misthra
a
e
S
Szörényvár
Keos Nego tin
Thermisi
n)
Ta
ma r n i ca eb H e r z e g o v i n a isn
jic
Gulf of Nauplia
Ko
Mel eda
a
Methana
Edr
f f o
Psara
bi A l a ç a h i s a r Kalamata
Bijelo Polje
Slano
i
garia
a
Plevlja
Me tko vic
Ston
Burdshi
Gulf of A e g i n a
Szeben
Dardanelles
Troy
ul
sk
Ceh
N
Tr
b
Gulf Aegina
A
•••
Lesbos
Skyros
Gulf of Petalia
or
Nauplia
Kiveri
( P eKraguje l o p o nvac n e s oas )
ar
gos ta
r
Saronic
Lara
Çanakkale (Kale Sultanie)
M a n i I R E t h a p r C a Tirgu Jiu
P
Athens
o
x
a
Tenedo s
os
A t t i c a
Korinthos
a
on)
ip
S
Gallipoli
H
Uva
er
K
lo
ios
e
Orsova
Chalkis
Eur
ll ő
Ma
Gul
Northern
Negroponte (E u b o i a )
l
kü y Kü
Besika Bay
Skopelos
Spetsai
(S
T
cel
r
n
Ti
Za
I
ion
Lala
g Na
Kum Kale
Moudros
Kokkinos
a
Pelagonisi
Salamis
Ib
etva
e
o
Olympia
D
tje
M
E
er
E l i s
S
na
Kalavryta
M
Sab
Su
ra
Priboj
na
t
i za
Ca
(can
Corinth
ti
eb
Castel Tornese Pi n e i o s
e Rodos to
Tavshan Isls
e
Chelidromia
Dunav
Golub ac
c
I G K N
m
na
V rgo rac
ti
S e m e n d i r e
Pozega
Foca
Dri
M os ta r Tr
zol a
Li
Du are
Ma kar ska
of
ta s
a
Užice
a
va
et
in
Gulf
c h a i a
M
a
aro s
t
s
Rep ubl ic of Pog lizz a
Patras
A
r
Lemnos
os
g
Gla
Smed erevo
Ev ro
E rgene
Ol
na
ba
N e ret
Du
an
Salona
Rrhion Vostitsa
Imbros
1
Mehadia al
Kastri
Sar aje vo
i
At
Lepanto=N aupaktos =Antirrhion
Gulf of Patras
a n d s
D
Vr
n
Lamia
Lüle-B urgas
Gulf of Saros
os
11
al
I s l
na
Holy Mount Athos
r Ma
5 14
Sporades
Gulf of
V rachori
12
Samothrace
an
Zante
M
of Vo l o s
Gravia
Torda
Dedea gach
13
17
Karánsebes
Lamia
M o r a v
K o lu b a
(Zakinthos )
Sokol
V ersecGulf
3
6
8
19
Daphne
C
i Lixuri Bánság Argostoli
Little (Mali)-Zvornik
Srebre nica
a
o
Bel gra de
BánáMesolongi t of Belgr ade
Ithaca
v Sa
Sperchei
os am
s
ac
o
Bos
T rav nik
s
Zvornik
ó
Cephalonia
I z v o r n i k
Jajc a
Zimo ny
(Levkas)
M
t of Jaj ca
t
Vonitza
Santa Maura
S e a
E
ng
16
Karyes
15
Gyaros
Skiathos
Gulf of Arta
La Punta
S a Iv a o n Szabács i a n
ios
Lo
dra
A e Mezőso mlyó
Larissa
Titel
Arta
iPreveza a
I o n i a n
ey
T h e s s a l i a
Parga
Karlóca
m
Antipaxos
v a ll
san
7
20
10
•••
r
Pine
pe
Kas
es
y t
e
Trikala
Te m
Gulf of Kasandra
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
ç e rn a
tr
su
D a nub
Paxos
Pétervárad
s
Bo
Bo
sna
Becskerek
o
as
Joanina
r
b
S
M e l u n a Pa s s
i
Vr
l
aj
Goumenitza
na
Kob aš
Bosn . Grad iška
Bro d
Ca
Bosn. Du bic a
Corfu
rfu
ana
No va Gr adi ška v a Gr adi ška
ga
em
sa
t
on
is
t e s i o
Co
zá
S
Dub ica
Bác s
Pož ega
Jas en ova c
Butrinto
P h i lia t
T
Csák
av
Déva
2
9
Óbecse
Kırkla reli
Adria nople
Thasos
18
4
Saloniki
E
Delvino
it
h
T
N
? Kolozsvár
Ol
W
a
Burga s G u l f
Beszterc e
A
Facsád
p
a
áv
Us til on ja
Argyrocastro
D u n a rea
t
Ol
ç e rn a Ti
sa
Crn
a
sa Ti
r o sKavalla
Gulf of Orphani
km
Gulf of
Saxo
s am o
n d ža
Philippopoli
Temesvár V O1.1 - In and Šabac, which they take. The Ottomans also attack Jajca and Scardona (Skradin), but without success. N1521,I the Ottomans A march on Belgrade Dr Lugos Bé ia Al
o
es m
Ti
Z s i tv a
Te
a
i
n
b
T irnovo
G y u l a f e h é r vEnos ár
s
ThessalonikiLippa
Veria
tra
M
aca
Mor
na
l
Bre
be
Danu
a
Kastoria
D
sa Ti ina Dr
m
rva Mo
na Du
Vá
g
g
etva
er
Du
Maro
a
Lake
Csanád Ostrovo
- Kö
Lake ilágos Tachino
oVn
Solymo s
Varn
Jan
N e s to s
Arad
ares)
Magyarkanizsa
Sr
T is a
Sume n
mos
T
Feh Pankot Seresa
ér
Lake Doiran
m
Florina
ti
Sza
t s .
Jenő
ka
Nagylak
s
n
ta
Küçük Kayna rca
n
ar
es
M
Re
Du
Arda
M
Nevrekop
Va
Silist ria
Sistova
M
a
it a e ¸u b
Rusçuk
e
i
p
n
ös
u
Hirs
Pr
T utroka n
M
o
o
ei
Lake Prespa
Tisa
o a nt Otr
Cape Glossa or Linguetta Bay of Va l o n a
Monastir Szeged Ma ro
Lake Ochrid
A
Saseno
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon) Otranto
ni
a
of
Siklós
Mohács
d
e ek
Prilep
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m
A pulia
e
(V ard
Brindisi
c
F
Gyula
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it ra St
Pécs
a
s
Pazardzik a Marits
O t e - Kő r
Strumica
Shkumbi
Szi get vár
ga
ar
M
in
Durazzo
T
a lnic
rd
Dr
Ka
s
T
ő K Skopje
en O lt
Stara Zagora
d
na
O
rös
h Calarasi
e
Tu
S e b e s - K ö rö
Ma
i
in
St
t
a
sDebrecen a i n t n u n Slive M o
a e lnl é k m
Ér Nagyvarád
Sofia
mits
u
Dan
Lovec
r
o
i
Kiskunság
Va
Boja
S e pao
Iske
B Debrecen a l k
n
Elba san
Kő rö s
To p l i c a
Jalo
Gyurgy evó
Vraca
Pirot
za
a
de
Plevna
h
Dulcig no
tar
Bu
A
Ar Huszt dz
Niš
ma
Scu
ri
Dr
ri
Y Zimnica
str
Gyur gyevó
Slobozia
Turnu Magurele
R
Upper Pulati
Tisa
Dnie
na
Brăil a
p
I
Focşa ni
Buchares t
D u nare a
ru
va A n ti
Adriatic
Tokaj
Ve
t
N
Lake S c u t a ri
Pastrov ici
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
R
C
A
L
A
ul
Latorca
Craiova
va
ˇ Zabljak Budua
a
A
ra
im
Cetin je
Kapos
Dráva
Spuž
Black
Ka niz sa
et a
MONTE NEGRO
Whi t e D
i
(B
je
Cavtat (Epidau rus)
Lim
Zi
Patak
Mo
a
r
H
Nikopoli
a
Po l
rin
Ta r a
Csep el Isl. Brda L
in
n
zn
Dragašani
g ro
BW
m o k Vidin
n)
Nikšić
Klobu a Feh Su érvák r to
Dr
o
Ju
vo
jic
Lake Balaton
n
a
Jás zsá g
Pest
g n s á y k u a g
n
rav
od
so
Slano
Z
a
a r n i ca eb H e r z e g o v i n a isn
Bocche di Catta ro
Eger szeg
P
Bud aTa r a
(Kronstadt)
Targoviste
Ónod
` Paracin
Eger
Ko
A
árd
Pele ske
)M o
Hatva n
Prijepolje
Plevlja
om
Cast el Nuov o (Her cegn ovi)
Kapor nak
an
Szörényvár
Negotin
Miskolc
a
K
I
Ston
Tr
Meled a
Süme Pel ago sa g Isle s
Eger vár
V isegrá d
c
Bijelo Polje
V esz pré m RAG USA Vasv ár
Kraljevo
Rák o os r i v e r
Ceh
Metko vic o
Lago sta
Körm end
Uva
a
Rim
Brassó
Munkács
Kladovo
a
` Cuprija
bi
on)
garia
c e ll
N
Kragujevac
ar
io n
j
er
r
Gi b
Ib
T
Sab
Curz ola
t Su
(S
na
t
i za
a
padna Čačak
ti
Tr
A
a
Szo mb ath ely
eb
Lesin a
k es
e
(can
Golubac
ul
Mo star
V rgora c
Foca
na
Maka rska
Za
S
Orsova
Dunav
Smedere vo
a
Priboj
Eszt ergo m
M i l lko v
C
Ol
Gy őr
Duar e
Du
na
Sajo
Pozega
m
Alt
Al u ta
Szeben
Mehadia
Belgr ade
M o r a v
a
Dri
M
sa
Braz za
Ráb
Lissa
in
t
Sp al at oAlmis
na
Bua Solta
Repub lic of Pogliz za
Užice
Nógrá d
D u n aa
va
L
Ce
Kamen
N
r K o lu b a
ri
e
A
T rau
S i B ánság
Ip o ly
Li
V ersec
Bánát of Belgrade
a av
Sokol Srebrenic a
x
a
n
o
M o u n t a n a i n s h i t a p r Kassa a Ungvár C Tirgu Jiu
a Zimony
Little (Mali)-Zvornik
Saraj evo
i
Komárom N e ret
ó
S
D
s
Eperjes
Karánsebes
Mezősomly ó
Titel
i
D
s
ub
Sinj
Klis
Salona
e
Karlóca
m
Szabács
Zvornik
U
Érse kújv ár
n
ba
an
Seb enic o
Rogo snizz a
Kő sze g
D
D
Sca rdo na
Lake Fe r t ő
t
D a nub
s
Ostrovica
Sop ron Rép ce
Hs
Csa lló köz
Vr
va c Vran a
Inco ron ata
Knin
ce
Bos
T ravn ik
r
ac
K li
a
a
Leith a
Biog rad
Jajca
Zvon igrad
y
Becskerek
os
Lugos
T Lőcse em
Csák
Pétervárad
M
Poz son y
o
Zrm
Karin
Nadin
ano man
Nyi tra
Ban at of Jajc a
Obrov ac
nj
ga ssa )
nau
Novi grad
na
su
Sava
Rmanj
Star igra d
Do
Non a
Zar a
B os
Bo
B
V ir
a
b
S
as
Galg óc
Ripač
Udbin a
Gosp ic
Bosn. Gradišk a
b Vr Un
V ie n n a
ago
Sana
Blagaj
G a ra
Ma
C R O A T I A Car lopa go (Ba g)
Kru pa
Koba š
na
Biharcc
Novi
Una
Cazin
h
Izacic
Bosn. Dub ica
n
a Gr
Nova Grad iška v a Grad iška T ren csén Brod
Wa a
K
K
T rzac
Drez nik
Lakes
Dvor
zá
Dubic a
Bács
Požeg a
Jasen ovac
Kos tajn ica
Óbecse
Szepesvár
r Ma
h
Plitvic e
Glina Hrast ovica
Todor ovo
Furja n
Otoč ac
a
in
S
Gl
a
Bé ga
Déva
Facsád
Na
K gy
Barlad
et
Topu sko
Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s
Késmárk
N
BártfaG y u l a f e h é r v á r
Lippa
Temesvár
A
r a n s y l vüküllőa n i a
T
ros
s
Gora
Cetin
Zen gg
Petr inja
- Kö
y
Og ulin
Slu nj
e
ya
Bovic
Buda čki
Va h
áv
s
es
e
ak
Dr
Maro
Csanád
Tisa
va
ha
Sten icnj
A
V ilágos
Solymos
Magyarkanizsa
Siklós
Sa
yj
T
u p a Kar lov ac
s
Feh
Pankota
Arad
Nagylak
Mohács
A RSisak A V VI AO N I Ust ilon ja
ulp
a
D
me
Pécs
Szeged Ma ro
n
A N I H E M M SO L Got tsch ee
s
Sa
C
Zág ráb
Zum ber ak
po Szige tvár
ér
O
R
Kőr ös
er
a
l
v Sa
s á g
La iba ch
Pazar
Ma
t
sa
Ti es m Te
a
i
Ti a
es
m
l
Crn
on
Orsova
Dunav Te m
val
pe
ley
(can
E
Kavalla
C a
Thasos
Gulf of Vo l o s
Holy Mount Athos
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Lo
ng
dra
L
os
Szörényvár
e
g
e
Kladovo
M
Gyaros Pelagonisi Chelidromia
b
i
Sperchei
op
o
mos
aV rachori
o
a
Lamia
P
Northern
Skopelos Neg otin
Sporades
Gulf of Gravia
Skyros Lamia
At
Lepanto= Naupakto s ` Cuprija =Antirrhion
al
an
ti
Ca
Mesolongi
Rrhion Vostitsa
Eur
Gulf
of
Corinth
A t t i c a
M
os
Athens
Kalavryta
E l i s
ip
al
c h a i a
Castel Tornese Pi n e i o s
Chalkis
an
A
Patras ` Paracin
m o k Vidin
Negroponte (E u b o i a )
l
C
a h i s a r Gulf of Patras
na
Gla
Jou r e zn Al p h e a ios (B
a
Lala
Salamis
Korinthos
Saronic
Gulf or
Nauplia
Gulf of A e g i n a
Methana
Burdshi
Kiveri
Gulf of Nauplia
garia
Keos
Niš
Cape Sounion
Gyaros
Kithnos Siros
Thermisi Kastri
Misthra
Andro
Hermupolis
Hydra
Serifos
Spetsai
P
Antiparo
n)
Kalamata
Karistos
Gulf of Petalia
Aegina
Lara
Olympia
ul
ta s
Zarnata
To p l i Mcoeafs s e n i a Methoni Pylos
Koroni
Mo
Kelapha
va
Gulf of Laconia
Maina
Sifnos Kimolos
Passavâ
ra
31
n
a
Eur o 1.4 - The fortress of Orsava was captured by Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent in 1522. Navarino Bay of Piro t Gulf Navarino
Larn aca
Kokkinos
Skiathos
Salona
a n d s
san
A
on)
Larissa
s ineio
ç e rn a
n
a
Aspr
Ç.
Bre
sa
Ti
aca
Mor
T be l
S u
Gulf of Kasandra
Kas
Ti
Dr
ç e rn a
ina
a
u
r
D
Ol
sa
Ti
na
a
h
z
d
l
Va
B
Sz
Du
k
na
Pruth
D u n a rea
etva
b
o
na
u
Gulf of
s
Kragujevac
N e s to s
Sus
M
ares)
ina
e
m
(V ard
sa
Dr
p
dga
o
Tun
d
ei
Axios
s
o
es
it
M o r a v ta
Vonitza
t s .
Gulf of Orphani
km
nia
Lima ssol
h
ma
ar
ic
R
ru
rd
er
va
Va
tr
ia
(Peloponnesos)
Sitia
ér
ra
M
Mo
Du
n)
av
garia
is
(Levkas)
r
Gulf of Arta
n
ta
Lake Tachino
on
W
Santa Maura
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
Fam agus ta
t
t
Ol
ul
je
na
M o r a v
Po l
e
Preveza
M
Mehadia
Gol uba c
Arta
Ma
Philippopoli
Seres
Sr
Thessaloniki
Me luna Pass
P
Ithaca S pea dan a (Cephalonia Za Se r bLixuriA l a ç Čačak ia Argostoli n) Pozega Mo Kraljevo rav a Zante (Zakinth os)
Cape Sideros
a r n i ca
Lake Doiran
T h e s s a l i a
La Punta
I s l
es
Mező soml yó
Trikala
Antipaxos
Déva
ka
Al
Sme der evo
M o
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o
•••
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om
ica
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ln ga
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k a n
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ar ia f S am
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s
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c
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Kyre Ta Kasos r a and the surrounding islands, Nicosia 1.3b - The Ottomans conquer Rhodes the Knights C r of e St. t eJohn capitulating on 21 December 1522. C y p r u s Suda Bay
Chania
.J
amvousa
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iz Ged
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a
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t s .
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32
Spina longa lo el o f ra b i y a M B
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p e res RhSod c heio
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mos
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Gulf of Patras
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o
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of
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san
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Gulf of Arta
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Suda Bay Chania
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Lixuri
1.5b - Situation 1523 - The Ottomans have conquered Rhodes and its dependencies.Knossos
Kas y alle
H
Lo
TS y m he e s s a l i a odes Rh
Argostoli
Cand ia
Gulf of Kasandra
Saloniki
s
l
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Gulf
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na
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of
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o
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b l Corfu S t a m p a l i a
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m
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Santorini
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ta
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on
Fort St.Peter Fort um)
t e s Kaly mno i os
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aLnadk e r MDeo i r a ne
ei
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rfu
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Gulf of Laconia
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r
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o
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it
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tr
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A
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an
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rd
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ln ga
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ru
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b
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Negroponte (E u b o i a )
l
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Besika Bay
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Gulf of Messenia Koroni
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s
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Li
a
5 14
V rgor ac
I
s
Lamia
i
1
Skyros
Salona
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os
a
v Sa i B ánság
Gulf of Saros
Sara jevo
a Dua re
Sporades
Gravia
of
11
Gyaros
Skiathos
Samothrace N e ret
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e
Lamia
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12 13 17
T
Gulf of Vo l o s
Gulf of
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3
6
8
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D
n
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16
Karyes 19
e
i
Little (Mali)-Zvornik
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a
ó
M
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Holy Repu blic of Pogl izza Athos iMount n
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M
1.5a - Situation 1522 o
ng
A
E
Sperchei
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dra
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e s s a l i a
s
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7
t
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v pe
san
y alle
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eio
20
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Zvornik
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L
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r
9
2
hS a v a r
ac
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o
18
4
15
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teora
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m
s
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r
k
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y
su
s
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s
Becskerek
I z v o rchn i k Ded eaga
•••
a
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Bo
Jajc a
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Thessaloniki
rb
S
as
am
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t s .
na
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a
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g n s á y k u a g
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Mor
)
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gu sta Fa ma Gulf of Methana
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n)
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etva er
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in
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n)
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Vonitza
L Santa MauraP im
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on)
garia
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ul
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a
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o
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as so l Li mTorda
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bi A l a ç a h i s a r
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r K o lu b a
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i
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ac
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t e - Kő r ö
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Knin Knin
K li
ce va c Vran a
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Zvon igra d
a
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M
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Karin
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o
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Ugl ian o Pas ma n
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C a p e B oGslnoas s a or Linguetta Bay of Va l o n a
o a nt Otr
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KINGDOM of s ba NAPLES Vr (Span. Bourbon) Otranto
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iti Pétervárad
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a
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a
m
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áv
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llék
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Magyarkanizsa
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of
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it ra St
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s
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in
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E
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po
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T
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T
A
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a
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Sea
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in Gl
nj
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i
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n
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o
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k
Topu sko
Qu ar ne ria n
n
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va
V e n i c e
Ra ve nn a
Ste nic nja
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Og uli n
Ch ers o
Lake Balaton
Sa
Po la
Border German Empire
ulp
a
P A P A L
of
Lake Comacc hio
Zum ber ak
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n
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u p a Ka rlo vac
Fi um e
ur
a
i
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Kiskunság
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e
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e t e
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i va r
Black
av
a
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v Sa
r
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Grado Gulf o f Tr ireises te te Ca poTd’I str ia
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llo Csepel eIsl. o f rt aa br i i a y cu B SM
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g n s á y k u a g
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o
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on I s Gö rz & Gr ad išk a
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im
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zo
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et MONT E NEGRKomárom a Spuž O
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eo
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o
y Chania r i
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VENIC E
g
r
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t
r o l Li en z
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r
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a
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e
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Se ck au
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rin
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Suda Bay
n
U
Klo buk
to
ub
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SA
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an
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S A L Z BURG
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Kissamos Bay
ca
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T yrol
C r e t He
Leitha
a
va
A
Cerigotto
Slano
so
of
Mel eda
Ko
S e a
K
I
ga de n
p
Munkács
ie nn a Da o m Nyitr a un g 1.6b 1523 - With the surrender of Rhodes, the Knights ofdroSt. John also lost their T r a conquer the strategic strong-point of Ostrovica. 1.6a - In 1523, the Ottomans a r-n Events i ca Latorca Tr H e r z e g Lag ost a o Pozs ony v Bo i n D o ebi a Sajo n s stronghold on the peninsula of Halicarnassus (now Bodrum). a u Patak Sa nj lz bu rg Nikšić Be rc ht es i Ston
r
Pirot
S
na
m
Ti
ina Dr
g
Vá
(B
Rhod
ul
g
a
.J
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zn
St
h
s T e l oN
n
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Ju
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an
Gr
M o r a v
a
m o k Vidin
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ar
Szepesvár
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Kladovo
a
T
Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s
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s in G u l f o f K oNegot
i
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V
T rencs énT
ava
ar
nube
a
on)
Fort St.Peter Fort
rum) Mesy (Bod (Bodrum)
` Cuprija
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(can
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or
cV a h
o
b
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a
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Ceh
na
tj
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k es
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na
A u s t r i Sabion a cello Cu rzo la
a
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r
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e
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be
i za
Lower-
t
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n
yj
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m
Gau l f n of Mendela Smed erevo
Kal ym nos
S
na
va
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eb
ra
ri
s
OF THE
ina U p p Les e r-
Pa ss au Lis sa
In
aR C Santorini
A N B O H E M I M O
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SILEZIA
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Sar ajev o Nios Sikinos
i
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Müh ldor f
t
M
Cerigo
Solt a
Polyaigos 1523
Rep ubli c of Pog lizz a
in
la to L AS p aN Alm D issaS
PA S SAU
Cape Malia
Cape B A V A R I Matapan
Ce
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1522 Melos
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Rog osn izza
L
Maina
ba
A
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Se be nic o
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i B ánság
Mehadia
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a av
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Vr
Sc ard on a
Patm os S
s
C
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ó
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va c Vra na
ac
ce
i
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m
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a
a
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nj
ea
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rnata
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Bo
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o
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ata
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Ol ib
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s Gyaros ba Vr Kithnos
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Teno s
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em
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Cape Sounion
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Lake s
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er
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T
Csák
Bács
Ma
K K
Nauplia P l i t v i c e C R O A
Ar be
Lu ss in
Oto čac
Lara
Gulf
T rzac
Lippa
es
Ch er so
Tod orov o
S a r o nFurijanc
Ze ng g
s
Facsád
B a y o f C h e s m é Óbecse
a
Andros
G u l f o fz Dub ica No va á i a diš ka Gra diš ka P e t vaal Gra
Ko sta jni ca
áv
Pož ega
Jas eno vac
Maro
Smyrna
Csanád
T
ros
Temesvár
Dr
Karistos
Glina Hra stov ica
a
- Kö
V ilágos
Solymo s
Tisa
Korinthos
ar ne ri an Is la nd s
Cet in
Sl un j
A
S
V eg lia
V O N I
Us til on ja
Pe tri nja
Gor a Athens
in Gl Salamis
A
al
ta
os
M a n iArad ssa
Nagylak
ros
Magyarkanizsa
C h i o s
Siklós
an
Bovi c
Top usk o
ip
Si sa k
k
Bud ačk i
Og ul in
n
S L
A t t i c a Ste nic nja
u p a Ka rlo va c
e
Eur
C
orinth FiCum
Szeged S m y rMnaa
Mohács
va
ulp
of
a
Gulf
Zu mb era k
Sa
itsa
Pécs
Zá gr ábChalkis
Gla
Go tts ch ee
Szig etvá r
Kő rös
ér
Negroponte (E u b o i a )
al
g
an
Salona
on e
i
Sifnos
a
Eger szeg
)
S
a
n
n
o
n
O
a
Kapos
va
•••
ar ia f S am
K
K
Dr ezn ik
T rza c
Una
Kr up a
Iza cic
Lak es
Novi
Du bic a
zá
Sana
Dr
No va Gr ad išk a v a Gr ad išk a
Bosn. Du bic a
g áv
a
m
Pa ph os
Ko baš
Bos n. Gra dišk a
Blagaj
ba
S
Bo
na B os
a
Dr
na
ó
Ti
Be lgr ad e
Zimo ny
a av
S i B ánság
K o lu b a
Sokol
n
ba
s
D
Sc ar do na Se be ni co
Sin j
A
Báná t of Belg rade
Du
na
ra
in
t issa
a Du are Ma kar ska
M os ta r t
Sab
ion
cel
lo
bi
Kraljevo
A
an
)M or ava
c
Prije polje
o
ra
Bijelo Polje
Me tko vic
Ston
Tr
o
ma r n i ca eb H e r z e g o v i n a isn
a
Su
to
rin
a
Nikšić
Ta r a
Brda
Lim
L
i
Po l
RA GU SA
Klo buk
vo
jic
so
Slano
Ko
A
34
er
K
I
Me led a
Ta
N
1.8 - In 1524-25, the Ottomans again attack Jajca and also march on Zengg, Krupa, and Novi. La go sta
tje
Plevlja
(S
ar
T Cu rzo la
Su
Ceh
Čačak
Ib
i za
Uva
Foca
na
Le sin a
Lis sa
Priboj
a sk
padna
ti
eb
Tr
A
V rgo rac
Za
Pozega
m
na
Br az za
Li
Dri
M
Sol ta
S p a la toAlm
Užice
a
etva
Bua
Rep ubl ic of Pog lizz a
er
Kam en
va
Salo na
T rau
Kragujeva
Sar aje vo
i
N e ret
Kli s
Ce
L
Ro gos niz za
a
na
Ostrov ica
In co ro na ta
i
Little (Mali)-Zvornik
Srebr enica
Vr
va c Vra na
s
Titel
ri
ce
m
Szabács
Zvornik
Bos
T rav nik
e
D
Kn in Knin
a
Kli
t
Pétervárad
Karlóca
s
Nad in
B o s n a
Zv on igr ad
r
ac
Zrm
Kari n
y
D a nub
M
No vig rad Bi og ra d
Ug lia no Pa sm an
Ob rov ac
Becskerek
I z v o r n i k
Jaj ca
o
Za ra
Ba na t of Ja jc a
St ar ig ra d
nj
Lu ng a (G ro ss a)
No na
su
Sava
B
a
V ir
Óbecse
Li ma sso l
Rma nj
Ol ib
La rn ac a
T roödos Mnts
Bro d
Rip ač
Nagylak
s
Magyarkanizsa
Bác s
s
Kastell (Meg
Fa ma gu sta
C y p r .u s
Po žeg a
Vr
Ud bin a
Go sp ic
A
Jas en ov ac
Ko st aj ni ca Dvor
Sitia
Us til on ja
Glin a Hra sto vic a
Un
Pa go
a
Caz in
Bih ac C R O A T I A Ca rlo pa go (B ag )
G
lin
Tod oro vo
Fu rja n
Plitvic e
Ar be
Ce tin
Sl un j
Ot oč ac
Is la n d s
L u ss in
ea
Top usk o
Ze ng g
C he rs o
u ar n er ia n
E A
Pe tr in ja
Gor a
ra
Szeged Ma ro
s
Csanád
Ni co sia
Siklós
ina
V eg lia
S
Bov ic
ay Mi
S
Q u a r n e r o
Gavdos
Ky re ni a
Mohács
Ka sos
Cape
o
V O N I
sa k
ak
Bu da čki
O gu lin
B
a
N
St en ic nj
s
Du
Sa
eo
Knossos
C r eS t L e A Si
u p a K ar lo va c
Vá
Pécs
Spina longa
(Mega lokast ron)
ulp
F iu m e
po
Sca rpa nto
K ő rö
Tisa
Cand ia
Sphakiotes
N
Szi get vár
Go tt sc he e 1.7b. By 1524, the Ottomans have conquered all territories held by the Knights ofe l lSt. John. S i d e r o s of b Gorg
H
(Ka rpa tho s)
Zá gr áb
Zu m be ra k Rhetymno
Chania
Rh od es
“Dragon”
Suda Bay Suda I.
Chalke
K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N
Dráva Kő rö s
one
i
Ka niz sa
Kissamos Bay
amvousa
in
ur
C r e t Vaerasd
of
S Laibeach aa v a
P
Ka
La ac k (F RE IS IN G )
M
Lake Balaton
.J
& a
V e ld e s (B R IX E N
M ar bu rg
St
ia
Kapo rnak
Anaf iPele ske
N
Rhodes
Telos
F
Dráva
Gulf of Adalia
g n s á y k u a g
Santorini
Cse pel Isl.
Syme
Nisyros
Szen tgot thár d
Jás zsá g
Pest
O
St .A nd ra e
Süm eg
Eger vár
S
Folegandros
Vas vár
Feh érv ár
V esz pré m
T
Raab
Stampalia
Kör men d
Nios
Sikinos
L av anPolyaigos t
Melos
Amor gos
Duc hy of Naxo s
Rá ko s r i v e r
Bu da
Gulf of Kos
K os
H
G u rk
asia
Szo mb ath ely
G ra z
Kimolos
Kal ymn os
Hatv an
es
r
” Dragon”
V isegr ád
m
y
Fort St.Peter Fort
rum) Mesy (Bod (Bodrum)
a
Ónod
Te
r
Ráb
Kő sz eg
Naxo s
Antiparo s
Eszt ergo m
a
Mu
Paros
Miskolc
Eger
Duna
l f őr G uGy of Mendela Leros
G
Nógr ád
Komárom
I G K N
n
Se ck auSerifos
Patm os
Sop ron Rép ce
N
Ip o ly
sa
Delos
Sajo
Ti
Rinia
U
Érs ekú jvá r
and e r
s
be
Myconos
Hermupolis
Hydra
Lake Fe r t ő
e
Kithnos
Siros
t
Ikaria
Tenos W ie ne r Ne us ta dt
Gyaros
A U S T R I A Leobe S
Vat hy
Cs all ók öz
Me
Me n d e r e
H
Samos
ub
En n s
Thermisi
Po zso ny
an
Cape Sounion
Aidin
D
Gulf of A e g i n a
Nyi tra
Leith a
Keos
Aegina
Chesmé
nau
Sze
Lőcse
Galg óc
Danu
bb
Y
or
Methana
g
s
En
Gulf
Do
Késmárk
an
na
ns
al
ronic
V ieB na ynoaf
Andros
Gulf of Petalia
Salamis
rc
Danube
Karistos
Gr
T ren csé n
G a ra
an
T r aAthens
Smyrna
i o s
A u s t r i a
C
A t t i cn a u
L o w e rC - h
Va h
Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s
Manissa
Smyrna
Z s i tv a
E uD r iap n u b e os
a
A
Wa a
U p p e r-
Chalkis
e
h
sau
Psar a
Negroponte (E u b o i a )
l
yj
M O R A V T I AG e d i z h a Gulf of y
M
na
D
N
A
Ma
Ca
BOHEM IA
B aO H E M I
e
S
OF THE
Skyros
orva
S AU
sa Ti
Du
Óbecse
na B os
ina Dr
s
Sinj
a Dua re
etva
Ta
N
es m
` Paracin
ava
Ju
c
To p l i c a
Su
to
rin
Ta r a Lim
Brda
a
L
et a
Pe lag os a Isl es
Z
MONT E NEGRO
Spuž
im
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
ˇ Zablja k Budua
i
na
lnic
T
a
n
c
e
d
o
n
i
Nevre
a
Strumica
a
Prilep a
b
on
m
l
Se
Sr
a
ares)
m
ni
Lake Ostrovo
ti
of
A
Saseno
Kastoria
Thessaloniki
Veria
W
o a nt Otr
Cape Glossa or Linguetta Bay of Va l o n a
Florina
Se
Lake Doiran
(V ard
Lake Prespa
ka
ei
Monastir
Lake Ochrid
Re
Axios
it ra St
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon) Otranto
ar
in
a
Durazzo
Shkumbi
is tr
it
sa
Al
Argyrocastro
Delvino
ia
km
Gulf of
Kas
t e s i o
p
Trikala
Pine
l
o
rfu
na l
Gulf of Vo l o s
Arta
Antipaxos
Skiat
Preveza
Gulf of Arta Vonitza
La Punta
ta
Sperchei
mos
Santa Maura
Lamia Gulf of
(Levkas)
Lamia
At
Gravia
V rachori
al
an
ti
Ca
Salona
Ithaca
Lepanto= Naupakto s =Antirrhion
Mesolongi
Cephalonia
Rrhion Vostitsa
Gulf of Patras
Lixuri Argostoli
Zante
(Zakinth os)
I s l
o
s
I o n i a n
S e a
Larissa
ios
T h e s s a l i a
Parga
Paxos
I o n i a n
san
ley
s
Ca
Goumenitza
Te m
val pe
Joanina
r
Co
Corfu
M e l u n a Pa s s
i
Butrinto
P h i lia t
Gulf Ka
Saloniki
E
S u
A pulia
ga
rd
Dr
M
Elb asan
Brindisi
T
Skopje
Va
Boja
St
o
O
Black
in
Sea
n
Dr
Dulc igno
1.9 - Situation 1526 - Zengg and Novi are under Ottoman rule, Jajca remains in Hungarian hands.
in
ma
S
ri
ri
Dr
i
ru
iv a Ant
ar cut
h
Pastro vici
Adriatic
Uppe r Pula ti
Lake S c u t a ri
R
Bocche di Catta ro
Whi t e D
Cetin je
Cas tel Nuo vo (He rceg nov i)
a
Sofia
je
Cavta t (Epid aurus )
Po l
RAG USA
Nikšić
Klob uk
Iske
B
vo
a
a r n i ca
va
Herzegovina jic
V
Pirot
ra
om
isn
Niš
Mo
A
eb
(B
so
Slano
Mele da
a
o
ra
Bijelo Polje
Tr
zn
Prijepol je
Metk ovic
Ston
)M or
Ko
Lag osta
a
K
I
lo
sk
u
A l a ç a h i s a r
an
n)
cel
tje
Zi
m o k Vidin
ar
ion
bi
Kraljevo
W
Negoti n
a
Ib
T Cur zola
Sab
Su
Ceh
Plevlja
a
i
Szörényvár
Kladovo
` Cuprija
na
t
i za
er
Kragujevac
b
ti
eb
Tr
A
V rgor ac
Les ina
Liss a
(S
r
on)
garia
Mo sta r
Čačak
e
Priboj
Uva
(can
ul
Mak arsk a
padna
Pozega
na
Bra zza
Za
m
Foca
Dri
issa
er
in
t
M
Sp al at oAlm
Repu blic of Pogl izza
Li
a
va
Bua
Ce
L
Kame n
i
N e ret
Klis
Užice
a
A Salon a
T rau
Sara jevo
aca
Seb eni co
Solta
na
ba
Sca rdo na
Rog osni zza
S
Orsova
Dunav
Smede revo Goluba c
ra
ri
n
Vr
Ostrovica
Inc oro nat a
K o lu b a
Sokol Srebren ica
na
on
s
Du
S e m e n d i r e
D
ce
va c Vran a
B o s n a
Knin Knin
Mehadia
Crn
a
a
K li
Bos
T ravn ik
Little (Mali)-Zvornik
a r p a C Tirgu Jiu
Belg rade
Bánát of Belgrad e
a
v Sa i B ánság
S
Karánsebes
a Zimony
s
Lugos
V ersec
Titel
i
ro
Mezősom lyó
M o r a v
Zrm
Karin
Nadi n
Bio gra d
Ugl ian o Pas ma n
Zvo nigr ad
Zvornik
ó
s
Nov igra d
m
I z v o r n i k
Jajc a
Pétervárad
e
Karlóca
ac
Zar a
Obro vac
nj
Lu ng a (G ros sa)
Non a
o
V ir
D a nub
Szabács
Sava
Ban at of Jajc a
Sta rig rad
r
t
em
Ma
Bre
Ripa č
su
y
Csák
Bé ga
ç e rn a
Bo
Rman j
Oli b
Déva
Ti
S
s
Lippa
o
ba
Gyulafehérvá
s
op
Blagaj
T
Becskerek
Brod
Kob aš
Bosn. Gradi ška
T
ros
Facsád
Bács
Nov a Gra dišk a v a Gra dišk a
Vr
Udb ina
Gos pic
Sana
a
B
Pa go
zá
Bosn. Dub ica
áv
M
Car lop ago (Ba g)
Dubi ca
Maro
Aspr
Izaci c
Lakes
Bih ac C R O A T I A
D
E
Plitvic e
Arb e
Kru pa
a
Lu ss in
Sea An co na
Isl an ds
Drez nik
Una
Cazi n
Novi
Un
driati c
Oto čac
T rzac
Dvor
- Kö
Temesvár
Pože ga
Jase nov ac
Ko sta jni ca
Dr
Feh
V ilágos
Solymos
Csanád
Mor
K
Q u a r n e r o
Ch ers o
Qu ar ne ria n
a
Glina Hras tovic a
Todo rovo
Furj an
Ze ng g
in Gl
A
Tord
es
V e n i c e
Ceti n
Slu nj
V eg lia
Pet rin ja
Gora Topu sko
V O N I
Ust ilo nja
S
Po la
Bovic
Bud ački
Og uli n
A
Sis ak
k
s
Magyarkanizsa
Siklós
S L
K
t e - Kő r ö s
Pankota
Arad
Nagylak
Te
ulp
Ste nic nja
u p a Ka rlo va c
Fi um e
Szeged Ma ro
Mohács
na
Istria Pa zin
of
Pécs
ke
Jenő
Tisa
Go tts che e
Ro vig no
Szig etvá r
Zá grá b
Zu mb era k
s
Fe
Gyula
va
f
po
on e
a
va
Pa re nz o
a
a
Kapos
Dráva Kő rös
Grado Gulf o f T r i es te Ca poTd’rIsi e s t e tri a Pi ra no
Ci tt an uo
i
Sa
n
o
v Sa
n
ér
Mo n f a l c
s
La ib ac h
o I s Gö rz & Gr ad išk a
Aq ui le ja
Var asd
K
no ne
La ac k (FR EIS IN G)
o nz
o
s á g k u n
Ferma
n
Kan izsa
Ka
a
n
ur
na
M
NICE
a n d s
Patras A
Gulf
of
c h a i a
Castel Tornese Pi n e i o s
na
l
Gla
Corinth
A t
Kalavryta
E l i s
M
o
Lala
r
e
a
Saronic
Lara
Olympia
Al p h e
Sa
Korinthos
Nauplia
ios
Gu
Meth
Burdshi
Kiveri
(Peloponnesos)
Gulf of Nauplia
Thermisi Kastri
Spetsai
35
Kalamata
Methoni
Zarnata
Gulf of Messenia
Eur
o
ta s
Navarino Bay of Navarino Pylos
Misthra
2. 1526–1530
U p p e rLowerA u s t r i a
Óbecse
Krupa
Požega
Gradiška
r
T
Ripač
Carlopago (Bag) Gospic
Starigrad
Ostrovica
a
d u
B r
b Scardona
A
Sinj
i
Klis
Trau
Rogosnizza
S
n
Sebenico
M
A
L
A
A
I
H
C
Travnik
s
Vrana
L
W
Jajca
Zvonigrad Knin
Szörényvár
Alm
iss
r
b
i
a
Gyurgyevó Turnu Magurele
a
Republic of Poglizza
Spalato
T
e
Rahovo
a
I A
a
A
E
Orsova
Ko
to
rin
Klobuk
Brda
a
Spuž
je
MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya
Po l
Hercegno vi (Castel Nuovo)
vo
Su
RAGUSA
so
H e r z e g oNiksic vina
Kuci
Cetinje
r
Žabljak Upper Pulati
Grbalj
Budua
Philippopoli
Pastrovići
An
a ri ti v
Scutari
O
Dulcigno
T
i
T T
Mehadia
T
Skopje
O
M
n
Biograd
Obrovac Karin
Klicevac
Ancona
Belgrade
Zimony
M
Elbasan
a
Monastir
c
e
d
o
n
i
a
A
g
N
Adrianople
l
u
B
Durazzo
a
Nadin
a
Constantinople
a
b
Novigrad
i
A pulia
l
S
A
Zara
o
Nona(Nin)
D
m
Rmanj
A
SAN MARINO
Brăila
V ersec
Titel
Karlóca
Szabács
Srebrenica
B
I
Udbina
Mezősomlyó
Pétervárad
y
Kilia
Karánsebes
Becskerek
S
Kobaš
Novi
Bihac
Ravenna
Csák
n
o
x
a
u
A
P A P A L
Dubica Cazin
h s
O
Kostajnica Slunj
S
Facsád Lugos
Eszék
s
Lippa Temesvár
Glina
S
Akkerman
y
Csanád
Mohács
Sisak
Jasenovac
Otočac
l
R
A
L
T r a n s y l v a n i a Szeged Magyarkanizsa
O
V
C
Ogulin
Novi grad
e
I
N
Fiume
A
a
a
A
i
I i
n
b
o
Y
k
n
R
TATARS
J e d i s a n
e
Zumberak
Zengg
Tuscany
n
Babócsa
C a r n i o l a
T r i este
I s t r i a
a
Berzence
A
CRIMEAN
V
Nagyvarád
G
z
Venice
one
P
Csurgó
Varasd
Laibach
N
A S
(FRE ISIN G) Laac k
Mo n f a l c
Grado
Torcello
U
Kanizsa
Gör z & Grad iška
Aquileja
H
Marburg
(BRIX EN)
Ferma
N
Sümeg
Egerszeg Kapornak
D
Saxon
Kiskunság
OF THE
a
Lavant
L
Debrecen
Fehérvár
V eszprém
Vasvár Egervár
Jászság
g n s á y k u a g
VENICE Pordenone
Ikervár
Körmend
St.Andrae
V eldes
Terra
Buda
z
a Graz
C a r i n t h i a
O
Győr Kőszeg
KHANATE
s
M
Visegrád
o
i
e
D
r
B
i
y Gurk
L I T H U A N IA
AN D
Kamien iec Podolsk i
a
r
t
i
s
Komárom
Leoben
Lienz
l
a
S Tyrol
o
Érsekújvá r
A U S T R I A Seckau
d
Nyitra
Wiener Neustadt
SALZBURG
o
Hotin
Pozsony
Tyrol
P O L A N D P
Kassa
Salzburg
n
D
Eperjes
Vienna
a
Passau
Szepesvár
Lőcse
Thessaloniki
Saseno Valona KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)
Gallipoli
A
Holy Mount Athos Argyrocastro
E
Delvino
p
Butrinto
l
Berc htes gade
(Pas) Oberndorf
(Szb.)
N
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t e s i o
r
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i
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o
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s Parga
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Preveza
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Santa Maura (Levkas)
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Zante (Zakinthos)
R
E
g
r o
p
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A c h a i a
A N A T O L I A
C h i o s
Athens
Kalavryta
Castel Tornese
M
Psara
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Patras
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e
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a
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Siros
Kalamata
Navarino Koroni
Paros
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Naxos
Antiparos
Kalymnos
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Pylos Methoni
Patmos Leros
Serifos
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Myconos Delos
Hermupolis
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Tenos
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Passavâ Kelapha
Kimolos
Monemvasia
Duchy of Naxos
Polyaigos
Melos
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Maina
Amorgos
K os
Stampalia (Astypalaia)
Nios
Sikinos
Nisyros Santorini
Syme
Rhode s
Telos
Anafi Chalke
Rhod es
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
Cerigo
Scarpan to
(Karpatho s)
Gramvousa Chania
Kyrenia
Suda
Heraklion
Rhetymno Sphakiotes
Sphakia
•••
B A V A R I A
L Bartfa
M O R A V I A
BOHEMIA
O
k
THE
P
a
OF
M B O H E
Z L E
j
L A N D S
PAS SAU
I A
I
A
W N S I R O
C N
C
r
Spinalonga
Kasos
Nicosia
Knossos
C y p r u s
e t e Paphos
Limassol
37
Famagusta Larnaca
g
m
G a ra
k
a
Z s i tv a
h be
sa Ti
ina Dr
es Te
m
ç e rn a
Danu
na
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Ç.
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Ti
sa Ti
Sz
k a
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l
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a
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r
ç e rn a
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To p l i c a
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a a
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i
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n
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m Constantinople ak it
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a
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Valona E r g e n e
i
ares)
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ti
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ei
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Pine
Lake Doiran
(V ard
ni
is
Bay of
E v Va r ol o n a
c
W s
Otranto
a
Monastir
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Saseno
M Lake Prespa
ka
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KINGDOM of Paxos NAPLES
Parga Cape Glossa or Linguetta
Lake Ochrid
Elbasan
m
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ar
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Adrianople
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rit
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h
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Durazzo
r
M
na
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in
38
p
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it ra St
a
rfu
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b
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sa Ti
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o
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ra
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m
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ri
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n)
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t
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s
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sa Ti
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d
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t
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ares)
zn
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a
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Adr i a t i c t e s ley val pe M e l u n a Pa s s Te m ir o Butrinto a i P h t il S e 2.4 - Later in 1526, theMOttoman army retreats ransacking Szeged on its way south. afrom Buda, St Joanina aritsa o
i
Orsova
on)
i
a
ˇ
p
a
S
Axios
Ti
Danu
sa
z
Pruth
ic er L a
be
Ti
G a ra Z s i tv a
Mo
m
rva
na
ina
h
c
b
ts
aca
e s Mehadia Bra
gy
s
a r p C a
ka
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ri
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v a ri
Dr
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Mor
rg
nc
Dr
sa
g
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g
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o
a
s
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h
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r
av
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i
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ç e rn a
t
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b
l S u
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s bb
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sa Ti
es Te
m
n
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i
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a
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a
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be Danu
sa Ti
E
Z s i tv a
na Mor
l
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ma
ro
ar
na
ru
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garia
etva
n
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ér
a
ul
er
va
a
ra
K
i
Mo
lnic
Na
rd
•••
s
n
n)
a
K
Sa
garia
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(can
Black
P B i es c s k a tr ica
Lake S c u t a ri
Pastrovići
n
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im
Whi t e D
s a i n tArgyrocastro M o u n Delvino
ul
L Kuci
Žabljak Upper Pulati
Budua
ti
ie
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et a
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An
eo
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a
L a k e( S e V P r e s pr b iaaanl l u m Tra i a n
padna
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na
a Monastir e r
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a
Bay of Spizza
ga
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MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya
Karánsebes
j et P oil s v oW
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to
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os
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r
ros
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ar
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a r n i ca
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jic
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om
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te
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na
eb
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ot
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Belgrade
ri
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sk
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Titel
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Ba
y of KINGDOM of Va l o n a NAPLES Otranto I s k e r (Span. B a Bourbon) l k a n
Ceh
a
ti
tj e
n
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Valona
a
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ni
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is
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ra ia n u m mT
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a
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na
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i
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Temesvár lu
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Lbie Danu m
a
m
za
a
v Sa
D ri
bi
t
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Gyurgyevó Turnu Magurele e Tr
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Cape Glossa or Linguetta
va
i
Al
ID u n a r e a
i
Lake Ochrid
e
Se
Brăila
Karlóca
m
u tu
u
mits
s
t
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sa mis
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Maro s Skopje
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ba
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dz
r t
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i
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su
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u
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tr
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m ellék Nagyvarád
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s
aro Szeged s Magyarkanizsa
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str
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a
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th
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i l l ko
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p
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re
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r
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b
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g n s á y k u a g
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CRIMEAN
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ie
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n
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Tisa OF TH E
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t
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ub
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o Limassol
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ar
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Kastellorizo (Megiste) Mohács
Famagusta
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To p l i c a
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n
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Udbina
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a
zn
Szepesvár
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s
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v a Gradiška
M o u n t Una Kyrenia a Krupa Sana
Gr
P B i esS ecr s k a Fehérvár tr ica
´ zá
Dubica
a
Q u a r n e r o
Szörényvár
on)
Bug
a v a L PI T H OU A N L IA
King Lajos
Jasenovac Kostajnica
)M or
Buda o
Kapos
Alt
a
Ripač
Un
mok
A
s
N
an
Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s
Érsekújvá r
V eszprém
A
I
Rmanj
Novigrad
Zara
in
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Otočac
Plitvic ka - Jezera
A
M
P
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Slunj
i a n t h Bihac
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D
nO Anl uat a Boo Vj aSisak A
L
O
Lake Balaton
Babócsa
ulp
S
et
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a
To p l i c a
(can
Va h
e
th
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im
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K ü k ü llő gy
Sava
(Karpat hos)
(B
Va
Dr
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n
Z
Szörényvár
a
B
in
a
Ogulin nto Scarpa
Sea
Sea a
Orsova
Dunav
Ju
D n je s t e r
Lim
L
Rá ba
Berzence
N des Rho
I
Z L E
AN D
Győr
Csurgó
Rhod
x
a
up a
h
O
M
Csallók öz
R
na
Black
Adr i a t i c
Boja
in
Dulcigno
S
Kasos a r p C a
ma
ti
Dr
An
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i va r
ri
in
Pozsony S i r
Lake Fe r t ő
Lake
i va r
W N S I R O
Hotin
Leitha
Dráva S c u t a ri Varasd es
Dulcigno
s
Zengg
ru
Bay of Spizza
Dr
i
Whi t e D
Žabljak Upper Pulati
Lake S c u t a ri
Pastrovići
ya
Egerszeg Kapornak
an
a
r C a Mehadia
Kamie niec Podols ki
rc
m
zn
Karánsebes
na
Du
M O R A V I A
lia G u l f o f A d aKanizsa
Carlopago (Bag) Gospic
2.3 - After their victory at Mohács, the Turks continue north, capturing Székesfehérvár and entering Buda unopposed. Budua
e
ha
Vienna
K
P B i es c s k a tr ica
Kuci
yj
ot
T
Žabljak M Uppe r Pula ti ur
Marburg
o a nt Otr
Spuž
D
and en ra u Me
Gulf of Kos
of
im
na
Orsova
i
va
L
Cetinje
B o c c h e d i C a t t a Grbalj ro
Dráva
Novi grad
o
je
et a
ro
it ra St
b
ra
Lim
Brda MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya
St.Andrae
Fiume
I s t r i a
E
Mo
Ta r a
Klobuk
a
Ma
Ancona
Po l
rin
Pr
A
U
v aI o Bd O oH El Mi ca
om
C a r n i o lC h aa l k e n t i A Zumberak
Gulf
on)
vo
to
(can
so
Hercegn ovi (Castel Nuovo)
a Su
Dunav
n)
a r n i ca
H e r z e g oNiksic vina
jic
Z
RAGUSA
isn
ll of e y ra b B a Mi
SAN MARINO
Ju
c
Lugos
V ersec
a
C
Do
of Spizz a
T r i este
e n i c e
r
Mezősom lyó
a
P O LN A N D
Cu teuhl
h
Budua
A pulia
a
Bé ga
em
Ma
Facsád
Belgrade
Zimony
v Sa
T r Baya n s y l v a n i aS c u t a r i
one
of T ries te
Spinalonga
ot
ra
t
Syme os Pastro vići M a r Nisyros Laibach S a v a Telos
Karánsebes
Ko
eb
Mo n f a l c
Mehadia
a
rav
Grado
ISIN G) Laac k
Adr i a t i c
r
ar
K
Tr
om
)M o
Y
Kalymn os
zo o nGör z & Gra dišk a
io
Ib
Ta
an
ros
Lugos
garia
a
Szabács
a r n i ca M e n d e r e s Wiener Neustadt
Sza
ul
sk
a
T is a
Samos
Facsád
MezősomlyóV
A
M o r a v
tj e
bi
s
of
T
Lippa
a
bi
P THE
OF
I
Tuscany
e er
em
a
Su
N
(S
o Lippa
o
Titel
m
Herzegovina
isn
T
E A S
- Kö
Bé ga
in
i za
t
A
Knossos
na
na
a
Tr
eb
I
Uva Ceh
sk
Li
str
Danube
A
S
m
D r in
a
je ut
O
Du
padna
eb
Is
FAquileja eh
u l f
e t e
ri
a
i
iss
r
D
va
C et
Alm
Li
a
Adr i a t i c
Temesvár G
Lake Comacc h
Belgrade
a
Za
i
N e ret Republ ic of Poglizz a
na
Spalato
T
e
n
Heraklion V ersec Ravenna
C
Zimony
K o lu b a r
Bosporus
A N A T O L I A
un
S t a m p a l i a (BRI XEN) (Astypalaia) (FRE
T
N
t
e
Karlóca
i
K o lu b a r
p e rLower- T ar a A u s t r i a
R
A
S
D an uU p be
C
Titel
s
Sinj Klis
Trau
A
Rhetymno
n
Sebenico
Rogosnizza
Suda Pétervárad
a
aros
Po Csák
Becskerek
Suda Bay
v Sa
T o r cM ello
C r e t eT
Óbecse
ba
Scardona
M
E
Anafi
g
Adig
of
Szabács
Sava Srebrenica
Venice
Csanád
Sphakia
Vr
L
Klicevac
M
aro Szeged s Magyarkanizsa
iSphakiotes a
Bos
Travnik
s
Knin
Gorg
e d iBz O H E M I A
B o c c h eV eldes d i C a t t a r oK osGrbalj
Ferma
Pordenone
Santorini
S
o
an
ja Ostrovica
m
t
G
Tra
R
- Kő r ö ete s e k Amorgos
ér
B
m
Karin
su
p
n
Tr
Terra
Folegandros
e
ar
a
hesmé B a y o f C Salzburg
es
a
N
Jajca
Zvonigrad
Vrana
Bo
na
(Szb.)
VENICE
Nios
Sikinos
Polyaigos
Karlóca
su
m
ik
Dnie
L A N D S
N
e
B os
A
D a nub
r
F
av
s
Un
I
Obrovac Zr
y
ar ia f S am
T
Nadin
ba
Chania
S ?
E
PAS SAU
A
Naxos
Duchy of Naxos
Kimolos
Kissamos Bay
?
G
s Antiparos
K ő rö
Sifnos
S e a
Eszék
Kobaš
R
Vr
Starigrad
Novigrad
v a Gradiška
Rmanj
A
N
Melos
eo
R
Ripač
Udbina
Hermupolis
Gramvousa
S
A
Carlopago (Bag) Gospic
a
Požega
C
LatorcaPassau n (Pas) Oberndorf I n
Tyrol
P A P A L
T
zá
Dubica
Bihac
Plitvi cka - Jezer a
Siros
Cerigo
áv
d
iD
RAGUSA
Serifos
Tisa
I
O
E
Sana
Kithnos
T Csák
Pétervárad
D a nub
r
mos Vathy j i cA A Ta r a a n n s U S T R INiksic Ikaria Su Klobuk Tenos Debrecen Rép S a lz a c h ce to SALZBURG rin Seckau Leoben Kőszeg S a x o n Brda a Myconos Mu Mu r r Rinia Ér S t y r i a Kiskunság m ellék s Delos Patmos MONT E NEGRO Ikervár e am o Nagyvarád Graz t a Spuž Gulf of Mendela Lienz Herc egno vi Tyrol Katunsksa Körmend Kuci Drau (Cas tel Nuov o) L e r o s Perasto Gurk Nahya Vasvár Lavant Ra a b Se b es - Kő r ö s Paros M a r o s Egervár Cetinje C a r i n t h i a
Gyaros
Cape Sounion
Mohács
Jasenovac
Krupa Novi
a
Cape Malia King Lajos
Dr
Kostajnica
Andros
Gulf of Petalia
Pi
Cape Matapan
Sisak
a
na Cazin U
Otočac
Biograd
n v a s iia Moo n e m po s
Mühld orf
In
Berc htes gade
g n s á y k u a g
a
R
lin
Slunj
Zengg
A
n
Glina
G
S
Nona(Nin)
n
O
V
A
L
King La jos
I
N
D
C
up a
Ogulin
Nov igra d
Zara
a
Kapos
Gulf of Laconia
iğ i r l
Gulf of Smyrna
g A R I A B A V
e b o d ro Bi z an
A
s
T
ros
2.2 - In 1526, Sultan Süleyman takes Eszék, has a bridge built over the Drave, crosses the river and advances on Mohács. The (first) Battle of Mohács takes place on 29 August 1526. a S forces, e whose r leader, b Kingi LouisaII, m o k The Ottomans swiftly defeat the smaller Hungarian padna (S Za drowns in the stream Csele. er
Tisa
N
Maina
A
s
U
Ka
E
Sava
ulp
D
Kelapha
Berzence
e
Fiume
P
Csurgó
M
C a r n i o l a
te
Passavâ
Babócsa
Zumberak
Sea
Dráva
Varasd
Laibach S a v a
Koroni
H
Lake BMisthra alaton Eur o
emi
Edr
N e ret
Isar
C h i o s
Csepel Isl.
Hydra Spetsai
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Zi
Holy Mount Athos
l
mos
V
s
e
ta
A
k
Szörényvár
Vonitza
r
n
La Punta
on)
D
Gulf of Orphani
e
s
n
o
ey
E
Sperchei
Se
g
s
i
z
v a ll pe
i a n t h
a r p C a
o
A
l
tL s .
a
S
s
un
ov
m
x
e s
ld
t
ei
na
M
n
M
Gulf of Kasandra
t
etva
o u
K ü k ü llő gy Na Gulf of
Te m
OM
ta
Lake Tachino
on
Maros
os
Philippopoli
Marits
th
B
Sr
Ol
er
d o
K
o
Pru
M
K
M
h
ns
R
a
s
(can
Mo
i
i
B
Hotin
n
Lugos
Dunav
n)
Lim
L
a
aro s
ia
S M e l u n a Pa s s a
Facsád
Gulf of Orsova Arta
garia
Brda
Po
a
vo
rin
n
L
AN D
D n je s t ear
ares)
Preveza
a
To p l i c a
so
to
Ta r a
o
s am o
(V ard
r Ma
Arta
ul
a r n i ca
Klobuk
d
S aDxoLioar aknne
Axios
Al
io Pine
(Zakinthos)
Ko
a Su
41
i
es
Karánsebes
a n d s
ot
H e r z e g oNiksic vina
jic
ma
ar
a
e
sa
I s l
c
Patras
rav
l
Mehadia
r
ar
isn
ru
rd
ros
it
)M o
o
T is a
ka
M o u nB u
Kami eniec Podol ski
p eS M ir e t
Joanina
V ersec
Cephalonia
an
d
O
a
Va tr
e
bi
Ib
eb
l u tu
T r a k mn s y l v a n i a
is
em
a
a
Tr
om
ra
h
Pr
ica
M
W
t e s i oB é g a
Santa Maura (Levkas)
in
Ta
N
K
A
Ceh
ka
ln ga
o
St
i
bb
va
Y
ra
En
Mo
je
E
n)
Po l - Kö
ér
er
l k a n
Thessaloniki
s
a
t
i za
je s
t
Lak e Ostrovo
t e - Kő r ö s
o
na c
(S
a
Saloniki
M o r a v
a
r
P O L A N D P
a
Y
Lippa
Goumenitza
Belgrade
Zimony
S e Sa Uva
D r in
Tr
I
t Su
t
garia
n
vo
Sa
so
ke
Parga
I o n i a n
m
de
ul
Ko
Fe
Re
R
Paxos
padna
a
r
Titel
T
Iske
str
mos
Castel Tornese 2.10 - By 1529, the OttomansTcontrol Aall of Bosnia, and have pushed the border north to just below Dubica, ZanteGradiška, and Kobaš. eb
p
T
Mezősomlyó
l
Q u a r n e r o
Ol
M o r a v
ar
ti
es
Csák
I S aov a n i a n
ri
a
ni
i
P h t ilia
n Du
D
i
ss lmi
Li
a
na
Spalato
e
Za
va
Repub lic of Pogliz za
A
Delvino
Pétervárad
K o lu b a r
i
M
Maro Argyrocastro s
Csanád
a
s N e ret
C et
A
Sinj Klis
Trau
aro Szeged s Magyarkanizsa
Karlóca
i
n
Sebenico
Rogosnizza
m
ba
Scardona
M
M
Szabács
Vr
L
r t
Bos
Travnik
s
Knin
Vrana
Klicevac
su
Ve
Gyurg
B
r
Skopje
na
Bo
D a nub
H
C
A
L
A
ul
mok
Dnie
a
LakeÉ r m e l l é k Monastir Ochrid Nagyvarád Lake Prespa Se b es - Kő r ö s
Ca
o
ja Ostrovica
y
na
B
Karin
an
Nadin
Biograd
T
Latorca
Feh
Jajca
Zvonigrad
m
Zara
S ?
B os
og
A
Corfu Becskerek
?
s
s
Óbecse
Kobaš
a
A
Obrovac Zr
Valona
Bay of Va l o n a
Eszék
Sava Srebrenica
Starigrad
Novigrad
ba
K ő rö
Butrinto
Rmanj
A
Nona(Nin)
v a Gradiška
Vr
Ripač
Udbina
a
C
Tisa
G Se
rfu
Dubica
Bihac
Carlopago (Bag) Gospic
áv
Požega
Un
E
zá
Kostajnica Sana
Plitv icka - Jezer a
I
Ancona
Jasenovac
na Cazin U Krupa Novi
Otočac
T
T
a lin
Slunj
A
Sea
Dr
Sisak
dr
Temesvár
S
O
S
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
Glina
G
Zengg
D
MARINO
V
A
L
Mohács
N
Co
Nov igra d
dr i a t i c
s
a
n
Saseno
a
Zi
D
Sza
p
Ogulin
R
V e n i c e
po
i
King Lajos
O
a
C
Fiume
I s t r i a
of
n
N
E
N up a
A
I
Ib
Sava
W
in
Zumberak
N
U
KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)
Babócsa
ulp
G u l f
o
h
m ku
a
Gulf
T r i est
of T ries e te
n
Kapos
Berzence
C a r n i o l a
Szörényvár
on)
i
To p l i c a
bi
m
Grado
n
Bo
S Elbasan Kiskunság
Tisa
s
a
b
Debrecen
Csepel Isl.
g n s á y k u a g
n
o
on e
Varasd
Laibach S a v a
P
Csurgó
Durazzo Jászság
o a nt Otr
zo o nGö rz & Gra diš ka
H
Lake Balaton
A pulia
Dráva
O
a ojan
ri
in
Visegrád
of
Is
Aquileja
Sümeg
Ka
Ferma
Fehérv ár
Kanizsa
(FR EIS ING ) Laa ck
Dr
Sajo
B
A
Kassa
Scutari
ari
Sea
ur
(BR IXE N)
Mo n f a l c
o
M
tiv
M o u n t a i n s
Turnu Magurele
P B i es c s k a tr Eperjesi c a
Szepesvár
Lőcse
Lake S c u t a ri
Dulcigno
it a jos Kinrg La St
Marburg
V elde s
im
Késmárk
Žabljak Uppe r Pulat i
Buda
Egerszeg Kapornak
St.Andrae
et a
´
an
Bartfa
Cetinje
Ip o ly
a
V eszpr ém
Vasvár Egervár
An
bi
r
Dr
Körmend Ra a b
Dráva
VENICE
Ráb
L
Rákos r i v e r
Ikervár
Lavant
Bay of Spizza
Duna
Győr
Kőszeg
a
an
er
L
Lim
Ta t r a m o u nSpužt a i nKuci s
MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya
Pastrov ići
Komárom
O
Brda
Va h
(S
Ta r a
Klobuk
a
a
e
Black
i
rin
padna
S
Whi t e D
r
to
Adr i a t i c
Rép ce
Graz
C a r i n t h i a
erra
e
r
y
Gurk
Pordenone
ub
Mu
t
a Su
Érsekú jvár
an
S
Lienz
Tyrol
Drau
Csall óköz
P
a r n i ca
Budua
Nyitra
D
r
om
H e r z e g oNiksic vina
jic
Herce gnovi (Caste l Nuovo )
Pozsony
Lake Fe r t ő
Leoben
Seckau Mu
sn
I
Z L E
in
nau
Ann s U S T R I A
SALZBURG
a
ot
ra
Dr
Do
(can
na
Vienna
Wiener Neustadt
S a lz a c h
bi
RAGUSA
M O R A V I A
Leitha
Tyrol
re
N
rc
Danube
Orsova
Dunav
a
ade n
W N S I R OT
B o c c h e d i C a t t a Grbalj G r ro
p e rLowerA u s t r i a
Salzburg
Du
in
T Ber cht esg
n rau
ya
Ta
Z
D a n uU p be
ha
Ceh
a
K
n
T e
sk
N
C I A
tje
Alt
Al u ta
Mehadia
na
ri
na
In
yj
Su
x
a
s
n
o
area )M 2.9 - In 1528 the Ottomans finally conquer Jajca, the last Bosnian town to fall. Via D u nUdbina, or ava Rahovo theU Turks launch campaigns toJ u the north-west, taking Gospic and its surroundings, and zn vac a (B advancing north.
m
Dri
t
D
S
i a n t h a r p C a
V ersec
D
va
Tr
i za
K ü k ü llő
Karánsebes
Mezősomly ó
a
s
i
a
M B O H E
THE
Li
a
gy
s
ro
Lugos
Belgrade
Zimony
ba
Repub lic of Pogliz za
eb
BOHEMIA
(Pas) Oberndorf
Titel
v Sa
Vr
C et
iss
Ma
Facsád
a
Za
na
Alm
Na
na
o Klis
A
(Szb. )
i
K o lu b a r
i
N e ret
I
Müh ldorf
t
e
Karlóca
m
T r a n s y l v a n i a
ros
Lippa
Bé ga
em
aro s
av
B Sinj
Spalato
OF
D a nub
r
n
Trau
- Kö
ç e rn a
a
an
Scardona
L A N D S
su
Bos
Travnik
s
Knin
Sebenico
s
Jajca
m
L
Klicevac
T Csák
Pétervárad
Szabács
Sava Srebrenica
Vrana
T
Inn
g
Bo
Zvonigrad
ja Karin Ostrovica
A
Passau
sna
Un
I
Obrovac Zr
Nadin
Rogosnizza
B A V A R I A
y Bo
Rmanj
M
PA S SAU
S ?
Z s i tv a
T
Vr
Maro
Csanád
Becskerek
?
Koba š
s ba
aro Szeged s Magyarkanizsa
Óbecse
ina
K
K
A
Sana
Ripač
Udbina
Eszék
Požega
v a Gradiška
Krupa Novi
Novigrad
E
Isar
Z s i tv a
na zá
Dubica
Starigrad
Biograd
Ancona
M
Du
Jasenovac Kostajnica
A
D o nau
Vá m
E
O
Q u a r n e r o
a
na Cazin U
Carlopago (Bag) Gospic
a
S
in
Bihac
A
M
Feh
Glina
Gl
Plit vick a - Jeze ra
áv
Maros
t e - Kő r ö s
Temesvár
Dr
Y
k
L
Otočac
Zara
a
Mohács
Sisak
Slunj
Nona(Nin)
i s
R
e
V
A
S
Zengg
Sea
po
ke
es
R
Ogulin
No vig rad
D
n
Se b es - Kő r ö s
A Fe
King Lajos
O
a
C
up a
Fiume
A
I
N
V e n i c e
o
G
s
z
Sava ulp
of
n
K ő rö
Tisa
Zumberak
T r i es
I s t r i a
n
N
Saxon s am o
a
Gulf
a
Kapos
Babócsa
C a r n i o l a
on e
P
Csurgó Berzence
o f T r i e s te te
l f
Dráva
Varasd
Laibach S a v a
M
S
Mo n f a l c
N
mos
m ellék Nagyvarád
ér
Aquileja
Grado
(FR EIS IN G) Laa ck
zo o nGö rz & Is Gr ad išk a
Ér
Kiskunság
U
Kanizsa
r i a t i c
g
ur
Ka
Ferma
s
M
(BR IXE N)
i
l
Debrecen
Csepel Isl.
g n s á y k u a g
Marburg
H
Lake Balaton
Sza
Jászság
Kin g La jos
ENICE
Sümeg
Egerszeg Kapornak
St.Andrae
l
t
Vasvár Egervár
Raab
o
n
Lavant
Fehér vár
u tu
d
T is a
Ráko s r i v e r
V eszp rém
Pr
o
u
Körmend
h
Tisa
Buda
Ikervár
Graz
t
Latorca
Visegrád
a
P
a
o
a
g
P O
M
i
p
n
r
V eld es
n
e
y
Ráb
ro
Ip o ly
Duna
Győr
Kőszeg
Dráva
o
ub
t
C a r i n t h i a
enone
an
S
r
r
str
a
D
r
Mu
Gurk
ra
Komárom
d Bo
Sajo
Érsek újvár
Rép ce
Leoben
Seckau
Lienz
rol
Nyitra
Csal lókö z
Lake Fe r t ő
Ann s U S T R I A Mu
u
Pozsony
be
Y
nau
Wiener Neustadt
S a lz a c h
an
G a ra
s
Do
Dnie
a
Kassa
Danu
Vienna
C
Eperjes
Waa
Danube
SALZBURG
Szepesvár
Lőcse
g
rc
Leitha
yrol
Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s
a
p e rLowerA u s t r i a
Salzburg
de n
M O R A V I A
i
erc hte sga
un
ya
Gr
bb
Tra
ha
D
Késmárk
h
D a n uU p be
T e
Ma
n
ns
Inn
Passau
In
(Pas) Oberndorf
(Szb .)
En
Müh ldor f
yj
Bartfa
Va h
Crn
D
BOHEMIA
A V A R I A
I
M B O H E
THE
rva
Isar
OF
Mo
L A N D S
PA S SAU
n
D o nau
Siros
Hermupolis
Rinia
sa Ti
Sz na
l
S u
p
o n t e (E ub oia Szeged
Ti
sa
l
)
a Burdshi
Nauplia
?
Koroni
Bo
su
r
Passavâ
Kelapha
t
D a nub
m
Gulf of Laconia
Maina
Cape Matapan
Becskerek
D
Cape Malia
Cerigo Szabács
Dr
T na
a
h
z d
l
a
i
ndga
Tu
s
sa
ic er
Ç.
Sz
x
a
i a t h
Gulf of Kos
a r p C a
Gulf of Adalia
Nisyros
Syme Telos
Gorg
Np a d n a S
Za
(S
Sphakiotes
Dunav (can
Orsova
Rhod es
Rho des
Szörényvár
Scarpa nto
(Karpat hos)
on)
W
C
r
Se E Ar bi
an
)M or
ava
c
of e y ra b B a Mi
Knossos
e t e
zn
ul
Kyrenia
i
C y p r u s
a
mok
A
Nicosia
llo
T roödos Mnts.
b
Ju
Zi
Kasos
Spinalonga
Heraklion
a
er
Chalke
Mehadia
Famagust Larnaca
Paphos Limassol
Rah a
(B garia
n)
ra
Ib
er
K os
Santorini
ot
ar
To p l i c a
Mo ra
va
Ko
a r n i ca
so
aca
Lim
L
im
j
P
Po l
Brda
vo
Ta r a
Klobuk
a
Kalymn os
Stampalia (Astypalaia)
a
K
rin
S
Gulf of Mendela
Amorgos
in
Ta
and e r
ul
na
t
RAGUSA
to
Karánsebes
Patmos
Sikinos
M o r a v
Dri
Tr
Ceh
a
a ar ia f S am
va
i
Uva
Me
os
Lugos
Naxos
na
na
s
A
r Ma
Mezősom lyó
o Df u C r e t e
Rhetymno
m
H e r z e g42oNiksic vina a Su
Bé ga
Duchy ofV Naxos ersec Nios
Polyaigos
Sphakia
E
M en d e r e s
Vathy Facsád
Ikaria
Suda
ri
ba
N
A N A T O L I A
f Chesmé
Suda Bay
D
A
Vr
C et
etva
Kimolos
S e a
a
eo
K o lu b a r
R
T r a n s y
Bay o Lippa
Belgrade
Zimony
v Sa
I
o
R
ros
aro
Anafi
Chania
a
jic
Delos
Paros
Folegandros
Gramvousa
Li
t
s
T Myconos em
Antiparos
Melos
M
iz
Smyrna
- Kö
Kissamos Bay
E
k jes
Titel
Ged
F e hG u lof f
Sifnos
a
Y
Leros
Serifos
es
e
ina
Sava Srebrenica
CsákRinia
Siros
Hermupolis
Monemvasia Karlóca
i
R E ös
Samos
Kithnos
m
y
d
a
Tenos
Gyaros
Cape Sounion
Pétervárad
emi
Fe
Temesvár
Óbecse
o
G
dr of E ulf
Andros
Te
Eur
e b es - Kő r
A S Rk e t e - Kő r ö s
ik
am o
C h i o s
Keos
Misthra
Kalamata
S
Gallipoli
m ellék Dardanelles Nagyvarád
Maro
Csanád
Gulf of Petalia
Gulf of A e g i n a
Kiveri
Zarnata Gulf of Messenia
Ti
ros
os
Methana
S
z a mo r a M a r m os
o f
Ér
e
Eur Magyarkanizsa ip
Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or
T is a
Büyük Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
S e a
Psara
Ma
Bosporus
Constantinople
Gulf of Saros
I
S
t
Sus
be
on
Danu
Du
na
Ca
r o
Corinth
Korinthos
e
ios
?
om
isn
a
Tisa
es
Bo
Su
eb
p
Adrianople
a
ç e rn a
g
ti
Athens
Eszék
N
Tr
u
Va
B j
u r
b o
Ti
e
an
its
Northern Sporades
2.12 - The Turkish troops march on from Belgrade to Eszék, and from there to Mohács, where they are met by the forces of János Zápolya.
A
r
Latorca
ér
of
(Peloponnesos)
Al p h e
a
r
sna
E
B i za
S e a
Ti
o op
Aspr
al
ar
Besika Bay
•••
b
l
At
nG
rös
P
al
K
M
an
o
Pylos Methoni
a iss eb
I
Kő
C
K
Lamia
Kalavryta
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
i
N e ret Repu blic of Pogl izza
a
ˇ
M
Z s i tv a
n
M
Arda
Kiskunság
a
e
Spetsai
na
Alm
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Tisa
áv
Gulf
Rrhion
n
Sinj
Spalato
T
N
Gulf of
h a i a
M
Bos
Travnik
m
iğ i r l
Holy Mount Athos
e Ng
A
ta s
Q u a r n e r o
s
Castel Tornese
Dr
Jajc a
Klis
Trau
A
iS p e r c hae i o
Pi n e i o s
Kob aš
s ba
s
Knin
Sebenico
Rogosnizza
m
A c Mohács
a
an
ja Ostrovica Scardona
M
ey
g n s á y k u a g
v a Gradiška
Zvonigrad
m
L
po
Požega
Vr
Vrana
Klicevac
ares)
Dubica
an u
Ev ro
Hydra
Un
I
Karin
va ll
U E
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
a n d s
M
T
Nadin
Biograd
ios
pe
s
A
A
Zara
Obrovac Zr
mos
S
O
zá
Kostajnica
Starigrad
Novigrad
n
Gulf of Patras Aug 26 1526 Patras Kin g Lajos
Rmanj
A
D
Tem
Gulf of Kasandra
Gulf of Nauplia
Ripač
Udbina
ta
Ithaca
Jasenovac
Bihac
Plit vic ka - Jez era
Kin g La jos
na
Sana
Otočac
o
Vonitza
Zante (Zakinthos)
na Cazin U Krupa Novi
Carlopago (Bag) Gospic
Sea
I s l
n
Ka
I
St.George
E rgene
Lake Tachino
on
Gulf of Vo l o s
rta
Sisak
Slunj
Zengg
Nona(Nin)
Kapos
Cephalonia
A
Tr a i
Gulf of Burgas
g ro
t s .
Sr
Saloniki
Glina
i Gl
S
sa
A
L
it
R
Ogulin
No vig rad
V
Gulf of A
Santa Maura (Levkas)
O
a
up a
tr
Sava
N
C
Ancona
S e a
ulp
Fiume
n
Babócsa
Zumberak
of T ries te
i c e
is
I o n i a n
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A Se 2.14 - En route to Vienna, theT Ottoman forces again capture Győr. The Ottomans arrive at Vienna in late September 1529, starting the First Siege. er
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a
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D a nub
a
Ripač
y
?
s
ba
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Kob aš
Un
(Bag) Gospic
o
?
a
Vr
Lippa
Bé ga
em
Na
M o u n t a n i h a t V ersec p r Titel 2.13 - Together the armies of Süleyman and Zápolya re-capture C a Buda and in 1529 also Becskerek
i
Bihac
Csák
b
Dubica
Sana
v a Gradiška
T
Óbecse
ina
zá
Kostajnica
Požega
na Cazin U Krupa Novi
vic ka - Jez era
Eszék
A
Jasenovac
Slunj
očac
a
S
S
a
s
Temesvár
áv
Glina
in Gl
Maro
Csanád
es
L
Dr
Sisak
Mor
K
a
V
A
Mohács
O
ulp
gulin
Aug 26 1526 Kin g Lajos
Magyarkanizsa
T r a n s y l v a n i a
ros
Pruth
I
N
up a
A
- Kö
aro s
D u n a rea
Sava
Ma Szeged ros
Tisa
berak
sa
na
Feh
ér
Babócsa
M
o
a
t e - Kő r ö s
D
Berzence
i s
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av
po
ke
Y
t
n
Fe
R
Ol
o
s K ő rö
Se b es - Kő r ö s
A
ç e rn a
n
G
s am o
Sz
n
N
Saxon
Bre
a
Kapos
mos
m ellék Nagyvarád
Ti
be Danu
U
o
P
Csurgó
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l
M
N
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g n s á y k u a g
ur
u tu
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King La jos
M
H
Lake Balaton
Sza
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Te
e Sümeg
Egerszeg Kapornak
Marburg
sa
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ub
Vasvár Egervár
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Pr
T is a
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h
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Buda
Ikervár
Körmend
t
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a
P
a
n
an Ráb
d
g ro
Ip o ly
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p
a
D
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Rép ce
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r
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t
g g Nyitra
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I A
a
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Ma
Mo
Pozsony
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nau
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Vienna Do
Lavant
Szepesvár
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g
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u
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Ol
ya
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al
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ip
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a
e
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os
al
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e
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of
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Brăila Besika Bay Bu
o
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o
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op
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Holy Mount Athos
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av
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2.16 - Situation 1530 - The First Siege ofissaVienna marked the maximum western reach Cephalonia of the Ottoman Empire. Gulf of Patras lm Patras The Turks only gained someT territoryA north of Srebrenica through attacks from Syrmia in 1529. eb
e
ul
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m
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Mezősomlyó
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d
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es
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Zimony
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ri
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g
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a
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m ellék eka Nagyvarád R
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i
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Bay of Va l o n a
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p
zá
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E
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po
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r
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it
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KINGDOM of Aug 26K i n1526 g Lajos NAPLES Otranto Mohács (Span. Bourbon)
A
I
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o dr
is
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a
a
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of T ries e te
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m
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g n s á y k u a g
s
on e
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zo o nGö rz & Gra diš ka
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o a nt Otr
n
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of
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ur
(BR IXE N)
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ne
M
H
Lake Balaton
it ra St
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V elde s
a
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NICE
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Vasvár Egervár
Ra a b
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r Iske
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D
je
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DurazzoCsepel Isl.
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ul
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in
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N
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a
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n aVisegrád
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r
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t
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ti Érsekú jvár An
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Bay of Spizza
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im
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n ra GKuci
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et a
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Szepesvár
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Brda MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya
zn
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nau
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vo
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a r n i ca
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D
SALZBURG
on)
so
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Ann s U S T R I A
S a lz a c h
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Wiener Neustadt
ol
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ol
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ya
ra
ar
e
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to
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p e rLowerA u s t r i a
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tes gad en
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ha
a Su
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Whi t e D
T
n rau
Szörényvár
2.15S - Strong and e defenses r b bad i weather a m o kthwarted the siege, and the sultan decided to retreat ( S in October 1529. The return journey became a disaster for the Turkish forces, which Gyurgyevó er Turnu Magurele bi a n a defeat near Pozsony, and had to leave most of their baggage, prisoners, as well suffered ar )M Dun ea or n ava Du as canon behind. Rahovo
Ib
D
T
om
Z
D a n uU p be
Orsova
padna
ot
H e r z e g oNiksic vina
jic
M o u n t a i n s
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c
a
THE
N sn
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Z L E
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Inn
n
IT r eAb i
tje
W N S I R O
C
M B O H E
BOHEMIA
In
(can
in
t
OF
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N
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M o r a v
na
na
i za
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o
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i a n t h a r p C a
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m
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L A N D S
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s
n
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s
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s
iss
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a
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ba
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Repu blic of Pogli zza
K ü k ü llő
gy
Karánsebes
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a av
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na
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ro
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Belgrade
Zimony
K o lu b a r
i
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Klis
T
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t
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m
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ja Ostrovica
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r
sa
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o Zvonigrad
an
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m
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su
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ina
B
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L
A V A R I A
Du
a
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s
em
Na
Ol
Bo
sna
Rmanj
Klicevac
Isar
y Bo
Sava Srebrenica
Starigrad
Biograd
S ?
Un
I
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A
Müh ldorf
be
na K
Q u a r n e r o
T
Vr
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Csák Becskerek
Koba š
s ba
T
Óbecse
?
a
A
Sana
Csanád
ros
s
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Krupa Novi
Carlopago (Bag) Gospic
Eszék
Požega
v a Gradiška
Maro
y
O
zá
- Kö
aro s
T r a n s y l v a n i a
l
Jasenovac Kostajnica
s
a
na Cazin U
Plit vick a - Jeze ra
a
S
in
Bihac
PA S SAU
M
aro Szeged s Magyarkanizsa
Temesvár
áv
Maros
M
Mohács
Dr
Y
t e - Kő r ö s
Feh
Glina
Gl
Otočac
Zara
a
s
R
o
e
L
Aug 26 1526 Kin g Lajos
Sisak
Slunj
Nona(Nin)
i
po
M
n
V
A
S
Zengg
D o nau
n
ke
es
R No vig rad
Sea
o
O
k
a
C
Ogulin
A
I
O
ulp
up a
Fiume
A
n
Fe
Tisa
Sava
N
D
n
Babócsa
Zumberak
t r i a
a
Kapos
Berzence
C a r n i o l a
e
P
Csurgó
s am o
Se b es - Kő r ö s
A
ér
n f a l c on
Dráva
Varasd
Laibach S a v a
Ka
(FR EIS IN G) Laa ck
G
s
t
i
Kanizsa
K ő rö
re
e
ur
(BR IXE N)
N
Saxon m ellék Nagyvarád
z
M
N
U
mos
S
Marburg
V eld es
H
Lake Balaton
Ér
Kiskunság
g n s á y k u a g
Dráva
o nz s o Gö rz & Gr ad išk a
Sümeg
Egerszeg Kapornak
Kin g La jos
Raab
St.Andrae
Si
a
Vasvár Egervár
M
Debrecen
Csepel Isl.
th
ov
Lavant
Fehér vár
V eszp rém
Pru
t
Körmend
Sza
Jászság
B
Hotin
ld
Graz Gurk
l
Sz
E
Ikervár
Kam ienie c
a
n
a
i
u
i
l
o
r
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a
u tu
o
M
y
Ráb
Kőszeg
Ráko s r i v e r
Ti
e
t
r
Pr
d
T is a
Te
ub
S
Mu
Z s i tv a
an
Győr
h
Tisa
Visegrád
Duna
t
o
n
D
Komárom
P O L A N D P
a
Latorca
Ip o ly
Érsek újvár
Rép ce
Leoben
Seckau r
p
str
a
Csal lókö z
Lake Fe r t ő
B
Sajo
og
ç e rn a
Nyitra
r od
sa
Pozsony
Leitha
Ann s U S T R I A
r
Kassa
Danu
Y
nau
Dnie
a
an
G a ra
bb
s
Do
C
Eperjes
Waa
Vienna
Wiener Neustadt
Mu
Szepesvár
Lőcse
i
rg
Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s
h
rc
Danube
ns
un
M O R A V I A
Gr
p e rLowerA u s t r i a
En
Tra
ya
Ma
D a n uU p be
ha
rva
n In
T e
Mo
Passau
yj
D
Késmárk
Ti
D
BOHEMIA
Va h
g
THE
Vá
OF
N
Bartfa
an
L A N D S
PA S SAU
I A
M B O H E
Tenos
ˇ
3. 1530–1540 L A N D S
OF
M B O H E
THE
U p p e rLowerA u s t r i a
e
z s
Eszék
Jasenovac Kostajnica
Óbecse
Dubica Cazin
C R O A T I A
Krupa
Požega Gradiška
S
Kobaš
Novi
r
Udbina
Karlóca
m
Ripač Carlopago (Bag) Gospic
i
Belgrade
Mehadia Orsova
Szörényvár
T E
s
Vrana Ostrovica Scardona
Sebenico
M Rogosnizza
r
S
n
Sinj
i
Klis
Trau
A
A
L
A
Travnik
T
Alm
iss
e
r
b
i
a
Gyurgyevó Turnu Magurele
a
Republic of Poglizza
Spalato
Rahovo
a
A
a
I Herzegovina
Hercegno vi (Castel Nuovo)
to
Klobuk rin
Niksic
Brda
a
i
Su
RAGUSA
MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya
Spuž
Cetinje Grbalj
Budua
Kuci
r
Žabljak Upper Pulati Philippopoli
Pastrovići
An
Scutari
O
T
a
a ri ti v
T
Skopje
O
M
n
i
Dulcigno
a
M
Elbasan
a
c
e
d
o
n
i
a
A
N
g
Adrianople
l
u
B
Durazzo
^
Constantinople
a
b
Monastir
l
A pulia
Thessaloniki
Saseno KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)
Valona
Gallipoli
A Argyrocastro
E
Delvino
p l
Butrinto
t e s i o Joanina
i
Corfu
r
S u
A
T
W
A
I
H
C
b
Biograd
L
Klicevac
Knin
Karin
d Brăila
Jajca
o
S
A Ancona
Zvonigrad
Nadin
u
Mezősomlyó
a Zimony
Kilia
V ersec
Titel
Szabács
Srebrenica
Starigrad Nona(Nin) Novigrad Obrovac
Zara
s
n
o
x
Karánsebes
Rmanj
D
a
Pétervárad
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45
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g Vá m
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al
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ti
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l
l
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na
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mos Parga ta
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itsa
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m
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r
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l
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Once again, the armies first marched EBay of toSpBelgrade. M
Goumenitza
im
o
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L
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ma
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it
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nic
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e t KINGDOM of a
ar
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m
p (Salamvrias) M el u na Pa s s Te m Budua Lake P h t ilia e a S cnu t a ri e gattempt Aa isecond Joanina Pas tro vić 3.4 - In 1532, Sultan Süleyman undertook to march on Vienna.
Butrinto
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Grbalj
Ar
Brda
A p ul l i a
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sa
of
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Ta
in
n
it
a
ares)
m
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a
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A
Z
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a
a
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d
sk
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ic aln
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z
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ar
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ta
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r
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in
rd
ic
tr i esi m
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ar
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h
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e
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e Karlóca
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46
isn
Nuov o)
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r
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eb
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o
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3.3 - The fortress of Klis had first been attacked by the Ottomans in 1515 and was besieged P i nwas i o s once again in 1522 by Gazi Husrev Beg, the governor-general of Bosnia. In 1531, Klis Corfu besieged, but held out against the Ottoman forces. ( S a l a m v rCorfu ias)
1536
eb
a
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zn
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mok
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n Boja
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in
of
e C a p e G l o sS sa or Linguetta
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ra
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ra
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l
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r od
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L 3.2 -Klicevac Situation 1531
s
Carlopago (Bag) Gospic
Grbalj
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i C e tB
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A
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g n s á y k u a g
E
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r C
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ra
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MON TE NEGR O Sava Her ceg nov i Katunsksa Perasto (Ca stel Nuo vo) Nahya ulp S L A V O N I A Sisak up a Cetinje
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r n i o l a
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r
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áv
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C a r n ir ao l a a
I
Z L E
oRf T r i e s te
C
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s
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Facsád
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BelgradeM u
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D
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s
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arlopago (Bag) Klis Trau Gospic
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Isar
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Ostrovica Pl it vi
Pi
a
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s
on e
Nyitra
Ka
o
s
nj
A T IKninA
Mo n f a l c
Gulf
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Bé ga
Kőszeg
Körmend
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T
ros
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m
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Sa
I s Gö rz & Gr ad išk a
Aquilej a
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Titel
V eld es
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S
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Sana Una Bos Cazin Travnik Novi Krupa
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Dr
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(BR IXE N) V E N Iz C á vE Gradiška (FREISING) a La ack T e rDubica ra Ferma zo on
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Rép ce
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a
a
Zimony SzabácsPožega
na
a
Srebrenica
Kostajnica
Jajc a
Zvonigrad Otočac
i
i
Dráva
Jasenovac Sava
3.1 - In 1530, Slunj the Ottoman armies capture Kobaš.
ma
m
t
r
S u
a
Rmanj
vac
r
su
y
e Karlóca
C a r i n t h i a
etva
K
Un
in Gl
Bo
Bo
t
r Pétervárad Mu
Aspr
Tyrol
S
D a nub
y
Lienz
Drau
sna
r
Lake Fe r t ő
Csák
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Seckau
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g n s á y k u a g
Ripač
Udbina
Sisak
s Glina ba r V
Ogulin
a
Kob aš
er
hac
Krupa Novi
Mu
rva
Cazin
Sana
Mohács T e
Wiener Neustadt
Becskerek
SALZBURG
Mo
K
u p Uan a
Dubica
E
S L A V O N SI A
v a Gradiška
nau
Va h
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Temesvár
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S a lz a c h
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Do
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Ti
Jasenovac
ulp z á
Kostajnica
Vienna
es
lunj
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na
h
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ya
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os
M O R A VFIe A
ros
bb
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a
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ub
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ha
an
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Y
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a
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THE
rLowerD a U p p eMagyarkanizsa Babócsa n u b e A u s t r i a Csanád Tisa
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n
In
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(Szb .)
Ma
sa
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na
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BOHEMIA
n
M B O H pE
D
^
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ér
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B A V A R I A
n
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n
s
s
a
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po
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P
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n
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o
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Gulf of
iz Santa Maura (Levkas)
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s
sa Ti
av
sa Ti
bi
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rav
j
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b
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na
zn
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i
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r
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Sikinos
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Cape Sideros of Anafi y lo a admiralB bAndrea Doria while el a ir M
Gulf
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Kal
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o M e sGs
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I
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I
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of
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ar ia f S am
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47
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on
o
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OF
Folegandros
3.8 - In 1532 Koroni was retaken by the Genoese Cerigo was engaged in the Kőszeg campaign. Cape Malia
Rrhion
A c h a i a
M
M
Maina
Ch
Lepanto=N =Antirrhio
Gulf of Patras
Myconos
Cape “Dragon” Duchy of Naxos Matapan
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iz
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o
t
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er
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n
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b
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Bay of Chesmé
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t e s i o
s Kaly mnoJoanina
n i a n
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os
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Monemvasia
ar
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rd
of Messenia
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Va
Gulf
sa
E
^
R 3.7 - In 1531, Methoni was almost taken by the Knights of St. John, who captured many Muslim prisoners. R A N E
Pylos Chania Methoni
Suda Bay Zarnata
it
ip
P h t ilia
S E ue r o aI o
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ta s
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tr
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t e (E ub o
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m G u l f o f M e n dAel li aak
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eloponnesos)
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o
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e Folegandros g Lamia A ta
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1536
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it
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e
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km
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o
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o
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a
h
ma
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ru
c
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ka
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1536
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rfu
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a
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M
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lnic
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m
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ar
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KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)
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ga
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al
o
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in
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et a
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MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya
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Brda Fertő (G. Neusiedler See) to the north. They also moved west, toward Wiener Neustadt. Tu =Antirrhion RAGUSA RAGUSA e n d ža (E lf of Burgas ub aged to withstand an Ottoman siege. After negotiations, the Ottomans only symbolically After a series of smaller clashes, the Turks were defeated at the Battle of Steinfeld onG u19 o Lepanto=Naupaktos i Cephalonia Žabljak Žabljak Ithaca Rrhion captured Kőszeg before moving on. The town remained part of the Empire. a ) September 1532. Afterwards, the Ottoman armyGretreated south, besieging first Graz, then r ulf Upper Habsburg Upper Pulati Pulati =Antirrhion Eur Gulf of Patras C h i o s ri ri n n retreat ip St Dr D Marburg (Maribor) later in September 1532, both without success. Via Varasd, the a s t i of rin in os Mar Patras Scutari Scutari Rrhion G u l f a Gulf of Patras continued through Slavonia via Kobaš and the area to its north back to Belgrade. Corinth of Patras Lim
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vo
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ul
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t i through p Hungary, Niksic 3.5 - From Belgrade the Ottoman forces this timej i c Sa took a different route Ca o Klobuk ut na n or Brda in l Psize im t a which took them to the minor stronghold of Kőszeg, which despite its L small manecs Tr
a
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m
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ni
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h
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a
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ar
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yj
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T
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ma
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ru
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C In y p r u s 3.11a - After several earlier attempts, the Ottomans managed to conquer Klis in 1537. T roödos Mnts. Brda 1537-38, the town of Nadin was destroyed. In the north, the Ottomans launched attacks RAGUSA Paphos Limassol Afrom the Kobaš area. isn
a
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ot
ra
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m
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ti
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KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)
ni
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na
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i
i
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n
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Suda Bay
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t
e Karlóca
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of
m
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r
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su
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3.9 - In the spring of 1533, the Ottomans attacked Koroni by land and sea, but without E success. The sultan engaged the famous corsair Hayreddin Barbarossa for another camR paign against Koroni at the end of May, 1534. The advance of Barbarossa, an outbreak of the plague and other hardships caused the garrison installed by DoriaRto evacuate Koroni A in 1534. and retreat to Nauplia. The Ottomans reoccupied Koroni without any opposition
s
Zara
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a
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nj
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Gulf of Laconia
Maina
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B
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Bay of Va l o n a
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p
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r
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t e s i o
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up a
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ta s
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Kissamos Bay
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ar ia f S am
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a
eloponnesos)
o
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iz
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ur
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Athens
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e
o
t e ub oia )
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av
M
St.Andrae
n
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a
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a
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o
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r
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of Corinth
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Castel Tornese
t
1534 (BR IXE N) V E N I C3.10 E - ESituation uri p
Gulf
A c h a i a
a n d s
S
C
Patras
al
Koroni Wiener Neustadt
Do
Gr
g n s á y k u a g
Aspr
At
of Messenia
I
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Northern
r
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g
Besika Bay
I
D
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e
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o
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mos
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l
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SALZBURG
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n
D a r d a nr c e l l e s Misthra
Vienna E u r o
Danube
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
An n s U S T R I A
S a lz a c h
L a
l
S u
na
I o n i a n
Gulf of Arta
M
Kalamata
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o
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p e rLowerA u s t r i a
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a
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ta s
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T
rva
D a n uU p be ns
Gulf of Kasandra
Inn
Saloniki
In
(Pas) Oberndorf
E
P h t ilia
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Hydra
he o f t Passau H a g i o n Onr o s
(Szb .)
Delvino
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bb
sa
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En
it
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t e s i o
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A
Gulf of Salamis Büy ük Ček mede ze N KüE çZü Ik Ç k m e c e P e t a l i a o n i cW Gulf S a rO S I L P a r o R Aegina r m SC e a o f Mo ra Keos Marmara Gyaros Gulf of Cape Methana Sounion Aegina Kithnos
N A I Nauplia
E M B O HKiveri Gallipoli
B A V A R I A Gulf
km
a
Mo
on
tr
ia
e
Gulf of Saros THE
OF
Y
a
Crn
is
Al
r
Bosporus
Constantinople Korinthos
eloponnesos)
BOHEMIA
W
o a nt Otr
A
o
Al p h e ( P ios
L A N D S
PAS SAU
Isar
Valona
M
os
Athens
ic
n a b
l
D oGnualuf o f Orphani
E rgene
of Corinth
Kalavryta
Pi n e i o s
Castel Tornese
•••
of
Bay of Va l o n a
Lake TachinoZante
on
Thessaloniki
Saseno
A c h a i a
a n d s
m
a
Lake Ostrovo
ti
l
ares)
m
ni
iI as S r
(V ard
it ra St
Monastir
Lake Prespa
Lake Doiran
Gulf Ev ro
al
n
Patras
i a)
ip
an
o
Rrhion
Gulf of Patras
N e s to s
d
ei
e
t s .
Eur
C
ka
c
=Antirrhion
er
M
Re
Axios
Lake Ochrid
Elbasan
a
un
Cephaloniat a
bo
a rda ALepanto=Naupaktos
l
M
ar
M
Ithaca
M
B
Se
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)
e es
Durazzo
Shkumbi
A pulia
S e a
in
Sea
Dr
i c
rfu
o
Ca
Goumenitza
na
s
l
Parga
Paxos
A Preveza
I o n i a n 1536
Gulf of
Vo La Punta
I o n i a n
Santa Maura (Levkas)
S e a
Ithaca Cephalonia
I s l
a n d s Zante
48
M
l
S u
o
op Aspr
op
A c h a i a
na
of diz C o r i n tGh e
Gulf of Vo l o s o
P
Eur
ip
Lamia
os
At
M
i
ndga
ndga Tu
Tu
s
s
ic
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ti
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r o na
p
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E
Gulf of Edremid
iz
Ged
Gulf of Smyrna
a A N A T O L I A
e
S
C h i o s
Bay of Chesmé
n
t e (E ub o
l
Andros
Samos
i a)
Ged
Gulf of Smyrna M en d e r e s
Psara
iz
Me
and e r
Vathy
of Messenia
Patmo s
Hermupolis
Kelapha
Santorini
Cape Malia
E
E •••
C
r
Hermupolis
e t e
M
Cape Sideros
E
Scar pant o
A
Sphakiotes
C
r
S
R
e t e
N
A
T roödos Mn
E
Paphos
A
o
Famagusta Sphakia
Larnaca
Famagusta T roödos Mn
49
Limassol
Larnaca
Scar pant o
Paphos
“Dragon”
K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N
Heraklion
C
r
Spinalonga
Knossos
e t e
M
of y o B ab e l l ira
Cape Sideros
Kaso s
N- Due to Barbarossa’s S campaign E A of 1537-38, the Venetians have lost 3.12a - Situation 1538 several islands to the Ottomans. Crete remains Venetian.
Nof the OttomanSfleet returned E A to Istanbul, but Barbarossa, with 60 3.11c - The main part ships, seized Keos (Zea) and Naxos.
Rho
Limassol
Suda
Sphakiotes
Chalke
Nicosia
C y p rt s . u s
C r e t e
of
Rhetymno Gorg
C y p rt s . u s
M
Telos
Kyrenia
Kaso s
Sideros
Suda Bay
Nicosia
A
Anafi
B ab e l l ira
Syme
Nisyros
Santorini
(Megiste) of y
Knossos
E A
Kissamos Gramvousa B a y
Kaso s
Stampalia
Scarp anto
Spinalonga Kastellorizo C a p e
Heraklion
Rhetymno
Gulf of Kos
K os
Amorg os
K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N
S e a
N
Rho des
Kalym nos
Nios
“Dragon”
Suda
Mendelia
Leros
Chalke
Naxos
Sikinos
Gulf of
Rho des Gulf of Mendela
Telos
Paros
Folegandros
Kyrenia Chania
R
Syme
Patmo s
Nisyros
Duchy of Naxos
Polyaigos
Rho des
Sphakia
N
Anafi
Kimolos
Suda Bay
Cape Chania
alia RhoMdes Gorg
e t e C rMelos
ar ia f S am
ar ia f S am
Sphakia
of y o B ab e l l ira
of
eo
eo
Sphakiotes
Spinalonga
Knossos
E
Gulf of Adalia
Monemvasia
ar ia f S am
K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N
Heraklion
A
Gulf of Adalia
Delos
Sifnos
Cerigo
R
T “Dragon”
Suda Rhetymno
Gorg
E
Chalke Cape Matapan
I
Suda Bay
Chania
N
D
Kissamos Gramvousa B a y
C r e t e
of
S e a
R
Myconos
Antiparos
eo
Cerigo
Syme Gulf of L Taecloons i a ssamos i K aina Gramvousa B a y
M
Gulf of Kos
Santorini
Serifos
S e a
Kelapha
Anafi
Ikaria K os
(Minoa)
Passavâ
Nisyros
T
M
Folegandros
Maina
Cape Matapan
of Messenia
Koroni
M en d e r e s
Samos
Stampalia
Rinia Siros
E u r Gulf of Kos o
K os
I
Gulf of Laconia
Nios
Sikinos
Amorgo s
Nios
Spetsai
Zarnata
Gulf
Pylos Methoni Stampalia
Amorg os
Duchy of Naxos
Polyaigos
Melos
Cerigo
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
D
ta s
Kimolos
Monemvasia
Sikinos
Kalym nos
Tenos
Gyaros
of Naxos Kithnos
•••
Naxos
Sifnos
Passavâ
Naxos
Keos
Malia Misthra
Cape Kalamata M a t a p anos n Kalym
Mendelia
Vathy
Antiparos
Folegandros
Hydra
Gulf of
Gulf of Mendela
Leros
(Minoa)
ta s
o
of Mendela
Patmos
Andros
Paros
Polyaigos
Melos
Nauplia
Mendelia
Delos
Cape arb S o u n i o n aro Aegina ssa Kimolos Duchy
Methana
A T O
Bay of Chesmé
Gulf of Petalia
Cape
E
Eur
Nauplia
Monemvasia Gulf of
Paros
(Minoa) Antiparos
SalamisSerifos S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina H ao r yre dd in Gulf of Sifnos B
Kiveri
Gulf of Gulf of L a c o n i a Gulf
M a i n a Leros
M
Serifos
Hermupolis
a
Burdshi
Passavâ
Koroni
Delos
e
Rinia
Siros Athens
M en d e r e s Korinthos
eloponnesos)
Myconos
•••
Myconos
Rinia Siros
oE u r o r
Al p h e ( P ios
Zarnata
Gulf
Pylos Methoni
Misthra
M
and e r Me
Hydra
Spetsai
Vathy
Kalamata
Ikaria
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
Kithnos
Spetsai
A
Castel Tornese
Kithnos
al
Tenos
Gyaros
Samos
an
Keos
Cape arb S o u n i o n aro Aegina ssa
Gulf of Nauplia
Kalavryta
Pi n e i o s
Zante
Misthra
Kelapha
A c h a i a
I s l Andros a n d s
ta s
Methana
Burdshi
Kiveri
Ikaria
Gyaros
C
al
Nauplia
ios
Keos
Cape arb S o u n i o n Methana aro Aegina ssa Corinth
i
Dardanelles
n
a
eP a
S
Gulf of Petalia
Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina H ao r yre dd in Gulf of B
Gallipoli
Gulf of Edremid
Sporades
e
an
ik
Sus
I
Northern
N
al
M a r m o
o f
S e a
Besika Bay
e
g
n t e (E ub oia )
Athens Korinthos
Büy ük Ček mede Kü ç ü k Ç
Ç.
p
l
o
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Ithaca C h iM o s
Ca
a
a
Sus ti
r o
Gulf of
Kalavryta
Pi n e i o s
Castel Tornese
n
a
Gulf of Kasandra
e
al
Gulf of Smyrna
Aspr
Patras
er
Bre
on
o
Gulf
Gulf of Saros
iğ i r l
Sporades
g
M a r m o r a
o f
Marmara
M
M
on
m
an
Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
S e a
M
a
s
ic
er
ta
Rrhion
al
e
an
Gulf of Patras
Zante
At
Sperchei
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhiono s
Vonitza
Psara
s
Lamia
Arta Gulf of Arta
A
C
Santa Maura (Levkas)
N
Bosporus
Constantinople
Gulf of Saros
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Northern
ios
Gulf of
Adrianople
itsa
Dardanelles
Pinios (Salamvrias)
s
a
e
g
M
ey
ar
iğ i r l
Saloniki
E E
s
La Punta
i
a
i a
Crn
a
b l
sa
l
it
S u
tr
e
v a ll
pe
M
Arda
E rgene
Ç.
n a
b l
m
ares)
is
Preveza Ithaca
Te m
N
Ev ro
ik iğ i r l
e
Gulf of Vo l o s
Pine
G u l f o f S pEedrrcehme iiod
g
a
Gulf of Orphani
Thessaloniki
Gulf of
A
Gulf of Burgas
Gallipoli
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
W
A
Gulf of Burgas
n d ža
Ev ro
t s .
Lake Tachino
M a Orr p hma n io r a
Gulf of Kasandra
P ikn m ios l i a (Salamvrias)
E
R
mos
s ta
ey
un
Adrianople
itsa
l
ˇ
r
E rgene
N e s to s
a
Sr
on Büy ük Ček mede ze çük Ç kmece G u lKü f of
(V ard
sa
Te m
v a ll pe
M
ta
Constantinople
L aTachino ke Doiran
i
e
ar
Marmara
Saloniki
ˇ
Tu
A
Arda
Bosporus
B
ei
Axios
ares)
n
es
N M
N e s to s
m
(V ard
o
t s .
a
Philippopoli
a
g
M
ei
Axios
Crn
aca
Mor
a
ndga
Bre
a
Tu
ar
d
n
u
Lake
on
pl
o
M
rd
it
Vonitza
Parga
M
ta
Sr
Gulf of
Joanina
Gulf of Arta
d
e
Marits
M
o
o
Va
a
A
h
ma
d
a
Philippopoli
a
R
ru
o
i
h
ma
ar
n
R
ru
rd
i
aca
Mor
va
Va
Bre
ra
va
M
p
Lake Ostrovo
km
tr
on
Mo
ra
je
i
e
Bay of Chesmé
Hydra
R
Po l
is
I
Marits
O es
M e l u n a Pa s s
Al p h e
Gulf of Petalia
Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina H ao r yre dd in Gulf of B
Gulf of Nauplia
oroni
c
W
S e a
i a)
lnic
Black
a
r
St
Thessaloniki S e a o f
Besika Bay
an
Korinthos
Kiveri
of Messenia
vo
Santa Maura Paxos (Levkas)
I o n i a n I s l a n d
Athens
Burdshi
Zarnata
so
of Corinth
oponnesos)
ulf
ka
Monastir
Prespa
t e s i o Arta
ntr
tra
E Eur i o s 3.11b - In August, 1537, gathered at Valona C(T.h Avlonya, Alb. Vlorë) from where o to r wrest e aCorfu from the Venetians. The fleet, with i p Süleyman I made the first Ottoman attempt Tenos os Cephalonia A N N A Tto Edirne. O L Iu r i p o sABarbarossa, Rrhion A Gulf G( uPl feolf oP apt o r ans n e s o s ) Nauplia it besieged the town of Corfu (T. Körföz) for 43 days before it withdrew. The land forces retreated o f Patras
Kalavryta
Kalamata
Ko
t e (E ub o
l
n
Gallipoli
o
La Punta
Cephalonia
n
a
ios Pine
PrevezaGoumenitza
I o n i a n
o
M
Lak L aOkset r oev o
Re
r
P
Corfu
S eI ao n i a n S
p
ga
E r g e n eD oLi ar ak ne
o
Dardanelles
i
na
O
T
a
d
M e l u n a Pa s s
ps
Paxos
h ti
l
Ca
ti
S
r
B a n s l k s l k t a i a n a i n M ao nu n t n u o M Tu
a
in a
n
na
ti
r o
Lake Ochrid
o sl i a Gulf of SarA
Butrinto Parga P lia
Ca
an
g
lnic
Skopje
e
Monastir
Lake Prespa
Eo
Goumenitza
rfu
al
c
Delvino
Co
a
e
ni
Iske
B
Ev ro
r
At
ga
Adrianople
Argyrocastro Joanina
Sporades
e
T
ka Re
t e s i o
i
Corfu
r
n d ža
St
itsa
a
C
Gulf
P h t ilia
l
on
p
s
to=Naupaktos rhion
Butrinto
I o nN o ir t hae r nn N
Lamia
A
na
o
Gulf of
Delvino
Ca
Sperchei
Gulf of Vo l o s
M
ar
M
Elbasan
m
B
g
e
Arda
Argyrocastro
Valona
rfu
E
M
Dr
Saseno
Co
A
Skopje
ti
A
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
Pinios (Salamvrias)
ey
ni
a
Valona
Bay of
G u l f Va o fl o n a Orphani
B
ˇ
Se
E
v a ll
m
o
o a nt Otr of it o ra a nt St f Otr
m
ares)
eios
pe
Shkumbi
Se
Saseno
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
Black
Iske
Gulf of Burgas
N T
Lake Ochrid
Elbasan
N e s to s
ei
(V ard Te m
Whi t e D
in
s.
Shkumbi
Lake Tachino
KINGDOM A of p u l i a NAPLES Otranto (Span. Thessaloniki Bourbon)
n
Black
Dr
M
it ra St
Axios
n a Pa s s
g
n d ža
r
Ta
Black
o
l
ri
in
AO
in
d
na
n t uDurazzo
n
Dr
Scutari Dr
o
Boja
ay of KINGDOM of Va l o n a NAPLES Gulf of the Otranto Oros n o i g a H (Span. Gulf of Gulf of Bourbon) Saloniki Kasandra
km
O
a
Tu
B i sc s ka tr i ca
Philippopoli
S c u t a ri
Marits
ri
rin
je
Žabljak Uppe r Pulat i D
S cLuatkae r i
Po l
Kuci
M
Durazzo
ta
Sea
on A pulia
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
in
h
es
B Sr
Spuž
Dulcigno
A d r i a tp ei c
Lake Doiran
et a
An a
Boja
Sea
Lim
im
Dr
A dO r i a t i cM
a
vo
Lake S c u t a ri
Budua
ari t i vPastrov ići An Bay of Spizza i Dulcigno va r nti
R
lnic
Grbalj
Pastrov ići
L
Žabljak CetinjeUpper Pulati
Grbalj
Bay of Spizza
ma
ga
Katunsksa Nahya
Budua Bocche di Catta ro
ru
T
Kuci
Cetinje
Perasto
Ta r a
Lim
Brda
Whi t e D
Bocche di Catta ro
Ta r a
Z
Herce gnovi (Cast el Nuov o)
Pinios S t (Salamvrias)
n s t a i n u o M Lim Pe so
et a
a
Ko
MONTE aNEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Spuž Nahya MONTE NEGRO
RAGUSA
Herce gnovi (Caste l Nuovo )
Pinios (Salamvrias)
ni
l Klobuk k a Niksic Brda n Z
RAGUSA
n jKlobuk ica Su to Su rin to a rin
ntr
Mo
HTBr ee r H z e g o vei gn oa v ic n a jic bis a e r z Niksic a nic
a
isn
a
ar
ar
ar
a
eb
r
Ko m
Tr
Ko m
Iske
ar
a
N
A
T
Paphos
Do
Salzburg
y
r
r
a Körmend
Lavant
St.Andrae
M
Marburg
V el de s
ur
P
Csurgó
K
a
up a
i
a
na
s
Mohács
S L A V O N I A
Dr
K
Sisak
áv
a
Eszék
Glina in
a
Jasenovac Kostajnica
zá
Slunj
Zengg
Cazin
Otočac
C R O A T I A
Dubica
Sana
v a Gradiška
Una Krupa Novi
Bihac
Pl itv ick a - Je ze ra
Požega
S
Gl
V
Ripač
a rb
S
Ko ba š
s
na B os Sava Srebrenica
a Rmanj
Zrm
Nadin
i
a
Szabács
na
K o lu b a
ra
ri na
Vrana Ostrovica
a
D
s
Knin
Zim
v Sa
Bos
Travnik
Vr
L
Klicevac
Karin
a
Biograd
Zvonigrad
a
nj
Scardona
n
ba s
Sebenico
M
C et
Trau
Rep ubl ic of Pog lizz a
a iss
Uva
na jes
Ceh
ka
Ta
N
Ko m
A
ar
eb
ra
nic
Herzegovina a
50
Tr
ot
a
t
i za
t Su
c
in
Tr
eb
I 3.12b - Situation 1538 - The Ottoman-Habsburg front in Bosnia-Slavonia.
m
Dri
Alm
Li
a
na
Spalato
T
i
i
A
N e ret
Kli s
Za
va
Rogosnizza
Sinj
etva
A
Zara
m
t
e Karlóca
Jaj ca
o
Starigrad Nona(Nin) Novigrad Obrovac
D
su
r
Pétervárad
Dr
B
Udbina
y
Bo
Un
Carlopago (Bag) Gospic
D a nub
ina
Ogulin
N ov ig ra d
Q u a r n e r o
n
po
Sava ulp
i c
Kapos
o
Du
Zumberak
Istria
n
Babócsa
Zumberak Captaincy
Fiume
n
Berzence
C a r n i o l a
Tr
a
Ti
Dráva
Varasd
Laibach S a v a
o f T r i ei es st e te
Sea
U
er
Gulf
H
Lake Balaton
Kanizsa
(FREISING ) La ac k
one
N
Ka
Mo n f a l c
Sümeg
Egerszeg Kapornak
(B R IX EN ) zo on I s G ö rz & G ra d iš k a
Cse pel Isl.
Egervár
Dráva
ona
m
Vasvár
Raab
Feh érv ár
V esz pré m
g n s á y k u a g
a r i n t h i a
Rá ko s r i v e r
Buda
a
Ikervár
Graz Gurk
Ráb
Kőszeg
Visegrád
Duna
Győr
Rép ce
Leoben
i
Komárom
e
Mu
ub
t
an
S
r
Seckau
Ip o ly
Érs ekú jvá r
D
E
ac h
Nyitra
Cs all ók öz
Lake Fe r t ő
An n s U S T R I A
e
Pozsony
Leith a
Wiener Neustadt
Mu
nau
be
bb
Danu
Vienna
G a ra
Y
Waa
Danube
an
g
h
rc
Z s i tv a
un
p e rLowerA u s t r i a
rva
Tra
Gr
Mo
D a n uU p be ns
I
En
(Pas) Oberndorf
nn
ya
Ma
Passau
ha
e
s
A
yj
sa
D
BOHEMIA
isn
jic
a Su t
Klobuk o
Niksic
Ta r a Lim
pa
Sz
t
d
Ol
l
u
B
Va
ç e rn a
k a
h
D u n a rea
Ve
e s Bra
av
a
j
Ti
u
de
St.Georg
Turnu M
narea
tra
r
b
o
D
a
i
n d ža
M
r
nd
M
p
es
Marits
M
ar
Arda
e
M
ta
u
Philippop
a
itsa
l
n
t s .
Ev ro
Lake Tachino
on
A
ic er M
a
Crn
Tu
Tu
es m Te
Pruth
z
sa
Ti
av
Bre
i
n a
b
ndga
a
Bre
l
Tu
Mor
aca
Gulf of Orphani
s on
Crn
a
Gulf of
Gal
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
ic
l
S u
Gulf of Arta
P
Ithaca
o op
S
Gulf
os
al
e
e
an
ti
Patras
g
Ch
ai
re
dd
of Corinth
in
Ba
C
al
rb
ar
os
Bay of
Tenos
Gyaros
Burdshi
Nauplia
Siros
t
ios
Eur
GHermupolis ulf of
ip
Rinia
e
Gulf of
a
)
Ged Burdshi
g Ca
r o na
p
l
Nauplia a
ire
Gulf of Nauplia
P
Besika Bay
o n t e (E ub oia ) Eur
e
dd
Methana
in
Ba
rb
ip
os
Ch
a
Gulf
re
dd
in
Aegina
A
Gulf of
PsaraP e t a l i a Keos Cape arb S o u n i o n aro ssa
Gyaros
C h iKithnos o s
A N A T O L I A ar
os
Siros
Hermu
s a Hydra
Serifos
Spetsai
of Chesmé Kalamata
ai
Athens
Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina H ao r yre dd in Gulf of B
iz
Ch
Kiveri
os
Navarino
Me
Misthra
Eur
Andros
o ulf of G Zarnata P e t a l i a Samos
S a r o n i c Pylos Gulf of Vath y Messenia Methoni Aegina Passavâ Koroni r o a i r a k I Ha Keos yre Kelapha dd Gulf of Gyaros in Gulf of Laconia Ba C a p e Myconos Methana rba S o u n i o n M a i n a r a n i Aeg oss Kithnos a Delos
ti
Korinthos
( Pb eol io ap o n n e Ssmoy rsn)a
AthensB a y
KorinthosN a v a r i n o Salamis
Kiveri Hydra
Al p h e
sa
Andros
Kithnos
Kalavryta
M( E u o e r
an
S
ta s
sa
n
C h i o s
M
ros
ap
Pi n e i o s
o a n Tornese Castel Psara
al
Aegina
A c h a i a
r o
al
of Corinth
al
an
ios
At
Gulf of Patras
ik
Sporades e
E
Gulf of Edremid
S pRrhion o r a d e s Gulf
At
iğ i r l
al
N Lamia
R
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
an
ip
C
Al p h e
Methana
I
Lamia
M
n
a
Northern
N
Northern
C
Eur
Gulf of
op
Gulf of Vo l o s
Gulf of Vo l o s
P
o
Besika Bay
o
n Lepanto=Naupaktos t e (E =Antirrhion ub oia ) Rrhion
Sperchei
mos
n
a
e
g
e
an
l
ta
A
Dardanelles
o
n
Santa Maura (Levkas)
M
Vonitza
1538
La Punta
M a r m o r a
o f
S e a
Marmara
Aspr
Ea
Preveza
Pinios (Salamvrias)
ey
E
e
g
e
Arta
v a ll
Ç.
M
A
Paxos
pe
Sus
er
on
on
Parga
Zante
p
Te m
Gallipoli
Pinios (Salamvrias)
ley
Gulf of Kasandra
C
r o na
Gulf of the ros H a gMieol nu n aOPa ss
s
Aspr
t
sa
ç e rn a Ti
ina
Dr
t
na
ç e rn a
Ol
be
Danu
na
Sz
Te
etva
er
Ti
n a a
sa
ia
s
l
i
m
Adrianople
s G u l f o f PSi anreo is o
o
S u
rg
Sr
N e s to s
it
Crn
a
a
i
eo
N e s to s
n
ares)
b
Du
M
o
Lake Doiran
(V ard
tr
Al
r
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
pe
Joanina
i
o
S t. G
B ei
d
Gulf of Burgas
t s . Axios
e
g
o
ar
c
ˇ
l
n
u
r
eka
is
p
Te m
l
op
Sulina
Branch
Sulina
n
l k a n
d
ga
a lnic
M
ts
Gulf of Kasandra
Saloniki
s
Aspr
C
A
r
o
rd
M
R
ta
W
^
l
Ti
es
m
Ol
es m
Te
aca
Bran c h
m
h
Va
e
R
o
Bre
sa
Du
sa
sa Ti
K
Dr
be Danu
e r a o
nnan
ina
K
Z s i tv a
Ti
Du
G a ra
na
m
Waa
g
Ti
Mor
lia
a B l a c ka S e
OA
ma
d
n
an u
a
ru
o
a
Tr a i
Iske
Philippopoli
a St
n d ža
L a ak e Ostrovo
Arda
N e s to s
val
na
l
Du
Jan
Thessaloniki
Goumenitza
Ca
S u
va
h
a
Ki
i n s a t M oB u n
Marits
M T
Lake M Tachino ar i
m
i
L
Dunai
V a l l um
be
R
ares)
b
mok
ra
je
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ei
a
l
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Gyurgyevó
A
u
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u
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on
e
h
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Po l
g
dz
nc
ina
Ar
Tr a i a n u m um
t
n)
vo
A
Zi
a
Danu
s a i pn Skopje
Lake Prespa
Jalo
r
Ol
Dr
narea
garia
e
M aa
Sr
te
ul
so
a
aca
t
mits
W
l Turnu Magurele
l k a n
in
Mor
Ol
v
Du za
de
l
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a
Q u aD ru
i
th
Ve
is
I
M o u n t
i a n t h a r p C a
A
A
Al u ta
A
re
etva
b
Se
er
a
H
s
n
o
x
a
C
s
na
u
r
es
y
Ko
etva
tr
h
et
S
s
l M o r a v
ar
er
o
N is
a
ut
a
n e
dz
Dr
E
rfu
Ca
Tig hin a
(B
Tu
l
Co
ti
Pr
ov
i
k
Ar
B a
IS p os r a ld e sa n d s
an
ér
ld
a
e Ib
W h i t er uDm
Black ti
Gulf of
g
I
s
Rahovo a
tra
Tt
e s G u l f i oof t
Butrinto
of Corinth
Gulf of Nauplia
n
Northern
e
o ar
n
Du
Jan
S p e r c h e i Cephalonia o
Patras
Kiveri
zn
es
i
( Vm a r d
k
Corfu
Gulf of Patras
Burdshi
a
Axios
ia
MS e a
N al
a
Ju
Jalo
i sa a
k ü llő y Kü
Szörényvár
a
A
T
E rgene Bosporu u t s. Gulf of o O r pEhvarn i A Thessaloniki km 3.13c - Moldavia (T. Bogdan) had accepted Ottoman suzerainty since the mid-15th Constantinople century, G u l f o f S a r o
Valona
A c h a i a 3.13b - On 28 September 1538, Hayreddin Barbarossa A c hmet a i the a Holy League’s fleet under Athens I s l a n d s I off s Preveza. l a n After d ssome skirmishes, Kalavryta Andrea Doria which were intended to prevent an Kalavryta Pi n e i o s Gulf of Pi n e i o s Korinthos Salamis Castel Tornese Petalia Castel Tornese outright battle, the western fleet S a r o n i c Gulf Zante Zante withdrew. Aegina r o M o r e a M Gulfo Hofayreddir e Keos a n Cape Nauplia Al p h e ( P e l o p o n n e s o s ) io ( P e 51 l o pBaorba Sno unn i oen s o s ) s
t
z
t
in
Gulf
S
Ol
Dr
Patras
n
na
Gulf of Patras
n
IA o ne i ga ne
At
I
sker
Philippopoli
ni
M
ta
OF THE
g Na
M
Gyurgyevó
O
Se
Gulf of Orphani
ta
Lamia
ri
n
e
M
Gulf of
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion Rrhion
u
ri
o
o
H
ava
Bu
i
I
a
Sperchei
b
M o u n
I o n i a n
Gulf of Vo lm oso s
Vonitza
)M or
on)
Rahovo
r
in
d
Cephalonia
Gulf of Arta
an
Lake Elbasan D o i r a nLake Ochrid
o
ios Pine
Ithaca Cephalonia
o
Ithaca
va
S e a
h
S e a
O
ar
Santa Maura (Levkas)
Santa Maura os am t (Levkas)
bi
de
in
rd
I o n i a n
ra
Va
La Punta
Z
E
s
Vonitza
Al
Gulf of Kasandra
Arta
1538
er
a
Gulf of Arta
1538
M
´
but the sultans had absorbed several parts of it over time. In S1538, a l o n i k i Süleyman I brought Argyrocastro Lake Büy ük Ček mede ze Moldavia under closer control by annexing Bucak to secure the port of Akkerman. Delvino Kü ç ü k Ç k m e c e Tachino m
im
s
l
Preveza
es
1538
on
Pinios (Salamvrias)
La Punta
I o n i a n
R
P
s ineio
na
I o n i a n
Mo
Ko m
o
Ca
Paxos
I o n i Artaa n Preveza
ey
s
Parga
Parga
Paxos
v a ll
(S
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
Dr
d
p
B
Saloniki
o
l
Te
e mp
e
B
im
Shkumbi
e
Bay of Va l o n a
Gulf of
r
na
rfu
Goumenitza
M e l u n a Pa s s
Joanina
r
Co
Corfu
t e s i o
i
P h t ilia
Goumenitza
Ca
p
Butrinto
1536
n) na
sa
rfu
E
Delvino
A
Co
Corfu
c
K H A MNaA r o sT
r
V
Turnu Magurele
Marits
M e l u n a Pa s s
Joanina
i
it
Argyrocastro
S
C
narea
ca
st
CRIMEAN aro s M o u n t M A T r a a i n n s s y lJ ve ad n i - Kö ros
Orsova Rim na
Dunav
a
St
ka
Re
t e s i o m k lia
D
L
A
a
´D un
Lim
l a k ga l n i n a n Boja
W
ares)
p
tr
P h t ilia
padna
Kuci
T
a
Thessaloniki
E
is
1538
Butrinto
D uL
Scutari
Saseno
a e o a n t rits t Otr is
(V ard
Ostrovo
s
Y
Karánsebes
(can
Ve
Lake S c u t a ri
Monastir
a
ul
Durazzo
a
n
s am o
A l tD n
Lugos
Mezősoml yó
Southern B
Saxon
s
Facsád
Belgrade
A
c
P h t ilia
Delvino
A
L
e - Kő r ö
M Mehadia i l l ko
ot
Spuž
Dulcigno
i
Axios
n
Lake Argyrocastro
Uva
Lt
ke
Bé ga
em
V ersec
M o u n t ra a i n s K o lu b a
Ta r a
I i ar
A
x
Alt
a
v Sa
Žabljak Uppe r Pulat i
Skopje Bntiv
of
a
o
Monastir
ti
mok
Brda Rahovo
et a
sker
Bay of Spizza
KINGDOM of NAPLES LOtranto ake (Span. D o i r a n Sr Bourbon)
d
s
m
ra
C a p e G l o s sLa a k e o r L i n g u eO t t sa t r o v o
e
W
Zi
D
garia Dri Pastrov ići
A pulia
c
a
nic
Budua
ma
ar
m
a
W
o a nt Otr
Valona
Ta
Grbalj
Lake Prespa
rd
A
Ceh
Cetinje
O
ga
ka
a
A
ul
MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya
ti
Re
Li
a
ru
Va
ni
in
M
Se
a
of
Bay of Va l o n a
M
Lake Prespa
1538
Saseno
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)
Lake Valona Ochrid
Bay of Va l o n a
m
o a nt Otr
it ra St A pulia
KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)
or
T
T
i
n Zimony Szabács o Al u ta
x
Niksic
Klobuk
Herce gnovi (Cast el Nuov o)
Lake a Ochrid lnic
ni
i
T
Titel
Za
ka
Sea
Skopje Elbasan
in
Saseno
Cape Glossa
a Su t
RAGUSA
Se
L ibni g u e t t a S hokru m Elbasan
jic
it ra St
T
Shkumbi
t
Herzegovina
St
Dr
Durazzo
of
S e aA p u l i a
isn
je
na
eb
n
Black
Boja
it ra St
dr i a t i c
O
in
Dulcigno
va
ari
in
Po l
tiv
Dr
An
Dr
Scutari
s tje
vo
Pastrov ići
Bay of Spizza
ri
Tr
va
Durazzo
Lake S c u t a ri
Zi
ar
mok
ra
Budua
m
B
Adr i a t i c
in
Žabljak Uppe r Pulat i
Grbalj
a
W
Su
cche di Cattaro
Dr
Kuci
a
Szörényvár
Pinios (Salamvrias)
je
Spuž
Whi t e D
Bocche di Catta ro
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
Sea
Cetinje
538 = Venetian
im
in
Po l
L
J r C a uzna (
r i Doria: 1538 = Venetian n Bo
Black
in
Z
et a
vo
MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya
so
Brda
a
S
b
i
Mo
Dr
Ko
in
Lim
(B
O
ar
a
or
Herce gnovi (Cast el Nuov o)
jana
Bo
Ta r a
a
a
su
r
s
AS e b e os - K ö r ö sARl u tsa
Oa
t
Lippa
Csák
Becskerek
a n h i t pa
ava
n)
Ib
i
Sava Srebrenica
so Ko t
a
va r
zn
i
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
garia
in
ti An
Ko m
AGUSA
Klobuk
Ju
Dr
Scutari
3.13a -nThe Ottomans take Dubica. ic Dulcigno
a Su t
a
Lake S c u t a ri
Pastr ovići
Ma
Bos
ar
c
Bay of Spizz a
Niksic
b
Žabljak Upp er Pula ti
Budua
ot
ra
AL ri m
rav
i za
re
Temesvár
Szörényvár
D a n u b y Kükü eg N a Karlóca
B ug
mos
Kükü
gy
Na
M
Óbecse
aro s
s ro
N
L i ma
e
bKuci ia n) Mo
eb
ul
na
Ta
Uva
Grbalj
Dri
Ceh
a
I
Whi t e D
Cetinje
er
Ib
m
(S
Spuž
a
Tr
Li
Herzegovina jic
i
Ze t a MONT E NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya
iss
on)
M o r a v
apadna
Adr i a t i c
isn
C et
Ta r a
Z
va eb
Alm
Brda S
a
ar
Tr
a
in
Bocche di Catta ro
N
a ar
(can
na
r
N e ret
Orsova
Dunav
M
Sza
m ellék Nagyvarád
Fe
Csanád
on)
Bo
a
e
Mehadia
Repu blic of Pogli zza
Orsova
y
n
na
a
or
a
sk
D Spalato
T
nic
Niksic
Klobuk
Doria: 1538 = Venetian
tje
A
a
c
Si
Ér
Magyarkanizsa
T r a n Ss y l v aPétervárad n i a llő
Koba š
Karánsebes ( SJajca er bi an )M Travnik or
Klis
a un
Trau
ra
Eszék
(can
B os
Lugos
Sinj
na
a Su t
ri
jic
Herc egno vi (Cas tel Nuo vo)
Su
Ta Rogosnizza
H e r z e g oK ovl u bi n a D
isn
RAGUSA
Pinios (Salamvrias)
Belgrade
in
v Sa
Ko m
eb
Sebenico
C
eho Zimony t
Su
V ersec
a
ul
na
t
Tr
Uva
Scardona
ar
i
N e ret
a
s
áv
Dunav
as
Facsád
S
Mezősoml yó
Knin
VranaTitelOstrovica
a M Szabács sk tje
apadna
rb
MGS
e
a nF e ho i S e r h Ma t ros a r p Maro a s Maros C
Saxon
s am o
s K ő rö
Mehadia
na
s
i
L
Klicevac
em
Z
Zvonigrad
Dr
ba
m
Biograd e Karlóca
Bé ga
a
s
Y
Vr
r
t
Karin
T
Rmanj Csák
a
su
LZ rim ma
Nadin Pétervárad
Temesvár
Udbina
es
Zara
aA
D a nub
y
Bo
N
Bos
avnik
Ripač
nj
S
LippaV
o
D
Sava Srebrenica
i za
o lu
Starigrad Nona(Nin) Becskerek Novigrad Obrovac
Dri
Tr
eb
Csanád
B
i
va
Bo Ancona
Sa
Óbecse
Sea
sna
E
Eszék
N e ret
Koba š
Bihac
Carlopago (Bag) Gospic
a
Feh v Gradiška Dubica a - Kö ros
Karánsebes
Mohács
Požega
zá
na Una Krupa Novi M r a a b ar o s K
na rUi n a
s
Požega
áv
ros
Plit vick a - Jeze ra
R
Du
Jasenovac
D
ba
Dr
Kostajnica
i
M
N
ar
os
h rut
o
C R O A T I A
Tisa
Vr
i a t ni c
a
v Sa
a
in
OtočacMagyarkanizsa Cazin
Mohács
s
S Szabács L A V O Ne k e I Belgrade As Zimony F Sisak Glina
n
V ersec
S e b e s - K ö rö
t e - Kő r ö
Slunj
Ma
Babócsa
Titel
A
o
P
Kiskunság
Lugos
p olyó Mezősom
Nagyvarád
a
em
n
M o r a v
Travnik
s
s
Gl
Zengg
Bos
G
n
Kapos
m ellék
ér
Jajc a V e n i ócsa c e
ulp
Ogulin
No vig rad
s
t
i
a
T
mos
Berzence
Ér
e Karlóca
m
P
Csurgó Becskerek
Pétervárad
Sava
K ő rö
Sava up a Srebrenica
Debrecen Dráva
Sza
S
po
a
r
Csák
Bé ga
aro s
B
Hotin
Tisa
Kapos
of
s to r i na i
N
su
a
nI
n
Óbecse
U Facsád
T is a
Temesvár
M
T r a nDebrecen s y l v a llő n i a
M
U
g n s á y k u a g
a
Ka
P
Bo
Zumberak
Zumberak Captaincy
H
Lake Balaton
N
a
D n je s t e r
Csepel Isl.
Lippa
Kanizsa
Kiskunság
D a nub
y
Egervár
ur
Varasd
s
Tisa
Ka
S
Bo
sna
Fiume
l f
S
C a Nr n i o l a
on e
H
B a l Va rt o n
Jászság
Laibach S a v a Csepel Isl.
V eszp rém
Sümeg
es
Buda
Gulf Grado T r i es te s L a bk ea o f T r i e s t e
s
Marburg
Eszék
(FREISING) Laa ck
Kob aš
Mo n f a l c
eg
a
Maro
i
ie
e
v Aquilej a Gradiška ubica Vaeszp rém
áv
Fehér vár
Csanád
Vasvár
Egerszeg Kapornak
Dráva
Ráko s r i v e r
Latorca
g n s á y k u a g
ub
V eld es
Požega zo on I s Gö rz & Gr ad išk a Fehér vár
Körmend Raab
M
ros
Magyarkanizsa Bo Ikervár
St.Andrae
Dr
Ma
g
l
M
Mohács
Visegrád
Duna
(BR IXE N)
nonez á
Sajo Graz
o dr
a
n
an
A Győr
a
o
a
D
C a r i n t h i a Komárom
i
Lavant
Gurk
Ip o ly
Érsek újvár
rJasenovac a Ferma
n
r
d
s
Nyitra
ENICE
o
y
r
Tisa
Csal lókö z
Mu
o
y
rol
u
t
Kőszeg
P
a Ráko BudaF e h s r i v e r t - K ö P r u t u l Jászság r h os
l
Lienz
S
Ráb
i
Pozsony
r
Seckau
p
Győr
Rép ce
Kassa
Leoben
ér
Mu
Babócsa
s
e
a
po
s á g
Kapos
S a lz a c h
e
Csurgó
S A L Z Berzence BURG
Patmo s
Gulf of
Cape
and e r A
M en d e r e s
Sifnos Kimolos
Monemvasia
Tenos
Melos
Polyaigo
Ikari
Fole
Cape
Mendelia
Malia Gulf of Mendela
Rinia
Myconos
c
u
ic er
Jan
Santorini
Ç.
Sus
k a h
d
z
Pruth
a
j Kalymno s
u o
D
Naxos
m
Gulf of Mendela
Gulf of Kos
K os
Amorgos
Gulf of Adalia
Stampalia Syme
Black
Nisyros
tra
Telos
a
ˇ
S e a
Rhode s
Rhod es
ares)
n d ža
Cyprus
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
Cyprus
Gulf of Burgas Scarpan to
l
S
N
e t e
g
M
Arda
Spinalonga M
ar
Kasos
Cape Sideros
of y B ab e l lo ir a
Nicosia Famagusta
C y p rt s . u s
Adrianople
itsa
Larnaca
T roödos Mn
Paphos
E A
Limassol Bosporus
E rgene
Ev ro
s
t s .
a
Tu
Ar
Knossos
Kyrenia
ndga
“Dragon”
K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N
Heraklion
l
Constantinople Büyük Čekme dze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
ic
Gulf of Orphani
S e a
M a r m o r a
o f
Gulf of Saros
Gallipoli Ç.
Ç.
iğ i r l
it
lia
km
Gulf of
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Gulf of Kasandra
ik
Sus
on
tr
sa
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
i
Tu
Chalke
Marmara
Thessaloniki
is
Sus
u
l
Va
B D u n a rea
r an u
b
Tr a i
Mendelia
er
a
Crn
M
Sz
Bre
n
a
av
o op
Aspr
es Te
a
Gulf of
M
aca
Mor
t
Crn
on
D
Dr
ç e rn a
u
l
Va
B ina
j
u
Ol
sa Ti
b
l
k
l
a
S u
h
sa
Ti
z
Du
d
m
Ti
e D an ub
Ç.
na
Pruth
r
b
a i
a
a
Zsi
Sus
ic
na
D
etva
er
K
t
D u n a rea
a
Sz
Ol
Q u a r n e r o
Dardanelles
n
a ir
ed
os
d in
Ba
sa
Methana
Aegina
M en d e r e s
Samos
I s l
Rinia Siros
y
Kalymno s K os
o op
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
Spinalonga
Knossos
Kyrenia
Methana
•••
S
Aegina
Kasos
Nicosia Famagusta
C y p rt s . u s
E A
Paphos Limassol
52
Bay of Chesmé
Me
Eur
o
Passavâ
Monemvasia
Myconos Delos
Antiparos
N a Duchy of Naxos
Polyaigos
Naxos
Gulf of
Mendelia
Gulf of Mendela
Kalymno s K os
Amorgos
Gulf of Kos Gulf of Adalia
Stampalia
Nios
Sikinos
Folegandros
Nisyros Santorini
Syme
Rhode s
Telos
Anafi
Cape Malia
Chalke
Rhod es
(includes Keos)
C r e t e
of Suda Bay
Sphakiotes
Sphakia
Scarpan to
“Dragon”
Suda
Kyrenia
K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N
Heraklion
Rhetymno
N
Patmos
Paros
o f(Minoa)
Sifnos
Melos
Gorg
A
Ikaria
Leros
y
Kimolos Gulf of Laconia
and e r
M en d e r e s
Samos
Rinia
Serifos
C
r
Spinalonga
Knossos
e t e
M
of y B ab e l lo ir a
Cape Sideros
Kasos
Nicosia Famagusta
C y p rt s . u s T roödos Mn
E
A
N
3.14d - Situation 1540
3.14c - Also in 1539, the Ottomans attacked Nauplia by land and Monemvasia and Naxos by sea.
sa
Tenos
Gyaros
Cerigo
R
os
Hermupolis
Chania
Larnaca
ar
Siros
Kissamos Gramvousa B a y
R
A N A T O L I A
C h i o s rb
Kithnos
S e a
E
Ba
Vathy
Keos Cape a rb S o u n i o n a ro ss a
ar ia f S am
M
Cape Sideros
d in
Andros
h
Cape Matapan
Cyprus
ed
Gulf of Petalia
eo
e t e
of y B ab e l lo ir a
a ir
iz
s
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
T
ar ia f S am
N
Nauplia
Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina H ao r y re dd in Gulf of B
I
eo
A
Ch
os
D
Scarpan to
T roödos Mn
E
ip
Maina
E
T
r
Koroni
M
I
C
t e ub oia )
Ged
Gulf of Smyrna
Psara
Misthra
Kelapha
Rhod es
K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N
Heraklion
Rhetymno
Zarnata
of Messenia
Rhode s
Telos
“Dragon”
Suda
(E
Kiveri
Gulf
a
n
o
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l
o
x
o
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Gulf of Adalia
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of
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na
p
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r o
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a
eloponnesos)
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e
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D
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h
M
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al
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l
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ar
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ip
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1538
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u
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ru
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r
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e s Bra
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o
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o n i a 3.14b - Situation 1539 in the Aegean.
d
u
Dunai
BJ aa y o f C h e s m é
x
n)
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es
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v
f
ritsa M aSuda Rhetymno
M Gorg
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th
s
t
garia
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za
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l k a n
p
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iz Ged Brăila
Gulf of Smyrna
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O
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er
a
r
ra ia n u m mT
Ki
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y
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ta s
ul
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lu
na
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de
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h
narea
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I
H
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te
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sa
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re
l
os
C
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ar
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Gulf of Laconia
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e
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r
et
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is
i l l ko
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in
o
tr
h
a
s
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E
Gulf of Edremid
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e
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al
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an
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TR
ed
C
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l
op
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ut
ov
ik
k
a ir
os
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a
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ld
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ip
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o
ka
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t e s i o
Ca
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N
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p
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r o
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oia )
Hydra
Lake Ostrovo
ti
Paxos
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e
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vo Whi t e D
a
a
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ub
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e
iğ i r l
Delvino
rfu
Korinthos
Gulf of Laconia
(E
R
M
M o u n t a i n s
a n h ni t
H ao r y re dd in Gulf of B
Cape Matapan
Monastir
1538
Corfu
Athens
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ni
Alt
S
o
Misthra
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ga
Lake Prespa
ik i ğ i r l Valona
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al
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Cyprus
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I
e
s
es
M o r a v
so
E
T
Larnaca
Lake Ochrid
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1536 a n t i
g
of Corinth
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t
l
o
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R
V
TATARS
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E
P
Sporades
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ta s
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Bay of Va l o n a
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an
Kalamata
a
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E
n
Famagusta
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m
o a nt Otr
al
Kiveri
of Messenia
of
n
a
e
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e
it ra St
At
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Eur
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p
I
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s
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Se
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
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P
Kükü
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ti
gy
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an
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x
of Corinth
a
of Messenia
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al
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ar
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O
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e
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er Gallipoli
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a
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na
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n
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aro s
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i
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in
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a
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Gulf of
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i
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an
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L
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s Gulf of ro VoM l o as
eloponnesos)
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on)
r
b
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OF THE
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r
h
na
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r
c
Žabljak Upper Pulati
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er
o
L
Constantinople KHANATE
tr
a
sa
i
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a
e
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a
apadna
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s am o
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
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o
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t
it
p
al
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in
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ra
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na
s
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n
tr
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a
a Su t
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itsa
ra
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ot
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a C h a lrknei c
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1539 =
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a
isn
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of y B ab e l lo ir a
a
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ros
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eb
sk
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ˇ
Doria: 1538 = Venetian
Chair. Barbarossa :
E A
Du
m Uva
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ey
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M
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Gulf of Patras
t
u
is
Dn
A
M
ar
Belgrade
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va ll
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a n v ad s K o lu b a
m
pe
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re
o MN e s t o s
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gu C a n n s áC o r f y k u a g
i
tj e
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RAGUSA
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an u
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m
a
b
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n d ža
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na
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e s Karlóca Bra
i
t
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i za
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eg t e
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Gulf of Kos
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oerg
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s
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Y
Gulf of
t e - Kő r ö s
Lippa
ta
mos
ares)
m
o a nt Otr
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eb
a
su
Northern
N Lamia
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R
Maro
Vonitza Csák
Lake Tachino
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ei
u
a
of
va
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ke
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1538
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on
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i
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s
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n
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o
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o
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t s .
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g
e
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o f Navarino arino
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r
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sa
o
ss lmi
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d
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ra ia n u m mT
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r
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na
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it
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l
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Gulf of the Hagion Oros
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h
m
tr
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C
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a
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n Poglizza a
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a
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n
Gulf of Orphani
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s
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ei
ares)
is
ios
pe
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e
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ulf of Patras
e
K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N
Rhetymno
ta
is Delvino t e r
i
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Naxos Republic of
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Saloniki
mos
ut
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ta
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km
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Sikinos
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a
o n i a M a c 3.14a - In 1538, Barbarossa attacked and took the Northern Sporades and several other islands from Venetians. He also plundered Crete for a week, taking 15,000 captives. From Rhodes, the Ottomans took the island of Scarpanto and they captured the city and castle of Limassol on Cyprus. A
Lake Ostrovo
ia Al
ar ia f S am
es
M
d
E
Lake Doiran
Axios
e
eo
ar
c
o
rd
a
ka
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ke Prespa
p
N
dz
C r e t e
of
ritsa M aSuda
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d
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o
a
h
Va
M
Re
O
ma
lnic
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N
a A N A T O LCephalonia I A
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r Chania
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l k a n
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ru
ga
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th
ra
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I
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n
áv
itsa
A
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re
Mo
Cape Matapan
Du Spalato
r
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Se
n)
B
Cape Malia
ba
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Duchy of Naxos
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A
Folegandros
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et
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E
(Minoa)
Antiparos Rogosnizza
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a
M
narea
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Gulf of Laconia
ina
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i
garia
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u
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n
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o
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o
n
po
iz Ged Brăila
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of Messenia
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b
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r
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iğ i r l
Bay of Va l o n a
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r
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Ki
nj
ponnesos)
D
O F Elbasan THE
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i l l ko
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a
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r MARINO e a SAN
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on)
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up a
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1536a l a n t
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e
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ulf of Patras
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an i na
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Aquileja
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o z& Gra dišk a
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Egerszeg Kapornak
k
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Constantinople Duna
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av
s
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z
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k
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m ellék T y r o l Drau Nagyvarád
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kunság
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i
SALZBURG
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o
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d
o MN e s t o s
e
•••
Tyrol
ka
c
be
Re
ei
a
Axios
M
S
E A
Paphos Limassol
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iki Salone
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t s
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a Adrianople Gulf of Vo l o s
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Polyaigos
Nios
Sikinos
a S e Folegandros
Black
Santorini
ˇ
Arda
ar
i
ndga Tu
Kissamos Bay
Adrianople
itsa
Suda
s
Gorg
Sphakiotes
Constantinople Sphakia
ic
E
A
S e a
53
R
Gulf of Edremid
Bosporus
r
e t e
M a r m o r a
N
Marmara
Sus Besika Bay
I
C
Knossos
Büy ük Ček mede ze Kü ç ü k Ç k m e c e
o f
iğ i r l
n
Heraklion
Bosporus
Ev ro
N
K
Rhetymno
E rgene
S Ae a
C r e t e
of Suda Bay
Chania
Dardanelles
Sporades
Myconos Delos
Hermupolis
an u
Gramvousa
Gulf Hagion Oros
Northern
Tr a i
D
av
M
er
R
N
M
R
g
Gallipoli
P
Rinia
S e a
i
ndga
itsa
l
t s .
a
Tenos
Gyaros
Gulf of Burgas
Gulf of Saros
e
sa
Kithnos
Melos
a
l
u
Va
B
a
j
u b
o
D
Arta
E
ar
a
A
ˇ
g
Keos
b
k
a
h
z
Pruth
D u n a rea
St.George
os
St.George
h
Maina
ar
Andros
e s Bra
Kimolos
r
s
l
Arda
Tu
l
na
M
e
A
z
o
op Ol
t
o
Ca
o
N
Pinios (Salamvrias)
ey
d
Sz
Aspr
ç e rn a
Ti
Bre
av
a
a
Crn
on ios
v a ll
rg
u
es m Te
t Ol
n
b
sa
r
rfu
d
l
g
Pine
a
pe
Gulf of Kasandra
eo
rb
Sulina
Branch
Sulina
Serifos
Monemvasia
Gulf of Burgas of the
Saloniki
l
l
S u
sa Ti
sa Ti
Sz
l
it
i
S u
n
Ba
s
a
o
in
o
n d ža Gulf of
Te m
be
dd
Siros
V a l l um
r
Gulf of Orphani
Thessaloniki
Ki
re
Bran c h lia
Cape arb S o u n i o n aro Aegina ssa
Hydra
Psara
x
i
Gulf of Nauplia
ai
Kilia
h
L im a n
Sulina Kelapha Gulf of Jan tra Laconia
e s Bra
Black
Lake Tachino
on
Methana
Ch
ra ia n u m mT
Gulf of Petalia
ar ia f S am
tr
p
Co
o
Parga
Sr
lu
S t. G
eo
is
i
a
mit
sa Nauplia D n ie s te r
D n ie s te r L im a n
Akkerman
nc
rg
Eur
os
Dunai
Athens
Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina H ao r yre dd in Gulf of B
Akkerman
e
Dn
dz
ip
na
u
a
e
S
r
a
Burdshi
i a)
al
W
Al
Meluna Pass
A
un
ta
E
n
an
Jalo
Cerigo u n d ža
N e s to s
a
Tu
m ak
Philippopoli
Joanina
M
M
i
ares)
m
E t e ssa i oM a r i t
T
o
tra
Lake Doiran
r
Delvino
u
d
n
Argyrocastro
n Preveza
A
r
te
Cape Malia i n s C a pae t n - Situation M o u3.16b M a t a p a n 1539 on the Black Sea coast. T
I
o
m
Jan
d
ei
e
(V ard
Monastir
c
i n s a t M o u n
ti
e
B
ka
Axios
a
Re
es
un
Lake Ostrovo
l k a n Valona A
M
p
ar
Se
e
o
a
o
t e (E ub o
l
C
a
i
eo
u
A
D
lnic
M
h
ga
rd
in
M
Lake Ochrid
Goumenitza
R
O
ma
Va
Dr
D
Lake Prespa
ni
a
te
is
Passavâ
Branch
S t. G
l k a n
p
v
a
Du
Koroni Sulina
Tig hin a =Bender
b
th
a
ru
Gyurgyevó
Turnu Magurele
u narea
Elbasan
Ph t
mits
r
Iske
Kilia Zarnata
o f Bran c h M e s sK ei l i an i a
Dunai
tr
re
Jalo
B
E
je
t
Black
in
T
na
Misthra
h
va
Po l
Ol
Dr
T
Rahovo
ilia
Gulf
Pylos Methoni
TATARS
Northern
Eur
Korinthos
Ar
nc
ra
vo
I
a
Se za
Danu
Tr a i a n u m um
Philippopoli 3.16ar -i n The town of Brăila fell to theA r Ottomans in Süleyman I’s S t September 1538, following dz V a l l uMma r i t s a in e Tr a i an u campaign against Moldavia. Radu Paisie, prince of Wallachia, was obliged to surrender it e b Ve m de Danu to the Sultan, who also Skopje appropriated an extensive area around the town.
D
Butrinto
u
M
Mo
A
so
O
za
l
P
Besika
OF THE
CRIMEAN
ta s
n)
Ko
Dr
ker
Rahovo
na
garia
Bu
H
C
A
Whi t e D
L
A
k ul Uppe r Pulat i
Shkumbi
narea B a y o f Navarino Du Navarino
Brăila
ar
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
r o
Spetsai
ul
Ib
im
is
Gyurgyevó Kalamata Turnu Magurele
i l l ko
(B
M o u n t a i n s
r
et
s
M
Rim a
de
N is
h
a
zn
ie
ut
ov
Ju
Ve
mok
´
a
e
Dn
rav
Ca
Brăila Bu
a
a
r
i
Mo
o
t
i
v
n)
L
A
ul
Ol
b
a
Pr
ld
ti
s
u
th
ne
A lr bui at a
rA l t
c
Paxos es ta
an
i l l ko
Rim
so fC oar i n t nh
I Al p h e ( P e l o p o n n e s o s ) H ios C Kiveri A
s
na
a
se
Zi
y
ri
o
Kuci
p
Gulf
J e d i
A
re
l
K ü k ü llő
gy
W
Se
e
D
Na
M
Szörényvár
on)
M o r a v
ra
Lim
orfu
al
g
TATARS
b
s k
Orsova
Dunav (can
Ta r a
a
Rrhion
Patras
n
a un
3.15 - Situation 1539 on the Ionian Islands.
padna (S Za
x
Scutari
At
et
i
Sa
aro s
i a n t h
Zi
CRIM EAN ´
Gulf of Patras
Mehadia
e
D
va
S
L
tr
a
a n
a
Belgrade
Zimony
K o lu b a
Uva
M
=Antirrhion
a
ov
Se
z
Szabács
a
Al u ta
M o u n r a n A c h a i ta a i n s i V t h d s Tig hin a Kalavryta pa r Pi n e i o s =Bender a Castel Tornese C I Zante
ld
t
V ersec
Maros
Titel
Lamia
e
OF THE
N is
es
I s l
Gulf of
s Lepanto=Naupaktos Alt
r
n
Mezősoml yó
a
M
o
n
o
x
a
A
M Karánsebes
S
e Karlóca
Cephalonia Lugos
h
u
Becskerek
Pétervárad
i
Csák
em
os
r Ithaca D S Ma
ut
o
Óbecse
T
V
n
a
Sporades
N
KHANATE
Na
L
Facsád
Bé ga
Dn
a
Lippa
aro s
Pr
S e a
M
ta
e
J e d i s a n
I
y
O
s
Gulf of Vo l o s
l
t
M
S o u t h e r n Bug
o
e
Maro
re
e
A
r
KHANATE
r
n
M
Tisa
Csanád
Saxon
m
s
Sperchei
mos
T r a sn s y l v as tllőr n i a Kükü gy
ér
ros
Santa Maura - Kö ros (Levkas)
Vonitza
ie
n
I o n i a Mn
Magyarkanizsa
s am o
Gulf of Arta
e 1538
sk
a Feh
Si
Temesvár
r
Preveza La Punta
Ma
A
i
Fe
i
T is a
t
B
I o n i a nP r u t h
B ug
e
k
- Kő r ö e t e Hotin s
Maros
D
st
g
z
l rös u tu K ő
Arta
Y
Se
S
S e b e s - K ö rö sR APaxos D n je s t e r
o
Dn
s
L
a
a
s am o
t
i
n
l
E
M
ie
h
o
LITHUA I u z hN I A
Parga i NagyvarádKam ieni ec Pod olsk
ny
Pr
d
ios
Pine
Saxon
s
l
t
o
O
u
na
g n s á y k u a g
P
AN D
o
Ca
P O LÉ r mAe l l é N D k
Kiskunság
a
D a nub
Goumenitza
Bug
o
Debrecen
str
sepel Isl.
pN
rfu
Dnie
mos
r
Corfu
Jászság
Co
kos r i v e r
Sza
M
M elun a Pass
Joanina
i
P h t ilia
T is a
S valle p ei r e t Te m
M
Butrinto
n
p
Visegrád
t e s i o
S o u t h e r n Bug
Ç.
l
i
t Pru
E
Tisa
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
u
ia
Al
a
Va
l
km
B
l
o
a
u tu
d
j
a
Crn
h
Argyrocastro
Delvino
Pr
o
LITHUA I u z hN I A
Kam ienie c Podo lski
ie
t
Latorca
o ly
P
sa
Bo
Sajo
g
o dr
a
it
1538
p
tr
A
Gulf of Orphani
AThessaloniki ND
ny
Valona
Kassa
Bug
P O L A N D
is
Bay of Va l o n a
r
W
o a nt Otr
DOM of ES Otranto an. rbon)
a
Lake Tachino
on
D u n a rea
Saseno
C
Lake Ostrovo
str
Sr
Pruth
a
Eperjes
Dnie
on
m
Lőcse
ti
a
m
D
ni
i
•••
a
n
Monastir
Lake Prespa
b
o
N e s to s
d
ares)
Se
n
Szepesvár
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
an
e
ei
N
Késmárk
of
Gr
A Bartfa
Va h
pulia
L
c
Lake Doiran
(V ard
O
a
Sa
it ra St
P
M
Lake Ochri d
Elbasan
ka
Axios
Shkumbi
Re
E
ik
S
E A
et a
Cetinje
Spuž
ˇ
Grbalj
Budua Pastrovi ći
ari
Dulcigno
ndga
Boja
na
on
1538
A
iğ i r l
na
p
l
r
e
os
a
eloponnesos) Burdshi
Nauplia
Methana
Kiveri
Keos
Bay of Chesmé
Rinia
y
h
Sifnos Kimolos
Naxos
N
Gulf of
Mendelia
Kalymn os K os
es m
l
Ithaca
I s l
Gulf of Patr
A
a n d s
Pi n e i o s
Castel Torn
Zante Gulf of Kos Gulf of Adalia
Stampalia Nisyros
M
Santorini
Syme
Rhod es
Telos
Anafi
Cape Malia
E
Cape Matapan
and e r
Cephalonia
Gulf of Mendela
Amorgos
Nios
Sikinos
Folegandros
Maina
Patmos
a Duchy of Naxos
Polyaigos
Melos
Chalke
Rho des
K
Cerigo
D
B a y o f Navari Navarino
I
Suda Bay
Chania
“Dragon”
Suda
N
•••
Sphakia
C
r
Knossos
e t e
M
of y o B ab e l l ira
Cape Sideros
Kasos
Nicosia Famagusta
C y p rt s . u s T roödos Mn
A
N
S
E A
Paphos Limassol
I
E
Larnaca
D
A
Sphakiotes
Spinalonga
E
Gorg
ar ia f S am
R
Kyrenia
K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N
Heraklion
Rhetymno eo
R
Scarpa nto
M
T
Kissamos Gramvousa B a y
Py Meth
C r e t e
of
S e a
E
m
P
Myconos
s
Monemvasia
ta
Paros
o f(Minoa)
Antiparos
c o
Gulf of Laconia
M en d e r e s
Leros
Serifos
Passavâ Kelapha
Me
S e a
Ikaria
Delos
Hermupolis
u
Eur
Vonitza
L I A I oA nN i Aa Tn O (Levkas) Samos
o
Koroni
sa
x
of Messenia
os
Tenos
D
Gulf
ar
Kithnos
Misthra
Gulf of Arta
1538
Santa Maura
C h i o s rb
Siros
ta s
Pylos Methoni
Ba
Gyaros
Spetsai
Zarnata
in
Vathy
Hydra
Kalamata
dd
Andros
Cape arb S o u n i o n aro Aegina ssa
S u
l
S u
Gulf of Nauplia
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
re
Gulf of Petalia
Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina H ao r yre dd in Gulf of B
Preveza
I o n i a n
Athens Korinthos
Arta
iz
La Punta
al
o
Al p h e ( P ios
ip
ai
Ged
Gulf of Smyrna
Psara Ch
an
M
o n t e (E ub oia )
of Corinth
Kalavryta
Castel Tornese
S
Paxos
o
Ca
r o
a
e
op
ti
g
Goumenitza
Aspr
o op
Aspr
e
Eur
Gulf
A c h a i a Pi n e i o s
Zante
an
C
Patras
a n d s
al
Joanina
s
Rrhion
Gulf of Patras
Corfu
Parga
Sporades
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
1536
E
Gulf of Edremid
o
Cephalonia
At
R
t e s i o
l
Ithaca
Lamia
I
P h t ilia
Northern
N
s Gulf of
Butrinto
na
o
P
Besika Bay
Ca
Gulf of Vo l o s
M
n
a
e
g
e
r
s
l
t
Sperchei
os am
i
Argyrocastro
Delvino
rfu
na
Vonitza
Santa Maura (Levkas)
S e a I s l
A
E
ik
i
neios
Te
b
l
Valona
Bay of Va l o n a
Ç.
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
Co
o
Ca
Gulf of Arta
La Punta
I o n i a n
ey
ti
p
r
rfu
1536
va ll
ni
Saseno
tr
Tem
pe
Se
M a r m o r a
o f
Marmara
M
Lake Prespa
Sus
l
S e a
KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)D a r d a n e l l e s
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Lake Ochrid
Elbasan
Büyük Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
Gulf of Saros
Gallipoli
Bosporus
a
Shkumbi
E
i
Co
Pi
1538
sa
Durazzo
s
ic er M
a
Crn
^
a
b
Ti
Adrianople
is
Gulf of Kasandra
Pinios (Salamvrias)
Arta Preveza
T
n
Sea
itsa
n
W
sa
p
M e l u n a Pa s s
Parga
I o n i a n
O
Tu
ar
ri
in
a
it
Gulf of
Joanina
Paxos
Dr
G u l f o f B u r gSacs u t a r i
m
Gulf of Orphani
km
Saloniki
Goumenitza
k
Žabljak Upper Pulati
i
A
v nti
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
a
Bay of Spizza
S e a
im
Black
Kuci
E
Corfu
a
Lim
L
Lake S c u t a ri
o a nt Otr
tr
lia
Argyrocastro
P h t ilia
h
z
d
Va
B a
u r
MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya
n d ža
Ta r a
Brda
a
Delvino
Butrinto
u
l
ina Dr
j
in
of
is
A
t e s i o
Ti
sa
be
Danu
na Du
Klobuk or
i
Tu
nic
Niksic
aca
a Su t
Mor
Sz K
Bre
b
es
K
L a
m
Pruth
D u n a rea
o D
av
jic
a
Ti
Q u a r n e r o
be
na
sa
Te
na
etva
sa
Z s i tv a
Du
ina
ç e rn a
Ti
er
m
Danu
Y
Dr
t
Vá Waa na
m
ares)
A
m
je
a
ra
Herzegovina
A pulia Thessaloniki
J
Po l
i
an u
a
vo
n
Tr a i
rav
so
aca
ot
)M o
Ko
Lake Tachino
on
an
ar
Mor
Ta
E rgene
Sr
bi
r
in
a
er
a
e
Dr
i
(S
Black
Lake Doiran
S
Ib
isn
Herce gnovi (Caste l Nuovo )
M
W
o a nt Otr
1538
St.George
padna
Whi t e D
n
M o r a v
Ceh
a
it ra St
o
(V ard
a
of
Valona
e s Bra
h
tra
N e s to s
d
Lake Ostrovo
ti
rg
c
in
M
e
ei
c
Axios
m
ni
eo
nc
etva
Dn
sk
Uva
Ev ro
Monastir
Lake Prespa
Sulina
Sulina
S t. G
na
Bran c h
ra K o l u b Bar a n c h
Dr
ar
Lake Ochrid
a
Du
a av SKilia
u t s. 3.17b - In 1539, Barbarossa reconquered Castelnuovo, which had been taken in 1538 by B Constantinople Doria’s fleet. From land, Budua was attacked.
ka
Belgrade
m
lia
V er
Akkerman
a
eb
RAGUSA
Arda
l
n
a
t je
D n ie s te r L im a n
Titel
in
rd
M
Re
lu
na
Su
ar
Tr
N
g
r
SzabácsTraia n uZimony m
ri
Va
in
M
a
D
er
i
A
be
Z
A
te
a
a
Tisa
b
K
u
a
K
tr
r
Q u a r n e r o
N is
a
Danu
A da r i a t i c
Philippopoli
Csák Becskerek
m
V a l l um
N
Pinios (Salamvrias)
e ta
ie
Ka
a
Ko m
M
p
es
Elbasan
it ra St KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)
Li
a
O
a
Saseno Bay of Va l o n a
a
B o cn c h e d isC a t t a r o t a i M o uChair.nBarbarossa : 1539 = Ottoman
Marits
i
Dunai
D r in
lnic
o
ga
Se
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
h
T
Skopje
d
T
Durazzo
Shkumbi
A pulia
ut
St
o
O
n
Dr
Sea
3.17a - Situation 1539 on the Dalmatian coast.
mits
Doria: 1538 = Venetian
l k a n
h
na
in
u
r
Black
Boja
in
Adr i a t i c
a
m
t
Pétervárad
e Karlóca
Za
e
n
sker
R
ari
Dulcigno
ri
ma
t iv
Dr
Scutari Dr
An
v
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
ru
Bay of Spizza
th
im
Kuci
Lake S c u t a ri
Pastrovići
Pinios (Salamvrias)
re
Budua
Se
L
Žabljak Upper Pulati
Grbalj
Pr
Bocche di Catta ro
Spuž
I
za
va
Lim
Whi t e D
Cetinje
Doria: 1538 = Venetian
et
va
et a
Du
je
MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya
B
ra
a
dz
M
T ACsanád TARS
is
Ki
Turnu Magurele
Jan
Po l
in
Ta r a
Brda
Hercegn ovi (Castel Nuovo)
Jalo
i
N e ret
(B
Mo
nic
Z
RAGUSA
or
a
i za
t
ra
Niksic
Klobuk
eb
Rahovo
vo
a Su t
zn
ot
Herzegovina jic
Ju
so
isn
ava
de
Gyurgyevó
A
Ko
eb
Ve
narea Du
c
a
Tr
I
mok
n)
ar
a
ar
Ko m
A
i
Ib
N
b
a
t
Ta
)M or
Ar
Tr
Ceh
a
an
a iss
garia
sk
bi
Alm
C
na
I
H
Repub lic of Pogliz za
A
ul
tj e
er
r
in
Su
(S
A
L
Spalato
T
a
e
a
W A A
on)
Klis
Trau
i
Uva
a
Tr
i za
padna
S
m
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Ol
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54
A
4. 1540–1550
a
T r a n s y l v a n i a
Zumberak Captaincy
Mohács
Siklós
Lippa
Csanád
Szabadka Zombor
S LSisakA V O N I A
Fiume
Istria
rad
Lugos Óbecse
Glina
Ogulin No vig
Croatian Border
C R O A T I A
Krupa
Bihac
Ravenna
Gradiška
S
Kobaš
Novi
y
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(Bag) Gospic
Udbina
i
Starigrad
Brăila
Mezősomlyó
Karlóca
a
Belgrade
Zimony
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e
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b
i
a
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Turnu Magurele
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Republic of Poglizza
Spalato
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MONTE NEGRO Perasto Katunsksa Nahya
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r
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KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)
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o
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o
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Karánsebes
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Tuscany
n
o
x
a
V ersec
Titel
Szabács
Srebrenica
Csák Becskerek
m
Ripač Carlopago
B
P A P A L
Dubica Cazin
Otočac
Bács
Požega
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Zengg
S
Facsád
Temesvár
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Akkerman
s
Slavonian Border
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Aquileja Trieste
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Jászberény
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i
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Gyarmat
Drégely Nógrád
Rép ce
B
Hotin
Érsekújvár
L I T H U A N IA
AN D
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a
d
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u
y Gurk
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N
Késmárk
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SALZBURG
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a
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j
Passau
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n
P
M O R A V I A
A u s t r i a Berc htes gade
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u
(Pas) Oberndorf
(Szb.)
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Z S I L E
N
BOHEMIA
B A V A R I A Mühld orf
OF
W
o
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PASSAU
A N B O H E M I
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s Parga
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M
Preveza
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La Punta
Santa Maura (Levkas)
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R
E
Sporades
e
g
r o
p
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Arta
Patras
Psara
n t e (E ub oia )
C h i o s
A N A T O L I A
Rrhion
A c h a i a
Athens
Kalavryta
Korinthos
Castel Tornese
M
o
o
r
e
Andros
Salamis
a
Samos Vathy
Aegina Keos
(Peloponnesos)
Burdshi
Nauplia
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Hydra
Kalamata
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Koroni
Patmos
Kelapha
Mendelia
Paros
(Minoa)
Naxos
Antiparos
Kalymnos
Sifnos
Passavâ
Gulf of
Leros
Serifos
Misthra
Zarnata
Pylos Methoni
Myconos Delos
Hermupolis
Spetsai
Ikaria
Tenos
Gyaros
Kimolos
Monemvasia
Duchy of Naxos
Polyaigos
Melos
Sikinos
Folegandros
Maina
Amorgos
Gulf of Kos
K os
Stampalia
Nios
Nisyros Santorini
Syme
Rhode s
Telos
Anafi Chalke
Rhod es
Kastellorizo
Cerigo
Scarpan to
Gramvousa
Chania
Kyrenia
Suda Rhetymno
eo
Gorg
ar ia f S am
Sphakiotes
Sphakia
Heraklion
C
r
e t e
Spinalonga
Kasos
Nicosia Famagusta
C y p r u s Paphos Limassol
55
Larnaca
g Waa
be Danu
sa Ti
na
Du
ina Dr
g Vá Ç.
Te
Ti
a
rva
m
es A
Ma
Mo
Gar
a Crn
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sa Ti
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l
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Preveza
Gulf of Arta
on
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mok
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o
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os
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ul
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av
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padna
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l
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na
m
r
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Gulf of Szörényvár Salon
on)
M e l u n a Pa s s
e
i
Mehadia
(can
t e s i o
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I
a
Lake Doiran
C
Jalo k m i am i t sOrsova a Al Dunav
sa
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it
va Argyrocastro Sa
torfu O lC
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ra K oButrinto lu b a na
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ed Danu 4.4 - Zombor, Bács and several other towns east of the e Danube become part of a Corfu os i e Ottoman Empire. n the Goumenitza S e r b iP i n a mok
56
Facsád
Karlóca
S u
etva
na
nT i s a
a
Z s i tv a
Du
Ol
Titel
tr
ina
ti
is
na
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Mezősom lyó
W
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ni
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sa
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em
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ar
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lnic
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ga
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Se
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t e - Kő r ö s
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Temesvár
p
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m ku
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B a yS oafv a Va l o n a
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bi
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Vranawhile L Ostrovicathe east was governed by 4.3 - The western part of Hungary remained Habsburg, Scardona a Klicevac Zápolya, the Ottoman vassal. In central and southern Hungary, n S Sebenico e therOttomans b seized i a M Ancona d a n a( ap Sinj direct control in 1541. Z T Se N e ret
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ontormya V eld es (B RI XE N)
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Pr
Ság Gyarmat Szécsény
Komárom
o
Divény ul
h Kekkő
U
d
D n je s t e r
n
Se ck au
Csepe l Isl.
N
I
Eger
Hatvan
Rák os r i v e r
t Mu Buda
R
Lake Fe r t ő
t
o
a
Esztergom Visegrád
S
T
Szanda
Tisa
e
S
Wiener Neustadt
YH
Csa llók öz
ub
AE U
Nógrád n n s Vác
R
Leitha
P
a
an
Hollókő
Drégely
A
Onod
Somoskő
Bo D onau
Latorca
D
Ip o ly
o dr
Ajnácskő
Ság Gyarmat Szécsény
rc
Vienna g
Sajo
s
En
ns
Danube
Fülek
p
Kassa
A u s t r i a
Divény
n Kekkő
una
Lower-
i
G a ra
m
u Tra
p e r-
Mo
D a n uU p be
ie
n
e
m
sa Ti
Sz
es
Ti
av
ndga
i
s
k a
ic er
h
M
z d
Sulina
e s Bra
C a
St.George
Va
a
ç e rn a
j
u
R
OrsovaG u l f
of Edremid
rav
Szörényvár
m
a
mok
Ti
an u
a
JuC zn a
c
os
Gulf of Smyrna
h i o s
Black va
Gyaros
e B i sc s ka tr i Kithnos ca
Tenos rgas G u l f o f B uMyconos Rinia
S e a
Bay of Chesmé
ra
Gulf of
T uC a p e n Sdožuan i o n
To p l i c a
Andros
Mo
aca
u
l
es
D u n a rea
b
o
b
Tr a i
ai
n)
Mor
Tu
sa
Pruth
sa
Ti
m
V a l l um
ria
Kuci
rg
D
)M o
e r
je
Spuž
an
eo
r
ina
av
bi
S t. G
a
na
Dr
t
Ol
Te
S e er
Dard ane lle s
ga
etva
(S
nch
Branch
Sulina
Dunav
a
Po l
ta
B
be Danu
na Du
on
o
op Aspr
I
a
padna
l
Mehadia
a un
vo
Cetinje
Ma
ul
er
ç e rn a
Ti
m
G a ra Z s i tv a
Sz
Crn
a K
K
l
A
g Vá g
Waa
h Ma
rva
Mo
s
bb Y
a
i
n a
b
l S u
sa
Ti
Bre
ns
En
aca
Mor
sa es
m Te
L a
t
m Te
ina Dr er
be
Danu
ina
D
S
Ki
so
Z
W
W
Gulf of
A
Kilia
Bra Karánsebes ia
Ko
a r n i ca
Nauplia MONTENEGRO e Perasto
m
Lugos
Besika Bay
ar
Burdshi
Bé ga
V ersec
Ib
Athens
T
h
Belgrade
al
om
a
Korinthos
ot
J aTna r a tra
r
LippaG u l f o f S a r o s num r a i aGallipoli mT lu Facsád
Dunai Somlyó
an
s
s
C
t je
in
Su
Corinth
Ceh
ka
ip
te
(B
Eur
i aU) va
ros
nc
n
Dn
t e Li ( mE ub o
- Kö
ér
n
E rg
a
Du
a
a
l
M
i
n
a
Za
Feh
es
na
o
s
is
Mezősomlyó
M o r a v
K o lu b a r
e
r
al o a n Gyurgyevó p t Turnu Magurele i C a
Te
Brăila
Northern dz
t e - Kő r ö s
A
v
v Sa
TAT
v ro
Solymos
Tisa
a
Titel
na
g
b
th
P
ke
BenderE
Világos
Maro
Csák
Zimony
tsa
mo
u
re
Óbecse
ri
At
Fe
Temesvár
D
e
K
RAGUSA
tr
Se
N e s to s
g s á k u n
r o s Nagylak
Magyarkanizsa
Ta r a
ios
N is
g y
s
u
Karlóca
Szabács Jalo mi
I
S e b e s - K ö rö
Jenő
S p o r a d e Dsa n u b e
N
Lamia
Kalavryta
A
e
za
Sza
J e d Adrianople i s a
Arad
Csanád
na
OF THE
ri ts a Arda É r m e l l é k
a
et
a
s
y
g
t
e
a
I
rös
Szeged
Lim
Al p h e
g
i l l ko
Rim
Y
r KHANATE
r
r
a
M
l Sava
su
st
Kiskunság V
Kő
Ma
Tr Petalia eb c Gulf i s nH e r z e g o vS ai r onn i a jic l Niksic Aegina i n s o ra M o k r a en a aSutor Klobuk t n Keos Mina o u Brda L (Peloponnesos) im Gulf of A e g i n a P
Castel Tornese
A
S o u t h e r n Bug
Latorca
n d ža
CRIMEAN
Becskerek
D a nub
R
Tisa
a
ov
n Bo
a
N
A
l
t s .
Bács Pétervárad Bu
e
ie
Gyula
M
Tu
Bo
Dn
D Jászság
n
Szabadka
D r in
Gulf of
M
u
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
a
B ug
Philippopoli
Szolnok
r
C
t
A
Onod
h
ld
i
ei
Ner
de
va
a
i za
t
B
eb
Tr
Patras
e k eK a p o sm
t
s
Gulf of
e u n a r e at
M
Hatvan
L
Se
G s
Gulf of Orphani
Ar
Ve
i
e
Lake Tachino
Gulf of Kasandra
MH
C
Ol
o
B
Eszék
A
na
Gulf of Vo l o s
Bos
Travnik
Sperchei
Rrhion
A c h a i a
a
(Salamvrias)
A
L
D
Gulf of Patras
áv
Saloniki
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
sa mis
z
Dr
D
s a i n t n u M o og dr
ut
o a
S
Jajca
E s
Salona n a
p
s
aritsa
Jászberény
M Csepel o Isl.
an
Eger
M
Buda
Baja
Srebrenica
Sinj
Pi n e i o s
Dr
ey
ba
aca
N
L I T H Ur aA I u z hN I A
Pr
d t
v a ll
O
e sN ta
n
Somoskő
Szanda
Rákos r i v e r
o
n
pe
Nógrád Vác
t
Sajo Ajnácskő
Zombor
B os
n
Spalato
re
Esztergom Visegrád
Szekszárd o
M o u n t a i n s Kobaš Pinios Te m
e
Hollókő
Drégely
Si
M
u
A
os
Klis
Ip o ly
Mohács Siklós Thessaloniki Alt
s
Al u ta
Vr
Mor
A
Kassa
Fülek
N
Ság Gyarmat Szécsény
Kalocsa
Pécs
ares)
na
U
Simontormya
Sr
(V ard
ul
s
Al
Lake Doiran
B
Kekkő th
Eperjes J
Szepesvár
Lőcse
AN D
Pru
h
o
ma
Ti
m
G a ra Z s i tv a
Ol
sa
na Du
na
A
etva
g Vá g
Waa
n
Bug
Késmárk
l k D n je s t e r a n
Hotin
R
ru
Axios
Du
M
na
e
Zi
i
etva
ub
Q u a r n e r o
h Ma
rva
Mo
a
an
W m ta
Ozora
Požega
s
C et
er
n
D
K
a
Maros
Szigetvár
n
S
Ti
K K Q u a r n e r o
s
bb
i
ar
K
v
va
ns
th
Du
ie
ra
rd
ba
ios
5.6 - Situation r 1553 Iske 63
L
r a Podol ski KamiGeniec
a
Gulf of
Vr
Pine
Trau
A
O
ny
Mo
O
km
M e l u n a Pa s s
Novi
o
I
be
n
n)
Va
Ithaca
e
Sa
ria
En
re
t
ga
Y
Se
Ol
ul
ia
B
T
dz
(B
sa
Kuci
it
Spuž
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
Sebenico
Rogosnizza
va
ta
im
je
Cetinje
L
tr
mok
ra
Lim
Brda MONTENEGRO e
Perasto
is
Santa Maura (Levkas)A
Tata
n K a p ois Szászvár a
K ü k ü llő Babócsa gy Na
Szörényvár Rmanj
Mo
Klobuk
a
o
va n h i a Gradiška Dubica
a
i M a
Zante
Po l
rin
Ta r a
vo
to
Niksic
so
ica Su
Z
RAGUSA
a r n i ca
H erzegovina j
isn
Ko
eb
t
a S r apn a CKrupaa
a
Udbina
n)
ar
om
K
Tr
d
zá
nj
ot
ra
Ib
Ta
e
a
Kaposvár
Jasenovac
Pedali
Novigrad
a
M
Al
Ustilonja
Ripač
ria
s
zn
c
Csurgó ro s
Raca
Kostajnica
Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad Zara a Nadin Karin Knin Ostrovica Biograd Gulf of Arta Preveza Vrana Vonitza Kucevac Scardona
b
Komár
Kanizsa
s
Hrastovica
PargaStarigrad
L
Ju
a lin
Noni
Paxos
eka
Slavonian Border ro
a Cazin U n
Plitv icka - Jezer a
Mehadia Carlopago (Bag) Gospic Goumenitza Orsova
Dunav
a
New Novi
ga
t je
a
Su
N
a
W
Corfu
R
Dráva
Un
ava
t e s
Otočac i o
Butrinto R O A T I A Bihac
I r boi a n ) n i a n M
c
G
Slunj
Zengg (Senj)
D
in
t
i za
lnic
Lake Ostrovo
Glina
Topusko
Croatian Border
P h t iC lia
ur
Gora
Bovic
Budački
ul
a
Tr
eb
Ceh
ka
M
Sisak
S te n i c n j a k
Bi
Duna
Sg a a x o n
u
Gyurgyevó
Turnu Magurele
Divény
a
S L A VS O a N xI A o
Todorovo
V ersec
Corfu
r
up a
Somlyó
a un
e
ulp
Karánsebes Ogulin
Nov igra d
I So en a ai a n or
T
na
a
Danu
P
narea Du
sker
I
Komárom
Lake Balaton
Agram
va
za
mits
de
Va
a
Ma
(B
D r in
Uva
Sa
Ve
Ta t r a hm o u n t a i n s
l
Körmend m os
a
Salona n a
je
m
Lugos
o
GyőrS t
Ráb
Kőszeg
M
Zumberak
S e a a iss 5.5 vizier Ahmed Pasha conquered Temesvár on 27 July 1552, moving I - TheA l msecond Cephaloniaon to Arad; A then to Szolnok Castle, which was taken in the first week of September; then to To p l i c a Eger, the unsuccessful siege of which lasted two months. I s l a n d s Spalato
Po l
m
vo
A
va
Li
a
E
Rép ce
ros
l
T
N e ret
Klis
T
Ancona padna (S Za e
Lake
Ra a b
Facsád
Bé ga
d
H
Csall óköz
T r LPaarkees p an s y l v a n i a
- Kö
o
l u tu
Pr
s
i
Lippa
na
na
S
s
i
i
T
Sinj
C et
Rogosnizza
Trau
a
ri
n
Te
Csák
A
D
S
Scardona
Sebenico
A
D
a
h
nau
Szombathely
Lake Ochrid
eh
I
Z I L E
P O L A N Dn
P
rc
t
T isFae r t ő
mos
s
S a vFa
C
A
L
A
ul
Jalo
Bártfa
Sopron
Marburg
Temesvár
M o r a v
K o lu b a r
ba
M
SAN MARINO
Tuscany
Vr
Vrana
Kucevac
Bos
Travnik
s
a
Biograd
Belgrade
Jajca
o
Nadin
Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica nj
Zara
Novigrad
s
Ca
Starigrad
Noni
v Sa
- Kő r ö
e
rfu
Rmanj
Zimony
Szabács
ete
Mezősomlyó
Adr i a t i c
Sava
e ki
mFb
Co
Srebrenica
B
Udbina
Karlóca
a Do
T
a
S e b e s - K ö rö
Világos S
Maro
Istria
Ravenna
p
so
na
e
Ko
B os
ku
Zi
W NS R O
T M DOn iRe s tAr V I A ha ya
Vienna
Sza
Graz
C a r n Solymos i on i lt a
A
Titel
ar
s
a
(Bag) Gospic
ba
Un
Carlopago
Vr
Arad
Becskerek
V e n i c e e
Ib
Krupa Ripač
D a nub
Lake C o mBa c c os h i o ut
yj
A
Leoben
i l l ko
A
I
H
mok
Leitha
in
Bihac
Plitv icka - Jezer a
Kobaš
Novi
Sh
Jenő Laibach
o Is Gö rz & Gra diš ka Nagylak
Bay of Va l o n a
Pétervárad
Whi t e D
C R O A T I A
Dubica
Sana
v a Gradiška
Óbecse
r
To p l i c a
Wiener Neustadt
I
i
ér
New Novi
of
Bács
D
a
Dr
Pedali
a Cazin U n
Otočac
zá
G u l f Otranto
(Span. Bourbon)
Po
Požega
Tisa
Rn
Black
Kostajnica
Todorovo
Zengg (Senj)
Jasenovac
P A P A L
Slunj
a
Ustilonja
a
N I A B O H E M
THE
m ellék Lav ant
St.A ndr ae
Bu
a
Y
ri
r
a
G
Hrastovica
S
Croatian Border
Glina
a lin
o nz
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
KINGDOM of
EszékA d i gNAPLES e
Ér
es
Topusko
Szörényvár
C zn
Lower-
Se ck au
y
M
M o u n t a i n s
i a n t h a p
W
i
Ju
C
Latorca Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
m
Gora
Bovic
Budački
áv
in
S te n i c n j a k
Ogulin
Dr
Sisak
ava
D
Danube
og
Gur k
(FR EIS ING ) Laa ck
Magyarkanizsa Gulf Csanád Aquileja Trieste o f Saseno Tr i e s t e
o a nt Otr
S L A V O N I A
s
n
o
o
g
Zombor
f
Venice
Mur
b
A u s t r i a
O
t
Gyula
(BR IXE N)
ros
p e r-
rin
V elde s
Tisa
up a
Orsova
Dráva
K ő rö
Ma
)M or
R
Durazzo s
Szeged
an
OF
SD T
Kiskunság C a r i n t h i a
Ferma
A pulia Torcello
S
na
dr
Bo
Scutari
Dr
Mohács
Siklós
Boja
Lienz Szolnok
o g it r as á k uS t n
Slavonian Border
a
ulp
i
Sea
Szabadka
e
va
Pécs
Szigetvár
av
Agram
Pi
Sa
Raca
L
Hatvan S a lz a c h Bay of Spizza
Pordenone Baja
im
A E n n sU
e S c u t a ri
S A L Z B U RntivaGr A Jászberény DulcignoM u r Jászság
Terra
Szekszárd
K a p o s Szászvár
L
A
Onod
VENICE
Kalocsa
Lim
un
Kuci
EgerL a k
Budua
g y
Kaposvár
Csurgó
Kapos
Komár
Tra
Žabljak Upper Pulati
Pastrovići
a
Simontormya
DKassa a n uUb p e
Alt
Al u ta
Ar
a
r
n
e
Ozora
c
Ta r a
G
Somoskő
N
BOHEMIA
n
Brda
Ajnácskő
bi
Sa
ub
ur
Babócsa
Zumberak
Nov igra d
ade n
T y rol Csepel Isl. Drau
S ava
r n i o l a
a r n i c aI n
(Pas) Oberndorf
MONTENEGRO Sajo et a SalzburgSpuž Cetinje
Perasto
Szanda
N
Kanizsa
Laibach
om
Niksic
Adr i a t i c Lake Balaton
Dráva
Ip o ly
Buda
Dráva M
Ság Gyarmat Szécsény
a
St.A ndr ae
Marburg
N
Rákos r i v e r
Körmend
Ra a b
(Szb. )
Fülek
Ber cht esg
Esztergom Visegrád
Tata
Szombathely
Lav ant
na
an
Kőszeg
a Graz
Gur k
Ráb
Kekkő
Nógrád Vác
Duna
Győr
Rép ce
Müh ldorf
ica S uDivényKlobuk to rin a
er
Eperjes
Passau
H e Irn nz e g o v i n a j
isn
Hollókő Castel Nuovo B o c c h e d i C a t t a r o Grbalj Drégely Tyrol (Hercegnovi)
Komárom
Sopron
eb
RAGUSA
U
Lőcse T a r Szepesvár a
B A V A R I A an
x
a
s
n
o
Rim
r C a
Dunav
ri
D
i
Tr
H
Csall óköz
Lake Fe r t ő
A
Leoben
r
N
A
e
(S
L A N D S
a
nau
Leitha
Wiener Neustadt
y
i za
CPASSAU eho Késmárk t
Z
Do
Se ck au
S
padna
Bártfa
in
Vienna
L Uva
a
K
rc
Danube
I
Va
Ta t r a hm o u nI s ta ra i nSutsjesk Gr
A u s t r i a
R
a
O Li m
na
A
ha M O R A V I A ya
Lower-
P Dri
T e
eb
t
yj
i
I Z N e ret I L E
D o nau
Tr
THE
D
T
C
Za
va
Salona n a
S
Karánsebes
na
a
s
Spalato
W NS R O
N i ssa I I A Alm B O H E M
BOHEMIA
p e r-
Klis i
T
Trau
Belgrade Du
ba
Rogosnizza
Sinj
C et
5.4 - Situation 1552 OF
n
Sebenico
s
Lugos
V ersec
D
Scardona
A
A N D S
K o lu b a r
Vr
M
ro
Ma
Facsád
Somlyó
a av
S
Bos
Travnik
s
a
Vrana
Kucevac
Lippa
Bé ga
K ü k ü llő
gy
Mehadia
Zimony
Szabács
Na
M o r a v
Nadin
Biograd
s
m
ros
Jajca
o
Zara
L
Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica nj
Sea
Novigrad
- Kö
Solymos
Mezősomly ó
Titel
Karlóca
Sava
r
et
Starigrad
Noni
e
t
a
Srebrenica
B
Udbina
Rmanj
A
S
na B os
D a nub su
a
D
V
Ripač
rb
Bo
Un
(Bag) Gospic
Becskerek Pétervárad
as
ov
Krupa
Plitv icka - Jeze ra
Carlopago
Csák
Bács
Novi
ld
Bihac
Óbecse
Te
aro s
M
T r a n s y l v a n i a
Feh
Temesvár
Koba š
Se
s
a Cazin U n
Otočac
v a Gradiška
Dubica
Sana
o
y
New Novi
C R O A T I A
zá
Pedali
Todorovo
Zengg (Senj)
Maro
Csanád
Eszék
Požega
D
s
Kostajnica
M
l
Slunj
i
Maros
t e - Kő r ö s
Világos
r o s Nagylak
Ustilonja
Jasenovac
L
e
Gl
Hrastovica
Ma
Arad
Magyarkanizsa
S
Croatian Border
na
O
k
Glina
Topusko
a
t
n
Gora
Bovic
Budački
Ogulin
Nov igra d
áv
ke
es
Istria
Sisak
S te n i c n j a k
re
i
a
up a
Dr
Fe
Jenő
Szeged
Zombor
S L A V O N I A
ulp
Mur
Mohács
Siklós
Raca
s
e
Slavonian Border
s
s
Tisa
va
Szabadka
e
th
a
Sa
Zumberak
Trieste
Baja
Pécs
Szigetvár
M
s am o
ér
Babócsa
Agram
Tr i e s t e
n uUb ep
Szekszárd
K a p o s Szászvár
mos
m ellék S e b e s - K ö rö
Gyula
Kalocsa
S ava
C a r n i o l a
Gulf
Kaposvár
Csurgó
K ő rö
g s á k u n
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s L5.14 - InBiograd 1565 the Ottomans succeed in taking Krupa, after several earlier attempts. Co
s
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a rNadin i K oButrinto lu b a
na
ba
Sebenico
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Starigrad
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ri
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A
Sea
m ellék
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a
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v Sa
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n
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Bos
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C R OKarlóca A T I A
A
Győr
t e - Kő r ö s ke Komár F eKanizsa
Dráva
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Becskerek in Croatian Border Gl
ni D a n u bZengg (Senj) ti e Otočac
t
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Su
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a
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za
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SAN MARINO Travnik
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Cape Glossa or Linguetta Srebrenica B a y Soaf v a Va l o n a
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up a Óbecse
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a
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L5.13 - The situation in 1565 along the Slovanians border with Carniola. Biograd Kucevac
Istria
m ku
i
s ke Castel Nuovo BLo a cche B a (Hercegnovi)l a t o n
Agram
Sa
mok
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KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
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bi
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Eszék
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as
va Csanád
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i
so
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io
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o
A
a
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Udbina
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N
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(B RI XE N) K a l o c s aS c u t a r i i ar (F RE IS IN G) tiv An La ac k Szászvár Szekszárd o zDulcigno on Laibach v a Is a Sa n Gö rz & B o j a Gr ad išk a Baja Bay of Spizz a
I
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ta
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Brda
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as
the Habsburg-Ottoman front is quiet. r
A
Eger
Ta r a
Kapos
(F RE IS IN G) La ac k
ör z & di šk a
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t
or Lienz in
Komár
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rol
t Mu Buda
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g y
ur
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zo
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a
G
T
a
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Dráva M
om
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r n i ca H e r z e g oM uvr i n a S j
isn
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Marburg
eb
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Lower-
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Nógrád n n s Vác
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La va nt
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in
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za
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t
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p a d nDaa n u b e Sebenico Sinj (S er bi a Fülek Sajo n) Klis Trau Kekkő Li Mo Rogosnizza m rav a Salona n a Ajnácskő Ság Gyarmat Szécsény Spalato Onod Ju Ip o ly Uva Somoskő zn c a Hollókő Wiener Neustadt ssa i Drégely m Al
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na
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r
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an
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de n
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sa
n In
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i
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nau
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va
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n
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Lower-
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Mehadia
T
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nj
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u Tra
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Zrm Zvonigrad a a rNadin 5.12 Zara - Between 1559 and 1564, the part of
D
s
a
D a n uU p be Kucevac
B A V A R I A
Tuscany
nj
nn
THE
Eszék
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o
x
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N D Orsova I A Szörényvár unav B O DH E M
Késmárk
Lőcse Obrovac
B O H E M I ANovigrad
a Gradiška
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A
na
a
Zombor
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áv
Sa
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Szabács Carlopago Zimony (Bag) Gospic
L
o
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Jajc a ha M O R A V I A ya SAN MARINO B o s
O Ripač
S
Bács
Požega
S aVnersec a
Krupa
Plit vic ka - Jez era
Sava
PASSAU D
P
Bihac
s
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Novi
B
D
T
Isar
Zrm Zvonigrad acontinue Nadin 5.11 Zara - The Ottomans to invade the area aroundTravnik Kostajnica; Karin
Sea
B O H
THE
Knin Lthey also Biograd manage toOstrovica take Tata.
Passau
D o nau
New Novi
k ü llő y Kü ag NSzabadka
Karánsebes
Somlyó Dubica
a Cazin U n
o ar
Lugos
áv
Pedali
Todorovo
Titel
C R OKarlóca A T I A
M
Jasenovac Mezősom lyó z
Kostajnica
aro s
Mohács
Siklós
Ustilonja
a
B O H E M I ANovigrad
A d Ar Ni a t i c I E M
Srebrenica
o
Noni
Rmanj
OF
b Vr Ravenna
B I Z osu t I L E
a
m
Hrastovica
Un
Starigrad
B
Udbina
a
(Bag) Gospic
L A N D S
A
Un
Carlopago
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Te
Csák
Glina
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D a n u bZengg (Senj) e Otočac
ina
Plit vic ka - Jez era
W NS na B os R O C
io
Sisak
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Budački
Bé ga
M
Baja
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Szigetvár
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Krupa
V e n i c e
Kob aš
aca
Bihac
Lake Comacc h
g
C R O A T I A
Dubica
Sana
Novi
Babócsa ros
S L A Temesvár V O N I A
Becskerek in Croatian Border Gl
Pétervárad
Q u a r n e r o
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a Cazin U n
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v a Gradiška
- Kö
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S te n i c n j a k
Ogulin
No Bács vig rad
na
K Q u a r n e r o
Zengg (Senj)
up a Óbecse
Eszék
K a p o s Szászvár
Raca
ulp
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Szekszárd
T r a n s y l v a n i a
S
Pedali
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zá
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Istria
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a
Ustilonja
áv
Kaposvár
Maro s Slavonian Border
va Csanád
N
Simontormya
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r o Nagylak
Zumberak
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in
Gl
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Croatian Border
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K
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a
up a
o
g
S L A V O N I A
a
ulp
n
o
S ava
Tisa
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F eKanizsa
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m
Torcello Slavonian Border
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e
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va
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t e - Kő r ö
ér
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C a r n i o l a
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Saxon
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Gyula
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S e b e s - K ö rö
ke
Hat
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k Körmend m e l l é
ur
Szan
s á k u n
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ör z & di šk a
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M
Nógrád Vác
Rák os r i v e r
Kapos
Laibach
Kaposvár
Terra
Dráva
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a
Holl
Esztergom Visegrád
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mos
ut
N
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rös K őMarburg
g s á k u n
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Dráva
Sza
Pr
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T is a
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St .A nd ra e
Simontormya V eld es
Komár
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ur
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Rép ce
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r
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Csa llók öz
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A
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r Jászberény
a
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C a r i n t h i a N
I
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Te
Drau
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Mor
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r
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p
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sa
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a
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au
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N Orsova Dna Szörényvár Rmanj I A Du Dunav va B O H E M Va h Sa Késmárk Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s Starigrad Zi 5.16b - In September 166, the Turks, led by the but retreat the Grand nies Jajc a Grand Vizier, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, also conquer Babócsa and Csurgó. The Habsburgs besiege DKanizsa, Wbefore NoniT h M O R A V I A ul tr Eperjes Szepesvár D L A Lőcse C ay yj Novigrad Obrovacso he returns to Belgrade. The Ottomans also Vizier arrives, capture Gyula. e s a a Bo Zrm Udbina
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a S
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K ü k ü llő
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a
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it ra St
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6. 1566 - 1593 OF
P
N I AM O R A V I A B O H E M
THE
O
U p p e rLowerA u s t r i a
H
Vienna Salzburg
t
y
Leoben
r
i
Kőszeg
a
Ikervár
Körmend
Lava nt
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Karlóca
Mehadia
Szabács
Srebrenica
Zimony
Belgrade Orsova
Szörényvár
Rmanj
W
Rogosnizza
A
Trau Spalato
e
r
b
i
a Gyurgyevó
Turnu Magurele
i
a
Salona Almissa
Mostar
Herzegovina RAGUSA
(Dubrovnik) (Cavtat Epidauros)
MONTENEGRO Spuž Cetinje
Risan Perasto
C a tt a
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Grbalj
Budua
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Pastrovići
An
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Constantinople
M a c e d o n i a
i
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A
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I
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A
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Biograd
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Apulia Saseno
Thessaloniki
Gallipoli
l
Obrovac
Novigrad
Karin
M
Jajca
o
Noni
L
Kilia
Brăila
Starigrad
A
Brassó
Partes Annexae
Ripac
Udbina
Gospic
Zara
Focșani
Fogaras
Szeben
Versec
Titel
Krupa
s
n
o
x
Bihac Golubic
B
P A P A L
Novi
a
Mezősomlyó Somlyó
Gradiška
Pedali New Novi
Cazin
Akkerman
Karánsebes
Kostajnica Todorovo
a
Csák
Ustilonja
Hrastovica
Becskerek
C R OATIA
Déva
Lugos
Óbecse
Bender
Segesvár
Gyulafehérvár
Lippa Facsád
Sisak
A
s
Gora
Glina Topusko
Croatian Border
Solymos
Csanád
I
l y
Petrinja
Bovic
Carlopago
Ancona
Magyarkanizsa
Mohács
Siklós
Raca
TATARS
J e d i s a n
e
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Desnye
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Temesvár
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C a r n i o l a Venice
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OF THE
S
Csáktornya Zrínyivár
(FRE ISIN G) Laac k Görz & Grad iška
Almás Sebesvár
Kolozsvár
Kanizsa
(BRIX EN)
Ferma
PartesNagyvárad Annexae
Sümeg
KHANATE
a
Beszterce
Peleske
Marburg
D
Saxons
Székelyhid
Egerszeg Kapornak
V eldes
L
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Pest
Palota
Egervár
St.A ndra e
O
Rákos
Veszprém
Vasvár
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i
C a r i n t h i a
Annexae
Szatmár
Kalló
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M
b
Gurk
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Gesztes
Szentmarton
Visegrád
Pápa
Graz
r o l Lienz
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a
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Partes
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Somoskő
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Nógrád
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KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
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Kalamata
Serifos
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Passavâ Kelapha
Leros
(Minoa)
Naxos
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Monemvasia
Duchy of Naxos
Polyaigos
Melos
Kalymnos
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Tenos
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(Megiste) Kastellorizo
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eo
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a k
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Lake S c u t a ri
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Sa
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Z
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MONTENEGRO et Perasto a Spuž Cetinje
Partes Annexae
Suda J u Versec zn Rhetymno a ( B
n)
Szabács
x
Al
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Bu
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Sphakiotes
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o
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Vath y
Myconos
Hermupolis Székelyhid
Serifos
s
Ikaria
Rinia Karánsebes Delos
Siros
Becskerek
Sza
Lugos
Pru
Samos
Annexae S a
Facsád Szatmár
Hotin
Na
ie
D n je s t e r
A N A T O LB I e A
M
PartesGyulafehérvár Déva a r o M
a
t
D a nub
S a vPassavâ a Kelapha Srebrenica Gulf of
Bé ga
e
Debrecen Kithnos m Csák
Se
A
z
ta s
ni
T
Tenos
i
n
Hydra
6.2a - Situation 1569
of ssenia
Gyaros
Kalló
l
S
E u r Bo o su
Temesvár
h
T is a
es
Gulf of Nauplia
Spetsai
Zarnata
Cape Sounion
Óbecse
Csepel Isl.
Misthra
Keos
o
l y
Pest
Kalamata
R
Gulf of A e g i n a
Burdshi
lota
Mezőkeresztes
o
u tu P r aro s
Huszt Bay of Chesmé
Lippa
Kam ienie c Podo lski
u
a
Nyaláb
Tisa
s Andros
d
o
onnesos) Rákos BudaRáko s Nauplia river v Gesztes
rá
ros
D
A
Dn
a
e
Visegrád
t
Desnye
- Kö
LE
AN D
i
Esztergom
Solymos
o
M
Duna
Maro
Gulf of Csanád Petalia
Buják S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or Hatvan
Világos
Arad
Nagylak
P
T r aa n s y l l v a n Marosvásárhely ia
Chios
Latorca
Feh
p
P O L A N D
iz Ged
n
Vác
ros
Tisa
Korinthos Szanda
Jenő
og
Maros
str
a
Nógrád
Ma
Magyarkanizsa
Athens
dr
Y Jenő
S
C O M M O N W E A L T H
Szamosujvár
Gulf f oKolozsvár Smyrna
i
Hollókő
Gyarmat
Kalavryta Mohács Párkány mós
Somoskő
Szécsény
Bo
s
ér
a r Ság CmSág oar i n té ghe ly tI p Dor l y
os
al
s Érsekújvár
ip
R
an
Gy
Eur
Fülek Sajo Ajnácskő
Fe
Almás
a Sebesvár r
Psara
Dnie
k
Divény
Kékkő
A
C
of
G
Gyula
- Kő r ö
te ke
s
e
Ka
omját
C
M
z
N
=Naupaktos hion po Nyitra s Gulf
e
al
Beszterce
S
U
At
S
Lőcse
gr Szepesvár s op K ő rö an on t n iC a r an te G al (E ub oia Divény )
Lamia
O
Limassol
Knossos
e ts e
a
s
Gulf of
a
S e b e s - K ö rö
t
t
Késmárk
Sporades
Va h
Ta t r a m No ue n t a i n s
N
Saxons
s am o
n
o
PartesNagyvárad Annexae D
A
ir e
M
Paphos
6.1b - Situation 1567
Székelyhid
Nm e l l é k
Ér
Sa
erchei
A
Northern
T r o ö d o s M n t s .S
r
KasoSs o u t h e r n B
Cape Sideros
lo
N is
Gulf of
Csepe l Isl. Andros Vo l o s
C y p rSphakia u s
s
Famagusta
l of e y ra b B a Mi
b
a
C
u
Pest N IA O W S I L E Z6.1a - In 1566, the Ottoman P O Admiral Piyale Pasha annexed the islands of Keos and Grand
E
Sphakiotes
Spinalonga
Hera klion
e
h
a
E
Gulf of Edremid
t Pru
h
R
mos
Rhetym no Nicosia
ut
I
Debrecen
Sza
B
Hotin
Chania
r
Annexae
Szatmár
Suda
j
m
er
g
Vá
on
G a ra
•••
Z s i tv a
N
T is a
Scar pa
D n je s t e r
Bay S u d aKyrenia
ik
iğ i r l
Gorg
Partes
Besika Bay
tu l
n
PL
ard ane lle s D Huszt
A
a
Iuzh
Pr
M
river
R
Tisa
Kalló
h
Kaso s
Cape Sideros
u Pr
L I T H U A N IA
AN D
B ug
o
E
BudaRáko s
Rákos
Mezőkeresztes
Hatvan
t
ar ia f S am
Knossos
e t e
i
M
Visegrád
llo
oK i s sda m o soB a y l
Gramvousa
eo
Buják
R
P
a
n
Sphakia
r
p
Bug
of C r e t e Kam ieni ec Podo lski
S e a
Scar pan to
Cha
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
P O L A N D
M a r m o r a
o f
a
C
Anafi
Constantinople
M a r m a r aa
Tel
Santorini
Rh od es
Büy ük Ček mede ze Kü ç ü k Ç k m e c e
S e a
r
Spinalonga of e y ra b B a M i Nyaláb
A A Ne g e Sa En A
Vác
a Gallipoli
Latorca
Hera klion
Nisyros
Folegandros
ie
og
Stampalia
(under Joseph Nasi)
str
K os
Amor gos
ny
dr
Kaly mno s
Nios
Sikinos
Bosporus
i
Sphakiotes
ta s
E
Esztergom
Gesztes
Bo
( S a l a m v r i a s )Szanda
Párkány
Duna
s
Gorg
Kasandra
Somoskő
n
Rhetym no
Rho des
Cape M a l iCah a l k e
Dnie
Gulf of Saros
YE
Naxos
Duchy of Naxos
Polyaigos
Melos
Gulf of Mendela
Leros
Paros
Kimolos Gulf of Adalia
Telos
Cerigo
C
T
Chania
ar ia f S am
Nógrád
R
Suda
Hollókő
P i n i o sGyarmat
ey
Sa
A
Suda Bay
Fülek S a Hj oa g i o n O r o s lf of G u Ajnácskő
D
I
G
Divény
Nisyros
Patmo s
Delos
Sifnos
Mon e mv a s i a me Sy
Gulf of Laconia
Myconos
Rinia
Antiparos
Gulf of Kos
Cape Matapan
C r e t e
of
Kissamos Bay
Divény
eo
N
v a ll
N
Kithnos
Hermupolis
K os
Ev ro
Anafi
D
Gulf of Orphani
Gulf of the
pe
A
Tenos
Gyaros
Serifos
M a Ei nr gae n e
Santorini
E
ares)
S e a
Kékkő Gulf of G y Ság Saloniki ar ma y l e g Ságt Szécsény I p Dorél y
Te m
N e s to s
m
(V ard
G
Kelapha
M
Késmárk
Lake
o
n ra
N
rsekújvár
l
n
g
O t s. LFolegandros
Szepesvár
U
Pass
ta
Polyaigos
Ta t r a m o un n t a iTachino n s Lőcse
Thessaloniki Gramvousa
A
M
N
ar
M
Va h
A
a
Ikaria
Siros
Misthra s Kaly E mno
M
o
Cerigo
Melos
Sr
ei
Axios
Lake Doiran
Kimolos
P u
B
Cape Malia
Cape Matapan
ját
es
M
M
d
Bre
o
Gulf of A Laconia E Z I S I L
Sifnos
e
Monemvasia
N OM W aina
tra m
h
Passavâ
Kelapha
Op
Keos
Sounion
Gulf of Mendela
Naxos uro B a y o f Navarino Zarnata Gulf Navarino Pylos i Amor goso f ia Duchy of Naxos Methoni t s a M e s s e nAdrianople Arda Stampalia Koroni Nios Passavâ Sikinos
Samos Vath y
Leros
Kalamata
Bay of Chesmé
Andros
Gulf of Nauplia
Patmo s
r
Paros
Antiparos
and e r
Gulf of Petalia
a s of A e g i n a C a p e l f o f B u r gGulf
Gu Nauplia
Burdshi
ic
R
ica
ma
T
o
ta s
ln ga
ritsa M a Serifos
i
Delos
Hermupolis
ru
Eur
a
Me
iz
A N A
u
Siros
St
Misthra
Myconos
Rinia
C h i o s
os
S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or
Vath y
a
ios
ip
Athens M en d e r e s
Korinthos
Samos
ndga
Kithnos
Gulf of Nauplia
Al p h e
t e ub oia )
(E
Corinth
( P e dl žo p o n n e s o s )
Gyaros
Gulf of A e g i n a C a p e Sounion
Nauplia
l
Ged
Gulf of Smyrna
n
al
Korinthos
o
an
B AthensI s l a n d s a Kalavryta Andros Pi n e i o s l kG u Pl fe toaf l i a i n s a Tornese t a n Zante M o u Castel S a r o n i c Gulf n Aegina or M Tou Ink a r i a r e Keos Tenos a
p
Eur
Chesmé
A c h a Bia yao f
al
r
Iske
Burdshi
an
Corinth
na
A N A T Ok L S I e Aa Blac
Gulf of
Rrhion
r aPatras
Ca
a
e
S
E
Gulf of Edremid
C
G u l f oJfa Pn at t r a s
ti
r o
V a l l um
r
Cephalonia
os
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
C h i o s
Ithaca
C
Gulf of
ip
an
g
Pruth
Eur
G
al
D u n a rea
e
S eo i aa)
Gulf of Smyrna
n
At
ediz
e
b
ub
Du
Lamia
Sporades
N
R
o
(E
Gulf of
D
l
(Levkas)
o
dga
na
Northern
m
un
Ca
an u
I
av
I op o nn i a n t
ti
a n a r eMaura Santa Du
Tr a i
Ç.
r o
Sperchei
Gyurgyevóa m o s Vonitza t Turnu Magurele
Gulf of Vo l o s
be
Sus
an
g
Gulf of Arta
S
av
al
a
e
Preveza
Aspr
Ti
At
e
Danu
V a l l um
s
Lamia
I o S pno r aid eas n
e
de
P
av
t
Gulf of
N
M
b
Ve
dz
o
N o r Paxos thern
Ar
E E
Gulf of Edremid
o
Parga
R
D
Goumenitza
Ol
mok
I
C
A
L
op
P
A
ul
•••
Zi
al
Gulf of Vo l o s
W
an uC
M
Tr a i
an u
m
Gulf of Burgas
S e a
Te
a
i
g
Vá
n m
be Danu
Ti
es
m
o
a
ina
i
Dr
a
b
l
a
sa
l
S u
na
n
na
etva er
Aspr
b
G a ra
Z s i tv a
Du
sa
Waa
l
aca
Mor
K
Ti
a
g
h
Mor
Y K
Crn Bre
ina Mor
aca
Dr
s
bb
Ma
aca
ns
En
Q u a r n e r o
sa
Te
ar
l
a
a
i
Crn
a
i
z
n
e
a
Lake Ostrovo
k
ni
ti
b
l
e Gulf of Arta W
tr
l y
is
on
etv
na
it
Vonitza
Al
Corfu
Paxos
Al
op
l
Alt
Ithaca
Gulf of Arta Fogaras
Preveza
Vonitza
am
os
Sperchei
o
R
t Brassó G u l f o f P a t r op
Santa Maura (Levkas)
P
A
Lepanto=Naupa =Antirrhion
Ithaca
I s l a nn dMs o u n t a i a Cephalonia
E
ios
Aspr
I o n i a n S e a
Pine
o
a n
m
M e lu n a Pa ss
Goumenitza Parga
ta
Aspr
e s
T
n
oI o n i Cephalonia Szeben
s u ta
km
s
P h t ilia
ia
o
sa
ü k ü llő
t K i o g y MauraButrinto Santa Segesvár Na (Levkas) Corfu
S u
er
M
er
etva
er
rva
Ç.
Sus
L a
Mo
ndga
Tu
s
ic
Ti
op
ln
rd
S u
Va
Sz
t
ga
M a c e d o
I
es
n
T
Pylos ka Methoni Re
S
sa
i
va
u
•••
•••
be
tr
ra
je
Danu
is
Mo
i
o
x
W
n)
Po l
a
(P
Al p h e
vo
in
S
Si
M
so
Dr
Ti
garia
Ko
Whi t e D
S e a
ér
m
sa ul
ar
To p l i c a
Lake Prespa
l
s
(B
Castel Tornese
Lake Ochrid
Preveza
na
Karánsebes
Déva a r o M
A
Ca
Mezőso mlyó Somlyó
I o n i a n
H
Se
rfu
71
Lugos
Saseno
Cape Glossa or Linguetta Bay of
a r o s Va l o n a Otranto M
Gyulafehérvár
a
M
ros
Orsova
A c h a zn
D
na
it es
M o r a v
Ju
Black
- Kö
a
Dunav
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
Parga a
em
es
Csák
Paxos
I o n i a n KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
tr
g
is
i
Lake Prespa
ava
i
m
Desnye
Lippa
Bé ga
mb
Co
Du
W
je
Vá
Po l
G a ra
vo )M or
Ib
Z s i tv a
so
g
Va
Ko
Waa
M o r a v
ar
an
E
T
Becskerek
bi
T r a n s y l v a n Marosvásárhely ia
Facsád
Óbecse
l
n
s
Sh
M
a
er
Me
a
ri n s in t e o i
in
Maro
Csanád
Solymos
ku
l
Magyarkanizsa
ös
Jenő
Világos
Dr
Arad
Nagylak
Kolozsvár
Temesvár
áv
Szamosujvár
AA p u l i a
Feh
na
Dr
ke
t e - Kő r
P O
r G ubl f o fi P aat r a s Patras
Goumenitza Maros
Durazzo
Ca
Siklós
Almás
na
rfu
Fe
Tisa
Mohács
s
Karánse
Dr
Saxons
i Corfu c
Corfu Sea
Sebesvár
Jenő
ros
o
e
(S
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
Scutari
i ar
Boja
at
Lugos
Pi n e i o s
im
Žabljak Upper Pulati
tiv
Lippa
Versec
c
Lake S c u t a ri
Dulcigno
PartesNagyvárad Annexae
s Ma
ti
S
padna
Co
Pécs
a
a ro
An
ér
Szigetvár
d
Lim
L
o a nt Otr
zence
Za
Ta r a
MONTENEGRO et a Spuž Cetinje
Perasto
of
Ka
po
Kapos
o
a
Zante
ra
em
Butrinto 6.6b - In 1571, the Ottomans attack Bihac, conquering its surroundings but not the Székelyhid P h t ilia Otown; Ér themVenetians re-take Budua. ellék Beszterce A d r i a m os
Gyula
sd
v Sa
Belgrade Lake na Ochri dD u
a
Risan
Zimony
a r n i ca
Grbalj
s
r Komár
m
(Dubrovnik) (Cavtat Epidauros)
r
Partes m o s Annex ta
Vonitza
Titel
na
om
it ra St
K ő rö
Uva
ot
a
RAGUSA
s
Mezősomlyó Somlyó
ri
jic
- Kö
Solymos
Bé ga
Becskerek
a
A
isn
B o c c h e d i C a t t a C a tt ro
S e b e s - K ö rö
Lake Balaton
Csák
in
Ta
Bay of Spizza
Sümeg
ška
Ceh
a
Budua
Csep el Isl. 6.6a - InPalota 1571, the Ottomans conquer Ajnácskő and its surroundings.
abócsa
sk
Pastrovići
Veszprém
T
m
Herzegovina Annexae
eb
Pápa
ak
t je
Z
mos
Su
T is a
N
Tr
ni
i
i za
Szatmár
Sza
Debrecen
Mostar
eb
Világos
Arad Maro
l ra u t uK o l u b a Ithaca
Partes I s l a n d s a
K
Otranto
Se
Li
a
Cape Glossa or Linguetta Bay of Va l o n a
i
Jenő
Facs
Karlóca
e
P
D r in
Saseno
t
KINGDOM of NAPLES Kalló (Span. Bourbon)
river
Almissa
N e ret
Tr
Hatvan
Salona
i
A
Huszt
Klis
Nyalábn a Spalato
va
Trau
Rogosnizza
Tisa
Mezőkeresztes
s
I
C et
AA p u l i Ta
t e - Kő r ö s
Feh
Nagylak
i
Pr
h
Sarajevo
Sinj
t
Cephalonia
n
Scardona
Sebenico
su
D
Latorca
A
ros
ke
Jenő
Gulf of Arta
mb Santa Maura ku Szabács S h(Levkas)
t
ba
d
Vrana
Ma
Preveza D a nub
Sava Srebrenica
Bos
Travnik
s
Knin
str Bo
a
S e a
Jajca
Zvonigrad
Ostrovica
r
Bo
Vr
M
Biograd
a
o
Zrm
Karin
O
Fe
Gyula
Temesvár
Dnie
sna
Sz
ék
m
s
Tisa
B
Obrovac
Novigrad
o a nt Otr
Pest
Noni
Zara
L
of
Gesztes
Szentmarton
A
a
BudaRákRákos os
Bo
Y
Starigrad
Vr
s ba
Kalló
S e be
K ő rö
Óbecse
i a n
O
og
ell PartesNagyvára A
Csanád
Parga
dr
Ér
n
Magyarkanizsa
va
I o n pi a n
nj
e
Tata
Visegrád
Udbina
Rmanj
D
S eo ga r
Ancona
Ripac
Plitv icka - Jezer Golubic a
Durazzo I v a oGradiškan
a
Sana
Novi
Krupa
Bihac
Gospic
R
Pedali New Novi
Una
zá
R Bo
Debrecen
Ustilonja
Kostajnica
Cazin
C R OATIA
Hollókő Szanda Buják
Sisak
Hrastovica
Todorovo
Otočac
Carlopago
SAN MARINO
Gora
a
a
ub
Esztergom
Vác
Slunj
lin
Un
an
ába
Duna
Nógrád
A
Glina Topusko
Croatian Border
Zengg
E
D
Győr
Párkány
Petrinja
Bovic
G
Somoskő
Szécsény
Gyarmat
Komárom
Fülek Sajo Ajnácskő
Kékkő
a r Ság ma y gel Ságt I p Dorél y
Adr i a t i c
T
Gy
Érsekújvár
Csa llók öz
Divény
Ravenna
Tuscany
Stenicnjak
Budački
Goumenitza
Paxos D S
V e n i c e
cchio
A
Komját
G
Divény
O
Ogulin
Nov igra d
s
Mohács
Siklós
Raca
R 6.5b - Situation on the Dalmatian coast in 1571. C
Istria
it ra St
N
Pécs
rá
Sea C
up a
Corfu po
in t e s i o
in
G u l f
S T
Nyitra
U
P A P A L
Galgóc
I
T A D
Szigetvár
ulp
Lake Szepesvár Coma
H
va
Babócsa
A
Agram
Dr
ri
Dr
T rieste
Po
an
Zumberak
s Aquileja Trieste of
Va h 6.5a - By the end of 1571, Cyprus for Famagusta. of Tawas t runder a mOttoman o u n t arule, i n sexcept Lőcse
Gr
Sa
Berzence
river
Black
n
C a r n i o l a
a
n Boja
a
Adig Késmárk e
o
Csurgó
a S av
Kapos Corfu
Szegesd
ili
Ph t
N
To
Mezőkeresztes
Hatvan
l
o
g
Limassol
Dulcigno
A dA r i a t i c N Gulf
KomárKomár
Kanizsa
Dráva
Laibach
n
Venice
Torcello
Kanizsa
Csáktornya Zrínyivár
(FR EIS ING ) Laa ck
zo on Is Gör z & Gra diš ka
t
Peleske
na
Paphos
Famagusta Pordenone
An
i
Buják
Csepel Isl.
Ca
T roödos Mnts.
ur
r i va
Lake Balaton
rfu
O T e r r a F Le r m a
Nicosia
Cyprus
E A
M
P e Somoskő B i sc s ka tr i ca Szanda
Vác
Pest
Palota
A
A
Hollókő
Visegrád
Rákos BudaRákos
Veszprém
Fülek Sajo Ajnácskő
Szécsény
Nógrád
S c u t a r i Butrinto a
Egerszeg Kapornak
Divény
Kékkő
a r Ság ma g e ly Ságt I p Dorél y
Párkány
Gesztes
a
Lake S cSümeg u t a ri
Vasvár
Egervár
Gy
Esztergom
Ka
M
Bay of Spiz za Marburg
Sa
S
e t e
P
Kasos
Cape Sideros
of y B a e llo b ira
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n
Arad
Raca
Krupa
a Vrana
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6.11 - In 1578, the Ottomans take Todorovo. Scardona
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Partes Annexae
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Trau
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Cs all ókö z
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6.10 - Situation 1577 - Ottoman Hungary continues to expand gradually. Knin Karin
Srebrenica
Karlóca
Graz
Almás Sebesvár
rc
Hatvan B é g a Répc T e Lugos em
M o r a v
Zrm
Sümeg
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o
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na
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s
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Rákos Leoben BudaRá kos r i v eCsák r
i
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k Fe
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Starigrad
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Vasvár
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(F R E IS IN G ) La ac k
s
a
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Zara
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Divény
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na
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Raab
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r
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a
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SALZBURG
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Kelapha 1568
Santorini
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Babócsa Cerigo
Joseph Nasi dies Direct Ottoman rule
1579
D
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6.15 - In 1584Starigrad the Ottomans invade Croatia from the area around Todorovo. Zara
Knossos
Famagusta
r
Rmanj
A
Spinalonga
Nicosia Heraklion Famagusta
CSphakia y p r u sC
a
Udbina
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a
ros
Magyarkanizsa
Kyrenia
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áv
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Under Egyptian (Ottoman) ”Suzerainty”
T roödos Mnts.
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N
Joseph Nasi dies Direct Ottoman rule
Du Gorg
A
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C R OATIA
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Heraklion Sisak
1579
G
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Gulf of Mendel
Kaly mno s
( Duchy of Naxos )
6.14 - From 1579, the former DuchyfMohács of Naxos e Ottoman Empire. t the e of C ris part
I
Kissamos Gramvousa B a y
Naxo s
Rh p od esFolegandros
Chalke
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S a Agram va Zumberak 6.13 - In 1579, upon the death of Joseph Nasi, the e C r Duket ofe Naxos, the Duchy comes under f o a e S direct Ottoman rule. Raca
I
Paros
(Minoa)
Sifnos
Telos
Cape Malia
Leros
Antiparos
Melos
Syme
Nisyros
Cape Matapan
o
Serifos
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Gulf of
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o
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ta s
Monemvasia
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M
SI N G ) of k ac
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Duchy Pylos of Naxos Methoni
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o f aMke ned e l a Gulf L
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Keos Cape Sounion
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Sifnos
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Gulf of EgerszegPatm os N a u p l i a
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Gulf of A e g i n a
Nauplia
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m
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7. 1593-1606 C L A N D S
OF
P
THE
Passau
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Lower-
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Blinje
Csák
Ustilonja
Jaseno vac Pedali
x
n
o
s
Szeben
Kilia
Brassó
Brăila
Mezősomlyó
Gradiška
Partes Annexae
V ersec
Titel
Ravenna
Mehadia
A
Trau
to
a
j u
Klis
Spala
r
b
i
Gyurgyevó
a Turnu Magurele
D
I
e
a
Salona
Alm
i s sa
Herzegovina
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(Dubrovnik)
MONTENEGRO Spuž Cetinje
Cavtat ( Epidauros)
Perasto
C a tt a
ro
a
Žabljak Upper Pulati
Budua ari tiv
i
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s
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Otranto
Thessaloniki
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Holy Mount Athos
Butrinto
Corfu
Corfu
l
Zara
L
Obrovac
t e s i o
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Orsova
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S T Ancona
A
Noni
Belgrade
l
SAN MARINO
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D
Zimony
Szabács
Srebrenica
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P A P A L
Karlóca
a
Karánsebes
Becskerek
Dubica
Akkerman
z
Du
Lippa
Sisak Hrastovica
Gora Glina
Todorovo
Croatian Border
Magyarkanizsa Csanád
Mohács Raca
S te n i c n j a k Budački
h
Szigetvár
Slavonian Border
I
T
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s
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TATARS
J e d i s a n
z
Komár
Slavon.Border
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CRIMEAN
A
S
Laibach
Novi grad
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Partes Annexae
Szegesd Csurgó
Laack (FREISING)
Aquileja Trieste
s
Saxons
Fehérvár
Kolozsvár Kanizsa
Istria
Tuscany
M
Annexae
Hatvan
Marburg
C a r n i o l a Torcello
Hollókő
Veszprém
VENICE
Venice
e
Partes
St.A ndra e
Görz & Grad iška
B
i
Lava nt
AN D
Kamien iec Podolsk i
a
Hotin
Somoskő
Szanda Buják
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Gesztes Mor Csákvár
Pápa
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Folegandros
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Kalymnos
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Stampalia
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7.1 - Just two months after Hasan Pasha’s defeat, the beylerbeyi of Greece and Thrace, also called Hasan Pasha, conquered Sisak on 24 August 1593. Already in the autumn of 1594, the Serifos Ottomans definitively evacuate Sisak. B a y o f Navarino Navarino
Pylos Methoni
Gulf of Messenia
Misthra
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Myconos Delos
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Antiparos
o
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ta s
78
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Partes Annexae
V ersec
t
Dr
B
Novigrad
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Sea
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Noni
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Titel
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1593
a
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ros
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B a n u s’ Border Petrinja
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Magyarkanizsa Csanád
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e
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t e - Kő r ö s
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No vig rad
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stria
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e
S e b e s - K ö rö
Fe
Szegesd Csurgó
Dráva
Laack (FREISING)
zo on Is Gö rz & Gr ad išk a
Partes Annexae
Komár
Kanizsa
s am o
a
ur
Saxons m ellék
z
M
Ér
S
Marburg
Veldes (BRIXEN)
Nagyvárad
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Lake Balaton
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t
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t
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re
n
i n t h i a
Buda
Fehérvár
mos
Sz
Pápa
Kőszeg
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Annexae
Bre
a
Sza
Ti
i
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Szentmarton
a
ina
r
Ráb
Esztergom Visegrád
be
Leoben
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Lake Fe r t ő
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Gulf of
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Duchy of Naxos
Polyaigos Sikinos
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m be Danu
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in
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a
Po l
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Žabljak Uppe r Pulat i
Budua
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sker
ndga
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vo
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o
n
(B
so
MONTENEGRO et a Spuž Cetinje
Perasto
Du
n)
etva
a
Turnu Magurele
narea
garia
er
zn
Ko
Ta r a Lim
Bay of Spizza
Ju
ar
a r n i ca
L
tar
a
be
Gyurgyevó
mok
Du
c
e
ul
ra
a
B o c c h e d i C a t t a C at ro
a
Ib
K
om
RAGUSA
i
ot
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(Dubrovnik) (Cavtat Epidauros)
rav
b
dz
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de
o
er
r
Ve
a
D
e
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A
L
mits
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(S
a
a
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ul
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tje
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a sk
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H
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av
ina Dr
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Dunav
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N
Adrianople
sa
u t s. S e a Durazzo 7.2a - In the summer of 1593, Grand Vizier Koca Sinan Pasha personally led a campaign against the Habsburgs, managing B to capture the fortress of Veszprém. This campaign marks the
E rgene
s
Ev ro
b
l
is tr
it
sa
Al
ia
ic er Gulf of Saros
Gallipoli
km
Gulf of
Gulf of Kasandra
Meluna Pass
Pine
Co
Corfu
t e s i o
Te m
pe
v a ll
rfu Ca na
Goumenitza
ios
A
Gulf of Arta
Vonitza
ta
Sperchei
mos
Gulf of
op Gulf of Patras
79
Pi n e i o s
Kalavryta
I
S
R
Gulf of Edremid
E
e
a Ged
Gulf of Smyrna
oia )
Eur
ip
Chios
Corinth Athens Korinthos
Gulf of
Bay of Chesmé
Andros
iz
A N
os
al
A c h a i a
Sporades
eg ro At al po an ti nt Ca na e l (E ub
Gulf of
Besika Bay
an
Patras
Rrhion
n
C
I s l a n d s
Lamia
P
a
Northern
N
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Ithaca Cephalonia
M
o
Aspr
Santa Maura (Levkas)
Dard ane lle s
e
g
e
Gulf of Vo l o s
o
Preveza
Holy Mount Athos
(Salamvrias)
s
I o n i a n
Parga
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Pinios
E
l
Paxos
I o n i a n
ey
S u
Butrinto
P h t ilia
l
Saloniki
S e a
Gulf of Orphani
Thessaloniki
A
Corfu
M
a Crn
a
i n a
Lake Ostrovo
ti
Lake Tachino
on
ares)
Se
N e s to s
Sr
m
Lake Prespa
ni
Lake Doiran
W
Bay of Va l o n a
R
M a c e d o n i a
Lake Ochrid
a
o a nt Otr
Otranto
i
m
of
Saseno
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
mb
(V ard
it ra St
A pulia
ku
ei
Sh
Axios
start of the Long War (1593-1606).
eka
on
A
ut
ov
K
Pr
ld
S
Alt
s
n
t
Uva
na
t
Lag osta
s
Ol
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padna
m
Dri Su
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K ü k ü llő
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M o r a v
ri
va
Li
N
eb
V
r
s
na
D
a
Tr
Se
A
s
Belgrade Du
s Tr
i za
o
l y
ro
Lugos
Partes Annexae
a
Za
i s sa eb
D
n
Bé ga
em
Ma
Facsád
Mezősoml yó
a av
S
Salona n a
Alm
L
e
T
k
Zimony
Szabács
ba
to
Lippa
V ersec
i
Spala
N e ret
C et
A
Trau
Sinj
Klis
s
Na
a
K o lu b a r
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Sebenico
O
M
aro s
ros
t
Bos
i
a
t
i
o
a
n
s
Mehadia
B
nj
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Csák
Titel
s
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Karlóca
e
re
a
su
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th
z
sna
a
s
a
Ostrovica
a
Jajca
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ros
Óbecse
Bo
Un
rin
Ma
Magyarkanizsa Csanád
a
Sava Srebrenica
brovac
Kolozsvár
M
Temesvár
D a nub
Bo
Maros
T r a n s y l v a n ia Feh
v a Gradiška
Vr
zera
s
Jenő
Becskerek
s ba
s am o
t e - Kő r ö s
ér
zá
Sana
ke
es
Una
m ellék
s
s
Mohács
áv
mos
Saxons
Partes Annexae
Szigetvár
M
S
po
Kapos
Si
t
Ér
Jase nov ac
Dub ica
Pru
n
Csepel Isl.
Fe
Szegesd Csurgó
B
Hotin
Annexae
Nagyvárad
Ustilonja
Pedali
D n je s t e r
l
u
T
a is
Tisa
a
Todorovo
Zrm
Sza
Komár
Sisak 1593
Kam ienie c Podo lski
a
r
Hatvan
K ő rö
Dr
Blin je
Mezőkeresztes
S
in Gl
Eger
Raca
Hrastovica
i
Tisa
S e b e s - K ö rö
Ka
a
Topusko
Hollókő
Buda
Fehérvár
Slavonian Border
Petrinja
l
o
ur
Bab ócsa
Gora Glina
u tu
Pr
Partes
Tisa
Szanda Buják
Vác
Gesztes Csákvár
Mor
Slavon.Border
S te n i c n j a k
Latorca
Somoskő
Szécsény
Esztergom Visegrád
Berzence
Bovic
y
Lake Balaton
Kanizsa
B a n u s’ Border
h
o
M
Pápa
Palota
Budački
el rég
Gyarmat Nógrád
Duna
Veszprém
Dráva
t
d
Pruth
e
a
Raab
A
D
Párkány
Tata
Graz
I
dr
Szentmarton
Kőszeg
Tu lp
Bo
Y
og
o
ol Ság
Z s i tv a
ub
Ráb
Sava
R
Sajo
Fülek
Kékkő
A
P
a
Bu
L
AN D
n
an
Rép ce
M
G
Divény
p
P O L A N D
a
D
Komárom Győr
Leoben
Marburg
r
str
D u n a rea
g
N
Zsi tva
Csal lókö z
Lake Fe r t ő
A
a
n ra
G a ra
Mo
nau
Leitha
Wiener Neustadt
U
C
Dnie
i
Do
rva
Vienna
Waa
H
Ma
ube
g
h
rc
C O M M O N W E A L T H
Szepesvár
Lőcse
ya
G
Lower-
D
Késmárk
Sz
e
ha
y
yj
Ip
D
T
Ta t r aV a hm o u n t a i n s
Vá
THE
n
OF
N
N I A B O H E M MORAVIA
Samos
a
a is
Graz
sa
K
A
O
I
Tu lp
Petrinja Bovic
Budački Topusko
Gl
P
Croatian Border
i
s
g
Pedali
Sana
Waa
m
ol Ip
Sz
Facsád
zá
L
Na
Dr s ráov a
Ma
S
B é gJasaen ova c Lugos
em
aro s
Mohács
Lippa
1593
T
Una
Du bic a
a
es
Mezőso mlyó
Vr
m
Pli tvi cka - Jez era
g
Te
Ravenna
Vá
Al u t
Szeben D a nub
ba
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Bo
DB o s n a
n
Dnie
str
Ol
çe
Karl M o
t
ina
rn
B
Dr
v a Gradiška
s
n
o
x
K ü k ü llő
gy
v a Gradiška
A Karánsebes N s
Sa
io
y
h Ma
rva
ros
Sisak Ustilonja Temesvár Blin je
OCsák
Becskerek
Maro
Hrastovica
Gora Glina
na
Todorovo
- Kö
Raca
B a n u s’ Border
M
Szigetvár
Bab ócs a
a
e
T r a no s s y l v a n i a
Un
yj
p
Kapos
Jenő
Slavonian Border
Sava
S te n i c n j a k
Óbecse
Q u a r n e r o
V e n i c e
Kolozsvár
s Szegesd Csurgó
is u t a n h D a nub a t Partes Annexae Karlóca p Késmárk V a he V ersec Titel r Sava Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s a Srebrenica Bo Szabács T su A Szepesvár C has d C Lőcse r t a i s n aa b- After ya oVeszprém, B 7.3 The Habsburg and Ottoman armies then meet at the inconclusive Battle of Fehérvár r 7.2b the conquest of Koca Sinan Pasha also seizes the fortress of Palota. t a i c V Mehadia (Székesfehérvár) of 1593. r n ra Sava Zimony G p D Szabács Jajca Noni Novigrad Belgrade Srebrenica Obrovac SAN MARINO os B a Z a r ma Orsova n Zara A Tuscany Szörényvár Du rc D su n a v a v t H U N L S aBiograd G Karin Knin A R Y P A P A L
S
D
Ti
na
Du
L a
a
A N I B O H E M MORAVIA Du bic a
up a
R
C
No vi gr ad
A W NS I L E Z I O R
áv
F
es
C
Istria
os
Saxons
S
of
ek
- Kő r ö ete
Feh
a
Dr
Ustilonja
zá
Ma Zumberak r
Csep el Isl.
s am o
Berzence
Magyarkanizsa Csanád
Mohács
G u l f
Lake Comacc h
Dráva
Tisa
e
Po
Jas en ov ac
f T riest e
Fehérvár
Komár
Kanizsa
C a r n i o l a
s Aquileja Trieste o
n
Hatvan
Buda
Veszprém
ér
o
g Adig
o
ur
Slavon.Border
Gulf
Vác
Lake S e b e s - K ö rö sBalaton
Laibach S a v a
e
Szigetvár
M
s K ő rö
Hollókő
Szanda Buják
Ti
av
Torcello
Ba
bó csa Venice
Raca
Marburg
A
Pi
Berzence Slavon.Border
Gesztes Csákvár
Mo r
m ellék
Somo
Szécsény
Annexae
Partes Annexae
Laack (FREISING)
s
os
Palota
y
Esztergom Visegrád
1593
Ér
St .A nd ra e
zo on Is G ör z & G ra di šk a
Pápa
Nagyvárad Raab
K
po
Kapos
nian Border
v Sa
a
na
ina
Ti
etva
Sz
aca
An
M
Dr
i
Sea
ro
s
Durazzo
K ük
s
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mb Szeben ku Sh
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a
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l n M t Se n a s. h i u B t a es
ta
n
S
m
a
a
Ma
a Partes Annexae A p u l i a
gy
Marits
M
Karánsebes
aro s
Na
o
es
Lake S c u t a ri
d
m
l k a n
Žabljak Upp er Pula ti
o
T
St
o
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im
h
a i cFacsád aln
g Lugos
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sa
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L
Mor
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Danu aca
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na
G a ra Mor
narea
in
na
Du
Dr
Du
t
Z s i tv a
Ol
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a
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i
a
ros
it ra St
Mezőso mlyó
c
Kolozsvár
R
Ti
Ma
rva
na
Mo
ri
in
s am o
Dulcigno na Boja
ma
80
D a nu
em
Za
T r tivaari n s y S clu t avr i a n i
ru
Becskerek
Durazzo
T
Bé ga
es
Sea
- Kö
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Temesvár
Csák
a
Budua
ar
v a Gradiška
s
Lippa
rd
Du bic a
s
T
in
S
zá
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O
Dr
Jas en ov ac
Bocche di Catta ro
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Pr
Saxon
Adr i a t i c
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7.4- In the aftermath of the Battle of in the northernmost part of the Ottoman territories, as well as Szeged and three other Óbecse towns in its vicinity.
B
a
Ta r a
Z
Feh
ra
MONTENEGRO er I s k e t a Spuž Cetinje
Bay of Spiz za
Va
Adr i a t i c
Black
Ustilonja
in
Dulcigno na Fehérvár, the B o j aHabsburgs reconquer several towns Dr áv a
1593
va
Mohács
in
Dr
ari tiv
An
K
ra
Bay of Spiz za Raca
Dr
Scutari
t e - Kő r ö
Annexae
a r n i ca
Perasto
ro C a tt a
ros n Csanád Magyarkanizsa
Ta
Uva
ot
a
( Epidauros)
ke
Ceh
a
Herzegovina jic
S (Dubrovnik) e b e s - K ö r öCavtat s
rös
Fe
sk
om
isn
Jenő
ri
tje
mos
Partes Annexae RAGUSA Mo
Lake S c u t a ri
Tisa
avonian Border
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
Whi t e D
Ba bó csa
m ellék
eb
je
Ka
Slavon.Border
Z
Dráva
N
Tr
Ér
Po l
MONTENEGRO et a (Dubrovnik) Szegesd Spuž Cetinje Csurgó po Kapos s o Berzence tar Žabljak B o c c h e d i C a t t a C at ro Upp er Pul ati Szigetvár Budua Perasto
im
Su
Sza
Nagyvárad
vo
Lim
L Cavtat ( Epidauros)
i za
so
RAGUSA
To p l i c a
Kő
Ta r a
a
Komár
Kanizsa
(B
n)
a r n i ca
Herzegovina
jic
a
La gos ta
Ko
sn
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7.11a - Sultan Mehmed III personally took to the field to conquer Eger, which I s fell l atonthe d s Bos ra Ottomans on 12 October 1596 after a siege ofK othree l u b a weeks. Then followed the Battle of Zante Mezőkeresztes on 24-26 October, which the Ottomans won with great difficulty.
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Trau
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Partes Annexae V ersec
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7.10 - Situation 1596I
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7.16 - In respons toRrhion the Ottoman campaign against Kanizsa, south S a v a the Habsburgs move Zimony Gulf Szabács Belgrade Jalo Patras Adr i a Srebrenica m and reconquer territory there. o f In 1604, in the north Grand Vizier Lala Mehmed Pasha- A a a Orsova n B a y o f C h e sDmué n Corinth t i c Szörényvár Du A c h a i a D a a unav I v v takes Vácg; on 25 September 1605, he also conquers back Esztergom. In November 1605, I sS a l a n d s Athens HS a Kalavryta Zi CAndros KorinthosW ul A A Castel Tornese he wanted tor crown the Prince of Transylvania István Bocskai as King of Hungary (exD L 7.15 In 1600, the Ottomans once again march on Kanizsa, retaking several towns the Zante Jajca Jajca Noni Noni Novigrad Obrovac Novigrad Obrovac SAN BMARINO os Bos Zrm Zcept rm M occupied o rs e directly a Zara Zara the regions by the Ottomans) and Transylvania at Rákos a a field. A a a Habsburgs had taken back in 1593 s Ar r r Tenos Tuscanybut not Kanizsa itself. Aegina K o lu b a K o lu b a (Peloponnesos) dz Karin Karin e Knin Knin Nauplia Biograd L Biograd L V S ed e Ostrovica Ostrovica Vrana Vrana D a n n e 85 a a M M Gyurgyevó k Scardona Scardona S e r b i a S e r b i mo Ancona i i padna A padna A (S (S Za Za Sebenico Sebenico er er Sinj Sinj Turnu Magurele bi bi a T a T er a er a Sava Srebrenica
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Titel
Zimony
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Nagybánya
t UGOCSA M o u Tni s a (Temporary to Trans.)
Csák
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es st K ő rö a
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Szászvár I
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Annexae Szatmár
s (Temporary to Trans.) Lippa
Csanád
Pétervárad
Sava Srebrenica
Travnik
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Babócsa
Simontormya
C et
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o
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Annexae ke
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Cap Sid
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(Temporary to Trans.)
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Csepel Isl.
Ar
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(Temporary to Trans.)
Eperjes
Szepesvár
G
Lake Balaton
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Kanizsa
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Rann
Palota Veszprém
Sümeg
Peleske
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Matthias
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RákoLőcse s river
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Lavant 8.5b - Between 1617 and 1620, the Ottomans once R a a b again seize 1621 Vác.
C a r i n t h i a rc
og dr Bo Sárospatak
Bártfa Turnu Magurele Kalló D u narea
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a
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Mor
H
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Ta t r a h m o u n t a i n sBuda
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t us a wasDurazzo 8.11a - In 1645, the Cretan War (1645-1669) begins fleet ESr gee n eb e s - K ö r . with the arrival of an Ottoman 8.10 - On 16 December 1645, the TreatySofeLinz signed between Emperor Ferdinand B Ev ro a Egerszeg and György in the Gulf of Chania on 23 June 1645. The Ottoman troops land to the west of Chania, III, as King of Hungary, Rákóczi, the Prince Kapornak Lake L a k eof Transylvania. In April 1643, Doiran Sr which they immediately and conquered on 22 August. The town of Kissamos Rákóczi, with Ottoman support, had formed anBalliance with Sweden and France against Lake alaton M a c e d o n i a besieged Ochrid Peleske Lake rös on Simontormya ő K Lake was occupied in March 1646, followed by Aprikorno in July, Milopotamo in September, the Habsburgs. Although Rákóczi had some military success, he soon agreed to negoTachino M ur and Rethymno in November. - Kő r ö tiations. In return for his withdrawal, Rákóczi and his sons receivedS two inheritable r M aM ete Komár s k n t e counties, as well as five for life. A Kanizsa A p u l i a F Pettau Kalocsa Thessaloniki Saseno Gallipoli Cape Glossa or Linguetta Dr áCsáktornya KINGDOM of va s A Szászvár Szekszárd NAPLES km Otranto Szegesd ia Kapos (Span. Jenő Al Cs ta
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of Chesmé Mezős B a yomlyó
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Gulf of Saros
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Gulf of
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B a n u s’ Border Petrinja
t e s i o
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Slavonian Border
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rfu
Corfu
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Babócsa
Gulf of Orphani
Saloniki
Szigetvár
Annexae
W
Matthias
Lake Ostrovo
K apo
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Bay of Va l o n a
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Karánsebes
Spetsai Kalamata Zimony
Cape Sounion
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n
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A Gulf of Smyrna
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D a nub Bo
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Pétervárad
Matthias Rudolf
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Austria proper: Matthias
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Temesvár B é ga
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Gulf of Petalia
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T r a n s y l v a n Marosvásárhely ia
Athens Gulf
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C aS e b e s - K öo rön s na l
t e - Kő r ö s
e
S
E s
a
Una
Cazin Otočac
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M
Eszék
ke
t
s
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zá
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a
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re
ov
Croatian Border
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S
D
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T
áv
Szeged Ma ros
Kalavryta
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Zombor
s am o
bo
R
Si
e
G u l f o f E d r e m i ds
ld
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N
ti
es
i
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na
Pi n e i o s Mohács
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r o
B th
n
va
Gl
Hrastovica
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Glina
Topusko
Szabadka
g
m ellék
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M
Saxon
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Felsőbánya
al
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a
THE
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C
e
t Annexae ( E u eSebesvár
s
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Castel Tornese Zlin
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Budački
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Brünn
B a n u s’ Border
S te n i c n j a k
R OF
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Raca
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an
a
Hereditary Hereditarytoto G.Bethlen
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al
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Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
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T
Au lp
O
up a
L
a n d s
Slavonian Border
Lamia
i
I
N o r t h e r n Annexae
an
Zagreb
Szigetvár
Babócsa
N
l
Hotin
Tisa
( Lifelong totoG.Trans.) Bethlen) a m o s (Temporary
Gulf of
u
o
Besika Bay
(”Eternally” to Trans. Nagybánya Szatmár
ér
Rann Rann
Zumberak
C
I s l Matthias
G u l fs o f Szekszárd
Szászvár
Kapos
Berzence
n i o l a
ovi gra d
Szegesd
Csur gó
Partes
C
a
Laibach a v a S
(SZABOLCS Gulf Lifelongofto G. Bethlen) Kalló Vo l o s
o
K ő rö
Annexae
Ecsed
Debrecen
Szolnok
Kalocsa
K apo
Cephalonia áCsáktornya v
Csepel Isl.
Simontormya
Ithaca
Komár
Kanizsa
Dr
Matthias
ck (FREISING)
Lake Balaton
Tisa
Pr
d
i
ur
Pettau
Cilli
Kapornak Peleske
UGOCSA
(Temporary (Lifelong Trans.) (toG.Bethlen) to Trans.)
n
h
o
tu l
a
XEN)
M
Sperchei
P
Partes
P
AN D
Kami eniec Podo lski
t
S e a
Marburg Marburg
Palota Veszprém
Vasvár Santa Maura Sümeg Egervár (Levkas)
Jászberény
mos
ta
Fehérvár
river
M
SZABOLCS
Hatvan
Latorca BEREG (Temporary to Trans.) (Lifelong to G.Bethlen) Nyaláb Huszt
Tokaj (Tokaj (Temporary to Trans.) Trans.) ”Eternally” to
BORSOD
Buják
1620
Pest
Vonitza
Ikervár
Egerszeg
Radkersburg
Visegrád
BudaRáko s
Gesztes
Hollókő Szanda
c
E
BORSOD (Lifelong to G.Bethlen) Mezőkeresztes
(”Eternally” to Trans. (”Eternally” Munkács to Trans.
t
n
Dráva
Somoskő
a
e
g
e
A
Bethlen)
a
P O L A N D
u
St.Andrae
Sajo
Ungvár
og dr Regéc (ABAUJ Bo Lifelong to G. Sárospatak
ABAUJ
s i oFülek
Y
UNG
p
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o
I o n i a n
Vá
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Kassa
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Nógrád
Duna
Szentmarton Gulf of Arta Pápa
Körmend
Raab
Párkány
Tata
Preveza
Szombathely
Fürstenfeld Fürstenfeld
Lavant
a
A
s
I o n i a n Graz
Gurk
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a
Pine
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a r Ság ma tI p o l y
Esztergom
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pce
v
pe
r
M
Sopron
Paxos Ré
Hartberg Hartberg
i
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e
r
ub
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r
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a
str
n
l
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ZEMPLEN (Lifelong to G. Bethlen) Eperjes
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y alle
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an
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Leoben
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t
I
G
M e lMu enlau n Paa sPa s ss
D
na
R
Komját
Goumenitza Csal lóköz
Ca
T
N
1621
n
C
C O M M O N W E A L T H Dnie
a
rfu
W.Neustadt
l
1619
Leitha
a Gr
Zólyom Nyitra
Mo
bb Y
Co
onau
Saloniki
Lőcse
D
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Gulf of Kasandra
i
Corfu D
Corfu
U
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S u
Ma
Vienna
s
En
ns
Danube
Ht e s i o
g
h
Butrinto rc
P h t ilia
Gulf of Szepesvár
Hungary: Matthias
N
Bártfa
be
a b
l
p e rLowerA u s t r i a
Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s
Matthias Rudolf
Matthias
A
•••
e
Austria proper: Matthias
Va h
Késmárk
Gulf of Saros
Gallipoli
n
yj
y aBohemia:
L
Sa
D
ha
MORAVIA
sa
BOHEMIA
T
O
km
ia Al
it
THE
Zlin
tr
M B O H E
is
Brünn
P
Gulf of Orphani
Thessaloniki
W
OF
N
I A
W SN ILEZIA R O
C
Kremsier
A
A N D S
S
Lake Ostrovo
ti
s
a
o a nt Otr
Bay of Va l o n a
Budweis
res)
m
of
Otranto
n uUb ep
ni
Saseno
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
V arda
it ra
respa
Se
Ikaria
Ç.
A
g Vá
g Waa
h
m
G a ra
na
z
d
Z s i tv a
Pruth
h
Ma
l
u
Va
D
D u n a rea
B etva er
j
u r
Pécs
na
b
A
Bocche di
Du
a
I
av
K
a
K
s
bb Y
Mohá
áv
a
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i
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( Epidauros)
o
Ç.
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ns
rva
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E
t
Ol
Mo
r
Sz
I
K
r
n d ža
ba
s
na B os
Gulf of Burgas
Sava Srebrenica
St
a
Karin
Biograd
M l
Vrana
Jajca
C y p rt s a u s
Adrianople
T r oAörddoas M n t s .
Spala
Sinj
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s
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to
i
ic
a
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t
i za
•••
are
S e a N
o f
Büy ük Çek me ce Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
na
iss
O
Constantinople a
Salona n a
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KINGDOM of NAPLES Sarajevo (Span. Bourbon)
n
Dri
I
Klis
AA p u l i a
s
Scardona
T
Bos
Travnik
Famagusta
Ostrovicai
Rogosnizza Trau
na
ndga Tu
Knin
Sebenico
A
N
Zvonigrad Nicosia
etva
a
Tr
92
A
g
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Zrm
er
ML
os KasZara
Starigrad
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M
Noni
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ndga
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s
Q u a r n e r o
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ic
er
M
ç e rn a
h
K apo
Bre
nc
t
a
va
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va
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s
es
ba
m
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ic
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sa
sa
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a
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i
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s
a
b
a
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Kastellorizo (Megiste)
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ba
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jic
RAGUSA
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i
n
tr
ub
Una
v a Gradiška ˇ
C et
a
N is
aS
Philippopoli
t us .
Sr
Lake Tachino
an
A
a
8.15a - Situation 1649 on
isn
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat
Szigetvár
Vr
n
Dubica
o
a
M
zá
New Novi
ar
i
ta
eb
Požega
Jasenovac
M
n
es
ea
Marits
N e s to s
o
Lake Doiran
e
M
d
p
B
E m
e
T
ei
c
ka
(V ard
Lake Prespa
a
E A Axios
M
OS
Ancona
A
Lake Ochrid
Re
e t e
M
T
ar
m
Se
S
8.14 - Situation 1648
r
Knossos
Ustilonja
Pedali
Cazin
a
rd
i
N
T
Cape Sideros
Bra
Rmanj
nj
Va
in
b um
A
a
S
C
Sphakia
Dr
E
lnic
o
ga
of y B a e llo b ira
d
Sphakiotes
D
e
s Szekszárd
Szászvár um
Dr
Kostajnica
1641
Spinalonga
o
Tuscany
MARINO Heraklion
h
ar ia f S am
T
SAN Rhetymno
St
Udbina
Gospic (Kar path os)
rg
N
Tr
B
Suda
ma
eo
Gorg
Suda Bay
ru
Chania
O
Black
N
Gulf of Chania
Raca
Blin je
a od es Rh
Ripac
Sca rpa nto
R
in
in
Slavonian Border
Krupa
tvi cka - Jez era
eo
Simontormya
a lKl uamp To s ra ia n
Berzence
Famagusta
in Gl
a
os Gramvousa K i s s a m Bay r
dr i a t i c
t r aTopusko
Bihac
Carlopago
i za
Lake Balaton
Babócsa
Hrastovica
Gora
Glina
Otočac
AC r e t e
of
S e a
Whi t e D
Dr
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je
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
io
D
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P A P A L
vo
rigo m
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eb
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SzegesdV
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e ub
San i n sa a t M o Pliu n
l k a n
V e n i c e
i
va
Lake Comacc h
so
n
S t. G
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Fehérvár
Veszprém
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Todorovo
Croatian lke C h aBorder
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ra
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1617
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Branch
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f Adalia G u l f oPetrinja
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i
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ssa
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T
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ran c h a B
Kapornak
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i
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Direct Ottoman rule
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os
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a
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ur
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T roödos Mnts. n Du
O
RS y m e
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Gulf of Kos up a
ar
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k
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Marburg
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Zumberak
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u
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Gyurgyevó
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za
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1621
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Klis Kőszeg Spala
A
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s
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I Marburg
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r
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C a Gru l f no f Mi e nod e l al a
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Fürstenfeld Fürstenfeld
de Kas os
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n)
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a
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s
Bos Travnik Érsekújvár
Sopron
T
ba
Jajca Komját
Csa llók öz
Lake
Rogosnizza Trau
Vr
1619
Knin
i l l ko
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Galgóc
B
s Aquileja Trieste of
a
nau
Kob aš
Nyitra
R i mSebenico na
A
M en d e r e s Sca rpa nto
Laibach Ve S a v a
8.13 - In 1647 the Ottomans manage to the entire island of Crete, except Suda, P o conquer Folegandros To p l i c a o fin Venetian hands. Santorini Spinalonga, and the city of Heraklion, which remained r Iske
f of conia
Sh
Leros
v
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Sideros Patm os
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C
aa
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M
n
o
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a
S
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garia
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i
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H
I
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va
N
zn
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lo CT o r c erl Paros e t e
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a
ta s
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a
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mok
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rav
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L
A
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t
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a
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a Karin W.Neustadt
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n)
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av
rb
C r e t e V E N I CW E
Keos
b
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Bay of Chesmé
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ul
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ac
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T
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s
MS t a m p a l i a
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e Hydra r
ar ia f S am
padna (S Za e
a
eo
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Gulf of Nauplia
N
Gulf of
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S
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Zara
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Orsova
of
Gulf of Petalia
os Gramvousa Koi sr s a m Bay Aegina
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Kaly mno Ancona Szeben
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na Du Athens
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au t
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a
a ar
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al
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ip
1617
an
orinth
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C
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a
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A
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n
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1641
Starigrad
OF W SN ILEZ R O
C
Hungary: Matthias
rc
v
n
rigo
Annexae
V ersec
i a )Direct Ottoman rule
D
A
Novi U n Matthias
M
a
Titel
Cape Malia
k e l y
KH
Pedali
Bihac Matthias Austria proper: r Pli tvi ckae a-nJez d eera Ripac
Danube
Eu r SM o ut i z n tr y r Syme aG u lonf f Ged a i s o r y s i i n s 8.12 -NSituation 1647 Psara t h Telos Smyrna TSantorini y r o l Lienzp a r Anafi Drau Gurk C a Lavant C h i o s Chalke C a r i n t h i a Nios
Polyaigos Sikinos
Partes
S
a
E
Kostajnica
Krupa
Udbina
S
Szigetvá
r
N
Ustilonja
Blin je
in
Cazin
nj
Karlóca
t e (E ub o
al
e
of Naxo s
K ü k ü llő
gy
Leros
S A L Z B U RAmor GTgos
Karánsebes Kimolos Duch y
Mezősom Melos lyó
p
8.11bC-a n“Linz”o1645 n ti
dremid G u l f o f E Patm os
S a lz a c h
S
Na
Gora
Otočac
p e rLowers Carlopago n A u M es d te r e r i a
st
New Novi
e
th
an
Salzburg
yj
re
g
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R
Naxo s
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un
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Se
ab e
e Becskerek
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S pCsák orades
M
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Tra
SAN MARINO Gyulafehérvár
l os TTy yr rool Déva ar
SerifosFacsád
em
Tuscany Delos
aro s
A
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rvárad f of conia
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es
ta s
N
Siros
s
Bé ga
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I
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NTemesvár orthern T
Be rc htMyconos es ga de n
T
Gulf of Spetsai Vo l o s
ros
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Tisa
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P
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n
- Kö
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Magyarkanizsa Gulf of Nauplia
a
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Todorovo
D
ie
A A E M I Jasenovac M O R zAá V I A B O H v a Gradiška T Dubica ha V Sana Matthias Rudolf ay aBohemia: Gl
et
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ka
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eh Gyaros
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Desnye Tenos
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e
Szeged Gulf of A e g i n a C a p e Nauplia Sounion Ma ros Nagylak
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Se THE r
ov
or
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Szamosujvár
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Slavonian Border
B a n u s’ Border
Glina
M
OF
Szegesd
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ld
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ik iğ i r l
T
s
Saronic
V e n i c e
áCsáktornya va
B ug
Komár
Kanizsa
s
S te n i c n j a k
Croatian Border
Lake Balaton
Iuzh
Matthias
B o s p o r u sZagreb
Budački
Co
No vi gr ad
BOHEMIA
mé n C h e s(Pa Ravenna B a y o fKolozsvár Mü hld orf (Sz b.) n Oberndors) f I
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ma r m rBudweis M aM
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a Gallipoli
s
Rann Rann
L Au lp O Gulf of Ismid a p u D R
n
al
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F
Gulf of Petalia
PASSAU m os
Gulf of Saros
Lake C o m aAlmás cchio
t e - Kő r ö s
Saxon
Kapornak
Berzence
i
an
Athens
Korinthos
e ek
r a o f M a r m o S e a Mountain I Gse dti z rWhite i a a r aa r a
Gulf of Smyrna
of
B ASebesvár V A R I A
Annexae
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Gulf of Kasandra
Saloniki
os
s
Büy ük Çek me ce Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
a
s
S e b e s - K ö rö
C
K ő rö
Go ur li fn tohf
ip
Isar
C h i o s
O
ur
Dr
re t MConstantinople
1620 Battle of the
G u l f
M
Sümeg
Peleske
Pettau
Zumberak
t
Eur
Partes
Nagyvárad
Si
Felsőbánya
D o nau
P A P A L
oia )
C a r n i o l a
Gulf
T rieste
Annexae
Egerszeg
Marburg Marburg
Vesz
O Egervár FVasvár
Bug
e
Pr
n
ub
m ellék
a
e
Po Psara
Székelyhid
Laibach a v a S uth
u
Thessaloniki
Ér
o Is G ör z & G ra di šk a
o
(
n
G u l ft oef E Orphani
SZATMÁR S z
Adig
Hotin
E rgene
Körmend
L I T H U A N IA
Matthias
B
Laack (FREISING)
Szentmarto Pápa
Ikervár
A NRadkersburg D
Kam ieni ec Pod olsk i
a
o nz
Hereditary Hereditarytoto G.Bethlen
( Lifelong totoG.Trans.) Bethlen) a m o s (Temporary
e
o
o
g
i
a
Szombathely
Cilli D n je s t e r
s Aquileja Trieste of
n
l
M
o
Venice
(”Eternally” to Trans. Nagybánya Szatmár
S
E
a
ik
St.Andrae
Veldes (BRIXEN)
o
n
es)
p
l
E v r o Tisa
d
tu l
a
C
Debrecen
F eh r m a
o
i
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P
u Pr
Adrianople
Partes Gulf of Edremid
AnnexaeT o r c e l l o
Ecsed
N (SZABOLCS orthern
e
SZABOLCS
R av
ti
r o
I
UGOCSA
(Temporary (Lifelong UGOCSA (toG.Bethlen) to Trans.) Trans.)
Pi
an
Partes
Tisa
(Temporary to Trans.) Trans.) ”Eternally” to
N e s to s
m al
g
Terra
it
ar
M
ei
At
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Szolnoka n a
lf of
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l
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Lake S p o r a d e s Tachino
on
N
Jászberény lf of Lamia
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V E N tI C E
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iğ i r l
Dráva P O L A N D
Dard ane lle s
a
i
Fürstenfeld
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Latorca sa BEREG (Temporary to Trans.) BEREG (Lifelong rda Pordenone to G.Bethlen) A Nyaláb Huszt
tu
n
BORSOD
Sr
n
a
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ee g
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o
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a Marits
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t o Mr uar o fSM a r m
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(Lifelong to G. Bethlen) Eperjes
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mountains
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r aa r a r ma ram M aM
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n
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Gulf of Orphani
i n s a t M No u n T y rol
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m
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r Lake Tachino
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ut M a r m o r aS
r aa r a r ma ram M aM
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g
a r Ság ma tI p o l y
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sa Ti
es m
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e er
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ot
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ar
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i
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18 2 9
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n
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ni
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Annexae
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a n h i t a r p a C
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Fe
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t
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Hereditary Hereditarytoto G.Bethlen
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ld
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th Pru
Annexae
(”Eternally” to Trans. Nagybánya Szatmár
B
Hotin
Tisa
( Lifelong totoG.Trans.) Bethlen) m o s (Temporary
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Kapornak
D n je s t e r
tu l
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a
n
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SZATMÁR S z a
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i
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river
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c
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UGOCSA (Temporary (Lifelong UGOCSA (toG.Bethlen) to Trans.) Trans.)
Tisa
h
u Pr
d
M
Ráb
Nógrád
Esztergom
Győr
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Adnexae Annexae
Tokaj (Tokaj (Temporary to Trans.) Trans.) ”Eternally” to
sa
e
Komárom
Hollókő Szanda
Partes
Ti
ub
Z s i tv a
an
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Drégely
Latorca BEREG (Temporary to Trans.) BEREG (Lifelong to G.Bethlen) Nyaláb Huszt
Bethlen)
BORSOD (Lifelong to G.Bethlen) Mezőkeresztes
t
(”Eternally” to Trans. (”Eternally” Munkács to Trans.
o
n
Érsekújvár
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Sajo
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x
a
A
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s
n
o
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Mezősomlyó
Partes Annexae
V ersec
Titel
TATARS
J e d i s a n
Karánsebes
Gradiška
Pedali
KHANATE
a
Segesvár
Gyulafehérvár Csanád
Hrastovica
Todorovo
Kolozsvár
Magyarkanizsa
Mohács
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D
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A
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k
C a r n i o l a Zumberak
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Berzence
Aquileja Trieste
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Mezőkeresztes
Partes Annexae
Szigetvár
e
Partes
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B
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ZAPOROZHIAN
Kamien iec Podolsk i
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Annexae N o v ig raPartes d
1 51
Titel
3
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Karánsebes
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t
bi
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t
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ba
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l y
a
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L
Sarajevo Durazzo
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su
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ie
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a
Žabljak Srebrenica Uppe r Pula ti
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a
n Du
M o r a v
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Sphakiotes
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r
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3
Z A P O R OCsanád ZHIAN
a
s
Karánsebes
s
aro a s Magyarkanizsa
c
Lake SS yc um tae ri
Bay of Spizz a
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ar ia f S am
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3
Gorg
Belgrade
Alt
Karánsebes
Partes Annexae
V ersec eo
N
59
Suda
Sphakia
Zimony
Szabács
Mezősoml yó
Chania
1 51
t
1 166 6161 16
ta
r
ot
a
65 9
Dunav
n ae an dI u ez hr p a dM (S er bi an ) MB u g or ava
a r n i ca
Cetinje
Ko os
Sea
i
i
Titel
C et
Lugos
es
Karlóca
Segesvár
Facsád
58 0 16 Csák
Becskerek
e
K ü k ü llő
M
Adr i a t i c n
Lippa 60 16
Temesvár
D a nub
gy
Travnik
Uva
Bo MONTENEGRO Gulf of e
ro C a tt a
Vr
Csanád
Óbecse
Na
1662
Tisa
E
Nagylak
Magyarkanizsa
om
Perasto
Risan
e
a
T
Nagyszöllös
ér
Cerigo
Desnye
Ceh
s T
ar
Nisyros
Jajca
Marosvásárhely
nj
Jenő
O
áv
Bodrum D sna
Cavtat ( Epidauros)
z
a
Szamosujvár
Sebesvár
s
Dr
e
ka
Mendelia
a
Stampalia
Mohács
16
na
Bug
Za
Mezőkeresztes
Lippa 60 16
Partes Annexae
V ersec
a
L I T H U AS N I eA
Desnye
4 1662
s
K ő rö Du
s
Mezősom lyó
1 51
Belgrade
S
i Al Facsád a 3 Ahash B é g a Pme Lugos PTasha d S e m AAallii d1 16 i 6 661 1
58 0 16 Csák
a
de
H e r z e Lg o v i n a
Bocche di Catta ro
o
K ő rö
jes
ov
Amo rgos
Beszterce
Partes Annexae Annexae Annexae DPartes Noni Folegandros Santorini Kolozsvár t e - Kő r ö s e Novigrad Obrovac k e AF Anafi Cape Zrm Zara Karin Malia T r aa n s y l v a n i a s 9.20 - Situation 1665 Knino s L ar Ostrovica M Biograd Sea Vrana Feh M Scardona Ma 7 - Köros ros Moh. Kuchuk 4 Gyulafehérvár Ancona Maro A s Sebenico Sinj s o s r Déva a i T l A M Klis nA l u t a Trau a B 3 h o é ga Ahas Rogosnizza S x Szeben a Pme I Salona PTasha d S na allii d A e A Spalato Gramvousa m i A Almissa 6
lf of conia
t Su
as
(Dubrovnik)
Maros
th
Gulf of
b RAGUSA V r Kaly mno s
Saxons
s am o
t
e bL e r o s isn jic a
S
Almás
Tr
re
a
Sikinos
S e b e s - K öPolyaigos rö s
Melos
Nios
Si
t
Monemvasia
Sana
B
NagyváradKimolos
Pru
ld
Sifnos Székelyhid
m ellék
a
r i a t i c
Ér
Un
ta s
Csepel Isl.
B
Hotin
Patm osv a GradiškaM
n
o
M
D n je s t e r
N
u
Naxo s
Pli tvi cka - Jez era Partes Annexae
a
zá
(Minoa) Antiparos
Ka
Paros m o s
Debrecen
i za
o
Una
Sza
Serifos
K o lu b a r
AN D
Maro Temesvár
Titel
s
7 - Köros Moh. Kuchuk
Hatvan
Karlóca
e
ke
t e - Kő r ö
Feh
Pest
v Sa
Siklós Kam ienie c Podo lski Li e n mr e s
Mostar
Pedali
Annexae
Croatian Szatmár Border
Kalló
Tisa
Delos Todorovo
Ecsed Hermupolis
i
M
Annexae
Siros
l
N e ret a
Vat hy
Ustilonja
Pécs
Sarajevo
Samos
eb
Székelyhid
m ellék
Jenő
Csanád
Zimony
s
Fe
Sajo
Rák os r i v e r
Szabács
po
Dri
Rinia
Srebrenica
iz
P O L A N D
l u tu
Blin je
Myconos a in Gl
Sava
Szigetvár
o
Partes A
Hollókő
A N A T O L I OAF
S
Partes
Topusko
d
Hrastovica
Gora
Partes
Nyaláb
Tisa
o
Raca
Szepesvár
Lőcse
Partes Annexae Annexae PartesA Annexae
Csep el Isl.Becskerek
C O M M O N W E A L T H Babócsa
Ikaria
Petrinja Bovic
Budački Huszt
g
R
C
O
h
Pr
S
Késmárk Debrecen
Somoskő
Szécsény
t
Kapos
Bos
Travnik
i
P
Salona na Spalato B a n u s’ ulp BAlmissa order
TenosS te n i c n j a k
Csurgó
t
No vi gr ad Kithnos
Mezőkeresztes
up a
t
Lake Balaton
su
Szegesd
Slavonian Border
Klis
Bo
sna
Ged
va
Gyarost
str
Fehérvár
G Fülek
Kékkő
Óbecse
D a nub
Bo
Berzence
n
Sinj
Anne
Nagyvárad
Visegrád
Buda
Veszprém
s
Keos
Cape Sounion
AA
T
Jajca
Tr
V eHatvan n i c e Spetsai river
Latorca
Dnie
rSebenicoS p ava Trau Ia
Andro sRogosnizza
I
Dráva
s
Scardona
Ecsed
S e b e s - K ö rö
Ma Nagylak ros Szanda Vác MagyarkanizsaBuják
Duna
Gesztes
Palota
Komár
Kanizsa
Csáktornya Zrínyivár
Ostrovica
Vrana
Partes
Ér
Nógrád
Pápa
ba
og
ur
Ip o
Párkány
Tata
D
Peleske
C h i oKnins
L
Tisa
Kalló
n
s K ő rö Divény
a r Ság D r é g ma ely ly t
Esztergom
rá Szentmarton va
Kapornak
n
Pest
Sa
D va
Obrovac Zr Karin m a
a
s Egerszeg ba
Vr
r od
a
M
Gy
Érsekújvár
s
Sümeg
Egervár
a
Hydra
egrád
kos
Novigrad
E
z áKörmend v a Gradiška Vasvár
Vr
1664 ik i ğ i r l Léva
Mohács
Ikervár
Sze ntg ott hár d Sana
a Gr
N
Komját
po
Siklós
Ráb
i
Vác
Noni
Y
Hollókő Gou fl f o f Nógrád Szanda Nauplia Buják
Pedali
Csepe l Isl.
Komárom
Pécs
Győr
Ustilonja
Blin je
i
Istria
R
Psara
Biograd
M
e
S
Szigetvár
Kőszeg
C et
B
Gulf of A e g i n a
Somoskő
Szécsény
Aegina
Sajo
Fülek
GDr u l Kékkő fNauplia ég Burdshi
R
or
Gora
a
a
Divény
ely
ALaack (FREISING) A N Zara Laibach
L
L aBabócsa ke Fe r t ő
Hrastovica
Marburg
T
A
in Gl
O
Szanda Buják
Vác
Nyitra
Kapos Csa llók öz
Berzence
R a a ba Un
Zumberak
Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf
Topusko
Petrinja
Todorovo
Plit vic ka - Jez era
T r i e s t e Athens
Korinthos
Graz
a
o
Aquileja Trieste sE of
Bovic
Budački
a
o
i
C a r n i o l aC a A
Ancona Gulf
B a n u s’ Border
S te n i c n j a k
nj
n
Dráva
Sea
Szepesvár 9.19 - Situation 1665 Lőcse
A
o
a
I
A
I
Latorca
P
Somoskő
U
Galgóc
Szegesd
Leitha Csurgó
1664
n
T
Gr
R
u
Lavant Croatian Border
Sa
S
Ta t r a h m o u n t a i n s
T
L
onau
Slavonian Border Raca Ré p
St.Andrae
D
o o I s G ör z i a) & G ra di šk a Késmárk Görz
cany ordenone
o r i n t hn
uo nz b
r O
up a
C
Komár
Kanizsa D
H
Lake Balaton
Peleske
B
(E
Leoben Tlp
Veldes (BRIXEN)
tO e
e r r SAN a MARINO Ferma
Vienna Gallipoli
ur
Y
g ro
Marmara
rc
ce
a
P
y
r
Sümeg
Egerszeg Kapornak
A
Sava
Un
A d r e ig r oa t V E N I C E pon i c
Mu
Gurk
t h i a
I
Seckau
No vig rad
Sporades
N
Va
P
Northern
V C ea n ri ci e n
io
1664
e
Istria
of Lienz
Drau Lake Comacc h
M
t
n
R
Zumberak
Nógrád
Párkány
Fehérvár
Palota
S
rol
S
a
T
a
Po
T y
r
S
Vasvár
Wiener Neustadt
C a r n i o l a
Ság D
Duna
Veszprém
ub
e
G u l f
Mu
va
ré N ar ge mW a l yS I L Szécsény E S IA O ly t o R Ip Hollókő
d
Bo
Sajo
Fülek
Kékkő
R
Pápa
ya
Ikervár
Körmend
Dráva
Sa
Léva Gy
an
av
e
e
g
ha
e
Csáktornya Zrínyivár
Laibach
A En n s U
Gulf
yj
Egervár
Laack (FREISING)
1664
A
Mezőkeresztes A Esztergom Constantinople Visegrád I Hatvan Győr Tata A B O RHá b E M M O R A V IGesztes Va Buda Rákos r i v e r a Kőszeg Ta t r a h m o u n t a i n s Pest Szentmarton T
Sze ntgo tthá rd
M
G
Divény
D
Pi
Adig
D
D a n u b e Marburg
Veldes (BRIXEN)
zo on I s Gö rz & Gr ad išk a Görz
Trieste n s Aquileja of T ries te o h oS a l z a c
S A Lg ZAB U ReG
a
ADrávau s t r i a
n
N
Vá
Salzburg
Ferma
Pordenone
enice
THE
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C
E r g e n e Komárom
Rép ce
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Érsekújvár
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i
ns
res)
u Tra
Lake Fe r t ő
A
Leoben
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Torcello
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Mo
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r
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ur y B O tH EMM IA
Passau
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T
L A N D Seckau S
Thessaloniki
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S
n
En
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Mü hld orf
Inn
Wiener Neustadt
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Csa llók öz
an
N
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Adrianople
nau
Leitha
M
m
B A V AT yR
Arda
U
Galgóc
g
En
l
N e s to s
ei
Lake on r o l Lienz Tachino I A
g
Do
sa
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e
t s A s U.
u
B D o nau
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Vienna it
N
rc
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Vá
n
S A L Z B U RPASSAU G
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a
Szepesvár
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ub
ta
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Lake Doiran
Danube
ha
an
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A u s t r i a
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es
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Lower-
ar
de n
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p e r-
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o Be rc ht es ga
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D a n uU p be
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e Salzburg
a
K
d
p
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o
O
Marits
Passau
In
(Pas Oberndorf)
s
h
ma
Inn
(Sz b.)
ns
R
ru
T
Mü hld orf
En
B A V A R I A
St
D
ndga
BOHEMIA
va
Berzence
a
Ustilonja
Una
v a Gradiška
D a nub
Sana
Vr
ba
s
Bo
na B os
su
Karlóca
e
t
Zimony
Szabács
Dr
B
Srebrenica
o
na
S
i
padna
(S
er
m
Salona na
Uva
Dri
Almissa
Szörényvár
Ta
ta
W
rs
bi
an
r
)M or
a
Ta r a Lim
er
aca
Z
a ro
Spuž
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
im
Whi t e D
B o c c h e d i C a t t a C a tt ro
Cetinje
ta
Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti
Budua
T
ica
d
ln ga
o
ma
h
ru
T Va rd ar
a i
on
m
i
n
Sr
ei
Lake Prespa
ares)
Se
ni
Lake
(V ard
a
ka
M a c e d o n i aD o i r a n
Lake Ochrid
Lake Ostrovo
ti
b
a
l
Thessaloniki W
A
is tr
it
Al
sa
o a nt Otr
Bay of Va l o n a
Re
Axios
k
b um
m
of Otranto
St
in
it ra St Saseno
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
Butrinto P h t ilia
Corfu
km
M e l u n a Pa s s
Pine
Co
Corfu
t e s i o
ia
Te m
pe
val
ley
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rfu Ca na
Goumenitza
ios
l
Parga
Paxos
Preveza
Gulf of Arta
Vonitza
ta
Sperchei
mos
o
N
s
I o n i a n
o
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
O
Dr
Durazzo Sh
A pulia
n
Black
Adr i a t i c
in
Dulcigno na Boja
ri
in
Dr
ari tiv
An
Sea
Dr
Scutari
R
Lake S c u t a ri
Bay of Spizz a
a
je
MONTENEGRO e
Perasto
Risan
Iske
Po l
L
(Dubrovnik) (Cavtat Epidauros)
va
Herzegovina
RAGUSA
B
ra
a
a r n i ca
vo
jic
Mo
isn
To p l i c a
so
eb
(B
Ko
om
K
Tr
a
ot
ra
ar
N
zn
be
mok
n)
t
Ta
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Ib
etva
sk
ava
a
nu
ul
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tje
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a
Su
b
in
Tr
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Da
a
Zi
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na
Mostar eb
Orsova
Dunav
a
Spalato
Li
va
Klis
Trau
Za
N e ret a
e
i
A
Sarajevo
C et
I
Sinj
Mor
T Rogosnizza
9.23 - Situation 1670
a
s
Sebenico
na
na
K o lu b a r
ba
A
Travnik
t
a r p C a
Partes Annexae
V ersec
M o r a v
n
Scardona
Du
ri
Vrana
Belgrade
va
D
Biograd
s
Sa
Bos
Vr
M
Ostrovica
Jajca
3
Mehadia
Sava
Knin
a
Ancona
Zara
nj
Sea
L
Obrovac Zr Karin m a
Karánsebes
Mezősom lyó
1 51
Titel
65 9
ç e rn a
Pedali
Todorovo
16
S
Ti
zá
Becskerek
s
Bre
a
Noni
A
Déva a r o M
on
Blin je
Plit vic ka - Jez era
Novigrad
0 Lippa 66
i 1 Al Facsád a 3 Ahash B é g a Pme Lugos d PTasha S e m AAallii d1 16 i 6 661 1
58 0 16 Csák
Óbecse
Hrastovica
Gora
in Gl
áv
a
D
Gyulafehérvá
Crn
Bovic Topusko
Croatian Border
Dr
Petrinja
Un
i a t i c
Budački
4 1662
s
I o n i a n S e a
op
Q u a r n e r o
V e n i c e
C
No vig rad
O
Csanád
S
of
R
B a n u s’ Border
S te n i c n j a k
l
“Littorale”
Maro
Santa Maura (Levkas)
Aspr
K
Istria
Nagylak
es
f
A
Siklós
Raca
ros
Magyarkanizsa
Temesvár
a
up a
Tu lp
I
Mohács
Desnye
7 - Köros Moh. Kuchuk
S u
T rieste
Sava
A
s Aquileja Trieste of
Slavonian Border
Ma
Ko
T Feh
Te A hm M ome se d h. S Kö a i pr d i ül 16 ü 6
Zumberak
Pécs
ina
Gulf
Szigetvár
Du
C a r n i o l a
s
Sebesvár
s
Jenő
na
Babócsa
k
- Kő r ö ete
ér
n
Sa
Laibach
po
Kapos
Csurgó
Tisa
o
on I s Gö rz & Gr ad išk a Görz
Fe
Szegesd
Dráva
K
one
Csáktornya Zrínyivár
Laack (FREISING)
zo
Partes Annexae Partes Annexae Annexae
s
Komár
Kanizsa
Ka
Ferma
K ő rö
sa
ENICE a
Balaton
Peleske
ur
Ti
M
Marburg
Veldes (BRIXEN)
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Ithaca Cephalonia
Gulf of Patras
Gulf
Rrhion
Patras
of
A c h a i a
I s l a n d s Zante
eg ro p
Pi n e i o s
Kalavryta
Castel Tornese
M
Corinth
o
r
e
Korinthos
a
(Peloponnesos)
Al p h e
ios
Burdshi
Nauplia
Gulf of Nauplia
102
Spetsai Kalamata
Navarino
Gulf
Eur
o
ta
Bay of
Misthra
Sa Saronic
Gu
10. 1672-1683 C L A N D S
PASSAU
OF
THE
Passau
MORAVIA
U p p e rLowerA u s t r i a
U
N
D
Żurawno
A
U
S
T
R
G
P O L A N D
“P R I N C I P A L I T Y”
A
R
P
Y
t
y
r
i
Visegrád
a
Buda Partes
D
OF THE
A
V
CRIMEAN
TATARS
J e d i s a n
I
A
Bender
a
Marburg
e
T r a n s y l v a n ia
k e
Laibach
a k
l y
Laack (FREISING)
R
C
Novi grad
O
A
Bovic Topusko
Gora
Hrastovica Blinje
Óbecse
Ustilonja
Csák
Akkerman
s
n
o
x
Kilia
Karánsebes
Brăila
(Partes Annexae)
V ersec
Titel
Ravenna
Mehadia
i
a
b
b
Spalato
Gyurgyevó Turnu Magurele
a
Almissa
? Herzegovina RAGUSA
(Dubrovnik)
Cavtat
MONTENEGRO Spuž Cetinje
Risan
C a tt a
Perasto
ro
a
Žabljak Upper Pulati
Budua
Antivari
i
Scutari
O
Dulcigno
T
T
O
r
M
A
a
N
Adrianople
g
l
u
B
Durazzo
a
A
Trau
r
lon
I
e
a
Sinj
Sa
Rogosnizza
S
i Klis
a
u r
n
Sebenico
Constantinople
M a c e d o n i a
i
E
T
A
I
H
C
A
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n
T
A
s
Knin
Vrana Ostrovica Scardona
A
D
Karin
Biograd
Marmara
A pulia Saseno
Thessaloniki
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
Otranto
Gallipoli
A
Butrinto
Corfu
Corfu
l
Zara
M
W
a
L
Szörényvár
Jajca
t e s i o
M e l u n a Pa s s
S u
A
Novigrad Obrovac
Adakale Orsova
l
A Ancona
o
S T
SAN MARINO
Noni
Belgrade
j
B
D
Zimony
Szabács
Srebrenica
b
P A P A L
Karlóca
a
Mezősomlyó
Pedali
Todorovo
S
Lugos
Becskerek
Croatian Border
Facsád
Temesvár
B a n u s’ Border
Stenicnjak Budački
Lippa
d
I
Csanád
u
T
Mohács
Raca
B
A
Slavonian Border
z
Partes Annexae
Magyarkanizsa
Zumberak
Aquileja Trieste
h
s
Görz & Grad iška
Istria
Tuscany
KHANATE
a
z
Torcello
L
Nagyvárad
C a r n i o l a Venice
O
s
i
Lavant
s
S
Ferma 1
e
Saxons
Annexae
ZAPOROZHIAN COSSACKS
B
b
Kőszeg
L I T H U A N I A)
Kamien iec Podolsk i
a
Annexae
VENICE Pordenone
i
M
St.Andrae
Veldes (BRIXEN)
Terra
l
Partes
Nyaláb
Graz
C a r i n t h i a
o
Leoben
Lienz Gurk
d
OF
(A N D
a
S
o
Hotin
Érsekújvár
A
C O M M O N W E A L T H
Szepesvár
r
Seckau
I
Buczacz
Zips
T H Ö K Ö L Y’S
N
A
Komját
Wiener Neustadt
SALZBURG rol
Lőcse
H
Vienna
Salzburg
n
Tyrol
T y
Késmárk
L
o
Berc htes gade
(Pas) Oberndorf
(Szb.)
O
E
Goumenitza Parga
Paxos
I o n i a n
M
Preveza
Vonitza
N
Santa Maura Levkas Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Ithaca Cephalonia
Patras
I s l a n d s Zante
P
I
R
E
Northern Sporades
eg ro po nt e (E ub
A c h a i a
Chios
Athens
Kalavryta
Castel Tornese
M
oia )
A N A T O L I A
Rrhion
o
r
e
Andros
Korinthos
Samos Vathy
a
Aegina
(Peloponnesos)
Keos
Nauplia
Ikaria
Tenos
Gyaros
Kithnos
Rinia
Myconos
Siros
Delos
Hermupolis
Serifos
Kalamata
Pylos Methoni
Kalymnos
Amorgos
Kimolos
Monemvasia
Polyaigos
Melos
Gulf of Kos
K os
Stampalia
Nios
Sikinos
Folegandros
Maina
Mendelia
Bodrum Naxos
Sifnos
Koroni
Gulf of
Leros
Antiparos
Navarino
Patmos
Paros
Misthra
Nisyros Santorini
Syme
Rhode s
Telos
Anafi Chalke
Rhod es
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
Cerigo
Scarpan to
Gramvousa Suda Chania
Rhetymno
eo
Gorg
ar ia f S am
Sphakiotes
Sphakia
103
Heraklion •••
Mühld orf
P
N I A B O H E M
BOHEMIA
B A V A R I A
W NS I L E Z I A R O
Spinalonga
Kasos
Nicosia
Knossos
C r e t e
Cyprus
Famagusta
Żurawno
R
Bo
Sajo
o dr
a
Y
g
P
t
Pr
h
Latorca
u
o
d
o
l
i
1673
tu l
D n je s t e r
Pru
n
Tisa
Pruth
Ar
dz
e
Dan
Sz
t
Ol
te
r
D n ie s te r L im a n
Akkerman
V a l l um
e ub
T
z
d
Va
Gyurgyevó
Kilia
Magurele Ki
av
Ol
is
D
un
Dunai
lia
Bran c h
Sulina
Branch
Sulina
S t. G
eo
rg
e s Bra
h
t
u
a
ra ia n u m mT
l
lu
D u n a rea
Jan
St.George
tra
a
a
ˇ
u
j
i n s a t M o u n
be
b
Danu
V a l l um
r
sa
an u
m
Tu
n d ža
o
Tr a i
av
D
Ti
Sz
ç e rn a
Ti
I
mits
nc
ç e rn a
Jalo
A
Dn
es m Te
Ti
Bender
B
sa Ti
isa
i
v
es
b
th
m
a
re
ie
ul
ru
m
gar
St
Se
ny
A
a
za
e
Turnu Magurele Du
u
dz
za
J e d ui s a n
i l l ko
mits
Gyurgyevó
ea
tr
Jalo
A
I
N is
de
et
s
Ve
n
104
R
(B
I
Brăila
a l k a n
mok
nar
r
a
t
a
ea
Bu
Ar
Ol
je
n
zn
H
h
ov
A
L
I
CB
sker
Bu
TATARS
i
A
Du Ju
nar
Brăila
de
R i mTurnu na
a
OF THE
b
va
ul
a
ra
W
Zi
Po l
a
r
Mo
Szörényvár
vo
i
Du
M o u n t a i n s
10.2 - Situation 1674
a
ri
´
so
in
Whi t e D
)M or av
b
n
o
n)
Ko M o r a v
r
x
M
Al
Adakale
To p l i c a
Orsova
Ve
v
(B garia
ar Dunav
Pe B i sc s ka a tr i ca
a
s u ta
a n h i t a r p a C
ul
Ib na
h
a
Mehadia
Du
S
mok
Alt
imn
CRIMEAN
th
V ersec
zn
ut
(Partes Annexae)
elgrade
os
Karánsebes
Ju
A
K RH A N A T E
r
re
)M or
r Ma
Lugos
a v alyó Mezősom
ek
K ü k ü llő
st
Pr
em
L
i l l ko
Se
Bé ga
a
et
an
T
i
Facsád
A
C
t
Temesvár
es
b Csáki
b
ul
H
Ol
er
r
gy
r
s
apadna ( S
e
a
a
S
Lippa
Na
Partes Annexae
Se
V
s
Csanád
s
A
o
n
Maro
ros
M
l y
- Kö
ér
M o r a v
Feh
W
aro s
Zi
ie
ML o u n D t a i n s
e
M
a
Dn
´
i
Fe
Adakale
T r a n s Szörényvár y l v a n ia Orsova
k
Dunav
Maros
s
a
s
a - Kő u n kete rö s
O
S o u t h e r n Bug
M
e
D
t
Belgrade
Mehadia
z
s
t
COSSACKS
Alt
s
Al u ta
ov
s am o
S
ő rö
re
B ug
e
s
h
ld
m ellék
Nagyvárad
Zimony
Si
n
V ersec Annexae Partes
S e b e s - K ö rö
x
i a n h a t S a x o n sr p C a
mos
(Partes Annexae)
Ér
n
o M
Annexae
B t Pru
u
Titel
a
ZAPOROZHIAN
D n je s t e r
o
lóca
Sza
Mezőso mlyó
K ü k ü llő gy
Hotin
Tisa
Karánsebes
Na
1673
M
Becskerek
a
s
S
A
n
Lugos
es
Csák
é ga
M
i
Iuzh
s
Óbecse
T i s aB
em
Partes
o ar
n
T
Facsád
Nyaláb
l
(A N D
Kam ieni ec Pod olsk i
l
a
Temesvár
P
o
I
i
Lippa
Latorca
d
r
OB u Fg
l y
g
o
V
e
ro
tu ru
i
Tisa
d Bo
Maro
aro s
P O L A N D P
a Partes Annexae t h
Se
a
Csanád
Ys
ros
k
R
p
M
A
Cossack territory in the western Ukraine, as far as 50 km. from Kiev under : Ottoman protectorate 1672/’76 - 1681 Russian protectorate 1681 - 1699 Polish sovereignty Sovereignty after 1699 L I T Podolia H U A N =IOttoman A) 1672 -1684/’99
C O M M O N W E A L T H
str
i
e
A
r
- Kö
ér
Magyarkanizsa
a
Feh
M “P Ra rIoNs C I P A L I T Y”
L Y’S
Dnie
D
t
C
Szepesvár
z
Zips
o
a
Poland and Lithuania were forced to pay tribute to the Ottomans and Podolia was ceded M a r oPoland to the Turks. In 1673, occupied Hotin, which had remained in Moldovian hands, s but the Ottomans captured the important fortress in the next year.
T r a n s y l v a n ia Buczacz
M
S
n
őcse
D
L
ld
s am o
Żurawno
O
Dn
ut
Annexae
m ellék
t e - Kő r ö s
t
n
Sa
Késmárk
ke
re
s
u
Saxons
10.1 - The Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676). August 1672, an Ottoman army led by S e b e sOn - K ö18 rö s Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü, laid siege to Kamieniec Podolski until its capitulation on 27 August. The Ottomans then occupied Podolia, bringing the Ottoman Empire beyond rös K őL the River Dnjester. This led to the Treaty of Buczacz, signed on 16 or 18 October 1672. A Fe
s
Pr
mos
Nagyvárad
N
e
th
o
Partes
Si
M
Ér
O
M
Annexae Sza
B
Hotin
a
Tisa
LITHUA
Kam ien iec Pod ols ki
a
i
Partes
Nyaláb
(A N D
j
A
p
P O L A N D
u
G
r
str
r
“P R I N C I P A L I T Y”
a
Pruth
T H Ö K Ö L Y’S
Dnie
OB u Fg
b
C
Szepesvár
C O M M O N W E A L T H
D u n a rea
Zips
Buczacz
o
Lőcse
n
Késmárk
D
D
Sa
N
a k
A
h
L
u
O
Marits
a
i
ndga
P
a
Gulf of Burg
P
O
L
A
Sa
N
Lőcse
n
Késmárk
D
Żurawno
Zips
C
Szepesvár
A
R
d Bo
o
ro
a
r
p
g
P O L A N D P
a
Y
str
t
Pr
h
Latorca
o
d
o
l
i
a
n
u
et
sa
Sz
tr
TATARS
J e d i s a n
i
a
r
V
CRIMEAN
b
ov
Se
OF THE
a
h
A
KHANATE
r
N is
Ti
st
I
Bender
a
A
i
z
Dn
e
T r a n s y l v a n ia
ie
r
D
a
Maros
Dn
a
ut
o
t
s
is
n
k
t e - Kő r ö s
L
s
Pr
M
S
ke
O
ld
s am o
s Fe
t
n
Annexae
m ellék S e b e s - K ö rö
s
u
Saxons
COSSACKS S o u t h e r n Bug
e
h
o
mos
Nagyvárad
K ő rö
M
re
M
Partes
B t Pru
Si
ZAPOROZHIAN
D n je s t e r
Hotin
Annexae Sza
Ér
1673
l u tu
Tisa
Iuzh
B ug
a
Partes
Tisa
(A N D
Kam ieni ec Pod olsk i
i
1676
Nyaláb
OB u Fg
ie
“P R I N C I P A L I T Y”
Dnie
Cossack territory in the western Ukraine, as far as 50 km. from Kiev under : Ottoman protectorate 1672/’76 - 1681 Russian protectorate 1681 - 1699 Polish sovereignty Sovereignty after 1699 L I T Podolia H U A N =IOttoman A) 1672 -1684/’99
C O M M O N W E A L T H
ny
K Ö L Y’S
Buczacz
te
r
e
ecskerek
a k z d
l
ra ia n u m mT
B
Kilia
´
Rim
na Ki
M o u n t
s
Brăila
lia
Bran c h
a
M
Si
re
t
Ju
zn
a
s
(B
st
Du
nar
Du
tr
I
et
TATARS
aj e
A
Tu
Bender
n d ža
sa
e s Bra
St.George
ndga Tu
a
s
z rg
N
Gulf of Saros
Gallipoli Ç.
u
d
d
a Gulf of Saloniki
Ar
eo
A
10.4 - Between 1676 and 1681, a Russo-Turkish War was fought over control over the Rightbank ipart of Ukraine. The Ottoman-supported Hetman (leader) of the Cossacks, Petro Adrianople ts a da A rDoroshenko, was opposed by Ivan Samoilovich, the Hetman of Left-bank Ukraine, who was supported by Russia. In 1676, Doroshenko managed to conquer the city of Chyhyryn, e n e and forced him to withdraw. The Ottomans but his rivals besieged the the rus E r gcity B o s p o joined E v r o an army under Ibrahim Pasha arrived at Chyhyryn on 4 August 1677. On conflict when Constantinople 29 August, Ibrahim Pasha was forced to retreat, but in July 1678 an army led by Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha besieged Chyhyryn once more, occupying it on 11 August 1678. Büy ük Çek mec e ece e k mrepel Kü ç ü k Çto The Russians withdrew over the Dnjepr and managed attacks from Crimean Gulf of Ismid a r o the conflict signed the Treaty m in Tatars in 1679 and 1680. On 3 JanuaryS1681, the parties r a M f o a e a r a official border between Ottoman and of Bahçesaray, which made the River Dnjepr M a r m the Russian territories.
Gulf of Kasandra
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
iğ i r l
105
Sus
it
km
j
tr
ia
B
D u n a rea
a
on
is
Al
t s. N e s to s
mits
l
Sulina
Branch
S t. G
Gulf of Orphani
Thessaloniki
g
Bran c h
h
W
A
Jalo
D uLake nai Sulina Tachino
on
lia
n
nc
ares)
Lake Ostrovo
Ki
m
au
(V ard
uz
M
uKilia
Sr
ei
Axios
Lake Doiran Brăila
Lake M a c e d o n i a Ochrid a i n sL a k e B Presp a
l
Va
B
na
Crn
a
Rim
ka Re
ra ia n u m mT
a
ic
M
v
´
ta
lu
r
ar
e
ar es
i l l ko
M
M
rd M
i
D n ie s te r L im a n
Akkerman
o
Bre
d
Pruth
o
th
Va
p
r
a
a k
h
re
ma
Se
s
O
te
h
ru
R
s l y
t
Marits
u
e
T
a
S e a
Gulf of Burgas
er
n
k
lnic
m
M
Dn
e St
ga
an u
ˇ
a
i
z
is
T
Tr a i
Black
tra
a l J e d i s a n i n s a k a t n M o u n a
t Po l
S
O
V a l l um
e
n
Jan
u
sker
St.George
i
V
I
CRIMEAN
e s Bra
j b Danu
Turnu Magurele
ea
rg
u e
OF THE
N is
va
a
vo
r
B
b
ra
Se
ov
so
ld
Kno
o
dz
de
KHANATE
r
a
h
A
Mo
u a
D u n a rea
t
a
ie
ut
ar
M
Dn
Pr
D
n)
Ib
To p l i c a
Ar
Gyurgyevó
r
garia
L
a
S o u t h e r n Bug
mok
s
mits
eo
b
e
ul
O
th
Ve
Ti
i
Pru
aB
I
COSSACKS t
b
rav
B ug
D n je s t e r
Hotin a
r
H A Z A P CO R O Z H I A N
L
Ol
e
Iuzh
A
ul
ie
M o r a v
1673
Zi
ny
W
Kam ieni ec Pod olsk i
S t. G
r
(A N D
Jalo
A
ina
Branch
o
Dunav
Szörényvár
D
D
ç e rn a
Orsova
Ol
Cossack territory in the western Ukraine, as far as 50 km. from Kiev under : Ottoman protectorate 1672/’76 - 1681 Russian protectorate 1681 - 1699 Polish sovereignty Sovereignty after 1699 L I T Podolia H U A N =IOttoman A) 1672 -1684/’99
OB u Fg
Adakale
av
es m
a
P O L A N D
I
lu
u
Al
i l l ko
h
n Du
in
h
Pruth M
nc
C a
)M o
n
o
x
a n
C O M M O N W E A L T H
an
a
Alt
s u ta
Va
S
Mezősom lyó
Belgrade
bi
s
Karánsebes
Mehadia
er
Akkerman
unai Sul lina a i byn the Battle of Żurawno (25 September - 14 October 1676), h iexpense of Poland were halted 10.3 - The Ottoman at whichS uwas concluded by the Truce of t the Bu (Partes Annexae)attempts to expand further a za p u V ersec Żurawno three days later. Poland no longer had to pay tribute to the Ottomans and regained some of the territories it had lost in 1672. r
Te
el
em
ro
Lugos
es
Csák
Ma
Facsád
Bé ga
D n ie s te r L im a n
v
T
K ü k ü llő
th
Lippa
Temesvár
gy
re
s
Na
Partes Annexae
Se
Maro
Csanád
ros
s
ros
anizsa
s
- Kö
ér
Ma
l y
M
Feh
aro s
D ard an e lle s
ik
C
W NS I L E Z I A R O
g
h ountains Ta t r a V a m
Vá
MORAVIA
ya
Késmárk Lőcse
C
Szepesvár
T H Ö K Ö L Y’S
N
“P R I N C I P A L I T Y”
G
A
R
Bo
Sajo
dr
og
p
ub e
sa Ti
mos
be Danu
Partes
Saxons
Annexae
m ellék
s am o
Sz
e
T
sa Ti
na Du
Óbecse
es
Karlóca
Titel
V ersec
Dunav
Dri
Orsova
Ol
Adakale Szörényvár
W
a
Ve
de
nar
Turnu Magurele
ea
(B
Mo ra
B
va
aca
Mor
Whi t e D
ri
n
r
a l k a n
106
St
R
in
ru
h
ma
Scutari
Dr
Iske
M o u
je
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
Po l
Z
Lake S c u t a ri
Antivari
A
L
I
Gyurg
vo
im
Žabljak Upp er Pula ti
Bay of Spizz a
A
mok
so
MONTENEGRO et a Spuž Cetinje
Budua
ul
H
C
n)
etva
zn
To p l i c a
Ko
Ta r a Lim
ro
Zi
garia
er
Ju
c
a r n i ca
Perasto
M o u n t a i n
Du
ava
ar
ra
L
B o c c h e d i C a t t a C a tt a ro
)M or
a
ot
Herzegovina Risan
an
i
Ib
a
bi
b
a
K
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat
jic
er
r
a
in
t
Ta
´
ul
na a
Al
t
va sk
n
o
Ol
na
s Tr
tje
Ceh
e
m Uva
om
isn
x
Ti
ri
ba
S
M o r a v
a
D
Vr
RAGUSA
eb
a
t
a
a
na
v Sa
Belgrade
n Du
padna (S Za
N
Tr
S
Alt
s u ta
a n h i t pa r C a ç e rn a
Szabács
Dr
ina
Zimony
K o lu b a r
Li
K ü k ü llő
s
Mehadia
N e ret a
gy
Karánsebes
t
Bos
?
ro
Lugos
(Partes Annexae)
m su
e
Na
Ma
Mezőso mlyó
Te
D a nub
aro s
Partes Annexae
Facsád
Bé ga
em
ros
Lippa
es
Csák
S
Bo
Su
k
s
Tisa
a
Srebrenica
i za
e
- Kö
Temesvár
Sava
eb
t z
Maro
Csanád
na B os
i
S
ros
va
n
T r a n s y l v a n ia
t e - Kő r ö s
Feh
Becskerek
s
ke
ér
Ma
Magyarkanizsa
ilonja
Jajca
Maros
M
Raca
as
s
s
Mohács
b Vr
n
Ka
po
áv
i
l
s Fe
Dr
l
u
K ő rö
nian Border
o
o
Ér
S e b e s - K ö rö
10.5 - Situation 1683
d
M
Csep el Isl.
Lake Balaton
Kapos
u tu
Annexae Sza
Nagyvárad
zá
h
Buda
Kőszeg
Pr
o
Tisa
Rák os r i v e r
a
t
Partes
Tisa
Visegrád
Duna
P O P
a
Latorca
Ip o ly
str
n
an
Z s i tv a
r
Nyaláb
Rép ce
Ráb
a
1676
Érsekújvár
Buczacz Dnie
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11. 1683 – 1699 OF
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Partes Annexae Csanád
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108 Titel
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Ve
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Annexae sa
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S z a Ottoman presence in Dalmatia, 11.2b - The defeat at Vienna signalled the end of the mos e where large-scale popular insurrections broke out. Before the end of the year 1683, the i Gulf of Turks Saseno had lost Skradin, Karin, Vrana, Benkovac, Obrovac and Drniš, retaining only Knin Valona Partes Thessaloniki Saxon Kanina and Sinj. É
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Rák os 11.2a - The Second Siege of Vienna was ended, after two months, by the Battle r i v e r of the Buda Ráb a Pest Kahlenberg on 11 and 12 September 1683. The Ottoman invaders were met by the comH u n g a r y A pulia bined forces of the HolyKőszeg Roman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, led Ikervár FehérvárLeague” defeated the army of by the King of Poland, Jan Sobieski III. The so-called “Holy Csepe l Isl. V eszp rém Körmend KINGDOM of Vasvár Mustafa Pasha. Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara NAPLES
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T A E the Ottomans embark on the Second Rogosnizza al Trau Ravenna 11.1 - In 1683, Siege of Vienna. on a T o
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z
á v Grad iška Dub. Skopje B.Du bica a
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a
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t
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e
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o
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Slavonian Border
Gora
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M
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t
)
so ri
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ma
a
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z
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ar
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g
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r
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h rut
t Ipol
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o dr
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re
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Poland stops Eger paying triV C O M M Duna 1684. Lthe OttomansDin Vidin nies tr CBudaVisegrád Rákos r i v e r D T a
mok
u
a
g
n
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Egerszeg Kapornak
Darráovsa
Ko
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n
o
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u
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ulg
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s
bb
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b
o
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i
r
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t
aca
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i
n
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ic
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r
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m
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a
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h
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ip
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a
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nMyconosi
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on
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a
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m
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k
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l
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lnic
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ke D aI sr d a n e l l e s
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ip
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n
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aca
vo
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so Whi t e D
m
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T
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S
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t e (E Lake ub o i a Ochrid )
u hk
rfu
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A
n Adrianople bi
Co
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a
e
n t e (E ub oia )
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o
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Misthra
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Gulf of B
Northern
Valona
Bay of V a l Korinthos ona
a
M
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n
ri
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um
p
r
a
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a
l
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g
n
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Cape Glossa or Linguetta
tas
na
o
e
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va
r
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M
Vidin Corinth
Niš
ra
g
Ca
AW N
ri
in
in
At
Dr
a
Gulf of Nauplia
Kalamata
Ko
etva
ar
er
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e
s
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e
ti
M
Dr
Scutari
ri
a Durazzo l a n t i C ri an ts al a Arda
o a n t O t r
io
r
Otranto
P Bi ecsk st a ri ca
Suda o Chania 114.c - In 1684, Venice joined the Great Turkish War. In the summer, a Venetian fleet cappA N Gulf Rrhion tured the island of Levkas after the town R had been bombarded for 16 days. The Venetians of es e Rhetymno é t m s e h C a Bay of Corinth i a took Preveza a also R and Vonitza, and attacked Mesologi, precipitating the Morean War Sphakiau Navar Kalavryta Athens AAndros B P (1684-1699). AroundKorinthos this time a revolt began in the Mani. Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
M
Al p h e
of
(B
N e s to s
a
Va
Pi n e i o s
o
Al p h e
Sporades
n
A c h
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
P
ri
Patras
p Tu r a n dža C
Lamia
Salona
(Serb. Patriarchate)
a e hgi e t a
Žabljak Upper Pulati
Lake Scutari
)
an
MS e ga
Peć
im
A
Spuž
Szörényvár
Kalavryta
arian
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al
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Gulf of Volos Dulcigno na Boja
Gulf of
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I
At
a tiv
ulg
N
An
i t r a S t
M o Mr a v
M
n
Lamia
Cetinje
s
d
je
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et a
o
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M
zn
a
sa
o
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ri
in
in
it
K
a
t
tr
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D r in
is
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W
h
u
Pylos Methoni
g
D
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R
Mesolongi
11.4b - On the Croatian front, the Ottomans suffered various raids in the course of Durazzo 1684. Castel Tornese Zante
Dr
Salona
Gulf of Patras
a n d s
o
Black
Cephalonia
S p erchei
Perasto
E
o
l
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
e
A
Gulf of Volos
in
Ithaca
P Bi ecsk st a ri ca
E
Scutari
os am
Dulcigno na Boja
AS eda r i a t i c
(Serb. Patriarchate)
a
L
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
D
a
e
Mesolongi
Gulf of Orphani
vo
tiv
Lake Scutari
(Salamvrias)
E
An
ios Pine
va
Dr
Santa Maura (Levkas)
p
ta
Ju
Gulf of Kasandra
Peć
im
Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti
t
va
so
Lim
pe
s
Bay of Spizz aVonitza ri
Tem
Pinios
Whi t e D
l
Gulf of Arta
o
Lim
MONTENEGRO
Risan
C a aro
Tara
(Salamvrias)
t i Cat he d
A c h a i a
Ko
Meluna Pass
L
Spuž
Arta
Marits
mos D u n a v ta Golubac
Toplica
Gulf of
ll e y
ey
A d r i a tAdakale i c S pOrsova erchei
Patras
ar
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Spuž
ro
Preveza
I o n i a n
et a
Bocc
Ib
na
t
I o n i a n
I s l
k
a ll ev
ios Pine i n s M o u n t a Budua
Lake Castel Tornese Tachino
m
Ca
Pargat a
Perasto
Cetinje
p Tem
r tta
Pi n e i o s
ei
rfu
B
a li
a r n ica
MONTENEGRO
C a aro Catt e di Budua occh
c
M
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Co
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Saloniki
Z
Corfu Cavtat (Dubrovnik)
a
h ti
ca
a
Pinios
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Gulf of Kasandra
a laor n i k i So m ni
Tr
G au l f o f P a t r a s
ares)
A
Butrinto a P lia
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p a d nLaa k e a D oni r a( Sne rdb S r s n i i aa n o Zante ) M n or a
(V ard
ra
v iič n a Hi s en j i cr zi oe t ge os Niks eb
Za
es
B
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om
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o
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ra
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Preveza
ra
ot
sa
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vo
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Bay of Spizza
Thessaloniki
it
po
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e
tr
K
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T
s
vo
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a l k a n Versec
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na
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lek
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um
ri
ka
is
Metkovic
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a
eka
a
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t je
c
ot
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in
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t
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t Su
po
l
ar
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na
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eb
Ceh
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jic Karánsebes a
na
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ti
Ca
Q
S
rfu
lnic
K o lu b a
Lake Ostrovo
Dri
ti
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Za
ares)
va
Ce
a
Co
rd
n a
ni
ér
t
m
va
ri m
C a p eVrgorac Glossa or Linguetta
Tr
Otranto
ga
S e a
c
im
Lake Prespa
Metkovic
es
Belgrade
I o n i a n
ML a
a
Valona Saseno Klobuk
o a n t O t r
A
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
T
Sa
Uva
Ceh
ka
Gabela
Mezősom lyó(Dubrovnik) Cavtat
G u la n f of Arta Du SmederevoVonitza Santa Maura (Levkas)
I o n i av a n
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Lake Ochrid
Ljubuski i za N
é ga
Arta
Zimony
i
Se
Duare
of
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va
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i
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al
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Titel Goumenitza Szalánkemén
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D
s
n
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t
ba
Durazzo
S Ct
A
s
su
Va
Bo
Sebenico
Klis
n
Black
in
V rlik a
in
Bo
Sava Srebrenica
Dr
Sca rdo na
M
s
S e a
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Dr
Scutari
ri
ri
P h t ilia
Pétervárad Corfu D a nCorfu u b e Karlóca
Vr
Klicevac
a
L
Nadin
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a tiv
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o
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B
A d r i a t i c
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P Bi ecsk s n at r i caa os
Žabljak Upper Pulati
B
A
Sta rig rad
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aS ps u ž
Lake Scutari
An
nj
S e a
Nona(Nin)
(Serb. Patriarchate)
Spuž
b Vr
taro i Cat he d Budua
Bay of Spizza
D
ra
a
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o
et a
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im
Whi t e D
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ar C att
Perasto
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L
je
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Bih ac
Ba g
B. Gra d .
MONTENEGRO Z
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat
Tara
em
t e I ssk e r i o Butrinto Becskerek
Mo
S a n a No vi
Blag aj
Dub . Niksič v cai vnaGra gB.D a diš ka oubi
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re
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ar
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in Gl
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ra
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a
t
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ot
a
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Croatian Border
Su
a
in
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Stenicnjak e
k jes
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zn
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na
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No vig rad
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up a
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tria
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ti
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D
de 11.4a - On 27 JuneAS1684, Vác was taken by Habsburge hforces, who occupied Pest three days( S e r b i 11.3 - Having suffered heavy losses before Vienna, the Ottoman army retreatedT througha Sinj e Gyurgyevó an Szig etvá r Arad - K öi r o Li Ma Kükü )M Lake m Babócsa s gy E m o k siege n i r o Buda later. The first of started soon afterwards. The Austrian forces managedG uto Pécs Rogosnizza a or N a Hungary to Buda, with the Poles in close pursuit. The two armies met between 7 and 9 Medgyes Trau t lo Ostrovo i s n ava Sebenico padna A p u l i a n l f f o a a Magyarkanizsa T o Z ( a Annexae Orphani alat Valona Buda, but a TurkishS prelief Turnu Magurele army forced thePartes Habsburgs to withdraw on M aeventually October 1683Sinjat the Battle of Parkány.Slavonian The Ottomans won the first stage ofS e rthe battle, but Sasenooccupy Thessaloniki bi a ros A Border an iss Li Mohács narea Csanád Alm )M Sava i Cape Glossa m I Kanina Du Rogosnizza al o r forceso r L i n g u e t t a 30 October 1684. Lippa Siklós Trauthe second. lost Jan Sobieski III captured Párkány on 9 October, while Habsburg Zenta ava s Du C aT r n i ot o l o naa Szászszebes T ro KINGDOM of Bay of a A Ma S p a l a and took Esztergom on 26 October 1683. A Valona Facsád besieged NAPLES k Otranto a ssa o ATlo i Temesvár lp li lm S k (Span. u A A le A l f f o u G K x I a Dr Bourbon) Lugos B
Mor
En
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e
Ikervár
Szászszebes
p r Bih ac Plitv icka - Jeze C ara
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L
a
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ur
Todorovo
Adakale Star
Klicevac
ub
x
a
s
n
o
i a n t h a L I TpH U A N I A) r c Podo V a hlski a ienie C Kam Tatra mountains
Szörényvár
n
a ulp
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n
Szörényvár
A
an
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zn
Z I
Adakale Hotin
“amP o sR I JN C I P A L IV eszpr T émY ” u Körmend
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a
i Whi t e D
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i M o r a v
r
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nav
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os
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in
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Mehadia
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po
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r i a Sava ca
A
O
up a
Bag
D Durazzo Du
M o r a v
KKao pl uobsa r a
Csurgó
a
Belgrade
na Du SAN MARINO Smederevo
va
Tuscany
Dráva
Versec
t a i Ka t r S
s
Vrana
Sca rdo na
M
B
Varasd
Zimony
T
Nadin
A n Mezősomly Csepe l óIsl.
A d r i a S et i c
S
Laack (FREISING)
Biograd
os
Titel Ravenna Szalánkemén
Lake Balaton Sa
hio
st
r Ma
Croatian Border
Dulcigno na Boja
V e n i c e
i
Karánsebes S cNov u t igra a r id
ri
A d r i a t i c Comacc
e Karlóca
Mitrovica
Vr
L
Gö rz & ra di šk a licevac
c
o
Zara
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a
o
Kanizsa
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t
es
(Serb. Patriarchate)
P Eger
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Zenta
Késmárk
Tatra mountains
Bovic
Budački
Croatian Border
r n e r o
Kahlenberg
V e n i c e
R
C
No vig rad
Vah
ulp
Stenicnjak
S
e r - of
O
up a
er
ya
Istria
A
Vá
M O R A V I A
K
e
ha
a
T
Z s i tv
G u l f
yj
a
D
Medgyes
Tisa
THE
Mohács
Siklós
T
os
Magyarkanizsa
n
OF
Sava
E CM a r n i o l a B O H
of T rieste
Slavonian Border
Sa
s Aquileja Trieste
n
o
o
g
K
e
N
I A
Gulf
Sphakiotes
Sph
es m Te
sa
Ti
Ti es m Te
Sz Bre
sa Ti
t
Ol
Crn
a
l
S u
l
Ti
m
on
b
ç e rn a
i
a
n
ina Dr
o Asp
Bre
aca
a
i
Crn
a
n
Korinthos
io
s
o
d
e
B
a
Lake Doiran
Sr
i
n
a
(V ard ares)
Lake Ostrovo
ti
Kalamata
l
m
tr it
sa
i
Eur
l
E Meluna Pass
Tem
( S a l aMatapan mvrias)
Cerigo
D
A
I
rfu
Ca na
T
l
Paxos Venice, Malta
Parga Arta
E
E
Gulf or
Athen
u
Aegina
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Cape Malia
P i n i o s Cape
Co
Goumenitza
e
Saronic
e
e i o s the Venetians advanced on Kalamata. Corfu 11.6b - In August 1685, the Ottomans lost Koroni P i n and
111
p
ta
i
Gulf of Aegina
Gulf of Kasandra
l o nai ki in a S aM
va pe
o
Eur
Monemvasia
Gulf of
Laconia
Gulf of
Porto Kayio
t e s i o
O
o n t ( E M ae ub o
Gulf of Orphani
o
Passavâ Kelapha
lley
p
Lake Tachino
Thessaloniki
Koroni
on
is
Al
Gulf of No anu p l i a
Misthra
Zarnata Gulf of Messenia
ak
o l
tas
W
M
o a n t O t r
Pylos Methoni
Kanina
es
r na
Nauplia m
e
r
o
ei
c
g Ca
M
Al p h e
ti
d
of
Kalavryta
M
e
an
Corinth
Axios
a
M
al
o
Gulf
A c h a i a
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
Corfu
At
h
a
ica l nRrhion ga
ar
a
N Lamia
M
Spo
R
T
um
rd
a
b
o
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Patras
ka
M
a l k a n
Gulf of Volos
r Salona
T
Re
t
B
g
e
A
r Iske
Gulf of
Mesolongi
D
(Salamvrias)
E St
Gulf of uHnaag ri
Pinios
ley
Castel Tornese
A
Gulf of Orpha
Gulf of Kasandra
s
mos
Pi n e i o s
Lake Ochrid
L
Ol
val
pe
ios
S p erchei
Gulf of Patras
Valona
P h t ilia
m
Tem
rop
be
Danu
ç e rn a
ina aca
Mor
a
M
ta
Lake Tachino
on
A
ul
ares)
Pine
Se
Butrinto
Zi
Gulf of
va
Mor
O M
Sr
a
ei
(V ard
na
d
o
es
k
ra
ta
Ithaca Skopje
bi
ni
W
i
Niš
Va
m
Axios
etva
o
ar
er
A
h
a
rd
ia
Meluna Pass
Gulf of Arta
Zante
S u
I
Dr
G a ra
m
A
Du
na
bb
Y
K
R
um
K
va
Va
u a r n e r o
ra
ér
sa
Al
n
ku
Lake Doiran
n
je Preveza
a n d s
m
of
Bay of Valona
T
o
x
Vidin
(B
ri
i t r a S t Otranto
o
d
Szörényvár
Arta
Lake Prespa
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
e
Parga
O
Cephalonia
I s l
Durazzo
Saseno
a
in
in
S e a
Sh
A pulia
zn
t e s i o
D
S e a
Ju
Vonitza
Black
A d r i a t i c
ava
Santa Maura (Levkas) r
in
Dulcigno na Boja
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
P Venice, Malta c B i ePope, Toscane st ska ri ca
Scutari
ari
a
Saloniki
Toplica
(Serb. Patriarchate)
I o n i a n
Dr
tiv
Adakale
mok
it
im
Lake Scutari
An
c
Mo
L
I o n i Da n r
Budua
)M or
Peć
Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti
ttaro
S
r
Thessaloniki
Pol
o
Bay of Spizz a
11.6a - Events 1685
Spuž
Szászszebes
St
a n h i t a r p a C
Lake Ostrovo
vo
Cetinje
L Golubac ake Prespa
Goumenitza
Paxos
Lim
Spuž
a
lnic
so
Ca e di
Corfu
l
h Bocc
et a
an
Whi t e D
ar C att
Perasto
bi
P h t ilia
Tara
MONTENEGRO
Risan
er
Butrinto
ot
a r n ica
Z
RAGUSA
(S
c
Corfu
a
v
Orsova
tr
Uva
a
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat
A
padna
m
v iič n a Hi s en j i cr z e g o Niks
ti
Ko
om
eb
Za
na
Tr
s
)
K
o
ni
M
Duna
ar
ov
k y Kü
B
a
Ca
op
na D u Lake Ochrid Smederevo
Se
rfu
K P
ka Mehadia Re
Kanina
Bay of Valona
ra
ga
Versec
Co
Metkovic
lek
ro
Karánsebes
Mezősom lyó
arian
Ta
Ma
T
Skopje
es
Ib
t
Gabela
em
Lugos
ulg
ka
T
Bé ga
is
jes
Medgyes N a g
Facsád
Temesvár
O
a l k a
aros
Partes Annexae
W
t Su
s
s
i Belgrade
mb
a
Ljubuski i za Kula Norin N
eb
ku
ra
in
Vrgorac
Ceh
- Köro
M o r a v
Klobuk
Sh
va
a
na
a
Duare
Titel Szalánkemén
m
ri
a
Li
na
iss
Tr
A
on n a a
Otranto
Dri
I
Alm
va
Sp
o alat
ti
T
al
S
Rogosnizza Trau
i
Neret
Arad
n
Csák
Zimony
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
o a n t O t r
Sinj
Klis
Ce
A
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
B
Lippa
Valona
Saseno
s
n
T r a n I ss y l
Mitrovica
Sa
D
V rlik a
Sebenico
in
Óbecse
e Karlóca
K o lu b a
of
ba
M
Vr
Sca rdo na
s
A pulia
s
Vrana
Bo
ker
Mo
t
i t r a S t
Nadin
Biograd
Jajca
o
Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica
a
L
Klicevac
Novigrad
s
Niš
)
B
Zara
arian
Q
ulg
a
A
Sta rig rad
nj
S e a
Nona(Nin)
ri
Feh
je
Un
D
Dr
Pétervárad D a nub
s am o
M
Maro
Becskerek
Durazzo
Sava Srebrenica
Annexae
T o p l-iKc őa rö te ke s
Csanád
Scutari
ari
Saxo
k
Fe
n
su
Ju m e ll é zn a Nagyvárad (B
ri
Bo
S e a
na B os
Ér
Pol
tiv
va
D
s ba
ros
Magyarkanizsa
Lake Scutari
An
Partes ra
vo
Eszék
P Bi ecsk st a ri ca
Whi t e D
a
(Serb. Patriarchate)
Žabljak Zenta Uppe r Pula ti
Bay of Spizz a
)M o
Peć
Black
Vr
Spuž
o ar Mohács C a tatr o Catt Budua
Ma
in
B. Gra d .
Bih ac
Ba g
Cetinje
L Szeged im
Spuž
Tisa
áv
et a
A d r i a t i c
z
Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a
B. Kos t New Nov i
S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a Plit vic ka - Jez era
Perasto
Dr
Ped ali
Todorovo
Ze ng g
Jas. Pala nka
S
Croatian Border
i he d
Lim
Dulcigno na Boja
Jas eno vac
s
Tara
MONTENEGRO
Risan
an
so
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat Pécs
Ustilonja
Kos tan jica
bi
Gyula
os
A
ul
Annexae
c
K őrö
Zi
Sza m m o k o s Vidin
Ko
RAGUSA
Szig etvá r
Gora
a
in Gl
er
a r n ica
Z
Topusko
Ka
a
Slavonian Border
Petrinja Hrastovica
om
W
a
S e b e s - K ö rö
ra
Partes
Tisa
ot
v iič n a He b i s en j i cr zp e g o Niks
Siklós
Glina
Ta
K
Dr
Bovic
Ceh
a
(S
k
Kapos
Babócsa
sk
padna
m Uva
vo
Tr
Csurgó
tje
av
ar
po
Bocc
Stenicnjak
Csepe l Isl.
Y
Mehadia
Latorca MunkácsAdakale Orsova Szörényvár Dun
Ib
Kle
Po
ulp
Budački
Za
a
t
Metkovic
T
A
Hatvan
Li
R
g
Golubac
a K o l u b a rEger
Buják
in
Su
a
O
R
C
No vig rad
Klobuk
Tr
a
Egerszeg Kapornak Vrgorac
Dráva
Sava
up a
Z s i tv n a a
Vasvár Duare Sümeg
s s a Egervár
Bo
na Du Smederevo
o dr
Tisa
Hollókő
Pest
a
V eszp rém
Berzence
C a r n i o l a
tria
Waa
on n a a
S ava
e
g
rch
Ma Ikervár
Kanizsa
Varasd
i Fehérvár
Neret
Gabela
Veldes (BRIXEN) Laack (FREISING)
Buda
y
Ljubuski eb Lake B ai zlaa t o n Kula Norin N
A
ur
r
)
M o r a v
i
I
n
Belgrade
a av
S
Szécsény
Vác
A
Zimony
Sajo
Visegrád Rák os r i v e r
a
g
n
ely
na
i Alm
u
G
Mitrovica
Dri
Körmend to Spala
Győr
ti
Raab
S
T
al
Ce
Rogosnizza Trau
a
ég
Nógrád
Párkány
e Karlóca
Titel ’S “ P R I N C I Versec P A L I T Y” H Ö K Ö L YSzalánkemén
na
Kőszeg Klis
M
c
Ráb
H
Sinj
t
t
ri
V rlik a
oly
Dr
Duna
va
A
Dráva
o nz so Gö rz & Gr ad išk a
Rép ce
Sebenico
St.Andrae
i n t h i a
s
Érsekújvár
s Bo
ma
(T
D
M
a n Jajca ub e
ar
Ip
s
y
Sca rdo na
r
Gurk
Lake Fertő
Vrana
Gy
ba
ur
t
Klicevac
Sava Srebrenica
Vr
Seckau Mu r
UM R G
D
su
N
Csa llók öz
o
Ancona
L
Biograd
U Komját
Leitha
Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica
Nadin
H
a
ns
Zara
Novigrad
nau
nj
A
S e a S En
Sta rig rad
Nona(Nin)
Bo
sna
D a nub
Bo
a
D
s ba
an
str
a h i r P Op aL t A N p r C a a t u Pr h
a
i
A u s t r i a
Do
B
s
Vienna
Gr
etva
ns
a
En
Un
nube D aBa g
Vr
rva
Q
be
t i c
Bih ac Kahlenberg
Plit vic ka - Jez era
Pétervárad
B. Gra d .
C
Mezősom lyó
Szepesvár
Lőcse
z
Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a
S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a
Lower-
Linz
un Tra
R A V I A O nka Ms. Pala
h ajica y
B. Kos ta New Nov i
Mo
U p p e r-
T ePed ali
er
Ze ng g
u a r n e r o
nu
)
yj
Todorovo
S
Da
Passau
i Icn n e
D
Croatian Border
BOHEMIA
Gulf of Volos
M
e
g
S
P
Kissamos Bay
Gramvousa
Northe
C
Crn
be
Danu
Arta
na
K
Cetinje
o
rop
Asp im
Spuž
o
P Bi ecsk st a ri ca
Pi n e i o s
Lake Scutari
ri
Sz
Gulf of Nauplia
ar
a
i n
a
b
l
o
is tr it
sa
P h t ilia
Passavâ k
ia Kelapha Al
Gulf of
rfu
Ca
Cape ios P i n e Matapan
l
D
Paxos Venice, Malta
Parga Arta
ley
E
u
M
Gulf of Orphani
Gulf of Kasandra
Saloniki
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Pinios (Salamvrias)
Cape Malia
A
Cerigo
Goumenitza
na
112
e
Lake Tachino
on
Gulf of
Laconia al ev
Corfu 11.7b - Situation 1686
p
ta
Monemvasia
p Meluna Pass em Porto T Kayio
Co
E
Corfu
t e s i o
o
Sr
a
Thessaloniki
Maina Butrinto
O
M
W
A
i
ares)
Eur
Lake Doiran
n
(V ard
Misthra
Zarnata Gulf Lake of Ostrovo Messenia
Koroni
o
d
m
e
ei
c
tas
Pylos Methoni
es
eka
aritsa
Gulf of Aegin
B Axios
Kanina
Kalamata
Lake Prespa
a
M
o a n t O t r
Bay of Valona
a
M
Lake Ochrid
R
T
Nauplia
ica
Gulf or
M Aegina
d
ln ga
r
o
T
St
rd
bi
m
of
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
Valona
M o
Saronic
h
s
Va
i t r a S t Saseno
o narea n t (E ub Du
l
R
Skopje
a
n
um
Se B a y o f Navarino ni Navarino ti
A pulia
O
ri
Durazzo k Sh
Otranto
io
e
a
Al p h e
r
o
n
D
S e a
p
r
Korinthos
Black
A d r i a t i c
11.7a - The Second Siege of Buda started in the middle of June 1686.
in
in
Dulcigno na Boja
na
o
Ath
um
tiv
M
Dr
An
Dr
Scutari
ari
Ca
r
Kalavryta
Castel Tornese
Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti
taro i Cat he d Budua
Bay of Spizz a
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
on m
es
m
(Serb. Patriarchate)
Mor
aca
L
Spuž
ti
g
a l k a n
je
et a
Pol
Bocc
Perasto
Whi t e D
ar C att
Zante
MONTENEGRO
Risan
B
Corinth
vo
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat
Z
a RAGUSA n d s
Lim
an
Iske
of
A c Pećh a i a
Tara
a
Gulf
so
v iič n a He b i s en j i cr z e g o Niks
al
e
Sp
Eu
va
Patras
a r n ica
At
Vidin
(B
Ko
Tr
om
Lamia
Salona a
Toplica
Rrhion
Gulf of Patras
k
vo
zn
ra
po
Ju
Mo
Kle
Po
N
L
A
ul
)
Metkovic
ra
o
Zi
Bre
etva
er
Ta
W
mok
ava
M o
Szörényvár
Gulf of
ar
Gabela
Orsova
v
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion Niš
Mesolon gi
ot
)M or
e
M
Gulf of Adakale Volos
Golubac
Ib
Cephalonia
I s l
Ceh
ka
c
an
Al u ta
arian
jes
bi
a
t Su
in
Ljubuski i za Kula Norin N
eb
Duna
A
a
n
o
x
ulg
na
Ithaca
Klobuk Vrgorac
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A
Uva
Dri
Alm
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m
a
Duare
Tr
SI e a a iss
Li
(S
S
t
on n a a
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ti
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va
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Spala
Neret
Ce
al
(Levkas)
E
S p erchei
padna
Szászszebes
a n h i t a r p a C
a
Za
ro
k ü llő y Kü
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Sinj
Klis
na Du Smederevo
ra
Ma
s
IAo n i a n T
na
s
Santa SantanMaura Maura
Sebenico
t
ri
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Rogosnizza Trau
Vonitza
( S a l a m v r i a s )s
Facsád
Mehadia
os am
K o lu b a
ba
Sca rdo na
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M
Vrana
Gulf of Arta
Bo
D
s
a
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s Preveza
Sa
i n i o sAnnexae PPartes
ley
Karánsebes
Versec
M o r a v
I o n i a n o
Nadin
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es
Belgrade
va
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Lugos
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B
Novigrad
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Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane Jajca
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Zimony
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Nona(Nin)
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val Lippa pe m e T
a
b
D a nub Bo
T
Csák
Óbecse
na B os
l
Vr
as
s
Meluna Pass
Pétervárad
Lake Tachino
Tisa
s
s
ç e rn a
Eszék
on
Annexae Thessaloniki
Ti
a
l
K
Du
na
Q
l
Ca
Bih ac
Ba g
áv
l
mos
Gulf of
Temesvár
Goumenitza
B. Gra d .
S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a
Maro
Te
z
S
Ze ng g
Zenta
Jas. Pala nka
Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a
B. Kos t New Nov i
t e -Kőr ö
Feh
Crn
Kos tan jica
Ped ali
ros Csanád
Jas eno vac
rfu
Corfu
Todorovo
Corfu
Ustilonja
ke
Arad
S u
Petrinja Hrastovica
Fe
Magyarkanizsa
Co
G
a lin
Ma
ina
Glina
Topusko
Dr
S u
Gora
Bovic
na
A I
K
P h t ilia
ak l i Gyula
Szeged
Mohács
Siklós
Butrinto
Stenicnjak
Pécs
t e s i o
Slavonian Border
ulp
Budački
Szig etvá r
s
sa
po
Partes
u tu
Annexae
mellék
ér
A
Plit vic ka - Jez era
e a
s
A
Tisa
R
C
Zara
sa
G a ra
a
Z s i tv
Kapos
Babócsa
T
Croatian Border
A
K őrö
a
Sza
S e b e s - K ö rö
Ti
Csurgó
a
O
up a
D
Ti
a
b
a
m
Ér
sa
C a r n i o l a
Tisa
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Berzence
Sava
i
n
h
Partes
Csepe l Isl.
Lake Balaton
Sr
Pr
t
g
n
s bb
Y
l
Lake Ostrovo
it
Dráva
S ava
u a r n e r o
Pest
Kanizsa
Varasd
o
Sümeg
Egervár
Egerszeg Kapornak
Ka
Laack (FREISING)
d
L aMunkács ke Doiran
t
P
n
Hatvan
tr
A
V eszp rém
e
Y Latorca
Eger
Buják
is
ur
Hollókő
c
W
M
Buda
y Fehérvár
Vasvár
a
Bay of Valona
Otranto Veldes (BRIXEN)
Körmend
Kanina
i
o a n t O t r
Dráva
ti
Szécsény
LNógrád ake PVác respa
Duna
a
M
ely
Bo
R
g
B
a
ni
ég
Visegrád Rák os r i v e r
r
a
g
n
t
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o dr
ares)
u
ly
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A
(V ard
Raab
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
No vig rad
Se
a
ma
Párkány
Győr
a
of
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Gulf of Volos
s
aros
Medgyes N a g
k y Kü
Partes Annexae Lippa
Ma
Facsád
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Lugos
es
Gulf of
Karánsebes
Lamia
ro
s
Szászszebes
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es m
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sa Ti
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va a A S Vidin Korinthos S a r o n i c G u l f
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Gulf of Kasandra
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Ustilonja
Cephalonia
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Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane
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B. Kos t New Nov i
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nj
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S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a
Ba g
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Berzence
I o n i a n Plit vic ka - Jez era
A
Petrinja Hrastovica
Todorovo Todorovo
Hatvan
Kő
po
str
a
Saloniki
Csepe l Isl.
Babócsa
Kapos
Petrinja Hrastovica
Gora
in Gl
Berzence
B
od
Poland stops paying tr C O M M 1684. the OttomansDin nie
Helen Zrinyi
g ro
Eger
Buják
Pest
S
Z e n gg
a lin GGlina a
Topusko
Croatian Border Ze ng g
Glina
Bovic
Vác
Cse pel Isl. C
R
ak
i Al
Kapos
Ka
R
Gora
Topusko
Stenicnjak
Hollókő
Nógrád
Buda
Fehérvár
V eszp rém
Szécsény
l
Border Croatian No vig rad C
Paxos Slavonian Border
T Bovic
Budački
ely
Visegrád Rák os r i v e r
y
Sajo
na
O
ly
t
Ca
up a
Ipo
t e s Csurgó i o r
Parga
Csurgó
I Ao n i a n ulp
ma
A
Goumenitza Slavonian Border Kanizsa Dráva
Sava
Stenicnjak
Budački
ar
Duna
Lake Balaton
rfu
C tria
gr a d
ur
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ulp
a
R
A
Egerszeg Kapornak
a
C a r n i
l a oO
Corfu Co
a
T
Laack (FREISING)
Sümeg
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i
n i o l a
up a
Vasvár
Corfu
Sava
S ava
Butrinto
a
g
n
P h t ilia
r Raab
Veldes (BRIXEN)
Z s i tv
i rva
Kőszeg
Körmend
St.Andrae
M
D Bag
n
a
b
rch Ráb
G
Lake B a l aton Dr ég
Párkány
Győr
Ikervár
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e
Kanizsa
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Varasd
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bb
s
En
Ma
l
ns
y
Gy
Érsekújvár e
Rép ce
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ub
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on
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Mur
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an
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i
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AM
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V es zp rém
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is
Bay of
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y
e
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a
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of Dráva
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M O R A V I A
ya
c
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E SM B O H e
THE
Lak e W N O R árid ROch bSaI L E
Kőszeg I A
m
r
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Da
I
)
Rép ce
Párkány
eka
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(V ard
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lia
BOHEMIA
e
Győr
N
L A N D S
nn
i mb
y
PASSAU
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ku
Sh
t
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ub
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S
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an
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unar
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oDr
s o Zrm T B oU v Duare Aegina Ju alat S pZvonigrad zn ac a a a a s s r Nadin (B i m Al Karin K o lu b a Gulf of Ae A l p h eforces from entering the city at the beginning Klobuk Nauplia C e h not prevent the Habsburg 11.8a - An Ottoman reliefI army arrived at Buda Vrgorac in the middle of August 1686, but it could of September. Eger Knin io ot ka Ljubuski Ostrovica jes s t eb Niš Su surrounding area was controlled by the Austrians. Biogradand Hatvan remained in Ottoman i za Ta A hands, but the Kula ra Norin N Vrana Gabela Toplica Gulf of r Metkovic K l e k Iske Po Sc ar do na cevac K po Nauplia om vo a r n i c a V rl ik a Tr B e Dri
na
ra
va
Bre
aca
Mor
a
i
es
o
p
ta
B
e
u
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Laconia
M
etva
d
er
o
Monemvasia
Porto Kayio
ka
Ma
O
h
Gulf of
R
a
er M bi a
k
a
K
(V ard
a
ares)
b
a
ca
l
of
Valona Kanina
m
Lake Ochrid
n
Sh
i
Axios
po
b um
ei
Cape Lake S Malia Cape Doiran r om a c e d o n i a vo M 11.8c - In the Morea, the Venetian advance with an attack on Methoni a r ncontinues, Lake o n and i c a Matapan Lake Tachino Tr Prespa campaigns from Koroni. Cerigo eb i s n Se Nik sič Tara jic Lake 113 a niti Ostrovo Lim
Po
m
etva
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lnic
c
rM a a i n a
Herzegovina
Saseno
T a
Re
r
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a
Ta
St
um
ot Kelapha
ga
in
k
tas
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ka
ar
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T
rd
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s tje
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LMisthra im Eur o Passavâ
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i t r a S t
A pulia
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na
E
11.8b - On 30 September 1686, the Ottomans also lose the Dalmatian town of Sinj.
Zarnata Gulf of Messenia
Dri
Gabela
Metkovic
a
O
n
t
N
Durazzo
n
ri
Kula Norin
Kalamata
D
Tr
A d r Vrgorac i a t Ljubuski i c e
Black
in
KlobukDulcigno na Boja
S e a
Pylos Methoni
Scutari
ri
Z
je
B a y o f Navarino Dr Navarino in
ari
za
P Bi ecsk st a ri ca
Pol
An
(Serb. Patriarchate)
i
Lake Scutari
tiv
Peć
im
Whi t e D
Neret
Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti
Bay of Spizz a
bi
vo
Cetinje
L
Spuž
o
a l a pka dan an
so
Spuž
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a
M
A
iss
Duare
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va
I
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on n a a
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Z
to Spala
Perasto
C at a r o i Cat he d Budua Bocc
ti
T
al
S
Rogosnizza Trau
r tta
Tara
MONTENEGRO
Risan
ri
Mo
Ko
s
Kli s
RAGUSA
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat
)
ar
ba
Sinj Ce
A
a
D
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n
v iič n a Hb i s en j i cr z e g o Niks
Sebenico
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a
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er
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M
na
s
a
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va
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ti
nj
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on n a a
LThessaloniki im
Gulf of Orphani
Peć
(Serb. Patriarch
a
A
g m
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sa
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z
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Un
Sava Srebrenica
t
a
e Karlóca
Zimony
S
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Sz Szörényvár
v
W
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mok
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tje
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a
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c
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aca
(Serb. Patriarchate)
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r
a
T
d
lnic
Va rd ar
ri n
o
i
Durazzo ku
mb
i
a b
e
d
o
Lake Doiran
n
Lake Ostrovo
ti
Valona
i
Sr
a
on
m
ni
Thessaloniki
l
Kanina
W
O
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
Se
a
of
Saseno
114
m
A pulia
c
(V ard
Lake Prespa
a
ei
M
eka
ares)
i t r a S t
Lake Ochrid
R
p
ta
B Axios
Sh
n
S e a
a
M
es
M o
Marits
O
o
ga
a l k a n
h
T
Skopje
St
r
R
O
D
A d r i a t i c
Black
in
Dulcigno na Boja
n
a
tiv
ari
ri
in
Dr
An
Dr
Scutari
um
Bay of Spizz a
va
ro
C a aro Catt e di Budua occh
im
Spuž
je
Cetinje
Peć
Pol
et a
L
Whi t e D
B
Perasto
Z
tta
Lim
MONTENEGRO
Risan
B
vo
Tara
a
RAGUSA
Iske
ra
a r n ica
v iič n a He b i s en j i cr z e g o Niks
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat
Niš
so
Tr
om
narea
(B
Ko
vo
a
Toplica
k K
zn
Mo
po
Vidin
Du
ava
ot
ra
L
A
ul
)
Kle
Po
)M or
ar
Gabela
Metkovic
an
Ib
t
Ta
bi
arian
Su
er
a
Ljubuski i za Kula Norin N
eb
(S
in
Vrgorac
Ceh
Zi
ulg
na
Klobuk
M o
Adakale
Bre
Duare
er
a
apadna
m
Dri
ss lmi
Tr
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a
a
ti
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va
S
to
a a
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n
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Ol
Neret
Ce
I
ra
Z
Rogosnizza Trau 11.9 - After the Habsburg armies hada taken Buda, they continued south towards Mohács. lo n n
Spala
Duna
na s
n
Sinj
S
M o r a v
Klis
T
Du Smederevo
a av
s
A
Szászszebes
a n h i t a r p a C Mehadia
na
V rlik a
Sebenico
s
Karánsebes
na
ba
Sca rdo na
M
Bo
Vr
Vrana
Belgrade
ri
Biograd
es
Versec
Titel Szalánkemén
ro
Lugos
Mezősom lyó
D
s
a
L
Klicevac
Nadin
o
Zara
Jajca
Bé ga
Mitrovica
Dr
B
A
Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica
Ma
Facsád
t
na B os
su
Sta rig rad
Novigrad
em
k ü llő y Kü
Ol
V
rb
as
Bo
Medgyes N a g
es
Pétervárad
B. Gra d .
nj
e a
Nona(Nin)
T
Becskerek
Jas. Pala nka
s
Lippa
Csák
Óbecse
Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a
B. Kos t New Nov i
Bih ac
Ba g
a
- Köro
aros
Partes Annexae
a
Q
áv
T r a n s y l v
s
s
Temesvár
Jas eno vac
S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a Plit vic ka - Jez era
Maro
Csanád
Crn
Ze ng g
Zenta
Feh
Ustilonja
Kos tan jica Ped ali
Todorovo
t e -Kőr ö
Arad
ros
S
G
Petrinja Hrastovica
a
lin
ke
m
Glina
Topusko
Ma
s
M
Te
Budački
Fe
Magyarkanizsa
ina
K
Dr Gora
Bovic
Mohács
Siklós
ulp
Stenicnjak
s am o
s
Szeged
Ti
A Slavonian Border
I
K
A
Saxon Annexae
mellék
ér
Pécs
s
Tisa
R
C
Szig etvá r
T
Croatian Border
D
sa
G a ra po
a
O
up a
u a r n e r o
Ka
Kapos
Babócsa
Sava
mos
Partes Csepe l Isl.
K őrö
l
Annexae Sza
S e b e s - K ö rö
Berzence
C a r n i o l a
No vig rad
Hatvan
Lake Balaton
u tu
Tisa
Nagyvárad
Csurgó
Pr
h
Munkács
Eger
Buják
ç e rn a
i
Dráva
Varasd
t
Tisa
Hollókő
Gyula
S ava
Y
Partes
Sümeg
ur
P
a
Helen Zrinyi
Latorca
Szécsény
Kanizsa
Laack (FREISING)
R
g
Pest
be
r
Vasvár
ely
Vác
Buda
y
V eszp rém
Egerszeg Kapornak
Veldes (BRIXEN)
ia
r
a
g
n
Fehérvár
Egervár
M
& ka
u
ég
Nógrád
Duna
Bo
Sajo
Visegrád Rák os r i v e r
Ikervár
Raab
Dráva
a
t
Danu
Kőszeg
St.Andrae
n t h i a
H
ly
Dr
Párkány
Győr Ráb
y Körmend
Gurk
e
Rép ce
t
Ipo
Érsekújvár
ub
ma
na
ur
an
ar
o dr
p
n
Seckau Mu r
RG
Gy
Csa llók öz
Lake Fertő
S
A
P O L A N D
r
a
Leitha
ns
g Komját
D
En
an
G
str
a
i
nau
C
Szepesvár
Lőcse
N
a
bb
Y
Do
U
Z s i tv
Vienna
A u s t r i a
H
rva
e
s
En
ns
Danub
Waa
Kahlenberg
Poland stops paying tribu C O M M O 1684. the OttomansDin nie
Késmárk
Tatra mountains Gr
Ma
be n
M O R A V I A
ya
rch
nu
Lower-
Linz u Tra
ha
Vá
T e
Mo
Da
U p p e r-
yj
Vah
Ti
D
BOHEMIA
ssau
E M B O H
THE
n
OF
N
I A
Z I
Sa
L A N D S
SAU
O WS I LNE C R
Lake Tachino
Gulf of Orphani
e
u
a
M
Bre
A
a
Crn
a
sa Ti
on
G a ra
m
Waa
a
Z s i tv
m
b
be
Danu
sa
na Du
Ti
es m
o
S
Ol
r
zn
a
Korinthos
(B
e
Toplica
Kalamata n
Niš
Saronic
a
Aegina Gulf of Aegina
Nauplia
Iske
B
Gulf of Nauplia
o
St
a l k a n
a
Monemvasia
ar
Gulf of
n
Laconia
a
Maina
i
a
n
ka
Porto Kayio
Cape cMatapan e d
n
(V ard
o Cerigo
Cape
i
a
on
a
b
a
Lake Ostrovo
ti
Thessaloniki
O
W
I
Kanina
l
of
Valona
ares)
m
D
Se
Ma
p
ta
e
u
Lake Sr D o i rMalia an
m
a
Re
o
B ei
M
M
O
M
es
Axios
i t r a S t
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
d
rd
Kelapha
T
o
lnic
h
ga
a
Passavâ
r
um
T
O Koroni
Lake Ochrid
Ca S
r
R
Eur
Zarnata Gulf of M e s s e n i a Skopje
bi
ni
Gulf or
Misthra
ri
E
m ku
os
nar
Bre
ri
ip
Vidin
11.10b - The Ottomans gradually lose more and more of the Morea to the Venetians. Saseno
A
N
ç e rn a
C o r i n tmho k Ti
Ju
Lake Prespa
115
o
x
a
Du Athens
Crn
etva
er
Szászszebes
Kalavryta
D
M
Durazzo Sh
A pulia
of
Va
Black
A d r i a t i c S e a
Dr B a y o f Navarino in Scutari Navarino Pylos Methoni in
Dulcigno na Boja
M
s
Eur
tas
ari
ro
k y Kü
t
rop Asp
Dr aca
Mor
P Bi ecsk st a ri ca
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A
iv nt
ava
s
(Serb. Patriarchate)
Spuž
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Bay of Spizz a
g
aros
t
im
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Lake Scutari
M
M i aS pn o r a h t N pa Gulf of r e a g Lamia AC r ta la o nt p i C Mehadia o an n Adakale al t e Orsova (E Szörényvár ub o W Ziul A Lia
va
ro
C a aro Catt e di Budua occh
Gulf of Volos
Ma
je
Cetinje
e
Blasendorf Medgyes N a g
Pol
et a
Lugos
vo
Perasto
io
Peć
Whi t e D
tta
B
MONTENEGRO
Risan
Z
RAGUSA
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat
Lim
L
s
Facsád
so
Tara
a
- Köro
ra
a r n ica
v iič n a Hi s en j i cr z e g o Niks
T r a n s y l
A
Mo
om
eb
(Salamvrias)
ös
)
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o
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o
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k Tr
a
Ko
ov
an
Gulf
arian
op
ra
av
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ar
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Salona Dun
Ib
Gabela
bi
M
ot
a
t
Ta
s
Karánsebes
ulg
Ceh
a
Gulf of os K a s a n d r aa m
Annexae Saloniki
Ol
na
sk
es
Versec
Rrhion
Pi n e i o s
in
tje
G u l f So fa t xh eo Hagion O
Partes Annexae
Bé ga
S p e r c h e iMezősom lyó o
Te
l
na
ri
Su
-Kőr
E
s
M o r a v
D
Ljubuski i za Kula Norin N
eb
Metkovic
11.10a - Situation 1687
a
Tornese Castel Uva c
na
Vrgorac
Fe
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
er
Dri
Klobuk
em
na Du Smederevo
a
Patras
m
a
Zante
Duare
T
AZ a pca d n ah( S a i a Li
Annexae
Pinios
ley
Belgrade
Gulf of Patras
Neret
Gulf of Orphani
Tisa
mos
Lippa
Titel Szalánkemén
Mesolon gi K o lu b a r
a n id s Tr
A
a
mos
v Sa
Ithaca
va
A
ss lmi
Maro
Csák
Zimony
s
to
Tisa
mellék
te ke
Mitrovica
ba
I
t
Vr
Spala
on n a a
Partes
u
Sz
g Vá
i
a
S u
Sava Srebrenica
ti
al
S
T
I s l Ce
Rogosnizza Trau
su
ta
e Karlóca
val
pe
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Temesvár
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Pr
h
Munkács
Partes Gulf of
Feh
1686
Pétervárad
n
Sinj
Klis
Pin
ros
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ina
K
g
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l
A I
K
n
rch
s
bb
Y
Mo
ns
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Bo
s
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(1st)
Gulf of Arta
Cephalonia
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A
Bo
Tem
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na B os
Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)
s
Magyarkanizsa
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o
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a
Preveza
B
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Szeged
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on
i
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a
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ak
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o
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Ze ng g
Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane
Ustilonja
áv
p
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ér
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lin
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Y
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Petrinja Hrastovica
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l
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G
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Croatian Border
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po
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ilia
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g
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i
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r
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up a
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e
n
ar
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e
ti
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a
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it
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i
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o nz so Gö rz & Gr ad išk a
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e
r
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c
tr
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Bay of Valona
y
a
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Lake Prespa
is
t
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an
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Cape Glossa or Linguetta
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KINGDOM of RG U Mur NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
Lake Fertő
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Lake Ochr id
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a
of S
H
Leitha
A pulia ns
nau
RLőcse
ares)
Do
m
bi
eka
ei
Vienna
ku
Sh
Tatra mountains
ta
Poland stops paying tr C O M M 1684. the OttomansDin nie
Késmárk
(V ard
e
A u s t r i a
En
ya
m
i t r a S t
Kahlenberg
Danub
M O R A V I A
p
B
n
be un
ha
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nu Tra
es
Sa
e
o
ar
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Lower-
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g
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rd
Da
n In
)
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a
ic aln
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n
D
BOHEMIA
U p p e r-
N
I A
E M B O H
OF THE Durazzo
L A N D S
Passau
O WS I LNE C R
ri
S e a
D
d r i a t i c
T
Skopje
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Black
in
Dulcigno na Boja
PASSAU
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r
iva
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t An
ma
of Spi zza
Lake Tachino
Gulf of Orphani
S
m
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t
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v
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n
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on m
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l
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sa
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o n t e (E ub oia ) Eur
Saronic
Gulf of Gulf of N a u p l i aK a s a n d r a
(Salamvrias) Kalamata Misthra
Koroni
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ip
os
Athens
n
t
Passavâ
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na
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o f Kayio G u l f Porto CapeV o l o s
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Bay
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Myconos
I
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al
Asp
an
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ti
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na
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I
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Northern
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Gramvousa
r
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Sphakiotes
al
N
Korinthos
o
os
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Castel Tornese
M
A
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Pi n e i o s
ip
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Suda Bay
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Gulf or
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Athens
N
Gulf of Petalia
Heraklion
Rhetymno
C
a n d s
of
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Chania eo
I s l
R
Eur
Gulf of Chania
a
e
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of
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Naxos Besika Bay
n
a
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Mesolongi
Patras
Gu
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g
Cape Malia
N
s Gulf of
A c h a i a
ts
a
e
s.
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A
Delos
M
Gulf of
Kelapha
Salona
116
S
Cape Sounion
Monemvasia
Cerigo
Rrhion
I
ri
C h i o s
p I o n i a 11.11b o T n - On 22 July 1687, the Venetians n took Patras, as wel as the strongholds of Rion, t e (E ub E Antirihon, and Lepanto. On 28 September, a Venetian army besieged bombarded oand Lepanto=Naupaktos i a) Ithaca S e a =Antirrhion Athens, leading the Ottoman garrisonRto capitulate. Cephalonia Gulf Gulf of Patras
g
l
Gulf of Petalia
Gulf or
Gulf of Aegina Gulf of the Hagion Oros
e
A
o
o
o
l
M
M
Pinios
Zarnata Gulf of Messenia
rop
p
Besika Bay
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tas
rfu
Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)
v a ll
u
a
n
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S
•••
it
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Vonitza
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a
e
Gulf of
Tem
na
o
Gulf of Orphani
Nauplia
s
E S p erchei
Ca
r
P
of
Matapan
mos
tra
al
tr
io
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ta
Jan
an
is
r
o
Al p h e
Meluna Pass
Gulf of Arta
s.
N e s to s
on
Korinthos
M
ti
a
Sporades
Lake Tachino
Thessaloniki
Castel Tornese
B a y o f Navarino Navarino Pylos os e i Methoni
Preveza
an
a
Northern
e
ta
e
Corinth
Kalavryta
Pi n e i o s
Goumenitza
Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane
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v
t
C
ares)
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m
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BN e g
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a
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ts
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M
d
o
o n i Lepanto=Naupaktos
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Gulf of Volos
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d
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o
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Gulf of the Hagion Oros
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s M o u n t a i n
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Saloniki
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l
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ta
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Gulf of Orphani
Gulf of Kasandra
R
S t e m p e v a ll Tr
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Gulf of Patras
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Bay of Valona
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Cape Glossa or Linguetta
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Vonitza
Lake Ochrid
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Valona
B
ares)
it
rfu
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KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
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tr
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ri
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ni
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ia
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Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane
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bi
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P h t ilia
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Saloniki
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Bay of Spizza
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Žabljak Upper Pulati
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P Bi ecsk st a ri ca
Whi t e D
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Bay of Valona
tra
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ka
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KINGDOM of et Perasto a Spuž NAPLES S p u ž Cetinje Otranto (Span. Bourbon)
Peć Kanina
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om
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Niš 11.11a - At the Second Battle of Mohács A(or Battle of ’Nagyharsány’) on 12 August 1687 the Ottomans suffer another defeat. In its aftermath, the Ottoman armyS r disintegrated and the M a c e d o n i a o Lake Toplica n Habsburgs seized Pétervárad, Palota, and Eger. Large areas of Slavonia and Transylvania came under Habsburg control. Tachino lek er Vrgorac
ka
S
Szászszebes
Iske
Va
va
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Ar
ulg
Durazzo
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n
ra
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Karánsebes
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Perasto
Adakale Szörényvár
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v
Lugos
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Hotin
Partes Annexae
Versec
a u n Peć
M
K ü k ü llő gy
a n h i a t p r C a
Lippa
Mezősomly ó
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Annexae
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Mitrovica K
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Magyarkanizsa
ri
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Partes
l
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Annexae
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O
(A N D
T r a n s y l v a n i a
s
s
Temesvár
tu ru
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Partes
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i
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1687
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S aP x oon d
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Annexae
Helen Zrinyi
Latorca
(1st)
s
Kost anji ca Peda li
Todorovo
Plit vick a - Jeze ra
Ka
a
in
S
Gl
Dr
Sinj
Klis
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Ustilonja
1687
na
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Petrinja Hrastovica
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B os
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Mohács
ba
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Partes Annexae
M a r oMezősomlyó s
Z ( Sa n h i erbia n) a t p Mo r ra va C a
m
vina He b i s en j i cr z e g o Niksič
(2nd)
Peć
im
Spuž
Ustilonja
)M or
ka jes ut SOrsova
K
Pol
Topusko
Croatian Border
Cetinje
o ar C attatr o i Cat Budua che d Jas B o ceno vac Jas. Pala nka
L
T
aros
Zimony
Uva
Mehadia
Maros
Dnjester
th
Pru
s
Temesvár
Csák
apadna
a
Tr
vo
Petrinja Hrastovica
Lim
Whi t e D
Glina
et a
Saxon
A
M
Sajo
Ma
Li
so
Gora
Bovic
Perasto
Z
Stenicnjak
Plit vic ka - Jez era
Tara
MONTENEGRO
Risan
an
Ko
a
RAGUSA
Maro
m os
e Karlóca
Mitrovica
Hatvan
AMohács d r i a t i c
Siklós
a r n ica
a
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat
Ze ng g
om
vina He b i s en j i cr z e g o Niksič
Feh
Titel T r a n Szalánkemén s y l v a Versec n i a
Partes Annexae
vo
ar
Tr
ulp
Budački
K
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po
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Babócsa
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Lugos Buják
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Duna
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su
Hollókő
Vác Bé ga
em
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Ceh
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Gabela
Metkovic K le k Slavonian Border Po
a C 11.12a - Situation 1688 in Gl
No vig rad
Su
s t je
(S
po
in
Ljubuski eb i za Kula Norin N
padna
Kapos Uva
a
Klobuk Vrgorac
A
m
a
Berzence
Sava
O
Csurgó
1686
Pétervárad
Facsád
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat
Ka
a iss
C a r n i o l a up a
i
Duare
A
R
Za Li
Lippa
a RAGUSA
D r in
Alm
Dráva
Varasd
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I
to
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s
Csepe l Isl.
SmederevoGabela
na
s
Spala
ti
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S
Trau
T
S ava
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ck (FREISING) Rogosnizza
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Kanizsa
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ri
V rlika
A
Zimony
Sa
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ly
Visegrád
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Scar don a
M Veldes (BRIXEN)
A
ge
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Temesvár
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Titel Szalánkemén
Mitrovica a
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Sava Srebrenica -
n RákMezősomlyó os r i v e r Buda Pest Neret i Versec
Metkovic
Egerszeg Kapornak
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lo
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nj
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Biograd
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Kami eniec Podo lski
aS e b e s - K ö r ö s
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Becskerek
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s
Jajca
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Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica
Klis
to
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Saxon
L I TAnnexae H U A N I A)
tu l
Csanád
s
Feh
Maro
ba
Novigrad
Dráva Nadin
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t
ly
Csák
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Star igra d
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i
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Raab
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Szepesvár
Annexae
S e b e s - K ö rö
Arad D
Párkány
Tr
B
St.Andrae
Ipo
Becskerek
D a nub
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sD u n a
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Spala
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Vasvár
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1686
(1st)
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ti
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o
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y
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(2nd)
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(2nd) Z r m a
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1687
Novigrad
an
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1687
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o
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Partes Tatra mountains
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B
a
in
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Lake FZara ertő
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s
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in
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Ba g
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Vienna
Dr
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Petrinja Hrastovica
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Sziget vár
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Budački
po
Szige tvár
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P
a
p oTisa s
Kapos
Babócsa Hatvan
Slavonian Border
p
Munkács
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Eger
Buják
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r
Partes
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t
A
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nj
T
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Stenicnjak Budački
Croatian Border Zen gg
ulp
a
O
up a
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A
O WS I LNE D r á v aR C
Varasd
Croatian Border
Kahlenberg
Vienna Berzence
T SAN MARINO
Tuscany
C S
Lake Balaton
R
C
Nov igra d
Slavonian Border
Sava
C a r n i o l a
Nov igra d
Sümeg
Csurgó
At rd ir a i a t i c
A u s
ns
Kanizsa
Dráva
Varasd
ely
Nógrád
a
mos
O F
str
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p A V I A h a Fehérvár M OA Ru lCsepel Isl. V eszpré m y a up a O
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be S ava
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ly
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of T rieste
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Csepel Isl.
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Annexae
Poland stops paying tribute C O M M O N W E A L T H 1684. the OttomansDin nie
Pest
i
e
e
St.Andrae
i a
Ráb
r
Gurk
s Aquileja Trieste
Körmend
M
Hatvan
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av
BOHEMIA Adig
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I A Visegrád Rákos r i v e r M Buda S a v a E an r O H u Cn a g r B THE l a i yo H T
Gulf
n
ub
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an
rz & Gr ad išk a
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Dráva
Veldes (BRIXEN) Komját
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Ferma
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S
H
Visegrád Ráko s r i v e r
l
u tu
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Eger
Buják
Sümeg
Egervár
a
nau
an
Fehérvár
Tisa
Hollókő
Vác
Buda
y
Partes
Szécsény
Nógrád
Párkány
Duna
V eszpr ém
Vasvár
r RG aab
St.Andrae
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a
g
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Szepesvár
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a
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Vienna
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Vienna
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Kahlenberg
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C a r i n t h i a
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ha
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Lower-
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Latorca
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p
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et a
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os
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Me Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti e n d e r e sAthens G u l f o f L aM ke P e tDa l i a Korinthos S a rSoc untiacr i G u l f rin orScutari Bay of Spizz a i r a Aegina v ti An Gulf of Aegina Cape Nauplia Sounion Dulcigno a n Boja Gulf of al
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e
a
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in
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Gulf of Durazzo
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Gulf of
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a
MONTENEGRO
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of
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A N A T O L
RAGUSA
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat Gulf Rrhion
e Karlóca
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
in
a
M
Pétervárad
i
iğ i r l
tas
Santorini
iz
168
(1st)
ri
na
Ged
u
Mitrovica Gulf of Orphani
e
g At r a K lan o m ti a r nC iac a na l Niks ič
Lamia
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e
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M N
Cerigo
Cerigo
Ka
um
Axios
va
t
Gulf of
B
o
K o lu b a r
E Ea
Kelapha
118
Bo Ma rm ara s u t
Gulf of Kasandra
s
Monemvasia
E
E
Cape Matapan
Kle
O
M a r
Li
tje
Marits
Tachino m Doa nr uab
o f
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sna
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Kalavryta
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M
Büy ük Çek mec e Lake Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
on
(Salamvrias)
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M Myconos
M
M
Porto Kayio
Sr
a
H ej i cr z e g o v i n a
Pi n e i o s
Tenos
11.14b - Situation 1689
S
ConstantinopleÓb
Pinios
ey
Castel Tornese
Zante
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
Maina
Hatvan
Pest
B
Eszék
ba
Gulf of
Gabela
Metkovic
Delos
Laconia
narea
Buják
es
i
A cB ahy oaf Cih a
a n d Andros s
o
Vác
A
esmé
Cape Sounion
s
Gulf of Volos
Tr
Kelapha
mos
Naxos
Passavâ
Vr
Koroni
ar
Pylos Methoni
Zarnata Gulf of Messenia
ta
Patras
tas
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
pe
Ljubuski S i za p e r c h e io Kula Norin N
o s C h iMesolongi
Misthra
Eur
rd
a
Vonitza
Gulf of Nauplia
Kalamata
va
Va
s
Gulf of Aegina
a
n
eb
Gulf of Patras
Aegina Nauplia
ra
sa
Gulf or
Mo
it
a
Saronic
áv
i
Klobuk Vrgorac
Gulf of Arta
e
Tem
l val
bi Salona sn
Gulf of Petalia
Du
Hollókő
Csepe l Isl.
Srebrenica
R
Duare
a Arta iss Alm
Cephalonia
I s l
Szécsény
Nógrád
Thessaloniki Sava
e r e ti d G u l f o f E d Nr e m
on n a a
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Athens
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tr
r
S
o
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of
Korinthos
io
A
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ato
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al
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M
Spal
Preveza
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ely
1687
ios
Pine
Sinj
Klis
I
S
ég
Mohács
Lake Doiran
n
Bo
Meluna Pass
Besika Bay
ti
l
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Pi n e i o s
Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane
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t
a l k a n
A Gulf of Jajca a r d a n e l l e s Saloniki D s o B
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o
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na
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Gallipoli
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I op o nn i a n t
Ca
s
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is
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Gulf of Saros
t e s i o
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o
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diš ka
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P
thern N o r Paxos
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po
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Szig etvá r a lnic
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an
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I o n i a n g
v B.D ubi ca a
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Patras
a n d s
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az c e Dub . á Gra
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S
an
A
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B l a c k
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Ce
al
a
P h t ilia
ma
Visegrád Rák os r i v e r
Siklós
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B. Kos t L a kNov e New i
Todorovo
Vrana
Butrinto
Corfu
S e a
Gulf
Rrhion
Corfu
Me
Sporades
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Gulf of Patras
g
ga
Adrianople
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B
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Klicevac
ar
r Iske
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Berzence
a
At
Salona
Ithaca
I s l
Lamia
Nadin
Biograd
M N
Ustilonja
Kos tan jica
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S e a
Gulf of
M
a lin GLake Ochrid Ped ali
nj
o n i a n
mos
Zara
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Gulf of Burgas
Kapos
Babócsa
Un
Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)
ta
o
je
Glina
Topusko
Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica
l
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rg
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s
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Gulf of Kasandra
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vo
mb
Ca
na
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D
Gulf of the Oros H a g i o n Nona(Nin)
(Salamvrias)
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ri ts a Slavonian A r d a Border
Petrinja Hrastovica
rfu
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E
a
Skopje
Co
rfu
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Goumenitza
Paxos
pe
Pinios
ey
arian
so
a
ku
ia n
Párkány
Fehérvár
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Tra
Duna
V eszp rém
Egervár
Gora
m
Tem
l val
Ancona
i
o a n t O t r
Co
Pine
Ao s
Saloniki
A
Bay of Valona
r
a
g
n
eo
L
A G ra n
ul
Ciprovci
E rgene
Bovic
N e s to s
of
Meluna Pass
T
Corfu
Corfu
S
P h t ilia
t e s i o
KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span.G u l f o f Bourbon)
u
S t. G
Tatra mountains
(2nd)
Stenicnjak
Ba g Kanina
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
a
Tu Egerszeg n Kapornak dža
Plit vic ka - Jez era i
Gulf of phani O rValona
H
Vasvár
Dráva
Varasd
O n t s.
m
a
A
li
ak
SAN MARINO
Tuscany Butrinto
ThessalonikiSaseno
A d r i a t i c
ts
A
A pulia
Ostrovo Ravenna
ei
Bay of Valona
Kanina
i t r a S t
ossa uetta
ares)
a
i
Valona
(V ard
i tr P A P A W i sL
m
aseno
e
ulg
Ko
Sh
ub
ulp
Budački
Zi
V a l l um
Érsekújvár
a
R
Vidin
n
M
up a
C
No vig rad
Sr
n
l T
A
W
Komját
Niš
Ráb
ur
M
Branch
Vah
U
Győr
Ikervár
Sava
ri
Istria
Toplica
Branch
lia
Kanizsa
Border Croatian 11.13 - Events 1688-1689 - On 23 September 11.14a - Situation 1689 i a o (but Lake M a1689,c Nišewaso df taken o by nthe Austrians n a k e the Ottomans); on 13 October, the Habsburg forces abandoned again the next yearLPto Tachino Ze ng g respa L a k but e took Vidin. The Austrians continued south, an Ottoman forced the V e counter-attack n Comacc Se Se i c e hio Austrians back ntoi t Niš. Lake ni Bih ac t Lake Ochrid
tra
an
n
Alu t
Ol
M o r a v
ar Whi t e D
B
Adakale
Csa llók öz
Lake Fertő zn a (B
Körmend
M Og
D
u
Durazzo
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11.15 - Situation 1689
v Sa
Vr
Sca rdo na
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E
s
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Bo
x
a
Alt
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i a n t h a r p C a
Partes Annexae
D
Biograd
Jajca
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Ancona
Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica
a
L
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s
n
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e Karlóca
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Bay of Chesmé
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g
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Castel Tornese
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11.16b - Events 1690. The town of Monemvasia was the last Ottoman stronghold to surrender to the Venetians. After a fourteen months’ siege, the town was taken in August 1690.
T
u
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
e
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be
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ares) Gulf of
l
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Porto Kayio
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a
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p
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k
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tra
a
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on
(V ard
ia
na Gulf of Arta
Monemvasia
a
R
s M o u n t a i n
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Cape Sounion
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n
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Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane
e
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os
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Gulf of Aegina
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Niš
a c M Athens
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M Gallipoli i llk
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p
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KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
in
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A pulia
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A
ul
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(B
ri
Corinth Durazzo
11.16a - In Kosovo and Bosnia various uprisings occur in the 1689-1690. Tornese Castel Zante
a
D
of
S e a Kalavryta
Pi n e i o s
an
r
Black
Dulcigno na Boja
A d r i a tG ui l f c Rrhion
A c h a i a
al
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Scutari
ri
g
P Bi ecsk st a ri ca
in
Lepanto=Naupaktos A n =Antirrhion
Patras
At
Lake Scutari
a tiv
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Belgrade
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Spala
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Annexae
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1687
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St 11.18 S- pIno 1690, the stronghold of Adakale, recently conquered by the Habsburgs, was taken a r Marits rades back by the Ottomans. For several more years it would remain contested. S e a Skopje
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Partes Annexae
Temesvár Óbecse
Butrinto
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Nona(Nin)
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Eszék
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Csanád
(1st)
Dub . á v Gra dišk a B.Du bica a
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Slavonian Border
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A pulia
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Axios
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Dnjester a l t jic tu l e a ru Danub k P Hotin g a n h Szabács. The Austrians o s Peć B 11.19 - In 1690, the Ottomans reconquered Belgrade, which had been lost toL i m the Habsburgs two years earlier, severalMunkács other cities, including d r as well Latorca Vienna M o u n t a i nretreatedhT u n ž a RAGUSA Bo P Sajo Do Gy MONTENEGRO Bi ecsk nau d ar e Cavtat (Dubrovnik) Risan rut st a ma Komját through Transylvania, bringing it entirely under their control. P D ri A u s t r i a S ptu ž r é Cetinje Partes ca ge Szécsény Leitha Kahlenberg
Linz
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Titel Szalánkemén
Alt
Al u ta
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e Karlóca
x
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V
rb
su
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S
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Kost anji ca Peda li
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Csák
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Partes Annexae
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1686
Eszék
Blasendorf Medgyes N a g
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lin
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Petrinja Hrastovica
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C
Klicevac
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Berzence
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Pest
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Annexae
Csepel Isl.
B
Hotin
Pr
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Dnjester
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Tisa
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Buják
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Belgrade
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A
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s
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Szászszebes
a n h i t a r p a C
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Zimony
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Mitrovica
Sa
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Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)
aros
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Mezősom lyó
m
D a nub Bo
T r a n s y l v a n
s VranaAustrian and Ottoman armies fought the Battle of Szalánkemén on 19 August 1691. Once again, the Ottomans lost. 11.21b - The
Biograd
s am o
Ma
s
s
Temesvár Óbecse
nj
Nadin
Saxon
Lippa
Becskerek
Jajca
t e -Kőr ö
Feh
Maro
Csanád
Pétervárad
Sava Srebrenica
Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica
mos
Annexae
mellék
1686
Eszék
na B os
ke
Arad
ros
(1st)
B. Gra d .
b
Troö dos Mnt s.
M
Magyarkanizsa
Zenta (1st)
Sta rig rad
Novigrad
Ma
sa Ti
Du 1687
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a
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Fe
Szeged
Jas. Pala nka
Un
Ba g
s
Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a
as
l
Famagusta
Partes
Jas eno vac
Vr
Nicosia
Partes C y p r u s
u tu
Ol
Bih ac
Plit vic ka - Jez era
Munkács
Pr
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Annexae
Te
K
S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a
t
Vienna
Sza
Csepe l Isl.
ina
B. Kos t New Nov i
Kasos
Cape Sideros
Latorca
Tisa
Ustilonja
Kos tan jica Ped ali
Todorovo
Helen Zrinyi
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S
G
a lin
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Y
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A I
K
Gora
Petrinja Hrastovica
Rhodes
E Eger A
Hatvan
Mohács
Siklós
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of y B a e llo b
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E stops SPoland AC paying tribute O M M O N
(Karpathos)
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T
Budački
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A N A T O L I A
Maina
hesmé B a y o f CPorto Kayio
Gulf of Chania
ar ia f S am
R
Leitha
Komját
Myconos
Monemvasia
Gulf of
Laconia
Cape Sounion
eo
R
nau
Kissamos Bay
Gramvousa
a
Y
Do
Ikaria
Tenos
Cape Sounion
W Vah 1684. the OttomansDin nies Kaste Tatra mountains t Szepesvár Rhodes (Meg Lőcse 11.21a - On 6 December 1691, the commander of Gramvousa C (Grambusa) surrundered to r a the Ottomans for a generous bribe. Only Suda remained in Venetian hands. r P O L A N D an Gr p e t e r C f o S e a P o Scarpanto
Cape Malia
U
Z s i tv
bb
s
En
Vienna
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rv Mo a
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un
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be
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Gulf of Smyrna
o
Santorini Késmárk
Cerigo
ya
Aegina
Gulf of Aegina
ar ia f S am
I
nu
T
Kahlenberg
Linz
ha
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Gulf of Petalia
eo
D
Da
U p p e rLower11.20b - Situation 1691
e
Bay of Chesmé
Delos
Passavâ
Laconia
Porto Kayio
C h i o s
n
yj
Eur
Kelapha
Z I
Maina Cape
G
os
Gulf or
E
Nauplia
Misthra
Koroni
Monemvasia
A M O R A V I Matapan
ip
Sa
E
D
BOHEMIA
T
O WS I LNE C R
o
Gulf of
Kelapha
Kalamata
C h i o s
I
THE
Passavâ
Saronic
a
R
Zarnata Gulf of Messenia
Pylos Methoni
Gulf of Petalia
Aegina
tas
OF
N
I A
E M B O H
M
L A N D S
Eur
Zarnata Gulf of Messenia
Koroni
o
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
Gulf of Nauplia
Misthra
a
os
Gulf or
Gulf of Aegina
Nauplia
B a y o f Navarino Navarino Pylos Methoni
e
s
al
Saronic
a
Kalamata
io
e
S
D
e
s
r
o
an
r
o io
ip
Athens Korinthos
Al p h e
Al p h e
E
Kalavryta
M
I
n
Corinth
Pi n e i o s
n
Athens Korinthos
M
t e (E ub oia )
l
of
Castel Tornese
Zante
na
o
Eur
A c h a i a
o
t e (E ub oia )
l
a
e
S
i iğ i r l
Eur
Gulf of Edremid
C
Patras
a n d s
r
M
Gulf
Rrhion
Gulf of Patras
p
Kalavryta
Pi n e i o s
P
na
o
Corinth
Castel Tornese
Northern
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Mesolongi
Cephalonia
Zante
n
a
Sporades
Salona
Ithaca
Ca
r
of
Bay
tas
I o n i a n
At
g
ti
Gulf of Nauplia
N Lamia
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an
Sz
Gulf of Arta
al
ç e rn a
Preveza
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I o n i a n
Gulf of Volos
N At
sa
Ca
Arta
Patras
e a ng d es
M
Sporades
Dard ane lle s
Gulf
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A c h a i B ae s i k a
R
Gulf of Ismid
al
rfu
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Parga
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Gulf of Patras
I
r a oNf o rMt ha er rmn o
S e a
Gulf of Edre
Ma rma ra
o
Gulf of Saros Gulf of Gallipoli Lamia
Mesolongi
(Salamvrias)
ios
mos
P
Büyü k Çekm ece Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
an
l
Pinios
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S p erchei
M
Gulf of Volos
Salona
Ithaca
Cephalonia
I As l
Goumenitza
Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane
I s l
v a ll
E
Constantinople
C
Co
Pine
Paxos
S e a
pe
ios
B o s p o r u Bs e s i k a B a y
n
a
e
g
e
A
Ti
sa
Tem
E rgene
Asp
on m
it
Meluna Pass
(Salamvrias)
Evr
rop
a Crn
l
a
i
tr
Corfu
Corfu
t e s i o
ta
Vonitza
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M
Gulf of Arta
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Gulf of Kasandra
v a ll
Dard a
Pinios
s
W
o a n t O t r
S e a
Pine
•••
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S u
Preveza
I o n i a n Gulf of
s.
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Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane
pe
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
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Saloniki Adrianople
a
Tem
N
Gulf of
•••
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lf of I o n i a G un Orphani
Saloniki
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Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)
ak
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n
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b
M
na
of
A
Bay of Valona
ts
Meluna Pass
Thessaloniki
Kanina
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N e s to s
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Lake Tachino
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A
k
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Goumenitza
Paxos
ares)
a
Lake Ostrovo
ti
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Se
ni
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o
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ei
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Axios
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c
Corfu
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Lake Doiran
Valona
Saseno Cape Glossa or Linguetta
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a
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Lake Ochrid
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Lake Prespa
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NGDOM of PLES (Span. Bourbon)
mb
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Durazzo
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it
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Bay of Valona
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T a
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D
r i a t i c
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Black
in
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An
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narea
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s K őrö
Jas. Pala nka
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124
l
S u
Bu
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Ithaca
Mesolongi
Ve
I
S p erchei
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Gulf of Patras
Gulf of
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Jalo
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Brăila
n
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Northern
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p
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ip
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Gulf of Volos
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Gulf of the Hagion Oros
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Asp
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Ol
A
C
pe
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na
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L
Pruth
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Santa Maura Maura u l Santa (Levkas)
os am
N e s to s
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i l lko
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a
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th
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n
re
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Parga
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m
Saloniki
1690 Meluna Pass Thököly
io Pine
M
l
Gulf of Orphani
Gulf of RK a s a n d r a
s
Golubac
v
Szörényvár
Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane
Se
l
Duna
Adakale
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na
Du Smederev o
Orsova
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Lake Tachino
ares) Gulf of
´
Ca
na
Paxos
on
M
k ia
M o u n t a i n s
rfu
Mehadia
Sr
a
(V ard
Al
sa
o t e s
i a n i t h a Corfu p Corfu r Goumenitza C a P h t ilia
i
Thessaloniki
Alt it
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Al u ta
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ta
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V
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B
Lake Doiran
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Sz
na
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S
ar
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Se
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O
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ov
t
ica aln
M o u n
D
R
T a
o
D
Pr
L
um
r
ld
n
rd
ro
Butrinto
Partes Annexae Versec
M o r a v
K o lu b
Ma
Bay of Valona
11.23 - At the end of 1692, the Habsburg reconquer the town of Nagyvarád. I o a ar
ni
Co
S
va
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
Mezőso mlyó
Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)
Lake Prespa
W
Karánsebes
ka Re
a
M
Lake Ochrid
Valona
Saseno
o a n t O t r
es
aros
a
Partes Annexae
of
em
M
m
A pulia
s
ku
i mb
K ü k ü llő Se Blasendorf gy Blasendorf Medgyes Na
Mitrovica
a av
g
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KINGDOM Facsád of NAPLES Temesvár Otranto (Span. Lugos Bé ga Bourbon) T
Csák
Belgrade
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s
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Durazzo
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Zimony
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Skopje
ri
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Csanád
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e Karlóca
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t e -Kőr ö
Arad
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Magyarkanizsa
Pétervárad
ri
Black
Dulcigno na Boja
B
u
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ra
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S na x o n
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Ciprovci Ciprovci
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Hotin Niš
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L I T H U A N I A) Du
(B
je
mos
Bug
Kam ien iec Pod olsk i
a
Pol
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Spuž
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ke
Szeged
Óbecse
Annexae P B ecs
(Serb. Patriarchate)
Spuž
Sh
Zenta (1st)
Peć
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Dr
Fe
Gyula
Ma
a
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Lim
L
A d r S eib e sa- K ö r öts i c
s
Tisa
Tara
Whi t e D
Sza
Nagyvárad
zn
Toplica
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et a
Partes
mellék
Ju
l
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l u tu
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Perasto
tar i Cat he d Budua Bocc
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A
ul
Vidin
)
Partes
a r n ica
o ar C att o
sepe l Isl.
Pr
h
P ra
arian
om
Cetinje
Bay of Spizz a
Mo
Zi
O F
mok
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ra
MONTENEGRO
Risan
n)
a
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat
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RAGUSA
Pest
W
M o r a v
Ta
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Hatvan
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Eger
K őrö
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grád kos r i v e r
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Tisa
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Szörényvár
(A N D
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po
Hollókő Buják
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na
Vác
Vienna
a Munkács sk tje
k Kle
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Adakale
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P O Z a pLa d n a A N D (S e
r
in
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str
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d Ljubuski e bB o i za Kula Norin N
Szécsény
ly
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ri
ro
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na
Klobuk
Vrgorac
a
a
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Duare
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11.22 - Situation 1692
A
ssa
n Du
PolandK stops r a paying tribute o l u b aC O M M O N W E A L T H 1684. the OttomansDin nie
a Li
Dri
A
lmi
on n a a
v Sa
Mehadia
n
I
to
va
Spala
ti
G
al
S
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Ce
Rogosnizza Trau
i
Neret
Partes Annexae
Belgrade
Sa
s
Sinj
Klis
Sajo
ge
n
Sebenico
A
C
ba
M
N
ré
Szepesvár
Sca rdoLőcse na V rlik a
B
M o u n t
a n h i t a r p a C
Versec
Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)
Zimony
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Klicevac
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D a nub
Sta rig rad
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em
Bé ga
ro
Ma
Facsád
Mezősom lyó
m
Pétervárad
B. Gra d .
Bih ac
Ba g
T
Csák
Becskerek
z
Partes Annexae Lippa
Óbecse
Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a
S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a Plit vic ka - Jez era
Eszék
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k ü llő y Kü Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes N a g
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s
Temesvár
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B. Kos t New Nov i
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1686
(1st)
ina
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Ze ng g
Maro
Csanád
Ustilonja
Kos tan jica Ped ali
Todorovo
Feh
Arad
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Magyarkanizsa
Zenta (1st)
T r a n s y l v a n
s
V a l lu
b
a
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G
lin
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t e -Kőr ö
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Petrinja Hrastovica
Glina
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D u narea
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Bovic Topusko
Croatian Border
na
A I
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C
Dr
Stenicnjak Budački
1687
(2nd)
ulp
ke
Szeged
Mohács
Siklós
a
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Fe
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Slavonian Border
T
A
O
up a
Pécs
s
Tisa
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Sava
Annexae
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Kapos
Berzence
Ti
Csurgó
Ka
Dráva
Varasd
Saxon
mellék S e b e s - K ö rö
Lake Balaton
Gyula
S ava
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Partes Csepe l Isl.
Kanizsa
k (FREISING)
Sza
Nagyvárad
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des (BRIXEN)
Hatvan
Sümeg
Egerszeg Kapornak
M
Annexae
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No vig rad
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Fehérvár
Vasvár
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Gulf of the Hagion Oros
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Northern
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Marits
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Iske
R
T
um
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i pG u l f os
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l Lepanto=Naupaktos ga =Antirrhion
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Gulf of Patras
o
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Mesolongi Naxos
Gulf of Volos
Gulf of
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k
t
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A
va
mos
Sus
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M
es
Bre
(Salamvrias)
ra
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Black
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Ç.
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Gulf of Orphani
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Lake Tachino
Thessaloniki
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125
EW
Gulf of Smyrna
)
so
Paxos
Sr
a
ta
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Bay of Chesmé
Goumenitza Andro s
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Saxon
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Lake Prespa
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mellék
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ar
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Partes
Adakale
Adrianople Vidin mok Partes
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Versec
Belgrade
P O L A N MD o u
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T i s a Szörényvár
S e b e s - K ö rö a
B l a c Al u ta
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Sza
Skopje Mezősom lyó
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alta ane
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im
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Partes Annexae
Tisa
A
(S
Tara
Gulf of the H a g i o n O r o sS c u t a r i
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Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)
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t LSeckauBiograd Vrana 11.24 - Situation 1693
Mu Klicevac r
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Annexae
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Annexae Sza
Nagyvárad
Gyula
Berzence
va
de
Tisa
Partes
Vidin
Ti
Dráva
Varasd
ra
C a r n i o l a
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Zimony
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Partes Annexae
Versec
Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)
a
ca
of Kos
a
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Gulf of Kos
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126
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Thessaloniki
ssa 11.27 - In 1695, the Ottomans Aoccupied Lippa, defeated the Habsburgs at Lugos and proceeded to capture Karánsebes; lmi ley val t e s Klobuk I (Salamvrias) pe C ee m Pass Meluna i o Vrgorac T ho the Ottomans withdrew from Gyula, which the Habsburgs then occupied.. ka t Butrinto s Ljubuski tje a P h t ili
i
Duna
Adrianople
a
s
ic
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Al u ta
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Lippa Temesvár
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mellék
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N
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S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a
Durazzo
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a
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Pécs
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Gulf of Chania
Annexae
Du
C r e t e
of
S e a
Csepe l Isl. Kissamos Gramvousa B a y
)
PećKanizsa
Pest
Ciprovci Ciprovci
arian
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StampaliaPartes A u s t r i a Gyurgyevó a t ég Maina el Szécsény Vidin Csa llók öz mok y 11.26a - In September 1694, the Ottoman Leitha Grand Vizier Sürmeli Ali Pasha laid siegep otol y the 11.26b - The Venetians launched Santorini an attack on Chios in 1694, but the Ottoman navy, which D I Porto Kayio padna Tisa an Érsekújvár Hollókő ( SbyL apoor Cape after less fortress of Pétervárad, but he wasZ aforced weather had just been modernized by Admiral Mezemorta Hüseyin Pasha, withstood the Veneu bconditions to retreat er ke Nógrád Turnu Magurele Malia Párkány e Cape Fbe r t ő Tisa ia Eger than a month. tians. Matapan Vác n) Li Buják unarea L a c o n i aKomját
s
Poland stopsApaying tribute C O M M O N the in 1684. G u l f o f M eDnndi ee l a I Ottomans
Patmos
Delos
Szepesvár
Lőcse
na
1690 Thököly
Ol
g
M
Rim
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Késmárk
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sa
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Gulf of Petalia
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ns
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th
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M
´ Bay of Chesmé
Ol
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D
Vienna
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M o r a v
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A N A T
Al u ta
a n h i t Teno s a r p Cape a CSounion
Gulf
E u r Golubac o
Zarnata Gulf of Messenia
Pylos Kahlenberg a a r Methoni
Mehadia Orsova
tas
be Danub
Gulf of Nauplia
Misthra
et
Kalamata Smederev o
a
n Du
ov
nu un
a
Saronic
Nauplia
TBelgrade M O R A V I A ha ya a
e
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
Linz
Tra
v Sa
Lower-
yj
Alt
n
o
x
a
s
D
s
Da
U p p e r-
Zimony
ld
THE
C h i os s
Szászszebes
S
y
OF
Sava B O Srebrenica HEMIA
l
L A N D S
I A
E M B O H
Mitrovica
n
t
Athens
W N or a C R O S I L E Z I Aegina Partes Annexae Versec Gulf of Aegina
N
s
n
na
lphe ATitel io Szalánkemén s (2nd)
ro
iz
Sa
B os
su
e Karlóca
Ma
os
Ged
Karánsebes
Mezőso mlyó
e
e
D a nub
r
ip
Lugos
Korinthos
o
M
Eur
Facsád
i
Zante
Becskerek
n Eu bo i a)
t e Partes Annexae (
r
E
Gulf of Smyrna
k ü llő y Kü Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes N a g
o
Se
k
Pi n e i o s
Castel Tornese Pétervárad
Kalavryta
p
o
a
a n d s
Bo
Csák
c h a i a AÓbecse
n-tK ö r o o s i C an al
R
a
e
aros
al
Eszék
r
Lippa
f G u l Temesvár of Bé ga TC o r i n t h em es
Rrhion
Patras
os
I
S
an
s l
a
(1st) Gulf of Patras
la
g
D
Gulf of Edremid
Maros
T r a n s y l v a n i a
C
áv
Csanád
ta
P
Northern
M
L
e
Cephalonia
Salona M a r
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Zenta Mesolongi (1st) 1686
(2nd)
Dr
Magyarkanizsa
Tisa
Ithaca
Arad
ros
FA e h
Lamia
e
ér
1687
s
Mohács
Siklós
Ma
Gulf of
Besika Bay
s am o
Sporades
N
M
z
Ka
Pécs
o
n
O
t
l
Vonitza
S p erchei
mos Szeged
ta
s
Saxon
n
na Gulf of Arta
Annexae
si ğ i
t
Dard ane lle s
S
Ca
Preveza
s
Fe
Gyula
Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)
i a n
e a
po
M
Gulf of -Kő r te kVe o l o s ö s
a
e
g
e
A
mellék
S e b e s - K ö rö
E
s
mos
Partes
(Salamvrias)
Nagyvárad
Arta
n i a n
Pinios
ley
eios
K őrö
Parga
Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane
val
pe
Ér
Goumenitza
Paxos
ár
Tem
re
u
Csep el Isl.
Pin
rfu
e n
Saloniki
Meluna Pass
Sza
Si
M
Annexae
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Gulf of Kasandra
Pest
Co
Corfu
Gulf of
Gallipoli
o
Corfu
sa
P h t ilia
ak
i
Al
t e s i o
Fehérvár Butrinto
eszp rém
Hatvan
Tisa
s
Gulf of Saros
M
it
Buda
y
tr
Visegrád Rák os r i v e r
r
Eger
Partes
Gulf of Orphani
n
Buják
is
őr
Vác
Duna
Thessaloniki T i s a
Hollókő
Nógrád
Párkány
Ostrovo
Szécsény
ly
W
A
ge
Ti
ré
ly
a
Érsekújvár
Kanina
t i at
Ipo
m
b
ni
s)
lona
n
Ciprovci Ciprovci
Besika Bay
Iske
B
r
Gulf of Edremid
Tu
ndg
g
Tu
sa Ti
Vá
ic
Sz
Ç.
es m
k t
Ol
ç e rn a Ti
n
T
M en d e r e
a
s
d
a
i n
a
e
o
d
Lake Doiran
i
n
u
Lake Ostrovo
Bodrum Thessaloniki
Valona
Gulf of Orphani
l
Kanina
M
Lake Tachino
on
ares)
Gulf of Mendela
ti
e
Sr
a
m
c
(V ard
b
ka Re
is
A
Gulf of Kos
on
W
tr it
sa
A
a li
k
Gulf of
Gulf of Kasandra
11.29 - On 22 August 1696 the naval Battle of Andros, southeast of the island, between the Monemvasia Ottomans and Venice and the Papal states was inconclusive.
Butrinto P h t ilia
t e s i o
Co
127 Corfu rfu
Corfu
l
Saloniki
S u
o a n t O t r
Bay of Valona
Lake Prespa
Se
a
Naxos
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
a
M
p
ta
B ei
Lake
Ochrid Patmos
Crn
a
i
ni
o
M
es
Marits
O
o
g
ic aln
h
mb
M o
M a
R
T
Skopje
r
a
O
St
um
ku
m
of
Saseno
Ca na
Santorini
a l k a n
A N A T O L
Axios
i t r a S t
Delos
Otranto
B
r
ar
Sh
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
Iske
rd
Durazzo
Myconos
A pulia
Toplica
n
Ikaria
Ten os
S e a
Niš
Va
A d r i a t i c
Ciprovci Ciprovci
iz Ged
ri
Cape Sounion
Dulcigno na Boja
narea
(B
D
Gulf of Aegina
ari
ri
rin
Scutari
Black
Aegina
tiv
B a y o f C h eD s m é
in
Gulf or
An
Andr os
a
Bre
Lake Scutari
Dr
Saronic
Gulf of Petalia
zn
tr a ic a
Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti
Bay of Spizz a
Athens
(Serb. Patriarchate)
Mor
aca
al
i he d
C a aro Catt Budua
Sus
sa
Te
K
Ti ina Dr
na
K
na
A I
u a r n e r o
Du
Peć
im
Spuž
o
t
L
Whi t e D
an
Bocc
r tta
Vidin
va
Cetinje
os
Ju
je
Z
ip
mok
ra
Lim
A
L
A
ul
Du
va
Pol
C h i o s
Zi
Mo
Tara
RAGUSA P MONTENEGRO 11.28 - On 26 1696 the Ottomans defeated the Habsburg armyRisan which had setSpužout to besiege Temesvár. E uAugust Bi ecsk Cavtat (Dubrovnik) Perasto r s et a
W
vo
a
ra
Gulf of Smyrna
a r n ica
v iič n a He b i s en j i cr z e g o Niks
M o
Szörényvár
so
Tr
Al u ta
)
o
om
)M o
c
k K
an
Ko
ov
bi
ar
op
er
ot
ra
n
o
x
a
Adakale
v
E
Ib
Ta
Orsova
Golubac
arian
tje
Szászszebes
S
a n h i t a r p a C
ulg
Su
a sk
s
Ol
na Uva Ceh
(S
a
Kle P
Duna
M o r a v
ri
Gabela
Mehadia
a
apadna
m
a
i
Karánsebes
Partes Annexae
a
in
Ljubuski i za Kula Norin N
eb
a
e
es
Versec
na Du Smederevo
R
D
Klobuk Vrgorac
Sa
ro
Lugos Lugos
Belgrade
va
K o lu b a r
na
S
Metkovic
t e (E ub oia )
Zimony
Li
Ma
Facsád
Mezősom lyó
Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)
iğ i r l
Partes Annexae
Bé ga
aros
k ü llő y Kü Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes N a g
Mitrovica
Dri
n
Duare
em
Gulf of Edremid
i
Neret
t
A
t Besika Bay
Z va
ssa
na
e Karlóca
su
I
s Bo
s
o
i Alm
on n a a
Bo
Sava Srebrenica
n
Tr
l
s
ti
na
p
al
S
Ca
n
B os
Jajca
Ce
ti
o
s
Sinj
Klis
Rogosnizza Trau
I
r
ba
Sebenico
Spala
g
P
Vr
ba
M
S p oT r a d e st o e
a
N o Vrrlikta h e r n
Sca rdo na
D a nub
Vr
Vrana
Pétervárad
B. Gra d .
o
Nadin
Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica
z
C
thos
B
an
a
Novigrad
a
al
e
Sta rig rad
T
Becskerek
Jas. Pala nka
T r a n s y l v a
s
s
Temesvár
Csák ard ane lle s D Óbecse
Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a
- Köro
1686
Eszék
M ar m ar a
s
Lippa
S
g
Bih ac
Maro
Csanád
Jas eno vac
B. Kos t New Nov i
S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a
Plit vic ka - Jez era
A
N
Ped ali
a
Feh
Arad
ros
(1st)
Ustilonja
Kos tan jica
Todorovo
Biograd
Klicevac
os
a
Un
L
Petrinja Hrastovica
Ma
M a r m o r a
M
Magyarkanizsa
Zenta (1st)
t e -Kőr ö
ér
Glina
in Gl
áv
Gora
Bovic Topusko
Gallipoli
1687
ke
Fe
s
o f
S e a
Szeged
Tisa
Stenicnjak Budački
nj
e a M
Ka
R
Nona(Nin)
Zara
S e b e s - K ö rö
rös
Saxon
Annexae Bü yü k Çe km ec e m o s a Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
mellék
m
a
O
up a
Ba g
A
Ér
Gulf of Saros
s
l
Constantinople
mos
Partes Csepe l Isl.
(2nd)
Dr
h
u tu
Annexae Sza
Pest
Mohács
Siklós
T
Ze ng g
D
Pécs
Slavonian Border
Sava
Croatian Border
e
Szig etvá r
Babócsa
Gulf of the lp H a g i o nA Ou r o s
C
A
po
a
Gulf of Kasandra
)
E v Hatvan r
Kő
Kapos
Pr
Tisa
E rgene
Eger
Buják
Lake Balaton
Berzence
t
Vienna
Munkács
Latorca
Nagyvárad
Csurgó
P
a
Partes
Gyula
Dráva
p
Tisa
Sümeg
ur
Varasd
d
er
i
Gulf of Orphani
Bo
Y
Helen Zrinyi
Hollókő
Vác
Buda
y
R
g ro
P O L A N D
r
Szécsény
Kanizsa
C a r n i o l a
No vig rad
g
m
Vasvár
Egerszeg Kapornak
a
ia
r
a
ely
A
Sajo
Visegrád Rák os r i v e r
Fehérvár
N e s to s
m
ssaloniki
sg.
n
G
Adrianople
a
Nógrád
Duna
V eszp rém
Egervár
Veldes (BRIXEN)
S ava
u
ég
ts
M
r
ei
Körmend Raab
M
Laack (FREISING)
a
Dr
at
ly
Párkány
Győr
t
Ráb
H
e
N
ri
os
n
Érsekújvár
ub
Ikervár
Dráva
a
Rép ce
Kőszeg
LakeSt.Andrae Tachino
o Gurk n t h in a
At
Ma
rch
M
y
Sr
a
Lake Fertő
an
etva
r
D
Ipo
er
RG
Csa llók öz
be
t
Seckau Mu r
Komját
Danu
B
u
A r Gdyaarm
G a ra
s bb
Y
S
l
nau
Leitha
e
ta
Do
U
a
ns
En
ns
p
H
N
an
str
a
n
En
Vienna
g
C
a
M
es
e
A
Szepesvár
Lőcse
i
A u s t r i a
Kahlenberg
a
Poland stops paying tribut C O M M O 1684. the OttomansDin nie
Késmárk
Tatra mountains Gr
Z s i tv
o
Danub
M
M O R A V I A
ya
Vah
a
un
d
Tra
ha
rva
be
Linz
T
e
Lower-
o
nu
U p p e r-
yj
Waa
h Da
sau
D
M
O
BOHEMIA
Mo
R
OF
n
L A N D S
AU
I
E M aritsa B O H MTHE
Goumenitza
Meluna Pass
Stampalia
Pine
ios
Tem
pe
l val
ey
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Gulf of Ad
Pinios (Salamvrias)
A
e
g
e
a
Rhodes
l
Csepe l Isl.
Ér
a
sa Zenta (1st)
ba
s
B os
na Sava Srebrenica
t
a
Zimony
Duna
Sz
Orsova
Szörényvár
v
W
mok
er
Uva
bi
an
)M o
ra
Ve
Vidin
Ti
(S
A
L
A
ul
t
padna
m
a
Duare
Zi
Ol
na
ssa
Li
M o u
Adakale
na
ri
on n a a
i
o
x
a
a n h i t a r p a C
Golubac
a
Dri
i Alm
va
to
Neret
ti
al
S
Spala
a
Za
Ce
T
na Du Smederevo
va
K o lu b a r
n
Sinj
Klis
Rogosnizza Trau
Mehadia
Belgrade
s
A
S
s
n
Al u ta
Karánsebes
Partes Annexae
ba
V rlik a
Sebenico
Szászszebes
M o r a v
s Bo
Vr
M
es
Mitrovica
Sa
s
Lugos Lugos
Bé ga
Versec
Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)
D
s
Vrana
Sca rdo na
Jajca
o
Klicevac
em
ro
Ma
Facsád
es
e Karlóca
Dr
B Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica
Partes Annexae
t
Vr
k ü llő y Kü Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes N a g
s
Mezősom lyó
m
D a nub su
- Köro
aros
Ol
Bih ac
a
Du
va
Ju
c
zn
a
Tu
narea
(
a r n ica
Cetinje
(Serb. Patriarchate)
P Bi ecsk st a ri ca
Mor
aca
Peć
im
Spuž
o
C at a r o i Cat he d Budua
L
Spuž
Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti Lake Scutari
T
a
T
d
lnic
rd ar
ri n
o
M
es
a
S e a
i
Durazzo
a b
i
e
Valona
M
Lake Tachino
on
n
Gulf of Orphani
Thessaloniki
l
Kanina
u
Sr
a
on
is
A
m
tr it
sa
Al
ia
k
Gulf of
Gulf of Kasandra
P h t ilia
Corfu
Meluna Pass
Pine
Co
rfu
Corfu
t e s i o
Tem
val
ley
(Salamvrias)
Ca
E
na l
Arta
ta
o
Vonitza
mos
S p erchei
M
Gulf of Volos
o
N
s
Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)
Gulf of Arta
rop
Preveza
Asp
Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane
e
A
Parga
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Pinios
ios
Goumenitza
Paxos
I o n i128a n
pe
S u
Butrinto
l
Saloniki
I o
p
ta
a
N e s to s
Lake Doiran
n
m
Lake Ostrovo
ti
W
Bay of Valona
o
d
(V ard
ni
a
o a n t O t r
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
e
Se
m
of
Saseno
c
ei
a
M
Lake Ochrid
ka Re
ares)
i t r a S t Otranto
Crn
a
i
n
mb
Lake Prespa
A pulia
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
ku
Marits
B Axios
Sh
M o u
O
o
ga
h
Va
D
A d r i a t i c
Black
in
Dulcigno na Boja
Skopje
r
R
O
St
a
tiv
n
Dr
An
ari
ri
in
um
Bay of Spizz a
Dr
Scutari
je
et a
a l k a n
Pol
Bocc
Perasto
Whi t e D
r tta
Lim
MONTENEGRO
Risan
Z
RAGUSA
B
vo
Tara
a
r
Bre
v iič n a He b i s en j i cr z e g o Niks
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat
Iske
so
Tr
om
va
o
ra
K
Mo
Toplica
k
Ko
ov
a
)
op
arian
etva
ulg
Kle P
ar
Metkovic
Ib
t
ar
N
Gabela
a
za
Kula Norin
in
Tr
A
na
11.30 - Just as an Ottoman army was crossing theKlobuk River Tisa, Habsburg forces launched a surprise attack, routing the Turkish troops inB the Battle of Zenta (or Senta) of 11 September I Ceh Ciprovci a o Ciprovci k t s Ljubuski tje 1697. Afterwards Prince Eugene advanced Vrgorac as fare bas Sarajevo, burning it down in 1697. Niš Su i T er
L
Nadin
Biograd
T
S
Pétervárad Bo
T r a n s y l v a
s
Temesvár
Becskerek
B. Gra d .
Ma
Lippa
Csák
Óbecse
z
s
s
1686
Eszék
Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a
B. Kos t New Nov i
nj
Zara
Maro
(1st) (2nd)
Sta rig rad
Novigrad
Arad
ros Csanád
Jas. Pala nka
Un
Nona(Nin)
Ma
Jas eno vac
Kos tan jica Ped ali
a
t e -Kőr ö
Feh
Ustilonja
S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a
Ba g
1687
áv
ke
ç e rn a
Petrinja Hrastovica
s am o
M
Te
Glina
Todorovo
Plit vic ka - Jez era
Du
Gora
Bovic
Fe
Magyarkanizsa
ina
K
Dr
in Gl
Ze ng g
na
A I
K
C
Mohács
Siklós
ulp
Topusko
Annexae
rös
Szeged
(2nd)
Stenicnjak
Saxon
mellék
ér
Slavonian Border
T
Budački
s
Tisa
R
A
Pécs
a
O
mos
Partes
be po
Szig etvá r
Babócsa
Sava
Croatian Border
A
sa
G a ra
a
Pest
Kő
Kapos
l
Annexae Sza
Ti
Hatvan
Ti
Csurgó
u tu
Tisa
Eger
Buják
S e b e s - K ö rö
Berzence
up a
D
a
Hollókő
Lake Balaton
Ka
Dráva
Varasd
C a r n i o l a
No vig rad
Partes Tisa
Gyula
S ava
Pr
h
Munkács
Latorca
Szécsény
Kanizsa
Laack (FREISING)
t
Vienna
Nagyvárad
ur
Veldes (BRIXEN)
d
Helen Zrinyi
g ro
Sümeg
Egerszeg Kapornak
M
ely
Vác
Buda
y Fehérvár
Egervár
a
Dráva
ég
Nógrád
Duna
Bo
Sajo
Visegrád Rák os r i v e r
r
a
g
n
Dr
t
Párkány
V eszp rém
Vasvár
Raab
i
h i a
e
Ikervár
r St.Andrae
u
ly
Danu
Kőszeg
a
ma
a
Y
M
y
H
ar
Ipo
Érsekújvár
ub
Győr Ráb
Körmend
Gurk
an
Rép ce
t
R
n
Seckau Mu r
Gy
Csa llók öz
Lake Fertő
S
A
a
Leitha
ns
Wa
Komját D
En
G
m
rva
Y
nau
N
i
A u s t r i a
Do
Z s i tv
bb
s
Vienna
U
Mo
ns
un
e Danub
En
Tra
H
Kahlenberg
Linz
Gulf of
Lamia
At
al
an
g
P
Northern Sporades
e ti
g C
r
o
a
e
p
o
OF
(Pas) Oberndorf
(Szb.)
U p p e r-
Passau
en
H
Kahlenberg
U ar
ma
Dr
t
Győr
y
Kőszeg
C a r i n t h i a
Eger
s
Hatvan
O
OF THE
L
Pest
Partes
D
Saxon
Nagyvárad
V
A
Petrinja Hrastovica
Karlóca
Knin
Scard ona
M
h z
d
u j
u b
s
V rlika
Sinj
Klis
Rogosnizza Trau
T
Spala
I
to
al
Alm
A
on
a iss
a
Gyurgyevó
n
Sebenico
A
C
A
L
A
Vidin
Turnu Magurele
i
a
Duare Klobuk Vrgorac
Ljubuski
Kula Norin
Metkovic
Ciprovci Ciprovci
Niš
Gabela
o
Ostrovica
Vrana
S
E
Karin
W
D
T
Biograd
A
I
Zvonigrad
K le
Po
po
k
vo
i
vina H e r z e g o Niksič Peć
RAGUSA
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat
Risan
(Serb. Patriarchate)
MONTENEGRO Perasto
Cetinje
Spuž
r
o tar
Spuž
Cat Budua
Žabljak Upper Pulati
An
tiv
Scutari
ari
O
Dulcigno
T
Skopje
T
O
a
M
g
A
N
Adrianople
l a
u
i
Durazzo
B a
c
e
o
d
n
i
a
A pulia
b
a
n
M
Constantinople
Saseno
Valona
Thessaloniki
Kanina
Gallipoli
l
Otranto
A
Butrinto
Corfu
Corfu
l
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
t e s i o
S u
T
A
Ancona
Nadin
Szörényvár
Golubac
Jajca
H
a
S
L
Klicevac
Smederevo
Obrovac
Adakale
Orsova
Starig rad
Novigrad
Mehadia
Belgrade
r
Zimony
Srebrenica
o
Zara
Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)
Mitrovica
Bag
Nona(Nin)
Brăila
1690 Thököly
Partes Annexae Versec a
Blagaj
Mezősomlyó
Pétervárad
B
P A P A L
Krup a
Gradi ška B. Gra d .
Kilia
Karánsebes Becskerek
Jas. Palanka
Dub. B.Dubi ca
Novi
s
n
o
x
a
Csák
Óbecse
Jasen ovac
B. Kost New Novi
S
Lugos Lugos
Ustilonja
Kostan jica Pedali Todorovo
Szászszebes
Facsád
Temesvár
B
A
I Glina
Lippa
1686
(1st) (2nd)
Eszék
Gora
Bovic
Partes Annexae Csanád
Zenta (1st)
Biha c
A
n
a
1687
(2nd)
Topusko
Ravenna
D
a
s
Mohács
Siklós
Stenicnjak Budački
Zeng g
SAN MARINO
s
Akkerman
Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes
Magyarkanizsa
Slavonian Border
T
A
Arad
Pécs
y
C
Novi grad
O
R
Szigetvá r
Babócsa
l
C a r n i o l a
Croatian Border
Tuscany
Szeged
Berzence
Istria
i
Csurgó
e
Venice
Varasd
Gör z & Gra dišk a
Aquileja Trieste
T r a n s y l v a n i a
Gyula
TATARS
i
k
To r c e l l o
1
Kanizsa
e
Pordenone
Veldes (BRIXEN) Laack (FREISING)
Ferma
d
Bender
I
z
VENICE Terra
e
b
S
a
Egerszeg Kapornak
CRIMEAN
J
A
Annexae
Sümeg
KHANATE
s
M
Annexae
Fehérvár
Egervár
e
Hollókő Buják
ZAPOROZHIAN
COSSACKS
B
Hotin
Partes
V eszprém
Vasvár
i
St.Andrae
L I T H U A N I A)
Kamien iec Podolsk i
a
Vienna
Szécsény
Vác
Buda
y
Y
Helen Zrinyi
i
a
Körmend
Gurk
e ly
Visegrád
r
a
g
n
Ikervár
r
l
u
H
R
l
o
r
y
t
A
d
a
Seckau
ég
Nógrád
Párkány
S
G
O F
(A N D
o
P Munkács
Érsekújvár
SALZBURG ro
Gy
Komját
Tyrol
T
N
Vienna
A u s t r i a
Salzburg
A
P O L A N D
Lower-
Linz
Berc htes gad
Szepesvár
Lőcse
a
Mühld orf
Poland stops paying tribute C O M M O N W E A L T H the Ottomans in 1684.
Késmárk
M O R A V I A
BOHEMIA
B A V A R I A
I A
E M B O H
THE
Z I
k
L A N D S
PASSAU
O WS I LNE C R
N
E
Goumenitza Parga
Paxos
Arta
Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane
I o n i a n
M
Preveza
N
Vonitza
Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)
P
Ithaca
g
r
o
p
I s l
a n d s Zante
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Mesolongi
Patras
R
E
Sporades e
Salona
Cephalonia
I
Northern
o n t e (E ub oia )
C h i o s
A N A T O L I A
Rrhion
A c h a i a Kalavryta
Andros
Athens
Castel Tornese
Korinthos
o
M
r
e
a
Aegina
Ikaria
Tenos
Nauplia
Myconos Patmos
Delos
Kalamata
Navarino Pylos Methoni
Bodrum
Naxos
Misthra
Zarnata Gulf of Messenia
Koroni
Passavâ Kelapha
Monemvasia Rhodes
Stampalia
Maina
Santorini
Porto Kayio
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
Rhodes
Cerigo
Scarpanto (Karpathos)
Gramvousa Suda Chania eo
Gorg
Heraklion
ar ia f S am
Sphakiotes
Sphakia
11.33 - Situation 1699
129
Spinalonga
Kasos
Nicosia
Rhetymno
C
r
e t e
C y p r u s
Famagusta
Karlóca (Karlowitz) 1699
nau
Raab
M
Dráva
Varasd
Csurgó
Kapos
po
Berzence Szig etvá r
Babócsa
Pécs
I
D a nub
B. Gra d .
Bih ac
Vr
ba
s
B os
Bo
na Sava Srebrenica
su
t
e Karlóca
Dr
v Sa
s
Orsova
v
Golubac
na
r
a
b
i
a
Uva
s
Ta
ra
ra
a r n ica
Niks ič
Cetinje
aca
Mor
Lake Scutari
tiv
ari
n
O
ga
l
rd
ri
ar
D
a
n
i
Durazzo S
u hk
mb
i
i t r a S t
Lake Ochrid
a
M
a
Lake Prespa
ni
a
b
c
e
Lake Ostrovo
ti
Valona Kanina
W
A
is tr it
sa
o a n t O t r
Bay of Valona
ka
l
of
Saseno Cape Glossa or Linguetta
Re
Se
m
A pulia
T
Skopje
Va
Black
A d r i a t i c
130
ri
in
in
Dulcigno na Boja
S e a
Dr
Scutari Dr
An
Otranto
P Bi ecsk st a ri ca
Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti
Bay of Spizz a
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
(Serb. Patriarchate)
Spuž
ro
C a aro Catt e di Budua occh
Peć
im
Spuž
je
et a
Pol
B
Perasto
L
Whi t e D
tta
Lim
MONTENEGRO
Risan
Z
RAGUSA
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat
Tara
vo
a
so
isn
va
om
H ej i cr z e g o v i n a eb
Niš
Ko
vo
Tr
11.34 - Situation 1699
Toplica
k K
(B
Mo
po
a
)
Kle
Po
zn
ot
ar
Metkovic
Ju
Ib
t
Gabela
ava
c
Bre
etva
tje
)M or
arian
Su
an
a
Ljubuski i za N
Kula Norin
bi
in
eb
Tr
Vrgorac
A
Ceh
ka
er
ulg
Klobuk
(S
on
Duare
na
i
ssa
padna
m
Dri
Alm
va
I
to
on n a a
i
Li
ti
al
S
Spala
e
Za Neret
Ce
T
Duna
a
n
Sinj
Klis
Rogosnizza Trau
a
S
na
V rlik a
Sebenico
A
na Du Smederevo
a
s
M
Mehadi
Belgrade
ba
Sca rdo na
K o lu b a r ri
Vrana
s
D
Biograd
Bo
Vr
L
Klicevac
Nadin
Partes Annexa
Versec
M o r a v
Zara
Jajca
o
A
Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica
Karáns
Mitrovica
Sta rig rad
Novigrad
es
Mezősom lyó
Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)
Zimony
er
Nona(Nin)
em
Lugos Lugos
Bé ga
a
Q
Pétervárad
B
T
E
Becskerek
a
D
T
Csák
Óbecse
Jas. Pala nka
S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a
Fa
Temesvár
Eszék
z
s Lippa
(1st) (2nd)
Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a
B. Kos t New Nov i
-Kö
1686
Jas eno vac
a
S Ancona
a
Maro
Csanád
Ustilonja
Kos tan jica Ped ali
áv
ros
Magyarkanizsa
Zenta (1st)
Feh
s
es
K u a r n e r o
Ze ng g
Ba g
S e a T
G
a
lin
Todorovo
Plit vic ka - Jez era
SAN MARINO
A
Glina
Topusko
Petrinja Hrastovica
nj
Tuscany
A d r i a t i c
Gora
Bovic
t e -Kőr ö
Arad
S
Ravenna
Dr
Stenicnjak
Croatian Border
V e n i c e
io
ulp
Budački
1687
(2nd)
Un
P A P A L
of
Lake Comacc h
C
No vig rad
K
L a
Istria
R
A
Ma
Tisa
Po
O
up a
G u l f
T
ke
Szeged
Mohács
Siklós
a
e
Slavonian Border
Sava
C a r n i o l a
of T rieste
s
Du
e
o
Gulf
s Aquileja Trieste
Fe
Gyula
S ava
av
Adig
g
n
o
s
m
Laack (FREISING)
mellék
ér
Pi
To r c e l l o
Venice
A
g
K őrö
Te
1
zo on Is Gö rz & Gr ad išk a
Ér
Kanizsa
A
Pordenone
Ferma
Csepe l Isl.
Seb
Ka
Terra
Pest
sa
VENICE
Hatvan
Lake Balaton
ur
Veldes (BRIXEN)
Eger
Buják
Nagyvárad
Egerszeg Kapornak
a
Dráva
Hollókő
Sümeg
Egervár
i
C a r i n t h i a
Fehérvár
R
g
t e s
m
St.Andrae
y
o dr
Szécsény
Vác
Duna
V eszp rém
Vasvár
ely
Visegrád Rák os r i v e r
r
a
g
n
ég
Nógrád
Párkány
Buda
Ikervár
Körmend
Gurk
u
t
Bo
Crn
l
A
Sajo
n
Drau
H
Kőszeg
r
ro
y
a
ly
Dr
Ti
ur
e
Győr Ráb
ma
Ipo
Érsekújvár
ub
ar
be
S A L Z B UM R G
y
G
na
T
Seckau Mu r
an
Rép ce
t
an
ina
S
S a lz a c h
Szepesvár
Lőcse
m
Lake Fertő
ns
Gy
Csa llók öz
D
En
Vá Komját
Leitha
Tyrol
Késmárk
N
Danu
bb
Do
U G a ra
ns
s
Vienna
A u s t r i a
H
a
de n
Salzburg
Y
Be rc ht es ga
un
e Danub
En
Tra
Gr
Ma
be Kahlenberg
Linz
Vah
Tatra mountains
sa
Lower-
ya
Z s i tv
U p p e r-
M O R A V I A
g
n
e
ha
rch
Passau
In
nu
Inn
(Pas) Oberndorf
(Sz b.)
Da
Mü hld orf
yj
T
Z I
Ti
D
BOHEMIA
B A V A R I A
E M B O H
THE
rva
Isar
OF
Waa
L A N D S
PASSAU
N
I A
Mo
D o nau
O WS I LNE R C
Al
ia
k
d
Sa n
ro
Y
Helen Zrinyi
g
a
P O L A N D
r
p
o
P
a
t
Vienna
Pr
h
Munkács
Latorca
(A N D
n
M
sa
Ti
tr
u
i
d
s
V
b Dn
I
is
i
n
te
r
D n ie s te r L im a n
A a
Pruth Rim
Bu
u
Ve
t
mok
a
j
St.George
a
de
dz
e
Danu
Gyurgyevó
V a l l um
be
Tra
um
o
ia n
Turnu Magurele v
narea
Du
(B
ulg arian
Ciprovci Ciprovci
Niš
Jan
)
tra
B l a c k
r Iske
Mo
Toplica
a
zn
e s Br a
na
Ti Ju
mits
Vidin
Du
a
rg
D
a
eo
r Ar
a
Jalo
Sulina
Branch
u
A
L
A
ul
Ol
i
Zi
H
C
A
I
Sulina
S t. G
b
W
Golubac
M o r a v
ra
a l k a n
s M o u n t a i n
S e a
Tu
n dža
Gulf of Burgas
ka
o
i
n
Sr
a
(V ard
Lake Tachino
on
ares)
Lake Ostrovo
l M
n
ts
Tu
Adrianople
a
t
s.
Büy ük Çek mec e Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
o f
M a r m o r a
Gulf of Orphani
Gulf of Saros
Gallipoli
tr
it
i
k
Sus
is
on
W
iğ i r l
sa
ak
Gulf of Saloniki
al ev
Constantinople
S e a
11.35 - Situation 1699 i
Bosporus
E rgene
Evr
Ma rm ara
Thessaloniki
Al
N
os
u
N e s to s
d
m
e
ei
c
Lake Doiran
Arda
A
Ç.
Crn
a
M
B Axios
ake Prespa
e
ri
ic
ar
a
M
Re
p
ta
g
er
rd es
o
M
M
O
a
a
a
d
Va
Bre
a
o
lnic
h
a
ga
Marits
M
T
um
T
Skopje
r
R
St
ndga
r
va
B
m
b
Szörényvár
v
u
l
Dunai za
i
o
Orsova
ç e rn a
Ol
Duna
Branch
h
na
lia
Brăila
1690 Thököly
Adakale
Kilia
nc
Mehadia
ia n u m m Tra
na
t
Partes Annexae Versec
lu
Ki
M o u n t a i n s
a n h i t a r p a C
z
d
´
Karánsebes
Mezősom lyó
i l lko
Va
x
a
M
B
o
Alt
Al u ta
v
S
s
n
a
Szászszebes
D u narea
s
h
th
ro
Lugos Lugos
es
re
Ma
Facsád
Akkerman
s
s
Bé ga
Se
y
em
s
k ü llő y Kü Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes N a g
s
Partes Annexae
Temesvár
T
l
- Köro
Lippa
sák
e
Maro
a
k
ér
Arad
ley
Pinios (Salamvrias)
Gulf of Kasandra
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
n
Bender
e
M
Feh
aros
a
et
r
e
TATARS
a
a
Sz
N is
r
CRIMEAN
i
z
T r a n s y l v a n i a
OF THE
J
A
a
S
Maros
KHANATE
tr
h
ov
Se
es
ut
o
ni
a
Pr
D
t
s
s
L
ld
n
t e -Kőr ö
O
M
s am o
D
s
u
ke
S o u t h e r n Bug
t
o
Fe
re
M
Annexae
mellék
COSSACKS
e s
Si
Saxon
Nagyvárad
Gyula
B h rut
P
mos
Partes
ZAPOROZHIAN
B ug
Hotin
Annexae Sza
Iuzh
Dnjester
l u tu
Tisa
S e b e s - K ö rö
a
a
Tisa
Ér
i
i
Partes
l
o
d
L I T H U A N I A)
Kam ieni ec Pod olsk i
ie
d Bo
R
Bug
ny
A
O F
str
k
C
zepesvár
Poland stops paying tribute C O M M O N W E A L T H 1684. the OttomansDin nie
131
Dard ane lle s
Gulf of Ismid
Ta
ra
Toplica
k a r n ica
aca
Mor
P Bi ecsk st a ri ca
Spuž
ro
Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti Lake Scutari
Bay of Spizz a
tiv
Scutari
ari
n
O
T
Skopje
ga
Va
Black
l
rd
ri
ar
D
A d r i a t i c
a
n
i
Durazzo k
i
a
b um
Crn
Sh
i t r a S t
a
M
Lake Ochrid
a
Lake Prespa
ni
a
c
e
d
b
Lake Ostrovo
ti
Valona Kanina
is
A
on
W tr it
Al
sa
o a n t O t r
Bay of Valona
ka
l
of
Saseno Cape Glossa or Linguetta
Re
Se
m
A pulia
Otranto
ri
in
in
Dulcigno na Boja
S e a
Dr
Dr
An
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
(Serb. Patriarchate)
Spuž
je
et a
C at a r o t d i C a Budua cche
Peć
im
Whi t e D
Bo
Perasto
Cetinje
L
Pol
Risan
tta
Lim
MONTENEGRO Z
(Dubrovnik) Cavtat
vo
Tara
a
RAGUSA
so
v iič n a Hi s en j i cr z e g o Niks eb
va
om
Ko
Tr
Bre
K
vo
Niš
ra
po
(B
Mo
Kle
Po
a
ot
ar
Metkovic
zn
)
t
Gabela
Ju
m
etva
t
va
arian
Su
ra
Ib
Ljubuski i za N
Kula Norin
a
)M o
a
A
k jes
an
in
eb
Tr
Vrgorac
Ceh
bi
ulg
Klobuk
er
c
Butrinto
Corfu
k
Meluna Pass
Pine
Co
Corfu
t e s i o
ia
S u
P h t ilia
l
ssa
Uva
na
I
i Alm
a
Duare
(S
m
Dri
Spal
ato
on n a a
i
Li
ti
T
al
S
Rogosnizza Trau
Z Neret
apadna
n
Sinj
Klis
va
A
a
n
Ce
E
V rlik a
Sebenico
er
T
ard ona
M
s
Ancona
ba
T
A
ios
rfu Ca
Goumenitza
na l
Parga
Paxos
Arta Preveza
Gulf of Arta
Vonitza
Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)
S e a
Ithaca Cephalonia
I s l
S p erchei
mos
o
Asp
I o n i a n
ta
o
I o n i a n
rop
Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane
Mesolongi
Lepanto=Naupa =Antirrhion Rrhion
Gulf of Patras
Patras
A c h a i a
a n d s
Kalavryt
Pi n e i o s
Castel Tornese
Zante
o
M Al p h e
io
r
s
Kalamata B a y o f Navarino Navarino
Zarn Gulf of Messenia
Pylos Methoni
Koroni
M E D
I
T
11.36 - Situation 1699 132
E
R
R
A
Gyurgyevó
mok
zn
a
o Du
(B
ulg arian
Ciprovci Ciprovci
Niš
Jan
)
Iske
Mo
Toplica
ra
r
a l k a n
s M o u n t a i n
S e a
B l a c k
Tu
n dža
Gulf of Burgas
i
n
Bosporus
Tu
E rgene
t
os
n
Lake Tachino
on
Evr
s.
Constantinople Büy ük Çek mec e Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
ares)
S e a
Gulf of Saros
Gallipoli
i
m
tr it
sa
Al
i
Gulf of
Meluna Pass
Pine
Tem
Gulf of Kasandra
E
e
o
N
o
rop Asp
Lamia
At
al
an
ti
g Ca
r na
o
Gulf
p
l
Athens
io
r
e
a
Saronic
Aegina Gulf of Aegina
Nauplia
s
Zarnata Gulf of Messenia
Pylos Methoni
Koroni
Myconos Patmos
Delos
Gulf of Mendela
Bodrum
Naxos
Gulf of Kos
o
Passavâ
Gulf of Adalia
Monemvasia
Gulf of
Kelapha
Laconia
Rhodes
Stampalia
Maina
Santorini
Porto Kayio
Cape Malia
Cape Matapan
Kissamos Bay
Gramvousa
Gulf of Chania
C r e t e
of
S e a
Suda
ar ia f S am
A
Heraklion Sphakiotes
Rhetymno
C
Sphakia
N
E
•••
eo
Gorg
Scarpanto (Karpathos)
Suda Bay
Chania
R
r
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s
tas
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Cape Sounion
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Gulf of Petalia
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iz
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ip
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Gulf of Orphani
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ake Prespa
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11.37 - Situation 1699 133
Famagusta
po
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b
as
Bo
na B os Sava Srebrenica
su
t
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Szörényvár
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ti
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on
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Bay of Valona
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m
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ares)
i t r a S t
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in
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in
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Lake Scutari
An
KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)
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Bay of Spizz a
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k
Gulf of
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t e s i o
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rop
Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane
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11.38 - The Linea Grimani (the “Grimani Line”) was the officially demarcated border between the Venetian and the Ottoman territories on the Dalmatian coast. It was established in February 1701 as a result of the Treaty of Karlóca of 1699.
(Serb. Patriarchate)
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Boundary of Croatia before 1665
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134
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a r Ság ma g e ly Ságt I p Dorél y
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an
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et na
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Zimony
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Border
Zen gg (Partes Annexae)
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Bovic Topusko
P A P A L
V e n i c e
Budački
Adig
a
Partes Annexae
C a r n i Lippa o l a
of T rieste
Temesvár
S
Lake Comacc h
O
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Un
P A P A L
of
R
C
Nov igra d
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zo on Is Gö rz & Gra diš ka
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Drá
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VENICE
an
Saxons
Vasvár m os
a
l
Győr
H
Ikervár
Raab
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VENICE
K ő rö
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Annexae
St.Andrae Nagyvárad
d
Komját
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Kőszeg Körmend
P O L A N Dn
Csall óköz
Ráb
m ellék
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nau
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St.Andrae
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Annexae
S
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K
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S A L Z B UM R G
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Duchy of Naxos
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Gulf of Kos
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Cape Sounion
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d
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ip
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a n d s
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pe
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t e s i o
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T
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rg
Mesy (Bodrum)
T
d
o
eo
O
T
H
o
d
ei
A
e
(V ard
m
of
Bay of Va l o n a
e
B
R
Sikinos
a
of
S e a
p
Gulf of Mendela
tra
Philippopoli
Kissamos Bay
Saseno
Valona a 1521-1526
M
h
Cerigotto
Se
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
M Polyaigos
a Marits
Gramvousa
Lake Prespa
ni
O
ma
c
Tr a i
Me n
Leros
Anafi
R
ru
it ra St
Monastir
R
Patmos
Cape Malia
Axios
a
Sulina
Branch
Sulina
A
Aidin
Naxos
Folegandros
ar
M
Lake Ochrid
eka
Jan
s a i nAmorgos Duchy of Naxos o u n Niost
Kimolos
Melos
es
R
Bran c h
Ikaria
n
Delos
Paros
Sifnos
l k a n
Monemvasia
Gulf of Laconia
a
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Samos
Antiparos
a
rd
i
Elbasan
ta s
Mor
va
mb
lnic
N
Manissa
be
lia
S t. G
Smyrna
e
av
b
l
sa
na
ra
in
ku
ga
of Smyrna
I G K N
Mo
Va
T
Dr
E
Durazzo
Sh
T
Kilia
Myconos
Rinia
•••
Du
Ti
n)
I
T
ra ia n u m mT
h
garia
D
na
Du
Hermupolis
r Iske
B
CerigoS t
Skopje
Dunai
iz
Ged
a Gulf
Vathy
Tenos
Serifos
o
Cape Matapan
n
mits
Gyurgyevó
Kithnos
Hydra
Passavâ
Kelapha
u
A
Danu
Gyaros
Maina
Black
in
Boja
in
O
Dr
Dulcigno
ri
Keos
Spetsai
Eur
za
Bay of Chesmé
Siros
Kastri
Zarnata
Jalo
de Andros
lu
Ki
Brăila
Bu
Turnu Magurele
Thermisi
Misthra
je
E Dr
Scutari
Whi t e D
M
Kuci
Gulf of Nauplia
M o r a
Methoni
Karistos
Brussa
Methana
Kiveri
Po l
Spuž
ari
or
ul
vo P B i es c s k a tr ica
Ve
area
na Gulf of A e g iRahovo Cape Sounion
Nauplia
Kalamata
Dun
Aegina
Lara
Burdshi
Gulf of Messenia Koroni
Gulf
E
A
I
dz
D n ie s te r L im a n
Akkerman
nc
(B
Saronic
Edr
f f o
d emi
C h i o s
Gulf of Petalia
Salamis
Korinthos
na
(Mytilene)
Ar
Athens
a
Gul
Psara
os
A t t i c a
Dn
a
E ǧ r i b o z
Corinth
ip
a
H
C
A
L
A
mok
ios
Navarino Bay of Navarino Pylos
so
im
Lake S c u t a ri
Pastrovi ći
of
R
e
S
Isnik
r
a
Al p h e
W
A
Lala
e
Negroponte l (E u b o i a ) Zi ul Chalkis
na
t
zn
To p l i c a
Ko
Lim
L
Žabljak Upper Pulati
Budua
Otranto
r
Gulf
Olympia
Ju
ar
Z
et a
i C a t t a r o Grbalj
Sea
Kalavryta
Ca
Ol
ava
o
a
ti
al
M
an
an
E l i s
Ib
K
Ta r a
Cetinje
tiv
i
a
ra
Brda MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya
An
)M or
al
Eur
(Peloponnesos)
a r n i ca
a
Bay of Spizza
an
ot
Klobuk
in
bi
b
in
Ta
om
or
er
At
Rim
Lesbos
C
na
Ceh
a
H e r z e g oNiksic vina
ut
M o r a v
ri
a sk
(S
Zante
r
Lamia
Szörényvár
Gla
Patras
Castel Tornese Pi n e i o s
Gulf of
Lepanto=Na upaktos =Antirrhion
c h a i a
I
Skyros
Salona
Rrhion Vostitsa
P
Sporades
Lamia
Gravia
Orsova
Dunav
A
a
e
I s U v alc a n d s
D r in S
je ut
apadna
(Zakinthos)
m
V rachori
Gulf of Patras
S
o
Mehadia
Mesolongi
Lixuri
D
a
Ithaca
Argostoli
Z Li
a
K a r l i -DEulni
a Cephalonia K o lu b a r
os
m ta
i l l ko
Besika Bay
´
Northern
Skopelos
i
Zimony La Punta
Santa Maura (Levkas) va Sa
I o n i a n S e a
Belgrade Vonitza
Sperchei
s
Szabács
Sava Srebrenica
Gulf of Arta
b
Preveza
M
Tenedo s
te
v
a
Chelidromia
Kum Kale
•••
Mud ania
ik
Troy
Tavshan Isls Moudros
n
a
Dardanelles
M o u n t a i n s
Pelagonisi
a t r p Skiathos C a
Gulf of Vo l o s
th
i
T h e s s a l i a
Mh i a n
Alt Kokkinos
Al u ta
e
ea gx
Lemnos
s
n
o
Gyaros
V ersec
Arta
re
Titel
Karlóca
m
E
S
os
Se
e Antipaxos
I o n i a n
Karánsebes
Mezősomlyó
ng
dra
Imbros
s
r t
es
su
Parga
Pétervárad
P
A
Larissa
s ineio
Trikala
s
l
Bo
D a Paxos nub
Lugos
m
Y a Becskerek n y a
na
y
B
TT e i r éhg aa l a
Csák
o
Ca
Goumenitza
M e l u n a Pa s s Facsád Te
v
san
iğ i r l
Çanakkale (Kale Sultanie)
y
r
rfu
S
Joanina
Óbecse
Co
Corfu
e mp
Kas
os
r Ma
y a ll e
is
Gallipoli
l
Lippa
Lo
M a r m o r a
Marmara
s
sa
s
Mount Athos Gulf of the K ü k ü llő H a g i o n ag y N Oros
Gulf of Kasandra
Gulf of Saros
e
it
Gulf of Saloniki
Temesvár
i
P h i lia t
Eszék
aro s
Holy
p
t e s i o
Feh km -K öros lia ér
tr
A
Maro
Csanád
Tisa
E
Delvino
na B os
Samothrace
k
is
M
aro Szeged s Magyarkanizsa Argyrocastro
Butrinto
a
n
M
W
o a nt Otr
A v l o n y a
Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
Io f
S e a
G e l i b o l u
Enos
e
a
Rodos to
Dedea gach
i
Ka
i
Mohács
áv
Thasos
Gulf of Orphani
Thessaloniki
Veria
Maros
z
E d i r n e
s
Kavalla
Survey 4: Greece and the islands from 1521 to 1699 T r a n s y l v a n i a
n of n o Saseno n DOM Cape Glossa LES apos o r L i n g u ept toa s (Span. Bay of Bourbon) Va l o n a Otranto
Dr
Lake Tachino
on
S
Kastoria
Y
e s to s
e - Kő r ö
R
m
a
L a kkee t O s tFreo v o
Filorina
ti
A
Se b es - Kő r ö s
A
Florina
ares)
Se
ni
G
Lake Prespa
s K ő rö
ard s (V
Ochrid
N
m
of
a
U
g n s á y k u a g
it ra St
H
Sphakiotes
C
Sphakia
N
E
A
N
S
r
E A
b 1526-1530 144
Knossos
e t e
Spinalonga
ll of e y ra b B a Mi
Kasos
Nicosia
o
C y p r u s
T roödos Mnts.
Paphos Limassol
Famagusta Larnaca
a Crn
ic er M
N
Thessaloniki
k h
z d
u
l
Va
B a
j u r
m
Me
and e r
D
S e a
a
Gulf of Adalia Syme
Nisyros
Rho des
G u l f o f BTue lrogsa s
r
Chalke
Rho des
ndga
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
Tu
Scarp anto
Adrianople
sa
Kyrenia
Spinalonga s
of E y r oo B ab ve l l ira
Knossos
e t e
M
Kasos
Cape E rgene Sideros
Bosporus Nicosia
Constantinople
Famagusta
C y p rt s . u s T roödos Mn
S
Gulf of Orphani
a
Ç.
Sus
Pruth
D u n a rea
o n d ža
E A
Larnaca
Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
Paphos
ic
A
r
St.George
Gulf of Kos
K os
er
Bre
ares)
E
an u
Black
i
Ti
Lake Tachino
on
e s Bra
“Dragon”
Heraklion
C
Sphakia
rg
K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N
t Rhetymno s.
Sphakiotes
Mendelia
Kalym nos
S e a
M
ç e rn a
o op
a
Suda
Tr a i
b
on
es Te
m
Aspr
t
l
S u
a
i
n
Ol
Ti
M a r m o r a
o f
Limassol
Marmara
Gulf of Saros
Ç.
Gallipoli iğ i r l
is
on
W
tr
ia Al
it
sa
km
Gulf of
Argyrocastro
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Gulf of Kasandra
Saloniki
ik
Dardanelles
E
Delvino
t e s i o
i
Te m
ios
Pine
o
rfu
v a ll
Pinios (Salamvrias)
ey
na l
Parga
M
Preveza
Gulf of Arta
Vonitza
ta
o
op
Lamia
al
an
ti
g Ca
r o na
p
o
r
e
a
ios
Burdshi
Cape Sounion
Pylos Methoni
Kelapha
Myconos
Rinia Siros
Delos
Hermupolis
Gulf of
Mendelia
Gulf of Mendela
Paros
(Minoa)
o
Naxos
Sifnos Kimolos
Monemvasia
M
Gulf of Laconia
Duchy of Naxos
Polyaigos
Melos
Kalym nos
Gulf of Kos
K os
Amorgo s
Gulf of Kos
Gulf of Adalia
Stampalia
Nios
Sikinos
Folegandros
Maina
Nisyros Santorini
Syme
Rho des
Telos
Anafi
Cape Malia
E
Cape Matapan
Patmos
Leros
Serifos
Antiparos
Passavâ
Koroni
Ikaria
Kithnos
ta s
Zarnata
Gulf of Messenia
and e r
M en d e r e s
Samos
Tenos
Gyaros
Hydra Spetsai
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
Me
Vathy
Misthra
Eur
A N A T O L I A
Andros
Keos
Gulf of A e g i n a
Nauplia
iz
Bay of Chesmé
Gulf of Petalia
Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or
Gulf of Nauplia
Kalamata
Ged
C h i o s
al
Korinthos
(Peloponnesos)
Al p h e
E
mid
os
Athens
Castel Tornese
M
i a)
ip
Corinth Kalavryta
Pi n e i o s
dre of E
Gulf of Smyrna
Psara
n
of
A c h a i a
a n d s
Gulf
a
e
S
an
Patras
o
t e (E ub o
l
Eur
Gulf
R
C
Rrhion
Gulf of Patras
Zante
Sporades
e
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Ithaca
Cephalonia
At
I
Northern
N
Gulf of
Aspr
Maura I o n i a Santa n (Levkas)
S e a
Sperchei
mos
o
La Punta
s
I o n i a n
Besika Bay
P
Gulf of Vo l o s
Arta
n
a
e
g
e
A
E
s
Ca
Goumenitza
Paxos
I s l
pe
r
S u
M e l u n a Pa s s
Joanina
Co
Corfu
l
p
Butrinto
P h t ilia
Chalke
Rho des
Kastellorizo
Cerigo
D I
T
E
C r e t e
of
S e a
Scarp anto
Kissamos Bay
Gramvousa
Kyrenia
Suda
Rhetymno Gorg
ar ia f S am
R
eo
R
Suda Bay
Chania
A
Sphakiotes
C
Sphakia
N
E
Heraklion •••
o a nt Otr
Bay of Va l o n a
Sus
ina
Dr aca
Mor
av
b
l sa
na Du
na
b
l
Suda Bay
it
Arda
•••
(V ard
l
g
N e s to s
a
n
Gulf of
Santorini
ar
ar ia f S am
i
N
eo
d
Gorg
u
Sr
m
e
oA n
Lake Doiran
ei
c
ta
B
R
Saseno
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
M
Chania
M
R
Tu
a
e
Sulina
M en d e r e s
Gulf of Mendela
nAmorgos s Duchy of nNaxos t a i Stampalia u Nios o Sikinos
M
o
ka
iz
V a l l um
Naxos
A N C r e t e
of
eo
h
d
Re
Axios
A Valona c 1530-1540
p
es
Lake Ostrovo
ti
M
Bran c h
Branch
Sulina
S t. G
Leros
Philippopoli
a Marits
lia
A N A T O L I A
be
Patmos
Polyaigos
S e a
Kissamos Gramvousa B a y
Se
ni
O
nica
ar
a
Lake Prespa
t
rd
in
M
Lake Ochrid
a
of
OM of S Otranto n. rbon)
u
i mb
m
it ra St ulia
E
Durazzo
k Sh
l
ga
Dunai
Ged
of Smyrna
tra
Anafi
o
Va
T
Dr
Sea
M
Kimolos
Melos
h
I
na
T
Jan
Antiparos
l k a n
Kilia
Myconos
Paros
Sifnos
ra ia n u m mT
Ikaria
n
(Minoa)
a
lu
Ki
Samos
Cape Malia
CerigoS
T
mits Gulf a
Delos
Folegandros
Cape Matapan
Black
Boja
O
in
Dulcigno
Du
Hermupolis
r Iske
Monemvasia
Gulf of Laconia
ma
Scutari
ari
in
Jalo
Vathy
Tenos
Gyaros
Maina
n
u
Gyurgyevó
Rinia
B
ru
tiv
Dr
An
Kelapha
D
Bay of Spizza
Dr
I
anu
Serifos
D n ie s te r L im a n
Akkerman
nc
Pastrovi ći
ri
Keos
irl i k
Brăila
D Bay of Chesmé
Kithnos
R
Lake S c u t a ri
E
A
de Andros
Cape Sounion
Aegina
Passavâ
Koroni
E
Budua
of Messenia
za
Psara
Siros
o
Dn
Whi t e D
Žabljak Upper Pulati
Grbalj
Catta ro
Eur
Zarnata
M
che di Cattaro
Methana
Misthra
Kalamata
Gulf
Bu
ACr h i o s dz e
Turnu Magurele
area
r
a
Kuci
Cetinje
Dun
Gulf of
Nauplia
ta s
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
Ve
Gulf of Petalia
Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or
a
je
Spuž
e
a
os
Hydra
va
im
ip
na
Gulf of Edremid
H
C
A
Spetsai
Po l
L
t e
A u b o i a) L
Gulf of Nauplia
Pylos Methoni
vo
Z
et a
Korinthos
Burdshi
ra
so
Lim
Brda MONTE NEGRO Perasto Katunsksa Nahya
n
(E
ul
Kiveri
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
Ko
Ta r a
l
Zi
Rim
R
e
S
i l l ko
Athens
eloponnesos)
Mo
a r n i ca
a
cegno vi el Nuovo )
To p l i c a
o
mok
n)
ar
rin
r
p
of Corinth
garia
Ib
to
(P J u Al p h e i o zn s a (B
a
ra
Niksic
Klobuk
o
in
Ta
om
ca Su
M
ava
ot
H erzegovina ji
isn
Pi n e i o s
Kalavryta
r o na
Eur
Gulf
a
Castel Tornese
)M or
W
ul
Ceh
ka
K
eb
an
ac
a s
bi
Uv
D r in S
je ut
er
i
g Ca
I
Sporades
t
Zante
b
ti
P
Besika Bay
Northern
al
a
a
a( S
Za
m
A c h a i a
e
an
n
a
Ol
na
Li
Patras
a
r
al
i
ri
i
e
At
M
M o u n t a i n s
an
D
I s l
Rrhion
Gulf of Patras
a n dp a d n sS
Lamia
Szörényvár
e
C
M o r a v
ra
Gulf of
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Ithaca
K o lu b a Cephalonia
Orsova
Dunav
b
Sa
na
Alt
Al u ta
te
v
Du
N
th
S e a
o
Mehadia
re
Santa Maura (Levkas) va
I o n i a n Bos
Zimony La Punta
mos
Se
Szabács
ta
t
Dardanelles
s
Sava Srebrenica
Vonitza Belgrade
Sperchei
s
I o n i a n
Gulf of Arta
n
o
gx
a
iğ
y
Titel
Karlóca Preveza
a
kü
l
i
gy K ü
Mh i a n
a r p C a
Gulf of Vo l o s
V ersec
s
m
e
is
Gallipoli
e
r t
Arta
E
k
D aPaxos nube
n
su
´
S
M a r m o r a
Marmara
e
s
l
Bo
na B os
Mezősomlyó
Na
Tig hin a =Bender
Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
o f
S e a
Gulf of Saros
llő
s
A
Lugos
ios P i n e Karánsebes
i
na
y
ér
Ca
Becskerek
ro
Pinios a ( S a l a m v r i a sM )
ey
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Gulf of Kasandra
Saloniki
a ll ev
aro s
T r a n s y l v a n i a
Gulf of
p M e l u n a Pa s s Facsád Te m
Bé ga
em
o
Goumenitza
T
Csák
Parga
S
baš
s
es
rfu
Bács
žega
Joanina
Óbecse
Co
Corfu
Feh km Köros
Lippa
Temesvár
r
Eszék
Maro
t e s i o
i
P h t ilia
a
sa
Butrinto
ia
Al
Tisa
p
Zombor áv
ros Csanád
Delvino Szabadka
E
Dr
Ma
Magyarkanizsa Argyrocastro
Mohác s
Siklós
z
A
M it
Baja
Gulf of Orphani
Thessaloniki
tr
Szekszárd Va l o n a
Maros
S
Valona
Bay of
OM of S getvár Otranto n. rbon)
s
e s to s
a
os
- Kő r ö
Lake Tachino
on
s
m
i
L a k ke e t e O s tFr eo v o
ti
is
o a nt Otr
Kapos
Saseno
Y
W
n C a po e Glossa Szászvár o r L i n g u e pt t a
ni
S e b e s - K ö rö
R
Monastir
es)
n
A
Lake Prespa
s K ő rö
a
n
G
Se
m
a
Ochrid
N
Kalocsa Ka
P
Simontornya
of
ulia
U
ardar s (V
Ozora
g n s á y k u a g
H
it ra St
Lake alaton
r
Knossos
e t e
Spinalonga lo of el y ab B aM ir
Cape Sideros
Kasos
Nicosia Famagusta
C y p nrt s . u s T roödos M
A
N
S
E A
d 1540-1550 145
Paphos Limassol
Larnaca
ic er M
a k
Ç.
Sus
d
z
h
Pruth
l
u
Va
B D u n a rea
t
e s Bra
St.George
a j u
r
b
Me
o
and e r
res
D
S e a
Black
Gulf of Adalia Nisyros
Rho des
G u l f o f BTue lrogsa s Chalke
Rho des
ndga
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
Tu
N
Scarp anto
Adrianople
sa
Kyrenia
s
oEf v re o y ra b B a Mi
S
Knossos
e t e
Kasos
Cape E rgene Sideros
llo
Bosporus Nicosia
Constantinople
Famagusta
C y p r u s T roödos Mnts.
Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e Paphos
ic
r
N e s to s
E A
S e a
M a r m o r a
o f
M a r m a r aa
Gulf of Orphani
Limassol
Gulf of Saros
Ç.
Gallipoli
l
iğ i r l
tr
it
km
sa
Gulf of
Gulf of Kasandra
Corfu
l
P h t ilia
t e s i o
M e l u n a Pa s s
Te m
pe
v a ll
Co
Pine
rfu Ca na
Goumenitza
ios
l
Paxos
M
Gulf of Arta
Preveza
Vonitza
Sperchei
mos
o
Gulf of
op
o
ta
P
Santa Maura (Levkas)
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Ithaca Cephalonia
Rrhion
Gulf of Patras
of
r
e
a)
ip
Chios
Athens Korinthos
a
ios
Burdshi
Cape Sounion
Pylos Methoni
Eur
Gulf of Messenia Kelapha
Myconos Rinia Delos
Hermupolis
Serifos
Leros
Naxos
M
Gulf of Laconia
Polyaigos
Gulf of Kos Gulf of Adalia
Stampalia Nisyros
Santorini
Syme
Rho des
Telos
Anafi
Cape Malia
E
Cape Matapan
K os
Amorgo s
Nios
Sikinos
Folegandros
Maina
Kalym nos
Duchy of Naxos
Kimolos
Melos
Gulf of Mendela
(Minoa) Antiparos
Sifnos
Monemvasia
Patmos
Paros
(Livadion)
o
Passavâ
Koroni
Ikaria
Tenos
Gyaros
Siros
Misthra
and e r
M en d e r e s
Samos
Kithnos
ta s
Zarnata
Me
Vathy
Hydra Spetsai
Kalamata
A N A T O L I A
Andros
Keos
Gulf of A e g i n a
Nauplia
iz
Bay of Chesmé
Gulf of Petalia
S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or
Gulf of Nauplia
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
Ged
Gulf of Smyrna
os
al
o
boi
Corinth
(Peloponnesos)
Al p h e
E
a
an
M
Gulf of Edremid
Psara
Eur
Kalavryta
Pi n e i o s
Castel Tornese
R e
S
Sporades
eg ro al po an ti nt Ca na e l (E u
Gulf
A c h a i a
I s l a n d s
I
C
Patras
Zante
At
Besika Bay
Northern
N
Lamia
n
a
e
g
e
Gulf of Vo l o s
Aspr
I o n i a n
A
s
I o n i a n
Dard ane lle s
(Salamvrias)
E
Parga
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Pinios
ey
S u
Butrinto
ik
Sus
on
is
ia Al
Saloniki
S e a
rg
m
Syme
er
Bre
an u
W Chalke
(Megiste) Kastellorizo
Rho des
Cerigo
D I
T
E
Kissamos Gramvousa B a y
ar ia f S am
R
Gorg
A
E
A
N
(Karpa thos)
Kyrenia
Suda Rhetymno
Sphakiotes
Heraklion
C
Sphakia
N
Scarp anto
Suda Bay
Chania
eo
R
C r e t e
of
S e a
•••
o a nt Otr
A
Corfu
eo
Gulf of Kos
K os
M
a
ar ia f S am
Crn
eo
of
b
Kalym nos
a
Spinalonga
Herakl ion
C
N
it
ar
M
A
Arda
t Rhetymno s.
Lake Tachino
m
n
av
on
es m Te
Aspr
Ol
l
S u
o
ç e rn a
sa Ti ina
Dr
op
Ti
a b l
na Du
aca
n d ža
Santorini
•••
Mor
Tu
g
Sphakiotes
Gulf of Mendela
Naxos
r
l Suda
Tr a i
M en d e
Leros
M
o
a
d ei
i
o
a
h
ma
Gorg
Thessaloniki
e 1550-1566
Patmos
tra
M C r ae t e A
Sphakia
on
E
ares)
a
ti
u
Sr
(V ard
m
Lake Ostrovo
Jan
of Suda Bay
n
Sulina
Branch
Sulina
h
R
ru
Axios
Lake Doiran
N
Se
Saseno
M
ta Chania
Bran c h
nc
ta s
ar
it ra St
A
Delos
i
e
lia
Myconos
Sikinos
Polyaigos
e a
Kilia
S t. G
V a l l um
Ikaria
n
a Marits
Op S
ra ia n i mT
A N A T O L I A
s Duchy of Naxos a i nAmorgos Stampalia o u n Niost
M
Akkerman
iz
Ged
Samos
Anafi
B
R
ka
Du
Paros
Kimolos
Melos
D n ie s te r L im a n
Vathy
Rinia
Sifnos
lu
Ki
Dunai
be
Gyurgyevó
Tenos
Kithnos
l k a n
es
R Re
Danu
Gyaros
Kissamos Bay
M a c e d o n i a
Lake Ochrid
ni
Keos
Gramvousa
Lake Prespa
Cape Glossa or Linguetta Bay of Va l o n a
Otranto
u
l
T
nica
rd
in
k Sh
ga
Va
T
Dr
E
Durazzo i mb
t
va
I
T
E
u
mits Gulf a
e
Cape Malia
CerigoS t
O
Black
na
in
Boja
Ol
ra
n
za
Bay of Chesmé
Folegandros
Cape Matapan
D
Scutari
i
in
n area Du
dz
de
Andros Turnu Magurele
Gulf of Petalia
irl i k
Brăila
of Smyrna
Ar
Ve
Antiparos
a
Monemvasia
Gulf of Laconia
na
C h i o s
r Iske
B
o
Jalo
os
Hermupolis
Passavâ Kelapha
E
ar
Dulcigno
Sea
Mo
Whi t e D
tiv
Dr
ri
ip
Maina
Dr
An
Koroni
M
Lake S c u t a ri
Pastrovići
Eur
Zarnata
je
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
Kalamata
Gulf of Messenia
Bu
A
Siros
Misthra
Focșani
Gulf of Edremid
a
I
H
C
A
Li a )
Gulf of A e g i n a C a p e Sounion
Nauplia
R
e
Serifos
Po l
im
A
ul
S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or
a
Rim
S
Gulf of Nauplia
Pylos Methoni
vo
Z
Budua
e
Burdshi
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
so
L
Žabljak Upper Pulati
Grbalj
Bay of Spizza
r
(Peloponnesos)
To p l i c a
Ko
Ta r a Lim
o tt ar
Korinthos
i l l ko
Besika Bay
I
n)
ar
a r n i ca
MONTENEGRO et Risan Perasto a Spuž Cetinje a
o
n
t e (E ub o
l
Zi
o
Athens
Al p h e ios zn a (B
Ib
ra
a
C a t t a rC o
Ju
ot
erzegovina
os)
M
ava
c
a
K
om
Pi n e i o s
na
p
mok
Castel Tornese
)M or
in
Ta
an
Kalavryta
r o
Corinth
garia
Ceh
a
bi
a
g Ca
M
Brassó
P
Sporades
Eur
ul
a sk
er
A c h a i a
i
ti
n
a
Northern
al
na Uva
D r in S
je ut
a( S
Za
Zante m
b
e
an
Alt
M o u n t a i n s
an
ri
Li
Patras
a
r
al
W
Gulf of
Rrhion
Dard ane lle s
Fogaras
C
D
I s l
Sarajevo
e
At
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Gulf of Patras
a n dp a d n sS
Lamia
Szörényvár
e
Dn
ra
K o lu b a Cephalonia
Gulf of
o
Szeben
a
Ithaca
Orsova
Dunav
Segesvár
Al u ta
r
v
Sa
na
th
Du
N
g
i a n t h
a r p C a
o Mehadia
os
x
s
n
iğ
re
Belgrade
M o r a v
S e a
Zimony
Santa Maura (Levkas) va
m ta
a
e
M
Gulf of Vo l o s
Sperchei
Se
I o n i a n
Vonitza
A
s
Szabács
Gulf of Arta
S
te
Gallipoli
s
l
I o n i a n
Sava Srebrenica
Titel
E
Partes Annexae
s
Déva a r o
( S a l a m v r i a sM )
Versec
k ü llő y Kü
is
Gulf of Saros
Kas
Karánsebes
Mezősomlyó Somlyó
t
Preveza
Gulf of Gyulafehérvár andra
Saloniki
Pinios
H a g i o n O r oNs a g
a M a r m o r Bender
Marmara
s
na
su
Gulf of the
Gulf of
Lugos
neios
aro s
Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
o f
S e a
l y
Ca
Bo
M
A
n
rfu
Parga Karlóca
Pi
s y O rlp h avn i a n Marosvásárhely ia
Desnye
ey Facsád v a ll M e l u n a Pa s s Te m p e
es
Co
Goumenitza Becskerek
D aPaxos nube
Jenő
Bé ga
em
Gulf of
T r a n Thessaloniki
Feh km Köros
Maros
Szamosujvár
e
sa
T Csák
Lake Tachino
on
Almás
Kolozsvár
Lippa
Temesvár
Óbecse
a
k
it
Corfu
Corfu
t e s i o
s
Solymos
s
i Sebesvár
ér
tr
P h t il
a
a
A
n
i
is
Maro
Csanád
Butrinto ia
na B os
Világos lia
Arad
Nagylak
- Kő r ö
s
e
W
ros
Tisa
áv
Ma
o
z
Ka
o a nt Otr Dr
Jenő
Magyarkanizsa
Mohács
Siklós
Gyula
A
Bay of Va l o n a
Pécs
L a k ke e t e O s tFr eo v o
d
S e b e s - K ö rö
S
of
Otranto ár
ti
e
e s to s
a
ni
c
m
m
Se
a
ares)
it ra St Saseno C a p e G l ops s a o r L i n g u e t toa s
Lake Prespa
s K ő rö
ard s (V
M
Ochrid
S
r
f 1566-1593 146
Knossos
e t e
E A
Spinalonga
M
of y B a e llo b ira
Cape Sideros
Kasos
Nicosia
Cyprus T roödos Mnts.
Paphos Limassol
Famagusta
l
Corfu Co
Pine
rfu Ca
Goumenitza
ios
v a ll
na l
ic er M
Gulf of Arta
Vonitza
Sperchei
mos
Gulf of
op
Santa Maura (Levkas)
Aspr
I o n i a n
M
o
o
ta
M
(Karpa thos)
Kasos
osporus NicosiaB
Constantinople
Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
S e a
r aa r a r ma ram M aM
At
al
e
an
Korinthos
o
r
e
a
ti
g Ca
r o na
l
p
o
Ç.
Sus
P
Burdshi
Saronic
t e (E ub o
E Ged
Gulf of Smyrna
iz
C h i o s
os
Bay of Chesmé
Kithnos
Ikaria
Myconos Rinia Siros
Hydra
Delos
Hermupolis
Serifos
Patmos Leros
Paros
Kalym nos
Sifnos
Monemvasia
M
Gulf of Laconia
Folegandros
Maina
Gulf of Adalia Nisyros
Santorini
Syme
Rho des
Telos
Anafi
Cape Malia
E
Cape Matapan
Gulf of Kos
Stampalia
Nios
Polyaigos Sikinos
Melos
K os
Amorgo s
Duchy of Naxos
Kimolos
Gulf of Mendela
Bodrum Naxos
Antiparos
o
Koroni
M en d e r e s
Samos
Tenos
Gyaros
Misthra
Eur
and e r
Vathy
Keos Cape Sounion
Me
Andros
Gulf of Petalia
ta s
Gulf of Messenia
Gulf of Edremid
a
e
i a)
ip
Spetsai
Pylos Methoni
R
Psara
Gulf
Gulf of A e g i n a
Nauplia Gulf of Nauplia
Kalamata
I S
or
ios
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
Besika Bay
n
Aegina
(Peloponnesos)
Al p h e
n
a
al
M
ik
Dard ane lle s
e
Athens
Kalavryta
Pi n e i o s
Gulf of Ismid
M a r m o r a
o f
Gulf of Saros
Corinth
Castel Tornese
Zante
Famagusta
C y p rn tus . s
T roödos M Büyü k Çekm ece
an
a n d s
k
a
r
Scarp anto
Cape E rgene Sideros
of y o BEa ve lrl o b ira
s
Knossos
E A
Sporades
N Lamia
Eur
of
A c h a i a
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
C
Patras
h
z d
S
g
Gulf
Rrhion
Gulf of Patras
u
l
Va
B a
j u r
b o D
i ndga Tu
N
Rho des
Northern
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Ithaca Cephalonia
Rho des
Chalke
Adrianople
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Gulf of Vo l o s
Preveza
a
Ç.
Sus
Pruth
D u n a rea
t
N
e
A
s
I o n i a n
S e a
Pinios (Salamvrias)
ey
E
Parga
Paxos
I s l
a
ic
Bre
pe
S u
Te m
and e r
Gulf of Adalia Syme
on
sa
M e lMu enlau n Paa sPa s ss
St. George
Gulf of Kos
er
a Crn
it
t e s i o
e s Bra
Me
Gallipoli
Gulf of Kasandra
rg
res
iğ i r l
Gulf of
eo
m
G u l f o f BTue lrogsa s
Spinalonga
Heraklion
Gulf of Orphani
km
Sulina
Branch
Sulina
Black
Nisyros
sa
l
tr
Butrinto
P h t ilia
S e a
ˇ K os
M
a i
n
a
av
o
ç e rn a
l
on
es m Te
op
Ti
sa Ti
S u
Aspr
ina
Dr aca
Mor
Ol
i n
a b
l
na Du
na
b
Arda
•••
is
ia Al
Saloniki
Corfu
an u
W
A
Bran c h
h
ares)
A
lia
nc
it
C r e t e
Lake Tachino
E
Ag
l
Sphakia
on
Kalym nos
n d ža
Santorini
ar
a
Kilia
Suda
Sr
Thessaloniki
g 1593-1606
Bay of Va l o n a
N
Tr a i
M en d e
Gulf of Mendela
Leros
N e s to s
i
(V ard
a
Lake Ostrovo
ti
Patmos
C r e t e
Sphakiotes
ar ia f S am
An
o
Gorg
V a l l um
tra
Philippopoli
Suda Bay
ra ia n u m mT
A N A T O L I A
be
Naxos
t us Rhetymno .
n
ta Chania
eo
d
Se
ni
M
M
e
Lake Doiran
m
c
R
ei
a
Lake Prespa
R
Axios
M
Lake Ochrid
m
Chalke
Rho des
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
Cerigo
D I
S e a
T
E
os Gramvousa K i s s a m Bay
Chania
ar ia f S am
R
A
E
A
N
(Karpa thos)
Suda
Sphakiotes
C
Sphakia
N
Scarp anto
Suda Bay
Heraklion
Rhetymno Gorg
eo
R
Gulf of Chania
C r e t e
of
•••
Otranto
i
B
Saseno
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
o a nt Otr
. on)
of
M of
mb
Gulf of Chania
Akkerman
Ikaria
M
o
ar
it ra St ulia
ku
e
Dn
d
rd
Sh
a
o
p
Gramvousa K i s s a m o s
R
Danu
Bay of Chesmé
n
Jan
Paros
M of
S e a es
eka
A
h
ma
Va
T
in
Durazzo
t
R
I
Dr
Sea
O Bay
E
e
Cape Malia
T
ica
dz
Tu
a Marits
lu
S t. G
iz
Ged
of Smyrna
Anafi
ru
D
ln ga
mits Gulf a
Delos
Folegandros
Cerigo S t
Dunai
Sifnos
Melos
D n ie s te r L im a n
Myconos
Rinia
Maina
Cape Matapan
T
Jalo
i nAmorgos s Kimolos Duchy of Naxos n Niost a Stampalia u o M Sikinos Polyaigos
l k a n
Monemvasia
Gulf of Laconia
E
O
Black
in
Dulcigno na Boja
Kithnos
Du
Antiparos
a
u
Vathy
Tenos
Gyaros
r Iske
B
o
ta s
Whi t e D
Scutari
ari
in
n
(Zea)
irl i k
Ki
Samos
Hermupolis
Koroni
M
tiv
Dr
Dr
An
Eur
Gulf of Messenia
Pylos Methoni
1602
ri
Keos
Cape Sounion
r
Brăila
A
Gyurgyevó
Siros
Misthra
Kalamata
va
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
Lake S c u t a ri
Bay of Spizza
or
Aegina
za
Turnu Magurele
D u narea
Gulf of A e g i n a
Nauplia
Bu
Andros
Gulf of Petalia
Gulf
de
Serifos
ra
im
Žabljak Upper Pulati
Budua
a
je
Z
t
o tar
L
Saronic
Gulf of Nauplia
Po l
MONTENEGRO et a Cetinje Spuž
Perasto
e
Burdshi
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
vo
Ta r a Lim
a B o c c h e d i C a tC taro
To p l i c a
so
ca
Risan
r
(Peloponnesos)
Mo
a r n i ca
Herzegovina ji
Cavtat ( Epidauros)
o
Ve
n)
ra
Ko
sn
Korinthos
Al p h e ios zn a (B
ot
ar
bi
Ju
Ib
om
K
re
M
ava
c
Ar
Athens
Castel Tornese
)M or
a
Ta
Pi n e i o s
mok
E
Chios
os
Corinth
garia
Ceh
a
an
in
sk
bi
aKalavryta
ip
na
Gulf of Edremid
I
H
C
A
L
oia )
Eur
ul
a S
je ut
er
A
al
Uva
D r in
tar
a( S
i
eg ro po ti nt Ca na e l (E Zi ub ul
a
i l l ko
Rim
R
e
S
Ol
na
a
a
Zante m
b
Besika Bay
Brassó ´
Sporades
W of
A c h a i a
n
a
PM o u n t a iI n s
an
ri
Za
Li
an
M
Northern
Gulf
Rrhion
Patras
a
r
Orsova
al
e
Alt Fogaras
C
D
I s l a n d sp a d n
Sarajevo
e
At
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Gulf of Patras
S
Lamia
Szörényvár
i
ra
Gulf of
g
Szeben
b
Ithaca
e
i a n t h
a r p C a N
x
a
M
o
Mehadia
Dunav
M o r a v
K o lu b a Cephalonia
na
S
A
E
Dard ane lle s
s
n
Al u ta
te
v
Sa
os
th
Du
s
o
iğ
re
Belgrade
Santa Maura (Levkas) va
m ta
( S a l a m v r i aM s)
Gulf of Vo l o s
Sperchei
Se
I o n i a n
Partes
s
Zimony
Szabács
S e a
Vonitza
Déva a r o
Pinios
ey
Annexae
V ersec
Gulf of Arta
Preveza
v a ll
s
I o n i a n
Sava Srebrenica
Titel
t
Karánsebes
n
Mezősomlyó
l
su
Pi
neios
i
na
Bo
Karlóca
pe
is
Gallipoli
Ka
Gulf of Ismid
M a r m o r a
Gulf of Saros
S z e k e l y
aro s
Bender
Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
oI f
Marmara
Gulf of the Mount Athos k ü llő y Kü H a g i o n O r o sN a g Segesvár
Gulf of Gyulafehérvár sandra
Lugos
em
S e a
Holy
Gulf of
Lippa Te m
e s to s
Ca
Parga
D aPaxos nube
i
m
T
M
Feh km -K öros
Facsád
Csák
Gulf of
n s y O rlp h avn i a n Marosvásárhely ia
Desnye
M e l u n a Pa s s Temesvár B é ga
Goumenitza Becskerek
Pétervárad
baš
Bos
Kolozsvár
T r a Thessaloniki
ia
V
Maros
Szamosujvár
es)
t e s i o
Lake Tachino
on
Almás Sebesvár
Saloniki
s
es
rfu
Bács
Maro
Óbecse
Co
Corfu
žega
na B os
s
ér
Corfu
Al
sa
Butrinto a
it
Zenta
Eszék
Nagylak
Csanád
Tisa
a
Szeged Ma ros
Magyarkanizsa
P h t ili
áv
s
Jenő
tr
Szabadka
Zombor
Dr
L a k ke e O s tFr eo v o
ti
A
Baja
Mohács
Siklós
t e - Kő r ö
is
Bay of Va l o n a
Pécs
Annexae
W
Szigetvár Otranto
ni
a
Glossa or Linguetta
o a nt Otr
M of
. on)
Se
m
Szászvár
Kapos
Saseno s C a pSzekszárd e
Lake Prespa
s K ő rö
Kalocsa
K apo
of
ulia
Simontormya
S e b e s - K ö rö
Ochrid
ardar s (V
it ra St
Lake alaton
S
r
e t e
E A
h 1606-1649 147
Spinalonga
Knossos
M
of y B a e llo b ira
Cape Sideros
Kasos
Nicosia
C y p r u s T roödos Mnts.
Famagusta
ic er
a k
Ç.
Sus
z
h
Pruth
d
B
e s Bra
St.George
a j u
r
m
Me
and e r
b
an u
o ˇ
Sphakiotes
l
Suda
Arda
n Rhetymno t s.
Rho des
G u l f o f BTue lrogsa s
a
N Kasos
s
osporus NicosiaB
Constantinople
C r e t e
N
S
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
(Karpa thos)
Cape E rgene Sideros
Ev ro
Knossos
Rho des
Scarp anto
Adrianople
sa
Spinalonga
Heraklion
Syme
Nisyros
Tu
A
it
Gulf of Kos
K os
Chalke
r
g
S e a
Black
Famagusta
Cyprus
roödos T ece Büyü k Çekm Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
ic
Gorg
res
D
n d ža
Santorini
a
Mendelia
E A
er
Bre
u
l
Va
D u n a rea
t
M
u
Kalym nos
S e a
M
a Crn
n
rg
Bodrum
ndga
ç e rn a
l
M
on
o
Ol
es m Te
Aspr
Gulf of Orphani
Mnts.
Gulf of Ismid
M a r m o r a
o f
Marmara
Gulf of Saros
iğ i r l
is
on
l
W
tr
ia Al
it
sa
km
Gulf of
Gulf of Kasandra
Butrinto ia
Corfu
M e l u n a Pa s s
Pine
Co
Corfu
t e s i o
Te m
pe
v a ll
rfu Ca
Goumenitza
ios
na l
A
Gulf of Arta
Vonitza
ta
Sperchei
mos
o
Gulf of
op
Santa Maura Levkas
Aspr
I o n i a n
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Ithaca Cephalonia
At
r
e
Korinthos
a
Aegina
Kithnos
Rinia
Koroni
Myconos Delos
Hermupolis
Kalym nos
Polyaigos
Melos
M
Folegandros
Maina
Gulf of Kos
Gulf of Adalia
Stampalia
Nios
Sikinos
Gulf of Kos
K os
Amorgo s
Kimolos
Monemvasia
Mendelia
Gulf of Mendela
Bodrum Naxos
Sifnos
Gulf of Laconia
Gulf of
Leros
Antiparos
o
Patmos
Paros
Misthra
ta s
Gulf of Messenia
Pylos Methoni
Ikaria
Siros Serifos
Eur
and e r
M en d e r e s
Samos
Tenos
Gyaros
Cape Sounion
Me
Vathy
Keos
Gulf of A e g i n a
Nauplia
ios
Kalamata
A N A T O L I A
Andros
Gulf of Petalia
S a r o n i c Gulf or
iz
Bay of Chesmé
Gulf of Nauplia
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
Ged
Gulf of Smyrna
Chios
al
o
E
os
Athens
(Peloponnesos)
Al p h e
Gulf of Edremid
a
e
S
an
M
R
a)
ip
Corinth
Kalavryta
Pi n e i o s
Castel Tornese
Zante
boi Eur
of
A c h a i a
I s l a n d s
I
C
Patras
Sporades
eg ro al po an ti nt Ca na e l (E u
Gulf
Rrhion
Gulf of Patras
P
Besika Bay
Northern
N
Lamia
n
a
e
g
e
Gulf of Vo l o s
o
Preveza
M
s
I o n i a n
D ard an e lle s
(Salamvrias)
E
Parga
Paxos
ik
Pinios
ey
S u
P h t il
l
Saloniki
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Nisyros Santorini
Syme
Rho des
Telos
Anafi Chalke
Cape Malia
E
Cape Matapan
Rho des
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
Cerigo
D of
I
S e a
T
E
os Gramvousa K i s s a m Bay
Suda
ar ia f S am
R
A
Sphakiotes
E
A
N
S
E A
j 1673-1683 148
Spinalonga
Knossos
C r e t e
Sphakia
N
Heraklion
Rhetymno
Gorg
Scarp anto
Suda Bay
Chania eo
R
Gulf of Chania
C r e t e
•••
o ant Otr
Ç.
Gallipoli Sus
ina
Dr
op
Ti
sa Ti
S u
a
e
ta Chania
Gulf of
Naxos
M
N e s to s
i
p
ar ia f S am
of
b
Tr a i
M en d e
Leros
ar
O eo
a
a
Paros
Patmos
tra
i
a Marits
M
A
Thessaloniki
A
S e a
Jan
Anafi
Lake Tachino
on
E
ares)
m
Lake Ostrovo
ti
i 1649-1673
Bay of Va l o n a
Delos
Tu
Sphakia
m
N
eo
Rinia
n ss i Amorgo Kimolos nNios t a u Stampalia o M Sikinos Polyaigos
Melos
Sr
ei
i a
(V ard
Lake Prespa
Lake Doiran
Axios
An
S t. G
V a l l um
Ikaria
n
M
ar
R
Sulina
Branch
Sulina
A N A T O L I A
be
Sifnos
o
rd R
Bran c h
iz
Ged
Samos
Antiparos
B
Dunai
a ili
Myconos
Kithnos
a l k a n
d
Va
T
it ra St Saseno
Du
Hermupolis
es
eka
Akkerman
Vathy
Tenos
Gyarost
Siros
Gramvousa
R
u
Gyurgyevó
(Minoa)
o
l
Se
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
Keos
r Iske
h
ga
nica
M a c e d o
Lake Ochrid
T
ma
I
in
E
i
ni
D
Cape Sounion
R
ru
T
D
O
D n ie s te r L im a n
ra ia n u m mT
K
Brăila
a
Danu
Folegandros
Cerigo St
mits
e
av
n a
b l
na
aca
ta s
Mor
va
Cape Matapan
n
Dr mb
Aegina Gulf of A e g i n a
Monemvasia
Gulf of Laconia
dz
Cape Malia
Black
in ku
Jalo
Psara
•••
Du
ra
Koroni
Durazzo Sh
a
A
de
Serifos
B
za
E
Turnu Magurele
ea
Hydra
o
lu
h
Mo
in
ar un
Maina
Dr
Dulcigno na Boja
Eur
E
Scutari
Antivari
ri
Ve
n) Kalamata
je
Whi t e D
Dr
Nauplia
Bu
na
Chios
Andros
or
Misthra
M
Lake S c u t a ri
Bay of Spizza
a
Gulf of Messenia
Po l
Z
Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca
Žabljak Upper Pulati
Budua
C
A
L
oia )
Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf
Gulf of Nauplia
Pylos Methoni
vo
im
A
I
H
Athens
Burdshi
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
so
Lim
L
o tt ar
e
Rim
R
e
S
Spetsai
To p l i c a
Ko
Ta r a
Sporades
eg ro po nt e (E Zi ub ul
Korinthos
i l l ko
nc
r
irl i k
Kilia
´
PM o u n t a Ii n s
Corinth
garia
ar
a r n i ca
n
Ar
(Peloponnesos)
Ib
ra
MONTENEGRO et Perasto a Spuž Cetinje
Sea
o
a
M
Northern
W
Al p h e ios zn a (B
Dn
Ju
a
M
ava
c
ot
Herzegovina Risan
Kalavryta
Castel Tornese
)M or
e
i a n t h
mok
Pi n e i o s
an
a
K
om
a
in
Ta
i
M
o
x
g
Alt
s
Al u ta
t
a S
bi
Szörényvár
ul
D r in
Uva Ceh
er
b
A c h a i a
a
a
e
n
Ol
na
Zante m
r
Adakale
of
r
v
ri
a( S
Za
Li
e
Patras
S
Gulf
Rrhion
th
D
Gulf of Patras
I s l a n d sp a d nS
N
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Ithaca
ra
Orsova
Dunav
M o r a v
K o lu b a Cephalonia
na
re
Du
Sa
Mehadia o
os
Se
Belgrade
Santa Maura (Levkas) va
m ta
Sperchei
s
Zimony
I o n i a n S e a
Vonitza
s
a r p C a
V ersec
Gulf of Arta
Preveza
Szabács
(Partes Annexae)
ro
A
E
iğ
s
l
Sava Srebrenica
Titel
t
s
na
Mezősomlyó
k ü llő y Kü
te
Gallipoli
l y
Ca
su
Karlóca
Ma
ey
Lugos
i o s Karánsebes Pine
es
rfu
Parga
D aPaxos nube
Bé ga
em
Goumenitza Becskerek
I o n i a n
a
Lippa v a ll
is
n
T Csák
Partes Annexae
pe M e l u n a Pa s s Facsád Te m
Temesvár
Óbecse
Co
Bo
sk
e
Corfu
i
P h t ilia
a
je ut
s
g Na
Bender
Marmara
k
Csanád
Feh km -K öros
a
sa
Maro
t e s i o
ia
Al
A
e
it
ros
aro s
ér
tr
Ma
Magyarkanizsa
Mohács
na B os
Otranto
z
is
A Tisa
áv
M
W
o a nt Otr
Bay of Va l o n a
Corfu
a
T r a n s y l v a n ia Thessaloniki
Butrinto
Dr
C a t t a r oC a
s
Ka
of
Saseno C a p e G l ops s a o r L i n g u e t toa s
Otranto
a
- Kő r ö
Maros
S
a
L a k ke e t e O s tFr eo v o
ti
m
m
ni
Lake Tachino
on
ares)
Se
s
ard s (V
it ra St
Lake Prespa
s K ő rö
e s to s
S e b e s - K ö rö
Ochrid
M
of y B a e llo b ira
Cape Sideros
Kasos
Nicosia
Cyprus Troödos Mnts.
Famagusta
ic er
Gulf of Orphani
Thessaloniki
k
Gulf of
Meluna Pass
Tem
Gulf of Kasandra
Pin
rfu Ca na l
Gulf of Arta
S p erchei
mos
o
o
Gulf of
N Lamia
At
al
an
ti
Cephalonia
Mesolongi
Gulf
na
o
p
o
an
Athens Korinthos
Al p h e
o io
r
e
a
Saronic
Aegina Gulf of Aegina
Nauplia
s
Myconos
Zarnata Gulf of Messenia
Pylos Methoni
Koroni
Patmos
Delos
Gulf of Mendela
Bodrum
Naxos
Gulf of Kos
o
tas
B a y o f Navarino Navarino
an d e r
res
Ikaria
Tenos
Cape Sounion
Misthra
Eur
Me
M en d e
Gulf of Nauplia
Kalamata
A N A T O L I A
Andros
Gulf of Petalia
Gulf or
iz
Bay of Chesmé
al
Corinth
Castel Tornese
M
C h i o s
os
of
Kalavryta
Pi n e i o s
Ged
Gulf of Smyrna
n
ip
E
a
e
S
R
t e (E ub oia )
l
Eur
A c h a i a
Gulf of Edremid
I
C
Rrhion
Patras
Zante
Ca
r
Besika Bay
Northern
Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion
Gulf of Patras
a n d s
g
n
P
Sporades e
Salona
Ithaca
a
e
g
e
M
Gulf of Volos
Asp
I o n i a n
ta
Dard ane lle s
(Salamvrias)
s
Vonitza
rop
Preveza
Gulf of the Hagion Oros
Pinios
ey
E
Arta
Santa Maura (Levkas)
I s l
v a ll
A
Parga
I o n i a n
S e a
pe
eios
Goumenitza
Paxos
Sus
ia
S u
l
t e s i o
Co
Corfu
i
k
iğ i r l
on sa
Corfu
Ç.
Gallipoli
m
it
P h t ilia
Gulf of Ismid
Gulf of Saros
l
tr
Al
Saloniki
Butrinto
S e a
M a r m o r a
o f Mar mar a
Kanina
A
Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e
M
a
Lake Tachino
on
m
b
a
e s to s
i
n
es)
Lake Ostrovo
ti
is
Bay of Valona
o
d
Valona W
Passavâ
Gulf of Adalia
Monemvasia
Gulf of
Kelapha
M
Laconia
Rhodes
Stampalia
Maina
Santorini
Porto Kayio
Cape Malia
E
Cape Matapan
Kastellorizo (Megiste)
Rhodes
Cerigo
D
E
Kissamos Bay
Gramvousa
ar ia f S am
R
Gorg
A
Suda
Heraklion Sphakiotes
Rhetymno
E
r
C
Sphakia
N
Scarpanto (Karpathos)
Suda Bay
Chania eo
R
Gulf of Chania
C r e t e
of
S e a
I
T
•••
Otranto
ni
a
o a n t O t r
Cape Glossa or Linguetta
e
Se
m
of
. on)
Saseno
c
ardar s (V
i t r a S t
Lake Prespa
ulia
M of
a
M
Ochrid
Spinalonga
Knossos
e t e
M
of y B a e llo b ira
Cape Sideros
Kasos
Nicosia
C y p r u s Troö dos Mnt s.
A
N
S
E A
k 1683-1699
149
Famagusta
Index A Abaúj 12 Abaza Hasan Pasha 13 Adakale 98, 121 Adrianople (T. Edirne) 9, 10, 11, 15, 57 Adriatic 9, 10, 16 Aegean 7, 10, 13, 16, 52 Aegina 17 Agram 75 Ahmed II 16 Ahmed l 11 Ajnácskő 71 Akıncılar 3 Akkerman 9, 51 Ak-Koyunlu 4 Albania 10, 15 Alexander Mavrocordato 15 Alexey I 96 Algiers 16 Ali, the beglerbegi of Buda 12 Anatolia 97 Andrea Doria 9 Andros (T. Andıra) 10 Antirihon 116 Antivari 10, 17, 71 Aprikorno 91 Arad 11, 14, 63, 72 Athens 16, 116 Augustus of Saxony 16 Austria 3, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17 Austrian 88 Azov (Azak kalesi) 16
B Babócsa 10, 11, 67, 99 Bács 56 Bácska 15 Bahçesaray 105 Bánát 10, 17 Banat of Jajca (H. Jajcai Bánság) 31 Barbarossa, Hayreddin 48, 49, 51, 52, 54 Barcsay, Ákos 97 Báthory, “Prince” 82 Battle of Bela Hora 12 Battle of Mohács 7 Battle of Szalánkemén 16 Battle of Szentgotthárd 100 Bayezid I 3 Bayezid II 3, 4 Bay of Azov 16 Becse 10, 17 Becskerek 10, 17 Belgrade (Nándorfehérvár) 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 30, 38, 40, 42, 46, 47, 57, 67, 72, 97 Bender 9 Benkovac 108 Bereg 12, 88 Berzence 11 Bessarabia 9 Bethlen, Gábor 90 Bihac (H. Bihács) 10, 11, 40, 71, 75 Black Sea 16 Bocche di Catarro (Bocche di Cattaro; Bay of Kotor; Boka Kotorska, Montenegro) 17 Bocskai, István 12, 85, 88 Bodrum 33 Bohemia 3, 4, 8, 10, 12 Borsod 12 Bosnia 3, 7, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 40, 41, 50, 120 Bosut 17 Böszörmény 14 Brăila (T. Ibrail) 9, 53 Bucak 51
Buczacz 104 Buda 10 Budački 83 Buda (T. Budīn) 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 38, 40, 43, 56, 57, 58, 72, 84, 109, 112, 113, 114 Budua 10, 17, 54, 71, 72 Buják 14 Butrinto 9, 17
Érsekújvár (today in Slovakia Nové Zámky; G. Neuhäus(e)l, Lat. Novum Castrum, T. Uyvar) 13, 40, 99 Eszék (modern Osijek, T. Ösek) 9, 10, 15, 38, 39, 42 Esztergom (Gran) 9, 11, 12, 14, 57, 81, 85, 100, 109 Eugene of Savoy 14, 16 Eugen von Croy 16 Evrenos-oğulları 3
C
F
Candia 13, 101 Carinthia 4, 10 Carlopago 12 Carniola 10, 65 Casimir, John II 12 Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi) 9, 17, 54 Cetin 7 Chania (It. Canea, T. Hanya) 91 Charles of Lorraine 14, 15 Charles V 8, 9 Chios (T. Sakız) 10, 16, 126 Chyhyryn (T. Çehrin, Ru. Chigirin) 13, 14, 105 Constantinople 7, 8, 9, 15, 16 Corfu 9, 17, 49 Cossack 12, 13, 14 Count Kristóf Frangepán 8 Cracow 12 Cretan 91 Crete (T. Girit) 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 49, 52, 92 Crimea 4, 14 Croatia 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 74, 83 Crown of St. Stephen 8 Csákvár 9 Csanád 10, 11, 17 Csele 38 Csele stream 7 Csesznek 11 Csókakő 9 Csurgó 10, 11, 67 Cyprus (T. Ḳıbrıs) 9, 10, 52, 71
Facsád (G. Fatschet) 82 Famagusta (T. Mağoşa) 10, 71, 72 Fazıl Ahmed Pasha 13 Federico Veterani 15 Fehérvár (Székesfehérvár, T. Erdel Belgrad) 80, 97 Felsőbánya 12 Ferdinand 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Ferdinand I 40, 43 Ferdinand III 91 Ferdinand of Austria 7 Fertö 47 Fief-holders (timariots) 7 Folegandros 89 France 12, 14, 15, 91 Francis Rákóczi 14 Frater George 8, 9 Frederick V 12 Friedrich August von Sachsen 16 Fülek 64
D Dalmatia 7, 9, 16, 17, 108 Dalmatian 72, 113 Dalmatian coast 71, 96, 121 Danube 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 56, 57, 88 Danube-Sava line 3 Dardanelles 13 Dervish Pasha 11 Dnieper River 14 Dnjepr 105 Dnjester 104 Dombró 7 Doria 48 Doria, Andrea 47, 51 Doroshenko, Petro 105 Dosza peasant rising 4 Dragoman 15 Dráva 99 Drave 38 Drniš 108 Duare 17 Dubica 17, 41, 51 Duchy of Naxos 9, 10, 74, 89 Dulcigno (Ülkün) 10, 17, 71
E Edirne 49, 97 Eger (T. Eğri) 10, 11, 15, 63, 83, 113, 116 Egypt 4, 7 Elmas Mehmed Pasha 16 England 12, 15 Ernst 10
151
G Gabela 17 Gábor Bethlen 12 Gazi Husrev Beg 46 Georg Christian von Holstein 15 Gesztes 11 Ghazis 3 Giovanni Battista Castaldo, Margrave of Cassiano 9 Giray, Adil 101 Golubac (H. Galambóc, G. Taubenberg, T. Gögerdsinlik) 15 Gora 11 Görz 10 Gospic 41 Grabusa 17 Gradiška 10, 12, 41 Gramvousa (Grambusa) 123 Grand Vizier 67, 79, 85, 97 Graz 47 Grbalj 10 Greece 9, 78 Gulf of Arta 17 Gulf of Chania 91 Gulf of Corinth 10 Gyarmat 14 György Rákóczi I 12 György Rákóczi II 12 György Zrínyi 11 Győr (Raab, T. Yanīḳ-ḳalʿe) 10, 11, 40, 43, 81, 84 Gyula 10, 67, 126 Gyurgyevó (R. Giurgiu, T. Yergöğü) 11
H Habsburg 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Halicarnassus 33 Hasan Pasha 75 Hasan Pasha Predojević 11 Hasan, the Pasha of Buda 11 Hatvan 9, 11, 58, 113 Hayreddīn Barbarossa 9 Heraklion (T. Kandiya) 92 Hetman 14 Hieronym Łaski 8
Holland 12 Hollókő 14 Holy League 9, 10, 14, 15 Homonna 8 Hospodar of Walachia 15 Hotin (T. Hotin, Pol. Chocim, Ukrayna: Chotyn) 13, 14, 104 Hungary 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 47, 62, 109 Hussite rebels 3
I Ibrahim I 12, 13 Ilona Zrínyi 14, 15 Imre Thököly 13, 16 Innocent XI 14 Ionian Islands 9, 17 Ipek 15 Isabella 9 Ismaʿil I 4 Istanbul 49 Istria 10 István Báthory 7, 11 Ivan Samojlovich 14
J Jacob Colyer 16 Jajca 3, 7, 34, 39, 41 Janissaries 7 János Kemény 13 Jasenovac 58 Jászság 67 Jem Sultan 4 Jenő (T. Yanova, Kis Jenö) 10, 11, 13, 97 Joachim, Elector of Brandenburg 9 Joseph Nasi 10
K Kahlenberg 14, 108 Kalamata 16, 111 Kálló 14 Kalocsa 7 Kamen 9 Kamieniec Podolski (T. Kamāniça) 13, 104 Kanina 121 Kanizsa 11, 12, 67, 75, 85, 99 Kaposvár 15 Kara Ahmed Pasha 10 Karaman 4 Kara Mustafa Pasha 13, 14 Karánsebes (Sebeş) 17, 97, 126 Karin 108 Karl Gustav X 12 Karlóca, Congress of 16 Karlóca (Karlowitz, T. Karlofça, in present-day Serbia) 3, 16 Karlovac (Károlyváros) 10 Karposh’s Uprising 15 Kassa 8, 14, 40 Kastelorizo 7, 10 Kenyérmező 3 Keos 49 Kimolos 89 King Lajos II of Hungary 7 King Sigismund of Poland 8 Kiskunság 67 Kissamos 91 Klek 17 Klis (T. Kilis) 9, 46, 48 Knights Hospitaller 7, 8 Knights of St. John 7 Knin 17, 108 Kobaš 41, 46, 47, 48 Kolpa 9 Komárom 7, 11, 40, 43 Köprülü, Ahmed 104 Koroni (T. Ḳoron) 16, 47, 48, 111, 113
Kosovo 120 Kostajnica 10, 64, 65 Kőszeg (Germ. Güns) 8, 47 Krabatische und Meer Gränitz 9 Krastovica 11 Krupa 10, 34, 40, 65, 72 Kulpa 11 Kumkale 13 Kupa 75 Kuruc movement 13 Kuruc ‘Principality’ 14 Kyrenia 71 Kythanos 89
L Ladzhin 13 Lajos II 4, 7 Lake Balaton 84 Larnaca 10, 71 Lemnos (T. Limni) 13 Leopold 12, 13, 14 Lepanto (Nafpaktos, Castel Rumeli T. Inebahtı) 10, 16, 17, 116 Léva 14 Levkas 109 Linea Grimani 17 Linz 91, 92 Lippa (T. Lipova) 8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 62, 82, 89, 126 Lithuania 104 Long Turkish War 14 Louis II, King 38 Louis, Margrave of Baden 14, 15, 16 Louis XIV 13, 15 Lugos 16, 17, 97, 126 Lwów 13
M Macedonia 15 Magyarkanizsa 17 Malkoç-oğulları 3 Malta 8, 10, 14 Mamluk 4, 7 Mani 109 Marburg 47 Maria 7 Maros River 10 Matthias 12 Matthias, Archduke 88 Matthias Corvinus 3 Matthias II 12 Maximilian 10, 15 Mecca 4 Medina 4 Mehmed II 3, 4 Mehmed III, Sultan 83 Mehmed IV 13, 14, 15, 16 Mehmed Köprülü 13, 104 Mehmed lll 11 Mehmed Pasha of Rumelia 11 Mesologi 109 Methoni (T. Modon) 47, 113 Metlika 9 Mezőkeresztes (T. Haçova Muharebesi) 11, 83 Middle Hungary 13 Mihail-oğulları 3 Mihály Apafi 13, 14 Mihály I Apafi 15 Militärgrenze 9 Milopotamo 91 Modon 16 Mohács (T. Mihāč) 3, 4, 7, 38, 42, 57, 114, 116 Moldavia ((H. Moldva, T. Boğdan) 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 51, 53, 70 Monemvasia (T. Menekşe or Benefşe; I. Napoli di Malvasia) 9, 52, 120 Montecuccoli 13 Moravia 12 Morea 9, 16, 17, 113, 115
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Mount Athos 17 Munkács 15 Murad III 10, 11 Murad Pasha, surnamed Kuyucu 11 Mur River 10 Muscovy 13 Mustafa II 16 Mustafa Köprülü 16
N Nadin 48 Nagybánya 12 Nagyharsány 15 Nagyszőlős 13 Nagyvarád (G. Grosswardei, modern Oradea in Romania) 8, 9, 98 Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) 7 Nasi, Joseph 74 Nauplia (T. Anabolu, Gr. Navplion) 9, 16, 48, 52 Navarino 16 Naxos (T. Nakshe) 49, 52 Nicholas (Miklós) Zrinyi 10 Nicopolis 3 Nicosia 10, 71 Nikolsburg 90 Niš 15, 16, 118 Nógrád 9, 11, 12, 58, 64 Northern Sporades 52 Novi 10, 17, 34, 35 Nūr Bānū 10 Nyalábvár 13 Nyitra 7
O Obrovac 108 Olmütz 8 Oppeln 12 Ostrovica 33 Ottoman 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 Ottoman high admiral 10 Ozora 58
P Pact of Wiener Neustadt 7 Paisie, Radu 53 Pákozd 11 Palota (T. Pōlāta) 11, 80, 116 Pál Tomori 7 Pankota 11 Pannonhalma 14 Pápa 11, 14, 81 Parga 9, 17 Párkány (T. Ciğerdelen, G. Gockern, today Štúrovo, Slovakia) 11, 14, 109 Partes Annexae 8, 9, 11, 98 Pasha, Ahmed 63 Pasha, Hajji Hüseyin “Mezzomorto” (Hacı Hüseyin Mezamorta) 16 Pasha, Hasan 75, 78 Pasha, Ibrahim 7, 105 Pasha, Koca Sinan 79, 80, 81 Pasha, Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed 99 Pasha, Köprülü Mehmed 13, 15, 97 Pasha, Lala Mehmed 11, 85 Pasha, Lala Mustafa 72 Pasha of Bosnia 11 Pasha, Seydī Ahmed 98 Pasha, Sokollu Mehmed 67 Pasha, Sokolluzade Hasan 11 Patras 16, 116 Peace of Vasvár 13 Peace of Westphalia 12 Pécs 9, 15 Pereyaslav 96 Persian Gulf 7 Pest (T. Peşte) 9, 11, 109 Pétervárad (G. Peterwardein) 15, 16, 116, 126
Petrinja 10, 11 Petro Doroshenko 14, 105 Philippopoli (T. Filibe, Plovdiv, Bulgaria) 15 Piccolomini 15 Pirot 15, 16 Piyale Pasha 10 Podolia 13, 14, 17, 104 Poglitza 9 Poland 8, 12, 13, 14, 17, 96, 97, 104, 105 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 13, 14 Polje 11 Polyaigos 89 Pope 10, 14 Pozsony (G. Pressburg, Bratislava) 7, 12, 44 Prague 12 Preveza (T. Preveze) 9, 17, 51, 109 Prizren 15
R Ragusa 17 Rákóczi, György 91, 97 Rákóczi II, Prince György 97 Rákos field 9 Ratibor 12 Red Sea 4 Regéc 12 Reliquiæ reliquiarum olim inclyti Regni Croatiæ 11 Rethymno 91 Rhine 15, 16 Rhodes 7, 32, 33, 52 Richelieu 12 Rion 116 Ripač 10, 11 Risano 17 River Raab 13 Romania 15 Royal Hungary 8 Rüdiger von Starhemberg 14 Rudolf II 10, 11, 12 Russia 105 Russian 14 Ryswick 16
S Sabacz (Šabac, T. Böğürdelen) 7, 30 Safavid 4, 7, 8, 11 Salona (Solin) 9 Samoilovich, Ivan 105 Sancak 9 Santa Maura 17 Sárospatak 8 Sava 7, 8, 11, 15, 17 Scardona (Hr. Skradin) 96 Scarpanto 52 Second Holy League 10 Seddülbahr 13 Selim I 4 Selim II 10 Semlin 38 Serbia 7, 15 Sifnos 89 Şihabeddin Pasha 3 Sikinos 89 Siklós 9, 15, 57, 59 Silesia 12 Simontornya 15, 58 Sinan Pasha 11 Sinj 9, 17, 108, 113 Sirmium 7 Sisak (T. Siska, Hung. Sziszek) 11, 75, 78 Siyavuş Pasha 15 Skradin 108 Slavonia 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17, 47, 50, 57, 116 Slawonische Gränitz 9 Slunj (Hung. Szluin) 11 Smederevo (H. Szendrő, L. and R. Semendria, T. Semendire) 3, 15 Sobieski, Jan III 14, 108, 109
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha 10 Solymos 11 Sopron 7, 14 Sopron Compromise 14 Spain 7, 10, 15 Spinalonga 17, 92 Srebrenica 44 Statuta Valachorum 12 Steinfeld, Battle of 47 St Gotthard 13 St. John 33, 47 Styria 4, 8, 10, 13 Suda 17, 92, 123 Süleyman 43, 53, 57 Süleyman I 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 47, 49, 51 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 Süleyman II 15, 16 Süleyman Pasha 15 Süleyman, Sultan 31, 38, 42, 46, 66 Sutorina 17 Sweden 91 Syria 4, 7 Syrmia 44 Syrmium 17 Szabács (Šabac, T. Böğürdelen) 122 Szabolcs 12 Szalánkemén 123 Szászfenes 12 Szászvár 9 Szatmár 12, 88 Szécsény 14 Szeged 10, 15, 16, 38, 80 Székesfehérvár (T. Istōlnī or Ustōlnī Belgrād) 7, 8, 11, 15, 38, 40 Szekszárd 9 Szentkereszt 14 Szentmárton 11 Szigetvár 10, 59, 64, 66 Szina 8 Szolnok 10, 14, 63 Szőny (near Komárom) 12
T Tabor 3 Tarcal 12 Tarnów 8 Tatar 12, 13 Tata (Totis) 11, 14, 65, 81 Tatra Mountains 7 Temesvár (T. Temeşvar; today: Timişoara, Ro.) 3, 4, 10, 16, 17, 63, 72, 127 Tenedos (T. Bozcaada) 13 Tenos 17 Thrace 78 Tihany 11 Tinos 9 Tisa-Maros line 17 Tisa River (H. Tisza, G. Theiss) 8, 9, 14 Tito 17 Todorovo 73, 74 Tokaj 12, 88 Torda 9 Tövija 3 Transylvania (H. Erdély) 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 82, 85, 90, 97, 98, 116, 122 Treaty of Bahçesaray 14 Treaty of Balázsfalva 15 Treaty of Buczacz 14 Treaty of Karlóca 16, 134 Treaty of Madrid 12 Treaty of Nikolsburg 12 Treaty of Szöny 12 Treaty of Vienna 12 Treaty of Zsitvatorok 12, 14 Treaty of Żurawno 14 Trieste 10 Turkoman 4 Tuscany 14 Tyrol 10, 11
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U Udbina 40, 41 Ugocsa 12, 88 Uj-begis 3 Ukraine 105 Ukrainian 14 Una River 10, 72 Unna 10 Uskoks 9 Utješenović 8 Uzun Hasan 4
V Vác (T. Waç) 9, 11, 14, 58, 85, 89, 109 Vág River 14 Valona (T. Avlonya, Alb. Vlorë) 49, 121 Valpó 9 Varasd (Varaždin, Warasdin) 8, 47 Vasvár 13, 100 Vázsony 11 Veliko Brdo 17 Venetian 121 Venice 9, 10, 12, 14, 17, 109 Veröce 14 Veszprém (T. Wesprim) 11, 14, 79, 80 Vidin 15, 16, 118 Vienna 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 42, 43, 44, 46, 88, 90, 100, 108, 109 Világos 10, 11, 12 Visegrád 9, 11, 14, 40, 81 Vladislav 4 Vonitza 109 Vorarlberg 10 Vorder Österreich 10 Vrana 108 Vrgorac 17 Vrlika 17
W Wallachia (H. Havasalföld) 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 82, 96, 97 War of the League of Augsburg 16 Warsaw 12 Wiener Neustadt 47 William III 15 William Lord Paget 16 Windische Gränitz 9
Z Zagreb 12 Zante 9, 17 Zápolya, János (John Zápolya) 7, 40, 42, 43, 56, 62 Zápolya, John II Zsigmond 9 Zara 96 Zemplén 12 Zengg (Senj, Segnia) 9, 34, 35 Zenta 16, 128 Zimony (Zemun) 7 Zlatitsa Pass 3 Zombor 56 Zrínyi 10, 11 Zrínyivár (T. Zerinvar) 100 Zsigmond 3, 8, 9 Zsigmond, Báthory 11 Zsigmond, János 9 Zsitva 88 Zsitvatorok 88 Zülfikar effendi 15 Žumberak 9 Zupa 17 Żurawno (T. İzvança) 14, 105