Atlas of Southeast Europe: Geopolitics and History. Volume One: 1521-1699 9789004288881, 9004288880

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Atlas of Southeast Europe

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Handbook of Oriental Studies Handbuch der Orientalistik section one

The Near and Middle East Edited by Maribel Fierro (Madrid) M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (Princeton) Renata Holod (University of Pennsylvania) Kees Versteegh (Nijmegen)

VOLUME 108/1

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Atlas of Southeast Europe Geopolitics and History Volume One: 1521–1699 By

H.H.A. Hötte Edited by

Colin Heywood

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2014954459

This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0169-9423 isbn 978-90-04-21467-5 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-28888-1 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper.

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Table of Contents

Editor’s Preface

3

The Author & the Atlas

5

General Historical Survey

7

General Legend 1521-1699

18

Legend of the Habsburg Dominions

20

Maps 1. 1520–1526

23

2. 1526–1530

37

3. 1530–1540

45

4. 1540–1550

55

5. 1550 - 1566

61

6. 1566 - 1593

69

7. 1593-1606

77

8. 1606–1649

87

9. 1649–1673

95

10. 1672-1683

103

11. 1683 – 1699

107

Karlóca 1699

130

Survey 1: Transylvania from 1521 to 1699

135

Survey 2: Slavonia and Croatia from 1521 to 1699

138

Survey 3: The Habsburg Empire from 1521 to 1699

141

Survey 4: Greece and the islands from 1521 to 1699

144

Index 151

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Editor’s Preface

This atlas offers a survey of the history of Southeast Europe from 1521 until 1699. That it ends with the well-known Treaty of Karlóca of 1699 will be easy for most readers to understand, but the starting date might be less obvious. Why begin in 1521? The fateful year 1521 is marked by the first major land campaign undertaken by Süleyman I, the new Ottoman sultan, in the third, and finally successful, Ottoman attempt to capture Belgrade, which brought to an end almost sixty years of relative stability, at least in territorial terms, on the Danube frontier of the Ottoman Empire. In the decades which had followed Süleyman’s great-grandfather Mehmed II’s unsuccessful siege of Belgrade (1456), his final extinction of the Serbian state by the capture of the fortress of Smederevo (Semendire) in 1459, and the annexation of most of the lands of medieval Bosnia (1462-3), the frontier between the lands of the Ottoman sultanate and those wide tracts of central and eastern Europe owing allegiance to or claimed by the Hungarian-Polish crown, had followed the line of the river Danube from its mouth to Belgrade; and from thence westwards, the line of its main tributary, the river Sava; and ultimately to the limits of Venetian territory on the borders of Croatia. The “long” fifteenth century on the middle Danube frontier, which extends from the defeat and destruction in 1396, in the battle of Nicopolis, at the hands of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I, of a crusading army drawn mainly from western Europe, comes to an abrupt end in the Ottoman capture of Belgrade in 1521, and the destruction of medieval Hungary in 1526 at the battle of Mohács. It was a period in which the middle Danube frontier, and the lands which bordered the Danube-Sava line on both sides, possessed their own special character, a character which would be largely lost once the Ottoman conquest of Hungary became a reality. The Danube-Sava frontier was a border or zone of transition in more than one way: ecological, from the Balkan uplands to the marshes and swamps of the Hungarian plain; ethnic and religious, from a Slav and Orthodox world to a Magyar and Latin Catholic one; and politically, from the social structures of the Ottoman sultanate to the very different ones of the Hungarian kingdom. In the “long” fifteenth century it may have been a frontier which was territorially stable, but it was by no means quiet or even quiescent. On the Ottoman side of the frontier this was the golden age of the Rumelian uj-begis, the ‘frontier lords” and their followers, the Malkoç-oğulları, the Mihail-oğulları, and the Evrenos-oğulları, the descendants of the original uj-begis who had played a major role in the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. Under their command were the subordinate commanders (tövija) and the mass of the Rumelian akincilar, or raiders and freebooters, possibly 20,000 strong, animated perhaps more by the joy of looting, raiding and enslavement, and the profits of plunder, than by zeal as ghazis for the “holy war”, but in any case a potent destructive and destabilizing element along the whole length of the frontier throughout this period. On the Hungarian side, the growth in royal power as a response to the Turkish threat perceived more clearly in the aftermath of Nicopolis, and evident in the military reforms undertaken by the Hungarian ruler Zsigmond (1387-1437) and his successors, effected a transformation of the mobilisation and border defence systems of the kingdom, establishing a system of a double line of heavily fortified and strongly manned borders fortresses, with Belgrade, “the key to Hungary”, at its centre, at intervals on the Danube-Sava line, together with more

mobile forces built around the levies of the warrior nobility, plus increasing numbers of mercenaries drawn from diverse parts of Europe directly financed by royal revenues derived from taxation. In addition, as part of the gunpowder revolution which transformed warfare from the mid-fifteenth century onwards, the Hungarians became increasingly skilled in the use of firearms, both in the field and for defence, and in utilising the tábor (T. tábur), the Wagenburg or mobile fortified camp formed from carts chained together, which had been adopted from the Hussite rebels in Bohemia. A further aspect of this apparently stable but potentially highly unstable frontier situation was a duality in terms of the actual warfare carried on along its length. For the entire period from 1396 to 1521 all the major field encounters between Ottoman and Hungarian forces – not that there were many: Nicopolis itself (1396); the “winter campaign” of 1443-4; the crusade of Varna (1444) – and all the major Ottoman sieges – Belgrade (1440; 1456; 1521); Jajca (1462) – took place on the Ottoman side of the frontier. Ottoman offensive activity north of the river, across an arc stretching from the south-eastern provinces of Austria to Transylvania, was carried out almost entirely by the Rumelian uj-begis and their followers. Where regular Ottoman forces did penetrate north of the Danube, as in the ill-fated campaign into Transylvania led by Şihabeddin Pasha in 1442, who was defeated on the Ialomitsa River by János Hunyadi, the Ottomans were unable to penetrate the Hungarian Wagenburg / tábor system of field defences. It was this system, and the allied reforms, that brought the Hungarians close to victory in the “winter war” of 1443, only to be defeated by the bitter weather in the Balkan Mountains and the resolute Ottoman defence at the Zlatitsa Pass. After the Ottoman victory over a crusading army at Varna in 1444 – an event more momentous for crusading history as it was the last western army to penetrate the Balkans for almost two and a half centuries, than it was for this history of the Danube frontier – and after Mehmed II’s failure to take Belgrade (1456) and Jajca (1462), an uneasy peace, punctuated by episodes of furious raiding warfare from both sides, settled on the frontier. The battle of Kenyérmező (Brotfeld; Şibot), in Transylvania in 1479, late in the reign of Mehmed II, when a traditional army collected together by the Hungarian nobility annihilated an invading Ottoman force commanded by nearly all the begs of the Rumelian frontier in what has been termed “the greatest battle of the age”, was followed by further violent incursions in the years after the death of the sultan. Indeed, it has been suggested that the frontier begs of Bosnia and Semendire must have regarded the succession struggle which followed on death of Mehmed II, and the consequent temporary weakening of the central state authority under Bayezid II, as an especially favourable opportunity. In 1481, the year in which Mehmed II died (on May 3), devastating raids were launched into Hungary; in reprisal Pál Kinizsi, the Hungarian governor of Temesvár (and the redoubtable victor at Kenyérmező four years earlier) laid waste with fire and sword to the province of Semendire. Thereafter, with neither Bayezid II nor the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus (145890) eager for a serious conflict, a truce for five years, later extended to 1491, was signed in 1483. The death of Matthias in 1490 destabilised the Hungarian kingdom, which now fell on evil days. A revolt, spearheaded by the greater nobility, against royal taxation designed to support the late king’s

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“Black Army” of mercenaries, and the election of Vladislav (Wladislaw) II, a weak and amiable but clearly incompetent king, rapidly undid the military structures which underpinned the defence and security of the kingdom. Crown revenues were plundered by magnates, ecclesiastical and lay; royal power was further curtailed, and the revenues of the state were farmed out to speculators and foreigners, while a bitter struggle for power developed between the magnates and the lesser nobility. All these developments opened up for the Ottomans, even though they were themselves constrained by the ongoing crisis centred on the person of Bayezid II’s brother Jem Sultan, a hostage of the Knights of St John and the king of France, the possibility of once again intervening profitably in the affairs of Hungary once the truce of 1483 finally expired. In 1492 the Ottoman frontier raiders swept deep into Hungary, Croatia, and the Austrian provinces of Styria, Carniola and Carinthia: in a desperate battle near Villach, deep within Austrian territory, 10,000 raiders and 7,000 Christian troops were slain; further devastating raids were launched in the following years against Croatia, Styria and Temesvár, while the Hungarians were also still powerful enough to carry out retaliatory devastations in the region of Semendire. Thereafter, in 1495 both sides concluded a three-year truce, renewed on occasion (e.g., in 1503), and for the last time in 1519, despite continuing local unrest along the frontier. It was, however, not so much the continuing strength of the Hungarian defences, or their ongoing military capability, but developments elsewhere which largely led to the apparent stability of the Danube frontier in the late fifteenth and the first two decades of the sixteenth century. Ever since the last decade of the reign of Mehmed II, the focus of Ottoman policy and statecraft had shifted steadily to the east. Mehmed II himself had absorbed the once-powerful Anatolian emirate of Karaman; this had led him into hostilities with the east Anatolian/west-Iranian Turkoman dynasty of the Ak-Koyunlu, the defeat of whose ruler Uzun Hasan by Mehmed II led to conflict with the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt and Syria. It also opened up in Bayezid’s reign what became an ideological challenge to the Ottomans through the coming to political power in eastern Anatolia and Iran of the strongly Shiʿi religious movement of the Safaviyya (1501). The policies of Bayezid II in his last years, and those of his son and successor Selim I (1512-20) were determined largely by the social and religious situation in Ottoman Anatolia, where a large-scale, Safavid-inspired revolt amongst the strongly pro-Shiʿi Turkoman tribes of the region (1511) led, following on Selim I’s seizure of power (1512), to a massive Ottoman Drang nach Osten: the defeat of the armies of the Safavid Shah Ismaʿil I at Chaldiran (1514) and a major campaign against the Mamluks (1516-17) which led rapidly to the Ottoman conquest of Syria and Egypt, and to the Ottoman assumption of suzerainty over the Muslim Holy Places of Mecca and Medina.

During the six decades which lie between the Ottoman conquest of Semendire and that of Belgrade little appeared to have changed on the Danube – Sava frontier between the Ottoman and Hungarian lands. The province of Semendire, in 1520, the year in which Süleyman I ascended the throne, was still the frontier province it had become when formed in 1459. But the Ottoman state, in these years, had become changed out of all recognition. In 1459 (and for most of the succeeding period) it had been a powerful but still (despite Mehmed II’s pretensions to universal sovereignty as the conqueror of Constantinople and the self-proclaimed heir to the Caesars) an essentially local Balkan and west- and central-Anatolian polity. Now, in 1520, and thanks largely to the work of Selim I, it had become a true imperium, controlling a vast arc of territory from the borders of Hungary to the Crimea, the fringes of the Caucasus, the eastern Mediterranean lands, Egypt, the Red Sea littoral, and the Arabian Holy Places. In 1521, therefore, when Süleyman I appeared with his army before the walls of Belgrade, the kingdom of Hungary, weakened, riven by social dissent in the aftermath of the brutally suppressed Dózsa peasant rising of 1514, and with a weak, fifteen-year old king in the person of Lajos II, found itself facing unprepared the military might of a new imperial and world power. How had this situation of impending catastrophe come about? In the first place, the kingdom of Hungary, despite what is generally accepted as its immense territory, stretching from Bohemia to Poland, and its relative prosperity, was now unable to finance an effective military defence against the Ottomans. Complacency had played its part. It has indeed been argued that the sixty years of relative peace had helped to precipitate the Hungarian defeats both in siege warfare at Belgrade and on the battlefield at Mohács. It was not the Hungarian forces, but the institutions of the state and its military leadership which were militarily totally inadequate to the task. By the early sixteenth century there were few amongst the Hungarian leadership who had experience of either siege defence or battlefield tactics against the central military forces of the sultan. Furthermore, there had been a too easy acceptance of Selim’s I’s renewal of the truce in 1519, only a year before his death, an event which did not mean that Selim or, for that matter, any eventual successor, might have no aggressive intentions towards Hungary for the future. As it turned out, within a few months of the accession of Süleyman I events were rapidly to demonstrate not only that the dominant Hungarian nobility were wrong to believe that it was possible to come to a lasting agreement with an aggressive great power, but that their reliance on their – by now outdated and antiquated – personal levies would be sufficient to save the country’s independence. In 1521, and again in 1526, events were to prove otherwise. Colin Heywood

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The Author & the Atlas

This atlas was conceived and produced by Hans H.A. Hötte, who died in 2007. Hötte was born in 1922 in Semarang, the Netherlands Indies, and was educated in the Netherlands. His interests in the rich and complex history of Middle and Southeast Europe already dated back to his years in high school, but it was not until the Second World War that he turned his full attention to the subject. In 1943, Dutch students were forced to pledge their loyalty to the Nazi authorities who had occupied the Netherlands in 1940. Hötte’s refusal to make the pledge made it impossible for him to continue his medical studies and his first attempts at map-making date from this period. After the war, Hötte recommenced his medical studies, becoming a full-time ophthalmologist in the 1950s. His medical career proved impossible to combine with his passion for the history and geopolitics of Southeast Europe, but he made annual trips to the area to gather further information. In 1970, he obtained his PhD from the University of Amsterdam with a study called Orbital Fractures (published in London by William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd. in the same year). After Hötte’s retirement, he took up map-making again and began working on what he came to regard as his most important life’s work, an electronic historical atlas of Southeast Europe. Using specialised software and engaging a professional typesetter to help build the files, he compiled a digital atlas layer by layer. His expertise as an ophthalmologist was relevant to the project, because he used only those colours and patterns of demarcation which create contrasts that are optimal for the human eye; this also explains why the background to all maps is grey instead of white. During the final years of the author’s life discussions with IDC Publishers (which was later taken over by Brill) about an online publication stranded because the technical hurdles were insurmountable. Despite technological advances, these challenges are still difficult to overcome, so it was decided to publish the atlas in print first. The Atlas of Southeast Europe is published several years after the author’s death. Colin Heywood edited the author’s General Historical Survey, while the original typesetter Hötte had worked with, Huibert Stolker, extracted the maps included in this volume from the complex files in the author’s estate. Three external peer reviewers provided invaluable suggestions for improvements, after which Dr. Moniká F. Molnár copy edited both the texts and the maps. The atlas contains two types of maps: survey maps, which represent a static situation at the beginning of a (CE) calendar year, and detailed maps which zoom in on particular events. Each new section begins with a survey map, which shows the situation immediately after the events of the previous section. Volume One of the atlas ends in the year 1699, when the Treaty of Carlowitz heralded a new phase in the region’s history. That new phase will be covered in Volume Two. The publisher gratefully acknowledges the support and patience of Hans Hötte’s widow, Doris Hötte-Wintgens. The conscientiousness of Huibert Stolker and his team at Stip Grafisch Ontwerp (Marjolein, Joris and Valentine) has significantly contributed to the quality of the atlas. Maurits van den Boogert BRILL

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General Historical Survey 1521-1525

tention to the Knights Hospitallers on Rhodes (which capitulated late in 1522 after a long siege).

During the later years of his reign Sultan Selīm I was engaged militarily against the Safavid state in Iran and the Mamluk sultanate in Syria and Egypt, so Central Europe felt relatively safe. King Lajos II of Hungary was only ten years old when, in 1516, he succeeded to the throne and was placed under guardianship. In 1506 he had already been betrothed to Maria, the sister of Emperor Ferdinand, by the Pact of Wiener Neustadt, where a royal double marriage was arranged between the Habsburg and Jagiello dynasties. The government of Hungary was entrusted to a State Council, a group of men who were interested only in enriching themselves. In a word: the crown had been reduced to political insignificance; the country was in chaos, the treasury empty, the army virtual­ly non-existent and the system of defence utterly neglected. This was the situation in Hungary when Sultan Selim I died (8/9 Şevvāl 926/21/22 September 1520) and was succeeded by Süleyman I, who would become known in the West as “Süleyman the Magnificent” and to the Ottomans as Kānūnī (“the Lawgiver”). He would rule for 46 years, waging war incessantly on many fronts, reaching the Persian Gulf in the south-east and Vienna and the headlands of the Tatra Mountains in the north-west. He would personally lead eleven full-scale campaigns into Hungary. Süleyman I must have realized that Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) was the key to Hungary and to Central Europe, so it had to be taken first. And as a superb strategist he must also have understood that before striking into Central Europe he should secure his flanks, in this case his Aegean maritime flank where the Knights of St. John still constituted a formidable threat. So in 1520, immediately after he had assumed power, he first tested and showed off his own maritime forces in order to discourage any designs by the Knights Hospitaller. Thus, in preparation of his final blow against them he ordered to attack a small group of islands called after the largest, Kastelorizo, at the time ruled by Spain. Their capture was easily accomplished. The Sultan then sent an army into Bosnia against the fortress of Jajca, as a warning of Hungary. Süleyman subsequently sent an envoy to the court in Buda offering peace in exchange for vassal status with a yearly tribute. The haughty State Council did not even think it worthwhile to consider the proposal but put Süleyman’s envoy in jail, cut off his nose and ears and sent him back in this condition to his lord in Constantinople. Infuriated, Süleyman immediately started pre­parations for a large campaign in the following year. In 1521 the Sultan ordered to continue his pressure on Bosnia and Dalmatia. Two army groups, one against Szabács and one against Belgrade and Zimony were then sent ahead while Süleyman followed with his main force. The fortress garrisons amounted to only 700 men in Belgrade, 500 in Szabács and 350 in Zimony. The Ottomans took all three fortresses; none of the defenders survived. Süleyman then had all three strongholds refortified and provided each with a permanent garrison. Then he returned to Constantinople. Thus the two main fortresses south of the Sava-Danube line and a bridgehead north of it, including the region of Sirmium were now in the hands of the Ottomans, opening up the soft underbelly of Hungary. These developments finally roused the king and government in Buda, and a Diet was convened. The royal couple were conducted to Székesfehérvár, where Lajos was declared to have come of age and Maria was crowned Queen of Hungary. The court returned to Buda where the official wedding was celebrated. In the meantime, Süleyman had turned his at-

1526-1530 Between 1523 and 1525 Süleyman and his Grand Vizier and favourite, Ibrahim Pasha (d. 942/1536), were chiefly engaged in settling the affairs of Egypt. His second campaign into Hungary, which was launched in April 1526, led ultimately, after a slow and difficult march, to a military encounter known as the first Battle of Mohács. It was fought on 20 Zilkade 932/29 August 1526 on the plain of Mohács, west of the Danube in southern Hungary, near the present-day intersection of Hungary, Croatia and Serbia. Both Süleyman and Lajos II participated in the battle, the forces involved being led on the Hungarian side by Pál Tomori, the Archbishop of Kalocsa, chief commandant of Lower Hungary, and on the Ottoman side by Ibrahim Pasha. The Ottoman force consisted of some 60,000 soldiers – frontier troops, janissaries and fief-holders (timariots). The Hungarian contingent has been estimated at 26.000 men. The first Hungarian attack caught the Ottomans off-guard, but they quickly recovered; within an hour-anda-half, the Ottomans had completely defeated the Hungarian army, which lost all its leaders, including the king, either dead on the field or drowned in the marshes of the Csele stream. On 12 September Süleyman entered Buda, but soon thereafter retreated to Belgrade, bringing the Mohács campain to a successful end. In a technical sense, Süleyman did not immediately add Hungary to the Ottoman Empire, keeping it as a personal possession instead (even after recognizing János Zápolya, the voivoda of Transylvania and head of the “native” party, as the King of Hungary). The first Battle of Mohács was a turning-point in Hungarian history. The death of Lajos II without an heir led to an extensive period of political chaos while the territorial and strategic losses suffered (including the earlier loss of Szerémség (Sirmium)) made the country increasingly vulnerable. After the disaster of Mohács the majority of the lower Hungarian nob­ility, assembled in Tokaj, proclaimed János Zápolya (r. 15261540) as king and planned an election Diet. The delegates convened in Székesfehérvár and, after having laid the recently recovered remains of King Lajos II to rest in his tomb, they opened the Diet. The agreement of 5 November 1521 between Ferdinand of Austria and Lajos was declared illegal and János Zápolya (John Zápolya) was elected King of Hungary and crowned right away by the bishop of Nyitra. In the meantime Ferdinand ordered the Palatine of Hungary, István Báthory, to convoke a Diet in Komárom for 30 November. Ferdinand, Lajos’s widow Maria, and the Palatine – the “German party” – could count on only little support and Komárom had in the meantime (16 December) been taken by Zápolya’s forces, so the “German Party’s Diet” had to be moved to Pozsony (Bratislava). Here a few delegates from the nobility, from some counties near the Austrian border, and from the cities of Pozsony and Sopron, elected Ferdinand their king. His coronation, however, had to be postponed because the crown was in the hands of Zápolya. On 1 January 1527, the delegates from Croatia convened in Cetin (actually on Slavonian territory) and elected Ferdinand as their king. Five days later, the delegates from Slavonia, convened in Dombró, elected Zápolya their king.

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King Zsigmond of Poland called representatives of both sides to Olmütz in a vain attempt at reconciliation. In these early months after Mohács virtually all of Hungary and Slavonia was in the hands of Zápolya, but he was unable to exploit this advantage. Ferdinand then declared war on Zápolya and entered Hungary with two armies. Zápolya retreated without putting up any resistance but failed to take the sacred crown of St. Stephen with him. And so Ferdinand entered Buda through open gates and sent his forces after Zápolya. This rapid ad­vance and the ‘gift’ of Buda turned the tide in favour of Ferdinand. Zápolya was defeated in battle near Tokaj and at the same time Count Kristóf Frangepán, his great supporter, was killed in the siege of Varasd (Varaždin), which brought Slavonia under Ferdinand’s control. While Zápolya withdrew further east to Nagyvárad and thence to Transylvania, Ferdinand convened a Diet in Buda. On 3 October 1527 Ferdinand was again elected King, this time by delegates from all over Hungary and - even more importantly - this time the election was followed by his coronation in Székesfehérvár with the sacred crown of St. Stephan (3 November 1527). The massive defection of the Hungarian nobility to Ferdinand’s side induced Zápolya to send a trusted envoy, Hieronym Łaski, to Constantinople to seek support from Süleyman. While Hieronym Łaski negotiated, Zápolya made a last attempt on the battlefield, but after attacking Kassa he was defeated by Ferdinand’s troops near Szina (8 March 1528) and fled to Homonna and thence to Tarnów in Poland. Meanwhile, Süleyman granted Hieronym Łaski’s request for assistance, probably with the aim of turning Hungary into an Ottoman vassal state, similar to Wallachia and Moldavia. Popular sympathy for Zápolya grew as a result of the support he obtained from the Pauline monk and bishop of Nagyvarád, “Frater” George (Hung. György) Martinuzzi (Utješenović), who soon took over the leadership of the anti-Habsburg faction from Zápolya. Encouraged by these developments, Zápolya returned to Hungary and defeated the Habsburg forces near Sárospatak. Transylvania and all counties east of the Tisa River then drew together around “Frater” George and Zápolya, who made Lippa his residence. Thus the bipartition of Hungary came about, with Habsburgs ruling “Royal Hungary” and Croatia-Slavonia, and Zápolya ruling Transylvania with the Partes Annexae as a vassal of the Ottoman Sultan.

mans from the start: without forward bases, Vienna lay at or beyond the limits of what an Ottoman army could reach in a single campaign. The campaigning season ran for six months, approximately 185 days, from mid-April to mid-October, between spring and the earliest onset of winter, but it was impossible for an army to reach the line of the Sava River before early July. In 1529 the Ottoman army left Istanbul on 10 May. Belgrade was reached only in mid-July, and progress thereafter was impeded by incessant rain and flooded rivers, particularly at the crossings of the Dráva and Sava Rivers. Buda – in Habsburg hands -- was not reached until 3 September, after which almost two weeks were expended on besieging and taking control of the city and arranging for the enthronement of Zápolya. The onward march to Vienna took almost two further weeks, until 26/27 September: by this time the army had been on the road for 141 days – 83 of them on the march and 53 days of rest, with half of these rest days being enforced by the extreme weather, by flooded river crossings or by destroyed or impassable bridges. Vienna was well fortified and bravely defended; its garrison had been strengthened by Spanish, Italian and Flemish troops, and desperate Ottoman attempts to undermine and breach the walls were all repulsed by the defenders. It has been said that Süleyman terminated the siege on 14 October, after only 18 days, not because he was defeated in battle by a superior relief force – there was none – but because the logistics of the situation – weather, sickness and a chronic lack of supplies -- had worked inexorably against him. Possibly, also, Vienna was not as strategically or politically as significant in 1529 as it had become by 1683 and, in any case, Süleyman had achieved for the time being what had been his main aim in the campaign, the establishment of a pliant puppet ruler in Buda. There was no counter-offensive from the Habsburgs as the Ottoman army began its grim two-month retreat through the snow to Buda (26 October) and Belgrade (10 November), before finally reaching Istanbul on 16 December, no less than 220 days, more than seven months, since it had set out.

1530-1540 After the failure of the Ottoman siege of Vienna, the Habsburg rulers undertook preliminary measures to organize the defence of their borders. In the Mediterranean, the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V assigned the islands of Malta to the Knights Hospitaller, and it became their final outpost. In 1530 Habsburg forces attacked Süleyman’s vassal Zápolya in Buda, thus providing the sultan with another casus belli. This induced him to personally lead another campaign – his fourth -- into Hungary, in 1532, in order, once again, to attempt to conquer Vienna. On their route of march the Ottomans halted to besiege the small fortress of Kőszeg, in order to entice a much stronger Habsburg army to leave its defensive position around Vienna and to give battle in open field. But the Habsburg forces did not move, and Kőszeg held out for three weeks, capitulating only on 28 August, too late in the campaigning season for Süleyman to advance on Vienna. In the end, the Ottomans retreated, laying waste the Austrian province of Styria and Slavonia as they went. After his return to Constantinople Süleyman opened diplomatic negotiations. Ferdinand was willing accept the partition of Hungary and in 1531 concluded an Armistice, followed an agreement with Süleyman in Costantinople (22 June 1533). Ferdinand accepted the territorial status quo and herewith the partition of Hungary. Süleyman was now engaged (1534-6) in a major campaign in the east, against the Safavid rulers of Iran. During this period of relative quiescence on the Danube frontier, the monk, “Frater” George Martinuzzi, Zápolya’s main adviser, who had been recently appointed

1529: The First Siege of Vienna Hungary, in the years immediately following the battle of Mohács, rapidly became what it was long to remain, a divided land. Habsburg aims have been seen as the welding together of Austria, Bohemia and Hungary to form a formidable barrier against Ottoman aggression; those of the Ottoman sultan, at this point, were to establish Hungary and Transylvania as a vassal state, under a compliant native ruler, which would form, with Moldavia and Wallachia, a bulwark against further Habsburg encroachments. Thus, both Habsburg and Ottoman policies may be seen as essentially defensive, but both policies foundered on the intractable realities of the Hungarian ‘problem’. In 1528 Süleyman had recognised János Zápolya as ‘king’ of Hungary and promised him his protection. Ferdinand in response occupied Buda and sent envoys to Süleyman demanding the retrocession of all the border forts and strong places taken by the Ottomans since 1521: Süleyman, enraged, promised that he would ‘come in person to Vienna and restore what the archduke demanded’. Süleyman’s campaign against Vienna in 1529, despite being led by the sultan in person and by his Grand Vizier, Ibrahim Pasha, was a failure, in that the first Ottoman siege of Vienna, like its success 154 years later, was unsuccessful. It may also be accounted a success, in that as a result, Zápolya was again installed in Buda as king of Hungary. The odds for a successful outcome were stacked against the Otto-

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Archbishop of Nagyvarád, started negotiations with the Habsburgs. These led to the secret Treaty of Nagyvarád, concluded on 24 February 1538. While the Ottomans renew their attacks in Croatia, in 1537 Ferdinand takes action in northern Hungary. A Habsburg campaign against Eszék (Osijek) which had been Ottoman since 1526, ends in disaster. The Ottomans had already turned their attention to the Adriatic, and to war with Venice. Süleyman took Salona (1536) and the city of Kamen (1537) in Dalmatia, but the Venetian-Ottoman war of 15371540 was fought mainly at sea. The commander of the Ottoman fleet, Hayreddīn Barbarossa, ransacked the Venetian islands and coastal settlements in Greece one after the other. Many of them were either conquered or forced to pay tribute. During the same period, the Ottomans took Klis, a fortress in the mountains of Dalmatia. In 1538, Süleyman I invaded Moldavia and created the new sancak (province) of Akkerman through the conquest of south-Bessarabia. He ordered a strong castle to be built at Bender (formerly Tighina), on the new border. The town of Brăila was taken by the Ottomans in Rabīʿ II 945/September 1538. On the Adriatic front the Ottomans re-established the (tributary) “Republic” of Poglitza, but kept the fortresses of Sinj and Klis. The Venetians captured Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi) but Ottoman naval forces re-took it the following year. Off the coast of southern Epirus, near Preveza (in Ottoman hands since 14778), the fleet of the First Holy League under Andrea Doria was defeated by the Ottoman navy under Hayreddīn Pasha in September 1538. The Ottoman siege of Venetian-held Nauplia that had begun in 1537 ended with its surrender on 21 November 1540. Its capture was soon followed by the surrender of Monemvasia, the “Castle of Violets”, in the Morea. The peace treaty that ended the war between Venice and the Ottoman Empire in October 1540 stipulated that Venice was to keep only Butrinto (opposite Corfu), Parga, and six Ionian Islands (with Zante remaining under Ottoman suzerainty), as well as Tinos, Crete (Candia) and Cyprus. The Venetian fiefs of the Duchy of Naxos and several other islands remained under Ottoman suzerainty.

Rákos field under the walls of Buda, where he was proclaimed King of Hungary. For the time being the parts of Hungary owing allegiance to János Zsigmond were to be administered by a court commission, headed by “Frater” George. Basing his actions on the Treaty of Nagyvarád of 1538, however, Ferdinand, who now considered himself the sole king of Hungary, sent an army against Buda to oust János Zsigmond. At the same instant, an Ottoman army was also approaching Buda, which was now taken by the Ottomans for the third and final time: on 29 August 1541 Buda and its territories were formed into the Ottoman province which would henceforth bear its name. Thus came about the partition of Hungary, which, within continually changing frontiers, would last for 150 years: • The west and north of the country would be administered by the Habsburgs as “Royal Hungary”. • The centre, with Buda as the chief seat of Ottoman power and a base for further Ottoman expansion, would come under Ottoman rule. • The eastern lands (in essence Transylvania and Partes Annexae east of the Tisa River) were effectively governed for the time being by “Frater” George in the name of the infant János Zsigmond. Ferdinand did not accept the partition. With military support from his brother, the Emperor Charles V, he sent his army to re-conquer Buda in 1542, but its commander, Joachim, Elector of Brandenburg, redirected the attack towards Pest, opposite Buda on the east bank of the Danube, which he ineffectively besieged instead. A year later, Süleyman retaliated by personally leading his troops against the Habsburgs, taking Valpó, Siklós, Pécs, Szászvár and Szekszárd before returning to Constantinople. The Ottoman conquests in Hungary, Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia continued from the command centre of Buda, its Ottoman governor seizing Vác, Esztergom (Gran), Csókakő, Csákvár and Székesfehérvár. Ottoman forces also occupied at this time vast areas in Slavonia. In 1544 a small area in Slavonia was lost by Ferdinand to the Ottomans, while the Pasha of Buda also seized control of the fortresses of Visegrád, Nógrád and Hatvan. In the east of the country “Frater” George convoked a Transylvanian Diet in Torda, drafting a constitution for Transylvania and its Partes Annexae which forged all parts closer together into one political unit acknowledging János Zsigmond as suzerain of Transylvania (20-22 December 1542). In 1545 an armistice was agreed between Ferdinand and Süleyman I; two years later, in June 1547, they concluded the peace Treaty of Adrianople for a period of five years. The treaty entailed a confirmation of the territorial status quo and an annual payment by Ferdinand of 30,000 ducats as tribute for the lands he controlled in Hungary. The treaty forbade, but did not actually manage to prevent, continual small-scale raids (Kleinkrieg) across the border by local and provincial forces from both sides, which were to remain a constant feature of the Hungarian border until the Austrian reconquista at the end of the seventeenth century.

The Emerging Austrian Military Borders In 1535 the Uskoks (Croatian: Uskoci), settled around Žumberak on the River Kolpa, received from the Habsburgs a charter granting them privileges. This may be considered to be the birth-certificate of the Austrian Militärgrenze, the defensive so-called ‘Military Border’ against the Ottomans. Two years later the Habsburgs settled refugees from Klis around Zengg on the Upper Adriatic coast, and Žumberak and Metlika on the River Kolpa. Others were settled in Slavonia in the province which became known as the Slavonian Military Border (Windische Gränitz). Gradually German Imperial commanders in these areas took over the civil administration as well. Later in 1537 the first semi-official military border administration was established around Žumberak, receiving further Habsburg privileges in 1544. The first official Military Borders were established in Croatia, into which the Žumberak district (a captaincy since 1543) and the Zengg district (Meer Gränitz) were incorporated. The Croatian Military Border (Krabatische und Meer Gränitz) was followed by the establishment of the Varasd or Slavonian Military Border (Slawonische Gränitz). So by 1543 two distinct areas of military frontier settlements had emerged: one in Croatia and one in Slavonia, which remained under a single command until 1568.

1550-1566 In 1551 “Frater” George made diplomatic overtures towards Ferdinand, who sent his general, Giovanni Battista Castaldo, Margrave of Cassiano, to George’s aid with 8,000 men. Thereupon “Frater” George and Castaldo induced Isabella to abdicate in favour of Ferdinand, who appointed “Frater” George as governor of Transylvania. In response to these developments, Süleyman I once again led an army into Hungary. Both the Ottomans and the Habsburgs now considered “Frater” George a traitor, having secret connections with the Ottomans and, before the end of the year, Ferdinand permitted Castaldo to have him

1540-1550 On 7 July 1540, little more than a week before the death of Zápolya (on 21 July), Isabella gave birth in Buda to a son, who would become known as János Zsigmond (John II Zsigmond Zápolya, d. 1571). On 13 September Isabella and “Frater” George carried the child to the

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assassinated. The elimination of “Frater” George could not, however, prevent the outbreak of another Ottoman-Habsburg war in Hungary (1551-1562). The Ottoman army, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, crossed the Danube on 6 Ramadan 958/7 September 1551, and then the Tisa. In the first year of the war, the Ottoman campaign into the Bánát of Temesvár resulted in the Ottoman capture of Becse, Becskerek, Csanád and Lippa (which had to be evacuated again at the end of the year). In the winter of 1551-2, at his headquarters at Belgrade, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha prepared for the second year of the war. In February 1552 the Ottomans briefly lost control of Szeged, but the city was quickly recovered. In April 1552 the leadership of the Ottoman campaign was taken over by Kara Ahmed Pasha, the second vizier. In July, the Turks captured Temesvár (after a siege of 35 days) and other places in the Bánát, and the city of Szolnok, but they failed to take one of the keys Hungarian fortresses under Habsburg role of Eger. The Austrian Military Border in Croatia-Slavonia, from the Adriatic to the Dráva, were placed under a single military command; all civilian institutions were subordinated to the authority of the military. In 1554 witnessed another Ottoman attack directed from Buda against northern Hungary (Fülek, Salgó). Two years later the Turks took Kostajnica on the Unna, leaving the Austrian province of Carniola open to incursions. In the same year the “Hofkriegsrat” or Court Council of War was established in Vienna. It would thereafter play a preponderating role in the direction and conduct of Austrian military activity in Hungary. In 1558 the Ottomans penetrated further into Slavonia and captured the Balearic Islands. Ferdinand was succeeded his brother Charles as emperor. For the Habsburg lands, Ferdinand’s death (25 July 1564) had far-reaching consequences. In accordance with his wishes, the empire was divided among his three sons: Maximilian was to be Emperor, King of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia-Slavonia and Archduke of Upper- and Lower Austria; Karl would hold Inner Austria i.e. Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, Trieste, Istria and Görz and Gradiška; and Ferdinand received Tyrol, Vorarlberg and Vorder Österreich (theVorlande). Meanwhile, with the death of Ferdinand, the war recommenced. in Croatia the Ottomans took Novi and the key fortress of Krupa in 1565. During both these years frontier skirmishes led to minor border corrections in northern Hungary. In the Mediterranean, in 1565 the Ottomans, in a determined effort, besieged Malta, but were driven off by a Spanish relief force. A year later Süleyman the Magnificent, now 71 years old, personally took the field for the last time against the Habsburgs. After reaching Belgrade he sent one army east to capture Gyula, Jenő and Világos, and himself led the main force to Eszék. The sultan ordered a pontoon-bridge to be constructed to cross the Dráva river, then marched west, and laid siege (5 August 1566) to the fortress of Szigetvár (T. Sigetvār), which was defended by Count Nicholas (Miklós) Zrínyi. The siege dragged on, seemingly without success: Süleyman I died in the night of 20-1 Ṣafer 974/6-7 September 1566, just two days before the final – and successful – assault. In a heroic counter-attack from the castle, Count Zrínyi and his entire retinue was killed. Maximilian, meanwhile, had kept his sizeable army entrenched all the time near Győr, without moving to help. After Szigetvár, the minor fortresses of Babócsa and Csurgó also fell into Ottoman hands. As a result of this campaign the frontier of Croatia near Csurgó was pushed southward to a more southern branch of the Mur River, which had gradually become the main branch. Earlier in 1566, in the on-going sea war in the Mediterranean, the Ottoman fleet had set sail, finally to take the important Aegean island of Chios from the Genoeses. This successful naval campaign, under the command of the kapudan paşa (Ottoman high admiral) Piyale Pasha, also brought about the sovereignty of the Duchy of Naxos, and

the island of Andros. Süleyman I’s successor, Sultan Selim II (r. 97482/1566-74), ceded Naxos to his friend, the wealthy Sephardic Jewish banker, Joseph Nasi, who ruled it through an administrator until his death in 1579.

1566-1593 In 1567 the Ottomans made incursions into Austrian-held territory on the north bank of the Maros River. It was the last major event of the current war, a belated carry-over from Süleyman I’s last Hungarian campaigns. A year later, Emperor Maximilian and Sultan Selim II concluded another Treaty of Adrianople, which replicated that of 1547. Once again, the territorial status quo was confirmed, and this time Maximilian agreed to an annual payment of tribute. Like two decades before, raids by irregular forces from both sides continued despite the treaty. The Habsburgs now placed the Croatian and Slavonian Military Borders each under a separate command. With an unquiet peace on the Hungarian frontier, the Ottomans now turned their attention to the Adriatic and to war with Venice. In 1570 Ottoman military operations in Albania, by sea and overland, led to the capture of the Venetian strongholds of Dulcigno, Budua (Budva) and Antivari (Bar). This brought Venice to a declaration of war on the Ottomans and to forge the Second Holy League with Spain and the Pope. The Second Holy League against the Ottomans (1570-1581) In 1570, Selim II had formally demanded that Venice should hand over Cyprus. When the Venetians refused to comply, the sultan landed a strong army at Larnaca, on the south coast of the island. Nicosia, the centre of Venetian rule, and nearly all of Cyprus was easily taken, except Famagusta, one of the strongest fortresses in the Christian world. After an eleven-month siege the famished garrison surrendered in August 1571. Although they had been promised evacuation to Crete with full honours, the entire garrison was slaughtered. The Captain-General of Famagusta, Marc Antonio Bragadino, tortured and horribly mutilated, was flayed alive. The Venetian fleet, sent out to the relief of Famagusta rescue, had reached Kastelorizo, but had already turned back after learning that Nicosia had fallen. On 7 October 1571, in the sea battle of Lepanto, on the Gulf of Corinth, the Holy League annihilated the Ottoman fleet, but the Christians failed to exploit their success and the Ottomans were able to replace their lost galleys within a short time. In Bosnia the Ottomans advanced against Ripac and Bihac, the last Venetian strongholds on the right bank of the Una River, but this yielded them only small gains. Venice recaptured Budua (Budva), leaving the area of Grbalj under Montenegrin protection. Venice then concluded a separate peace treaty with the Ottomans (7 March 1573), giving up Cyprus. On 28 Şaʿbān 982/13 December 1574 Sultan Selim II died in Istanbul at the age 50, and was succeeded by Murad III (r. 982-1003/157495), his eldest son by his Venetian consort, Nūr Bānū. Almost two years later, Emperor Maximilian II died, on 12 October 1576. He was succeeded by Rudolf II, who entrusted the government of Upper- and Lower Austria and Hungary to his brother, the Archduke Ernst von Österreich (1553-1595). Two years later, upon Joseph Nasi’s death (1579), the Duchy of Naxos was placed under direct Ottoman rule. In 1583 Emperor Rudolf II united the military districts that had been formed in the area between the Karlovac and Varasd Military Borders into one new Military Border, located around Petrinja, and administered by the governor (bán) of Croatia. The new frontier is called ‘the Ban’s Border’. Resuming their attacks in Croatia and Slavo-

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nia, the Ottomans reach Slunj (Hung. Szluin) in 1584. Until 1590 a period of military stalemate then ensued, as a result of the Ottomans’ involvement in war with Safavid Iran. After that conflicts ended, the Turks resumed their border campaigns against the Habsburgs. In 1591, the Ottomans attacked in northern Slavonia and against the Kulpa line. Ripač in Croatia, near Bihac, was taken, and in between, on the south bank of the Kulpa, a strong fortress is built by the Ottomans at Petrinja, called Yeni Hisar (New Fortress). In 1592, the Ottomans advanced further towards the Kulpa River in Croatia. Bihac, the key fortress of the Croatian Military Border, was finally taken. Austro-Croatian forces, sent out to recapture it, were destroyed by the Ottomans, who strengthened the fortifications of Petrinja. The tipping-point in the “Kleinkrieg”, or ongoing border warfare, came in 1593, when Hasan Pasha Predojević, (or Telli Hasan Pasha) the Ottoman governor-general of Bosnia, with his Bosnian ghazi forces – after two vain sieges in 1591 and 1592 – attacked and besieged the fortress of Sisak (Hung. Sziszek), situated at the confluence of the Kulpa and Sava rivers. However, hastily assembled Austrian and Croatian forces made a surprise attack on the enemy at Sisak on 22 June 1593 and gained an overwhelming victory over Hasan Pasha and his Bosnian forces. Although this defeat precipitated a declaration of war by the Ottomans, it marks in some ways the turning of the tide of Ottoman predominance in Hungary. The future now looked grim for the Crown of St. Stephan: the lands of Croatia-Slavonia were reduced to a minimum, called Reliquiæ reliquiarum olim inclyti Regni Croatiæ (“The Remnants of the Remnants of the once famous Croatian Kingdom”). The resulting “Long War” in Hungary (1593-1606) will demonstrate the end of Ottoman superiority on the battlefield, but will not yet bring an end to their conquests.

After the death of Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria, the ruler of Further Austraia and Tyrol, on 24 January 1595, his lands reverted to the ruler of Inner Austria. An agreement was concluded between Prince Zsigmond Báthory of Transylvania and the emperor Rudolf II, stipulating that: 1. War and peace were to be made jointly and in concert with the voivodas of Wallachia and Moldavia. 2. Zsigmond Báthory and his male heirs were to be the hereditary rulers of Transylvania and the Partes Annexae within the limits they had in the time of János Zsigmond and István Báthory. 3. In absence of a male heir Transylvania would to revert to the Habsburgs. 4. A Habsburg princess was to be Báthory’s bride. Less than two weeks before Ferdinand II’s death, Sultan Murad III had also died on 16 January 1595. He was succeeded by his eldest son Mehmed lll, who, the day after his father’s funeral, had all his 19 half-brothers killed – the last sultan to fully implement the Ottoman custom of fratricide. Mehmed III (r. 1003-1012/1595-1603) now offered peace to the Emperor, but Rudolf felt strong enough to refuse and ordered the siege of Esztergom (Gran). The fortress of Párkány, on the opposite bank of the river, was taken first and the relief army sent by the Pasha of Buda was defeated, whereupon Esztergom surrendered on 3 September 1595. The surrender of Visegrád followed. In the meantime Zrínyi took Babócsa, Petrinja, Krastovica and Gora. Sinan Pasha now led another campaign, this time into Transylvania. The substantial army assembled by Báthory, however, forced him to retreat and, chased into Wallachia, Sinan Pasha was defeated near Gyurgyevó. Other Transylvanian troops, operating on both sides of the Maros river, took Lippa, Arad, Csanád, Pankota, Világos, Solymos and even Jenő. This encouraged the Austrians to take Vác and Hatvan in 1596. Sinan Pasha briefly lost favour at the court as a result of these Ottoman losses, but soon returned to office. While planning another campaign against Transylvania, he died, on 3 April 1596. Sultan Mehmed III then personally led a campaign into Hungary. This time the main objective was the key fortress of Eger, which fell to the Ottomans after a siege of three weeks, on 13 October 1596. The Ottomans’ hold on Eger was only secured through their defeat of the Austrian-Hungarian-Transylvanian army at the Battle of Mezőkeresztes not far from Eger, between 26 and 28 October 1596. On their way north the Ottoman forces also retook Arad and Csanád. During 1595-1597 peasant uprisings occurred in Upper Austria and part of Lower Austria, and a revolt took place in Gacko Polje (Croatia). In 1598, Austro-Hungarian forces managed to take Győr (Raab), Tata (Totis), Pápa, Szentmárton, Gesztes, Veszprém, Palota, Csesznek, Vázsony and Tihany, and they besieged Buda for the second time. In 1600, the Ottomans recaptured Babócsa and Kanizsa. On 21 December 1603 Sultan Mehmed III suddenly died, probably of a heart-attack. He was succeeded by his thirteen-year old son, Ahmed l (1r. 1603-1617) (r. 1012-1026 /1603-1617). The Ottoman efforts in Hungary continued unabated under the Grand Vizier Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha (1604-1606); after setbacks before Esztergom, Lala Mehmed Pasha managed to occupy the fortress towns of Pest, Hatvan and Vác. In a second campaign, in which he received support from István Bocskai, the Prince of Transylvania (1605-1606), Lala Mehmed Pasha successfully stormed the fortress of Esztergom (Gran), on 3 October 1605. During the same campaign the Ottomans retook Veszprém and Palota. After Lala Mehmed Pasha’s death, the office of Grand Vizier passed first to Dervish Mehmed Pasha and then to Murad Pasha, surnamed Kuyucu (“the Well-Digger”). It was the latter who signed the Treaty of

1593-1606 The “Long War” The Ottoman siege of Sisak had ended in a famous battle (22 June 1593) in which the besiegers were defeated by an Austro-Croatian relief force. Hasan Pasha drowned. Although this victory was celebrated widely in the West, the Ottomans finally conquered Sisak only two months later, on 24 August 1593. The Ottoman commander was Mehmed Pasha, the Beylerbey (beglerbeg) of Rumelia. Another Ottoman army, under the command of the Grand Vizier, Sinan Pasha (d. 1004/1596), thereupon seized Veszprém and Palota, and then returned to Belgrade. After Sinan Pasha’s withdrawal a combined force of Austrian, Hungarian and Croatian troops advanced on both sides of the Danube, turning south to lay siege to Székesfehérvár. The siege of Székesfehérvár had hardly begun when Sokolluzade Hasan, the Pasha of Buda, came to the rescue. In the ensuing battle at Pákozd the Ottomans were defeated, but after this success the Habsburg army divided its forces. The Austrians retreated to Győr; the Hungarian contingent turned north and in conjunction with local forces took a great number of cities and fortresses. In 1594 the Coratian troops under György Zrínyi turned south, to take Berzence, Csurgó, Babócsa. In the north the Habsburgs took Nógrád, while Zrínyi went on the offensive in Slavonia, his campaign objectives including Sisak and Petrinja, which were occupied by the Pasha of Bosnia in September. Zrínyi went on the offensive in Slavonia, his campaign objectives including Sisak and Petrinja. Once more Sinan Pasha marched with an army from Edirne (Adrianople) against Hungary, besieging Győr. The Austrian relief forces were chased away and the town and fortress surrendered after a siege of only five days. Sinan Pasha thereupon sent his son to Pápa, which was easily taken, while he himself laid siege to Komárom (Komárom), but its strong resistance obliged Sinan Pasha to retire his army to winter-quarters.

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Zsitvatorok (11 November 1606) with the Austrians, which ended the Long War. It stipulated that the Emperor pay the Ottomans 200,000 florins as a once-and-for-all indemnity payment; and that castles taken in the county of Nógrád were not to be returned to the Ottomans, but Esztergom with its surroundings was to remain in their hands. The future of Kanizsa and its surroundings was to be decided later.

Ottoman Empire and Austria /Transylvania simply confirmed earlier agreements (the second treaty was concluded in 1642). 1628 The bishop of Zagreb (G. Agram) again insisted on the dissolution of the Varasd Military Border, but the Grenzer flatly refused. The Emperor then issued a new charter, the Statuta Valachorum (1630). In 1630 Ferdinand II had issued the Statuta Valachorum, a charter which redefined the rights and obligations of the Grenzer of the Military Border. From now on, for example, the Grenzer could be mobilized against all enemies of the Emperor and, if the area of operation was in territory occupied by the Ottomans, the Grenzer were not to be paid for the first two weeks; in the case of other areas they would lose one week’s wages. After the death of Bethlen on 15 November 1629, the fortresses and the seven counties which he had controlled were returned to the administration of “Royal” Hungary. On 1 December 1630, György Rákóczi I was elected Prince of Transylvania. Rákóczi (1630-1648), a great landowner and magnate, had been an early supporter of Bethlen, and came to the fore after Bethlen’s widow had failed to achieve what the Porte had approved and her late husband had wished, that she should succeed him, and after further family dissention. György Rákóczi I’s period of rule coincided with the last, French-dominated phase of the Thirty Years’ War: French policy, under Richelieu, attempted to bring Transylvania into hostilities with the Emperor; unsuccessfully in 1635 and with greater but short-lived success in 1643. Two years later the Ottoman régime, under the uncertain rule of Sultan Ibrahim I (1640-48), had become embroiled in a long but ultimately successful war with Venice for the possession of Crete, which would drag on until 1669. The emperor Ferdinand II died on 15 February 1637 and was succeeded by Ferdinand III (b. 13 July 1608). In 1641, the Croatian coastal fortress of Carlopago (Bag/ Karlobag) was occupied by Ottoman forces but retaken in five years later by the Croatian Grenzer. Rákóczi’s Transylvanian campaign against the Habsburgs in 1644-1645 led to the Treaty of Linz (16 September 1645), by which the seven counties named in the Treaty of Nikolsburg were again assigned to Transylvania, and Rákóczi obtained the fortresses of Tokaj, Tarcal and Regéc in hereditary possession. The Peace of Westphalia, signed between May and October 1648, by (among others) Transylvania, ends the Thirty Years’ War. On 25 February 1650 in Istanbul the Treaty of Zsitvatorok (1606), originally made between the Habsburgs, the Ottomans (represented by Ali, the beglerbegi of Buda), and the Transylvanian prince István Bocskai, and the Treaty of Szőny (1627) were extended for a further 22 years.

1606-1649 Hungary-Transylvania In 1608 the ailing Rudolf II was forced to resign as the sovereign of Hungary and Croatia in favour of his younger brother, Matthias (b. 24 February 1557), but Rudolf continued to rule as King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor. The Hungarian crown was returned to Pozsony where Matthias was crowned King of Hungary as Matthias II. Three years later, Rudolf also transferred the crown of Bohemia to him (1611), and in 1612, on his brother’s death, Matthias succeeded Rudolf as Holy Roman Emperor. In 1613-14, Ottoman-Transylvanian border skirmishes resulted in border line corrections in favour of Transylvania. A year later, in 1615, the Ottomans seized Világos and, in 1616, took possession of Lippa from Transylvania’s Partium. In the same year there were hostilities between Austria and Venice, the latter besieging Gradiška. In 1617, Matthias, concluded the Treaty of Madrid with Venice; thereafter he resigned in favour of Ferdinand as King of Bohemia, and as King of Hungary in 1618, the year which witnessed the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War (16181648). After the death of Matthias on 20 March 1619, the Archduke Ferdinand II (b. 9 July 1578) was elected Emperor. As a result, all the Austrian Habsburg titles and lands were now brought together in the hands of the ruler of Inner Austria, the Archduke Ferdinand. Thus the three territorial branches of Habsburg family rule, in Austria, Bohemia and Hungary, created by Ferdinand I, were once again re-united. Austria was now at war with the Prince of Transylvania, Gábor Bethlen (1613-1629), and with Frederick V, the Elector Palatine and de facto king of Bohemia (1619-1620). In his first campaign, in 1619, Gábor Bethlen had driven the Austrians back, occupying a large part of “Royal Hungary” and finally coming to a favourable agreement with Ferdinand II. In early November 1620, however, the revolt in Bohemia, which had broken out in 1618, was crushed by the Imperial Habsburg army in the battle of Bela Hora, the “White Mountain”, outside Prague. This victory virtually brought to an end the last vestiges of the constitutional autonomy of the lands of the Bohemian Crown: Habsburg rule over Bohemia was now de facto hereditary. Ferdinand II was now in the ascendancy over his opponents, and able to dictate terms. On the last day of 1621, the Peace Treaty of Nikolsburg (in Moravia) was signed between Bethlen and Ferdinand II. It was agreed that the former would renounce his claim to the royal title and return the crown of St Stephen to the Habsburgs; all the Hungarian lands conquered by Bethlen were to be turned over to Ferdinand; Ferdinand, for his part, would cede to Bethlen the duchies of Oppeln and Ratibor in Silesia, as well as the counties of Ugocsa, Bereg and Szatmár, Zemplén, Abaúj, Borsod and Szabolcs. The peace between Ferdinand II and Bethlen was to be shortlived. In addition, in 1622-1623 the number of raids by Ottoman forces into Croatia increased. In 1623, in his second campaign, Bethlen, this time supported by England, France and Holland, was once again victorious against Ferdinand II. The Treaty of Vienna (1624) confirmed the Treaty of Nikolsburg, except that Bethlen also gained Nagybánya, Felsőbánya and Ecsed, but ceded Oppeln and Ratibor. Two years later Bethlen launched his third campaign against the Habsburgs, which led to the Treaty of Pozsony (Pressburg), reconfirming the Treaty of Vienna. The (first) Treaty of Szőny (13 September 1627) between the

1649-1673 Hungary and Transylvania In 1648, György Rákóczi I had died (11 October), and was succeeded by his son, György Rákóczi II (b. 30 January 1621). In an attempt to realize his father’s unfulfilled ambitions against Poland, Rákóczi allied himself with the Cossacks, Moldavia, and Wallachia, but only when, in 1657, this coalition was also joined by the Protestant king of Sweden, Karl Gustav X, did an army march against John II Casimir, the King of Poland (r. 1648-1668). Rákóczi manage to take Cracow and to enter Warsaw with his Swedish allies, but after they subsequently returned home, Rákóczi was defeated by Polish and Tatar forces. He was allowed to return to Transylvania, where he was soon deposed at the Porte’s behest, but within a few months he was reinstated by the Transylvanian Diet. Rákóczi eventually died of wounds received in the Battle of Szászfenes against Seydi Ahmed Pasha of Buda in May 1660. In the meantime, the Austrian Habsburgs were intent on securing an orderly imperial succession. Ferdinand III had seen to it that his son Leopold was elected King of Hungary in 1655 and King of Bohemia in the following year. After Ferdinand’s own death, on 2 April

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1657, the French king Louis XIV unsuccessfully opposed Leopold’s election as Holy Roman Emperor, which took place nonetheless; Leopold was crowned on 1 August 1658. Meanwhile, events at the Porte had taken a different turn. After the deposition and subsequent execution (8 August 1648) of Ibrahim I, his six-year old son, Mehmed IV was placed on the throne. The following faction-ridden and turbulent years, while the Cretan campaign, begun in 1645, went on hesitantly and the so-called ‘sultanate of the women’ dominated affairs at the Porte, were brought to an end in 1656, when the ongoing and successful Venetian blockade of the Dardanelles, which effectively prevented the Ottomans from sending supplies and reinforcements to Crete, precipitated the summoning to the grand vizierate of the elderly, uncouth but able Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, with full powers to restore order in the state. A start was made by putting the Cretan war on a sound military footing. The Ottoman navy, defeated by the Venetians in 1651 and 1656, was now rapidly rebuilt and directed against the Venetians. In the course of the following year (1657) the blockade was lifted; the islands (Tenedos; and Lemnos) in the north-eastern Aegean which the Venetians had occupied, were retaken, and at the entrance to the Dardanelles two massive fortresses, Seddülbahir (1659) and Kumkale, were rapidly erected as a deterrent to any future attempts to force or blockade the Straits. On Crete itself the majority of the island, with the exception of three Venetian strongpoints on the north coast and of the island’s capital Candia itself, was quickly overrun. The effects of the new regime at the Porte, which was the beginning of a veritable renovatio imperii, were soon also felt in the Balkans. A start was made in the reducing of Transylvania once more to vassal status. Late in June 1658 Köprülü Mehmed Pasha departed at the head of an Ottoman army destined for Transylvania, in order to bring to heel György Rákóci’s successor, György II. Rákóczi (1648-1660), who in alliance with Sweden had invaded Poland in 1657 in quest of the Polish throne. On 3 September 1658 the Ottomans seized the fortress of Jenő, the gateway to Transylvania, without a fight; two years later, on 27 August 1660, after the unforeseen distraction of the revolt of the governor of Aleppo, Abaza Hasan Pasha, the great fortress of Nagyvarád (Grosswardein) fell to the Ottomans after a six-week siege. When György Rákóczi II was dead in 1660, the sultan nominee was Mihály Apafi for the throne of Transylvania. The anti-Turkish party there now (1661) elected János Kemény to succeed Rákóczi, but a series of half-hearted Austrian attempts to aid Kemény in the ongoing civil strife came to nothing; Kemény was killed in the Battle of Nagyszőlős against Küçük Mehmed Pasha of Temesvár and Jenő, in 1662. The sultan’s nominee, was left in possession of the country. In the midst of these upheavals Mehmed Köprülü died (Oct. 1661), to be succeeded by his even more able son, the twenty-five year old Fazıl Ahmed Pasha. The Austrian emperor Leopold, who had succeeded to the throne in 1658, was timid, bigoted and indecisive, with little appetite for conflict, but with an unshakeable belief in his position as a Habsburg ruler. Mehmed Köprülü, on the other hand, was determined to build on his father’s achievements and to revive, on the middle Danube, an expansionist foreign policy of a magnitude not seen since the days of Süleyman the Magnificent. After a year’s military preparations, in April 1663 Mehmed Köprülü set out at the head of a considerable army – some estimates put its strength at 120,000 men -- en route for Hungary. Early in June the army rested for ten days at Belgrade. A month later Austrian attempts to negotiate a truce while the Ottomans were encamped at Eszék (Osijek) came to nothing; the Ottomans then turned northwards to besiege and capture (after a six-week siege; 25 September 1663) the vital Habsburg fortress of Érsekújvár (Uyvar, Neuhaüsel). The campaigning season was now well advanced; Ahmed Pasha thereupon retreated slowly to win-

ter quarters at Belgrade. In the following campaign season (1664) he returned to Hungary with a massive army, supplemented by Tatar and Cossack auxiliaries. This time he directed his line of march more to the west, in the direction of the Austrian province of Styria, while the Austrian forces under Montecuccoli steadily withdrew. Finally, with the Austrian forces supplemented by volunteers from all over Europe, the two armies came together at St Gotthard, (H. Szentgotthárd) at the point where the Ottoman line of march had brought them to cross the River Raab (1 August 1664). The Ottoman defeat at the hands of Montecuccoli effectively terminated the campaign. Ten days later, at Vasvár, a negotiated peace allowed the Ottomans to effect an orderly withdrawal from the conflict. With the ending of the campaign of 1663-1664 the Ottomans’ main preoccupation, until its fall in 1669, would be with the ongoing siege of Candia. The Ottomans poured in men and supplies, commandeering European merchant vessels in the ports of Istanbul and Izmir for the purpose, and while the defences of Candia were reinforced by volunteers from many parts of Europe, English and Dutch sappers participated as advisors in the Ottoman siege works. It would not be until 1669, by which time the Ottoman naval forces had become strong enough to interdict the passage of Venetian reinforcements and European volunteers, that Candia in the end capitulated. And it was only in 1670, after settling the affairs of the island and establishing there a new Ottoman province (Girit eyaleti), that the grand vizier would return from Crete to the mainland. Thereafter, for more than a decade, the Ottomans were concerned with their northern frontiers beyond the limits of the Balkans. Major campaigns against Poland in 1672 and 1673, which were only partially successful (e.g. defeat at Hotin in 1673), nonetheless led eventually to the Ottoman conquest of Podolia (1676) and its transformation into the short-lived province (Podolya eyaleti) of Kamieniec. Already, from 1674 the focus of Ottoman attentions shifted even further to the east and north, involving campaign in the Ukraine (capture of Ladzhin in 1674, and battle of Lwów/Lesienice in 1675). After the death of Fazıl Ahmed Pasha in 1676 the grand vizierate passed to his adopted brother, Kara Mustafa Pasha, who continued the Ottoman campaigns in the Ukraine, culminating in a major expedition in 1677-78 against the Cossack stronghold of Chyhyryn, in the course of which the town and fortress were razed to the ground after a violent and protracted siege in which a Muscovite army supported the Cossack defenders. In 1681 the Ottomans concluded a peace with Muscovy, and abandoning their pretensions in the Ukraine. Meanwhile, the Peace of Vasvár, concluded in 1664, was due to expire in the following year, 1682. Once again the affairs of Transylvania and Hungary entered the frame, with the recognition by the Porte in 1682 of the Hungarian magnate Imre Thököly, the leader of the anti-Habsburg Protestant nobility, as ‘king’ of what the Turks termed ‘Middle Hungary’ (T. Orta Macar kralı).

1673-1683 In 1672, anti-Habsburg Hungarian refugees in Transylvania, organized with Ottoman aid and French money, taking advantage from Leopold I’s involvement in war with Louis XIV, form the Kuruc movement in northern Hungary. In 1677, with the support of Polish mercenaries under French command, the Kuruc movement had inflicted a defeat on Habsburg forces at Nyalábvár. In 1680, the Hungarian protestant magnate, Imre Thököly, became the leader of the Kuruc movement, and two years later was proclaimed Prince of Upper Hungary. In these years, between 1672 and 1676, the above mentioned war was fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. A successful campaign against Poland by Ottoman

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forces led in person by the Grand Vizier Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, resulted in the Ottoman capture of the strategic border fortress of Kameniec. When the Ottomans pressed on further into Polish territory, the politically divided Commonwealth decided to sue for peace. This resulted in the Treaty of Buczacz, formally concluded on 18 October 1672, according to which the Commonwealth province of Podolia was ceded to the Ottomans. Another result of this defeat was a temporary rapprochement among the political factions in the Commonwealth. The Polish Diet then rejected the Treaty of Buczacz, after which Jan Sobieski again took to the field and defea t the Ottoman army at Hotin in November 1673, a success which gained him the Polish crown. Further Polish campaigns in 1674 and 1675 were inconclusive, but then the Ottoman army, under a new commander, besieged Żurawno. The Treaty of Żurawno, signed on 17 October 1676, modified the Buczacz treaty in favour of Poland-Lithuania: the annual tribute of 22,000 ducats stipulated in 1672 was cancelled, and the Poles retained two Ukrainian castles. Podolia, however, remained in Ottoman hands. With the conquest of Podolia, the Ottoman Empire reached its maximum extent in Europe. It now extended as far as the right bank of the Dnieper River, the left bank of which had been reached by the Russians just five years before, thus making the Ottoman and Russian Empires neighbours for the first time. The new common border led to the first Ottoman-Russian war, from 1677 to 1681. The bone of contention was the election of a single Hetman (leader) of the Ukrainian Cossacks: the Hetman of the RightBank area of the Dnieper, Petro Doroshenko, who was an Ottoman ally, or the Hetman of the Left-Bank, Ivan Samojlovich. Doroshenko refused to accept his rival’s election and decided to fight, seizing the Cossack fortress of Chyhyryn in Central Ukraine. With Russian support, Samojlovich managed to force Doroshenko to surrender. The Ottoman sultan Mehmed IV (1648-87) then appointed a new Hetman of the Right-Bank and Ottoman army moved on Chyhyryn. At the end of August 1677, the Ottoman camp besieging Chyhyryn was attacked by Muscovite forces; the Turks suffered so many casualties that they were forced to lift the siege. In July 1678 the Ottomans tried again; their army was now led by Kara Mustafa Pasha, who had succeeded his relative, Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, as Grand Vizier in June 1676. After a lengthy and bloody siege, Chyhyryn was taken and razed to the ground, after which Kara Mustafa Pasha turned back to Ottoman territory, subjecting the Ukraine to a scorched-earth policy as he retreated southwards. In 1679-1680, the Russians also managed to fight off attacks from the Crimean Tatars. Eventually, the Peace Treaty of Bahçesaray was signed, on 3 January 1681, which recognized the Dnieper as the frontier between the Ottoman Empire and the Moscovite state, which now had incorporated Left-bank part of Ukraine. On the Polish border, the Ottomans subsequently strengthened the fortifications of Hotin and extended the supporting area around it. In Hungary, after Imre Thököly had been proclaimed prince of a Kuruc “Principality” in the north, the Habsburgs ameliorated their harsh regime in Hungary in order to prevent any further escalation of the revolt. This did not prevent Thököly, in 1681, seizing the mining towns in Upper Hungary with their gold and silver, but he was defeated at Szentkereszt after the Habsburgs’ war against France had ended. The Kurucs were forced to withdraw eastwards, behind the barrier of the River Tisa. Renewed fighting and further Kuruc successes finally induced Leopold to sign an armistice and to convoke a Diet at Sopron in 1681. Here the Sopron Compromise was concluded, by which the Hungarian constitution and the country’s religious freedoms were partially restored. Thököly, however, was not content and, supported by Mihály Apafi and the Ottomans, he denounced the armistice and took the towns of Kálló and Böszörmény, only to accept another armistice in

order to be able to celebrate his wedding with Ilona Zrínyi, the widow of Ferenc Rákóczi. In 1682 Thököly concluded an agreement with the Ottomans in which he was recognized as the tribute-paying Prince of Northern Hungary, entitled to military support from the Sultan. Encouraged, Thököly once more took up arms against the Habsburgs, capturing Kassa and later Léva. Thus, by the end of the year 1682, Thököly’s power extended as far as the Vág River. From 1682, Austrian attempts to negotiate a further extension of the Treaty of Zsitvatorok had met with no success. The Ottoman Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha was intent on war, and Sultan Mehmed IV was brought to permit him to make another attempt to capture Vienna. On 31 March 1683, the Sultan himself and the Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha departed from the military assembly grounds outside Edirne at the head of an army of 120.000 men and 300 cannon. The army’s destination was to be Vienna.

1683-1699 The Great Turkish War (1683-1698) On 31 March 1683, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV, together with his Grand Vizier, Kara Mustafa Pasha, had left Edirne at the head of a large army with 300 cannon; the Ottomans’ aim was to conquer Vienna. In May Mehmed IV reached Belgrade, where he received Thököly’s envoys and handed over the command of the combined Ottoman forces to Kara Mustafa Pasha. The Sultan remained at Belgrade, to await the outcome of the campaign. On their way to Vienna the Ottomans easily took Veszprém, Tata, Pápa and Pannonhalma. In July the Ottoman army, joined by contingents from Thököly, Wallachia, Moldavia and the khanate of the Crimea, reached the gates of Vienna, which was defended by 12,000 well trained soldiers under the command of Count Rüdiger von Starhemberg. For 60 days von Starhemberg and his defenders managed, although with difficulty, to repulse all Ottoman attacks until the King of Poland, John III Sobieski, arrived with a relief army of 40,000 men. The Habsburg and Polish armies joined forces at the Kahlenberg, a hill outside Vienna. There, on 12 September 1683, the decisive Battle of Kahlenberg was fought. The alliance, under Charles of Lorraine, Louis of Baden, and the commander-in-chief, John III Sobieski, carried the day. (One of the participants in the fighting was the 19-year old Prince Eugene of Savoy, who would play a prominent role as a Habsburg commander in future field battles.) The Ottoman besiegers fled, leaving behind their siege train and cannon. Other Ottoman forces from Buda were soon also beaten, and the coalition’s army laid siege to the strongholds of Esztergom and they defeated the Ottoman forces in 7-9 October at Párkány. On 25 December 1683, the Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha was executed on the sultan’s orders at Belgrade. The Habsburgs decided to exploit their victory, which inaugurates an era of re-conquest in the Balkans. Only seven years after the Ottoman Empire had reached its largest extent, the Turks were being forced to retreat on several fronts. The situation was exacerbated for the Ottomans by the formation in 1684 of the Third Holy League. Initiated by Pope Innocent XI, it united the Habsburgs, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Venice, helped by the naval forces of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and the Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1686, Russia also joined the anti-Ottoman coalition, which continued in existence until the end of the Long Turkish War in 1699. In 1684, the Ottomans lost Vác and Visegrád, and Turkish forces making a sally from Buda are defeated. The Habsburg armies also managed to take Gyarmat, Szécsény, Hollókő, and Buják in Hungary, and in Slavonia the city of Veröce. In 1685, they gained possession of the key fortress of Érsekújvár from the Ottomans, as well as Szolnok and Arad. When the Ottomans, in a change of policy, imprisoned

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Thököly, many of his followers changed sides, handing over their fortresses to the Habsburgs and forming an army of 25,000 men to support the Imperial forces. Thus Thököly’s “Principality” was easily occupied by Habsburg forces. Only Munkács was held, by Thököly’s wife, Ilona Zrínyi, who took refuge there with the children from her previous marriage to Rákóczi. The Holy League forces also conquered the castle of Buda, on 2 September 1686, in spite of the arrival of Ottoman relief forces under the Grand Vizier, Sarı Süleyman Pasha (r. 168587); what the Ottomans called the “strong wall of Islam” had fallen. The Grand Vizier retreated to Belgrade, whereupon the Habsburgs, led by Charles of Lorraine, succeed in taking Simontornya, Pécs, Siklós, Kaposvár and Szeged. In 1687 the Hungarian town of Eger falls into Habsburg hands too; Eszék and Pétervárad soon followed, as the Habsburgs occupied the Bácska and a large part of Slavonia. Charles of Lorraine, with the bulk of his army, crossed the Danube, passed through the desolate, depopulated Hungarian puszta and headed for Transylvania, where Mihály I Apafy was forced to sign the Treaty of Balázsfalva (G. Blasendorf, today Blaj, Romania). Concluded on 27 October 1687, it stipulated that:

The second major development after these disasters took the form of a diplomatic mission from the Porte to Vienna, under the leadership of the Reisülküttab (head of the Ottoman chancery) Zülfikar effendi and the Chief Dragoman at the Porte, the Phanariot Greek Alexander Mavrocordato. The mission was a failure: Austrian demands, including the retrocession of the Hungarian lands including Vienna, were unacceptable to the Porte. In the aftermath of the fall of Belgrade, Max Emanuel, the Elector of Bavaria, had advanced further to take the Danube fortresses of Golubac and Smederevo. Despite (or perhaps because of) these setbacks, in 1689 the Ottomans staged a new major campaign, designed to recover Belgrade and induce a less intransigent frame of mind at the Vienna court. It too was a failure; Louis, the Margrave of Baden, penetrated further south, attacking the Ottomans at Batočina and driving up the valley of the Morava to take Niš (24 September 1689) and overrunning parts of Bosnia, as well as the vital Danube fortress of Vidin (14 October). The road into the heart of the Ottoman dominions now seemed to be open. In the late autumn and winter of 1689 Austrian forces, with garrisons now established in Pirot and Dragoman, raided deep into Bulgaria and wintered in Wallachia. It appeared as if Adrianople if not even Constantinople, would soon fall, and the Austrian battle-cry of “marciare verso Costantinopoli” be fulfilled. To the west, in Serbia, on 6 November forces under the Austrian general Enea Silvio Piccolomini entered Prizren to general acclamation. The prospects for Austrian arms in Macedonia and Albania looked promising, but a few days later Piccolomini died of the plague and his successor, Duke Georg Christian von Holstein was unable to capitalise on the so-called “Karposh’s Uprising of the Christian peasantry which broke out in Macedonia at about this time. The Austrian successes in 1688-9, however, were not to be the prelude to the final victory against the Ottomans, as the ‘Eastern’ faction at the Emperor’s court had hoped and believed. In fact, the remaining ten years of the war were to bring Austria and its allies few further gains. For this sea-change in the progress of the war, two causes may be adduced. Firstly, on 25 October 1689, the sultan Süleyman II appointed a strong personality to the grand vizierate. Köprülü Mustafa Pasha, nicknamed ‘Fazıl’ (the Just) was the youngest son of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha. Forceful and able, by vigorous fiscal and administrative measure he re-instilled a measure of financial stability in the state and efficiency into the Ottoman war machine, as a prelude to a counter-offensive aimed at the recovery of Hungary. Secondly, the victorious progress of Austrian arms had not gone unnoticed in France. Louis XIV, fearing growing Austrian predominance on the Danube, in the autumn of 1688 invaded the Rhineland, precipitating a major war in the west which would rapidly involve not only Austria, Spain and the United Provinces, but also England, following on from the Glorious Revolution (Nov. 1688) and the accession of the Dutch stadholder William III to the English throne, and would steadily draw off the best Austrian commanders to service on the Rhine. Even the successful Austrian campaign of 1689 was conducted by Louis of Baden with an army of only 30,000 men, contrasted with the 60,000 Imperial troops sent under Charles of Lorraine to the Rhine. Major disagreements over policy and the “two-front war” also weakened and hampered the Austrian efforts on the eastern front. As a result, Louis of Baden, nicknamed the “Türkenlouis” who was made chief commander of the Imperial army in Hungary in 1689, int he next year he handing command to his able deputy Federico Veterani. At first the campaign went well, even better than in 1689: in March Austrian detachment reached as far as the Bulgarian city of Philippopoli, capturing the local kadi and other Ottoman notables, precipitating

• 12 Transylvanian fortresses were to receive an imperial garrison • Transylvania was to pay Vienna a tribute of 700.000 Rhenish guilder • Religious freedom for all four confessions was guaranteed • The hereditary title of Prince was guaranteed until the death of Apafi In 1687 the Hungarian Diet declared the elective crown of Hungary to be hereditary in the male line of the House of Habsburg. In the next year the Austrians finally captured Munkács (14 January 1688); Ilona Zrínyi and her children were brought to Vienna. In the same year the Hungarian town of Székesfehérvár was taken, but even more substantial gains were made south of the Sava-Danube line: Maximilian, the Elector of Bavaria, took Belgrade, Smederevo and Golubac. In 1689 Louis, Margrave of Baden, penetrated further south, capturing Niš and Vidin, and occupying parts of Bosnia and Serbia, even reaching Ipek, the seat of the Serbian Patriarch, while also forcing the hospodar of Wallachia to accept suzerainty of the Emperor. The Ottoman loss of Buda in 1686, and the year of disasters for the Ottomans which followed, culminating in the defeat and destruction at Nagyharsány (Berg Harsány) or the so-called Second Battle of Mohács on 12 August 1687 of an Ottoman army sent under the command of the grand vizier Süleyman Pasha with the intention of retaking Buda, precipitated a number of significant further developments. The first stemmed from the revolt of the Ottoman army in the aftermath of its crushing defeat at Nagyharsány. The surviving troops elevated Abaza Siyavuş Pasha to be their commander and, marching on Adrianople, called for the dismissal of the grand vizier, Süleyman Pasha. The sacrifice of Süleyman Pasha and the elevation of Abaza Siyavuş Pasha to the grand vizierate was not enough to save the sultan, Mehmed IV, whose sybaritic lifestyle and addiction to hunting, and neglect of state affairs, in the face of the imminent meltdown of the state, provoked an alliance between the ulema and the army which dethroned him (8-9 November 1687) in favour of his half-brother, Süleyman II (1687-91). With the civil administration paralysed by popular uprisings in Istanbul and other towns in the empire, and the descent of much of the Balkans into rebel-infested chaos, the Austrians and their allies were able to make further advances in the following campaigning season. Eger, the strong Ottoman fortress in northern Hungary, had been taken already in December 1687; Pétervárad fell to the forces of the Elector Max Emanuel of Bavaria in the spring of 1688, and the stronghold of Belgrade, in Ottoman hands since 1521, which controlled the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, fell to the Imperialists after a short but destructive siege.

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hopes of a general Christian uprising which would allow the capture of Constantinople and the driving of the Turks “away across the sea into Asia”. But the Imperial forces were insufficient in number for such a task – Veterani had only 12,000 men under his command – and now the tide turned. In the summer of 1690 Mustafa Köprülü led an army of 80,000 combatants into the central Balkans and at the same time the Ottoman vassal Imre Thököly with 18,000 men under his command, advanced against the Austrian forces in Transylvania. Transylvania was saved, but the Austrians were forced to abandon their conquests in the central Balkans was able to advance unchallenged beyond Sofia and recover first Pirot (9 August), Vidin (29 August) and Niš (8/9 September) and then Belgrade, which capitulated on 8 October after a powder magazine exploded, leveling a section of the walls of the fortress. In the following year 1691, at the head of a large army, Mustafa Köprülü advanced beyond Belgrade into Hungary, with the intention of retaking Buda. The attempt might have succeeded, but the Austrians had also reacted to their losses of the previous year by transferring their best commanders and troops from the Rhine to the Danube. At the battle of Szalánkemén (19 August 1691) the Ottoman army, well dug in, resisted strongly, but in the mêlée Mustafa Köprülü himself was slain and the Ottomans were utterly defeated by Louis of Baden and his heterogeneous forces, in a battle which ended with immense losses on both sides. Thereafter, for several years, under a series of more or less incompetent commanders on both sides, the Balkan war stagnated in the near-impassable bogs and marshes of Hungary. Sultan Süleyman II, Mehmed IV’s successor, had died in 1691; his brother, Sultan Ahmed II, was little more than a nonentity. At Vienna and at the Porte, English and Dutch diplomats attempted to mediate a peace between the two sides, but without success. In 1692 Austrian forces under Louis of Baden took the strong fortress of Nagyvarád, but with Baden now transferred to the Rhine, an attempt under Eugen von Croy to regain Belgrade in 1693 met with failure. In the following year, 1694, an Ottoman attempt to recapture Pétervárad failed equally, more through the inclement weather than the competence of the Austrian defence. Events in the Peloponnesus and the Morea, where Ottoman and Venetian forces fought each other in a separate land war, and in the Adriatic and the Aegean, where there was a revival of naval warfare between the two states, took a different turn. Venetian forces made some slight gains in Dalmatia, but failed to make inroads in Bosnia, in the early years of the war. In the Morea, where Ottoman power was both unpopular and relatively weak, they were more successful, profiting from an anti-Ottoman insurrection (1685) to take Koroni, Kalamata, Navarino, Modon and Nauplia. Venetian forces then advanced northwards into the Peloponnesus, capturing Lepanto and Patras, and besieging and occupying Athens (1687). It was in the course of the Venetian assault that a stray shell landed on an Ottoman powder magazine in the Parthenon, reducing the building more or less to its present ruined state. Thereafter the land war slowly petered out. In the Aegean the Venetians were largely held at bay by the Ottoman fleet under the command of the redoubtable Ottoman grand admiral Hajji Hüseyin “Mezzomorto” Pasha (Hacı Hüseyin Mezamorta). In 1694 the Turks were able to take the important Aegean island of Chios (Sakız), but were forced to relinquish it in the following year after a popular uprising against their rule, achieving no further naval successes during the remaining years of the war. In the Hungarian theatre, by 1695 both the war and attempts to end it had equally reached an impasse, but with the death of Ahmed II in that year and the accession of Mehmed IV’s young son, Mustafa II, the war in the Balkans revived. Mustafa II looked back to the days of Süleyman the Magnificent and, urged on by his closest advisors,

dreamed of reviving the Holy War by once again leading an army in person. A few places, including Lippa and Lugos on the fringes of Transylvania were retaken in 1695, with the death in battle at Lugos of the under-supported Austrian general Veterani. The Ottomans enjoyed further success in 1696, defeating in the field (26 August) the incompetent Imperial commander Friedrich August von Sachsen, who had failed signally to prosecute the siege of Temesvár, but the major theatre of war in those years was on the Black Sea, where Peter the Great launched an amphibious operation against the Ottoman fortress of Azov on the coast of the Bay of Azov, and took it on 18 July 1696. At this point the tide of the war again turned. Although Jan Sobieski, the hero of Vienna, had died in 1696, to be replaced by the militarily incompetent Elector Augustus of Saxony, and although the Venetian offensives in the Morea had long since petered out, while the brilliant Ottoman Grand Admiral Mezzomorto Hüseyin Pasha, a former Dey of Algiers, at least held his own against the Venetian fleet in the Aegean, in the West the War of the League of Augsburg was also winding down, thus once more freeing the Emperor’s best generals to fight on the Danube. 1697 was the year of decision. Mustafa II, intent on building on the Ottoman successes of the previous two seasons, led yet another large army – possibly 100,000 strong – into Hungary, aiming at first to retake Pétervárad and Szeged. At a place called Zenta it encountered an Austrian army commanded by Prince Eugene of Savoy, a veteran of the earlier Turkish campaigns, and about to become the greatest soldier of his age. On 11 September 1697, with the diplomats at Ryswick about to conclude their deliberations and peace (for a time) secure in the West, the Ottoman army was surprised while fording the river Tisa, and totally destroyed. The Grand Vizier, Elmas Mehmed Pasha, most of the leading officers and viziers, and many tens of thousands of men were slain; the sultan himself barely escaped with the remnants of his army to the sanctuary of Temesvár. The war was now effectively over. There was to be no military revolt or deposition of the sultan, unlike in 1687 – that would have to wait until 1703 -- but a peace party, headed by yet another member of the Köprülü family, emerged at the Porte, and the diplomats began holding the meetings and conferences, and writing the despatches, which would eventuate in the Congress of Karlóca in the autumn of the following year. On 19 October, as the delegates were assembling at the conference site in the ravaged no-man’s land between Habsburg and Ottoman territory, a cease-fire was announced. A month later, on 13 November, the first negotiating session was held; two and a half months later, on 26 January 1699, the Treaties of Karlóca were signed. In the words of one eminent historian, this event marks in truth the ‘closing of the Ottoman frontier’.

1699: Karlóca (Karlowitz) On 26 January 1699 the Peace Treaty of Karlóca was signed, bringing to an end the long Austro-Ottoman conflict which had broken out in 1683, and the wars with the other Holy Alliance powers (with the exception of Russia, with whom peace was finally concluded in 1701). After the shattering Ottoman defeat in 1697 at Zenta, and the ensuing change of regime at the Porte, from the latter part of 1697 through the first half of 1698 preparations for the conference had been secretly negotiated between the Austrians and their allies, and the Ottomans, to be formalised and then concluded in the congress at Karlóca, with the mediation of the English and Dutch ambassadors at the Porte, William Lord Paget and Jacob Colyer. The Treaty of Karlóca, which was envisaged to last for 25 years, contained the following provisions:

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A. Austria-Hungary-Croatia-Slavonia: - Broadly speaking the border was to follow the Una-Sava-Tisa-Maros line, assigning all of Hungary-Transylvania to Austria except for the Bánát of Temesvár which was to remain under Ottoman rule. - Seven fortresses in the Bánát were to be razed: Lugos, Lippa, Csanád, Magyarkanizsa, Karánsebes, Becskerek and Becse. - The frontier between Hungary and the Danubian Principalities was to be delineated more accurately. - In Syrmium the border was to be formed by a straight line between the mouth of the Tisa in the Danube and the mouth of the Bosut in the Sava. Free shipping for both parties on the Tisa and Maros rivers was guaranteed. - Religious freedom was to be granted to the Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Prisoners of war were to be exchanged. - All fortresses on the right bank of the Una, taken by the Emperor, were to be returned to the Ottomans. Croat Dubica and the bastion at the mouth of the Una, both on the left bank of the Una, were to be kept by the Ottomans. - The position of Novi remained unsolved; de facto it remained Ottoman.

The article was added to preclude borderline disputes between the two rivals, Venice and Ragusa. This aim was achieved by Ragusa ceding two strips of land to the Ottomans: Klek (Neum) and the Sutorina. These two Bosnian outlets to the sea were confirmed in 1718 in the Treaty of Passarowitz and continued to exist until the 20th century. (The status of Klek was even revived by Tito.) D. Poland - Poland recovered Podolia. E. The Holy Mountain of Mount Athos was acknowledged as a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire.

B. Venice: - Dalmatia, the Bocche di Cattaro, the Morea, Aegina, all the seven Ionian Islands, including Santa Maura, Butrinto, Parga, Suda, Spinalonga and Tenos are to fall under Venetian rule. The payment of tribute for Zante was terminated. - Lepanto; and Preveza, occupied by Venice, were to be restored to Ottoman rule; Preveze’s population would be evacuated to Corfu. - Crete, with the exception of the fortresses of Grabusa, Suda and Spinalonga, was to remain under Ottoman rule. - Venetian territorial acquisitions in Dalmatia and Bocche di Catarro were termed the Acquisto Nuovo, being delimited by a line called the Linea Grimani, after the Venetian chief delegate to the conference. Dalmatia: The Linea Grimani commenced at the point where the boundaries of Croatia, Dalmatia and Bosnia met, near Veliko Brdo. From there it ran in straight lines to Knin-Vrlika-Sinj-Duare-Vrgorac-Gabela (Ciclut), leaving to Venice these strong points with a perimeter of “one hour’s walk”. Bocche di Cattaro: - Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi) and Risano were to fall under Venetian rule, bringing the entire Bocche di Cattaro coast under control of Venice. - Antivari and Dulcigno (Ulcinj) were to be restored to Ottoman rule. - The coastal region between Corfu and the Gulf of Arta was to be under control of Venice. Budua (Budva) remained Venetian. - The coastal area north of Budua (three villages of the county of Zupa) was placed under the protection of Montenegro. C. Ragusa - The Republic of Ragusa was to continue to pay tribute to the Ottomans, but from now on only once in every three years. - A special article (no. 9) was added, stipulating that: “The territory of the Signoria of Ragusa will be bounded by territory of the Ottoman Empire, eliminating all obstacles that might hinder the communication and the continuity of the territory of the Signoria with the territory of the Ottoman Empire”.

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General Legend 1521-1699

“Trajan’s wall” in Bessarabia, probably falsely atttributed to Trajan. “Trajan’s wall” in the Dobruja, probably rightly atttributed to Trajan.

Personal Union of two or (more) Crowns Boundary “Holy Roman Empire” BOSNA

Fortress, shown in theZ Acolor of the country or power that is in control of the fortress at that time. LA Main border-line fortress, whose power is also felt across the border. Place or city, often walled-in but not primarily a fortress, usually shown in white, irrespective of who is a in control. If the name 6of a place onZ AaL Asmall island is identical to the name of the island, it is not given 4 BOSNA separately. 1 BOSNA

BOSNA

Place, which is important at that time. Orthodox monastery

BOSNA

6

4

Roman Catholic monastery ZALA

background of the residents ZALA

B O S NBAO S N A

Z A L AZ A L A

”Dragon”

ZALA

Diocese (churches)

a a

a

Small, nearly independentaRoman Catholic diocese6 4a

6

ZALA

BOSNA

ZALA

ZALA

ZALA

BOSNA

B O S BN OA S N A

Z A L A Z A LZAA L A

BOSNA

1

Archdiocese

BOSNA

ZALA Z AZ LAAL A The colour marks ethnic B O S N AZ A L A ZALA

a

BOSNA

B OB SONS AN A BOSNA BOSNA

a

1

4

6

6

44

4

1 1a

1

6 a1

aa6 6 4

a

6

6

a

a 4a

1 6 fugitives Settlement by Austrian authorities of mainly Orthodox Serbian on 6mainly Roman Catholic 4 6 6 64 a6 4 4 4 41 Croatian territory, this being the Austrian Military Borders. 16 1 the basis of 1 a

a

”Dragon”

4

RAGUSA

1

1

1

64

1

4

4

Roaming Nogay and other Tatar nomad tribes of the Khanate of the Crimea, who make 1 1 their power felt (particularly earlier, in time of war). 1 Extraterritorial areas in Walachia & Moldavia, which have a fortress with a permanent Ottoman garrison and are surrounded by an area with a Turkish civilian population. Such an ensemble is administered as an ? Ottoman core province. RAGUSA

”Dragon”

?

”Dragon”

Territory under direct Venetian rule / Autonomous Venetian fiefs. ? ”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

Inaccessibility of terrain, offering relative freedom to local (Greek or Albanian) population; ill-defined, porous boundaries. ? ”Dragon”

”Dragon”

?

RAGUSA

Vassals ? A Turkish-coloured margin around the colour of an area indicates vassal status of the country. An international boundary-line marks the actual border.

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

RAGUSA

RAGUSA

RAGUSA

Scorched earth

in

RAGUSA

?

Lighter tint indicates autonomy.

RAGUSA

RAGUSA

RAGUSA RAGUSA

RAGUSA

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

”Dragon”

RAGUSA

RAGUSA

?

? International boundaries between first order political units

?

in

Boundaries between second order political units. ?

??

BOSNA

B O S NB AO

ZALA

SN

BB OO SS NN AA B BBZOOOASSSLNNNAAAA

A

ZA

in

LA

BOSNA BOSNA

ZZ AA LL AA ZZAALLAA ZALA ZALA a

a

6

4

1

a

6

4

1

in

1830s

in in

in in

in

in inin in

6 4a a a a166 4 a466 4

?? ? ?? RAGUSA RAGUSA ? ? ? The boundaries and names (in capitals) of the Hungarian comitatus ? ? (counties) ? ? Revolts, the colour indicatingthe ethnic background of the insurgents. ? ? ?

RAGUSA Boundaries (roughly), and names (in red capitals) ?of Ottoman ? ? sanjaks, or (later) eyalets

Blockade, the colours indicating participants.

Austrian troops stationed in Croatia as a buffer against Ottoman raids.

641a a1 416 61 4 41

1

1

”D

r

o ag

n”

1830s

in

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

1830s

RAGUSA

?? ? ? to the end situationRAGUSA The initial situation of the boundaries in a map, as??compared of that map. ?? ? ? ?

18 2

?

?

?

?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

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6

BOSNA

4

aS N A BOa

BOSNA

ZALA

4 a

6 a6 4a46

BOSNA

16

Z A416L A

4

4

1 1

ZALA

11

6

1

ZALA

44

a

1

a

6

4

1

a

6

BOSNA

a

ZB OA 6SLNAA Z A4L A

4

1

”Dragon”

B O SaN A

6

4

1

Z A1L A

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

River

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

”Dragon”

Mountain

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

a

a6 46 a 4 16 ”Dragon” 14

1

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

RAGUSA RAGUSA RAGUSA

RAGUSA RAGUSA

River disappearing underground in karst regions, or running dry in a steppe region RAGUSA

The brown line indicates vassal status in cases of a maritime border. RAGUSA

RAGUSA RAGUSA

Paying tribute to Hungary, as wellas to the Sultan (before 1526). RAGUSA

Sometimes dots are used just to add an easily discernable shade, when discernable plain hues are running out. ”Dragon”

Austrian civil administration

RAGUSA RAGUSA

RAGUSA

”Dragon”

?

?? ? ???? ? ?? RAGUSA

?

? ?

?

?

Austrian military occupation

?? ?? ?

RAGUSA

RAGUSA

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

?

1560 – 1795 1566

?

? ? ?

??

? ?? ??

?

?

Conquests and other border changes that are related to Süleymān’s last campaign.

RAGUSA

Maximum reach of Ottoman sovereignty in Europe 1682

in

in in

in in

?

?? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ?

Maximum reach of Ottoman suzerainty

“Lineae” in Dalmatia+ Bocche di Cattaro: (Cfr. top Comment 1 Map14) 1670-1699 “Linea Nani” Map 9, 10, 11. 1699-1718 “Linea Grimani” Map 11, 12, 13 1669-1699 This shade marks the vague situation in the Makarska coastal region as mentioned in the Peace Treaty of 1670-’71 between Venice and the Ottoman Empire: Venice is “not to claim the coastal region of Makarska, and the Ottomans will be “content by only summarily taking possession of it”. 1600s

The ultimate defense line of Austria

1683-’99

Habsburg’s conquests

1690s

Ottoman recovery

1683-’88

Thököly’s principality,

1830s

1830s

1830s 1830s

1830s

19 3

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1

a

6

Legend of the Habsburg Dominions

4

1

Lands of the Crown of St. Stephan: Hungary - Croatia - Slavonia - Fiume - Transylvania

A Kingdom of Hungary 1

Hungary proper

13 out of the 24 “Zips” (Spiš) cities and 3 manors in the mining district of northern Hungary, mortgaged by ”Dragon” the King to Poland, 1412–1772.

”Dragon”

Autonomous areas in Hungary Hungarian territories under Austrian administration, 1447-1647 “Royal Hungary” = Hungarian regions under control of the Emperor, 1526–1711 Original border between Transylvania and Hungary proper

RAGUSA

Border between the Principality of Transylvania and “Royal Hungary”

(Principality of) Transylvania and Partes Annexae

2

1 2 3

$

$ $

?

?

“Bohemia “Bohemia “Bohemia” “Bohemia “Bohemia “Bohemia “Bohemia

$ $ $ $ $ $

$

“Bohemia

the Transylvanian nations of the “Union of Three Nations” RAGUSA < 1521-18

“Bohemia

“Bohemia “Bohemia

After “liberation” in 1687 Transylvania is kept separated from Hungary proper, administered jointly by Transylvania and Austrian authorities (marked on map 12). To accentuate this, the King in 1713 assumes the title of Fürst von Siebenbürgen. The traditional internal selfgovernment is continued, but now under direct control of the King and his Transylvania agencies in Vienna.

$ $ $

?

Székely Magyar Saxon

Some Hungarian counties (comitates) continued to be considered as “Partes Annexae” after 1687 and remained that way.

$

In some counties civil administration is floating between the Hungarian Neo-Conquista Commission in Vienna and Transylvanian agencies.

$ $

”Bohemia”

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

Former Partes Annexae (Partium) 1687-1751

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

Civil and military authorities in the Habsburg administration of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephan. Authorities Vienna Inner-Austrian Hungarian Transylvanian Croatian

1720

$

1745

1720

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

Frontier between Croatia and Slavonia before the Ottomans

1720 1720 1720

c. b. c.

!

Autonomous administration by Bánus and Sabor (under supervision of Graz and Vienna). Croatian officials try to elude interfering Hungarian authorities, whose influence varies. Croatia continues to send delegates to the Hungarian Diet as well.

1720

1.

3. 4.

! ! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! 1720

1. 1. 2. 2. 1. 3. 3. 1. 2. 4. 1. 2. 4. 3. 3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 1. 4. 1. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 3. 2. 2. 1. 3. 2. 3. 3. 4. 2. 3. 1. 4. 4. 4. 3. 2. 4. 3. 4.

4. 1. 2. 1. 3. 2. 4. 3. 4.

“Littorale” (Hungarian/Croatian coastal area) administered by the Imperial German-Croatian Trading Company since 1670.

• • • ••

1720

c. 2.

b.

Civil Croatia

1720

•

b. 1 b.c.3.4. 1745 1745 b. 1745 c. 1745 b. 1745 c. b. 1745 c. 1745 c. ! b. b. b. b. c. b. 1745 c. c. b. c. c. b. 1745 c.

• • • •• • •

c.

?

”Bohemia”

20 2

• •

1745 1745

2.

b.

”Bohemia”

B Kingdom of Croatia & Slavonia $

1745 1745

1745 1. 1720 1720

1745

?

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

”Bohemia”

3

1720 1720 1720

•

c.

2

1 Austrian Military Presence; 2 Military Jurisdiction; 3 Civil Administration

1720 1720 $

b.

?

1

”Bohemia”

3

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• ”Bohemia” •

”Bohemia”

$ $ $

$$ $

$

”Bohemia”

•

”Bohemia”

$

“Bo

$ $$ $

$

1

$

C “Austrian” military borders, established on the lands of the Crown of St. Stephan ”Bohem

1720

1

“Hungarian” Military Borders $

Tisza-Maros Military Border, directly under Vienna. Civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kammer in Vienna ( ). Military colonists (Militia) fall under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kriegsrat in Vienna ( ).

$

”Bohem

Bánát of Temesvár. After its annexetion in 1718 it is administered directly by Vienna and is not 1745 incorporated into the Hungarian County administration. Gradually 8 civil and 4 military districts are established. The civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kammer in Vienna ( ). Military Colonists (Militia) fall under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kriegsrat in Vienna ( ).

$

8 districts of the Bánát are gradually turned over to Hungarian civilian authorities.

1720 1720

b.

1720

b. c.

1720

Croatian Military Borders under control 1. of Inner-Austria (Graz) and Vienna The civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Estates of Inner-Österreich in Graz ( ). M.B.Militias fall under the 1745 jurisdiction of the Ho�kriegsrat in Graz ( 2.), which after 1705 is subordinated to the Ho�kriegsrat in Vienna.

1745 1720

c.

b.

c. c.c. c.

1.

c. b. b. b. c. c. c.

2. 3.

1.

1745

2. 3.

4.

4.

3. 2. 1.

b.

•

1720

•

!

!

! ! !

b. c.

1745

c.

!! !!1.2. !!3. !!4.

1720

b. c.

1745

1. 1. 2.

1745

1 2 3 4 5

3. 4. 2. 1. 1. 3. 1. 4.1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 4. 2. 3. 3. 3.2. 1.3. 3. 4. 1.4. 4. 2. 1. 4. 2. 3. 2.4. 3. 3. 4. 4. 4.

3.

Karlovac Generalate Warazdin Generalate 4. b. 1720and Krbava Counties, which after 1712 become part of the Karlovac Generalate. Lika c. Zumberak district (in Carniola !), is part of the Slunj Captaincy of the Karlovac Generalate. Bánus’ Border,1. under control of Bánus, Sabor and Vienna. Civilian and in Military ( ) matters under 1. 1745 ) and Hofkriegsrat ( ) the Bánus, Sabor 2. and local Seigneurs, under supervision of the Ho�kammer ( 2. 3. of Inner-Austria in Graz, which after 1705 is subordinated to the Ho�kriegsrat in Vienna. 3.

•

b.b. c. b. b.

Transylvanian Military Borders 1720

•

b. c. 1745 3 b. 1745c.

!

4.

4.

Habsburg garissons of Military Border fortresses holding out in Ottoman occupied territory. b. c.

!

•

2 b.

1720 1720 1720

•

1745 1745 1745 1745

• • • • ••• • • •

1745 1745

!

•

1745 1745

Sava-Danube Military Border, directly under Vienna. This area is still considered to be part of Hungary $ proper. The civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kammer in Vienna ( ). Military c. colonists (Militia) fall under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kriegsrat in Vienna ( ).

1720 1720 1720

1745 1745

•

1720

b.

4 southern districts are gradually turned into the (Hungarian) Bánát Military Border.

1720

1720

”Bohem

1526 -1. 1919 Personal1. Union in the Habsburg Dynasty ! 2. 3.

2. 3.

Lands of the Bohemian Crown Habsburg “Austrian” Lands 4. Bohemia - Moravia 1720 - Silesia

4.

“Bohemia” ! “Bohemia” “Bohemia” “Bohemia” “Bohemia”

1. 2. 3.

•

1. 1. 2. 1.

!

2.

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

1564

1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.

“Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” 1. 1.

1564 – 1595

c.

2 2 2

2 3.

3.

2.

22 2

In his last will Ferdinand l had determined that his lands be divided between his three sons: 3. 2. 3. 3. 3.

2. 2. 2.

1.

1.

2.

1595

”Bohemia”“Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

”Bohemia”

”Bohemia”

• •• ••

2. 1

11

• •

3

2

3 3 3

22 2

3 33 3

3

2

3

• Tyrol and Vorderösterreich, ••

2.

3

3

3.

Maximilian’s ! Line became extinct, so his lands reverted to Inner-Austria:

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

”Bohemia”

3.

2.

all ••• other Eastern Habsburg Hereditary Lands 1.and • the Bohemian Lands 2. •• • ••

1595 – 1619

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” 1. ”Bohemia”

1.

3

3

3. 2. • Maximilian, his 2. first born son, 3. the Lands of the Crown of 2. was to receive the Arch-Duchy of Austria, 3. 2. 3. St. Stephan and of the Crown of Bohemia. Later he was elected Emperor as well. 1. 3. 2. 4. 3. 2. • Charles was to get Inner-Austria. 2 • Ferdinand was to get Tyrol and Vorderösterreich.

”Bohemia”

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

3

3

a Austria in a narrower sense (Upper-2.and Lower-Austria) 3. 2 Istria b Inner Austria (Styria, 2.Carinthia, 2 Carniola, Görz & Gradiška, and Trieste) 3. b. 3. 2. 2. c Tyrol 3.and Vorarlberg 3.

1.

1.

!

1745 Austria’s Hausmacht consisting of:

1526 – 1564

4.

1.

– 1620

•

A

“Bohemia” “Bohemia” 1526

•

c.

•

b.

3.

3.

2

2

3

2

1.

3.

3 21

2. Hans H.A. Hötte - 978-90-04-28888-1 Downloaded from Brill.com02/08/2023 11:20:33AM via Universite degli Studi di Milano

”Bohemia”

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

• ”Bohemia” • • •• ”Bohemia” 1526 - 1919 Personal Union in the Habsburg Dynasty • 1619 Ferdinand’s Line became extinct, so his lands also revert to Inner-Austria. ”Bohemia”

all • Eastern Habsburg Lands •

”Bohemia”“Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

1619 – 1620

B

”Bohemia”

•

1621 – 1772 Lands of the Bohemian Crown 1 Habsburg Hereditary Lands (Hausmacht) 1647 Gradiska is sold to Prince Eggenberg; so strictly speaking it is not part of the Habsburg Dominions from 1647 to 1717.

1 11

”Bohemia”

• •

”Bohemia”

”Bohemia”

•

1

22 4

3

Hans H.A. Hötte - 978-90-04-28888-1 Downloaded from Brill.com02/08/2023 11:20:33AM via Universite degli Studi di Milano

1. 1520–1526 SILEZIA

Munkács

Eger

Fehérvár

Kiskunság

Kapornak

S L

Istria

Bovic

Budački

Ogul in

Otočac

Islan ds

Dreznik

T rzac

Dvor

Krupa

Bihac C R O A T I A

y

Blagaj

r

S

T

E

s

Knin Kl ic

ev ac Vrana

Ostrovica

Seben ico

L

Rogosni zza

Kamen

Bua

M

Solta

i

Mezősomlyó

i B ánság

Targoviste

Mehadia

Orsova

Smederevo

Dragašani

Szörényvár

Golubac

W

Kladovo

e

r

b

Kragujevac

i

O lt

Vidin

A

Nikopoli

Prijepolje

Rusçuk

Sistova Sumen

Plevna

Varna

Niš

T llo

Vraca

Ston

T irnovo

Herzegovina

I Lagosta

Lovec

Bijelo Polje

Metkovic

Slano

A

Meleda

Su

RAGUS A Cavtat (Epidaurus)

Klobuk to

r in

Nikšić

Brda

a

MONTE NEGRO

Pelag osa Isles

Sliven

Sofia

Spuž

Cetinje

Castel Nuovo (Herceg novi)

ˇ Zabljak Budua

Upper Pulati

Pazardzik

Pastrovici An tiv

Burgas

Stara Zagora

Scu

ar i

tar

i

O

a

on ce

Küçük Kaynarca

Zimnica

Pirot Sa bi

Consta nţa

Silistria

Gyurgyevó

Turnu Magurele

` Paracin

Kraljevo

Lesina

Curzola

a en it ¸

T utrokan

Priboj

Plevlja

T ulcea

Cernav oda

Negotin

a

` Cuprija

Čačak Pozega

Mosta r

V rgorac

Slobozia

Bucharest

Calarasi

Foca

Makarska

Hirsova

Craiova

S

Kilia

Ismail

Babada gh

A

I

H

C

A

L

A

Akke rman

Macin

Brăila

Belgrad e

Bánát of Belgrade

Užice

Duare

Brazza

Lissa

(Kronstadt)

Little (Mali)-Zvornik

a

Republic of Poglizza

Spa latoAlmissa

Gyurgye vó

Brassó

Karánsebes

a Zimony

Sarajevo

i

Klis

Focşani

Szeben

Isacea

Srebrenica

Sinj

Salona

T rau

s

n

o

x

a

Tirgu Jiu

Sokol

n

Scard ona

Incoro nata

Zvornik

T ravnik

A

T

Zvonigr ad

D

i

Dulcigno

T

Skopje

n

M

a

c

T

e

d

o

n

i

Philippopoli

O

M

A

N

Kırklareli

Adriano ple

Nevrekop

a

Lüle-Burg as

Strumica

Durazzo

Prilep

a

T

Elbasan

r

b

Kavalla

Cons tant inop le

e

Skutari

San Stefa no

Rodosto

Ismid

l

Enos

Kastoria

Isnik

Samothrace

Thessaloniki

Veria

Gallipoli

Mudan ia Holy Mount Athos Argyrocastro

Delvino

Lo

E

K as

t e s i o

sa n

p

Lemnos

os

Kum Kale

s

E

M

T h e s s a l i a

l

Parga

Paxos

Arta

Antipaxos

Preveza

P

Gyaros Pelagonisi Chelidromia

Skiathos

I o n i a n

(Levkas)

(Mytilene)

Cephalonia

Psara

Negroponte (E u b o i a )

Salona Gla

Chalkis

T

A

N

A

Skyros

Lepanto=Naupakto s =Antirrhion

Mesolongi

E

Lesbos

Sporades

Gravia

V rachori

Ithaca

R

Skopelos

Lamia

Santa Maura

I

Northern

Vonitza

La Punta

•••

Tenedos

Larissa

Trikala

o Goumenitza

Troy

Tavshan Isls

Moudros

Kokkinos

Joanina

r

Corfu

ng

dr a

Brussa

Çanakkale (Kale Sultanie)

Imbros

i

Butrinto

O

I

L

A

Manissa Smyrna

C h i o s

Rrhion Vostitsa

Lixuri

Patras

Argostoli

A

Zante

(Zakinthos)

a n d s

A t t i c a

c h a i a

Castel Tornese

I s l

c

Thasos

A

Saseno

a

Dedeagac h

Florina

Brindisi

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon) Otranto

h

Seres

Monastir

S u

A

Jajca

Obrovac Karin

Nadin

Biogra d

Uglian o Pasma n

Anc ona

Banat of Jajca

Starig rad

Novigra d

ó

s

Tuscany

Nona

Zara

m

Szabács

o

V ir

S

V ersec

Titel

Karlóca

ac

Olib

Lung a (Gro ssa)

Barlad

Pétervárad

S

Rmanj

Border German Empire

Csák Becskerek

Brod

Ripač

Udbina

Gospic

Nova Gradišk a Gradišk a Kobaš

Bosn. Gradiška

M

Carlop ago (Bag)

Pago

Bosn. Dubica

Bács

Požega

Dubica

Déva

Lugos Óbecse

Jasenov ac

Novi

Cazin

Izacic

Arbe

Luss in

Todorovo

Furjan

Zeng g

Lippa Temesvár

B

P A P A L

Qua rner ian

Kosta jnica

Cetin

Slunj

V eglia

Cher so

Gyulafehérvár

Csanád

A

Ustilo nja

r a n s y l v a n i a

T

V ilágos

Solymos

Facsád

V O N I

Glina Hrastovi ca

Topusko

Pola

Petrin ja

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Rovi gno

A

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Stenic njak

Karlo vac

Fiu me

Pazi n

Rav enn a

Mohács Siklós

Pira no

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Nagylak

a

Gotts chee

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Zumb erak

Szeged Magyarkanizsa

Bacau

a

Cap o d’Ist ria

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Pécs

Torda Jenő Pankota

s

T r i este

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Szigetvá r

Kőrös

one

Tighi na

I

A

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Laib ach

Gyula

y

Grado

a

i

i

l

Venice

n

e

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Mo n f a l c

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o

Roman

k

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n

n

e

Pord eno

n

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Beszterce

? Kolozsvár

z

VENIC E

a

S

g n s á y k u a g

Egerszeg Peleske

P

a

s

i

d

e

J

T A T A RS

A N

CRIME

b

N

Szentgotthá rd

Marbu rg

Iaşi

Nagyvarád

A

a

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D

Saxon

Debrecen

OF THE

h

V eszprém Vasvár Egervár

L

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Jászság

Pest

E KH A N A T

s

O

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Debrecen

Körmend

St.An drae

s

M

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Szomba thely

Lava nt

e

Huszt

z

Buda

Tokaj

Y

k

V isegrád

R

d

Esztergom

A

Miskolc

Nógrád

Győr

Sopron

G

B

Érsekújvá r

N

Patak

u

U

Komárom

a

B

Hotin Cernauti

H

Graz

V elde s (BR IXE N)

L I T H U A N IA

AN D

Kamien iec Podolsk i

a

a

Gur k

i

j

i

l

u

r

o

r

y

d

a

t

C a r i n t h i a

T erra

Ungvár

o

Nyitra

Kőszeg

r o l Lie nz

P

Galgóc

V ien na

n

Seck au

P O L A N D

Kassa

A U S T R I A Leobe S

D

Eperjes

T rencsén

Wiene r Neust adt

S A L Z BURG

T y-

Szepesvár

Lőcse

Pozsony

T yrol

N

Késmárk

Lower-

Salz bur g

n

A Bártfa

R A V I A

A u s t r i a Berc htes gade

L

r

U p p e r-

Pas sau

O

b

(Pas) Oberndorf

(Szb.)

P

o

Mühld orf

OF THE

BOHEM IA

B A V A R I A

A N B O H E M I M O

R

D

L A N D S

PAS SAU

C

N O W

E l i s

M

o

Lala

r

Karistos

Athens

Kalavryta

e

a

Keos

Aegina

Nauplia

Kithnos

(Peloponnesos)

Patmos

Delos

Leros

Paros

Misthra

Naxos

Antiparos

Duchy of Naxos

Stampalia

T

Syme

Nisyros

S

Folegandros

Santorini

F

Anafi

St

Chalke

.J

O

Cerigo

MALTA

Rhodes

Telos

O

Maina

Amorgos

Nios

Sikinos

Polyaigos

Melos

K os

H

Kimolos Monemvasia

Kelapha

Mesy (Bodrum)

Kalymnos

Sifnos

Passavâ

Fort St.Peter

I G K N

Serifos

Pylos Koroni

Rinia Hermupolis

Hydra

Zarnata

Methoni

Myconos

Siros

Thermisi Kastri Spetsai

Navarino

Ikaria

Tenos

Gyaros

Methana

Burdshi

Kiveri

Kalamata

Samos Vathy

Lara

Olympia

Aidin Andros

Salamis

Korinthos

H

Rhod es

Scarpan to

Cerigotto

(Karpatho s)

Gramvousa

Kyren ia

Suda I.

eo

Gorg

Candia

Rhetymno

Chania

(Megalokastron)

Kasos

Spinalonga

Nicosi a

ar ia f S am

Knossos

Sphakiotes

C

r

e t e

C y p r u s

Sitia

Papho s Gavdos

23

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

N

Famag usta Larna ca

Limas sol

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g Vá g

n

n

o

n

i

Blagaj

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b

be Bo

na B os

ina Dr

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K o lu b a

a Dua re

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padna Čačak

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bi

Kraljevo

an

Zica

Uva

sk

Ceh

a

Ta

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c

` Paracin

ava

Stalać

Ju

Krusevac

Studenica

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o

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ra

Deligrad

a

(B

Gradac

Niš

To p l i c a

Sopocani

Mo

Bijelo Polje

Metk ovic

ra

o

H e r z e g o v mi anr n iac a jic

a

Su

Nikšić

Klob uk rin

a

Ostrog et a

Z

MONTE NEGRO

Lim

L

Spuž

im

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

je

Cavta t (Epida urus)

Ta r a Morača

Brda

Po l

to

vo Gracanica

V isoki Decani

Pe lag osa Isl es Cas tel Nuo vo (He rceg nov i)

ˇ Zablja k

Bocche di Catta ro

Budua

A n ti

Sc

va r i

ri

in

jana

Staro Nagaricino

n

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Black

in

Nerezi Markov

n

a

c

a l

a

Se

Monastir Lake Prespa

Re

ka

Florina

m

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Crn

Lake Ochrid Sveti Naum

A

W

O

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

e

Prilep

b

it ra St

KINGDOM of NAPLES

ar

M

Durazzo

Shkumbi

A pulia

ga

l

rd

in

Sveti Jovan Bigorski

Elba san

Brindisi

T

Skopje

Matka

Va

Dr

Sea

Bo

Dr

ri uta

Dr

Dulci gno

Adriatic

Uppe r Pulat i

Lake S c u t a ri

Pastro vici

Whi t e D

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a

Mele da

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so

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eb

i

Tr

Slano

va

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RAG USA

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zn

Ko

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a

Manassija

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cel

b

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ion

a

ar

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tje

r

Kragujevac

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T Cur zola

Su

Za

na

t

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ti

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eb

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Liss a

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Smeder evo

ul

Mo sta r

V rgora c

na

Goluba c

Priboj

na

Mak arsk a

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ra

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m

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in

t

M

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Repu blic of Pogli zza

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a

va

Bua

Ce

L

Kame n

Me

Ravanica

Sara jevo

i

N e ret

Klis

Karáns

V ersec

Bánát of Belgrad e

va

Sa i B ánság

na

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T rau

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Belg rade

Zimony

ri

s

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em

a

D

n

ba

D

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Rogo sniz za

i

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Srebren ica

Sca rdo na

Lippa

Mezősom lyó

Titel

Karlóca

m

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s

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r

t

T

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Pétervárad

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Zvornik

na

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a

s

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Karin

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Ugl ian o Pas ma n

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s

Sta rig rad

Maro

Becskerek

ac

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Ban at of Jajc a

o

Non a

su

Sava

B

Lu ng a (G ros sa)

Ti

sa Ti

S

as

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K K

a

Brod

Kob aš

Bosn. Gradi ška

Feh

V ilágos

Bre

Sana

áv

Rman j

V ir

s

Magyarkanizsa

Bács

Nov a Gra dišk a v a Gra dišk a

t e - Kő r ö s

Pankota

Arad

Nagylak

Te

zá

Bosn. Dub ica

ke

Temesvár

Ripa č

Udbi na

Gos pic

Novi

Kru pa

Izaci c

Szeged Ma ro

Csanád

Pože ga

Jase nov ac Dubi ca

Dr

Fe

Jenő

Du

Una

Cazin

A

Ust ilon ja

s

Gyula

na

Pécs

m

ér

Q u a r n e r o

s

K ő rö

es

Dvor

Ér Nagyvarád

S e be

M

Car lop ago (Ba g)

Oli b

Kiskunság

Tisa

Drez nik

Lakes

T rzac

Bih ac C R O A T I A

Pa go

Danu

po

Szig etvá r

S

Arb e

m G a ra

a

Kapos

V O N I

Ko sta jni ca

a

Lu ssi n

Plitvic e

Ónod

Csepe l Isl.

Siklós

Pet rin ja

R

Tokaj

Jász ság

Pest

Lake Balaton

Kan izsa

A

og

Patak

A

Miskolc

Hatvan

va

L a

a

Glina Hras tovic a

Un

T

E

Oto čac

a lin

Todo rovo

Furj an

Ze ng g

Isl an ds

G

Ceti n

Slu nj

G

dr

N

Kaporna k

Dráva

Sis ak

Gora Topu sko

V eg lia

Bo

Mohács

Bovic

a

S

T

P

ur

S L

k

Bud ački

Og uli n

Sea An co na

Ste nic nja

u p a Ka rlo va c

nj

Tuscany

Sümeg

Zá grá b

Zu mb era k

ulp

Qu ar ne ria n

Adriat ic

Fehé rvár

Sa

R av en na

M

Var asd

a

P A P A L

V e n i c e

V isegrád

Bud a

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Ch ers o

N

Ráko s r i v e r

Szentg otthár d

a

Pa zin Ro vig no

Eszter gom

V eszp rém Vasvá r Egervá r

Ma rbu rg

Fi um e

Sajo

g n s á y k u a g

e

a

Eperjes

Szepesvár

Kassa

Eger

a

Kő rös

Istria

– 1772

Kirchdrauf

Debrecen

Peles ke

Go tts che e

Löcse

an

Ip o ly

Egersz eg

Pi ra no

Pa re nz o

Ráb

Körm end

Raab

Dráva

Grado Gulf o f Tireises te te Ca poTd’rIst ria

Lőcse

Duna

Ka

av

o

s

Po la

A

Gr az

St. An dra e

v Sa

e

Pi

n

of

Border German Empire

a

Poprad

Szom bath ely

La va nt

La ib ac h

ub

Aq ui le ja

Ci tta nu ov

io

i

La ac k (FR EIS IN G)

zo on I s Gö rz & Gr ad išk a Mo n f a l c

G u l f

Lake Comacc h

r

1412

Szepesvár

Dürelsdorf

Nógrád

Komárom Győ r

Kős zeg

V el de s (B RI XE N)

Ferma e

Torcello

Po

y

an

Po rd en on

e

r

Gu rk

C a r i n t h i a

T erra

Adig

Mu

r o l Li en z

VENIC E

o

t

U

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D

S

r

Se ck au

H

Csa llók öz

Sopr on Rép ce

n

Gr

T rencs én

Nyitr a

Pozs ony

Lake Fe r t ő

A U S T R I A En n s Leobe Mu

Drau

nau

Wi ene r Ne ust adt

S a lz a c h

g

Do

Leased to Poland

M e n h a r d (s d o r f )

Mich elsdorf

Galgó c

Leitha

S A L Z BURG

T y-

V ie nn a

Melk

Késmárk

Riessdorf

Georgenberg

Felka

Wa l l e n d o r f

Z s i tv a

Sa lz bu rg

de n

T yrol

Venice

Danube

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Be rc ht es ga

A u s t r i a

Leibitz Matzdorf

Neudorf

rc

bb

T

n rau

be

Lower-

R A V I A

ya

Késmárk

Va h

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s

N

Zips

Belá

h

Danu

ha

A Bártfa

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Ma

n

T

e

L

Wa a

U p p e r-

Pa ss au

In

yj

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(Pas) Oberndorf

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D

ns

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En

B A V A R I A

A N B O H E M I M O

OF THE

BOHEM IA

Mo

PA S SAU

Isar

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L A N D S

s

D o nau

R

C

P

N O W

Veria

o

A

Sa

N

D

n

Bártfa

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Bug

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sed to Poland

C

– 1772

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a

rf

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Munkács Latorca

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l

i

a

l

Hot in

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Ev ro

h

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a

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Lake Tachino

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Dede agac h

Bosporus

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e

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Samothrace

Gulf of Saros

o f

Ismid

M a r m o r a

Marmara

25

Thasos

Skutari

Büy ük Ček mede k m e c e Kü ç ü k Ç

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Hans H.A. Hötte - 978-90-04-28888-1 Downloaded from Brill.com02/08/2023 11:20:33AM via Universite degli Studi di Milano

A

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1.0.1 - The provinces of Hungary in 1520.

28

Hans H.A. Hötte - 978-90-04-28888-1 Downloaded from Brill.com02/08/2023 11:20:33AM via Universite degli Studi di Milano Kiveri

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Larnaca

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1.0.2 - 1520 The Ottoman provinces in 1520.

9

A N A T O L I A

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or

Kiveri

Kelapha

Gulf of Orphani

iz

Bay of Chesmé

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Pylos Methoni

Zarnata

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Gulf of Smyrna

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of Corinth

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an

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Gr. Gr. Gr. Srb. Gr. Gr. Gr. Gr. Blg. Gr. Gr. Gr. Gr. Gr. Gr. Gr. Gr. Gr. .Rs. Gr. Rom.

1.0.3 - 1520 The monasteries on ‘Holy’ Mount Athos. 29

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Gulf of Arta

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Gulf of Kasandra

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Go tt sc he e 1.7b. By 1524, the Ottomans have conquered all territories held by the Knights ofe l lSt. John. S i d e r o s of b Gorg

H

(Ka rpa tho s)

Zá gr áb

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Chania

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“Dragon”

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K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N

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Kissamos Bay

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Gulf of Adalia

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1.9 - Situation 1526 - Zengg and Novi are under Ottoman rule, Jajca remains in Hungarian hands.

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2. 1526–1530

U p p e rLowerA u s t r i a

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A N Bihac, Awhich 2.7 - In 1527, the Ottomans capture Udbina and attack Krupa and Ja I Bartfa Dl o m iI,t s a are yet taken. During the Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528, Ferdinand D u n anot H v Késmárk Va h C the Archduke Austria Bohemia, drove back János Ta t r aof m ountW aand i nZsi uKing LSzepesvár Aand l A of Hungary Eperjes Lőcse Zápolya, who was an Ottoman vassal, regaining Győr and Komárom, where Cthe a Ar dz e forces of Ferdinand I split up, the northern contingent re-taking ÉrsekújvárD aand be Ve an nu de Gr Kassa. Another part of the Habsburg forces proceeds east and south, retaking b i a mok Kassa Gyurgyevó Visegrád and Buda, and recapturing Székesfehérvár.

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im

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r od

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L 3.2 -Klicevac Situation 1531

s

Carlopago (Bag) Gospic

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i C e tB

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A

Z

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n) Slunj

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i

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ulp

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ur

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ra

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MON TE NEGR O Sava Her ceg nov i Katunsksa Perasto (Ca stel Nuo vo) Nahya ulp S L A V O N I A Sisak up a Cetinje

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arlopago (Bag) Klis Trau Gospic

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(BR IXE N) V E N Iz C á vE Gradiška (FREISING) a La ack T e rDubica ra Ferma zo on

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Zvonigrad Otočac

i

i

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Jasenovac Sava

3.1 - In 1530, Slunj the Ottoman armies capture Kobaš.

ma

m

t

r

S u

a

Rmanj

vac

r

su

y

e Karlóca

C a r i n t h i a

etva

K

Un

in Gl

Bo

Bo

t

r Pétervárad Mu

Aspr

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D a nub

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sna

r

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g n s á y k u a g

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s Glina ba r V

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a

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er

hac

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rva

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Mohács T e

Wiener Neustadt

Becskerek

SALZBURG

Mo

K

u p Uan a

Dubica

E

S L A V O N SI A

v a Gradiška

nau

Va h

Lippa

Temesvár

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Jasenovac

ulp z á

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es

lunj

i

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Gl

na

h

e

Eszék

ya

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Danube

Leitha

Glina

os

M O R A VFIe A

ros

bb

Salzburg

a

N

ub

T y ra o l

e

ha

an

áv

un

i

I A

D

Sisak

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Y

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a

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Du

Mohács

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THE

rLowerD a U p p eMagyarkanizsa Babócsa n u b e A u s t r i a Csanád Tisa

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ic

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T

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3.8 - In 1532 Koroni was retaken by the Genoese Cerigo was engaged in the Kőszeg campaign. Cape Malia

Rrhion

A c h a i a

M

M

Maina

Ch

Lepanto=N =Antirrhio

Gulf of Patras

Myconos

Cape “Dragon” Duchy of Naxos Matapan

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iz

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Paros

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Tel

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Serifos

o

t

A N A T O

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io

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er

a

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l l

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aca

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Gorg

M

n

a

b

a

Keos

Cape Sounion

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Gulf of Arta

Bay of Chesmé

Gulf of Laconia

Pine

K os

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I s l

Andros

Kelapha

Parga

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Hydra

E

La Punta

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t e s i o

s Kaly mnoJoanina

n i a n

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os

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Monemvasia

ar

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rd

of Messenia

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sa

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^

R 3.7 - In 1531, Methoni was almost taken by the Knights of St. John, who captured many Muslim prisoners. R A N E

Pylos Chania Methoni

Suda Bay Zarnata

it

ip

P h t ilia

S E ue r o aI o

Zarnata

ta s

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

tr

Gulf

Butrinto

ia S t a m p a lPaxos

Misthra

Misthra

Eur

is

T

Kalamata

W

n

Spetsai

Kissamos Bay

Aeg

s

Gulf of Nauplia

k

M e n d e l i ğai r l i

Leros

Argyrocastro

Corfu

t e (E ub o

Methana

Lake Ostrovo

Gulf of

m G u l f o f M e n dAel li aak

o

N o rNios thern

Santorini o

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or

Nauplia

ka

r

I

M

Burdshi

Kiveri

Gulf of

G u l f D oa r dfa n e l l e s N a u pDelvino lia

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Koroni

a

A

Besika Bay

io a) f Messenia

Korinthos

Re

Methana

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Goumenitza id Gulf of Edrem Spetsai

Hydra

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Bay of

Athens

of

Gallipoli

i

S e a

e

in

r

p

of Corinth

eloponnesos)

Dr

o

Al p h e ( P ios

Black

D

M

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of

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ti

l

l

ni

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Gulf of Saros

p

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Lake Prespa

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Lake Ochrid

Elbasan

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nt

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Skopje

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al

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rfu

Gulf of

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o

itsa

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mos

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1536

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ta

s

M

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a

e

g

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Gulf of the Hagion Oros

e

A

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NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

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s

l

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m

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Sifnos

ios

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Ikaria

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it

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o

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pe

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r

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a

of

tr

Gulf of

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Gulf of Orphani

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e

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Saloniki

t e s i o

na

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it ra St

ares)

is

lia

r

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km

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on

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Lake Ostrovo

o

Gyaros

Kalavryta un t

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a

m

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i

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i

o

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n

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in

o

o

W

p

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l

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ta

g B

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ari

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d

d

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e

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o

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a

h

ma

i

ru

c

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ka

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1536

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Pylos Methoni

Se Methana

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Bay of Spizza

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e

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a

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a

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M

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lnic

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Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina Shkumbi r oLake Elbasan Ochrid

m

of

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ar

a

KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

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eloponnesos)

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Bay of Spizza

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MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya

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ra

isn

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Brda Fertő (G. Neusiedler See) to the north. They also moved west, toward Wiener Neustadt. Tu =Antirrhion RAGUSA RAGUSA e n d ža (E lf of Burgas ub aged to withstand an Ottoman siege. After negotiations, the Ottomans only symbolically After a series of smaller clashes, the Turks were defeated at the Battle of Steinfeld onG u19 o Lepanto=Naupaktos i Cephalonia Žabljak Žabljak Ithaca Rrhion captured Kőszeg before moving on. The town remained part of the Empire. a ) September 1532. Afterwards, the Ottoman armyGretreated south, besieging first Graz, then r ulf Upper Habsburg Upper Pulati Pulati =Antirrhion Eur Gulf of Patras C h i o s ri ri n n retreat ip St Dr D Marburg (Maribor) later in September 1532, both without success. Via Varasd, the a s t i of rin in os Mar Patras Scutari Scutari Rrhion G u l f a Gulf of Patras continued through Slavonia via Kobaš and the area to its north back to Belgrade. Corinth of Patras Lim

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n Kassa

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Lake Ostrovo

Lake Balaton

ur

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o a

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BOHEMIA

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ta

SALZBURG Jászság

Rákos r i v e r

Buda

E

Egerszeg Kapornak

Eperjes

Salzburg

B

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Duna

n i a Sr Argyrocastro

Delvino

Sümeg

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M

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Lake Doiran

ares)

a

ti

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o

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V eszpré m

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(Szb. )

Sajo

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V elde s

d

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Dráva

ni

o

e

Monastir Graz

Lake P r e sLavant pa

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r

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c

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m

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n

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d

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a

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Késmárk

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e

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e

Vienna Do

Ma a i

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ti

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an

S a lz a c h

rc

D

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I A

o

C a p e G l o s s a ube Dan un Tra o r L i n guetta

Otranto A U S T R I A

ni

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Monastir

Lake Prespa

P

h

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Bay of Va l o n a

O

a

n

Salzburg

ZBURG basan

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ar

In

yj

I

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rd

(Pas) Oberndorf

D

Se

N

I A

M B O H E ica T ha M a Ol n R A V ya g

THE

BOHEMIA

Passau

dorf (Szb. )

OF

Va

R I A

T

Skopje

L A N D S

PAS SAU

r

C

m

T

D o nau

W N S I R O

c

(V ard

St

ma

O

n

a

ios

ri

in

ru

Dr

M

Lak e Och rid

Elbasan

R

W D h f i e t o n ri t a i Black D tr

mbi

“Dragon”

K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N

E

Ravenna

Melos

s

A

g

Ç.

Vá

Sus

Waa

g

h

Ma

m Kalym nos

G a ra Z s i tv a

be Danu Syme

i

sa

es m Te Titel

a

Szabács Gulf of

av

S Rho des

D

a

Chalke

K o lu b a

Rho des

ra

ri na

s

C et

Trau

a

t je

sk

Ceh

a

Nicosia

nic

Fama

Herzegovina MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya

et a

Cetinje

Budua

Spuž

Kuci

Lake S c u t a ri

Pastrovi ći

na

ri

in

O

n

Black

Boja

in

Dulcigno

Dr

n

in

Adr i a t i c

Dr

Scutari

ri

Dr

A

va nti

a

Bay of Spizza

Sea

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

Žabljak Upper Pulati

Grbalj

Pinios (Salamvrias)

im

i

Bocche di Catta ro

Larn

Lim

L

a

Po

in

Ta r a

vo

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or

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E A

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C In y p r u s 3.11a - After several earlier attempts, the Ottomans managed to conquer Klis in 1537. T roödos Mnts. Brda 1537-38, the town of Nadin was destroyed. In the north, the Ottomans launched attacks RAGUSA Paphos Limassol Afrom the Kobaš area. isn

a

Ko

eb

)M or

Kyrenia

ot

ra

a

Tr

an

ar

ar

bi

Ib

Ta

er

a

Cape Sideros

Su

Kaso s

N

(S

c

in

i za

Ko m

M

of y o B ab e l l ira

eb

padna

m Uva

a

e t e

Spinalonga

A

Scarp anto

a

t

ar ia f S am

r

iss

“Dragon”

K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N

Tr

eo

C

Knossos

Alm

Li

D r in

Durazzo

a

^

Shkumbi

b

it ra St

m

Se

ti

Saseno

o a nt Otr

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)

ni

a

of

A pulia

Lake Ochrid

Elbasan

l

T

I Heraklion

Repub lic of Pogliz za

na

Spalato

T

Za

i

i

A

N e ret

Klis

va

Rogosnizza

Suda

Sphakia

Belgrad

dalia AZimony

n

Sinj

C r e t e

Suda Bay

Sphakiotes

t

e Karlóca

Bos

Travnik

Scardona

Sebenico

M

of

m

Telos

Jajca

s

Vrana Ostrovica

L

r

Pétervárad

D

Biograd

Gulf of Kos

na B os K os

su

S

Becskerek

D a nub

y

Bo

Nisyros

Knin

N

S

Sava Srebrenica

Anafi

Zvonigrad

a

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Mendelia

Stampalia

Csanád

ba

A

I

E

Karin

Rhetymno Gorg

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Nadin

Klicevac

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Gulf of Mendela

Kobaš

s

a

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Gulf of

Magyarkanizsa

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E

3.9 - In the spring of 1533, the Ottomans attacked Koroni by land and sea, but without E success. The sultan engaged the famous corsair Hayreddin Barbarossa for another camR paign against Koroni at the end of May, 1534. The advance of Barbarossa, an outbreak of the plague and other hardships caused the garrison installed by DoriaRto evacuate Koroni A in 1534. and retreat to Nauplia. The Ottomans reoccupied Koroni without any opposition

s

Zara

Ancona

Kissamos Gramvousa B a y

N

A

a

S

E

T

ba

Požega

Rmanj

Folegandros Starigrad Santorini Nona(Nin) Novigrad Obrovac

Sea

Cerigo

Udbina Nios

nj

Malia

Vr

Amorg os

Ripač

Duchy of Naxos

Carlopago (Bag) Sikinos Gospic

Polyaigos

D

SAN MARINO Cape

Bihac

Plitv icka - Jeze ra

Sana Novi

o

M

Tuscany Cape Matapan

C R O A T I A

Kimolos

Gulf of Laconia

Maina

Sifnos

Una

Krupa Naxos

B

Kelapha

A d Mro n eim vaa s i a t i c

Cazin

v a Gradiška

Dr

Ma

ros Rhetymno

Bay of Va l o n a

Valona

A Argyrocastro

E

Delvino

p

Butrinto

Joanina

r

Co

Corfu

t e s i o

i

P h t ilia

l

Passavâ

(Minoa)

Otočac Antiparos

e and e r MSuda

S u

o

zá

Dubica

a

Koroni

Eur

Zengg

Kostajnica

Slunj

Paros

N

Patmos

Jasenovac

i

Mohács

aca

Zarnata

of Messenia

io

Glina

Delos a n Gl

Serifos

A

Sisak

S

Gulf

Lake Comacc h

Rinia

Gorg

Vathy

S L A V O N I A

s

Suda Bay

Chania

s

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48

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N- Due to Barbarossa’s S campaign E A of 1537-38, the Venetians have lost 3.12a - Situation 1538 several islands to the Ottomans. Crete remains Venetian.

Nof the OttomanSfleet returned E A to Istanbul, but Barbarossa, with 60 3.11c - The main part ships, seized Keos (Zea) and Naxos.

49

Rho

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but the sultans had absorbed several parts of it over time. In S1538, a l o n i k i Süleyman I brought Argyrocastro Lake Büy ük Ček mede ze Moldavia under closer control by annexing Bucak to secure the port of Akkerman. Delvino Kü ç ü k Ç k m e c e Tachino m

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ka

c

r

I o n i a n

na

Gulf of

Re

Monastir

Lake Prespa

v

it

Gulf of Kasandra

A

Kalavryta

Al p h e ( P ios

lu

Eszék

V a l l um

i

“Dragon”

l

un

P h t ilia

s

Sulina

be

N e ret Kalymno s

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

A c h a i a

M

h

m

tr

va ll

E

Rrhion

Pi n e i o s

N

Butrinto

I o D unn a i i a n S

Bos

Travnik

Danu

I Jantra Santorini

C

Sphakia

M

a

Vathy

n Poglizza a

NiosA

a

Samos

n

Gulf of Orphani

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Castel Tornese

s

N e s to s

ei

ares)

is

ios

pe

Gulf of

Patras

Sphakiotes

e

Lake Tachino

on

(V ard

W

Te m

Sperchei

ulf of Patras

e

K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N

Rhetymno

ta

is Delvino t e r

i

Sava Srebrenica

Naxos Republic of

S u d a B a yPhilippopoli

Sr

Saloniki

mos

ut

B

Gulf of

M e l u n a Pa s s

ta

Pr

A

Thessaloniki

km

Pine

T

Sikinos

B os

a

o n i a M a c 3.14a - In 1538, Barbarossa attacked and took the Northern Sporades and several other islands from Venetians. He also plundered Crete for a week, taking 15,000 captives. From Rhodes, the Ottomans took the island of Scarpanto and they captured the city and castle of Limassol on Cyprus. A

Lake Ostrovo

ia Al

ar ia f S am

es

M

d

E

Lake Doiran

Axios

e

eo

ar

c

o

rd

a

ka

Monastir

ke Prespa

p

N

dz

C r e t e

of

ritsa M aSuda

M

d

A

o

a

h

Va

M

Re

O

ma

lnic

Gorg

N

a A N A T O LCephalonia I A

Ikaria

r Chania

s

Jajca

n s t a i M o u n

l k a n

R

ru

ga

S

va

T

R

th

ra

a

I

T

RT

Skopje

Klis

n

áv

itsa

A

S e a St

re

Mo

Cape Matapan

Du Spalato

r

Iske

Se

n)

B

Cape Malia

ba

Kobaš

Patmos

Duchy of Naxos

Polyaigos

Melos

Trau

A

Folegandros

Maina

et

Monemvasia

Kissamos Gramvousa B a y

E

(Minoa)

Antiparos Rogosnizza

Sifnos

Kimolos

Cerigo

a

M

narea

Rahovo

Gulf of Laconia

ina

Argyrocastro

Mohács

i

garia

Kelapha

Ar

u

Gyurgyevó Sebenico Sinj Serifos Turnu Magurele Paros

Passavâ

Koroni

M

n

ATigh=Bender

U

Corfu

BJ a yl oomf C h e s m é

o

Du

o

n

po

iz Ged Brăila

Požega

C et

of Messenia

a

Hydra

ta s

Gulf

ul

Pylosa ( B Methoni

Vr

A

I

za

Hermupolis

Spetsai

E

Eur

H

C

L

Misthra

Zarnata

ov

A

T

Kalamata o f Navarino Ju zn arino

Ancona

N

i kValona

1538

o

na

Gulf of

Bu

C h i o s

Ripač

sa

B

mok

Dubica

Sa

a

a

os

Udbina

A

A

n

Dr

v a GradiškaS m y r n a

na Una Krupa Novi

Bihac

Plitvic ka - Jezera Ba rb ar

Carlopago (Bag) Gospic

zá

Psara

t

i

T

b

Sea

Gulf of Nauplia

Jasenovac Kostajnica

Ol

S

r

Nauplia

Burdshi

Kiveri

Lake Ochrid

J e d i siti a n

iğ i r l

Bay of Va l o n a

H I

r

Csepel Isl.

Ki

nj

ponnesos)

D

O F Elbasan THE

C R I M E A N S eJászság TATARS

i l l ko

Rim

a

(Pelo A l p h eTuscany ios

a

na

Cazin

C R O A T I Ad d in

L

E

Babócsa

Sisak

Glina

Rmanj Andros Gulf of Petalia Starigrad Nona(Nin) Novigrad Obrovac H ao r Keos y re TenosZvonigrad Zrm Zara dd Gyaros Nadin a in Gulf of Ba C a p e Methana rb a S o u n i o n Knin Karin ro ss Aegina Kithnos V e Myconos Biograd a de Vrana Ostrovica Rinia Klicevac Scardona Siros Delos

iucl Gulf WS a r oZniSalamis A Aegina

Korinthos

r MARINO e a SAN

Ch Otočac a ir e

os

n

Kapos

Gulf of Edremid

a

e

Zengg

Athens

Szörényvár

Kalavryta

on)

o

ip

Saseno

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

S L A V O N I A

M o uCroatian n t Border G l i a i n s Slunj

t e ub oia ) Eur

´

S

up a

Ogulin

al

M o r a v

M

Orsova

(E

R

M

ulp

Novi grad

a n h ni o

Alt

a

Slavonian Border

Sava

Al u ta

an

(can

o

C

Dunav

Pi n e i o s

Castel Tornese

t

s

N o r t h enr n

of Corinth

A c h a i a A d r i a t i c

a

l

p

I

s

r o

na

Zumberak

y

iC a

a r p C a

Gulf

Mehadia

1536a l a n t

P

S p o Fiume rades

I es gt r i a

At

a

k ü llő y Kü

Un

P A P A L

Ravenna Rrhion

x

a

N Lamia

V e n i c e

Lake

ag

Zumberak Captaincy

S

V

Fehérvár

Berzence

l

of

Comacc Lepanto=Naupaktos hio =Antirrhion

Patras

of

l

C a rN n i o l a

one

P

Csurgó

Varasd Besika Bay

e

Vo l o s

l fGulf

Mezősomlyó

ulf of Patras

Tr o f T r i ei este ss Gulf of a r o t e M

an i na

Dráva

Shkumbi

Buda M a r m o r a

o f

Kanizsa

s

Po

V ersec

n

Gulf

Grado

s

ev

Laibach S a v a

a

Karánsebesu

s

ta

M

Mo n f a l c

o

g Facsád

Bé ga Lugos T Adig S p e rc h ei em o e G mos

es

a Csák

o

E

Dardane

n

Venice Temesvár

T

Aquileja

M

o z& Gra dišk a

ur

Visegrád

Büyük Čekme dze Çekmece Kü ç ü k Rákos rive

Marmara

KINGDOM of NAPLES L a k e Otranto Balaton (Span. l l e s Bourbon)

Egerszeg Kapornak

k

e

Torcello Lippa

rA a ne s g y Is

Constantinople Duna

S e a

e

av

s

(FREISING) Laac akr o s

o nz Gör

M

z

i o s - Köros i ér P

Pine

Pordenone

ld

sa

Feh

Ferma

Sümeg

Egervár

Marburg

(BRI XEN)

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

V eszprém

r Vasvár Gallipoli

i

it

va ll

A

A pulia

Ikervár

Ra a b

Gulf of K a s a n dVr aeldes

VENICE m pe

Dráva

D

Körmend G u l f o f SSae r o s

S

tr

s

T e Ter r a

o

a

is

Gulf of

Lavant Maros

St.Andrae

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Saloniki

M e l u n a Pa s s

Maro

Y

Rá ba

Kőszeg

M

Komárom Győr

L

Rép ce

a

Graz

Gurk

C a r i n t h i a

W

k

s am o

i

s

Fe r t ő

O

t

Thessaloniki

Ai a Sk me b e s - K ö r ö s R Al - Kő r ö ete

t Mur y r Saxon

Gulf of Orphani

Lienz

m ellék T y r o l Drau Nagyvarád

t

Leoben

Seckau

S

r

ir e

n

ares)

Mu

Ér

Fe

A U S T R I A

ns En Lake Tachino

on

u

(V ard

Lake Ostrovo

kunság

a

Sr S a Sl zz a c h amo s

Axios

i

SALZBURG

Debrecen

M

T is a

Lake Doiran

m

Monastir

ke Prespa

n

N is

o

aStr

d

o MN e s t o s

e

•••

Tyrol

ka

c

be

Re

ei

a

Axios

M

C

r

Spinalonga

Knossos

e t e

M

of y B ab e l lo ir a

Cape Sideros

Kasos

Nicosia Famagusta

C y p rt s . u s T roödos Mn

E

A

N

S

E A

Larnaca

Paphos Limassol

3.14d - Situation 1540

3.14c - Also in 1539, the Ottomans attacked Nauplia by land and Monemvasia and Naxos by sea.

52

Hans H.A. Hötte - 978-90-04-28888-1 Downloaded from Brill.com02/08/2023 11:20:33AM via Universite degli Studi di Milano

i

B ug

D n je s t e r

G uB lf of

Hotin

Gulf of Kasandra

iki Salone

h

y

Pinios (Salamvrias)

s

a

s

l

M

Arda

Arta

M

s

Gulf of Arta

Sperchei

o

d

Gulf of Vo l o s

M

k

a h u

r

Myconos Delos

m

y

Paros

o f(Minoa) s

Antiparo

c

o D

Sifnos

D

av

Tenos

Gyaros

Hermupolis

an u

Nios

Sikinos

a S e Folegandros

Black

N

N

a Duch y of Naxo s

Polyaigos

Santorini

ˇ

Arda

ar

i

ndga Tu

Kissamos Bay

Gramvousa

Adrianople

itsa

Suda Bay

Chania

Suda

s

Gorg

Sphakiotes

Constantinople Sphakia

N

Heraklion

Bosporus

Ev ro

S Ae a

K

Rhetymno

E rgene

C

r

Knossos

e t e

Büy ük Ček mede ze Kü ç ü k Ç k m e c e

ic

R

M

er

R

N

C r e t e

of

S e a

M

t s .

Gulf of Saros

E

Gallipoli

A

S e a

M a r m o r a

o f

N

Marmara

iğ i r l

S

E A

ik

Sus

Gulf Hagion Oros

Dardanelles

g

e

a

P

Northern E rgene

St.George

Rinia

Melos

a

l

u

Va

B

a

j

u

l

g

ˇ

a Adrianople

sa

Gulf of Burgas

i

ndga

itsa

e

A

Tu

E

ar

a

A

b

o

D

on

N

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

os

Siros Tr a i

b

k

a

h

z

Pruth

D u n a rea

r

o

na

M

l

g

ios

v a ll

z

o

op Ol

t

r

Ca

o

Parga

Pine

a

pe

d

Sz

Aspr

ç e rn a

Ti

Bre

av

Crn

a

a i

rfu

d

A

Te m

ar

Kithnos

u

es m Te

t Ol

n

b

sa

Meluna Pass

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

l

l

S u

sa Ti

sa Ti

Sz

l

it

p l

St.George

rb

Andros

e s Bra

Kimolos

Gulf of Burgas of the

Gulf of

rg

h

Maina

Ba

s

tr

n d ža

eo

Serifos

Monemvasia

in

Sulina

Branch

Sulina

Keos

ar ia f S am

is

E

Co

o

S u

n

dd

Bran c h lia

Gulf of Petalia

V a l l um

r

Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

Ki

re

o

a

o

Sulina Kelapha Gulf of Jan tra Laconia

e s Bra

Black

Lake Tachino

on

be

ai

Kilia

Cape arb S o u n i o n aro Aegina ssa

Hydra

Psara

x

i

Gulf of Nauplia

Ch

ra ia n u m mT

S t. G

eo

W

i

Sr

Methana

L im a n

Cerigo u n d ža

N e s to s

a

Al

a

lu

h

M

i

ares)

m

Tu

m ak

Philippopoli

Joanina

un

ta

mit

sa Nauplia D n ie s te r

D n ie s te r L im a n

Akkerman

nc

rg

Eur

os

Dunai

Athens

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina H ao r yre dd in Gulf of B

Akkerman

e

Dn

dz

ip

na

u

a

e

S

r

a

Jalo

Burdshi

i a)

al

o

tra

Lake Doiran

r t e ssa i oM a r i t

T

d

n

Argyrocastro

Delvino

M

E

n

an

A

r

te

Cape Malia i n s C a pae t n - Situation M o u3.16b M a t a p a n 1539 on the Black Sea coast. T

I

o

m

Jan

d

ei

e

(V ard

Monastir

c

i n s a t M o u n

ti

e

B

ka

Axios

a

Re

es

un

Lake Ostrovo

l k a n Valona A

n t uPreveza

p

ar

Se

e

o

a

o

t e (E ub o

l

C

a

i

eo

u

A

D

lnic

M

h

ga

rd

in

M

Lake Ochrid

Goumenitza

R

O

ma

Va

Dr

D

Lake Prespa

ni

a

te

is

Passavâ

Branch

S t. G

l k a n

p

v

a

Du

Koroni Sulina

Tig hin a =Bender

b

th

a

ru

Gyurgyevó

Turnu Magurele

u narea

Elbasan

Ph t

mits

r

Iske

Kilia Zarnata

o f Bran c h M e s sK ei l i an i a

Dunai

tr

re

Jalo

B

E

je

t

Black

in

T

na

Misthra

h

va

Po l

Ol

Dr

T

Rahovo

ilia

Gulf

Pylos Methoni

TATARS

Northern

Eur

Korinthos

Ar

nc

ra

vo

I

a

Se za

Danu

Tr a i a n u m um

Philippopoli 3.16ar -i n The town of Brăila fell to theA r Ottomans in Süleyman I’s S t September 1538, following dz V a l l uMma r i t s a in e Tr a i an u campaign against Moldavia. Radu Paisie, prince of Wallachia, was obliged to surrender it e b Ve m de Danu to the Sultan, who also Skopje appropriated an extensive area around the town.

D

Butrinto

u

M

Mo

A

so

O

za

l

P

Besika

OF THE

CRIMEAN

ta s

n)

Ko

Dr

ker

Rahovo

na

garia

Bu

H

C

A

Whi t e D

L

A

k ul Uppe r Pulat i

Shkumbi

narea B a y o f Navarino Du Navarino

Brăila

ar

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

r o

Spetsai

ul

Ib

im

is

Gyurgyevó Kalamata Turnu Magurele

i l l ko

(B

M o u n t a i n s

r

et

s

M

Rim a

de

N is

h

a

zn

ie

ut

ov

Ju

Ve

mok

´

a

e

Dn

rav

Ca

Brăila Bu

a

a

r

i

Mo

o

t

i

v

n)

L

A

ul

Ol

b

a

Pr

ld

ti

s

u

th

ne

A lr bui at a

rA l t

c

Paxos es ta

an

i l l ko

Rim

so fC oar i n t nh

I Al p h e ( P e l o p o n n e s o s ) H ios C Kiveri A

s

na

a

se

Zi

y

ri

o

Kuci

p

Gulf

J e d i

A

re

l

K ü k ü llő

gy

W

Se

e

D

Na

M

Szörényvár

on)

M o r a v

ra

Lim

orfu

al

g

TATARS

b

s k

Orsova

Dunav (can

Ta r a

a

Rrhion

Patras

n

a un

3.15 - Situation 1539 on the Ionian Islands.

padna (S Za

x

Scutari

At

et

i

Sa

aro s

i a n t h

Zi

CRIM EAN ´

Gulf of Patras

Mehadia

e

D

va

S

L

tr

a

a n

a

Belgrade

Zimony

K o lu b a

Uva

M

=Antirrhion

a

ov

Se

z

Szabács

a

Al u ta

M o u n r a n A c h a i ta a i n s i V t h d s Tig hin a Kalavryta pa r Pi n e i o s =Bender a Castel Tornese C I Zante

ld

t

V ersec

Maros

Titel

Lamia

e

OF THE

N is

es

I s l

Gulf of

s Lepanto=Naupaktos Alt

r

n

Mezősoml yó

a

M

o

n

o

x

a

A

M Karánsebes

S

e Karlóca

Cephalonia Lugos

h

u

Becskerek

Pétervárad

i

Csák

em

os

r Ithaca D S Ma

ut

o

Óbecse

T

V

n

a

Sporades

N

KHANATE

Na

L

Facsád

Bé ga

Dn

a

Lippa

aro s

Pr

S e a

M

ta

e

J e d i s a n

I

y

O

s

Gulf of Vo l o s

l

t

M

S o u t h e r n Bug

o

e

Maro

re

e

A

r

KHANATE

r

n

M

Tisa

Csanád

Saxon

m

s

Sperchei

mos

T r a sn s y l v as tllőr n i a Kükü gy

ér

ros

Santa Maura - Kö ros (Levkas)

Vonitza

ie

n

I o n i a Mn

Magyarkanizsa

s am o

Gulf of Arta

e 1538

sk

a Feh

Si

Temesvár

r

Preveza La Punta

Ma

A

i

Fe

i

T is a

t

B

I o n i a nP r u t h

B ug

e

k

- Kő r ö e t e Hotin s

Maros

D

st

g

z

l rös u tu K ő

Arta

Y

Se

S

S e b e s - K ö rö sR APaxos D n je s t e r

o

Dn

s

L

a

a

s am o

t

i

n

l

E

M

ie

h

o

LITHUA I u z hN I A

Parga i NagyvarádKam ieni ec Pod olsk

ny

Pr

d

ios

Pine

Saxon

s

l

t

o

O

u

na

g n s á y k u a g

P

AN D

o

Ca

P O LÉ r mAe l l é N D k

Kiskunság

a

D a nub

Goumenitza

Bug

o

Debrecen

str

sepel Isl.

pN

rfu

Dnie

mos

r

Corfu

Jászság

Co

kos r i v e r

Sza

M

M elun a Pass

Joanina

i

P h t ilia

T is a

S valle p ei r e t Te m

M

Butrinto

n

p

Visegrád

t e s i o

S o u t h e r n Bug

Ç.

l

i

t Pru

E

Tisa

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

u

ia

Al

a

Va

l

km

B

l

o

a

u tu

d

j

a

Crn

h

Argyrocastro

Delvino

Pr

o

LITHUA I u z hN I A

Kam ienie c Podo lski

ie

t

Latorca

o ly

P

sa

Bo

Sajo

g

o dr

a

it

1538

p

tr

A

Gulf of Orphani

AThessaloniki ND

ny

Valona

Kassa

Bug

P O L A N D

is

Bay of Va l o n a

r

W

o a nt Otr

DOM of ES Otranto an. rbon)

a

Lake Tachino

on

D u n a rea

Saseno

C

Lake Ostrovo

str

Sr

Pruth

a

Eperjes

Dnie

on

m

Lőcse

ti

a

m

D

ni

i

•••

a

n

Monastir

Lake Prespa

b

o

N e s to s

d

ares)

Se

n

Szepesvár

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

an

e

ei

N

Késmárk

of

Gr

A Bartfa

Va h

pulia

L

c

Lake Doiran

(V ard

O

a

Sa

it ra St

P

M

Lake Ochri d

Elbasan

ka

Axios

Shkumbi

Re

Sporades

n

Besika Bay

53

I

R

Gulf of Edremid

Bosporus

E

Hans H.A. Hötte - 978-90-04-28888-1 Downloaded from Brill.com02/08/2023 11:20:33AM via Universite degli Studi di Milano

et a

Cetinje

Spuž

ˇ

Grbalj

Budua Pastrovi ći

ari

Dulcigno

ndga

Boja

na

on

1538

A

iğ i r l

na

p

l

r

e

os

a

eloponnesos) Burdshi

Nauplia

Methana

Kiveri

Keos

Bay of Chesmé

Rinia

y

h

Sifnos Kimolos

Naxos

N

Gulf of

Mendelia

Kalymn os K os

es m

l

Ithaca

I s l

Gulf of Patr

A

a n d s

Pi n e i o s

Castel Torn

Zante Gulf of Kos Gulf of Adalia

Stampalia Nisyros

M

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Bay of Va l o n a

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Gulf of Saros

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u t s. 3.17b - In 1539, Barbarossa reconquered Castelnuovo, which had been taken in 1538 by B Constantinople Doria’s fleet. From land, Budua was attacked.

ka

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3.17a - Situation 1539 on the Dalmatian coast.

mits

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l k a n

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54

Hans H.A. Hötte - 978-90-04-28888-1 Downloaded from Brill.com02/08/2023 11:20:33AM via Universite degli Studi di Milano

A

4. 1540–1550

a

T r a n s y l v a n i a

Zumberak Captaincy

Mohács

Siklós

Lippa

Csanád

Szabadka Zombor

S LSisakA V O N I A

Fiume

Istria

rad

Lugos Óbecse

Glina

Ogulin No vig

Croatian Border

C R O A T I A

Krupa

Bihac

Ravenna

Gradiška

S

Kobaš

Novi

y

r

(Bag) Gospic

Udbina

i

Starigrad

Brăila

Mezősomlyó

Karlóca

a

Belgrade

Zimony

A

Alm

iss

e

r

b

i

a

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D

Turnu Magurele

a

Republic of Poglizza

Spalato

I

S i

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a

a

T

Trau

Herzegovina Su

RAGUSA

to

rin

Niksic

Klobuk

Brda

a

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Cattaro

i

Rogosnizza

Sinj

Klis

MONTE NEGRO Perasto Katunsksa Nahya

Spuž

Kuci

Cetinje

r

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Grbalj

Budua

Philippopoli

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An

a ti v

ri

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a

A

r

n

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A

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Obrovac Karin

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Szörényvár

Constantinople

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S

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KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)

Gallipoli

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o

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u

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Ostrovica

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l

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Novigrad

Karin

M

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o

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L

Kilia

Brăila

Starigrad

A

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Partes Annexae

Ripac

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Gospic

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Szeben

Versec

Titel

Krupa

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s

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Glina Topusko

Croatian Border

Solymos

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l y

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Carlopago

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Mohács

Siklós

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TATARS

J e d i s a n

e

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Berzence Babócsa

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(FRE ISIN G) Laac k Görz & Grad iška

Almás Sebesvár

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(BRIX EN)

Ferma

PartesNagyvárad Annexae

Sümeg

KHANATE

a

Beszterce

Peleske

Marburg

D

Saxons

Székelyhid

Egerszeg Kapornak

V eldes

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Pest

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i

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Szatmár

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M

b

Gurk

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Szentmarton

Visegrád

Pápa

Graz

r o l Lienz

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áv

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n

u

Fehérvár

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E

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o d o l si n t a i n NM o uul G

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a

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7.11a - Sultan Mehmed III personally took to the field to conquer Eger, which I s fell l atonthe d s Bos ra Ottomans on 12 October 1596 after a siege ofK othree l u b a weeks. Then followed the Battle of Zante Mezőkeresztes on 24-26 October, which the Ottomans won with great difficulty.

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t us a wasDurazzo 8.11a - In 1645, the Cretan War (1645-1669) begins fleet ESr gee n eb e s - K ö r . with the arrival of an Ottoman 8.10 - On 16 December 1645, the TreatySofeLinz signed between Emperor Ferdinand B Ev ro a Egerszeg and György in the Gulf of Chania on 23 June 1645. The Ottoman troops land to the west of Chania, III, as King of Hungary, Rákóczi, the Prince Kapornak Lake L a k eof Transylvania. In April 1643, Doiran Sr which they immediately and conquered on 22 August. The town of Kissamos Rákóczi, with Ottoman support, had formed anBalliance with Sweden and France against Lake alaton M a c e d o n i a besieged Ochrid Peleske Lake rös on Simontormya ő K Lake was occupied in March 1646, followed by Aprikorno in July, Milopotamo in September, the Habsburgs. Although Rákóczi had some military success, he soon agreed to negoTachino M ur and Rethymno in November. - Kő r ö tiations. In return for his withdrawal, Rákóczi and his sons receivedS two inheritable r M aM ete Komár s k n t e counties, as well as five for life. A Kanizsa A p u l i a F Pettau Kalocsa Thessaloniki Saseno Gallipoli Cape Glossa or Linguetta Dr áCsáktornya KINGDOM of va s A Szászvár Szekszárd NAPLES km Otranto Szegesd ia Kapos (Span. Jenő Al Cs ta

n

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sa Zenta

ta

o

Gulf of

op

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Eszék

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al

an

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Bács

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91

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o

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g Ca

r o na

l

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a eTemesvár T

Gulf of Edremid

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(E Óbecse ub

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a

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Karánsebes

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es

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mos

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a n d s

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l

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Te

a

b

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e

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e

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es

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Szeged Ma ros

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

al

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New Novi

v a Gradiška

v a ll

Gulf of Vo l o s

Patras

I s l

pe

Feh

an

a

Dubica

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s ineio

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Desny

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Todorovo

zá

Požega

Preveza

Dr

M e lMu enlau n Paa sPa s ss

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Tisa

Kostajnica

Gulf of Kasandra

s

Ustilonja

Parga

Siklós

Gulf of Saros

ér

A

sa

S e a Jasenovac

N e s to s

it

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na

m

tr

i

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S

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Gulf of

Mohács

l

Glina Topusko

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Baja

na

va

a

Bovic

ki

Paxos

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t e s i o

Goumenitza

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ak

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Slavonian Border

Sa

Au lp

Pécs

rfu

Corfu

Butrinto

P h t ilia

Co

Zagreb

T

is

Babócsa

Gulf of Orphani

Saloniki

Szigetvár

Annexae

W

Matthias

Lake Ostrovo

K apo

Berzence

Bay of Va l o n a

ei

a

i i

ares)

e

m

o a nt Otr

ur gó

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of

s

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a

i

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mb

n

ku

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i

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a

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1619

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Alm W.Neustadt

n

s

to

i

Spala

I

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Klis

C et

T

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Annexae

Koroni

ba

Sebenico Rogosnizza Trau

Vr

M

Scardona

A

Galgóc

Knin

a

Vrana

G u l fa v S ao f Messenia

o A l u t a Fogaras Késmárk Tenos

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Spetsai Kalamata Zimony

Cape Sounion

s

n

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v

rc

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Gulf of A e g i n a

x

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s

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ta s

B Rmanj

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a

wer-

Udbina

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e

t

Hungary: Matthias Sava

Un

Carlopago

na B os

su

or

Mezősomly ó

Gulf of Nauplia

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A Gulf of Smyrna

r

th

s

D a nub Bo

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Burdshi

Becskerek

Pétervárad

Matthias Rudolf

em Nauplia

Na

Gyulafehérvár

Aegina

Lugos

T

O

S z e k e l y

aro s

Se

h

ba

Austria proper: Matthias

Óbecse

P

M

o

D

re

Vr

Ripac

Temesvár B é ga

C h i o s

Gulf of Petalia

Déva a r o M

M

Se

Bihac

Plitv icka - Jeze ra

Matthias

Novi

a

Maros

T r a n s y l v a n Marosvásárhely ia

Athens Gulf

Facsád

a

ut

New Novi

Koba š y aBohemia:

Saronic

Psara

Kolozsvár

os

L

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hei

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v a Gradiška

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ros

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et

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p Partes

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t e - Kő r ö s

e

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a

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e

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ti

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i

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n

va

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m ellék

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Gulf N W O of S I L E Z I A R Corinth a

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Castel Tornese Zlin

Siklós

M B O H E

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Ogulin

Brünn

B a n u s’ Border

S te n i c n j a k

R OF

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Raca

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an

a

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Patras

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T

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up a

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a n d s

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i

I

N o r t h e r n Annexae

an

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Szigetvár

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N

l

Hotin

Tisa

( Lifelong totoG.Trans.) Bethlen) a m o s (Temporary

Gulf of

u

o

Besika Bay

(”Eternally” to Trans. Nagybánya Szatmár

ér

Rann Rann

Zumberak

C

I s l Matthias

G u l fs o f Szekszárd

Szászvár

Kapos

Berzence

n i o l a

ovi gra d

Szegesd

Csur gó

Partes

C

a

Laibach a v a S

(SZABOLCS Gulf Lifelongofto G. Bethlen) Kalló Vo l o s

o

K ő rö

Annexae

Ecsed

Debrecen

Szolnok

Kalocsa

K apo

Cephalonia áCsáktornya v

Csepel Isl.

Simontormya

Ithaca

Komár

Kanizsa

Dr

Matthias

ck (FREISING)

Lake Balaton

Tisa

Pr

d

i

ur

Pettau

Cilli

Kapornak Peleske

UGOCSA

(Temporary (Lifelong Trans.) (toG.Bethlen) to Trans.)

n

h

o

tu l

a

XEN)

M

Sperchei

P

Partes

P

AN D

Kami eniec Podo lski

t

S e a

Marburg Marburg

Palota Veszprém

Vasvár Santa Maura Sümeg Egervár (Levkas)

Jászberény

mos

ta

Fehérvár

river

M

SZABOLCS

Hatvan

Latorca BEREG (Temporary to Trans.) (Lifelong to G.Bethlen) Nyaláb Huszt

Tokaj (Tokaj (Temporary to Trans.) Trans.) ”Eternally” to

BORSOD

Buják

1620

Pest

Vonitza

Ikervár

Egerszeg

Radkersburg

Visegrád

BudaRáko s

Gesztes

Hollókő Szanda

c

E

BORSOD (Lifelong to G.Bethlen) Mezőkeresztes

(”Eternally” to Trans. (”Eternally” Munkács to Trans.

t

n

Dráva

Somoskő

a

e

g

e

A

Bethlen)

a

P O L A N D

u

St.Andrae

Sajo

Ungvár

og dr Regéc (ABAUJ Bo Lifelong to G. Sárospatak

ABAUJ

s i oFülek

Y

UNG

p

Bug

Dard ane lle s

o

I o n i a n

Vá

R

Kassa

Partes

Szécsény

Nógrád

Duna

Szentmarton Gulf of Arta Pápa

Körmend

Raab

Párkány

Tata

Preveza

Szombathely

Fürstenfeld Fürstenfeld

Lavant

a

A

s

I o n i a n Graz

Gurk

Ráb

Kőszeg

a

Pine

Kékkő

a r Ság ma tI p o l y

Esztergom

Győr

pce

v

pe

r

M

Sopron

Paxos Ré

Hartberg Hartberg

i

Gy

Drégely

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e

r

ub

y

r

Parga

Te m

a

str

n

l

Mu

A

ZEMPLEN (Lifelong to G. Bethlen) Eperjes

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y alle

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Érsekújvár

an

Lake Fe r t ő

Leoben

Seckau

t

I

G

M e lMu enlau n Paa sPa s ss

D

na

R

Komját

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T

N

1621

n

C

C O M M O N W E A L T H Dnie

a

rfu

W.Neustadt

l

1619

Leitha

a Gr

Zólyom Nyitra

Mo

bb Y

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D

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of Kasandra

i

Corfu D

Corfu

U

Galgóc

S u

Ma

Vienna

s

En

ns

Danube

Ht e s i o

g

h

Butrinto rc

P h t ilia

Gulf of Szepesvár

Hungary: Matthias

N

Bártfa

be

a b

l

p e rLowerA u s t r i a

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s

Matthias Rudolf

Matthias

A

•••

e

Austria proper: Matthias

Va h

Késmárk

Gulf of Saros

Gallipoli

n

yj

y aBohemia:

L

Sa

D

ha

MORAVIA

sa

BOHEMIA

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km

ia Al

it

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tr

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is

Brünn

P

Gulf of Orphani

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I A

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C

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Lake Ostrovo

ti

s

a

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Bay of Va l o n a

Budweis

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m

of

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ni

Saseno

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

V arda

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Ikaria

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g Vá

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m

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na

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d

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h

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7 - Köros Moh. Kuchuk

Hatvan

Karlóca

e

ke

t e - Kő r ö

Feh

Pest

v Sa

Siklós Kam ienie c Podo lski Li e n mr e s

Mostar

Pedali

Annexae

Croatian Szatmár Border

Kalló

Tisa

Delos Todorovo

Ecsed Hermupolis

i

M

Annexae

Siros

l

N e ret a

Vat hy

Ustilonja

Pécs

Sarajevo

Samos

eb

Székelyhid

m ellék

Jenő

Csanád

Zimony

s

Fe

Sajo

Rák os r i v e r

Szabács

po

Dri

Rinia

Srebrenica

iz

P O L A N D

l u tu

Blin je

Myconos a in Gl

Sava

Szigetvár

o

Partes A

Hollókő

A N A T O L I OAF

S

Partes

Topusko

d

Hrastovica

Gora

Partes

Nyaláb

Tisa

o

Raca

Szepesvár

Lőcse

Partes Annexae Annexae PartesA Annexae

Csep el Isl.Becskerek

C O M M O N W E A L T H Babócsa

Ikaria

Petrinja Bovic

Budački Huszt

g

R

C

O

h

Pr

S

Késmárk Debrecen

Somoskő

Szécsény

t

Kapos

Bos

Travnik

i

P

Salona na Spalato B a n u s’ ulp BAlmissa order

TenosS te n i c n j a k

Csurgó

t

No vi gr ad Kithnos

Mezőkeresztes

up a

t

Lake Balaton

su

Szegesd

Slavonian Border

Klis

Bo

sna

Ged

va

Gyarost

str

Fehérvár

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Kékkő

Óbecse

D a nub

Bo

Berzence

n

Sinj

Anne

Nagyvárad

Visegrád

Buda

Veszprém

s

Keos

Cape Sounion

AA

T

Jajca

Tr

V eHatvan n i c e Spetsai river

Latorca

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rSebenicoS p ava Trau Ia

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s

Scardona

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Ma Nagylak ros Szanda Vác MagyarkanizsaBuják

Duna

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Komár

Kanizsa

Csáktornya Zrínyivár

Ostrovica

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Partes

Ér

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Pápa

ba

og

ur

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Esztergom

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N

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Hollókő Gou fl f o f Nógrád Szanda Nauplia Buják

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Komárom

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i

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Psara

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e

S

Szigetvár

Kőszeg

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B

Gulf of A e g i n a

Somoskő

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or

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a

a

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A

o

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Somoskő

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1664

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Partes Annexae

V ersec

M o r a v

n

Scardona

Du

ri

Vrana

Belgrade

va

D

Biograd

s

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Titel

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ç e rn a

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B a n u s’ Border

Stenicnjak Budački

Lippa

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I

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u

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Mohács

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Partes Annexae

Magyarkanizsa

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s

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Siros

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Pylos Methoni

Kalymnos

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Monemvasia

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Gulf of

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s

Ve

n

104

R

(B

I

Brăila

a l k a n

mok

nar

r

a

t

a

ea

Bu

Ar

Ol

je

n

zn

H

h

ov

A

L

I

CB

sker

Bu

TATARS

i

A

Du Ju

nar

Brăila

de

R i mTurnu na

a

OF THE

b

va

ul

a

ra

W

Zi

Po l

a

r

Mo

Szörényvár

vo

i

Du

M o u n t a i n s

10.2 - Situation 1674

a

ri

´

so

in

Whi t e D

)M or av

b

n

o

n)

Ko M o r a v

r

x

M

Al

Adakale

To p l i c a

Orsova

Ve

v

(B garia

ar Dunav

Pe B i sc s ka a tr i ca

a

s u ta

a n h i t a r p a C

ul

Ib na

h

a

Mehadia

Du

S

mok

Alt

imn

CRIMEAN

th

V ersec

zn

ut

(Partes Annexae)

elgrade

os

Karánsebes

Ju

A

K RH A N A T E

r

re

)M or

r Ma

Lugos

a v alyó Mezősom

ek

K ü k ü llő

st

Pr

em

L

i l l ko

Se

Bé ga

a

et

an

T

i

Facsád

A

C

t

Temesvár

es

b Csáki

b

ul

H

Ol

er

r

gy

r

s

apadna ( S

e

a

a

S

Lippa

Na

Partes Annexae

Se

V

s

Csanád

s

A

o

n

Maro

ros

M

l y

- Kö

ér

M o r a v

Feh

W

aro s

Zi

ie

ML o u n D t a i n s

e

M

a

Dn

´

i

Fe

Adakale

T r a n s Szörényvár y l v a n ia Orsova

k

Dunav

Maros

s

a

s

a - Kő u n kete rö s

O

S o u t h e r n Bug

M

e

D

t

Belgrade

Mehadia

z

s

t

COSSACKS

Alt

s

Al u ta

ov

s am o

S

ő rö

re

B ug

e

s

h

ld

m ellék

Nagyvárad

Zimony

Si

n

V ersec Annexae Partes

S e b e s - K ö rö

x

i a n h a t S a x o n sr p C a

mos

(Partes Annexae)

Ér

n

o M

Annexae

B t Pru

u

Titel

a

ZAPOROZHIAN

D n je s t e r

o

lóca

Sza

Mezőso mlyó

K ü k ü llő gy

Hotin

Tisa

Karánsebes

Na

1673

M

Becskerek

a

s

S

A

n

Lugos

es

Csák

é ga

M

i

Iuzh

s

Óbecse

T i s aB

em

Partes

o ar

n

T

Facsád

Nyaláb

l

(A N D

Kam ieni ec Pod olsk i

l

a

Temesvár

P

o

I

i

Lippa

Latorca

d

r

OB u Fg

l y

g

o

V

e

ro

tu ru

i

Tisa

d Bo

Maro

aro s

P O L A N D P

a Partes Annexae t h

Se

a

Csanád

Ys

ros

k

R

p

M

A

Cossack territory in the western Ukraine, as far as 50 km. from Kiev under : Ottoman protectorate 1672/’76 - 1681 Russian protectorate 1681 - 1699 Polish sovereignty Sovereignty after 1699 L I T Podolia H U A N =IOttoman A) 1672 -1684/’99

C O M M O N W E A L T H

str

i

e

A

r

- Kö

ér

Magyarkanizsa

a

Feh

M “P Ra rIoNs C I P A L I T Y”

L Y’S

Dnie

D

t

C

Szepesvár

z

Zips

o

a

Poland and Lithuania were forced to pay tribute to the Ottomans and Podolia was ceded M a r oPoland to the Turks. In 1673, occupied Hotin, which had remained in Moldovian hands, s but the Ottomans captured the important fortress in the next year.

T r a n s y l v a n ia Buczacz

M

S

n

őcse

D

L

ld

s am o

Żurawno

O

Dn

ut

Annexae

m ellék

t e - Kő r ö s

t

n

Sa

Késmárk

ke

re

s

u

Saxons

10.1 - The Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676). August 1672, an Ottoman army led by S e b e sOn - K ö18 rö s Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü, laid siege to Kamieniec Podolski until its capitulation on 27 August. The Ottomans then occupied Podolia, bringing the Ottoman Empire beyond rös K őL the River Dnjester. This led to the Treaty of Buczacz, signed on 16 or 18 October 1672. A Fe

s

Pr

mos

Nagyvárad

N

e

th

o

Partes

Si

M

Ér

O

M

Annexae Sza

B

Hotin

a

Tisa

LITHUA

Kam ien iec Pod ols ki

a

i

Partes

Nyaláb

(A N D

j

A

p

P O L A N D

u

G

r

str

r

“P R I N C I P A L I T Y”

a

Pruth

T H Ö K Ö L Y’S

Dnie

OB u Fg

b

C

Szepesvár

C O M M O N W E A L T H

D u n a rea

Zips

Buczacz

o

Lőcse

n

Késmárk

D

D

Sa

N

a k

A

h

L

u

O

Marits

a

i

a

Gulf of Burg

Hans H.A. Hötte - 978-90-04-28888-1 Downloaded from Brill.com02/08/2023 11:20:33AM via Universite degli Studi di Milano

ndga

P

P

O

L

A

Sa

N

Lőcse

n

Késmárk

D

Żurawno

Zips

C

Szepesvár

A

R

d Bo

o

ro

a

r

p

g

P O L A N D P

a

Y

str

t

Pr

h

Latorca

o

d

o

l

i

a

n

u

et

sa

Sz

tr

TATARS

J e d i s a n

i

a

r

V

CRIMEAN

b

ov

Se

OF THE

a

h

A

KHANATE

r

N is

Ti

st

I

Bender

a

A

i

z

Dn

e

T r a n s y l v a n ia

ie

r

D

a

Maros

Dn

a

ut

o

t

s

is

n

k

t e - Kő r ö s

L

s

Pr

M

S

ke

O

ld

s am o

s Fe

t

n

Annexae

m ellék S e b e s - K ö rö

s

u

Saxons

COSSACKS S o u t h e r n Bug

e

h

o

mos

Nagyvárad

K ő rö

M

re

M

Partes

B t Pru

Si

ZAPOROZHIAN

D n je s t e r

Hotin

Annexae Sza

Ér

1673

l u tu

Tisa

Iuzh

B ug

a

Partes

Tisa

(A N D

Kam ieni ec Pod olsk i

i

1676

Nyaláb

OB u Fg

ie

“P R I N C I P A L I T Y”

Dnie

Cossack territory in the western Ukraine, as far as 50 km. from Kiev under : Ottoman protectorate 1672/’76 - 1681 Russian protectorate 1681 - 1699 Polish sovereignty Sovereignty after 1699 L I T Podolia H U A N =IOttoman A) 1672 -1684/’99

C O M M O N W E A L T H

ny

K Ö L Y’S

Buczacz

te

r

e

ecskerek

a k z d

l

ra ia n u m mT

B

Kilia

´

Rim

na Ki

M o u n t

s

Brăila

lia

Bran c h

a

M

Si

re

t

Ju

zn

a

s

(B

st

Du

nar

Du

tr

I

et

TATARS

aj e

A

Tu

Bender

n d ža

sa

e s Bra

St.George

ndga Tu

a

s

z rg

N

Gulf of Saros

Gallipoli Ç.

u

d

d

a Gulf of Saloniki

Ar

eo

A

10.4 - Between 1676 and 1681, a Russo-Turkish War was fought over control over the Rightbank ipart of Ukraine. The Ottoman-supported Hetman (leader) of the Cossacks, Petro Adrianople ts a da A rDoroshenko, was opposed by Ivan Samoilovich, the Hetman of Left-bank Ukraine, who was supported by Russia. In 1676, Doroshenko managed to conquer the city of Chyhyryn, e n e and forced him to withdraw. The Ottomans but his rivals besieged the the rus E r gcity B o s p o joined E v r o an army under Ibrahim Pasha arrived at Chyhyryn on 4 August 1677. On conflict when Constantinople 29 August, Ibrahim Pasha was forced to retreat, but in July 1678 an army led by Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha besieged Chyhyryn once more, occupying it on 11 August 1678. Büy ük Çek mec e ece e k mrepel Kü ç ü k Çto The Russians withdrew over the Dnjepr and managed attacks from Crimean Gulf of Ismid a r o the conflict signed the Treaty m in Tatars in 1679 and 1680. On 3 JanuaryS1681, the parties r a M f o a e a r a official border between Ottoman and of Bahçesaray, which made the River Dnjepr M a r m the Russian territories.

Gulf of Kasandra

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

iğ i r l

105

Sus

it

km

j

tr

ia

B

D u n a rea

a

on

is

Al

t s. N e s to s

mits

l

Sulina

Branch

S t. G

Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

g

Bran c h

h

W

A

Jalo

D uLake nai Sulina Tachino

on

lia

n

nc

ares)

Lake Ostrovo

Ki

m

au

(V ard

uz

M

uKilia

Sr

ei

Axios

Lake Doiran Brăila

Lake M a c e d o n i a Ochrid a i n sL a k e B Presp a

l

Va

B

na

Crn

a

Rim

ka Re

ra ia n u m mT

a

Gulf of Burgas

ic

M

v

´

ta

lu

r

ar

e

ar es

i l l ko

M

M

rd M

i

D n ie s te r L im a n

Akkerman

o

Bre

d

Pruth

o

th

Va

p

r

a

a k

h

re

ma

Se

s

O

te

h

ru

R

s l y

t

Marits

u

e

T

a

S e a

er

n

k

lnic

m

M

Dn

e St

ga

an u

ˇ

a

i

z

is

T

Tr a i

Black

tra

a l J e d i s a n i n s a k a t n M o u n a

t Po l

S

O

V a l l um

e

n

Jan

u

sker

St.George

i

V

I

CRIMEAN

e s Bra

j b Danu

Turnu Magurele

ea

rg

u e

OF THE

N is

va

a

vo

r

B

b

ra

Se

ov

so

ld

Kno

o

dz

de

KHANATE

r

a

h

A

Mo

u a

D u n a rea

t

a

ie

ut

ar

M

Dn

Pr

D

n)

Ib

To p l i c a

Ar

Gyurgyevó

r

garia

L

a

S o u t h e r n Bug

mok

s

mits

eo

b

e

ul

O

th

Ve

Ti

i

Pru

aB

I

COSSACKS t

b

rav

B ug

D n je s t e r

Hotin a

r

H A Z A P CO R O Z H I A N

L

Ol

e

Iuzh

A

ul

ie

M o r a v

1673

Zi

ny

W

Kam ieni ec Pod olsk i

S t. G

r

(A N D

Jalo

A

ina

Branch

o

Dunav

Szörényvár

D

D

ç e rn a

Orsova

Ol

Cossack territory in the western Ukraine, as far as 50 km. from Kiev under : Ottoman protectorate 1672/’76 - 1681 Russian protectorate 1681 - 1699 Polish sovereignty Sovereignty after 1699 L I T Podolia H U A N =IOttoman A) 1672 -1684/’99

OB u Fg

Adakale

av

es m

a

P O L A N D

I

lu

u

Al

i l l ko

h

n Du

in

h

Pruth M

nc

C a

)M o

n

o

x

a n

C O M M O N W E A L T H

an

a

Alt

s u ta

Va

S

Mezősom lyó

Belgrade

bi

s

Karánsebes

Mehadia

er

Akkerman

unai Sul lina a i byn the Battle of Żurawno (25 September - 14 October 1676), h iexpense of Poland were halted 10.3 - The Ottoman at whichS uwas concluded by the Truce of t the Bu (Partes Annexae)attempts to expand further a za p u V ersec Żurawno three days later. Poland no longer had to pay tribute to the Ottomans and regained some of the territories it had lost in 1672. r

Te

el

em

ro

Lugos

es

Csák

Ma

Facsád

Bé ga

D n ie s te r L im a n

v

T

K ü k ü llő

th

Lippa

Temesvár

gy

re

s

Na

Partes Annexae

Se

Maro

Csanád

ros

s

ros

anizsa

s

- Kö

ér

Ma

l y

M

Feh

aro s

D ard an e lle s

ik

Hans H.A. Hötte - 978-90-04-28888-1 Downloaded from Brill.com02/08/2023 11:20:33AM via Universite degli Studi di Milano

C

W NS I L E Z I A R O

g

h ountains Ta t r a V a m

Vá

MORAVIA

ya

Késmárk Lőcse

C

Szepesvár

T H Ö K Ö L Y’S

N

“P R I N C I P A L I T Y”

G

A

R

Bo

Sajo

dr

og

p

ub e

sa Ti

mos

be Danu

Partes

Saxons

Annexae

m ellék

s am o

Sz

e

T

sa Ti

na Du

Óbecse

es

Karlóca

Titel

V ersec

Dunav

Dri

Orsova

Ol

Adakale Szörényvár

W

a

Ve

de

nar

ea

Turnu Magurele

(B

Mo ra

B

va

aca

Mor

Whi t e D

ri

n

106

St

R

in

ru

r

a l k a n

M o u

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h

ma

Scutari

Dr

Iske

je

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

Po l

Z

Lake S c u t a ri

Antivari

A

L

I

Gyurg

vo

im

Žabljak Upp er Pula ti

Bay of Spizz a

A

mok

so

MONTENEGRO et a Spuž Cetinje

Budua

ul

H

C

n)

etva

zn

To p l i c a

Ko

Ta r a Lim

ro

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garia

er

Ju

c

a r n i ca

Perasto

M o u n t a i n

Du

ava

ar

ra

L

B o c c h e d i C a t t a C a tt a ro

)M or

a

ot

Herzegovina Risan

an

i

Ib

a

bi

b

a

K

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

jic

er

r

a

in

t

Ta

´

ul

na a

Al

t

va sk

n

o

Ol

na

s Tr

tje

Ceh

e

m Uva

om

isn

x

Ti

ri

ba

S

M o r a v

a

D

Vr

RAGUSA

eb

a

t

a

a

na

v Sa

Belgrade

n Du

padna (S Za

N

Tr

S

Alt

s u ta

a n h i t pa r C a ç e rn a

Szabács

Dr

ina

Zimony

K o lu b a r

Li

K ü k ü llő

s

Mehadia

N e ret a

gy

Karánsebes

t

Bos

?

ro

Lugos

(Partes Annexae)

m su

e

Na

Ma

Mezőso mlyó

Te

D a nub

aro s

Partes Annexae

Facsád

Bé ga

em

ros

Lippa

es

Csák

S

Bo

Su

k

s

Tisa

a

Srebrenica

i za

e

- Kö

Temesvár

Sava

eb

t z

Maro

Csanád

na B os

i

S

ros

va

n

T r a n s y l v a n ia

t e - Kő r ö s

Feh

Becskerek

s

ke

ér

Ma

Magyarkanizsa

ilonja

Jajca

Maros

M

Raca

as

s

s

Mohács

b Vr

n

Ka

po

áv

i

l

s Fe

Dr

l

u

K ő rö

nian Border

o

o

Ér

S e b e s - K ö rö

10.5 - Situation 1683

d

M

Csep el Isl.

Lake Balaton

Kapos

u tu

Annexae Sza

Nagyvárad

zá

h

Buda

Kőszeg

Pr

o

Tisa

Rák os r i v e r

a

t

Partes

Tisa

Visegrád

Duna

P O P

a

Latorca

Ip o ly

str

n

an

Z s i tv a

r

Nyaláb

Rép ce

Ráb

a

1676

Érsekújvár

Buczacz Dnie

Y

D

Lake Fe r t ő

Żurawno

a

Csa llók öz

D

Zips

m

Komját

Leitha

N

n

G a ra

nau

A

i

Do

U

Waa

Ma

H

rva Mo

ienna

g

h

a Gr

rc

L

n

ha

O

Sa

A N I O H E M T

P

11. 1683 – 1699 OF

E M B O H

THE

(Pas) Oberndorf

(Szb.)

U p p e r-

Passau

n

(T

H

U ma

Győr

y

Kőszeg

Dr

t

Gurk

i

Vác

COSSACKS

B

e

Partes Eger

Buják

s

O

OF THE

L

Pest

Partes

D

Saxon

Nagyvárad

V

A

Petrinja Hrastovica

Novi

Karlóca

h

z d

u j u

C

A

L

A

I

b

s Sinj

D

i

a

Duare Klobuk Vrgorac

Ljubuski

Kula Norin

Niš

Gabela Metkovic

a

a

K le

Po

po

k

vo

vina H e r z e g o Niksič

i

A

on

ssa

Peć

RAGUSA

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

Risan

(Serb. Patriarchate)

MONTENEGRO Perasto

Cetinje

ro

Spuž

Spuž

r

al

i Alm

a C att Budua

Žabljak Upper Pulati

An

t iv

Scutari

ari

O

Dulcigno

T

Skopje

T

O

a

M

g

A

N

Adrianople

l

u

a

I

to

Durazzo

B

i

Spala

M

n

T

Turnu Magurele

a

c

e

o

d

n

i

Constantinople

a

a

Rogosnizza Trau

Vidin

A pulia

Saseno

Valona

Thessaloniki

Kanina KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

Otranto

Gallipoli

A

Butrinto

Corfu

Corfu

l

Klis

Gyurgyevó

n

Sebenico

o

V rlika

S

E

Knin

Ostrovica

Scard ona

A

W

Golubac

Jajca

H

b

T

Smederevo

Szörényvár

Zvonigrad

Vrana

M

Adakale

Orsova

t e s i o

S u

Ancona

Karin

Mehadia

Belgrade

l

T

A

Nadin

Biograd

A

Mitrovica

Srebrenica

o

S

L

Klicevac

Versec

Titel Szalánkemén

Starig rad Obrovac

Brăila

Mezősomlyó

Pétervárad

Zimony

Novigrad

Kilia

Karánsebes Becskerek

Gradi ška B. Gra d .

B

P A P A L

Krup a

Óbecse

Jas. Palanka

Dub. B.Dubi ca

B. Kost New Novi Blagaj

n

o

x

a

a

Kostan jica Pedali

S

Csák

Ustilonja

Jasen ovac

Szászszebes

Facsád Lugos

s

r

Glina

Topusko

Todorovo

Nona(Nin)

Lippa

B

A

I Budački

Biha c

Zara

n

a

Zenta

Temesvár

Bag

A

Partes Annexae Csanád

Eszék

Gora

Bovic

Ravenna

D

a

s

Mohács

Siklós

Stenicnjak

Zeng g

SAN MARINO

s

Akkerman

Medgyes

Magyarkanizsa

Slavonian Border

T

A

Arad

Pécs

y

R

C

Novi grad

O

Szigetvá r

Babócsa

l

C a r n i o l a

Croatian Border

Tuscany

Szeged

Berzence

Istria

i

Csurgó

e

Venice

Varasd

Gör z & Grad iška

Aquileja Trieste

T r a n s y l v a n i a

Gyula

TATARS

i

k

To r c e l l o

1

Kanizsa

e

Pordenone

Veldes (BRIXEN) Laack (FREISING)

Ferma

d

Bender

I

z

VENICE Terra

e

b

S

a

Egerszeg Kapornak

CRIMEAN

J

A

Annexae

Sümeg

KHANATE

s

M

Annexae

Hatvan

ZAPOROZHIAN

Kamien iec Podolsk i

a

Hollókő

Fehérvár

Egervár

l

o

Hotin

Szécsény

V eszprém

Vasvár

i

St.Andrae

e ly

Nógrád

Buda

y

Y

d

a

Körmend

C a r i n t h i a

r

a

g

n

ég

Visegrád

Ikervár

r

l

u

H

R

o

P

L I T H U A N I A)

r

y

t

A

(A N D

a

Seckau

SALZBURG ro

ar

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KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

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ri

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p Tu r a n dža C

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an

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de 11.4a - On 27 JuneAS1684, Vác was taken by Habsburge hforces, who occupied Pest three days( S e r b i 11.3 - Having suffered heavy losses before Vienna, the Ottoman army retreatedT througha Sinj e Gyurgyevó an Szig etvá r Arad - K öi r o Li Ma Kükü )M Lake m Babócsa s gy E m o k siege n i r o Buda later. The first of started soon afterwards. The Austrian forces managedG uto Pécs Rogosnizza a or N a Hungary to Buda, with the Poles in close pursuit. The two armies met between 7 and 9 Medgyes Trau t lo Ostrovo i s n ava Sebenico padna A p u l i a n l f f o a a Magyarkanizsa T o Z ( a Annexae Orphani alat Valona Buda, but a TurkishS prelief Turnu Magurele army forced thePartes Habsburgs to withdraw on M aeventually October 1683Sinjat the Battle of Parkány.Slavonian The Ottomans won the first stage ofS e rthe battle, but Sasenooccupy Thessaloniki bi a ros A Border an iss Li Mohács narea Csanád Alm )M Sava i Cape Glossa m I Kanina Du Rogosnizza al o r forceso r L i n g u e t t a 30 October 1684. Lippa Siklós Trauthe second. lost Jan Sobieski III captured Párkány on 9 October, while Habsburg Zenta ava s Du C aT r n i ot o l o naa Szászszebes T ro KINGDOM of Bay of a A Ma S p a l a and took Esztergom on 26 October 1683. A Valona Facsád besieged NAPLES k Otranto a ssa o ATlo i Temesvár lp li lm S k (Span. u A A le A l f f o u G K x I a Dr Bourbon) Lugos B

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a n

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Partes Annexae

Mitrovica

S

(Serb. Patriarchate)

Žabljak Uppe r Pulat i Lake Scutari

T

Ju

so

t

im

s

a

Adakale

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L I T H U

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a

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bi

s

Whi t e D

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Magyarkanizsa

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S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a

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op

k

Temesvári Bay of Spizza r

a

l

a

c

in

a

in

Ta

o

d

Annexae

ot

v i čn a He b i s en j i cr z e g o Niksi

S

Gl

áv

Ceh

a

(S

Dr

usko

Petrinja Hrastovica

sk

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ri

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po

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Plit vick a - Jeze ra

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“P R I N C I P A L I T Y”

H Ö K Ö L Y’S

Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubic a a

B. Kos t New Nov i

B

d r i a t i c

(z T

Jas. Palan ka

Lippa

o Szászszebes ar Poland stops paying tribute C O M M Facsád O Fo O N W E AM L TS H Temesvár the Ottomans in 1684. x a B é gD n i e s Lugos

a

Óbecse

Partes Annexae

s

i

nau

Ped ali

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Do

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etva

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rQv ua a

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Petrinja Hrastovica

na

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Croatian Border

r n e r o

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OF

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o

o

g

K

e

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es m Te

sa

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t

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ti

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l

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on

is

m

tr it

sa

Al

i

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Eur

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l

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Tem

Saronic

D

I

rfu

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l

Paxos Venice, Malta

Parga Arta

E

E

Athen

u

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Cape Malia

P i n i o s Cape

( S a l aMatapan mvrias)

Cerigo

A

Co

Goumenitza

e Gulf or

Aegina

e

e i o s the Venetians advanced on Kalamata. Corfu 11.6b - In August 1685, the Ottomans lost Koroni P i n and

111

p

ta

i

Gulf of Aegina

Gulf of Kasandra

l o nai ki in a S aM

va pe

o

Eur

Monemvasia

Gulf of

Laconia

Gulf of

Porto Kayio

t e s i o

O

o n t ( E M ae ub o

Gulf of Orphani

o

Thessaloniki

Kelapha

lley

p

Lake Tachino

Misthra

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

ak

o l

tas

W

M

o a n t O t r

Pylos Methoni

Kanina

es

r na

Nauplia

Sr

i

n

B

a m

e

r

o

ei

c

g Ca

M

Al p h e

ti

d

of

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e

an

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a

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al

o

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h

a

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ar

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N Lamia

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Spo

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T

um

rd

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b

o

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ka

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a l k a n

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r Salona

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t

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g

e

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r Iske

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ley

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Gulf of Orpha

Gulf of Kasandra

s

mos

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val

pe

ios

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m

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rop

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a

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ta

Lake Tachino

on

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ul

ares)

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va

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a

ei

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na

d

o

es

k

ra

ta

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bi

ni

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i

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m

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o

ar

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h

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Meluna Pass

Gulf of Arta

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na

bb

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va

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n

ku

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je Preveza

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m

of

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o

x

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ri

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KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

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c

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Budua

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ttaro

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r

Thessaloniki

Pol

o

Bay of Spizz a

11.6a - Events 1685

Spuž

Szászszebes

St

a n h i t a r p a C

Lake Ostrovo

vo

Cetinje

L Golubac ake Prespa

Goumenitza

Paxos

Lim

Spuž

a

lnic

so

Ca e di

Corfu

l

h Bocc

et a

an

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ar C att

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bi

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er

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Z

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c

Corfu

a

v

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tr

Uva

a

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padna

m

v iič n a Hi s en j i cr z e g o Niks

ti

Ko

om

eb

Za

na

Tr

s

)

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o

ni

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ar

ov

k y Kü

B

a

Ca

op

na D u Lake Ochrid Smederevo

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rfu

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ka Mehadia Re

Kanina

Bay of Valona

ra

ga

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lek

ro

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T

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em

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ulg

ka

T

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jes

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a l k a

aros

Partes Annexae

W

t Su

s

s

i Belgrade

mb

a

Ljubuski i za Kula Norin N

eb

ku

ra

in

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Ceh

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na

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m

ri

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iss

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on n a a

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Sinj

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A

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B

Lippa

Valona

Saseno

s

n

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Mitrovica

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Sebenico

in

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of

ba

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s

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ker

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t

i t r a S t

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Niš

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ulg

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ri

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T o p l-iKc őa rö te ke s

Csanád

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Saxo

k

Fe

n

su

Ju m e ll é zn a Nagyvárad (B

ri

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na B os

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Pol

tiv

va

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s ba

ros

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vo

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a

(Serb. Patriarchate)

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in

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áv

et a

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z

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Perasto

Dr

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S

Croatian Border

i he d

Lim

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s

Tara

MONTENEGRO

Risan

an

so

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bi

Gyula

os

A

ul

Annexae

c

K őrö

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Ko

RAGUSA

Szig etvá r

Gora

a

in Gl

er

a r n ica

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Topusko

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a

Slavonian Border

Petrinja Hrastovica

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a

S e b e s - K ö rö

ra

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ot

v iič n a He b i s en j i cr zp e g o Niks

Siklós

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Ta

K

Dr

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a

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k

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sk

padna

m Uva

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av

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a

t

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g

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in

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a

O

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C

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Tr

a

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up a

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s s a Egervár

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na Du Smederevo

o dr

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a

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tria

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ur

r

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g

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u

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T

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na

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c

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t

t

ri

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oly

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ma

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a n Jajca ub e

ar

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y

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su

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nube D aBa g

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yj

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b

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rfu

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u

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p

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t e s i o

o

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a

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i

ares)

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o

d

m

e

ei

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tas

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es

eka

aritsa

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a

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o a n t O t r

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a

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in

in

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o

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es

m

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aca

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k

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ul

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mok

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Gulf of

ar

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t Su

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t

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a

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k ü llő y Kü

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s

a

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i n i o sAnnexae PPartes

ley

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nj

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Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane Jajca

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s

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a

b

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l

Vr

as

s

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Pétervárad

Lake Tachino

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s

s

ç e rn a

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on

Annexae Thessaloniki

Ti

a

l

K

Du

na

Q

l

Ca

Bih ac

Ba g

áv

l

mos

Gulf of

Temesvár

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Maro

Te

z

S

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B. Kos t New Nov i

t e -Kőr ö

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ros Csanád

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rfu

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ke

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a lin

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ina

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na

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mellék

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s

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Lake Balaton

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t

g

n

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l

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n

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a

ma

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p

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k y Kü

Partes Annexae Lippa

Ma

Facsád

Bé ga

Lugos

es

Gulf of

Karánsebes

Lamia

ro

s

Szászszebes

Óbecse

S

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e Karlóca

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n

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Eszék S p erchei o

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a

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l

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t

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su

ina

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a

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Z s i tv

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K

u a r n e r o Q

B. Gra d .

mos

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Gulf of Kasandra

Annexae

mellék

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Tisa

(Salamvrias) Partes

ér

bi ca

pe

s

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Partes Annexae

a

Q

áv

T r a n s y l v

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s

Temesvár

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S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a Plit vic ka - Jez era

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S e b e s - K ö rö

Berzence

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No vig rad

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Lake Balaton

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11.10b - The Ottomans gradually lose more and more of the Morea to the Venetians. Saseno

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a

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a

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1686

Pétervárad

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a

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M

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Biograd

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x

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D

Biograd

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a

L

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s

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Temesvár

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Belgrade

( S a l a m v r i a sS)a v a K o lu b a r

ti

Spala

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al

S

T

Zimony

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na

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s

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Saxon

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s

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Gulf of Kasandra

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s

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o

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t

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Sava Srebrenica

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ts

t

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e mp

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as

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a

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Partes Annexae

Temesvár

St r Pétervárad

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a

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Žabljak Uppe r Ustilonja Pulat i

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An

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Du Fe

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n

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ra

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na Du Smederevo

a

D

s

a

Biograd

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o

nj

Nadin

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m

Zimony

Dr

B

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na

D

a

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Partes Annexae

Mitrovica

Star igra d

Nona(Nin)

Rim

M o u n t a i n s

i a n t h a r p C a

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A Bay of Chesmé

Ikaria

Jan

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Tu

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a

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Cape Sounion

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l

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m

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sa

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ip

B

I

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n

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l

na

Gulf of Edremid

v

sa

a

Sz

be

i n

Asp

o

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na

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a

Danu

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s

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l

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a

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Gulf of Saros

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A E rgene

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h

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u

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1690 Thököly

Aegina

Misthra

Kelapha

n

Pr

o

s.

N e s to s

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M

na

o

Ciprovci Ciprovci

Gulf of Nauplia

Koroni

ts

s

D Adrianople

M o u n Besika Bay a nt a i n s

Ol

Pylos Methoni

s

n

C

in

Ca

Nauplia

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

s

L

Al u ta

e

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ul

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Scutari

Dr

ri

n

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a

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M

Niš

a

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B a y o f Navarino Navarino

122

ti

r

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um

ri

io

e

A

o

tas

P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

M

iva

E

D

nt

d

(Serb. Patriarchate)

Žabljak Upper Pulati

Bay of Spizza

an

Zi

g

Athens

va

Peć

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Spuž

Lake Scutari

al

Corinth

r

ri

´

of

ra

ro

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je

Cetinje

C at a r o i Cat he d Budua

et a

o

Toplica

Pol

Perasto

Whi t e D

tta

Bocc

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MONTENEGRO

At

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Risan

Z

RAGUSA

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

We

N Lamia

so

Tara

a

t

K ü k ü llő

Sporades

Vidin

Mo

a r n ica

vina Hi s en j i cr z e g o Niksič eb

m

Al p h e

Ko

om

n

Maros

Northern

Szörényvár

Korinthos

o

x

M

Gulf of Volos

)

K

gy

o

i a n teh g

Kalavryta

a

M

the Hagion Oros

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Aa r p a C

Adakale

A c h a i a Ju Pi n e i o s z n

Castel Tornese ( B

Zante

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va

k

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11.20a - Situation 1691

ra

ar

po

Mo

Na

Szászszebes Gulf of

(Salamvrias)

o

Rrhion

Patras

aO

Pinios

ey

E

Gulf

t

A r d aM

l

M

ei

Ta

c

R

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a

n)

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Uva

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Gulf of

arian

sk

ia

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e mp

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion mok

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rb

a

t

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vS p e r c h ei

s

Salona

Gulf of Patras

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Ljubuski eb i za Kula Norin N

Gabela

a

na

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Tr

A

a iss

CephaloniaZ a p a d n a ( Se

m

m o s Golubac

aMesolongi

Ithaca

I s l

a

Duare

na

Alm

on n a a

Dri

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to

va

Spala

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ti

al

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T

i

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ta

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ri

s

Sinj

Klis

Rogosnizza Trau

S e a

Ce

A

Vonitza

I o n i a n

n

Sebenico

Karánsebes

Duna

ro

Ma

Gulf of Saloniki

Mehadia

Gulf of Arta

D

V rlik a

Gulf of Orphani

Lugos

es

re

g

aros

ThessalonikiBlasendorf Medgyes

ios Partes P i n eAnnexae

Smederevo

u

Tachino M

s

Facsád

Versec

Santa Santa Maura Maura ra K o l u(Levkas) ba

ba

Sca rdo na

s

Vr

Vrana

M

Bé ga

Arta Belgrade na Du

Preveza

M

a T o r aLake n s y l v a n i a n

s

o

Biograd

k

Parga

v

e

Sr

i

n

ares)

B

s

a

L

Klicevac

Nadin

Bo

Titel

Zimony

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane a

Lake Doiran

M

a

Saxon

p

B

s

(V ard

a

Zara

nj

A

Jajca

ér

Mitrovica

Paxos

I o n i a n Sa

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

em

ia

l

Sava Srebrenica

Star igra d

Novigrad

- Köro

na

t

o

ds

Meluna Pass Mezősomly ó

Szalánkemén Goumenitza

Ca

su

Karlóca

rfu

Bo

sna

Al

sa

Co

s ba

Lippa

it

Corfu

Corfu D a n u b e Bo

T

Csák

t e s i o Becskerek

Pétervárad

B. Gra d .

s

tr

P h t ilia

Maro

Feh

o

Si

Partes Annexae

Temesvár Óbecse

Butrinto

Un

Nona(Nin)

1686

Eszék

z

Vr

Csanád

(1st)

Dub . á v Gra dišk a B.Du bica a

Bih ac

Ba g

a

Zenta (1st)

Jas. Palan ka

S a n a Nov i U n a Blag aj Kru pa Plit vick a - Jeze ra

(2nd)

Jase nov ac

B. Kost New Novi

Todorovo

Zen gg

áv

A

B a 1687 y of Valona

Siklós

Arad

ros

Magyarkanizsa

Ustilonja

Kost anji ca Peda li

Mohács

Ma

Lake Ostrovo

O

e sm os ata

ka

c F e k e te

Szeged

ti

is

Croatian Border

Kanina

S

i Gl

Petrinja Hrastovica

na

ni

W

Glina

Se

Valona

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Dr

Gora

Bovic Topusko

Gyula

Re

e -Kőr ö

a

M

Lake Ochrid

Tisa

C

Stenicnjak Budački

Otranto

s K őrö

a

R

ulp

a

O

up a

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

T

A

s

Saseno

Pécs

Annexae

mellék

Nagyvárad

i

m

C a r n i o l a

Szige tvár

o a n t O t r

Slavonian Border

Sava

A pulia

of

Babócsa

po

Partes

Axios

Kapos

Berzence

Ér

Lake Prespa

Ka

Csurgó

mos

Marits

Annexae

ar

i t r a S t

Dráva

Varasd

S ava

D

k

Kanizsa

aack (FREISING)

ga

rd

Sh

b um

T

a lnic

S e b e s - K ö rö

Durazzo

r

Sza

Va

Csepel Isl.

St

T

Skopje

n

a ur

S e a

O

Hatvan

Pest

Dulcigno na Boja

Tisa

r i Eger n

in

um

Buda

Dr

ri

i

Lake Balaton

Buják

D

Sümeg

Egerszeg Kapornak

Veldes (BRIXEN)

No vig rad

y

ari

Fehérvár

Egervár

M

tiv

Vác

Scutari Visegrád Ráko s r i v e r

V eszpr ém

Vasvár

Raab

Dráva

r

a

g

n

Ikervár

r St.Andrae

u

Lake Scutari

A d r i a t i c

Kőszeg Körmend

Gurk

H

Bay of Spizza

An

a

Párkány

Duna

Tisa

Black

Ráb

y

di

Győr

Rép ce

t

h i a

he Bocc

e

Vienna

l

in

Seckau Mu r

ub

Helen Zrinyi

Spuž

y ly Ipo Žabljak Hollókő Upper NógrádPulati

o ar C a tatr o Érsekújvár Catt Budua

Dr

S

an

(Serb. Patriarchate)

je

ns

Lim

Whi t e D

D

Lake Fertő

et a

Z

Perasto

Csal lókö z

En

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rva

ns

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Pol

En

isn

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n

eb

so

Dnjester a l t jic tu l e a ru Danub k P Hotin g a n h Szabács. The Austrians o s Peć B 11.19 - In 1690, the Ottomans reconquered Belgrade, which had been lost toL i m the Habsburgs two years earlier, severalMunkács other cities, including d r as well Latorca Vienna M o u n t a i nretreatedhT u n ž a RAGUSA Bo P Sajo Do Gy MONTENEGRO Bi ecsk nau d ar e Cavtat (Dubrovnik) Risan rut st a ma Komját through Transylvania, bringing it entirely under their control. P D ri A u s t r i a S ptu ž r é Cetinje Partes ca ge Szécsény Leitha Kahlenberg

Linz

a

Un

Sava Srebrenica

t

´

v

na

M

Karánsebes

Versec

Titel Szalánkemén

Alt

Al u ta

t

B os

e Karlóca

x

a

s

n

o

na

V

rb

su

Szászszebes

S

Ol

Bih ac

Bo

Te

D a nub

as

ina

K

Ti

Pétervárad

B. Gra d .

es

Mezősomly ó

S

z

S a n a Nov i U n a Blag aj Kru pa

Ba g

em

s

Lugos

ç e rn a

I

K

Du

Becskerek

Jas. Palan ka

Dub . á v Gra dišk a B.Du bica a

B. Kost New Novi

Todorovo

Plit vick a - Jeze ra

na

A

Jase nov ac

Kost anji ca Peda li

T

Csák

Óbecse

Bé ga

ro

Ma

Facsád

Temesvár

Ustilonja

k ü llő y Kü

Partes Annexae

s

1686

Eszék

Blasendorf Medgyes N a g

v

a

lin

a

th

Petrinja Hrastovica

s

Lippa

(1st)

re

Glina

- Köro

s

Gora

Bovic

áv

Maro

Csanád

aros

y

Dr

Topusko

G

Zenta (1st)

(2nd)

Stenicnjak Budački

1687

Arad

ros

Magyarkanizsa

Tisa

A

Mohács

Siklós

Ma

Feh

l

Slavonian Border

M

Szeged

ér

Pécs

a

O

Szige tvár

s

Se

po

e

Kapos

s

Ka

Csurgó

T

Zen gg

a

Fe

re

M

rös

Kő

ulp

Croatian Border

rau

Saxon

mellék S e b e s - K ö rö

Babócsa

Sava

R

C

Klicevac

M

mos

Partes

Lake Balaton

Berzence

up a

L

Sza

Pest

Ér

e

h

s Si

Annexae

Csepel Isl.

B

Hotin

Pr

Hatvan

Dnjester

l

t Pru

Tisa

Eger

Buják

u tu

u

i

Dráva

Varasd

C a r n i o l a

a

h

Tisa

Hollókő

Gyula

S ava

A

Pr

Partes

Nagyvárad

ur

t

Munkács

Latorca

Szécsény

Kanizsa

aack (FREISING)

D

og

a

Vienna

o

y

dr

Sümeg

Egerszeg Kapornak

Veldes (BRIXEN)

ely

Vác

Buda Fehérvár

Egervár

M

ég

Nógrád

Duna

Bo

Sajo

Visegrád Ráko s r i v e r

r

a

g

n

Dr

t

Párkány

V eszpr ém

Vasvár

Raab

Dráva

No vig rad

e

Ikervár

r St.Andrae

u

ma

Y

Helen Zrinyi

Kam ienie c Podo lski

a

M

H

Kőszeg

R

i

n

y

a

ar

ly Ipo

Érsekújvár

ub

Győr Ráb

Körmend

Gurk

h i a

an

Rép ce

t

Seckau Mu r

A

l

o

d

a

S

Gy

Csal lókö z

Lake Fertő

ns

Waa

Komját

Leitha

D

En

G

o

P

i

nau

p

N

a

bb

Y

Do

U

Z s i tv

Vienna

A u s t r i a

H

rva

e

s

En

ns

Danub

g

Ma

be Kahlenberg

Linz n rau

Gr

rch

nu

Lower-

Mo

Da

U p p e r-

S u

na l

ta

mos

o

Gulf of

rop

o

Vonitza

S p erchei

Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

Asp

al

e

an

ti

g Ca

p

o

m G a ra

Dr

t

Gorg

i

a

ég

ely

on m

os

r

C

Sphakia

Knossos

e t e

Buják

S

be

Danu

Ér

áv

a

T

Csák

em

t

e Karlóca

Ç.

k

Sus

k ü llő y Kü Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes N a g

s

Partes Annexae Ma

Facsád

Bé ga

es

Partes Annexae

Belgrade

Mehadia

na

Du Smederevo

va

Duna

Orsova

a

D

ri

va

S

ti

o

Ce

al

Neret

i

Li

m

Al u ta

M o u

W

padna

(S

mok

Ti

Za

er

bi

an

)M or

a

Zi

ul

A

A

L

Ve

t

123

o

x

Ol

n

s

Sinj

Klis

Rogosnizza Trau

a

ba

V rlik a

Sebenico

A

na

Vr

M

a

Szörényvár

v

Golubac

M o r a v

K o lu b a r

a

Sca rdo na

S

s

n

Adakale

na

o

s

Szászszebes

a n h i t a r p a C

es

Zimony

Dr

B Bo

s

Karánsebes

Mitrovica

Sa

ro

Lugos

Versec

Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)

aros

t

su

- Köro

Mezősom lyó

m

D a nub Bo

T r a n s y l v a n

s VranaAustrian and Ottoman armies fought the Battle of Szalánkemén on 19 August 1691. Once again, the Ottomans lost. 11.21b - The

Biograd

s am o

Ma

s

s

Temesvár Óbecse

nj

Nadin

Saxon

Lippa

Becskerek

Jajca

t e -Kőr ö

Feh

Maro

Csanád

Pétervárad

Sava Srebrenica

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

mos

Annexae

mellék

1686

Eszék

na B os

ke

Arad

ros

(1st)

B. Gra d .

b

Troö dos Mnt s.

M

Magyarkanizsa

Zenta (1st)

Sta rig rad

Novigrad

Ma

sa Ti

Du 1687

z

a

Nona(Nin)

Fe

Szeged

Jas. Pala nka

Un

Ba g

s

Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a

as

l

Famagusta

Partes

Jas eno vac

Vr

Nicosia

Partes C y p r u s

u tu

Ol

Bih ac

Plit vic ka - Jez era

Munkács

Pr

h

Annexae

Te

K

S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a

t

Vienna

Sza

Csepe l Isl.

ina

B. Kos t New Nov i

Kasos

Cape Sideros

Latorca

Tisa

Ustilonja

Kos tan jica Ped ali

Todorovo

Helen Zrinyi

g

Tisa

S

G

a lin

a

Y

Pest

na

A I

K

Gora

Petrinja Hrastovica

Rhodes

E Eger A

Hatvan

Mohács

Siklós

Glina

of y B a e llo b

ira

E stops SPoland AC paying tribute O M M O N

(Karpathos)

ér

Slavonian Border

Dr

Topusko

Ze ng g

Pécs

ulp

Bovic

M

Bo

of y B a e llo b ira

o dr

R

s K őrö

po

Szig etvá r

e t e

M

Gulf of Adalia

N

Hollókő

(2nd)

Stenicnjak

A

Stampalia

Knossos

S e b e s - K ö rö s

Kapos

T

Budački

E

Spinalonga

Heraklion

Sajo

Rhetymno

Tisa

C

O

Croatian Border

L

ic

Suda

Szécsény

Vác

Buda

Ka

Csurgó

a

R

A

N

r

C

Sphakia

A

Lake Balaton

Babócsa

Sava

up a

Klicevac

G

Suda Bay

Sphakiotes

Nógrád

N

y

Berzence

Zara

A

Rhetymno

Sphakiotes

Spinalonga

Heraklion

Gulf of Kos

Gorg

Gyula

Dráva

Suda

Nagyvárad

ur

Varasd

C a r n i o l a

A

R

Suda Bay

Bodrum Chania

Sümeg

S ava

D

er

A

g Vá

Waa

N

Visegrád Rák os r i v e r

r

a

g

n

R

Kissamos y ela G u l f oB fa M e n d G ulf of Chania

Gramvousa

Naxos

Kanizsa

Laack (FREISING)

a

u

Egerszeg Kapornak

Veldes (BRIXEN)

A

ly

Duna

V eszp rém

Egervár

M

No vig rad

a

ma

Párkány

Fehérvár

Vasvár

Raab

Dráva

E

Ikervár

r St.Andrae

h i a

g

rch Kőszeg

Körmend

Gurk

H

E

Chania

ar

Ipo

Érsekújvár

Győr Ráb

y

Patmos

Delos

C r e t e

of

S e a

Myconos

M

t

N

e

Rép ce

Ikaria

Tenos

T

s

n

Seckau Mu r

ub

M en d e r e

Cerigo

a

S

an

Santorini an d e r Me

i

Lake Fertő

ns

A

Gy

Csa llók öz

D

Naxos

iz

Cape Malia

Cape Matapan

Andros

Patm

A N A T O L I A

Maina

hesmé B a y o f CPorto Kayio

Gulf of Chania

ar ia f S am

R

Leitha

Komját

Myconos

Monemvasia

Gulf of

Laconia

Cape Sounion

eo

R

nau

Kissamos Bay

Gramvousa

a

Y

Do

Ikaria

Tenos

Cape Sounion

W Vah 1684. the OttomansDin nies Kaste Tatra mountains t Szepesvár Rhodes (Meg Lőcse 11.21a - On 6 December 1691, the commander of Gramvousa C (Grambusa) surrundered to r a the Ottomans for a generous bribe. Only Suda remained in Venetian hands. r P O L A N D an Gr p e t e r C f o S e a P o Scarpanto

Cape Malia

U

Z s i tv

bb

s

En

Vienna

A u s t r i a

En

E

e

rv Mo a

Danub

ns

un

Ma

be

Tra

H

Ged

Gulf of Smyrna

o

Santorini Késmárk

Cerigo

ya

Aegina

Gulf of Aegina

ar ia f S am

I

nu

T

Kahlenberg

Linz

ha

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

eo

D

Da

U p p e rLower11.20b - Situation 1691

e

Bay of Chesmé

Delos

Passavâ

Laconia

Porto Kayio

C h i o s

n

yj

Eur

Kelapha

Z I

Maina Cape

G

os

Gulf or

E

Nauplia

Misthra

Koroni

Monemvasia

A M O R A V I Matapan

ip

Sa

E

D

BOHEMIA

T

O WS I LNE C R

o

Gulf of

Kelapha

Kalamata

C h i o s

I

THE

Passavâ

Saronic

a

R

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

Pylos Methoni

Gulf of Petalia

Aegina

tas

OF

N

I A

E M B O H

M

L A N D S

Eur

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

Koroni

o

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Gulf of Nauplia

Misthra

a

os

Gulf or

Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

B a y o f Navarino Navarino Pylos Methoni

e

s

al

Saronic

a

Kalamata

io

e

S

D

e

s

r

o

an

r

o io

ip

Athens Korinthos

Al p h e

Al p h e

E

Kalavryta

M

I

n

Corinth

Pi n e i o s

n

Athens Korinthos

M

t e (E ub oia )

l

of

Castel Tornese

Zante

na

o

Eur

A c h a i a

o

t e (E ub oia )

l

a

e

S

i iğ i r l

Eur

Gulf of Edremid

C

Patras

a n d s

r

M

Gulf

Rrhion

Gulf of Patras

p

Kalavryta

Pi n e i o s

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o

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alta ane

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o

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im

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eios

Sta rig rad

Novigrad

Lim

L

ari

na B os

Partes Annexae

Tisa

A

(S

Tara

Gulf of the H a g i o n O r o sS c u t a r i

Sava Srebrenica

nj

a

Nona(Nin)

Parga

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(Salamvrias)

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n N e s to s

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Sajo

Zimony

Nógrád

Buda

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Tra

T r a n s y l v a n

s

s

Temesvár tr

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Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)

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Versec

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Gulf of -Kő r te kVe o l o s ö s

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e

g

e

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mellék

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s

mos

Partes

(Salamvrias)

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n i a n

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ley

eios

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Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

val

pe

Ér

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Paxos

ár

Tem

re

u

Csep el Isl.

Pin

rfu

e n

Saloniki

Meluna Pass

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Si

M

Annexae

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of Kasandra

Pest

Co

Corfu

Gulf of

Gallipoli

o

Corfu

sa

P h t ilia

ak

i

Al

t e s i o

Fehérvár Butrinto

eszp rém

Hatvan

Tisa

s

Gulf of Saros

M

it

Buda

y

tr

Visegrád Rák os r i v e r

r

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Gulf of Orphani

n

Buják

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ly

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Lake Ostrovo

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Gulf of Orphani

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Gulf of

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11.29 - On 22 August 1696 the naval Battle of Andros, southeast of the island, between the Monemvasia Ottomans and Venice and the Papal states was inconclusive.

Butrinto P h t ilia

t e s i o

Co

127 Corfu rfu

Corfu

l

Saloniki

S u

o a n t O t r

Bay of Valona

Lake Prespa

Se

a

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Cape Glossa or Linguetta

a

M

p

ta

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Ochrid Patmos

Crn

a

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ni

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es

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o

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ic aln

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mb

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r

ar

Sh

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

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Cape Sounion

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Gulf of Aegina

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rin

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Black

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Bay of Spizz a

Athens

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RAGUSA P MONTENEGRO 11.28 - On 26 1696 the Ottomans defeated the Habsburg armyRisan which had setSpužout to besiege Temesvár. E uAugust Bi ecsk Cavtat (Dubrovnik) Perasto r s et a

W

vo

a

ra

Gulf of Smyrna

a r n ica

v iič n a He b i s en j i cr z e g o Niks

M o

Szörényvár

so

Tr

Al u ta

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o

om

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c

k K

an

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ov

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a n h i t a r p a C

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(S

a

Kle P

Duna

M o r a v

ri

Gabela

Mehadia

a

apadna

m

a

i

Karánsebes

Partes Annexae

a

in

Ljubuski i za Kula Norin N

eb

a

e

es

Versec

na Du Smederevo

R

D

Klobuk Vrgorac

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ro

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na

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t e (E ub oia )

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Bé ga

aros

k ü llő y Kü Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes N a g

Mitrovica

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n

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Gulf of Edremid

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l

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ba

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o

Nadin

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z

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thos

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an

a

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e

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Becskerek

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s

s

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- Köro

1686

Eszék

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s

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g

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Plit vic ka - Jez era

A

N

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t e -Kőr ö

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in Gl

áv

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Gallipoli

1687

ke

Fe

s

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Tisa

Stenicnjak Budački

nj

e a M

Ka

R

Nona(Nin)

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Saxon

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mellék

m

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up a

Ba g

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Gulf of Saros

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l

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Dr

h

u tu

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T

Ze ng g

D

Pécs

Slavonian Border

Sava

Croatian Border

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Babócsa

Gulf of the lp H a g i o nA Ou r o s

C

A

po

a

Gulf of Kasandra

)

E v Hatvan r

Kő

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t

Vienna

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a

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Gulf of Orphani

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ssaloniki

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Gulf of the Hagion Oros

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l

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a

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Partes Annexae

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o

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Lake Tachino

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Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

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Sr

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m

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Gulf of

Gulf of Kasandra

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Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

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Gulf of the Hagion Oros

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ios

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pe

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m

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W

Bay of Valona

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ni

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Cape Glossa or Linguetta

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Se

m

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KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

ku

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o

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11.30 - Just as an Ottoman army was crossing theKlobuk River Tisa, Habsburg forces launched a surprise attack, routing the Turkish troops inB the Battle of Zenta (or Senta) of 11 September I Ceh Ciprovci a o Ciprovci k t s Ljubuski tje 1697. Afterwards Prince Eugene advanced Vrgorac as fare bas Sarajevo, burning it down in 1697. Niš Su i T er

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1686

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Zenta (1st)

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1687

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a

s

Mohács

Siklós

Stenicnjak Budački

Zeng g

SAN MARINO

s

Akkerman

Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes

Magyarkanizsa

Slavonian Border

T

A

Arad

Pécs

y

C

Novi grad

O

R

Szigetvá r

Babócsa

l

C a r n i o l a

Croatian Border

Tuscany

Szeged

Berzence

Istria

i

Csurgó

e

Venice

Varasd

Gör z & Gra dišk a

Aquileja Trieste

T r a n s y l v a n i a

Gyula

TATARS

i

k

To r c e l l o

1

Kanizsa

e

Pordenone

Veldes (BRIXEN) Laack (FREISING)

Ferma

d

Bender

I

z

VENICE Terra

e

b

S

a

Egerszeg Kapornak

CRIMEAN

J

A

Annexae

Sümeg

KHANATE

s

M

Annexae

Fehérvár

Egervár

e

Hollókő Buják

ZAPOROZHIAN

COSSACKS

B

Hotin

Partes

V eszprém

Vasvár

i

St.Andrae

L I T H U A N I A)

Kamien iec Podolsk i

a

Vienna

Szécsény

Vác

Buda

y

Y

Helen Zrinyi

i

a

Körmend

Gurk

e ly

Visegrád

r

a

g

n

Ikervár

r

l

u

H

R

l

o

r

y

t

A

d

a

Seckau

ég

Nógrád

Párkány

S

G

O F

(A N D

o

P Munkács

Érsekújvár

SALZBURG ro

Gy

Komját

Tyrol

T

N

Vienna

A u s t r i a

Salzburg

A

P O L A N D

Lower-

Linz

Berc htes gad

Szepesvár

Lőcse

a

Mühld orf

Poland stops paying tribute C O M M O N W E A L T H the Ottomans in 1684.

Késmárk

M O R A V I A

BOHEMIA

B A V A R I A

I A

E M B O H

THE

Z I

k

L A N D S

PASSAU

O WS I LNE C R

N

E

Goumenitza Parga

Paxos

Arta

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

I o n i a n

M

Preveza

N

Vonitza

Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

P

Ithaca

g

r

o

p

I s l

a n d s Zante

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Mesolongi

Patras

R

E

Sporades e

Salona

Cephalonia

I

Northern

o n t e (E ub oia )

C h i o s

A N A T O L I A

Rrhion

A c h a i a Kalavryta

Andros

Athens

Castel Tornese

Korinthos

o

M

r

e

a

Aegina

Ikaria

Tenos

Nauplia

Myconos Patmos

Delos

Kalamata

Navarino Pylos Methoni

Bodrum

Naxos

Misthra

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

Koroni

Passavâ Kelapha

Monemvasia Rhodes

Stampalia

Maina

Santorini

Porto Kayio

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

Rhodes

Cerigo

Scarpanto (Karpathos)

Gramvousa Suda Chania eo

Gorg

Heraklion

ar ia f S am

Sphakiotes

Spinalonga

Kasos

Nicosia

Rhetymno

Sphakia

C

r

e t e

C y p r u s

Famagusta

11.33 - Situation 1699

129

Hans H.A. Hötte - 978-90-04-28888-1 Downloaded from Brill.com02/08/2023 11:20:33AM via Universite degli Studi di Milano

Karlóca (Karlowitz) 1699

nau

Raab

M

Dráva

Varasd

Csurgó

Kapos

po

Berzence Szig etvá r

Babócsa

Pécs

I

D a nub

B. Gra d .

Bih ac

Vr

ba

s

B os

Bo

na Sava Srebrenica

su

t

e Karlóca

Dr

v Sa

s

Orsova

v

Golubac

na

r

a

b

i

a

Uva

s

Ta

ra

ra

a r n ica

Niks ič

Cetinje

aca

Mor

Lake Scutari

tiv

ari

n

O

ga

l

rd

ri

ar

D

a

n

i

Durazzo S

u hk

mb

i

i t r a S t

Lake Ochrid

a

M

a

Lake Prespa

ni

a

b

c

e

Lake Ostrovo

ti

Valona Kanina

is tr

k ia Al Hans H.A. Hötte - 978-90-04-28888-1 Downloaded from Brill.com02/08/2023 11:20:33AM via Universite degli Studi di Milano it

A

W sa

o a n t O t r

Bay of Valona

ka

l

of

Saseno Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Re

Se

m

A pulia

T

Skopje

Va

Black

A d r i a t i c

130

ri

in

in

Dulcigno na Boja

S e a

Dr

Scutari Dr

An

Otranto

P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti

Bay of Spizz a

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

(Serb. Patriarchate)

Spuž

ro

C a aro Catt e di Budua occh

Peć

im

Spuž

je

et a

Pol

B

Perasto

L

Whi t e D

tta

Lim

MONTENEGRO

Risan

Z

RAGUSA

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

Tara

vo

a

so

isn

va

om

H ej i cr z e g o v i n a eb

Niš

Ko

vo

Tr

11.34 - Situation 1699

Toplica

k K

(B

Mo

po

a

)

Kle

Po

zn

ot

ar

Metkovic

Ju

Ib

t

Gabela

ava

c

Bre

etva

tje

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arian

Su

an

a

Ljubuski i za N

Kula Norin

bi

in

eb

Tr

Vrgorac

A

Ceh

ka

er

ulg

Klobuk

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on

Duare

na

i

ssa

padna

m

Dri

Alm

va

I

to

on n a a

i

Li

ti

al

S

Spala

e

Za Neret

Ce

T

Duna

a

n

Sinj

Klis

Rogosnizza Trau

a

S

na

V rlik a

Sebenico

A

na Du Smederevo

a

s

M

Mehadi

Belgrade

ba

Sca rdo na

K o lu b a r ri

Vrana

s

D

Biograd

Bo

Vr

L

Klicevac

Nadin

Partes Annexa

Versec

M o r a v

Zara

Jajca

o

A

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

Karáns

Mitrovica

Sta rig rad

Novigrad

es

Mezősom lyó

Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)

Zimony

er

Nona(Nin)

em

Lugos Lugos

Bé ga

a

Q

Pétervárad

B

T

E

Becskerek

a

D

T

Csák

Óbecse

Jas. Pala nka

S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a

Fa

Temesvár

Eszék

z

s Lippa

(1st) (2nd)

Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a

B. Kos t New Nov i

-Kö

1686

Jas eno vac

a

S Ancona

a

Maro

Csanád

Ustilonja

Kos tan jica Ped ali

áv

ros

Magyarkanizsa

Zenta (1st)

Feh

s

es

K u a r n e r o

Ze ng g

Ba g

S e a T

G

a

lin

Todorovo

Plit vic ka - Jez era

SAN MARINO

A

Glina

Topusko

Petrinja Hrastovica

nj

Tuscany

A d r i a t i c

Gora

Bovic

t e -Kőr ö

Arad

S

Ravenna

Dr

Stenicnjak

Croatian Border

V e n i c e

io

ulp

Budački

1687

(2nd)

Un

P A P A L

of

Lake Comacc h

C

No vig rad

K

L a

Istria

R

A

Ma

Tisa

Po

O

up a

G u l f

T

ke

Szeged

Mohács

Siklós

a

e

Slavonian Border

Sava

C a r n i o l a

of T rieste

s

Du

e

o

Gulf

s Aquileja Trieste

Fe

Gyula

S ava

av

Adig

g

n

o

s

m

Laack (FREISING)

mellék

ér

Pi

To r c e l l o

Venice

A

g

K őrö

Te

1

zo on Is Gö rz & Gr ad išk a

Ér

Kanizsa

A

Pordenone

Ferma

Csepe l Isl.

Seb

Ka

Terra

Pest

sa

VENICE

Hatvan

Lake Balaton

ur

Veldes (BRIXEN)

Eger

Buják

Nagyvárad

Egerszeg Kapornak

a

Dráva

Hollókő

Sümeg

Egervár

i

C a r i n t h i a

Fehérvár

R

g

m

St.Andrae

y

o dr

Szécsény

Vác

Duna

V eszp rém

Vasvár

ely

Visegrád Rák os r i v e r

r

a

g

n

ég

Nógrád

Párkány

Buda

Ikervár

Körmend

Gurk

u

t

Bo

Crn

l

A

Sajo

n

Drau

H

Kőszeg

r

ro

y

a

ly

Dr

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ur

e

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ma

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ub

ar

be

S A L Z B UM R G

y

G

na

T

Seckau Mu r

an

Rép ce

t

an

ina

S

S a lz a c h

Szepesvár

Lőcse

m

Lake Fertő

ns

Gy

Csa llók öz

D

En

Vá Komját

Leitha

Tyrol

Késmárk

N

Danu

bb

Do

U G a ra

ns

s

Vienna

A u s t r i a

H

a

de n

Salzburg

Y

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un

e Danub

En

Tra

Gr

Ma

be Kahlenberg

Linz

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sa

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ya

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M O R A V I A

g

n

e

ha

rch

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nu

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(Pas) Oberndorf

(Sz b.)

Da

Mü hld orf

yj

T

Z I

Ti

D

BOHEMIA

B A V A R I A

E M B O H

THE

rva

Isar

OF

Waa

L A N D S

PASSAU

N

I A

Mo

D o nau

O WS I LNE R C

t e s

d

Sa n

ro

Y

Helen Zrinyi

g

a

P O L A N D

r

p

o

P

a

t

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Pr

h

Munkács

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(A N D

n

M

sa

Ti

tr

u

i

d

s

V

b Dn

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is

i

n

te

r

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Bu

u

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t

mok

a

j

St.George

a

de

dz

e

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Gyurgyevó

V a l l um

be

Tra

um

o

ia n

Turnu Magurele v

narea

Du

(B

ulg arian

Ciprovci Ciprovci

Niš

Jan

)

tra

ra

a l k a n

s M o u n t a i n

Tu

n dža

Gulf of Burgas

ka

o

i

n

Sr

a

(V ard

Lake Tachino

on

ares)

Lake Ostrovo

l M

n

ts

Tu

Adrianople

a

t

s.

Büy ük Çek mec e Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

o f

M a r m o r a

Gulf of Orphani

Gulf of Ismid

Gulf of Saros

Gallipoli

k

i

it

Sus

tr

m

is

on

W

iğ i r l

sa

ak

Gulf of Saloniki

al ev

Constantinople

S e a

11.35 - Situation 1699 i

Bosporus

E rgene

Evr

Ma rm ara

Thessaloniki

Al

N

os

u

N e s to s

d

m

e

ei

c

Lake Doiran

Arda

A

Ç.

Crn

a

M

B Axios

ake Prespa

e

ri

ic

ar

a

M

Re

p

ta

g

er

rd es

o

M

M

O

a

a

a

d

Va

Bre

a

o

lnic

h

a

ga

Marits

M

T

um

T

Skopje

r

R

St

ndga

r

va

B

S e a

B l a c k

r Iske

Mo

Toplica

a

zn

e s Br a

na

Ti Ju

mits

Vidin

Du

a

rg

D

a

eo

r Ar

a

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Branch

u

A

L

A

ul

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i

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H

C

A

I

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S t. G

b

W

Golubac

M o r a v

b

Szörényvár

v

u

l

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i

o

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ç e rn a

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Duna

Branch

h

na

lia

Brăila

1690 Thököly

Adakale

Kilia

nc

Mehadia

ia n u m m Tra

na

t

Partes Annexae Versec

lu

Ki

M o u n t a i n s

a n h i t a r p a C

z

d

´

Karánsebes

Mezősom lyó

i l lko

Va

x

a

M

B

o

Alt

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v

S

s

n

a

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s

h

th

ro

Lugos Lugos

es

re

Ma

Facsád

Akkerman

s

s

Bé ga

Se

y

em

s

k ü llő y Kü Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes N a g

s

Partes Annexae

Temesvár

T

l

- Köro

Lippa

sák

e

Maro

a

k

ér

Arad

n

Bender

e

M

Feh

aros

a

et

r

e

TATARS

a

a

Sz

N is

r

CRIMEAN

i

z

T r a n s y l v a n i a

OF THE

J

A

a

S

Maros

KHANATE

tr

h

ov

Se

es

ut

o

ni

a

Pr

D

t

s

s

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ld

n

t e -Kőr ö

O

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s am o

D

s

u

ke

S o u t h e r n Bug

t

o

Fe

re

M

Annexae

mellék

COSSACKS

e s

Si

Saxon

Nagyvárad

Gyula

B h rut

P

mos

Partes

ZAPOROZHIAN

B ug

Hotin

Annexae Sza

Iuzh

Dnjester

l u tu

Tisa

S e b e s - K ö rö

a

a

Tisa

Ér

i

i

Partes

l

o

d

L I T H U A N I A)

Kam ieni ec Pod olsk i

ie

d Bo

R

Bug

ny

A

O F

str

k

C

zepesvár

Poland stops paying tribute C O M M O N W E A L T H 1684. the OttomansDin nie

ley

Pinios (Salamvrias)

Gulf of Kasandra

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

131

Dard ane lle s

Hans H.A. Hötte - 978-90-04-28888-1 Downloaded from Brill.com02/08/2023 11:20:33AM via Universite degli Studi di Milano

Ta

ra

Toplica

k a r n ica

aca

Mor

P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

Spuž

ro

Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti Lake Scutari

Bay of Spizz a

tiv

Scutari

ari

n

O

T

Skopje

ga

Va

Black

l

rd

ri

ar

D

A d r i a t i c

a

n

i

Durazzo k

i

a

b um

Crn

Sh

i t r a S t

a

M

Lake Ochrid

a

Lake Prespa

ni

a

c

e

d

b

Lake Ostrovo

ti

Valona Kanina

is

A

on

W tr it

Al

sa

o a n t O t r

Bay of Valona

ka

l

of

Saseno Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Re

Se

m

A pulia

Otranto

ri

in

in

Dulcigno na Boja

S e a

Dr

Dr

An

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

(Serb. Patriarchate)

Spuž

je

et a

C at a r o t d i C a Budua cche

Peć

im

Whi t e D

Bo

Perasto

Cetinje

L

Pol

Risan

tta

Lim

MONTENEGRO Z

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

vo

Tara

a

RAGUSA

so

v iič n a Hi s en j i cr z e g o Niks eb

va

om

Ko

Tr

Bre

K

vo

Niš

ra

po

(B

Mo

Kle

Po

a

ot

ar

Metkovic

zn

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t

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Ju

m

etva

t

va

arian

Su

ra

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Ljubuski i za N

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a

A

k jes

an

in

eb

Tr

Vrgorac

Ceh

bi

ulg

Klobuk

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c

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k

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Pine

Co

Corfu

t e s i o

ia

S u

P h t ilia

l

ssa

Uva

na

I

i Alm

a

Duare

(S

m

Dri

Spal

ato

on n a a

i

Li

ti

T

al

S

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Z Neret

apadna

n

Sinj

Klis

va

A

a

n

Ce

E

V rlik a

Sebenico

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T

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M

s

Ancona

ba

T

A

ios

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Goumenitza

na l

Parga

Paxos

Arta Preveza

Gulf of Arta

Vonitza

Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

S e a

Ithaca Cephalonia

I s l

S p erchei

mos

o

Asp

I o n i a n

ta

o

I o n i a n

rop

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

Mesolongi

Lepanto=Naupa =Antirrhion Rrhion

Gulf of Patras

Patras

A c h a i a

a n d s

Kalavryt

Pi n e i o s

Castel Tornese

Zante

Al p h e

r

o

M io

s

Kalamata B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Zarn Gulf of Messenia

Pylos Methoni

Koroni

M E D

I

T

E

R

R

11.36 - Situation 1699 132

Hans H.A. Hötte - 978-90-04-28888-1 Downloaded from Brill.com02/08/2023 11:20:33AM via Universite degli Studi di Milano

A

Gyurgyevó

mok

zn

a

o Du

(B

ulg arian

Ciprovci Ciprovci

Niš

Jan

)

Iske

Mo

Toplica

ra

r

a l k a n

s M o u n t a i n

S e a

B l a c k

Tu

n dža

Gulf of Burgas

i

n

Bosporus

Tu

E rgene

t

os

n

Lake Tachino

on

Evr

s.

Constantinople Büy ük Çek mec e Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

ares)

S e a

Gulf of Saros

Gallipoli

i

m

tr it

sa

Al

i

Gulf of

Meluna Pass

Pine

Tem

Gulf of Kasandra

E

e

o

N

o

rop Asp

Lamia

At

al

an

ti

g Ca

r na

o

Gulf

p

l

Athens

io

r

e

a

Saronic

Aegina Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

s

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

Pylos Methoni

Koroni

Myconos Patmos

Delos

Gulf of Mendela

Bodrum

Naxos

Gulf of Kos

o

Passavâ

Gulf of Adalia

Monemvasia

Gulf of

Kelapha

Laconia

Rhodes

Stampalia

Maina

Santorini

Porto Kayio

Cape Malia

Cape Matapan

Kissamos Bay

Gramvousa

Gulf of Chania

C r e t e

of

S e a

Suda

ar ia f S am

A

Heraklion Sphakiotes

Rhetymno

C

Sphakia

N

E

•••

eo

Gorg

Scarpanto (Karpathos)

Suda Bay

Chania

R

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

Rhodes

Cerigo

R

s

tas

y o f Navarino avarino

an d e r

Ikaria

Tenos

Cape Sounion

Misthra

Eur

Me M en d e r e

Gulf of Nauplia

Kalamata

A N A T O L I A

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Gulf or

iz

Bay of Chesmé

al

Corinth

Korinthos

o

C h i o s

an

Al p h e

Ged

Gulf of Smyrna

os

of

Castel Tornese

M

ip

E

a

e

S

R

n t e (E ub oia )

Kalavryta

Pi n e i o s

I

o

Eur

A c h a i a

Gulf of Edremid

C

Rrhion

Besika Bay

P

Sporades

e

n

Northern

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Patras

a

e

g

M

Gulf of Volos

Gulf of

Gulf of Patras

Dard ane lle s

(Salamvrias)

Salona Mesolongi

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Pinios

ley

A

S p erchei

mos

val

s

ta

pe

ios

ta

a

Sus

is

on

k

W

iğ i r l

ak

Saloniki

E

Gulf of Ismid

M a r m o r a

o f Ma rm ara

Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

a

M

Sr

a

(V ard

Lake Ostrovo

u

Adrianople

a

N e s to s

o

d

m

e

ei

c

Lake Doiran

l

ts

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padna

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na

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SAN MARINO

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n

Vrana Ostrovica Scardona

Zimony

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Border

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M o r a v

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ba

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s

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a

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a

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Karánsebes

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i 1673-1683

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B

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Tuscany

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Duna

Slavonian Border

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ar

a

Ravenna

G

lin

T

r

a

g

n

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io

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P A P A L

V e n i c e

Budački

Adig

a

Partes Annexae

C a r n i Lippa o l a

of T rieste

Temesvár

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Lake Comacc h

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áv

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P A P A L

of

R

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o

g

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es

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up a

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of T rieste

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1

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po

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av

av

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s Aquileja Trieste

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va

a S av

s

i

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an

Saxons

Vasvár m os

a

l

Győr

H

Ikervár

Raab

o

z

VENICE

K ő rö

ur

Annexae

St.Andrae Nagyvárad

d

Komját

D

Kőszeg Körmend

P O L A N Dn

Csall óköz

Ráb

m ellék

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M

nau

a

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u tu

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y

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l

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t

Seckau Mu r

C a r i n t h i a

St.Andrae

o

Annexae

S

i

Ra a b

ns

ur

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Pr

h

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K

T

Buda y

t

T iFs ear t ő

S A L Z B UM R G

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Duna

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A

Vienna

Tisa

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i

d

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Tyrol

Mor

E

Lake Fe r t ő

Leoben

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G a ra

bb

y

Ye

Latorca

A u s t r i a

Salzburg

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a

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Ip o ly

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a

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Csall óköz

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A nns U

B A V A R I A

an

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nau

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s

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e

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r

e t e

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Cape E rgene

Constantinople

C y p r .u s

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E A

Fam agus ta Larn aca

k Čekm Büyü hos edze Pap Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Lim asso l

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Gulf of Saros

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tr

it

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ik

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is

on

W

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ios

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o

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op

o

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al

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ti

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r o na

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o

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Gulf of A e g i n a

Methana

Kithnos

Koroni

Naxos

Duchy of Naxos

Polyaigos

M

Gulf of Laconia

K os

Gulf of Kos

Gulf of Adalia

Stampalia (Astypalaia) Nisyros

Santorini

Syme

Rho des

Telos

Anafi

Cape Malia

E

Cape Matapan

Kalym nos

Amorgo s

Nios

Sikinos

Folegandros

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Gulf of Mendela

Leros

Kimolos

Melos

Patmos

Paros

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Monemvasia

M en d e r e s

Myconos

Antiparos

o

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Cape Sounion

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n

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Gulf of Mendela

tra

Philippopoli

Kissamos Bay

Saseno

Valona a 1521-1526

M

h

Cerigotto

Se

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

M Polyaigos

a Marits

Gramvousa

Lake Prespa

ni

O

ma

c

Tr a i

Me n

Leros

Anafi

R

ru

it ra St

Monastir

R

Patmos

Cape Malia

Axios

a

Sulina

Branch

Sulina

A

Aidin

Naxos

Folegandros

ar

M

Lake Ochrid

eka

Jan

s a i nAmorgos Duchy of Naxos o u n Niost

Kimolos

Melos

es

R

Bran c h

Ikaria

n

Delos

Paros

Sifnos

l k a n

Monemvasia

Gulf of Laconia

a

V a l l um

Samos

Antiparos

a

rd

i

Elbasan

ta s

Mor

va

mb

lnic

N

Manissa

be

lia

S t. G

Smyrna

e

av

b

l

sa

na

ra

in

ku

ga

of Smyrna

I G K N

Mo

Va

T

Dr

E

Durazzo

Sh

T

Kilia

Myconos

Rinia

•••

Du

Ti

n)

I

T

ra ia n u m mT

h

garia

D

na

Du

Hermupolis

r Iske

B

CerigoS t

Skopje

Dunai

iz

Ged

a Gulf

Vathy

Tenos

Serifos

o

Cape Matapan

n

mits

Gyurgyevó

Kithnos

Hydra

Passavâ

Kelapha

u

A

Danu

Gyaros

Maina

Black

in

Boja

in

O

Dr

Dulcigno

ri

Keos

Spetsai

Eur

za

Bay of Chesmé

Siros

Kastri

Zarnata

Jalo

de Andros

lu

Ki

Brăila

Bu

Turnu Magurele

Thermisi

Misthra

je

E Dr

Scutari

Whi t e D

M

Kuci

Gulf of Nauplia

M o r a

Methoni

Karistos

Brussa

Methana

Kiveri

Po l

Spuž

ari

or

ul

vo P B i es c s k a tr ica

Ve

area

na Gulf of A e g iRahovo Cape Sounion

Nauplia

Kalamata

Dun

Aegina

Lara

Burdshi

Gulf of Messenia Koroni

Gulf

E

A

I

dz

D n ie s te r L im a n

Akkerman

nc

(B

Saronic

Edr

f f o

d emi

C h i o s

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis

Korinthos

na

(Mytilene)

Ar

Athens

a

Gul

Psara

os

A t t i c a

Dn

a

E ǧ r i b o z

Corinth

ip

a

H

C

A

L

A

mok

ios

Navarino Bay of Navarino Pylos

so

im

Lake S c u t a ri

Pastrovi ći

of

R

e

S

Isnik

r

a

Al p h e

W

A

Lala

e

Negroponte l (E u b o i a ) Zi ul Chalkis

na

t

zn

To p l i c a

Ko

Lim

L

Žabljak Upper Pulati

Budua

Otranto

r

Gulf

Olympia

Ju

ar

Z

et a

i C a t t a r o Grbalj

Sea

Kalavryta

Ca

Ol

ava

o

a

ti

al

M

an

an

E l i s

Ib

K

Ta r a

Cetinje

tiv

i

a

ra

Brda MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya

An

)M or

al

Eur

(Peloponnesos)

a r n i ca

a

Bay of Spizza

an

ot

Klobuk

in

bi

b

in

Ta

om

or

er

At

Rim

Lesbos

C

na

Ceh

a

H e r z e g oNiksic vina

ut

M o r a v

ri

a sk

(S

Zante

r

Lamia

Szörényvár

Gla

Patras

Castel Tornese Pi n e i o s

Gulf of

Lepanto=Na upaktos =Antirrhion

c h a i a

I

Skyros

Salona

Rrhion Vostitsa

P

Sporades

Lamia

Gravia

Orsova

Dunav

A

a

e

I s U v alc a n d s

D r in S

je ut

apadna

(Zakinthos)

m

V rachori

Gulf of Patras

S

o

Mehadia

Mesolongi

Lixuri

D

a

Ithaca

Argostoli

Z Li

a

K a r l i -DEulni

a Cephalonia K o lu b a r

os

m ta

i l l ko

Besika Bay

´

Northern

Skopelos

i

Zimony La Punta

Santa Maura (Levkas) va Sa

I o n i a n S e a

Belgrade Vonitza

Sperchei

s

Szabács

Sava Srebrenica

Gulf of Arta

b

Preveza

M

Tenedo s

te

v

a

Chelidromia

Kum Kale

•••

Mud ania

ik

Troy

Tavshan Isls Moudros

n

a

Dardanelles

M o u n t a i n s

Pelagonisi

a t r p Skiathos C a

Gulf of Vo l o s

th

i

T h e s s a l i a

Mh i a n

Alt Kokkinos

Al u ta

e

ea gx

Lemnos

s

n

o

Gyaros

V ersec

Arta

re

Titel

Karlóca

m

E

S

os

Se

e Antipaxos

I o n i a n

Karánsebes

Mezősomlyó

ng

dra

Imbros

s

r t

es

su

Parga

Pétervárad

P

A

Larissa

s ineio

Trikala

s

l

Bo

D a Paxos nub

Lugos

m

Y a Becskerek n y a

na

y

B

TT e i r éhg aa l a

Csák

o

Ca

Goumenitza

M e l u n a Pa s s Facsád Te

v

san

iğ i r l

Çanakkale (Kale Sultanie)

y

r

rfu

S

Joanina

Óbecse

Co

Corfu

e mp

Kas

os

r Ma

y a ll e

is

Gallipoli

l

Lippa

Lo

M a r m o r a

Marmara

s

sa

s

Mount Athos Gulf of the K ü k ü llő H a g i o n ag y N Oros

Gulf of Kasandra

Gulf of Saros

e

it

Gulf of Saloniki

Temesvár

i

P h i lia t

Eszék

aro s

Holy

p

t e s i o

Feh km -K öros lia ér

tr

A

Maro

Csanád

Tisa

E

Delvino

na B os

Samothrace

k

is

M

aro Szeged s Magyarkanizsa Argyrocastro

Butrinto

a

n

M

W

o a nt Otr

A v l o n y a

Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Io f

S e a

G e l i b o l u

Enos

e

a

Rodos to

Dedea gach

i

Ka

i

Mohács

áv

Thasos

Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

Veria

Maros

z

E d i r n e

s

Kavalla

Survey 4: Greece and the islands from 1521 to 1699 T r a n s y l v a n i a

n of n o Saseno n DOM Cape Glossa LES apos o r L i n g u ept toa s (Span. Bay of Bourbon) Va l o n a Otranto

Dr

Lake Tachino

on

S

Kastoria

Y

e s to s

e - Kő r ö

R

m

a

L a kkee t O s tFreo v o

Filorina

ti

A

Se b es - Kő r ö s

A

Florina

ares)

Se

ni

G

Lake Prespa

s K ő rö

ard s (V

Ochrid

N

m

of

a

U

g n s á y k u a g

it ra St

H

Sphakiotes

C

Sphakia

N

E

A

N

S

r

E A

Knossos

e t e

Spinalonga

ll of e y ra b B a Mi

Kasos

Nicosia

o

C y p r u s

T roödos Mnts.

Famagusta Larnaca

Paphos Limassol

b 1526-1530 144

Hans H.A. Hötte - 978-90-04-28888-1 Downloaded from Brill.com02/08/2023 11:20:33AM via Universite degli Studi di Milano

a Crn

ic er M

N

Thessaloniki

k h

z d

u

l

Va

B a

j u r

m

Me

and e r

D

S e a

a

Gulf of Adalia Syme

Nisyros

Rho des

G u l f o f BTue lrogsa s

r

Chalke

Rho des

ndga

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

Tu

Scarp anto

Adrianople

sa

Kyrenia

Spinalonga s

of E y r oo B ab ve l l ira

Knossos

e t e

M

Kasos

Cape E rgene Sideros

Bosporus Nicosia

Constantinople

Famagusta

C y p rt s . u s T roödos Mn

S

Gulf of Orphani

a

Ç.

Sus

Pruth

D u n a rea

o n d ža

E A

Larnaca

Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Paphos

ic

A

r

St.George

Gulf of Kos

K os

er

Bre

ares)

E

an u

Black

i

Ti

Lake Tachino

on

e s Bra

“Dragon”

Heraklion

C

Sphakia

rg

K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N

t Rhetymno s.

Sphakiotes

Mendelia

Kalym nos

S e a

M

ç e rn a

o op

a

Suda

Tr a i

b

on

es Te

m

Aspr

t

l

S u

a

i

n

Ol

Ti

M a r m o r a

o f

Limassol

Marmara

Gulf of Saros

Ç.

Gallipoli iğ i r l

is

on

W

tr

ia Al

it

sa

km

Gulf of

Argyrocastro

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

ik

Dardanelles

E

Delvino

t e s i o

i

Te m

ios

Pine

o

rfu

v a ll

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

na l

Parga

M

Preveza

Gulf of Arta

Vonitza

ta

o

op

Lamia

al

an

ti

g Ca

r o na

p

o

r

e

a

ios

Burdshi

Cape Sounion

Pylos Methoni

Kelapha

Myconos

Rinia Siros

Delos

Hermupolis

Gulf of

Mendelia

Gulf of Mendela

Paros

(Minoa)

o

Naxos

Sifnos Kimolos

Monemvasia

M

Gulf of Laconia

Duchy of Naxos

Polyaigos

Melos

Kalym nos

Gulf of Kos

K os

Amorgo s

Gulf of Kos

Gulf of Adalia

Stampalia

Nios

Sikinos

Folegandros

Maina

Nisyros Santorini

Syme

Rho des

Telos

Anafi

Cape Malia

E

Cape Matapan

Patmos

Leros

Serifos

Antiparos

Passavâ

Koroni

Ikaria

Kithnos

ta s

Zarnata

Gulf of Messenia

and e r

M en d e r e s

Samos

Tenos

Gyaros

Hydra Spetsai

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Me

Vathy

Misthra

Eur

A N A T O L I A

Andros

Keos

Gulf of A e g i n a

Nauplia

iz

Bay of Chesmé

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or

Gulf of Nauplia

Kalamata

Ged

C h i o s

al

Korinthos

(Peloponnesos)

Al p h e

E

mid

os

Athens

Castel Tornese

M

i a)

ip

Corinth Kalavryta

Pi n e i o s

dre of E

Gulf of Smyrna

Psara

n

of

A c h a i a

a n d s

Gulf

a

e

S

an

Patras

o

t e (E ub o

l

Eur

Gulf

R

C

Rrhion

Gulf of Patras

Zante

Sporades

e

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Ithaca

Cephalonia

At

I

Northern

N

Gulf of

Aspr

Maura I o n i a Santa n (Levkas)

S e a

Sperchei

mos

o

La Punta

s

I o n i a n

Besika Bay

P

Gulf of Vo l o s

Arta

n

a

e

g

e

A

E

s

Ca

Goumenitza

Paxos

I s l

pe

r

S u

M e l u n a Pa s s

Joanina

Co

Corfu

l

p

Butrinto

P h t ilia

Chalke

Rho des

Kastellorizo

Cerigo

D I

T

E

C r e t e

of

S e a

Scarp anto

Kissamos Bay

Gramvousa

Kyrenia

Suda

Rhetymno Gorg

ar ia f S am

R

eo

R

Suda Bay

Chania

A

Sphakiotes

C

Sphakia

N

E

Heraklion •••

o a nt Otr

Bay of Va l o n a

Sus

ina

Dr aca

Mor

av

b

l sa

na Du

na

b

l

Suda Bay

it

Arda

•••

(V ard

l

g

N e s to s

a

n

Gulf of

Santorini

ar

ar ia f S am

i

N

eo

d

Gorg

u

Sr

m

e

oA n

Lake Doiran

ei

c

ta

B

R

Saseno

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

M

Chania

M

R

Tu

a

e

Sulina

M en d e r e s

Gulf of Mendela

nAmorgos s Duchy of nNaxos t a i Stampalia u Nios o Sikinos

M

o

ka

iz

V a l l um

Naxos

A N C r e t e

of

eo

h

d

Re

Axios

A Valona c 1530-1540

p

es

Lake Ostrovo

ti

M

Bran c h

Branch

Sulina

S t. G

Leros

Philippopoli

a Marits

lia

A N A T O L I A

be

Patmos

Polyaigos

S e a

Kissamos Gramvousa B a y

Se

ni

O

nica

ar

a

Lake Prespa

t

rd

in

M

Lake Ochrid

a

of

OM of S Otranto n. rbon)

u

i mb

m

it ra St ulia

E

Durazzo

k Sh

l

ga

Dunai

Ged

of Smyrna

tra

Anafi

o

Va

T

Dr

Sea

M

Kimolos

Melos

h

I

na

T

Jan

Antiparos

l k a n

Kilia

Myconos

Paros

Sifnos

ra ia n u m mT

Ikaria

n

(Minoa)

a

lu

Ki

Samos

Cape Malia

CerigoS

T

mits Gulf a

Delos

Folegandros

Cape Matapan

Black

Boja

O

in

Dulcigno

Du

Hermupolis

r Iske

Monemvasia

Gulf of Laconia

ma

Scutari

ari

in

Jalo

Vathy

Tenos

Gyaros

Maina

n

u

Gyurgyevó

Rinia

B

ru

tiv

Dr

An

Kelapha

D

Bay of Spizza

Dr

I

anu

Serifos

D n ie s te r L im a n

Akkerman

nc

Pastrovi ći

ri

Keos

irl i k

Brăila

D Bay of Chesmé

Kithnos

R

Lake S c u t a ri

E

A

de Andros

Cape Sounion

Aegina

Passavâ

Koroni

E

Budua

of Messenia

za

Psara

Siros

o

Dn

Whi t e D

Žabljak Upper Pulati

Grbalj

Catta ro

Eur

Zarnata

M

che di Cattaro

Methana

Misthra

Kalamata

Gulf

Bu

ACr h i o s dz e

Turnu Magurele

area

r

a

Kuci

Cetinje

Dun

Gulf of

Nauplia

ta s

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

Ve

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or

a

je

Spuž

e

a

os

Hydra

va

im

ip

na

Gulf of Edremid

H

C

A

Spetsai

Po l

L

t e

A u b o i a) L

Gulf of Nauplia

Pylos Methoni

vo

Z

et a

Korinthos

Burdshi

ra

so

Lim

Brda MONTE NEGRO Perasto Katunsksa Nahya

n

(E

ul

Kiveri

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Ko

Ta r a

l

Zi

Rim

R

e

S

i l l ko

Athens

eloponnesos)

Mo

a r n i ca

a

cegno vi el Nuovo )

To p l i c a

o

mok

n)

ar

rin

r

p

of Corinth

garia

Ib

to

(P J u Al p h e i o zn s a (B

a

ra

Niksic

Klobuk

o

in

Ta

om

ca Su

M

ava

ot

H erzegovina ji

isn

Pi n e i o s

Kalavryta

r o na

Eur

Gulf

a

Castel Tornese

)M or

W

ul

Ceh

ka

K

eb

an

ac

a s

bi

Uv

D r in S

je ut

er

i

g Ca

I

Sporades

t

Zante

b

ti

P

Besika Bay

Northern

al

a

a

a( S

Za

m

A c h a i a

e

an

n

a

Ol

na

Li

Patras

a

r

al

i

ri

i

e

At

M

M o u n t a i n s

an

D

I s l

Rrhion

Gulf of Patras

a n dp a d n sS

Lamia

Szörényvár

e

C

M o r a v

ra

Gulf of

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Ithaca

K o lu b a Cephalonia

Orsova

Dunav

b

Sa

na

Alt

Al u ta

te

v

Du

N

th

S e a

o

Mehadia

re

Santa Maura (Levkas) va

I o n i a n Bos

Zimony La Punta

mos

Se

Szabács

ta

t

Dardanelles

s

Sava Srebrenica

Vonitza Belgrade

Sperchei

s

I o n i a n

Gulf of Arta

n

o

gx

a

iğ

y

Titel

Karlóca Preveza

a

kü

l

i

gy K ü

Mh i a n

a r p C a

Gulf of Vo l o s

V ersec

s

m

e

is

Gallipoli

e

r t

Arta

E

k

D aPaxos nube

n

su

´

S

M a r m o r a

Marmara

e

s

l

Bo

na B os

Mezősomlyó

Na

Tig hin a =Bender

Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

o f

S e a

Gulf of Saros

llő

s

A

Lugos

ios P i n e Karánsebes

i

na

y

ér

Ca

Becskerek

ro

Pinios a ( S a l a m v r i a sM )

ey

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

a ll ev

aro s

T r a n s y l v a n i a

Gulf of

p M e l u n a Pa s s Facsád Te m

Bé ga

em

o

Goumenitza

T

Csák

Parga

S

baš

s

es

rfu

Bács

žega

Joanina

Óbecse

Co

Corfu

Feh km Köros

Lippa

Temesvár

r

Eszék

Maro

t e s i o

i

P h t ilia

a

sa

Butrinto

ia

Al

Tisa

p

Zombor áv

ros Csanád

Delvino Szabadka

E

Dr

Ma

Magyarkanizsa Argyrocastro

Mohác s

Siklós

z

A

M it

Baja

Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

tr

Szekszárd Va l o n a

Maros

S

Valona

Bay of

OM of S getvár Otranto n. rbon)

s

e s to s

a

os

- Kő r ö

Lake Tachino

on

s

m

i

L a k ke e t e O s tFr eo v o

ti

is

o a nt Otr

Kapos

Saseno

Y

W

n C a po e Glossa Szászvár o r L i n g u e pt t a

ni

S e b e s - K ö rö

R

Monastir

es)

n

A

Lake Prespa

s K ő rö

a

n

G

Se

m

a

Ochrid

N

Kalocsa Ka

P

Simontornya

of

ulia

U

ardar s (V

Ozora

g n s á y k u a g

H

it ra St

Lake alaton

r

Knossos

e t e

Spinalonga lo of el y ab B aM ir

Cape Sideros

Kasos

Nicosia Famagusta

C y p nrt s . u s T roödos M

A

N

S

E A

Larnaca

Paphos Limassol

d 1540-1550 145

Hans H.A. Hötte - 978-90-04-28888-1 Downloaded from Brill.com02/08/2023 11:20:33AM via Universite degli Studi di Milano

ic er M

a k

Ç.

Sus

d

z

h

Pruth

l

u

Va

B D u n a rea

t

e s Bra

St.George

a j u

r

b

Me

o

and e r

res

D

S e a

Black

Gulf of Adalia Nisyros

Rho des

G u l f o f BTue lrogsa s Chalke

Rho des

ndga

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

Tu

N

Scarp anto

Adrianople

sa

Kyrenia

s

oEf v re o y ra b B a Mi

S

Knossos

e t e

Kasos

Cape E rgene Sideros

llo

Bosporus Nicosia

Constantinople

Famagusta

C y p r u s T roödos Mnts.

Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e Paphos

ic

r

N e s to s

E A

S e a

M a r m o r a

o f

M a r m a r aa

Gulf of Orphani

Limassol

Gulf of Saros

Ç.

Gallipoli

l

iğ i r l

tr

it

km

sa

Gulf of

Gulf of Kasandra

Corfu

l

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ti

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Bay of Va l o n a

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Annexae

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m

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it ra St

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r

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of y B a e llo b ira

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Nicosia

C y p r u s

Famagusta

T roödos Mnts.

E A

h 1606-1649 147

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s

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Troödos Mnts.

E A

j 1673-1683 148

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o

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res

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Cape Sounion

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a

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l

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e

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e

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i

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E

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Rhodes

Cerigo

D

E

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ar ia f S am

R

Gorg

A

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Heraklion Sphakiotes

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r

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Suda Bay

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of

S e a

I

T

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ni

a

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e

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m

of

. on)

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c

ardar s (V

i t r a S t

Lake Prespa

ulia

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a

M

Ochrid

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Knossos

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M

of y B a e llo b ira

Cape Sideros

Kasos

Nicosia

C y p r u s

Famagusta

Troö dos Mnt s.

A

N

S

E A

k 1683-1699

149

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Index A Abaúj 12 Abaza Hasan Pasha 13 Adakale 98, 121 Adrianople (T. Edirne) 9, 10, 11, 15, 57 Adriatic 9, 10, 16 Aegean 7, 10, 13, 16, 52 Aegina 17 Agram 75 Ahmed II 16 Ahmed l 11 Ajnácskő 71 Akıncılar 3 Akkerman 9, 51 Ak-Koyunlu 4 Albania 10, 15 Alexander Mavrocordato 15 Alexey I 96 Algiers 16 Ali, the beglerbegi of Buda 12 Anatolia 97 Andrea Doria 9 Andros (T. Andıra) 10 Antirihon 116 Antivari 10, 17, 71 Aprikorno 91 Arad 11, 14, 63, 72 Athens 16, 116 Augustus of Saxony 16 Austria 3, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17 Austrian 88 Azov (Azak kalesi) 16

B Babócsa 10, 11, 67, 99 Bács 56 Bácska 15 Bahçesaray 105 Bánát 10, 17 Banat of Jajca (H. Jajcai Bánság) 31 Barbarossa, Hayreddin 48, 49, 51, 52, 54 Barcsay, Ákos 97 Báthory, “Prince” 82 Battle of Bela Hora 12 Battle of Mohács 7 Battle of Szalánkemén 16 Battle of Szentgotthárd 100 Bayezid I 3 Bayezid II 3, 4 Bay of Azov 16 Becse 10, 17 Becskerek 10, 17 Belgrade (Nándorfehérvár) 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 30, 38, 40, 42, 46, 47, 57, 67, 72, 97 Bender 9 Benkovac 108 Bereg 12, 88 Berzence 11 Bessarabia 9 Bethlen, Gábor 90 Bihac (H. Bihács) 10, 11, 40, 71, 75 Black Sea 16 Bocche di Catarro (Bocche di Cattaro; Bay of Kotor; Boka Kotorska, Montenegro) 17 Bocskai, István 12, 85, 88 Bodrum 33 Bohemia 3, 4, 8, 10, 12 Borsod 12 Bosnia 3, 7, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 40, 41, 50, 120 Bosut 17 Böszörmény 14 Brăila (T. Ibrail) 9, 53 Bucak 51

Buczacz 104 Buda 10 Budački 83 Buda (T. Budīn) 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 38, 40, 43, 56, 57, 58, 72, 84, 109, 112, 113, 114 Budua 10, 17, 54, 71, 72 Buják 14 Butrinto 9, 17

Érsekújvár (today in Slovakia Nové Zámky; G. Neuhäus(e)l, Lat. Novum Castrum, T. Uyvar) 13, 40, 99 Eszék (modern Osijek, T. Ösek) 9, 10, 15, 38, 39, 42 Esztergom (Gran) 9, 11, 12, 14, 57, 81, 85, 100, 109 Eugene of Savoy 14, 16 Eugen von Croy 16 Evrenos-oğulları 3

C

F

Candia 13, 101 Carinthia 4, 10 Carlopago 12 Carniola 10, 65 Casimir, John II 12 Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi) 9, 17, 54 Cetin 7 Chania (It. Canea, T. Hanya) 91 Charles of Lorraine 14, 15 Charles V 8, 9 Chios (T. Sakız) 10, 16, 126 Chyhyryn (T. Çehrin, Ru. Chigirin) 13, 14, 105 Constantinople 7, 8, 9, 15, 16 Corfu 9, 17, 49 Cossack 12, 13, 14 Count Kristóf Frangepán 8 Cracow 12 Cretan 91 Crete (T. Girit) 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 49, 52, 92 Crimea 4, 14 Croatia 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 74, 83 Crown of St. Stephen 8 Csákvár 9 Csanád 10, 11, 17 Csele 38 Csele stream 7 Csesznek 11 Csókakő 9 Csurgó 10, 11, 67 Cyprus (T. Ḳıbrıs) 9, 10, 52, 71

Facsád (G. Fatschet) 82 Famagusta (T. Mağoşa) 10, 71, 72 Fazıl Ahmed Pasha 13 Federico Veterani 15 Fehérvár (Székesfehérvár, T. Erdel Belgrad) 80, 97 Felsőbánya 12 Ferdinand 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Ferdinand I 40, 43 Ferdinand III 91 Ferdinand of Austria 7 Fertö 47 Fief-holders (timariots) 7 Folegandros 89 France 12, 14, 15, 91 Francis Rákóczi 14 Frater George 8, 9 Frederick V 12 Friedrich August von Sachsen 16 Fülek 64

D Dalmatia 7, 9, 16, 17, 108 Dalmatian 72, 113 Dalmatian coast 71, 96, 121 Danube 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 56, 57, 88 Danube-Sava line 3 Dardanelles 13 Dervish Pasha 11 Dnieper River 14 Dnjepr 105 Dnjester 104 Dombró 7 Doria 48 Doria, Andrea 47, 51 Doroshenko, Petro 105 Dosza peasant rising 4 Dragoman 15 Dráva 99 Drave 38 Drniš 108 Duare 17 Dubica 17, 41, 51 Duchy of Naxos 9, 10, 74, 89 Dulcigno (Ülkün) 10, 17, 71

E Edirne 49, 97 Eger (T. Eğri) 10, 11, 15, 63, 83, 113, 116 Egypt 4, 7 Elmas Mehmed Pasha 16 England 12, 15 Ernst 10

151

G Gabela 17 Gábor Bethlen 12 Gazi Husrev Beg 46 Georg Christian von Holstein 15 Gesztes 11 Ghazis 3 Giovanni Battista Castaldo, Margrave of Cassiano 9 Giray, Adil 101 Golubac (H. Galambóc, G. Taubenberg, T. Gögerdsinlik) 15 Gora 11 Görz 10 Gospic 41 Grabusa 17 Gradiška 10, 12, 41 Gramvousa (Grambusa) 123 Grand Vizier 67, 79, 85, 97 Graz 47 Grbalj 10 Greece 9, 78 Gulf of Arta 17 Gulf of Chania 91 Gulf of Corinth 10 Gyarmat 14 György Rákóczi I 12 György Rákóczi II 12 György Zrínyi 11 Győr (Raab, T. Yanīḳ-ḳalʿe) 10, 11, 40, 43, 81, 84 Gyula 10, 67, 126 Gyurgyevó (R. Giurgiu, T. Yergöğü) 11

H Habsburg 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Halicarnassus 33 Hasan Pasha 75 Hasan Pasha Predojević 11 Hasan, the Pasha of Buda 11 Hatvan 9, 11, 58, 113 Hayreddīn Barbarossa 9 Heraklion (T. Kandiya) 92 Hetman 14 Hieronym Łaski 8

Hans H.A. Hötte - 978-90-04-28888-1 Downloaded from Brill.com02/08/2023 11:20:33AM via Universite degli Studi di Milano

Holland 12 Hollókő 14 Holy League 9, 10, 14, 15 Homonna 8 Hospodar of Walachia 15 Hotin (T. Hotin, Pol. Chocim, Ukrayna: Chotyn) 13, 14, 104 Hungary 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 47, 62, 109 Hussite rebels 3

I Ibrahim I 12, 13 Ilona Zrínyi 14, 15 Imre Thököly 13, 16 Innocent XI 14 Ionian Islands 9, 17 Ipek 15 Isabella 9 Ismaʿil I 4 Istanbul 49 Istria 10 István Báthory 7, 11 Ivan Samojlovich 14

J Jacob Colyer 16 Jajca 3, 7, 34, 39, 41 Janissaries 7 János Kemény 13 Jasenovac 58 Jászság 67 Jem Sultan 4 Jenő (T. Yanova, Kis Jenö) 10, 11, 13, 97 Joachim, Elector of Brandenburg 9 Joseph Nasi 10

K Kahlenberg 14, 108 Kalamata 16, 111 Kálló 14 Kalocsa 7 Kamen 9 Kamieniec Podolski (T. Kamāniça) 13, 104 Kanina 121 Kanizsa 11, 12, 67, 75, 85, 99 Kaposvár 15 Kara Ahmed Pasha 10 Karaman 4 Kara Mustafa Pasha 13, 14 Karánsebes (Sebeş) 17, 97, 126 Karin 108 Karl Gustav X 12 Karlóca, Congress of 16 Karlóca (Karlowitz, T. Karlofça, in present-day Serbia) 3, 16 Karlovac (Károlyváros) 10 Karposh’s Uprising 15 Kassa 8, 14, 40 Kastelorizo 7, 10 Kenyérmező 3 Keos 49 Kimolos 89 King Lajos II of Hungary 7 King Sigismund of Poland 8 Kiskunság 67 Kissamos 91 Klek 17 Klis (T. Kilis) 9, 46, 48 Knights Hospitaller 7, 8 Knights of St. John 7 Knin 17, 108 Kobaš 41, 46, 47, 48 Kolpa 9 Komárom 7, 11, 40, 43 Köprülü, Ahmed 104 Koroni (T. Ḳoron) 16, 47, 48, 111, 113

Kosovo 120 Kostajnica 10, 64, 65 Kőszeg (Germ. Güns) 8, 47 Krabatische und Meer Gränitz 9 Krastovica 11 Krupa 10, 34, 40, 65, 72 Kulpa 11 Kumkale 13 Kupa 75 Kuruc movement 13 Kuruc ‘Principality’ 14 Kyrenia 71 Kythanos 89

L Ladzhin 13 Lajos II 4, 7 Lake Balaton 84 Larnaca 10, 71 Lemnos (T. Limni) 13 Leopold 12, 13, 14 Lepanto (Nafpaktos, Castel Rumeli T. Inebahtı) 10, 16, 17, 116 Léva 14 Levkas 109 Linea Grimani 17 Linz 91, 92 Lippa (T. Lipova) 8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 62, 82, 89, 126 Lithuania 104 Long Turkish War 14 Louis II, King 38 Louis, Margrave of Baden 14, 15, 16 Louis XIV 13, 15 Lugos 16, 17, 97, 126 Lwów 13

M Macedonia 15 Magyarkanizsa 17 Malkoç-oğulları 3 Malta 8, 10, 14 Mamluk 4, 7 Mani 109 Marburg 47 Maria 7 Maros River 10 Matthias 12 Matthias, Archduke 88 Matthias Corvinus 3 Matthias II 12 Maximilian 10, 15 Mecca 4 Medina 4 Mehmed II 3, 4 Mehmed III, Sultan 83 Mehmed IV 13, 14, 15, 16 Mehmed Köprülü 13, 104 Mehmed lll 11 Mehmed Pasha of Rumelia 11 Mesologi 109 Methoni (T. Modon) 47, 113 Metlika 9 Mezőkeresztes (T. Haçova Muharebesi) 11, 83 Middle Hungary 13 Mihail-oğulları 3 Mihály Apafi 13, 14 Mihály I Apafi 15 Militärgrenze 9 Milopotamo 91 Modon 16 Mohács (T. Mihāč) 3, 4, 7, 38, 42, 57, 114, 116 Moldavia ((H. Moldva, T. Boğdan) 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 51, 53, 70 Monemvasia (T. Menekşe or Benefşe; I. Napoli di Malvasia) 9, 52, 120 Montecuccoli 13 Moravia 12 Morea 9, 16, 17, 113, 115

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Mount Athos 17 Munkács 15 Murad III 10, 11 Murad Pasha, surnamed Kuyucu 11 Mur River 10 Muscovy 13 Mustafa II 16 Mustafa Köprülü 16

N Nadin 48 Nagybánya 12 Nagyharsány 15 Nagyszőlős 13 Nagyvarád (G. Grosswardei, modern Oradea in Romania) 8, 9, 98 Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) 7 Nasi, Joseph 74 Nauplia (T. Anabolu, Gr. Navplion) 9, 16, 48, 52 Navarino 16 Naxos (T. Nakshe) 49, 52 Nicholas (Miklós) Zrinyi 10 Nicopolis 3 Nicosia 10, 71 Nikolsburg 90 Niš 15, 16, 118 Nógrád 9, 11, 12, 58, 64 Northern Sporades 52 Novi 10, 17, 34, 35 Nūr Bānū 10 Nyalábvár 13 Nyitra 7

O Obrovac 108 Olmütz 8 Oppeln 12 Ostrovica 33 Ottoman 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 Ottoman high admiral 10 Ozora 58

P Pact of Wiener Neustadt 7 Paisie, Radu 53 Pákozd 11 Palota (T. Pōlāta) 11, 80, 116 Pál Tomori 7 Pankota 11 Pannonhalma 14 Pápa 11, 14, 81 Parga 9, 17 Párkány (T. Ciğerdelen, G. Gockern, today Štúrovo, Slovakia) 11, 14, 109 Partes Annexae 8, 9, 11, 98 Pasha, Ahmed 63 Pasha, Hajji Hüseyin “Mezzomorto” (Hacı Hüseyin Mezamorta) 16 Pasha, Hasan 75, 78 Pasha, Ibrahim 7, 105 Pasha, Koca Sinan 79, 80, 81 Pasha, Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed 99 Pasha, Köprülü Mehmed 13, 15, 97 Pasha, Lala Mehmed 11, 85 Pasha, Lala Mustafa 72 Pasha of Bosnia 11 Pasha, Seydī Ahmed 98 Pasha, Sokollu Mehmed 67 Pasha, Sokolluzade Hasan 11 Patras 16, 116 Peace of Vasvár 13 Peace of Westphalia 12 Pécs 9, 15 Pereyaslav 96 Persian Gulf 7 Pest (T. Peşte) 9, 11, 109 Pétervárad (G. Peterwardein) 15, 16, 116, 126

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Petrinja 10, 11 Petro Doroshenko 14, 105 Philippopoli (T. Filibe, Plovdiv, Bulgaria) 15 Piccolomini 15 Pirot 15, 16 Piyale Pasha 10 Podolia 13, 14, 17, 104 Poglitza 9 Poland 8, 12, 13, 14, 17, 96, 97, 104, 105 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 13, 14 Polje 11 Polyaigos 89 Pope 10, 14 Pozsony (G. Pressburg, Bratislava) 7, 12, 44 Prague 12 Preveza (T. Preveze) 9, 17, 51, 109 Prizren 15

R Ragusa 17 Rákóczi, György 91, 97 Rákóczi II, Prince György 97 Rákos field 9 Ratibor 12 Red Sea 4 Regéc 12 Reliquiæ reliquiarum olim inclyti Regni Croatiæ 11 Rethymno 91 Rhine 15, 16 Rhodes 7, 32, 33, 52 Richelieu 12 Rion 116 Ripač 10, 11 Risano 17 River Raab 13 Romania 15 Royal Hungary 8 Rüdiger von Starhemberg 14 Rudolf II 10, 11, 12 Russia 105 Russian 14 Ryswick 16

S Sabacz (Šabac, T. Böğürdelen) 7, 30 Safavid 4, 7, 8, 11 Salona (Solin) 9 Samoilovich, Ivan 105 Sancak 9 Santa Maura 17 Sárospatak 8 Sava 7, 8, 11, 15, 17 Scardona (Hr. Skradin) 96 Scarpanto 52 Second Holy League 10 Seddülbahr 13 Selim I 4 Selim II 10 Semlin 38 Serbia 7, 15 Sifnos 89 Şihabeddin Pasha 3 Sikinos 89 Siklós 9, 15, 57, 59 Silesia 12 Simontornya 15, 58 Sinan Pasha 11 Sinj 9, 17, 108, 113 Sirmium 7 Sisak (T. Siska, Hung. Sziszek) 11, 75, 78 Siyavuş Pasha 15 Skradin 108 Slavonia 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17, 47, 50, 57, 116 Slawonische Gränitz 9 Slunj (Hung. Szluin) 11 Smederevo (H. Szendrő, L. and R. Semendria, T. Semendire) 3, 15 Sobieski, Jan III 14, 108, 109

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha 10 Solymos 11 Sopron 7, 14 Sopron Compromise 14 Spain 7, 10, 15 Spinalonga 17, 92 Srebrenica 44 Statuta Valachorum 12 Steinfeld, Battle of 47 St Gotthard 13 St. John 33, 47 Styria 4, 8, 10, 13 Suda 17, 92, 123 Süleyman 43, 53, 57 Süleyman I 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 47, 49, 51 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 Süleyman II 15, 16 Süleyman Pasha 15 Süleyman, Sultan 31, 38, 42, 46, 66 Sutorina 17 Sweden 91 Syria 4, 7 Syrmia 44 Syrmium 17 Szabács (Šabac, T. Böğürdelen) 122 Szabolcs 12 Szalánkemén 123 Szászfenes 12 Szászvár 9 Szatmár 12, 88 Szécsény 14 Szeged 10, 15, 16, 38, 80 Székesfehérvár (T. Istōlnī or Ustōlnī Belgrād) 7, 8, 11, 15, 38, 40 Szekszárd 9 Szentkereszt 14 Szentmárton 11 Szigetvár 10, 59, 64, 66 Szina 8 Szolnok 10, 14, 63 Szőny (near Komárom) 12

T Tabor 3 Tarcal 12 Tarnów 8 Tatar 12, 13 Tata (Totis) 11, 14, 65, 81 Tatra Mountains 7 Temesvár (T. Temeşvar; today: Timişoara, Ro.) 3, 4, 10, 16, 17, 63, 72, 127 Tenedos (T. Bozcaada) 13 Tenos 17 Thrace 78 Tihany 11 Tinos 9 Tisa-Maros line 17 Tisa River (H. Tisza, G. Theiss) 8, 9, 14 Tito 17 Todorovo 73, 74 Tokaj 12, 88 Torda 9 Tövija 3 Transylvania (H. Erdély) 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 82, 85, 90, 97, 98, 116, 122 Treaty of Bahçesaray 14 Treaty of Balázsfalva 15 Treaty of Buczacz 14 Treaty of Karlóca 16, 134 Treaty of Madrid 12 Treaty of Nikolsburg 12 Treaty of Szöny 12 Treaty of Vienna 12 Treaty of Zsitvatorok 12, 14 Treaty of Żurawno 14 Trieste 10 Turkoman 4 Tuscany 14 Tyrol 10, 11

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U Udbina 40, 41 Ugocsa 12, 88 Uj-begis 3 Ukraine 105 Ukrainian 14 Una River 10, 72 Unna 10 Uskoks 9 Utješenović 8 Uzun Hasan 4

V Vác (T. Waç) 9, 11, 14, 58, 85, 89, 109 Vág River 14 Valona (T. Avlonya, Alb. Vlorë) 49, 121 Valpó 9 Varasd (Varaždin, Warasdin) 8, 47 Vasvár 13, 100 Vázsony 11 Veliko Brdo 17 Venetian 121 Venice 9, 10, 12, 14, 17, 109 Veröce 14 Veszprém (T. Wesprim) 11, 14, 79, 80 Vidin 15, 16, 118 Vienna 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 42, 43, 44, 46, 88, 90, 100, 108, 109 Világos 10, 11, 12 Visegrád 9, 11, 14, 40, 81 Vladislav 4 Vonitza 109 Vorarlberg 10 Vorder Österreich 10 Vrana 108 Vrgorac 17 Vrlika 17

W Wallachia (H. Havasalföld) 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 82, 96, 97 War of the League of Augsburg 16 Warsaw 12 Wiener Neustadt 47 William III 15 William Lord Paget 16 Windische Gränitz 9

Z Zagreb 12 Zante 9, 17 Zápolya, János (John Zápolya) 7, 40, 42, 43, 56, 62 Zápolya, John II Zsigmond 9 Zara 96 Zemplén 12 Zengg (Senj, Segnia) 9, 34, 35 Zenta 16, 128 Zimony (Zemun) 7 Zlatitsa Pass 3 Zombor 56 Zrínyi 10, 11 Zrínyivár (T. Zerinvar) 100 Zsigmond 3, 8, 9 Zsigmond, Báthory 11 Zsigmond, János 9 Zsitva 88 Zsitvatorok 88 Zülfikar effendi 15 Žumberak 9 Zupa 17 Żurawno (T. İzvança) 14, 105

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