Atlas of Southeast Europe (Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section 1; The Near and Middle East) [Lam ed.] 9004340769, 9789004340763

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Atlas of Southeast Europe

Handbook of Oriental Studies Handbuch der Orientalistik SECTION ONE

The Near and Middle East Edited by Maribel Fierro (Madrid) M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (Princeton) Renata Holod (University of Pennsylvania) Florian Schwarz (Vienna)

VOLUME 108/3

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ho1

Atlas of Southeast Europe Geopolitics and History Volume Three: 1815–1926 By

H.H.A. Hötte Edited by

Gábor Demeter Dávid Turbucz

LEIDEN | BOSTON

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017958420

Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/ brill-typeface. issn 0169-9423 isbn 978-90-04-34076-3 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-36181-2 (e-book) Copyright 2018 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.

Table of Contents

The Author & the Atlas

3

Historical Narrative

5

Selected Bibliography

13

General Legend 1521-1926

15

Legend of the Habsburg Dominions

20

Maps 1. 1796-1815

25

2. 1815-1833

51

3. 1833-1849

75

4. 1849-1870

81

5. 1870-1881

95

6. 1881-1911

111

7. 1912

117

8. 1913

127

9. 1914 - ’1918 - WW1

135

Index

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The Author & the Atlas This atlas was conceived and produced by Hans H.A. Hötte, who died in 2007. Hötte was born in 1922 in Semarang, the Netherlands Indies, and was educated in the Netherlands. His interests in the rich and complex history of Middle and Southeast Europe already dated back to his years in high school, but it was not until the Second World War that he turned his full attention to the subject. In 1943 Dutch students were forced to pledge their loyalty to the Nazi authorities who had occupied the Netherlands in 1940. Hötte’s refusal to make the pledge made it impossible for him to continue his medical studies and his first attempts at map-making date from this period. After the war Hötte recommenced his medical studies, becoming a full-time ophthalmologist in the 1950s. His medical career proved impossible to combine with his passion for the history and geopolitics of Southeast Europe, but he made annual trips to the area to gather further information. In 1970 he obtained his PhD from the University of Amsterdam with a study called Orbital Fractures (published in London by William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd. in the same year). After Hötte’s retirement, he took up map-making again and began working on what he came to regard as his most important life’s work, an electronic historical atlas of Southeast Europe. Using specialised software and engaging a professional typesetter to help build the files, he compiled a digital atlas layer by layer. His expertise as an ophthalmologist was relevant to the project, because he used only those colours and patterns of demarcation which create contrasts that are optimal for the human eye; this also explains why the background to all maps is grey instead of white. During the final years of the author’s life discussions with IDC Publishers (which was later taken over by Brill) about an online publication stranded because the technical hurdles were insurmountable. Despite technological advances, these challenges are still difficult to overcome, so it was decided to publish the atlas in print first. Volume One of the Atlas of Southeast Europe, covering the period 1521-1699, was published in 2015, i.e. several years after the author’s death. For the first volume Colin Heywood edited the author’s “historical commentaries”, while the original typesetter Hötte had worked with, Huibert Stolker, extracted the maps included in this volume from the complex files in the author’s estate. Volume Two of the Atlas of Southeast Europe, covering the period 1699-1815 and edited by Béla V. Mihalik, was published in 2016. For this Third and final volume of the Atlas of Southeast Europe the methodology of the earlier two volumes has been retained, so Volume Three also contains two types of maps: survey maps, which represent a static situation at the beginning of a (CE) calendar year, and detailed maps which zoom in on particular events. Each new section begins with a survey map, which shows the situation immediately after the events of the previous section. Volume Three ends at the conclusion of the First World War for the Ottoman Empire. The publisher gratefully acknowledges the support and patience of Hans Hötte’s widow, Doris Hötte-Wintgens. Without the conscien­ tiousness of Huibert Stolker and his team, especially Valentine Stolker, at Stip Grafisch Ontwerp in Driebergen, these volumes would never have come about. Maurits van den Boogert BRILL

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Historical Narrative 1815-1833

held Ypsilantis prisoner for seven years. After his release he moved to Vienna, where he would die on 29 January 1828. By the end of 1821 the Ottomans have regained control over Moldavia and Wallachia. Nevertheless, these events are later considered the initial stage of the Greek War of Independence.

After the Ottomans had suppressed the First Serbian Uprising (14 February 1804 to 7 October 1813), they gave many of its leaders official titles in a vain effort to incorporate them into the Empire. Nevertheless, the Serbs started planning a new insurrection, a process that culminated in the proclamation of open revolt in Takovo on 24 April 1815. Miloš Obrenović was chosen as its leader. On 11 April 1815 the Serbians had already burned the town called Palež by the Turks and Zweibrücken in German. Later in 1815 the town of Požarevac, which had been involved in the First Serbian Uprising, became part of the Second Uprising too. It would become Obrenović’s second capital, after Kragujevac. The first major town the Serbian revolutionaries took was Rudnik. They then continued towards the Ottoman positions near Čačak. On 6 May 1816 they encountered a larger Ottoman cavalry force which attacked the Serbians from the rear. The rebels retreated to the Ljubić hill, just northeast of Čačak. There they regrouped and took up new strategic positions, also receiving reinforcements. On 8 May an Ottoman attack was repulsed successfully, using the terrain to the rebels’ advantage. The Turks were routed and retreated with the Serbians in pursuit. It was the most important battle of the Second Serbian Uprising. The leader of the First Serbian Uprising, Kara George, also joined the Second Uprising, but he was assassinated on 24 July 1817, possibly at Obrenović’s behest. At the Treaty of Bucharest (signed on 28 May 1812) which had ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812, the Kilia branch of the Danube had been designated the border between Russian and Ottoman territory. Claiming that the Kilia branch of the river sometimes moved and was therefore unclear as a border, in 1817 the Russians claimed the area to its south as far as the Sulina branch. The evacuated population was relocated by the Ottomans.

The Ottoman military leader Hurşid Ahmed Paşa (d. 1822), who had been instrumental in the Ottoman repression of the Second Serbian Uprising, was appointed governor of the Peloponnese (Morea) at the end of 1820. Early in 1821 he marched on the provincial capital of Ioanina (T: Yanya) to bring down its independent-minded governor-general, Tepedelenli ʿAlī Paşa. This meant that the Morea was relatively vulnerable in Hurşid Ahmed Paşa’s absence. When the first Greek revolts erupted there a few months later, Hurşid Ahmed Pasha immediately sent back troops in an effort to quell the unrest, while personally continuing his siege of Ioanina. By the end of March 1821, however, the Greeks controlled the inland territories, while the Ottomans retained only the fortified cities, e.g. Nauplia (Nauplion), Patras, Monemvasia, and Tripolitsa. In September 1821 the Greek rebels managed to take the governor’s seat of Tripolitsa. Its Muslim and Jewish populations were massacred by the Greeks. Dissent over these events would eventually create a division between a military faction and a political faction among the Greeks, but at the time the fall of Tripolitsa was an important break-through for the Greek insurrection, which also spread to Crete and some of the islands in the archipelago. The inhabitants of Souli were among the first to take up arms in the Greek struggle, starting already in December 1820. Having come to an agreement with Tepedelenli ʿAlī Paṣa, who was under siege himself, by 12 December they had taken control over the area surrounding their town. In January 1821 they received reinforcements from other Greek communities and even from ʿAlī Paşa’s Muslim Albanian allies, but the latter would re-join the Ottomans as soon as it became clear that the uprising was spreading over the entire Peloponnese. The guerrillas of Epirus would continue to play a role in the uprising in their area. In 1822 the Ottomans responded with a massive military campaign to end the Greek insurrection. After the death of Tepedelenli ʿAlī Paşa, in January, Ottoman troops were deployed to Larissa, where its Ottoman governor-general, Dramalı Maḥmūd Paşa, took command of a large army. They marched south at the end of June 1822, progressing almost without resistance through Boeotia, where they destroyed Thebes. No attempt was made to reconquer Athens, as the Ottoman army proceeded to ancient Korinthos, where the Turkish forces arrived in early July. They find the Ottoman fortress, which the Greeks had taken on 14 January, abandoned, its commander killed. The Greek provisional government fled from Argos as the Ottoman advance continued towards Tripolitsa. The Greeks also abandoned the siege of Nauplia; as a result, its commander ʿAlī Paşa did not surrender until 30 November 1822. However, Dramalı Maḥmūd Paşa failed to take regional logistics into account. The Greeks were applying the strategy of scorched earth in the plains around Argos, so all supplies had to come through the Dervenakia Pass, which Dramalı Maḥmūd Paşa had failed to secure. Trapped in the plains, the Ottomans were forced to retrace their steps through the Pass, where, on 26 July and again two days later, first the Ottoman cavalry was ambushed and routed and then the main army. Dramalı Maḥmūd Paşa escaped, but soon died of natural causes near Corinth. The Ottoman counter measures, which had started so promisingly, thus ended in a complete disaster for the Turks.

In Albania the town of Parga had been under British protection since 1815, after the inhabitants had revolted against the French occupation. In 1817 the British returned Parga to the Ottoman Empire. Preferring exile to living under the (in)famous Ottoman governor-general Tepedelenli ʿAlī Paşa’s yoke, some 4,000 citizens of Parga moved to the island of Corfu, which was under British protection. In April 1820 Alexander Ypsilantis was elected the head of the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) movement for the establishment of an independent Greek state. On 8 October 1820 he announced the imminent start of a revolution. It began in Moldavia and Wallachia, which are under joint Russian and Ottoman suzerainty and therefore lacked Ottoman garrisons. Any Ottoman attempt to stop the insurgents there would, the insurgents thought, be considered a provocation by the Russians. On 25 March 1821 Ypsilanti and his forces crossed the River Pruth. Two days later, in Iaşi, he publicly suggested that Russia was on his side, but the Tsar denied this. Ypsilantis did not march on Brăila, but continued south to Bucharest, where he arrived in early April. Internal dissent between the Greek revolutionaries and Rumanian insurrectionists delays the uprising’s advance. At that point Russia commanded Ypsilantis to lay down his arms, an instruction the Rumanians accepted but the Greeks refused. After the Tsar had allowed the Sultan to react, Ottoman forces entered Moldavia and Wallachia. The revolutionaries lost the Battle of Drăgăşani on 19 June 1821, in the wake of which Ypsilantis fled to Transylvania. The Habsburgs refused to offer him shelter, however, and

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The Greek insurrection spread to Chios from Samos, from whence Greek revolutionaries crossed to the neighbouring island. From March 1822, over a period of four months, the Ottomans devastated the town of Chios and killed tens of thousands of islanders. The events are remembered as the Chios Massacre. On 16 July 1822 the Battle of Peta was fought on a hillside close to Arta. In May and June of the same year the Souliotes had defeated the forces of Hurşid Aḥmed Paşa, who, after having eliminated Tepedelenli ʿAlī Paşa on 24 January 1822, had intended also to pacify the rebellious region around Souli. The victors then joined the Greek insurrection. A contingent of Greek soldiers landed at Mesolongi and moved north overland. They were joined by a battalion of volunteers from all over Western Europe, many of whom where veterans from the Napoleonic wars. Near the village of Peta the Greeks took up strategic higher positions, from where they repelled several Ottoman attacks. The Turks managed to take one of the positions – reportedly without resistance from Albanians who were said to have betrayed the cause – and attack the others from the rear, winning the battle. The Greek leaders managed to escape, but their forces suffered heavy casualties. Between 20 and 25 September 1822 the Ottoman and Greek fleet engaged in a series of skirmishes in the Gulf of Nauplia, which are known collectively as the Battle of Nauplia. Neither side suffer significant losses, but when the Turks failed to break through the Greek lines, they withdrew. For this reason the Battle of Nauplia is considered a Greek victory. After the surrender of Nauplia, the Greek provisional government moved there in January 1823. The Greek insurrection also reached Crete, where revolts broke out in several locations. The Ottomans responded with two counter measures. The first was the mass execution of Christian inhabitants of Heraklion, including the Metropolitan of Crete and five bishops, on 24 June 1821. This is remembered as the Massacre of Heraklion. When this failed to put down the insurrection altogether, the Ottoman Sultan asked Muḥammad ʿAlī, who effectively ruled Egypt automously by now, for assistance. An Egyptian fleet thereupon sailed to Suda, where it arrived on 28 May 1822. Led by Ḥasan Paşa, Muḥammad ʿAlī’s son-inlaw, the Egyptians laid waste to numerous Cretan villages. After Ḥasan Paşa’s accidental death in 1823, another son-in-law of Muḥammad ʿAlī, Ḥusayn Paşa, assumed command of a new Egyptian-Ottoman force that finally quelled the insurrection in Crete by winning the Battle of Amourgeles. This confrontation took place in the middle of the island south of Heraklion on 20 August 1823. By the spring of 1824 only pockets of resistance in the Cretan mountains continued to exist. On the Greek main land, after the victory at the Battle of Peta in July 1822 the Ottoman commander, the Albanian Omer Vrioni, turned south to Mesolongi, which he attempted to take through negotiations. The Greeks stalled long enough to receive reinforcements from the sea, whereupon the Ottoman siege began in earnest. When the Greeks repelled the Ottoman assault of 24 December 1822, the Turks lifted the siege on 31 December. (A year later the Ottomans would try again in vain, and the third siege, by an Ottoman-Egyptian army, would also be lifted without success in April 1826, despite having lasted for a year.) In March 1823 Great Britain de facto recognized the Greek state as independent.

the first Egyptian soldiers are entering it. Others managed to flee, but many were killed or enslaved. On 15 July a Greek force landed on the island, retaking it from the Turks, but before the end of the month, Ḫüsrev Paşa occupied it once again for the Ottomans. On 24 August 1824 an Ottoman and a Greek fleet fought an inconclusive battle at sea just off the island of Kos. They met again in the naval Battle of Gerontas on 29 August 1824, which was fought in the Gulf of Gerontas near Leros, the largest island between Patmos and Kalymnos. Outnumbered, the Greeks focused on setting fire to the Ottoman flagships, which caused the Turks to panic and retreat. This Greek victory was particularly important, because it determined who controlled Chios. The town of Methoni (T. Modon) had been blockaded by Greek insurgents on 18 May 1821, but they had failed to capture it. With the help of the Ottoman navy, the town held strong for several years after. Once again the Ottoman sultan called in Egyptian reinforcements, officially adding the title of governor-general of Morea to Muḥammad ʿAlī’s responsibilities. He delegated the task to his son, Ibrāhīm Paşa, who first sailed to Crete and then to Methoni, where the Egyptian contingent arrived on 24 February 1825. They dug entrenchments there, making Methoni an important base for later operations in the Peloponnese. On 18 May the port of Navarino surrendered to the Egyptians. By June 1825 Ibrāhīm Paşa has reconquered Tripolitsa for the Sultan. His troops fanned out over the Peloponnese, retaking most of it. By the end of 1825 only the Maina and the area east of Nauplia remain in the hands of the Greeks. The Egyptian forces attempted to enter the Maina on 21 June 1826, but they lost each of the three ensuing battles with the inhabitants of the area. In the autumn of 1827 the combined fleets of Great Britain, France and Russia, commanded by the British vice-admiral, Sir Edward Codrington, and a combined fleet of Ottoman vessels, with Egyptian and Tunisian ships, led by Ṭāhir Paşa, converge on Navarino. The naval Battle of Navarino was fought on 20 October 1827 in the harbour of the town. The Ottoman-North African fleet was destroyed, with some three-quarters of its ships sunk and c. 6,000 casualties. As a result of the Ottoman-Egyptian defeat in the Battle of Navarino, Ibrāhīm Paşa, cut off from supplies, concluded a truce with Vice-Admiral Codrington. The Egyptians retreated, although Neokastro remained in Ottoman hands until the spring of 1828. By autumn 1828, the Egyptians withdrew completely, a French force taking their place in Neokastro, but they too left soon afterwards. By the end of 1828 the entire Peloponnese was under Greek control once again. In the archipelago, too, the Greeks now controlled several islands, but the region around Chios and Samos remained Ottoman. In 1829, the Greek insurrection spreads north through Boeotia and Aetolia. By 1831 what would later be called the Arta-Volos Line has been established, demarcating the border of independent Greek territory. In February 1831 the Constantinople Conference was held between the Ottoman Empire on the one hand and the Great Powers – Great Britain, France, and Russia – on the other. It was decided that Greece would become an independent kingdom, with the Arta-Volos Line as its northern border. The Ottoman Empire received 40 million Piaster as indemnification for its loss of territory. The Greek War of Independence formally ended with the London Protocol of 30 August 1832, which repeated the terms of the Treaty of Constantinople. Crete remained under Ottoman rule.

After having largely ‘pacified’ Crete on behalf of the Ottomans earlier, Muḥammad ʿAlī ordered a naval expedition to the strategic island of Kasos, to the east of Crete. On 4 May 1824 the Egyptian vessels, reinforced by Tunisian ships, set sail from Alexandria. On 18 June they opened fire on the town. Less than 48 hours later the island surrendered to the Egyptians. The Egyptian-Tunisian fleet quickly continued north, reaching the island of Psara on 21 June. On 4 July a large group of inhabitants blew up the fortress they were taking shelter in, just as

In retaliation for the Russian participation in the Battle of Navarino (20 October 1827), the Ottoman Sultan Maḥmūd II closed the Darda-

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nelles to Russian ships in early 1828. He also revoked the Akkerman Convention with Russia, signed on 7 October 1826, which had arranged Russian-Ottoman co-suzerainty over Moldavia and Wallachia; the withdrawal of Ottoman troops from the Dabubian Principalities; and the Ottoman cessation to Wallachia of control over Brăila, Giurgiu, and Turnu Magurele. The Akkerman Convention had also secured autonomy for the Principality of Serbia. The Sultan’s revocation of the Convention triggered the Russo-Ottoman War of 1828-1829. In April and May 1828 a sizeable Russian army invaded Moldavia and Wallachia. In June they cross the Danube. The Russians laid siege to Varna, Shumla, and Silistria. On 29 September 1828, they captured Varna. At Shumla the Ottomans had superior numbers and they managed to fence off the Russian attacks. The Russians were unable to capture Shumla and Silistria, being forced to withdraw into Moldavia. Under a new commander the Russian troops resumed their sieges of Silistria and Shumla, crossing the Danube on 7 May 1829. On 2 July a Russian army marched on Constantinople, taking Burgas on 12 July and Adrianople (T. Edirne) on 22 August. The Sultan sued for peace, whereupon the Treaty of Adrianople (14 September 1829) ceded most of the eastern Black Sea shore and the mouth of the Danube to Russia. Russia was allowed to occupy Moldavia and Wallachia until the Ottomans had paid a sizeable indemnity. Serbia becomes autonomous. Moldavia and Wallachia remain under Russian occupation until 1834, when Alexander Ghica II was appointed the Hospodar of Wallachia, while in Moldavia Mihail Sturdza took up that function the same year.

The Hungarians were defeated. On 6 October 1849 the Habsburgs executed 12 Hungarian Generals and one Colonel at Arad.

1849-1870 The Herzegovina uprising (1852-1862), led by chieftain Luka Vukalović, began in the summer of 1852, after the Ottoman Ömer Paşa had attempted to disarm the Herzegovians. Grohovo was one of the regions that refused to pay the Turks a debt, which had sparked the uprising in the winter of 1852-53. Around the middle of the 19th century Russia becomes more overtly expansionist. In July 1853 Russian troops invade Moldavia and Wallachia, which were under Ottoman sovereignty. In October and November 1853 an Ottoman fleet and a combined Russian fleet sail to the Ottoman Black Sea port of Sinope. On 23 October 1853 the Sultan’s declaration of war on the Tsar marks the beginning of the Crimean War (1853-1856). Hostilities elsewhere started almost immediately, but the first major military confrontation was the naval Battle of Sinope on 30 November 1853, a resounding victory for the Russians. The destruction of the Ottoman fleet gave Russia effective control over the Black Sea. After Russia failed to comply with a French-British ultimatum to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities, France and Britain declare war on Russia in March 1854. Gallipoli became their principal naval base. Russian troops made incursions into Ottoman territory in the course of 1854 both from Budzhak and Wallachia. In the east the Russians took Hirsova after a short bombardment and they swiftly marched towards Küçük Kaynarca. The Siege of Calafat started in January 1854, that of Silistria in April. In June 1854 the Allied (British-French) fleets dropped anchor at Varna, where they established an important naval base. February 1854 saw military sorties from northern Montenegro into Ottoman territory. Skirmishes in northern Montenegro slightly enlarged the area under its control at the expense of the Ottomans, whose military efforts were focused on the Crimean War. The Ottomans sent reinforcements to Silistria, which the Russians had besieged since April 1856. The Russians lifted the siege on 24 June, not because of Ottoman resistance, but as a result of Austrian pressure and threats of military intervention. The Ottomans also reconquered Cernavoda and marched north. In the second half of 1856 the Ottomans undid the effects of the Russian campaign of 1853, re-establishing Turkish control over the Dobruja area. The string of fortifications on the south banks of the Danube, from Tulcea to Brăila and Galati too once again were under Ottoman control by the end of 1854. From 1854 to 1856 Wallachia and Moldavia are jointly put under a neutral, Austrian, administration. As a result of the Congress of Paris, the Treaty of Paris was signed on 30 March 1856, ending the Crimean War. The treaty was a success for the Ottomans, who secured guarantees for its integrity from France and Great Britain. It also restored all Russian and Ottoman territories to the situation before the war. A notable exception was the transfer of control over the southern part of Budzhak, including the Danube delta, to the united principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, which ensured free navigation of the Danube for all nations. The area forms a neutral buffer zone between the Ottoman Empire to the south and Russian territory to the north. The Russians considered the outcome of the congress a disaster.

1833-1849 The Treaty of Adrianople (1829) between Russia and Turkey had established free trade for Moldavia and Wallachia, their ports open to the shipping of all nations. The two principalities also began to construct a joint fleet. Crete did not yet become part of the independent Greece. As promised, the sultan granted it to Muḥammad ʿAlī as thanks for Egyptian support in difficult times, but in 1840 Great Britain forced Egypt to return the island to direct Ottoman rule. The revolutionary year 1848, when a wave of uprisings flows over Europe, also affected Hungary, where peace was not restored until August of 1849. It began on 15 March 1848 with mass protest in Pest and Buda, people demanding greater freedom and a union with Transylvania. Hungary got a constitutional government as a result, but remained part of the Habsburg Empire. In the autumn Habsburg troops moved in from Croatia to end the revolution in Hungary. A series of battles ensued: the Battle of Pákozd, on 29 September 1848, which the Hungarians won; the Battle of Ozora, on 6 October, also a Hungarian victory; the Battle of Schwechat, on 30 October, which was the result of the Habsburg retreat towards Vienna after Pákozd, and which the Habsburgs won; and the Battle of Mór on 30 December 1848, also a Habsburg victory. In 1849 the Habsburg armies returned to Hungary in force. In the Spring Campaign the Hungarians recaptured Buda on 21 May 1849 after an 18-day siege. Pest was bombarded. On the same day the Habsburg Emperor Franz Joseph I and Tsar Nicolas I of Russia signed a treaty agreeing that a massive Russian army would help restore order in Hungary if necessary. In the summer campaign of that year the Battle of Györ was fought on 28 June, and the Second and Third Battles of Komárom in July 1849. In the second half of 1849 the Habsburgs gradually re-established control over Hungary. On 2 August they took Szeged without firing a shot, because the Hungarians had retreated; on 9 August the Battle of Temesvár was the last major military confrontation of the Revolution.

The fact that the Treaty of Paris (1856) did nothing for Montenegro frustrated its leaders, who soon joined the open rebellion which had been simmering since 1853. The insurgents won the Battle of Grahovac on 1 May 1858, after which the area under Montenegrin control increased again. The Ottoman government acknowledged the region’s

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desire for more autonomy by establishing a formal border with Montenegro, but the uprising continued noenetheless. In Crete, which had remained under Ottoman rule, the Christian population rebelled in 1858. Negotiations with the Ottoman authorities gave them several privileges, e.g. the right to bear arms, and more autonomy in the domain of Christian family law. Recognition of the equality of Christians and Muslims – the Gülhane Proclamation of which in 1839 the Ottoman sultan repeated in his Imperial Rescript of 18 February 1856 – antagonized the Muslim part of the population, while the Christians continued to strive for a union of Crete with the Kingdom of Greece. In the early 1861 and ’62 the Ottomans, led by Ömer Paşa, made a concerted effort to suppress the rebellion in Montenegro. The Turks managed to split Montenegro in two and threatened to march on Cetinje, the capital, when Montenegro sued for peace. The Prince of Montenegro, Nikola I (r. 1860-1910), signed the Convention of Scutari (Alb. Shköder) with the Ottoman Empire on 31 August 1862. The principality of Montenegro’s formal status as a vassal state was confirmed and its border ratified, but the border between Montenegro and Hercegovina was controlled by the Ottomans. From 1864 Greece is a constitutional monarchy. With the Austro-Hungarian Ausgleich (Compromise) of 1867 Hungary was reconstituted as a separate monarchy, but as part of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Austrian and Hungarian parts each had their own parliament and government. The head of state, who was both Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, embodied their unity.

for the city started on 29 December 1877. The Serbs took the city on 11 January 1878. In response to the uprisings in Herzegovina and Bosnia in 1875 and the April Uprising in Bulgaria in 1876, representatives of Great Britain, Russia, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy met at the Constantinople Conference from 23 December 1876 until 20 January 1877 to discuss the future of these areas. It is decided there that Bulgaria will consist of two autonomous parts. The Ottomans’ refusal to accept the decisions of the Constantinople Conference triggered the Russian-Ottoman War of 1877-78, which is known in Romania as the Romanian War of Independence. The Russians formed a coalition with Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro. Russian troops invaded Ottoman territory from the Budzhak region, as well as through Wallachia. They marched on Sistova, where the Ottomans were defeated in the Battle of Simnitza of 26 June 1877. From there the Russian forces fanned out into the eastern part of what the Constantinople Conference had determined should become Bulgaria. They then took Tirnova on 7 July 1877. The region around Shumla and Varna was defended by Egyptian troops, with British advisors. Despite their victory at the Battle of Karahassanköy in the last days of August 1877, it was the Russians who conquered the area soon afterwards. After the conquest of Tirnova (7 July 1877), the Russians proceeded south, taking Adrianople (T. Edirne) again in 1878 and even advancing as far as Istanbul itself. It was at the village of San Stefano, close to the Ottoman capital, that the Peace treaty of San Stefano was signed on 3 March 1878. This formally ended the Russian-Ottoman War of 1877-1878. Montenegro, with a significantly increased territory, is recognized as an independent state at San Stefano. The Ottoman Empire was forced to cede the northern Dobruja to Russia. The Treaty of San Stefano confirmed the Serbian annexation of the region around the city of Niš, which the Serbs had conquered on 11 January 1878. After the Treaty of San Stefano, Bulgaria was an independent principality. The Russians considered the San Stefano Treaty a temporary arrangement, and the Great Powers were unhappy with Russia’s increased power in the region. Modifications were therefore agreed upon during the Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) and the Treaty of Berlin that came out of it (signed 13 July 1878). Romania was confirmed as an independent state, including the Dobruja region. The Budzhak area became Russian. Bulgaria too was confirmed as an independent state by the Treaty of Berlin, consisting of three parts: the Principality of Bulgaria proper, the autonomous province of Macedonia, and the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia. The Treaty of Berlin also further increased the territory of Montenegro, which was again confirmed as an independent state. Serbia, too, was further enlarged by the Treaty of Berlin, the area south of Niš expanding. In return for support during the Berlin Conference, the Ottoman Empire signed a secret agreement with Great Britain on 4 June 1878, granting the Britons control over Cyprus. In November 1880 the Ottomans handed over Antivari to Montenegro, in line with the Treaty of Berlin. The Treaty of Berlin had also assigned Plava and Gusinje to Montenegro, but after Albanian protests, the two cities were exchanged for Dulcigno, which was added to Montenegrin territory in 1880. Greece had remained neutral in the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877-1878, having received assurances from the Great Powers that its claims on Ottoman territory would be considered favourably after the war. On 2 July 1881 the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece signed the Convention of Constantinople, which arranged the cession of Thessaly and a port of southern Epirus to Greece. The Treaty of Berlin had granted an even larger territory to Greece, but the Great Powers forced it to accept their concessions to the Ottomans, who refused to accept the outcome of the Berlin Conference on this point.

1870-1881 In 1875 the Ottomans were once again confronted with uprisings in the Balkans. Known as the Herzegovina Uprising, because that is where it started in July, it soon spread to Bosnia and would last until 1877. In Bosnia it began in the Mountains of Kozara, Prosara and Motajica, where many villages rebelled. The rebels then took over Banja Luka. On 15 August the Turks were attacked at Dvorište. The rebels besieged Trebinje on 5 August, but by the end of the month the town was in Ottoman hands again. Around the end of August 1875 Montenegro and Serbia sent volunteers to help the rebels. Insurrections were now going on all over Bosnia. On 16 June 1876 Montenegro and Serbia signed an alliance. Two weeks later Montenegrin forces attacked the Ottomans, taking Nikšić in September 1877 after a long siege. They also took several places along the Adriatic coast, including Bar and Ulcinj. In April and May of 1876 there are uprisings in several parts of Bulgaria, which had been carefully planned during the preceding months. The uprising began on 20 April in Koprivstica, where the Ottoman police headquarters was attacked. Serbia joined Montenegro in declaring war on the Ottoman Empire in support of the Bulgarian April Uprising. The Ottomans responded already at the end of April, suppressing the uprisings without mercy. By the middle of May 1876, the uprising has been put down completely at the cost of many lives. Once again newspapers across the continent report about “Turkish atrocities” in Bulgaria. Montenegro was attacked from two directions, but managed to hold out against the Turks. The Serbs’ support of the Bulgarian uprisings also did not go unpunished. From the south the Ottomans marched in the direction of Deligrad in September 1876, but they first moved on Kruševac. The Turks moved north to Paraćin and then to Ćuprija. At the same time an Ottoman force invaded Serbia from Vidin, proceeding via Negotin. In October 1876 the Serbs pushed back the Ottoman forces invading from Vidin in the east and Niš in the south. On 20-21 October 1876 they won the Battle of Deligrad and then advanced on Niš, where the battle

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1881-1911

to divide Albania between the two countries. The agreement between the two countries was part of the Balkan League, a series of bilateral arrangements directed against the Ottoman Empire. Another such agreement was concluded between Serbia and Bulgaria. The latter had designs on Macedonia, but it could not fight the Ottomans alone. For this reason it forged an alliance with Serbia, which would get part of Macedonia. The scheduled division of Macedonia was completed by a Greek-Bulgarian agreement whereby Greece would expand further north in Thessaly and take the region around Thessaloniki.

In September 1885 a nationalist uprising in Eastern Rumelia lead to the declaration of the Unification of Bulgaria on 18 September. This constituted a violation of the Treaty of Berlin, but the Ottomans hesitated to intervene. The Great Powers organized a conference of ambassadors in Istanbul in November 1885 to discuss the matter. Serbia objected to the Bulgarian unification, declared war and invaded Bulgaria on 14 November 1885. The Battle of Slivnica, fought from 16 till 19 November, was won by the Hungarians, who push the Serbian forces back across the border. The outcome of the short Serbo-Bulgarian War of the second half of November 1885 was that the unification of Bulgaria was recognized by the Great Powers.

At the Battle of Lule Burgas, fought from 28 October till 2 November 1912, Bulgarian forces defeated the Ottomans, forcing them to retreat to a line only 30 km from Istanbul. The First Balkan War had started. At the invitation of Serbia, Montenegro also participated in the Balkan League. At the end of 1912 Montenegrin forces marched in various directions, occupying the area their state laid claim to and besieging Scutari in the south from 28 October 1912 to 23 April 1913. Soon after war had been declared, the Greek army moved north, focusing entirely on conquering the strategic city of Thessaloniki, which was also crucial for the Ottomans’ lines of communications. The Ottoman armies being spread out along the anticipated front, the Ottoman line at Thessaloniki was unable to resist the massive Greek attack. On 9 November 1912, the Ottomans surrendered the city, a week after they had lost the Battle of Giannitsa. Thessaloniki’s loss to the Greeks isolated the Ottoman army fighting the Serbs in the north. The Serbs attacked from various sides, laying siege to Scutari (Alb. Skhodër) together with Montenegrin forces, taking Skopje and advancing on Monastir (Bitola), which surrendered on 19 November 1912. In Epirus the Greeks took Preveza (21 October 1912), Ioanina following on 6 March 1913. Scutari did not fall until 23 April 1913. The strategic island of Lemnos was the first to be conquered by the Greek fleet in the last week of October 1912. The Ottoman fleet was deployed in the Black Sea, which allowed the Greeks to acquire control over the Aegean. By the middle of November several islands including Samotrace, Psara, and Ikaria were in Greek hands, while attacks on Lesbos (21 November) and Chios (27 November) followed. Due to fierce Ottoman resistance, they were not taken until 22 December 1912 and 3 January 1913, respectively. The attack on Samos did not happen until 13 March; three days later it too was under Greek control. The Bulgarian forces were divided in three armies, which focused on conquering eastern Macedonia, Adrianople (T. Edirne) and marching on Istanbul. The Italo-Turkish War started on 29 September 1911 and ends on 19 October 1912. The Battle of Rhodes was fought in the first week of May 1912, the Italians capturing the town of Rhodes. They also took control over Scarpato, Kasos and other smaller islands between Samos and Rhodes. On 29 November 1912 Durrazzo (Alb. Durrrës) was occupied by the Serbian troops.

In 1878 the Christian population of Crete had revolted against the Ottoman government yet again. Despite Ottoman concessions in August, the revolt continued. It was led by three revolutionary committees. The Ottomans, at war with Russia already, were unable to intervene, so the revolt escalated. In July 1878 the consuls of the Great Powers on the island insisted on a cease-fire, assuring the population that their cause would be considered after the war. At the Congress of Berlin, however, the pre-war status quo was restored, so the revolt continued. On 15 October 1878 the Pact of Halepa was signed by the Ottomans and the representatives of the Cretan Revolutionary Committee. The parties agreed on administrative changes, the reallocation of part of Crete’s taxes to the island itself, and amnesty for all participants in the revolt. The Ottoman administrators of the island would ignore most of the agreements, however, triggering further revolts in later years. After renewed unrest in Crete in 1885, 1888, and 1889, the Ottoman sultan appointed a Christian governor of the island, but this antagonized the Muslim population. Ottoman reinforcements landed on Crete around the same time as Greek volunteers arrived to support the Christians. The fleets of the Great Powers patrolled the waters around the island, which only heightened the tensions. On 15 February 1897 a Greek force landed in Crete and its commander proclaimed the island’s union with Greece. The Great Powers attempted to contain the situation by blockading the island. An international force landed in Crete, taking control over several strategic places and ending the hostilities. The crisis in Crete triggered the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, which was fought on the main land, Greek troops invading Epirus from Larissa in the north. In the West, the Greeks attempted to capture Preveza. In response, Ottoman forces marched into Greek territory, capturing Larissa and moving south to Pharsala and Volos, which fell on 8 May 1897. On 20 September a peace treaty was signed, ending what is also known as Thirty Days’ War of 1897. Greece was forced to pay heavy reparations, as a result of which its economy came under international supervision. In the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 the independent Cretan State was established under Ottoman suzerainty with Prince George of Greece as its first High Commissioner. On 5 October 1908 the Principality of Bulgaria was promoted to a Kingdom with Ferdinand I as its Tsar. The reason was that he had designs for the unification of all areas with an ethnic Bulgarian majority. On 6 October 1908 Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, enraging the Serbs.

1913-1914 On 30 January 1913 an armistice was announced, although fighting continued in several places. Some short-lived new borders were established during the London Conference of 1912-1913, which resulted in the Treaty of London, signed on 30 May 1913. The Great Powers decided that the members of the Balkan League acquired all lands west of the Enos-Midia line, with the exception of Albania. The Ottoman Empire formally recognized the cessation of Crete to the Kingdom of Greece. The exact borders of an independent Albania remained to be determined by the Great Powers after the Treaty of London.

1912 Although Montenegro had grown considerably in the second half of the 19th century, in 1912 there is still a region along its eastern border which it claimed as Montenegrin. Also in 1912 Greece and Serbia agreed

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In Macedonia a zone was disputed, which the Balkan League states had agreed beforehand would come under Russian arbitration in case of a dispute. During the First Balkan War, however, both the Serbians and the Greeks conquered much more territory than Bulgaria had anticipated. Dissatisfied with the settlement of the First Balkan War, Bulgaria attacked it former allies, starting the Second Balkan War (1913). The attack on Greece started on 26 June, that on Serbia three days later. By 29 June the Greek forces have stopped the Bulgarian advance and were ordered to counter-attack. On 28 June the Bulgarians burned Serres while retreating north. On 10 July 1913 Romania declared war on Bulgaria with the explicit aim of ending the Second Balkan War, not of attacking Bulgaria itself. By 23 July Romanian forces approached Sofia. The Romanian intervention would prove to be decisive. Romania’s success stimulated the Ottomans to attempt to win back the territories in eastern Thrace it had recently lost. Regaining Adrianople (T. Edirne) was the main objective of the Ottoman intervention, which began on 12 July. The Ottomans re-occupied Adrianople n 23 July. They then continued in pursuit of the Bulgarians across the border. Russia came to Bulgaria’s rescue, threatening to attack Istanbul with its Black Sea fleet, which in its turn triggered a British intervention. On 10 August 1913 the Treaty of Bucharest was signed by Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece. Bulgaria was forced to cede the southern Dobruja to Romania. At Bucharest Serbia gained a large territory, including and beyond the contested zone, stretching as far south as Monastir. The border between Greece and Bulgaria was also redrawn in the former’s favour. Bulgaria too gained two areas to the south. On 29 September 1913 the Bulgarians and the Ottomans signed the separate Treaty of Constantinople, which formalized that eastern Thrace is again Ottoman territory. The Great Powers had made Albania independent through the Treaty of London in May 1913. On 21 February 1914 the short-lived Principality of Albania was formally established.

From 29 October 1914 the Ottoman navy, including the two re-named German cruisers still under German command, attacked the Russian ports of Odessa, Sebastopol, Feodosia, Yalta and Novorossiysk. The attack, which had not been ordered by the Ottoman government, forced the Ottoman Empire into the First World War as an ally of Germany. During the third Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia in 1914, the Battle of Kolubara was fought between 16 November and 15 December. The Austrians briefly occupied Belgrade, but by 15 December they have abandoned it again. Between 1 December and 13 December 1914 the Austro-Hungarian army managed to stall the advance of the Russians in the Battle of Limanowa. Also in December 1914 Italy attacked the Albanian port of Vlorë (It. Valona). By early 1915 Italy has occupied the city and its vicinity. In the same month Greek troops occupied Northern Epirus again, where they would stay for two years. In the first months of 1915, the Allies (Great Britain and France) use the island of Lemnos as a naval base. The Treaty of London, a secret pact between Great Britain, France, and Italy, was signed on 26 April 1915. On the condition that Italy change sides and declare war on Germany and Austro-Hungary, the Allies made several territorial promises to Italy, Serbia, and Montenegro. One was that Italy was promised direct control over the port of Valona (Alb. Vlorë), which it had just occupied. Over the rest of Albania Italy was promised a protectorate. The islands of the Dedocanese, occupied by Italy since early 1912, were promised to Italy under the secret Treaty of London too. The Russian occupation of eastern Galicia lasted until June 1915, when Austro-Hungary regained control over it. In early 1915 Great Britain and France took control over Lemnos, Tenedos, Imbros, Samothrace, and Thasos. They used the islands as a springboard for the Gallipoli Campaign, which started on 25 April 1915. On 25 April 1915 Allied troops (from Britain, Australia, and New Zealand) landed on the Gallipoli peninsula on six beaches, but they advanced only a few kilometres from the coast. Within days the Turks, led by Mustafa Kemal, attacked, driving the Allies back to the beaches. As reinforcements arrived on both sides (the French joining the Allied forces), the Allies’ plan for a quick occupation became impossible. The Ottomans successfully blocked an Allied attack on 6-7 May and launched a counter-offensive on 19 May with disastrous results. On 24 May a truce was agreed to bury the thousands of casualties in no man’s land. In June and July fighting was resumed both on land and at sea, neither side achieving decisive victories however. An Allied attack in August failed, and the front remained stable, trenches on both sides being separated by no-man’s-land. On 7 October 1915 the Austro-Hungarians and Germans attacked Serbia from the north. On 14 October the Bulgarians joined them, attacking from the east on two fronts. The Serbs were forced to retreat, through Montenegro, deep into Albania. The defeat of Serbia at the hands of the Austro-Hungarians, Germans, and Bulgarians in the autumn of 1915 lead Great Britain and France to move troops from the Gallipoli Peninsula to Greece. In early October 1915 they opened a second front at Thessaloniki. In the last week of November 1915 heavy rains flooded the trenches on the Gallipoli Peninsula, forcing the Allied troops to evacuate their positions. By 20 December 1915 they have fully retreated. In December 1915 Italian forces once again landed at Valona (Alb. Vlorë) with the aim of pushing back the Greeks from northern Epirus. In January 1916 the Serbs were still in Albania; the Italians have occupied Valona and its vicinity; the Greeks were expanding in northern Epirus; Bulgarian troops were still active in southern Serbia; French and British troops were building up forces around Thessaloniki; while French forces occupied Corfu on 11 January. Between 18

1914-1918 The First World War was triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. During the month of August hostilities erupted in various places in southeast Europe. Soon after diplomatic relations between Serbia and Austria-Hungary had been broken, Serbian reservists crossed the border. On 4 August 1914 two German men-of-war, called Goeben and Breslau, were at sea when they received orders to go to Istanbul. They managed to evade the British Mediterranean fleet and reach the Ottoman capital. After their transfer to the Turks in a fictitious sale (so as not to undermine Ottoman neutrality in the war), they became part of the Ottoman navy. Between 15 and 24 August 1914 the Battle of Cer was fought around Cer Mountain between Serbia and Austria-Hungary, the Serbs winning a pyrrhic victory. On 18 August 1914, Russian forces invaded Bukovina and Austrian eastern Galicia. By 3 September, they have conquered its principal city of Lemberg. In September 1914 Prince zu Wied, the ruler of Albania, fled his capital of Durazzo (Alb. Durrës) in the wake of a Muslim revolt. In October and November of 1914 Hungarian and Russian troops collided along the border of Bukovina and eastern Galicia, but the confrontations do not alter the political situation. After the Battle of Cer and the Battle of Drine soon after it, the Austrians attacked Serbia on 5 November. The Serbs resisted strongly at Kolubara, but their lack of ammunition forced them to withdraw further. Austro-Hungarian troops entered Belgrade on 2 December. The end of 1914 witnesses a series of battles and other confrontations on various fronts.

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January and 21 February 1916 some 150,000 Serbs were evacuated on Allied vessels from various Albanian ports to Corfu. The Allied forces remained put around Thessaloniki until the summer of 1916, receiving Serbian reinforcements from May onwards, while Italian forces were active in northern Epirus. In July the Bulgarians’ attempt to invade Greece was halted at Lake Dorian. British forces advanced on Seres in October 1916. On 29 November 1916 the French occupied Korçë and its surroundings, establishing the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë there, which lasted until 1920. By the summer of 1916 Albania had been partitioned: in March 1916 the Greeks had annexed Norther Epirus (but they would lose the area to the Italians in 1917); the French controlled Korçë, while in the spring of 1917 northern Albania was invaded by Austro-Hungarian troops. On 18 August 1916 the Romanians started the Struma Offensive, invading Greece, where they met weak opposition from French forces and the Greeks, who had been ordered by the King not to resist. This lead to a schism within Greece, where the former Prime Minister Venizelos assumed control over the Thessaloniki area, opposing the King. From 4 June to 20 September 1916 the Russians launch the Brusilov Offensive in the Bukovina region. It was the largest victory of the First World War, but at a great loss of life. As a result Romania joined the war on the side of the Allies. Between 27 August 1916 and 18 September the Romanian army, in its first campaign as part of the First World War, invaded Transylvania advancing c. 100 kilometres into enemy territory. The Romanian invasion of Transylvania lead to an attack from northern Bulgaria in the southern Dobruja. The Bulgarians invaded on 1 September 1917. Turtucaia surrendered on 6 September, other cities as far north as Silistria followed soon thereafter. The invasion triggered Austro-Hungarian counter-attacks on several fronts from 26 September until 25 October 1916, when the Romanian forces were routed. But they still managed to halt the Austro-Hungarian and German advance on Bucharest. In July and August 1917 the Bukovina region was taken back by the Austro-Hungarians, ousting the Russian occupying forces. In the wake of the February Revolution and its impact on in Russia, the Moldavian Democratic Republic was pronounced on 15 December 1917. On 9 April 1918 the Moldavian Democratic Republic entered a union with the Kingdom of Romania. On 7 May 1918 the Central Powers – Germany, Austro-Hungary and Bulgaria – concluded the peace Treaty of Bucharest with Romania. The southern part of Dobruja, occupied by Bulgaria in September 1917,was ceded to Bulgaria. The rest of the Dobruja region remained under control of the Central Powers. In return, the Central Powers recognized the union of Romania with Moldavia. From 15 to 29 September the Allies launched the Vardar Offensive from their base in Thessaloniki against combined Bulgarian and German forces to the north. Around Lake Dorian fierce fighting also took place. The Bulgarians and Germans were forced to withdraw, the French, Greeks and Serbians pursuing them across the border. On 29 September the Bulgarians asked for, and were granted the Armistice of Thessaloniki. Bulgaria then withdrew from the war. British forces pushed east towards Istanbul, forcing the Ottomans to sue for the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, which ended the war for the Ottomans.

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Selected Bibliography Ágoston G., and Bruce A. Masters, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire (New York, 2008).

Hall, Richard C., The Balkan Wars 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War (London and New York, 2000).

Aksan, Virginia H., Ottoman Wars, 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged (Harlow, 2007).

Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (Princeton, 2008).

Badem, Candan, The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856) (Leiden, 2012).

Hirschfeld, Gerhard, Gerd Krumeich, Irina Renz (eds.), Brill’s Encyclopedia of the First World War (Leiden, 2012).

Bearman, P.J., Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition (Leiden, 19602008).

Hitchins, Keith, A Concise History of Romania (Cambridge, 2014). Hodge, Carl Cavanagh, (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914, vol. 1 (Westport, CT, and London, 2008).

Barry, Quintin, War in the East: A Military History of the Russo-Turkish War 1877-78 (Solihull, 2012).

Hughes, M., and W. Philpott, The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of the First World War (Houndsmill, 2005)

Boyar, Ebru, Ottomans, Turks and the Balkans: Empire Lost, Relations Altered (London, 2007).

Hupchick, D, and H. Cox, The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of the Balkans (Houndsmills, 2001).

Burdett, Anita L.P., The Historical Boundaries between Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia: Documents and Maps, 1815-1945 (Cambridge, 1995).

Keridis, Dimitris, Historical Dictionary of Modern Greece (Lanham, MD, 2009).

Chary, Frederick B., The History of Bulgaria (Santa Barbara, CA, 2011).

Kieser, Hans-Lukas, Kerem Oktem, Maurus Reinkowski (eds.), World War I and the End of the Ottomans: From the Balkan Wars to the Armenian Genocide (London, 2015).

Clogg, Richard, A Concise History of Greece. Third Edition (Cambridge, 2013). Clogg, Richard, The Struggle for Greek Independence (London 1973).

Lyon, James, “Serbia’s Artillery during the First World War”, in Sanders Marble (ed.), King of Battle. Artillery in World War I (Leiden, 2016).

Cox, John K., The History of Serbia (Westport, CT, and London 2002). Crampton, Richard and Ben, Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century (Abingdon, 1996).

Lyon, James, Serbia and the Balkan Front, 1914: The Outbreak of the Great War (London, 2015)

Detrez, Raymond, Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria. Third Edition (Lanham, MD, 2015).

Mazower, Mark, The Balkans: A Short History (New York, 2000). Magocsi, Paul Robert, Historical Atlas of Central Europe. Revised and Expanded Edition (Seattle, 2002).

Dodd, George, Pictorial History of the Russian War 1854-56. With Maps, Plans, and Wood Engravings (Edinburgh and London, 1856).

Merry, Bruce, Encyclopedia of Modern Greek Literature (Westport, CT, and London, 2004).

Dodwell, Henry, The Founder of Modern Egypt: A Study of Muhammad ‘Ali (Cambridge, 1931).

Mitrasca, Marcel, Moldova: A Romanian Province Under Russian Rule: Diplomatic History from the Archives of the Great Powers (New York, 2002).

Drury, Ian. The Russo-Turkish War 1877 (Oxford, 1994). East, W.G. The Union of Moldavia and Wallachia, 1859: An Episode in Diplomatic History (Cambridge, 1929).

Mitrović, Andrej, Serbia’s Great War, 1914-1918 (West Lafayette, IN, 2007).

Erickson, Edward J., Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913 (Westport, CT, and London 2003).

Molnár, Miklós, A Concise History of Hungary (Cambridge, 2001).

Fleming, K. E., The Muslim Bonaparte: Diplomacy and Orientalism in Ali Pasha’s Greece (Princeton, 1999).

Morrison, Kenneth, and Elizabeth Robert, The Sandžak: A History (Oxford, 2013).

Elsie, Robert, A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History (London, 2013).

Nicolle, David, The Italian Army of World War I (Oxford, 2003). Norman, Charles B., Armenia, and the Campaign of 1877 (London, 1878).

Forbes, Nevill, D.G. Hogarth, D. Mitrany, and A.J. Toynbee, The Balkans: A History of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey (Oxford, 1915).

Roberts, Elizabeth, Realm of the Black Mountain: A History of Montenegro (Ithaca, 2007).

Frary, Lucien J. Russia and the Making of Modern Greek Identity, 18211844 (Oxford, 2015).

Somel, Selcuk Aksin, Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire (Lanham, MA, and Oxford, 2003).

Frary, Lucien J., and Mara Kozelsky (eds.), Russian-Ottoman Borderlands: The Eastern Question Reconsidered (Madison, WI, 2014).

Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.), The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia (New York and London, 1996).

Glenny, Misha, The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–2011 (New York, 2012 ).

Vego, Milan N., Austro-Hungarian Naval Policy, 1904-1914 (Hoboken, 2013).

Guy, Nicola, The Birth of Albania: Ethnic Nationalism, the Great Powers of World War I and the Emergence of Albanian Independence (London, 2012).

Winnifrith, T.J., Tribes and Brigands in the Balkans: A History of Northern Albania (London, 2012)

Gordon, Thomas, History of the Greek Revolution, and of the wars and Campaigns arising from the Struggles of the Greek Patriots in emancipating their Country from the Turkish Yoke (London, 1844), 2 vols.

Woodhouse, C.M., The Battle of Navarino (London 1965). Yavuz, M Hakan, and Peter Sluglett eds. (2012), War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Treaty of Berlin (Salt Lake City, 2012).

Hall, Richard C. (ed.), War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia (Santa Barbara, CA, 2014).

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General Legend Legend 1521-1926 1521-1926

“Trajan’s wall” in Bessarabia, probably falsely atttributed to Trajan. “Trajan’s wall” in the Dobruja, probably rightly atttributed to Trajan.

Personal Union of two or (more) Crowns Boundary “Holy Roman Empire” BOSNA

Fortress, shown in theZ Acolor of the country or power that is in control of the fortress at that time. LA Main border-line fortress, whose power is also felt across the border. Place or city, often walled-in but not primarily a fortress, usually shown in white, irrespective of who is a in control. If the name 6of a place onZ AaL Asmall island is identical to the name of the island, it is not given 4 BOSNA separately. 1 BOSNA

BOSNA

Place, which is important at that time. Orthodox monastery

6

4

Roman Catholic monastery ZALA

background of the residents ZALA

B O S NBAO S N A

Z A L AZ A L A

”Dragon”

ZALA

Diocese (churches)

a aa6 a 6 4

a

a

Small, nearly independentaRoman Catholic diocese6 4a

6

ZALA

ZALA

ZALA

ZALA

BOSNA

B O S BN OA S N A

BOSNA

Z A L A Z A LZAA L A

BOSNA

1

Archdiocese

BOSNA

ZALA BOSNA Z AZ LAAL A The colour marks ethnic Z A L A B O S N ZA A L A

a

BOSNA

B OB SONS AN A BOSNA BOSNA

6

6

44

4

1 1a

a

6

1 4

6

a

4a 1 6 fugitives mainly Orthodox Serbian on 6mainlya Roman Catholic a

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Roaming Nogay and other Tatar nomad tribes of the Khanate of the Crimea, who make 1 1 their power felt (particularly earlier, in time of war). 1 Extraterritorial areas in Walachia & Moldavia, which have a fortress with a permanent Ottoman garrison and are surrounded by an area with a Turkish civilian population. Such an ensemble is administered as an ? Ottoman core province. RAGUSA

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1870 - 1912 1870 - 1912 a 1 Area with Bulgarian 1 The ” Trajan’s wall” in Bessarabia. Probably falsely atttributed to Trajan. BOSNA 6 n T h e B u l g a r i a n E x a r c h a t e i n t h e 1 8 70 ’s , a n d 1 8 7 0 - 1 9 1 2 A o pr epao rwt iutnh i tByu ltgoa jroi ai n The ” Trajan’s wall” in Bessarabia. Probably falsely atttributed to Trajan. T h e B u l g a r i a n E x a r c h a t e i n t h e 11 88 70 4 oI tprsepaboundaries o rwt iutnh i tByu ltgoa( jroi ai n The ” Trajan’s wall” in the Dobruja. Probably rightly atttributed to Trajan. 70 ’s , a n d aa1 A n i t s b o u n d a r i e s A L A Dobruja.Probably falsely atttributed to Trajan. a The ” Trajan’s wall” in ZBessarabia. the Probably rightly atttributed to Trajan. I t s boundaries ( T h e B u l g a r i a n E x a r c h a t e i n t h e 1 8 70 ’s , a n d opportunity to join 6 a6 its boundaries Union of twoB O Sor (more) Crowns 16 The ” Trajan’s wall” in the Dobruja. Probably rightly atttributed to Trajan. Two a u to n o m o u s B u N A (more) Union of two or Crowns I ht se boundaries (xs aBruc llhgg Li g h t e wall” r t i n tin Bessarabia. Probably falsely atttributed The ” Trajan’s Trajan. iTerritory t s b o uto n dadded a r i e s to the Bulgarian Exarchate after Two BOSNA Z A4a46L A Scorched earth Tadministrative Bauulto g anr oi amnoEucentre 4 Li gdhi ct ae twall” r i nt ign atin i n u to n o my. Union of two Empire or (more) Crowns Scorched earth ”Holy Roman of the German Nation” The ” Trajan’s the Dobruja. Probably rightly atttributed to Trajan. Territory added to the Bulgarian Exarchate after 46 administrative centre The ” Trajan’s Bessarabia. Probably falsely atttributed to ,Trajan. and the 1870s mainly in the 1890s , thsebBoauulnto rioiam enthe soEuxsConfe proposed 1 i ngdhi ct aewall” tr i nt ign atin u to n o my. Li TiTwo gdaanrby aBr uc hl g ”Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation” 1 Territory to the Bulgarian the 1870s 1870s 1890s , Exarchate Trajan’s in Bessarabia. Probably falsely toto,added Trajan. 4 IScorched n te r n a tUnion i oearth n a l b o u n d aor rThe i e s ””bTrajan’s e tiwe fwall” rd e rn oDobruja. and after the mainly in the 1890s proposed the Confe administrative centre AeL Ac o l o r o f t h e c o u n t r y o r the Probably rightlyatttributed atttributed Trajan. Personal hs eb oBuunl gdaarby arch s”Holy h o w nRoman i n t hZ Empire n Crowns deei cn tiiirrnss gtt ooain u to my. 1 its boundary I note r incaatli ounnai lt sbofo utwo n d aThe r i e(more) s ”b Trajan’s e t we nafwall” rd ethe r Dobruja. iTtproposed riiaenthe s eE sxConfe Their boundari st hiso in w ncontrol i n t h e of c othe l o roffortress o the f t hGerman e cat o uthat n tNation” r ytime. oZ ArL A Li g h t e r t i n t The wall” in Probably rightly atttributed to Trajan. and the 1870s , mainly in the 1890s , p l i t by its boundary Scorched earth iTerritory t s b o uboundari n dadded a r i e s to 1 Their e sthe Bu Personal of Crowns pI note l i tr incaaUnion tli”Holy ounnai lt sRoman b o two u n d Empire aorr i e(more) s b of e t we eGerman n f i r s t oNation” rd e r i n d i c a t i n g a u to n o my. ts hiso in Boundary the w ncontrol i n t h e of c othe l o r fortress o f t h e cat o uthat n t r ytime. or Li g h t e r t i n t its boundary or (more) Crowns Their boundari order political units. a.Personal the 1870s , mainly in the Scorched earth Territory toe sthe Bu pBoundaries o l i t i c aUnion l u nbetween i t sof twosecond dt eisr-in l i n e f o r t r of e s s , whose po w r i s also fortress atee that time. a Boundaries between second of orderGerman political units. a.Boundary March 1878 added n dg ehi cntaeftri rntsigtnoat urdTreaty toe rn o my.of San Stefano . IScorched n te r n a t i oearth n a l b o u n d a r i e s b e tiLi we Nation” d e the r- l i ncontrol e f o r t r e s sthe , whose po w r i s also Territory to in thethe Bu FoBrotur ensdsa, r”Holy siheos wonRoman i nh et hrEmpire ee cceonl ot past, r othe f tare h e calso o u nshown try or 1878 , added its boundary Treaty of San Stefano . March 1878 the 1870s mainly f t b. ss border. i n d i c a t i n g a u to n o my. 6 Boundary ”Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation” Boundaries between second order political units. a. p o l i t i c a l u n i t s B o u n d a r i e s o f t h e r e c e n t past, are also shown b. power that is in control of the fortress at that time. ss the border. I n te r n a t i o n a l b o u n d a r i e s b e t we e n f i r s t o rd e r d e r- l i n e f o r t r e s s , whose po w e r i s also theboundary 1870s BOSNA Treaty of San Stefano . March 1878 , mainly in the Fowrittrhe stsh, i s hl oi nwen toi nmt ha ke e c cool omr poafr itshoen ceoausni et rr.y o r T h e l a r g e , i n d e p e n d e n t B u l g a r i a n S t a t e a n d 4 its Territory awarded to M no te aihtl seb ol aurng”Dragon” desecond a, riineds ebpeorder i rus tl goard etnwe d eennpolitical tfB runits. i ae rn S t a t e a n d1 8 7 0 - 1 9 1 2 w tdsha,irssih toti nhm eoauthat s nishown e r. time. cssi tthe y, o border. ften walled-in but not primarily l i trincaatli ounnTbetween Broitturhenthat el iosnin fcontrol e arkeof ccecothe nol m t past, b.power Fo wloeinn rpfortress oafr itsare hopo en calso or a. pIBoundaries at its boundary ( ) , as dictated by Russia. 1870 - 1912 c, i ut y, l nl e idn- iw n hbi utet , ni rorte sppr ei m ai ve rily B O SaN A Territory awarded to M M a i n initial bsthat o r d is eisre f ot rhteof r of e sthe sthe ,owhose w rinitsrayalso p o l i t i c a l u nTii ttihsst esboundary s u oa fl ltye ns hwoaawThe c tBessarabia. boundary ( e porder )t , Basu ldictated by Russia. 1 The situation boundaries map, power in control fortress ataesthat time. l a r g e , i n d e n d e n g a r i a n S t a t e a n d A r e a w i t h Bawarded u l g a r i a n s cM h w i t h t h i s l i n e to m a ke c o m p a r i s o n e i e r. wall” in Probably falsely atttributed to Trajan. Boundaries between second political units. Territory a. ,cini utcontrol. sy,u oa fl ltye ns hwoa6wl nl e idn”- iTrajan’s w h i te , i r r e s p e c t i ve a B o u n d a r iTe hsTe orBfr iutto hl gerayr ieawa cne nE txpast, are also shown b. f e l t across the border. n b u t n o t p r i m a r i l y e a a r c h a t i n t h e 1 8 70 ’s , a n d A r e a w i t h B u ltgoa rj oi ai n to st chM h The initial situation of the boundaries in a map, o p p o r t u n i t y M a i n b o r d e rl i n e f o r t r e s s , whose po w e r i s also rd e d to S e r b i a . a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e e n d s i t u a t i o n o f t h a t m a p. 6 Territory awarded to The ”” Trajan’s falsely atttributed ZB OA SLNAA inbetween teesrBrboundary (m ,iebnas Boundaries a. w uitto l gm iawa acenescnoErd xpast, hi sare aoStpolitical een)ralso hshown 1 8 70 ’s ,bya nRussia. d The Trajan’s wall” wall” in in Bessarabia. the6 Dobruja.Probably Probably rightly atttributed Trajan. Te rayaarrrsecond eaporder dracrto aalsti ncacross oinitial m pr daerthe er-situation dl itnborder. oe tto hoto erTrajan. eof ne dsthe s, iwhose tboundaries u a t i o po n owf etrhiniastaalso m a p. itnod( jeopiennto oI tpTsby phboundaries oeAlbanians. r tl ua rngi et y,awarded tdheM i tuhn dt hairsi Tieltih to ke ai ast.idictated eer.units. , u s u a l l y s h o M b o f t r s The map, in control. 4w n i n w h i te , i r r e s p e c t i ve by Albanians. B o s o f h e e t b. s b o u n d i f e Territory 4 ” Trajan’s wall” in the Dobruja. Probably Prightly l a c e o ratttributed c i t y, o f t e ntowTrajan. a l l e dnames - i n b u(in t n o t pcapitals) rimarily e of a place on aThe small island is identical ZALA (roughly), uitto nhmder aayrke reawa i ec se onrd epda rto s1e8boundary aflsotrctacross o m p a ruethe du at border. o t h e oeand nn d sni t uwahtiite o n, iored hpaetc m a p. B iotuhntdhai rs iiletisTe t past, shown BOSNA b. w control. f eBoundaries Union of two (more) Crowns l7a8r gneo,m(Cfr. i on ud(se Colour pBeunl ga d er ein ofof a the place on 1or a itsmall island isseparately. identical4 JITwo ut Tlsiby ythboundaries n eborofrto m i sare oSne ralso ebai as i.in e r.a map, Congress of w rorfteitnpscapitals) me is not given The initial situation of ccthe boundaries O SS N NA A (Cfr. Colour BB O 88u77l to 88 r g e , (Cfr. JTwo u lTyh11eaaAlbanians. Pa Scorched lBoundaries a cOttoman e roers sc,iearth t y,s(roughly), o fl tl ey ns hwor aand l(later) l e dinames - i nLieyalets bguh(in tt enrred ily Congress of Berlin. Berlin. ofisland, two (more) Crowns tr i mtai rve of sanjaks, a ionucentres d(rd d in er w i t h t h i s l i n e to m a ke o m p a r i s o n e a s i e r. 1 eUnion ofofa the place on or a itsmall island isseparately. identical1 me island, is not given u to n o m seColour Bpe due n l to ga Territory added to the Bulgarian Exarchate after i t s boundary ZOAS LN AA Te r r i r y awa a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e e n d s i t u a t i o n o f t h a t m a p. administrative Li g h e r t i n t of who is in control. Boundaries (roughly), and names (in red capitals) P l a c e o r c i t y, o f t e n w a l l e d i n b u t n o t p r i m a r i l y B of Ottoman sanjaks, or (later) eyalets (Cfr. Colour i n d i c a t i n g a u to n o my. a f o r t r e s s , u s u a l l y s h o w n i n w h i te , i r r e s p e c t i ve 3 4 The initialTerritory situation of) and the boundaries in )aregions map, Scorched earth a7s8 awa r d ecentres to M in oS y ”Holy oft hthe u liAyt sr1e8boundary to the Bulgarian after Devin( Kirdzhali (, Exarchate inhabited Congress of Berlin. ? Jadministrative (dConfere me cof h ithe s Roman i misland, p o r tEmpire a nitt isa tnot agiven t tGerman i mseparately. e . Nation” and the 1870s ,added mainly in the 1890s proposed by the i island neyalets di te i c ,a itris i rnegidentical a euofctot the nve o my. T h e b oundaries and names (in capitals) 33 eof 44in yii ”Holy a f o r t r e s s , u s u a l l y s h o w n i n w h s p i A r e a s awa r d e d to M o If the name of a place on a small The initial situation the boundaries a map, Devin( ) and Kirdzhali ( ) regions inhabited of Ottoman sanjaks, or (later) Te r r i to r y awa rd e d to a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e n d s i t u a t i o n o f t h a t m a p. c h i s Roman i m p o r tEmpire a n t a t oft hthe a t German t i m e . Nation” of who is in control. b y l o c a by l A the l b a nConfere i a n p oS by Pomaks = Muslim Bulgarians. ZALA Boundariesthe (roughly), and names (in red capitals) and 1870s 1890s ? proposed I nhuteeRiver a t iaonn aclobmoiuand d anames r i e cs obuen(in t we ecapitals) s t o rd r BOSNA bnais oundaries ofe the w n mi np ot hr tea n c o laotr tohfa tt htei mc oe u ntry or Te rly Aawa to 3 e)n=and nrrgname tnnaon t i egiven snn) ff iiisrrseparately. a s c o m p a rits eDevin( dboundary tPomaks o t h, emainly dMuslim s iin tKirdzhali u the a t i oBulgarians. n o f(,t4h a)t regions m a p. inhabited A aoi to sc aawa rl bdeaerd ofIpTHnthe who b yrrerlboundari adn M p oS to by ZZ AA LL AA te aarrtliiiin ounnof uand dtt uuanames rssai e((it s is buenot t(in we ecapitals) sidentical t o rd e the r Their snd ieto isschhis hooiin If of aaiclplace small island mo ra r k s ? othe leinname tgbn i caoundaries ncontrol. tthe sbmoiisland, ws nicontrol i n t h e of c otthe l o r fortress o f The t h e co cat olu. othat nut r ytime. of Ottoman sanjaks, or (later) eyalets monastery T h of H u a o t a c o n t i e s ) its boundary Boundaries (roughly), and names (in red capitals) at BOSNA Their easn i a n p o b y lboundari o c a l3 A)l band by Pomaksand = Muslim Bulgarians. ZALA IfpRe the on adit small island isseparately. identical o aucrktime. oulvo intname ilcat asr,li atof uhnof naeicthe tplace soml island, to the name is not given eThe t h nco iat c l bthat gmr oa ur nk ds atmonastery is in control of the fortress Devin( Kirdzh Boundaries (roughly), names (in red capitals) c o u r i n i c a t i n g the ethnic backH g o i t a t u s ( c o u n t i e s ) B O S N A a l athe cvo e ,name hebetween ithe ritnadnititcisaa ttorder t hgathe t political t iethnic mseparately. e. of sanjaks, (later)(in eyalets units. a.PBoundaries a l kSan a n Stefano Wa r s . 1912-1913 Re lw t sh, itchof cs oilmoisland, up ro second in backT hOttoman e b oundaries andornames capitals) Treaty of the Bof eof t hpo iw bor asuiicsrdkalso ur nk ds The not given Mountain monastery tnhco ecelre egmnr otas. rtholic d e r- l i monastery. n e f o r t r e s s , whose Pomaks Muslim B ZALA Marchby1878 between units. a.PtoBoundaries of 3 ) =and Bof a l kSan a n Stefano Wa r s . 1912-1913 Kirdzh rtholic d e rl i monastery. nborder. e f o r t r e s s , whose eoft hpo br asi icsdkalso und a6 tnhiw ecere egnr ot s. HhueOttoman n bg aoundaries r i a n sanjaks, c o m iand t a t or unames s (later) ( c o u n(in teyalets i ecapitals) s) lground aocuvo en, ldwt ash,rof iitcehhthe ioscfoinsurgents. i tm pue orrrsecond tncadenintctapast, torder tnhgathe t political tim e l. oshown ground of the insurgents. Treaty Re e l o i i ethnic backMarchDevin( 1878 B s h e are also b. oss the T of the 3 )=and The co u r m a r k s Devin( Kirdzh B a l k a n Wa r s tholic monastery. ”Zone Contestée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian Orthodox monastery 1912-1913by e s ethe border. D i o c e sof e (t chhe ure r cshi dees n) t s. 4 Pomaks Muslim B Z A L A PB lw a c e , w h i c h i s i m p o r t a n t a t t h a t t i m e . A e g e a n I s l a n d s a n d o u n d a r e s o f t h e r e c e n t past, are also shown b. oss T h e b oundaries and names (in capitals) of the 6 B li tohc kt ah diof tnhee to c om l oauke r s cionm d ipcaarti isenot ghn npeiacrs tbi eiacr.ci pk ga rnotus .n d ground insurgents. hceoc m aContestée” pauet ninntdgieethe ns )t to B uthe l g acould r i a n Sbe t a treached, e and se ,l ithe H uvo n glat sr ,i at nT”Zone (dicecoaccording Bulgaro-Serbian ec si tey, o f t e n w a l l eDdi-oi cnebs eu t( cnho ut rpcrhi emsa) r i l y by a A e Pomaks g e a nawarded l=a nMuslim d s but dtoB Z or A L A running Re hin ollsteppe lirortgguaeert,,uiiisnnndIf Territory toa nMo no m at rs k. regions, s Greece orI s Italy, hescea d((ceaccording dt ieens)t), to Bethnic uthe l dictated g acould r ibacka n Sbe tby a treached, eRussia. and B il toRiver a di smonastery edisappearing c oml oauke r s cionunderground toi eiuin cr.irpkarst w hc kt hCatholic l, i tnheeto md pi caarti iThe sno gnt hpco eea rslre Orthodox region Roman monastery. HRAGUSA u n g dry a r i aTi”Zone ntagreement. oboundary maContestée” i t a t u s If op ue nnagreement arly independent Roman 14 as Territory awarded Bulgaro-Serbian i-oi w cnehbsiCatholic ec stai)ve agreement. no agreement egaamnrn di n uetet(, cni rhorutersdiocese pcprhei m rily A e the g e a nGreat l a nPowers. d sto a nMo dtoT Greece orI s Italy, but The oiascuciairdkpmap, ground oft hi the insurgents. 6 the Czar would draw a line somewhere inthis eof t hgcounterpart(s) npco iac rlbtin otats. usr n.kds Orthodox monastery sec, si utey, sindependent uoa fl tl ye ns hwoawl lneD The initial situation of the boundaries B l o c k a d e , t h e c o l o u r s i n d i c a t i n n Markers in the text, which have their Re vo l t s , e c o l o u r i n d i c a t i n g the ethnic backof t s boundary ( ) , as dictated by Russia. arly Roman Catholic diocese Territory awarded to Mo RAGUSA agreement. Ifrd no agreement could be reached, Roman Catholic monastery. a14 the Czar would draw a rline somewhere inthis zone. of the Great Powers. stin ,by ucontrol. sindependent u a l l y s h oauthorities w n Roman i n w h iCatholic te ,mainly i r r e sdiocese p eOrthoc t i ve Greece or Italy, butMo toT The initial situation ofn dthe boundaries in map, eoetnhcounterpart(s) noor i cuplaces br casahitcadekm gnof r top.s.u n d Markers in the text, which have their Re vo l t s , t h e c o l o u r i n d i c a t i n g the ethnic backTe r r i to r y awa e d to S e b i a . of t h e re e a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e e s i t u a t i f t h a ”Zone Contestée” according Territory awarded to A r c h d i o c e s e D i o c e s ( c h s ) Austrian of arly aa ground of the insurgents. RAGUSA on the maps, indicating some items of 1919 and finally the T by Albanians. Roman bto ruwould eres krd scito ga n B l o c kborder. a dof e ,Te tSthe hrereriinsurgents. coor-lyGo awa i ndededidraw t iSsneaigrnline iacni ipaa n t s . inthis zone. Czar bpiAa l.rbtsomewhere aMarkers s cThe o mCatholic pmaps, a r the e d indicating ttext, omonastery. t h which e eindicates n dsome s i t u aitems t i of o ncounterpart(s) tre hstatus asti dme of a p. control. toor hfe places n tin s. cases RAGUSA on the in have their 6 teinby authorities of mainly Orthoof the Great Powers. 1919 and finally the TT ground the brown line vassal of a maritime agreement. If no agree by Albanians. S e r b o G r e e k d e s i g n s i n A l b a n i a offugitives aAustrian place onon a mainly small island is Catholic identical an Roman ”Zone Contestée” according 1 a6 ASmall, r c h d inearly o cinterest. e s e(roughly), D i owith c e sCatholic ethe ( cred hpurpose u capitals) rdiocese c h e s ) of special Alsoand used definitely settle the sov Boundaries names (in 6N A zone. independent Roman B O S4 (Cfr. Colour Dis an fugitives on mainly Roman Catholic t by Austrian authorities of mainly Orthoe of a place on a small island is identical B l o c k a d e , t h e c o l o u r s i n d i c a t i n g p a r t i c i p a n t s . 1of 8 71919 8Czar J u l y agreement. on hthe indicating some items or places and finally the Ta the would draw Te cdceus ipgtheir inesd i bn yAtl hb ea nBi a lCongress k a n E n t e nof t e Berlin. special Contestée” according S e rtext, br iot-oGr ri e se kohave ABoundaries itoamaps, ctinterest. os cm eas(in cr hpurpose rtcl he -eksnof )of me of thethis island, it is not given separately. settle the sov names Markers IfColour no agree B O S4 (Cfr. Dis erritory, being basis of the Austrian 46N A fraccOttoman i dl inearly iens ge(roughly), t h e fAlso i n doriand nused g Roman oD fi with lethe l o( red l ui tcapitals) own 1definitely J u l y”Zone B l o c k a din e , the tTe err recieot col ewhich or ,iueSrsse roi bncidcaui,cpM aiteoi dnngtcounterpart(s) nkdtasBn.uEl gnatreinaof of sanjaks, (later) eyalets a bepynaetrhgt riecoiBpaaanlCongress t) e Berlin. me thethis island, itthe is not given separately. Small, independent an of fugitives on mainly Roman Catholic Ce8ar7es8Czar te , hrowould wedIfve r,the iagree sosov n te oa (hGindicating special the agreement. no definitely settle erritory, being the basis of the Austrian Settlement Austrian mainly f a cOttoman i l i nearly t aon tinterest. i nby gsanjaks, t hmaps. e fAlso i n or d Colours iauthorities nused g oRoman f with sm aCatholic lof l ono r purpose l meaning. i tdiocese t l eOrtho- k nof own of (later) eyalets the draw on the maps, some items or of RAGUSA 41 RAGUSA 3which 4places (and of ethnic cleansing later!). Borders A r awa d to M n Markers in the text, have their counterpart(s) S e r b o G e e k d e s i g n s Devin( ) and Kirdzhali ( ) regions inhabited RAGUSA places the have RAGUSA Small, independent Catholic diocese C r e te , h o we ve r, s n oa Te r r i t o r i e s o c c u p i e d b y t h e B a l k a n E n t e n t e Paying tribute to Hungary, as wellas to the Sultan (before 1526). ( G r e e c e , S e r b i a , M o n t e n e g r o a n d B u l g a r i a ) h i c h i s i m(and p o r t aof n t ethnic a t t h a tcleansing t i m e .Austrian ? 11 a6 1913 . with onPomaks April erritory, draw 3which 4 ) regions the Colours have no Tplaces names capitals) A rthe elaoscCzar awa rl bwould dceded en d i to M ocom n ute f ahceSerbian i lbi toundaries aon t i nby gfugitives t hmaps. e and f i n don i n gmainly o f s(in m aRoman lofl omainly r l meaning. i Catholic t t lof eOrtho- kthe nown later!). Borders Devin( )22 and Kirdzhali (npurpose inhabited dox Markers in the text, have their counterpart(s) special interest. Also used the of Settlement Austrian authorities h i c h i s this i m p being o r t a n the t a tbasis t h a toft i the me. b y a l A a a n p o p by = Muslim Bulgarians. 22 1913 Z A1L A on the maps, indicating some items or places of Silistria, as ? C r e te , h o we ve r, i s n RAGUSA ( G r e e c e , S e r b i a , M o n t e e g r o a n d B u l g a r i a ) 22 1913 . on April STe el orrbcr aiotl-oG rli beeceded eas knoidcaecnas suippgocom npesduoi TH huen gbaoundaries and names (in capitals) ofOrthothe a4 r i a n c o m i t a t u s ( c o u n t i e s ) r i (and of ethnic cleansing later!). Borders Silistria, 6 b y A by Pomaks = Muslim Bulgarians. Z A L A Settlement by Austrian authorities of mainly places on the maps. Colours have no meaning. items places and other Tatar nomad Croatian Austrian i ar e eakr l yd e19s i13g n. s Gallipoli, fon a c the i l i t amaps, t i n gon tindicating hApril e fAlso i n d22 iConstantinople nused gsome o f. with sm a lthe l oor r purpose land i t t l eisolated - k nof o w n areas in dox SBeurlbga o -r G The co tribes l o u r mofa rthe k s Khanate RAGUSA 1913 special interest. of xNogay monastery H u Serbian n g a rterritory, i a n fugitives c oPmrthis iot taetbeing c the oaugnabasis tiineRoman cuon tsi o(mainly n sst)ofOthe t t oCatholic m an raids, 19 13 Gallipoli, Constantinople and isolated areas in 416 (B Gurrlrega , p13 M Nogay and make other their Tatar power nomad eSsaerorlbcyica19 .eodn The k ds Khanate Silistria, ”Dragon” fugitives on mainly Roman Catholic dox Serbian monastery Te iet ocr ierai, eceded uas icom e t h nco ifelt c ltribes bo au(particularly crk gmof r oa urthe n Sometimes used add discernable shade, when discernable plain hues special interest. Also used with the purpose of mea, who earlier, Croatian Military central Albania, still held by Ottoman troops at places on the maps. Colours have no meaning. Re vo l t sterritory, ,Borders t h e c Pooffered odots ut(and doof inAustrian cthe aaethnic tgibasis rlthis erbeing citnby iare anignthe sjust tcleansing tto t oAustrian m abacknlater!). ran a i deasily s, ofOethnic the f a c i l i t a t i n g t h e f i n d i n g o f s m a l l o r l i t t l e k n o w n 4 mea, who make felt (particularly earlier, central Albania, still held by Ottoman troops at on April B a l k a n Wa r s Nogay and other their Tatar power nomad tribes of the Khanate Disputed atholic monastery. troops in Croatia. 1912-1913 B u l ga r ira,i22 rrolbcyica.19 e t h n i c b a c k g r o u n d Te r r i t o eSeSaloniki sea1913 u, 13 pMarea i.eo dn Gallipoli, Constantinople and isolated areas in Re vo l t sterritory, ,oft hthe e c Pooffered lrthis oout(and r being i tnby doof inAustrian cthe aethnic tgi an gnthe ethnic back( G e e c e the end of the first Balkan War, on April 22 1913. ofte tdh ee are swa i d rd e n tby s. Ru s s i a , o r Croatian basis of the Austrian f a c i l i t a t i n g t h e f i n d i n g o f s m a l l o r l i t t l e k n o w n 1 e c i a i s t O t t o m a n r a i d s , Disputed Saloniki area s t fatholic wa r ) . monastery. A f te r 1 8 1 2 e va c u aof troops in Croatia. ground insurgents. B a ltroops k22 Wa cleansing later!). 1912-1913 (t G Military Borders out. places on the maps. have no War, meaning. 22a n 1913. rorApril oepe sc ea,n22SConstantino de1913 by i d erdn tby s. Ru s s i earlier, the end Albania, ofColours the first Balkan on April 1913. r b iaa.a ,ss m M aaollnll are running e va c power u a tetdh efelt are s tswa a, or fmea, wa r )who . A f temake r 11 88 11 22their (particularly central still held by Ottoman at r s ground of the insurgents. on Roaming Nogay and(and other Tatar tribes of the Khanate 1 Gallipoli, ofAustrian ethnicnomad cleansing later!). Military Borders tDisputed o np sI salnaSaloniki d dby places on”Zone the maps. T hPeContestée” icmtColours aotnaccording e first oBalkan eomeaning. fm e anon in 1913. 19 1 2 : tonOno the Bulgaro-Serbian offered by troops in Croatia. cuge e s ein the Dobrudja D i owhere c e s e (they c h u rsettle h e s ) en masse, safe A eon groe aApril s a. n dmarea Mo ru o llt tteof ithe aO gttatt ihave nm s taato td tWar, nss eerApril all iii n d ees ,ss22 M onut sn. t a i n earlier, the end 22n1913 19 11 22 : B l o c k a d e , t h e c o l o u r s i n d i c a t i n g p a r t i c i p a u saete(dthey e ua srsettle tccwa rd bymasse, Ru s s i asafe , or wa r ) . the A f teDobrudja r 1 8 1 2 De va River ”Zone Contestée” according the Bulgaro-Serbian T h e u i m a t e O o m n d e f e n n in 19 cfuge e s e i o c e c h h e s ) in where en of the Crimea, who make their power felt (particularly central Albania, still M o u n t a i n A e g e a n I s l a n d s a n d t Independent ro o por s aItaly, nConstantinop d bybut sm abe lhol Çatalca lineby the line at the Gallipoli isthmus agreement. Ifand no agreement could be reached, Roaming and Khanate Principa Gallipoli, farly reach for the Russians; from then on these Dobruja Greece toM B l o c k a dNogay e , t h e River c o l oother u r s i nTatar d i c a t inomad n g p a r ttribes i c i p a noft s the . RAGUSA offered Austrian troops in Croatia. P r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t O t t o m a n r a i d s , independent Roman Catholic diocese T h e u l t i m a t e O t t o m a n d e f e n s e l n e s in 19 1 2 : agreement. If no agreement could be reached, uge in the Dobrudja where theythen settle enthese masse, safe the end of the first Balk Çatalca line and the line at the Gallipoli isthmus Independent Principa Roaming Nogay and other Tatar nomad tribes of the Khanate Greece or Italy, but to farly reach for the Russians; from on Dobruja Gallipoli, Constantino 2their epva crpower ui ante du nefelt adsetrwa a, or i nMarkers t i Austrian m eCrimea, oin f wa .R A f ete rd1i8s1ahave Mrrd oo uuby nn tdaRu i ns s iearlier, the PCzar would draw as tline somewhere inthis its basic boundary ( be of the who make (particularly central Albania, still he administration ther )civil text, which their counterpart(s) of the Great Powers. The independent Roman!)Catholic diocese reasons only. i v r p e a g g River shown (inconsistantly for ethnological r o t e c t i o n a g a i n O t t o m a n r a i d s , Borderline (roughly) the territory reserved for Çatalca line and the line at somewhere the isthmus the Czar would draw aoftroops line inthis Independent Principa a offered by Austrian in Gallipoli Croatia. its basic boundary ( ha Rthe i v ewhich rr d1 i8s1a2have p p ewhere ac rupower i n gcounterpart(s) u nefelt d et rwa g rrd o uen n dRu s s i aearlier, (inconsistantly !) of for ethnological reasons only. f shown reach for theauthorities Russians; from thenOrthoon these Dobruja in therin make of the Great The central Albania, zone. the T h eend uand l tof im aPowers. t e first O tstill t oBalk m taking refuge safe nt by Austrian mainly drthey iof nMarkers im eCrimea, omaps, f wa )text, .who the for ontthe the indicating items i nA fkte aDobrudja r s t some r their eegva i otheir n sa, te oor rplaces ua snsettle n(particularly i nof g dbyr ymasse, o u nreserved tain ofthe 1919 finally the Trea a S Borderline eAlbania r boffered o - G r eby e by k(roughly) dAustrian e sGreat i g n s of i Powers ntroops A l bterritory a nin i aM ? Croatia. the in 1912. Italian claims to the zone. River RAGUSA its end basic boundary ( D ?,, oorr ?? the offinally the first Balk nt byfugitives Austrian authorities of OrthoiRnA ketearthe rds1it8s1some r2epegpva ieoitems nrusi an, te oor rdu nreplaces uadthen nsetnrwa i nrrd g udby rdy Ru sDobruja 6 i v a a g g o n shown (inconsistantly !)Roman for ethnological reasonswhich only. torial areas in Walachia & mainly Moldavia (”Raias”), on the maps, indicating of c s i a i n t i m e o f wa r ) . f of 1919 and the Trea Çatalca line and the lin 1912. S e r b o G r e e k d e s i g n s i n A l b a n i a and out of reach for Russians; from on these ian on mainly Catholic Borderline (roughly) of the territory reserved for Albania by the Great Powers in 1912. Italian claims to the T h e u l t i m a t e O t t o m aD taking refuge in in theAlso Dobrudja where settleofen masse, safe special interest. usedregion with thethey purpose a steppe definitely settle the sovere & Moldavia (”Raias”), which 64 Ml ko aunnApril tEani tne22n t1913. torial areas ian on mainly Catholic River Austrian military occupation i n k a r s t r e g i o n s , o r r u n n i n g d r y special interest. Also used with the purpose of rerritory, t refugitives ss w ithis t h being ain p eWalachia r the m a nbasis e nRoman t &of O tto m a n ga r r i s o n a n d a re Te r r i t o r i e s o c c u p i e d b y t h e B a e More definite situation in Albania, T h e u l t i m a t e O t t o m aD in a steppe region definitely settle the sovere taking refuge in the Dobrudja where they settle en masse, safe Enos -Midiia Line Albania by the Great Powers in 1912. ? Italian claims to the R i v e r d i s a p p e a r i n g u n d e r g r o u n d Tatars are shown (inconsistantly !) for ethnological reasons only. Çatalca line and the line 4 Ml k a nApril tEanitne22 themAustrian and Dobruja f a c out i l i t aof t i nreach g t h e for f i n dthe i n gRussians; o f s m a l l from o r l i tthen t l e - k on n o wthese n ? Borderline (roughly) of ? April 22 1913. torial areas in Walachia &OMoldavia (”Raias”), which River Enos -Midiia Line Te r r i t o r i e s o c c u p i e d b y t h e B a n t e r t re s s w i t h a p e r m a n e n t tto a n ga r r i s o n a n d a re More definite situation in Albania, 1913. C rÇatalca e te , h oline we veand r, i sthe n olin w ( G r eienc ek,aSr es tr brieag, iM ergur no nainndg Bdur lyg a r i a ) in erritory, this(and 1from &r 2l ). dBorders e d b y an a being r e a of wthe iethnic t hbasis a T cleansing uofr kthe i s hAustrian c i vlater!). i l i a n p o p u l a t i 1o n . Tatars 1522-1530 fplaces a c iout l i are t aon t i shown nreach g t hmaps. e (inconsistantly fai nsteppe dthe iColours n g.. Russians; oregion f s(Map m a!)l l for ono i t then t l e - k non o wthese nreasons ? and of for Dobruja oanoor isnnn,ttgeeonnruin R i v e r d i s a p p e n d e r g r o u n d Albania by the Great P ethnological only. the have meaning. ? 1 & 2 dret re d sbsy wan a r e a w i t h a T u r k i s h c i v i l i a n p o p u l a t i o n . 1522-1530 C r e te , h o we ve r, i s n o w ? ( G r e e c e , S e r b i a , M e g r o a n d B u l g a r i a ) i t h a p e r m a n e n t O tto m a n ga r r i s o n a n d a re More definite situation Albania, April 22 1913. 1 & 2 ). (Map 1522-1530 Enos -Midiia Line of Borderline (roughly) Extraterritorial areas inofWalachia &no Moldavia (”Raias”), 1913 . pearing u n d e r g ro u n d on April Symbol the ”Floating Sovereign of ethnicascleansing later!). Borders is (and ? ? placesare onshown the maps. Colours have meaning. nsemble administered an Ottoman core province.1 Rni vakesteppe r22r ds1913 Tatars (inconsistantly !) for reasonswhich only. Silistria, ceded asGreat compe iin a22 ti sraep.region gions, or running dry Borderline of April ? on 1O 2ethnological dnsemble e d b y an r e a w i t h a Tasu an r k iOttoman s h c i v i l icore a n p o p u l a? t i o n . Extraterritorial 1522-1530 .Walachia by (roughly) theas P is aadministered 1 9 1 4 - Silistria, 1 9uAlbania 1ga 8 r i adefinite h ave a f o r t re s s Symbol wt iatthe ain et rhthe m tto mSat n. J oga d a?re Sareas o fpof e a(Map Kn”Floating neingth& t&sMoldavia o).fSovereign h(”Raias”), nr r”,i s o n a nwhich More situation ? W oo rr in ll d W aa rr ll ceded compe i n k a r s t r e g i o n s , o r r u n n i n g d r y Nogay and other Tatar nomad tribes of the province. Khanate B l e a r l y 19 13 . Gallipoli, Constantinople and isolated areas 1 9 1 4 1 9 1 8 S t a t e o f t h e K n i g h t s o f S t . J o h n ”, Albania by the Great P in a steppe region W d W ? Symbol of the ”Floating Sovereign ? P r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t O t t o m a n r a i d s , nsemble is administered as an Ottoman core province. Extraterritorial areas in Walachia & Moldavia (”Raias”), which Nogay and other Tatar nomad tribes of the Khanate 1 & 2 ). (Map s u r r o u n d e d b y an a r e a w i t h a T u r k i s h c i v i l i a n p o p u l a t i o n . 1522-1530 . B u l ga r i a e a r l y 19 13 . under direct Venetian rule when the Knights had no base on land. Autonomous Venetian fiefs. Gallipoli, Constantinople and isolated areas in h ave a f o r t re s s w i t h a p e r m a n e n t O tto m a n ga r r i s o n a n d a re More definite situation imea, direct who make theirrule power felt (particularly earlier, central Albania, still held by Ottoman troops at in a steppe region P r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t O t t o m a n r a i d s , RAGUSA under Venetian when the Knights had no base on land. Autonomous Venetian fiefs. 1 9 1 4 1 9 1 8 ? Swt iatthe aoby fp etAustrian hm e aKnneingtroops hO t stto o fm SatCroatia. . J oga h nr r”,i s o n a n d a re W o r l d W a r l Disputed Saloniki area, o Symbol of the ”Floating Sovereign offered in ? imea, who make their power felt (particularly earlier, h ave a f o r t re s s r t n central Albania, still held by Ottoman troops at ? More definite situation Such an ensemble is administered 1 &War, 2Athos, ). on April (Map the end ofIslands the. first Balkan 1913. yoffered an r e naKnights wmi ot hu sahad Tas k ibase s hin cCroatia. i v iland. l i core a n p province. opulation. 1522-1530 Aegean and Mount not yet22awarded ceur ai ntegdr ee al Autonomous rdf r by Ru s s itao, loorc?a?fiefs. wa .oAf ftte r r1a8i1n2 , eova Disputed Auathe guuno iran ,Ottoman under Venetian bf iwa l i try))direct rrVenetian f frule ass ttt wa iwa v erd e e dRu om l ss uu rr rroo uu nn dd ee dd bbwhen t ro19 o p11 66s.. a nSaloniki dRomanian by a s marea, aadva l l Bou Aegean not the end of 1913. S t a Great t Islands e the o fof. Powers, tfirst hthe eand KBalkan nMount i g h1 t& sWar, Son tto . JApril oGreece h nyet ”, 22awarded 2oAthos, ).fSovereign (Map y an attrooby ena ooAustrian w iot uh s arr eeas Ttroops rookn iOttoman s h con i v i l icore a n pprovince. opulation. 1522-1530 1a8i1n2 , eova c u a te d e a by s s i a , o r ffuge Af f tteeeDobrudja Symbol ”Floating 19 Au m g i n , Romanian adva ? neither nor to Italy. by the Such an ensemble is administered an 19 1 6 . bAlbanian) i l i trin y . othe r r f f e r i n g r e l a t i v e f r e e d o m t o l o c a l 19 1 2 : T h e u l t i m a t e O t t o m a n d e f e n s e l i n e s in t ro o p s a n d by a s m a l l B u where they settle en masse, safe ? Territory under direct o f Venetian t h e H o l yrule M o u n t AAutonomous th population; vague and floating boundaries. Moosu n t a i nprovince. neither Greece nor byewhen the had base Venetian fiefs. of Aegean Islands Mount River is 19 1to 2 : Italy. Th utlatline im tfKnights ePowers, t tKo”Floating ds ethe ffeSovereign nSGallipoli l hiland. nneyet inawarded SSymbol tGreat ethe oa and t hOthe eand nm i ga hn at tno oAthos, tsto .eon J onot ”,sisthmus fuge Au olninct,Ottoman Ru s Principality s i a n o cadva cup Romanian 19 1 6 . bAlbanian) ireach l i tin y othe f t eDobrudja r r a iRussians; n , o fwhere f e rvague i nfrom gthey r e and l then asettle t i vfloating e?on f ren ethese emasse, d oboundaries. mDobruja t osafe l o c a?l Such an ensemble o( administered ft oot n h he oros1u9n1core t2a) i n population; Çatalca the line Independent M n aoe smtHiocoulRsy erM peas ugobiuan aAfttM of for the River Italian claims in the Dodekanesos and blockade Ru s s i a n o c c u p RAGUSA S t a t e o f t h e K n i g h t s o f S t . J o h n ”, neither to nor to Italy. bywhen the line Great Powers, (M M oot h n aae ss ttHii cco lR Ry eeM p u b l i c aaA fttthee orr s11 99 11 22 ) Venetian fiefs. Çatalca the line Independent Principality Territory the Knights had no base onGreece land. Islands and Mou of reach (inconsistantly for population; the from thenfloating on these Dobruja andisthmus blockade ? Russians; and boundaries. itsAegean basic boundary oand n obymin ethe gat i othe nterritory , Gallipoli 1 6oi vfteio(tm ITerritory n a c c e s sunder iunder b i l i t (ydirect leAutonomous afrbe t gi vr eused) t o l o c afiefs. l Rdirect ref Venetian drerisnas magnification ai np,p oe fafrule rei rnpigunobguulnnircetdto o uf rnede d o m eAlbanian) shown !)vague for ethnological reasons only. oItalian fwhen D uAu raclaims ztzo Iotuthe aslhad yrDodekanesos Boundary 1 9basic 1 5 boundary Ru s sPowers, i a n o((of c cSer up rule the Knights no base on land. Borderline (roughly) of reserved for its MdeVenetian oisns magnification Rother i cdtoeaAutonomous frbe tgerrused) 1u9n1 2d) Venetian oItalian f D u ra z zo by Icampaign. tthe al yl of yM Boundary of Ser RAGUSA 11n66i vtkei(arm (R by 11 99 11the 55 Great ara eand ps tgpiiecoan r esi n,pvague guo brulnrborder ogchanges e-coloured shown (inconsistantly !) the for ethnological reasons only. 1566 Conquests that are related to Süleymān’s last claims in Dodekanesos and blockade ? Aegean Islands and Mou ? o f t h e H o o u n t A t h o s Borderline (roughly) the territory reserved for margin around colour of an (Greek or Albanian) population; and floating boundaries. i r s t u n n i n d r y Au t o n o m o u s r e g i o n , I n a c c e s s i b i l i t y(i1n6o ftkitam erresrtsa imagnification ne ,g ioof fnesr, i no gr rr euto lnantbe ii vneused) fdr er ye d o m t o l o c a l Albania by thebyGreat Powers in 1912. Italian claims to the Dod ? Walachia F r o n t l i n e s -coloured margin around the colour of(”Raias”), an Aegean Islands and Mou itorial areas in & Moldavia which r g o f D u ra z zo I t a l y Boundary Ser 1 9 the 1 5 claims M t ioocuto peuog bu athe ftth1912. eorEntente RAGUSA by Great rPowers i olniby ntc, A AlbaniaAu by Great in Italian The territorial the I nThe a c cbrown e sors i bAlbanian) i lline i t yinoindicating t epopulation; r r a i nregion ,vassal o f f e r istatus n g r e lin a t icases vfloating e f r e e d oboundaries. m to local Italian claims Do F r o Powers, ntotin l ithe nthe eofsDod af steppe vassal status of the& country. An(”Raias”), cates o(promises f t otthe hn eao sm H l Rys eItaly M s1 9 1 2 ) in (Greek itorial areas inp eWalachia Moldavia vassalvague statusand in cases The territorial to Italy by the Entente the -coloured colour An Great ocates r t re svassal s w i tmargin h astatus m aofn ethe n tthe Ocountry. tto m a n of ga an r??r i s o n a n which d a re steppe More situation in Albania, April 22in 1913. t i(opromises m ( 1 6definite oThe f a brown mor a r iAlbanian) t i line m einbindicating oa rd e r. region Enos -Midiia ? e rraround Vassals f eotsnhamagnification esituation tt he roused) s1 9April obyf the D u ra zFzo bytin tthe ael sy Do rtoyLine nPowers, l iIBn M s tHi co lRye M p uoin bul n iAlbania, cttoaAfbe 1 2 ) 22 (Greek population; vague and floating boundaries. onal boundary-line marks the actual Italian claims r t re s s w i t h a p m a n e n t O tto m a n ga r r i s o n a n d a re More definite 1913. Maximum reach of Ottoman sovereignty in Europe The brown line indicating vassal status in cases Tr e a o f u c h ar Enos -Midiia Line Treaty of London 1915 , to turn Italy into an ally: o f a m a r i t i m e b o rd e r. The territorial promises Entente & 2 ). (Map 1the d e d boundary-line bvassal y an a rstatus e a w i t of h athe T ucountry. r k i the s h cactual i vAn i l i a?n p o p u l a t i o n . AVassals 1522-1530 . around cates Meos1915 nmagnification a s ,,t ito ctoRturn eItaly p u bItaly l iby ctoathe fbe t e rused) 1 9 1 ally: 2 ) in the Turkish-coloured margin colour of an onal ezazo t y by o finIBt the ar Treaty of (London into an 1 6 t i(m 1915 oItalian f D uTr raclaims aulcyhDo 1 & s2 ).t o (Map our under dnsemble e d batlas y anall aadministered r vassals e a w i t hare a marks T k i Ottoman sOttoman h c i v i l i core a n pprovince. o p u l a tRAGUSA ion. . the oPaying f a m atribute r i t i m e1522-1530 b o Hungary, rd e r.of to as wella the Symbol ”Floating Sovereign The brown line indicating vassal status in cases asu ran 1 6 t i m e s magnification to be used) ( The territorial promises to Ita our boundary-line atlasisall vassals aremarks under Ottoman onal the actual Bulgaro German Au Vassals Paying tribute to Hungary, as wella s t o t h e o f D u ra z zo by I t a l y RAGUSA vassal status of the country. An area indicates Tr e a- tGerman y o f B u c- hAu ar 1. Treaty of London 1915 , Istria to turn Italy into an ally: A STurkish-coloured margin around the colour of an part of Dalmatia, + RAGUSA Küstenl and, of the ”Floating Sovereign u l t a n ( a n d toSymbol o t h e r s ! ) ( before 1 5 2 6 ) . Bulgaro y;nsemble only forisCyprus Venice had tributecore province. administered as anpaid Ottoman 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 8t h e D o b r u d j a 1.m a r ipart S toattHungary, e osf !t)hreach e( before K nwella i gof h11t55Ottoman ss22 o66colour oof h suzerainty n ”, o f a brown t iline m eofbindicating oDalmatia, rd e r. W o ra ll ld i nWfaurl l l 1. Istria +status SPaying u l1682 tindicates a n tribute ( a n dMaximum to . SSttth.. JJeactual Küstenl and,W A Turkish-coloured The vassal in cases y;our onlyatlas for Cyprus Venice paid tribute all vassals are had under Ottoman as tf)fothe RAGUSA international boundary-line Ital 1 9The 1 4 - territorial 1 9 1of 8Bulgaro vassal area Sto t a thmargin ee orstatus fKnights t h earound Kof nhad i the gmarks hthe tno scountry. obase oAn hland. nan ”, o rall ld i nWfaurl l l Treaty turn t hLondon e D opromises b-r German u1915 d j a, toto Au w h i c hdirect , h o wVenetian e v e r, w a srule u n d e r OAutonomous ttoman under 2. when the on Venetian fiefs. The brown line indicating vassal status in cases the Dodecanesos, 1. part of Dalmatia, Istria + Küstenl and, The territorial promises to Ita oPaying f a 2.m a r i the t i m eDodecanesos, b o rd e r. Su l tindicates aentIn ( aour to 1no )the .aOttoman area om im ensddboundary-line ovassal t so tahthe ree rstatus usvassals s!e) d (jbefore uof sare t the to a5country. d2 6dbase n on eactual a sAn ily y;under only for sovereignty border. atlas all under c hdirect , hBut oCyprus wVenetian eafter v e r,Venice w a srule uhad n dtribute epaid r OAutonomous t ttribute owas man when Knights Venetian fiefs.international Hungary, wella s t o t h e RAGUSA in marks bou all in full t hLondon e D o b r u1915 d j a, to turn Treaty ofHungaro-Romanian y wash iwell. 1517 this o f a 2.m atribute r i tAegean i m e to b oIslands rd e r. andasMount aere d oj uudiscernable sshad t rto a nplain eactual a sland. i lhues y sovereignty Athos, not yet awarded 1. part dS oi smc ee rtIn ni m aour beonly lsedboundary-line sohtfor as dAu ,t ouvassals international 1517 ct yh ,ohfBut otw wo af fsethis ur inndgtribute erreO m nswhen oem emarks g iaodndpaid , the Romanian advance part oftooAlbania, including S u l t a2.3. n tribute ( athe nAegean d to tHungary, h e r s ! ) and ( before 1 5Valona 2Athos, 6t )o. t hBay. 19of 1Hungaro-Romanian . of iw basihl iwell. ethe reafter rvaeSultan i r, n , 1517 l atttiovwas e af rne e d oinm t o l o c a l border. Dodecanesos, suzerainty; Cyprus Venice had tribute ydirectly Treaty to atlas all are under Ottoman p66a.London s s eDalmatia, s u n1915 d e r , cIstria o nturn t rbou o+l Paying as wella s e Islands Mount not yet awarded RAGUSA when discernable plain hues S o m t i m e s d o t s a re u s e d j u s t to a d d a n e a s i l y 3. part of Albania, including Valona Bay. to in Constantinople. “Lineae” in Dalmatia+ Bocche di Cattaro: (Cfr. top Comment 1 Map14) d i s c e r n a b l e s h a d e , sovereignty Au t o n o m o r e g i o n , Romanian advance 3. 19 1 i bas i l i t y o f t e r r a i n , o f f e r i n g r e l a t i v e f r e e d o m t o l o c a l neither to Greece nor to Italy. by the Great Powers, are running out. Hungaro-Romanian bou p a s s e s u n d e r c o n t r o+ l o f t h e H o l y M o u n t A t h o s 1. border. In our atlas all vassals are under Ottoman to the Sultan in Constantinople. yrdirectly well. But after 1517 this tribute was part of Dalmatia, Istria Albanian) population; vague and floating inboundaries. Paying tribute to Hungary, as wella s 6t)o. to t h Greece e RAGUSA t o E g y p t , w h i c h , h o w e v e r, w a s u n d e r O t t o m a n 2. ? S u l t a n ( a n d to o t h e r s ! ) ( before 1 5 2 the Dodecanesos, neither nor to Italy. suzerainty; only for Cyprus Venice had paid tribute by the Great Powers, are running out. d i s c e r n a b l e s h a d e , when discernable plain hues Ru cocnutpr oa+tl etween the vassal and the Sultan regulated o( M f ot hn ae s H lRy eM obulni ct A or s1 9 1 2 ) Su om e3.nt i m sddto ooft soAlbania, ahree rus s!e)in dincluding jbefore u s tDodekanesos to 1a5Valona d2 6d) .a n Bay. e aand s i l y blockade rdirectly Albanian) population; vague and floating boundaries. 5aepart 1. part tVenice i oc1517 p uhad a ftthetribute p aof s s eDalmatia, s ussnss iidaaennr oocIstria in S l t a ( n t ( Italian claims the suzerainty; only for Cyprus paid tovassal the Sultan inSultan Constantinople. 1670-1699 “Linea Nani” Map 9, 10, 11. Ru c c u p a t 5 in suzerainty as well. But after this tribute was etween the and the regulated are running out. 5 t o E g y p t , w h i c h , h o w e v e r, w a s u n d e r O t t o m a n ( M o n a s t i c R e p u b l i c a f e r 1 9 1 2 ) 2. ? C i v i l a d m i n i(s1t6rat ti imo ens magnification the Dodecanesos, sohtuasra daclaims ezre,zou by tribute, the obligations of the vassal in 3. part of Albania, including toObe used) Sdoi smc ee trinma5 eboItalian sl efdD swhen ein dI tjthe syt Dodekanesos to a d d a nplain e aand s i lhues y blockade auldiscernable Boundary of Serbi 1 9 1 5Dodecanesos, t oC iEvgpaid w i (cs1th6ra , thto vmagnification eSultan r,by w aAustria s in u nConstantinople. dtribute e rto t t oused) man etween the vassal and the Sultan regulatedin i yl patd, m ihnwell. tiBut ioow 2. ? the also directly the by Austria m enseafter be T h e ” B i g S c r a m b l e ” suzerainty as 1 9 1 8 1 9 2 6 / 1 9 3 2 1517 this was are running out. o f D u ra z zo by I t a l y Boundary of Serbi S o m e t i m e s d o t s a re u s e d j u s t to a d d a n e a s i l y 1 9 1 5 1699-1718 “Linea Grimani” Map 11, 12, 13 w-coloured atribute, r ( a u x i the l imargin a r obligations y t r oaround o p s a nof d othe t h evassal r t eofr mans ) . the colour d i s c e r n a b l e s h a d e , when discernable ?? in1517 these examples. C i vpaid i l abetween dm i n well. i s t rato tBut ivassal othe n after T hplain e ” Bhues ig Scramble” 1 93.1 8 5- 1part 9 2 6of/ 1Albania, 9F3r 2o n t l iincluding Military occupation. nes suzerainty as this tribute was w-coloured atribute, r ( a u x i the l i a r obligations y t r oaround o p s a nof d othe t h evassal r t eofr man ins ) . AThe treaty and the Sultan regulated by Austria the colour directly Sultan in Constantinople. brown line the indicating vassal status in cases d iThe s crunning e rterritorial n a b l e out. s h a dpromises e , whentodiscernable in these examples. Military occupation. are Italy by the Entente in the w i n g rvassal e g i omargin n sstatus of thisofatlas were at some nes ? ? also the country. An cates T hplain eEntente ” B hues i g Sin c r the amble” 1 9 3.1 8 - 1part 9 2 6of / 1 Albania, 9F3r o2 n t l i including The brown line indicating vassal in cases in C iThe v irunning l aterritorial d m i n iout. s t rapromises tion also paid directly to the Sultan instatus Constantinople. ww airn (garvassal uexgiiloi anrsstatus yoft rthis o o pofsatlas athe n dwere o t h eatr some t eAn rms). to Italy by the the yearly tribute, the obligations of the vassal are in these examples. country. cates A treaty between the vassal and the Sultan regulated o f a m a r i t i m e b o rd e r. by Austria ? 5 Military Walachia, Moldavia, her Ottoman vassals: ???? 5 Areas Republic of Bessarabia Streaty am l l i rs iloccupation. a n d s oofrd f This tehr.e Ishade o n i athe n c oSultan a s t o fregulated G r evague e c e , situation in the Makarska onal boundary-line marks actual 1 7 9 7 –? Tr e adisputed t y o f B u cbetwee hares fm Treaty of”Independent” London 1915 , to turn Italy into an ally: A region asItaly mentioned inMoldavia the w i nOttoman gboundary-line r e g i o nvassals: s of this atlas werethe at Moldavia, some Areas CMilitary iTreaty v i l a d moccupation. nLondon i s coastal t ra t i o n1915 t ioSm ea1669-1699 w atairnm(deasubthe ivassal on oi apns camarks o ot hfthe evassal Walachia, her Republic of Bessarabia myearly a ol lfabetween iownership s ltribute, oxfithe flhad tahrobligations eyalways Itorand onof advague, s tthe Gr rteeercmin e ,s ) . onal marks actual the – inturn these examples. Tr e adisputed t y o f B u cbetwee hares by Austria 11 77RAGUSA 99 77?– ofii”Independent” , to into an ally:Moldavia whose been Ragusa, Serbia and Bulgaria and the nnia, our atlas all vassals areWalachia, under the Ottoman Paying tribute to Hungary, as wella svague, t oo ft vassal hGebeing C i v i l a d m n i s t ra t i o n ? Areas disputed betwee the yearly tribute, the obligations of the in nia, Moldavia, her Ottoman vassals: ? ”Independent” Republic of Bessarabia Moldavia S m a l l i s l a n d s o f f t h e I o n i a n c o a s t r e e c e , whose ownership had always been being Ragusa, Serbia and Bulgaria and the ? T h e f o l o w i g r e g i o n s of this atlas were at some by Austria ”Independent” Republic of Ukraine Bulgaro German ny; our atlas all vassals are under Ottoman A r e a s d i s p u t e d bAustr etwe t i m e f w a r ( a u x i l i a r y t r o o p s a n d o t h e r t e r m s ) . 1. Paying tribute to Hungary, as wella s t o t h e 1 7 9 7 – RAGUSA part of Dalmatia, Istria + ? Küstenl and, Peace Treaty of 1670-’71 between Venice and the Ottoman Empire: Venice is “not to claim the coastal region in these examples. ? Zante, Chios, Samos, Cyprus and others. u lno t aonfvalue ( a n d to to o tihl iearrsyIn ! )t rthese ( before 6 )they only for Cyprus Venice hadand paidothers. tribute gain Military occupation. Republic A e d- bAustr etwe ?? Bulgaro ? ? Ttime t iShSof m (to aruVenice. o pbeen s ayears n11 55d22vague, t.. h eatrbeing terms). Zante, Chios, Samos, Cyprus nia, all in full t h”Independent” e rDe oa sb-rdGerman uids p j au t Republic whose Ragusa, Serbia and Bulgaria and the Walachia, Moldavia, vassals: these S m 1.a l l i spart loccupation. a ”Independent” nArea dofs Dalmatia, oin f f southern t h e I oIstria nin i aAnatolia n +c o aexamples. sKüstenl tofassigned o Ukraine f G rand, e e to c e ,Italy ue leno tfor ao nlother (wawanirdnOttoman r s always !In ) this (obefore 6o)they y; Cyprus had paid l oownership gto eoxgtto ihhad oenthe of atlas were some of value Venice. these years gain Military 1797– ate of Tatars in by the a l l i n f u l l ”Independent” Republic of Ukraine ,Zante, wonly h i cthe hfor ,Chios, hCrimean o w eSamos, v e r,Venice w aCyprus s uwas n d eand r Ofact tothers. ttribute o also man t h e D o b r u d j a importance due presence of island-loving 2. A r e a s d i s p u t e d b etwe ? the Dodecanesos, of Makarska, the Ottomans will be “content by only summarily taking possession of it”. Areas disputed between ? T h em f oe tlother lm o we isnOttoman gdue rtRagusa, es gto ire oand nus sSerbia of this atlas were ateand some ? Transylvania, S o i d o a e d j u s t to a d d a n a s i l y ? of no value to Venice. In these years they gain ate Tatars was in fact also Area in southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by the sovereignty whose ownership had always been vague, being and Bulgaria the ,yhough, washofiwell. cthe h ,being hCrimean o w e v e r, w a s u n d e r O t t o m a n Walachia, Moldavia, time or vassals: 2. importance the presence of island-loving ”Independent” Republic S m a l l i sthe l a nTreaty d s o f f of t h Sèvres. e I o n i a n c o a s t o f G r e e c e , sovereignty Dodecanesos, Hungaro-Romanian bound a Muslim state, it had de ?? Hungaro-Romanian 1797– ? time Areas disputedRepublic between But after 1517 this tribute was SdGreat oi smcor e rtother inBritain m e sl eOttoman dsohand tasChios, aere u swhen e d on j udiscernable sthe tCyprus toWalachia, a d dand a nmainland. e aMoldavia, s i lhues y unrest Greek ”Independent” Republi Treaty of Sèvres. vassals: ”Independent” ate of the Crimean Tatars was in fact also e a b d , Area in southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by the S m a l l i s l a n d s o f f t h e I o n i a n c o a s t o f G r e e c e , bound ? plain islands of Zante, Samos, others. 3. importance due to the presence of island-loving part of Albania, including Valona Bay. hough, being a Muslim state, it had de Great Britain and unrest on the Greek mainland. yerent as well. But after 1517 this tribute of no value to Venice. In these years gainby ”Sèvres”. 1797– whose ownership hadThrace always been vague, being ande nBulgaria and thes aAreas s sreesa usdisputed n di es rp uc ot between ?? pp”Independent” relation with thein Sultan. For was some dare i s crunning e rare n a bthen l e out. s hRagusa, adis d ep, u teSerbia ? ? Transylvania, directly to the Sultan Constantinople. enndtt rrboo lel toowff Western awarded tothey Greece when plain hues They d beTatars tdiscernable we t heinOfact tto malso an 3. partTreaty of Albania, including Valona Bay. ofthe Sèvres. Transylvania, aArea sA us nd dies rp uc ot Republic erent relation theinSultan. hough, being Muslim state, itFor hadsome de whose ownership always been being Ragusa, Serbia and Bulgaria and the The Khanate ofout. the Crimean was Great Britain and ont we the ?? directly tovassal theawith Sultan Constantinople. importance due tohad ofvague, island-loving of Zante, Chios, Cyprus and others. Asreesain dsouthern eRepubli dAnatol betw ?? ”Independent” Western Thrace awarded to Greece They are then dis punrest u teSamos, dultimate be e nGreek t he Omainland. tto m an s of Austria of no value to Venice. Inpresence these years they gain by ”Sèvres”. 1600s The defense line ?6 4 islands are running köly in northern Hungary and the King of etween the and the Sultan regulated 5 (Greece) and Great Britain (Heptanesos Republic). – 1 8 Treaty of Sèvres. ? ofthough, Zante, Chios, Cyprus others. erent with the Sultan. For some Areas of no value to Venice. In these gainby aislands vassal, being ad Muslim state, had des A r e ains disputed d i s p u t e dbetwee betw ?? Area Western Thrace awarded tothey Greece by ”Sèvres”. ”Sèvres”. Thracian areas to Greece köly inrelation northern Hungary and the King of then dis unteSamos, beTatars t we e nwas t heand tto m an etween thethe vassal and thethe Sultan regulated the inOit fact also southern Anatol (Greece) (Heptanesos Republic). – Great Britain and onawarded theyears Greek mainland. 5 importance due to unrest the presence of island-loving CThey i vKhanate i l aare d mand i nofi sGreat t ra tCrimean ipoBritain – 11 88?66 44 The o tribute, paid tribute. Even Habsburgs paid y obligations of the vassal in Areas disputed betwee Thracian areas awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. by Austria ? ? Great i/. 1a9. 3”in T hsouthern eThrace M i r d iawarde te Rep Tatars was initRepublic). fact Area Anatol köly in northern Hungary and thevassal King paid of C(Greece) i vKhanate ial different a dthough, mand i nof i sGreat tthe ra t iCrimean oBritain n awith of Sèvres. importance due tounrest the presence oft he island-loving iure relation the Sultan. For some Western oatribute, paid tribute. Even the Habsburgs yribute, the obligations of the ins ) . vassal, being Muslim state, hadalso de They aBritain re then disputed bet ween Ottomans (Heptanesos – 1 8 6 4 aThe T h e ” B i g S c r a m b l e ” 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 2 6Treaty 2 by Austria and on the Greek mainland. Smyrna district awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”, although they kept calling ite r”gifts”. ? Areas disputed betwee i . a . ” T h e M i r d i t e Rep w r ( a u x i l i a r y t r o o p s a n d o t h e r t m Thracian areas awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. Treaty Sèvres. near in these examples. 1683-’99 Habsburg’s TtohOttomans e ” B i g ”sovereignty”. S c”Sèvres”, ramble” 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 2 6Western / 1 9 3 2 ofThrace ayears vassal, though, being awith Muslim state, itFor had de Smyrna district awarded Greece by Military occupation. ribute, although they kept calling o paid tribute. the paid inrelation northern Hungary and the King of Great and unrest on theunder Greek mainland. oEven o p satlas a n dHabsburgs o t h eatr some tite r”gifts”. m s). iure a Thököly different the conquests Sultan. some (Greece) Great Britain (Heptanesos Republic). but going to remain – 1 8?6 4 They in these examples. aBritain re and then disputed bet ween t he Ottoman iAlbanian . a . ” T h e villages M i r d awarde iawarde tnear e R eK Albanian villages Kp owwairn(ga ruexgiiloi anrsyoft rthis were Military occupation. Thracian areas iure a different relation with the Sultan. For some Smyrna district awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”, but going to remain under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. ribute, kept were calling it ”gifts”. Western Thrace awarde They a reand then disputed bet ween t he Ottomans Poland also paid tribute. Hungary Even the Habsburgs paid w i nOttoman g r ealthough g i o nvassals: s of they this atlas at Moldavia, some years Thököly ins onorthern and the King of Areas disputed between (Greece) Great Britain (Heptanesos Republic). Albanian villages near K – 1 8?6 4 1560 – 1795 Walachia, her ? ”Independent” Republic of Bessarabia Moldavia Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” S m a l l i s l a n d f f t h e I o n i a n c o a s t o f G r e e c e , ? neutral zones In Hu but going to remain under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. Thracian areas awarded 1797– northern of Smyrna district awarde disputed between ayears yearly although calling Walachia, Moldavia, neutral zones In Hu her Ottoman vassals: ?? Areas ”Independent” Republic Bessarabia 1560 – 1795 (Greece) and Great Britain (Heptanesos Republic). –1864 Swhose m a1690s lThököly l also iownership stribute, l a npaid din s otribute. f fhad t h ealways I oHungary nthey i a nbeen ckept o aand svague, tHabsburgs othe f Gbeing rKing e it e c”gifts”. epaid , Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” Moldavia Poland Even the Ottoman recovery 1797– ania, Thracian areas awarde Ragusa, Serbia and Bulgaria and the 1560 – 1795 but going to remain und Poland also paid tribute. Even the Habsburgs paid T h e u l t i m a te d e f e n s e l i n e of Au s t r i a 1 6 0 0 s Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” nia, ”Independent” Republic of Ukraine onquests and Serbia other border changes hat Smyrna ownership and Bulgaria andtthe a whose tribute, they calling it s”gifts”. e a sneutral d i s pdistrict u tzones e d b awarde e tInw eHu en ? ealthough uhad l t i malways a tethese d ebeen f ekept n s evague, lcalling ithey n e ofbeing Au tria Zante,Ragusa, Chios, Samos, Cyprus and others. 11yearly 66 00no 00 ss value of toT hVenice. In years gain ”Independent” Republic of Ukraine onquests and other border that e a sgoing d i s pdistrict utot eremain d ”Zone b eawarde t w und e eofn ???? AA rrbut Smyrna a of yearly tribute, although they kept it ”gifts”. ? re related to Suleyman’s lastchanges campaign. Zante, Chios, Samos, Cyprus and others. Demilitarized to In these years they gain ate of the Crimean Tatars was in fact also Area in southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by theWar ll T hVenice. e to ubu lThököly’s t irm apresence te dneqfueprincipality, nsof stes island-loving lsite n epofbys Aut setpr i a 1560 – 1795 11 660no 03s-value lastchanges importance due the onquests and other border t h a t 1 9 3 3 193 9 1 9 4 5 World but going to remain und 1683-’88 Habs g ’s co e re related to Suleyman’s last campaign. 8 ’9 9 ? Areas disputed between Pol ?3 3 - 193 ate of thebeing Crimean Tatars state, was in itfact also Area in of southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by theWar ll ? Habs r g ’spresence co n q u e soft s island-loving s te p bys t e p 1560 – 1795 importance due tobu the 11 66 88 33 -- ’9 99 Demilitarized ”ZonePol of 1 9?? 9 - disputed 1 9 4 5 between Treaty Sèvres. ’9 though, a Muslim had de Areas T h e of u l tSèvres. i m a te d e f e n s e l i n e of Au s t r i World a 1600s reMaximal related to Suleyman’s last campaign. reach of Ottoman sovereignty Great Britain and unrest on the Greek mainland. ? Conquests and other border changes that Treaty Demilitarized of Maximal reach of the Ottoman though, being awith Muslim state, sovereignty itFor hadsome 1 9?3 3 - 193 9e a- s1 9d 4i s5p u t e d ”Zone World War ll 1 5Great 69803s- Britain Habs bu r gSuleyman’s ’s co nthe q ueenGreek s tth s seteOtto p bys t ne sp 1560 – 1795 and unrest on mainland. 166hey ’9re 9 then indeEurope Ottoman recovery Boundary of die Ostmark ferent relation Sultan. A r b e t w e e Western Thrace awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. are related to last campaign. T a d i sp ute d be twe ma ? A rGerman ? T h e u l t i mofa te d eOstmark f e n s e l i n e of Au s t r i a 1600s in Europe Conquests and other border changes tnhsa t 1 6 99 00 ss a re Ottoman recovery Boundary die forces one tterri Europe ferent Sultan. Maximal of Ottoman sovereignty e a s d i s p u t e d b w e e ? Western Thrace awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. M a in x irelation m a l reach r e a cwith hHungary o f the O t to m a nthe sFor uKing z esome rin a iof nty then d i sp ute d be twe e n th e Otto ma ? Habsbur g ’s conquest s step bys t e p ? 1 5T166hey 6 8 3 ’9 9 T h e u l t i m a te d e f e n s e l i n e of Au s t r i a 1 6 0 0 s German forces on terri köly northern and Conquests and other border changes that (Greece) and Great Britain (Heptanesos Republic). – 1 8 6 4 are related to Suleyman’s last campaign. Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine in Czechoslovakia M a x i m a l r e a c h o f O t to m a n s u z e r a i n t y in Europe 1 6 9 0 s Ottoman recovery Boundary of die Ostmark Areas disputed between A 68 3 - ’88 and Thököly ’s principality, v a Republic). s s a l of the Thracian areas awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. köly in northern Hungary and the King paid of reach of Ottoman Autonomous in Czechoslovakia Great Britain (Heptanesos – 1 8 6 4 1 5(Greece) Habsbur g ’s Carpatho-Ukraine conquest bys tby e p”Sèvres”. German forces so paid tribute. Even the Habsburgs 1 6 8 3 - ’9 9 Thracian areMaximal related to lastv acampaign. Thököly ’sSuleyman’s principality, ssovereignty s a l ofinthe 1 6 8 3 - ’88 Areas areas awarded stostep Greece axim r e a c h Even of O tthe to mHabsburgs a ndis Cattaro: u z e r apaid inty Lineae” ina lDalmatia+ Bocche German i . aBoundary . ” Tdisputed h e MOccupation iof r ddie ibetween t eon R terri e pFo uA b Ottomans Europe Ottoman Ostma soMpaid tribute. 1 61 68 82 3 - ’88 Maximal Habsbur grecovery ’s Carpatho-Ukraine conquest s to step bys t”München” e p ”Sèvres”, 11 669803s- ’9 9 Smyrna Lineae” in Dalmatia+ Bocche di Cattaro: Sep 29, 1938 Tschechei after reach of Ottoman sovereignty Autonomous in Czechoslovakia district awarded Greece by i . aGerman . ” T h e MOccupation i r d i t e R e pFo ub tribute, although they kept calling it ”gifts”. Thököly ’s principality, v a s s a l of the Ottomans 1 6 8after 3 - ’88 1702 ? Territory under control of Rákóczi 1 Map 14) Cfr. top Comment Sep 29, 1938 Tschechei after ”München” M a x i m a l r e a c h o f O t to m a n s u z e r a i n t y 29, 1938 Albanian villages near Kor Maximal reach of Ottoman sovereignty Smyrna district awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”, ribute, although they kept calling it ”gifts”. in Europe ? 1 6 9 0 s Ottoman recovery 1 Map 14) Cfr. top Comment Te r r i t o r y u n d e r c o n t r o l o f R á k ó c z i Boundary of die Ostmar after 1702 I t a l i a n O c c u p a t i o n Fo Lineae” in Dalmatia+ Bocche di Cattaro: 1 6 8 2 but going to remain under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. German Occupation Fo 1 14) Autonomous Carpatho-U Ottomans Albanian villages near Kor Thököly ’s principality, v a s s a l of the 1 6 8 3 ’88 9 Böhmen & Mähren iatlo rreya uc hn doef r Octoton m t r aonl os uf zReár kin ctzyi Mar i5, 1938 1939 1702 M aTe Sep 29, Tschechei after ”München” ”Linea Nani”1 MapM a p 9 , 10, 11. 1 6 9 0? s Ottoman but going to recovery remain Protektorat under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. Boundary I t a l i a n O cofc udie p a tOstma i o n Fo x irmrin a ói nEurope 1 6after 8 2 1702 9 & Mähren Mar i5, 1939 1939 14)a p 99 ,, 10, Comment 10, 11. 11. Böhmen & ”Lineae” Bocche Mar i5, ”Linea Nani” M Ottomans 1560 – 1795 Demilitarized ”ZoneProtektorat ofI nthe Straits” Autonomous 89Cfr. top MO aTe xl itrm n u zReand r inat iloDalmatia+ efar rO ct tsoto notm ldios fCattaro: árkaói nc tzyi ”Linea Grimani” Map 11, 12, 13, 14. Thököly ’s principality, s adBöhmen le n of IGerman tneutral a l29, i a n1938 Ozones c c uCarpatho-U p aInt iHunga oof nTsch Fo 1 6 8 3by - ’88Habsburg Sep ”of d evpaStraits” es nbut t ”the S lagain o&vaMähren k i aby eComment ar eyaanucdnh1dpoMap fr oaSerbia 1after 7 1 81718-’39 - ’1702 3 9(Cfr. annexation Yu 1560 – 1795 Protektorat Demilitarized ”Zone the Oltenia and parts of Serbia and Bosnia, gained by ”Passarowitz” lost ? Mar i5, 1939 11, 12, 13, 13, 14. 8899 14) neutral zones In top Autonomous Carpatho-U 9 , 10, 11. 14. ”Linea Nani” M a p ” I n d e p e n d e n t ” S l o va k i a O l t e n i a a n d p a r t s o f Serbia and 1 7 1 8 ’ 3 9 ”Linea Grimani” Map 11, 12, Thököly sos fa lR of 1after 6 8 3 -1702 ’88 Mar in 1 7 1 8 - ’ 3 ”Lineae” 9 Ottomans German annexationHunga of Yu ”Protection”. Te ri5, r i t1939 o r’sy principality, u n d e r c ounder n t rvoal German á k óthe czi - 31. ”Linea Mocenigo” Map 14changes Bhoesin n itDalmatia+ ai ,mgaatei ndeedf eBocche bn sye Hl ianbedi sofbCattaro: uAu r gs by Mar i5, 1939 1830s Sep 29, 1938 Tsch T u l t r i a 1 6 0 s 899 Conquests other border t h a t 1 6 7 0 1 6 9 9 under German ”Protection”. Prote ”Lineae” in Dalmatia+ Bocche di Cattaro: 31. Mocenigo” Map 14 Mar i5, 1939 ”Lineaand Grimani” 11, 12, 13, 14. B o s n i a , g a i n e d b y H a b s b u r g by ,e 10, 11.by Nani” aeoplf i n9Serbia ? Ottomans Yugoslav territoryofTsch inYuS ” I n d e p e n d e n t ” S l o va k i a 14 - 31. esuna”Belgrade”. aanitetdz1d”pMap af er tnM sslost and 14) top German annexation l tiriaom ebut of Au stria 116701 08 s- ’ 3 9(Cfr.”TO Ph”Linea al etsComment w again Sep 29, 1938 1939 Conquests and other border changes t h a t in Oct. eorf aRl áGkoóu”Protection”. Te r i5, r i t1939 o r y u n d e r c ounder n tGr oe lnGerman cvzei r n e m e n t after 1702 Mar Yugoslav territory ? are to 89 ” B P”Linea a sComment s a r oNani” wg iatizn1 ”Map butb14) again 99 related top - 31. ”Linea ”Linea Map Oct. 1939 ylost a911, b, p10, s12,bby u13, r gt14. by awarded to Italy Prote in”in 11 66 97 90 -- 11 67 91 (Cfr. I194 nS in T h ito sMocenigo” sSuleyman’s h a d e m aMap r k slast t14 h ecampaign. va g u e O ioar ya nu dn dpear r ct so notG fr eoSerbia 1after 7 1 8 - ’1702 39 Oct. 11.sby a pHste nl eorfa Rl and m e n t ll ”B eaolbsbur g nr ai da e,Grimani” ”.’s co neqdueM Tel tr er int1939 áGkoóuWorld cvzeir n eWar 1 9 3 3 - 193 9 Mar -Mar 1 9 4i5, 5 1939 are H g sts e p i5, 1939 1666978903--11’9 9 194S Yugoslav territory in T h i s sSuleyman’s h a d e m a r k slast t h ecampaign. va g u e awarded to Italy in 194 99i n related ” B e l g r a d e ”. 1 6 9 9 Prote Mar i5, 1939 and exten 91918 ”HP”Linea R e i c h s k o m m i s s a r i a t U k r a i n e a s s r o w i t z ” but lost again by Aug. 1941 Annexation 9 , 10, 11. ”Linea Nani” M a p 1 9 3 3 193 9 1 9 4 5 World War ll un 1 6 9 9 1 7 14 31. ”Linea Mocenigo” Oct. 1939 a bsbur g ’s co n q ue sts ste p by s t e p B o s n i a , g a i n e d b y H a b s b u r g by G e n e r a l G o u v e r n e m e n t 1 6 8 3 ’9 t h e M a k a r s k a c o a s t a l r e g i o n a s Grimani” Map 11, 12, 13, 14. nd reach ofcOttoman sovereignty O l t e n1941 i a a n d Rp ea irct hs sokfo m Serbia and 1718-’39 1830s Aug. 1941 1 7 74 m i s sby ariat Ukraine awarded to Italy in””II194 Annexation and exten i nMaximal t h e M iasreach k sahr as kd aof o a s t a l reesovereignty gvai og nu ea s Mar i5, 1939 and Map -- 11 7911 89 ” BOccupation e l g r aOccupation dMocenigo” eGrimani” ”.recovery 1830s ”Linea ”Aug. ”pe but again and1411,- 12, nH 11 6611 67799974 9901774 OPoal tssensnai1941 iarao,ofw ag die n a r t slost o foam Serbia 1 7 1 8 - ’ 3 9 Boundary Oct. 1939 e d9 Maximal i n t h eT hPe a c e Tree m aOttoman tayr ok sf t1 6h70 - ’ 7 1 in Europe s Ottoman 74 Occupation and Map 31. 13, 14. ”Linea B ai tidznSROstmark sr bi ust sr gaand Mar i5, forces 1939 Territory annexed byun i papt e tUrkergai imn ee . Aug. Annexation andterritor exten eerddibcbibhayysukH n adbbem pruby e di nM i ntahtxhei m eMaPe aeacarecs Tr e fac toOyatsoto fam11l 66ar70 --s’’iu77o11zne rin a k k a t e g a s 1 6 6 9 1 6 9 9 T h i s s h a d e m a r k s t h e va g u e Europe German on 70 1 6 9 0 s Ottoman recovery 1 6 9 9 1 9 Boundary of die Ostmark ” B e l g r a d e ”. un 14 31. ”Linea Mocenigo” Map l r h o n a i n t y B o s n i a , g a i n H s b u r g by annexation of t h e B u ko v i n a by Austria 1 7 7 5 S e r b i a u n d e r i t s p u p p e t r e g i m e . Territory annexed by H 74 Aug. 1941 1830s Ve n i c e a n d t h e O t t o m a n E m p i r e : ” P a s s a r o w i t z ” but lost again by Aug. 1941 Occupation and Oct. 1939 German forces on territor R e i c h s k annexation of t h e B u ko v i n a by Austria 1 7 7 5 Aug. 1941 hO oe fat tOoy tm Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine in Czechoslovakia e dVeM i nai txchiem e aaPe otofamn1 6a70 t h e TM c oaar ks tsatvlharesesva gailog of s nl draectaehceTr En m-s’up7 1zi er er a: i n t y ”Aug. Peal gs rs aa1941 r oe ”.wCarpatho-Ukraine i tand zSYugoslav ”e but lost again by 1s 6i11t67u789a53-t-1i’88 6o 9n 9i n Thököly h ias’sksaprincipality, hras dk ea m un eathe Territory by H part of the former Bánát, Oct. 1939annexed ” B d r b i a u n d e r i t s p u p p e t r e g i m e . 1 7 74 ccupied and Aug. 1941 Autonomous in Czechoslovakia Occupation Aug. 1941 Thököly ’s principality, v a s s a l of the annexation of the Bukovina by Austria Lineae” in Dalmatia+ Bocche dim Cattaro: annexation of t h e B u ko i n a by Austria 5t3ti--o Aug. 1941 German Occupation Force 1smi161te676un789a1775 1i’88 6 9 9 T h i s s h a d e m a r k s t h e va g u e Yugoslav part of the former Bánát, R e i c h s k Ve n i c e a n d t h e O t t o m a n E p i r e : Ottomans n e d i n t h e Pe a c e Tr e a t y o f 1 6 70 ’ 7 1 Aug. 1941 Territory ccupied and ” B e l g r a d e ”. o n i n Ottomans the Makarska coastal region as under control of ”München” its local German Sep 29, 1938 Tschechei after m thetop coastal region ofBocche Makarska, SReer ibForce iha suk Lineae” in Dalmatia+ di Cattaro: Aug. 1941 German Occupation 117774 cand Aug. 1941 Aug. 1941 ofand 1 Map 14) (Cfr. Comment Occupation Yugoslav part former Bánát, annexation tunder h eTschechei B u ko vand i nafter a of by Austria 7? 5 control ofthe its local German Sep 29, 1938 ”München” ien onn i ni nnTe tithcrhereiM o1in Territory bs iafter eet tunwat ieto1702 atPe ekdaeO Eeom Area m thetop coastal of 14) Makarska, m e dVe eract ttocyooam os tftaar1nol6lr70 -gf’ i7pR minority the ”Wehrmacht” onardaky catuerhnsTr n ár keaó: sc z i 1 7 74? I t aAug. l i a n of O1941 c Florina c uccupied p a tSi oe occupi nbFo 1 Map (Cfr. Comment will be region Area of Florina occupi Occupation and r i a rc u 9tomans 9 the ”Linea Protektorat Böhmen & Mähren Mar i5, 1939 Aug. 1941 under control of its local German Yugoslav Nani” M a p 9 , 10, 11. Te r r i t o r y u n d e r c o n t r o l o f R á k ó c z i tomans will be minority and the ”Wehrmacht” after 1702 m e n t i o n e d i n t h e Pe a c e Tr e a t y o f 1 6 70 ’ 7 1 m coastal region of Makarska, Ve n i c e is I t a l i a n O c c u p a t i o n Fo annexation t Montenegro, hProtektorat e B u ko v i n aBöhmen bypuppet Austria 1775 b e t w e e n Ve n i c e a n d t h e O t t o m a n E m p i r e : 989only ”Linea Sunder eoccupi r (partl b i arc u & ”Kingdom” Mähren Mar summarily takingM possession it” . Aug. 1941 1annexation 9 4i5,1 1939 of a 9 , 10, 11.of Nani” a p 1830s Italian territory Area of Florina minority and the ”Wehrmacht” of t h e B u ko v i n a by Austria 1 7 7 5 co ”Linea Grimani” Map 11, 12, 13, 14. only summarily taking possession of it” . b 1e7nt1to w n Vethe nOilctcoastal e naina da region tnhde pOa trof tt os Makarska, mo af nSerbia E m p iand re: ” I n d e p e n dae npuppet t ” S l o va kia tomans will be 1 99 44i5,11 1939 ”not Aug. 1941 8c-e’eclaim 3e 9is Yugoslav . German annexation of Yugos 1 Montenegro, ”Kingdom” Ve i (partl Italian territory 8 Mar Grimani” Map 11, 12, 13, 14. a n n exe d by G e r m a ny ” I n d e p e n d e n t ” S l o va k i a O l t e n i a a n d p a r t s o f Serbia and 1 7 1 8 ’ 3 9 German annexation of Yugos Aug. 1941 1 9only ”Linea Yugoslav minorit o s l aunder v B a nGerman o v ianpuppet a s ”Protection”. 14 - 31. of it” . ”Linea Mocenigo” Ve nto i cclaim eOttomans is the B ocoastal swill n i abe , g a i n e d ofb yMakarska, H a b s b u r g by Mar 1929 summarily taking Map possession and the 1 9 4i5,1 1939 Yu gMontenegro, co ”Kingdom” (partl aItalian n n exeterritory dterritory by G under erm a ny 19 1929 Yugoslav in Slo ”Linea Mocenigo” Map 14 - 31. Yu g o s l aunder v B aBanovina nGerman o v i n a s ”Protection”. ss snai ar o, wgregion ai ti zntaking d ofb ylost H aagain b s b u rby gofbyit” . 1929 Napoleonic era ”not 1 79to5 claim - by 1 8 1only 5” BP oasummarily under co ”e but Last stand of German for ”not coastal region Makarska, Oct. ”content possession Autonomous G ae n n eo rvai nl aGso Croatia u v e r n e m e n t border9 4n1exe Monten a1 n d by G eminority rm a Slo ny Yugoslav territory in 1939 1939 Yu borderand be 1 79the 5 -Ottomans 1 8 1 5the g o s l a v B ”” BPealswill s a r o w i t z ” but lost again by awarded to Italy in 1941. 1929 99 Last stand of German for Oct. 1939 T h i s s h a d e m a r k s t h e va g u eNapoleonic era 1939 G e n e r a l G o u v e r n e m e n t Autonomous Banovina Croatia g r a dbe e ”. minorit 1939 lines ”Igel Stellungen” Cre and awarded to Italy insof 1941. 9i n t h eFrench . by possession of it” T/M h iask sahrEmpire as kd ae m aar sktsatl hree gvai og nu eNapoleonic borderera ”content ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia 1 9 4 1 1 9 4 1 1 79the 5 -Ottomans 1 8 only 1 5” B esummarily Montene R e i c h s k o m m i s s a r i a t U k r a i n e l gwill r a d e ”. Ftaking Aug. 1941 Annexation and extentio Yu g o l a v B Last stand of German for lines 1929 Autonomous Banovina Croatia ”Igel Stellungen” of Cre n9public c o a s r e n c hpossession S a t e l l i t e S t ait” tes 11939 9 4 11 1941 ”Independent ”content summarilyand R e i c h s k o mKingdom” m i s s a r i aCroatia t Ukraine 1 7 74 by only 1941 Annexation and Monten extentio French / a kaac reEmpire Occupation nepublic s Tr k ae ca ot ya sotfa 1l 6r70 e g- ’i7o1 n a s era 1 79 5 - 1 8 1 Aug. 5D1 9e4m Ftaking r e n c h S a t e l l i t e of S tNapoleonic a t e. s of Cre a r c a t”Independent i o n l i n e b e Kingdom” t w e e n t hCroatia e G e r m a n lines and I t a l i a n Territory a”Igel r1929 m e dStellungen” f oannexed r c eYu s gaonsby dl atHun hB ei Autonomous dai ndi ntohtf hfeeFrench erMiPe 1 7 74 v 1939 ro n g p e r m a n e n t r i g h t Occupation and 1 9 4 1 public Empire r i t s p ut hp ep eGt er re m g i m e .a n d Aug. /raiPe D e m a1941 r c a t i oSSnee rrlbbi iinaaeuubnn edd teew I t a l i a n Territory a r1929 m e d f oannexed r c eYu s ga onby essage dVe tcfhfeeeFrench eaatntteyonm ot far in1g6h70 Ft hraeecnhBcuhkoS av ti ne lal iby t eAustria S tNapoleonic ates sdl atHun vh eBi ro a di nnoi to n gda cpteehtroops. reTr mO annexation 1A 7 7l i5 Pa s h a’ sRepublic era 1 79 5 - 1 8 1 5Aug. Etm- ’ 7p1i r e : ex p French a n d i n gof re r eei teesn p e t r em g i aamn 1m 9 4e1d f o r c”Independent / Empire French Empire French D e m a1941 r c a t i oYugoslav nF r leinnceh bSpart eatt w nep uSt htpformer ne .a n d I t a l i a n a r1939 eAutonomous s and thei t haec hB u ko v i n a by Austria 1A 7 7l 5iFrench Ve cf feeFrench e lof l i tthe aet eGs e r Bánát, Napoleonic era 1 79 5 - 1 8 1 5Aug. ro a dn oi to rai n dg pt hetroops. remOa tnteonmt ar ing hEtm p i r e : PaRepublic s h a’ sannexation ex p a/n d i n gof re 1941 Autonomous sssage Territory ccupied and an 1939 oman to occupation of the Ionian Islands Aug. 1941 a t”Independent i o n land i n e an be Yugoslav Bánát, Wa r ” 1991e4m 1 a r cccupied French Frenchregion troops. sssage ”C 1 9 4 5 - 1Territory 9D MA i lliit aPa r Republic ys hroa’asd ex o fpfFrench ea/rni dnign pg Empire ere r ma ca hn e n t r i g h t local Funder r e n c hcontrol Spart a t e lof l ioftthe eits S tformer a t e s German im the occupation coastal of Makarska, oman of the Ionian Islands ”C oo ll d d Wa r ” 1 9 4 5 - 1Area 9 91 91 4of ”Independent 1 Florina French Republicto French Empire under control of its local German / of free passage French troops. F r e n c h S a t e l l i t e S t a t e s im the coastal region of Makarska, A l i Pa s h a’ s ex p a n d i n g re a c h occupied Demarcation line be minority and the ”Wehrmacht” M i l i tMilitary a r y ro a d road o f f e r i offering n g p e r m apermanent n e n t r i g h t right of free passage to French troops. oman occupation of the Ionian Islands tomans will be ”C o l d Wa r ” 1 9 4 5 - 1Area 9D9 1e m ofaFlorina minority and the ”Wehrmacht” r c a t i o noccupied line be will be M ifree l i t a rOttoman y ro a d oto foccupation f eFrench r i n g p etroops. r mofa nthe e n tIonian r i g h t Islands of passage A l i Pa s h a’ s1Occupation re a c h U.S.A. Russoytomans only summarily taking possession of it” . 1812 – 1870 1 9 54 - 1 9 9 1 9ex 4 1 p a n d i n gZones Montenegro, a puppet ”Kingdom” The ”Iterritory r o n C u r(partly t a i n ”,es Italian of free passage to French troops. A l i Pa s h a’1sOccupation re a c hU.S.A. a puppet ”Kingdom” y only summarily taking possession of it” . 1812 – 1870 9 4ex 1 p a n d i n gZones 11 99 55 44 -- 11 99 99 11 Montenegro, (partly Italian territory Moldavia The ”I r o n C u r iBnl oi”,nex a nfnro exe rm m dt hby e ”GS eov j etatany cs RussoOttoman occupation of the Ionian Islands NATO Moldavia Occupation Zone U.K. YuZones g o s l a vU.S.A. Banovinas Russo-Ottoman occupation of the Ionian Islands 1812 – 1870 of Belgrade. 1929 1 9 54 - 1N 9 9 1 The ”I r o n C u r tatany iBnl io”,ncs A T O a n n exe d by G e r m 1 8 1 2 & R u s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n o f Wa l a c h i a f ro m t h e ” S ov j e Occupation Zone U.K. NATO RussoYu g o s l a v B a n o v i n a s 1929 of Belgrade. borderNapoleonic era 88 11 225 -Ottoman s s i a n o c c u of p a tthe i o nIonian o f WaIslands l a c hMoldavia ia& 11 79 1 8 1 5 R uoccupation Occupation Zones U.S.A The & 1812 – 1870 Last stand ofe German forces Autonomous Banovina Croatia 1939 f rostand m”Curtain” t hof ” S ov j separat e t forces Bloc TheBelgrade. ”6 districts”, liberated by Karageorge, N rAsTawO Wa borderNapoleonic era 11 79 Occupation Zone France U.K.Banovina The ”Curtain” of Last German Autonomous Croatia 1939 8 15255 -- 1 8 1 5 R p a tni oonc couf pWa Moldavia lines WaPrr ssaawawA u ssst iraon- Oo tctcoum a t il ao cnh oi af &the1812 – 1870 ”Igel Stellungen” ofseparat Crete The liberated Wa Occupation Zones U.S.A Zone France ct ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia 1 9Occupation 41 1 88 55 55 -- of Belgrade. Territory of the Free C& n a d”6d idistricts”, t i French o/n to t hEmpire e Pa s h a l by i k oKarageorge, f B e l g ra d e . epublic Occupation Zone U.K. t The ”Curtain” separat lines 1 Pashalik P a c t French Satellite States ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete A u s t r o O t t o m a n o c c u p a i o n o f the F r e n c h S a t e l l i t e S t a t e s ct Occupation U.S.A 1812 o cZone c u p a t iSoviet o nKingdom” o f Union Wa l a cCroatia hMoldavia ia& D a n u b i a n PF r ei nn cc ihp Sa al itteilel ist e S t a t e s 1812 – 1870 The liberated ’5 6 WaPr saaw1 9Occupation 4R1u s s i a n”Independent France epublic Territory ofZones the Free C n a d”6d idistricts”, t iFrench o/n to t hEmpire e Pa s h a l by i k oKarageorge, f B e l g ra d e . ’5 6 1 8 5 5 Occupation Zone Soviet Union A u s t r o O t t o m a n o c c u p a t i o n o f the D a n u b i a n P r i n c i p a l i t i e s D e m a r c a t i o n l i n e b e t w e e n t h e G e r m a n a n d I t a l i a n a r m e d f o r c e s a n d t h eFran i r Cs ’5 6 Occupation Zone U.K. Pact Ottoman 1 8 04ro a dd doi ftfi eo”cordon rni nto g pt he militaire” r mPa a ns he na lti krin i gohMontenegro tB e l g ra d e . Autonomous Magyar/S Pashalik of Belgrade. Moldavia The ”6 districts”, liberated by Karageorge, Occupation Zone Territory of the Free n a e f 1 8 1 2 R u s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n o f Wa l a c h i a & D e m a r c a t i o n l i n e b e t w e e n t h e G e r m a n a n d I t a l i a n a r m e d f o r c e s a n d t h e i r s Occupation Zone U.K. Occupation Zone Soviet Union 1 8 5 5 ro a d o f f e r i n g p e r m a n e n t r i g h t Russian satellites under control of the Red Army D a n u b i a n P r i n c i p a l i t i e s Ottoman ”cordon militaire” in Montenegro ’5 6 Autonomous Magyar/S A u s t r o O t t o m a n o c c u p a t i o n o f the Pashalik of Belgrade. Ceded by Russia to Moldavia assage to French troops. A08l45i -’14 a’ sa d”6 ex a n d ito n g t re c h s h a lby 6Pa . sh ( Tr a n s y l v a Zone n i a ) . Fran 1812 R u s s i asatellites n o c c u p under a t i o n control o f Wa l aofc hthe i a &Red Army Russian i na’ d districts”, ipptexpanding hliberated eaa cPa i k Karageorge, o f B e l g ra d e . 1 8111A Occupation Ceded to Moldavia assage tor”cordon French troops. Grahovo e g i o n ”neutral” a Voivode hThe s ex ai onnd by i n gRussia re hreach Ottoman militaire”under in Montenegro Occupation 880l 554iAli 66-Pa .. sPasha’s Dua snRed ur bo i-Army aOnt tPormin i na cncontrol i poac lciut ipin east the ’5-6 (Autonomous Tr a n s y l v a nZone i Magyar/S a ) . Sovi 1 8 5 5 A t i o n o f the 1 8 Grahovo r e g i o n ”neutral” under a Voivode The Soviet Union. The ”6 districts”, liberated by Karageorge, Occupation Zone Fran Russian satellitesinunder control of the Red toman occupation of the Ionian Islands of Cd ei tdi eo”cordon dn by by s Pa s i asto uog fMontenegro h BMe loglra d av n a dCeded to Russia tRhuemilitaire” ht ha Moldavia lriokin d ei .a ”CUnion. oArmy l d Wa r ” 11 88 55 ’14 66 .. iOttoman 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 (Original The Tr a n s y l vboundary a Zone n i a ) . Sovie 1 8 5 ’5 5 -6 A aunsRed turboi-aArmy Ont tPor m ni poacl ci tuipeinas tthe i o n Soviet o f the D i naccontrol toman occupation of the under Ionian ’14 Original boundary of c uesasPa hf BMeol gl draav Grahovo r efor g i oan n ”neutral” a Islands Voivode ”C o l d Wa r ” Proposals autonomous Greek 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1Occupation i n a dC dei tdthe ieodn Oby tot totRhm d ei a. Russian satellites Ceded by Russia to Moldavia to ni aEs htmhaprl ioikin ruegoMontenegro 11 88 55 66 .. Ottoman 1 8 5 6’5.6 Occupation Zone under Sovi Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania D a n u b i a n P r i n c i p a l i t i e s The Red Army in control in the Soviet Union. Original boundary of ”cordon militaire” Proposals for an autonomous Greek Original boundary of C e d e d by R u s s i a t h r o u g h M o l d av i a to the O t to m a n E m p i r e Grahovo r”cordon e g i o n ”neutral” under a Voivode Principality 1 81 83 58 6 . Ottoman Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania Original boundary of Russian satellites under c Ceded Russia Moldavia The Army contr Occupation Zones U.S.A. Proposals for an autonomous Greek 1856. P r i n c i p a l i1812 t y – 1870 Re u r nOto umilitaire” da na oE fmtphierineCMontenegro rown of 1 9 54 - 1 9 9 1 e ad lby by RPartisan u sPartisan s iU.S.A. ato t hRegime r o uRegime g hinMcontrol o lin d avYugoslavia iina Albania to ttthe tntoB m The ”I rRed o nsatellites C u rS.S.R. t ain i nunder ”, sepc MC aer ds hHoxha’s Tito’s Moldavian Russian 1 83 85 3 Grahovo Enver Occupation Zones Original boundary of r e g i o ”neutral” under a Voivode Re u r n to B u d a o f t h e C r o w n o f 1 8 5 6 . Ceded by Russia to Moldavia 1 8 1812 – 1870 ”Arta-Volos Line, set by the GreatP rPowers 1 9 54 - 1 9 9 1 The ”I r o n C u r t a i n ”, sep Moldavia Proposals for an autonomous Greek S t . S t e p h a n b y b o a t o n t h e D a n u b e i n c i p a l i t y 1 8 5 3 M a r s h a l Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Moldavian S.S.R. The Red Army in contr 1830s 1 8 5 3 to the O t to m a n E m p i r e f roBorder m t hHoxha’s e ” S ov jPartisan e t B after l o c Reg ”. Grahovo r engpito o n ”neutral” Voivode NATO C e d e d byZone Rofu sthe s i aU.K. t h r o u g h Federal M o l d avRepublics ia 1838 ”Arta-Volos Line, set by the Great Powers Occupation Boundaries Yugoslav of Belgrade. uubdpyaa tboioof antthunder rt ohalw 1856. The 1 88152 3 RSRe ut .stSustireafor n hoacnBcautonomous oeof nCWa f roEnver m t hRed e ”changes SArmy ov jS.S.R. e t in B after l ocontr c”. W Pea rcnD ihMoldavia noaicafni&pu ablei t y M Tito’s in Yugoslavia F i nBelgrade. a l b o u nLine, d a r y set o f abyr ethe d u cGreat e d , but Moldavian Occupation Border changes W Boundaries ofm the RepublicsN A T O Caertthe dsuheradnlOby sadPartisan snai U.K. aEoYugoslav tf htprhoi eruRegime g hr Federal Proposals Greek of ”Arta-Volos Powers 1830s to tZone toR m eC Fnidnea”6 r e doby uf cGeKarageorge, The ”Curtain” separating 11Peloponnesos; 812 RS ut .au sSstito nnhoan cncoautonomous uubpsyaunder tbi o an t ooOttoman f nWa h rule iaan&u b e eafor p am t hl ae cD 1856. Re to BuuRegions oM wonlidonav f Yui ago s l avWa Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Reg Autonomous of Serbia i a M a r s h a l Tito’s Partisan Proposals an Greek iThe pl ebdistricts”, noduenndtaKr yiliberated nogfdao m rde, ebut ce. r s awOccupation Zone France Fo r Cyprus Cfr. CoW 1 8 5 3 1830s The ”Curtain” separating P r i n c i p a l i t y to the O t to m a n E m p i r e 1 8 3 2 . Border changes after Boundaries of the Yugoslav Federal Republics ”Arta-Volos Line, set by the Great Powers Peloponnesos; au to n o m o u s under Ottoman rule Autonomous Regions of Serbia i n Yu go s l av i a Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Reg iThe n d e p e n d e n t K i n g d o m o f G r e e c e . 1 8 5 5 S t . S t e p h a n b y b o a t o n t h e D a n u b e Fo r Cyprus Cfr. Co ”6 districts”, liberated by Karageorge, A u s t r o O t t o m a n o c c u p a t i o n o f the Wa Pr saawOccupation ct Re t u r n toZone B u d a France of the Crown of P rni norule cf i pthe ality Territory ofTito’s the Free City iFni naadld bi toi ounn dtoa rtyh eo fPaa s rheadl iukc oe fd ,B but e l g ra d e . M a r s h arlof Partisan Boundaries of Free the Yugo trtPyorset nai prothe onam um 1853 Occupation Zone Soviet Union 1 81Peloponnesos; 38 25.5’5-6 ”Arta-Volos D adO cby tGreat Powers Autonomous F i nA a luaau bsntourto ubonin-Line, oi snfaunder eacdlciuuOttoman cipeasdt,i obut iin daedpdei nt idoennto t Kt hi negPa d osm Territory the City tSut renp htoZone oof atthofoeUnion C tr oh w fnYu Cfr. Co h a ol ifk Go rf eBeecleg.ra d e . SRe t .autonomous a nB uRegions bdyaunder bSoviet nSerbia e nDioan u bgo e s l av i aP a c t M a r sFo h a l Cyprus Tito’s Partisan 11 88 33 22the ..’5 6 general 1Peloponnesos; 853 Occupation D a n u b i a n P r i n c i p a l i t i e s Ottoman rule This coloured background in a text page is used when chronology ”Arta-Volos Line, set by the Great Powers Ottoman ”cordon militaire” in Montenegro Autonomous Magyar/Szék Boundaries of the Yugos Autonomous iFni dneapl ebnchronology ndta rKyi nogf dao m ce. S t . S t e p h a n b y b o a t oThe n t h Soviet e D a n uUnion be This coloured background in a text page is used when the general ceases to exist oo n Ja n u aaMagyar/Szék rrofyyRegions 1 , 19Yugo 9 2 .o oduenby r eMoldavia douf cGe dr e, ebut Ottoman ”cordon militaire” in Montenegro Russian satellites under control of the Red Army Autonomous Ceded Russia to Boundaries the 1 8 3 2 . The Soviet Union ceases to exist n Ja n u 1 , 19 9 2 .o 1 8 5 6 . ( Tr a n s y l v a n i a ) . 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This coloured background page when Grahovo r eis g i ointerrupted n ”neutral” under 16 .6a. c e 83 25the ( Tr aonns yJal vnaunai ar)yRegions .Regions Peloponnesos; autonomous under Ottoman ruleUnion a n d caalVoivode o s e r a tte n t i o n i s g i ve n to np eto The 1 , 19 9 Tra 2 .o The Red Army in control in theSoviet Soviet Union.ceases to exist Autonomous i nThis d eC nep ddiecby n. t RKui nsbackground gida otm o uf gGhr eM eocaled.text Grahovo r eis g i ointerrupted n ”neutral” under Original boundary of e d s h ro av i a coloured in page is used when the general chronology The Red Army in control in the Soviet Union. is interrupted a n dGreek c l o s e r a tte n t i o n i s g i ve n 1to n to cby. R u s s i a t h ro u g h M o l d av i a 8 5 6a . c e r t a iC Original boundary of Tra dthe epdiO Proposals for an autonomous toe coloured tto mbackground a n E m p i re 1856. Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania is interrupted a n d c l o s e r a tte n t i o n i s g i ve n to a c e r t a i n to p i c . th This in a text page is used when the general chronology Original boundary of Proposals for an autonomous Greek to the O tto m abackground n E m p i re Principality Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania Original boundary of th This page when chronology Principality Re tcoloured u r nistointerrupted B u d a o f t h ea nCdr ocin wl noasoetext fr a tte n t i oisn used i s g i ve n to the a c egeneral rtM a ianr sto pli Tito’s c. h a Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Moldavian S.S.R. 1 8 5 3 ”Arta-Volos Line, set by the Great Powers Re n rdtohw celnoDsoaefn3r uabtte a ianr sto c. S t .tSutrenpisto h ainterrupted nB ubdya boof atth eoanC e n t i o n i s g i ve n to a c e r tM h apl iTito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Moldavian S.S.R. 1853 ”Arta-Volos Line, set by the Great Powers St.Stephan by boat on the Danube Border changes after WW Boundaries of the Yugoslav Federal Republics F i n a l b o u n d a r y o f a r e d u c e d , but Border changes after WW Boundaries of the Yugoslav Federal Republics Peloponnesos; a uto n o mo us under Ottoman rule F i n a l b o u n d a r y o f a r e d u c e d , but Autonomous Regions of Serbia i n Yu go s l av i a i n d e p e n d e16294-09-Atlas-Hö n t K i n g d o m tte-III-2017.indd o f G r e e c e . 16 Fo r Cyprus 13-10-17 16:40Cfr. Colou Peloponnesos; a uto n o mo us under Ottoman rule Autonomous Regions of Serbia i n Yu go s l av i a independent Kingdom of Greece. Fo r Cyprus Cfr. Colou BOSNA

1521—1870 1521—1870 1521—1870

General Legend Legend General

1870 -- 1912 1912 1870

1521—1870 1521—1870

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

?? ?? ??

RAGUSA

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon” ”Dragon” ”Dragon” ”Dragon”

Hans Hermann Arnold Hötte fecit,2003-2006

1560 – 1795

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

Hans Hermann Arnold Hötte fecit,2003-2006

Hans Hermann Arnold Hötte fecit,2003-2006

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

Napoleonic era 1795 - 1815

?? ??

11 669803s- ’9 9 MMaximal a x i m a l to rreach e Suleyman’s a c h by ooff these O t tolast m a ncampaign. s u z e r in a i nEurope ty Ottoman sovereignty ywatribute, the vassal in examples. Tehhofee Au ” Bsiitggr i aSS cc rr aa m mble” are related Austria irn((gaa ruuexxgii ithe atlas at Ottoman recovery occupation. w l oi anrrsobligations y oft r this nof d were minss )) .. 1 56Military 6862 T h e u l t i’sm a te d e f e n s e lvi anT in these examples. Conquests border changes hi anEurope t ooo ooo ppp ssatlas aaa n ooo ttt hhh eeeat rr some tttsome eee rrr m w Ts hs abys el ””ofB Bt eithe S c r a m bb ll ee ”” Military occupation. Maximal reach of Ottoman sovereignty Habsbur g ’s conquest pg Moldavia Thököly principality, examples. 1111666608890303s-s- ’88 campaign. waairrnOttoman g r e g iloi anvassals: syoftt rrthis Ottoman recovery ’9 9 ”Independent” 6S6m 862a l l iare adxs i omf af and lto rheeSuleyman’s aother oi afthese m u zr ee ertacin 115Military w satlas n ddwere ms). Walachia, her in these examples. Republic ssofstep Bessarabia s occupation. l aM nrelated treach Iccohhnin nO cttto otoalast smtaaon f ssCattaro: G eiEurope ,nttyy w ii n n (ggarrueexggiiilooi an n rssyof of this this were atr Moldavia, some Military occupation. Habsbur g ’s conquest step bys t e p are related to Suleyman’s last campaign. 1 7 9 7 – ”Lineae” in Dalmatia+ Bocche di in 1 8 3 ’9 9 6 9 0 s M a x i m a l r e a o f O n u z e r a Ottoman recovery w atlas were at some Ottomans Maximal of Ottoman sovereignty 1 6S 8m2a l l i s l a n d s o f f t h e I o n i a n c o a s t o f G r e e c e , Thököly ’sg ’sprincipality, vBessarabia a s s bys a l oft ethe 11 66 88 33 -- ’88 Walachia, Moldavia, her Republic sofstep w i nOttoman g rRagusa, e g i o nvassals: s Serbia of thisand atlas were atand some Habsbur conquest p Moldavia 1797– nia, 9 ”Independent” ownership had always been Bulgaria the Walachia, Moldavia, Maximal reach her Ottoman vassals: ”Independent” Republic ofofvBessarabia Bessarabia Moldavia a xss ioom lDalmatia+ aIIcooh1n oii aaf n O sG ubeing n,, t y m2aa ll ll ii”Lineae” n ddtop nof nOttoman GCattaro: Thököly ’s principality, a s s a l of the Map 14) Comment ’88 1166980 3s -’9 Ottoman in Bocche Walachia, Moldavia, 1 6whose 8m her Ottoman vassals: ”Independent” Ottomans SSSwhose sss(Cfr. lll aaaM n fffin ffafhad tttDalmatia+ hhhr eeeealways ccct oootoaaam sssvague, tttaooondi fffsovereignty rrrzeeeeeeerin cccaeeei Europe ”Independent” nia, Te r r i t o r ’s y recovery u nRepublic dRepublic e r c o n tof r ovBessarabia l Ukraine osfa Rl áofk óthe c zMoldavia i ownership been vague, being Ragusa, Serbia and Bulgaria and the in 11 77?99 77 –– after 1702 Maximal reach of Ottoman sovereignty Walachia, Moldavia, her Ottoman vassals: ”Independent” Republic of Moldavia m a l l i n d s o I o n i a n G , in Europe ”Lineae” Bocche di Cattaro: 1 6 9 0 s Zante, Chios, Samos, Cyprus and others. Thököly principality, a s Ottoman recovery 8 3 ’88 M a x i m a l r e a c h o f O t to m a n s u z e r a i n t y Ottomans 6 8 2 of no value to Venice. In these years they gain nia, 1 7 9 7 – 1 6 7 0 1 6 9 9 whose ownership had always been vague, being Ragusa, Serbia and and Bulgaria and the the in 1 Map 14) (Cfr. top Comment ”Independent” Republic of Ukraine 9 , 10, 11. ”Linea Nani” M a p nia, whose ownership had always been vague, being Ragusa, Serbia Bulgaria and in Europe ? 1 6 9 0 s Ottoman recovery Zante, Chios, Samos, Cyprus and others. ”Lineae” in Dalmatia+ Bocche di Cattaro: Te r r i t o r y u n d e r c o n t r o l o f R á k ó c z i by the after 1702 1 6 8 2 M a x i m a l r e a c h o f O t to m a n s u z e r a i n t y ”Independent” Republic of Ukraine of no value to Venice. In these years they gain nia, Ottomans 1 Map 14) (Cfr. top Comment Thököly ’s principality, v a s s a l of the whose ownership had always been vague, being Ragusa, Serbia and Bulgaria and the 1 6 8 3 ’88 ate of the Crimean Tatars was in fact also Area in southern Anatolia assigned to Italy ”Independent” Republic of Ukraine 1 6 9 9 1 7 1 8 ? importance tol the in Zante, Chios, Chios, Samos, Samos, Cyprus Cyprus and and others. others. 1 of 6 7no 0 - 1 value 6 9 9 Mto ”Linea Grimani” Map 11, 12, of no value Venice. Inpresence these they gain 9athey ,ndi 10, 11. M aofpmisland-loving Te rni tisouthern udnRepublic rvassigned oalUkraine áto kthe óItaly c z i by ?? ? adue x”Linea im rNani” e aIn c hthese f O tyears to s Cattaro: u13, zgain e14. rainty OThököly l t rein ao r’sSèvres. aynprincipality, pdAnatolia ae r tcs oonftof Serbia 11after 761 88 3- ’-31702 9 ”Independent” Zante, Venice. years s os af l Rand of ’88 in Dalmatia+ Bocche 1 oMap 14) (Cfr.to top Comment ate of the Crimean Tatars was in it fact also Area the Ottomans due toa unrest the presence of 69 79no 0- -117value 6”Lineae” Treaty of Zante, Chios, Samos, Cyprus and others. in 9they , 12, 10, 11. ”Linea Nani” M a pisland-loving of Venice. In these years gain though, being a Muslim state, had de 19989 to Te r r i t o r y u n d e r c o n t r o l o f R á k ó c z i by 11166importance 9Britain after 1702 ate of the Crimean Tatars was in fact also Area in southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by the the Great and on the Greek mainland. Thököly ’s principality, v a s s a l of the 1 6 8 3 ’88 ? 14 31. ”Linea Mocenigo” Map ”Linea Grimani” Map 11, 13, 14. importance due to the presence of island-loving ”Lineae” in Dalmatia+ Bocche di Cattaro: B o s n i a , g a i n e d b y H a b s b u r g by O l t e n i a a n d p a r t s o f Serbia and 1 7 1 8 ’ 3 9 Area in southern assigned to Italy Ottomans Treaty of Sèvres. Anatolia ate of Crimean Tatars was fact also 1 Map 14) top Comment 6 97 09 -- 116Britain 91(Cfr. 98 due to the presence though, being awith Muslim state, had de 911, ,di 10, 11. ”Linea Nani” M aof p island-loving 7”Lineae” ? ? 111importance in ate of the the Crimean Tatars was in in it fact also Area in southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by the Great and unrest on the Greek mainland. ”Linea Grimani” Map 12, 13, 14.ns in Dalmatia+ Bocche Cattaro: importance due to the presence of island-loving Treaty of Sèvres. ferent relation the Sultan. For some Te r r i t o r y u n d e r c o n t r o l o f R á k ó c z i O l t e n i a a n d p a r t s o f Serbia and ? after 1702 1 7 1 8 ’ 3 9 Ottomans Western Thrace awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. 6 9 9 1 9 1 9 ” P a s s a r o w i t z ” but lost again by though, being a Muslim state, it had de T h e y a re then d ispu ted b etween the O ttoma 1 Map 14) (Cfr. top Comment 14 31. ”Linea Mocenigo” Map Treaty of Sèvres. B o s n i a , g a i n e d b y H a b s b u r g by Great Britain and unrest unrest on the theM Greek mainland. ? though, being a Muslim state, it had de 1 6 7 0 6 9 9 in 6 9 9 1 7 1 8 9 , 10, 11. ”Linea Nani” a p Great Britain and on Greek mainland. Treaty of Sèvres. ”Linea Grimani” Map 11, 12, 13, 14. ferent relation with the Sultan. For some Te r r i t o r y u n d e r c o n t r o l o f R á k ó c z i after 1702 1 6 9 9 1 9 1 9 by ”Sèvres”. agniatdizn”pawarded adr tbslost oH f to Serbia 1 7 1 8 - ’ 3 9 ”Western e y a re dComment ispu ted the O-mainland. ttoma though, being awith Muslim state, itFor had de 1etween Map 14) top 31. ”Linea 9(Cfr. 9then ? 1 6TTGreat hunrest iBritain s Mocenigo” s h a bbdon e(Heptanesos m aM rMap kGreek t h14 va g u e ns bGreece sobf uRby rand g by köly inrelation northern Hungary and the King of in and the eor,”. 669h ”BO PBeallotgssersnaaidraThrace again ferent relation the Sultan. Sultan. some (Greece) Republic). Western Thrace awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. – 1 8?6 4 11 6 9e, O 10, 11. ”Linea Nani” aspthe h799ee90y-y---1111aa676Britain re thenGreat dTispu ted etween ttoma ns Te yw eebut r r ctbsoyylost noH tfrto oaSerbia ó c z”Sèvres”. i after 19918999and ferent with the some Map 11, 12, Western Thracian areas by ted ttoma köly in relation northern Hungary and theFor King of BPeolaltrsgsernrsinatiaiodaraThrace g nuai dn it nzdpawarded ato bl Greece sGreece b u rby gá kby adbut and 1 7 1 8 - ’1702 39 ”O ”eawarded again 79a90ty-- i11 ao7669re ferent the the Sultan. some ithen n t Great h”Linea edd ispu kGrimani” as hr sabbkdetween a(Heptanesos lt14 g31. i 13, o11. s 69h TMhaBritain i sMocenigo” e cmoaaM rskatspathe h9r,e-O va gnu14. ea ns Republic). ”Linea Nani” – 1 8? Thrace awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. ”Sèvres”. T6t u he re then ispu ted etween the O10, ttoma ns so paid tribute. with Even Habsburgs paid 1n19899and ”Western B e,oareas ”.aaw ?66 44 s1111i66T(Greece) köly in northern northern Hungary and theFor King of ”Linea Grimani” Map 11, 12, 13, 14. 1 7 74 Thracian awarded to Greece by O l t e n i a n d p a r t s o f Serbia and 1 7 1 8 ’ 3 9 6 9 9 1 9 (Greece) and Great Britain (Heptanesos Republic). Occupation and – 1 8 köly in Hungary and the King of 6 6 9 1 6 9 9 TMPe hBritain iMocenigo” sk caserhsaTr d(Heptanesos e acm aaMap rosktf sa1l14 t611, h70 va gnu14.ea s P a s s a r o w i t z ” but lost again by -ee12, 31. ”Linea B o n i a , g a i n e d b y H a b s b u r g by ” e l g r a d e ”. so paid tribute. Even the Habsburgs paid 1 6 9 9 1 7 1 8 (Greece) and Great Republic). – 1 8 6 4 Thracian areas awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. m e n t i o n e d i n t h e a e t y ’ 7 1 köly in northern Hungary and the King of s i t u a t i o n i n t h e a k a o r g i o ”Linea Grimani” Map 13, Smyrna Greece by”Sèvres”. ”Sèvres”, ribute, although they calling it ”gifts”. aoe,areas niatdiand peawarded adr tbsylost o f to Serbia and 18-’39 Thracian Greece by (Greece) Great Republic). – 1 8 6 4 11 66 so paid tribute. tribute. Evenkept the Habsburgs Habsburgs paid 31. ”Linea 11 77 74 69 99a--t11i69o19n99and B sgesnrnaiidradistrict ato sGreece bby u by rAustria g by T h iBritain sMocenigo” e m aMap va gue ”annexation Peoal ltgoing w zn ”awarded again Occupation Thracian areas awarded to by ”Sèvres”. ”but BO ”.agof so paid Even the paid kstahhraesdk(Heptanesos armks ast ant14 l6hE70 re--em Smyrna awarded by ”Sèvres”, th ebut koH nbbOttoman aGreece 1177774 5 ribute, although they calling it ”gifts”. 1se6iett9nu bm w9e- e1 9 1 9Vei nn itcthheeeTaM niadsMocenigo” Oa tacttooayMap -g’p7i goi1 runee:a s to ”sovereignty”. so paid tribute. Evenkept the Habsburgs paid oal ssgsnr aai dradistrict g iaremain n d Bbuunder ylost Hvaito sGreece b u by r g by ”BBPOccupation oe, to w tizand ”eawarded but again Smyrna district awarded to by ”Sèvres”, 1sm ribute, although they they kept calling it it ”gifts”. ”gifts”. h6re70 i6te6un9atti-tio1ioo6nnn9eed9di niinnt ”Linea hteh eMhPe a kaasacchreeas Tr kdTraeeem caot ayrsokotsffa t1l14 e 31. gva i’ 7o1n a s ” e ”. Smyrna district to Greece by ”Sèvres”, Pe 1 ribute, although kept calling but going remain under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. 1 7 74 annexation of t h e B u ko v i n a by Austria 7 5 Ve i9ace-te1ieo6is ”BOccupation Pealgoing sgsr aa drdistrict oeto w tand z”Zone ” awarded butunder lost to again by ”sovereignty”. b1smi6eten6tunw ahPe ni sd sthrehaseTr Eeem pog1inur ea: s Smyrna Greece by ”Sèvres”, 9i ni n ribute, although they kept calling it ”gifts”.1560 – 1795 d eO m remain Ottoman ”but ”. iremain Demilitarized M sm gva t ieo1 e6nnnn99e dVe nntiihtccheeeeT acttttotaaoyoarrm oktsfaant1l 6hr70 - ’i7p but ”sovereignty”. annexation ofand t h e Bunder uofkothe v iOttoman n Straits” a by Austria 75 bi6et6nutto9iw a niaaskkdasaacregion iureea :s 1sVe 9Ve h htrhas kkde aaeeOm eEe m 117774 going to remain under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. ”but Bannexation e lgoing g r a d eto ”. of ”not 1560 – 1795 eoieonn isne dVe Occupation Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” atcei-tclaim i nthe tihtccoastal eeeTM ctoftooyaMakarska, soktsfaaant1ln6hr70 gva ip7og1in t h e B u ko v i n a by Austria 75 m e n i h Pe a c e Tr e a ’ b e t w n a n d t h e O m E m r e : 1560 – 1795 1 7 74 Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” Ve n i c is Occupation and s i1te6unthe iOttomans o ne di nthe at ikamacregion s Tr k adeeacof sostefa 1l i6nr70 e gof n as tsr i a Tt htcoastal lbe arete ftoeyanMakarska, Demilitarized ”Zone 0at0itsclaim and Conquests and other border changes t h a t 1560 ”not heeeeuuM - ’ip 7o1Au 1 7 74 1560 –– 1795 1795 Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” annexation t h e B uof kothe v i n aStraits” by Austria 75 Occupationofand bm tn0to wto en nn cwill aPe tteoynm Eem i r es:t r i a Ve1ee6n i0tceiseooclaim ise dVeiithe Tihsummarily lnt idm teetaking dOetfof soefa ln1i6n70 of ”not coastal Makarska, onquests other border that nn hewill amcttaaregion eh - ’p 7 Au 1Au ”content by only possession are relatedand to Suleyman’s lastchanges campaign. annexation of t h e B u ko v i n a by Austria 1775 and the Tihhtccoastal lnbe t iidm teeTrddOeeeatffof nMakarska, s eea llnii n nEeem of 1e66n 0cessclaim bm t00to w eOttomans n Ve nnT eeuuaPe hte teeon m iof r essit” :tt rr.ii aa Conquests and other border changes t h a t e l t a s of Au Ve i e is 1 0 ”not the region onquests and other border changes t h a t World War ll Ha b sb u rg ’s c onq u ests step bys t e p and the Ottomans will be re related and to Suleyman’s lastchanges campaign. annexation of t h e B u ko v i n a by Austria 1 7 7 5 6 8 3 ’9 9 T h e u l t i m a te d e f e n s e l i n e of Au s t r i a b e t w e e n Ve n i c a n d t h e O t t o m a n E m p i r e : 1 6 0 0 s Conquests other border t h a t . ”content by only summarily taking possession of it” Ve1 6nto i 3c claim reMaximal related to toreach Suleyman’s last campaign. campaign. World War ll Hacoastal b sb uberg ’s c on qof u ests step bysoft eit” p. 8the -eeOttomans ’9is 9 only ”not the region Makarska, and will re related Suleyman’s last of Ottoman sovereignty ”content by summarily taking possession Ve n i c is World War ll ll Ha b sb u rg ’s c on q u ests step bys t e p are related to Suleyman’s last campaign. 1 6 8 3 ’9 9 World ”not the coastal region Makarska, Ha bb sb ’s on qof uu ests step eeit” pp . 111 666 9to 88the -- Ottomans ’9 Maximal reach of Ottoman sovereignty era 1 79 5 - 1 8 1 5 Boundary of die Ostmark in Europe and will 033sclaim Ottoman ”content summarily possession World War War ll Ha sb ube u rg rg recovery ’s cctaking onq ests step bys bysofttNapoleonic ’9by99 only Maximal reach of Ottoman sovereignty ”not to claim the coastal region of Makarska, in Europe Maximal reach of Ottoman sovereignty 1 6 9 0 s and the Ottomans will be Ottoman recovery Boundary of die Ostmark M a x i m a l r e a c h o f O t to m a n s u z e r a i n t y Napoleonic era 1 79 5 1 8 1 5 ”content by only summarily taking possession of it” . Maximal in Europe 0 s Republic Ottoman recovery Boundary of die die Ostmark and will Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine inSCzechoslovakia French French Empire M a x i m a l reach r e a c h of o f Ottoman O t to m a n sovereignty s u z e rin a i Europe nty 11116666999the era Ottoman 1 79 5 - 1 8 1 5Boundary of Thököly principality, v a s s a l of of Napoleonic the / be’srecovery 8003ss - Ottomans ’88 . ”content by only summarily taking possession it” F r eOstmark n c h S a t e l l i t ein tates in Europe Ottoman of Carpatho-Ukraine die Ostmark M aa xx ii m minaa llDalmatia+ OBocche to m m aa n ndiss uuCattaro: n tt yy Autonomous Czechoslovakia era 1 79 5 - 1 8 1 5Boundary Thököly ’s recovery principality, v a s s a l of ofNapoleonic the . ”content by only summarily taking possession it” 1 6 8 3 - ’88 Lineae” M rrr eee aaa ccc hhh ooo fff O ttt to zzz eee rrr aaa iii n French Republic French Empire Ottomans Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine in Czechoslovakia / M a x i m a l O to m a n s u n t y F r e n c h S a t e l l i t e S t”München” ates MFrench ro a d Thököly o f f e r i n g p e r m a n e n t r i g h t Thököly ’s principality, v a s s a l of the 1i66l i88t 3a3 r-- y’88 ’88 Sep 29, 1938 Tschechei after Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine in Czechoslovakia Lineae” in Dalmatia+ Bocche di Cattaro: Republic French Empire ’s principality, v a s s a l of the 1 Ottomans Napoleonic era 1A79 ? - s1h8a’1 5sSep / 1 Map 14) (Cfr. top Comment Autonomous c h S a t e l lafter i tin e Czechoslovakia S”München” tates Thököly the ’88 Lineae” in Dalmatia+ Dalmatia+ Bocche di Cattaro: Cattaro: of passage French troops. l i 55?Pa ex 29, p a n1938 d i n g Carpatho-Ukraine reFarcehn Tschechei Ottomans Te i/rtionrg’sy pprincipality, ueEmpire nr m d earn ec n o tn tr rivgoahl stos fa lRof á kNapoleonic óczi M1after i6free l i8t3a-r1702 yRepublic ro a dOttomans oto frfreFrench in di French era 1 79 - 1 8 1 5Sep 1 MapBocche 14) (Cfr. Comment Sep 29, 1938 Tschechei after ”München” F r e n c h S a t e l l i t e S t a t e s& Mähren Lineae” in Dalmatia+ Bocche di10,Cattaro: 9Lineae” 9 top Protektorat Böhmen Mar i5, 1939 29, 1938 Tschechei after ”München” Ottomans 9 , 11. ”Linea Nani” M a p ? M i l i t a r y ro a d o f f e r i n g p e r m a n e n t r i g h t Te r r i t o r y u n d e r c o n t o l o f R á k ó c z i 1 Map 14) (Cfr. top Comment after 1702 era 1A79l i5?Pa - s1 h8 a’ 1 5sSep ofafter freeOttoman passage to French ex29, p a 1938 n d i n g re hcTschechei after 14) (Cfr. top Comment French Mähren Russoofeearrnthe Te rfrreFrench ntroops. ntIonian R áá kkNapoleonic 1702 11. 14. ”Linea Nani”11 Map a p 911,, 10, F raaeccnProtektorat ee nS tt”München” a tSel os& MapM 14) (Cfr. top Comment 899 M i7lfree i 8t a- 1702 r3yRepublic ro a dTe oloccupation frto rtttioooinarrrgyyyapuun eEmpire rtroops. hlll toooIslands iiin//French n dddm cccet ooosnn tttrfrrri ooogSerbia fff R óóó ccc zzz iii of passage after A l i?Pa s h a’Mar s exi5, p a1939 n d i n g re h ”hI nSdaetpe el lni tdBöhmen ”Linea Grimani” Map 12, 13, Protektorat Böhmen &va Mähren ” kia Mar i5, 1939 French Republic French Empire O t e d p a r o and 1 1 ’ 9 9 , 10, 11. ”Linea Nani” M a p Te r r u n e r n R á k after 1702 Protektorat Böhmen Mähren F r e n c h S a t e l l i t e S t a St el os& Mar i5, 1939 Mar i5, 1939 899 99 ,, 10, 11. ”Linea Nani” M aa pp 11, RussoOttoman occupation of the Ionian Islands ”Linea Grimani” Map 12, 13, 14. of free passage to French troops. A l i Pa s h a’ s ex p a n d i n g re a c h Protektorat Böhmen & ” I n d e p e n d e n t ” va kia M i l i t a r y ro a d o f f e r i n g p e r m a n e n t r i g h t French Republic French Empire Mar i5, 1939 O l t e n a a n d p r t s o f Serbia and 1 7 1 8 ’ 3 9 10, 11. ”Linea Nani” M 31.13, 14. ”Linea Mocenigo” Boloftoccupation seenn/riiana,gagpnaedirnmpeofadnrthe H bh st b Islands u rand g by F r e n c”hIunder lGerman lni dt ee nStt”a St”Protection”. el os vaMähren Mar i5, 1939 ”Linea Grimani” Map Map 14 11, -12, 12, RussonSddaeetppeeeGerman k ii aa 8889 O tebbssnyytooIonian f iaagSerbia Serbia 1 i77free 1i88t a-- ’’r33Ottoman 9 ro a dO M l y f r ”Linea Grimani” 11, 13, 14. ” I n n d e n t ” S l o va k of passage to French troops. l t e n i a a n d p a r t f and Mar i5, 1939 under ”Protection”. 1 1 9 A l i Pa s h a’ s ex p a n d i n g re a c h 14 31. ”Linea Mocenigo” Map B o s n i a , g a i n e d H b s b u r g by ”Linea Grimani” Map Map 14 11,-12, sfeensFrench ”pofabut again by 1939 I n dGeepneGerman RussoIslands nraiiarnao,gw agpnaietditroops. rthe tebsnylost Serbia and 3passage 9 Oct. 1939 enrdael nGt ”o ”Protection”. uS vl oeva r nkeima e n t M l1i8t a- ’rOttoman y9 ro a d”O ftoccupation rzn m toIonian under ”Protection”. 31.13, 14. ”Linea Mocenigo” Mocenigo” BPoolato Hrf iaagagain by 1812 – 1870 of1 i7free Mar i5,a n 1939 A l i Pa s h a’ sMar ex pi5, d i n g re a c h ” under ”Linea dddnthe bb yylost H bbbhssstbbbIslands uuu by rrr ggg by ssgsn aaii raado,,ew zn ”eeebut 9999 T h i Mocenigo” s s h a d e m aMap r k s t14 h e-- 31. va g u e G e nGerman e r a l GMoldavia o u”Protection”. vernement German ”””BBBPPeoaaoto loccupation ”.gg iaiattiitroops. 14 31. ”Linea Map H aagain RussoOttoman Ionian of free passage French A l i Pa s h a’ sOct. ex p a1939 n d i n g reRaecihc hunder 1812 – 1870 sgssnrrBelgrade a drr ooe w w zn””of but lost by by Oct. 1939 G e n e r a l G o u v e r 9n 9i n t h e TM Pashalik of h iasksahras dk ea m a r k s t h e va g u e s k o m m i s s a r i a t Unkerma eei nn tet Aug. 1941 ” P a s a i t z but lost again by ” B e l ”. Oct. 1939 Pashalik of Belgrade. G e n e r a l G o u v e r RussoOttoman thelost Ionian Islands 1812 – 1870 c oaar sktsatlhree va g i og un ea s ”BPealoccupation sg sr aa dr oe w z ”ofbut again by 1812 R u s s i1941 a n o c c uRpeai tciho snk oG hrMoldavia ioiaau&tv e U 99 T hh ii ss ss hh aa dd ee m m Oct. 1939 e nWa r nnkeerm m ”. i t and 1 7 74 Ottoman o fm me ri lsaaslcaG a iennet Aug. a r k s t h eee gva ggnuu eea s Occupation Russoof the Ionian Islands ””” B ee lloccupation gg rr aa dd ee ”. n99e99di ni nt ht he T ai skasachresa kTr 1812 – 1870 Moldavia hPe daaeecm va of Belgrade. R e i c h s k o m m i s s a r i a t U eTM aootayaarsskottsfaa tll1 h6rr70 - ’ii7o 1n a s Aug. 1941 1Pashalik 81 7074 4BOccupation ”. liberated The ”6 districts”, by Karageorge, 1 8 1 2 R u s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n o f Wa l a c h a & n i n t h e M a k a r s k c e g o R e i c h s k o m m i s s a r i t U kkkerrrgaaaiiiim nn ee . and Aug. 1941 S e r b i a u n d e r i t p u p p e t r Aug. 1941 Pashalik of Belgrade. 1 7 74 nne dVe ii nni nnttihhtcheeeeM a k a r s k a c o a s t a l r e g i o n a s R e i c h s k o m m i s s a r i a t U Pe a c e Tr e a t y o f 1 6 70 ’ 7 1 Moldavia 1 8 5 5 Aug. 1941 1812 – 1870 A u s t r o O t t o m a n o c c u p a t i o n o f the Occupation and 1 8addition 12 R uthe s s1941 i aPashalik n o c cSuepr ba tof annexation of hPae sBhua ko nliberated by Austria 74’14 51804-’14 sotfa 1nl 6r70 g- ’i7po1inr ea: s aPe na dka actrehsTr ek aO Eem Occupation and i ai un nodfe Wa r i tlsa pc hu ipap&e t r e g i mnee. 1 1811777074 Aug. The ”6 d ii n tt hh eeM e aact tot yyoa m iof n aBelgrade. dannexation d idistricts”, t i o nThe to tof hliberated ettdistricts”, l iby kvvoiiKarageorge, f aaBby e l gAustria ra d e .by1812 ”6 Karageorge, in to Belgrade. 74 Pashalik – 1870 eese dVe Pe a c e Tr e o f 1 6 70 ’ 7 1 Occupation and h e B u ko n 1 7 7 5 1 8 1 2 Moldavia S e r b i a u n d e r i t s p u p p e t r e g i m e. R u s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n o f Wa l a c h i a & n i c e a n d t h e O t t o m a n E m p i r e : D a n u b i a n P r i n c p a l i t i e s Aug. 1941 ’5 6 551 1870745’14 A u s t1941 r o - O t t oSYugoslav m ti ti sothe np uopformer f the ”6 liberated d i nn i tchee aPe o fa n1 6 E 70m- ’ p 7 1i r e : ee rrabbnii aaouucnncpart du eprra of tt rr ee Bánát, gg ii m Aug. annexation of Bhuuako ko nKarageorge, by Austria Ve n dda ctt ehh eeTrO Oe at ttt ooy m m iThe n Belgrade. a dannexation d i districts”, t i o n to of t hliberated ett hhPa l by iby kvv iioKarageorge, faaBby e l gAustria ra d e . 1812 – 1870 Pashalik of ittlisaothe uioformer pafpp& eethe m ee .. eee sB n Auausnssut1941 ourunder m cl opart cdtfuiep aof Aug. Ve nn ii cc ee aa n Bánát, 1 811 77077455-’14 Ottoman 1188152’55 6R i raboni -aO onct Pct SYugoslav pnaactni oponacontrol Wa cpnits hMoldavia The ”6 D i i e s tehPa Bs huako of local German Vethe n d tregion h e O ttof t o Makarska, m aa nn EE m m pp ii rr ee :: i n Belgrade. aannexation d ddistricts”, i t i”cordon o n to of t hmilitaire” l iin kv i onMontenegro fa Bbye lAustria g ra d e . im coastal Aug. 1941 Moldavia Pashalik of Yugoslav part of the former Bánát, ADuassnst1941 raobby m t of il aothe f &the German R n-i O uunder pi na tcnto iiopon cnits h oiformer alocal Ceded Moldavia ui1941 aoRussia ntctcPoYugoslav rminority ac clopart iufand t piWa easof Bánát, Aug. 11 88 515265’5.- 6 1 8 0 4 ’14 control The districts”, liberated militaire” inoKarageorge, Montenegro m the coastal of Makarska, Pashalik of Aug. iOttoman n Belgrade. a d”6d i“cordon t iro”cordon ng ito h e Pa s h a under l by i kin fMontenegro e l g ra d e . Bánát, the R urunder f ipWa cnits h”Wehrmacht” alocal tomans will be region under control of its local German Grahovo e”cordon o n t militaire” ”neutral” aB Voivode 111 888 155256’5-.6 11 88 3084 Ottoman D i-aOonRussia ipnaactnto ii opon aMoldavia i utand easof m the the coastal coastal region of of Makarska, Makarska, A uua snsstuirabonby tctPcoYugoslav m clcopart tthe il aothe oi former f &the German Ottoman militaire” inoKarageorge, Montenegro The ”6d idistricts”, liberated by control of Ceded ’14 minority ”Wehrmacht” m region i n a d t i o n to t h e Pa s h a l i k f B e l g ra d e . tomans will be under control of its local German 1 8 5 5 C e d e d by R u s s i a t h r o u g h M o l d av i a 1 8 0 4 m the coastal region of Makarska, A s turboiby -aOntRussia tPorminority m nito oacMoldavia ci utand peasatthe ipuppet n ”Wehrmacht” o f the The ”6d idistricts”, liberated by Karageorge, ytomans only summarily taking possession of it” . minority and the ”Wehrmacht” 1D 9Ceded 4u 1n Ottoman ”cordon militaire” in Montenegro Montenegro, ”Kingdom” Grahovo r e g i o n ”neutral” under a Voivode a i n c p l i ’5 6 ’14 1 8 5 6 . 1 8 3 8 will be 1 8 5 6 . i n a d t i o n to t h e Pa s h a l i k o f B e l g ra d e . will 1 8 5 5’5-6 A -atOto tRtm m ipuppet oo nl d”Wehrmacht” oavf i the for Greek ytomans only summarily taking possession of it” . the 1to 9D 4eu Grahovo engto i oannt hautonomous ”neutral” 1830s a1the iby nRussia PuorMontenegro, isnniaacEnto im 1 8 3 8’14 Proposals Ceded aMontenegro, tomans will be be C dns eturdboOby sminority tphopaMoldavia rciolcriuuetand gipehasatM a”Kingdom” 1856. militaire” Montenegro iOttoman n a d d i t i or”cordon e Paregion s h a l under i kino”neutral” f BaeVoivode l g ra d e . only summarily summarily taking possession possession of it” it” .. puppet ”Kingdom” Grahovo Yu osi snsilcaato npuppet aosl d av i a”Kingdom” nd ue dbO iby at nto ivm yyy only 1929 Grahovo efor g i oan n ”neutral” under aPVoivode C444ae111the RPmugrMontenegro, tphaB rliaoirntueiogevhsaaai M 111 999D r i n c i punder a l i t y a Voivode 11188855566’56..6. 11830s 8 3 81838Ottoman Proposalsr”cordon autonomous militaire” in Greek Montenegro Ceded by Russia Moldavia only summarily taking taking possession of of Napoleonic it” . to a n E p Montenegro, puppet ”Kingdom” Yu g o s l a v B a n o v i n a s 1929 borderera Re t u r n to B u d a o f t h e C r o w n o f 1 79 5 - 1 Ottoman 8Proposals 15 for an autonomous Greek C e d e d by R s s i a t h r o u g h M o l d av i a ”cordon militaire” in Montenegro Ceded by Russia to Moldavia Grahovo r e g i o n ”neutral” under a Voivode 1830s to the O t to m a n E m p i r e Autonomous Banovina Croatia 1 8 3 8 1 8 5 6 . Yu g o s l a v B a n o v i n a s P r i n c i p a l i t y 1853 1939 1929 81379 2. ”Arta-Volos set by the Great Powers Yu ggbsodoaysn sasilblaaoaEoto vvtfm aaioeBanovina nnneC oohtvvr hoiiM nnw borderNapoleonic era 111830s 15 1929 Proposals autonomous Greek SRe t e. tSdthe terednpO hto ato nRBm ahtBB tMoldavia e aaonDssl doaCroatia n ui ba e Ceded by Russia Grahovo r efor gLine, i oan n ”neutral” under a PVoivode Autonomous rincipality 81 79 3 855 -- 11 8 111 88 55 663 .. C by u r o u g av u h f Yu to t p r 1939 lines border1929 Napoleonic era 8 1 5 borderAutonomous Banovina Croatia Napoleonic era 1 79 5 1 8 1 5 ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia 1 9 4 1 Grahovo r e g i o n ”neutral” under a Voivode 1 8 3 2 . epublic French Empire 1939 ”Arta-Volos Line, set by the Great Powers 8 3 8 Re t u r n to B u d a o f t h e C r o w n o f 1830’s Proposals for an autonomous Greek Principality C e d e d by R u s s i a t h r o u g h M o l d av i a Proposals Autonomous Banovina Croatia lines iSntcaitpeas l i t y / F”Arta-Volos n dLine, aan r yautonomous aby dSuactGreat eGreek dl l,i tPbut borderNapoleonic era 11830s . the S t e pOht”Independent ato nmbayn bEoma pt ioKingdom” anube Foset rfe n crhethe erPowers 1i5n a l b o ufor to rueng ht hMe oDl drule 1 88 5563. Autonomous Banovina Croatia 11939 9SRe 4tet1autonomous 1818379 322. 5. - 1 8Proposals epublic French Empire lines 1939 C d e d by R u s s i a t h r o av i a Peloponnesos; under Ottoman for an autonomous Greek t u r n to B d a o f t h e C r o w n o f / S . S t e p h a n b y b o a t o n t h e D a n u b e F r e n c h S a t e l l i t e S t a t e s lines 1830s the to rt ew e e n t hCroatia ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia D e44m a r cOa t”Independent i om n alni nEembpeiKingdom” e German and 1 9to iProposals n norgefdnoaby m od fu cGeeGreek rde,ePbut crPowers eiS.nt caitpe as l i t y epublic French Empire 11 8 5 63 . F idneapl ebnoduefor nnLine, dt an aKr yi autonomous rhethe ro a d o f fFrench e//r i n g p Empire ermanent right 111.autonomous ”Arta-Volos epublic 111830s 88 33 22 .. Seto SautrecnpO ht”Independent aitoonBm nCert oehw aCroatia rroageefcdnnhoacccm hhr eSSSodaaafutttGreat eeelllrlldleiii,etttPeeebut tthe ittpee ass l i t y D11 99Re ato nubdalynai under nboEeofmabtptheieoKingdom” tr ew ne ntDhorule efn uGbeer m a n lines and 4tm Ottoman epublic yFFFnset cG ro a d o to f f eFrench rmanent right /rr ii nn gg pp eeEmpire nFa’disneaex plepbnaodnu“Arta-Volos ednnLine, crrPowers eiiSSn . ttccaathe 1Peloponnesos; 853 assage French troops. idtnaagKrryire . Pa s hi”Arta-Volos D Re e tm m.tautonomous autrrecn cpaato t aii oonBn nubdllyaii n nunder eof abbttheeeottOttoman w ert oeehw ne ntD t hhoarule efn uG Gbeeerr m m aa n n aa n nd 1188A 332l2i.1832 set by the Great P n i p a l i t y Peloponnesos; o C ro a d o f f e r m a n e n t r i g h t Line, set by Great Powers D e a t e w e n e S S h b n F i n a l b o u n d o f a r e d u c e d , but i n d e p e n d e n t K i n g d o m o f G r e e c e . ro a d o f f e r i n g p e r m a n e n t r i g h t 1Peloponnesos; 853 ssage to French troops. A3 2l i. Pa s h”Arta-Volos a’ s ex p a n d i n g re a c h D e m a r c a t i o n l i n e b e t w e e n t h e G e r m a n a n dd 1 8 Line, set by the Great Powers Re t u n to B u d a o f t h e C r o w n o f ro a d o f f e r i n g p e r m a n e n t r i g h t autonomous under Ottoman rule S t . S t e p h a n b y b o a t o n t h e D a n u b e This coloured background in a text page is used when the general chronology ssage to to French troops. troops. A3 2ll ii. Pa Pa ss hhi”Arta-Volos a’ s eaex ex pnoaadn nueddnnLine, idn ntaggKr yre re a c h 1 8 5 3 toman occupation of the Ionian Islands n d p e i n g d o m o f G r e e c e . F i n l b o f a r e d u c e d , but ssage French 1 8 A a’ s p i a c h Wa r ” set by the Great Powers S t .autonomous Schronology t e p h a n b y under b o a t oOttoman n t h e D rule a n u b e”Coolldd Wa 1 8A 3 2l i. Pa s hFa’ ssage to French troops. pnoadn dnnidn toman occupation of the Ionian Islands idns eaex ueis agKr yre oagfcdhao m r e doauf ncGedrdecin , elbut page when r” ocaesae.text r a tte n t i oisis n used i s g i ve n Peloponnesos; to the a c egeneral r t a i n to pic. i nThis pl ebcoloured tinterrupted nbackground 1832. toman occupation occupation of the the Ionian Islands Islands Peloponnesos; autonomous under Ottoman rule ”C ”C oo ll dd Wa Wa rr ”” aKr yiiboundary r e do uf cGof erde,a in page used when the general chronology toman but independent Kingdom of Greece. dneapl ebcoloured noduFinal en ndtinterrupted nobackground gfdao m elbut coreduced, es.etext ”C 1 8 3 2 .1832iFniThis toman occupation of of the Ionian Ionian Islands is a n d c r a tte n t i o n i s g i ve n to a c e r t a i n to p i c . Peloponnesos; autonomous under Ottoman rule ”C o l d Wa r” in a text page is used when the general chronology Occupation Zones U.S.A. i nThis d e p ecoloured n d e is n t interrupted K i nbackground g d o m o fa G r e e c e . 1812 – 1870 1 9 54 - 1 9 9 1 n d c l o s e r a tte n t i o n i s g i ve n to a c e r t aOccupation i n to p i c . Zones U.S.A. 1812 – 1870 This coloured background in as etext page isn used when the general chronology 1 9 54 - 1 9 9 1 Moldavia is interrupted a n d c l o r a tte n t i o i s g i ve n to a c e r t a i n to p i c . Occupation Zones U.S.A. 1812 – 1870 1 9 5 4 1 9 9 1 N A T Occupation Zones U.S.A. Occupation Zone U.S.A. U.K. in acs heMoldavia text page when 1812 of Belgrade. 1 9 54 - 1 9 9 1 O Walachia Occupation Zones 1 8 1 21812 This R ucoloured s s i Russian aisn interrupted o c c ubackground poccupation a t i o n ao n f dWa iraa&tte 1812 –– 1870 1870 c l aoof n t i ois n used iMoldavia s g i ve n tothe a c egeneral r t aOccupation i n tochronology p i c . Zone 1 9 5 4 - 1N 9 9A1 T O Moldavia U.K. This coloured background in ac hMoldavia text page is& used when the general chronology of Belgrade. 1 8 1 2 NA AT TO O R u s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n o f Wa l a i a & Occupation Zone U.K. is interrupted a n d c l o s e r a tte n t i o n i s g i ve n to a c e r t a i n to p i c . of Belgrade. N The ”6 districts”, liberated by Karageorge, Wa r sTawOccupation Zone U.K. France Zone RAuuussssstiiraaois n- O o cct tccouum p aaattnii ooon nc ocoauffnpWa Wa lilaao cn heMoldavia ioraaf& & tte n t i o n i s g i ve n to a c e r t aOccupation of Belgrade. NA O interrupted d c s a i n to p i c . Occupation Zone U.K. 1111 888811152225 R n o p l c h i a t o the of Belgrade. The ”6 districts”, liberated by Karageorge, Wa rPsaawct Occupation Zone France R u s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n o f Wa l a c h i a & iThe n a d”6 idistricts”, t i o n to t hliberated e Pa s h a lby i k Karageorge, oKarageorge, f B e l g ra d e . The ”6d districts”, liberated by 1 8 5 1855-’56 5’5-6 Wa r s awOccupation Zone France ADua snturAustro-Ottoman o i- aOnt tPormi na cni poac lciut ipeoccupation ast i o n o f the of the Danubian Principalities Pr saawct Soviet Union b Wa Occupation Zone France 1 8 5 5 n a d d i t i o n to t h e Pa s h a l i k o f B e l g ra d e . A uua nss tturrbooi--aO O tt ttPoorm m ni pooacclcci uut ippeaas tt ii oo n n o f the ct WaPr saawFranceUnion 11 88 55 55’5--6 A Occupation Zone Soviet D i naaacn iThe n a d”6d idistricts”, t i o”cordon n to to t hliberated Pa ss hh aa ll iiby kinoKarageorge, B ee ll gg ra ra d e . Ottoman A ua ns turboi-aOn tPorm o clci ut ipeas t i o n oo ff the the n eeemilitaire” Pa fffMontenegro B Occupation Zone under Soviet Unionof the Red Army PP aa cc tt D ntRussia n ccnto ’5 66 i nn aa dd dd ii tt ii oo”cordon n to tt hh militaire” Pa s h a l i kkinooMontenegro B e l g ra dd ee .. Occupation Zone Soviet Union D aa nn uu bb iby aa n PP rr iii n iii ppp aaaMoldavia ll ii tt ii ee ss Russian satellites control ’5 Ottoman Ceded 1 8 5 6 . Occupation Zone Soviet Union D i n n c ’5 6 Ottoman ”cordon militaire”under in Montenegro Montenegro Russian satellites under control of the Red Army CededCeded by Russia to Moldavia Grahovo r”cordon e g i o n ”neutral” a Voivode Ottoman militaire” in 1 8 5 1856 6. by Russia to Moldavia Russian satellites under control of the the Red Union. Army Ottoman militaire” in Montenegro Ceded by Russia tot hMoldavia Moldavia The Redsatellites Army inunder control in the Soviet Russian control of Red Army Grahovo r”cordon e g i o n ”neutral” under a Voivode C e d e d by by Russia Ru s s i ato ro u g h M o l d av i a Ceded 111 888 555 666 ... Russian control of the RedUnion. Army Ceded by Russia to Moldavia The Redsatellites Army inunder control in the Soviet Grahovo r e g i o n ”neutral” under a Voivode C e d e d by Ru s s i a t h ro u g h M o l d av i a Grahovo r e g i o n ”neutral” under a Voivode Proposalsr efor an autonomous Greek The Red Army in control in the Soviet Union. to the O tto m a n E m p i re 1 8 5 6 . Grahovo g i o n ”neutral” under a Voivode C e d e d by Ru s s i a t h ro u g h M o l d av i a The Red Army in control in the Soviet Union. Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania Proposals for an autonomous Greek C e d e d by Ru s s i a t h ro u g h M o l d av i a 1 8 5 6 . The Red Army in control in the Soviet Union. to Oby ttoRu msaby ni aERussia mhproi re Principality to the Ottoman Empire C e the d e dCeded u g hthrough M o l d av iMoldavia a 11 88 55 1856 66 .. Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania Proposals for for an an autonomous autonomous Greek Greek to Oto ttoBm mu aadsn na Eotm re Proposals Principality Re tthe u r nO f tpphii ere Crown of Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control control in Albania Albania to tto Proposals forLine, an autonomous Greek M a r s Hoxha’s h a l Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Enver Partisan Regime in in 1853 tot .tthe the Oto tto m ayan boEEofm matpthieorenC rtohwe nDoafn u b e n cc ii pp aa ll ii tt yy ”Arta-Volos set by the Great Re u r n B u d Enver Partisan Regime in control in Albania PPP rrrPowers iii n S S t e p h a n b M a r s hHoxha’s a l Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia 1853 Re t u r n to B u d a o f t h e C r o w n o f ncipality ”Arta-Volos Line, set by the Great Powers Boundaries of the Yugoslav Federal Republics M a r s h a l Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Re t u r n to B u d a o f t h e C r o w n o f SRe t . S t enp htoa nB ubdya boof atth oe nC rt ohw e nDoa fn u b e M rr ss hh aaDanube ll Tito’s Partisan Regime in ”Arta-Volos Line, Powers F i n a l b o u nLine, d a r y set o f by a r the ethe d u Great c e d , but 111 888 555 1853 333 n bb yystounder noftt hhthe e DCrown n u b e of St.Stephan by boat on ”Arta-Volos Powers Boundaries of the Yugoslav Federal Republics M aathe Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Yugoslavia SSS ttt ...atSSSuutttrtonomou eeeReturn ppp hhh aaa n bbbBuda ooo aaa ttt oooOttoman n aarule Peloponnesos; Fni dneapl ebnoduenn dta rKyi nset ogf daby r ethe douf cGreat Line, set by Great Boundaries of Regions the Yugoslav Yugoslav Federal Republics Autonomous of Serbia i n Yu go s l av i a n b sy under n t h ee D Drule a nn uu bb ee i”Arta-Volos om Gee drde,, ebut cPowers e. Boundaries of the Federal Republics F i n a l b o u n d a r y o f a r e d u c but Peloponnesos; a u tonomou Ottoman rr ee ddo uuf ccGeerdde,, ebut Boundaries ofRegions the Yugoslav Federal Republics Autonomous of Serbia i n Yu go s l av i a iFFniidnneaapll ebbnooduuennnddtaaKrr yyi noogffdaao m ce. Peloponnesos; a u ton omou s under Ottoman rule but Peloponnesos; a u tonomou s under Ottoman rule Autonomous Regions of Serbia i n Yu go s l av ii aa ii n n dd ee pp ee n n dd ee n n tt K K ii n n gg dd oo m m oo ff G G rr ee ee cc ee .. Autonomous Peloponnesos; a u tonomou s under Ottoman rule Peloponnesos; autonomous under Ottoman rule Autonomous Regions Regions of of Serbia Serbia ii nn Yu Yu go go ss ll av av i a independent Kingdom of Greece.

Boundary die Ostma 666 /// 111 999 333 222 of Carpatho-U 111 999 111 888 --- 111 999 222Autonomous Boundary of diebetwee Ostma Areas disputed ??? Areas Autonomous Carpatho-U Boundary of diebetwee Ostma Sep 29, disputed 1938 Tsch Autonomous CarpathoAreas disputed betwee ?????? Areas disputed betwee Boundary of die Ostma A r e a29, s disputed d i s pofu tCarpatho-U e dbetwee b e Tsch twe Areas Sep 1938 Autonomous Boundary die Ostma ????? AMar Protek i5, 1939 r e a29, s d1938 i s pofu tCarpatho-U e d Ostma b e tTsc we Sep Boundary die Autonomous r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t we ???? AAAAreas rr ee aa29, ssdisputed dd1938 ii ss pp uu ttCarpatho-U eebetween dd bbProte ee t”tTsch w Sep Mar i5, 1939 IwneePd Autonomous ????? Areas Mar i5, 1939 Prote Mar i5, 1939 Autonomous Carpatho-U Sep 29, 1938 Tsch disputed between un ” I nPP ????? Areas Prote disputed between Mar 29, i5, 1939 between Sep 1938 ”tun IwnPP A r e 29, ai5, sdisputed d1939 i s p u t between e d bProte eTsch ????? Areas Areas disputed Oct. 1939 Mar i5, 1939 Sep 1938 Tsch Mar ne r e ai5, s d1939 i s p u t e d bProte e”tIw ???? AAMar un r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w Oct. 1939 r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w disputed betwee ???? AAreas un R e i c h s kee Aug. 1941 Mar Oct. A r e ai5, s disputed d1939 i s p u t e dbetween bProte e””tIIwn Mar i5, Areas npke iAreas .Mar a . ” T h e M i r d i t e R e un R e i c h s Aug. 1941 Oct. 1939 i5, 1939 disputed between I nuspk iAreas .Aug. a . ”i5, Tdisputed h1941 e villages M i r dS ieRbetween trenear Ra”heun Aug. 1941 Mar 1939 Albanian K iAreas Tdisputed M ii rr ddRiibetween t eebiicicR Rheeun Oct. 1939 iAlbanian ... aaa ... ””” T hhh1941 eeevillages M ppk Aug. Siettenear reb R i aesK iAug. T1941 M i r dYugoslav Oct. 1939 Aug. 1941 Albanian villages near Kpuku S e r b i a Aug. 1941 Oct. 1939 R e i c h s Albanian villages near K Aug. 1941 neutral zones Hun Albanian villages near Kuk Aug. 1941 under ReeIn ibciHun ha sco SYugoslav rIn neutral Aug. 1941zones RYugoslav eIn ibciHun ha sco Aug. 1941 neutral zones minority S e r uk under Aug. 1941 neutral zones In Hun Aug. 1941 neutral under SYugoslav e rInb iHun a uc Aug. 1941 zones minorit 1Aug. 9 4 1 1941 Montene SYugoslav eminorit r b i a co u under 1 9 3 3 - 193 9Aug. - 1945 1 9- 4119 41941 Monten 1 9 3 3 - 193 91929 5 Yu gYugoslav minorit ounder s l a v Bco Yugoslav 1--9 411 9 Monten 11 99 33 33 -- 193 193 99Aug. 91 441941 55 under co minorit Yu gunder o s l a v co B 1 9 3 3 - 193 91939 1 9- 4119 4 5 Autonomous Monten 1929 minorit German forces Yu gon o s territ lav B 1929 1 9 4 1 Monten Autonomous minorit German forces on territ 1939 ”Independent 11929 99441 1 Yu g o s l a v B 1 German forces on territ Monten Autonomou 1939 German on Yu ol isnlterrit aevFor 19e94m 411 a r c forces 11939 Monten Occupation German forces territ 1929 D a t”Independent i”Independen o ngon bBe Autonomous 1 9 4 1 Yu g o s l a v B German Occupation For 1929 Autonomous D act”Independent bBe German Occupation For gaotl isiolnanevFor 11939 1i aaanrrcO I1929 t9eae4lm ctiYu uoopnn Fo German Occupation Autonomous D m c a i l i n e b German Occupation For 1939 ID11939 t9ae4lm i1aanr O uopna tliionne Fo cOaccctccc”Independent iAutonomous be nO n Fo Fo IIIGerman uuu ppp aaa ttt iii oooof n ”Independent 1ttt9aaa4lll iii1aaa n annexation Yug n O c c n Fo D1 9e4m i o n l i n e Yug be 1 a r c a t”Independent German D e m a r annexation c aterritory t i o n l i nof bSe German annexation ofeinYug Yug Yugoslav German Occupation U.S.A D e m a r annexation c aterritory t iZones o n l i nof e Yug bSe German annexation of Yugoslav in awarded to Italy in 1941 Yugoslav territory in SS Occupation ZonesinU.S.A Yugoslav territory in awarded to Italy 1941 Occupation Zone U.K. Annexation and exten Yugoslav territory in S Occupation Zones U.S. awarded to to Italy Italy in 1941 1941 awarded in Annexation and extent Occupation Zones U.S.A Zone U.K. awarded to Italy inby 1941 Annexation and extent Occupation Zone Fran Territory annexed H Annexation and extent Occupation Zones Zone U.K Occupation U.S.A Annexation and extent Territory annexed H Occupation Zone U.K. Fran Zones by U.S.A Territory annexed by H Occupation Zone Sovie Territory annexed by Occupation Zone Fran Occupation Zones U.S.A Territory ccupied and Zone U.K. Territory annexed by H Ha Occupation Zone and Sovi Territory ccupied a Fran U.K. Russian satellites under Territory ccupied and Occupation Zone Sov Territory ccupied and Occupation Zone U.K. Area of Florina occupie Francaaa Territory ccupied and Occupation Zone Sovi Russian satellites under Area of Florina occupie Occupation Zone Fran The Red Army in contr Area of territory Florina occupie Russian satellites under Fran Occupation Zoneoccupie Sovi (partly Area of Florina Italian Area of territory Florina occupie The Red Army in contr Russian satellites under Occupation Zone Sovi (partly Italian a n n exe d by G e r m acont ny Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regi The Red Army in (partly Italian territory Occupation Zone Sovi Russian satellites under (partly Italian territory aEnver n n exe dterritory by GPartisan e rin m(partly acontr ny The Red Army Italian Hoxha’s Regii nan nrexe exe dlsatellites by G ee Partisan rm m a ny ny Russian under stand of German forc M s h a Tito’s aaaLast n d by G r a Enver Hoxha’s Reii The Red Army contr Russian under n n exe dsatellites by GPartisan e rinof m aCret ny Last stand of German forc ”Igel Stellungen” M a rstand sRed hHoxha’s a l Tito’s Partisan Enver Partisan Reg Last stand of of German forc The Army in contr Boundaries the Yugos Last of German forc ”Igel of contr Cret M a rStellungen” sRed h a l Army Tito’s Partisa Last stand of German forc The in Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Reg ”Igel Stellungen” of Cret Boundaries Regions M aerdStellungen” s hHoxha’s Partisan I t a l i a n a”Igel rAutonomous m f aolr cTito’s e sof athe nthe d Yugo tCret hReg e oi of Enver Partisan Stellungen” of Cret Boundaries of Yugo I t a l i a n a ”Igel rEnver m e d f o r c e s a n d t h e ior Partisan Reg aerds hHoxha’s a lr cTito’s Partisan Autonomous Regions Boundaries of the Yugo II tt aa ll ii aa n n aa rr M m f o e s a n d t h e ii or m e d f o r c e s a n d t h e M a r s h a l Tito’s Partisan Autonomous Regions I t a l i a n a rM maerds hf oa lr cTito’s e sofa the nPartisan d tYugo hei Boundaries 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9Autonomous 1 Boundaries ofRegions the Yugoo 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9Boundaries 1 Autonomous Regions o of the Yugo Regions o 111 999 444 555 --- 111 999 999Autonomous 111 Autonomous Regions The ”I r o n C u r t a i n ”, so The r o n ” SCov u r t a i nl ”, fThe ro m”I o cse ” ”I trrhooen n C uu rrj tet aat iiBn n ”, se fThe ro m”I trhoen” SC ov j et ta iBnl o”, cse ” The ”I C u r ”, fThe ro m m”Curtain” t hh ee ”” SS ov ov jj eeseparati tB B ll oo ccse ” fThe ro t t ” f ro m”Curtain” t h e ” S ov jseparati et Bloc” The ”Curtain” separati Territory of theseparati Free Ci The ”Curtain” The ”Curtain” Territory of theseparati Free Ci Territory of the the Free Ci Ci Autonomous Magyar/Sz Territory of Free Autonomous (Territory Tr a n s y l vof a nthe iMagyar/Sz a ) . Free Ci Autonomous Magyar/Sz Autonomous Magyar/Sz (Autonomous Tr a n s y l v a n i Magyar/Sz a). Tr aa n n s y l vboundary n ii aa )) .. of T (((Original Tr aaa n Tr a n ss yy ll vvboundary nia). Original of T Original boundaryofof of T T Original boundary Original boundary Original boundary boundaryofof T Original Original boundary of Moldavian S.S.R. of Original boundary Original boundary Moldavian S.S.R. of Border changes Moldavian S.S.R.after W Moldavian S.S.R. Border changes W Moldavian S.S.R.after Border changes after W Fo r Cyprus Col Border changes Cfr. after W Border after Fo r changes Cyprus Cfr. ColW Fo r Cyprus Cfr. Col Fo Fo rr Cyprus Cyprus Cfr. Cfr. Col Col The Soviet Union ceases to exist o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 9 2 . The Soviet Union ceases to exist o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 9 2 . The Soviet Soviet Union ceases ceases to exist exist n Ja Ja n u u a r y 1 , 19 99 22 .. The ooo n The Soviet Union Union ceases to to exist n Ja n n u aa rr yy 11 ,, 19 19 9 2 .

1812 – 1870

General Legend

This coloured background in a text page is used when the general chronology This coloured background page is interrupted a n d in c l oaas text e r a tte n t i is o nused i s g i when ve n tothe a cgeneral e r t a i n tochronology pic. This coloured coloured background in text page is used when the general chronology This background page used when is interrupted a n d in c l oaas etext r a tte n t i ois i s g i ve n tothe a c egeneral r t a i n tochronology pic. This coloured background in text page isn used when the general is interrupted a n d c l o s e r a tte n t i o n i s g i ve n to a c e r tt aa ii n n to tochronology p ii cc .. is interrupted a n d c l o s e r a tte n t i o n i s g i ve n to a c e r p is interrupted a n d c l o s e r a tte n t i o n i s g i ve n to a c e r t a i n to p i c .

1870 - 1912

1870 - 1912

Li Li Liggghh httteeerrr tttiiinn nttt to my. iiinn ndd diiicccaaatttiiinn nggg aaauu uto tonn nooomy. my. we ee nn ff ii rr ss tt oo rd rd ee rr nn dd aa rr ii ee ss bb ee tt we

1870 - 1912

111 888777000 --- 111999 111 222

The Bulgarian Exarchate in the 1870’s, and 70 ’s TT Thh heee BB Buu ulllgggaaarrriiiaaann n EE Exxxaaarrrccchh haaattteee iiinn n ttthh heee 11188870 70’s ’s,,, aaann nddd iiitttsss bbbits o u n d a r i e s oouuboundaries nnddaarriieess

Trajan. ooo Trajan. Trajan. to Trajan. to to Trajan. Trajan.

1870 - 1912 1 8 7 0- - 1912 1912 1870

w w AA Arrreeepaaao w wiiittthnh h BB Buu ulllgggaaarrriiiaaann n sssccchh hooooooulllsssl,,,g babburu uttt w wiiittthh hooouu uttt tttahh heee ooopp pppoorrrtttuu unniiitttyyy tttooo jjjoooiiinn n ttthh heee BB Buullggaarriiiaaann n EE Exxxaaarrrccchh haattteee... boundaries (( II tt ss boundaries )) Two a u to n o m o u s B u l ga r i a n re with Two a u to n o m o u s B u l ga r i a n Two a u to n o m o u s B u l ga r i a n re regggiiiooonn ns,s, s, with with ttthh heeeiiirrr Territory added to the Bulgarian Exarchate after administrative centres in Sofia and Tirnovo, Territory Territory added added to to the the Bulgarian Bulgarian Exarchate Exarchate after after administrative centres in and administrative centres in Sofia Sofia and Tirnovo, Tirnovo, aaasss Territory added to the Bulgarian Exarchate after the 1870s, mainly in the 1890s, and and the 1870s 1870s,,, mainly mainly in in the the 1890s 1890s,,, proposed by by the the Conference Conference of of Constantinople. Constantinople. and the proposed and the 1870s mainly in the 1890s proposed by the Conference of Constantinople. its boundary Their boundari boundarieeesss its boundary its its boundary boundary Their Their boundari

General General Legend Legend General Legend

1 8 7 political 0 - 1 9 1 2 units. second order order political units. nn second A r e a w i t h B u l g a r i a n s c h o o l s , bTreaty u t w i t hof o u San t t h eStefano . March 1878 .. March 1878 Treaty of San March to 1878 g a er icaenn tEpast, x a r c hare a t ealso i n shown t h e 1 8 70 ’s join the Bulgarian Exarchate, and A,r eaan dw i t h1 8B7u0l g-a r1 i9a1n2 s c h o ool sp, pbArea ti thyo ut otBulgarian tj ho ei n t h e Bschools, ourtt uwniwith u l g aTreaty r i a nbut E xof awithout r cSan h a t Stefano eStefano . the opportunity eee70rrre’s c e n t past, are also shown erc,i eeasnntdpast, are also shown o p p o r t u n i t y t o j o i n t h e B uI tl sg aboundaries r i a n E x a r c h a t e . ( ) n d a T h e l a r g e , i n d e p e n d e n t B u l g a r i a n S t a t e a n d m a ke c o m p a r i s o n e a s i e r. h B u l g a r i a n s c h o o s , b u t w i t h o u t t h e A r e a w i t h B u l g a r i a n s c h o o l s , b u t w i h o u t t h e T h e l a r g e , i n d e p e n d e n t B u l g a r i a n S t a t e a n d m a ke c o m p a r i s o n e a s i e r. l a boundaries r g ne ,i tiyn dt oe pj eoni nd etnhte BBuul gl gaar ir ai annS E t axtaer ac n d Territory awarded awarded to to Montenegro. Montenegro. mlggaaake I t, saboundaries ( )Tphpeits Territory rriiaacnno m EExpxaaarrrcicshhoaantteee iainns i tethhr.ee 118 70 ’s nd Territory awarded to Montenegro. oTwo oarut to u nni ot ym to((ou sj oBiunl ga t hr))ei,, aB ldictated g gairoi na n Eby x aRussia. r ct h hheaaittree. . boundary as by Russia. nure s, with ii tt ss boundary as dictated boundaries in map, t sg boundaries )) and Tirnovo, a s ynndadded the Bulgarianin Exarchate aftera u to n o m o u s B u l ga r i a n Iadministrative on Territory awarded awarded to to Montenegro, Montenegro, but but disputed disputed Two re iboundaries o n s, with t centres h((e i r aaa map, daof aof ethe non rriiethe ssto boundaries of the boundaries in map, in Sofia Territory Territory awarded to Montenegro, but disputed Te rriiito torrrTirnovo, y awa awa rdeeeaddds to to SSSeeerrrbbbiiiaaa... e ee nnafter t ii oo nn1890s mand p. administrative centres in Sofia hhhate dd ss ii ttin uu aa tthe oo ff tt h,h aa tt m aa p. Te and TerrrrTwo awa by Albanians. Albanians. se, mainly proposed ofggiConstantinople. regions, their administrative centres in Sofia and Tirnovo, by by Two ato u toyyautonomous nnby oom ord uussConference BButo iiaann re with iirr mthe ord ullga garrBulgarian re ioonns,s, with tthheewith by Albanians. 1 8 7 0 - as 1 9 proposed 12 nd proposed by the Conference of Constantinople. y added added to the the Bulgarian Bulgarian Exarchate after yy), to Exarchate y), and names names (in red red capitals) capitals) administrative centres in administrative centres in Sofia Sofia and and Tirnovo, Tirnovo, aassof1 8Berlin. dary (Cfr. Colour Dis kk Legend) Legend) and (in 7 0 1 9 1 2 Their boundari e s 1 8 7 8 J u l y Congress (Cfr. Colour Dis k Legend) (Cfr. Colour Dis k (Cfr. Colour Dis Legend) 1 8 7 8 J u l y Congress of Berlin. J u l y 1878 the Conference of Constantinople, andof1 8Berlin. Area with Bulgarian schools, but without the Congress 70 - 1912 0s mainly ineyalets the 1890s 1890s,, Probably proposed by of and Their mainly in the by the the Conference Conference of Constantinople. Constantinople. boundari es an’s wall” in Bessarabia. falsely atttributed to Trajan. s,s, ,,or or (later) eyalets s, (later) T h e B u l g a r i a nA rEexaa rwciht aht eB ui nl g at hr iea n1 8 s70c h ’so, oalnsd, b u t w i t h o u t t h e or (later) eyalets opportunity to join the Bulgarian Exarchat odary Trajan. rreeepaaaosssrwawa awa ddyeueedlddtgoto M eeogugglrsrrlo, te Devin( Kirdzhali regions an’s wall” in the Dobruja.ofTreaty Probably rightly atttributed to Trajan. A iutnhrirrtB ato roiM ai n nooonn st te cte henn oB ,o, bbrbbuiuu tatttnwcccioEoot nhxn ote usssctte tadhddtee . ndary T h etheir Bboundari u l g3333 aboundaries r))iand aand neeEssKirdzhali x a r c h a t e (((i n4444 t)))hregions e 1 8 70 ’s inhabited ,inhabited and A r d e te Devin( ) o p t j h g a a r h A awa to M n te n o, u n te te Their boundari Devin( and Kirdzhali regions inhabited o Trajan. ? I t s boundaries ( ) i t s b o u n d a r i e s of San Stefano . nd names (in capitals) the March 1878 ? Tby h ePomaks B u l g a r i=a Muslim n E x a r c hBulgarians. a t e i n t h e 1 8 70 ’s , a n d ? to Trajan. nd names (in capitals) of the o p p r t u n i t y t o j o i n t h e B u l g a r i a n E x a r c h a t e . b y l o c a l A l b a n i a n p o p u l a t i o n . nd names (in capitals) of the bbI ytyslloboundaries Bulgarians. iby t s Pomaks b o u n d a r==i eMuslim s of . March 1878 occaall AAllbbaanniia((ann ppooppuullaattiioo)) nn.. by Pomaks Muslim Bulgarians. to aaaty ttuuusssTrajan. ((cccoooSan u n ttStefano iieeesss))) I t s boundaries aCrowns t ( u n t i Two a u to n o m o u s B u l ga r i a n re g i o n s, with t h e i r i t s b o u n d a r i e s u n Li g h t e r t i n t g e , i n d e p e n d e n t B u l g a r Treaty i a n S t a t e Scorched aSan n d Stefano earth . Territory addedTwo to the March 1878 awarded to Montenegro. a uBulgarian to n o m o uExarchate s B u l ga r i aafter n re g i o n s, with t h e i r Territory administrative centres in Sofia and Tirnovo, a s g h t)eethnic rast idictated n t back- byof i n d iadded c a t i n gtoathe u toBulgarian n o my. Exarchate ndtddeiiic(ccaaaantttNation” nLi gthe the endary Two a u to n o m o u s B u l ga r i a n re g i o n s, with t h e i r Territory after , Russia. rrrSGerman itiinan idiinn g ethnic back1 8 7 0 1 9 1 2 Li g h t e r t i n t g the ethnic backTerritory awarded to Montenegro. administrative Sofia and Tirnovo, a s Baaalafter n Wa Warrrsss the 1870s 1912-1913 andin , mainly in the 1890s ,centres proposed by the Conference of Constantinople i n d i c a t i n g a u to n o my. BB Territory added to the Bulgarian Exarchate 1912-1913 llkkkaaann Wa 1912-1913 drgents. by administrative in Sofia Tirnovo, a s Territory awarded toethe Montenegro, but disputed deneeptpdreeyninto ea1870s t we rd rMontenegro. ,, ciinonRussia. durd a nn oS tmy. a t e I anntedr n1a8t7i o0n -a l1 b9o1 u2 n d a r i eTerritory ndoddereSinncetatr btBBiiunual.lgggaaruriito mainly by thecentres Conference of and Constantinople. rgents. hgyedeeawa Asthe rbeAlbanians. wbut i te,,hnawarded Bf iur lsgt aorin ito atonthe s c 1890s h o o l s,, , b u t and without the rngrgents. awarded Montenegro. its boundary proposed Territory awarded to Montenegro, disputed and the 1870s mainly in 1890s proposed by the Conference of Constantinople. Their boundari e s a r i e s b e t we e n f i r s t o rd e r by ”Zone Contestée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian ndary ( ) , as dictated p o l i t i c a l u n i t s g a r i a n E x a r c h a t e i n t h e 1 8 70 ’s , a n d A e g e a n I s l a n d s a n d M o u n t A t h o s , s e i z e d b y ndary ( ) , as dictated by Russia. ”Zone Contestée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian oits pr epboundary ress A ao rwt iutnh i tByu ltgoa jroi ai n st hc he oBoul sl ,g abruita nw iEt hx ao ruct htahtee . AA eeggeeaaboundari nn IIssllaannddess saanndd M no du arsssrat i iensthat we egn pf iarrstti coird tiiinn p aenr ttsss... by Albanians. Moouunntt AAtthhooss,, sseeiizzeedd bbyy Their dddEbiiixceccaataatime. Territory disputed agreement. If tno no agreement could be reached, its awarded to Montenegro, but disputed rawa rttto c hnSgagetpprebaairirnatti.ictchiippeaa1nn8tCongress 70 ’s , a n d Greece or Italy, but to be left to the disposition tps1p8boundary boundaries ( j agreement ) could oIagreement. o7 8r t u nawarded i(Cfr. t yIf oColour oto i n Montenegro, tDis h e kB uLegend) l g a r i abut n Ereached, xarchate. be Their boundari ebut s to nroorgyduyuaarawa riiaeiinnsnrd Greece or Italy, be left to the disposition J u l y rd e d of Berlin. Boundaries between second order political units. Greece or Italy, but to be left to the disposition a. e d to S e r b i a . by r i s their also the Czar would (draw draw line inthis Albanians. (Cfr. Colour Dis k Legend) Ithe t s Albanians. boundaries )somewhere Treaty of San Stefano . March 1878 which counterpart(s) newhich asecond rw i eehave shave of the the Great Great Powers. Powers. The Paris Paris Peace Treaties J u l y 1878 Congress of Berlin. ndpo political units. Czar would aaa line inthis the Czar draw line somewhere inthis their counterpart(s) of The Peace Treaties which haveorder their counterpart(s) to nwould odalso me od ushown s BMu ol ga r i na ne gsomewhere re g iTreaty hteedi rzone. of the The Paris Peace Treaties n3added second order political units. Stefano . March 1878Great Powers. B o u n d a r i e s o f t h e r e c e Two n tr past, are b. 4 Exarchate A er8ab7aaso8u awa r(Cfr. to nDis te r o, boo un ts, cwith o nof tettsSan zone. ) and Kirdzhali ( ) regions inhabited (Cfr. Colour Dis k Legend) yeating to the Bulgarian after some items or places of (1 9 2 of 1919 and finally the Treaty of Lausanne Colour k Legend) 1 J u l y S e G r e e k d e i g n s i n A l b a n i a Treaty of San Stefano . March 1878 Two u to n o m o u s B u l ga r i a n re g i n s, with h e i r administrative centres in Sofia and Tirnovo, a s ? ating some items or places of (1 9 2 Congress of Berlin. of 1919 and finally the Treaty of Lausanne r e =cinhabited esome n t past, areoralso shown ating items places of A r ew (1 9 2 333 ))) rrlp bboboaocru--aiGG a si tawa M omnateken ecgbSoSreym tls rocrAeen oleenbkekte eo, nlA iaa T h e l a r g e , i n dofe p1919 e n dand e n tfinally B u l g athe r i a nTreaty S t a t eofaLausanne nd h t hrids eldi nto e to adndsseiiete ons athe aessConference nir.idggn pnoss piinuin aASofia tllibboaaof nnn.iand Bulgarian Exarchate rmainly enused coectMuslim nopto t rpast, are also Territory awarded to Montenegro. ? of lso used with the purpose of b after administrative centres Tirnovo, ads 1and and slso ,taadded in ,ishown uyeaks ithe ma rathe rsBulgarians. iol yn1890s definitely settle the sovereignty over these regions. proposed by Constantinople. with the purpose T h e l a r g e , i n d e p e n d e n t B u l g a r i a n S t a t e a n m ke m p i e a s e r. 8 7 0 1 9 1 2 definitely settle the sovereignty over these regions. The large, independent Bulgarian State its boundary ( ), as dictated by Russia. 1 1 8 8 7 7 0 0 1 1 9 9 1 1 2 2 definitely settle the sovereignty over these regions. y l o c a l A l b a n i a n p o p u l a t i o n . i t s boundary ( ) , as dictated by Russia. 3 4 A r e a s awa r d e d to M o n te n e g r o, b u t c o n te s te d Territory awarded to Montenegro. Te r r i t o r i e s o c c u p i e d b y t h e B a l k a n E n t e n t e ) and Kirdzhali ( ) regions inhabited 3,a,mainly to nteuhhgleeof rgo, c toEaEntnnte Ti thsrreboundaries rrrgiieeeby ,srsdi onoethe niemap, aBBrConstantinople. mte atrthe and sdary Te rrboundary iilttaboundari ooawa cdcd(ceecin uspuConference pepaiM aaiblalukkntaanSn ttesaente proposed rgand esspin cm Te edoddennbbte ntdtdee n ddike iiin)n ggrceoooosfm ffpKirdzhali aaiive llsllloooon1890s rr elll(iaiittts4ttt,illleeee)r.---regions kknn oow w n ? of the The initial situation Territory awarded to Montenegro. )tlyya,nBttas dictated byl geRussia. Territory awarded to Montenegro, but disputed n d s m a l r k o n Their n n m n w n C r e te , h o we ve r, i s n o w f r e e to o p t f o r E n o s i s . A a w i t h B u l g a r i a n s c h o o l s , b u t w i h o u t h e b y l o c a l A l b a n n p p u i o n . ( G r e e c e , S e r b i a , M o n t e e g r o a n d B u a r i a ) aks = Muslim Bulgarians. A A r r e e a a w w i i t t h h B B u u l l g g a a r r i i a a n n s s c c h h o o o o l l s s , , b b u u t t w w i i t t h h o o u u t t t t h h e e a n(iihiaaEaa,,xntM proocoannhpp. u l a etigignorrdictated n . aennd1d8 B aks =tothe Muslim Bulgarians. on of boundaries in a map, r e te ,to h oS we now f r e e to ooppttbut f o r EEnnoossiiss.. tG odary (T(isG eueboundary cuh aRussia. iid,aa,)a)anndd Te r r i to r y awaCTerritory eawarded r bve i ar,.o iijssoto ted edTrajan. to Trajan. Trajan. C m prasr e d t o1912-1913 t h e e n dTheir tceieleeog,B,A nB aar’s rn’s s. Colours have no meaning. meaning. hisrtrerApril aSuSawa rlueoelbi1913 anm TiBeTaeh lgrarfgbabnatrd reri. siaeadnM EExxSattaeree)trcrn,necbheas hiaaat.teooet hiain n t thh70 eBeuuby 1’s1l8lg8,g70 70 B a l k aasn c oWa boundari ordpr epdte toh l gBBaurulilgagbut on of the boundaries ina ta m map, oopr,ptphupoonorwe rittuyuve nntir, it tyy t tto oinonojMontenegro, jow i infenr teBthehueeto anafroriEiardisputed axnna rEEcxhxaar rtccehh. aat teeby . . Albanians. s. Colours have no s. Colours have no meaning. 22 on Te r to r y to Territory awarded Montenegro, disputed huted e e n d s i t u a t i o n o f t h a p. 22 1913 . on April to Trajan. uted to to Trajan. Trajan. 22 1913 . on April B a l k a n Wa r s by Albanians. 1912-1913 Territory awarded to Serbia. Silistria, ceded as as compensation to Romania by by riiotto I t s Albanians. boundaries ( compensation ) )to hand e e nisd identical s i t u a t i o n o f t h a tTreaty m a p. ofBoundaries I It tss boundaries boundaries (( ) Romania tnames s rb1878 tsusnbr(in bydoouaawa urnred nidedasrd acapitals) r rieei dessto S e r b i a . Silistria, ceded (roughly), andiTe Silistria, ceded as compensation to Romania by BOSNA by San Stefano . (Cfr. Colour Dis k Legend) March J u l y 1878 Congress of Berlin. testée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian B u l ga r i a e a r l y 19 13 . Gallipoli, Constantinople and isolated areas in iven separately. A e g1878 e a n I sConstantinople l a n d s a n d M o uand n t Aisolated t h o s ,Congress s eareas i z e d in binyof Berlin. and names (in red capitals) rrm llyynono19 BsAa,,, lof k aeSan naOttoman Wa r s s a .n1912-1913 Gallipoli, ga a aeenauaa(Cfr. 19 13oB.o.uuuslsga Dis Gallipoli, and isolated areas eey), tthO O tom a nTreaty r aiiidd 7Two J u lBB yuu1ll8ga Two a8rruiiato uColour s13 nrLegend) ore ngs, t h e itrthheei ir r o-Serbian Two uoto to om m B Buruli ga lakkga rre i ai angni re gi oi with onns,s,with with eent. ccctttiiiand oooIfnn aaanames gggaaaagreement iiiLi nn y), capitals) n no nsssgt(in O e gof n IStefano s l a n d sanjaks, d Mor oMarch u(later) n tGreece A t heyalets o sor ,Albania, s Constantinople eItaly, i z e dtobut bthe y to tLi etgttred iecould n Li grtthohuotm tm eraaartntn tii inrarnanatbe t Sdstsreached, (Cfr. Colour Dis Legend) central still held by Ottoman Ottoman troops atof Berlin. beBulgarian left to the disposition 1 8 7 8 J u l y Congress s, or (later) eyalets h central Albania, still held by troops at Territory added Bulgarian Exarchate after 3 4 Territory Territory added added to to the the Bulgarian Exarchate Exarchate after after g e , i n d e p e n d e n t B l g r a t e a n d A r e a s awa r d e d to M o n te n e g r o, b u t c o n te s te d central Albania, still held by Ottoman troops at Devin( ) and Kirdzhali ( ) regions inhabited administrative centres in Sofia and Tirnovo, a s aass Disputed Saloniki area, occupied by Greek administrative administrative centres centres ininSofia Sofia and and Tirnovo, Tirnovo, by troops be ted tor ireached, m(later) eAustrian . according ntestée” to Bulgaro-Serbian Territory to Montenegro. Greece Italy, but to left the nddeatroops inicline andtdthe gin my. Disputed Saloniki area, occupied by Greek into ithe tBulgaro-Serbian inCroatia. uSuoto to oeomy. s, ed end of first Balkan War, on 1913. A eeto ggTerritory e(in aa nnGreat I3Idisposition sawarded llthe nnPowers. dawarded ss Kirdzhali aof nnBalkan ddthe M ooto uuParis nn tt4 AAon tPeace ss,, ssTreaties ee22 i22 testée” Disputed Saloniki area, occupied by Greek by Austrian troops in Croatia. Tamy. hnedor b oundaries andbenames capitals) of the The A r eoaproposed ss awa r dby ethe dby to Ma loConference nBte nl ga e grof rio, bof untConstantinople. ct .o n te s te d ? Athe ethe dfirst ain M thregions h,oApril oApril izinhabited ze1913. edd bbyy the end of the War, Devin( )aaand (Montenegro. gred ewould ,by i inthis nIfAustrian d(according e pdraw eagreement nieyalets uicncsomewhere lain gacould atiaCroatia. runigto agZnaAnabe antninthis the end of the first Balkan War, April 22 1913. ndary )t , Bas dictated Russia. by local Albanian population. by Pomaks = tMuslim Bulgarians. and the 1870s , sawarded mainly the 1890s , to))on proposed by Conference Constantinople. L A tby and and theor 1870s 1870s , , mainly mainly in in the the 1890s 1890s , proposed by the the Conference of Constantinople. t ro p a n d a s m l u a n u i ? here Territory to Montenegro. 3 4 A r e a s awa r d e d to M o n te n e g r o, b u t c o n te s te d ent. no reached, nd names (in capitals) of the Devin( ) and Kirdzhali ( regions inhabited ro o p s a n d by a s m a l l B u l ga r i a n u n i t . zone. of the Great Powers. The Paris Peace Treaties Greece Italy, but to be left the disposition t ro o p s a n d by a s m a l l B u l ga r i a n u n i t . ent. could H u n g a r i a n c o m i t a t u s ( cTerritory ohhu1919 n utuilland ettor sii m )awarded nbbrdoeou anames rnkIf ideld(asno nwe fsas Greece Italy, to be by local Albanian population. Pomaks n eiragreement egstzone. swe bbeaeitrntwe ei rensntadictated f fioriof rsastotethe ourobe rd ereached, er r nRussia. 19 11(1 m Obut m an n ddleft in 19 ? Montenegro, of finally Treaty ndary G esuco ird nd 22 :: 9 2 3 ) TTby eeboundary aa==tt eeMuslim O ttthe tt ootom aBulgarians. eeofff eeLausanne nntoss eethe llbut ii nndisposition ee ssdisputed in M nrd The ooaerbuuersidraw m kr,A its its itsGreat boundary boundary ar inthis bIndependent y l oTheir cboundari a l Aboundari lboundari b a Principality nei as n epesos p u l aof t i oAlbania n. by Pomaks Muslim uwould ( crd tn i secapitals) sSa)e)line oouu nn tttby aaaofiiininthis awa dn(in to b il absomewhere . nM Their M n1919 and finally the Treaty ofTerritory Their (1 to 9line 2The 3Bulgarians. ) atParis of the Powers. Peace Lausanne awarded Montenegro, butTreaties disputed saarrrstytthwould of the Great Powers. The Paris Peace Treaties Çatalca line and the the Gallipoli isthmus 1914, in July by Albanians. definitely settle the sovereignty over these regions. uawa ns i c( crd boauedraw cdnktto gi reoasSu)eline nr bd i asomewhere Çatalca line and the line at the Gallipoli isthmus Territory awarded to Montenegro, but disputed by Albanians. Independent of Albania in Re vo l t s , t h e c o l o u r i n d i c a t i n g the ethnic backÇatalca line and the line at the Gallipoli isthmus 1914, Independent Principality Principality of Albania in July 1914, zone. y . zone. r i e s o c c u p i e d b y t h e B a l k a n E n t e n t e B a l k a n Wa rproblems s July (1 9 2 3 ) 1912-1913 of 1919 and finally the Treaty of Lausanne definitely settle the sovereignty over these regions. by Albanians. its basic boundary ( ) , and its problems G r e e k d e s i g n s i n A l b a n i a (1 9 2 3 ) r i n d i c a t i n g the ethnic backof 1919 and finally the Treaty of Lausanne of t h e re s i d e n t s. disecond inssskdnaaaitpdsecond p p e a r i n g u n d e r g r o u n d G r e e e s g n s i n A l b a n i a its basic boundary ( ) , and its ((( ))) n order political units. tween tween second order order political political units. units. its basic boundary ( ) , and its problems (Cfr. Colour Dis k Legend) ground of the insurgents. r d i p e a r i n g u n d e r g r o u n d a n E e n t e Borderline (roughly) of the territory reserved for 1 8 7 8 J u l y B a l k a n Wa r s Congress of Berlin. 1912-1913 r d i p p e a r i n g u n d e r g r o u n d C r e te , h osettle we ve r,thei s sovereignty nof o wthe f r eterritory e to oTreaty pthese t reserved fTreaty o r E n o s i s . n gothe ergents. , S e r bci a t, i M n t eethnic n e g r o backand Bulgaria) Borderline (roughly) for of San Stefano . Borderline (roughly) of the territory reserved for March 1878 Treaty of of San San Stefano Stefano . . definitely over regions. March March 1878 1878 B a l k a n Wa r s 1912-1913 definitely settle the sovereignty over these regions. iciuheo)ooen n s , o r r u n n i n g d r y (Cfr. Colour Dis k Legend) C r e te , h o we ve r, i s n o w f r e e to o p t f o r E n o s i s . 1 8 7 8 J u l y ”Zone Contestée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian Congress of Berlin. Albania by the Great Powers in 1912. hgeoreorraureceenrrcergceggitc. aiupast, e s ) Italian claims to the Dodekanesos aferlaargents. n s , o r r u n n i n g d r y rfBirrrt22 ire(ustehssecshtlsttec1913 p i e d b y t h e B a l k a n E n t e n t e obryalso rtare u nalso n i na glshown da n r y E n tBel no tcek a d e , t h e c o l o u r s i Albania Aegean Islands and Mount Athos, seized by shown past, are also Great Powers Italian claims to the Dodekanesos pnitestpast, d, are kshown by Powers 1912. Italian nAlbania dr ei cte ihnoby gceded aerdtaccording iGreat ciispcompensation t ste .f rnethe 3 ) and A a aContestée” s,tawa rpthe dthe to M n eegin rin o,1912. bput tRomania c o nEte s te d Kirdzhali ( h4e )B regions inhabited ”Zone Silistria, steppe region e gagreement e a nclaims I s l a n dto s athe n d Dodekanesos M oreached, unt Athos, seized by no could be C r,r, na ono w M g aa rr ii aa )) ? Turrrheeelega ar,definite eewe ,aarrdrirgve nlve dd,according eas pinby tin uengtltto gto aBurouolbito augantatrfApril m oregion snpoagttareneripnniseaand TContestée” hawa alwe geeyen ,19 ito nedsdM enute nto dlfdarneBethe BBulgaro-Serbian glp nanntEte Sne22 teisdesd. .aanndd agreement. If A in frioScoiatorarreached, nStostoasa1913. stniby ke seoeaorgngstnrrioeco)eair.aparegions ssninaiednder.tr.BBs .uuareas oeto u, Ske rS)m aom trm esteppe ,ato esem rarciMuslim babnke iidm aai,c,pccoM ooipn ll ginhabited ”Zone to Bulgaro-Serbian A edraw g Territory e-Midiia a nor I sline l a Line nLine dsomewhere s but a ntodtoMontenegro. Mto o uMontenegro. n t Atot hthe o sDD , disposition ete More situation Catholic ceded as compensation to A ate slTchdefinite enAlbania, rcould o, te Territory awarded D issssepp piuu uz te tedddd baaayre reaaasss Greece or Italy, but to be left to the disposition Enos -Midiia Territory awarded awarded to Montenegro. and BC irehRomania alegolA 13 .nepnedpoopepnw b y l o a l b a i a t i o n . aks Constantinople in agreement. If no agreement be More situation in Albania, April 22 1913. oli,3u22 r s=1913 i ndiocese d.. Kirdzhali i c a t i nBulgarians. g p a( r 4t i cisolated i p a n t s . Silistria, i Greece Italy, be left Enos More definite situation in Albania, April 22 1913. the Czar would a inthis i re 22 1913 il Enos -Midiia Line ? Markers text, have counterpart(s) of the Great Powers. The Paris Peace Treaties i tys l oboundary )l,a as Russia. itheir ict tsaslboundary boundary ( (p o pa uline ),dictated dictated dictated by byby Russia. Russia. agreement. could be by reached, B u l ga r iat a e ain r l ythe 19 13 . which bSilistria, ed areas in Greece or Italy, but to be Paris left toPeace the disposition & ). (Map 1530 A l bIfa n(no ias adraw nagreement t i )osomewhere n,as .asto ceded compensation Romania aks =... the Muslim Bulgarians. Albania, still held by troops the Czar would inthis on of boundaries in a in map, 111 & 1530 uation uation ofof(Map the the boundaries boundaries inaaamap, map, Silistria, ceded as compensation to Romania by & 222). ). Ottoman (Map which have their counterpart(s) zone. 1530 Territory Montenegro, butTreaties disputed awarded to toMontenegro, Montenegro, but butdisputed disputed of 1919 and finally the Treaty of Lausanne of mainly OrthoDisputed Saloniki area, occupied by Greek on the items of (1 9 Czar would draw aSd eto line somewhere inthis BBthe uu lrl ga rririararyieeto aaor rr rlylyyplaces 19 13 .rd an troops at S e r b o - G r e e k dof e sthe iTerritory gTerritory n Great s i nawarded A lPowers. bawarded a n i ato The li, Constantinople and isolated areas in maps, indicating some bol of the ”Floating Sovereign which have their counterpart(s) of the Great Powers. The Paris Peace Treaties of the first Balkan War, on April 22 1913. Te r i to awa rd e d to r b i a . hbol e e n d s i t u a t i o n o f t h a t m a p. zone. Te Te i to awa awa rd e e d to S S e e r r b b i a i a . . ga 19 13 . t o o t t h h e e e e n n d d s s i i t t u u a a t t i i o o n n o o f f t t h h a t t m m a a p. p. li, Constantinople and isolated areas in of the ”Floating Sovereign 6 bol of the ”Floating Sovereign Disputed Saloniki area, occupied by Greek Albanians. ating (1 9 2 3 ) definitely settle the sovereignty over these regions by byand Albanians. Albanians. of finally the Treaty of Lausanne e rwith k dae s img anlsof l brai na ni a u n i t .W o r l d W oman tSro obpos - aGthe nr de eby l iBnu A l ga zone. B atroops l kspecial a n at Wa interest. rs pril 1913. 1912-1913 Also used purpose 11 999 111 444 --- 111 999by 11 8881919 still held by Ottoman troops at eeiAlbania, ooaf22 ff ttttesome hhCatholic ee tKstill K nnitems iigggheld hhtnttsssor ooby ffplaces SSOttoman tt...sJJJoeoohhhof nn4n”,”, a r l ating some items or places of (1 9 2 3 ) of 1919 and finally the Treaty of Lausanne 1 1 Albania, e o h e n i h o f S t n S e r b o G r e e k d e s i g n s i n A l b a n i a W o r l d W a r l K ”, 19 1 2 : m O t o m a d e f e n l i e s in t ro o p s a n d by a s m a l l B u l ga r i a n u n i t . W o r l d W a r l area, by Greek Te r r i t o r i e sJ uolcdefinitely i e d b (Cfr. y t h(Cfr. e(Cfr. B asovereignty lColour k aDis n EDis tLegend) e nover eLegend) lso used with the purpose of B a22 l k1913. y), and names (in red the these regions. oughly), ughly), and and names names (in (incapitals) red red capitals) Disputed Saloniki area, occupied Greek of first Balkan War, oncapitals) April the Austrian Colour knDis Colour kktLegend) faanc i lWa i t a trisn g t h e1912-1913 f i n d i n g Disputed oIndependent f s mtaolrl iSaloniki o sr loiPrincipality ki en do wboccupied ny of the Knights had no base land. ycJ Ju1uu8lp7lM yy81o18n87t78settle 19 1with 2 : had nlso e sthe in of first Balkan War, April 22 1913. Congress of of Berlin. Berlin. used the purpose of isthmus definitely settle cdtaatcslusseam p-n t htrAlbania eiAaaBntnhauolby ksnai,Congress nts. .eEJuly nCongress t e 1914, n t eof Berlin. the on line and line atr base had no base land. testée” according the C r e te , h o we ve r, i s n o w f r e e to o p t f o r E n o s i s . ttATe ro ga tin e8 n e g rthe o a sovereignty n d B u l g a r i over a ) these regions. e rrgoorreppiihave asst noaarnnIisdeedno lsaby nomeaning. n ntthe dm i Knights naKnights gt eor oO fthe stm aml lano oto lthe i ft etBulgaro-Serbian lnGallipoli eon - ekland. nl io1nwensIndependent ro by ga s, or (later) eyalets njaks, njaks, or (later) (later) eyalets eyalets Te ciand ca1914, u, m pMMount ia(adeollldlnMBBtboeuuynullAthos, t) hg, rreiand Banot anits lukn aiB nuawarded Eligznaetredinabt)(ye ) ( G r e e c e , S e r bCi rae, te cleansing later!). places on the maps. Colours oli isthmus 19 1 2 : i t o n d e s in Principality of Albania in July , h o we ve r, i s n o w f r e e to o p t fcoor nEte n o s i sd. ( G r e e c e , S e r b e o d n d i n g o f s m a l l o r l i t t l e k n o w n testée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian Aegean Islands yet its basic boundary problems ent. no 2: i ttmooColours annIf tooem Oootuuagreement tssohave m aggnthe f ecould n s e l ibe n ereached, s in 19 1for 22 1913 on April A e grDevin a cnIslands I3, sSItaly, l()ae and dand sand nMount dto ,regions suawarded eawarded zaerdi inhabited Greece left disposition 4rA m Aegean A r.1116e66= a..AA sMuslim rawa dve e drBulgarians. o nwMte ete tTransylvania. advance reached in Transylvania. 4the r, reawa aRomanian awa deieadvance to Mfornoreached nen no, neegobgrpin ruo,to, 19 Kirdzhali regions Aegean Islands Mount Athos, )iand ).abut and Kirdzhali Kirdzhali ()t((not )yet regions C te heRomanian oasswe r,rdto sddMnto egterto fboburut Et cncoosnte snte ite s .sstetedd Silistria, ceded as compensation to Romania by s. meaning. uune rrline eecapitals) iino ooatdnne,,territory (Devin( G eeDevin( eDevin( eor r3n3bPrincipality ,aand M oKirdzhali nMbe t oe nuAthos, en( gtAlbania oto ahnot n4od))syet B liginhabited abinhabited )y ) regions inhabited by Pomaks (roughly) of reserved 19 . 19 line and the the Gallipoli isthmus its basic boundary ( ) , and its problems ( ) 1914, Independent of in July ? ? ? 22 1913 on April nd names (in of the ent. If no agreement could be reached, es es and and names names (in (in capitals) capitals) of of the the neither Greece nor to1914, Italy. by the Great Powers, meaning. line and line atn tthe isthmus rs. would draw ao uline inthis Independent Principality of Albania in Julyto Greece or toDodekanesos be left to the disposition the reserved tColours hthe e H Hthe l yhave M uno Asomewhere h o1912. o ss of the Great Powers. The Paris Treaties neither to Greece nor Italy. bSilistria, y l obbcyyallol oA aAA nl iblas abaisolated nancompensation upol areas aoptpuiuol alnat.in by Powers, Pomaks =1913 Muslim Bulgarians. ccalabl land nipiaoanpn p ti ioto onn. Romania . by byGreat Pomaks Pomaks =the Muslim Muslim Bulgarians. neither toPeace Greece nor to Italy. by Great Powers, ceded by 22Italy, on April ffby oofor tt hGallipoli of in Italian claims to=.but B u l ga r i a e a r l y 19 13 . Gallipoli, Constantinople its )Bulgarians. its problems ( ) twould uititsh euPowers iilaaaynn iiooonn oaomad m m aet(tsusctribes uosGreat sudraw ( (lncRRycoteeoiuM nasont)the tillieniiesccts)Khanate )Asomewhere rM line inthis zone. to Pthe r o tDodekanesos e c t i o nof a g1919 abasic i nGreat sclaims t boundary OConstantinople t tPowers. o in m athe n ((r aDodekanesos i d s , Paris Silistria, ceded as to Romania by its basic boundary )of,, and and its problems M 2 ))Italian the The Peace Treaties Ru ooo13 ccccompensation ccc. uu (roughly) the territory reserved for claims B u lstill ga r i held aRu esasssssriby Ru n19 upp paaatttitroops n Gallipoli, and isolated areas (1 in(9 2 )3 ) central Albania, nnta eeinrra 11r 99a 11ireserved 2d of and finally the Treaty Lausanne Italian and blockade Geine rceoot ei(roughly) kaafelt dttaeii cgcs(particularly iagi nnppof ssofutui bnbthe A lterritory baam aff ttnaearlier, wer Ottoman at ne for Italian claims in the Dodekanesos and blockade o n O t t o s , Italian claims in the Dodekanesos and blockade B u l ga r i a e a r l y 19 13 . zone. Gallipoli, Constantinople and isolated areas in finite situation in Albania, April 22 1913. D i s p u te d a re a s Enos -Midiia Line Disputed Saloniki area, occupied by Greek offered by Austrian troops in Croatia. acm by the Great Powers in 1912. m e s magnification to be used) Areas awarded to Montenegro, but contested by local Albanian population. Italian claims to the Dodekanesos (1 9 2 3 ) of 1919 and finally Treaty of Lausanne central Albania, still held by Ottoman troops at eom c t i o n a g a i s t O t t o m a n r a i d s , o f D u ra z zo by I t a l y Boundary of Serbian occupation in Albania. G r e e k d e s i g n s i n A l b a n i a r i n d i c a t n g the ethnic backthe of the1Disputed War, on Apriloccupied 22occupation 1913. by Greek oby leol sosuthe umagnification raAustrian i inGreat n d iccrd aat tiPowers ntroops ggthe the ethnic backback- -Midiia Line over these to be used) in Italian to toethnic be used) odefinitely ff DDuura zAlbania, Ithe aathe yre Boundary of Serbian in te ermagnification tduwa i aCroatia. ,1912. 999 111 555 Balkan ocentral raclaims zofzo zo by Idttstill y aDodekanesos 22 Boundary ofarea, Serbian occupation in Albania. Albania. 11first D isettle sthe pby u te allsovereignty s War, B troops a22lregions. kBB aaanl lkat sWa Saloniki ed held by Ottoman 1912-1913 kaWa ann rWa rrssend 1912-1913 1912-1913 t ro o p s a n d by a s m a l l B u l ga r i a n u n i t . rApril i edsby csc1913. p i e dby b yRu t hs esin aol kr a n Enos Entente the end first Balkan on April 1913. definitely settle the sovereignty over these regions. rgents. Disputed Saloniki area, occupied by Greek ed byoAustrian troops inBsafe Croatia. insurgents. insurgents. F r o n t l i n e s efinite situation in Albania, April 22 1913. 19 1 2 : T h e u l t i m a t e O t t o m a n d e f e n s e l i n e s in D i s p u te d a re a s the end of the first Balkan War, on April 22 1913. re they settle en masse, Enos -Midiia Line t ro o p s a n d by a s m a l l B u l ga r i a n u n i t . FFrroonnby ttlliiannseem ss yn etAlbania, hgin Baanl kd aApril na t) e C rheete-Midiia h we r,O tto iM s oonItaly faby rdieenefthe oEntente ti D Euin nte othe sd1i2sa:. re a s nntto ericating ,i eSse robcsituation icvassal au, pMi eodstatus nstatus tbein BnuEl gn22 atrei1913. efinite icating vassal inreocases cases Enos Line The territorial promises River cating tAro ga u,, lpromises t iooContestée” m a tve e according muoo aw eto nthe sEntente ep lBulgaro-Serbian nff ooei srrspin Contestée” Bulgaro-Serbian Italy ”Zone ”Zone Contestée” according toto the The territorial promises by in the ethe goA epAaseline ulM n Çatalca line and the engagenIeasdaat nl na In Isdsl lasaGallipoli nandndsadslalM anBndoudisthmus MotrouiAuantnntht uoAAnst ,thi htso.oessi, z, sesedei izbzeyedd bbyy Independent Principality of Albania in July 1914 uci itpnBpsatuW ain from CT we r,O to i ttsaccording nItaly fby rdethe ethe to pBulgaro-Serbian Ein n 19 othe s1i2s:. 1The 9 1 4territorial - 1 9”Zone rouibunthen egrgtDobruja rpipocaaM roleslo1913 andon tdoi icncthese iraprtntiooaicdn 19 T1 r8heete u lh tline im aand tve e no tto ono m agreement awagreement nat ethe fthe ecould nGallipoli soEntente ecould ltibe n e reached, sisthmus in cor.Sr. rirds.asi,icinM atgaet tipninan M u- n1 9t.aan1lnitg8ontsasr.r.li ad) W a r l deddrrol c,eeeu22 Çatalca the line 1914, Independent Principality ofbe Albania in July r. agreement. If agreement agreement. agreement. If If no could be be reached, reached, Silistria, ceded as compensation to Romania by 1 9 1 4 Greece or Italy, but to to its basic boundary ( ) , and its problems ( Greece Greece or or Italy, Italy, but be left left the the disposition disposition W o r l d W a r l 991to 118to 88 disposition Tr e a t y o f B u c h aabut rrreserved eebe ssto ttto ,,left M ay Treaty of London 1915 to turn Italy into an ally: ally:isthmus 22 ethnological 1913 . lfor R i vTreaty e r d i s aof p pLondon e a r i nline g 1915 u1915 nand d,,,, eto rthe gturn r oline u nItaly dat the reasons only. 1119the Tr e a t y o f B u c h a r e s t , ay Çatalca Gallipoli 1914, Independent Principality of in July into an Tr e a t y o f B u c h M ay Treaty of London to turn Italy into an ally: Borderline (roughly) of the territory for Bthe r i aCzar ewould a r l ywould 19 13compensation . draw basic boundary ( The The )M , Albania and its problems ( ) ceded as to Romania by Czar draw a rthe line somewhere inthis the the Czar would draw aaterritory line linesomewhere somewhere inthis inthis 11 gu88il ga Wareas o rr ll ddinW W aa rr ll i n11 k99 a11 r44s--t11 99r Silistria, which their counterpart(s) ri, dConstantinople iwhich swhich ahave p pas e have awella r i n gtheir etthh ofits the Great Powers. Paris Peace Treaties ext, text, have their counterpart(s) Hungary, as wella su tnttand odcounterpart(s) hrisolated eg r o u n dW of of the the Great Great Powers. Powers. The Paris Paris Peace Peace Treaties Treaties e o n s , o r r u n n i n g d y Borderline (roughly) of reserved for ungary, s o t e its basic boundary ( ) , and its problems ( ) o Hungary, as wella s o e Albania by theBulgaro Great Powers in -1912. Bulgaro German Austrian joint joint control control in in ttthh he Italian claims to the Dodekanesos ri, dConstantinople its! )ar epand pbefore eoanMount r si(”Raias”), nheld u6Athos, nby d. neOttoman gi not Islands awarded BBorderline u1 of l ga r i aRomanian e a(roughly) r l y Istria 19 13 . ++ the and areas in 1. zone.zone. Albania, troops at part Dalmatia, zone. --- German Küstenl and, in Transylvania. Moldavia which Bulgaro German -- Austrian Austrian control in 19 part aendicating istill , 111gitems o5items nrisolated nr ogofuyet dnrdyof ating items places (1ee9 2(1(1 3 9)92233)) ofh 1919 and finally the Treaty ofjoint Lausanne ndicating some some or places of of ofo1919 1919 and finally finally the theTreaty Treaty ofofLausanne Lausanne Küstenl and, Sregion e 6of r b.SoSDalmatia, roSaloniki kr redeeIstria eGreat gdenesof ssiPowers A nl ibl1912. aband, Albania Italian claims to the Dodekanesos ))rsome (((ggbefore 2r22or 66rr)by eine-rG rbTransylvania. bby oe-e-Gthe G ekskiadvance darea, igignoccupied nsKüstenl sreached ilterritory inbnain AA aby annireserved iaGreek a aallll iinnforffuullll yet Disputed in a 1.1.1.steppe ee&rrrrrssssawarded before ))u D udand areat t!!Powers, efirst istill s held ,r ro55neither u.. anor i places nGreece d r ytroops to nor reached of the Balkan on 221 61913. 19 .to Italy. Ottoman atRomanian advance hheee definitely DD oobbbclaims rrrusettle Albania by the Great Powers in 1912. to the Dodekanesos a l l i n f u l l More definite tdefinitely ttItalian u ddjjjaAlbania, aasettle tAlbania, OAlso tto m aused no n ga i sr oWar, nthe nnpurpose dpurpose agApril reof situation in April 22 1913. steppe region D i s p u te d a r Enos -Midiia Line lso used with the purpose Islands and Mount Athos, not yet awarded st. t. Also used with with the of of the sovereignty over these regions. 2. Disputed Saloniki area, occupied by Greek definitely settle the the sovereignty sovereignty over over these these regions. regions. t ro o p s a n d by a s m a l l B u l ga r i a n u n i t . the Dodecanesos, ece nor to Italy. 2. s sri). oadvance cadvance iyedoreached ntAlbania, 2. of first War, 22 1913. 19 1 6r6(Map . iTe the Dodecanesos, 2. Islands and Mount awarded steppe region steieesddin j u stsi otvtBalkan to d dAthos, eon anot illiliyyoyet the More sovereignty Te orarRomanian pcccciauceulupdlpapBibtieuin knBTransylvania. aApril D i smountainp u te d a re a s Enos -Midiia Line boundary, bringing rRu roiaiecnesituation dga bhbryeyi atBtn hhaein B aann22 nt eE1913. Ennntteteennt tee sktstApril itand Romanian Transylvania. 19 2 :Ru s s i a n o c1522-1530 ellaioaoftonneprtrnlueto Tre ruithe ito lsliaslm aaan claims re Hungaro-Romanian sovereignty ro1Dodecanesos, or.pTe stdefinite n1ri it& detoso2by ascsusoom lreached ulein iatnal. lkEksovereignty neither Greece nor to Italy. Great c u p a t i o.n t19 m afDodekanesos ondaradl2pl). oe-n-w hn,ireat eeum edblockade fu fiaknswhen n i.Powers, ngPowers, ddiohO injfnugctthe gsdiscernable oofm m lesilla-iteaGreece lnelhues knekblockade n.nsnnor oin owwn n 1Italy. More definite situation in Albania, April 22 1913. Hungaro-Romanian boundary, bringing D imountainsmountainptEfufonte dsEEinsano.re asi ss. . Enos -Midiia Line Hungaro-Romanian boundary, bringing neither to to 1 & (Map C r e te , h o we ve r, i s n o w f r e e to o p t f o r o 1530 d plain ( G r e e c e , S e r b i a , M o n t e n e g r o a n d B u l g a r i a ) C C r r e e te te , , h h o o we we ve ve r, r, i i s s n n o o w w f f r r e e e e to to o o p p t o r r o s s i 3. ( ( G G r r e e e e c c e , , S S e e r r b b i i a a , , M M o o n n t t e e n n e e g g r r o o a a n n d d B B u u l l g g a a r r i i a a ) ) 19 1 2 : i m a t e O t t o m a n d e f e n s e l i n e s in part of Albania, including Valona Bay. line and at2 ). the Gallipoli isthmus 1914, Independent Principality Albania zo Ithe t(Map adiscernable lhave yline Symbol of Sovereign Boundary Albania. ,z,s. 1the 9 1of 5”Floating 3. when plain hues Au ss tt rr ii aa -- H H uu nn gg aa rr y. y. 3. Ru ssssiiaaincluding nn ooof ccccSerbian uuppaaValona t i oof nnoccupation as an Ottoman core province. part Albania, Bay. when discernable plain huesblockade 3. part of Albania, including Valona Bay. ininJuly 1have &no pp aa ss ss ee ss uu nn dd ee rr cc oo nn tt rr oo ll oo ff Au Colours meaning. 1530 .by maps. maps. Colours Colours have no no meaning. meaning. Rutboundary claims in the Dodekanesos and bol of the ”Floating Sovereign Boundary of in Albania. 1 isthmus 915 22 1913 .t1913 .h. n ”, t i oof on line and the line at the Gallipoli Independent Principality in July 1914, its basic ) , Albania and its problems ( ) 1by 9 1 4by -by 1918 S t Serbian a t e o f toccupation hon e KApril non i gApril Wo r l d W aRomania rtotolRomania claims in the Dodekanesos and blockade FhApril r os notf22 l22 iSn1913 e.ofJso(Serbian ”Floating Sovereign Silistria, ceded as compensation to Silistria, Silistria, ceded ceded as as compensation compensation Romania ne of the territory reserved for aebol zzo zo by I t a l y Boundary occupation in Albania. 5 1 9 1 5 1 9 1 4 1 9 1 8 ezromises o(roughly) fofby t hthe e K n i g h t s o f S t . J o h n ”, W o r l d W a r l its boundary )occupation , and its problems )in the had no base on land. Autonomous Venetian fiefs.in theF r o n t l i nwhen I tto a lnyItaly e s the555Knights Boundary of (Serbian inareas Albania. 1Gallipoli, 9 1 5basic Constantinople and isolated in(W in BBuruli ga lagaerari airal eyea19 ar rl13 yl y.19191313. . 1 9 1 4 - 1 9B1 u8 l ga eby eaGreat gsgPowers htaithe tinOsnsby Sin taton .on1912. JoEntente om Gallipoli, Gallipoli, Constantinople Constantinople and and isolated isolated areas areas territory 17 W o r l d a r l oone Italian claims to the Dodekanesos the cn ifthe aAustria iahad niagof tstotbase ofOO m rhland. aannreserved in”,drsra,ai iddss, , for oethe Pente P rn rnootot(roughly) teoein ctnchtby iby tby iogoK nAustria n a t t t m a Knights no FFAlbania, r o n Albania, t l iinnestill s Dodekanesos Austria central held by central still held by Ottoman troops troops the Knights no land. Athos, not yetoccupied awarded by Greek byg1915 the Great int oon 1912. Italian 1B 1iii8gg agrti oyo nnAlbania, o,tfl to B uethe csh astill r e s theld ,T T eeby B Stroops m batllleee”””atat Aegean on to turn Italy into ally: 22and 119Disputed 99Mount promises to Italy by the Entente in the Au t o n o m o u central sTr reeclaims Romanian advance reached in Transylvania 19 1 6 . nfinite r e Austrian l,situation aby t ito vthese ehad f rPowers etroops ein dby obase mthe lan oin cCroatia. aCroatia. l in hh eOttoman ”””not cpcc22rurraaa1913. 111999 111Islands 888 --- 111999 2Disputed 666 /// 1Disputed 333 222 Saloniki area, TM hay B9Ottoman gon m ed by in Croatia. Saloniki Saloniki area, area, occupied occupied by byGreek Greek offered offered by Austrian Austrian troops troops in in examples. romises Italy Entente the Albania, April 22 Tr 1913. D iSSApril sApril tem d22bb1913. a1913. re a s by the -Midiia Line Aegean and Mount Athos, yet awarded the of the Balkan War, on April 1the 9the 1 8Islands e a t y o f B u c h aorfe stth, eMEnos ayo lend n. end end of ofAfirst the the first firstBalkan Balkan War, War, on 22 in these examples. in these examples. ually: t o n o m o u s r e g i o n , to Greece Great Powers, advance n. n. H y M o u n t t h o s Aegean Islands and Mount Athos, not yet awarded ague and floating boundaries. t19 ro11 66ot..ptro s oaoRomanian sm Bau ruli ga nr riuin intu.unni ti t. . ro pnpneither sds aby annddaby by aa sl slmm alnor lreached lga BButo laItaly. ga ainanTransylvania. finite situation in Albania, April 22 1913. Bulgaro - tGerman - hAustrian joint control in tItaly. haere a s ulmatia, t o n o m o u s r e g i o n , D i s p u te d 1 9 1 8 Enos -Midiia Line Tr e a y o f B u c a r e s t , M ay Romanian advance reached in Transylvania. on 1915 , to turn Italy into an ally: 19 neither to Greece nor to by the Great Powers, Istria + Küstenl and, Ru s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n f t1915 h e , Htoo lturn y M oItaly u n t Ainto t hM o an so uMM 1in 2 :19191 122: : Italian claims Areas e RTD uehcontrol m alti tciojtPowers, efin m nneither fneday ndto Tr h1O sm tda, eanM T iam m o)m esef1eGreece fe9en1ln8isnseeeMoldavia lsnor liin innee19 ssin on ally: ( M o n a ”Independent” stT thihcethe petbeuairu btuuyld a aO fBattuteehtecreoO 9at t1rato2eof - Austrian joint to Italy. by notoBulgaro auuinnt taa i n -f uGerman in the disputed Dodekanesos disputed Austria and Yugoslavia ll olhGreat d, Republic Bessarabia fhh ttRiver Ru s s i aPrincipality n between o cPrincipality c and u p a tblockade i oof n ofofand rtM River Yugoslavia ???zo byAreas ”Independent” Bessarabia Moldavia Areas disputed between Austria and Yugoslavia nIaIIaeoo polo fttrhrreeeeoreeesand, 1ccc9eee1,,,2 )t hael l Di n iiiiaconaanln ocoot fffaAGG hooeteeh olsslnn nttHIstria nRRyf ueecccM o+luuaoaasbbssutllttniiKüstenl G Çatalca line and the line at the isthmus Bulgaro - German - used) Austrian joint in isthmus tisthmus he 1914, Independent in July Çatalca Çatalca line line and and the theofline line at atGallipoli the thecontrol Gallipoli Gallipoli 1914,1 9 1 5 Independent Independent Albania Albania ininJuly July1914, Italian claims inbe the Dodekanesos and blockade e -s 1magnification toRepublic Ru s s i a nbetween o cPrincipality c u p a tAustria i o n Albania o bW r uad rj a l ( 1 6 1t9i m 4 anesos, almatia, o f D u ra z I t a l y Boundary of Serbian occupation in Albania M n a i c p c a f t e r 1 9 1 2 ) 1 4 9 1 8 Bulgaro German Austrian joint control in t h e W o r l d Italian claims in the Dodekanesos and blockade sovereignty ad always been vague, being lmatia, Istria full , and its problems ( )( ( ) ) ad to1h8f eDDu orabzrzo u d jby a Republic Hungaro-Romanian bringing mountainits itsBoundary basic boundary boundary ( ( I)toccupation ) ), ,and and its its problems problems I t a l yboundary, ofe t(Serbian in Albania. being 1 its 9r1e5abasic rad isovereignty srmagnification apbeen i+enan ngto oer ruggnr rodW the of Rm Rieeivdvssalways ealways ecolour radpdipisseaabeen prpp eagavague, rvague, riuinKüstenl gdueube nrbeing ngddrused) eand, oHungaro-Romanian uuo naanlldrlldl iidnn W ”Independent” of Ukraine 1 9 1 4 - 1 9”Independent” iisbasic ssboundary w Yu av f u lal r l m magnification to be used) tBorderline D o bzrzo umountaind by j a Republic (roughly) the territory reserved for for ? (roughly) ofAu ofUkraine the the territory territory reserved reserved for of Frontlines ohvassal f seDsBorderline uBorderline ra I(roughly) tcases atlryoof ? in A1A iBoundary pp uu ttteeeddd bbbof eettSerbian w eeeeeenn IIttoccupation aaalllyyy aaann ddd Yu gggoooAlbania. ssslllav iiiaaa ”Independent” Republic of Ukraine 9rre1e5aasss dd boundary, bringing canesos, A d p u w n n Yu av bania, including Valona Bay. ce. In these years they gain ? The brown line indicating status in p a e s u n d e r c o n l o f s t r i a H u n g a r y. ce. In these years they gain The territorial promises toItalian Italy Entente in the ace. r country. sktkIn n iutnte-III-2017.indd inn aar resthese svassal tgtirore16294-09-Atlas-Hö eAn ggsyears i ,iostatus ononrss, r,they ouoin rnr nrcases rugain ngnnidinnrgyg sovereignty dsovereignty 13-10-17 16:40 F r oby nclaims t lthe i n ethe s toDodekanesos eanesos, by Powers in 1912. Italian claims bringing mountainAlbania by the the Great Great Powers Powers in in1912. 1912. Italian the theDodekanesos Dodekanesos icating adrsrysye 17 s u n d e r c o n t r oThe l o fterritorial AuHungaro-Romanian sAlbania t r i aAlbania -in Hpromises usouthern n g athe rby y. Great Area in Anatolia assigned to Italy by the Islands and Mount Athos, not yet pawarded the presence of island-loving F r o claims n t l to i n e sto to boundary, Italy by the Entente in the Area southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by

1870 - 1912

1870 1870 -- 1912 1912

1521—1870

1870 - 1912 1870 - 1912

General General General Legend Legend Legend

Treaty of San Stefano March 1878 1870 - 1912 1870 1870 -- 1912 1912

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Congress of Berlin July 1878

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”Dragon”

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General Legend General General Legend Legend General

1870 - 1912 1870 - 1912 1870 1 8 7 0- -1912 1912 11 88 77 00 -- 11 99 11 22 1 8 7 0 1 912 Legend T h e B u l g a r i a n E x a r c h a t e i n t h e 1 8 70 ’s , a n1870 d - 1912 T hs eeb B Bo u un l ggdaaarrrii iaaen ns E E xx aa rr cc h h aa tt ee ii n n tt h h ee 11 88 70 70 ’s ’s ,, aa n n1870 d 1912 iTth T l d h e B u l g a r i a n E x a r c h a t e i n t h e 1 8 70 ’s , a n d

Area with Bulgarian schools, but without the i n s tchheo oBl us ,l gbaurti awni tEh xoaurtcthhaet e . Aorrpeepaa ow wr tii ttuh hn iBtu uyl gt oa r ji oa n A A r es aoboundaries w i tnh i tB B u ll gg aa rr ii aa n n ss cc h h oo ooull ss)l ,,g abbru u tt w w ii tt h h oo u u tt ttah h ee ooIp pt p p oo rrr ttt u un n ii tt yyy ttt ooo (jjj ooo iii n n ttt h h eee B Bu u ll gg aa rr iii aaa n n E E xxx aaa rrr ccc h h aa ttt eee ... o p p u n h B n E h 1870 - 1912 I t s boundaries ( ) ii tt ss bb oo u n d a r i e s boundaries a u to n o m o ((u s B u l ga r i a n)) re g i o n s, with t h e i r un n dd aa rr ii ee ss IITwo tt ss boundaries iTerritory ts bou Li g h t e r t i n t 1870 - 1912 added to the Bulgarian Exarchate after- 1912 A rTwo eadministrative a wai u t htoBnuolm g aoruicentres as nB us cl ga h orin o l snSofia , breugt i and wni ts,hTirnovo, out th 1870 with heeee. iiarrs d to Trajan. iLi n dgg ih cttaeetrri ntt iign att u to n o my. Two aaiuu oojru B rroiiiulaaasln ii ooonwn ttt th TTerritory h e B u l g aadded r i a n to E xthe a r cBulgarian h a t e i n t hExarchate e 1 8 70 ’s , after and o p p o r t i tBn oi assi nConference B iggtaand ao ruct htah Two u to nyuooby m ucentres Bu ust hcll ga ga n,g abre reruof niEts, s,Tirnovo, with he ea isr Li h n A r e a w tnhto ltm goathe he oin hx with Li g h t e r t i n t and the 1870s ,aadded mainly in the 1890s , hExarchate proposed Constantinople. administrative Sofia dedtotoTrajan. Territory added to the Bulgarian Exarchate after Trajan.i n d i c a t i n g a u to n o my. Territory to the Bulgarian after administrative centres in Sofia and Tirnovo, T h e B u l g r i a n E x a r c h a t e i n t e 1 8 70 ’s , a n d spboundaries ( j centres oI tpadministrative o r t u n i t ybyt othe o iConference n t h e in B u)Sofia l g aof r i aand n ETirnovo, x a r c h a t eaa. ss ithe t s b1870s o n d, amainly ries nd deiincc aaftti iir n ns tgg oaard u to to n oo my. my. n d ator i Trajan. e s b e t we e rn ii n u and 1 8 7 0 - 1 9 1 2 in the the 1890s 1890s ,, proposed Constantinople. ed its boundary and the 1870s , mainly in proposed by the Conference of Constantinople. Their boundari e s I t Bproposed s uboundaries and in the 1890s , by ithe t s b1870s o u n d, amainly ries u n bb ee tt we A r e a w i t hTwo l ag aurto i annosm c hoouthe o(sl sB, Conference t w u tg of ti o h enConstantinople. ubluga r iiat nh o)re s, with t h e i r uibuted nd d aaa rrr iii eeetosss Trajan. we nh tfffeiii rrr ssstttti nooo rd rd Li eeeg n t eee rrr u n d b e t we n rd its T hTerritory e Bboundary u l g a r iadded a n E x ator cthe h a tBulgarian e i n t h e 1 8Exarchate 70 ’s , a n d after s i ain o p p o r t u nadministrative i tTheir y taoujto oboundari innotm h eo ucentres Bsue nr i aESofia r cghand .Tirnovo, its boundary Their boundari its boundary Two nx are iaotne s, with t h ea isr ributed to Trajan. Their boundari eelBssgua lrga i ngdpolitical u to n o my. Li hi ct ae tr i nt ign atunits. n second order I t s boundaries ( ) i t sTerritory b o u n d a r i e s added to the Bulgarian Exarchate after and the 1870s , mainly in the 1890s , proposed by the Conference of Constantinople. Treaty of San Stefano . March 1878 administrative centres in Sofia and Tirnovo, a s iwe n depolitical i cnaftiirns gt oaunits. u to n o my. en second order political units. oeen u n d a r i e s b e t rd e r second order a u to n o m o u1878 s B uby l gathe r i a n Conference re g i o n s, withof t h Constantinople. eir c e n t past, arepolitical enr esecond order and of San Stefano Two the 1870s , mainly Bulgarian in the 1890s , proposed Lialso g h t eshown r t iunits. nt Treaty .. March its boundary March 1878 Territory Their centres boundari s and Tirnovo, March 1878 in eSofia as oarth tir. nem tspast, are also shown nogrdaeurto n o my. Titsh eboundary l aadded r g e , iton the d e p e n d e n tExarchate B u l g a rTreaty iafter a n S t aof t e San a n d Stefano administrative m pbaertiwe sare o eni nnalso edfaiicsrasi teshown eeeuanrrrke eeedcccaceeeroin Territory awarded to Montenegro. n tt past, past, are also shown Their boundari e s and the 1870s , mainly in the 1890s , proposed by the Conference of Constantinople. T hseeboundary l aa rr gg ee ,, ii n nd d(ee p p ee n nd d ee n n tt) ,B Bas u ll ggdictated a rr ii aa n n SS ttby a tt eeRussia. an nd d m al ke ke c noodm ma p pr iaaeorder rs iibsseootn nwe eeaanss iif eei rr. r.s t units. i t n a b o u o rd e r ween second political T h l u a a a m a c r e Territory awarded to Montenegro. h e l a r g e , i n d e p e n d e n t B u l g a Treaty r i a n S t aoft eSan a n dStefano . Their March m a of ke the c o mboundaries p a r i s o n e a sin i e r.a map, itsT boundary Territory awarded on boundari es 1878 Territory awarded totoMontenegro. Montenegro. Territory awardedto Montenegro, but disputed boundary (( ) , as dictated dictated by by Russia. Russia. n i t s second ween political units. iiiTe ttt sssr rboundary boundary asi a dictated i to r y awa(rd e d to S e)) r,, bas . Treatyby he eeof es inttuboundaries past, hton nr edcthe aorder t i o nare o falso t hin taam a p. map, of Russia. San Stefano . MarchTerritory 1878 awarded to Montenegro, on of the boundaries inashown map, by Albanians. of the boundaries in a map, Territory awarded to Montenegro, but but disputed disputed sothon between second order political units. Territory awarded to Montenegro, but disputed Teh rrerr iil to to rgyye ,awa awa rd eed dn to to S tee rrBbbuiiTreaty al g.. a r i a nof SSan nke dc ecssnoii ttmu upast, aatt iirooi sare no noo ffalso tah hs iaashown tr.m m aa p. p. heem e eearn ed T a r i n d e p d e n t a t e a n d p e e Te r rd e S a h a n t t Stefano . March 1878 by Albanians. Territory awarded to Montenegro. Te r r i to r y awa rd e d to S e r b i a . h e e n d s i t u a t i o n o f t h a t m a p. y), and names (in red capitals) by Albanians. (Cfr. Colour Dis k Legend) by Albanians. eos m o fa ke t h ec roem c epnatrpast, Ti ths eboundary l a r g e , i n d( e p e n d e n )t , Basu ldictated g a r i a n SCongress tby a t eRussia. a n d of Berlin. JTerritory u l y 1 8 7 8 awarded to Montenegro. i s o n are e a salso i e r.shown ly), and names (in red capitals) tion ofmthe map, (Cfr. Dis s,ly), (later) eyalets and T hi tes l aboundary r g e , i n d e p(e n d e n t B u)l g, aas r i a n S t a t e Congress a by n d Russia. of awarded to Montenegro, but disputed i nor e to anames ke cboundaries o m(in p a r red i s o ncapitals) ein a s iae r. Congress of Berlin. Berlin.TerritoryJJJ uuuTerritory (Cfr. Colour Colour Dis kkk Legend) Legend) ly), names ll yy 111r888e777a888s toawa awarded Montenegro. (Cfr. r r i to r y3 awa rd e Kirdzhali d to S e rdictated b i a( .dictated hor eand eof n dthe s i tboundaries ueyalets a t(in i o nred o f capitals) t hina ta m a p. tion map, 4 ) by r d e dColour to Montenegro, M oDis n te n eLegend) g r o,but b udisputed t c o n te s te d s, (later) Devin( )( and regions i tTe s boundary ) , as Russia. inhabited Territory awarded to byl yA Albanians. s,ttsituation or (later) eyalets ? s, or (later) eyalets of the boundaries in a map, nd names (in capitals) of the Te r r i to r y33 awa rd eKirdzhali d to SBulgarians. e r b i a .4 h e e n d s i t u a t i o n o f t h a t m a p. Territory by awarded disputed AbAlbanians. awa to Mpbut npte te nl aeetggi rroo, o, n te te s te dd ) =and inhabited a (Cfr. lMontenegro, Arrr ldddbeeeColour adddn to i a nM uLegend) n . bbb uuu ttt ccc ooo n by A rrryeee aaal osss cto awa oooon n Devin( and Kirdzhali regions inhabited ghly), and names (in red capitals) 3 ))rd TeDevin( r r i Pomaks to r y awa eMuslim d toKirdzhali S e r b i a . ((( 44 ))) regions ? A awa to M n te n e g r o, n te ss te te d d t o t h e e n d s i t u a t i o n o f t h a t m a p. Devin( and regions inhabited Dis k names (in capitals) of the ? aend t u s ( c o u n t i e s ) 1 8 7 8 J u l y of Berlin. by Albanians. nd names names (in capitals) capitals) of the the bb yy ll oo cc aa ll A n oo p aa tt ii oo n by (in of A lll bbb aaaColour n iii aaa n n p pDis pu uklll Legend) n ... by Pomaks Pomaks === Muslim Muslim Bulgarians. Bulgarians. Congress ghly), and names (in red capitals) aks, or (later) eyalets b y l o c a l A n n p o p u a t i o n by Pomaks Muslim Bulgarians. (Cfr. aand t u s ( c o u n t i e s ) 1 8 7 8 J u l y Congress of Berlin. (roughly), and names (in red capitals) t u s ( c o u n t i e s ) (Cfr. Colour Dis k Legend) a t u s ( c o u n t i e s ) 1 8 7 8 J u l y Congress of Berlin. unaks, rsanjaks, i nor d i (later) a t i n g the ethnic backA r e a s awa r d e d to M o n te n e g r o, b u t c o n te s te d Devin( 3 ) and Kirdzhali ( 4 ) regionsB ainhabited eyalets l k a n Wa r s eyalets ? 1912-1913 and capitals) of the u rr ii n ii cc aaortt ii(later) n gg the ethnic 4 ) regions inhabited A e ndnieto M b ryrdeleaodscto aawa lM A orl bdn ate agnr o, p obpnuute by Pomaks Muslim Bulgarians. Devin( ) =and Kirdzhali uirgents. n ddnames nn(in the ethnic backback3 )3 and A1912-1913 r e?a s awa t lcanotenigo ternso,.tebd u t c o n te s te d Devin( Kirdzhali ( 4 )( regions inhabited B aa ll kk aa n Wa rr ss? u i (ccaotnames iun gtthe backand (in of of thethe traitnudnames sand i ecapitals) s )ethnic 1912-1913 daries (in capitals) B n Wa 1 8 7 0 1 9 1 2 1912-1913 urgents. b lybAal onecigaaenlaA p ud l aMt ioounn. could byPomaks Pomaks = Muslim Bulgarians. “Zone Contestée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian 1870 - 1912 b y l o c aagreement. l A pnol b pIIf aaitnai on nsp. ao n by = Muslim Bulgarians. ”Zone Contestée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian urgents. suallnno dagreement t A t h o be s , sreached, e i z e d b y the Czar uisitna(d iuegnst)pi easr)t i c i p a n t s . 1 8 7 0 1 9 1 2 nurgents. caortm tcuioscua(nct oti n ooi tu s ”Zone Contestée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian a Contestée” ul lgaccording gno ann s scchto hooothe ol sl ,scould ,b bu ut tww e rs ethnic backA ee gg ee aa n II ss ll Italy, aa n dd ss but aa n dd to M oobeu n tt A tt h oothe ss ,, ssdisposition ee ii zz ee dd bb yy be reached, ”Zone Bulgaro-Serbian 88 777 000 - 1 99 1 22 Greece or left to AAagreement. rreeawould wwiitthh BBdraw uIf aarriaiaagreement i tiahtinthis ohkuoatuntt htWa ehzone. A n n n M u n A h ”Zone Contestée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian oegluu uagcrrroaissilraoniiiunadn nrniddEci niiEaxccdtxaaaiarncttcraiigchn ntthe g p a r t i c i p a n t s . B l 1 1912-1913 A e g e a n I s l a n d s a n d M o u n t A t h o s , s e a t e i n t h e 1 8 70 ’s , a n d 8 line somewhere lhllurajan. o g p a r t i c i p a n t s . A r e Greece a w i t h Boru lItaly, g a r i abut n s cto h obe o l s , b uto t wthe i t h disposition o u ti ztehde b y oagreement. rttuunniwould i t yIf o draw jooagreement i n t thaheline e B usomewhere l gaBar iarail kanbe nEnExreached, x rainthis rhrcsahtaet.e . agreement. Ifttono no agreement could be ea ri tnethnic ea n 1back8t70 ihgcounterpart(s) nagptthe ouurr si nihave ai nt ignthe i ctihpbacks . ’s , a n d osurgents. dnidc iacttheir ethnic ppppaoloCzar the which aw Greece or Italy, but to beu lleft left to the disposition agreement. If no could reached, Bi,tiaahtreached, lnahoWa kduinthis ntt htWa s eoIA grww a iritithahwould ntBByuE criagreement tseascchiline noBootuo)lhs)llsomewhere eg,scould ’sbe 1912-1913 iahiaannan ,b1 bb8u70 u ggaa(aa(rjrdraw h u ooactu ee r1912-1913 left the o p pGreece oofr tthe u n i Great tor y Italy, t o jPowers. o i but n t hto e The Bbe gParis a r ito a nPeace E x disposition a rTreaties chate. IA tBrrsseeeuaboundaries boundaries 870 9 2 T h ”Zone lxlgaccording t tw eh nthe dnaadrinsurgents. raiiareinsehave the Czar t A a w h B u n c h o o u w h u h surgents. u s zone. which their counterpart(s) Contestée” to the Bulgaro-Serbian of the Great Powers. The Paris Peace lating r t i t 1 ’s , Trajan. g E x a c h a e n h e 8 70 a n d the Czar would draw a line somewhere inthis o p p o r t u n i t y t o j o i n t h e B u l g a r i a n E x a r c h a t e . A e g e a n I s l a n d s a n d M o u n t A t h o s , s e i e d b y (1 9 2 3 ) which have their counterpart(s) uowhich isnahave agor 70 of the Great Powers. The Paris Peace zTreaties Treaties ahihenline of 1919 and finally the Treaty ofb Lausanne I tI ss l of boundaries (Powers. )i zParis obothe oboCzar rd iesteaccording yykt d ooejdraw BABul ublsomewhere gaganariiaa an nE Ex ax rinthis .e SpopepueprContestée” owta-uG soagreement nnstthe gllaog aurrasome atheir et epplaces innE dEx ixitems caacrtchihnacounterpart(s) ani rnt ithchei epof a18n870 t s .’s , aanndd the Great The Peace Treaties i t”Zone s ”Zone n urninrhenwould oiBiganuto eBulgaro-Serbian aocuthchahetahei rezone. zone. A e g e a n a n d s a n d M o u n t A t h o s , s e e d y A a B u g a c h o o b u w h Contestée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian agreement. If no could be reached, Two a u to o m o u s l ga r i a n re g i o n s, with ating some items or places of bounda e 1870 1912 A e g e a n I s l a n d s a n d M o u n t A t h o s , s e i z e d regions. b y (1 t h e c o l o u r s i n d i c a t i n g p a r t i c i p a n t s . Greece or Italy, but to be left to the disposition of 1919 and finally the Treaty of Lausanne Two aoou--to odagreement u(ees ssBii ggdesigns unl ga gn oii reached, t h e i r zone. rairareesisome n G s iirhn ni eaA AnBll)re niAlbania. an s, nwith IoSSStpeees p boundaries ating some items or places of (1 999 222 333 ))) snEto with of finally Treaty oyating uused dxthe iathe c acBulgarian ththe i na gor p places anr tExarchate ihExarchate c ei pof aof t s . after settle sovereignty these agreement. Ifeeoeem no rrrSerbo-Greek bbbounda G rrrnwould bbbin aaabe gddnladded aoaadadded nseito epurpose 8n70 and items ofdefinitely 1919 and finally the Treaty of Lausanne nulso Greece Two orGreece Italy, but be tothe the ur n ykkkoe d ocentres uhcould aand E xinthis G dno ecdraw suagreement iopg in nnessadin iline nbcould i aaa labe a u1919 to nand oto msettle oPowers. u left s but Bthe uthe lto ga rbe i adisposition nleft reof gtoiPeace oLausanne nover s, with t hregions. e i r (1 ory after agreement. If reached, administrative in Sofia theCzar Li gm hhave t el Bulgarian r otheir trcounterpart(s) i npurpose tcounterpart(s) administrative Sofia Tirnovo, or Italy, the disposition Te r bbounda roCzar ioadded tu-owould ineeoesto ccentres yA tl somewhere eegnand B ks,Tirnovo, aafter n Eahn ttceahhsneaatisree xt, which have their of the Great The Paris Treaties Also used with the purpose of definitely sovereignty over these the draw a line somewhere inthis 1870 1912 Also used with the of to s l r i re i with Two a o m o u B u ga a n g o n w Territory the Bulgarian Exarchate n d i n g o f s a l l i t t l e k n o w n definitely settle the sovereignty over these regions. the text, which of the Great Powers. The Paris Peace Treaties e Two osmthe obocuiu uiueloga rtbieaynantnesomewhere iBoConstantinople. with Also used the of nyicating d,added amainly e to administrative centres in definitely the sovereignty over and 0s in the Te r raiiaeuttucootoerro,iinwould eby oorthe ccsadraw u d h n E n proposed Conference 1870 - 1912 Two and 70s ,iadded mainly in 1890s ,Exarchate proposed by of Constantinople. ihave nwith dhe i citems athe tl i oga n1890s gpurpose aan u,tto n- koncha my. C r e te , hfinally osettle we vethe r, iTreaty sThe n oSofia w rLausanne eand ePeace to Tirnovo, o pthese t f o r regions. Ea(1ns o9 s2i3s .) xt, their counterpart(s) (G ,Bp n geeof regaoand aaonnlllns,kkkTirnovo, daaaT Bwunovo lh )seee offinally the Great Powers. Paris Te ccentres uthe pgBM i ee1890s daga hre Baand n Einthis ngtatttheeerehain niseaartttzone. Bulgarian ee of zone. 1919 and offof n1521—1870 dwhich n g oosome m w n aafter ory the Sthe ebrrrrobrreeCzar eeeaSSeossdeekm sConference iin nline lttbah igB ion t-crmainly oG rrin ccen u d bbeanyyASofia n E n n administrative centres in Sofia Tirnovo, adm ve So ps, some or places ofe (1 9 o2 p3 )tTreaties n d ii n fffootosssthe m aaaBu lllBulgarian ll items oono lllmeaning. iii tttplaces tt lllExa eeeExarchate -- kk n ooo w of the ofr,Lausanne Colours have theSadministrative 1870s ys. added he Bu garrr or an Exa en the Conference Constantinople. eTe G e1913 i gaiieu s,,iap inn niueso C91919 teand hTreaty we ve ve nand w of to nAlso dindicating n ggused osome m ncha w n aafter ((on ee,w rrolsbbddgocin aan.roccupied n gg,aarrebn aaaow n u lltggh iiEntente aaea))zone. 888 777 000 (Greece, 999 1919 2221 8 7and adm aby ve cen 0proposed -of1C Two u-cced BM eaooouthe gand ArG ropo errTerritories aee-aon ieeeetoerh,,, kn iCon oeenAonn llieeensb tand tThB oan taaanop hrrreh ndary rrr1 eee2 the te ,,, by h ooofinally we r, iii sssTreaty n ooo w fff regions. rrrBulgaria) eeeLausanne eeeover to oo p tt fffon oooregions. rrr EEEApril nnn(1ooo 9sss iii2sss 3...22 22 April by Serbia, Montenegro G SBeoeekum M oseAcga neilhnbtttence na,So nnid dBalkan Bw uunovo undary icating items or places of ) 1913. the Their boundari e with the purpose of C te h we ve r, n w to p S e r b G e s i g n s n i a , mainly in the 1890s , and a r i e s b e t we e n f i r s t o rd e r 00s ma n y n he 890 Their boundari e s ( G e S r b i a , M o n n g r a n d B u l g i a ) definitely settle the sovereignty these proposed the Conference of Constantinople. p he o Con e ps. Colours have no meaning. and 70s , mainly in the 1890s , proposed by the Conference of Constantinople. 8 7 0 9 2 erest. Also used with the purpose of definitely settle sovereignty over these B u l ng ayor i ahe n EBu x aga r890 c h meaning. a t eExa i n tcha hand e 1 8e 70 Silistria, by ps. Colours have no meaning. yh eadded an a ’se, a n d orpropo tied tscyc1913 opccen ehence r niaand aCon t et.ae e 0ps. ma nwith he on pTe itsTe boundary Colours have no adm aoiby ripApril ove tSo hal glekaoaaB lEnknaEtT nex naan Etrnovo n Ah rceded eBae u w igtas haas Bcompensation uacompensation ln g a r icahn oso cover h o o lbthese s ,u btouRomania tRomania w ih t hoouu t tby hh ee Their boundari sthe trooinrtr o eursni e22 utche i...jueoCon dpi inbeyetdhet b eynB Bu ecnht eanop 22 1913 on April A e a w w Also used the purpose of Bessarabia. Probably falsely atttributed to Trajan. definitely settle sovereignty regions. 22 1913 on April f i n d i n g o f s m a l l o r l i t t l e k n o w n Silistria, ceded to o T a an g t h e f i n d i n g o f s m a l l o r l i t t l e k n o w n A e a w h B u g a a n c h o o b u w h o B u l ga r i a e a r l y 19 13 . nda y T h e B u l g a r i a n E x a r c h a t e i n t h e 1 8 70 ’s , a n d Gallipoli, Constantinople and isolated areas in I t s boundaries ( ) undary on pve pgfoyrar, reteuioasas nton intooycompensation tntohffo joroho i eneE ntB hob es iu B uatlwgto aoarrRomania ih ao nEn Exoxasaiuh rscc.eh hby aaht eee. tethe soac btTma o u n d a r i e s Silistria, ceded as compensation to Romania by The bounda e A e a w h B u c u T h e B u g a a n E x a c h a e n h e 8 70 a n d a an Their boundari e s C r e te , h o we o w e to o p f E and 0nda n y n he 890 ( G r e e c e , S e r b i a , M o n t e n e g r o a n d B u l g a r i a ) p opo ed by he Con e ence Con an nop e C r e te , h o we ve r, i s n o w p r s . Te r r i t o r i e s o c c u p i e d b y t h e B a l k a n E n t e n t e Silistria, ceded o p p o u u g n ( G r e e c e , S e r b i a , M o n t n g r o a n d B u l g r i a ) T h e B u g a n E x a c h a e n h e 8 70 a n d i o n a g a i n s t O t t o m a n r a i d s , y an atttributed to Trajan. a naeE cstill TGallipoli, hue1878 Bbounda gaanConstantinople xha a cieheld h e and n Ottoman he8es70 8 70a n B u llpga ga esaaoboundaries r ll yyoo19 19n13 13o.. hne( Bh ue B oop n E cx ha ac eh a e fin diToColours i nnagorder oColours fProbably sn m a l lO orightly rt ol no iunits. t t lmeaning. -Treaty isolated areas Iynte T hon eThe BG auuc22 E da n d in maps. have aps. have no meaning. ddthe oDobruja. trtsiaeabn ia San March B u of San Stefano Stefano . March o pCprAlbania, uohnrrroiii aaau g au ogpa)atn f oEatroops central by Gallipoli, Constantinople and isolated areas inat 8 7areas 0 9 2 central m neTreaty rkaaniiod dws ,nof econd political B utel ga estill a rryr, leey iheld 19 13o.area, eDisputed ,bounda we ve s n w f r eOttoman e to rx aEGreek n o s i sat . the end of 1913 April a an an Gallipoli, and (on rGallipoli, egooaebounda enAlbania, ,d SaoConstantinople em r. eeobxuiConstantinople nnoeuby gnhrdgeoaOttoman dwith B u lisolated gtroops 1913 April Two BM u loganheld re i roisolated nns,and tareas ha er i ar ) in bb1878 uto iiyTan ooColours n aaa ggg aaa iii n ss tttthe O tttBulgarian tt oo meaning. m n bounda nda Teee cccoatttby ed Austrian inaaaCroatia. n nhave O no m n rrExarchate a i d ss ,, e.as ,still bounda dn22 ceded as compensation tooby central at Treaty oftroops San Stefano . inSilistria, March 1878 aps. Silistria, ceded compensation to bounda eSaloniki the of first Balkan War, onTirnovo, April 22a1913. Territory added tos troops after Li g h t e r t i n t Two aeas u to nom uoRomania soBoccupied uoccupied l ga r i aby nwreRomania gby iby oonuGreek s, with bThe o u1878 nend duanAlbania, eathe central Albania, still held by Ottoman troops at administrative centres in Sofia and s 22 1913 . on April central Albania, still held by Ottoman troops at A e a w h B u g a a n c h b u h hhebyt hh eaeisr Disputed Saloniki area, red by Austrian troops in Croatia. Treaty of Stefano . Trea y o San S e ano March 1878 Ma ch 878 Treaty of San Stefano Scorched earth March B u l ga r i a e a r l y 19 13 . Gallipoli, Constantinople and isolated areas in Territory added to the Bulgarian Exarchate after eared crege1870s tTonipast, are also shown ed onby a, decmainly an t ro o p s a n d by a s m a l l B u l ga r i a n u n i t . Disputed Saloniki area, occupied by Greek red by Austrian troops in Croatia. the end of the first Balkan War, on April 22 1913. Two a u o n o m o u B u ga a n e g o n w B u l ga r i a e a r l y 19 13 . e , n e p e n d e n t B u l g a r i a n S t a t e a n d administrative centres in Sofia and Tirnovo, Gallipoli, Constantinople and isolated areas in g , i d p e n d e n t B u l g a r i a n S t a t e a n d Silistria, ceded as compensation to Romania by Disputed Saloniki area, occupied by Greek Austrian troops in Croatia. Two a u o n o m o u B u ga a n e g o n w h P r t e t i o n a g a i n s t O t t o m a n r a i d s , T h e B u g a a n E x a c h a e n h e 8 0 a n d Trea y o San S e ano the end of the first Balkan War, on April 22 1913. L g h e n Ma ch 878 i n d i c a t i n g a u to n o my. and he in the 1890s , by Conference of the first War, on April 1913. o p ptTwo oro uon ooaunuby BaConference u uglaeaga Ew x na i thcw.h ahhee h Montenegro. m Bhthe ng rroaiieaaanngn h eea oion” t ec cotomi oTpnaLaraan inneg sheta esOn tetr.o nmM a no ur ani tdas i, n the first 1913. Territory awarded to Montenegro. 19in Tproposed i awarded m aethe tBalkan estill O tto oBalkan m a nuga fOttoman eConstantinople. non eSApril lain i nt e22 eareas snueaaoyoan aaueell llga B Two mrndddalooyuby ga Te ool, tyyAlbania, added he Bu eesa22 aain Albania, held by Ottoman at the 1870s the ,1 2 : and ofou TTehcentral eTerritory lhhaobeerend guuueadded iof dthe noostill dttBu theld lddby gWar, aean anExa nsstroops tlcha n1890s dee19 ed ke iggshaLoAustrian ro pian nproposed by m Bnn u llSo ga nand unConstantinople. nT ve cen BSaloniki uttadm lagauooorp 19 B 13 .sss m Gallipoli, Constantinople and isolated central at Te Bu ga an Exa cha oundary ( eaby ),tI i,nas as dictated by ndary (ndeAustrian )taaO dictated Russia. ro p aSaloniki n by aato m a neloccupied lGreek B ga r iAlbania n u n rots n desentcctroops n oon n oobSdttby Disputed by bounda eve offered troops in Croatia. Territory awarded Montenegro. adm nassarea, a occupied ve cen nu So aaby and Tii tt ..innovo novo a1914, 11 22 :: T llnttline ii nm aafirst ttopeeeehe O ttehe oonm aaBn eeExa ffr,April eeimainly ee22 ii n ssein y o e ch yo878 ga an cha e1913. a eeetroops dthe aadded eand te rg nm aa tru iTrea oio na an lnS omy ua,itn deRussia. aaSan rainn ed sd bS e t we eano n f i r s t o rd e r Ma boundary t e c t i o g a i n t t o n r a i s the end of Balkan War, on a r g e , i n p e d n B u l g a r t t , i l i g e n d p e n d B u g a a e n n g a u my adm n a cen e So a and T novo a 19 T h e u m O t m n d n s l n in M u a n Disputed area, Greek Çatalca the line at the Gallipoli isthmus Their boundari s ? ? Independent Principality of July fered by in Croatia. o r n its boundary 19 1 2 : T h e u l t i m a t e O t t o m a n d e f e n s e l i n s in and he 870 ma n yythe n he ae nn pgBoual iut gi caoaM to but disputed er opo he oo Con an nop ee M ui tn nsStt aa ii n ne a n d the the Balkan War, on 22 1913.at i t s Territory boundary ( and )Montenegro, ,Mon asat890 dictated by Russia. Montenegro. boundari Territory awarded toooline Montenegro, but disputed Montenegro. Te oo Albania, yyofawarded awa ded eneg ooApril central still held bythe Ottoman troops g reythe n dboundaries erdpn eddncdto nu t ro o p s a n d p a s med a lTheir l by B u l ga r i aCon n u ne sieet . ence oaenmy lnCroatia. uo er and he end 870 ma nfirst n he 890 pby opo ed by he Con ence Con an nop Çatalca line Gallipoli isthmus 1914, Independent Principality ofi a)oCon Albania in July ime. er awa S e r b i a . Te awa ded Mon eneg and of in map, he 870 ma n y n he 890 p opo ed by he Con e ence o an nop e t ro o p s a n d by a s m a l l B u l ga r n u n i t . ( ) , as dictated by Russia. uuuoundary n d a e b e we e n o d ronda y awa rd e d to S e r b i a . Disputed Saloniki area, occupied by Greek fered by Austrian troops in Çatalca line and the line at the Gallipoli isthmus Two a u o n o m o u B u ga a n e g w h h e 1914, Independent Principality of Albania in July y a d c a ed by Ru a its basic boundary ( , and its problems ( ) 19 1 2 : T h e u l t i m a t e O t t o m a n d e f e n s e l i n e s in Territory awarded to Montenegro, but disputed n d a e b e we e n o d e Çatalca line and the line at the Gallipoli isthmus Independent Principality of Albania in July 1914, by Albanians. rgnedeRiver i sybaedpe epwe nBaeodu edgreaongc rdaoaen ubetween noSduby the end the War, April M i an n da order political units. by Albanians. bpet eiaoenrwe yyyt the nda ed anatieaRu The ultimate Ottoman defense linesin 1912: Çatalca line and the line at the Gallipoli isthmus. Borderline of T hto ebounda uoline lawa iadded m a(roughly) e first O the t to oBalkan m aMon nithe dGallipoli eeneg fterritory eExa non s echa lbut i bu n ereserved sdisputed in 19 1 2 :for nidinLneogegngfa.nhuutBoundaries Te ytyyof o to Bu ga an a22 e1913. The bounda eeAlbania bounda its basic boundary (nBSo )i a,,1914, and its problems ( )) second Te r r i r y rd d S e r b a . Territory awarded Montenegro, eaeelso nrr dddaiisssn i aat up a n h a t m a p. Territory awarded to Montenegro, but disputed o awa ded o o d pu ed M o u n t n adm n a ve cen e a and T novo a t ro o p s a n d by a s m a l l u l ga r n u n i t . Te bounda p e a r n d e r g r o u n d Çatalca and line at the isthmus Independent Principality of in July its basic boundary ( ) and its problems ( The bounda Treaty of San Stefano . March 1878 bounda by Albanians. n d c a n g a u o n o my ver Treaty of San Stefano .Italian itsbounda basic boundary ( Dodekanesos ) , and its problems ( ) March 1878 pgdrd pieeeodeaandrrto nSoggSereu ur brn nabuid daina.eedn ued Borderline (roughly) of the territory reserved for tiawa raerd soiito ,n dnCongress r ddyby Ru aof Te o y awa ded o Mon eneg o bu d pu ed The e oryr sydawa . rr ciggnrragoo u eranda s p p y Borderline (roughly) of the territory reserved for T h e u l t i m a t e O t t o m a n d e f e n s e l i n e s in 19 1 2 : Çatalca line and the line at the Gallipoli isthmus (Cfr. Colour Dis k Legend) Albania by the Great Powers in 1912. 1914, Independent Principality of Albania in July claims to the 11Albanians. 8A llby yBorderline (Cfr. Dis Legend) andreserved for (roughly) ofPowers the he ma n yColour n he 890kterritory p boundary opo ed by ence o Con( an its basic ( he Con ) , and its problems ) nop e Bbnroguuan dnadirn odCongress e c e n tof past, are also shown J u Albanians. by an 87788ban 8 0 (roughly) uBorderline yAlbania y awa ossp,,red Soob. Berlin. ttdnames r eerdggedeiiidoosb(in n aeerr in ei erggdsogeru ver by the Great in 1912. Italian claims to (ethe the Dodekanesos ndeapde ru ut htn nnuca n i nM deuiofanrrrntountyyytdhnamSeditanrake of the territory reserved by A ban an and Te o line yby awa o TMon dn t pu bTkkken ohaaaeuerrrrnsssRlecond steppe tai vrairrkegsregion eaedrg,pseiiptdonoearn sgrpwe ,iieSn r capitals) Çatalca andded the line isthmus Principality in July 1914, (Cfr. Colour DisDodekanesos kof Albania the Great Powers its boundary )Legend) , Albania and its problems ( ) claims to en po ca un h eatl athe reneg g ein ,Gallipoli i n1912. do e pbu e n dfor B uSan l ged aBerlin. r iSa neS tano a t e a n d J u l Ma tB 8Italian 7ch 8basic y 1Independent eo eooenpo glnrgiaoni rnd n dp a r i s o n e a s i e r. Congress of Albania by the Great Powers in 1912. vsteppe u,rei n enhruiiosgnlun Italian claims toawarded the Dodekanesos en econd de po ca un y(roughly) iyecond nd ede ng dswb oardun g d r y t ec oa m Trea yyete oo)te yr(later) Territory to Montenegro. D i s p u te d a re a s oaregion deKirdzhali po ca (Cfr. Colour Dis kekterritory Legend) of the reserved for Territory awarded to Montenegro. i l3awa The bounda e Line More definite situation in Albania, April 22 1913. by the Great Powers in 1912. Italian claims to878 the Dodekanesos 1e1e8bounda 77ss8ban J uAlbania lAA yBorderline Enos -Midiia C Co ou D Legend Congress of Berlin. 4 r)u)n r a awa r d e d to M o n te n g r o, b u t c o n s te d Trea San S e ano Albania by the Great Powers in 1912. Ma ch 878 by A an steppe region 8 8 y (vesteppe ) and ( regions inhabited of Berlin. Congress o Ber n ratecond eyalets 3 4 i t s boundary ( , as dictated by Russia. its basic boundary ( ) , and its problems ( ) re a s r a awa r d e d to M o n te n e g r o, b u t c o n s te d region ) and Kirdzhali ( regions inhabited Trea y o San S e ano Ma ch 878 s boundary ( ) , as dictated by Russia. C situation Co ouofPowers Dthe kterritory Legend ar ep(Map og uCongress eerd.ccsaiteessteppe n pa More definite situation in Albania, April 22 22 for 1913. kearin gpieoaregion nr siaa1n, &geeo 2The raau).nr uoodinitial nehown nr gi nr situation dnrdy of theoboundaries ? D i s p u te 8 7 8 u y Enos -Midiia Line Ber n i1530 ve in a map, ? Borderline (roughly) reserved Albania by the Great in 1912. Italian claims to the Dodekanesos More definite in Albania, April 1913. e n pa hown D i s p u te Territory awarded to Montenegro, but disputed Enos -Midiia Line More Albania, April bA yyrhelelaoodefinite c3caadefinite l)lgAand lrlbdbC aenanKirdzhali p ute lrin alni4atto .April A r e Enos a sLine awa r d e d to M o n teDnies pg ur o, t acso nDte d ddd aaa re maks i s spte u te re aa ss eween nr=s.)=tpa aaoone sde a1,oBulgarians. oapo -Midiia Line Devin( regions inhabited Territory Montenegro, but More situation Albania, 1913. bAAlbania aawa A ndisituation ieaCo apnonto poin u(rte iLegend aks Muslim Bulgarians. te dbaure Enos -Midiia Te yron awa rd dcdisputed ete bte .edd c(of m rnun egd Congress e n d s ioted u aBer t i o n o fnt h a t m a p. ca T eeawarded eeM n ddoopPowers eepnD n B ggn aa.1912. aaute22 n SSctonoaaSn eer22 aai a1913. n ar3ke rMuslim eawa g(Map icapitals) oto r22ees). uor4n np)aai.regions dt or tyh einhabited ou kitego)ru & ).Sraahown (Map m ccrecond oo(in m pp”Floating n eethe -1530 s awa d to o n e o, b u o te s d ? ackraaesteppe region (-1530 and Kirdzhali 8 7 8 u y Te i to y rd e d e b i names by Albanians. by the Great in r s r to r o, t s te e a d e M e n g o b e Italian claims to the Dodekanesos 1 & -1530 . T h e a g n d e p n n B u n n d and K dzha eg on nhab m ke m a o n bol of the Sovereign Te o y awa ded o Mon eneg o 1e a& 2 ). (Map ? Trea y o San S e ano . Ma ch 8 c8a-Midiia by Albanians. 1 & 2 ). eg on nhab ed (Map b y l o l A l b a n i a n p o p u l a t i o n . by Pomaks = Muslim Bulgarians. 1522-1530 . T h e a g e n d e p e n d e n B u g a a n S a e a n d ke c o m p a o n e A e a awa d e d o M o n e n e g o b u c o n e e d Te o y awa ded o Mon eneg o ? More definite situation in Albania, April 22 1913. and K dzha D i s p u te d a re a s Enos Line cal bol of ”Floating Sovereign ed by y Jawa ded o(Cfr. Mon eneg bbyy llMore obounda ccaall AAldefinite i iaann pposituation ppuul al at aaitoi ond . .cc aaAlbania, ah(steppe maks Bulgarians. Boundaries (roughly), and names (in red capitals) seak nthe spa )the ? etregion niKeof a ga eoe2fa). otn. Sovereign lbbbdayyaaenn bol ”Floating Sovereign ==tue=hMu Bu Bm Oi Sg N Ah Colour Dis ok Legend) 4Te - 1 9 1 o8-Midiia 22 ed Ru by Ru oecSymbol eMuslim n(Map t”Floating San Jaahown oeg hmap non ”, 1Line 878 W oRu ralApril d aaW aCongress r l1913. 1of9 1Berlin. bol of the ”Floating Sovereign on offoof he bounda bounda yA(Cfr. ed by ely. 1s & situation Albania, April 22 .hcthe bMore y 1ee8aoobounda aawa aon M p ooDis pnauin naoin ak Mu m Bu an ek andLegend) ecgodn s p u te a reed as on bounda map oou yyl y awa ded oo Mon eneg ooD ibu dd d pu KK dzha edof 7 a8cdefinite yh nhad om nop”, ”, llknhab on he bounda ntttmap map of eyalets W oa enarr1913. del d W W aa1 9rr1 4ll - 1 9 1 8111 999 111 444 Te koraan(later) n Wa Wa 1912-1913 Te awa ded Mon eneg bu pu ed n dndeColour aWb n ouSr lacdoW enWo drll d oeeeem m e). o22-1530 entttn1sssoi&ga --- 111Enos 999Te 111 888oo yy awa ? J u TlA ttthnthe oooeSoohe ffatnaand tttdof hhihe iii eagggethnic ooohnee2fffOttoman SSShon hhh.sanjaks, ake t.bounda eneeecthe ogoK fthe tn hp tbacksaSovereign f...eJJJaSo tland. Jan rrssBerlin.1912-1913 Knights Te ooag eyyAawa ddpaeeendnd dpeoonDevin( SSueeBaubb gaa3oan) and uu(Map oohhhKno oognbase aaon awa ded orMon Mon eneg ed K naam om n p”,hBBnaa”,Congress ded o eneg o on e gbu mbol ”Floating 22-1530 4 ) regions inhabited d i c t A r e a s awa d e d to M o n te r o, bdu t cpu o n te s te d Te awa b y o c b a n p ak = Mu Bu ga an Kirdzhali ( h e e n d n h a by A ban an the Knights had no base on land. Te o y awa d e d o S e b a eDevin( n d u a o n o h a m a p ? by A ban an bounda y a d c a ed by Ru a B a l k a n Wa r s when the Knights had no base on land. 1912-1913 T h e b oundaries and names (in capitals) of the the Knights had no base on land. 3t hthe A r e a s awa e d to o nby te nPomaks gAthos, c oyet nW an y l o c a l A l b a n i a n p o p u l a t i o n . )he ) regions the Knights had nottosed base n Wa rs Bulgarians. 1 9 1 4 - 1by 9 1A 8 ban ”Floating 1912-1913 eon oofoof euand onefSovereign S(ron tni.a4Jnaoland. nB”,Biataallktkuasainhabited AnL AiKirdzhali osiete r lddb ybW a r by l Greece aambol bounda Aegean Islands and Mount ents. AAAegean e g eeoaacnanlIslands IIAsslrllabdan d sand aM n dMount oaouteuinAthos, trno, tb=htuMuslim otnot esteieawarded zawarded 1912-1913 99 22 ? 99 33Aegean Te awabRomanian ded Mon oLegend bu d inpu edof the Great yyytatoPomaks name ahmap uontestée” nkand maccording oaccording sKZMuslim r e gg ihn oH nthe ntestée” Bulgaro-Serbian advance Transylvania. u,the gcap aBulgaro-Serbian com u n t irresss ) and Mount or Italy, but to beoCo left toeneg thekkreached disposition C ou D ed dpSM nnot t.AA hnot os ,sAthos, ,sCongress zrdel dseized yo areached, kan n( c oWa Wa bey glAegean anIslands nddi and aMount ndapnMount uM yy19o1 16886.y77. 88advance by not yet Islands and Athos, yet awarded and name noto ed cap m so Te o Great yIslands awa esbut ooto elthe bleft aoBulgaro-Serbian C reached Co advance ou D reached Legendin Transylvania. 9u oment. hero eand efKnights unrrhad aoeei gugged aand tttthe oname t dtname hno hsiin trnscap Sah,t aon . J oaam hland. naB”,preached, Au oK m eBulgarians. go,,obase i focap ncould u n ooe=nu ssagreement oono n en Aegean Athos, yet awarded Romanian W onor do Italy. W ln n Ifnm be u1gA8819 Congress oa rBer Ber n11991 16 .4u- 1A neither tothe Greece to by the Powers, C ou Dino Transylvania. Greece or Italy, be to disposition Aegean Islands and Mount Athos, not yet awarded ”Zone Contestée” according to by ban an u o n o m u n Romanian advance reached Transylvania. 7 8 y 19 1 6 . Congress Ber e e a n I s l Romanian a n d Co s an d advance M ukn Legend t reached A t h o s , in s e Transylvania. ized by ent. If no agreement could be f t h e H l y M o u n t A t h o s o a e eya e u t o n o m o u s r e g i o n , Romanian in ontestée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian g r o u n d 19 1 6 . Greece or Italy, but to be left to the disposition neither to Greece nor to Italy. by the Great Powers, Re vo ltBu tath sn,A hshe. land. csoBSe l oaub rk ian d i c aWa t i n8gr7the A eeggthe eeaannGreat IIssllaanPowers, ddss aanParis dd MMoneither uunnt tAAttohtTreaties oGreece s ,s ,s es ienor zi ezof deto b1919 yItaly. an n s0 ethnic rozar sfethe iotanwould deeKnights ioacacco aeya tohidraw neyeya geHM pooalaeyuto rno tn ithe cohe iuApsomewhere tga neither Greece nor to Italy. by the Great Powers, 92back2 9agreement. 3 of e f t M n t o according Bulgaro-Serbian nntestée” ée d ng o o en had base on h H l t o s line inthis B a l k a n Wa r s 9 by Ru s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n 1912-1913 A n n o h o d b y Powers. The Peace and finally the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) definitely settle the IfItaly, no be reached, the Great The Treaties neither tonot nor by Great Powers, Islands and Athos, yet awarded h Hino oname M oebRgline uleoiin npocttunhe A tBu hcap ofga s1tthe di obut endddnadvance oc cM en ee ggg the o bdisposition u ccc ooo n nAu s. M ottytnh tacco cdraw esdstpM uao aed e of 9ar1obe 2 9Se ) 1reached, gh nooment. ée b an Italy, to be to Dev and K eg on ed ar Ru s81A s6i8a. eeen aaaor o cRomanian cawa p astCo If fftewould llRRauyyagreement u A awa nleft AAegean gthe en nGreat aPowers. nPowers. dagreement a nMount ddzha M oParis ucould n and APeace hGreece oCongress eblockade znhab eto d ed b y Ber oaIfaeensand rccap ,somewhere CuRu reached Italian claims in the Dodekanesos and Dev n K dzha eg on nhab ed of the Paris Treaties Ru ueooop pknn n (so M ing lfcou aro 2 inthis Greece or but to be left to the disposition A awa M non n eeeed eee ddd oItaly. n ???u Greece Dev naclaims and K dzha eg on nhab ed Italian in the Dodekanesos blockade ent. agreement could no be eached ((en M ooname n ttHm iiocconoag een p u ll ground ii ccaabaaA ffitcould ttcheeo rr sd 11e99he 11 122insurgents. ))reached, zone. n oooooonD ccThe u aaaLegend Ay 19ethe a y awa dA ePowers. dss bsssddiiiaeeaaaonou nccM ettteegiii oooan bnoouin bbTransylvania. cuuTreaties on e n nd 8 7 0r s 9 1912-1913 2 the Dev ne1919 and K dzha eg on nhab B)binthis aan l k a nzone. Wa Greece Italy, but to left toooPeace the disposition G eece oor aaand yyin bu ooThe be eeo Lausanne he d po on Ru nM uSerbian pppParis neoPeace Italian claims in the Dodekanesos and blockade M notmagnification Ru peemen ueaabbbigono Czar would draw a line somewhere inthis Aegean Islands and Mount Athos, not yet awarded (1 9 2 3 ) neither to Greece nor to Italy. A e a w h B u g a a n c h o b u w h o u h e by the Great Powers, nd name cap ohe he of and finally the Treaty of b o c a a p o u o by Pomak = Mu m Bu ga an en no ag eemen cou d be eached ich their ”Zone Contestée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian m e be used) n e ée acco d ng he Bu ga o Se (name M orfs1have n aan ssm td iean csodraw R ensycounterpart(s) p u lline iBoA clto a f t e r 1 9 1 2 ) o e eya e of Great G e e k e s i g n s l b a n i a )ak ? Italian claims the Dodekanesos and blockade zar would somewhere Au t o m r i n , G eece o bu be he d po on Romanian advance reached in Transylvania. A e g e a n I s l a n d s a n d M u n t A t h o s , s e i z ed by o f D u ra z zo by I t a l y o h e H o l M u n t A t h o s b y o c a A b a n a n p o u a o n by Pomak = Mu m Bu ga an Boundary of occupation in Albania. ( 6 t i magnification to be used) 19 1 6 . A e g e a n a n d a n d M o u n A h o e z e d b y cap o 1 9 1 5 Dodekanesos and blockade the Great Powers. foItalian ra zra zo by t Mu ain l y tthe (1 923) 1915 and finally the Treaty Lausanne cA aSerbian noMcpaoconof aAlbania. n c o n e in by Pomak =Powers, Bu ga an sovereignty these regions. obn csomewhere anh diee , t h8 e70c oel ointhis u r s di n d i c a t i n g p a r t i c i p a n tby s . oof Gaam eeuusse kamagnification ncseehaaianline A lto akomewhe aused) would draw aar n gr(awou nccdaddno ene oseEtd n be bABoundary y e a11bo99yc11awa a55o of bsGreece asdinabnaoanoccupation uaontbut apieoguinnoto nbe Pomak =settle Mu Bu ga pD puthe uclaims yaIby osovereignty nThe hc heParis Beoofuover gPeace aPeace a agreement nwTreaties aoto aon Great Powers. Paris Treaties ff 1919 D zo aaover lldzha oof he G Pa T ea eehcould Boundary Serbian occupation Albania. Ru u agreement. neither to nor Italy. dBoundary eA npppeSerbian bouleft e dAlbania. by Great m magnification to be used) ethe aeonu wra hsea Band uPowe ggoIIIKm anabu aiyyym oan bGreece uno hxdpo uyczone. h 2ee3 )be reached, ncogaaw Dev eg on nhab ed or Italy, to the disposition ang wou duusxieiag aw omewhe na nh h 1 zone these regions. zone. ooItalian D u zo by ttthe 807 0- 1 9 192 2 S e rdefinitely en cou of occupation in M Ry eemen eor p ucap bune lnito ctto aA fthe 9he 1 2 e)eached m esome sooteamagnification be oand frcContestée” H lgaccording M oplaces thntheeiused) ordBulgaro-Serbian s18be of (1 9 2 3 ) of 1919 and finally the Treaty ofoLausanne G eece ozzzIkn yisthe oThe be oIf he dblockade oA he Gclaims ea Powe The Pa Peace TE ea one uhnname neocitems f D u ra zo by a l Boundary of Serbian occupation in Albania. se b o G r e e d e s s n A l b a n i a in Dodekanesos and 1 9 1 5 8 7 ? (1 9 A e g a n l a n d n d M o u n t A t h o s , s e i z e b of 1919 and finally Treaty of Lausanne n a o F r o n t l i n e s definitely settle the sovereignty over these regions. F r o n t l i n e s g a n E x a c h a e n 70 a n d G k d e s i n s i n A l b a taG o r i e s o c u p i e d b y t h e B a l k a n E n t e n t e bounda e the Czar would draw a line somewhere inthis o p p o u n y o o n h e B u g a a n E x a c h a e nicating dir(m aseneindicating ewith RubFsof anannt Great cnocepusupPowers. aat i oonnThe Paris Peace Treaties Markers their counterpart(s) 99e 22 33 b y1 9 o1 5c a ABoundary arsnoithe line status in cases by Pomak =Bby myatoItaly Bu ga an of 1919 finally the Treaty Lausanne 99he 99w and na yyaItaly T ea yyoPa Lau anne zone sedstatus lchbbin iin dmagnification eeaactudsioiIf n A aomewhe nfcases acdvassal cgaw eacould rused) 1 9text, 1n2 ebe ) which togIbut by inwthe wou apipurpose nt ehn have loiipof u ggeavassal he back greement. eeM iM Btof lthe The territorial by the Entente the used oItalian upromises z settle zo tithe asto lhe Serbian occupation Albania.(1 9 2 3 ) oA ea The claims Dodekanesos blockade Greece or Italy, be to the disposition settle over theseinregions. abounda hwe uMu cthe ooof bptEntente uand hunea oin ustithe and na he Tcw anne nthe n eefinally 8 7 0 or places 9 The 2 territorial m a, cenbSoakkuod ebn uthodsoenrd cbncesvassal nthe he hn G nRno nutybeeeene Alntcihn dicating status in cases definitely te , ra hG r,the nsovereignty on foehbleft rhoby eEntente to tethese fiihe otin s . hWa crttm eam rcd i ap,gaun oh nagreement ento gearccnobe nk8daindicating B uEl ngreached, a r idsome at)e items kkeg FFofrr oo1919 n tt lland isovereignty n ss eeain eriprfateeepoD w hpromises lm guPowe nsovereignty heea bLau ugkoaPeace w hwTEsrtoEaaeregions. heson 99zone. 22 definitely 99 33 The maps, the Treaty of Lausanne back dicating vassal status in cases oe ryaPeace eover elg bn i aes rr ss B n TeA rprC roof suoyz1915 otBnsettle cve iyothe eaaito dsolhe bThe ySga thrinto aadopn EnoEgftnnroB hBaback eana8w definitely over regions. Theofterritorial territorial promises to Italy by the Entente in the de n eecuohowever, ove ove dnaehe dicating in cases C te hpromises we ve r, nuItaly w fB reygn to oEntente nAthaafor ocelWa .rWa ueteGreat oinzo opturn ByItaly aue-lBnGosleBan efree nastthese hcin hthe would line to be used) ,igegen bnEsodmagnification im aEgr.aca.,xurlhe M nstatus eibtnion Bnu, laEgnnadtrninthis oTwo ortua9iiu,ra yna ojIruthe nstToh eby u,gthe xeirEnn an htaieeaesnEnosis. ogerd reir.aSr. iCzar eenkfsare1913 cvassal pnh6ooiceaedraw dttalehn yneal etgbthe h-rhakeonen ldnk 70 a’s ei an)t ezone uutG f othe D by Crete, is now to opt The territorial promises to Italy the Boundary ofay Serbian occupation in Albania. B a k a Powers. Paris Treaties 1t 9y 1o5f B uTr a x c t 1somewhere 70 9 2 9 3 n o l r t o 1 9 1 Tr e a c h a r e s t , M 9 2 3 Treaty of London , to ally: o 9 and ea Lau anne o p r n y t o i n e a r i n x a a . lic de n y e he ove e gn y ove he e eg on gen e e g n A 22 ril F r o n t l i n e s d special interest. Also used with the purpose of r i s i t l t t e o c c u p e d b y h e B a k a n E n e n e definitely settle over 1o9r1 8Ethese e a t y o f B u c h8the ar reesovereignty sto t, M ay A e a w h B u g a a n c h o o b u w h o u h e Treaty of London 1915 ,M to turn Italy into an ally: yute o he ga an Exa cha e a e en dcgodeeadded r. C r e te , h o we ve r, i s n o w f o p t f n o sregions. is. 4nBu ( G r e e c e , S e r b i a , o n t e n e g r o a n d B u l g a r i a ) zone. u n d c a g he e hn c back ndicating vassal status in cases adm n a ve cen e n So a and T novo a C r e te h o we ve r, i s n o w f r e e to o p t f o r E n o s i s . Two a u o n o m o u B u ga a n e g o n w h h e bounda e , S e r b i a , M o n t e n e g r o a n d B u l g a r i a ) d r. 22 1913 . il e o c c u p e d b y h e B a k a n E n e n e Silistria, ceded as compensation to Romania by n a e The territorial promises to Italy by the Entente in the Te r r i t o r i e s o c c u p i e d b y t h e B a l k a n E n t e n t e 8 7 0 9 2 Tr Bsu uaaccn hcontrol Mtay ay Hungary, wella e8itah70 2by Treaty of London 1915 to turn Italy into an ally: Zone ée ddove ng Bu ga finally the Treaty Lausanne Intof sofprboundaries (,,,acco awella hnitaggmeaning. efstaaeocian hltbaipetnanhagncha nn(1an eao,radded oes-arG edaE d oecno sas 2 9 3 - German an d0Colours ruaubma eto A eee ggg eeeTr aaaF- n aaaloooin dddr,aaa rrrM n h oC pga oeCon uée neeceded y.ve ocen neoKüstenl hrhe Bhe u,into aand at,BRomania nooT Erknean xtaEeabbeg hWa aoe euef li ang daaiernnid ga o) f s m a l l o r l i t t l eTreaty -1.k n o on wpart 111 999o eeerAustrian B h eees sssooontttuu ,,,win M oaaaCntttr yyyet te nfffd de nte eand yoo1913 e1915 ehe he enefeooof yoto he ,22 r, i ng so.turn regn faboooSe iaoas3e.a)rensd B u l g a r9iBulgaro ee1919 h we n w eec)Bu eeand, oogove oobto p ooc9gson London to Italy an ally: ,.xkc!he eedyril SSie22 bbnnnreihave M n eesn890 n ggninls2triin d B Zone Con ée acco ng he Bu ga Se an heA e to A n n ddhenjoint n M n A h oo111oe888p tzfeoeeedr zzzEbeeenydodds ibbbs .yyy Silistria, as compensation Hungary, as hAtootExa ouesvassal Bu ga Tr B u c h M ay Treaty of London 1915 to turn Italy into an ally: a p c n of Dalmatia, Istria + April and y n he , o we ve i o f r e A n n a n M u n A h n gen ndicating status cases Zone Con e acco d o ga Se p opo ed by Con e ence Con an nop B u l r i a e r l y 19 13 ( G e S e r i a M e r a ) adm n a So a novo o rd r. poli, Constantinople and isolated areas in C e h we ve n o w p E n 1913 e a M o n n e a n d B u g a a to o t h r ) ( before 1 5 6 ) . A e g e a n a n d a d M o u n A h o The territorial promises to Italy by the Entente in the 1 e o c c p e d b y h e B a k a n E n e n e o u n d c a g p a c p a n Bulgaro German Austrian joint control in ton he Hungary, asnwella wella s6places t)and o. ptt h haisolated e the maps. ag eemen no ag eemen cou d be eached ater!). definitely settle the sovereignty over these regions. 1. on Colours have no meaning. bounda e Two a u o n o m o u B u ga a n e g o n w h h e A e a w h B u g a a n c h o o b u w h o u h e n d c a g p a c n part of Dalmatia, Istria + G eece o a y bu o be e o he d po Silistria, ceded as compensation to Romania by Küstenl and, Hungary, as s t o e n d a e a l l i n f u l l t h e D o b r u d j a B u l ga r i a e a r l y 19 13 . 22 9 3 li, Constantinople areas in Silistria, ceded as compensation to Romania by 1 9 1 8 Tr e a t y o f B u c h a r e s t , M ay ag eemen no ag eemen cou d be eached Treaty of London 1915 , to turn Italy into an ally: G eece o a y bu o be e o he d po hTe e r s ! ) ( before 1 5 2 Bulgaro German Austrian joint control in hon as 22 on April Two aSilistria, uoCon toaed neonoceded m oyve uceded soIstria BCon uodcompen l nga nhe goon noto with rn 0Hungary, nwella he radded tr.!ao9)b i3(eE sxostill c cocBu un iga yt h thehaeen cha atroops 1. ag p opo by he erawiand Con nop efeu l l G eece abu bu on be ehoojoint o edhe dRomania on eemen no ag eemen cou digoo1913 be eached oeygerd al atn t e part Zone ée acco ng oaence ga Se benovo an compensation to by Bulgaria Bulgaro German control h eee Küstenl and, 22 C epof enDalmatia, h we o+++as eBre euBu ps,oo. aGreek oan Eatan nhin ocleahhiRomania aAlbania, nrnre aM huheld e66dtby 8an70 Gue eece oeDeaG yf19 o---a roAustrian be e, M he onetttby nda Sossetiyech ayobefore es22eg890 n e))potby otOttoman dBaand Bil lku he an Exa etroops ang aEenndat eat A gl ga etahearly niehe aory---b1913. nalea dou aPowe nyu.dcceded M uas APa z epo dT bpo y in compensation Romania 2.1. SSilistria, aas aaisolated Roman by hadded rorma before 1psa55n .bgnaoExarchate l i o r d j a Bulgaro German Austrian joint control in h Silistria, compensation to the Dodecanesos, o p u n h e a n E x a part of Dalmatia, Istria he Cza wou d d aw ne omewhe Küstenl and, The bounda e B r a a y 13 adm a ve cen e n So a and T a Gallipoli, Constantinople areas 1. B u l ga r i a e r l y 19 13 . to the Bulgarian after wh have he coun e pa part of Dalmatia, Istria c o u n d c a c p poli, Constantinople and isolated areas in e r ! ) ( 1 . o The Peace ea Disputed Saloniki area, occupied by Küstenl and, sh d s a u s e d j t to a d d a n e a s y 1 9 1 8 Tr t B h e s t ay Albania, still held Ottoman onda Hungary, as wella s h e Treaty of London 1915 , to turn Italy into an ally: he Cza wou d d aw a ne omewhe e n h S a ceded a compen on o Roman by sovereignty administrative centres in Sofia and Tirnovo, a s hiG rnethe shave !c)gKhanate before 5coun )War, CCza rDodecanesos, eleemen tea,ru s133B na. oueemen wGallipoli, f r e eaomewhe t obe fnoer Eeached n ohaashillslland . ii n ne isolated u ll ll areasHungaro-Romanian h eeGhe Dea uylddgabu eych eahave ,3(ifirst She icoun nand t. n eenrepa giordoaApril a, ed n d aB22uea lgaria) oedr22 athe nesrntbhe Oahe t, 1tM o2eom apa aon sand Two m or,Istria u9i ag ga nto eo gpdCon w wh dof of Balkan 1913. ottthe Peace uu eoaAustrian rbe l y 19The 13mountain. Pa ag no cou boundary, he wou aw ne nan Constantinople in fffzone u h bbbaBrrrea jjj Powe aaar i a -bringing ihed rve ldeyystill 19 B u ga aano dwe een aaodby the -oooG German joint Con an nop eece oD ePa o Peace he control d TpoeaTinea on ch e6s2War, oG Bulgaro Powe The et h ee 9 2 3 bounda Saloniki area, occupied by Greek a l l i n u l l h e D u d 1.r a i central nrticularly The bounda e 0al yoearlier, 890 P rhues oetroops tae cea tei o n n a g a i n s t O t t o m a n3.2. dpart sproposed , tDisputed p opo by he Con e ence o nop e part of Dalmatia, + Küstenl and, Albania, held by Ottoman troops at re uama srassede9ede!n j u s t to a d d a n e a s i l y 2. still held by Ottoman at ro o p s a a s m a l l B u l ga r i a n u n i t . ere sAlbania, hu , of the first Balkan on April 22 1913. B u ga 9 3 sovereignty y added he Bu ga an Exa cha the Dodecanesos, when discernable plain oca t h e ) ( before 1 5 6 ) . Con an nop e and o a ed a n Hungary, as wella t o t h e zone ng ome em o p ace o and mainly in the 1890s , of Albania, including Valona Bay. by the Conference of Constantinople. o 9 9 and na y he T ea y o Lau anne 22 1913 . on April SSSSilistria, ceded compen aAlbania, Roman by 2. adm nos aaG nu A antonand Tiet . held novo af u l l eDodecanesos, bbCza eeby kkvedddas eea scompensation gg an n bbraaion aaRomania still by Ottoman troopsp at the Dodecanesos, boundary, bringing mountaina s s e s Disputed rD t-rrand ouDisputed ld oj af na s -ytSaloniki rThe - Hoccupied u nea rjoint y.ooccupied he wou dcen aw aecentral omewhe n ddome jjO u sst tttroops to d aaspa sseiioApril lllyyi noffered ca ng em p ace 2. area, by by Austrian in oeeHungaro-Romanian 9oon9ea TPa Lau anne Disputed Saloniki area, by Greek German Austrian control in t h e9 2 39 2 3 asovereignty lhlbyWar, ianzone t dh9he x,ltA wh have coun Albania, still held Ottoman at: oman oop oou nBulgaro Gand Powe Peace TGreek eaby Greek emountaintout. iof m oBalkan m aaaa1pnd dby eaaa)Croatia. fn eeoeeenon etroops 19 1Austrian 2a G nne A tTwo ro oof p878 daeeadofirst aIstria m Boccupied laSo ga uonn re u u(em to ddd5eo890 dace nO 1. ng ome ohe by gdre part of the of the War, April 22 1913. sovereignty 9ca na yAuehe Ti ahe ea y area, ogea ygn Lau anne Hungaro-Romanian boundary, bringing Küstenl and, nd 22 1913. S ethe bend G enkceded em geuBalkan nCon bend a an u ssthe dsed jyaan u d seilahues land o0nda eban saeeet!ch )eaasOifirst before 6War, of Balkan on April 22 1913. discernable A ban he by O oman oop B uoeuDodecanesos, ga enSa yohe 3Baarea, aosDalmatia, ueed unn+ll lthe ga non goccupied eGreek ?nbbeSaloniki 3. ysain oin S e troops ano in Croatia. Con nop and ea Hungaro-Romanian boundary, bringing mountainpart Albania, including Bay. Disputed Saloniki occupied Greek kk9s13 occup by eek n he by Ru ,w on rm A ooma u hto he pu po ooioyned p opo eA ence Con The 2. Ma de ove Disputed by troops and unit. i,, hm ayrwhen tw tsuhe otBa akan n dd2dWa f .aenpplain seaeoTrea boundary, mountainthe ssan utdnronjdeeaodayeBulgarian trB roauyol sloom oefaLau frlAu t irnraiiiaa-tnH -. Hhe areg tde deesreuuyyna by lea ga aB nusyanne uove eetary tD ro oof pboundari a19 m B Valona ubValona larea, ga rh ieoaethe ned uaofirst nki in taG .nwan the Balkan War, April 1913. Bch lpu ga rbounda ioaed aanoeed aby rby l on yoedPrincipality .p he on 9San 31 2an: in asovereignty lhnl nop iehnnzone f uee l l t hoby ep9as?aD Gallipoli, and isolated areas seSaloniki pehe ssrhe accnoahe donlnby liAu ga uhe nuneg in tge discernable plain A uwhen ed he pu po 3. line line the Gallipoli isthmus 1914, Independent of Albania July part Albania, including Bay. de nosyesmall em he ove gn ylstbringing ove e.gaon eg on D pu ed Sa on aaaanleeea ea occup ed by G eek ca ome em oedan ace 9r 2y.3on 5 Their oroHungaro-Romanian 9Hungaro-Romanian and T aoof re utang sand efirst doConstantinople jthe she thBu to adat nnExa aeeAp scha ihues liyneeyess22 added ga ao e19 S e b o G e k g n n A b a n a sovereignty when discernable plain hues u ed w h pu po e o p s s r t r u 3. Te e c c u d y B E part of Albania, including Valona Bay. n e e ove e gn y ove he e o he Ba kan Wa on Ap eedanyline ,nen 22 9 3 adm n a ve cen e n So a and T novo a when discernable plain hues 19 1 2 : T h e u l t i m a t e O t t o m a n d e f e n s e l i n e s in Trea San S e ano Ma ch 878 3. masse, safe unda lentral t i m t e O t t o m a n d e f e n s l in 19 1 2 : T h e u l t i m a t e O t t o m d e f e n s e l i n e s in 19 1 2 : boundary, bringing mountainA ban a he by O oman oop a Te o o c c u p d b y h B a k a n E n e n e t ro s s l l l r i i t . part of Albania, including Valona Bay. o o p a n d by a m B u ga a n u n p aa ss ss ee ss u un n dd ee rr cc oo n n tt rr oo ll oo ff Au Au ss tt rr ii aa -- H Hu un n gg aa rr y. y. dddre gggteswhen oooO aaa to oooat eeepo w the isthmus M2.o u nTe t the a iD nTe Independent Albania in oa nboundary ouPrincipality cpaeckue m d Bboccup Bnaits anby knproblems EeJuly n( e ) s,t ara iAlbania, yn y. MaegnonGallipoli ueenakkkOttoman ne n still held by troops at n m n w n eced oSa ceby con dpaM yÇatalca huyne)of Bhgand aoeBay. kby EaG nline natanop e 1914, River its basic ( abeea ,line The bounda oDodecanesos, opu pAlbania, deby ga aed uGreek aoeim uand dnythe jthe unm sline todby ahe duethe stn inaooolhues eek A o(roughly) ueoDobruja ed w hn pu enand oiyreserved Austria dann de np ee syeeuenh ewe he ove en gn y Albania ove he ein eg on sovereignty n m n w n discernable plain 9 2 o m a n d e n n C o ve o w e e o o p o E n o 3. Çatalca G e e e S b a o n e e o a n d B u g a g e n d e p e n e B a a S a e a n d and the the Gallipoli isthmus part of including Valona 1914, Independent Principality of Albania in July ma n he 890 5 0on p opo ed he Con e ence Con an e g o m a k n o w Disputed Saloniki area, occupied these he Ba kan Wa on Ap 22 9 3 C h o we ve n o w e e o o p o E n o Hungaro-Romanian boundary, bringing mountainG e e c e S e b a M o n e n e g o a n d B u g a a line and line at Gallipoli isthmus 1914, Independent Principality of Albania in July rline of the territory for line and the line at the Gallipoli isthmus 1914, Independent Principality of July p a s s d e r c o n t r o l o f Au s t r i a H u n g a r y. of theohave first onn April 229 1913. h ove we ve nboundary po itsEonproblems enhga iBand SakocBnits lgeaan” ea ( 1 )9 1 8 - 1 9 2 6 / 1 9 3C2 e Ce eheo we m,end ad ewhen m athese nBalkan d emean e nWar, e ng 2 S e ano awa G eocSaeeyneboundary eby its basic problems oacbP cded uapnc e(aopa do eBg,aA ardn naa m ? ?u nMa 55G Te pp Co no o wn o we e( eoe o p)o, oand oE n o ( ) yvaneonreRu ech cooAp epp878 om naM eBMon nTbuValona gyga o”r)eeneg ngoaaban gBEin aunb July Co ou have no oe of dbSby Beyhleu dhe its in examples. epiine nou ndou gO ohe knpo nreserved oSRew oia plain hues ne aa oBaterritory he Ga hmu 1914, Independent Principality Albania Treaty of San 9( in 4 ) July ndependen n u yyterritory 1878 Albania, ton ro scoeclaims a ynboundary dS22 ato lopa lnDodekanesos nBay. udnnnits iutu .aproblems goenm ene n ehave pGreat eondiscernable dm eaaPowers nnthe umean ac eeTrea dpStefano 999including 333aMs m (roughly) of Co ou have no mean ng iby d aiSan snafor ical reasons only. 5dpart cupation. nda ythe dgn aang ed ap e a r i n g u n. d e r g r3.oMarch its basic (oPrincipality )oof ,i aoand Co no mean ng Independent of Albania 1914, ) and () ) in 1912. 22 on Ap peaSbasic ses ehboundary souwe na dve e r basic c o nn(at(or owcompen l o fe eAu toar pi aon -its Houproblems nproblems gRoman aor y. (a by Italian the its boundary ) ,,osand its nda yand by Austria Borderline (roughly) ofa the reserved for its Cbasic naby E n Te awa ded Mon eneg o G e e e b a M e n e g a d B u g a ne and he ne he Ga po hmu 9 4 ndependen P nc y o A ban n u 22 on Ap 9 2 a e O m d e e n e n The bounda e i s p p e a r i n g u n d e r g r o u n d ceded o 19 1 2 : T h e u l t i m a t e O t t o m a n d e f e n s e l i n e s in i o n 22 9 3 on Ap by Austria rline (roughly) of the territory reserved for 5 (roughly) of territory oby n the i nby r s tSan r e gaiSo nes , ano o r r u n n i n g dBorderline r y Italian Te o claims awa ded Mon eneg oBBGreat bu dccrrfor pu ed T hand ethe””reserved iggpp SSPowers am minb b1912. lee”” 1991188 -S-11992S266/a/119ceded 93a32Italian 2ceded a compen a on o Roman map Co ou have no mean ng ba ccy22bounda yy othe ob em aiine Great Powers by Austria toan the Dodekanesos Trea yeak oaved Ma ch 878 nda yough aterritory din c1912. aaGallipoli ed Ru Albania by to the a yy claims compen a Dodekanesos on o Roman a bya by by Austria 9 Principality 3Pto on Ap T h e i a l 1 which ge(”Raias”), ecne n d e p e n d e n B u g a n S e a n d ba bounda and ob em in these examples. B u ga a e a 9 3 and he ne a he Ga po hmu 9 4 ndependen nc pa y o A ban a n u y (roughly) of the reserved for Ga po Con nop e and o a ed a ea n y awa d e d o S e b a y o he e o y e o atalca line and the line at the isthmus Areas disputed between Austria and Yugoslavia 1914, Independent of Albania in July aen. i o n tne r e g i o n s , o r r u n n i n g d r y ? ”Independent” Republic of Bessarabia Moldavia T h e ” B i g S c r a m b l e ” 1 9 1 8 1 9 2 6 / 1 9 3 2 B u ga a e a 9 3 ndefinite d s o f f t h e I o n i a n c o a s t o f G r e e c e , situation in Albania, April 22 1913. ia by the Great Powers in 1912. 5 Ga po Con an nop e and o a ed a ea n ? Italian claims the Dodekanesos ,n. i n d e p e n d e n t B u l g a r i a n S t a t e a n d in a steppe region s p duateea dn a re Enos Line Albania by Great Powers 1912. Te o awarded ythe awa ded onop Mon eneg pu ed in these examples. 1 9 1 8 -Italian 1claims 9ceded 3 a2 eyato B6u /aga 3 by A -Midiia ban an onough na in adby gg these aayre n Ohe ooem an Austria S1u9 2ga a 9 ythe compen a on o Roman D a iby Ga po Con an ein and oed aDbu n as oa yaaededd by e ved o 3 9 Dodekanesos Ga po an eDodekane and aits aied Territory to Montenegro. ene nO an. sn othe More situation 221 1913. in examples. s p u te d a re a s Line n. its basic boundary ,by and (Albania, nda ygnhad din RuaSan dnaG e(roughly) dthese ooPowe eexamples. baAlbania, ba cA y(he pSaiea em Great Powers toyrby icrn oiawa cen aaa Con ban ato he O aappe naacterritory 9dabeing 2 by Italian the Dodekanesos aa AItalian an cclaims aabounda m oo nop Tdefinite h eoand Booaoman iproblems gD csob m efinite in 1913. 9 1 8 - 1B / 1 9aa3 e2eaa Enos aohe npby oOhe m auathe nm an1912. pr oop uainte db )aalaere” a April s Enos -Midiia Line region ership always cen ban aaan he dd)and by O oop B9 u2 6ga ySa9-Midiia 3 dary as Russia. oved S e 1ano Ga po Con nop ed ed ea Ma ch 878 gne n daosituation eaea e).Sn,been Se1522-1530 e22 doafor by ban an Austria orderline of cen A ban he Oo”on oman oop G ea 9noa an cyA he claims the Dodekanesos ough ytgnthese evague, y2n April in examples. pu ed ea ed by G eek ed oop C aadyeareserved & 2 ).n (Map cen adefinite A am he dDodekane by O oman ad9nba3 ed idefinite led ieaeenby oAu pen usituation l an ian oby cI(phe aodoonPowe n OBodictated oGgn m aoTrea aCongress in Albania, April 22 .n 1913. ”Independent” ofin Ukraine Te oban awa ded oto Mon eneg ooman D iSoop sdisputed pMoldavia te re a”s ?? 1 9A 1r e8a s-??1dD ion. CRepublic Co ou D kby Legend Enos -Midiia Line i s2p6pu uD t-Midiia e1 d9ed b2eSa tdisputed w on eLine e n kon I t aalk ybetween aaan doccup Yuoccup g oAustria s ed l av iby aedDGand bu du22 pu More situation Albania, April 22 1913. Areas Yugoslavia he end o he Ba kan Wa Ap i s p u te d a re a s D pu ed Sa on k ea occup by G eek Enos 8 7 8 u y by Au an oop n C oa T h e ” B i g c r a m l e o Ber 9 / 3 ”Independent” Republic of Bessarabia t h o n i a c a s t f r e e c e , Territory awarded to Montenegro, but e to Venice. In these years they gain ea eek cen a A ban a he d by O oman oop a by Au an oop n C oa a he end o he Ba kan Wa on Ap 22 9 3 Areas disputed between Austria and Yugoslavia Albania by the Great Powers in 1912. nda y a d c a ed by Ru a Italian claims to the Dodekanesos y awa d e d o S e b a Symbol of the ”Floating Sovereign ”Independent” Republic of Bessarabia Moldavia t h e I o n i a n c o a s t o f G r e e c e , in these examples. situation in Albania, April 1913. ? aeefinite by he G ea Powe n 9 2 n e ua on n A ban a Ap 22 9 3 he end o he Ba kan Wa on Ap 22 9 3 o o p a n d by a m a B u ga a n u n a an c a m o he Dodekane o Areas disputed between Austria and Yugoslavia n core province. i s te re s D p u e d a e a Enos -Midiia Line Eno M d a L ne awa rd e d to S e r b i a . ? ion. ”Independent” Republic of Bessarabia Moldavia C Co ou D k Legend hned nthe npresence Gbeing D opu ed4nSa on amabetween ea occup ed eek by an Areas disputed oop a e22oraf lnt9dhde3oW n1 8d akbybetween B uAustria ga uYugoslavia n Yugoslavia 8ein 7 ban u9Area ”Independent” Republic Congress eealways IIeby oo(Map iipaaua n ooan ss ttnB ooof ee C eeaccnoa eeAp ,,SS t W Auff island-loving ban assigned toeon Italy the eh nto dn eAu ebeen n1 cc& don e2aan).vague, gG arrnM 1yThe 8hA D e99de22ed a e a ?W end oyydm he Ba kan Wa Ap 22 3pu Albanians. Eno M ne ee0fgttf.edue Te oawa awa ded Mon eneg oeeb uby bu dpn9un p1obetween a mCzechoslovakia Ba u Austria ga a nbyand uaG nnand had uu8southern aad eLAnatolia eeRepublic O ooMoom aanofof n ddnBessarabia eeeneg n n eeMoldavia 9oa1p -d1a9by aaat eo K naiBer grh tls on f S 1t .9J o1h4n-”,1by o r?l Areas d? W a?disputed r l ooAreas disputed Te o awa ded Mon o Poland and ? o u n n ? ”Independent” Bessarabia Moldavia A e a d o o e g o c o e d T h e m O m n e n n n t h e I o n i a n c o a s t o f G r e e c e , ? had always been vague, being and K dzha eg on nhab ed o p a n d by a m a B u ga a n u n More definite situation in Albania, April 22 1913. M o u n a n y nand awa d e dbeen ofiefs. Sthe evague, bGreek sD pnu te aere aas e a eeain of the ”Floating Sovereign -Midiia Line ”Independent” Republic Ukraine of 9du 2hmu eby m Sèvres. am ea aCOand oCo moLine amnane d edof e kneUkraine e Ga nDenipo had always been being r e ass ddi issppuut between tePedd bnc beetpa twweAustria e enynoI tI atA ayl ban ya anYugoslavia n dYu Yu g o sav l av oa ued nW a the 9 1?land. 4 -T1uh9Treaty 1Enos 8ueA efce. on Ap 22r Knights nda yeVenetian aAoaMfdban cgain by when omous onRu l d9 3aW ahad r no l base1 on had always Eno d(Cfr. ne oGbeing uM n an ou Legend unrest on mainland. ca ne aaof he Republic 9i a4i a n AAndependen 8cM 9ehmu 2 de d T eaeLColour npnD eanLegend) e bu e Moldavia npnareas these years ”Independent” Republic ofuhe Bessarabia ”Independent” Republic of Ukraine fhad Ithese onniKua nbeen cBu oo vague, af vague, snga ea”,eg eCongress en A ao7uban awa M ekof eGa gonDisputed - l1y9”Independent” Ça ca ne he he po ? ???? ndependen ndependen Pdd lpa oIIuttban nyggg ooouu9sss yylll4av bÇa yhca A bdand ndOded aohe nne poDis oane noGa ak Mu dzha on ed A rr ee aadisputed ssb ed p u ttnc eePo bbanc e tpa wyaeenoeeedn aAlland yban a nndddaa Yu M ocauCongress n, Wa onhab nr l dofoW 1y88 7e88aaEnos-Midiia phen always being aBer r l n 1 9 1?J4uÇa Berlin. ”Independent” Republic Ukraine 1 9 A1 r4? 8sAreas ice. In years they gain fve tthhdIn e=eiand K gidahm Sntthey t t. hJ oan nrtto dtciiwssbounda nyARban Yu av9ii aa4 aTe ne and he W oc ohmu rdhmu l dby W a not r lyet??awarded oaThrace ysouthern awa Mon eneg opo bu pu ed ice. In these years they gain e-a1s?9d1independen prA uetraeesdaba ep1tP6eeu.nd sasalreached iyana dannYu Western awarded to Greece by po ”Sèvres”. sp ute bctMount esn tBu we ega e hO myet a ndAu sawarded Aegean Islands and Mount Athos, yynedteyw and ppyuoTransylvania. ob em ”Independent” Republic of Ukraine ice. In these years they gain Ça a ca ne and he ne a he Ga 9 4 P nc pa o A u Area in Anatolia assigned to Italy the A d i s p u b e t w e n I t a l y g s l av i a ? t o n o m o u s r e g i o n , n Islands and Athos, not Romanian advance in e d a p p e a g u n d e g o u n 1 1 1 1 19 9 4 9 8 f r e e d o m t o l o a l the presence of island-loving y awa d e d o S e b a ? C Co ou D k Legend b y o c a A b a n a n p o p u a o n ba c bounda and ob em ak = Mu m an l l W o r d W a r p had always been vague, being e d a p p e a n g u n d e g o u n d 8 7 8 u y Romanian into Area inawa southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by the ooed Bo ne yyoMnoote he eecnote eenneither ved 19 In these gain land. ba ybbetween pob ob disputed Poland Czechoslovakia the presence of eKnights dand aepBritain phad enagno uisland-loving n4 they don)e oregions guRepublic). oduCongress n dW by A ban an A ane eough dto oadvance n nof eereached ngUkraine ereego, uyyTransylvania. eo the d Greece nor to Italy. dzha eg by the Great Area in southern Anatolia by aBer raoru nltnA t h91o9s?144Bo p pdand unyears ngbase Bo de ne ough he ved oookenice. presence of ”Independent” Republic nd oofnhab H l yW M Areas disputed between Poland Czechoslovakia ba ccdbounda Area in of southern Anatolia assigned Italy by the e1 81a86eban s.de awa rby dSèvres. eddawarded M eassigned uoobto tto cItaly oItaly deooto Treaty of A rAreas eAreas aa sbetween ibounda s cp uat em dybetween e e noPoland I tand aand l y and aand npd Czechoslovakia Yu gem o em s l av i a ????????disputed )Great (eAthos, oating boundaries. the presence of island-loving -A19Thracian 9rBo de ough yGAnatolia oadvance he obynoobyPowers, eTransylvania. Islands and awarded Greece nor Great Powers, eathe aggthese pKthe a(Heptanesos gisland-loving uAthos, nyyinhabited dawarded Areas Albania Yugoslavia aavthe eeaKirdzhali oop Mount n oonofdneither ungmainland. n n ngnnot gg oyet duon Wort hnto oedrsItaly. l dW disputed areas Greece Treaty unrest Greek Romanian reached Area southern bys te the Areas disputed between Poland Czechoslovakia aaof he ea Powe 99ein22ethe 19 6de . in enice. In years Ru she iand a n Dodekane c c u p a t iand on o ne ough yn he eclaims yin eved ved o an ooe tsw kks nem nndan ngetonot presence island-loving nto Islands and Mount yet Treaty of Sèvres. bAyA y811o6eban cl aawa AbSèvres. band aeinndaea aocadvance popto oouItalian pnD uai eoassigned an onot nno2”Sèvres”. (o M t iWa c Raerprsu b l i c a f t 9 e? 2 )b39y19 ak =gPowers, Mu Bu 9r 21 9419A unrest on the Greek mainland. A by he G ea Powe ratonadItaly. W ad idisputed an cm au m he Dodekane oTransylvania. eMuslim oon neg ooBulgarians. uonga nuthey dngain ygdCongress Treaty Sèvres. ? in Dodekanesos and blockade Aegean Mount Athos, yet awarded BW anor knhab Romanian reached Transylvania. Areas between Poland andoand Czechoslovakia .ao7Islands ? l c a A l a n n p o l t i o n . C Co ou k Legend =m i . a . ” T h e M i r t e R e p b l i c ” Ru s s i a o c u p a t d M e g b u c o n e e d unrest on the Greek mainland. ban a by he G Powe n 9 and K dzha eg on ed a an c a o he Dodekane neither to Greece 8 8 u Great n k a e g n u n n n d y n o o u s r e g i o n , o Ber n Romanian advance reached in 19 1 6 . unrest on the Greek mainland. eppe on Treaty of Sèvres. Area in southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by the AWestern ban district a Romanian byThrace heawarded G awarded ea Powe n 9by 2 I t by A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e e n Po l a n d a n dRAlbania. R us ss isai a a an c a m o he Dodekane o ? Western Thrace awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. pnppe uuclaims ted bet we e n t h e O tto m a n s ? in the Dodekanesos and to the presence of island-loving 1B 6 blockade t i m e s magnification to be used) ( ? Smyrna to Greece by ”Sèvres”, Islands Mount Athos, not yet awarded and and Moun A ho no ye awa ded neither to Greece nor to Italy. Great Powers, eppe eg on o f D u ra z zo a l y Boundary of Serbian occupation 1 9 1 5 d unrest on the Greek mainland. A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e e n P o l a n d a n ? to Greece ”Sèvres”. ? p ted b et ween t h e O tto mans a k a n Wa r s Areas disputed between Poland and Czechoslovakia Transylvania. Roman anaunder advance eached nby T an van 9 2 9by3the egoIslands on ? ?? villages neither to nor to yy22 Italy. 9y 6Great Powers, ecde n s iaeeannan ua A ban Ap 99 33aa bMo aof ASèvres. ncadvance patuti oin oGreece n aain Ru oof cSerbian uoon pOttoman oanreached n and and no ye awa ded ak =eppe Mu m ga an Albanian A rr ee aanear sM d iidddKorcha, s paaau u Lt e ne w eeby nGreece. Pol a nd D aDn n dddpppinu R ueeessdddss iiaaaaa eee aaa Eno Western Thrace awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. pra uaeea ted etIthe ween hA Oho tto mans on eunrest H lacco yet M nBu tttne hhe otto sBu uusu Treaty A d dddisputed bb ee tt w ee n u Aegean and Mount Athos, yet awarded Western Thrace awarded to ”Sèvres”. de n AGreece Ap Roman eached n T p u bbin h eeAthe O to ”sovereignty”. 6g56aeo an zted zo by teg aoMoun yu Boundary occupation Albania. Ru snssbd aeua nd oawarded cnM upon 1Mo 9e9e11going Eno M ne claims Dodekanesos and blockade Romanian advance nntnisputed ée dldzha ng oThe ga onot Se bnhab an nawa naM 22 19 Great Powers, oo9mans G eece no oo vassal aa ed yy status in cases Mobut G Powe dfh on the Greek mainland. ueRYugoslavia A rEno eM aMs Ru i sdisputed tnne e doLtLecFbne o lPaonl daDnDadand nudpaD ueasdR dsM aspLisuLapne Western Thrace Greece ”Sèvres”. Britain (Heptanesos Republic). AMo ede ocua nA nban g ban bTransylvania. uby cin oan n z922 ee93van ebdyEntente in the ?? ? Eno e.eade aei n aon dpoon oeto uA nepromises Aoa inahAp oAp e22 d3the between the Ottomans and Kween eg on crebetween uotpnwtaleti ineoenns PAlbania neremain ua nreached ban p d eiaaa e a & 2 Map Eno d a 530 claims in the Dodekanesos and blockade Areas brown line indicating Britain (Heptanesos Republic). ne he G eece no G ea Powe and and Moun A ho no ye awa ded n a s t i c R e p u b l i c a f t e r 1 1 2 ) Thracian areas awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. The territorial to Italy by neither to Greece nor to Italy. by the Great Powers, ? B a k a n Wa r s & 2 Map 530 9 2 9 3 An Italian claims in the Dodekanesos and Britain (Heptanesos Republic). Areas disputed between Albania and Yugoslavia Roman an advance eached nblockade T”Sèvres”. an ye van a 9ye1eece 6g5o Thracian areas awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. antt522 z zo by I t a l y s s i t i Ru a n o c c u p a o n Boundary of Serbian occupation in Albania. e ée acco d ng o he Bu ga o Se b an & 2 en no ag eemen cou d be eached Map Britain (Heptanesos Republic). 1 B a l k a n Wa r s 0 Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” 1912-1913 A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e e n P o l a n d a n d R u s s ia ? Western Thrace to Greece by Areas disputed between Albania and Yugoslavia (cfr. comment Map 31) neutral zones In Hungary A e a n a n d a n d M o u A h o e z d b y isputed between the Ottomans F r o n t l i n e s Thracian areas awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. G o a y bu o be e o he d po on ? & 2 Map b c a A b a n a n p o p u a o n ak = Mu m Bu ga an 530 Areas disputed between Albania and Yugoslavia obe fhe aSove m aoor iG teeiand m e bb ono rd e r. o a y ra z zo by I t a l y bo o he F oa ng gn Boundary of Serbian occupation in Albania. Thracian areas awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. at Britain (Heptanesos Republic). 1 9 1 5 Ru a n o c u p a o n i . a . ” T h e M i r d i t e R e p u b l i c ” claims in the Dodekanesos blockade c a m n he Dodekane ockade Ru s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n ne eece G ea Powe s magnification to used) ual Areas disputed between Albania and Yugoslavia bo o he F oa ng Sove gn o f D u ra z zo by I t a l y Boundary of Serbian occupation in Albania. promises to Italy by the Entente in the Thracian areas awarded toto Greece by ”Sèvres”. T h ee M M iiTr r dde aii ttt yee oR Rf eeBp pu cu uhbballriieccs ””t , M ay 1 9 1 8 mbo 1 9 1 5ii .. aa .. ”” T of London 1915 , to turn Italy an ally: m nieIFm he oofoga braeieached ockade talian claims inDodekane the Dodekanesos en ag cou dand be ozeTeazo he oa ng Sove enBu gn aancymbo wou dtno d(Heptanesos aw aehoa ne omewhe nan Smyrna district awarded Greece by ”Sèvres”, Band kblockade ahn Wa r s 9 2 9 3A eece opThe be eoccupa oPeace heby dTW po on ohacco he Fdeemen ng Sove eAu gn oG he GFoFBounda Pa ea einto i Albanian .. 8a8”.Tdisputed ”hTeh hM e iM i rribetween dei tRenear Rp eu pbAlbania ul ibc l”i c ” and rea onanatntPowe lydiniTreaty nybu eaoof sncSe 9 4 9 at Britain Republic). o K n g o S h n ée d ng o he o Se b Smyrna district awarded to Greece ”Sèvres”, t l by a y h e u l a te f e n s e l i e s t a Boundary Serbian occupation in Albania. b an on n A ban a o r d W a r Ru a o c u a o n 9 5 e g e a n d M o u A h o e z e d b y an i . a r d t e Areas Yugoslavia r o l n e s villages Korcha, disputed by Greece. W o r d W a r 9 4 9 Paying tribute to Hungary, as wella s t o t h e Smyrna district awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”, estée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian e o h e K n g h o S o h n Thracian areas awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. fzapromises Dwou ra zo by InItaly taaogl h yItaly Boundary occupation in Albania. A eoSmyrna n9 eIG saBounda ltea ayto nodna s Bayu ncodhe M uoftto n,to tOttoman A tLau h1Peace o sanne s”sovereignty”. eo”Sèvres”, iT+W bW yd aaaW 1g99e1 a to Italy by the in by agehe yturn oAddKüstenl Smyrna district awarded Greece by y1.of an on zone 99 44 9 8 Albanian villages near Korcha, disputed by apromises aw ne nr s hthe cdon azo ne, hdto onaEntente and behockade heuemKn evassal Suba oomewhe but going to under Ottoman F r o nBulgaro t l i n e s- German - Austrian joint control in t h e W rznreea o Kzddno hbe nally: W o”Sèvres”, drban r2a3 r he Powe eW 8,by Tr fremain hSerbian aSe eobea sbe M ay awarded Greece to Albanian villages near Korcha, disputed by Greece. Greece. 1915 part Dalmatia, 9rand, but going remain under ”sovereignty”. 95promises and TroThe yPa ooccupa en ag eemen cou dan he gh had eeeBu SAby lo n doand to oat eached ekin !the ) (Wa before ) . 9territorial eIf kby ghK nDodekane nno bt athe ainto nSh(on anEntente near Korcha, disputed by Greece. ting in cases ute Gbut eece oFdistrict atnremain bu o9h1Istria . aAlbanian . ” T h e villages Mtvillages he Kn gh no ba on and going Ottoman ”sovereignty”. by the Entente in the nt. no agreement could be tlto liydbut nG ezo acco ga oand ooto n eesaosto BeSe aann r s1 5 2 6 The he Kn gh had no and but going to remain under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. 2 9 Greece 3A Italy, be to the disposition l l i9n -f u1 9l l4 5 iAlbanian hi re dDi otnear ber uRdejKorcha, ap u b l i c ”disputed by Greece. zone znH a’sostatus ycdhad aor nand nhunder dunder Mbeea oleft uOttoman neGreece AWorld ohe enpo zAellban d bon ya9 12933 3 - a193 yeItaly Se an occupa ondWar 9e g9 5egoing Kn gh had no and FBounda rrtoto nan ni”Zone en he Kn gh no ba on a1915 bée sb urg o ng nhad qba u eoby seba the son she teneon pEn by sen treached, pee bin but remain ”sovereignty”. Smyrna to by ”Sèvres”, Fyadistrict noona nyawarded o 9 he T y o Lau anne promises to Italy the Entente the om e a y n he aap wou d d aw a ne omewhe n h 1 9 1 8 Tr e y f B u c a r s t , M ay a on , to turn Italy into an ally: G e e k d e g n n A b a a Demilitarized of the Straits” 2. de n e e e he ove e gn y ove he e eg on (cfr. comment Map31) 31) . the Dodecanesos, neutral zones In Hungary torial promises to Italy by the Entente in the o he G ea Powe The Pa Peace T ea e Bulgaro German Austrian joint control in t h e would draw a line somewhere inthis 1 9 1 8 Tr e a t y f B u c h a r e s t , M ay Aegean and and Moun A ho no ye ded near disputed by Greece. 1915 into an en cou dsand, Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” (cfr. comment Map SnoKüstenl m t iB mEn oally: tns e aEeached re d ej u s t to a d dTreaty a n e a s i l yof of pdon eno en neutral zones In Hungary Dalmatia, the Great Powers. The Paris Peace Treaties sovereigntybyAlbanian G eece oF and aremain yturn bu oof be eStraits” o ye he d awa po onyet awarded ueom n uuopagturn oyby Demilitarized ”Zone Roman eached n T anmountainy van Aegean and Moun Aho ho no ye awa ded eoo ée c,ooIstria uto eeemen deea+ggybItaly h eehe aega kdbe nnuan es enhe 9Tr66neutral but going to under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. (cfr. comment Map zones Aegean Islands and Mount Athos, not the neither nor toaa 31) Italy. Hungaro-Romanian boundary, bringing 1to 8Greece eGreat a t yvillages o fPowers, B uadvance can hIn aadvance rKorcha, eHungary s teached , eached M ay London 1915 Italy into an ally: Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” oand nyhe eaMoun zone comment 31) neutral zones In Hungary nooonucm m noi she Aegean A no awa ded Aegean and Moun Aea ho awa ded Roman an advance eached nan Tvan de y-ar ea eand ove eothe gn yno ove he on acco ng oaaally: Demilitarized of the Straits” (cfr. comment Map 31) zones In Hungary Au ocdeto m eybnuelgoyiaby nItaly l lewhen iahe n f udiscernable ll zone. tA heeeg9n DeT beh uea de, an jto aPowe nuLondon oom m efopoturn guud,nneoto osn noturn Roman an n9 1n T(cfr. yH ayr y.van ehe a9oenand nfPowe dB”Zone nAustrian dpart M uM nhe A hincluding oye eeno zeg einodt(1 b9ehBay. yaa2e93yy2)3 dA cof ee rBu nh aao ban lsek sen hian aSe de egb ,nan Roman an advance Tan yan van aMap 9 6 9neutral o and na he T y o Lau anne plain hues Ottoman recovery Boundary of die Ostmark anpas wou d d aw a ne omewhe h ne o G eece o by 3.u of Albania, Valona G e k d g b a n 1 1 Tr t f r s t , 9 8 y o B c h a e M ay Bulgaro German Austrian joint control t e a he En e n 1915 , Italy into on 9 5 o y n o y 1 9 1 8 e a t y o u c h a r e s t , ay o he G The Pa Peace T ea e C o we ve n o w e e o o p o E n 1915 into ally: p a s s e s u n d e r c o n t r o l o f Au s t r i a u n g a o h e H o y M A of 1919 and finally the Treaty of Lausanne t i m a te e e e n e Au t r a e o c u d h B a a n E n e e S e b a M n n e g o n d B u a ne he o G eece no o by he ea Powe almatia, Istria + Bulgaro German joint control in h e e k d e s i g n s i n A l b a n i a Küstenl and, gary, as wella s t o t h e ople. GermanBulgaro forces on- territory mH te doIstria nuM eo ulaiinare nKüstenl e running of Au 9he8no eoaea y Powe o y”Zone Bbu u c hne aof ebe M ne oayGoeece eece no po o aayyon by heTea GG oon H Dalmatia, 9haa ete ns+M ohoan out. he o yG ecanesos, by G heeece G Demilitarized the Straits” no eemen cou (cfr. comment neutral zonesof otm eyd u AoheAu odand, lllen iiile22 eeeag fffeRoyuoeeefen of ss ttbe rrraBriii2aaaiuayeached eCzechoslovakia German -ntheir Austrian control in Map t h e 31) hutttM o5hte M on Ru aIn oHungary cc cc (former) u p aa joint o nallies m dcoH inA nicceynnheebgaaA of nDD yrPowe edIstria e nyhe e he hedmountaine oEockade eg 1. a l l i n fzone ull sovereignty oeand uwe j aman partdefinitely of +he oieen ate C ean nove wea ejoint eover oove othese obregions. nnoe on and, eed nueesbeeu.ollA Ru 923 eRoy2pppndnssen ln of Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine ohhDalmatia, TooKüstenl ygn oM Lau ttde bhbccsettle uaaGe jana sG !Thököly (akobefore 1ne5eben the eeAu 22nthe Hungaro-Romanian boundary, bringing aee9ga ocontrol and Ru aaann ooacccncuuopp a auopn gRRaw 5h anB s aAu seaaand an2slkd999stof -a-ro German Austrian Ru on on Bulgaro German Austrian joint control Bu Au ooay n con h 9poanne 8Roman T9aoooG ydm oave Bahe u-sovereignty c-he aDodekane e inan M nm cyeehaeB on 9n an eeSooM oaa9acc5abncdu ceap’seoduccdipprincipality, peM evanomewhe ast9aand, aen 2n aalmatia, wou d3Raincluding eytEitgonaenanlnlehtniaen ef u l l tnM of Dalmatia, Istria +Kü an m n he Dodekane oand and ockade Küstenl al)22 uu atyabne 9o Istria ma aadfca ++bnt6auuspyc)bnbeon SBulgaro acem compen aDodekanesos aand by aWorld lbin looea itnhin feutWar l lee blockade t h e D o b r u d j o he ea Powe The Pa Peace T aa D an aceded m nhe Dodekane oon bockade ockade s o c h a l k a n E Bu ga Ge man Au an n con n h a an c n Dodekane o and b 1 9 3 3 193 9 1 9 4 5 C i v i l a d m i n i t ra ll Italian claims in the of Durazzo by Italy Albania, Valona Bay. ueecanesos, r g ’s conque s s te p by s t e p 9 3 e magn o be u ed German Occupation Forces u t i m a te d e e l i n e of Au s t r i a T i t o ’s Pa r t i s a n s lem in abb6canesos, ma a Ottomans Kü en and o u a z zo by a y sovereignty 1 9 3 3 193 9 1 9 4 5 World War llg S c r a m11 99b 33l e33” -- 193 yy oob Se bb an on n A a pHungaro-Romanian ahs29, sga soeaauh duwe loowfafter tbringing ioove n World goamountainl by i nuAustria full de nee1938 yznrozo ededby gn yrbringing he on eD uezo jrjaby uSmagn rg ’s on ques t s on ste pgoo uobys bys ped m be tC rby aayceaoiTschechei eeD ve nove eoasto e”München” nsToWar 2. Sep e’s bccacson odtdneca non ereh oaibys ayodun B u sovereignty garea ai aea)nlan 995-441 559Bounda magn be abbbzawe Bounda an occupa occupa onA nban Aa ban ban Con nop and u ques p tttuteeeakdBed SBoeth ceded ays9nhe on oHungaro-Romanian a tan3he yrcompen ananoccupa ononn An ban on boundary, 193 9- 19919--91551184Bounda 999 559 rD r, ooyboundary, w reeAu oanp-otHpoanne fuoRoman rmountainEeornEy.oeg .by eh e”9Bll2ill 26/y 1 y9o3o2Se eseeSdm bkejmagn ,conquests M o aneca gbe nled buaG usDodecanesos, rg ques ste paesbys paued ? theo CDodecanesos, a,uD zuh 3 Bounda Se bSe occupa a a nninezone uthese examples. huute D ooand uave dna 1 9 3 3 - 193 ooiu cteraan uca pM beacoeste yen World oBu 9ga 9zo T fea yean erg to dtt ssnn Ge man Au oLau con niashWar sburg step ep pknlógcEaazan sovereignty rbania, m )rer.’s do3on AKü nl B afand ma a’stcincluding canesos, cane en Bay. boundary, Te r i9o y ugnannop d+he e rValona oMilitary nby tbraoO ooccupation. R iea sovereignty I3t a3l i-a 193 n Hungaro-Romanian O9 c c -u p1 a9t4i o5n Fo es n 22 Partisans mountainAlbania, Valona Bay. B ga eudwe ycProtektorat 3tboundary, Con an and ooman adeáed agoop FF rc oo nn ee Hoxha’sbringing p ausesi5, seD e1939 soeauh uaynonRoman deaof erve radie cooa9he nOstmark robounda olol owof efBöhmen Au styrtbbringing rai&a-ong -Mähren HumountainunWorld ngoamoun geraEy.reg y.oWar A ban aincluding den ove eeangn yy cane Hungaro-Romanian bringing a s s e n t r Au s i H 22 1913 . C e n e e o p n 1 9 Mar ll e S e b a M o n e e g o a n B u a a n n me a n u sburg ’s conquests step bys t p h b d F o n e an recovery d ca ng va a a u n ca e Boundary Hungaro-Romanian boundary, mountainHunga o an y ng a n de n e ove gn ove he on when discernable plain hues S ceded compen a on o Roman a by 3. part of Albania, including Valona Bay. D pu ed Sa on k a ea occup ed by G eek The e o a p om e o a y by he En en e n he ove gn d ca ng va a a u n ca e man recovery Boundary of die Ostmark nd ca va uh neca ca aTreaty s sGerman e s ?uFn odof enforces rforces c onnedisputed ton ron o lterritory o1915, f between Au s to tof rof i Austria aturn -their H u n(former) g(former) a r y. Silistria, ceded compensation to Romania by The dcane ng aeang nl Bay ekdeas no fEf22oop tA of Albania, Valona Bay. oca Ba on Hunga Roman an y ihe bSaEn ng ng moun a n Entente man recovery eoo ”n9Ostmark yAu by En en enofby nBessarabia he Boundary die pop om eycas otnro en he ang by oman German territory allies ng aan ukan elban orecovery cinc uaud p including dahe bratdyesaSnuWa paoauo sopu uan n ddof oaby uby nkItaly gieu man Areas and Yugoslavia Boundary of die Ostmark The territorial to the in thepannexation London Italy into an ally: bania, Valona Bay. ban ahe ona psaaeasom he he their allies ldavia, oman Republic Moldavia 9o 3acva Boundary die m af leO iB s lao a nAp t hea e9ein In3oea nnei a n yc o a s t oThe f G rThe eee c e ,ee o ? offorces B ga eom aee ron 3aadobounda IOstmark elyapromises p”Independent” eyfonBby dueAu ns the tr”En l-oH va aaenrngy.eek and aand an ddoConstantinople ee22 O trecovery eva nincluding oca Serbia p ca13 okan n German Yugosl. (Slovene) territory 1941 1n7 d 9 7nop –p a Va German forces on territory of their (former) allies oa/ei5, aed naen nng Sa ove uo2D l6aga rdof 19 ban Va ona areas German territory of their allies bly dCon eahe German territory their (former) allies SpBoundary aho2aeu ceded compen Roman Ba on h elownership ”oman ignged cgoop raa9always l ebeen ” vague,1 9being - 1yB9Mar 1rpe9ei1939 3ed Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine Czechoslovakia uoan nRoman d9l y9eeby n. m oaoccup H uaG no moun gyaaE nyyoa abyn Hunga bon C we ve nanooea onw ega oin puoH ethe esprincipality, bi nc a gud M ong nakan eband esT gsseisolated obnBay aof nuBAp drthe Bby uS22 a3 2abgn T ee oaaforces yyB oouonc hon B u cce h aa M eeof M ay 99(former) 88 T158ea ea London 55caooaOstmark oounder uubounda aayAu yyaeny n oonaong an ’s’sSoban vvndwhose aWa aO Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine in Czechoslovakia German ”Protection”. oman recovery 9m m a e O o m n e e n had of die B n a , a i n e d y H a s b A a he d by öly principality, a s a l of the 9 8 T e a y a ay T y o London 5 u o an a y T B u h M ay Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine in Czechoslovakia ea y o London 9 n n an a y o o p a n d by m a B u ga a u n Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine in Czechoslovakia öly ’s principality, v a s s a l of the lbania, still held by Ottoman troops at ”Independent” Republic of Ukraine B u ga a e a y 9 3 9 8 T e a y o B u c h a e M ay ban a nc ud ng Va ona Bay Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine in Czechoslovakia Con an nop e and o a ed a ea n T ea y o London 9 5 o u n a y n o an a y A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e e n I t a l y a n d Yu g o s l av German forces on territory of their (former) allies ? Yugoslav territory in Slovenia and Dalmatia öly ’s principality, v a s s a l of the ? D pu ed Sa on k a ea occup ed by G eek köly ’s principality, v a s a l of the p a e u n d e c o n o o Au a H u n g a y ? 22 9 3 German Occupation Forces s. T i t o ’s Pa r Hunga we aaWar, ehe”April ”oPm a asby s ea yyAustria rO o yaawhe iaotBa zm”we but lost by ans In these 9m akan n ehagain e”eBBAp ngVenice. eSSc22 nrrahmu ne and ne aadof he Ga po P aarea, nccompen pa Ain German Occupation Forcesan o n con by Greek T ii tt oo ’s ’s Pa r tiiitassei aas an n ns s he Wa 3 2b GTschechei e noccupied e r ay l oGa oafter uon vban eCzechoslovakia r ”München” no eaRoman m enn t u ya 9by4 TeooTno ehnvalue ito 1 9gain 1 8 - 1Disputed 9Da 2 ma oA Hunga mans eaon igthe c1913. a9m bllee””years they 9Oct. 2SSep 66ndependen // 1129, 91939 33a1938 2Saloniki Hunga we Sep 29, 1938 after German Occupation Forces Bu oo1941. Ge man Au oohrePa fga Balkan 22 ceded mans Autonomous yl ’s aaprincipality, we hby ehsoon awarded to Italy in German Occupation Forces he O oop am Too’s i nt oPa ’s Pa German Occupation Forces Bu ga o3oga Ge man Au anan o an n ncon T iocon tT thn pa aaaPsabetween aaaTschechei +++Area mans Kü en and omans köly ahe shGa lhoman of ? opoooo/pu pDa a2dcma nma d by m B uga ga a+ n u”München” ntaYugoslavia Bu ga Ge disputed man Au ocon nand niesrratth hni sesa n ss part of Dalmatia, Istria Küstenland, in southern Anatolia assigned to Italy 1by the ”B eban gand rfirst daRepublic ebe ”.he Sep 29, 1938 Tschechei after ”München” pa aCarpatho-Ukraine aaTschechei +pa pa Da importance due to the presence of island-loving h eerthe ooa?onop eene 55oof 22d 662vand Kü en and T h e ” B i g S c r a m b l e ” 9 1 8 1 9 2 6 / 1 9 2 T e ” B i g S c r a b l e ” 1 9 1 8 1 9 2 6 1 9 3 ne a po hmu 9 4 ndependen nc y o A ban n u y ba bounda y and p ob em 29, 1938 Tschechei after ”München” Bu ga Ge man Au o n Kü en and t ro o s a n by a m a l l B u l r i a n u n i . Sep 29, 1938 after ”München” Areas disputed Austria and oso h e be o e 5 6 pa Da ma ? D ed Sa on k ea occup ed by G eek Areas between Poland Czechoslovakia ? ? endent” Bessarabia Moldavia h be ? B u ga a e a y 9 3 pa o Da ma a a + ? Con an e o a ed a ea n Kü en and o y u n d e r c n t r o l o f R á k ó c z i R e i c h s k o m m i s s a r i a t U k r a i n e aa n n u 1941 Annexation extention Albania by htaoaeelbli iaD onbOacuuccddcuupaapin en oBa n eSiiec22 n Itand an on Forc rc s oam he Wa on Hoxha’s Treaty of Sèvres. oeerrm ube nthese dO c5examples. n6akan t reoodGreat R”oleááBikkAp óegnccand ough aobMähren hhGerman e ID uOccupation T i t oHoxha’s ’s Pa r tPartisans i sPartisans ans ” Greek mainland. 1 99 1 88 - 1 99Aug. 129, T heofffseenBritain rrved aa19m 22Sep 66o/oba 99 331938 2cnbounda Fo eesltaly omans 19 29 3: 2b mde O am ooone rrroban yyytraein oooco2nhe llleeleooon Protektorat Böhmen & Mar i5, 1939 n Oc ccuaccpu uap pt iaaaoatttntiii oooiForces nnrc Fo rc Hoxha’s Partisans yProtektorat and pa& Tschechei u9nu 4 u uodcdbO iA tOccupation yu on feR uhe nuatddnGteedohe reyyrccand n nttdrrhe orfoby RRooman áBáknyyikóópo Protektorat Böhmen & Mähren T gócseeczzzin Szieciunrest m booaonl eethe Mar i5, pan a1939 dm by m apaDodekane BAustria uyAustria aban n”München” u naYugoslavia I teaII ttD lhsovereignty iaaaoll niibaaDO Fo erc s ee ss n O n Fo Hoxha’s Partisans Hoxha’s Partisans he oop he Dodecane oooPabetween Böhmen Mähren Mar i5, 1939 ne addtdthe he hmu ndependen nc ogaafter A nove untoem ????he Dodecane the all in Hunga full o?ooone he ehGallipoli ved he Dodecane Böhmen & Mähren Areas disputed between and Areas disputed ome andent” Powe n & Mähren eeeby uuureayand eueeough ddddohey alaaUkraine n eee aaaR aDodecane ci2Dodecanesos, aoSa he Mar i5, 1939 i5, 1939 ARoman r e a s d i san p u tbounda e d b e t w e ye n bP o ng l a n dngamoun n d R u s sai an ??Roman Thrace awarded ee gn yy ”Sèvres”. endent” Republic of Bessarabia Moldavia of enO ddu uor m onaan aof ee9B aá 2kyg ne the line at isthmus are then te9d be t we e n t h e Otto mans 1914, Independent of July Territory annexed bycocHungary. 2b eudddRepublic akan dTrBessarabia eedof enaoOeBessarabia nfGa eMoldavia nrMoldavia eyi aGreece gn y by uua oeea n yyónycdispu D pu ed k a by eek StPrincipality eon r dbbetween io a eProtektorat uProtektorat nw”dea eWestern rAustria ioccup t sIptpeAlbania un pBöhmen ped eand to rYugoslavia ein gSG iYugoslavia m eva . ove endent” Republic Aug. 1941 Hunga iine taam oand c o t z i ove gn a d A r e a s d s p u e b t e e n a l y a n d Yu g o s l av i a I t a l i a n O u p a t i o n Fo rc e s o an bounda y b ng ng moun a n Hoxha’s Partisans T h S c a m e Areas disputed and 9 8 9 2 6 9 3 2 I n d e d e t ” l o k oadof he Ba Wa on Ap 22 9 3 ? uaegaindependent” e d u a d d a n a y a n d p r t s o f Serbia and ? Republic ove e gn y annexation of t h e B u ko v i n a by Austria German annexation of Yugosl. (Slovene) territory Hunga o Roman an bounda y b ng ng moun 1941 Areas disputed between Austria and Yugoslavia ?”Independent” nDodekane dBeVa peo,ona ndBay dand nits va ki aem a (9 4 ) ba cnabounda yhe ob n dwhen pche ra–ttdr1sce o4onab Serbia and ?? Hunga Moldavia Protektorat & by Powe 9a,and German annexation of Yugosl. Yugosl. (Slovene) territory 1941 i ad ndG GSerbia reeep enGa c eand cboundary obe Mar i5, 1939 Mar i5, 1939 Roman anc oof bounda y Au b(Slovene) ng nan IIIng d eeupyona eeenGerman n d n ”””Valona lllpYugo ooova va iiiyBay. ddoea n hue (Greece) Great 8tne its (ud )p and aaIne n aaaua ffffhe Serbia Mar i5, nab hue and aafnterritory hmu pa oopart ban aaAlbania, ndependen Pnc nc A aSSSl”Protection”. nMähren German of territory ”ng Ipa nn dBessarabia eBay toand ”tttuawarded Sproblems eeeaiinne pa oea AA ban aam ud Va oabasic pan a1939 dRepublic by ane m a”””of ga aeeenaban n”Protection”. n nThracian dVa pthe nBöhmen dareas va enden ieoaaanwhen ahe p onab n peRepublic sce Serbia yrraof ogand yn2apo eMo e Britain ved Areas between and Yugoslavia Yugosl. territory Greece Areas disputed between Austria Yugoslavia German annexation of Yugosl. (Slovene) territory 1941 pppeaaa oueeenannexation n ooo(Slovene) aaag H uuuyn ggg1941 aaa ayyy1941 A d pu ed ween Au eaUkraine punaunprraahue naby hue Mar i5, 1939 eiedniRepub A Ap 22 92ao3(Heptanesos Republic). p aGerman d eu cd o oooBulgaria. Au a Albania H u nng amoun including pa AM ban nc ud ng ona Bay under DoYu pksouukkto eaaav di aiaaa e aby ”Sèvres”. ? ndent” Republic Bessarabia Moldavia Aug. 1941 cc6saooce oof Be ab dav Eno dsof Lenc Mar i5, 1939 ,m n ep dce btbbm ytoyyon HH bpassigned ssshe bbbeban gand Yugoslav part ofen former Bánát, uuannexation n dd.coeeeo”nTndisputed cceooMn n Au H n (roughly) the reserved for ? i5, 1939 under German dn nab eof Territory ccupied and annexed by paid anwhen ,iianagaagg, awhen agough n d H a b by pa o A ban a nc ud ng Va ona Bay nnndependent” southern Anatolia to Italy by the endent” of Republic Ukraine n n Au H n A ea pu ed be ween Au a and Yugo av 9 O o n d e e n e n A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e e n I t a l y n d Yu g o l av r e a s d i p u t d b e t w e e I t a l y a n d g s l under German ”Protection”. ? nden Repub o Be a ab a Mo dav a always been vague, being p a e u n d e o Au a H u n g a y ieaiindent” a , a i e d a b u r g by i . a h i r d i t e R e p u b l i c ” ? under German ”Protection”. ” I n d e p e n d e n t ” S l o va k i a ba c bounda y and p ob em German ”Protection”. Hafnagain abSerbia bin bu1912. gaby nizand”iGn p adbPowers rRepublic tbyon syHohe Yugoslavterritory territory inSlovenia Sloveniaand andDalmatia Dalmatia ????”Independent” Ukraine Areas Poland aoof ,the ebut deea sebsof r rog9and German Yugosl. territory by Powe nuby 2by ci ds ap uam ob econtrol Dodekane Aar e aan sdisputed d1939 t eto d ne the wDodekanesos eunder eSmyrna nG Iofet anits l and y rlocal a nlCzechoslovakia doGYu gvoes rlpav aemGreece Yugoslav in n ua A ban Ap 22 9 o3 dee9nnaa4tt e aby ”Sèvres”, under German Eno M Lbetween i5, 1939 wwgSèvres. iiiahe tettGreat lost by claims of Ukraine yesnr”gifts”. ybut eMo e ved but lost again by Oct. rYugoslav e Yugoslav a s d i sannexation pterritory uAlbanian tterritory e d b e of tvillages w e n Slovenia I t(Slovene) a lKorcha, y aand n dand Yu gDalmatia o s by l1941 avGreece. ia ?? of AFlorina oawarded eiym inein Slovenia Dalmatia ne aoofassigned po hmu Oct. 1939 Yugoslav territory Slovenia and Dalmatia ndependen P the ncween pa ygoing o eerdistrict Ato AMar d1939 puRepublic be Au and eennnGerman aaalyallban uuavuDvvYu eernnrrgnneonuum eto aaanden rrrne ooosouthern zzztRepub but again ???? Italian cylost oH Be ab aby dav a near disputed aeine raw othese w iaRepub ”he again by , and gough i”””znAnatolia eAnatolia d oblost aassigned bhe s baGa uby rne g yto 1939 In years gain w ihe tsouthern but lost again Gethe G m nti att ”sovereignty”. Area occupied by Bulgaria. Italy by the Oct. awarded toItaly Italy inin 1941. ndent” Republic Ukraine nden ccthey Uk GeG onooou”Protection”. eYugo nee n southern Italy by the but remain under Ottoman and raea sdisputed ted tunder land leeav A e ba aan d1939 p uamminority ebetween dne w eePoland n aarrraand aaG d av G e nIetee”Wehrmacht” aylG G uDvYu e ob rgpnoueesem m awarded to in 1941. drn in Anatolia assigned to”Sèvres”. Italy by the ad o”. nw G ea Powe naaby 9ato 2 by cciidssabounda obbyeehe Dodekane oItaly n dooaby edrn”.Thrace ”.oeSèvres. Yugoslav territory in Slovenia and Dalmatia Areas between Poland and Czechoslovakia awarded to Italy in 1941. nden Repub o Uk ne ? ? e e ua on n A ban Ap 22 9 3 awarded to Italy in 1941. Areas disputed Czechoslovakia p w e n n d av a d a e a Eno M L awarded to Italy in 1941. aaaArea e by Au a ? s i t z ” but lost again by A r e a s d p u t e d t w e e n Po l a n d a n d R s s i a n ? awarded to Greece ? Areas disputed between Poland and Czechoslovakia by Au a r ”. inite situation in Albania, April 22 1913. ? y of Area in southern Anatolia assigned to by the i c h s k o m m i s s a r i a t U k r a i n e D i s p u te d a re a s Oct. 1939 Enos -Midiia Line dpresence eSèvres. ”. 1560 Annexation and extention in Albania by ltaly of G e n e r a l G o u v e r n e m e n t ene of island-loving R e i c h s k o m m i s s a r i a t U k r a i n e 9 4 9 8 Aug. 1941 Annexation and extention in Albania by ltaly ough y o he e o y e e ved o by Au a – 1795 Treaty of Sèvres. W o r d W a r Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” 1 9 4 1 (cfr. comment Map 31) neutral zones In Hungary Montenegro, a puppet ”Kingdom” ? T h e B g S c r a m b e 9 8 9 2 6 9 3 2 (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) R e i c h s k o m m i s s a r i a t U k r a i n e between Polandin and Italian territory 1941p u eRdReebiicechhw Annexation and extention inCzechoslovakia Albania by ltaly ltaly sskekoeom mm i aidatggtYu U ni neb ?9 889 Areas Tiah S ckokrrraraaaim e 99 22Annexation 66disputed 9 3to2 Italy by Au ahe Aug. 1941 Annexation and extention Albania by ltaly awarded in extention 1941. Anatolia too Ap Italy Repub Ukgned a ne ou he n Ana ooon aa yy by he sseeysaaarCzecho rB and in Albania by A e aand d1941 nm n ??4 Treaty rsouthern aby dneon ”.he Sèvres. hisland B m ation nGreek eomainland. enden eand ua naassigned A ban 22r the 9 3W a r he eecaaexamp pation and uuovak diseaeib Eno M autttLeeebe ne ou he nand Ana aexamp gned by he Areas between Poland A ed and aaaaae eea 9? 9Areas on esoTPo SatdYugoslavia caD rdRUSaduUgRpkcm bsuaeisav 9 a8n9n exe 2d 6Annexation 29a3ny2 i annexed aWestern Gn ea Powe ne e9ao2by Dodekane W d n est the A r8area eeeof aassdisputed dddciipu sssapppguum dabetween ehe nh Po aB n drgopCzechoslovakia npn pation and byTerritory G9e3r m nand 19 4 extention 3. rn Thrace awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. nawarded heexamp examp disputed Albania and R ibeBbcb sw keuuePo m m i s s a i a r a n ian areas awarded ”Sèvres”. idYu doevebbween eaihtiwntaw eoeT e n l a n d R s Aug. 1941 in Albania by ltaly nupation Thrace to of Sèvres. Sèv e pation and A r d t e n P l a n d a n s s i Thrace awarded by Tby h e”Sèvres”. u lo t”Sèvres”. i m a te d e f e n s e l i n e of Au? s? t?r i a 1929 A ea d pu ed be ween Po and and Czecho ovak 1to 6 0eGreece 0Greece stoeGreece n o s l o v i n a Territory by Hungary. ? n he e to h a t annexed by Hungary. S r a n d e r i t s u p e t r e g i m e . Aug. 1941 nbdGreece dleieercrr”i tii tts sspby puu up”Sèvres”. ppp pe eet borderme .ee .. oed etn Territory annexed by Hungary. annexed Hungary. ouSèv he oko aO gned o yea awa y byded he SSi eteeerrrween u d p p tttr errrovak iii m bb nn geee igggm annexed 1941 rofea eTerritory aGerman s d ipu s pforces ued t ebe dinbBohemia eby t wby e Au eHungary. nandP oAustria, n d Yugo a n d Ravu sas i a Aug. tion of hand eua vn iatto nAn by Austria ???? standAA Territory Western upation iA .Aug. a8ea . ” TThrace h1941 epu M aed i rawarded dSbe RiiiaBanovina eaaputo b etween tuuhe mans 5ation ation of htAna BMoun ko niAanaaoho byby Austria badvance uuPo nAlbania dand eadvance rCroatia t s and pCzecho p ean m ea.e aTransylvania. 1941 no Last W xation eBaB ato Austria tttand iiiv1to by Austria al aand nand eeoof on ban Ap 22 3W D evan Eno diAutonomous LRepub ne ndependen Be atiand adupYugoslavia Mo dav am 8Areas hof oh naaeeehawarded caako ovvvato e ”Sèvres”. Roman an npaapformer disputed between Yugoslavia A ea ddannexed be ween Au aa and Yugo av a ation of hawa BnccBu uawarded ko n6ooGreece by 9ndependen na district by r 6ee1916 sp tRomanian sdseaaiaa.in ian awarded Greece by ”Sèvres”. A aa sdM d u w eedpart n Po aathe n aaTereached n d u aa W o”Sèvres”, ro”Sèvres”. lrgdee’s 9dcW a ra rslt s s te p1 9by19s4t?????e-41p 9 191939 nooegn. ace ded ooto G eece by Sèv by Hungary. Areas disputed between and ??ll?? A Territory Sèv en 9 3d 3 - 193 9pu - 1 9ed 4 5ween ooopart ab World”Igel War Thracian areas Greece by Areas disputed between Albania Yugoslavia h eeeareas n ooouko eeno eeeeaccecby eeceye Habsbur o nque nTh areas awarded SeeRepub ed r bb ieeatcKorcha, uccconeeAlbania eBe reached idisputed pthe uand tMo rpeuR gydav iBánát, 8a 3Greece -G ’9G 9Austria Aug. 1941 Aug. A1Territory ea pu ed be ween Au1945 and Yugo ndependen Repub Be ab Mo dav h ooof n n G Yugoslav ofslaaaab 1941 lines A d p u d b w n Po n d n d R u Th ace awa ded G eece by Sèv Yugoslav of former Bánát, ccupied and annexed by Bulgaria. ndependen Repub Be ab a Mo dav a Albanian villages near by Greece. Stellungen” of Crete &be Rhodes, May 9, and and Moun A ho awa ded ? h n a n c a o G ea d pu ed ween Au a and Yugo av aav a tain (Heptanesos Republic). Territory ccupied and annexed by Bulgaria. ne he o G eece no o a y G ea Powe Aug. 1941 xation t h e B u ko v i n a by Austria 1941 ? ndependen Repub c o Be a ab a Mo dav a Yugoslav part of the former Bánát, en o n a n c o a o G e e c e Yugoslav part of the former Bánát, ? i . a . ” T h e M i r d i t e R e p u b l i c ” ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia Roman an advance eached n T an y van a 1 9 4 1 Territory ccupied and annexed by Bulgaria. oing to remain under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. Areas disputed between and Yugoslavia Tareas hh1941 iYugoslav ti et eR R e peto upbupart lbi cl ”i cof 9..a8a6.. ”” T Territory ccupied andAlbania annexed by Bulgaria. ignty 9 4 Thracian 9iiAug. p had a way be ng Greece byits”Sèvres”. the former Bánát, r o d aWy a r e M iawarded rdadRepub ”aof Territory ccupied and annexed by Bulgaria. Fbeen rded e nne cvague hvague She a Greece tto eeece lbe lGreece iG t eng Sby t aW tby eno so”Sèvres”, had aaea way been under control of local German na district awarded to ”Sèvres”, Smyrna district awarded e a d p u e d b e w e e n Po a n d a n d R u ? under control its local German n Th ace awa o G by Sèv Ru n o c c u p a o n ndependen c o Uk ne Areas disputed between Albania Yugoslavia o eece A ea d pu ed be ween A ban a and Yugo av a G ea Powe had way been vague be ng Aug. 1941 ? na Europe A e a d p u e d b e w e e n a y a n d Yu g o av a areas awarded to Greece ”Sèvres”. n a awa ded o G eece by Sèv e 1 6 9 0 s ? Yugoslav part of the former Bánát, Ottoman recovery district awarded to Greece ”Sèvres”, Boundary of die Ostmark under control of its local German under control of its local German ? Territory ccupied and annexed by Bulgaria. ndependen Repub c o Uk a ne i . a . ” T h e M i r d i t e R e p u b l i c ” vague be ng dh eGerman us p eh ddeforces bbe see ow an Yu gg oo allies av a and ho no awa DAlbanian mea a r c da tRoman ivillages ozones n led i nRepub ebe b eHungary tKorcha, wKorcha, e e nA teached hUk edisputed Gaeits r comment mnby aTby nYugo aGreece. nGreece. dyMap r c e Area sA a eenaad of tof i rp roccupied f eei territory nee fn uby e na Bulgaria. c yye . their villages near disputed Greece. near under of local German caen away m nhe he Dodekane oga and b”sovereignty”. ockade AeAlbanian pu ween and av a31) ce nbeen he eunder yea hey gayet nye nce aand ea awa ded oAOttoman G eece by Sèv eded on ne Florina itarized ”Zone of the Straits” by an an van a Italian arm lands and Mount Athos, not awarded A nalby n ddg(former) Yu 6.neutral (cfr. but to remain under Ottoman In oing remain ”sovereignty”. in tgoing yto n eeMoun yea hey n and the ”Wehrmacht” toacuUk Greece by ”Sèvres”, ndependen Repub opcontrol acdisputed ne Ru adnminority onear cRcoueKorcha, ol iban ngned ”district i rawarded iminority ”the minority and the ”Wehrmacht” TnRomanian hBounda ee villages M eeocadvance p bboan Florina Bulgaria. Russian occupation. advance in Transylvania. A Area e Area aArea dof of pduFlorina ep du near boccupied e occupied w e ew n by y aBulgaria. a nof daYu oGreece. av aav a ??e d????f oAlbanian 199Albanian 1i 69.9ndependen Area of Florina occupied by Bulgaria. to Ottoman ”sovereignty”. 8aa.ea of local and ”Wehrmacht” nremain yea nby W oto’sreItaly. d aWy a r v a s s a l 9of 4theSmyrna minority ”Wehrmacht” Florina occupied by Bulgaria. Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine inaaCzechoslovakia ou Ana oand a Yugo yaby Gov eece no ang by aghe yunder G ea Mhe RSe econtrol paOttoman cthe pea aPowe ncdpand i awa neyea re aded c hne csnzce aozo m nehe Dodekane and b”Sèvres”, ockade ytunder buaareached occupa on nyGerman Abyhe ban minority and the ”Wehrmacht” nex he hey ga nooga villages Korcha, disputed byovak 5 T Thököly AA ea dh pu eddnunder be ween Aand ban aits avhe 8hey 3to -eece ’88 ence o to and awarded Greece ddistrict oo6he G eece by Sèv eeoprincipality, aand awa ded o1of G Sèv neither Greece nor Powers, Moun A ho no yeng awa ded ea n ou he n Ana o a gned o ? but going to remain ”sovereignty”. A ea d pu ed be ween Po and and Czecho a Area of Florina occupied by Bulgaria. oooeeat he p e ence o and ov ng ? Demilitarized ”Zone the Straits” d c awa ded G eece by Sèv Roman an advance eached n T an y van a minority and the ”Wehrmacht” (cfr. comment Map 31) 9 6 neutral zones In Hungary A ea n ou he n Ana o a a gned o a y by he itarized ”Zone of the Straits” he p e ence o and ov ng Albanian villages near Korcha, disputed Greece. aro: A ban an v age nea Ko cha d pu ed by G eece 1 9 4 1 German Occupation Forces Montenegro, a puppet ”Kingdom” ? (cfr. comment Map 31) T i t o ’s Pa r t ia neutral zones In Hungary TT91a9ea ohoBounda Sèv (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) ea territory dd territory pu ed be ween Po and and Czecho ovak Ottomans Italian territory Montenegro, puppet ”Kingdom” Ru aden uaeapKo o 1938 noccupa ? eaAAItalian (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) he premain en ence and ov ngove zpea zo by ahe yunde Italian territory an Aherban A ea nea o(cfr. yl”Kingdom” 44neutral 511 you ”Zone ofo ne the Straits” Montenegro, acaaadpuppet TyRu ehe M pat aibuob29, (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) tooom under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. ng ema n O oman ee gn yya y In ecarized e Powe ence and ov Sep Tschechei aftera31) ”München” Montenegro, puppet ”Kingdom” pu edween be ween Poex-Yugoslav and and Czecho ovak as a n s A cha pu ed bynWa G eece annage neAna ceeoocucRHungary pSe ngned (partly Slovene un on he G eek ma and oizones nc?yonea oong Gnand eece no Gand Montenegro, puppet ”Kingdom” Dodekane and bSèv ockade (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) ”Cacomment oon dby ”Map Italian territory 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9?? 1 ?? A Italian dea pu ed be Po and and Czecho ovak aareas) ng noDodekanesos unde oman ove gn T11 99yban ea yan oFsvsSèv Sèv eoMontenegro, daom ceon awa ded oOhe G eece by eouhe un ee ineema he G eek ma n aims the and blockade Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” a n n exe d by G e r m a ny i n 19 4 3 . T ea o Sèv e (cfr. comment Map 31) neutral zones In Hungary o a y by he En en e n 4 1 a n n exe d by G e r m a ny i n 19 4 3 . a puppet ”Kingdom” Te r r i t o r y n d e r c o n t r o l o f R á k ó c z i after 1702 un on he G eek ma n and (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) I t a l i a n O c c u p a t i o n Fo rc e s and and Moun A ho no ye awa ded Italian territory Hoxha’s Partisans a n n exe d by G e r m a ny i n 19 4 3 . A e a d p u e d b w e e n P o a n d a n d R u a ? We e n Th ace awa ded o G eece by Sèv e l a v B a n o v i n a s A ban an v age nea Ko cha d pu ed by G eece a n n exe d by G e r m a ny i n 19 4 3 . Ru a n o c c u p a o n dapng pu e d b e we e n he O om an F o n n e Yu g o s l a v B a n v i n a s ? onby Gy eek and Boundary of Albania. 1929 zoby Tinoccupation an van a 331) &inMähren Bounda ysawa on n Ay ban Protektorat Böhmen 995- 61neu Yu gggoan lonlladvance aaavHunga abaann ooccupation ioccupa nSerbian 51915 Mar i5, aAn ne exe d by G ee rdmbaenywiene n19 4P3o. a n d a n d R u a zed oa yhma he SSnhe aaooman 1 9 3 3 - 193 9e4Boundary 5nRoman 1929 World War comment Yu ooof ssIn vvSeBded B ooovyeached vv1939 aas(cfr. sscc ncommen neutral zones Hungary aaTh zone om ema oman ove engn ya y ll zo Ibbetnhe aeZone l yaween pp u Albania. ace G by Sèv eeMap 1929 1 991We pp ed eeOhe O ceaazuuea aom he Dodekane and bno Yu B nan naeece on unde by En en eockade 1929 zed A e aastand dby e eda ny b eeforces einPe4onBohemia a naand dn daand n ud Austria, R ua a We Th ace Giinn by a enLast exe d pd G r bm i nwn19 3inin . aPBohemia commen zone nSerbian ne o he Gped O ootman borderanLast eofbe deuGerman w noBohemia d(Slovene) R ?? ”I????r oAAnLast We e neu n9eTh Gan Sèv stand German and . a te Yu gawa oU.S.A. ac vded aobeBanovina nBanovina oGovyeece ioccupa aeece s by Occupation m sHep euy he loni nane eOhhe rGan i aeece of German ea Bed af eeZone nonaween 9Croatia e5nBounda Bnysawa uleoded hHunga aBded M ay Autonomous ”- I1n9Sèv nMap d borderebordernat3” S l o va k i a The border9edPowe 5eween aof ofued German forces Austria, Autonomous Croatia Oalct eyn World i a a n d War p a r t s llo f Serbia 1 7y1oAu 8man -n ’Repub 3s9o German annexation of Yugosl. territory 1941 1939 Autonomous Croatia 1 9 58 4Sèv border1 93and 33 3- -193 193 91929 4an Faoaace oyzone nloawa of forces in Bohemia and 1939 ea pu ween Aeforces ban aWest” and Yugo av Austria, aAustria, aon zB zobzed by CLast u stand rdtdastand i n ”, separating the ”Free Se on ned9 e1eAp eban Mar i5, 1939 Autonomous Banovina Croatia Th aZones ea oBanovina eece by 9-- ac 519T Last stand of German forces in Bohemia and Austria, 1939 a n Hep ane o Repub c Ru a n o c c u p a o n Autonomous Banovina Croatia F r n t i n e s 1 9 9 1 4 5 a Zone o he S a World War ll c commen Map 3 neu n Hunga y 1939 B a n Hep ane o Repub c borderunder German ”Protection”. Bcen sbnyin a ,n g aWar i n e d ll b y H a b s 1b9u 3 r g3 by A ea ddl oofcYugoslav pu ed be ween A ban a and Yugo av a pomises o u Dodekane ao by y Repub he eiockade he lines Moldavia Th ac an a ea awa ded o G eece by Sèv e lines 9 8 T e a y o B u c h a e M ay ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete & Rhodes, May 9, 1945 - 193Occupation 9Bu 1 9 4 5 B aHep ane othe lines 9of 5nedie n aby y Repub nEntente an aoWorld Last stand German forces in Bohemia and Austria, ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete & Rhodes, May 9, 1945 dary Ostmark con n he ocEn and ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete & Rhodes, May 9, 1945 Autonomous Banovina Croatia tooHep Italy the aaom nm ane a T h e M d e R e p u b c A ea pu ed be ween A ban a and Yugo f ro m t h e ” S ov j e t B ” . lines 1939 Th ac an a ea awa ded o G eece by Sèv e N A T O ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete & Rhodes, May 9, 1945 territory in Slovenia and Dalmatia ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia 1 naao dFforces Zone U.K. ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia lines ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia 1 9 4 1 ga Ge man Au an o n con o n h e A ea d pu ed be ween A ban a and Yugo av aav a ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete & Rhodes, May 9, 1945 Th ac an ea awa ded o G eece by Sèv e ” P a s s a r o w i t z ” but lost again by German on territory of their (former) allies o n n e Frontlines ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia 1 9 4 1 a ma a a + Oct. 1939 F r e n c h S a t e l l i t e S t a t e s Kü en and 1 9 3 3 193 9 1 9 4 5 R u s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n o f Wa l a c h i a & G e n e r a l G o u v e r n e m e n t Smy c awa ded o G eece by Sèv e F r e n h S a t e l l i t e S t a t e s World War ll a T h e M d e R e p u b c cshaOstmark S aeetbys e l lttiteeteeSSpEn Stt taaatten teessse n he ’s con qFFeues tnccysh tep ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia 199 451 T eBounda lines apon z zo by ”Igel of Crete 9,eece 1945 yawa oc hAu Seaded beKingdom” an occupa on nSèv A nban a neOstmark Boundary aTStellungen” TM h age eawarded M d Rto eItaly Rucha ebp&after b pu c ed inuRhodes, 1941. om odie rrFFof eeorran The ”Curtain” separating Yugoslavia 1948 .reoesMay A ban an v nea Ko d by G 9 8 a y o B u M ay ”Independent Croatia 1 9 4 9of 5to uahc+Italy nhSS yaaS attaby yell llliilhe nien o Sand an ”tally: Baeate legsrya da ed ”. War Smy na d c o G eece by e Bu ga o Ge man an o n con o h e a h e d e e p c 1 193 1 9 3 3 93 9 9 4 5 n u World ll Wor h e D o b u d a omous Carpatho-Ukraine in Czechoslovakia die German forces on territory of their (former) allies m a n e b e t w e e n t h e G e r m a n a n d 1 9 1 8 Tr e a t y f B u c h a r e s t , M ay I t a l i a n a r m e d f o r c e s a n d t h e i r s p h e s o i n f l u e ma a bu go ng o ema n unde O oman ove e gn y r c a t i o n l i n e b e t w e e n t h e G e r m a n a n d D e m a r c a t i o n l i e b e w e n t h e G e r m a n a n d I t a l i a n a r m e d f o r c e s a n d t h e i r s p h e r o f i n f l u e n nadary 1915 , turn into an I t a l i a n a r m e d f o r c e s a n d t h e i r s p h e r e s f i n f l u e n c e Kü e n t t e Wa r s awSmy na d c awa ded o G eece by Sèv e France Re cGh e mallies mn 9 3 3 Smy 93Occupation 9D 9daa4rr5ng Wor d War Annexation by Dhna em mgo cFforces aZone nema nneeunde wofO1941 n ttby h(former) ee iSèv es krrPeom m ni s saaan nr di a t U k r aIIi ttn aae ll ii aa n die Ostmark n a rrA mban d ffan n ddnea tand h eKo ph h eedddrr eeinpu nby u eeltaly n.ncc cee e.. . ed eece ded oe ttGw German on their ary sA of n ll iiterritory n bbAug. eeeece eentheir n h aagn eean d ooc rreCity ccvvvs eeassage aadn iisextention rrp hsscha p ssf Albania ooiby ff f iiG llnG u A age nea Ko cha pu G cane u s to ro-O tCarpatho-Ukraine t o m a n 1o7c74c u p a t i oinnOccupation f the ae n u y D utottcyidooiinooooawa anman Czechoslovakia Aem ban an age nea Ko cha pu ed byffeeece G eece German German on territory of (former) allies Tcon iG tGoove Pa t iaashyyn anend sd ban age nea Ko de cr epu Dbu eeem cbocOccupation aaZone baUnion eeO wan eSO eM tnhng e9ove ee’srmoun m I t aTerritory l i a n aAraof m dban fFree ovran nofn th et hi recha scommen oed ned l nuby c3eece en. c e . the Triest bu go ema unde oman ove eac ytnrn gn 8ng Ta4o-roof eo5ang aforces Bln-ian uenAustrian cneForces hbounda ethe ay eand gn recovery nan cyi apby yl i the nafter osEn an aoWor ye aove Boundary die Ostmark Bu ga Ge Au ooman oin d1938 iom aiaaacoccnahoh aon g5re re nAutonomous dnma indn naig9nggnuore re hcPuharTschechei p e en n he 9 3 3 93 9 9 d War omous Carpatho-Ukraine in Czechoslovakia ”München” bu go ng ema n unde oman gn Dem zed Zone o a Hunga Roman y b Occupation Soviet a a + Map neu a zone Hunga y D b i a i e Kü en and Bulgaro German joint control t h e n d i Territory annexed by Hungary. cane German forces on territory of their (former) allies Sie1918 u nrdtei sr ai n t ss p u p p e t r e g i m e . nmous n renc aO c hc+hma matia, Treaty of Bucharest, May 1941 German Occupation Forces trob’si a Pa and, ooiagn1938 ddgIstria eere kkKüstenl Carpatho-Ukraine Czechoslovakia ef ut hgn annexation 1 7ona 7 5 in aacndRoman Zone ooAug. aanaTng a: dnyyid29, alove el iga ooroO buuOccupation ucdjzed aacton Sep ban ng Va Bay Tschechei after ”München” cc commen Map 33 neu aa zone n yy Oaud ma Autonomous Magyar/Székely Region in Romania Hunga bounda ySSCzechoslovakia nen rs ” Ge man ooCarpatho-Ukraine eeForces yyhe ooin ou aaltld T t onme ’smoun iadWa s eaWa aoaD udace oan rcoeoeSof san pDem enbsatellites eZone oahe Au Hi8ng g”C aPa yolornd Dem he Hoxha’s i nofn leul Byu ko v i n a by Austria t Russian hIGerman etha D commen Bu Ge Au obhe con o”C zone n Hunga Hunga Autonomous Dem aM T ezed aOccupation yzed oppman BiioZone unnnoccontrol hFo ay 9Army aecane ma +envnaVa oPartisans , 1938 Tschechei ”München” Böhmen c commen MapMap 3 on a zone n Hunga 9am uho yne othe an a &aay lMähren principality, seasaKü aona ln of 1 9(111Tr 4999544a455n-5s1--y-9l11v9199a91nneu en and Ge man ce on he under the Red 1939 rrsr””” Bánát, uCeded eoOud dProtektorat eama enafter oin Au Aug. 1941 German Forces 9911 neu Toui tnme o”C ’s Pa rof thiethe sWa a nformer Yugoslav part oda5anc bypa Russia to Moldavia Territory ccupied yand annexed by Bulgaria. ban ng Bay I t a l i a n O c c u a t o Fo rc e s Hoxha’s Partisans nesos, mous Carpatho-Ukraine Czechoslovakia mou Ca Uk n Czecho ovak a y o e k 938 Tschechei after ”München” ”C o l d Wa p a e u n d e c o n o o Au a H g a y 1 9 4 5 199199 i11a ) . Occupation ove e gn y a n u h e D o b u d a Protektorat Böhmen & Mähren Mar i5,aCa 1939 m ee ddpa ee ho ee n e n e o Au a German Forces T i t o ’s Pa r t i s ans ”C o l d Wa r ” sovereignty Hunga o Roman an bounda y b ng ng moun a n under control of its local German Uk a ne n Czecho ovak a 1 9 4 5 1 9 smou Ge man o ce on e o y o he o me a e I t a l i a n O c c u p a t i o n Fo rc e s Hoxha’s Partisans m a n e n e o Au a Hungaro-Romanian boundary, bringing mountain” I n d e p n d e n t ” S l o va k i a The Red Army in control in the Soviet Union. Sep 29, 1938 Tschechei after ”München” 1941 German annexation of Yugosl. (Slovene) territory Bu ga o Ge man Au an o n con o n h e Protektorat Böhmen & Mähren m a e d e e n e n e o Au a cane o German Occupation Forces Ge man Occupa on Fo ce Original boundary of Transylvania i t ’s r t i s s C e d e d by R u s s i a t h ro u g h M o l d av i a T o Pa a n Area of Florina occupied by Bulgaria. ,mou 1939 I t a l i a n O c c u p a t i o n Fo rc e s Bulgaro German Austrian joint control in the the Dobrudja Hoxha’s Partisans ab1939 ma a a + ban nccpa Va ona Bay ? 9 3 3 93 9 945 Wor War minority b ui5,aincluding g1939 oud nho qng uValona eUk eBay. pen ” IaKü eaafter nCzecho dand e ine”Protection”. tp”&S Mähren l oove va k ei a gn y pOccupation euonobannexation uOccupa eZones n oo f oce Au aH ugnaomoun gr11941 ad5and y- 1 a9the ovak Tschechei ”München” 938 T eeby München on Fo nia, Pa a”Wehrmacht” n German of Yugosl. (Slovene) territory Protektorat under German Occupation U.S.A. pEnver aGe shas eman sD dnRoman eudrdZones caocnotRegime r oU.S.A. lbounda Au s tyr ibin a -Albania U.S.A. Hunga an nguHTnng n the d eCa r on nm fnppedne kenGerman 9y. 919n aThe l 9iThe a n”I rO c unCpnthe a rC t ituoformer nrit n Fo rc sseparating 938 Tt ”archeche cheche aáBöhmen to Oct oto Edom iR re Hoxha’s Partisans oc4of the ”Free West” 11999455d 5444 a--War - 11puppet 9199111 Occupation Zones U.S.A. ”I ii in the ”Free West” 99 33 33 I tboundary 93 99”I The n”, ”,eseparating theSlovene ”Free West” Wor Hoxha’s IonnlVa eunder eóncBtzMünchen va a nb ue Annexae. bbMar uuu1939 que by ee” p Original Occupation Zones U.S.A. .g 1in 9ce 1e(Slovene) territory in Slovenia and Dalmatia Böhmen & Mähren Montenegro, German Yugosl. territory 1939 T edaBay gpuSlvloSoe”Protection”. cnarkkeaiim m (partly ex-Yugoslav areas) 9 8 Mar 9 Yugoslav 2Ge 6aa lman 3annexation 2Occupa The ”I n uC Cu u arrrterritory t taaaa”, nseparating ”,Partes separating the ”Free West” 93 9The 4rrnrooo55oItalian 91941 5yd 4- 1-War 1999199an Wor Fo ban ud ng ona U.S.A. THoxha ogd1 9a11War Pa a1 n ”Kingdom” IpOccupation ti5, i aae9n toinon rc s(Slovene) ,it” g a occqnc on que enaenppehandrBöhmen by O ccPartisan cc Zones u p aaProtektorat ooofin n Fo cc4control Pa in separating the ”Free West” Moldavia cane 9 3 3 93 9 9m 4m Wor 5 4 9 1939 u n d e c o o Au a H u n Moldavia ” I n d e p e e n t ” S va a Moldavia G e l G o r e n t con ue ep by e p Yugoslav territory Slovenia and Dalmatia The ”I r”I Cnov u”SnCSexe rov German annexation of Yugosl. territory 1941 938 T cheche München Protektorat Mähren P o ek o & Mäh en f ro t5m hottertnh ”eeSan ju et tajjdeejitBenby lto”, cGllseparating ”oo”, .orccm 939 a n O u p n Fo e Hoxha Pa an N A T O Moldavia under German ”Protection”. oman ecove y Bounda yto o Italy dPartisan e Oin ma k ove e gn y f ro h ” t B ” . Occupation Zone U.K. f ro h e ov B l c ” . 1939 e a ny i n 19the 4 3 . ”Free West” Re t u r n to B u d a o f t h e C r o w n o f Nn AAT TTO OO N Moldavia Oct. 1939 T h e B g S c r a m b e 9 8 9 2 6 9 3 2 awarded 1941. G e n e r a l G o u v e r n e m e n t Occupation Zone U.K. U.K. P o ek o a Böhmen & Mäh en f ro m ” S ov t B ” . Yu g o s l a v B a n o v i n a s Hunga o Roman an bounda y b ng ng moun a 939 M a r s h a l Tito’s Regime in Yugoslavia Moldavian S.S.R. N A 1929 Moldavia ”inIonnin dFo eSlovenia p ecned eboundary, n tand ” S l oDalmatia va k i abringing saaninn otccceacuu aoyiiiotboofunder i onSerbia nboooofffafWa Wa ch a&a&n u b e Occupation Zone U.K. Ge man he oterritory me a 1941 e f ro m ” on S ov eBtlYugosl. co” (Slovene) . Austria-Hungary. German TO Yugoslav territory Wa al1tscaccn aai”Protection”. awarded 1941. aaNapoleonic Hungaro-Romanian mountainunder control Occupation U.K. f ro m”Curtain” tannexation hotehce ”eSLast ov jstand e tejof oBocl ”oy.of MarAnnexation i5, 1939 .o teGerman oeand nlilll-asBay e5h NN A TA O ae n uannexa Oyyto cterritory coItaly uZone pddacpa nSaatdon oScccpecove upccrphp ptuRasaaaappud Wa h1tG man Hoxha an Bounda eeon O kka Au Occupation Zone U.K. border-passes 79 eyPtntttaiera hinyan sibd kcVa oofbp1m ri”iiaiD U nnet The separating after 1948 .a1948.e . 1939 ban 1941 and extention in n d SSagau&& aaam efona nm aaeby l8hah vooi& rMäh nrkkeU n ccdpnc u oIng oeG Wa h &rlt& of German forces inhe and Austria, German annexation Yugosl. (Slovene) 1941 Autonomous Banovina Croatia oof SSAlbania ovene eeDalmatia ooaltaly yyyPa 94 The ”Curtain” 1948 inma Slovenia man yic”H Bounda O ma The ”Curtain” separating Yugoslavia after pGe aa man nof obe nunder oYugo oGerman aand Hterritory uYugo nbyovak gltaly 1939 Au onomou Ca ho ne nAlbania Czecho aav ”Protection”. s939 iecove oe1941 toRpa lm Border changes after WW ll, separating compared to . Bohemia the Federal Republics ga939 a inonyacecove ra5h eocek kva oe sh kberieen 1939 Aug. Annexation and extention in by Ge man oo ce on ee ooYugoslavia yyYugoslavia oo1932 ooafter me Seoava arimm Wa ras raw2Yugoslav 2to The ”Curtain” separating Yugoslavia after 1948 . ypubnc Occupation n dnG n drBöhmen va ökö aacn ogoisoaaiua”Protection”. A pu ed ween Au aand ddoItaly eeZone O Yugoslav ma kUk in 1941. nden Repub ocsehycT ab dav Ge on oFrance Yugo ovene 94 Wa The ”Curtain” separating Yugoslavia after Occupation Zone France Wa rsssawawepsuBe nhueT eWa ragm atea”eman lB GicniB vhe eMo rctnaec em naabeti ”nee France S c l 1 9 198 8?-?1 9Bounda 29Boundaries 6awarded /61ea 9man 39y23doannexa Ge”Curtain” man ce on me 939 lines Yugoslav The separating Yugoslavia after 1948 ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete & he Rhodes, May 9, 1948 1945 under German unde Ge P on Wa r awterritory in Slovenia and Dalmatia Occupation Zone France t r o O t t o m a n o p i o o f the Ge man o ce on e o y o he o me a e.na .e Wa r s awP a c t Occupation Zone France sos; au to n o m o u s under Ottoman rule ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia awarded to Italy in 1941. 1 9 4 1 o O t t o m a n o c c u p a t i o n o f the i t z ” but lost again by Ge man Occupa on Fo ce T o Pa a ooman O t t o m a n o c c u p a t i o n o f the Au onomou Ca pa ho Uk a ne n Czecho ovak a Wa rasP R e i c h s k o m m s s a r i a t U r a i n e Occupation Zone France Pawaacccttt unde Ge man P o ec on A ea d pu ed be ween Au a and Yugo av 1941 Annexation and extention in Albania by ltaly Oct. 1939 Territory of the Free City of Triest P Territory annexed by Hungary. Autonomous Regions of Serbia i n Yu go s l av i a G e n e r a l G o u v e r n e m e n t n d e p e n d e n S o va k a F r e n c h S a t e l l i t e S t a t e s o O t t o m a n o c c u p a t o o f the ? ööw y p nc pa y v a a o he nden Repub c o Be a ab a Mo dav a Fo r Cyprus Cfr. Colour Legend Disk. Yugoslav territory in Slovenia Dalmatia Yugo av e o y n S oven a and Da ma a S e r b i a u n d r i t s p u p p e t r e g i m e . ? Ge man annexa on o Yugo S ovene e o y 94 Au onomou Ca pa ho Uk a ne n Czecho ovak a a 1941 Territory of the Free City of Triest Sep 29 938 T cheche a e München Territory ofthe the FreeCity Cityof ofTriest Triest o939 -oaOi-nnc t1941 tPtopa m ainpa nayicShnpeiospvarokcbayalG cciilu pauaem anesharitdsosataeeosilroanG oisoaufpghe the T B S c r a m b e 9 8 9 2 6 9 3 2 Territory annexed by Hungary. Occupation Zone Soviet Union y p nc v o Pcatc t u b a n P r i i t i t r O t o m c u p n f the a i t u p p e t r e g i m e . Au onomou Ca pa ho Uk a ne n Czecho ovak a Territory of the Free City of Triest Aug. awarded to Italy in 1941. Yugo av e o y n S oven a and Da ma a P a ? R e c o m r t U k r a i n e 939 Occupation Zone Soviet Union 941 Annexation and extention in Albania by ltaly r t e n e o v e n e m e n p he b i r i n c t i Territory of Free Soviet Union bnden iiiaaaonn rurrRepub iiinnn c i pp acaaolcllG iiitotteiiineeeGe Deeem a r caa t yi o an nl d i n Yu e bge ot w eav e n at h e G e r m a n a n d I t a l man i a n aof rOccupa mthe e d f Free o r c eon s aFo n d ce t h eTriest i r s p h e r e sT of o i n f l uPa ence. n Uk aG of Ge Occupation Zone Soviet Union Póv ceoz nec onn A e1941 a29 po u ekSoviet w PRepub punde man 939 Ge on Fo esessr sof aoaman oá akuformer Pa Occupation Zone ynPP Rne awa ded n 94 bb.u1941 man aTerritory aAutonomous n man OOccupa c c uOccupa pand aMagyar/Székely oMagyar/Székely nMagyar/Székely Fo cce e ce Hoxha Paooltaly an a n aaa n A ea dd939 pu ed Au aeeand Yugo Occupation Ge man Occupa onCity Fo ce Sep 938 T cheche München Tby Pa n b inaRepublic PRepub rneidrnccebiicYugoslav iaof pc cuaon lopart idBe t ieolUk Autonomous Romania RZone eaaebetween i dcybe hPbyand sby m mnUnion iUnion s sBöhmen aaaarby iand a and tBulgaria. U& k r ma a i nen eav man Territory annexed Hungary. ???? Sep Aug. Annexation extention in Region Albania nden ab Mo a Ge man on Fo T inoT SYugoslav n pB tcn kdrredav em ggieiBánát, m Bánát, Areas disputed Austria Yugo Da a aa oween ek awa ded neSoviet 94 Autonomous Region in Romania Ma Sep 29 Tonen cheche Pa aU re Region Romania ccupied annexed ent” Aug. 1941 nden ne of A d938 poeu and e doyTunder bunder w eScontrol eooven n anby yA aban nMünchen dYugoslavia Yu gArmy oArmy Autonomous Magyar/Székely Region ininPa Romania Territory ccupied and annexed Bulgaria. 29 cheche aa ein München Russian ofof the Red Army hoiigned gMoldavia 9??? 8?? 9 Territory 2Territory 6 e a938 9 3av 2satellites eral chronology ibccto soMoldavia saiestssasRaahthe ruokuisothe tcvpepezaSeformer R eeerAna hhaito kkn ooaBessarabia m m aaóupex nnnbeaeeec..eh ? 939 Annexation extention Albania ltaly 94 Annexa on ex on aaMäh by aaav yyexist ed by Russia Moldavia Autonomous Magyar/Székely Region in Romania G eaooeAnT eipart Gááa’ nrkby eirangmaam em annexed by Hungary. on and Russian satellites under control the Red Autonomous Magyar/Székely Region in Romania ( Tr a n s y l v a n i a ) . ou he n y he o y u n d c o n control of the Red S e i u d r t p p p t e i ? 941 ddnden by Russia to Moldavia a a n O c c u p a o n Fo c e The Soviet Union ceases to o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 9 2 . Hoxha Pa an by Russia R m m U Russian satellites under control of the Red Army o y u n d e c o n o R k ó c z 94 Annexa on and ex en on n A ban by under control of its local German ( Tr a n s y l v a n i a ) . a a n O c c u p a o n Fo c e A ea d pu ed be ween Au a and Yugo av a awa ded oSed abe yi under n 94 by Russia to Moldavia ( Tr a n s y l v a n i ) . under control of its local German Russian satellites under control of the Red Army ? y u n d e c o n o o R á k ó c z Repub c o Be a ab a Mo dav a ds Hoxha Pa an A ea d pu ween Po and and Czecho ovak a P o ek o a Böhmen & Mäh en n d e p e n d e n S o va k a a a n O c c u p a o n Fo c e Ma 5 939 ? Russian satellites control of the Red Army ( Tr a n s y l v a n i a ) . eo n a a n d p a o Se b a and donden by Russia to Moldavia 1941 Territory annexed by Hungary. u n d e c o n o o R á k ó c z Ge man annexa on Yugo S ovene e o y 94 ”C o l d Wa r ” Yugoslav part of the former Bánát, ed by Russia to Moldavia 1 9 4 5 1 9 9 1 a a n O c c u p a o n Fo c e P o ek o a Böhmen & Mäh en Ma 5 939 Hoxha Pa an a i n to p i c . ( Tr a n s y l v a n i a ) . e r b a u n d e r i t s p u p p e t r e g i m e . Repub Uk aoa ne Territory ccupied by Bulgaria. Aug. Ma Sèv (Original Tr a n s y l vboundary ania). A es1941 a939 ptue and ePdoccupied ew weHunga eek eaby n aynythe aban n dYuoMäh Yu gUnion. ol av Pcontrol aBulgaria. Böhmen Mäh ou nBminority aaomUkraine aand gned oav he Ma 5oi ds939 The Army control Union. of occupied by ek oannexed Böhmen enaav dent” Republic Area of Florina Bulgaria. R esrAna c hhvtobuihro kof opart aby n ee . the ”Wehrmacht” A rArea e 5aea dRed p939 uon bin eobween tand eoen nannexed Ioand tin ain lthe ayA nSoviet dCzecho oby sUnion. i aen 94 Annexa ex on ag&ec ya nd941 of the h eeSYugoslav u ko ncynro by Austria ?? ???? Ma Territory Hungary. Te annexed by of of Transylvania enby dby ghrbhof lits iaatUyrkby and the ”Wehrmacht” The Red Army in in Soviet unde Ge man P& A do Florina pu edd be Po and ovak iM tM sof control the Soviet eeham udgav p eeGerman ggai m aby bo ullp former Bánát, 94 The Red Army in control Soviet Union. Territory ccupied and Bulgaria. Original boundary R sseespssunder ooathe av local Original boundary ofTransylvania Transylvania Te yy939 annexed by Hunga ythe ugdduuuRu iniiiaassbbaaaeiiiaatdtttaahminority uuuuoddH guugggSe M ddddne ip n dd eeAu p ee n dd eeaby n SS Yugo ooUnion. va kkonaaav aa Sèv eSsaRepub adaTh aaR n oocontrol bbgned and Red Army in control in the Soviet Union. paav piiiaaaaieeMo Ge man annexa on Yugo SSS ovene Original boundary of Transylvania The Red Army in control in the Soviet by Race hded ro hUk M av 94 AMa ea dddFlorina pu ed be ween and Yugo av eboundary o y and n of Soooannexed oven a and Da maeee a ooo yyy 94 npG pdein n nSoaSlovene va ? nden Repub cruhro oro Be aeece ab dav ae Ge man annexa on Yugo ovene 94 Original boundary of Transylvania 55Hoxha’s ddonden by s–psMontenegro, h oapuppet llpits av cpn npR Se and Aug. 1941 ? Original Transylvania euthern by Ru snAna tom hM M oto ludpuppet A e a p u e d b e w e a y n d Yu g o av Yugoslav part of the former Bánát, e a p u e d b e w e e n Po a d a n d R u a awa ogh G by Sèv em O tto m a1870 nEobu E i re ou he n a a o a y by he a o w z o aga n by Ge man annexa on Yugo ovene 94 n d e e n e n o va k a Territory ccupied by Bulgaria. Occupation Zones U.S.A. n d a Se b a and Area of occupied by Bulgaria. a ”Kingdom” Ma 939 194 9 4 1 O 939 under control of local German Montenegro, a ”Kingdom” (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) Ge man annexa on Yugo e Partes o y”Free 94 West” e n a G u v e n e m e n 1812 Enver Partisan Regime in control in Albania Italian territory (partly ex-Yugoslav areas) Italian territory former Partes Annexae. Original boundary Anatolia assigned Italy by the 1 9 5 4 1 9 9 1 minority and the ”Wehrmacht” eenahe O tto m a m p i re unde Ge man P o ec on ? The ”I rnoonof Cof uof r the t a ithe nSthe ”,ovene separating the Te o y annexed by Hunga y Ma 5 939 a g a n e d b y H a b b u g by O tto m a n E m p i r e A ea d pu ed be ween Po and and Czecho ovak a ? S e b a u n d e p u p p e e g m e Yugoslav part of the former Bánát, Yugo av pa o he o me Báná Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania O tto m a n E m p i re former Annexae. Original boundary unde Ge man P o ec on awa ded o a y ? Partisan Regime in control in Albania Territory ccupied Bulgaria. Te o y ccup ed and annexed by Bu ga a former Partes Annexae. Areas disputed between Poland and Czechoslovakia Original boundary a g a n e d b y H a b b u g by ? enhe O tto m a n E m p i re og94 Sèv eYugo A e a d p u e d b e w e e n Po a n d a n d R u a O tto m a n E m p i re ? Th ace awa ded o G eece by Sèv e Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania the former Partes Annexae. under control of its local German Original boundary of a d e Moldavia unde Ge man P o ec on ? Area of Florina occupied by Bulgaria. Yugo av e o y n S oven a and Da ma aaa av pa o he o me Báná g a n e d b y H a b b u g by Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania the former Partes Annexae. Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania a n n exe d G e r m a ny i n 19 4 3 . Original boundary of Sèvres. minority and the ”Wehrmacht” the former Partes Annexae. a n n exe d by r m a ny i n 19 4 3 . Original boundary of Te o y ccup ed and annexed by Bu ga a f ro m t h e ” S ov j e t B l o c ” . Yugo av e o y n S oven a and Da ma ou he n Ana o a a gned o a y by he N A T O aaunden w bu aga n r on to BzzRepub uawa dYu aolgafooded ftcon tcaheavoen1oC CorUk niits fslocal Occupation Zone U.K. so lB B av2ornioaw owapuppet vaby nooafby Yugo av e o y n S oven a and Da ma Yu g o s v o s A ea d pu ed be ween A ban a and Yugo a ne Oc 939 R e c h k o m m a a U k a n e 929 n a ea G eece Sèv e G e n e a G o u v e n e m e n Au 94 Annexa on and ex en on n A ban a by a y Montenegro, ”Kingdom” under control of German unde o oca Ge man e a d p u e d b e w e e n a y a n d Yu g o av (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) Yugo av e o y n S oven a and Da ma a Italian territory M a r s h a l Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia o w bu o aga n by Moldavian S.S.R. Oc 939 ? 8 1 Area of Florina occupied by Bulgaria. R u s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n o f Wa l a c h i a & G e n e a G o u v e n e m e n ? A ea d pu ed be ween Po and and Czecho ovak a n to B u d a h n to Bace ubu dunde tded haaga ehpa oG nen oooofaff fby minority and the Ocaerr939 939 w zto by enby ecBu Gand oeBu uaanvAustria, e na oca Yugo he Báná awa ded oo S.S.R. aa yy n 94 n B u dduawa aadAutonomous h ee eoCoC ooraBanovina M ssdoof h aadsterritory Tito’s Yugoslavia Moldavian OcA Last Gew eOccupation nannexed an4ban Ga”Wehrmacht” oaZone unin vdand eesanareas) borderPartisan Regime in Yugoslavia Te odiah ylllFFlorina ccup ed by tnd pSèv hea n baand yno oaav tow hoeeece nou ubme bSèv e Ge ALast asstand ptGerman uG erPartisan dbPartisan batand eween enuG eRegime Po nega dRmnuR um Moldavian S.S.R. ? no94 awa onnrCorrtG eece Sèv e man The ”Curtain” separating Yugoslavia after 1948 . nge, to BaAutonomous uBeawarded htytto CGreece w nD reTh neeto aooobofffoded fttcon ow w nD borderaeaun cupa on ? M h Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Moldavian S.S.R. Area occupied Bulgaria. awa ded n 94 German forces in Bohemia ea o na occup ed ga a T e M d e R p b pu ed be A a Yugo av Montenegro, puppet ”Kingdom” Croatia a by e (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene r e a s p u e d e w e Po l a n d a n d s i a stand of forces in Bohemia and Austria, ? Thrace by ”Sèvres”. Italian a Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia M r h l Tito’s Regime in Yugoslavia m and he Weh mach Moldavian S.S.R. Moldavian S.S.R. 939 a n n exe d by e m ny i n 19 3 . Banovina Croatia Wa r s aw? France d p h a n b y b t o n h a n e awa ded o a y n 94 ptp hh nn e-oeenhe Border changes after WW compared to 1932 . aa yy A eaStellungen” o 94 F o Montenegro, na occup bypuppet Bup ga Boundaries the Yugoslav Federal gyyybawa oAna sb ih R eeebeCrete cccaRhhhue npkkked oooebRhodes, m aaaRepublics U kkk maaae nnn eee pdou hpaaahhe naYu blobooaaoaavded nan1 on8otott5hvG ht5gned DsDaaaWeh nby uoca basbeteemach otcon yreoGe by Aug Annexa on ex en on n A ban aaa areas) by o yterritory annexed by Hunga yll, cnbbbnunde eece Sèv m Auu uubb - Oet man the o m alines n o c c u p a t i o n ?o f the ybno on eaD anon n m m ethe uaaaan p pRepublics eRepublics eeanexa ttaBytoako ooanand h D 94 Annexa on and ex en on A ban by Au 1 9”Igel 4”Igel 1naea P a c t Te am ”Kingdom” (partly ex-Yugoslav Italian Border changes after WW ll, compared to 1932 Boundaries of the Yugoslav Federal May 9,knby 1945 T hdd94 e vpu MRof um cFederal Rof m m Uag1945 Aug 94 Annexa on and and ex en on ncompared ASlovene ban by a y... . Border changes after WW compared A ween Po and and Czecho Yugoslav Territory of the Free of Triest de4Th ? Aug Stellungen” Crete & Rhodes, 9, aA ne exe by G ethe aYugoslav ny ie&dn 19 4Po 3a eoSdbe cR hm keween ow m nUnion e eaaaa AAug aan uof dbe bpa eA n dMay aovene deU Rovak uaeece ace awa ded eece by age nea Ko cha d. aZone pu ed G Border after WW ll, to 94 Annexa onchanges and ex en on nCity All,n ban a byto atoy1932 on oMon hnaunder evunde B nG Au aSèv Boundaries Federal Republics ”Independent Croatia 9n 1. on borderBorder changes after WW ll, compared 1932 .1932 Boundaries of Yugoslav Federal Republics ed ban and Yugo pa Border changes after WW ll, compared to 1932 utonomous Ottoman rule Boundaries of the Yugoslav Federal Republics Occupation Soviet oawa s under lno Buto nand iKingdom” aby s by ea ded oovoOvGG by Sèv enee P yrlines D”Sèvres”. aove nK umach bngdom incipalities ong eand ea oddan Fpu oped na occup by Bu aU 6eece ”Independent Kingdom” Montenegro, puppet ”Kingdom” eneg aa’5naoman puppe oYu ema ei agn deaSèv cgand awa ded eece by Sèv yyed ex Yugo av SSand Last stand German forces in Bohemia Italian territory aaban eeof yyrof Autonomous Banovina Croatia m yaOttoman he Weh Areas disputed between Albania and Yugoslavia Autonomous Regions of Serbia iaga npu Yu go sAustria, lBáná av ieece aav pa on areas awarded Greece Fo r Cyprus Cfr. Colour Legend Disk. o m ou s Ottoman rule a n n exe d by G e r m a ny i n 19 4 3 . Mon eneg o puppe K ngdom pa ex Yugo av ovene a ea on and an o on om ou s under rule Te o y annexed by Hunga y Au 94 A ban an v age nea Ko cha d ed by G Yugo av pa o he o me o m ou s under Ottoman rule egro Yu g o s l a v B a n o v i n a s Autonomous Magyar/Székely Region in Romania Autonomous Regions of Serbia i n Yu go s l av i a S e b a u n d e p u p p e e g m e borderTe o y ccup ed and annexed by Bu ga a Aug 94 a T h e M d e R e p u b c under Ottoman rule Fo r Cyprus Cfr. Colour Legend Disk. 1929 Regions of Serbia i n Yu go s l av i a on o m ou s under Ottoman rule Dutonomous e m a r c a t i o n l i n e b e t w e e n t h e G r m a n a n d I t a l i a n a r m e d f o r c e s a n d t h e i r s p h e r e s o f i n f l u e n c e . Te o y annexed by Hunga y ng o ema n unde O oman ove e gn y lines Fo r Cyprus Cfr. Colour Legend Disk. Autonomous Regions of Serbia i n Yu go s l av i a Last stand of German forces in Bohemia and Austria, ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete & Rhodes, May 9, 1945 r i 19 . a n n exe d by G e m a ny n 9 4 3 S e b a u d e p u p p e e g m e i . a . ” T h e M i r d i t e R e p u b l i c ” Fo r Cyprus Cfr. Colour Legend Disk. Autonomous Banovina Croatia Aug 94 Autonomous Regions of Serbia i n Yu go s l av i a r c a t i o n l i n e b e t w e e n t h e G e r m a n a n d I t a l i a n a r m e d f o r c e s a n d t h e i r s p h e r e s o f i n f l u e n c e . Te o y annexed by Hunga y Autonomous Regions of Serbia i n Yu go s l av i a A ea d pu ed be ween A ban a and Yugo av a satellites aann on oaceMon h uuded ko vhe n aGia6nby aaK FoFo r Cyprus Disk. azed ea awa ded o1oGreece by Sèv r Cyprus Legend Disk. eneu a94 ddeaby pSzone ueGounde eby m w e no9Yugo aovene neGe dgcontrol Rmman uborderCeded byeeRussia to Moldavia ?? Auga nan eece by sueel ko abnpa ncon dRussian uapncav pdeoca eMap Yu ooBZone aaB aaasAu adoTh ”Independent eece by Sèv 8vG .eece puppe ngdom commen 3 Red Army Hunga y4Po (German Tr a n sCfr. y l Cfr. vforces aColour n i aColour ) . in Legend yeenex Sunder aeece eaof the exe aueny anan on hawa Bvveneg n Au o3pdCroatia istrict by ”Sèvres”, Last stand of Bohemia and Austria, Yu Bko nvKingdom” oby v5aSG nby n ho ecggawarded voB naato an Au aCroatia Autonomous Banovina ode lines AAug ban age Ko pu ed by G1945 1939 ”Igel Stellungen” ofnea 9, Tand hd94 eavby M Ge dYugo enaCrete Rny pceunand b&cha cBohemia borderoorArmy me near Korcha, by ng oAu nn unde OeSGeoman ebygn ysas ni ade ahronology zed Zone ob eKingdom” he a tC in in the Union. ccup ed and annexed by Bu a A eaTe o F ooo yyyna occup ed by Bu a May coWeh commen 3 Hunga yRhodes, Last stand forces in Austria, La oof man ooeav aaMay and Aug Autonomous Banovina Croatia am naeea nneu G m 9hn 4disputed 3he onomou Banov Yugo av pa he me Báná no Te ccup ed and annexed by Bu ga Original boundary of ga Transylvania C eove dr m rto caa”Independent tea i oema noawa l iunder eded to1ow nna h by eoa GdSèv eaaSèv aeRu n bo dt h r o u g h IMt oa lldi av remain Ottoman ”sovereignty”. a ni aAug aAlbanian rA dexe fand ovillages r94 cpu e zone s German a nem dbe t hween epa iyThe rceThe spa poRed eBohem e sahe oand fme ioocontrol nmach f Greece. l uAu e nBáná cMap eaa.a Soviet bo de lines d c awa ded o eece by 94 Te ccup ed and annexed by Bu9, ga ga ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete & Rhodes, Yu g a v B a n v n a Yugo av he Báná d ed A ban Yugo av La o Ge man n Bohem and Au 8 5 6 . n G eece e Soviet Union ceases to exist o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 9 2 . Te o y ccup ed and annexed by Bu ga a1945aa Au onomou Banov na C oa ronology ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia 1 91 49”Igel 19ge ronology unde con o o oca Ge man A ban an v age nea Ko cha d pu ed by G eece hronology ne ”C o l d Wa r ” to the O tto m a n E m p i r e 1 9 4 5 1 Stellungen” of Crete Rhodes, 9, 1945 S e ungen o C e e & Rhode May 9 945 ronology The Soviet Union ceases to exist o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 9 2 . F r e n c h S a t e l l i t e S t a t e s unde con o o oca Ge man Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control into Albania ng oi.Au O Se n oman yaWa ondependen nema l i nneofunde bothe eK t he wngdom t hCCroatia e oa Gove e ar”C me o agn nl dbo n dder ” the former Partes Annexae. I1t9a4l 5i a-n 1 a9 r9La m e d f o r c e s a n d t h i r s p h e r e s o f i n f l u e n c e . Original boundary of ai api atc”Independent zed Zone The Soviet Union ceases to exist o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 9 2 . c commen Map 3 neu a zone n Hunga y 9 4 Mon eneg o a puppe K ngdom a T h e M d e R e p u b c 1 , 19 9 2 . Kingdom” ne unde con o o oca Ge man pa y ex Yugo av S ovene a ea The Soviet Union ceases to exist a an e o y o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 9 2 . 1 and o Ge man o ce n Bohem a and Au a ge S e ungen o C e e & Rhode May 9 945 rized ”Zone Straits” onomou Banov na ccip l i t y The Soviet Union ceases exist o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 9 2 . A ea o F o na occup ed by Bu ga a (cfr. comment Map 31) neutral In 18I t a l i a n a rAm eeadA ofea m Weh C by oaWor ar n todeBWar Bu c awa dedK ngdom o G eece em a r c9a4t5i ozones n ml i nno e Hungary bno ey t and w yyayeresand nhe t hhe e GPartisan e mach r m amach nRegime a n d in Yugoslavia m no and he Weh mach coe sFGMoldavian aeonm dna hoccup eS.S.R. ined r s9by p4ed eby r ega s o fga ipcdcc.i..c . ndependen t uSèv u dne a o f t h e C r o w9n3 o3 f D93 na occup a i n af l u e n c e . m no and Weh 9m a n n exeodFr oby atny 3h Bu M h ahnl eaTito’s Weh 1 8e5S 3 n at h e Re ge S fean ungen odnea ChHunga eKo e os& Rhode May 9lG 945 A ban v eYu age cha drhe pu ed byfmach eece Zone o eU.S.A. he i ndependen l i t r ccaaa tzed oo n n e b w e G e m a n a n d c commen Map 3 I t l i r r s t i r s f i . neu a zone n y a a n a e d o c a n e p e o n u e n c e g o a v B a n v wers 929 ”C o l d Wa r ” K ngdom C oa a S t . S t e p h a n b y b o a t o n t h e D a n u b e ng o ema n unde O oman ove e gn y 1 9 4 5 1 9 9 1 Occupation Zones 99e44d”I eneg ngdom b e w e e n h e GWor e m da1 9nWar a 9m eBoundaries poh aae puppe eof the o”Free nK u e bo n c ede Republics nation g re a Zones cnh n eU.S.A. yy ex Yugo av SS ovene a ea 5 4a- n1 9d9 1 aa an eeBorder o changes yy pa 9a3 3 a n 93 9 4roo5 nc eC u ratnMon The adieneg n ”,hseparating the West” Yugoslav Federal Mon eneg K ngdom pa ex WW Yugo av ovene ea. an Laa aan and omce Bohem all,and Au Mon oBanov a opuppe K exnafter Yugo Scompared ovene a ato eaa1932 1 9o 5 4l d - 1 9Wa 91 r” napuppe Cthe oa angdom eo dGe o man yGo epa u arjonomou nl o”,hHunga separating ”Free 1 9a4 rule 5a-n 1 a99 49The 1roeneu caya ozed odn eZone n ema bo e U.K. w e Se n a h e GWor e ”C m amo nWar an m d”I9tr4hoo5enac” SeCAu o commen n ofWest” uSerbia e nMap c ei n3 Yu go s l av i a n n exe aaayny n 999 444 333avLegend OZone k he Peloponnesos; autono us under f939 m ov egtntoadBi n .B a n poyh NdA T O Ottoman zone aaexe n n exe dd Gby by G m ny n Occupation Yu aaeocvvce””Autonomous vv en aae cRegions 9 3 3 93 9 Fo re Cyprus Cfr. Colour Disk. d 929 n n exe by G e m ny n ne ge S e ungen o C e e & Rhode May 9 945 ”C o l d Wa r ” Ge man o ce on o y o he o me a e a n n d by e m a ny n 9 4 3 1 9 4 5 1 9 9 1 Yu g o B a n o n 1 9 3 3 193 9 1 9 4 5 World War ll f ro m t h e ” S ov j e t B l . 929 Zones O ngdom Cthe oa a 1948 91 4 ”I”Curtain” gndependen ou rseparating aavi nB”,a nseparating oKvYugoslavia na ation U.K.kS a e y o dZone e FO e nU.S.A. ma 1 9o 54 d - 1N 9 9A1 T r 929 The r oYu no C tonomou ”Free The after . a bo S a e ”C ” C 1 99 344 355 - 193 La and oo Ge man oo ce n Bohem aa and Au aa Au na C a West” mou Ca pa hoc hUkFrance a ne neCzecho bo de man ce on e o Banov y o he o me e de 939 Wa rrs awOccupation Zone onomou C oa Covak odl War d aWa Wa 9at4hc5eAu Wor 99 D 99f9Ge bo Au Banov na CGoa oa 939 Yugoslavia tion Zones U.S.A. and oee Ge neBohem Au e m”Curtain” an” SConomou oAu njrseparating elno”, bcBanov e”separating wBanov e ena n Cna hoa ethe e”Free maaa1948 nWest” a .n5de dne a n a La m e dLa o Scand a n man dGe hman eo ce pe hce en Bohem o a nandMay uand e n c9Au ea aafter ro ov eonomou tanB . ce ext when the n general chronology 939The 1 ovak 9 5 4 - 1Wa 9N9rA1s TawPO act y opage dZone eispa Oused ma The ”I r o u t i U.K. ge mou Ca ho Ukk a ne Czecho a ation France Ge man Occupa on Fo T o Pa a n Uniona ceases Territory of the Free City of Triest The Soviet to exist o n Ja n uo 1 ,e 19e 9 2& . Rhode of die Ostmark ge SSungen ee ungen ungen ooa er yC C eeRhode & Rhode May 99 945 945 ne Cc .o d Wa rt Zones U.S.A. 9 4 5 Occupation 9 9 ndependen K ngdom C oa a 9 4 ge ungen C e & Rhode May 945 Ge man o ce on e o y o he o me a e ne Occupation Zone Soviet Union 938 T cheche a e München 1 9 5 4 1 9 9 1 ge S e o C e & May 9 945 ndependen K ngdom C oa a P a c 9 4 The ”I r o n C u r t a i n ”, separating the ”Free West” F e n h S a e e S a e ption dZone n g e a c h r aon antte n t i o n i s g i ve n to a c e r t a i n to p i German forces on territory of their (former) allies 9 3 3 93 9 9 4 5 The ”Curtain” separating Yugoslavia after 1948 . f ro m t h e ” S ov j e t B l o c ” . Wor d War ndependen K ngdom C oa a Zones U.S.A. 9 4 Territory of the Free City of Triest U S A Ge man Occupa on Fo ce N A T O T o Pa a n F e n c h S a e e S a e U.K. yonoFCarpatho-Ukraine dZone O 16294 k AaUnion eCa necpa h Sho aSoviet eUk ene ane Czecho mou ovak18Wa a r s aw”I r r t i ”, separating the ”Free West” as Ho ee München 2017 ndd The o n C u a n epa a ng he F ee We ation Autonomous Magyar/Székely Region in Romania Zone U Scheche A09 France 938 Tma aS Moldavia D e m a c a o n n e b e w e e n h e G e m a n a n d a a n a m e d o c e a n d h e p h e e o n u e a a n O c c u p a o n Fo c e ous in Czechoslovakia Hoxha Pa an Ge man eOn d N A Ta The nao Cceounon a nnee b epa Occupation U.K. Dem a ocZone eo ywoea e ng nhe hhe e oGFme e eemWe aan a a nf roa mmtehde ”oS ov c ej e t aBnl do c ”h. e phe e o n uen n cc ee ussian of the& Red P o under ek o acontrol Böhmen MähArmy en 939 satellites

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General Legend 1870 1870 -- 1912 1912 1870 1870 -- 1912 1870 1912 1870 - 1912

Balkan Wars 1912-1913

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the end of the on 22 er central Albania, held geyec ,awa neO g a rni arof n i SdSan tsa, t eRussia. a n d of Berlin. rndary rd egdea nito iuoalm .dictated (Cfr. Colour kby Legend) 22 .the on t by iionndAustrian ndsetStroops tTreaty Stefano . March J1878 8eApril 7 8u l tline u lTerritory yT ( eeap )ttr,tbB as 19 1 in 2at : h1 Albanians. im a1913 t e first O tstill t to oBalkan mMontenegro, aDis natdWar, ethe f eOttoman nGallipoli s e April lbut i n e troops sdisputed in 1913. Çatalca and line isthmus awarded in Montenegro. by area, by tDisputed ro p sr iaanceded da rby a19 mcompensation u lof ga rAlbania i a n to u nRomania iGreek t . July 1914, red in o auCongress n tby ain BIndependent u loga eSaloniki l yPrincipality . a l l Boccupied Gallipoli, Constantinople and isolated areas geyec ,awa neO g aM rCroatia. eRussia. and Silistria, ass13 by central Albania, held the of the on 22 er rndary rd r,tbBas .dictated (Cfr. Colour kby Legend) (pappegedeaanito )u awarded t by iiiosnandAustrian ndi snetStroops tiuodalm nri aor nauCongress inSdtdby sa, it n Montenegro. 19 1 in 2at : h1 Albanians. im aand t e first O tstill t to oBalkan mMontenegro, aDis natdWar, ethe f eOttoman nGallipoli s e April lbut i n e troops sdisputed in 1913. 8eend 7 8u l tline J u lTerritory yT of Berlin. Çatalca the line isthmus by Independent Principality of in its basic boundary (a l l Boccupied ) , rAlbania and itsn iGreek problems ( ) Disputed Saloniki area, by inragM Croatia. t ro o p s a n d by a s m u l ga i a n u t . July 1914, ered r d r g n e B u l ga r i a e a r l y 19 13 . Gallipoli, Constantinople and isolated areas the end of the first Balkan War, on April 22 1913. rndary y awa rd e d to S e r b i a . central Albania, still held by Ottoman troops at ( ) , as dictated by Russia. er 3 4 Borderline (roughly) of the territory reserved for A r e a s awa r d e d to M o n te n g r o, b u t c o n te s te d (Cfr. Colour Dis keethe Legend) Territory awarded to Montenegro, but disputed inhabited de ce tp)by eoand nnAustrian daegKirdzhali nat i n B suttroops l gOatrti(oa m nina)SM tregions aortaue Congress a n d 1 8 7 8 J u l y i n i d s , of Berlin. by Albanians. 19 1 2 : T h e u l t i m a t e O t t o m a n d f e n s e l i n e s in Çatalca line and the line at Gallipoli isthmus 1914, Independent Principality of Albania in July its basic boundary ( ) , and its problems ( ) Disputed Saloniki area, occupied by Greek t ro o p s a n d by a s m a l l B u l ga r i a n u n i t . red Croatia. ? Territory awarded to Montenegro. n t a i n rd Sgoeru r bnr(iuda4n.e nr)gi regions arMuslim ras r d keraks a(ry3 rdawa s)it=sand epgpeKirdzhali iedo)an,to si n,Bulgarians. n g d r y Territory awarded to Montenegro, but disputed the end of the first Balkan War, on April 22 1913. central Albania, still held by Ottoman troops at (Cfr. Colour Dis k Legend) er Borderline (roughly) of the territory reserved for 8leao7s8u yAlbania rlabdthe to s te1 2d: Great Italian to Congress of Berlin. ? J u lby bA c aawa A athe o Powers pn unteat l adntethe igfoerin no, . s1912. Tyrh1eAlbanians. l tlline iby m(Cfr. taeend iO tnt M opline m aDis nGallipoli eb ul ti nceosnisthmus inte 19 dictated by Çatalca and Independent in rsteppe y3 rdawa rd eiedoanto Stroops eru r bnriuda4n.einnr gM itsobasic (a lDodekanesos ) , rAlbania and problems ( ) Saloniki by Austrian Croatia. tDisputed ro p s aclaims nboundary d byPrincipality a sthe marea, l Boccupied u lof ga i a n by uitsn iGreek t . July 1914, og uRussia. nrtdya iinhabited n r i s a p p r i n g r Colour k Legend) the end of the first Balkan War, on April 22 1913. kered a s t r e g s , o i n d er by Albanians. 1 8 7 8 J u l y A r e a s awa r d e d to M o n te n e g r o, b u t c o n te s te d Congress of Berlin. region ) and Kirdzhali ( ) regions inhabited Borderline (roughly) of the territory reserved for Albania Great in to Territory Montenegro, ou cdefinite al tlline A labthe iO athe o Powers paDis unin l adktethe iLegend) nnGallipoli . s1912. aks = Muslim Bulgarians. 12: Tyh1 8leawarded iby m(Cfr. tato ensituation tnt opline m foebut edisputed l i April n e sisthmus in22191913. Çatalca and at 1914, Independent Principality in ? J u lbA itsobasic ) , rAlbania and (re a)s tItalian ro p-Midiia s aclaims nboundary d byLine a sthe m(a lDodekanesos l B u lof ga i a n uitsnDiproblems ti.s pJuly nrtdya iinhabited n Colour More Albania, r3 rdes)itd=sand arto g.o ru nr(ud4ne nr)gM 7 8 y u te d a r e a s awa r d e d to M o n te n e g r o, b u t c o n te s te d Enos kaeaks ard epregion gpSKirdzhali ieeoarnrbsiin,aBulgarians. i regions nr og udCongress of Berlin. by er steppe b y l o c a l A l b a n i a n p o p u l a t i o n . Muslim Borderline (roughly) of the territory reserved for Albania by the Great Powers in 1912. Italian claims to the Dodekanesos 19 1 2d: Trh1e8ea7s8udefinite l tline i m(Cfr. adand teedsituation O ttM o line mo n aDis ntein nGallipoli s eb ul ti April nceosnisthmus inte Çatalca the atdnkeethe ? Albanians. 1914, Independent Principality of in July Colour Legend) its basic boundary ( ) , Albania and itsDproblems (re a)s J u lA yMore nB n a n Wa of Berlin. arMuslim eoanr si n,Bulgarians. to gfoerin o, (ud4ne nr)gM 1go&ru2n Albania, 22s te 1913. i s p u te d a ke-1530 ar3 rds)it=s.and epregion gpKirdzhali i(Map r). i regions nr og udCongress rtdyaa liinhabited er Enos -Midiia Line bÇatalca y l o c aawa lline A rl (roughly) bthe a n i a n p o p u l a t i n . aks k r s Borderline of the territory reserved for 1912-1913 steppe Albania by Great Powers 1912. Italian claims to the Dodekanesos ? and the at Gallipoli 1914, Independent Principality of in July its basic boundary ( ) , Albania and itsDproblems (re a)s 4n scdefinite rl (roughly) to nute b u t April c o nisthmus te d (udSovereign arMuslim pregion eo”Floating anr si n,Bulgarians. e Congress kooofPowers ke-1530 ar33 rds)itof ethe gpKirdzhali i(Map r). nr)gi regions nr og udnB rdya linhabited More situation in Albania, 22s te 1913. bABorderline yrr eelaao(Cfr. aawa l by AColour bd aee nd iGreat aDis nM pline pLegend) l an teethe iggorrin no, . 1912. aks =s.and 1go&ru2n bol i s p u te d a Enos -Midiia Line 1 8 7 8A J u l y of Berlin. the territory reserved for k a n Wa r s Albania the steppe 1912-1913 Italian claims to the Dodekanesos ? 4 s awa r d d to M o n te n o, b u t c o n te s te d (udSovereign its basic boundary ( ) , and itsDproblems (re a)s et-1530 arMuslim pregion eKo”Floating annrisign,Bulgarians. bBorderline ye gl oe acdefinite anl Iby As ll(roughly) bathe a ndsituation isGreat a an npdoofPowers pMuthe l ua tnAlbania, i to in nA.t 1912. aks =s.and according to More in April 22 1913. kntestée” aer rdos)fitof ethe gpKirdzhali i(Map rsu2nrothe neSBulgaro-Serbian nrt).giJregions nrooghundn”,B rdya linhabited 1got& ). ? k a n Wa r s i s p u te d a bol 1 9 1 4 1 9 1 8 Enos -Midiia Line 1912-1913 t h e h f steppe A n o h o s , s e i z e d b y territory reserved for W o r l d W a r l Albania Italian claims to the Dodekanesos bMore y l orcddefinite a ldAto l b aMnsituation i anntepnoe pg u l a tbAlbania, i o tn .c o n teApril aks =If Bulgarians. Areas A awa roo, in nd inhabited a l k a n Wa r s ? 1912-1913 D i s p u te d a re a s kntestée” ae rosKirdzhali rs) 2roregions nScould nt on r yreached, Line according to the Bulgaro-Serbian ).ufSovereign no be -1530 . trMuslim bol of ”Floating 1 9 1 4 - 1 9Enos 1 8 -Midiia steppe region tent. ftKnights hethe eg i(Map Koagreement nnhad is(g, h41ono t& .iJnoghland. nd”,B e g e a neor Iby s Italy, l athe n dosGreat a n dtoPowers Mbe uleft nu t in Atot 1912. hthe o s , sdisposition ste e ido z22 erdl1913. b yW a r l Greece but the base Albania W d Italian claims to the Dodekanesos a linthis k a n Wa r s 1912-1913 ntestée” according to Bulgaro-Serbian More & ).fSovereign (Map b y l o cA a el the aor nIisaItaly, pdosituation tThe iM obe noin .uParis Muslim -1530 . t hthe D i s p u te d a re a s gAel abdefinite nGreat l na nPowers. spbut aunl adto nAlbania, t AtotPeace hthe o s ,April sTreaties eio z22 erdl1913. If no be reached, bol of ”Floating 1 9 1 4 - 1 9Enos 1 8 -Midiia Line ar draw somewhere steppe region tent. e would o fKnights eBulgarians. Kagreement nhad i gah1 no tline s 2othe Scould t on . J o hland. n ”,B W db yW a r l Greece left disposition the base of a linthis k a n Wa rs Aegean Islands and Athos, 1912-1913 A ntestée” according to Bulgaro-Serbian More e the g e adefinite nGreat I s Italy, l a nPowers. dsituation s but a nMount dtoThe Mbe oinuParis nAlbania, t AtotPeace hnot o syet ,April sTreaties eawarded io z22 erdl1913. b yW a r l If no be reached, & ).,fSovereign (Map i s p u te d a re a s u on uagreement snhad -1530 .ot hm bol of the ”Floating Enos Line advance reached in D Romanian Transylvania. Greece or left the disposition zone. 1 9 1 4 - 1 919 1 81 6 . -Midiia tent. ertwould fKnights eeodraw K irsgeahgi1 nno tiline soA2nothe Scould t on .iJao hland. n ”,B ar somewhere the base W d B a l k a n Wa r s of 1912-1913 (1 9 2 3 ) 1919 and finally the Treaty of Lausanne ntestée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian G e e k d s i g n l b a n Aegean Islands and Mount Athos, not yet awarded A gthe e a nGreat l a Powers, nPowers. d s but a n dtoThe Mbe o uParis n t AtotPeace hGreece o s , disposition sTreaties enor io z erto dl dItaly. b yW a r l neither bye the Great If no be & -1530 .oet hm Greece orI s Italy, left the bol of the u ot n uagreement synhad ar somewhere inthis zone. 1 9 1 4 - 1 919 1 81 6 . Romanian advance reached in Transylvania. eftwould fKnights K irM geahgo1 no tiline son2nothe Scould thon . Jooshland. n ”, reached, otent. h Heodraw o(Map l”Floating uto t).,fSovereign A tBulgaro-Serbian W of the base ntestée” according (1 9 2 3 ) of 1919 and finally the Treaty of Lausanne ent. If no agreement could be reached, A e g e a n I s l a n d s a n d M o u n t A t h o s , s e i z e d b y Aegean Islands and Mount Athos, not yet awarded B a l k a n Wa r s G r e e k d e s i g n s i n A l b a n i a definitely settle the sovereignty over these regions. 1912-1913 Ru s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n Greece or Italy, but to be left toPeace the disposition neither Greece nor Italy. by the the Great Great Powers, ar somewhere bol ofoaoet schm the upagreement s eeirM eag btiline Romanian advance reached in Transylvania. 1 9 1 4 - 1 919 1 81 6 . tH inothe cbase aA ftBulgaro-Serbian thB eon eM fKnights soylnA .iJoraosl1hland. na1 ”,2n)reached, of The ot(ent. fritwould h l”Floating uto the W oz erto ntestée” according Italian claims the Dodekanesos blockade A gthe e a nGreat I ssettle lfinally a Powers, nPowers. din s but a nsovereignty dto Mbe o uParis noft Lausanne Aover hnot oand syet , disposition sTreaties eawarded i regions. dl db(1y9W2a3 r) l ru eotsen ceeioudraw ttl,fhbSovereign eaScould k9be E inthis n t e n t ezone. of and Treaty no G kIfaoet shdm sccooK gRRsyynnihad neirM sggppdeahhuugioobnno Greece or Italy, left totPeace the Aegean Islands and Mount Athos, ar draw somewhere inthis definitely the these Ru s s i a n o cadvance c u p a t i oreached n neither Greece nor byef 1919 zone. of the Great Powers. uiipagreement ,fhbgaA 1 9 1 4 - 1 919 Romanian in Transylvania. eM fKnights .iaJoraused) onsl1hland. na1B”,2nu)reached, btiline inocbase fbe o”t(eent. f,ritwould h lto u totn W onrotolsdiItaly. m the no (1s .9W2a3 r) l of and finally Treaty Lausanne oAegean Dstelua,ra zozo by IM tthe yunto Boundary in Albania. Italian in Dodekanesos blockade C r e1919 hclaims we ve r,and iasolsovereignty oThe wbe f rtParis ehof eo sto onot piand tthese fdisposition oTreaties rawarded Eregions. 11981165. itH M esooylnnA ettlto reaScould Greece or Italy, but left to the G kIfrmagnification s,K gsihad neothe sdenagitbnno nhBeon ru eeooStsesen oobcdm ceeaiooudraw kd9be El ginthis natreina t) ezone. according Bulgaro-Serbian ar would line somewhere Islands Mount Athos, yet definitely settle the over A e g e a n I n d s a n d n t A , s e z e d b y Ru s s i a n oof cadvance cSerbian u p a t i oreached noccupation neither to Greece nor to Italy. of the Great Powers. The Paris Peace Treaties by the Great Powers, u t n u r i n , Romanian in Transylvania. 19 1 6 . (erm M nKnights a s t i c R e p u b l i c a f t e r 1 9 1 2 ) (1 9 2 3 ) oil fno e H o l y M o u n A t h o s the had no base on land. of 1919 and finally Treaty of Lausanne magnification to be used) G r,i22 k d e s i g n s i n A l b a n i eSotseeh o c c u p i e d b y t h e B a l k a n E n t e n t e Italian claims in the Dodekanesos and blockade ar would draw a line somewhere inthis o f D u ra z zo by I t a l y Boundary of Serbian occupation in Albania. C r e te , h o we ve r, i s n o w f r e e to o p t f o r E n o s i s . 1915 r b i a , M o n t e n e g r o a n d B u l g a r i a ) 1913 . definitely settle the sovereignty over these regions. of the Great Powers. The Paris Peace Treaties agreement could be reached, zone. Aegean Islands and Mount Athos, not yet awarded neither to Greece nor to Italy. by the Great Powers, Greece or Italy, but to be left to the disposition F r o n t l i n e s Ru s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n u t o n o m o u s r e g i o n , Romanian advance reached in Transylvania. (1s .9 2 3 ) o(erm f,ri eSotseeh lM totnhcases 19 of and finally the Treaty Lausanne M n1913 uiotb i cetlto Silistria, as to Romania G krmagnification gRyineeoM spdnstatus nbueylnnA oaebscditH cevassal hbgaA Beiaoraused) dicating in C rf e1919 hpromises we vein r,and ito o wneither f by rAthos, eof ethe to oEntente pand tthese f o blockade rawarded Eregions. n otothe s by iItaly. aiausco, ipline reafbe nsl1kinthis d9a1B2nu) El gnatreina t) ezone. definitely settle the over Italian claims Dodekanesos oAegean Dteu,ra zoceded zo by I tthe ascompensation lsovereignty ynParis Boundary of Serbian occupation in Albania. The territorial Italy in 1 9 1165. 22 . il Islands Mount not yet ld draw somewhere Ru s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n (1 9 2 3 ) to Greece nor by the Great Powers, of 1919 and finally the Treaty of Lausanne F r o n t l i n e s u t o n m o u s r e g i o n , of the Great Powers. The Peace Treaties G r e k d e s i g n s i n A l b a n i Romanian advance reached in Transylvania. ( M a s t i c R e p u b l i c a f t e r 1 9 1 2 ) 19 1 6 . r i e s o c c u p i e d b y t h e B a l k a n E n t e n t e oileli, t eh1913 eb iHvassal y oMnstatus ot ue n and tohisolated BoItalian urf elD ga ihpromises aclaims ezo a r by l y in .ynItaly Constantinople C teu,rra we ve r,19 i13 o w f by r e ethe toover oto pand tthese f o blockade r Eregions. n othe s by is. Silistria, as Romania Sr. rmagnification eto gA rbe aoused) ns d B u areas l g a r i ain ) m definitely settle the Dodekanesos dicating in cases df,e22 zoceded I tthe ascompensation lsovereignty Boundary in Albania. .auo, plM 1915 The territorial to in neither tooEntente Greece nor soitaflniBnoueof ccschSerbian uapraetsito, noccupation by FRu rm oaebnscitsH cvassal hgaA Beaoraused) El gnzone. t)ate definitely settle the C elthe tefinally hpromises we ve r,19 i13 oofwItaly f by r e ethe toover pand tthese f o blockade r(1 Eregions. s3by iItaly. oil f,ie22 tsseh (eli, M ngrmagnification RyiAeeoM pdn uotabbu cand ftoth Silistria, as compensation to Romania artoys n M ay 1 9 1 8 in Albania. ai icostill ,nlM eylni by reOttoman nsl1kd9a1B2nu)troops atreinain 9n 2otothe )s . Treaty ,Treaty to into an ally: BoItalian urf London ga iGreat aclaims ezo a1915 r Powers, l y in .ynItaly of territorial 1919of and the Lausanne Constantinople isolated eeeSor. bstatus aettto dicating cases D u,rra zoceded by I tthe asturn lsovereignty Dodekanesos of Serbian occupation 1 9 1 5 Tr eBoundary dAlbania, The to Entente in rm i22 sseni1913 oabscfirst c..aiuas pM i eeopldheld bbensylniiWar, hgain etfbe Beearaused) l1April kd9a1B2nu) Eareas na1913. treinain t) e Ru s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n Disputed Saloniki area, occupied by Greek F r o n t l i n e s C r e te , h o we ve r, i s n o w f r e e to o p t f o r E n o s i s . Silistria, ceded as compensation to Romania by e , S r i , n t e r o n l g B u l ga r i a e a r l y 19 13 . ( M o t c R u c t li, Constantinople and isolated areas Tr e a t y o f B u c h a r e s t , M ay 1 9 1 8 1913 il Hungary, wella t o h of the Balkan on 22 Treaty of London e magnification to be 1915 , to Italy into an ally: still by troops Italian claims in Dodekanesos and blockade dicating inOttoman cases zo by I tsthe am l.yn definitely settle over Boundary Serbian occupation in Albania. 1Bulgaro 915 dAlbania, r. The Italy C elof te we ve ito sturn rlKüstenl egaethe to pby tnRomania fGreek n othe s by is. in t h e ,ec22 rmagnification i(dvassal ,bM ot held nstatus n l22 r i ain )at Fa- rtGerman oy notfl iBnueof Silistria, as compensation to Booro urff London ga ihpromises ethe rby lsovereignty y ar,19 tDisputed oD pu s,rra aazznoceded da1915 lo+l wBItaly uf by rthese i a noEntente uregions. ially: to. r Ein 1. territorial Saloniki area, occupied Constantinople and areas part Istria and, cof usthe ywella h et e Bntby ae)oto lgkrtOttoman aohisolated neaused) E dn tBe untroops tgea1913. .abefore 1 8 in Albania. Tr eBoundary c-shAustrian a r e s t , occupation Mjoint ay 1 9control m saep1913 be Treaty of to into an htileli, reSr. )eibefirst dicating vassal status cases Hungary, as on D uDalmatia, by I t13 aturn l.yaItaly Serbian 1Bulgaro The territorial to by the Entente dAlbania, e22 19 1 in 2at : ieim t!M O tstill teoBalkan meheld a1rn5os2d6aWar, en.fin eOttoman nBisolated suelApril l ianr ei atroops sareas in 1913. Silistria, as compensation to Romania Bro uLondon lof ga rra ipromises anr,ceded ezo a1915 rby l yn,,ao19 13 -shAustrian joint control in t h e Disputed Saloniki area, occupied by Greek a.in l l the i by n full Constantinople and t 9h 1e5 D oebFa-rrtGerman uoydnoj tafl iBnueof 1913 . t o p s a d s m a l l B u l ga r i a n u n i t . 1.C r e te Albania, still held by at , h o we ve i s w f r e e to o p t f o r E n o s i s part Dalmatia, Istria + a , o n t n g d g ) Küstenl and, of the first Balkan War, on April 22 1 9 1 8 Tr c a r e s t , M ay Treaty of to turn Italy into an ally: Hungary, as wella s t o t h e dicating vassal status in cases htilbli, e r s ! ) ( before 1 5 2 6 ) . dAlbania, e r. Silistria, ass13 compensation to The territorial to 2. BIndependent uDodecanesos, lof eSaloniki rby l yPrincipality . aItaly area, occupied by Greek the 19 1 in 2at : im asand teedfirst Ojthe tstill tsotBalkan m a na at ddWar, ethe f enOttoman nGallipoli saesApril lliyn e troops sareas in 1913. li, Constantinople and isolated line line isthmus 1914, of in Bulgaro joint control in t h e tDisputed ro oga p Dalmatia, sr ipromises aanceded da1915 a19 mturn l+l BItaly uby lKüstenl gathe rAlbania i a nEntente u nRomania ially: t . July ain l l the i by n full the D oebFa-rrtGerman uoydnoj tafl iBnuec-shAustrian held by 1. of the on 22 part Istria 1 9 1 8 Tr a r e s t , M ay re u u to d a e i and, Treaty of London , to into an 13 . sovereignty dicating vassal status in cases Hungary, as wella s t o t h e htli, e r s ! ) ( before 1 5 2 6 ) . B u l ga r i a e a r l y 19 13 . d e r. and isolated The territorial Saloniki area, occupied by Greek Hungaro-Romanian bringing mountain19 1 in 2at : i mConstantinople aand t e first Othe tstill t oBalkan mheld a natdWar, ethe f eOttoman nGallipoli s e April l i n e troops sareas in 1913. 2. tDisputed ro oceded p Dalmatia, s promises a nboundary d1915 by aIstria sto mturn l+l BItaly uby lKüstenl ga rAlbania i a nEntente uitsn ially: t . by the line line isthmus Albania, by 1914, Independent Principality of in July itsDodecanesos, basic (aItaly )to,the and problems Bulgaro Austrian joint control in t h e Silistria, as compensation Romania ain l l the i n (f u l)l of the on 22 the D oeba-rtGerman uyd oj af B u c- hboundary, 1. part of 1 9 1 8 Tr a r e s t , M ay and, re u s e d j u s t to a d d a n e a s i l y Hungary, as wella s t o t h e Treaty of London , to into an ehtine ,line sovereignty when discernable plain hues e r s ! ) ( before 1 5 2 6 ) . 3. (roughly) of the territory reserved for part of Albania, including Valona Bay. d e r. Disputed Saloniki area, occupied by Greek 19 1 2 : i m a t e O t t o m a n d e f e n s e l i n e s in Albania, still held by Ottoman troops ro oebasic paDalmatia, sr layn19 d 13 by. Principality aIstria s m(a l+l B u lKüstenl ga rAlbania i a n and, uitsn iproblems t . July Hungaro-Romanian and line at the Gallipoli isthmus Independent of in 2.B u l ga e soebua-rntGerman oalr oe fs tAu sjoint tbringing r i a1 9- control H u n mountaing a r y. Bulgaro Austrian in t h e rtDisputed iits aDodecanesos, the of April 22 1913.at nstantinople and boundary ) ,into and a l l 1914, i n (f u l)l tpha es s D udydeojraf cBo un c-t rhboundary, 1. part of 1 8 Tr , M ay re swhen jthe ut discernable to ds2isolated eon aesareas illhues Saloniki area, occupied by Greek Treaty of London 1915 ,to to turn Italy an ally: as wella te)the oterritory h es1912. (Great before 5at .af entin sovereignty ehtine 19 1for 2: i,eby mrusthe a(roughly) t!e)edfirst O tsotBalkan m a1nathe d6dWar, nGallipoli iyreserved n e sin in 1913. plain 3. of t ro o p s a n d by a s m a l l B u l ga r i a n u n i t . part of Albania, including Valona Bay. aHungary, the Powers Italian claims the Dodekanesos of the first Balkan War, on April 22 line and the line isthmus 1914, Independent Principality of Albania in July Hungaro-Romanian 2. itsDodecanesos, basic boundary (a l+l B u lKüstenl ) , rand itsn iproblems e so bu-rnGerman o l o f Au sjoint tbringing r i a - control H u n mountaing a r y. Bulgaro Austrian in t h e the a l l i n (f u l)l tpha es s D uddejra c o n -t rboundary, ia, by Ottoman at 1. of Dalmatia, Istria and, re swhen jthe ut discernable to ds2d6dte)the ees1912. aetroops s illhues 2: i,eby mrusstill a(roughly) t!e)ed O tsotwella m a1nathe nGallipoli iyreserved n e sisthmus in 19 1for as oterritory h t ro o p s a n d by a s m ga i a n u t . (held before 5at .af entin ehtine sovereignty of 5 part plain line and line 1914, Independent Principality of Albania in July 3. part of Albania, including Valona Bay. Disputed Saloniki area, occupied by Greek aHungary, the Great Powers Italian claims to the Dodekanesos 2. its basic boundary ( ) , and its problems ( ) Hungaro-Romanian boundary, bringing mountainthe Dodecanesos, e so bu-rnGerman o l o f Au sjoint t r i a - control H u n g a r y. Bulgaro in t h e au lte l d1914, i na freu al ls tpha es s D uddejra c o n -t rAustrian War, 1. 1for 2: m t!e)Balkan edsituation O tsot line m a1nathe d6de)the enin nGallipoli iy1913. n e sisthmus in22191913. part of Dalmatia, Istria +Dodekanesos Küstenl and, swhen jthe ut discernable to d2on es1912. aes22illhues Albania, April sovereignty ire oi,first nrusa(roughly) ine ofPowers territory reserved D i s p Enos -Midiia Line eby (Great before 5in .afApril line and at Independent Principality of Albania in July 5p plain aehtefinite the Italian claims to the 3. its basic boundary ( ) , and its problems ( ) part of Albania, including Valona Bay. Hungaro-Romanian boundary, bringing mountaint ro o s a n d by a s m a l l B u l ga r i a n u n i t . by Austria 2. theIndependent Dodecanesos, e9so3 bu2 rnuddejra c o n t r o l o f Au s t r i a - H u n g a r y. aur lte lm i nba(fre ueal”)ls tph6a es/ s1D line and at Principality of Albania in ine territory reserved for stwhen jathe undiscernable s tdline to dsdethe alnin ee1912. assin i lhues yApril situation Albania, sovereignty ire o,by nut(roughly) Dproblems iSs pcJuly d1914, 19 1 2isthmus : 22 1913. O oe dm eofPowers f eathe nin iplain nGallipoli aeefinite the Great Enos -Midiia Line T h e ” B i g a l Italian claims to the Dodekanesos 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 2Hungaro-Romanian its basic boundary ( ) , and its 3. 5 the part of Albania, including Valona Bay. boundary, bringing mountain2. p a s s e s u n d e r c o n t r o l o f Au s t r i a H u n g a r y. by Austria Dodecanesos, in these examples. ine of territory reserved for situation in 22 1913. itsofbasic boundary ( ofDodekanesos u(roughly) swhen e dline j udiscernable sat t to athe dGallipoli d Albania, a nin e 1912. a sisthmus i lhues yApril n. and the Great Powers iS1914, s pcsovereignty ur te d ba(re Italian claims to the Enos -Midiia Line eefinite ire o,by nthe plain T) ,hand eBay. i gDproblems am l ea”)s the 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 2Hungaro-Romanian Principality Albania in” Bits July 3.Independent 5 part Albania, including Valona by Austria ine (roughly) of the territory reserved for p 6a s/ s1e9s3 u2 n d e r c o n t rboundary, o l o f Au s tbringing r i a - H u n mountaing a r y. in these examples. situation in Albania, April 22 1913. iSs pc(ur te aeefinite Great Powers in 1912.hues Enos -Midiia claimsLine to the )Dodekanesos in. o,by n the 1 93.1its 4 -51basic 9Italian 1 8 of when discernable plain h eBay. ” B i gD am baa re l eaa”ss 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 2p 6a s/ s1e9s3 u2 n d e r c o n t r o l o f Au s t r i a - H u n g a r y. part Albania, W o r l d W a r l boundary (including , Valona andTits problems )d by Austria aoughly) by the Great Powers in 1912. efinite situation in Albania, April 22 1913. Italian claims to the Dodekanesos D i s p u te d re Enos -Midiia Line in these examples. Areas disputed between Austria and Yugoslavia ofi athe territory reserved for ? ”Independent” Republic of Bessarabia Moldavia n n c o a s t o f G r e e c e , “Independent” Republic of Bessarabia Moldavia ? n. iefinite ot hn e I osituation 5 1 9 1 4 1 9 1 8 T h e ” B i g S c r a m b l e ” 1 9 1 8 1 9 2 6 / 1 9 3 2 W o r l1913. d Wa r l by Austria iSs pc ur te d ba re Enos Line in examples. between Austria and Yugoslavia Powers Republic of Bessarabia to the Dodekanesos ealways I osituation nby i athese nbeen c o ain sin t 1912. oAlbania, f Gbeing r e e c eApril , W o22 ien. ot hnGreat 1 9 Italian 1 4 -51 9”Independent” 1 claims 8 -Midiia T h e ” B i gD am l eaa”ss 1 9 1 8?? - 1 9 2Areas 6 / 1 9 3disputed 2 had vague, d Wa r l efinite in Albania, April 22r l1913. D iMoldavia s p u te d a re Enos -Midiia Line Austria ini athese examples. Islands and Mount Athos, not yet awarded Areas disputed between Yugoslavia ”Independent” Republic ofBessarabia Ukraine n. ? A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e e nAustria I t a l y aand n d Yu g o s l av i a 1 9 1 4 1 9 1 8 ”Independent” Republic of Moldavia I o n n c o a s t o f G r e e c e , iice. ot hn ealways ? W o r l d W a r l Romanian advance reached in Transylvania. T h e ” B i g S c r a m b l e ” 19 1 6 . 1 9 1 8 1 9 2 6 / 1 9 3 2 had been vague, being In these years theyApril gain by Austria situation in Albania, 22 1913. D i”of sB pinuiUkraine te d carrea ams b l e ” ini athese examples. Line 1 9 Enos 1 4 - 1 9-Midiia 1 81 6“Independent” Islands and Mount Athos, not yet awarded Areas disputed between Austria and Yugoslavia ”Independent” Republic ofBessarabia Ukraine neither to Greece nor tol dItaly. Great Powers, W o r W a r l Republic ? n. ”Independent” Republic of Moldavia A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e e n I t a l y a n d Yu g o s l av i a t h e I o n n c o a s t o f G r e e c e , ? T h e g S 1 9 1 8 1 9 2 6 / 1 9 3 2 Romanian advance reached Transylvania. 19 . had always been vague, being Area in southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by the In these years they gain oice. the presence of island-loving 1 9 1 4 - 1 9”Independent” 1 8 ini athese examples. Islands and Mount Athos, not yet awarded Areas disputed between Austria and Yugoslavia W o r l d W a r l ”Independent” Republic of Bessarabia Moldavia Ru s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n Republic of Ukraine t h e I o n n c o a s t o f G r e e c e , neither to Greece nor to Italy. n. Great Powers, ? ? A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e e n I t a l y a n d Yu g o s l av i a Areas disputed between Poland and Czechoslovakia Romanian advance reached in Transylvania. 19 always been vague, being 1 9 1 4 - 1 9”Independent” 1Area 811 66 .. in of claims in the Dodekanesos and blockade Treaty Sèvres. ice. In these years they gain southern Anatolia assigned to Transylvania. Italy by the Islands and Mount Athos, not yet awarded W o r l d W a r l ohad the presence of island-loving Areas disputed between Austria and Yugoslavia neither to Greece nor to Italy. Great Powers, Romanian advance reached in Republic of Ukraine ”Independent” Republic of Bessarabia Moldavia unrest on the Greek mainland. Ru s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n 19 t h e I o n i a n c o a s t o f G r e e c e , ? ? A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e e n I t a l y a n d Yu g o s l av i a Areas disputed between Poland and Czechoslovakia had always been vague, being Islands and Mount Athos, not yet awarded a z zo by I t a l y Boundary of Serbian occupation in Albania. claims in the Dodekanesos and blockade Treaty of Sèvres. ice. In these years they gain Area in southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by the 1 9 1 5 ohad presence of Greece norWtoa Italy. Great Powers, Romanian reached Transylvania. Areas disputed Yugoslavia 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 8 ”Independent” 19 1 6Area . Ru s s isouthern aRepublic nRepublic o cadvance c u p aof tAnatolia ito oBessarabia nUkraine of ”Independent” Moldavia r, l blockade dawarded r l A r of eeaassSèvres. ddiissppuuttebetween bbeettwwePoland llya naand n tthe hted ealways I obin nand i the aween nbeen cyears oGreek atneither shisland-loving teAthos, othey Gto rgain eW eand coeyet in assigned to Italy by the ?Treaty unrest on the eddbetween eeenAustria n I Pt aoand d d aYu n dg oRsul av ssia Western Thrace awarded Greecein by ”Sèvres”. Areas disputed Czechoslovakia pice. uzo et Ofmainland. tto mans ? vague, being Islands Mount not claims Dodekanesos In these Treaty of Sèvres. a z by I t a l y neither to Greece nor to Italy. Great Powers, Boundary of Serbian occupation in Albania. Area in southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by the 1 9 1 5 Romanian advance reached in Transylvania. Ru s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n 19 1 6 . ohad the presence oftvague, ”Independent” of Ukraine Fsouthern r o n t l iRepublic nawarded eof s Serbian A r eeaassdisputed ddiissppuuttebetween llya naCzechoslovakia n unrest on the Greek mainland. ?? Areas Islands and Mount not yetblockade awarded edd bbeettwwePoland eeenn I Pt aoand d d aYu n dg oRsul av ssia Western Thrace to Greecein by ”Sèvres”. pice. uzo ted bin et hisland-loving eAthos, Othe tto mans always being claims Dodekanesos and zBritain by I(Heptanesos tthe aween lbeen yItaly Romanian advance reached Transylvania. Boundary occupation in Albania. Republic). neither to Greece nor tothe Italy. Great Powers, 19 1 6 . In these years they gain Area in Anatolia assigned to Italy by the 1 9 1 5 Ru s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n Treaty of Sèvres. to by Entente in oapromises the presence of island-loving Areas disputed between Albania and Yugoslavia ”Independent” of Ukraine Thracian to Greece ”Sèvres”. ?? Areas A r eeaassdisputed ddiissppuuttebetween llya naCzechoslovakia n FRu r areas os n talniRepublic nawarded eof scSerbian unrest on the Greek mainland. edd bbeettwwePoland eeenn I Pt aoand d d aYu n dg oRsul av ssia Western Thrace awarded to Greecetoby byItaly ”Sèvres”. claims Dodekanesos and blockade psice. uand ted bin et tneither hisland-loving enot Othe tto mans togain Greece nor tothe Italy. Great Powers, zBritain zo by I(Heptanesos tthe aween l yItaly Boundary occupation in Albania. 1Area 9Romanian 1 5 in of Mount Athos, yet awarded s i o c u p a t i o n Treaty Sèvres. In these years they Republic). southern Anatolia assigned by the to by Entente in oaapromises the presence of advance reached in Transylvania. 19 1 6 . i . a . ” T h e M i r d i t e R e p u b l i c ” Areas disputed between Albania and Yugoslavia FRu rtareas oys n lniBnawarded eof unrest the Greek mainland. Greece ”Sèvres”. Greece by “Sèvres”. ?? Areas claims Dodekanesos and blockade A r e a sdisputed d i s p u t between e d b e t wPoland e e n P oand l a nCzechoslovakia d and Russia Western Thrace awarded Greece by ”Sèvres”. zBritain by I(Heptanesos tthe aween l yItaly Boundary in Albania. soitafThrace ouAnatolia ccschSerbian uaprawarded aetsito o, noccupation powers, uzo ted bin et t hto e Greece Othe tto mans 1Thracian 9 1 5Western 9to 1by 8by Tr eof adistrict tto M ay 1to on 1915 , on to turn Italy into an ally: Republic). Treaty Sèvres. Smyrna awarded to Greece ”Sèvres”, Area in southern assigned Italy by the to by Entente in the neither nor to Italy. oapromises the presence of island-loving F r o n t l i n e s claims in the Dodekanesos and blockade Areas disputed between Albania and Yugoslavia i . a . ” T h e M i r d i t e R e p u b l i c ” Thracian areas awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. the Greek mainland. ?? Areas A r e a sdisputed d i villages s p u t between e d near b e t wKorcha, e e n P oand l a nCzechoslovakia d a nby d Greece. Russia Western Thrace awarded Greece ”Sèvres”. zBritain byb,on I(Heptanesos t aween l yItaly Poland Boundary occupation in Albania. 1Smyrna 9Ru 1 5 sTr punrest uzo ted et t hby e Othe tto mans Albanian disputed 8”sovereignty”. u anr e s tto ,Ottoman M ay 1 9 1 by on 1915 to turn Italy into an ally: in the Entente Treaty Sèvres. Republic). s ieaof oncoremain ctfluiBpnawarded aeof tc-sihAustrian oSerbian but under district awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. ”Sèvres”, Fa-n rtGerman oyto apromises zin byb,Dodekanesos I tto aween l yItaly occupation in Albania. joint in t h e 1Bulgaro 9 1 5 going Areas hdei villages tnear eb eRtewKorcha, peuebAlbania on the mainland. Thracian areas Greece A. ar e. a” sTdisputed sM p ui rtde idbetween nl iPco”disputed l a nand d a Yugoslavia nby d Greece. Russia ?? iAlbanian Western Thrace awarded Greece by ”Sèvres”. the blockade lmatia, Istria +Greek punrest uzo ted et t hby eKüstenl Oand tto mans 1by 8”sovereignty”. Tr eBoundary ueof cshSerbian a r e sto tto ,Ottoman M ay 1 9control and, on 1915 to turn Italy into an ally: in the promises to the Entente Britain (Heptanesos Republic). Fa-district rtGerman oyto nojremain tafl areas iBnawarded Smyrna awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”, but going under Areas disputed between Albania and Yugoslavia Thracian areas to Greece by ”Sèvres”. i . a . ” T h e M i r d i t e R e p u b l i c ” Bulgaro Austrian joint control in t h e a l l i n f u l l t h e D o b r u d Thracian awarded to Greece by “Sèvres”. A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e e n P o l a n d a n d R u sMap s i a 31) 1 9 1 8 Tr e a t y o f B u c h a r e s t , M ay ? Western Thrace awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” on to turn into an ally: in the t1915 a l yb, Istria pylmatia, uIted et ween t hby eKüstenl Othe tto mans Boundary occupation in Albania. promises to Italy Entente (cfr. comment neutralvillages zones near In Hungary ? Albanian + Italy Korcha, disputed by Greece. 1 9 1 5 Smyrna and, F-district rGerman otoof n remain t Serbian l i nawarded e-s Austrian Britain (Heptanesos Republic). to Greece by ”Sèvres”. ”Sèvres”, but going under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. Bulgaro joint control in t h e Areas disputed between Albania and Yugoslavia i . a . ” T h e M i r d i t e R e p u b l i c ” canesos, Thracian areas awarded to Greece by 1 9 1 8 Tr e a t y o f B u c h a r e s t , M ay promises toturn Italy by the Entente in the on 1915 , Istria to Italy into an ally: a l l i n f u l l t h e D o b r u d j a lmatia, + Küstenl and, Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” (cfr. comment Map 31) Albanian Korcha, disputed by Greece. neutralvillages zones near In Hungary sovereignty Britain (Heptanesos Republic). Smyrna district awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”, F r o n t l i n e s but going to remain under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. Bulgaro German Austrian joint control in t h e Hungaro-Romanian boundary, bringing mountain8 ”Sèvres”. Troebartuareas yd oj af ”Zone Bawarded u c h aof r e sthe t, M ay 1 9 1by and Yugoslavia llmatia, t i m1915 d e turn f eby n+sthe eItaly l iKüstenl nEntente e into of Auand, sin t rally: i the a all in full on , Istria to an iAreas . a .neutral ” Tdisputed h e villages Mzones i r d ibetween tnear e RHungary eKorcha, p u bAlbania l i c ”disputed Thracian to Greece tDemilitarized he D canesos, Albanian by Greece. Straits” (cfr. comment Map 31) In ses toa te Italy Bulgaro Austrian in by t h e“Sèvres”, but going but going Smyrna Greece by ”Sèvres”, bania, including Valona 9- control 1 8”sovereignty”. Tr f cBoawarded un c-t rhboundary, alrawarded e s tto ,Ottoman M ay on , Istria to an Hungaro-Romanian all in full canesos, tpDemilitarized ha es sSmyrna D rntGerman udyto deojrremain adistrict e soebua-district ounder Au sjoint tbringing r i a1to H u n mountaing a r y. iAlbanian . ato .neutral ” remain T h e villages Mzones i r dunder i tnear e RHungary eKorcha, pOttoman u b l i c ”disputed llmatia, t i m1915 a te d e turn f e n+s eItaly l iKüstenl n e into ofBay. Auand, s t rally: i a sovereignty Greece “sovereignty”. ”Zone ofo fthe Straits” by Greece. (cfr. comment Map 31) In sovereignty Bulgaro German Austrian joint control in t h e Smyrna district awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”, but going to remain under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. a l l i n f u l l bania, including Valona Bay. Hungaro-Romanian boundary, bringing mountaint h e D o b r u d j a canesos, lmatia, Istria + Küstenl and, 1 9 3 3 193 9 1 9 4 5 World War ll m’saturn te d eItaly f e n stinto es lste i nan epofbys Aut setpr i a sovereignty pDemilitarized duecrhca”Zone or ne -st rtAustrian o, lof fthe Au s1joint H u n g a r y. b5lut, irg c on ques 1 9Straits” 8t r i a - control TrBulgaro eaastsye so uf-nBGerman Moay to ally: (cfr. comment Map 31) Albanian Korcha, disputed by Greece. neutralvillages zones near In Hungary in t h e lmatia, Istria + bania, including Valona Bay. canesos, Hungaro-Romanian boundary, bringing mountaina l l i n f u l l Küstenl and, t h e D o b r u d j a but going to remain under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. p a s s e s u n d e r c o n t r o l o f Au s t r i a H u n g a r y. 1 9 3 3 193 9 1 9 4 5 World War ll l t i m a te d e f e n s e l i n e of Au s t r i a bcanesos, u rg ’s including c on ques t sValona ste p bys t e p sovereignty ”Zone ofjoint the Straits” (cfr. comment Map 31) neutral zones In Hungary all in full tpDemilitarized ha-es German D o bu rnudde-jraAustrian Hungaro-Romanian boundary, bringing mountainbania, Bay. Bulgaro control in t h e s e s c o n t r o l o f Au s t r i a H u n g a r y. Istria + lcanesos, t i m a te d e f e n s e l i n e of Au s t r i a Küstenl and, 1 9 3 3 193 9 1 9 4 5 World War ll sovereignty ba, u rg ’s c on ques t s ste p bys t e p man recovery of die Demilitarized Straits” (cfr. comment Map 31) neutral zones In Hungary bania, including Valona Bay. ” Bt seaitglprli aSi ncsovereignty rf ua lml b l e ” 1 9 1 t8h -e1 9D2Hungaro-Romanian 6abs/r sDemilitarized poBoundary c”Zone o Ostmark n t rboundary, o“Zone lofo fthe Auof s tbringing rthe i a - HStraits” u n mountaing a r y. War ll u1e9ds3j au2 n d e rdie lut irg mrecovery d eques f e n stesValona lste i nTephofebys Au 1 9 3 3 - 193 9German - 1 9 4 5 forces on territory of their (former) allies bos, ’sa te c on man bania, including Bay. pBoundary e rCarpatho-Ukraine c o Ostmark n t rboundary, o l o f Au s tbringing r i aCzechoslovakia - H u World n mountaing a r y. War ll ebys ”of Btsovereignty gpr i aS c r a m b l e ” 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 2Hungaro-Romanian 6a s/ s1e9s3 u2 n dof Autonomous in German forces on territory of their (former) allies 1 9 3 3 193 9 1 9 4 5 World lly mrecovery te d eques f e n stesValona lste esphof Au seitthe including Bay. ’s vi naT s a l bbania, ut irg ’saprincipality, c on man Boundary of die Ostmark c o n t r o l obringing f Au s t r i amountain- H u n g a r y. boundary, T h ea l ”of B i gp S c r a m b l e ” 1 9 1 Hungaro-Romanian 8 - 1 9 2pAutonomous 6a s/ s1e9s3 u2 n d e rCarpatho-Ukraine forces on territory in Austria Czechoslovakia Forces of their (former) 1 9 3 3 - 193 German 9 - 1 9 4 5Occupation T i t o ’s Paallies rtisans World ll mans bndent” u rg ’sprincipality, cRepublic onValona ques t of s Bay. ste ly ’s recovery vBessarabia aTsphs ebys disputed between andWar Yugoslavia man Boundary die Ostmark between Austria and Yugoslavia including ” Bt eithe g Moldavia Scramble” 1 9 1?p8??a-s1s 9e s2Areas 6u /nAreas 129, 9e3disputed 2c oof Sep 1938 Tschechei after ”München” d r n t r o l o f Au s t r i a H u n g a r y. Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine in Czechoslovakia German forces on territory of their (former) 1 9 3 3 - 193 9 - 1 9 4 5Occupation Forces World War ll T i t o ’s Paallies rtisans bndent” u rrg ’sprincipality, cRepublic on ques t of st rste ly ’syrecovery voBessarabia aT sph s febys a lR”of man mans Boundary Ostmark Btkeióthe gpc Moldavia Sic r a m b l e ” 1 9 1 8?? - 1 9 2Areas 6 / 129, 9 3disputed 2 of diebetween Austria and Yugoslavia Sep 1938 Tschechei after ”München” o u n d e r c o n l o á z I t a l i a n O c c u p a t i o n Fo rc e s Hoxha’s Partisans German forces on territory of their (former) allies Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine in Czechoslovakia German Occupation Forces T i t o ’s Pa r t i s a n s ly ’syrecovery principality, voBessarabia aT sh s fea lR”of mans Protektorat &gMähren man Areas Yugoslavia Bkióthe gc Moldavia Sic r a m b l e ” 1 9 1?8?? - 1 9 2A 6r e/ a129, 9s 3disputed 2i s pofu tdie Boundary Mar i5, 1939 ndent” Republic of ndent” Republic of Ukraine d1938 e dbetween bOstmark e tTschechei w e e nAustria I t aafter lBöhmen yinaand n”München” d Yu o s l av i a Sep o r u n d e r c o n t r l o á z I t a l i a n O c c u p a t i o n Fo rc e s Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine Czechoslovakia Hoxha’s Partisans German forces on territory of their (former) allies T h e ” B i g S c r a m b l e ” 1 9 1 8 1 9 2 6 / 1 9 3 2 ? ly ’s principality, v a s s a l of the and German Occupation Forces T i t o ’s Pa r t i s a n s man mans Boundary ???? AAreas ndent” Bessarabia Protektorat disputed and Mar i5, 1939 ndent” Republic r e Areas a29, s disputed d1938 i s pof u tdie e dbetween bOstmark e tTschechei ede enAustria yin gMähren oksilYugoslavia Sep ”wI nbetween pIetnaafter dlBöhmen e naItaly tn”München” ”dSYu lYugoslavia o& va aav i a ily nu dnRepublic ar r ct so noof oar’syarecovery dpeAnatolia tfrof oSerbia lUkraine á to k óthe c Moldavia z i by the of Yugosl. (Slovene) territory 1941 IGerman t a l i a n annexation OOccupation c c u p aon t i oterritory n Forces Fo rc e sof Hoxha’s Partisans forces their (former) allies Autonomous Czechoslovakia Areas disputed Austria and Yugoslavia German southern T i t o ’s Pa rtisans Mar i5, 1939 ???6 / 1 9Areas ndent” Republic of Bessarabia Moldavia principality, vassigned sos fa lRand of mans Mar i5, 1939 Ukraine ”balB róaItaly le” 1 9 1 8 - 1 9?2? 3Sep A r2e a29, sdisputed d1938 i s p u tCarpatho-Ukraine ebetween dbetween b Protektorat e tTschechei tnaafter yin gMähren oksilaav i a and Czechoslovakia under ”w I nePoland de enAustria pIeGerman dlBöhmen e naand tn”München” ”d”Protection”. SYu lYugoslavia o&va oaar,Sèvres. yagprincipality, dpeeAnatolia oynhoof tefrof oSerbia ácto kby cm z i b by indent” iRepublic nRepublic H avassigned ssobsi fgaulRrSand gof ily nua dn adr r ctbsT I t a l i a n O c c u p a t i o n Fo rc e s German annexation of Yugosl. (Slovene) territory 1941 Areas disputed between Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine Czechoslovakia Hoxha’s Partisans ? ? ndent” Bessarabia Moldavia of German Occupation Forces T i t o ’s Pa rtisans ? southern Italy the Mar i5, 1939 ’s a the mans ndent” Republic of Ukraine Protektorat Böhmen &va Mähren A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e e n I t a l y a n d Yu g o s l av i a Mar i5, 1939 Yugoslav territory in Slovenia and Dalmatia Sep 29, 1938 Tschechei after ”München” ? Areas disputed between Austria and Yugoslavia o r y u n d e r c o n t r o l o f R á k ó c z i Areas disputed between Poland and Czechoslovakia ” I n d e p e n d e n t ” S l o k i a ? under German ”Protection”. I t a l i a n O c c u p a t i o n Fo rc e s i a a n d p a r t s o f Serbia and ndent” Republic of Bessarabia Moldavia r o w i t z ” but lost again by Hoxha’s Partisans indent” a ,Sèvres. g a i nRepublic eAnatolia d b y Hof aassigned bUkraine s b u r g to byItaly by the German annexation of Forces Yugosl. (Slovene) T territory 1941 Oct. southern ????? Areas ayl aPoland GCzechoslovakia odu Yu v e&rgMähren noand es m e niCzechoslovakia German Occupation i t o ’s Pa rtisans of mans A rreeAreas aa29, ssdisputed d1939 iissppdisputed uuttebetween dd bbProtektorat eetTschechei wwbetween ePoland eGenennI Po tearafter lBöhmen n l av at Mar i5, 1939 Yugoslav territory in Slovenia and Dalmatia and Sep 1938 ”München” A d e t e l a d a n d R u s s i a awarded to Italy in 1941. n Thrace awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. o r y u n d e r c o n t r o l o f R á k ó c z i ” I n d e p e n d e n t ” S l o va k i a under German ”Protection”. I t a l i a n O c c u p a t i o n Fo rc e s i a a n d p a r t s o f Serbia and iaof a , g a i n e d b y H a b s b u r g by Hoxha’s Partisans r o w i t z ” but lost again by southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by the German annexation of Yugosl. (Slovene) territory 1941 d eSèvres. ”. Republic ndent” of Ukraine Oct. Adisputed r e ai5, sdisputed d1939 i s between p u t e dR ebiProtektorat eAustria t wsePoland eonm teariand lsaysYugoslavia noidau tYu laav e nIand l aaGCzechoslovakia vl oe&va rgMähren nokkesrim e ni at ?? ??Areas Republic of Bessarabia Moldavia ? Areas Mar and territory Dalmatia IwnekedeG dlBöhmen trn SaYu Aug. Annexation and in Albania by ltaly d1939 edd bbecet”htw eenenpnIem Po do”du”Protection”. nedrU s eisnni aet awarded 1941. by yw d”peawarded eAnatolia noH tfrof oSerbia obfu Rby kby óItaly c z”Sèvres”. i by the ioraaThrace adr r ctbsoylost southern assigned under German IYugoslav t a l i a n annexation Oto cterritory c uItaly p a t i extention oinof nin FoSlovenia rc e s(Slovene) German Yugosl. 1941 A r eeaai5, ssdisputed d1941 iissppuuttebetween tenarand aGand gMähren l av Hoxha’s Partisans ore,Sèvres. but again indent” iznRepublic ato blUkraine sGreece r and gá to anof ”.ag nuiatdn Oct. 1939 Mar i5, 1939 G allyeaasl n vYugoslavia nokR esru m ????? Areas Protektorat Böhmen &dva between Poland Czechoslovakia Mar 1939 Areas disputed between Albania niddraaThrace areas awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. Yugoslav territory Slovenia and territory Dalmatia A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e e n Po d a n R u s s i a awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. pation and Anatolia assigned to Italy by the R e i c h s k o m m i s a r i a t U a i n e under German ”Protection”. awarded to Italy inofin 1941. ” I n d e p e n d e n t ” S l o k i Aug. 1941 Annexation and extention in Albania by ltaly of Sèvres. a n d p a r t s o f Serbia and i”southern , g a i n e d b y H a b s b u r g by German annexation Yugosl. (Slovene) 1941 o w i t z ” but lost again by an e ”. Republic of Ukraine Oct. 1939 ? Mar i5, 1939 G e n e r a l G o u v e r n e m e n t Areas disputed between Poland and Czechoslovakia A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e e n I t a l y a n d Yu g o s l av i a ? Areas disputed between Poland and Russia Territory annexed by Hungary. ? southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by the i . a . ” T h e M i r d i t e R e p u b l i c ” A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e e n Po l a n d a n d R u s s i a Areas disputed between Albania and Yugoslavia ? Yugoslav territory in Slovenia and Dalmatia n Thrace awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. n areas awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. S e r b i a u n d e r i t s p u p p e t r e g i m e . ? of pation R e i c ”hunder kdG oem aGCzechoslovakia IsnPoland dsael n tr o”i au”Protection”. Stvl oe va awarded to Italy inof 1941. Aug. i5, 1941 Annexation and extention in Albania by ltaly German aoe,Sèvres. oHfvato and w iatdiand znt”pheawarded but again iidradistrict bn saGreece bby u by rAustria g by German annexation Yugosl. (Slovene) territory 1941 ???? Areas disputed between Oct. 1939 aation ”.ag nof enplniem ecnr”and rUnkRkeruimas eisnni aet eadrBtbusylost ko iSerbia by ”Sèvres”. ”Sèvres”, Mar 1939 A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e e Po l a n d a n d n Thrace by ”Sèvres”. Areas disputed between Albania and Yugoslavia of Sèvres. n areas awarded to Greece by Territory annexed by Hungary. i . a . ” T h e M i r d i t e R e p u b Yugoslav territory in Slovenia and Dalmatia S e r b i a u n d e r i t s p u p p e t r e g i m e . awarded to Italy in 1941. pation and Rdbetween enear sKorcha, keG opart m sal althe anGand rdoi former au”Protection”. kReruBánát, as eisnni aet German Anatolia by the Albanian Aug. 1941 Annexation and extention in Albania by ltaly indradistrict g of bunder ato bOttoman sato bby uItaly rAustria g by oe,areas w iaremain tiznt”awarded but by aern ”. 1939 enlenim ecof ri”disputed nrGreece. m Aug. 1941 to ”sovereignty”. ation heawarded ed Bassigned uylost koHvto iagain nGreece Greece by ”Sèvres”. ”Sèvres”, AOct. r e. a” sTdisputed dbetween i villages sM p ui rtdeSYugoslav biibcceRihhtaeunder w ebAlbania Po apttvYugoslavia neeby dtrU Areas ? nng Thrace by ”Sèvres”. ? by Areas disputed Poland and Czechoslovakia ? ? i . a h e i t e p u ccupied and annexed by Bulgaria. Territory annexed by Hungary. Yugoslav territory in Slovenia and Dalmatia R e s k o m m s a r i a U k r a i n e e r u n d r t s p u p e g i m e . Aug. 1941 Annexation and extention in Albania by ltaly awarded to Italy in 1941. pation and res. near oeareas w iremain t zt”awarded but AOct. a” sTdisputed dei villages sM pdisputed ui rtdeYugoslav b e tewKorcha, ebAlbania do ulocal avYugoslavia neby dr nGreece. Reand ums es ni aYugoslavia ?? iAlbanian nng Thrace to by ”Sèvres”. aation ”. of 1939 by ”Sèvres”. ”Sèvres”, Areas ennPo e r”disputed al al nAlbania Gand t ndrdistrict by hawarded e Bunder ulost kothe vto iagain nGreece aGreece byby Austria Aug. to Ottoman ”sovereignty”. . ar e.neutral h1941 idbetween pukeunG part control Areas between i.a. “The Mirdite Republic” ccupied annexed by Bulgaria. Territory annexed by1941. Hungary. pation and i”disputed stofsthe apits rui pformer aptYugoslavia kGerman imn ee .31) SRunder ettenear reeibcR ihaesKorcha, dmlleiim rccof eby tUrGreece. erBánát, gaiMap awarded to Italy inand Albanian villages arized ”Zone Aug. 1941 Annexation and extention in Albania by ltaly (cfr. comment In to Greece by ”Sèvres”. ”Sèvres”, Areas between aation ddistrict eareas ”. of n by ng to remain ”sovereignty”. .dai.s p” Tudisputed h1941 iminority pukunoopart tawarded hawarded e B uof ko vto i Ottoman nGreece aStraits” by ”Sèvres”. Austria Aug. Area of Florina byin Bulgaria. former Bánát, A r e a siAlbanian t e villages dMzones bi er dtSYugoslav w enear ecR niHungary Po l bAlbania am nem d of asthe napits dand R u sby stUi raGreece. ? ce awarded tounder Greece by Territory annexed by Hungary. ? under control of local German ccupied and annexed by Bulgaria. and the ”Wehrmacht” e r b a d r t u p p e e g i m e .31) Korcha, disputed pation and R e i h s i s r i a t k r a i n e Aug. 1941 Annexation andoccupied extention Albania by ltaly Areas disputed between Albania and Yugoslavia arized ”Zone of the Straits” district awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”, n areas awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. (cfr. comment Map neutral zones In Hungary ng to of remain under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. iAlbanian . a . ” T h1941 e villages M i r dYugoslav iunder tnear e R eKorcha, p u b l i c ” ation t h e B u ko v i n a by Austria Aug. part of the former Bánát, Area of Florina occupied by Bulgaria. disputed by Greece. Territory annexed by Hungary. local ccupied(partly and annexed by Bulgaria. ”Wehrmacht” etIn rebAlbania ae control rca”ithe tof sYugoslavia pits u pcomment p e”Kingdom” t rGerman e g iMap m e .31) arized ”Zone of the Straits” pation and Aug. 1941 district awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”, (cfr. idisputed .1a9.4neutral e between Mzones i r dSYugoslav iminority RiHungary pu unpart bdand leiand ng to of remain under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. 1” T h1941 Montenegro, puppet ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) Areas Italian territory as awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. ation t h e B u ko v i n a by Austria Aug. of the former Bánát, Albanian villages near Korcha, disputed by Greece. Area of Florina occupied by Bulgaria. Albanian villages near Korcha, disputed by Greece. ccupied and annexed by Bulgaria. Territory annexed by Hungary. district awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”, under control of its local German arized ”Zoneunder of theOttoman Straits” ”sovereignty”. minority the e In rubbiHungary a cu”n dand e r idisputed tpuppet s(cfr. p”Wehrmacht” u pcomment p eby t rGreece. e g iMap m e .31) Aug. 1941 ng to of remain 19 4i r1941 Montenegro, ”Kingdom” Slovene areas) . ” T9Albanian h1 9-e 4neutral i tzones eYuRgSeYugoslav Italian ation t h e Bunder uof kothe v i Ottoman n aStraits” by Austria aArea n n exe by G e roccupied m(partly aand ny iannexed nex-Yugoslav 19 . by Bulgaria. Aug. former Bánát, arized ”Zone under control ofathe local German of dterritory Florina by4 3Bulgaria. 1 9 3 3i . -a 193 1M 5d villages World War ll Territory ccupied (cfr. comment Map 31) neutral zones In ng to remain ”sovereignty”. opsnear l aHungary vl i Korcha, B apart nand o v iaaof nthe sits minority ”Wehrmacht” 1929 ct awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”, 1 9 4 1 Montenegro, puppet ”Kingdom” (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) Italian aArea n n exe by G e roccupied m aand ny iannexed n 19 3Bulgaria. . by Bulgaria. arized ”Zone of the Straits” World War ll part former Bánát, of dterritory Florina by (cfr. comment Map 31) neutral zones Hungary under ofathe its local German Greece. Territory ccupied 1 9 3 3Albanian - 193 9Aug. - villages 1 9 41941 5 near borderminority ”Wehrmacht” Yu gYugoslav oKorcha, sIn v control B adisputed nand o v iaof nthe sby 1929 Last stand of German forces in44Bohemia and Austria, emain ”sovereignty”. Autonomous Banovina Croatia 1939 arized under ”ZoneOttoman of the Straits” 1 9- 4neutral 19 4 5 zones Montenegro, puppet ”Kingdom” (cfr. comment Map 31) Map 31) Inll aaHungary Slovene areas) Italian aArea n n exe dterritory by G e roccupied m(partly a ny i nex-Yugoslav 19 3Bulgaria. . of Florina by 1 9 3 3 - 193 91929 1neutral World War ll under control of its local German zones In Hungary (cfr. comment minority and the ”Wehrmacht” borderYu g o s v B a n o v i n a s ry of die Ostmark lines Last stand of German forces inRhodes, and 9,Austria, ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete &19 May 1945 Autonomous Banovina Croatia 199-441119 4 5 forces Montenegro, atheir puppet ”Kingdom” (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) Italian territory 1 9 3 3 - 193 9German on territory of (former) allies World War ll aLast n n exe d by G e r m a ny i n 4Bohemia 3Bulgaria. . ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia Area of Florina occupied by 11939 dry”Zone of the Straits” (cfr. comment Map 31) neutral zones In Hungary minority and the ”Wehrmacht” borderYu g o s l a v B a n o v i n a s of die Ostmark F r e n c h S a t e l l i t e S t a t e s 1929 stand of German forces inRhodes, and 9,Austria, lines Autonomous Banovina Croatia ”Igel Stellungen” &19 May 1945 199-441119 4 5 forces Montenegro, atheir puppet ”Kingdom” Slovene areas) 1 9 3 3 - 193 9German World War ll aItalian n n exe dterritory by G e rof m(partly aCrete ny i nex-Yugoslav 4Bohemia 3. mous in Czechoslovakia on territory of (former) allies ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia 11939 Yu g o s l a v B a n o v i n a s ry of Carpatho-Ukraine die Ostmark border1929 D e m a r c a t i o n l i n e b e t w e e n t h e G e r m a n a n d I t a l i a n a r m e d f o r c e s a n d t h e i r s p h e r e s o f i n f l u ence. F r e n c h S a t e l l i t e S t a t e s Last stand of German forces in Bohemia and Austria, lines Autonomous Banovina Croatia ”Igel Stellungen” &19Rhodes, May 9, 1945 1 9 3 3 - 193 German 9German 199-441119 4 5Occupation World War ll Montenegro, atheir puppet ”Kingdom” Slovene areas) 1939 forces on territory of (former) allies aItalian n n exe dterritory by G e rof m(partly aCrete ny i nex-Yugoslav 43. mous in Czechoslovakia ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia 11929 ry of Carpatho-Ukraine die Ostmark Forces T i t o ’s Pa r t i s a n s borderYu g o s l a v B a n o v i n a s 1 9 3 3 193 9 1 9 4 5 Last stand of German forces in Bohemia and Austria, World War ll D e m a r c a t i o n l i n e b e t w e e n t h e G e r m a n a n d F r e n c h S a t e l l i t e S t a t e s I t a l i a n a r m e d f o r c e s a n d t h e i r s p h e r e s o f i n f l u ence. Autonomous Banovina Croatia lines 938 Tschechei after ”München” 1939 ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete &19Rhodes, May 9, 1945 nmous d i of n g Carpatho-Ukraine re aOstmark ch German forces on territory of their (former) allies in Czechoslovakia a n n exe d by G e r m a ny i n 4 3 . ry die ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia 1 9 4 1 German T iGt oe ’s iasna dn s ol si lnterritory aevForces nna ts hCroatia D1929 e4lm anr O cOccupation ac tc”Independent iYu opngaon bBrc eaKingdom” tnewosof ev ei their e(former) r mPa aallies nr t borderlines I t a l i a n a”Igel rLast m e dstand f o r cof e sGerman a n of d tCrete hforces e i r s&in pRhodes, hBohemia e r e s o May f and i n f9,Austria, l u1945 ence. F raeOstmark h S a t e l l after i tin eWorld SCzechoslovakia t a t e sWar ll Autonomous Banovina Stellungen” German forces 938 ”München” 1939 1 9 3 3 193 9 1 9 4 5 nmous d i of n g Carpatho-Ukraine re cnProtektorat hcTschechei I t a i a u t i o n Fo ry die Hoxha’s Partisans Croatia 1 9 1 German Occupation Forces T i t o ’s Pa r t i s a n s border939 F raeOstmark h S a t e l l after i tBöhmen e SCzechoslovakia tate& s Mähren German forces D11939 e4lm anr O cOccupation ac tc”Independent iAutonomous opnaon liionterritory eForces b rc e Kingdom” tewsof e etheir n t hCroatia e(former) Gt oe ’s r mPa aallies aWa na dn rs ” ”C oPartisans lnrdt lines I1t9a4l 5i a -n 1a9”Igel r9Last m1 e dstand f o r cof e sGerman a n of d tCrete hforces e i r s&in pRhodes, hBohemia e r e s o May f and i n f9,Austria, l u1945 ence. 938 ”München” Banovina in ry die Stellungen” nmous d i of n g Carpatho-Ukraine re cnhcTschechei I t a i a u t n Fo German Hoxha’s T i i s Croatia 9 1 German forces on territory of their (former) allies Dt aelm cOccupation ac tciuopna tliionof b rc e tews(Slovene) e e n t h eT r mPa alnrdt lines 939 I1t9a4l 5i a -n 1a9”Igel r9m1 e dStellungen” f o r c e s a n of d tCrete h e i r s&pRhodes, h e r e s o May f i n f9,l u1945 ence. 938 F raecnProtektorat l after idtBöhmen ee nSCzechoslovakia t”a St el o& s vaMähren mous in ”C oPartisans ” hI nSdaetpeel n t”München” kia IGerman i1aanr annexation O neForces Fo German ndie d i nOstmark g Carpatho-Ukraine re hcTschechei iGt oe ’s iaWa sna dn rs ” Hoxha’s Yugosl. territory 1941 ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia 1 9 4 Protektorat Böhmen & Mähren mous Carpatho-Ukraine in Czechoslovakia 939 938 Tschechei after ”München” D cOccupation ac tciuterritory opna tliionof eForces etheir tews(Slovene) e e(former) n t h eT r mPa alnrdt iaWa F raecnhc” hunder ln l idt ee nStt”a”Protection”. s va k i a I1t9a4l 5i a -n 1a9r9m1 e d f o r c e s a n d t h e i r s p h e r e s o f i n f l u e n c e . ”C oPartisans German on ofb rc IGerman t aeforces lm i aanr annexation O nU.S.A. Fo German Hoxha’s n938 d i n g re iGallies t oe ’s s9na1 dn rs ” I nSdaetpeeGerman St el o& Yugosl. territory 1941 Occupation Zones Protektorat Böhmen Mähren 939 Tschechei after ”München” 1 9 5 4 1 9 The ”I r o n C u r t a i n ”, separating the ”Free West” German Occupation Forces D e m a r c a t i o n l i n e b e t w e e n t h e G e r m a n a n d I t a l i a n a r m e d f o r c e s a n d t h e i r s p h e r e s o f i n f l u ence. T i t o ’s Pa r t i s a n s IYugoslav t a l i a n annexation O cterritory c uZones p a t i oof nU.S.A. FoSlovenia rc e s(Slovene) inYugosl. and territory Dalmatia Hoxha’s Carpatho-Ukraine ”C oPartisans l d Wa r ” ” under I n dGein p Czechoslovakia eGerman dBöhmen t”München” S vl oe&va 1945 - 1991 n938 d i n g re a cProtektorat h Tschechei German 1941 after 939 Occupation 939 en aeel n o”” u”Protection”. r Mähren n kke iimaa e n t 1 9 5o 4l -d1 N 9Wa 9A1 T O IYugoslav t aOccupation l i a n annexation Oto cterritory c uItaly pForces a t i oinof nU.K. FoSlovenia rc e s(Slovene) Hoxha’s Partisans u rj et ta iBnl o”,cseparating the ”Free West” ”C r” ” under I n d eepneGerman nrdBöhmen nGtMoldavia S l o&va ro ”. 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9fThe 1 m”Itrhoen” SCov in and Dalmatia ”Protection”. awarded 1941. German Yugosl. territory 1941 n939 d i n g re a c h German Occupation Zone T i t o ’s Pa r t i s a n s Protektorat Mähren 939 Occupation Zones U.S.A. IYugoslav t a l i a n annexation O cterritory c u p a t i oof ninYugosl. FoSlovenia rc e s(Slovene) efpnWa e”München” o”ii aau”Protection”. rUMähren n ke ima e n t Hoxha’s Partisans a939 n o c Tschechei c uRpe aiProtektorat cGhtMoldavia 1 9 5o 4l -d1 9Wa 91 r” Isnkafter dG em nrdsal easl n S&tvl oe&va and territory Dalmatia u rj separating the ”Free ”C German 1941 German 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9The 1 m”I fThe ro trhoen” SCov et ta iBnl o”,cseparating ” . Yugoslavia ct i”hounder ooem NATO 941 Annexation and extention in Albania by ltaly awarded to Italy inU.S.A. 1941. Occupation Zone U.K. ”Curtain” after West” 1948 . 939 efpnWa enridBöhmen a l acGhtrMoldavia o”i au”Protection”. v oe va r nkkerimaa ei nn et Occupation Zones IsnkdG em a939 n o c c uRpe ai ct i”hounder oem Yugoslav in Slovenia and territory Dalmatia 1 9 5o1941 4l -dWa 1N 9Wa 9rA1sTawGerman German (Slovene) u rj separating the ”Free I t a l i a nawarded O c c u pannexation ato tterritory i oItaly nand Fo rc eFrance sYugosl. Occupation Zone ”C r” Hoxha’s Partisans 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9The 1 m”I fThe ro trhoen” SCov et ta iBnl o”,cseparating ” . Yugoslavia inofU.S.A. 1941. O ocBöhmen itdsail eeaosl n a& rMoldavia i aufSS&tvllthe Unkkerimaa ei nn et 941 Annexation extention in Albania by ltaly Zone U.K. 939 G e n e r G o e r Protektorat Mähren Occupation Zones ”Curtain” after West” 1948 . ” I n d e p e n n t ” o va o O t t o m a n o c u p a n o Yugoslav territory in Slovenia and Dalmatia German annexation of Yugosl. (Slovene) territory 1941 1 9 5 4 - Wa 1 9 9Pr 1saawGerman ”Protection”. ct a939 n o c cSuReper ibctiihaounder nuknG odm fe enWa l a c h i a & The ”I r o n C u r t a i n ”, separating the ”Free West” Territory annexed by Hungary. awarded to Italy in 1941. Occupation Zone France s o m i s a r i a t U k r a i n e r t s p u p p e t r e g i m e . f ro m t h e ” S ov j e t B l o c ” . Territory of the Free City of Triest 941 Annexation and extention in Albania by ltaly 939 N A T O e r a l GMoldavia o uf vthe rn ment Occupation Zone inU.S.A. U.K. Zones The ”Curtain” separating Yugoslavia after West” 1948 . German Yugoslav territory in Slovenia and Dalmatia Occupation Zone Soviet Union iperdnaibecctnipihaopunder tef n ienpWa em 1 9 ltaly 5 4 - Wa 1N 9 9PrA1saTawaboni-aOontctPc”oSIurRnm hruooi paku”Protection”. & to Italy 1941. cO t eosnaunkclndG teas”rit staSil saoll oacnpGva itvae trUnrkerm The ”I r o n C u r t a i n ”, separating the ”Free ocoi deum ai eimnneet . Territory annexed by Hungary. 941 Annexation and extention in Albania by Germanawarded annexation of Yugosl. (Slovene) territory 1941 f ro m t h e ” S ov j e t B l o c ” . France 939 e r p g Territory of the Free City of Triest Occupation Zone U.K. Yugoslav territory in Slovenia and Dalmatia Occupation Zones U.S.A. The ”Curtain” separating Yugoslavia after 1948 . 941 Occupation Zone Soviet Union awarded to Italy inand 1941. aboni-aOontctPcoSunder urRm oi dum tef ienpWa em Autonomous Magyar/Székely Region in Romania 5 4 - Wa 1 9 9Pr 1saawYugoslav snaukclnG ocpart stail aoslthe acnpGhrMoldavia auf p&tvthe Territory annexed by Hungary. 939 cO t Annexation and extention in Albania by1 9 ltaly The ”I r o n C u r t a i n ”, separating the ”Free West” rit”Protection”. m ccupied annexed by Bulgaria. eipernaibctniihaopoGerman reasof uooi pformer e trUnrkerBánát, gai eimnneet . f ro m t h e ” S ov j e t B l o c ” . 941 France N A T Territory of the Free City of Triest Occupation Zone U.K. Yugoslavia after 1948 . Russian satellites under control of theBulgaria. RedbyArmy awarded to Italy inand 1941. d941 Yugoslav territory in Slovenia and Occupation Zone Soviet Union kclnocpart it stof acnpits rMoldavia alocal Territory annexed by Hungary. tctPcoSYugoslav m il saovthe f p&tmthe i-aOonRussia ihanoposecontrol tlf iepG em Annexation and extention in Dalmatia Albania ltalyWa abonby urRunder aibctneito nauMoldavia oi dum Wa h Autonomous Region in Romania (The Tr a n”Curtain” shy el vof aSnov i Magyar/Székely aj)separating . tFree PrAsaTawcO t eipernG rasoof unoi pformer eetUnrkGerman erBánát, gai imn ee . 941 Territory ccupied annexed by Occupation Zone France f ro m t ” e B l o c ” . N Territory the City of Triest r a u e r e t Occupation Zone U.K. kclnocpart iit stof acnpits aalocal Yugoslavia after 1948 . Russian satellites under control of the Redby Army Annexation and extention in Albania ltalyWaPr saawTerritory annexed by Hungary. tctPcoSYugoslav m il saosthe f p&t the d941 Occupation Soviet Union eipernaibcctnito rasof uoiipformer e tUrkGerman erBánát, gai imn ee . abonby urRunder nauMoldavia oi dum h”Wehrmacht” i-aOonRussia ihaoposcontrol tf iepWa em ct Autonomous Region in Romania Area of Florina occupied by Bulgaria. 941 awarded toRed Italy inZone 1941. Territory ccupied and annexed by Bulgaria. (The Tr a n”Curtain” s y l vboundary a nthe i Magyar/Székely a )separating . FreeofCity minority and the The Army in control in the Soviet Union. Occupation Zone France Territory of of Triest Original Transylvania d by R u s s i a t h ro u g h M o l d av i a The ”Curtain” separating Yugoslavia after 1948 . Territory annexed by Hungary. 941 Russian satellites under control of the Red Army Occupation Zone Soviet Union eikrnoabcnm ito itathe tof uokpformer eitnreGerman eBánát, gime. boRby i-aeOniRussia runder iapm auMoldavia i dsuand t iaeperasiof d941 tctPhoSYugoslav m ocontrol cilncspart i stothe npits frpathe Territory ccupied and bySoviet sminority U local Region in Romania ct Annexation extention inannexed Albania byBulgaria. ltalyUnion.WaPr saawArea ofand Florina occupied by (Autonomous Tr a n s y l vboundary a nthe i Magyar/Székely a ) . FreeofCity Occupation Zone France ”Wehrmacht” The Red Army in control in Bulgaria. the Territory of of Triest Territory annexed by Hungary. S e r b i a u n d e r i t s p u p p e t r e g i m e . Yugoslav part of the former Bánát, Original Transylvania by R u s s i a t h ro u g h M o l d av i a Montenegro, a puppet ”Kingdom” edd941 O tto m a n E m p i re Russian satellites under control of the Red Army (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) Italian territory Territory ccupied and annexed by Bulgaria. Occupation Zone Soviet Union oby -aOnRussia t tPorunder m acnto ocontrol clci uand peas tthe i o nits o local f the German of Moldavia b i i i p a t i Area of Florina occupied by Bulgaria. Autonomous Magyar/Székely Region in Romania Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania Pact the former Partes Annexae. Original boundary of ( Tr a n s y l v a n i a ) . minority ”Wehrmacht” The Red Army in control in the Soviet Union. Territory boundary of the FreeofCity of Triest the former Original Russian satellites control ofby theBulgaria. Red Army RiPm uaYugoslav sauisnn i acdEto usand gipehusaof M av igai”Kingdom” Territory ccupied and Montenegro, puppet of Territory by ed941 pro ipart re by (partly Slovene areas) of Florina occupied by Italian Occupation Zone Soviet Union aArea n nannexed exe dterritory by GPartisan e Hungary. rin munder acontrol ny iannexed nex-Yugoslav 19 .control bSO iby atto runder ivtfem phrcontrol tC eto rnYu bRussia pnthe paon eslits tdo”Wehrmacht” elocal m eGerman .Bánát, Autonomous Region in Romania minority (Original Tr a n s y l boundary v a n i Magyar/Székely a ) . of Transylvania Enver Hoxha’s Regime in Albania the former Partes Annexae. 941 BaMoldavia n Bánát, The Army in4in3Bulgaria. the Soviet Union. hialitpart eire w frformer Territory ccupied and annexed Bulgaria. Montenegro, puppet under of local German Original boundary of Transylvania Area of Florina occupied by by RBm uugYugoslav sodassnailaaoEto tmhtcontrol uand go hvr oiaof M othe lits d”Wehrmacht” av i a”Kingdom” (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) Russian under control ofby the Red Army M anrexe sRed hHoxha’s adterritory lsatellites Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Italian Moldavian S.S.R. ednO tto pro by Russia Moldavia minority the a n by G e r m a ny i n 19 4in3Bulgaria. . Autonomous Magyar/Székely Region in Romania ( Tr a n s y l v a n i a ) . Enver Partisan Regime control in Albania the former Partes Annexae. Original boundary of borderThe Red Army in control in the Soviet Union. Yu g o s l a v B a n o v i n a s eeddnpYugoslav h a n b y b o a t o n t h e D a n u b e under control of its local German to B u d a o f t h e C r o w n o f Last stand of German forces in Bohemia and Austria, puppet Autonomous Croatia Area of Florina occupied by Bulgaria. (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) Original boundary of Transylvania bytto RmMontenegro, sasnipart aEto tmh Moldavia ro uand g h aM o l d”Wehrmacht” avBánát, i a”Kingdom” Italian territory ofi Banovina the former Russian satellites under control of the Red Army M a r s h a l Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Territory ccupied and annexed by Bulgaria. minority the Moldavian S.S.R. O p re a n n exe d by G e r m a ny i n 19 4 3 . by Russia (Original Tr a n s ychanges l boundary vboundary a n i a ) . after Border compared 1932 . Boundaries the Yugoslav Federal Republics Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania the ll, former PartestoAnnexae. n nthe aonsDl do”Wehrmacht” ofof WW borderThe Red Army in control in the Soviet Union. Area of Florina occupied by Bulgaria. htto aYu nBm yssnailabaoEovtfmhatBptro nC epuppet aav ui ab”Kingdom” e (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) npO to ugbMontenegro, haiof eoBanovina w fnGerman Italian territory lines Last stand of of German forces in Bohemia and Austria, minority Original Transylvania ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete &19 Rhodes, May 9, 1945 by R soodacontrol uand gooits hvvrt oiiahM Autonomous Croatia a n n exe d by G e r m a ny i n 4 3 . eedon re under local M a r s h a l Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Moldavian S.S.R. Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia Yu g s l a v B a n n a s the former Partes Original boundary of borderBorder after ll, compared toAnnexae. 1932 . Boundaries of Yugoslav Republics mR Ottoman rule The Red Army in Soviet Union. Slovene areas) stand of German forces in Bohemia and hotto aYu nBou ovtfmhatBptro t oiahM aav e npOminority to hathe eoBanovina wepuppet fn ui ab”Kingdom” Autonomous aItalian nFlorina nrexe dterritory by GPartisan ethe rin m(partly acontrol ny i nex-Yugoslav 19 4Federal 3the .control Autonomous Regions of iin n Yu go sAustria, l av ia lines Original boundary of WW Transylvania by ugbMontenegro, sodasyssnaiunder abaoEand unC go hvr”Wehrmacht” onsDl doCroatia Area ”Igel ofLast occupied by Bulgaria. Stellungen” of Crete &Serbia Rhodes, May 9, 1945 Fo r changes Cyprus Cfr. Colour Legend Disk. eedon m i re M a s h a l Tito’s Partisan Regime Yugoslavia Moldavian S.S.R. l n n a Montenegro, a puppet ”Kingdom” borderEnver Hoxha’s Regime in in Albania (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia Italian territory the former Partes Annexae. Original boundary of Border changes after WW ll, compared to 1932 . Boundaries of the Yugoslav Federal Republics monBou Ottoman rule stand of forces in Autonomous Banovina cnpO ato nugbodalsysnai under nbaoEeovfmabtBptheaieoKingdom” tre w evrt oeihnw neantsDhoCroatia and hottto aiYu nC aefn uGbeer m a n lines aM GaRegions enrPartisan irnRegime 19 3e.r e siin I t a l i a n a”Igel rLast mnaenrdexe f oadrl cby e sGerman dm atCrete hny e iof s&Serbia pRhodes, h4Bohemia f and igo n f9, lluav e ni ac e . Stellungen” of May 1945 Autonomous noYu sAustria, s hHoxha’s Tito’s Yugoslavia Moldavian S.S.R. Fo r Cyprus Cfr. Colour Legend Disk. eeon m l n o border”Independent Croatia Enver Partisan Regime in control in Albania the former Partes Annexae. Original boundary of Last stand of German forces in Bohemia and Austria, Border changes after WW ll, compared to 1932 . Boundaries of the Yugoslav Federal Republics a n n exe d by G e r m a ny i n 19 4 3 . Autonomous Banovina Croatia monBou Ottoman lines ”Kingdom” ecnpaMontenegro, hot”Independent aiYu nC aCroatia to (partly ex-Yugoslav Slovene areas) Stellungen” of Crete &Serbia Rhodes, May 9, 1945 nugbodlsysai under tpuppet neantsD horule efn uGbeer m a n borderand I t a l iItalian a n a”Igel rLast mterritory e rdstand f oa rl cTito’s e s a n d t h e i r s p h e r e s o f i n f l u e n c e . lnbaoeovf abtBtaheaeoKingdom” nw oevrt oeihnw Autonomous Regions of i n Yu go s l av i a M a s h Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Fo r Cyprus Cfr. Colour Legend Disk. Moldavian S.S.R. of German forces in Bohemia and Austria, Border changes after WW ll, compared to 1932 . Boundaries of the Yugoslav Federal Republics Autonomous Banovina Croatia lines ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete &Serbia Rhodes, May 9, 1945 ot”Independent monBou syai under Ottoman rule cnronology a i n l n e b e t w e e n t h e G e r m a n a n d I t a l i a n a r m e d f o r c e s a n d t h e i r s p h e r e s o f i n f l u e n c e . eon p h a b b o a t o n t h e D a n u b e to u d o f t h e C r o w n o f bordera n n exe d by G e r m a ny i n 19 4 3 . Autonomous Regions of i n Yu go s l av i a Kingdom” Croatia M a r s h a l Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia The Soviet Union ceases to exist o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 9 2 . Moldavian S.S.R. Last stand of German forces in Bohemia and Austria, Fo r Cyprus Cfr. Colour Legend Disk. Banovina gpaohotsaiAutonomous lon aou Border changes after WW ll, compared to 1932 . the of Crete May 1945 m Ottoman cironology nvbBlsyiaunder nbneooavbtienoKingdom” taw r moalnd lines aWa n dr ” I1t9a4l 5i a -n 1a9”Igel r9Boundaries m1 e dStellungen” f o r c e sofaRegions n d tYugoslav h e iof r The s&Serbia pRhodes, hFederal eSoviet r e si noYu fRepublics igo n f9, e niceases eon ns et ehne tDhrule aen uGbee”C Autonomous slluav ac e . ca.t”Independent Croatia Cyprus Legend Disk. to 1932 . Union to exist o n Fo Jarnchanges u a r y 1 ,Cfr. 19 9Colour 2 . WW ll, ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete May 1945 cironology imo ou n lsi under nBanovina e b e Kingdom” t w eCroatia e n t hrule e G e ”C rbordermoalnd lines aWa n dr ” forces Border after compared I1t9a4l 5iLast a -n 1astand r9Boundaries m1 e dof fGerman o r c e sofaRegions n d tYugoslav hine Bohemia iof r s&Serbia pRhodes, hFederal e rand e si noAustria, fRepublics igo n f9, lluav e ni ac e . the tonomous on Ottoman Croatia Autonomous Yu s ca.ot”Independent 9 Legend Disk. The Soviet Union ceases to exist o n Fo Jarn Cyprus u a r y 1 ,Cfr. 19 9Colour 2. con i o n l i n e b e t w e e n t h e G e r m a n a n d I1t9a4l”Igel i a -n 1aStellungen” r9m1 e d f o r c of e s Crete a n d t&h Rhodes, e i r s p h eMay r e s 9, o f 1945 influence. lines o m ou s under Ottoman rule ronology ”C o l d Wa r ” 5 9 ac e . ca.t i Zones dependent Legend Disk. cironology o n l i nKingdom” e b e t w eCroatia e n t h e G e r 1m a n a 9n1 d I t a l i a n a r Autonomous m e d f o r c e s aRegions n d t h e iof r The sSerbia p h eSoviet r e si noYu f Union igo n fslluav e niceases to exist o n Fo Jarn Cyprus u a r y 1 ,Cfr. 19 9Colour 2. tion U.S.A. ”C9 5o4l -d1 9Wa r” 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9The 1 ”I r o n C u r t a i n ”, separating the Union ”Free West” c .l i nZones ceases to exist o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 9 2 . tion niironology e b e tU.S.A. w e e n t h e G e r m a n ”C a1 9n5o4dl -d1 9Wa I”t a l i a n1 9a4r5m-e 1d9 f9fThe oro n”dSCov tuhrjeet itariBnsl po”,chseparating e. rThe e s o Soviet f i nthe f l u e”Free n c e . West” r 1 r cme”Istrhoaen 9A1 T O c . ” N The Soviet Union ceases to exist o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 9 2 . Zone U.S.A. U.K. tion Zones ”C 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9fThe 1 m”Itrhoen” SCov 1 9 5o4l -d1 9Wa 91 r” u rj et ta iBnl o”,cseparating the Union ”Free West” ironology c . Zones ro ” . The Soviet ceases to exist o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 9 2 . tion ”C r” Zone U.S.A. U.K. 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9The 1 ”I ”Curtain” Yugoslavia after West” 1948 . 1 9 5o4l -d1 N 9Wa 9A1 T O The rhoen” SCov u rj separating t ta iBnl o”,cseparating the ”Free f ro m t e ” . Wa rAsTawFrance i c . Zones N O tion Zone U.S.A. U.K. 9 54 r - ”1 9 9 1 The ”Curtain” Yugoslavia after West” 1948 . rhoen” SCov u rj separating t ta iBnl o”,cseparating the ”Free ”C o l d 1Wa PrAsaTawcO t 1945 - 1991 fThe ro m”I t e ” . N tion Zones Wa France Zone U.S.A. U.K. Territory of the Free City of Triest 1 9 5 4 1 9 9 1 ”Curtain” Yugoslavia after West” 1948 . u rj separating a iBnl o”,cseparating the ”Free tion Soviet fTerritory ro m”I trrhooen ” SC ov ett tFree ” . of Zones cO t tion Zone Zone U.S.A. U.K. Union France 1 9 5 4 - Wa 1N 9 9PrA1saTawthe Triest u rj separating a iBnl o”,cCity separating the ”Free West” The ”Curtain” Yugoslavia after 1948 . fAutonomous ro m”I t h enof ” SCov e tFree ” . of N PrAsaTawtion Zone Soviet cO t Magyar/Székely Region in Romania Wa U.K. Union France Territory of the City Triest ones U.S.A. The ”Curtain” separating Yugoslavia after 1948 . f ro m t h e ” S ov j e t B l o c ” . 1 9 5 4 1 9 9 1 satellites under control of the Red Army N A T O The ”I (The rTr o na n”Curtain” Cs uy lrvtof ni Magyar/Székely the ”Free West” tion Zone Soviet U.K. Union ct WaPr saawFrance Autonomous Region in Romania aani the a”,)separating .separating Territory Free City of Triest Yugoslavia after 1948 . tion Zone Soviet Union ct satellites under control of the RedUnion. Army France Autonomous Region in Romania f ro m t(The hTre a”n”Curtain” S sov jveof t nBthe lMagyar/Székely o)separating c. Free ”. Yugoslavia after 1948 . N A T O WaPr saawTerritory City of Triest y l a i a one U.K. d Army in control in the Soviet tion Zone under Soviet Union France ct Original boundary of Transylvania satellites control of the Red Army WaPr saawAutonomous Magyar/Székely Region in Romania of City of Triest (Territory Tr a n s y l vseparating a nthe i a ) . FreeYugoslavia The ”Curtain” after in 1948 . dsatellites Army inunder control in the Soviet Union. Pact tion Zone Soviet Union control of the RedWa Army Autonomous Magyar/Székely Region Romania Original boundary of Transylvania Territory of the Free City of Triest r s aw( Tr a n s y l v a n i a ) . one France oxha’s Partisan Regime control in Albania the former Partes Annexae. Original boundary ofof Transylvania tion Zone Soviet Union dsatellites Army inunder control ininthe Soviet Union. control of the Red Army Original Autonomous Region in Romania Pact (Original Tr aofn sthe y l vboundary aFree n i Magyar/Székely a )City . Territory of Transylvania Triest dsatellites Army inunder control ininthe Soviet Union. oxha’s Partisan Regime control in Albania the former Partes Annexae. control of in the Red Army Autonomous Region in Romania Original of one Soviet Union (Original Tr a n s y l boundary vboundary a nS.S.R. i Magyar/Székely a ) . of Tito’s Partisan Regime Yugoslavia Moldavian dlsatellites Army in control ininthe Soviet Union. oxha’s Partisan Regime control in Albania under control of the Red Army the former Partes Annexae. boundary of Original (Original Tr a n s yMagyar/Székely l boundary vboundary a nS.S.R. i a ) . ofof Transylvania Autonomous Region in Romania l Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Moldavian dtes Army in control in the Soviet Union. oxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania the former Partes Annexae. Border changes after WW ll, compared to 1932 . ries of the Yugoslav Federal Republics Original boundary of Transylvania under control of the Red Army d Army in control in the Soviet Union. l Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Moldavian S.S.R. oxha’s Regime in controlRepublics in Albania ( Tr a n sOriginal y l v a n i achanges )boundary . the ll, former PartestoAnnexae. ofof WW Original boundary Transylvania Border after compared 1932 . ries ofPartisan the Yugoslav Federal lyries Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Moldavian S.S.R. mous Regions of Serbia i n Yu go s l av i a oxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania the former Partes Annexae. Original boundary of Fo r Cyprus Cfr. Colour Legend Disk. in of control in the Soviet Union. Border changes after WW ll, compared toAnnexae. 1932 . the Yugoslav Federal Republics Original boundary ofCfr. Transylvania oxha’s Partisan Regime in control ingo Albania l Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia the former Partes Moldavian S.S.R. Original boundary of mous Regions of Serbia i n Yu s l av i a Fo r Cyprus Colour Legend Disk. Border changes after WW ll, compared to 1932 . ries of the Yugoslav Federal Republics l Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Moldavian S.S.R. mous Regions of Serbia i n Yu go s l av i a Fo r Cyprus Cfr. Colour Legend Disk. artisan Regime in control in Albania the former Partes Annexae. Original boundary of Border changes after WW ll, compared to ries of the Yugoslav Federal Republics l Tito’s Partisan Yugoslavia Moldavian S.S.R. Colour Legend Disk. 1932 . mous of Regime Serbia iin n Yu go s l av iceases a Cyprus Border after ries ofRegions the Yugoslav Federal Republics Soviet Union to exist o n Fo Jarrnchanges u a r y 1 ,Cfr. 19 9 2 . WW ll, compared to 1932 . mous of The Serbia i n Yu go s l av i a Fo Cyprus Legend Disk. to 1932 . s Partisan in Yugoslavia Moldavian S.S.R. Border changes after compared ries ofRegions the Regime Yugoslav Federal Republics Soviet to exist o n Fo Jarn Cyprus u a r y 1 ,Cfr. 19 9Colour 2 . WW ll, mous Regions of The Serbia i n YuUnion go s l av iceases a Cfr. LegendtoDisk. Soviet to exist Borderochanges n Fo Jarn Cyprus u aafter r y 1 ,Cfr. 19 9Colour 2ll, . compared WW 1932 . the Yugoslav Republics mous Regions Federal of The Serbia i n YuUnion go s l av iceases a Colour Legend Disk. The Soviet Union ceases to exist o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 9 2 . Regions of SerbiaThe i n Yu go s l avUnion ia Fo ro Cyprus Disk. Soviet ceases to exist n Ja n u Cfr. a r y Colour 1 , 19 9 2Legend . The Soviet Union ceases to exist o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 9 2 . The Soviet Union ceases to exist o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 9 2 . The Soviet Union ceases to exist o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 9 2 .

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Legend of the Habsburg Dominions

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1

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Lands of the Crown of St. Stephan: A . E . I .Hungary O . U . =- Croatia ”A u s -tSlavonia r i a e E- Fiume s t I m- Transylvania p e r a r e O r b i U n i v e r s o ” = ”A l l e s E r d r e i c h I s t

The Lands within t h i s f ra m e w

A Kingdom< of Hungary 1521-1526 Map

1

M a p 2-31

Hungary proper 1526-1919

Bohemian

Pe r s o n a l U n i o n i n t h e Ja g i e l l o n i a n D y n a s t y

Hungarian Lands

1

I n H a b s b u r g ’s p o i n t o f v i e w t h e E a s te r n H a b s b u r g L a n d s i n c l u d e f r o m 1 5 2 6 a l s o a l l L a n d s o f t h e C r o“

”Dragon” 13 out of the 24 “Zips” (Spiš) cities and 3 manors in the mining district of northern Hungary, mortgaged by This red line encloses all Eastern Habsburg Lands on our maps. The line is shown from 1711 (map 14 ), when to Poland, 1412–1772. 1711-1919 Map 14-31 the King the King and the Hungarian Parliament. In the author’s point of view this is the foundation of the ”Habsburg ”Dragon”

Autonomous areas inLHungary ands of the Crown of St. Stephan: :

1526-1919

H u n g a r y - C r o a t i a - S l av o n i a - F i u m e - Tr a n s y l v a n i a

Hungarian territories under Austrian administration, 1447-1647

L o c a t i o n o f Holy Crown of St.Stephan H u n ga r y p ro p e r

(Here only German names)

1526 – 1

13 cities : 1. Zipser Bela 8. Zipser Neudorf Principality of Transylvania and “Royal Hungary”2. Leibitz Au toBorder n o m o u sbetween a re a s i n Hthe u n ga ry 9. Riessdorf 3 . M e n h a r d ( sdorf ) 10. Felka Hungarian territories under Austrian administration, 1447-1647 11. Kirchdrauf 4. Georgenberg ”Royal Hungary ” = Hungarian regions undercontrol of the 12. Matzdorf 5. Deutschendorf Emperor and Vienna, 1526–1711 6. Michelsdorf 13. Dürelsdorf Original border between Transylvania and Hungary proper 1 Székely 7. Wallendorf B o rd e r b e t we e n the Principality of Tra n s y l va n i a a n d ” Roya l H u n ga r y ” 3 manors : Kniesen, Lublau, Pudlein 2 Magyar the RAGUSA Transylvanian nations of the “Union of Three Nations” (Principality of ) Transylvania and Partes Annexae

”Boh

(Principality of) Transylvania and Partes Annexae

2 b.

3

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c.

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< 1521-18

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1732

”Union of Three Nations”

the Transylvanian nations of the < 1521-18

Au M After ”liberation” in 1687 Transylvania is kept separated from Hungary proper, ili st administered jointly by Transylv. and Austrian authorities (marked on 12). 12). Transylvania and Austrian authorities (marked onmap map ri ta an To accentuate this, the King in 1713 assumes the title of Fürst von Siebenbürgen. Ci iry M To accentuate this, the King in 1713 assumes the title of Fürst von Siebenbürgen. J v T h e t r a d i t i o n a l i n te r n a l s e l f g o ve r n m e n t i s c o n t i n u e d , b u t n o w u n d e r ur il il i direct control of the King and his T r a n s y l v a n i a a is g e ncontinued, c i e s i n V i e n nbut a . now under direct control A d i s d oft athe ir The traditional internal selfgovernment King and his ic m y Former S o m e H u n g a r i a n c o u n t i e s ( c o m i t a t e s ) c o n t i n u e d a f t e r 1687 to in tio A Pr Partes ut n is b e cTransylvania o n s i d e r e d as ” Pagencies a r t e s A n n ein x a eVienna. ” a n d r e m a i n e d t h a t w a y. es i ho tr Annexae en at n M In some counties civil administration is floating between the Hungarian ri (Partium) ce io ti . B Neo-Conquista Commission in Vienna and Transylvanian agencies. es n . 1687-1751. Some Hungarian counties (comitates) continued to be Former 1709 financial matters in some Partium counties reverted to d. Vienna Austrian to Transylvania “Partes Annexae” after 1687 and remained that way. Partes Annexae Finalconsidered assignment of as floating counties to See below for e i t h e r H u n ga r y Inner-Austrian(Partium) but Austrian military presence ( ) continues. Military Borders o r Tr a n s y l v a n i a

159 5 – 1

16 1 9 – 1

”Battle of the White Mountain autonomy of the Lands of th from Vienna. So from 1621 the Boh

In some counties civil administration is floating between the and in Hungary Hungarian 1687-1751 Fiume; 1779 a Corpus Separatum Regni Hungariae. Hungarian Neo-Conquista Commission in Vienna andTransylvania Transylvanian agencies.

Lands of the Bohemian Cro

Transylvanian

K i n g d o m o f C r o a t i a & S l avo n i a . Frontier between Croatia and Slavonia

a.

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Civil and military authorities in the Habsburg administration of the the Landsadministered of the Crown ofjointly St.Stephan. After “liberation” in 1687 Transylvania is kept separated from Hungary proper, by

$ $ $

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Saxon

1. S z é k e l y 2. M a g y a r 3. S a x o n

$ $

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Zips area, leased to Poland 1412-1772.

Original border between Transylvania and Hungary proper

ˇ 13 out of the 24 ”Zips” (Spis) cities and 3 manors in the mining district o f n o r t h e r n H u n g a r y, m o r t g a g e d b y t h e K i n g t o Po l a n d , 1 4 1 2 – 1 7 72 .

RAGUSA

$

Lands of the Bohemia Bohemia - Moravia -

1849–1853

“Royal Hungary” regions K i= n gHungarian dom of Hu n g a r y under control of the Emperor, 1526–1711

A.

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?

w h e n b u r i e d n e a r O r s ova

Croatian

before arrival of the Ottomans

Civil Croatia

A u t oCivil n o m o and u s a d military m i n i s t r a t i authorities o n b y B á n u s +in S a the b o r (Habsburg u n d e r s u p e r administration v i s i o n o f G r a z a n d of V i ethe n n a )Lands . C r o a t iof a n the o f f i c Crown i a l s t r y t of o e lSt. u d eStephan. i n te r f e r i n g H u n ga r i a n a u t h o r i t i e s, w h o s e i n f l u e n c e va r i e s. Croatia continues to send delegates to the Hungarian Diet as well. ” L i tto ra l e” ( H u n ga r i a n / C ro a t i a n c o a s t a l a re a ) a d m i n i s te re d by t h e I m p e r i a l G e r m a n - C ro a t i a n Tra d i n g C o mpany. since 1670.

1?

Authorities

b.

2

3

Fo r C r o a t i a n M i l i t a r y B o r d e r s s e e b e l o w

?

N ” M I L I TA RY B O R D E R S , E STA B L I S H E D O N T H E C. ”AU ST R I AVienna

L A N D S O F T H E C ROW N O F ST. ST E P H A N

?

Civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Hofkammer in Vienna ( ). M i l i Transylvanian t a r y c o l o n i s t s ( M i l i t i a ) f a l l u n d e r t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e H o f k r i e g s ra t i n V i e n n a ( ) .

1720

$ 1720 1720 $ 1720 1720 1720

Demilitarizion from 1749

1. Lands of the Bohemian Cr

8 districts of the Bánát are gradually

3.

4. Lombardo-Venetian Kingd

turned over to Hungarian civilian authorities.

4 southern districts are gradually turned

into the (Hungarian) Bánát Military Border.

c. b. c.

!! ! ! ! ! 1720

! !

1720

1. 1745

The Lands of the Crow n of St.Stephan are administered as Crownlands of Austria 1849 - 1867.

! ! ! ! !

Civil Croatia

In 1744-’49 most of the Sava-Danube M.B. was transformed into 3 Zupanije under Croatian civil administration of (under • á n uAutonomous s a n d S a b o r , b uadministration t t h e i r f i n a n c e s weby re sBánus t i l l c o n tand ro l e d Sabor by t h e H u n ga r i a nsupervision L i e u te n a n c y Cof o uGraz n c i l . and Vienna). Croatian Syrmian Military Border, directly under Areas along thetry Sava river were transformedHungarian into the Slavonianofficials to elude interfering authorities, whose influence varies. Croatia continues to send 1.t h e H o f k r i e g s ra t i n V i e n n a ( ) . 1. 2. delegates to the Hungarian Diet as well. What at this time was called ”Slavonia”, is henceforth tacitly and gradually considered to be part of Croatia. 2. 1. 3. 3. 1. Tra n s y l va n i a n M i l i t a i r y B o rd e r s 2. 4. “Littorale” (Hungarian/Croatian coastal area) administered by the Imperial German-Croatian Trading 1. 2. 4. 3. Croatian Military Borders under control of Inner-Austria (Graz) and Vienna 3. 2. The Company civilian population under the jurisdiction of the Estates of Inner- Österreich in Graz ( ). M.B.Militias fall sincefalls 1670. 4. 3. u n d e r t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e H o f k ri eg s ra t i n G ra z ( ) , which after 1705 is subordinated to the Hofkriegsrat in Vienna. 4. 1. 1. K a r l ova c G e n e ra l a te 4. 1. 1. 2. 1. 2. Wa r a z d i n G e n e r a l a t e 2. 1. 3. 3. Lika and Krbava Counties, which after 1712 become part of the Karlovac Generalate. 2. 2. ˇ 1. 3. 2. 3. ˇ 3. district (in Carniola !), is part of the Slunj Captaincy of the Karlovac Generalate. 4. Zumberak 2. 3. 1. 4. 4. 1 7 1 8 – 1 73 9 e x t e n d e d a c r o s s t h e U n a r i v e r. I n civilian ( ) 5. Bánus’ Border, under control of Bánus, Sabor and Vienna . 4. 3. 2. 4. c i v i l i a n and in Military ( ) matters under the Bánus, Sabor and local Seigneurs, under supervision of the Hofkammer ( ) 3. and Hofkriegsrat ( )of Inner- Österreich in Graz, which after 1705 is subordinated to the Hofkriegsrat in Vienna. 4. 4. 1. Habsburg garissons of Military Border fortresses holding out in Ottoman occupied territory. 2. All M i l i t a r y B o r d e r s u n d e r c o n t r o l o f V i e n n a a f t e r M a r i a T h e r e s i a ’ s R e f o r m s 1. 3.

• • • ••

b.

1720

T h u s u n t i l 1 74 5 ” S l a v o n i a” i s a d m i n i s t e r e d u n d e r a c o n d o m i n i u m o f H o f k a m m e r a n d H u n g a r i a n C h a m b e r. M i l i t a r y c o l o n i s t s ( M i l i t i a ) f a l l u n d e r t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e H o f k r i e g s ra t i n V i e n n a ( ) .

Crownlands : (

2. 4. 3.

A. Croatian (-Slavonian) Military Borders

Karlovac

Generelate:

1

Warazdin

Generalate:

4.

S l av o n i a n Syrmian

Generalate:

2

Lika & Krbava Regiment

20 2

Otocac Regiment

5 K re u t z Re g i m e n t

6 St. Georgen

7 Gradiska Regiment

8 Brod Regiment

2. Bánus’ Border, also under control of Vienna .

3 Ogulin Regiment

Regiment

4 Sluin Regiment (Including the ˇ Zumberak Captaincy)

9 Peterwardein Regiment,

a. b. c.

Military Borders Croatia-Slavonia Transylvania

d.

Hungary

e.

Alleviation of Absolutism

Hungary under a limited co

3

2

”Tschaikisten”

1. Distric 2. Distri 3. Distri 4. Distric 5. Distri

”Serbian Vojvodina and Bánát of Temesvár”

which also controls the

3.

Crownla

(Lands of the Crown of St.

• • • •• • ••

b.b. b. b. c. b. 1745 c. c.c. b. c. c. 1745 b. c. c.

The civilian population north of the Sava is in 1720 transferred to the jurisdiction of the Hungarian Chamber in Pozsony.

• •

! b.

Military colonists (Militia) fall under the jurisdiction of the Hofkriegsrat in Vienna ( ). AfterFrontier 1718 this M.B. is extended by Syrmia the rightbefore bank of the river until 1739 ). between Croatia and(and Slavonia theSava Ottomans

•

1

The Bukovina

^

1720

1745 1745

1720 1720 1745 1. 1720 1720 2. 1720 b.3. b. 1745 c.4. 1720 1745 b. 1745 c. 1745 1745 b. 1745 c. b. 1745 c. 1720 1745 c.

16294-09-Atlas-Hötte-III-2017.indd 20

2. Kingdom of Lodomeria & G

into the Hungarian County administration. Gradually 8 civil and 4 military districts are established. The civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Hofkammer in Vienna ( ). M i l i1t aAustrian r y C o l o nMilitary i s t s ( M iPresence; l i t i a ) f a l l2uMilitary n d e r t h eJurisdiction; j u r i s d i c t i o3 n Civil o f t hAdministration e Hofkriegsrat in Vienna ( ).

directly unde r Vienna . This area is still considered to be part of Hungary proper. Sava-Danube Militairy Border, B Kingdom of Croatia & Slavonia The civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Hofkammer in Vienna ( ). $

1745 1745

c.

Kingdom of Lodomeria & ( i n c l u d i n g t h e B u ko v i n a )

Napoleonic E

Croatian Bánát of Temesvár. After its annexetion in 1718 it is administered directly by Vienna and is not incorporated 1745

Lands of the Bohemian Cro

” H u n Inner-Austrian g a r i a n” M i l i t a i r y B o r d e r s T i s zHungarian a - M a r o s ( T h . M . ) M i l i t a i r y B o r d e r, d i r e c t l y u n d e r V i e n n a .

a.

b.

Personal U

13-10-17 16:40

ili s t. M e n h a r d ( sdorf ) Emperor and Vienna, 1526–1711 10. Felka administeredHungarian jointly by Transylv. and Austrian authorities (marked on map 12). 6. 1711 Michelsdorf 13. Dürelsdorf Bohemia - Morav Lands of the Crown of St.Stephan. r t a 3The territories under Austrian administration, Thisfrom red line encloses all Eastern Habsburg maps. line 6.is Michelsdorf shown from (map 14 ), when the Szatmár Comprom 1447-1647 M After ”liberation” in 1687 Transylvania is kept separated Hungary proper, 13. Dürelsdorf A.inthe Original border between and Hungary proper K nr ygAduand o f Lands H u nproper g aon r y our AKu i n gbetween i r 4. i aGeorgenberg 1595 Maxi M assumes ” in 1687 Transylvania separated from Hungary n ialiFürst 11. Kirchdrauf To accentuate this, the King 1713 the title offTransylvania von Siebenbürgen. sot mTransylvania A.proper, 1711-1919 Original border Hungary 7. Wallendorf d o m o H u n g C Map 14-31is kept y 1595 Maximilian’s Line became exti i administered jointly by Transylv. and Austrian authorities (marked on map 12). i s M rdithe toaw Principality Hungary Hungarian the l Hungarian trdwe nt nthe of Tra n s ypoint llvaHnuinaga aof nriydv i”view ” Roya lthis H ui n ga y ”Wallendorf J5. the In is7.rthe foundation of theto”Habsburg Empire”, based onI nan As i ter tnwe tly by Transylv. and Austrian authorities (marked T on 12). h e map t r a d ithe t i ”Royal o n aKing l i n te rand n aBl osa.erd l”f eg=or ve m euternnintga iB sroregions cyrd oPrincipality neParliament. tri nb ueeeundercontrol , beuof usnof r n i aauthor’s u r Deutschendorf aeva 12. Matzdorf H p ro p i b the Tra n y l a n d ” Roya h i s L a n d s r e ve r te d to n1 he6irl 1412-1772. Zips area, leased Poland a l n r a. To accentuate this, the King in 1713 assumes the title of Fürst von Siebenbürgen. 159 5 – 1 i t leased to Poland 1412-1772. 3 manors : Kniesen, Lublau, Pudlein i s area, yK ipn ro Zips i r e cSiebenbürgen. t c o n t rEmperor oH l oufntga h er and gVienna, apnedrC h i si1526–1711 r y Tarna n s y l v a n i a a g e n cCii ve s iynJ V i e nMn a . s, the King in 1713 assumes the title of Fürstdvon A ai 3 manors : Kniesen, Lublau, Pudlein d 6. Michelsdorf 13. Dürelsdorf (Here only German names) (Principality of ) Transylvania and Partes Annexae T h e t r a d i t i o n a l i n te r n a l s e l f g o ve r n m e n t i s c o n t i n u e d , b u t n o w u n db. e r d u M ic i l and 3 manors in the mining i v 13J uout r i ˇ • Ty of the 24 ”Zips” (Spis) cities district ”Bohemia” (Here only German names) m r 13 cities : l y (Principality of ) Transylvania and Partes Annexae i n te r n a l s e l fdgiorve r n m e n t i s c o n t i n u e d , b u t n o w u n d e r Original border between Transylvania and Hungary proper b. 159 5 – 1 6 1 9 t i cities Former nl vgsaa 13 rnoiiafaout n atcgh oeof unencthe tiC ieesrs io (ncw oV”Zips” m antafe.(Spis) srS ) c o ni tiitneu epdhand aa f tn e r3: 1687 i s the imining n i o and n iVorderösterreich, n the Habs : mtooAr t gin 9 1 9”Bohemia”P e r s o n a l •UTyrol 24 manors i – 1 713 ect control of the King and his Som TLreaanHnsuyd inei lnt o odn.s 159 P r: 5 1–5126 61 9- 1 Pe d”giRoya f am ninsoodˇtdr1.r.trt hSegSlcities elda nbt adlyi r,Ht1Partes hu4en1 2district Kin g” .t oHPo ,i a1 47. 72 téaof Civil and the King and his zm yebu T r a n s y l v a n i a a g e n c i e s i nb eV iceonnnsai d. e rBeoodfrdas u nl agnadAruof n1 2nLWallendorf i sa n nnlegyxaaPrincipality dn tsgthy1521-1526 t y,Transylvanian w r sBela on al U n imilitary o n8.i nZipser tauthorities h all e Neudorf Ja g i eEastern l l o n i aHabsburg n D y n• a all st e r” Pbaerett1.we a gadn ga reav nsStozeA Héonnkun rAeo-y, aee gr1akineri-eTra dnlHTr yn