Special Maps of Persia 1477-1925 (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 the Near and Middle East, 99) 9004184015, 9789004184015

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SPECIAL MAPS OF PERSIA 1477–1925

HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES HANDBUCH DER ORIENTALISTIK SECTION ONE

THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST EDITED BY

R.S. O’FAHEY · M. ”ÜKRÜ-HANIO>LU · C.H.M. VERSTEEGH

VOLUME NINETY-NINE

SPECIAL MAPS OF PERSIA 1477–1925 BY

CYRUS ALAI

BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010

This book is printed on acid-free paper

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Alai, Cyrus. Special maps of Persia 1477-1925 / by Cyrus Alai. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Section one, the Near and Middle East, ISSN 0169-9423 ; v. 99) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18401-5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Iran—Maps—Bibliography—Catalogs. 2. Iran—Maps—Early works to 1800— Bibliography—Catalogs. 3. Iran—Historical geography—Bibliography—Catalogs. 4. Cartography—Iran—History. I. Title. II. Series. Z6027.I68A44 2010 [GA1261] 016.9155—dc22 2010012770

ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN 978 90 04 18401 5 © Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands

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CONTENTS Special Abbreviations Acknowledgements Foreword Preface

vii ix xi xv

Chapter One: Historical Maps Section One: The Ancient (Pre-Islamic) Periods in General Section Two: Median Period Section Three: Achaemenid Period Section Four: Alexander Campaign and Seleucid Period Section Five: Parthian (Arsacids) and Sasanian Periods Section Six: Pre-Safavid Islamic Period

1 1 13 17 31 48 56

E. 1-25 E. 26-30 E. 31-54 E. 55-91 E. 92-102 E. 103-109

Chapter Two: District Maps: Section One: Azerbaijan, Northwest Persia Section Two: Baluchistan and Sistan, Southeast Persia Section Three: Fars, South Persia Section Four: Gilan, North Persia Section Five: Khorasan, East Persia Section Six: Southwest Persia: Kurdistan Bakhtiari Mountains Luristan Khuzistan and Southwest Persia Section Seven: West Persia

E. 180-184 E. 185-188 E. 189-192 E. 193-198 E. 199-223

61 61 73 78 87 94 98 100 102 102 104 107

Chapter Three: Caspian Sea and its Persian Shores

E. 224-248

117

E. 110-126 E. 127-139 E. 140-154 E. 155-167 E. 168-179

Chapter Four: Persian Gulf, Persian Shores and Islands Section One: The Persian Gulf Section Two: Persian Shores, Parts of the Persian Gulf, and Gulf of Oman Section Three: The Persian Islands

E. 249-301

141 144

E. 302-348 E. 349-358

174 194

Chapter Five: Frontier Maps Section One: Western Frontiers Section Two: Northern Frontiers Section Three: Eastern Frontiers

E. 359-378 E. 379-386 E. 387-405

203 204 214 219

Chapter Six: Route Maps

E. 406-528

229

E. 529 E. 530-533 E. 534 E. 535-541 E. 542

275 276 276 278 280 283

Chapter Seven: Town Maps, Historical Sites Collection of Towns Ardebil Bampur Bandar Abbas Bisotun

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contents Bushehr Hamadan Hormoz Isfahan: City of Isfahan Meydan-i-Shah Other Important Monuments Izad-Khvast Jolfa Kashan Kerman Kermanshah Mashhad Persepolis Qazvin Qom Qomsheh Rey Sarakhs Sarpol-i-Zahab Saveh Shiraz Soltanieh Tabriz Teheran Yazd Historical Sites Chapter Eight: Political, Transport/Communication, and Tribal Maps Section One: Political and Military Maps Section Two: Transport, Communication and Economic Maps Section Three: Tribal Maps Chapter Nine: Natural-Topographical and Geological Maps Section One: Rivers Section Two: Lakes and Salt Plains Section Three: Mountains and Cross-Sections Section Four: Geological Maps List of Consulted Map Collections List of Plates Bibliography Chronological Index of Map Entries Index of Personal and Institutional Names Index of Geographical Names

E. 543-551 E. 552-553 E. 554-557 E. 558-567 E. 568-575 E. 576-581 E. 582-583 E. 584-585 E. 586-590 E. 591-593 E. 594 E. 595-596 E. 597-604 E. 605 E. 606-609 E. 610-611 E. 612 E. 613 E. 614 E. 615-617 E. 618-624 E. 625-628 E. 629-632 E. 633-640 E. 641 E. 642-652

285 287 291 293 294 300 306 310 311 312 314 319 319 320 325 325 328 328 331 331 333 334 337 340 342 352 352

E. 653-671 E. 672-715 E. 716-720

359 359 369 388

E. 721-738 E. 739-744 E. 745-750 E. 751-761

391 391 399 402 405 413 415 423 431 451 459

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SPECIAL ABBREVIATIONS

AD BC bk. BL BNF BSB c. E (E.) edn Fig. fl. MS N NL IOR ÖNB p. PGM Pl., pl. pp. Ref. RGS SBB TNA Sh. Vol. Vols.

Anno Domini Before Christ book The British Library, London Bibliothèque Nationale de France [National Library of France], Paris Bayerische Staatsbibliothek [Bavarian State Library], Munich circa, also century Entry, also East edition Figure flourished Manuscript North The Netherlands India Office Records, British Library Österreichische Nationalbibliothek [Austrian National Library], Vienna page Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen Plate pages Reference Royal Geographical Society, London Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin [State Library, Berlin] The National Archives, Surrey, England (formerly PRO) Sheet Volume Volumes

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My research work on the map history of Persia started in earnest two decades ago and resulted in producing General Maps of Persia in 2005 and Special Maps of Persia in 2010. Those individuals and institutions assisted me during the fifteen years of my cartographic investigations have been acknowledged in General Maps of Persia, and there is no need to repeat their names for the effect of their help on the present volume. There are, however, some who continued to advise and support me in different ways during the past five years to whom I am particularly obliged: Francis Herbert (former Curator of Maps, RGS-IBG) for his invaluable editorial help, and also Susan Gole for her editorial assistance; Peter Barber (Head of Map Collections, BL), Andrew Cook (Map Archivist, India Office Records, BL), Rose Mitchell (Map Archivist, TNA, England) and Hélèn Richard (former Head of Départment des Cartes et Plans, BNF, Paris) for their expert advice and help. I am also most grateful to many individuals and institutions for their general support and encouragements during the past five years, particularly to: Association of Friends of Persian Culture,

Chicago; Tony Campbell (former Map Librarian, BL); John Hébert (Chief of the Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.); Hubert Johnson (Washington Map Society); Uta Lindgren (former Professor, University of Bayreuth, Germany); Jalal Matini (former Professor of Ferdowsi University, Mash-had, Iran, and editor of Iranshenasi, Washington D.C.); Shapur Rassekh (former Professor, Teheran University); Freydun Vahman (former Professor for Iranian Studies, University of Copenhagen), and Ehsan Yarshater (former Professor for Iranian Studies, Columbia University, New York, and Chief Editor of the Encyclopaedia Iranica). I would like to express my special gratitude to Dr. Ebadollah Bahari and to my publisher BRILL for their irreplaceable support in producing of this volume. I remain also deeply indebted to my wife Fariba for her continuous and wholehearted encouragement during the past five years it had taken to finish Special Maps of Persia.

The continued generous financial support of THE BAHARI FOUNDATION is greatly appreciated.

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foreword

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FOREWORD by Francis Herbert Hon. FRGS former Curator of Maps, Royal Geographical Society with IBG With this welcome sequel to Cyrus Alai’s General maps of Persia 1477-1925, published in 2005, we can now obtain closer insights of the country. Indeed, the author’s own ‘Preface’ to his first volume envisaged all seven of the map categories – but now divided into nine chapters—covered here in this second, companion, volume: historical, district, town, Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, ‘special’ (e.g. rivers & lakes, geology, frontiers, tribes, and military), and communications (roads, itineraries, and telegraph lines). An innovation, contrasting greatly with his first volume, is the inclusion of around 105 manuscript maps; a partial explanation of this feature is the unique character and purpose of many of these: they were not always intended for ‘public consumption’. Even though we may find some of their eventual printed versions they may have been, at the time, ‘secret’ or ‘confidential’ for political, military, or commercial reasons. The first category—‘historical’—may seem a superfluous label as any map of 1925 or earlier would today, in 2010, be considered as such and beyond any current copyright legislation. But, in today’s history of cartography terminology, this label generally implies a depiction made in, for example, 1810 of what was then considered a historical or remote period. The empire or routes of Alexander the Great from Macedonia in the 4th century BCE is a good and typical example, and no less than 36 historical maps relating to Alexander are to be found here. Similar historical maps were a regular feature included in ‘modern’ atlases from the sixteenth century onwards (Abraham Ortelius, from 1579, being a prime exponent), and of other books – such as world geographies, gazetteers and general encyclopedias for educating the middle classes—from the eighteenth century onwards. A comprehensive overview of this Western phenomenon may be read in retired Professor Walter Goffart’s Historical atlases : the first three hundred years, 1570-1870 (Chicago and London : University of Chicago Press, 2003); its 31 map illustrations are reproduced in black-&white only, save for one (‘A.D. 912. Dissolution of the Empire of Charlemagne’ from Edward Quin’s 1830 Historical atlas in a series of maps of the world as known at different periods . . .) repeated in colour on the paper dust-jacket. Although Persia as a whole – the chief concern of Cyrus Alai’s first volume—is again frequently encountered here, it is a closer and more detailed consideration and history of the country’s land and sea frontiers which command our attention: hence both the

Caspian Sea and Persia’s northern shores, and the Persian Gulf and Persia’s southern shores give, through 135 basic charts and maps, visible insights into the changing shape of Persia. A characteristic of maps—as graphic forms of expression – but equally applicable to textual transmission, and commonly accepted since Classical times in Europe—is the copying of ‘originals’ by others. For, what are to the map draughtsman or engraver – and perhaps even more so to a disinterested writer or to an uninformed (or uncaring) book editor/publisher – descriptions of ‘remote’ regions, it costs less to copy (i.e. plagiarize) an existing depiction or description than to draw up, from a new survey, a revised and genuinely ‘improved’ map or chart. Such a major earth-moving change – literally (and graphically!) – is exemplified by the improved depiction of a region of Tartary containing the world’s largest salt-water lake. This occurred after Czar Peter I (‘The Great’) of Russia ordered and supervised the scientific exploration, recording, correction and public dissemination of the truer shape and orientation of the Caspian Sea and its shores; swept away was the hitherto out-moded, often almost circular, depiction. Possibly for the first time in English, Dr Ala’i provides a brief – but well-illustrated—history of the various surveys and responsible personalities involved with this major charting project which lasted from 1715-19: Aleksandr BekovichCherkasskiy, Aleksandr Ivanovich Kozhin, Mikhail Travin, Carl van Verden, Fedor Ivanovich Soymonov, Ivan Rentel’, and knyaz’ [prince] Vasiliy Alekseyevich Urusov. The innovatory geo-cartographical result was the so-called ‘Van Verden’ map – the 2-sheet ‘Kartina ploskaya Kaspiyskogo morya ot ust’ya Yarkovskogo do zaliva Astrabatskago . . . Risovana v astrakhanya i v’ygrydogovana Namyadi v sankt’ Piterburkhe, 1720 godu.’ (see Entry 230, Plate 122). A copy of this 1720 St Petersburg chart, inscribed in pen & ink with many English translations, was given in 1741 in that city to an un-named Englishman, and is described here in Reference 350. From 1721, when Iogann-Daniil Shumakher (Johan-Daniel Schumacher), Head of St Petersburg Library was despatched to Paris with the ‘Van Verden’ chart, it was but a short time before French, Dutch (plagiarizing – a national ‘speciality’ of the era—the French), and German map publishers issued copies; these maps or charts were usually reduced to one folio sheet either for adding to their growing world atlases or – another contemporary com-

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mon marketing feature – for selling separately as loose sheets. The learned and wide-read Eberhard David Hauber, of the Theological Seminary in Tübingen, in his Versuch einer umstaendlichen Historie der Land-Charten [or: ‘Essay on a detailed history of geographical maps’] (Ulm, 1724 ; reprinted Karlsruhe, 1988), writes about Peter’s chart: “Ihro Czarische Majestaet haben die durch erfahrne und besonders darzu verordnete See-Capitains verzeichnete Charte der Academie des Sciences zu Paris zu geschicket, und zugleich von den Herrn Ottens in Amsterdam sehr sauber in Kupffer bringen lassen; Es hat solche auch der Herr HOMANN ediret.” [His Imperial Majesty has sent to the Academy of Sciences in Paris the chart drawn up by experienced Sea-Captains especially commanded for that purpose, and equally to have it very finely published in copper[plate] by Mr Ottens in Amsterdam; Mr HOMANN [of Nürnberg] has also published it.]. This enables one to identify resultant items, such as Homann’s ‘Das Caspische Meer wie solches auf ihro Gros-Czaar. Maj. ordre durch einen erfarnen See-Capitain abgezeichnet und auf 200 Meillen wegs in die Lenge, und 50 in die Breite befunden worden.’ Perhaps connected with this particular map is the fact that, in 1722, J.B. Homann had applied for appointment as a ‘Moscow Commercial Agent’. Also, thanks to a current Western knowledgeable collector and bibliographer in the history of the cartography of Japan, Dr Alai here reveals a rare Swedish version of Peter I (or Van Verden)’s improved map of the Caspian Sea and suggests that Anders Grönwall’s version, published within a booklet in 1725, could have been based on Homann’s map or that of Guillaume De L’Isle. Another contemporary leading educator in matters geographical and historical was the Abbé Nicolas Lenglet du Fresnoy. In the third edition (Paris, 1736) of volume 4 of his 5-volume Methode pour etudier la geographie . . . [or: ‘Method for studying geography’] he writes about maps of Asia: “Jusque a present nous avons eu des Cartes assez imparfaites . . . celle de M. De Lisle . . . publiée en 1723 est plus exacte pour les parties Orientales; mais pour les parties Septentrionales de l’Asie il faut y joindre les découvertes que le feu Czar Pierre I. a fait faire de la Syberie & de la Tartarie. C’est celle que nous faisons graver dans ce Volume” [or: “Until now we have had rather imperfect maps . . . that by Mr. De Lisle . . . published in 1723 is the most correct for the eastern parts; but for the northern parts of Asia one must add the discoveries caused to be made by the late Czar Peter I in Siberia and in Tartary. That is the one that we have had engraved in this Volume”] (‘Tartary’ – or ‘Great Tartary’—here includes the Caspian Sea area). Opposite p.49 in this vol. 4 is the map, ‘Carte de l’Asie Septentrionale ou de la Tartarie Suivant les nouvelles découvertes.’, engraved by Pierre Bourgoin: it shows the ‘Mer Caspienne’ in its now improved southwest-northeast orientation, with ‘Arall Nor’ to its east. Lenglet-Dufresnoy comments: “Elle est tirée de la Carte corrigée sur les plus nouvelles découvertes faites par ordre du feu Czar Pierre I” [or: “It is taken from the map corrected according to the newest discoveries made on the orders of the late Czar Peter I”]. Maps specifically of the Caspian Sea are identified (i.e. recommended) by Lenglet-Dufresnoy in the second part of his volume 5, in the section entitled Catalogue des meilleures cartes geographiques, Generales & Particulieres. Avec Quelques Remarques sur le choix qu’on en doit faire [or: ‘Catalogue of the best geographical maps, both general and particular. With some remarks on the choice of them that must be made’] In the separate ‘Liste des ouvrages geographiques, de Guillaume de Lisle de l’Academie Royale des

Sciences. Geographie moderne’ on p. 201 are noted the following two maps in one or two sheets:“Mer Caspienne & Païs circonvoisins 1723. 1.f[euille]. Mer Caspienne suivant S.M, [!] Czarienne. Carte Marine de la Mer Caspienne 1722. 2.f[euilles].” No mention, however, is made of these maps in the 4th edition (Paris, 1768) of Lenglet-Dufresnoy’s geographical guide, perhaps because so many corrected depictions were by then in circulation. A logical step from the somewhat ‘fluid’ maritime, to the ‘downto-earth’ territorial, boundaries of Persia and her surrounding nations is to be found in the author’s separate studies of the western, northern, and eastern frontiers. When frontier/border disputes between two or more nations were arbitrated (ideally by a neutral third party), and eventually settled by a signed treaty, it was normal procedure for maps to be produced as one form of confirmatory evidence of an agreement. These were either MS in full or MS decisions drawn on a printed base-map; some of these now exist in unique copies or in photographic form, and examples of these rare items are described and illustrated here. Travel is a natural, human, activity – whether instigated by invasion, migration, exploration, trading objectives or by ‘leisure’ purposes (think of an extension of the eighteenth-century educational ‘Grand Tour’); 123 items are chosen to exemplify this particular category. In contrast to evidence of transient tourists, subsequent permanent settlement by inhabitants is represented by – coincidentally—the same number (123) of items used to depict 23 main towns and historical sites (see, for example, the 1657 map-view of Isfahan on the title-page). The map-views or panoramas of towns offer opportunities to see these as their inhabitants or visitors saw them nearly 200 years ago; doubtless some were ‘artistically’ rendered but they still provide a ‘true’ picture of the architecture and social make-up of their communities and evidence of destroyed or changed features that might only otherwise have been transmitted to us in textual form. Mention of permanent inhabitants reveals the inclusion of the category of ‘tribes’ or ethnology: a category that is sometimes suspiciously subjective and, in the 20th and 21st centuries especially, political. Nevertheless the subject deserves to be depicted in graphical, rather than coldly statistical, form; five main examples are presented here. One of the most important of these is that produced as an untitled ethnographic multi-coloured overprint on a 1:2 000 000-scale topographical base-map entitled ‘Map of Eastern Turkey in Asia, Syria and Western Persia’, shortly after the end of World War 1, by the British War Office’s Geographical Section General Staff. But this ethnographic version, in fact, represented the third ‘life’ of a topographical map which had originally been compiled by the Royal Geographical Society in London some ten years earlier. That original map was either available separately flat; or dissected, mounted on cloth, and folded in the back pocket of an octavo-format portfolio (of 5 pages) with the title ‘Notes to accompany the map of Eastern Turkey-in-Asia, Syria, and West [sic] Persia : Published by the Royal Geographical Society, January, 1910’. This bound-with-text version was more informative than the separate flat one, as the map’s sources and compilation methods are revealed in the ‘Notes’ that end, on p.5, with: “It is not possible to show on a single edition [!] all the ancient historical names that might be placed on a map . . . and a special edition showing the ancient names superimposed in red is also published. This has been looked over by Mr. L[eonard]. W. King of the British

foreword Museum . . .” The August 1910 issue of the RGS’s Geographical Journal, in the end-papers advertisements, informs on this red overprint (or second ‘life’) version. It was entitled ‘The period of the Babylonian and Assyrian Empires’ (or ‘Special Edition, with ancient names in red’) and marked – also in red – the “Position of Principal Assyrian Rock-cut Inscriptions”. As a derivative from a topographical map, therefore, this is another co-incidental item for Dr Alai’s first chapter devoted to ‘Historical maps’. Even in the case of this ‘ancient historical names’ overprint, the base-map itself was later revised to July 1912, November 1917, and January 1921. Incidentally, the ‘Babylonian and Assyrian Empires’ map is also to be found folded into the back pocket of the first of the two volumes of Sir Percy Molesworth Sykes’ work The history of Persia (London : Macmillan) in both its first (1915) and second (1921) editions. In July 1918 the War Office’s Geographical Section General Staff in London was permitted to purchase the RGS’s lithographic stones and to print the requisite number of copies for both military purposes and for continued sale by the RGS, revising the railways information in the process, but adding an identifying GSGS Series No. (2901) and, later, the War Office’s selling price to the general public of 5 shillings (£0.25). As the emphasis of post-World War I politics shifted geographically—notably following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the Congress of Paris in 1919, and the

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consequent emergence of newly independent nations and mandated territories in the Near East—the RGS’s original topographic map now seemed, to the War Office, ideally suited as a base for an ethnographic overprint. By April 1920 the ‘Ethnographical Map of Eastern Turkey in Asia’ – as it was advertised—was on sale as a separate map from the War Office and, by October that year, also available—in connection with the Historical Section of the Foreign Office’s ‘Peace Handbooks’—folded for inclusion as map number 5 (of six) in its fourth map-case entitled Ethnography of Central and South-Eastern Europe and Western Asia. This ‘Foreword’ ends with just the two brief map histories above; but each demonstrates the internationalism of maps herein centred on Persia but with input from Britain, France, Russia, Sweden, The Netherlands, Germany, Italy . . . all brought together between two covers by one knowledgeable, inspired, and generous enthusiast for all to share—and to explore further. Lest Dr Alai’s two volumes be dismissed as solely ‘history’, with no relevance either to the present or to the future, it should be borne in mind that some maps and map-views—if evaluated intelligently and carefully—can contribute to lost or damaged architecture, landscape, and human activities. These volumes offer a basic foundation for both beginners and ‘experts’ in the study of Persia’s history, geography and culture.

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PREFACE

The present author’s General Maps of Persia, 1477-1925 (2005) was well received worldwide by institutions and individuals with some interest in Persian geography and culture. Tony Campbell wrote: “Surprisingly, this is the first published study of the mapping history of Persia/Iran, a country of major significance from ancient times up to today.” Peter Barber, Head of Map Collections, British Library noted: “It is most informative and clearly set out and looks lovely too – it seems destined for the scholar’s library, the collector’s bookshelf and the amateur’s coffee table: a very rare achievement.” John Hébert, Chief of the Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress, stated: “This carefully researched work is a must have item in any collection of research materials on the history of cartography.” And added: “I cannot wait for the arrival of subsequent volumes of further great scholarship and readable map reproductions on other detailed aspects of the history of mapping of Persia.”

raphy with maps was printed by De Lapis in Bologna and ends in 1925, when the Qajar dynasty was overthrown, and Reza Pahlavi acceded to the throne. The Pahlavis guided Persia into the modern age and established several advanced cartographic institutions. As a result, numerous maps of Persia were produced, requiring a separate volume to be described. Sorting of the map entries The map entries are ordered firstly by category. The entries of each chapter, section or subsection are next sorted chronologically, except for maps by the same mapmaker, which appear usually in succession after his first entry. For the benefit of researchers a chronological table of the map entries has been given at the end of this volume. Spelling of oriental personal and place names: No consistent system of transliteration was ever used until the end of the nineteenth century. As a result, the oriental proper names, personal or geographical, appeared on maps with quite different spelling. As to why the European geographers and authors perceived the pronunciation and spelling of such names so differently is a matter for historians and philologists to investigate. In my view, they relied too much on the local pronunciation of these names, which varied among different groups. In addition, several oriental consonants and vowels, which are not present in the European languages, could not be correctly grasped and written down in the Roman alphabet. Scholars like Edward Browne, who were familiar with the oriental languages – here Arabic, Persian and Turkish – succeeded to an acceptable extent in the transliteration of oriental names correctly. In this volume these names are written as they appeared on the maps, with the anglicized version and other, possibly better known, versions of them given parenthetically. No systems of oriental transliteration have been used in the text, for I found them unhelpful, and occasionally misleading. However, for the benefit of experts, the system of transliteration used by the Library of Congress and the History of Cartography series has been applied to these names in the Indexes of Personal and Geographical Names at the end of this volume.

Encouraged by over thirty published reviews in five languages (English, French, German, Persian, Armenian) and many testimonials from well-known authorities in ‘History of Cartography’ and ‘Iranian Studies’, I worked hard another five years to produce the present volume Special Maps of Persia, 1477-1925. It is, on one hand, a completely new volume in its own right and, on the other hand, a complementary volume to General Maps of Persia. This book covers nearly every map of Persia except general maps produced during our chosen time-span. It is divided into nine chapters according to main categories, most having several sections, some of which are further subdivided. This system resulted from categorising the map entries (E. 1 – E. 761), selected from over 1500 maps investigated during the past twenty years. Of these 761 maps 409 have been chosen to be illustrated (Pl. 1 – Pl. 409). Variants of earlier maps, with negligible changes, have been referred to in the main entries. It should also be noted that of these 761 maps, 105 are manuscript, most of which are being described for the first time. This volume has a dual character, being both a carto-bibliography of special maps of Persia and the mapping history of that country. Concise related historical notes therefore precede every chapter or section, or are occasionally supplied within the map entry. These notes have been taken from a number of reliable sources; but they are not meant for historians, nor for the study of history of Persia. They should merely help the reader to understand better the how and why of the historical events reflected in the construction of the maps described herein.

Bibliography Books and atlases, to which reference has been made in the text or References (1-1148), have been more fully described in the Bibliography. They are arranged alphabetically by author and, where the author was unknown, or the work was an encyclopaedia, or had multiple authors, by title. Such authors’ names and titles are written in bold in the text and References.

The time period covered Like General Maps of Persia, this work covers a period of time which begins in 1477, when the first edition of Ptolemy’s geog-

The scope of a map’s description In contrast to a comprehensive cartobibliography of a library

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or private collection, which may include information about the thickness, watermark and other distinct qualities of the paper on which the map is printed, physical condition of each map, etc., here a general description is given, valid for all the printed copies of a map. 1) Entry number: Each map has an Entry number, beginning with E. 1 in ascending order. Insets receive a separate number only if there is no entry number for the main map. In cases where a map has several states or variants with subtle differences, they are referred to in the same entry. 2) Mapmaker: Cartographer or mapmaker is a vague term, as several individuals and occasionally institutions may have been involved in constructing a map. These could be a surveyor, data compiler, draughtsman, engraver, inscriber (lettering), printer, colourist, publisher, supervisor, the person or authority for whom the map has been prepared (a historian, a geographical institution, etc.), and others. Should the main cartographer responsible for a map be known, his name is noted. Otherwise one of the above-mentioned, believed to be more associated with making that particular map, is given. Other important names related to the same map are also noted after the name of the main mapmaker; in each entry these are separated by a comma, their initials and words describing their function, rank, etc. by a space. Military ranks and similar titles are written in italic. Some of the important prolific mapmakers, such as Jean Chardin, Albert Houtum-Schindler, Jane and MarcelAuguste Dieulafoy and others, were not professional geographers or cartographers and, thus, may not be well known to many of the readers. Therefore, wherever necessary, a brief biography of them precedes the first related entry. 3) Place of printing: The city, if known, otherwise the country is given. 4) MS maps: Should a map be a manuscript, it is marked with MS next to the entry number. Many of these MS maps lack any information on where they were made. However, as their first, or original, sketches were usually made in situ, i.e. in the places depicted, ‘Persia’ is given as the place of mapmaking. For locating the places where further MS copies and final draft for the engraver were made, further research is needed. 5) Date: If the date of the first state (or edition) of a map is known, it is given. Otherwise the date of the inspected copy is mentioned. In case of an undated map, the date of the atlas or book which contains the map is noted. Should the date be estimated, the basis of estimation, such as the year assigned by the British Library, is included. All dates are in Anno Domini (AD) unless otherwise indicated. 6) Title: Most maps have a title inside a cartouche within a map’s neat-line or inner borders, or occasionally above the upper border. Where the title is too long only the first part of it is mentioned. Should a map carry no title, after ‘untitled’, a short description of the map is given. Many titles

are not in English, but are simple and could be easily understood, such as ‘Golfe Persique’, Mare Caspium’, etc. A few more difficult ones have been translated into English and placed in square brackets next to the original title. 7) Language: The language given is the one used for the inscriptions on the map. If there is a separate description of the map with a different language, it is usually mentioned. 8) Size: The size (height then width) given includes the printed border around the map, and is measured in cm to the nearest half-centimetre. Should the map be surrounded by a wide border (as happens in history books) containing descriptions, illustrations and insets, the size of the whole plate (i.e. the entire printed surface) is also noted. 9) Coverage of the map, Parallels of Latitudes and Meridians of Longitudes: Latitudes (measured from the Equator) are given south to north, such as 25°- 40° N. Longitudes in the upper border, and then in the lower border, are given west to east from Greenwich, such as 42°- 66° / 44°- 64° E. Other prime meridians are given, such as ‘E. of Ferro’. 10) Scale: Most maps carry one single natural or graphical scale. For maps with several scales all, or a selection of them, are noted. For maps with no statement of scale, any information available from library catalogues is given. Numbers with 6 or more digits are written with a space after every 3 digits (e.g. 1: 1 000 000). The contradictory systems of using a ‘comma’ (e.g. 1: 1,000,000), as it is sometimes customary in English, or a ‘full stop’ (e.g. 1: 1.000.000), as practiced in many other languages, have been avoided. 11) Source: Seven main sources for special maps of Persia have been identified: I: Atlases, which constitute one of the richest sources of printed maps of Persia. II: Loose maps, including large-scale multi-sheet maps. III: Travel accounts, mainly in popular European languages; a large number of them were printed during the given time-span. However, authors may have taken their basic maps from one of the above two sources to depict their journeys. IV: Geography and history books, although authors may have mainly benefited from the above three sources for their books. V: Geographical and historical periodicals, which played an important role in terms of cartography of special maps of Persia in the nineteenth century and later, such as different publications (Journal, Geographical Journal, Proceedings, etc.) of the Royal Geographical Society published in London, and Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen published in Gotha (Germany). VI: Political and geographical records in State Record Offices, which may contain some very interesting manuscript sketches, plans and maps. VII: Other sources, such as wall fresco maps, maps on tiles, etc.

preface Wherever possible, the source or sources of a map have been identified and included in the ‘References’ at the end of each entry. 12) Details: Other details, such as different editions and variants of a map, other related maps, historical notes, unique and important features, when available and useful, are noted below the bibliographical data. Indexes a) The index of personal and institutional names As regards the names of the mapmakers, the respective entry numbers have also been given. This index does not include ‘The British Library’ and ‘Royal Geographical Society’, as they appear too frequently.

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b) The index of geographical names This index does not include the terms ‘Persia’ (and its variants ‘Perse’, ‘Persien’, etc.), ‘Asia’, ‘Europe’, ‘London’, and ‘Paris’, as they appear too frequently. References and Notes The References 1-1148 noted towards the end of each entry accommodate both sources and notes. This combined system is more suitable and easier to use for this publication. References elsewhere, as in the historical backgrounds, are placed at the end of those texts. The sources for each map, given in the References, are those seen by this author. Additional sources may be found in different libraries and collections. The given pressmarks (shelf marks), some of which may have changed later, are from the time of my investigation. Cyrus Alai

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historical maps

1

CHAPTER ONE HISTORICAL MAPS

Historical maps are those depicting former periods, with place names as used in those times. They are mainly based on history books and treatises, travellers’ accounts and sketches, ancient monuments and architectural remains, and also, if available, similar older historical maps. As Persia is an ancient country, with a written history from almost 700 BC, a good number of historical maps were produced during our chosen time-span of 1477-1925. The sheer number of such maps, many of which were made during the 19th and early 20th centuries for school atlases, obliges me to be selective in this volume. Another reason for such selectivity is that many of those historical maps, destined for school or popular atlases, were contemporary general maps of Persia with place names replaced by ancient or Ptolemaic names, and lacked any cartographic merit. However, the present author has tried to describe in this chapter every historical map of Persia with some historic or cartographic quality, accumulating 109 map entries. These entries are divided into six sections, representing different historical periods, for which a reasonable number of historical maps had been produced. The first section, however, includes historical maps of Persia in ancient times generally, or in pre-Islamic periods throughout. Obviously, due to availability and reliability

of Greek historical accounts, the European cartographers were able to make a larger number of historical maps for the Achaemenid period, the Alexander Campaign and the Seleucid period. For a better understanding of these maps by readers with little knowledge of the history of Persia, a brief historical background based on, or extracted from, several reliable sources (see Note below), has been given before each section except the first. It should also be noted that such concise information is not meant for historians, or for studying the history of Persia. Note: For an overview of the history of Persia from ancient times to the Safavid period please refer to: 1) Encyclopaedia Iranica, article ‘Iranian History, An Overview’ by Ehsan Yarshater, Vol. 13, pp. 212-234. 2) Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 9, entry: ‘History of Iran’, pp. 829-859. 3) Historical Atlas of Iran, article ‘A Glance at the History of Iran’ by Zabihollah Safa (in Persian, with translations in English and French), pp. 1-6. For a more detailed study please refer to: 4) Cambridge History of Iran, 7 volumes. 5) Sykes Sir Percy, A History of Persia, 2 volumes. 6) Malcolm Sir John, The History of Persia, 2 volumes. 7) Pirnia H and Eqbal Ashtiani A, History of Iran (in Persian).

Section One: Ancient (Pre-Islamic) Periods in General E. 1

Lines of advancing soldiers with their weapons are shown (hachured strips), demonstrating specific wars described in the text. For a better understanding of this map one should read Raleigh’s lengthy text, in which, among other information, he gives his compilation sources.

Pl. 1

RALEIGH Walter Sir historian and author, BURRE Walter publisher; London; 1614; untitled historical map of Western and Southern Asia; Latin / English; 25 × 38 cm; coverage (latitudes, and longitudes) and scale not given.1

Emanuel Bowen re-drew and re-engraved this map about 120 years later.2

This was prepared for the Historie [History] of the World by Sir Walter Raleigh, published by Walter Burre in London in 1614, with several later editions. Place names are given partly in Latin and partly in English. For example Mare Caspium et Hyrcanum, Assyria, Parthia, Indicum Pelagus, etc. are in Latin, whereas The gulf [Gulf] of Persia, The redd [Red] Sea, The Mediterran [Mediterranean], etc. are in English. The level of inaccuracy in the geographical positions and place names is puzzling: the Elburz Mountains repeatedly called ‘Ararat –Tavrvz’; Tauris (Tabriz in Azerbaijan), identified also as Erbatana (Ecbatana near Hamadan), placed in ‘Hircania’ (Mazandaran); Cavcasi (Caucasus) and ‘The Arck’ (Ark of Noah) situated in Afghanistan, and so on.

1) Raleigh Walter Sir, map between pp. 108 and 109; in the 1676/1677 edition map between pp. 72 and 73. 2) Bowen, 1747, map (1736) between pp. 72 and 73.

E. 2 DUVAL (DUVAL) Pierre, CORDIER Louis (Ludvicus); Paris; 1665; Carte des Quatre Grandes Monarchies, des Assiriens, des Perses, des Grecs et des Romains; French; 33.5 × 54.5 cm,

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 1 (E. 1) An untitled historical map of Western and Southern Asia, by Sir Walter Raleigh, London, 1614; 25 × 38 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 178

the right half of a larger map; 25°-50° N, 65°-125° / 65°-115° E. of Ferro; no scale given.3 The left half of the original map covers the Greek and Roman empires. In this entry only the right half of that map, showing the Assyrian and Persian empires, has been described. On this map the shape of the Caspian Sea differs from Ptolemy’s oval form, perhaps under the influence of the Olearius map of 1646. In 1709 Duval’s map was reproduced, with minor changes, by Nicolas de Fer (see E. 3). 3)

This is a redrawn version of Pierre du Val’s map of 1665 (see E. 2). A lengthy description printed in two columns in the lower part of each sheet, below the map; title written inside a rectangular frame in the lower left corner of the left sheet; Persia, Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf contained in the right (eastern) sheet. Le Masson du Parc produced a composite atlas in 1717, which includes this map.5 R & J Ottens published a different version of it in 1740 in Amsterdam (see E. 4). 4) 5)

De Fer N, 1709. Masson du Parc, 1717, vol. 1, map 13.

Copy in the BNF, Paris: AF.PF.37 (55).

E. 4

Pl. 2

E. 3 DE FER Nicolas, DU VAL Pierre; Paris; 1709; Les Quatre Grandes Monarchies des Assiriens, des Perses, des Grecs et des Romains; French; 2 sheets, each about 22 × 37 cm (map), or 28 × 37 cm (with description below the map), in total 28 × 74 cm; covers: left (western) sheet: 25°-51° N, 350°-0°-60° / 5°-60° E. of Ferro, right (eastern) sheet: 25°-51° N, 60°-125° / 60°-115° E. of Ferro; natural scale approximately 1: 14 000 000 (catalogue of BSB, Munich).4

DE FER Nicolas, OTTENS Reinier & Josua (R & J OTTENS), JOSEPHUS (IOSEPH) Flavius historian, DU VAL Pierre; Amsterdam; 1740; Carte des Quatre Grandes Monarchies des Assiriens, des Perses, des Grecs et des Romains, dressée pour bien entendre l’Histoire Sainte, l’Histoire Prophane, et particuliérement cette de Flavius Joseph [Map of the four great Monarchies of the Assyrians, the Persians, the Greeks and the Romans, intended for good understanding of Sacred History and Secular

Pl. 2 (E. 4) Carte des Quatre Grandes Monarchies des Assiriens, des Perses, des Grecs et des Romains, by De Fer, R & J Ottens’ edition, Amsterdam, 1740; 28 × 70 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps*55.(2.)

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chapter one – historical maps

History, particularly that of Flavius Joseph]; French; 28 × 70 cm; covers: 19°-52° N, 360°-130° / 15°-115° E. of Ferro; scale not given.6 This is a new version of DeFer/DuVal map of 1709 (E. 3), with the following changes: a) two sheets are pasted together, becoming one sheet; b) lengthy description of the four monarchies is omitted; c) map is extended southwards; d) a decorative title cartouche replaces the former simple rectangular frame. 6)

Loose copy in the BL: Maps*55.(2.).

E. 5

Pl. 3

CHÂTELAIN Henri Abraham, GUEUDEVILLE Nicholas author, FRANÇOIS L’HONORÉ and LES FRÈRES CHÂTELAIN publishers; Amsterdam; 1719; ‘Perse’ (on the map), ‘Succession des Rois de Perse, Anciens & Modernes, depuis Cyrus jusqu’a Present’ [Succession of the Kings of Persia, ancient and modern, from Cyrus until the present time]; French; map: 13.5 × 17 cm, with text and genealogical trees: 37 × 43 cm; covers: 24°-45° N, 52°98° / 57°-93° E. of Ferro; one graphical scale: 14 mm to 50 Lieüx de France, natural scale approximately 1: 20 000 000 (catalogue of BSB, Munich).7 The Atlas Historique was published between 1705 and 1720 by H A Châtelain, with later reprints. It is a contemporary encyclopaedia of geographical, historical, political and chronological information, relating to ancient and modern kingdoms and civilisations. The text was by Nicholas Gueudeville, and the maps – based on those of Guillaume Delisle – engraved by Châtelain. The plate of Persia is included in vol. 5, first published in 1719. The map, showing the Safavid Kingdom at that time, is placed in the lower half of this plate. On both sides of the map a lengthy historical description is printed. An extended genealogical tree of 74 rulers of Persia appears in the upper half of the plate, stemming from “Cyrus, l’an du Monde 3468”, and ending with AD 1694. 7)

Châtelain H A, Tome 5, No. 28.

E. 6

Pl. 5

COURT DE GEBELIN Antoine; Paris; 1773; Carte du Monde Primitif à l’époque de la fondation des premiers Empires connus [Map of the early world at the period of foundation of the first known empires]; French; 31 × 52.5 cm; covers: 0°-65° N, 0°-155 E. of Ferro; no scale given.9 Court de Gebelin, a French historian (1719-84), included this map with Persia in its centre, in his book Monde Primitif to illustrate how the known world was perceived geographically by the people of ancient times. According to his map they must have believed that the Persian Gulf was connected to the Caspian Sea and further to Pont Euxin (Black Sea) and Mer Glaciale (Arctic Ocean), the Red Sea to the Mediterranean, etc. For his reasons and sources one should refer to his book, but the present author could not find any other historical map or text supporting these beliefs. Although some of the ancient Greek geographers like Strabo may have thought that the Caspian Sea was a Gulf, branching out of the Encircling Ocean (Arctic Ocean) – an idea rejected by Ptolemy – nobody else has ever suggested that the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf were connected. 9)

Court de Gebelin, Monde Primitif, map folded and bound in.

E. 8 LAMARCHE (DELAMARCHE) Charles François; Paris; 1795; Turquie d’Asie et Perse, pour les premiers âges du Monde; French; 19 × 23 cm; covers: 24°-45°N, 38°-77° / 42°-72° E. of Ferro (E. of Paris is also given); two graphical scales: 40 mm to 75 Milles Romains, to 20 Lieues d’une heure.10 This map includes west Persia; both ancient and contemporary names are inscribed, for example ‘Ecbatane ou Amadan’ (Hamadan); title placed in the lower middle part, scales in the upper left corner. 10) Lamarche, 1795, map 30.

Pl. 4

STUKELEY William (Wilhelmus), MOLL Herman; London; 1721; Asiae Antiquissimae Tabula… Ex AEvi antiqui Tenebris eruit Wilhelmus Stukeley M.D.; Latin; 30.5 × 40 cm; covers: 20°55° N, 10°-90° / 25°-75° E. of London; one graphical scale: 77 mm to 600 British Miles, natural scale approximately 1 : 12 500 000.8 This map is distinct in grouping the ancient states in three categories, with different headings, as shown in three tables in the upper part of the map: a) CHAM, covering Northeast Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and southeastern shores of the Mediterranean; b) SHEM, covering an extensive west-to-east swathe from Syria to northwest India, including southern Persia; c) JAPHET, covering remainder of Asia north of c. 35°, including northern Persia. Title and note placed inside a rectangular frame in the upper left corner, scale bar in bottom centre. 8)

E. 7

Moll Herman, Geographia Antiqua, 1721 edition, plate 30.

E. 9 VINCENT William author, D’ANVILLE Jean Baptiste author, CADELL T Jr and DAVIES W publishers; London, 1797; Map of Babylonia, Tigris, Euphrates Eulaeus [Canal], Pasitigris & Susiana chiefly from d’Anville by W[illiam]. V[incent]. to front the Sequel (i.e. ‘Sequel to the Voyage of Nearchus’); English; 13 × 21 cm; covers: 29°45’-34° N, 60°30’-69° E. of Ferro; scale not given.11 This small historical map of part of ancient Persia is based mainly on D’Anville’s work and prepared for a two-volume book The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea,12 containing an account of the navigation of the ancients from the sea of Suez to the coast of Zanguebar (Zanzibar). It also covers the north-western corner of the Gulph of Persia (Persian Gulf); title placed in the lower left corner. 11) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/Div. 2; copy in the BL: Maps C.29.e.2 (2.). 12) Vincent William, The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, vol. 1, see pp. 459487.

Pl. 3 (E. 5) Perse & Succession des Rois de Perse, by Henri Abraham Châtelain, Amsterdam 1719; Map: 13.5 × 17 cm, Plate: 37 × 43 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 68

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 4 (E. 6) Asiae Antiquissimae Tabula, by William Stukeley, published by Herman Moll, London, 1721; 30.5 × 40 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 184

E. 10

Pl. 6

WILKINSON Robert, BOURNE Ebenezer engraver; London; 1798 (or 1797), later editions; Imperium Persicum Antiquum; Latin; 22.5 × 28.5 cm; covers: 20°-50° N, 31°-99° / 42°-88° E. of Ferro; four graphical scales: 41 mm to 500 Milliaria Romana, 46 mm to 150 Parasangae Persicae, 52 mm to 5000 Stadia Olympica, 44 mm to 500 Milliaria Britannica propria, natural scale approximately 1: 18 000 000.13 This is a typical map, depicting the ancient Persian provinces in different colours. Title placed in the upper left corner, scales in the upper right corner.

Authorities; English; 34 × 45.5 cm; covers: 22°-44° N, 49°-93° /54°-88° E. of Ferro; three graphical scales: 60 mm to 300 British Statute Miles, 55 mm to 2400 Grecian Stadias or Furlongs, 55 mm to 300 Roman Miles, natural scale approximately 1: 8 000 000.14 This map covers a large territory from Asia Minor and Cyprus eastwards up to River Indus. It does not represent a specific historical period, and boundaries of the three mentioned countries are not clearly marked. It was prepared for Whiting & Watson’s edition of Dr. Scott’s Bible. Title and scales placed in the lower left corner. 14) Loose copy in the Library of Congress.

E. 12 13) Wilkinson, Atlas Classica, map 42.

E.11

BAKER Benjamin, CELLARIUS Ch; London; 1816; Orientis Tabula; Latin; 14 × 20.5 cm; covers: 13°-50° N, lacks longitudes; no scale given.15

MAVERICK Peter; Newark, New Jersey; 1810; A Map of Ancient Persia, including Syria, Assyria & Mesopotamia from the best

This sketchy map covers an area from the Black Sea, Cyprus and Red Sea in the West to the River Ganges in the East, with Persia

Pl. 5 (E. 7) Map of the early world at the period of foundation of the first known empires, by Antoine Court de Gebelin, Paris, 1773; 31 × 52.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 277

historical maps 7

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 6 (E. 10) Imperium Persicum Antiquum, by Robert Wilkinson, London, 1798; 22.5 × 28.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Wf1/2011.DSC, map 42

Pl. 7 (E. 13) Regiones intra Mare Hyrcanum, Oxum, Fl. Indicum Pelagus et Sin. Persicum Sitae, by A. Arrowsmith [Jr.], London, 1828; 22 × 27.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 232

historical maps

9

Pl. 8 (E. 14) The Eastern Part of the Ancient Persian Empire, by George Long, London, 1831; 28.5 × 36 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 123B

in a central position. Title inside a rectangular frame placed in the mid-lower part of the map; Ptolemaic names of the ancient Persian states are noted. It is included in at least two editions of Christophori Cellarii Smaldcaldensis geographia antiqua..., sixth edition, published in London in 1816, and with two minor changes and omissions in 1821.

and so on. Title is placed in the upper margin, scales in the lower margin. It was prepared for the Eton Comparative Atlas, published by E P Williams, to appear next to the general map of Persia,17 entitled: ‘Persia with a part of Cabul and the adjacent countries’. 16) Arrowsmith A, 1828: pl. 23, right map. 17) Alai, 2005: E. 252, p. 196.

15) Cellarii Christophori..., 1816 edition, facing p. 86.

E. 14 E. 13

Pl. 8

Pl. 7

ARROWSMITH [Jr.] Aaron; London; 1828; Regiones intra Mare Hyrcanum, Oxum, Fl. Indicum Pelagus et Sin. Persicum Sitae.; Latin; 22 × 27.5 cm; covers: 24°-41° N, 43°-70° / 45°-68° E; four graphical scales: 50 mm to 300 Milliaria Romana, 62 mm to 3000 Stadia Olympica, 50 mm to 80 Parasagae Persicae, 50 mm to 80 Schaeni, natural scale approximately: 1: 8 800 000.16

LONG George, THE SOCIETY FOR THE DIFFUSION OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE (SDUK) supervisor, WALKER J & C engravers, KNIGHT Charles publisher; London; 1831; The Eastern Part of the Ancient Persian Empire; English; 28.5 × 36 cm; covers: 25°39° N, 38°30’-62° / 40°30’-60°30’ E; two graphical scales: 54 mm to 2000 Stadia 700=1°, to 200 British Miles 69.1=1°, natural scale approximately 1: 6 000 000.

This is a contemporary general map of Persia, converted to an historical map by replacing the new place names with Ptolemaic names in Latin, and drawing the borders of the ancient provinces

This is basically the same (general) map, by George Long, entitled: Persia with Part of the Ottoman Empire,18a with omissions, additions and minor changes, showing the ancient Persian Empire, as

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 9 (E. 15) Ancient Persian Empire, by John Dower, London, 1831; 34 × 41.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 118

described by Herodotus.18b Title and scales placed in the lower left corner. 18) Alai, 2005: a) General map of Persia, by George Long (p. 210): E. 282, Pl. 151, Ref. 499-503 and Note; b) The historical map described in this Entry is also illustrated in the same sources (map 133 in the source given in Ref. 499, and map 89 in the sources given in Ref. 500-503).

E. 15

Pl. 9

DOWER John, TEESDALE Henry (Henry Teesdale & Co.) publisher; London; 1831; Ancient Persian Empire; English/Latin; 34 × 41.5 cm; covers: 15°-50° N, 10°-85° / 22°-73° E; two graphical scales: 40 mm to 3000 Olympic Stadia, 39 mm to 100 Parasangs, natural scale approximately 1: 15 000 000.19 Title and scales placed in the upper right corner; decorative margins; the Ptolemaic terms ‘Sinus Persicus’ for the Persian Gulf, and ‘Sinus Arabicus’ for the Red Sea appear; further editions in 1837, 1856 and later. 19) Dower John, map 46.

E. 16 DUFOUR Auguste Henri, PICQUET Charles geographer and publisher; Paris; 1839; Perse, Carmanie et Gédrosie; French; 19.5 × 25.5 cm; covers: 22°-33°30’ N, 47°-65° / 48°-64° E. of Paris; three graphical scales: 24 mm to 40 Parasanges Persane, to 120 Milles Romains, to 40 Lieues Commune de France.20 This map shows the southern half of Persia, i.e. Perse proper (Province Fars), Carmania (Kerman) and Gédrosie (Makran and Baluchistan). Golfe Persique and Mer Erythrée (Gulf of Oman) are also shown. Title and scales are placed in the lower left corner. 20) Dufour, 1839: pl. 26.

E. 17 DUVOTENAY Thunot, DUBEUX Louis author, FIRMIN DIDOT FRÈRES éditeurs (publishers); Paris; 1841; Perse Ancienne; French; 18 × 22.5 cm; covers: 25°-40° N, 40°-64° / 42°-62° E. of Paris; no scale given.21

historical maps

11

Pl. 10 (E. 19) MS MS map to illustrate the course of the Eulaeus (Karun, or biblical Ulai) and the other ancient rivers of Susiana &c as described by the early Geographers, surveyed and drawn by the English geologist and explorer W K Loftus, 1850; 25.5 × 55 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society: Map Room, Iran S/S. 10

Duvotenay converted his general map of Persia, entitled ‘Perse’22 to this historical map, by replacing the contemporary, with the Ptolemaic, place names. 21) Dubeux Louis, map at the back of the book. 22) Alai, 2005, p. 131, E. 147.

rivers and ‘Channel of the Eulaeus’, surveyed and drawn by the English geologist and explorer W K Loftus. Title, etc. placed in the upper right. 24) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.10.

E. 20

Pl. 11

E. 18 ARCHER Joshua, SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE publisher; London; 1847; Persis, Media et Hyrcania; Latin/English; 14 × 9 cm; covers: 26°30’-39°30’ N, 62°30’73°30’ / 63°-73° E. of Ferro; no scale given.23 This map shows the western part of Persia; title placed in the lower left corner; publisher’s name in the lower margin. 23) Included in the atlas published under the direction of the Committee of General Literature and Education.

E. 19

Pl. 10

MS

LOFTUS William Kennett; Persia; 1850; Map to illustrate the course of the Eulaeus [Karun, or biblical Ulai] and the other ancient rivers of Susiana &c as described by the early Geographers; English; 25.5 × 55 cm; covers: 29°20’-33° N, 44°20’-53°40’ / 44°30’53°30’ E; scale: 1 inch to 22.2 geographical miles, natural scale approximately 1: 1 600 000.24 This manuscript map covers part of South Mesopotamia and Southwest Persia (mainly Susiana, or present Khuzistan), with its

LOFTUS William Kennett, CHURCHILL A Henry, BROOKS Vincent lithographer; London, 1857; Plan of the most remarkable Mounds of Shúsh (Ancient Susa) with the Tomb of the Prophet Daniel to illustrate the excavations made by HBM Commission for the delimitation of the Turco-Persian Frontiers; English; 23 × 31 cm; one graphical scale: 44 mm to 1000 feet, natural scale approximately 1: 6900.25 Four points of interest are marked (1 - 4) and described: 1) Citadel; 2) Shushan the Palace; 3) Great Platform; 4) Ruins of City. The excavations made by General Williams and by Loftus are marked in green and red respectively. Plan of the Tomb of Prophet Daniel can be seen on the eastern bank of the Shaoor River. 25) Loftus, map facing p. 340.

E. 21 MÖLLER Johannes Heinrich geographer, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha, Germany; 1851; Terra Inter Euphratem et Indum Antiqua; Latin/German; 18 × 24.5 cm; covers: 25°-40° N, 55°-95° / 60°-90° E. of Ferro; one graphical scale: 35 mm to 100 Parasangae, natural scale approximately 1: 15 700 000.26

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 11 (E. 20) Plan of the most remarkable Mounds of Shúsh (Ancient Susa) with the Tomb of the Prophet Daniel, by W K Loftus, London, 1857; 23 × 31 cm; By Permission of the British Library: W4.5812, map facing p. 340

This map is based on the works of D’Anville, Mannert, Uckert, Reichard, Kruse, Wilhelm and others, and is included in the Orbis Terrarum Antiquus, Schul-Atlas der alten Welt, 1851/52 and later editions. 26) Perthes Justus, 1851/52 and 1868 editions, map 2.

E. 22 FINDLAY Alexander, TEGG William publisher; London; 1853; Imperium Persicum; Latin; 22 × 26.5 cm; covers: 23°-42° N, 44°74° / 46°-72° E; two graphical scales: 35 mm to 2000 Stadia Olympia, 28.5 mm to 200 Milliaria Romana, natural scale approximately 1: 12 500 000.27 It is the same general map of Persia by Findlay, entitled ‘Persia, Cabool &c.’28 in which the contemporary place names have been replaced with their ancient forms in Latin, and the replacement of the one graphical scale by two medieval scale bars; title and scale bars placed in the lower left corner. 27) Findlay Alexander George, map 46. 28) Alai, 2005, p. 203, E. 268.

E. 23 STANFORD Edward, LINDLEY Oswald delineator, WELLAND George engraver; London; 1857; Oriens; Latin / English; 31.5 × 39.5 cm; covers: 23°-43° N, 42°-76° / 45°-73° E; two graphical scales: 42 mm to 2000 Stadia 700=1°, 42 mm to 200 British Miles 69.1=1°, natural scale approximately 1: 7 660 000. It contains ancient place names; title and scales placed in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. This map appeared in several atlases from 1857 to 1876 and later.29 29) See the following atlases: a) Stanford Edward, University Atlas, map 17; b) Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Stanford’s General Atlas, map 88; c) Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, The Complete Atlas, map 88.

E. 24 SYKES Percy, KING L W; London; 1915; Babylonia showing the Sites of Ancient Cities; English; 18 × 21 cm; covers: 29°-33°45’ N, 42°15’-49° E; one graphical scale: 53 mm to 100 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 3 000 000.30

historical maps There is an inset map in the lower left corner, entitled ‘Babylonia in the earliest historical Period’, 7 × 9 cm, centred on 32° N and 46° E. It covers the south-western part of Persia. This map was taken from Dr. L W King’s History of Sumer and Akkad by Sir Percy Sykes, and included in Sykes’ A History of Persia (2 vols), volume 1 of which describes the ancient times until the early Abbasid period (ninth century). 30) Sykes, vol. 1, map at the back of the book.

E. 25 ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY; London; 1913 / 1918; The Period of the Babylonian and Assyrian Empires (mid-lower

13

part of the map); English; 71 × 74 cm; covers; 29°20’-41°40’ N, 32°50’-50°10’ / 34°-49° E; one graphical scale: 79 mm to 100 statute miles, natural scale given: 1: 2 000 000.31 This is an overprint in red on the original ‘Map of Eastern Turkey in Asia, Syria and Western Persia’ made by the RGS in 1910 (see E. 218), here with mountains shaded and – in red - ancient place names added. Names of major mountains, river systems, lakes, seas, bridges, etc. are noted in the lower margin. 31) Copies in the RGS: First copy) Map Room, Asia Div. 302 (1910 base map has revisions to July 1912 and Map Room’s inked accession stamp at top right indicating entry on 3 Nov. 1913); Second copy) Map Room, Asia Div. 212 (base map has railways to November 1917 and Map Room’s inked accession stamp at top right indicating entry on 20 June 1918). Loose copy in the BL: Maps 46990.(6.).

Section Two: Median Period 708-550 BC

Historical Background The written history of Persia (Iran), as it is reported in the writings of the Greeks, Romans, Armenians and others, as well as in the extant inscriptions, the allusions in the books of the Old Testament, and the archaeological remains discovered in Iran and the neighbouring countries, pertains to two groups of Iranian tribes dwelling in the west and south of the country. In other words, it begins with those peoples who crossed the Caucasian Mountains into the Iranian Plateau, and were divided into branches, of which the most important were the Medes and the Persians, both being long-time vassals of the Assyrian Empire. Of the two, the Medes were the more widespread and, from the Assyrian point of view, the more important group. They were among the most powerful of the western Aryan peoples and gradually settled in the provinces, beginning in the areas of Rey and extending west to the highlands of the Zagros Mountains and north and north-west of the region of Kura River. This area, known as ‘Greater Media’, had its largest city in Ecbatana, called Amadana by the Assyrians and known today as Hamadan. It was in this ancient city that the first empire of the historical period of the western and central regions of Iran was established (708 BC). By defeating the Assyrians the Medes produced, during one-and-a half centuries, a great kingdom extending from the south of Iran right to the edge of the Iranian Plateau and to the borders of lowland Mesopotamia and parts of Asia Minor. In this way the Medes not only focused the attention of the scattered Aryan tribes of Iran on the possibility of having an independent and centralized kingdom, but also became the first to extend their domain beyond the borders of the Aryan-inhabited lands. Thus, they showed the Iranians the way to establish an empire. Soon the unified and recognized Medes became powerful and organized enough to be a match for the Assyrians. They attacked one of the Assyrian border cities, Arrapkha (Kirkuk), in 615 BC, surrounded Nineveh in 614 BC, but were unable to capture it. Instead, they successfully stormed the Assyrian religious capital, Ashur. An alliance between the Babylonians and the Medes was sealed by the betrothal of the Median king Cyaxares’ granddaughter

to Nebuchadrezzar II (604-562 BC), son of the Babylonian king Nabopollassar. In 612 BC the attack on Nineveh was renewed, and the city fell in August of the same year. The Babylonians and the Medes together pursued the fleeing Assyrians westwards into Syria. Assyrian appeals to Egypt for help came to nought and their last ruler, Ashur-Uballit II, vanished in 609 BC. The Medes took over all the highland regions of the Assyrians, and gained control over the areas in eastern Anatolia, becoming embroiled in war with the Lydians, the dominant political power in western Asia Minor. In 585 BC, probably through mediation by the Babylonians, peace was established between Media and Lydia, and the Halys River fixed as the boundary between the two kingdoms. Thus, a new balance was maintained between Medes, Lydians and Babylonians. At his death the Median king Cyaxares controlled vast territories: Anatolia to the Halys River, the whole of western Iran, perhaps as far as the city of Rey (near present Teheran), and all of south-western Iran, including the province of Pars (Fars). Astyages followed his father Cyaxares on the Median throne (585-550 BC). During his reign the alliance with Babylonia weakened, and there is some evidence to suggest that Babylonia feared Median power. The latter, however, was soon in no position to threaten others, for Astyages was himself under attack. Indeed, he was overthrown by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenids, and the Median Empire came to an end.

E. 26

Pl. 12

D’ANVILLE Jean Baptiste, ROLLIN Charles historian, BARENTIN DE MONTCHAL Luis publisher, TARDIEU Ambroise editor, BOURGOIN P engraver; Paris; 1739 (published 1807 and 1818); Carte pour servir à l’intelligence de l’histoire des Assyriens Medes Babyloniens et Perses comprise dans l’Histoire Ancienne de Mr. Rollin Par le Sr. D’Anville Géographe Ordinaire du Roi, Septembre 1739; French; 27 × 41 cm; covers: 25°-47° N, 41°-94° / 46°30’-87°30’ E. of Ferro; four graphical scales: 44 mm to

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 12 (E. 26) Carte pour servir à l’intelligence de l’histoire des Assyriens Medes Babyloniens et Perses, by D’Anville, Paris, 1739; this plate illustrates the 1807 edition of Barentin de Montchal; 27 × 41 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 37.f.10, map II

100 parasanges 25=1°, 44 mm to 30 000 (should be 3 000) stades à 30 par parasange, 50 mm to 100 parasanges 22=1°, 48 mm to 100 lieues de 3 000 pas géometriques ou 2500 toises. Charles Rollin (1661-1741), a French historian, produced a 13-volume book entitled Histoire Ancienne des Egyptiens, des Carthaginois, des Assyriens, des Babyloniens, des Mèdes et des Perses in 1730. This work inspired D’Anville to make a set of twelve maps from 1738 to 1742, based on Rollin’s work, which were later copied by Luis Barentin de Montchal for his Atlas de la Géographie Ancienne et Historique.32 They were also used by A Tardieu in Atlas de Géographie Ancienne pour Servir à l’Intelligence des Oeuvres de Rollin.33 This map covers a large territory from the Aegean Sea to the Indus River, and from north of the Caspian Sea to south of the Persian Gulf; title and scales placed in the lower left; frontiers of the ancient kingdoms are partially marked. 32) D’Anville, 1807, map II. 33) D’Anville, 1818, map 7 (listed as 5).

E. 27

Pl. 13

BUY DE MORNAS Claude author, DESNOS Louis Charles publisher; Paris; 1762; Histoire Profane. Empire des Medes, depuis l’An 3234 jusqu’à l’An 3468 [527-293 BC]; French; 26.5 × 26 cm,

with text and decorative margins: 38 × 54 cm; covers: 15°-53° N, 37°-98° / 47°-88° E. of Ferro; estimated scale: 1: 17 500 000.34 It shows the extent of the Median Empire, with its provinces in the given period. The Jewish calendar has been used by the author; title placed in the upper margin; extended historical accounts printed along both sides. In some editions a wide decorative margin has been added, making the size of the page noticeably larger. 34) Buy de Mornas, vol. 2/3 (book 2), folio 82.

E. 28

Pl. 14

DUFOUR Auguste Henri, REYNAUD draughtsman, LAHANIER & LACOUCHY lettering, GAUME publishers; Paris; 1864; Empires Assyrio-Babyloniens et Medo-Perses de 721 à 500 avant J.C. Par A H Dufour; French; 33 × 46 cm; covers: 25°-39°30’ N, 35°-60° / 36°20’-58°40’ E. of Paris; two graphical scales: 58 mm to 30 Myriamètres, 65 mm to 150 Parasanges.35 This map shows the ‘Medo-Perses’ empires before the rise of Cyrus the Great and, therefore, the years in the title may be corrected to ‘721- 550 BC’. Title and scales are placed in the lower left corner. 35) Dufour A H, 1864: pl. 5.

Pl. 13 (E. 27) Histoire Profane. Empire des Medes, depuis l’An 3234 jusqu’à l’An 3468 (527-293 BC), by Buy de Mornas, published by L C Desnos, Paris, 1762; 26.5 × 26 cm; with text and decorative margin: 38 × 54 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 198

historical maps 15

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 14 (E. 28) Empires Assyrio-Babyloniens et Medo-Perses de 721 à 500 avant J.C. Par A H Dufour, Paris, 1864; 33 × 46 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 9.DD.30, pl. 5

Pl. 15 (E. 30) Empires of the Babylonians, Lydians, Medes and Persians, by G B Grundy and Stanford’s Geographical Establishment, John Murray, London, 1904; 28 × 42.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 37.d.27, map 1

historical maps E. 29

17 E. 30

SMITH Benjamin E, MATTHEWS-NORTHRUP engraver, CENTURY COMPANY publisher; New York, 1897; The Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian and Median Powers; English; 13.5 × 19 cm; covers: 18°-42° N, 25°-75° / 31°-70° E; one graphical scale: 48 mm to 700 miles, natural scale: 1: 23 500 000.36 The basic map is the same as described in E. 51, but on a slightly larger scale. The boundaries of the Median and the other Powers are marked. Title, scale and legend placed in the mid-lower part. For locating geographical positions, an alpha-numerical grid system – G-Q / 5-10 – is added. 36) Century Atlas, 1897, plate 8 (lower map).

Pl. 15

GRUNDY G B author, STANFORD’S GEOGRAPHICAL ESTABLISHMENT, MURRAY John publisher; London; 1904; Empires of the Babylonians, Lydians, Medes and Persians; Latin / English; 28 × 42.5 cm; covers: 17°-50° N, 5°-90° / 19°-78° E; three graphical scales: 62 mm to 5000 Stadia 600=1°, 56 mm to 150 Persian Parasangae 20=1°, 54 mm to 500 Milliaria Angelica 69.16=1°, natural scale given 1: 14 400 000.37 The territory of the Median Empire coloured yellow, and of the Achaemenid (Persian) Empire pink; the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman named ‘Erythræum Mare’; the Red Sea carries the Ptolemaic name ‘Sinus Arabicus’ and also ‘Maris Erythraei’; title and scale placed in the upper right corner. 37) Grundy, Murray, 1904, after the index, map 1.

Section Three: Achaemenid Period, 559-330 BC

Historical background The dynasty of the Achaemenids or Persians, settled initially in the province Fars (Parsa) in south-western Iran, traced their ancestry back to an eponymous Haxamanish or Achaemenes. Three rulers fall between Achaemenes and Cyrus II: Teispes, Cyrus I and Cambyses I. When Median control over the Persians was reasserted under Cyaxares (Median king), Cambyses was put in charge of a reunited Persia to administer it as a Median vassal. His son, Cyrus II, married the daughter of Astyages – the last Median king – and in 559 BC inherited his father’s position within the Median confederation. He certainly warranted his later title ‘Cyrus the Great’. Cyrus must have had a remarkable personality and surely was an exceptional king. He united under his authority several Iranian groups who apparently had not been under his father’s control. He then initiated diplomatic exchanges with Nabonidus of Babylon, which justifiably worried Astyages. Eventually Cyrus openly rebelled against the Medes, who were beaten easily in battle when considerable numbers of Median troops deserted to the Persian standard. Thus, in 550 BC the Median Empire became the first Persian Empire, and the Achaemenid kings appeared on the international scene with a suddenness that must have frightened many. Cyrus immediately set out to expand his conquests, and nowhere did he display his political and military genius better than in the conquest of Babylon. He took advantage of internal disaffection and discontent within the Babylonians. Nabonidus was not a popular king; he paid little attention to home affairs and had alienated the native priesthood. The fall of the greatest city in western Asia was swift; Cyrus marched into Babylon in the late summer of 539 BC, seized the hands of the statue of the city god Marduk as a signal of his willingness to rule as a Babylonian not as a foreign conqueror, and was hailed by many as the legitimate successor to the throne. In one stride Cyrus carried Persian power to the borders of Egypt, for with Babylon came all that it had seized from the Assyrians and had gained since. From the time of this great leader

the Persian monarchy was established on a solid foundation. Cyrus’ successor Cambyses conquered Egypt, and Darius I (Darius the Great) turned his attention to the organization and consolidation of his empire, and it was for this role – that of lawgiver and organizer – that he himself most wished to be remembered. Such activities, however, did not prevent Darius from following an active expansionist policy, adding large sections of the northern Indian subcontinent to the list of Persian-controlled provinces. Expansion in the west began about 516 BC, with the strategic purpose of disrupting Greek trade with the Black Sea region, which was very profitable for Greece. However, the Ionian Greek cities on the west coast of Asia Minor revolted against Persian rule in 500 BC, but were beaten in 494 BC by a renewed Persian offensive. In 490 BC the army of Darius was defeated at the battle of Marathon, and he was forced to retreat and begin preparations for an invasion of Greece on a grand scale. These plans, however, were interrupted in 486 BC by his death. His son Xerxes I broke with the style, followed by Cyrus and Darius, of ruling foreign lands with a fairly light hand, and imposed his will on rebellious provinces in a thoroughly Persian style. He led a combined land and sea invasion of Greece. Northern Greece fell to the invaders in the summer of 480 BC, and Persian land forces marched on Athens, allegedly taking and burning the Acropolis. However, the Persian fleet lost the battle of Salamis; Xerxes returned home and left Mandonius in charge of further operations. He was killed in a later battle, and the Persians never solved the military problem posed by the disciplined Greek hoplites. Finally, in the year 331 BC, Darius III was decisively defeated by Alexander the Great at the battle of Gaugamela, from whence he fled to Bactria. In 330 BC he was killed by Bessus, as a result of which the Achaemenian rule came to an end. The Achaemenids ruled over vast territories, extending from the Indus River, the Punjab and the foothills of the Pamir (Himalaya) mountains in the east to Greece and Carthage in the west for a long period of about 220 years. Their extended empire was

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 16 (E. 31) La carte de L’Empire du Grand Cyrus, Premier Roy de Perse. Par P. Du Val Geogr[aph]e du Roy, Paris, 1665; 16.5 × 23.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 118.b.22 (1680 edition, map 8)

divided originally into 20 provinces or satrapies, which were ruled by governors or satraps. These were technically appointed by the central authorities, but often became hereditary sucklings, particularly in the later years of the empire. The number of satrapies and their boundaries varied greatly from time to time. During the reign of the Achaemenids a major part of the civilized world of the day was under their control or influence. They organized imperial institutions, based on systematic laws and regulations, covering all nations of their empire. The Achaemenids were characterized by their respect for all religions and beliefs and their utilization of the various talents and abilities of vassal states.

E. 31

Pl. 16

DUVAL (DU VAL) Pierre; Paris; 1665; La carte de L’Empire du Grand Cyrus, Premier Roy de Perse. Par P. Du Val Geogr[aph]e du Roy. [Map of the Empire of Cyrus the Great, the first King of Persia, by Pierre Du Val, Geographer to the King]; French; 16.5 × 23.5 cm; covers: 21°-54° N, 37°-133° / 57°-113° E. of Ferro; no scale given.38 This map, with a few changes, has also been used to depict the empire of Darius (see E. 32). The ancient names appear, but the borders of the empire are not marked. Title cartouche is placed in the upper left corner; another cartouche, containing information about the publisher, in the bottom centre.

38) Duval, 1665: map 7; 1677 edition: map 7, copy in the RGS: Map Room, 3.A.18; 1680 edition: map 8, copy in the BL: 118.b.22.

E. 32 DUVAL (DU VAL) Pierre; Paris; 1665; L’Empire des Perses divisé en Vingt Satrapies, de Darius Fils d’Hystaspes, conformement au trios[iè]me Livre d’Herodote par P. Du Val Geographe du Roy [The Persian Empire, divided into twenty Satrapies by Darius, son of Hystaspes, in accordance with the third book of Herodotus, by P. Du Val, the King’s Geographer]; French; 16 × 23.5 cm; covers: 19°-55° N, 37°-133° / 57°-113° E. of Ferro; no scale given.39 This is the same map by Duval (see E. 31), showing the empire of Cyrus the Great, in which the title cartouche has been changed and moved to the upper right corner. As before, the author’s privilege and publisher imprint is in a cartouche at bottom centre. The borders of the Empire of Darius are marked; a few other subtle changes can also be noticed. Ionnis Petri (Jean Pierre) Gentil produced another version of this map to include in his composite atlas of 1680.40 39) Duval, 1665 edition, map 8; 1677 edition: map 9, copy in the RGS: Map Room 3.A.18; 1680 edition, map 9, copy in the BL: 118.b.22. 40) Gentil J P, vol. 2, 1680 edition, map 19.

Pl. 17 (E. 33) Delisle’s Historical Map of the Eastern Roman and Achaemenid Empires before 400 BC, Paris, 1705; 48 × 64.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 82

historical maps 19

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chapter one – historical maps E. 33

Pl. 17

DELISLE (DE L’ISLE) Guillaume, DESROSIERS (DES ROZIERS) F engraver; Paris; 1705; Theatrum Historicum ad annum Christi quadringentesimu[m] in quo tu[m] IMPERII ROMANI tu[m] BARBARORUM circumincolentium status ob oculos ponitur PARS ORIENTALIS…[Historical theatre before 400 BC in which the location of both the Roman empire and the surrounding barbarians is portrayed. Eastern part]; Latin; 48 × 64.5 cm; covers: 25°-59° N, 40°-110° / 38°-92° E. of Paris; three graphical scales: 54 mm to 300 Roman Miles 75=1°, 52 mm to 3000 Greek Stadia 600=1°, 52 mm to 70 Farsangae 18=1°, natural scale approximately 1: 7 500 000.41 A circular, 19 cm-diameter, inset map of the Eastern Hemisphere headed: ‘Supplementum Theatro Historico’, is placed in the upper right corner of the sheet. The shape of the Caspian Sea in the early editions of this map is influenced by the Olearius map but in the later editions, as in Delisle’s untitled atlas of 1732, is corrected according to the Russian (Van Verden) map of the Caspian (1720).42 The name of the Persian Empire appears on the map itself ‘Persarum Artaxerxidarum Imperium’. The Ptolemaic terms ‘Sinus Persicus’ for the Persian Gulf, and ‘Sinus Arabicus’ for the Red Sea, are used. The Gulf of Oman is called ‘Sinus Carmanicus’ [Gulf of Kerman]. A decorative title cartouche is placed in the mid-upper part, and scale bars in the lower left corner, of the map. This map proved popular and appeared in different editions of several atlases. For example, it was published by J Senex in London in 1711, with a few changes, such as using a simple title cartouche.43 It can also be found in many other atlases.44-46 Christoph Weigel copied and published it on a smaller scale, with slight modifications in Nuremberg, omitting Delisle’s name. (see E. 37) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45)

Delisle, Atlas Geographique, Tome XVI, map 11. Delisle, untitled Atlas, 1732 edition, map 64. Senex John, 1725, map 30. Masson du Parc, 1717, vol. 1, map 16. Delisle, Atlas Nouveau, Covens and Mortier edition, 1733 edition, map

66. 46) Delisle, untitled Atlases, appeared 1700-44: copies in the BL: Maps C.36.f.4, map 2; Maps C.37.f.13, map 70; Maps 1.Tab.9, map 8; Maps C.37.f.14, map 83; etc.

E. 34 DELISLE (DE L’ISLE) Guillaume; Paris; 1723; Retraite Des Dix Mille: Tabula conspectum exhibens Regionum omnium quas Cyrus Junior Artaxerxi fratribellum illaturus ac Cyro in acie caeso… [Map presenting all the regions through which the Greek auxiliary troops travelled when Cyrus the younger waged war on his brother Artaxerxes and Cyrus was killed in battle]; Latin; 44 × 56 cm; covers: 30°-46°30’ N, 35°-71° / 38°30’-67°30’ E. of Ferro; three graphical scales: 125 mm to 4000 Stadia Graecorum 700=1°, 132 mm to 140 Parasangae Persarum 23.33=1°, 132 mm to 150 Leucae Gallicae 25=1°, natural scale 1: 5 100 000 (catalogue of the BSB, Munich).

This map is included in several Delisle and other atlases.47, 48 Title, scales and information placed in the upper margin. 47) Delisle’s untitled atlases (1700-32) in the BL: Maps C.37.f.15, map 69; Maps c. 37.f.16, map 95; Maps C.37.f.18, map 69; Maps 1.Tab.9, map 89; etc. 48) Buache 1785 edition, map 146.

E. 35 BROWNE Christopher, DU VAL P; London; 1712; The Empire of Cyrus the Great first King of Persia; English; 18 × 23 cm; covers: 20°-55° N, 36°-132° / 58°-112° E. of Ferro; scale not given. This map is nearly a copy of Du Val’s map of 1665. It appeared in the school atlas Geographia Classica by Browne in 1712,49 with later editions until 1747 which was printed for John and Paul Knapton in London. Title is placed in the upper left corner. 49) Browne Christopher, map 27.

E. 36

Pl. 18

BROWNE Christopher, DU VAL P; London; 1712; The Persian Empire Divided into Twenty Governments by Darius son of Histaspes; English; 16 × 23 cm, covers: 20°-56° N, 36°-132° / 57°113° E. of Ferro; no scale given.50 Here, the basic map is the same as in E. 34 and from the same atlas. However, the simple rectangular title frame is replaced by a decorative cartouche in the upper right corner; the borders of the twenty states are marked. 50) Browne Christopher, map 28.

E. 37 WEIGEL (WEIGELIO) Christoph, KÖHLER (KOELERO) Johann David, KAUFFER Michael engraver; Nuremberg; 1720; Scena Historiarum Orientalis Quinti Seculi P. N. Chr. in qua Imperii Romanorum & Accolarum Barbarorum Status Sistitur accurate. Curante Christophoro Weigelio. Noribergae [The eastern historical scene of the 5th century BC in which the location of the Roman empire and the neighbouring barbarians is accurately placed. Produced by Christopher Weigel in Nuremberg]; Latin; 32 × 41 cm; covers: 24°-59° N, 40°-110° / 38°30’-92° E. of Ferro; three graphical scales: 33.5 mm to 300 Milliaria Romana 75=1°, 32.5 mm to 2500 Stada Graeca 600=1°, 33.5 mm to 70 Parasangae 18=1°.51 A circular inset map of 13 cm diameter, headed ‘Supplementum Theatro Historico’, is placed in the upper right corner; title in the upper margin and scale bars in the lower left corner. This is a copy of Delisle’s map ‘Theatrum Historicum’ of 1705 (see E. 33) on a smaller scale and size, with a different title and some other minor changes. Delisle’s name is omitted. Note: There is another historical map by Christoph Weigel, included in the same atlas52, entitled ‘Persia cum adjacentibus regionibus, per C. Weigelium, Norimb.’ which has been described and illustrated in General Maps of Persia.53

historical maps

21

Pl. 18 (E. 36) The Persian Empire Divided into Twenty Governments by Darius son of Histaspes, by Christopher Browne, based on Du Val map, London, 1712, with further editions until 1747; this plate comes from the 1747 edition; 16 × 23 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps C.37.b.3, map 28

51) Weigel, map 44. 52) Weigel, map 36. 53) Alai, 2005, Entry 166 and Plate 102, pp. 142, 144, 145.

54) Sanson Pierre Moullart, Atlas Géographique, tome 16, map 4. 55) Sanson Pierre Moullart, Atlas Géographique, tome 16, map 3. 56) Sanson Pierre Moullart, Atlas Géographique, tome 16, map 2.

E. 38

E. 39

SANSON Pierre Moullart (Petri Mullart); Paris; 1721; Persarum Imperium in Viginti Satrapias Vectigales Distributum ut Eas Ordinaverat Darius Histaspis Filius Tertius Persarum Rex… [The empire of the Persians divided into twenty satrapies for taxation, as Darius, son of Hystaspes, third king of the Persians had arranged them...]; Latin; 42 × 58 cm; covers: 20°-45° N, 45°-115° / 60°-95° E. of Ferro; no scale given.54

STUKELEY William, MOLL Herman (Hermanno); London; 1721; Imperium Persicum tempore Cyri Magni. [The Persian Empire in the time of Cyrus the Great – quoted from the English Index]; Latin, text in English; 15.5 × 22.5 cm; covers: 23°-52° N, 20°-74° E. of London, Mercator projection; one graphical scale (table) in form of a trapezoid for latitudes, lower side: 15 mm for 200 miles at 25° N, upper side: 20 mm for 200 miles at 50° N.57

It covers a large area from Greece and Egypt in the west to near River Indus in the east, showing the extent of the Persian Empire during the reign of Darius. A decorative title cartouche has been placed in the upper right corner.

Title placed in the upper right; graphical table (scale) in the lower left corner. The same map appeared also in the Geographia Antiqua by Thomas Bowles, London, until about 1793.

This map also appears in the same Atlas Géographique, with a few changes and different titles, as two separate maps: 1) entitled ‘Le Royaume d’Assyrie…de Medes, des Perses. D’Egypte, de Lydie…’, in which the decorative cartouche is omitted.55 2) entitled ‘Aelamitarum Imperium’.56

57) Moll Herman, Geographia Antiqua, 1721 edition, plate 4.

E. 40

Pl. 19

STUKELEY William, MOLL Herman (Hermanno); London; 1721; Imperium Persarum in viginti Provincias sortitum a

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 19 (E. 40) The Persian Empire as divided in twenty Provinces by Darius the Son of Hystaspis, by William Stukeley, published by Herman Moll, London, 1721; 15.5 × 22.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps C.37.b.4, 1755 edition, map 5

Dario Histaspis filio [The Persian Empire as divided in twenty Provinces by Darius the Son of Hystaspis – quoted from the English Index]; Latin, text in English; 15.5 × 22.5 cm; covers: 24°-52° N, 20°-74° E. of London, Mercator projection; one graphical scale (table) in form of a trapezoid for latitudes, lower side: 25 mm for 200 miles at 25° N, upper side: 50 mm for 200 miles at 50° N.58 This is the same map described in E. 39, with a few changes and additions, used for the Darius period: a) The title-frame is larger, and moved to the upper centre. b) The graphical scale table moved to the upper right corner. c) The border of the Empire and its division into twenty provinces are marked by a dotted line. 58) Moll, Herman, Geographia Antiqua, 1721 edition, plate 5.

E. 41

Pl. 20

HOMANN HEIRS (HOMANNIANI HEREDES), HAAS Johann Matthias; Nuremberg; 1737 with many later editions; Imperium Persarum Priorum vel Achaemenidarum aut Caianiorum, prostatu potissimum sub Dario I. v. Histaspide; Latin; 18 × 26 cm; covers: 12°-46° N, 21°-108° / 35°-95° E. of Ferro; four graphical scales: 38 mm to 11 000 stadia vetera 1100=1°, to 5 000 stadia recentiora 600=1°, to 200 parasangae comunes 15=1°, to 150 milli.

Germani comunes 15=1°, natural scale: 1: 18 800 000 (catalogue of BSB, Munich).59-61 This copperplate is a contemporary mid-eighteenth century map, showing the ancient Achaemenid Empire at the time of Darius the Great; decorative title cartouche placed in the lower left corner; scales in the lower right corner. 59) Homann Heirs, 1737, Tome II, folio 159, Tab. IV. 60) Homann Heirs, 1788, map 10. 61) Haas Johann Matthias, section III, folio 16, map 4.

E. 42 D’ANVILLE Jean Baptiste, ROLLIN Charles historian, BARENTIN DE MONTCHAL Luis publisher, TARDIEU Ambroise editor, BOURGOIN P engraver; Paris; 1739; Carte pour l’Expédition de Cyrus le Jeune et la Retraite des Dix-Mil Grecs, dressée sur Xénophone pour l’Histoire Ancienne de Mr. Rollin, par le Sr. D’Anville; French; 23 × 33.5 cm; covers: 32° 30’-42° N, 43°-64° / 44°-63° E. of Ferro; two graphical scales: 44 mm to 50 parasanges, 48 mm to 50 lieues Francoises de 2 500 toises.62-63 Title and scales placed inside a decorative Baroque cartouche in

historical maps

23

Pl. 20 (E. 41) Imperium Persarum Priorum vel Achaemenidarum…, by Homann Heirs, Nuremberg, 1737; 18 × 26 cm; Courtesy of the State Library of Bavaria (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek), Munich: Atlas Selecti, 2° Mapp 8-II, folio 159, map 4

the lower left corner. The route (marches) of Cyrus is marked. Tardieu included a slightly different version of this map – 23.5 × 35 cm – in his atlas, in which the decorative cartouche is omitted, and the two graphical scales are moved to the right. For more information about the work of D’Anville for Rollin’s book see E. 26. 62) D’Anville, 1807, map 5. 63) D’Anville, 1818, map 13 (listed as 9).

E. 43 BUY DE MORNAS Claude author, DESNOS Louis Charles publisher; Paris; 1762; Empire de Cyrus; French; 26 × 26 cm, with text and decorative margins: 38 × 55 cm; covers: 12°-50° N, 40°-94° / 46°-89° E. of Ferro; scale about 1: 18 000 000.64 The basic map is nearly the same used to show the Median Empire (see E. 27). It shows the extent of the Achaemenid Empire during the rule of Cyrus the Great; title placed in the upper margin; extended historical accounts printed on both sides. In some editions a wide decorative margin has been added, noticeably increasing the page size. 64) Buy de Mornas, vol. 2/3 (book 2), folio 95.

E. 44 Anonymous; Germany; about 1840; Karte zum Feldzuge des Cyrus und zum Rückzuge der Zehntausende... [Map of the Military Campaigns of Cyrus, and the Retreat of Ten Thousand (Soldiers)...]; German; 21 × 33.5 cm; covers: 34°-42° N, 42°-66° / 44°-64° E; natural scale approximately 1: 6 500 000 (catalogue of the BSB, Munich).65 This lithograph was apparently prepared for a history book. The campaign routes marked in colour; title cartouche placed in the lower left corner. This map could be a German edition of Delisle’s map of 1723 (see E. 34), in which the title has been partly translated from Latin to German. 65) Copy in the BSB, Munich: Mapp I, 111m.

E. 45

Pl. 21, upper map

OHMANN Carl (Karl) draughtsman and engraver, KORTMANN E publisher; Berlin; 1845; general title for the 4 sheets: HistorischGeographische Karte der alten Welt enthaltend 13 Zeit-Darstellungen in 4 grossen Karten…[Historic-geographical Map of the Ancient World, comprised of 13 depictions of (different) periods

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 21 (E. 45 and E. 80) School version of E. 45 (upper map) and E. 80 (lower map), by Carl Ohmann, reduced from the main map, Berlin, 1845; 23 × 36 cm each (the combined sheet: 46 × 36 cm); By Permission of the British Library: Maps S.T.W.(2.), the attached small sheet

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Pl. 22 (E. 46) Empire de Cyrus, 538 avant J.C., par A.H. Dufour, Paris, 1864; 33 × 46.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 9.DD.30, plate 6

in 4 large sheets…], specific title of the 2nd sheet, upper map: Das Persische Reich unter Darius Hystaspis 486 Jahre vor Chr… [Persian Kingdom under Darius Hystaspis, 486 BC]; German; second sheet, upper map: 89 × 147 cm; covers: 15°-52° N, 0°-100° / 14°-85° E. of Ferro; no scale given.66 An area from Spain in the west to the River Indus in the east, and from Scotland in the north to Yemen in the south, is covered here. The general title placed in the lower left corner and the specific title in the lower right corner. The boundaries of the Achaemenid Empire at the time of Darius the Great are shown. The Greek counterattack against Xerxes’ army, 480-479 BC, is marked by a red line. These sizeable upper and lower maps (E. 45 and E. 80) were printed on one large sheet, to be used as a wall map in schools. A reduced version – on a quarter of the original scale – of both maps was also produced for school atlases. The school version of the upper map measures 23 × 36 cm, with the general title in the upper right and the specific title in the lower right corners. There are two insets on this reduction: 1) Showing the Greek counter-attack against Xerxes’ army, 8 × 11 cm, placed in the lower left corner; 2) The Roman Power around the city of Rome in 338 BC, 5 × 4 cm, placed in the upper left corner. Plate 21 shows the school version of both upper and lower maps.67

66) Copy in the BL: Maps S.T.W.(2.), upper map. 67) Copy in the BL: Maps S.T.W.(2.), attached smaller school version, upper map.

E. 46

Pl. 22

DUFOUR Auguste Henri, REYNAUD draughtsman, LAHANIER & LACOUCHY engravers, ANTOINE Louis printer, GAUME publisher; Paris; 1864; Empire de Cyrus, 538 avant J.C. Par A. H. Dufour; French; 33 × 46.5 cm; covers: 9°-44° N, 12°-83° / 22°73° E. of Paris; three graphical scales: 50 mm to 140 Parasanges, 49 mm to 4000 Stades, 48 mm to 60 Myriametres, natural scale approximately: 1: 15 000 000.68 This map shows the extent of the Achaemenid Empire at its height. Title and scales placed in the lower right corner. 68) Dufour, 1864, pl. 6.

E. 47 MENKE Theodor historian and geographer, STÜLPNAGEL Friedrich draughtsman and engraver, PERTHES Justus publisher;

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 23 (E. 48) L’Empire de Cyrus avant la prise de Babylon, by François Lenormant, Paris, 1868; 23.5 × 37.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 1853.b.25, map 15

Pl. 24 (E. 49) Das Persische Reich der Achaemeniden und das Reich Alexanders des Grossen, Heinrich Kiepert, Berlin, 1889; 20.5 × 25.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 49.b.6, map 1

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27

Gothae (Gotha); 1865; Regnum Persicum usque ad Herodoti tempus [Kingdom of Persia until the time of Herodotus69]; Latin, text in German; 20 × 25 cm; covers: 10°-50° N, 15°-100° / 32°-85° E. of Ferro; two graphical scales: 26 mm to 120 Parasangae, to 3600 Stadia, natural scale approximately 1: 25 600 000.70

Perses (title cartouche); French; 29 × 44 cm; covers: 23°-53° N, 15°-75° / 21°-69° E. of Paris; three graphical scales: 34.5 mm to 400 km, 33 mm to 2000 stades (here, 1 stade is nearly 185 m), 39 mm to 80 parasanges (here 1 parasange is about 5560 m), natural scale given: 1: 11 500 000.73, 74

This map shows the full extent of the Persian Empire during the Achaemenid Period. Title and scales placed in the lower right corner. There is one inset in the lower left corner: ‘Africae, ora occidentalis Hannonis tempore’, showing north-west Africa, scale about 1: 80 000 000.

This map includes four insets, from upper left corner, clockwise: 1) Empire Assyrien, 1: 40 000 000, 6 × 12.5 cm, 8th to 7th centuries BC; 2) Empire Chaldin, 1: 40 000 000, 7 × 13 cm, 625-560 BC; 3) Expedition (of Alexander), 5 × 8 cm, 401 BC; 4) Empire Egyptien, 1: 45 000 000, 7 × 5.5. cm, 17th to 12th centuries BC. The title cartouche contains a legend of colours: ochre (pale brownish yellow) for ‘Perse’; yellow for ‘Empire de Cyrus’; pink for ‘Conquêtes de Cambyse’; red for ‘Conquêtes de Darius’.

69) About 484-420 BC, coinciding with the Achaemenid period. 70) Menke, map 3 (III).

E. 48

Pl. 23

LENORMANT Charles François, SCHROEDER Hermann draughtsman, GEISENDÖRFER J engraver, LEMERCIER publisher; Paris; 1868; L’Empire de Cyrus avant la prise de Babylon [The Empire of Cyrus before the taking of Babylonia]; French; 23.5 × 37.5 cm; covers: 20°-50° N, 10°-85° / 20°-75° E. of Paris; no scale given. This map is No. 15 in the Atlas d’Histoire Ancienne…, by Lenormant.71 Three other versions of this basic map – slightly changed as required – are also included in the same atlas, depicting the Median Empire and the Empire of Darius: Map No. 13: Les deux Empires Chaldée et Medique [The two Empires of Chaldee (Kaldeh) and the Medes]. Map No. 16: Les vingt-trois Provinces de l’Empire Perse au commencement du Règne de Darius [The twenty-three Provinces of the Persian Empire at the beginning of the Reign of Darius]. Map No. 17: L’Empire Perse divisé par Darius en vingt Satrapies [The Persian Empire divided by Darius into twenty Satrapies].

73) Vidal-Lablache, Atlas Général, 1894, pp. 4-5. 74) Vidal-Lablache, Atlas Classique, 1923, pp. 4-5.

E. 51 SMITH Benjamin E, MATTHEWS-NORTHRUP COMPANY engraver, CENTURY COMPANY publisher; New York, 1897; The Persian Empire about 500 BC, and the Empire of Alexander the Great, 323 BC; English; 13.5 × 19 cm; covers: 20°-50° N, 15°80° / 25°-71° E; one graphical scale: 46 mm to 800 miles, natural scale: 1: 28 000 000.75 The Persian empire in the Achaemenid period, and the subsequent empire of Alexander the Great and his campaign routes are shown. Limits of the Persian empire and dominions of Alexander are marked. Title and scale placed in the mid-lower part. An alphanumerical grid system (A - G / 1 - 4) is added to locate geographical positions. 75) Century Atlas, plate 9 (upper map)

71) Lenormant C F, maps 15, 13, 16 and 17.

E. 52 E. 49

Pl. 24

KIEPERT Heinrich, KRAATZ Leopold printer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1889; Das Persische Reich der Achaemeniden und das Reich Alexanders des Grossen; German; 20.5 × 25.5 cm; covers: 20°-47° N, 10°-90° / 22°-77° E. of Paris; one graphical scale: 31mm to 100 Deutsche Geographische Meilen.72 Title and scale placed in the upper right corner. This map includes two insets: inset I, at lower left, ‘Die Ältesten Grossreiche vor dem Medisch-Persischen’, 7 × 15.5 cm; inset II, at lower right, same subject for another period (6th century BC), 5.5 × 10 cm. 72) Kiepert Heinrich, 1889, map 1.

Pl. 26

KENT Charles Foster editor, MADSEN Albert Alonzo editor, THE METHODIST BOOK CONCERN printer; New York; 1906; Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Empires, Kent and Madsen Historical Maps, Sheet VII; English; 43 × 68 cm; covers: 28°20’40°20’ N, 28°20’-53°20’ / 30°-51°30’ E; one graphical scale: 51.5 mm to 100 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 3 120 000.76 Sheet 7 of the ‘Historical Maps of Bible Land’ (a series of seven sheets) shows the Assyrian Empire about 650 BC in green and pink, the New Babylonian Empire about 600 BC in green, and the Persian Empire about 500 BC (Achaemenid period) in green, pink and yellow. The ancient trade routes are marked. A second edition of this map (series) appeared in 1912 in Cincinnati. 76) Kent C F and Madsen A A, sheet 7.

E. 50

Pl. 25

VIDAL-LABLACHE Paul, COLIN Armand publisher; Paris; 1894; Histoire Ancient de l’Orient (upper margin), Empire des

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 25 (E. 50) Histoire Ancient (Ancienne) de l’Orient, Empire des Perses (Achaemenid Empire), by Vidal-Lablache, Paris, 1894; 29 × 44 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 48.e.24, pp. 4 & 5

Pl. 26 (E. 52) Persian Empire about 500 BC, sheet No. 7 of the series ‘Historical Maps of Bible Land’, by C F Kent and A A Madsen, New York, 1906; 43 × 68 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 705.(139.), sheet 7

historical maps

29

Pl. 27 (E. 53) The Persian Empire, by The London Geographical Institute, published by George Philip & Son, London, 1910; 38 × 87.5 cm, the lower part of a larger map; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 48505.(8.), lower section

E. 53

Pl. 27

E. 54

Pl. 28

THE LONDON GEOGRAPHICAL INSTITUTE, PHILIP George (George Philip & Son) publisher; London; 1910; The Persian Empire; English; 38 × 87.5 cm, with outer border: 39.5 × 90.5 cm; covers: 21°-42° N, 19°-81° / 25°-75° E; one graphical scale: 158 mm (6¼ inches) to 600 English miles, natural scale: 1: 6 000 000.77

CURTIS L author, WALKER Emery engraver, MACMILLAN publisher; London; 1916; Map to illustrate the relations of Greece and Persia; English; 21.5 × 48 cm; covers: 22°-42° N, 12°80° / 19°-72° E; one graphical scale: 65 mm to 500 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 12 350 000.

This map is the lower section of a large plate of 108 × 90.5 cm. The upper section (67 × 87.5 cm, with the outer border: 68.5 × 90.5 cm, scale: 1: 1 800 000) is entitled ‘Syria and Mesopotamia, illustrating the Wanderings of Abraham and the Jewish Captivities’. The track of the wanderings of Abraham is marked in red.

This is included in The Commonwealth of Nations edited by Curtis.78 It shows the extent of the Persian Empire during the reign of the Achaemenids. Title and scale placed in mid-lower part. There is one inset in the lower left corner, emphasising ‘Attica’ in Greece, 8 × 7.5 cm.

77) The loose copy in the BL: Maps 48505.(8.).

78) Curtis L, Map V, facing p. 27.

Pl. 28 (E. 54) Map to illustrate the relations of Greece and Persia (Achaemenid Empire), by L Curtis, London, 1917 (first edition 1916); 21.5 × 48 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 8157.k.41, map V, facing p. 27

30 chapter one – historical maps

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31

Section Four: Alexander Campaign and Seleucid Period (about 336 - 247 BC)

Historical Background Between 336 and 330 BC Alexander completed the conquest of the whole of the Achaemenid Empire. Alexander’s burning of the royal palace at Persepolis in 330 BC symbolized the passing of the old order and the introduction of the Hellenistic civilization into Western Asia. He encouraged intermarriage and fostered Greek culture, but he also retained a large part of the Achaemenid administrative structure. Alexander left no heir, and his death in 323 BC signalled the beginning of a period of prolonged internecine warfare among the Macedonian generals for control of his enormous empire. By the end of the 4th century BC, Seleucus Nicator had consolidated his control over that part of Alexander’s territory that had corresponded to the Achaemenid Empire. He ruled over Persia, Babylonia, Assyria, Syria, Phoenicia, Palestine, Asia Minor – except Armenia, Pontus, Paphlagonia and Berthynia – and part of Alexander’s European territories. Atropatine (province Azerbaijan in north-west Persia) was independent, and Chandra Gupta of India had founded a kingdom to the east of the Indus River, the capital of which was called Pataliputra (Patna). The existence of many nations with different cultures and traditions within the extensive lands of the Seleucid Empire posed a major problem and the Seleucids therefore continued Alexander’s policy of Hellenization of the conquered states, in order to generate a common culture. Greek and Macedonian soldiers and immigrants settled in many Persian cities, and Greek place names were introduced; for instance the city of Rey was called Europus, Nahavand was called Laodicea and Herat was called Alexandria. These policies, however, did not produce the desired result, and in the third century BC the Seleucids were attacked from both within and without. In the mid-third century BC Pergamum (Pergama), Bactria and Parthia gained independence. The Seleucids lost Asia Minor north of the Taurus Mountains, conforming to the Apamea Treaty which was signed in 188 BC. In 145 BC Ptolemy VI (king of Egypt) captured Lebanon and Palestine, and in 140 BC the Parthians occupied Babylonia and southern Mesopotamia. The last Seleucid kings ruled only in Syria and a part of Mesopotamia. Despite all the efforts of Alexander and the Seleucids for Hellenization of the Achaemenid domain, the people of Iran, particularly those in the upper stratum of society, borrowed nothing from Hellenism but its exterior forms. Even those living in such cities as Seleucia or Susa were not deeply affected by Greek ideas.

E. 55

Pl. 29

ORTELIUS79 Abrah[am]; Antwerp; 1595; Alexandri Magni Macedonis Expeditio; Latin, text on verso in Latin, German, or Italian in different editions; 36 × 46 cm; covers: 10°-50° N, 40°140° / 62°-118° E. of Ferro; no scale given.80 This map, showing the area of the expedition or campaign of Alexander the Great during 334-30 BC, was first published in the 1595 edition of Parergon, an atlas of ancient geography regarded as personal work of Ortelius. Parergon first appeared in 1579, with

many further editions until 1624. It was published as a separate atlas (1600, 1624), or as addendum to the Theatrum. This map was included in all the Parergon editions from 1595. A two-page text by Ortelius on verso of this map is based on the works of early Greek geographers, such as Ptolemy. Four gold coins and four bronze coins from the Alexander period are depicted below the text. A decorative title cartouche in a half-oval shape is placed in the mid-upper part of the map above Mare Hyrcanum (Caspium). An inset map, 14 × 19 cm, placed in the lower left corner, is entitled ‘Iovis Ammonis Oracvlvm’ [Temple of the Oracle of Jupiter Ammon]. It shows a Temple in Siwah, a desert oasis in northwestern Egypt. According to a legend, at Alexander’s behest in this temple, the Oracle confirmed Alexander’s divine nature and his destiny to rule the world. The lower right corner contains a dedicatory cartouche to Heinrich Schott illustrated by two Alexandrine gold coins. 79) For more information on Ortelius and his work see Alai, 2005, p. 64. 80) Ortelius Abraham Parergon, 1595 and later editions until 1624.

E. 56

Pl. 30

JANSSONIUS Johannes, HORNIUS (HORN, HONORIUS) Georgius (Georg) geographer; Amsterdam; 1652; Alexandri Magni Macedonis Expeditio; Latin; 36.5 × 46.5 cm; covers: 7°-50° N, 40°-140° / 62°-118° E. of Ferro; no scale given.81 A decorative title cartouche placed in the lower left corner showing Alexander, gazing perhaps at a map, while talking to an officer; two guards on either side are in a relaxed mood. Another portrait of Alexander, with two gold coins (nummus aureus), is placed in the lower right corner. The shape of the Caspian Sea is closer to the depictions by Herbert and Olearius than the Ptolemaic oval. Neither the boundaries of the empire of Alexander, nor his campaign routes, are shown. This Janssonius map appeared first in his atlas Accuratissima Orbis Antiqui Delineatio in 1652 in Amsterdam, with later editions in 1653, 1654 and 1660. Johannes I Janssonius van Waesbergen published the same atlas in 1677 in The Hague. An English edition, entitled A Full and Exact Description of the Earth, or Ancient Geography, was published by Timothy Child in 1700 in London, with a later edition by Pieter de Hondt in 1740 in the Hague. Hondt also published a French edition in 1741 entitled Description Exacte de l’Univers, ou l’Ancienne Géographie. 81) Janssonius Johannes, 1653, and its later editions as described in this Entry.

E. 57 DUVAL (DU VAL) Pierre; Paris; 1659; La Carte des Conquestes d’Alexandre le Grand; French; 12 × 25.5 cm; covers: 25°-50° N, 40°-130° / 53°-117° E. of Ferro; no scale given.82 Duval used his map depicting the Empire of Cyrus the Great (see

Pl. 29 (E. 55) Alexandri Magni Macedonis Expeditio, by Abraham Ortelius, Antwerp, 1595; 36 × 46 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 149

32 chapter one – historical maps

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Pl. 30 (E. 56) Alexandri Magni Macedonis Expeditio, by Johannes Janssonius, Amsterdam, 1652; 36.5 × 46.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 27

E. 31 and Pl. 16), with a few changes, to construct this map. A decorative title cartouche is placed in the lower part. 82) Duval, 1665 ed.: map 14; 1680 edition, map 15.

E. 58

Pl. 31

DUVAL (DU VAL) Pierre, MORTIER P publisher; Amsterdam; 1705; Expeditionis Alexandri Magni Per Europam, Asiam, et Africam Tabula Geographica. Autore P Du Val; Latin; 34 × 50 cm; covers: 15°-60° N, 27°-153° / 50°-120° E. of Ferro; no scale given.83 This covers a large area from Italy eastwards to India, and from Russia southwards to the Indian Ocean. Title placed in the upper right corner. An alphabetical grid system – a - e (vertical) and A - F (horizontal) – is added for locating geographical positions. 83) Mortier, 1705: map 88.

E. 59 BROWNE Christopher; London; 1712; The Expedition of Alexander the Great according to Quintus Curtius, Arrian and

others; English; 13.5 × 25 cm; covers: 24°-52° N, 40°-132° / 53°116° E. of Ferro; scale not given. This is a copy of Du Val’s map of 1659 (see E. 57) with some minor changes and improvements. It appeared in the school atlas Geographia Classica by Browne in 1712,84 with later editions until 1747 which was printed for John and Paul Knapton in London. The route of Alexander’s campaign is marked; title placed in the upper margin. 84) Browne Christopher, Atlas Geographia Classica, 1722 and 1747 editions, map 29.

E. 60 MOLL Herman; London; 1721; Alexandri Magni Expeditio ex Q[uintus] Curtio (Curtius) [The Expedition of Alexander the Great from Quintus Curtius, i.e. Flavius Arrianus]; Latin, text in English; 15.5 × 22.5 cm; covers: 24°-52° N, 20°-74° E. of London, Mercator projection; one graphical scale (table) in form of a trapezoid for latitudes, lower side: 25 mm for 200 miles at 25° N, upper side: 50 mm for 200 miles at 50° N.85 This is the same map described in E. 39, with a few changes and

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 31 (E. 58) Expeditionis Alexandri Magni Per Europam, Asiam, et Africam…, by P Duval, published by P Mortier, Amsterdam, 1705; 34 × 50 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps C.37.f.6, map 88

additions: a) The title frame moved to the upper left corner; b) The graphical scale table moved to the upper right corner; c) Alexander’s routes marked by a double-line. 85) Moll, 1721, map 7.

E. 61

Pl. 32

DELISLE (DE L’ISLE) Guillaume; Paris; 1731; Alexandri Magni Imperium et Expeditio Tabula; Latin; 46 × 83 cm; covers: 24°-48° N, 30°-105° / 41°-94° E. of Ferro; three graphical scales: 90 mm to 6000 Stadiis Mensores Alexandri 1111=1°, 85 mm to 120 Parasangae Persarum 23.5=1°, 80 mm to 120 Leucae Gallicae 25=1°. On this posthumous 1731 map the shape of the Caspian Sea is corrected according to the Russian (Van Verden) map of 1720. It is a detailed map, showing Alexander’s routes in double line and the boundaries of his empire in dotted line. Both ancient and contemporary place names are mentioned. Title, scales and descriptions placed in the upper margin. It is included in several Delisle and other atlases.86, 87 86) Delisle’s untitled atlases (1700-1732) in the BL: Maps C.37.f.15, map 70; Maps c. 37.f.16, map 88; Maps C.37.f.18, map 70; Maps 1.Tab.9, map 88. 87) Buache 1785, map 147.

E. 62

Pl. 33

HOMANN HEIRS (HOMANNIANI HEREDES), HAAS Johann Matthias; Nuremberg; 1737; Imperium Alexandri Magni v. Macedonis juncta notitia status Rerumpubl. Carthaginens & Roman. ex parte; Latin; 17 × 30 cm; covers: 15°-43° N, 20°-105° / 32°-93° E. of Ferro; three graphical scales: 63 mm to 15 000 stadia vetera 1100=1°, 68.5 mm to 9000 stadia Graeco-Roman 600=1°, 61 mm to 200 milliaria Germanica 15=1°.88, 89 Title cartouche in the lower left, and scales in the lower right corners of the map. There are several other similar maps in the Homann atlases (see the References below), showing the extent of the Seleucid empire during different periods. 88) Homann Heirs, Tome II, 1737, folio 159, Tab. V (map 5) 89) Haas Johann Matthias, Section III, folio 16, Tab. V (map 5)

E. 63 D’ANVILLE Jean Baptiste, ROLLIN Charles historian, BARENTIN DE MONTCHAL Luis publisher, TARDIEU Ambroise editor, BOURGOIN P engraver; Paris; 1740 (published 1807 and 1818); L’Expédition d’Alexandre pour l’Histoire Ancienne de Mr. Rollin, par le Sr. D’Anville, Géographe du Roi, Juin 1740;

Pl. 32 (E. 61) Alexandri Magni Imperium et Expeditio Tabula, by Guillaume Delisle, Paris, 1731; 46 × 83 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps C.37.f.15, map 70

historical maps 35

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 33 (E. 62) Imperium Alexanderi Magni (Seleucid Empire), Homann Heirs, Nuremberg, 1737; 17 × 30 cm; Courtesy of the State Library of Bavaria (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek), Munich: Atlas Selecti, 2° Mapp 8-II, folio 159, map 5

French; 25.5 × 43 cm; covers: 25°-46° N, 41°-96° / 46°-90° E. of Ferro; two graphical scales: 51 mm to 5000 stades, qui ont servi dans la mesure des Marches d’Alexandre, 48 mm to 100 lieus de 3000 pas géometriques ou 2500 toises.90, 91 Scales and decorative title cartouche placed in the lower left part of the map. The campaigns (marches) of Alexander are marked. Tardieu included also a second version of this map in his atlas, which differs from the first version slightly: a) size: 26 × 45 cm; b) decorative cartouche omitted; c) title is slightly different. For more information about the work of D’Anville for Rollin’s book see E. 26. 90) D’Anville, 1807, map 6. 91) D’Anville, 1818, pl. 11; second version: pl. 10.

E. 64 LE ROUGE George Louis; Paris; 1746; L’Empire d’Alexandre et ses Expéditions; French; 20.5 × 27.5 cm; covers: 20°-46° N, 37°30’93° / 43°-87° E. of Ferro; one graphical scale: 30 mm to 100 lieues.92 This covers an area from Greece in the west to the Indus River in the east, including the whole of the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf. The campaign routes of Alexander are marked with a narrow black line. Title placed in the lower left corner; scale and a decorative astronomical telescope at lower right. 92) Le Rouge, folio 89.

E. 65

Pl. 34

ROBERT DE VAUGONDY Didier; Paris; 1753; Antiquorum Imperiorum Tabula, in quá prae caeteris, Macedonicum seu Alexandri Magni Imperium et Expeditiones exarantur [Map of ancient empires, in which above others the Macedonian empire of Alexander the Great and his expeditions are outlined]; Latin; 47 × 62 cm; covers: 13°-45° N, 35°-95° / 43°-87° E. of Ferro; three graphical scales: 71 mm to 375 Milliaria Romana, 80 mm to 6000 Stadia Aristotelica, 71 mm to 1590 Stadia Aegyptiaca.93 This map covers the whole of the Middle East, with Persia in the centre. One inset in the lower right corner, 13 × 15 cm, showing the north-western part of the Indian Subcontinent, one graphical scale: 29 mm to 5555 Stadia Quorum. Decorative title cartouche placed in the lower left, the scale bars in the upper right, corner. It is basically the same as Robert de Vaugondy’s map of 1753, entitled ‘Etats du Grand-Seigneur en Asie, Empire de Perse, Pays des Usbecs, Arabie et Egypte’,94 converted to an historical map by a few additions, omissions and changes. 93) Robert de Vaugondy Didier, map 3. 94) Alai, 2005, E. 118, Pl. 78.

E. 66

Pl. 35

NOLIN Jean Baptiste, BEAUVAIS Charles Nicolas-Dauphin engraver; Paris; 1759; L’Empire d’Alexandre le Grand; French;

historical maps

37

Pl. 34 (E. 65) Map of ancient empires, in which above others the Macedonian empire of Alexander the Great and his expeditions are outlined, by Robert de Vaugondy, Paris, 1753; 47 × 62 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 177

20 × 28.5 cm; covers: 20°-50° N, 28°-106° / 40°-95° E. of Ferro; four graphical scales: 50 mm to 12 000 Stades Grecs Anciens, to 700 Stades Grecs Ordinaires, to 253 Parasanges des Perses, to 250 Lieues Comm. de France, natural scale approximately 1: 21 000 000.95 The boundaries of the states and provinces conquered by Alexander are marked with hand-coloured dotted lines. Title and scales in the upper margin.

The same map, with adjustments and necessary changes to depict two different periods of the later Seleucid Empire, was used for: a) Suite de l’Histoire de Macédoine, depuis l’an 3689 jusqu’à l’an 3698 (Jewish calendar equal to 72 – 63 BC).97 b) Suite de l’Histoire de Macédoine, depuis l’an 3718 jusqu’à l’an 3730 (Jewish calendar equal to 43 – 31 BC).98 96) Buy de Mornas, vol. 4 (book 3), folio 135. 97) Buy de Mornas, vol. 4 (book 3), folio 137. 98) Buy de Mornas, vol. 4 (book 3), folio 139.

95) Grace, vol. 7.

E. 68 E. 67 BUY DE MORNAS Claude author, DESNOS Louis Charles publisher; Paris; 1762; Suite de l’Histoire de Macédoine, Partagé de l’Empire d’Alexandre; French; map 25.5 × 25.5 cm, with text and decorative margins: 39 × 54 cm; covers: 25°-50° N, 36°-82° / 40°78° E. of Ferro; scale about 1: 12 000 000.96 The extent of Alexander’s Empire is shown. Title placed in the upper margin; extended historical accounts along both sides of the map. In some editions a wide decorative margin has been added, enlarging the page size noticeably. There is an inset in the upper left corner, showing extreme south-east Persia, as the extension of the map; 7.5 × 6 cm; 25°-40° N, 77°-90° E. of Ferro.

Pl. 36

ZATTA Antonium (Antonio), PITTERI G[iovanni] script; Venetiis (Venice); 1785; Imperium Alexandri Magni Per Europam, Asiam, et Africam; Latin; 32.5 × 44 cm; covers: 16°-59° N, 32°140° / 51°-114° E. of Ferro; no scale given.99 Alexander’s Empire from Greece and Egypt in the west to the Oxus and Indus in the east is covered. The Caspian Sea is depicted in Ptolemaic oval shape; title, etc. placed in the upper left corner. 99) Zatta, vol. 4, map 62.

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 35 (E. 66) L’Empire d’Alexandre le Grand, by J B Nolin, Paris, 1759; 20 × 28.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 47

Pl. 36 (E. 68) Imperium Alexandri Magni Per Europam, Asiam, et Africam, by Antonio Zatta, Venice, 1785; 32.5 × 44 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 180

historical maps

39

E. 69

E. 71

DELAROCHETTE (DE LA ROCHETTE) Louis Stanislas d’Arcy author, PALMER William engraver, FADEN William publisher; London; 1793, published 1797; Indiae Veteris quatenus macedonibus nota fuit Finitimarumque Regionum specimen geographicum situm ac nomina locorum recentioris aevi sub oculos subjiciens necnon Alexandri Itinera intra euphratem et hyphasin…[A geographical presentation of ancient India as far as was known to the Macedonians, and of the neighbouring regions, showing its situation and more recent place names, as well as Alexander’s travels between the Euphrates and Hyphasis River (India)...]; Latin/English; 25 × 38.5 cm; covers: 23°-40° N, 37°-72° / 39°30’-69° E; four graphical scales: 55 mm to 2400 Stadia Graeca Olympica 600=1°, 62.5 mm to 5000 Stadia Macedonica, 64 mm to 120 Parasangae Persicae 25=1°, 59 mm to 300 Milliaria Britannica 69½ =1°, natural scale approximately 1: 8 000 000.100

WILKINSON Robert, BAKER Edward draughtsman, SMITH B engraver; London; 1807; Alexandri Magni Itinera in Expeditione inter Macedoniam, Libyam, et Indiam, cum Navigationem Nearchi ab Indo et Tigri Fluminibus; Latin; 22 × 28.5 cm; covers: 20°-50° N, 32°-103° / 44°-91° E. of Ferro; four graphical scales: 41 mm to 500 Milliaria Romana, 46 mm to 150 Parasangae Persicae, 52 mm to 5000 Stadia Olympica, 44 mm to 500 Milliaria Britannica propria, natural scale approximately 1: 18 000 000.104

It shows the territory between Euphrates and Indus. Alexander’s marching routes are coloured red. It was published by William Faden, Geographer to the King [George III] and to the Prince of Wales [future King George IV]. Title placed in the upper right, publisher’s name in the upper left, and scale bars in the lower left, corner. There is a note referring to the prime meridian: ‘Longitudines numeratae, Orientem versus, ab Herculeis Columnis quae distant a Meridiano Londinensi 5 grad: & quarta parte versus Occasum.’ Another note ‘Nomina Hodierna’ at bottom right informs that the modern (i.e. of about 1793) names are underlined. 100) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Portfolio 162, map 42; copy in the BL: Maps *576.(2.), another copy: Maps K. Top. 3.41.

The basic map is the same as described in E. 100 in which, alongside some minor changes, Alexander’s expedition and routes are marked. Title placed in the upper right, scales in the upper left, corner. 104) Wilkinson, Atlas Classica, map 45.

E. 72 BRUÉ Adrien Hubert; Paris; 1822; Carte de Empire d’Alexandre; French/Latin; 36 × 51 cm; covers: 15°-45° N, 12°-78° / 21°-69° E. of Paris; four graphical scales: 53 mm to 125 Lieues communes de France, to 100 Lieues de 20 au degré, to 375 Stades Olympiques, to 125 Parasanges évaluées à 3 milles Romains.105 Title is placed in the lower left, scales in the upper right, corner. This map appeared in the 1822, 1828 and 1838 editions of Atlas Universel de Géographie...ancienne et moderne, by A H Brué (in these editions map is dated 1822), with later improved editions until 1875. The later editions include four insets in the lower part of the map (see E. 73).

E. 70 105) Brué A H, 1822, 1828 and 1838 editions, map 3, dated 1822.

VINCENT William author, D’ANVILLE Jean Baptiste, ROBINSON William C[ommodore], CADELL T jr and DAVIS W publishers; London; 1797; Map [of Persia] from D’Anville. Panjab from Arrian. Coast of Mekran from C[ommodore] Robinson, intended to connect the March of the armies with the progress of the Fleet to front Book I...; English; 19 × 29 cm; covers: 24°-40° N, 59°-93° / 61°-91° E. of Ferro; natural scale 1: 10 000 000.101, 102 This map was prepared for Dr. William Vincent’s book and was inserted in Vol. I, entitled The Voyage of Nearcus from the Indus to the Euphrates; the marches of Alexander from Mesopotamia through Persia to Indus are marked.103 There is a French version, engraved by Tardieu, of this map entitled ‘Carte D’Anville avec le Penjab d’Arrian et la Côte du Mekran de C Robinson, pour faire voir la Marche de l’Armée en même temps que la navigation de la Flotte’, inserted in Dr. Vincent’s book. 101) Loose copy of the map in the BL: Maps C.29.e.2 (3.) ; copy of the book: 685.i.11. Copy of the book in the RGS, Library: NO7/O5.I (both volumes have James Rennell’s MS annotations). 102) Loose copy of the French edition of the map in BNF, Paris: Carte 13174. 103) Vincent William, 1797, map in front of vol. 1.

E. 73

Pl. 37

BRUÉ Adrien Hubert; Paris; 1838; Carte Générale de l’Empire d’Alexandre; Latin/French; 36 × 51 cm; covers: 23°-45° N, 12°-78° / 20°-70° E. of Paris; four graphical scales: 53 mm to 125 Lieues Communes de France, to 100 Lieues de 20 au degré, to 375 Stades Olympiques, to 125 Parasanges évaluées à 3 Milles Romains, natural scale approximately 1: 10 000 000.106 This and later editions include four insets of 7 × 12 cm each, using the main map on a smaller scale (three graphical scales: 15 mm to to 150 lieues com. de France, to 3600 stades Olympiques, to 450 milles Romains, natural scale approximately 1: 42 500 000) to show the Persian Empire in different periods (from left to right): 1) ‘Empire des Perses avec sa division en 20 Satrapies établie par Darius I en 521 BC [Empire of the Persians, with its division into 20 Provinces as established by Darius I in 521 BC]; 2) Premier et deuxième partage de Empire Macédonien en 325 et 311 BC [First and second partition of the Macedonian (Seleucid) Empire in 325 and 311 BC]; 3) Troisième et quatrième partage de l’Empire Macédonien en 301 and 281 BC [Third and fourth partition of the Macedonian Empire in 301 and 281 BC]; 4) Etat politique de l’Asie Mineure et de la Haute Asie après la défaite d’Antiochus le

Pl. 37 (E. 73) Carte Générale de l’Empire d’Alexandre, A Brué, Paris, 1838, this plate shows the 1875 edition, improved by E Levasseur and published by Ch. Delagrave’s Institut Géographique de Paris; 36 × 51 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 276

40 chapter one – historical maps

historical maps

41

Pl. 38 (E. 74) The Expedition of Alexander published by Blackie (Glasgow) and Fullarton (Edinburgh), about 1822; 20.5 × 34 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 18

Grand à Magnésia 190 BC [Political status of Asia Minor and High Asia after the defeat of Antiochus the Great in 190 BC]. In this edition the title and scales are placed in the upper right corner (main map). This map is a later edition of E. 72 (1822 edition) with minor improvements and the four insets added; the 1838 and 1869 editions were published by Charles Picquet, and the 1875 edition by E Levasseur. Plate 37 shows the latest edition (1875) of this map.

Takht-i-Jemshid (Persepolis), with mountains in the background, 4 × 8 cm, is engraved in the map’s mid-lower part; title placed in the upper right corner, scales below Sinus Persicus (The Persian Gulf). 107) One copy of this map is in the Author’s Collection: CA 18.

E. 75 106) Brué A H, 1838 edition and 1869 edition, map 3.

E. 74

Pl. 38

KHULL & BLACKIE (Glasgow) & FULLARTON (Edinburgh) publishers, SCOTT R engraver; Glasgow / Edinburgh; about 1822; The Expedition of Alexander; Latin / English; 20.5 × 34 cm; covers: 22°-45° N, 38°-97° / 45°-90° E. of Ferro, longitudes E. of Greenwich also given; three graphical scales: 36 mm to 5000 Common Stadia, 40 mm to 3000 Olympic Stadia, 35 mm to 300 British Miles, natural scale approximately 1: 13 800 000.107 This map, published by Khull and Blackie of Glasgow and Archibald Fullarton of Edinburgh, covers an area from Greece and Egypt in the west to River Indus in the east. The routes and campaigns of Alexander are shown by a double-dotted line. A view of

LAPIE Pierre, LAPIE Alexandre Emile; Paris; 1830; Carte de Empire d’Alexandre; French; 40 × 55 cm; covers: 17°-47° N, 12°-78° / 22°-68° E. of Méridien de Lutèce (Paris); five graphical scales: 48 to 1500 Stades de 700, 46 mm to 1200 Stades Olympiques, 46 mm to 50 Parasanges, 77 mm to to 40 Schanes, 48 mm to 160 Milles Romaines.108 Title placed in the upper right, scales in the lower left, corner. The later editions of the Atlas Universel contain improved versions of this map, in which the shapes of the Aral Sea and the Persian Gulf were visibly corrected (see 1851 edition). The first edition had probably appeared in 1812 with a slightly different map. 108) Lapie, Atlas Universel: 1829 edition, map 4, dated 1830; 1851 edition, map 4, dated 1854.

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 39 (E. 76) Marches et Empire d’Alexandre-le-Grand, by A H Dufour, Paris, 1839; 30 × 37 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 38.d.30, plate 7

E. 76

Pl. 39

DUFOUR Auguste Henri, PICQUET Charles geographer and publisher; Paris; 1839; Marches et Empire d’Alexandre-leGrand; French; 30 × 37 cm; covers: 16°-50° N, 12°-80° / 22°-73° E. of Paris; three graphical scales: 40 mm to 125 Lieues 25=1°, to 3500 Stades 700=1°, to 125 Parasanges 25=1°.109 It covers an area from Greece to India; legend (Alexander’s routes and colours for different boundaries) placed in the mid-lower part, title in the upper right corner and scales in the upper left corner. 109) Dufour, 1839 edition: plate 7.

E. 77 DUFOUR Auguste Henri, LECLERCQ engraver, BÉNARD lettering, MANGEON printer, AUBRÉE Armand publisher; Paris; 1840; Empire d’Alexandre par A H Dufour Géographe; French; 25 × 35 mm; covers: 22°-47° N, 10°-80° / 21°-69° E. of Lutèce (Paris); three graphical scales: 40 mm to 3600 Stades Olympiques, to 150 Parasanges, to 450 Milles Romains.110

Here is another version, entitled ‘Marches et Empire d’Alexandrele-Grand’, of Dufour’s map of 1839 (see E. 76, Pl. 39). It also appeared in the later editions of Dufour’s Atlas Historique et Universel de Géographie.111 Title is placed in the upper right, scales in the lower left, corner. 110) Dufour, 1840 edition, map 4. 111) Dufour, 1878 edition, map 4.

E. 78 DUFOUR Auguste Henri, DYONETTE Charles engraver, DELETTRE (DE LÊTRE) writing, ANTOINE Louis printer, PAULIN & LE CHEVALIER [COLIN]ARMAND publishers; Paris; 1860; Empire d’Alexandre dressée par A H Dufour…; French / Latin; 55 × 75.5 cm; 12°-50° N, 11°-79° / 21°30’-69° E. of Paris, there are two slightly different sets of latitudes and longitudes (east of Paris) on this map, the inner set of which is here noted; three graphical scales: 85 mm to 60 Myriamètres, 79 mm to 3000 Stades Olympiques, 84 mm to 400 Milles Romains, natural scale given: 1: 7 000 000.112 This steel plate is an improved, larger, and more detailed version of Dufour’s map of 1839 (see E. 76, Pl. 39). Alexander’s routes are

historical maps marked; title is placed in the upper right corner, scales in the midlower part. 112) Dufour, 1860: plate 3.

E. 79 WILSON H H; London; 1841; Map of Ariana Antiqua, the countries between Persia and India as known to the Ancients, with the Marches of Alexander in those countries; English; 39.5 × 43.5 cm; covers: 22°-43° N, 50°-84° / 54°-80° E; two graphical scales: 50 mm to 200 English miles, 58 mm to 2000 Stadia, natural scale: 1: 6 336 000 (1 inch to 100 English miles).113 It covers eastern Persia up to River Oxus (Amu Darya) and the Indus, including the present Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan. The marches of Alexander are marked; title and scales placed in the upper right, and lower left, corners respectively. 113) Wilson, map facing p. 214.

E. 80

Pl. 21, lower map

OHMANN Carl (Karl) draughtsman and engraver, KORTMANN E publisher; Berlin; 1845; specific title of the 2nd sheet, lower map: Das Grosse Persische Reich erobert von Alexander dem Grossen von 334 bis 323 Jahre vor Chr…[The Great Persian Kingdom conquered by Alexander the Great, 334-323 BC]; German; second sheet, lower map: 89 × 147 cm; covers: 16°-46° N, 12°-118° / 34°96° E. of Ferro; no scale given.114 This map (lower map) and the one described in E. 45 are printed on one large sheet (sheet two of four sheets). The specific title is placed on the upper right corner of the lower map. The general title ‘Historisch-Geographische Karte der alten Welt enthaltend 13 Zeit-Darstellungen in 4 grossen Karten…’, appears only in the upper map (see E. 45), but is also valid for the lower map. This large sheet was destined as an educational wall map, a reduced version of which with minor differences was also produced for school atlases.115 The school atlas version of both maps is illustrated in Pl. 21. 114) Copy in the BL: Maps S.T.W.(2.), lower map. 115) Copy in the BL: Maps S.T.W.(2.), smaller school version attached to the original large-scale map.

E. 81 KIEPERT Henrico (Heinrich), OHMANN C litho. (1858 edition), SULZER J litho. (1869 edition), REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1858; Imperia Persarum et Macedonum; Latin; 32.5 × 42 cm; covers: 17°-49° N, 12°-81° / 23°-69° E. of Paris, 14°20’-83°20’ / 25°20’-71°20/ E; natural scale: 1:12 000 000, four graphical scales: 60 mm to 100 Milliaria Germanica 15=1°, 60 mm to 4000 Stadia Olympico 600=1°, 65 mm to 500 Milliaria Anglica 69.1=1°, 45 mm to 100 Parasangae 20=1°.116

43

Title and scale placed in the upper right corner; some information noted inside a rectangular frame in the mid-lower part. This map appeared in different editions of Atlas Antiquus in a variety of languages. For example, it is included in the English edition of Atlas Antiquus, Twelve Maps of the Ancient World for Schools and Colleges (Berlin, 1869) with J Sulzer as lithographer. In this edition, a grid system (A - H for each 5° of latitude, and a - n for each 5° of longitude) is provided for locating of geographical positions; a table of place-names is attached. For the 1893 improved edition with English text see E. 83. 116) Kiepert H, Atlas Antiquus, 1858 (Latin) edition: map 1; 1869 (English) edition: map 2.

E. 82

Pl. 40, inset

KIEPERT Henrico (Heinrich), REIMER Dietricum (Dietrich) publisher; Berlin; 1889; Imperia Persarum et Macedonum in usum scholarum descripta ab Henrico Kiepert [Empires of Persia and Macedonia, as described by Heinrich Kiepert for the benefit of scholars]; Latin; map in 6 sheets (1923 edition in 3 sheets), c. 96 × 196 cm in total; covers: 18°-43° N, 6°-82° / 16°-70° E; natural scale: 1: 3 000 000, four graphical scales: 116 mm to 2000 Stadia Olympica, 96 mm to 300 Chiliometra, 116 mm 50 Milliaria Geographica Germanica, 101 mm to 100 Milliaria Anglica (the given natural scale disagrees with the graphical scales).117 This large and detailed historical map shows the Achaemenid and Seleucid Empires in which the campaigns (routes) of Alexander are marked. There is a large inset in the lower left corner, 28 × 45 cm, showing Regna Diadochorum [Regna Seleucidorum]. The first edition of this map was published in Berlin by Dietrich Reimer in 1889. Richard Kiepert produced another edition in 1911, and the last edition was published by Hans Phillip in 1923 (3 sheets of 97 × 65 cm each).118 It can be seen as an improved and larger version of Kiepert’s map for schools and colleges of 1850 (see E. 81). Title and scales, etc. placed in the mid-lower part of the map. Plate 40 shows only the inset ‘Regna Diadochorum’. 117) Kiepert’s six-sheet map, 1889 edition; copy in the RGS: Map Room Iran G.12; copy in the BL: Maps 55.(5.). 118) Copy of the the 1923 edition (3 sheets) in the BL: Maps 55.(6.).

E. 83

Pl. 41

KIEPERT Henrico (Heinrich), KRAATZ L litho., REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1893; Imperia Persarum et Macedonum; Latin; 33.5 × 44 cm; covers: 20°-45° N, 13°-79° / 21°-70° E. of Paris; natural scale: 1: 12 000 000, five graphical scales: 59 mm to 100 Milliaria Germanica 15=1°, 82 mm to 100 Myriometra 11.13=1°, 64 mm to 500 Milliaria Anglica 69.1=1°, 75 mm to 5000 Stadia Olympica 600=1°, 67 mm to 150 Parsangae Persiaca 20=1°.119 This is an improved edition of Kiepert’s map of 1858 and 1869 (see E. 81), with two insets added: inset 1, lower left corner: Regna Diadochorum, 10 × 22 cm; inset 2, to the right of 1: Regna Graecorum, 7.5 × 12 cm.

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 40 (E. 82) Regna Diadochorum [Regna Seleucidorum], 250-200 BC, H Kiepert, Berlin, 1889, an inset map of 28 × 45 cm, placed in the lower left sheet of the six-sheet map; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran G.12, lower left sheet, inset

The map was destined for English-speaking countries, with text in English. Title and scales are placed in the lower right corner.

122) Menke, map 8 (VIII), a regional map, showing an area from Italy in the west to Bangladesh in the east.

119) Kiepert Henry, Atlas Antiquus, 1893, map 2.

E. 85 E. 84

Pl. 42

MENKE Theodor historian and geographer, STÜLPNAGEL Friedrich draughtsman and engraver, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gothae (Gotha); 1865; Regni Persici satrapiae superiores Alexandri Magni tempore [Persian Kingdom’s Upper Provinces in the Period of Alexander the Great]; Latin; 20 × 27 cm; covers: 23°42° N, 60°-96° / 63°30’-92°30’ E. of Ferro; two graphical scales: 28 mm to 60 Parasangae, to 1800 Stadia, natural scale approximately 1: 12 000 000.120 This map covers an area from the Tigris to the Indus, on which the campaigns of Alexander are marked. Title and scales placed in the lower right corner; mountains hachured. There is another map in the same atlas, showing the ‘Lower Provinces’ in the same Period.121 The extent of the Empire ruled by Alexander’s successors (Seleucid Kingdom) has also been shown in a separate map in the same Atlas.122 120) Menke, map 7 (VII). 121) Menke, map 6 (VI), see E. 85.

MENKE Theodor historian and geographer, STÜLPNAGEL Friedrich draughtsman and engraver, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gothae (Gotha); 1865; Regni Persici, satrapiae inferiores, Graecia, coloniae Graecorum Xenophontis et Alexandri M. tempore [Persian Kingdom’s Lower Provinces, Greece, Greek States, Period of Xenophon and Alexander the Great]; Latin; 20 × 27 cm; covers: 28°-47° N, 25°-65° / 29°-61 E. of Ferro; two graphical scales: 28 mm to 60 parasangae, to 1800 stadia, natural scale approximately 1: 12 000 000.123 Title and scales placed in the upper right corner. There are four insets in this map, from lower right corner, anti-clockwise: 1) Sinus Issicus (Gulf of Iskenderun), 5 × 6.5 cm, two graphical scales; 2) Cavcamela (Northern Iraq, near Mosul), 3 × 4.5 cm; 3) Tyrus, (Tyre), 3 × 3.5 cm; 4) Halicarnassus (Asia Minor, Mediterranean coast, near Cos Island), 2.5 × 3.5 cm, one graphical scale. 123) Menke, map 6 (VI).

historical maps

Pl. 41 (E. 83) Imperia Persarum et Macedonum, H Kiepert, Berlin, 1893; 33.5 × 44 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 37.d.23, map 2

Pl. 42 (E. 84) Persian Kingdom’s Upper Provinces in the Period of Alexander the Great, by Theodor Menke, published by Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1865; 20 × 27 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 37.b.26, map 7

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chapter one – historical maps

Pl. 43 (E. 86) Empire d’Alexandre, by Charles Lacoste for the Migeon-Atlas Géographie Universelle, 1874 edition, Paris; 31 × 42 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 214

E. 86

Pl. 43

LACOSTE Charles, MIGEON J publisher, BIZET A lettering, SMITH L engraver; Paris; 1874; Empire d’Alexandre; French; 31 × 42 cm; covers: 15°-48° N, 12°-83° / 23°-72° E. of Paris; three graphical scales: 42 mm to 3000 Stades 600=1°, 51 mm to 200 Parasanges 25=1°, 40 mm to 500 Kilometres, natural scale given 1: 13 250 000 (according to the graphical scale must be 1: 12 250 000).124 This map was prepared by Charles Lacoste to be included in Migeon’s atlas. The Palais de Ninus (Ninive) is reconstructed and pictured in the upper right corner. The ancient states (provinces) of the Persian Empire are shown in different colours; title printed in the upper margin; scales in the lower right corner; mountains hachured. 124) Migeon, 1874 and later editions of his atlas.

E. 87 JOHNSTON Alexander Keith, W & AK JOHNSTON publishers; Edinburgh; 1877; Regnum Alexandri Magni; Latin / English; 23.5 × 30.5 cm; covers: 20°-47°30’ N, 33°-99° E. of Ferro, 15°-81° E, Mercator projection; two graphical scales: 47 mm to 800 Roman

miles, 50 mm to 800 English miles, or 400 miles to one inch, natural scale given: 1: 25 344 000.125 It shows the whole of Alexander’s Empire, with its subdivisions. Title cartouche and three insets placed below the map: from left to right: inset 1: Granicus, 7 × 11 cm; a rectangular frame containing the title and scales, 7 × 9 cm; inset 2: Issus, 7 × 5 cm; inset 3: Arbela, 7 × 5.5 cm. The next map in the same atlas (1877 and 1905 editions), entitled ‘Persia et India’, includes this map on a smaller scale of 1: 28 500 000.126 125) Johnston W & AK, map 19. 126) Johnston W & AK, map 20.

E. 88 ALARY Calixte mapmaker and draughtsman, GRAVIÈRE Jurien de la supervisor, DUFOUR F engraver, DUFRÉNOY printer; Paris; 1884; Carte de la Perse Orientale au temps des Grecs et des Romains, pour servir a l’éclaircissement des marches d’Alexandre [Map of eastern Persia at the time of the Greeks and Romans, to be used for explaining the marches (campaigns) of Alexander]; French; 46.5 × 65.5 cm; covers: 24°-42° N, 42°-72° E. of Paris; two

historical maps

47

Pl. 44 (E. 90) Sketch map of ancient and medieval Makran, drawn by W S Shawe to illustrate the paper by Col. T H Holdich, London, GJ-RGS, 1896; 21 × 45.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 267

graphical scales: 36 mm to 200 km, 62 mm to 200 milles marines, natural scale approximately 1: 5 500 000.127 This must have been based on, or copied from, an English contemporary map, translating the inscriptions into French. 127) Copy in the BNF, Paris: Ge.c.354.

publisher; London; 1896; Sketch map of ancient and medieval Makran; English; 21 × 45.5 cm; covers: 24°-28° N, 59°-68° E; one graphical scale: 40 mm to 50 miles, natural scale 1: 2 000 000.129 This sketch was prepared to illustrate the paper presented by Col. T H Holdich at the RGS. Ancient and medieval geographical names are used; title, scale and legend placed in the upper right corner; route of Alexander the Great in his marches in the province Makran (Baluchistan) shown.

E. 89 129) Holdich T H, map on p. 452.

VIDAL-LABLACHE Paul, COLIN Armand publisher; Paris; 1894; Empire d’Alexandre (Histoire de l’Hellénisme in upper margin); French; 29 × 44 cm; covers: 23°-52° N, 15°-75° / 21°-69° E. of Paris; three graphical scales: 43 mm to 500 km, 48 mm to 3000 stades, 48 mm to 100 parasanges, natural scale approximately 1: 11 500 000.128 This is basically the same map described in E. 50 in which, among a few changes, the two insets in the lower part of the main map are omitted, and title and scale bars moved to the mid-lower area. The two other insets in the upper left and right corners remain, with the titles changed to ‘États formés du démembrement de l’Empire d’Alexandre en 301 avant BC’ and ‘États des Successeures d’Alexandre en 2me Siècle BC’ respectively. 128) Vidal-Lablache, Atlas Général, 1894, pp. 12-13.

E. 90

Pl. 44

HOLDICH Thomas Hungerford Colonel, SHAWE William Solomon draughtsman, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY

E. 91 STAHL A F author, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1924; The March of Alexander through Media and Hyrcania; English; 10.5 × 20 cm; covers: 34°-38° N, 48°-55° E; one graphical scale: 24 mm to 50 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 3 350 000.130 This map was prepared to illustrate the paper ‘Notes on the march of Alexander the Great from Ecbatana to Hyrcania, Media, south of the Caspian Sea, by A F Stahl’. It covers part of North and Central Persia. Title placed in the lower margin, scale in the lower left corner. Route of Alexander the Great is coloured. For more information on A F Stahl see the description before E. 496. 130) Stahl A F, map on page 316, text on pp. 312-329.

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chapter one – historical maps Section Five: Parthian (Arsacids) and Sasanian Periods Historical background

The surviving historical maps of the Parthian and Sasanian Empires, produced during our chosen time-span – 1477-1925 – are very limited, of which 11 are selected to be described in this book. Yet, in my view, a brief historical background is required for a better understanding of them. It should also be noted that the lifetime of Ptolemy (fl. 124-51) coincided with rule of the Arsacids in Persia and, therefore, the later reconstructed and printed Ptolemaic maps of Persia may also be seen as historical maps of Persia during part of the Parthian rule. These Ptolemaic maps have been described, and partly illustrated, in General Maps of Persia, Chapter One, pp. 13-46 (see Alai, 2005). The Parthian, or Arsacid period, 247 BC – 224 AD The Arsacids came from a Saka tribe, the Aparni, who penetrated Parthia (Greater Khorasan), adopted its language and eventually challenged the Seleucids. Antiochus III succeeded in defeating them, reinstating the Seleucid suzerainty temporarily, but after his defeat by the Romans in 188, the Arsacids resumed their advance westward and southward. They conquered western Persia and Babylonia, and annexed whatever had remained of the GrecoBactrian kingdom in the east, assuming the Achaemenian royal title ‘King of Kings’ (247 BC). Most of the Arsacid reign coincided with the expansion of the Roman Empire and its eastward drive, making clashes between the two countries inevitable. Many wars took place between the two, with the possession of a number of Mesopotamian border cities and the suzerainty over Armenia being often the bone of contention. The Arsacids managed to defend their territory and stay in power for some 500 years, the longest a dynasty had ever ruled in Persia. They had a fairly tolerant attitude towards religion, as can be inferred from their treatment of the Jewish community of Mesopotamia reflected in the Babylonian Talmud. We know little about the art, or the daily life, in Persia during the Parthian period, but it is evident that the Parthian period was in no way outstanding in terms of cultural achievements. Their administration was of a feudal nature, with noble houses ruling in the regions belonging to them by tradition, or assigned to them by the Great King. At the start, the Arsacids were under the unavoidable influence of Hellenism, but in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC gradually a tendency to revert to the native forms of art and lifestyle inherited from the Achaemenid period was noticeable. The time-span of 2-162 AD, often called the ‘Anti-Hellenistic’ period, is characterised by an expansion of the Parthian national culture and an opposition to all things foreign. The weakness of the Parthian dynasty in this period opened wide avenues for the nobility to become involved in the official government of the state. Artabanus III (ruled 12-38) was chosen as sovereign by the barons. He was the son of a viceroy of Hyrcania and eager to drive Rome out of Asia. He tried to place his son on the throne of Armenia without success. In the year 37, a meeting with a representative of Rome on a bridge in the middle of the Euphrates allowed an agreement to be reached which maintained the status quo in Armenia and recognized Parthian sovereignty with the river Euphrates as the frontier.

The period from 51 to 122 shows a slow dissolution of the Parthian empire and its decomposition into several small states. This was an inevitable result of the weakness of the central power. In the first century the Parthian Empire was composed of eighteen kingdoms, eleven in the north and seven in the south. In the realm of external affairs an effort was made to maintain good relations with Rome, especially due to the rise of the new kingdom of the Kushans, which was causing concern at the eastern frontiers. Vologases I (ruled 51-77), an ardent anti-Roman, wanted his brother Tiridates to be the king of Armenia. The Romans opposed him. Seeking the throne peacefully, in the year 66, Tiridates left for Rome with his whole family surrounded by a retinue of princes and 3000 Parthian nobles. He received the crown of Armenia from Nero, and an end to hostilities was announced. Nationalist sentiments in Persia were manifested under Vologases I by the compilation of the Avesta, the holy book of the Zoroastrians, and by the issue of coins, on which Pahlavi characters were added to the Greek legend for the first time. During the reign of Pacorus II (81-110) the country showed signs of a profound breakaway. The barons refused to obey the crown. In the provinces the army and finances were in the hands of the nobility. Aristocrats occupied the highest positions, and these positions became hereditary. The nobility felt itself the equal of the ruling dynasty, ready to revolt in defence of its privileges. The Romans, benefiting from the disunity of the Persians, invaded Armenia and went as far as the Persian Gulf. The Persians, faced with the gravity of the Roman offensive, united against the invader. The Romans suffered heavy losses, then peace was restored, and the status quo maintained, which lasted this time for forty years. The disintegration of the Parthian empire into several states during the period 51-122 is visibly reflected in the maps of Ptolemy, whose lifetime (fl. 124-51) coincided with the Parthian period. Although all map-containing editions of Ptolemy’s Geographia include a ‘Qvinta Asiae Tabvla’ [Fifth Map of Asia], which represents Persia, Ptolemy avoided denoting the name of the whole country. Instead, he limited himself to including the names of the provinces, or more accurately, the states, which together formed Persia. Although the Parthian empire was reunited in 122, Ptolemy continued during his lifetime to portray these states in his texts and maps as independent of each other. He failed to refer to any earlier or later periods, and eschewed showing the totality of these states as a whole empire with a common name, whether Persia/ Persis as Herodotus called it, or Iran as pronounced by the native Persians themselves. Towards the end of the 2nd century the hostilities with Rome were taken up again, which further weakened the central Parthian administration. Since 208 Papak, a lesser prince of Persis, had been preparing a revolt, which his son Ardashir finally declared openly. A battle took place between him and Artabanus V in 224; the Parthian was killed, and the throne passed into the hands of the Sasanids (Sasanians), a new national dynasty, originally from Pars (Fars), cradle of the Achaemenids.

historical maps The Sasanians, 226-651 Ardeshir I, the first of the Sasanians, was the son of Babak (Papak, Pabag), a descendant of Sasan. Ardeshir’s father, a vassal of the Arsacids in Istakhr (Estakhr), was succeeded by his eldest son, who was soon killed in an accident. In 208 Ardeshir replaced his brother. He took advantage of the dotage of the Arsacid kings and the disorderly state of affairs at that time, and rose against his overlords. In 224 he inflicted a decisive defeat on Artabanus V (Ardavan V), the last of the Parthian kings, in which Artabanus was killed. In 226 Ardeshir celebrated his coronation as ‘King of Kings’. Ardeshir, after having secured his position as ruler of West Persia, embarked on an extensive military campaign in the East (227) and conquered Seistan (Sakastan), Gorgan (Hyrcania), Merv (Margiana), Balkh (Bactria) and Khwarezm (Churasmia). In addition, the king of Kushan (Kushanshahr, present day Baluchistan) acknowledged his sovereignty. Ardeshir, one of the ablest and most energetic kings in Persian history, continued conquering the rest of the Persian provinces until he brought the entire Arsacid domain, except Armenia, under his control. His political victories were accompanied by a number of social and religious reforms. He was an ardent follower of Zoroastrianism as practiced in the province of Fars, and accorded greater power to Zoroastrian clergy. He also strengthened the authority of the central government, without disturbing the basically feudal system of the Parthian period and the privileges of the noble families. In this way the Sasanian Empire, which was to last over 400 years, took its initial form. Ardeshir’s son and successor, Shapur I, was a formidable military leader and a great king. He resumed his father’s attack on the

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Roman provinces and in the course of several campaigns from 241 to 260 defeated the Roman emperors Gordian III, who was killed in the battlefield (244), Philip the Arab, who was forced into a peace treaty, and Valerian, who was taken prisoner by the Persian army. Consequently, the stage was set for a lengthy and wasteful struggle between Persia and Rome, and later between Persia and the Byzantine Empire, which continued almost to the end of the Sasanian period. The Sasanian rule has been generally defined by three major characterictics: firstly by its tight relationship with Zoroastrianism, bringing it close to a theocracy; secondly by its nationalistic stand, which went hand in hand with the rather xenophobic attitude of the Zoroastrian clergy; and thirdly by a growing tendency towards centralization of power. Although the reforms of Khosrow I and his vigorous enforcement of law and order guaranteed another century of Sasanian rule, the prolonged and exhaustive hostilities with the Byzantines had drastically reduced their power. As a result the door was open to a newly emerging force that now challenged both Persian and Byzantine states and religions. The Arabs had gradually spread northwards and southwards, penetrating into Syria and southern Mesopotamia, but were always kept in check by their powerful neighbouring empires. By the time the Arabs, fired by a new faith and able leadership, invaded Persia, the country could not defend itself against such a people, even though the Arabs lacked the wealth, equipment and numerical strength of the Persians. Yazdgird III (633-51), the last of the Sasanian kings, was murdered while fleeing, his army was routed in the course of several battles, and Persian provinces and cities came one by one under the

Pl. 45 (E. 92) Persaru[m] Sive Parthorum Imperium, in Duo de viginti Regna, by Nicolas Sanson, Paris, 1655 (Atlas dated 1675); 19.5 × 26.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 32

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dominion of the Arabs. With the collapse of the Sasanian dynasty, the era of Persian political and cultural supremacy in West Asia came to an end. E. 92

Pl. 45

SANSON Nicolas, GALLIAR Ch geographer, L’HUILLIER (L’HUILIER) Jean (Jan, Joannes) engraver; Paris; 1655 (Atlas dated 1675); Persaru[m] Sive Parthorum Imperium, in Duo de viginti Regna [Persia or Parthian Empire in twenty-two States]; Latin; 19.5 × 26.5 cm; covers: 20°-50° N, 66°-128° / 75°-118° E. of Ferro; no scale given.131 It covers an area from Euphrates in the west to Indus in the east. The boundaries of the twenty-two States (Provinces) of the Empire are marked by a dotted line; title cartouche placed in the lower left corner. This map, with minor changes and a repeat of the title in the upper margin, was reproduced (size: 21 × 27 cm) by Petrus (Pieter,

Pierre) Mortier in Amsterdam, to be included in his Atlas Antiquus of 1705.132 131) Sanson Nicolas and Guillaume, 1675, one copy is in the Author’s Collection. 132) Sanson, Nicolas, Atlas Antiquus, 1705, folio 79, lower half.

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Pl. 46

MALLET (MANESSON MALLET) Allain, THIERRY Denys publisher in Paris, ZÜNNER Johann David publisher in Frankfurtam-Main; Paris / Frankfurt; 1683 Paris, 1685 Frankfurt; upper regional map: Empire des Perses et des Parthes, lower map: Ancienne Perse; French; upper map 5.5 × 10.5 cm, lower map: 10 × 10.5 cm, page: 15.5 × 10.5 cm; covers: upper map: 6°-40° N, 45°125° E. of Paris, lower map covers most of the Safavid Persia; scale estimated (catalogue of BSB, Munich): upper map: 1: 79 000 000, lower map: 1: 20 000 000.133 Description de l’Univers by Allain Mallet was first published by

Pl. 46 (E. 93) Upper map: Empire des Perses et des Parthes; lower map: Ancienne Perse; by Allain Mallet, published by Denys Thierry, Paris, 1683; 15.5 × 10.5 cm in total; By Permission of the British Library: 568.d.3, vol. 2, p. 159

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Pl. 47 (E. 94) Oriens, by Cellarius, first published in 1686, this plate shows the 1774 Rome edition; 30 × 45.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 25

Denys Thierry in Paris in 1683. The German edition by David Zünner appeared in Frankfurt in 1685. The lower map includes Ptolemaic names. Title of the upper map placed in the upper right corner, of the lower map in the lower left corner. There is a general map of Persia in Mallet’s book, entitled ‘Perse Moderne’,134 similar to the above-mentioned lower map. 133) Mallet, vol. 2, figure 69, p. 159. 134) Alai, 2005, E. 107, Pl. 71.

E. 94

Pl. 47

CELLARIUS (KELLER) Christophorus (Christoph); Germany, with later editions in different countries; 1686, with further editions until at least 1817; Oriens, Persia, India &c. (earlier editions), Oriens (later editions); Latin; 20 × 30.5 cm, in later editions: 30 × 45.5 cm; covers: 12°-50° N, longitudes not given, but this map covers an area from Cyprus to river Ganges; no scale given.135

from Cellarius on thirty-two copperplates, was designed for the use of schools, and of gentlemen who make the ancient writers their delight, or study.” It became a popular book in Europe for a long period of time. The English text was translated by P Morant from the French text of Abbé Nicolas Lenglet-Dufresnoy (du Fresnoy), first published in London in 1742, with later editions until at least 1817 (see also Ref. 141 and ‘Bibliography). According to the text, the map shows the Parthian Empire, but as the external borders are not marked, it could also show the Achaemenid Empire. The decorative title cartouche, showing the ruins of an ancient Persian palace, is placed in the lower part of the map. There is a French edition of this map entitled ‘Orient, Perse, Indes etc.’, 28 × 36 cm, with French inscriptions and a slightly different title cartouche.136 135) Cellarius, see different editions. 136) Copy in the BNF, Paris: Ge.D.11962.

E.95 Cellarius (1638-1707) was a professor of geography at the University of Halle. He produced Geographia Antiqua in 1686, “being a complete set of maps of ancient geography, beautifully engraved

Pl. 48

HOMANN HEIRS (HOMANNIANI HEREDES), HAAS Johann Matthias; Nuremberg; 1737; Imperium Partho-Persicum vel

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Pl. 48 (E. 95) Imperium Partho-Persicum vel Persarum Posteriorum, Homann Heirs, Nuremberg, 1737; 17 × 23 cm; Courtesy of the State Library of Bavaria (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek), Munich: Atlas Historicus: 2 Mapp 71-III, folio 17, map 8

Persarum Posteriorum; Latin; 17 × 23 cm; covers:10°-47° N, 35°125° / 48°-102° E. of Ferro; four graphical scales: 51 mm to 8000 Stadia Recent. Graeco-Rom. 600=1°, 51 mm to 1000 Milliaria Romania 75=1°, 46 mm to 300 Schoeni Parthici Leucae 25=1°, 51 mm to 200 Milliaria Germ. Comm. 15=1°.137, 138 Decorative title cartouche placed in the lower left, and the scales in the lower right corner of the map. 137) Homann Heirs, Atlas Selecti, Tome II, folio 160, Tab. VIII (map 8). 138) Haas Johann Matthias, Atlas Historicus, 1750, Section III, folio 17, Tab. VIII (map 8).

E. 96 BUY DE MORNAS Claude author, DESNOS Louis Charles publisher; Paris; 1762; Royaume des Parthes, depuis l’an 3752 jusqu’à l’an 3841 (Jewish calendar equal to 9 BC – 80 AD); French; map 26.5 × 25 cm, with text and decorative margins: 38.5 × 54 cm; covers: 23°-47° N, 58°-87° / 60°-85° E. of Ferro; natural scale about 1: 11 000 000.139 This map shows the extent of the Parthian Empire during the given period; title placed in the upper margin; extended historical accounts printed along both sides of the map. In some editions

a wide decorative margin has been added, making the size of the page noticeably larger. 139) Buy de Mornas, vol. 4 (book 3), folio 148.

E. 97

Pl. 49

BONNE Rigobert, ANDRÉ Gaspard draughtsman; Paris; c. 1780; Imperia Antiqua, Pars Media; Latin; 35 × 23.5 cm; covers: 7°-48° N, 55°-95° / 61-89° E. of Ferro, E. of Paris also given; six graphical scales: 42 mm to 5555 Stadia Aristotelis 1111=1°, to 3000 Stadia Olympica 600=1°, to 222 Coss Mensura Indiae 44.4=1°, to 185 Parasangae Persicae 37=1°, to 125 Leucae Francicae 25=1°, to 111 Parasangae Persicae 22=1°.140 This map is another slightly different version of Bonne’s ‘Imperii Parthorum Tabula’ (see E. 98), in which the western section is omitted, but the eastern section is extended southwards to latitude 7. A few other changes can also be noticed. It must have come from an Italian atlas of Rigobert Bonne’s maps, published about 1780, which this author could not trace. Title and scales placed in the lower right corner. 140) A copy of this map, contained in an Italian atlas of Rigobert Bonne’s maps (c. 1780), is in the Author’s Collection.

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Pl. 49 (E. 97) Imperia Antiqua, Pars Media, R Bonne, Paris, c. 1780; 35 × 23.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 65

E. 98

E. 99

BONNE Rigobert, PERRIER engraver, ANDRÉ Gaspard lettering; Paris; 1780; left sheet: Imperii Parthorum Tabula. Pars Occidentalis, right sheet: Imperum Parthorum. Pars Orientalis; Latin; a two-sheet map (western and eastern), each 32 × 22 cm, in total 32 × 44 cm; covers: 23°-47° N, left sh.: 45°-70° / 51°30’- 70° E. of Ferro, right sh.: 70°-94° / 70°-88° E. of Ferro; seven graphical scales, such as: 33 mm to 100 Parasangae Persicae 37=1°, 36 mm to 75 Leucae Francicae communes 25=1°, etc.141

VIETH Gerhard Ulrich Anton, FUNKE Carl Philipp historian, GEOGRAPHISCHES INSTITUT WEIMAR publisher; Weimar; 1800; India et Persia, tempore Augusti [India and Persia, in time of Augustus]; Latin, text in German; 17.5 × 23 cm; covers: 0°-65° N, 60°-130° E. of Ferro; no scale given.

Title of the western (left) sheet placed in the lower right, scales in the upper left, corner; title and scales of the eastern (right) sheet placed in the upper part. There is another version of the eastern sheet, which was allegedly prepared for an Italian atlas (see E. 97) 141) a: Lenglet du Fresnoy, Atlas Portatif, 1780, folios 26 (western sheet) and 27 (eastern sheet), see also E. 97. b: Grenet, Atlas Portatif, in the RGS copy maps numbered by hand as 68 & 70.

Vieth and Funke were the editors of the Atlas der alten Welt.142 This map, which is included in that Atlas, shows the Persian Empire during the reign of Augustus (b. 63 BC, d. 14 AD), coinciding with the Parthian period. Title placed in the upper margin. 142) Vieth G U A & Funke C P, map 2.

E. 100

Pl. 50

WILKINSON Robert, SMITH B engraver; London; 1807; Imperium Parthicum Tempore Arsacidum143; Latin; 22.5 × 28.5 cm;

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Pl. 50 (E. 100) Imperium Parthicum Tempore Arsacidum, by Robert Wilkinson, London, 1807; 22.5 × 28.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 150

Pl. 51 (E. 101) Regiones Inter Euphraten et Indum, by C Smith, London, 1809; 35 × 56 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 183

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Pl. 52 (E. 102) ‘Empire des Sassanides’ on the map; general title: Empire Romain d’Orient, à l’Époque de la Prise de Jérusalem en 636 de J.C., by A H Dufour, Paris, 1864; 33 × 46 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 9.DD.30, the right half of plate 13

covers: 22°-45° N, 53°-97° / 58°-92° E. of Ferro; three graphical scales: 46 mm to 400 Milliaria Romana, 44 mm to 100 Parasangae Persicae, 37 mm to 300 Milliaria Britannica propria, natural scale approximately 1: 13 000 000.144 The provinces of the Parthian Empire are shown in different colours; title and scales placed in the upper left corner. 143) For ‘Tempore Arsacidum’, or Arsacids, the ancient Iranian dynasty that founded and ruled the Parthian Empire see the ‘Historical background’ at the beginning of this Section. 144) Wilkinson, Atlas Classica, map 46.

E. 101

Pl. 51

SMITH C, HALLIWELL R engraving and script; London; 1809; Regiones inter Euphraten et Indum; Latin / English; 35 × 56 cm; covers: 22°-43° N, 54°-99° / 59°-94° E. of Ferro, longitudes E. of Greenwich are also given; four graphical scales: 53 mm to 2000 Olympic Stadia, 64 mm to 100 Persian Parasangas, 64 mm to 300 Roman Miles, 68 mm to 300 modern British Miles, natural scale about 1: 7 100 000.145

This map by C Smith, mapseller, No. 172 Strand, London, dated June 20, 1809, shows the Persian Empire during the Parthian, or Sassanid period, with its provinces in different colours. Title and scales placed in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. 145) Smith Charles, map on pp. 16 and 17.

E. 102

Pl. 52

DUFOUR Auguste Henri, RAYNAUD draughtsman, LAHANIERLACOUCHY lettering, GAUME publisher; Paris; 1864; Empire romain d’Orient, à l’époque de la prise de Jérusalem en 636 de J.C. Par A. H. Dufour, on the Persian empire: Empire des Sassanides; French; 33 × 46 cm; covers: 8°-46° N, 5° W-75° E / 7°63° E. of Paris; two graphical scales: 49 mm to 400 Milles Romains, 45 mm to 60 Myriamètres.146 The right half of the map covers ‘The Sasanid Empire’ in 636, shortly before the Arab invasion. 146) Dufour, 1864, plate 13.

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chapter one – historical maps Section Six: Pre-Safavid Islamic Period, 651-1501

Historical Background The Arab invasion of Persia made a break with the past that affected not only Persia, but all of West Asia. The vulnerability of Sasanid Persia assisted the Arab expansionist process. An Arab victory at Qadisiyah in 637 was followed by the sack of the Sasanid winter capital at Ctesiphon on the river Tigris. The battle of Nahavand in 642 completed the Sasanids’ defeat, and in 651 their rule came to an end. The vanquishing of the Sasanids may have been ignominious, but it was not the end of Persia. For some two centuries Persia was ruled by Arab governors sent either by the caliphs, or later under the Umayyads by their agents in Iraq. An important fact about Persia in the Islamic period is that, in spite of such a lengthy period of Arab rule, the change of faith to Islam and the cultivation of Arabic in all religious matters, Persia did not lose its language, and thereby its separate identity; whereas most other countries conquered by the Arab Muslims, notably Egypt, Syria and Mesopotamia, assumed an Arab identity and adopted the Arabic language. During the two centuries of Arab rule, the Persian civilization was revived with a cultural amalgam, with patterns of art and thought, with attitudes and a sophistication that was indebted to its pre-Islamic heritage. Abu Muslim’s revolution in 747 in Khorasan heralded a new beginning. In Merv he was able to exploit the discontent of the merchant classes, as well as that of the Arab and Persian settlers. The object of attack was the Umayyad government in Damascus. Thereafter, it was the turn of the Tahirids (821-73), Saffarids (861-1003), Samanids (819-1005), Ghaznavids (9771186), Daylamite Ziarids (927-1090), Buyids (932-1062), Saljuqids (1040-1194) and Khwarezmshahs (1077-1231). Some of these dynasties were ruling concurrently in different parts of Persia, and none of them succeeded in establishing a realm containing all the Persian provinces. The Mongol invasion of Persia is regarded as the greatest calamity that befell the region in the Islamic period. Their major attacks in 1231 and 1256 brought nearly all of Persia under their occupation. The Mongol successors, the Il-Khanids (about 1265-1353) and Timurids (about 1393-1501) and some other local dynasties ruled the country, or part of it, until the beginning of the 16th century, when the Safavids established a grand, powerful and united country, reminiscent of the ancient Persian empires. This author’s search for the historical maps of the Islamic preSafavid periods, made during our chosen time-span, resulted in tracing about a dozen such maps, seven of which are selected to be described in this section. Those regional historical maps, covering the whole of the Islamic world in Asia, Africa and Europe, including Persia, are not described here.

E. 103

Pl. 53

HOMANN HEIRS (HOMANIANI HEREDES), HAAS Johann Matthias; Nuremberg; 1737; Imperium Timuri Begi vel Cani vel Tamerlanis circa annum ejus emortualem A. C. 1405 [The empire of Timur Beyor Khan or Tamerlane (Tamburlaine) around the year of his death 1405]; Latin; 16.5 × 25 cm; covers: 21°-51° N,

31°-119° / 47°-103° E. of Ferro; one graphical scale: 32 mm to 110 German Miles 15=1°, natural scale c. 1: 22 000 000 (catalogue of the BSB, Munich).147-149 The term ‘IRAN’ appears on this map as the exclusive name of the Persian Empire in the Timurid Period. This is perhaps the oldest European printed map of Persia on which the native name of the country ‘IRAN’ has been recognised and used. Title cartouche placed in the upper left, graphical scale in the lower right, corner. 147) Homannische Erben, Atlas Selecti, 1737, Tome II, folio 165, map 23. 148) Haas J M, Atlas Historicus, 1750, Section III, folio 22, map 23. 149) Historical Atlas of Iran, 1971, plate 19.

E. 104

Pl. 54

HOMANN HEIRS (HOMANIANI HEREDES), HAAS Johann Matthias; Nuremberg; 1737; Imperium Arabicum, Saracenicum, Muhammedicum Primarium pro statu ante divisionem quadripartitam [The first Arabian, Saracen, Muslim empire, as it was before its division into four parts]; Latin; 17 × 31.5 cm; covers: 8°-42° N, 0°-104° / 13°-87° E. of Ferro; four graphical scales: 51 mm to 200 Milliaria Germanica quindenaria, 46 mm to 800 Milliaria Arabica 66 2/3=1°, 39 mm to 600 Milliaria Italica sexagenaria, 35 mm to 200 Farsangae Persica 22 2/9=1°.150, 151 This map shows the extent of the Islamic world at the end of the Umayyads, the first great Muslim dynasty to rule the Empire of the Caliphate (661-750). It includes Persia; both title and scale cartouches placed in the lower left corner. 150) Homannische Erben, Atlas Selecti, 1737. Tome II, folio 162, map 12. 151) Haas J M, Atlas Historicus, 1750, Section III, folio 19, map 12.

E. 105

Pl. 55

HOMANN HEIRS (HOMANIANI HEREDES), HAAS Johann Matthias; Nuremberg; 1737; Tabulae Pars prima exhibens Partes Orientaliores Imperii Arabici post Schisma et temp. Mahmudi Sebecteghiniadis Gaznevidae et Bouidarum [First section of the map, showing the eastern parts of the Arabian Empire after the schism and in the time of Mahmud Sebüktigin of Ghaznavids and of Büyids]; Latin; 17 × 20.5 cm; covers: 10°-47°N, 43°-117° / 55°-105° E. of Ferro; three graphical scales: 39 mm to 150 Milliaria Germanica Commun., 36 mm to 200 Farsangae Persicae 22 2/9=1°, 38 mm to 200 Leucae Gallicae Maj. Vieenariae.152- 154 This map shows the extension of the Islamic empire in the east (central Persia and India) during the Ghaznavid rule (977-1186). Title cartouche placed in the upper left corner, scales in the midlower part. 152) Homannische Erben, Atlas Selecti, 1737, Tome II, folio 162, map 13. 153) Haas J M, Atlas Historicus, 1750, Section III, folio 19, map 13. 154) Historical Atlas of Iran, 1971, plate 14.

historical maps

Pl. 53 (E. 103) Timurid (Tamerlane) Empire around the year of his death 1405, by Homann Heirs, Nuremberg, 1737; 16.5 × 25 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 52

Pl. 54 (E. 104) [The first Arabian, Saracen, Muslim empire, as it was before its division into four parts], by Homann Heirs, Nuremberg, 1737; 17 × 31.5 cm; Courtesy of the State Library of Bavaria (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek), Munich: Atlas Historicus: 2 Mapp 71-III, folio 19, map 12

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Pl. 55 (E. 105) Map of the extension of Islam in central Persia and India during the rule of the Ghaznavids and Buyids [977-1186], by Homann Heirs, Nuremberg, 1737; 17 × 20.5 cm; Courtesy of the State Library of Bavaria (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek), Munich: Atlas Historicus: 2 Mapp 71-III, folio 19, map 13

E. 106

Pl. 56

HOMANN HEIRS (HOMANIANI HEREDES), HAAS Johann Matthias; Nuremberg; 1737; Tabulae Pars prima exhibens Partes Orientaliores Imperii Arabici sub ipsis Cruciatae I et temporibus Turcarum Selgiukidarum vel Priorum [First section of the map, showing the eastern parts of the Arabian Empire under its first Crusade and in the time of the Turkish Saljuqs or earlier]; Latin; 17 × 21 cm; covers: 8°-45° N, 31°-103° / 42°-93° E. of Ferro; one graphical scale: 38 mm to to 150 German Miles 15=1°.155-157 This map shows the expansion of Islam during the rule of the Saljuqs (about 1039-1224); title cartouche placed in the lower left, scale in the lower right, corners. 155) Homannische Erben, Atlas Selecti, 1737, Tome II, folio 163, map 15. 156) Haas J M, Atlas Historicus, 1750 Section III, folio 20, map 15. 157) Historical Atlas of Iran, 1971, plate 15.

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Pl. 57

SPRUNER VON MERZ (MERTZ) Karl (Carl) Oberleutenant historian and physician, BEHRENS W engraver, PERTHES Justus

publisher; Gotha; 1846; Kalifat, Oestliche Haelfte [Caliphate, the Eastern Half]; German, place names mainly in native languages, particularly Arabic, written with roman letters; 32 × 39 cm; covers: 10°-50° N, 52°30’-110° E. of Ferro, Mercator projection; one graphical scale: 37 mm to 75 Geogr. Meilen, natural scale approximately 1: 14 000 000.158 This map shows the eastern part of the Islamic Caliphate with its subdivisions. The major citadels of the Assassins (Hashishiyun, referring to a political-religious Islamic sect of the 11th to 13th centuries that considered the murder of its enemies a religious duty159) are underlined. The widest extent of the Seldschuken (Saljuqs) who ruled Asia Minor, and of the Ghaznaviden (Ghaznavids) and Ghuriden (Ghurids) who advanced to India, are marked by coloured lines. Title placed in the upper margin, notes and scale in the mid-lower part of the map; mountains hachured. The native name ‘IRAN’ replaces ‘Persia’, and the Arabic version of nearly every geographical and place name, written with roman letters, appears on this map; for example, ‘Bahr-al-Akdhar, el-Fars’ [The Green Sea of Persia] is used instead of the German equivalent of the Persian Gulf. This map is, therefore, distinct from other European historical maps, indicating the familiarity of its producer with the Arabic language. The compiler of this detailed and relatively accurate map of the time, Karl Spruner von Merz (1803-92),

historical maps

Pl. 56 (E. 106) Map of the extension of Islam during the rule of the Saljuqs (1039-1224), by Homann Heirs, Nuremberg, 1737; 17 × 21 cm; Courtesy of the State Library of Bavaria (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek), Munich: Atlas Historicus: 2 Mapp 71-III, folio 20, map 15

Pl. 57 (E. 107) Kalifat, Oestliche Haelfte [Caliphate, the Eastern Half], by Karl Spruner von Merz, published by Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1846; 32 × 39 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 185

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Pl. 58 (E. 108 and E. 109) Upper map: The Demain (Country) of the Caliphs about 750 AD, by Heinrich Kiepert, Berlin, 1889 (E. 108), 11 × 20 cm; lower map: Islamic countries about 1215 AD, by Heinrich Kiepert, Berlin, 1889 (E. 109), 10 × 20 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 49.b.5, plate 15

or Karl von Spruner, was a military officer in the Bavarian army. With the publication of his historical hand-atlases, he became well known in educated circles. He sought to ensure that all of his maps were produced on the basis of primary sources.160 There are two insets in the lower right corner: 1) Irak Arabi (present Iraq, except Kurdistan), 8.5 × 8.5 cm, three graphical scales: 19 mm to 15 Geogr. Meilen, etc.), natural scale approximately 1: 5 500 000; 2) Al Dschesira (Kurdistan, etc.), 8.5 × 9 cm. Spruner’s maps of the eastern and western161 halves of the Islamic Caliphate were printed on two separate sheets of the same size, to be cut along the 55° meridian and joined together, making one single map, or to be used separately. 158) Spruner, folio 43. 159) Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. I, p. 592. 160) Espenhorst, vol. 1, pp. 396-407. 161) Spruner, folio 42.

E. 108

Pl. 58, upper map

KIEPERT Heinrich, WOLF Carl, KRAATZ L printer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1889 (fourth edition), or earlier; Das Reich der Khalifen um das Jahr 750; German; 11 × 20 cm; covers: 25°-42° N, 10°-60° / 17°-54° E. of Paris; no scale given.162

This map shows the early Islamic world, extending from Spain to present Afghanistan and Pakistan. It includes the whole of Persia which fell to Islamic forces in the early stages of the Islamic campaigns. The term ‘IRAN’ is used in this map; Persian Gulf is called ‘Green Sea’. 162) Kiepert Heinrich, Historischer Schul-Atlas, folio 15 (Pl. 58, upper map represents E. 108; lower map represents E. 109).

E. 109

Pl. 58, lower map

KIEPERT Heinrich, WOLF Carl, KRAATZ L printer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1889 (fourth edition), or earlier; Die Islamitischen Reiche um das Jahr 1215; German; 10 × 20 cm, covers: 25°-42° N, 10°-60° / 17°-54° E. of Paris; no scale given.163 This map shows the Islamic countries around 1215, in which Persia is divided into several Islamic states. The term ‘Persian Gulf’ (Meer von Fars) reappears, but there is no mention of ‘Persia’ or ‘Iran’. 163) See Ref. 162, and Pl. 58, lower map.

district maps

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CHAPTER TWO DISTRICT MAPS

From ancient times Persia consisted of several provinces, or states, which on the one hand were principally united by a common culture and, on the other hand, were different and independent to a certain extent by their distinct traditions and customs. Ptolemy described these states in his Geographia as they existed at his time (Parthian period): Assyria, Media, Susiana, Persis, Parthia, Carmania and Hyrcania. During the Qajar period (1779-1925) the country was officially called ‘The Protected States of Iran’, referring to the provinces existing at that period.

However, during our chosen time-span (1477-1925) only some of the provinces of Persia were separately mapped, whereas some others were joined together to be shown on one sheet. Therefore, dividing the 114 selected district maps of Persia into secondary sections has been linked to the provinces they cover, and also the number of the extant related maps, by which some overlapping was unavoidable. Based on the above considerations these maps are divided into the following seven sections, which are arranged alphabetically.

Section One: Azerbaijan (Azarbeijan), Northwest Persia According to Strabo, the name of ‘Azerbaijan’ is derived from that of the Achaemenian satrap (governor) of Media ‘Atropatos’. According to Yaqut, the medieval Arab historian (c. 1179-1229), it could be a combination of two Persian words Azer (Azar), meaning fire, and Baijan (Baykan, Baygan), meaning guardian (Guardian of Fire). From ancient times until the end of World War I, this name applied exclusively to the north-western province of Persia, south of the Aras (Araxes) River. Soon after the Russian Revolution (1917) this term was also adopted to denote the Turkish speaking region in the southern Caucasus, forming the present Republic of Azerbaijan. Hence, all maps of Persia published before 1918 apply ‘Azerbaijan’ solely to the north-western province of Persia (Iran); thereafter to the said province and to the Turkish-speaking regions in the southern Caucasus as well. The 17 map entries described in this section refer solely to ‘Azerbaijan’, the north-western province of Persia.

E. 111

Pl. 60

ANONYMOUS RUSSIAN CARTOGRAPHIC OFFICIALS; Russia; about 1805; Prodolzenìe Karty casti Srednej Azìi s” pokazanìem granicy Rossìi s” Persieû [taken from catalogue of the BNF: Map continuation/extension of part of Central Asia showing the border of Russia with Persia]; Russian; 35 × 43 cm; covers: 33°-41° N, 39°-49°30’ / 41°30’-51° E. of Paris, natural scale 1: 2 200 000.165 This map covers the north-western provinces of Persia, Azerbaijan and Gilan, with adjacent territories in Russia, Turkey and central Persia. The new boundary is not distinctly shown. The Persian capital Teheran and part of the Caspian Sea are included. It is a detailed map of the time, produced for military and trade purposes. Title in Russian printed in the upper margin. 165) Copy in the BNF, Paris: Ge. D. 16760.

E. 110

Pl. 59 E. 112

KATEB-ÇELEBI; Constantinople; 1732 (1145 Islamic Calendar); untitled, showing the province of Azerbaijan; Persian / Old Turkish; 17 × 19 cm; no scale given.164

BERNHARDT E F, FREYGANG Wilhelm von author, JÄTTNIG Carl Jr. lettering, MARE Carl hills engraver, PERTHES & BESSER publishers; Hambourg (Hamburg)/Paris; 1816; Carte de Caucase, de la Géorgie et d’une Partie de la Perse, 1816; French; 33 × 27.5 cm; covers: 35°30’-44° N, 60°-69° / 59°10’-67° E. of Ferro; no scale given.166

Urmia Lake, with its islands, is the main feature of this handcoloured small map. Major rivers, mountains, towns – such as Tabriz, Urumieh and Maragheh – and citadels are shown. On this map, east is at the top.

This map includes the Persian province of Azerbaijan. Mountains are shown in a special way, engraved by Carl Mare, using different tones of shading. Title placed in the upper margin.

164) Kateb-Çelebi, map on p. 390.

166) Freygang, map at the back of the book.

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Pl. 59 (E. 110) Untitled, showing the province of Azerbaijan, by Kateb-Çelebi, Constantinople, 1732; 17 × 19 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Or.80.a.7, map on p. 390

Pl. 60 (E. 111) Map continuation/extension of part of Central Asia showing the border of Russia with Persia, produced by anonymous Russian cartographic officials about 1805; 35 × 43 cm; Courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris: Ge D 16760

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Pl. 61 (E. 113) Routes through Aderbigian (Azerbaijan), the most northern province of Persia, by James Morier, London, 1818; 27.5 × 43.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 231.b.4, map between pp. 232 and 233

E. 113

Pl. 61

MORIER James, HALL Sidney draughtsman and engraver, ‘LONGMAN HURST REES ORME AND BROWN’ publisher; London; 1818; Routes through Aderbigian (Azerbaijan), the most northern province of Persia, including part of Armenia…; English; 27.5 × 43.5 cm; covers: 37°-40°30’ N, 43°5’-50°55’ / 43°20’-50°40’ E; one graphical scale: 59 mm to 50 geographical miles, natural scale approximately 1: 1 570 000.167 This map was drawn chiefly from personal observations made between the years 1812 and 1815 by James Morier. Title in the lower left corner; mountains shaded.

50° / 27°-49° E. of Paris; six graphical scales: 100 mm to 50 Lieues Communes de France 25=1°, 104 mm to 40 Farsanges de Perse 19=1°, 101 mm to 140 Milles Anglais 60 ½ =1°, etc., natural scale approximately 1: 2 220 000.168 This map by Pierre Lapie includes new geographical information provided by P A Jaubert, the envoy of Napoleon Bonaparte to the Court of Persia (Fath-Ali-Shah) in the years of 1805 and 1806. It covers Asia Minor, Northwest Persia up to Teheran and part of the Caucasus. It can also be considered as a route map. Title and scales placed in the lower left corner. 168) Jaubert, map at the back of the book.

167) Morier, Second Journey, map between pp. 232 and 233.

E. 115 E. 114

Pl. 62

LAPIE Pierre, JAUBERT Pierre Amédée explorer and author; FLAHAUT engraver, LALLEMAND writing, PÉLICIER et NEPVEU publisher; Paris; 1821; Carte des Pays compris entre Constantinople et Téhéran Pour servir à l’intelligence du Voyage de Mr Le Che[valie]r Jaubert en Arménie et en Perse…[Map of the Countries between Constantinople and Teheran, based on the information from the Journey of Chevalier Jaubert in Armenia and in Persia…]; French; 37.5 × 93 cm; covers: 36°-42°30’ N, 26°-

KHATOV (KHATOW) Aleksander Illyich; St. Petersburg; 1826; Carte de la Géorgie et d’une Partie de la Perse [Map of Georgia and a part of Persia]; French; part of Persia in three sheets and two extensions (see table); scale 25.5 mm (1 inch) to 2 Russian Versts, representing a natural scale of 1: 84 000.169 This is a large-scale two-verst Russian map in nine sheets made by A I Khatov, a Russian cartographer and military historian. Sheets five, six and eight, with two small extensions cover north-western Persia up to Teheran eastwards and Kermanshah southwards. This

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Pl. 62 (E. 114) Map of the Countries between Constantinople and Teheran, to illustrate the Journey of Chevalier Jaubert in Armenia and Persia, Paris, 1821; 37.5 × 93 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London

multi-sheet map must have been the basis of a two-verst map, produced in 1912-13, or earlier, by the Topographical Section of the Russian Military in Caucasus (see E. 123). The Prussian Land Survey printed a slightly improved version of the southern part (Azerbeidschan, Azerbaijan) of this later map in 1918-19 in Berlin (see E. 124 and E. 125). A 20-verst index map (1: 840 000) was also produced for the said nine sheets. Table for sizes of the Persia sheets described in E. 115 Sheet No.

Height

Width

5 6 8 Extension 6a Extension 8a

45 cm 44 cm 43 cm 19 cm 43 cm

55 cm 54 cm 54 cm 18 cm 18 cm

169) A complete set of the nine sheets, two extensions and the index map are in The National Archives (TNA) in England: FO 925/2756 (1-11). The British Library has a copy of the Persia sheets only, assembled as one single map: Maps 43075.(2.).

E. 116

Pl. 63

MONTEITH W Lieut.-Col., ARROWSMITH J cartographer, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1833; Part of Georgia and Armenia, the Persian provinces Azerbaijan, Talish and Ghilan, from trigonometrical surveys by Lieut.Col. W Monteith…made between the years 1814 and 1828, and the Russian provinces with the Caucasus from Russian official documents corrected by his personal observations. Engraved at the expense of the Royal Geographical Society; English; 97 × 107 cm; covers: 36°5’-43°45’ N, 39°15’-50°45’ / 40°-50° E; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 75 miles, natural scale given 1: 890 000.170

This map was printed by J Arrowsmith on 24th July 1833 in four sheets; title placed in the lower left corner of SW sheet; scale in lower margin; mountains hachured. The SE sheet which covers the three Persian provinces is illustrated here (see Pl. 63); it is a detailed and accurate map for its time. The original MS map, drawn by Monteith in four sheets during his journeys in 1814-1828 is in the RGS. It has no title; size: of each sheet is about 52 × 66 cm, natural scale 1: 890 000.171 A smaller printed version of this map, with some omissions and alterations, appeared in the Journal of the RGS.172 170) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Asia S/Div.150 in four sheets; Asia Div. 554 four sheets joined. Copy in the BL: IOR X/3105/1 four sheets joined. 171) MS copy in four sheets in the RGS: Map Room, Asia Div.553. 172) Journal of the RGS, vol. 3, 1833, map facing p. 1 (see E. 117).

E. 117 MONTEITH W Lieut.-Colonel, DAY W & BRADBURY C lithographers, MURRAY John publisher, Royal Geographical Society publisher; London; 1833; Part of Georgia & Armenia, the Persian provinces Azerbaijan, Talish and Ghilan, from trigonometrical surveys by Lieut.-Col. W Monteith…made between the years 1814 and 1828…; English; 33.5 × 35.5 cm; covers: 36°-42° N, 39°15’-50°45’ / 40°-50°15’ E; no scale given.173 This reduced version of Monteith’s map (see E. 116) was produced to illustrate the paper ‘Journal of a Tour through Azerbaijan and the Shores of the Caspian communicated by Colonel Monteith, 1832’. Title placed in the upper right corner; mountains hachured. 173) Journal of the RGS, vol. 3, 1833, map facing p. 1, text: pp. 1-58.

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65

Pl. 63 (E. 116) Part of Georgia and Armenia, the Persian provinces Azerbaijan, Talish and Ghilan, from trigonometrical surveys by Lieut.-Col. W Monteith… made between the years 1814 and 1828, produced by J Arrowsmith, London, 1833 in four sheets; SE sheet illustrated; 52 × 53 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Asia, S/Div.150, sh. 4 (SE sheet)

E. 118

Pl. 64

KIEPERT Heinrich, RITTER Carl author, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1852; untitled, Azerbeidjan [Azerbaijan] and Southern Caucasus; German; 48 × 36.5 cm; covers: 36°10’-42°20’ N, 61°45’-68° / 61°45’-67°35’ E. of Ferro, same data E. of Greenwich also given; no scale given, natural scale c. 1: 1 500 000.174 This untitled map was prepared by Heinrich Kiepert for Erdkunde, Prof. Carl Ritter’s monumental work on geography. It covers the province Azerbeijan, part of the province Gilan and southern Caucasus. It is a detailed map; mountains hachured.

British statute miles 69=1°, 94 mm to 70 Russian versts 104=1°, 97 mm to 15 Persian farsakh 22=1°, natural scale approximately 1: 800 000.175 This detailed map of the province of Azerbaijan was compiled principally from personal observations and surveys made in the years 1851-55 by N Khanikof, and the astronomical observations of Lenam at the Caucasian triangulation institute. It was drawn and engraved under the general direction of Heinrich Kiepert in Berlin. Description about the triangulation appears in the upper right, glossary (Persian – English) in the lower left, corner; mountains hachured; title placed in the upper part, scales in the lower right corners of the sheet.

174) Kiepert, Atlas von Asien, 1854; map 23 (dated 1852). 175) Loose copy in the BL: Maps 51170.(2.); another copy: IOR, X-3106; copies in the SBB, Berlin: S 9464 and S 9465.

E. 119

Pl. 65

KHANIKOF (KHANIKOFF, KHANIKOV) Nicolas surveyor, KIEPERT Heinrich supervisor, SULZER J engraver, BARTH F printer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1862; Map of Aderbeijan (Azerbaijan); English; 50.5 × 56 cm; covers: 36°10’-39°45’ N, 44°5’-49°10’ E, longitudes E. of Paris are also given; four graphical scales: 94 mm to 40 geographical miles 60=1°, 100 mm to 50

E. 120

Pl. 66

KIEPERT Heinrich geographer/cartographer, ARSENIS Joseph information, TIETZ R printer, GESELLSCHAFT FÜR ERDKUNDE publisher; Berlin; 1873; Umgegend von Urmij in Persien, nach den Angaben des Joseph Arsenis, entworfen von

Pl. 64 (E. 118) Untitled, showing Azerbaijan, Gilan and southern Caucasus by H Kiepert, Berlin, 1852; 48 × 36.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 10.d.11, map 23

Pl. 65 (E. 119) Map of Azerbaijan, by N Khanikof and H Kiepert, published in Berlin in 1862; 50.5 × 56 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51170.(2.)

66 chapter two – district maps

district maps

67 E. 121

Pl. 67

FAZEL-DAD-KHAN Duffadar177 surveyor, PICOT H P Lieutenant-Colonel supervisor, INTELLIGENCE DIVISION – WAR OFFICE; London; 1895; Reconnaissance Survey of Northwest Azerbaijan, 1894; English; 51.5 × 44 cm; covers: 38°-40° N, 44°46°20’ E; one graphical scale: 95 mm to 30 miles (1 inch to 8 miles), natural scale 1: 506 880.178 Duffadar Fazel-Dad-Khan from the 17th Bengal Cavalry surveyed Northwest Azerbaijan, superintended and assisted by LieutenantColonel Picot, Military Attaché at Teheran. His map was lithographed at the Intelligence Division, War Office in December 1895 (I.D.W.O. No. 1125). It was a confidential document intended for military purposes, showing routes traversed, keyed by number to Picot’s report. Elevations of the main cities are noted: Tabriz: 4200 feet, Marand: 3950 feet, Khoi: 3240 feet, etc. Title placed in the upper right corner, references in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. 177) Duffadar: Commander of a small body of cavalry (see The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 1983 edition, vol. 1, p. 615). 178) Copy in the BL: IOR W/LPS/21/B24; also see Record: IOR L/PS/3/352, folio 531.

Dr. J B Feuvrier, a French military physician, served at the Court of Nasir-al-Din Shah in Teheran for three years (1889-92). In 1899, after returning to Paris, he published his first-hand information and travel account, describing the way of life in Teheran and north-west Persia.179 Five small maps are included in his book, the second of which has been described in the following entry. For the other maps included in Dr. J B Feuvrier’s book (1899 and 1906 editions) see E. 162, E. 215, E. 216, E. 513, E. 514 and E. 638. The second edition of Feuvrier’s work appeared in 1906, in which the three district maps of the 1899 edition were amalgamated into one map, entitled ‘Perse, Carte pour Servir à l’Intelligence du Texte’(see E. 514).180 Pl. 66 (E. 120) Environs of Urmia in Persia, according to information provided by Joseph Arsenis, produced by H Kiepert, Berlin, 1873; 19 × 12 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin: Ac 6075/2, vol. 7, 1872, Tafel 7, facing p. 538

179) Feuvrier Jean Baptiste, 1899, map No. 2, p. 73. 180) Feuvrier Jean Baptiste, Nouvelle Edition, 1906.

E. 122

H Kiepert, 1873 [Environs of Urmia in Persia, according to information provided by Joseph Arsenis, produced by H Kiepert in 1873]; German; 19 × 12 cm; two graphical scales: 26 mm to 2 German geographical miles, to 15 km, natural scale approximately 1: 575 000. A detailed map of the time of the area west of Urmia Lake to the Turkish border. Title is placed in the upper right, scale bars in the lower left, corner. This map was prepared by H Kiepert to illustrate his article ‘Zur Topographie der Umgegend von Urmi in Persien’. It appeared in the Zeitschrift…Erdkunde.176 176) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, vol. 7, 1872, map (Tafel) 7, p. 638; text: pp. 538-545.

Pl. 68

FEUVRIER Jean Baptiste physician author, DRUILLET J draughtsman, JUVEN F publisher; Paris; 1899; Perse, Région Nord-Ouest; French; 15 × 10 cm; covers: 34°50’-40°25’ N, 41°40’46°40’ E. of Paris; one graphical scale: 34 mm to 150 km, natural scale approximately 1: 4 400 000.179 This map shows the province of Azerbaijan and part of Kurdistan; mountains hachured; title and scale placed in the lower left corner.

E. 123

Pl. 69 (index map) and Pl. 70 (sheet E.11)

VOENNO-TOPOGRAFICHESKI OTDEL (RUSSIAN TOPOGRAPHICAL SECTION OF THE ARMY); Caucasus; 1908-1926; Karta Kavkaza s Prilegayushchimi Chastami Turtsii i Persii [Map of the Caucasus with adjacent parts of Turkey and Persia];

Pl. 67 (E. 121) Reconnaissance Survey of Northwest Azerbaijan, 1894, by Fazel-Dad-Khan, superintended by Col. Picot, printed by Intelligence Division, War Office, London, 1895; 51.5 × 44 cm; By Permission of the British Library, Record: IOR L/PS/3/352, folio 531, Map only: IOR W/LPS/21/B24 Pl. 68 (E. 122) Perse, Région Nord-Ouest, Dr. J B Feuvrier, Paris, 1899; 15 × 10 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 10076.dd.24, map 2, p. 73

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district maps

69

Pl. 69 (E. 123) The index map for the Russian multi-sheet ‘Map of the Caucasus with adjacent parts of Turkey and Persia’, Caucasus, 1908-26 (first published 1880-83?); 24.5 × 27 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps Y.1191, map on the verso of sheet 3.9

Russian; a multi-sheet map, twenty sheets of which cover the Persian Province of Azerbaijan, each sheet about 47.5 × 63 cm; for coverage see the index map and the Table below; one or two graphical scales on every sheet, representing a (given) natural scale of 1: 210 000.181 These twenty sheets, covering north-west Persia (Azerbaijan) and a section of the province of Gilan, are part of a much larger map which covers the whole of the Caucasus and part of Turkey and Persia (see also E. 115). It is a detailed and large-scale multi-sheet map made for military purposes; different sheets of this updated and improved edition were printed from 1908 to 1926; the earliest edition in the BL is dated 1880?-83. One or two scale bars printed in the lower margin of each sheet; mountains shaded. The index map 24.5 × 27 cm, scale approximately 1: 5 500 000, is printed on verso of a selected number of the sheets. The printed Persian sheets are noted in the following table.

Table of Latitudes and Longitudes (Greenwich) of the 20 Persian sheets 61°45’ 63°15’ 64°40’ 66°15’ 67°35’ 68°55’ 70°20’ 40°08’--------------------------------------------------------------------------------E.9 – З.9 – – – 39°15’--------------------------------------------------------------------------------E.10 Ж.10 З.10 И.10 – – 38° 25’-------------------------------------------------------------------------------E.11 Ж.11 З.11 И.11 Ī.11 – 37°30’--------------------------------------------------------------------------------E.12 Ж.12 З.12 И.12 Ī.12 К.12 36°40’--------------------------------------------------------------------------------– – – И.13 Ī.13 К.13 35°50’---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

181) Copy in the BL: Maps Y.1191, 15 sheets; copy in the RGS: Map Room, Asia Div. 422 (all sheets).

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chapter two – district maps

Pl. 70 (E. 123) Sheet E.11 as a sample of 20 Persian sheets (Province of Azerbaijan) of the Russian multi-sheet ‘Map of the Caucasus with adjacent parts of Turkey and Persia’, Caucasus, 1908-26; 47.5 × 62.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps Y.1191, sh. E.11

E. 124

Pl. 71

KARTOGRAPHISCHE ABTEILUNG DER KÖNIGLICHPREUSSISCHEN LANDESAUFNAHME [Cartographic Department of the Royal Prussian Land Survey], RUSSIAN MILITARY TOPOGRAPHICAL SECTION; Berlin; 1918; Übersichtsblatt für die Russische Zweiverstkarte von Azerbeidschân [Index sheet for the Russian two-verst map of Azerbaijan]; Russian, partly translated in German; 61 × 29 cm; 35°36’-40° N, 61°30’-64°30’ E. of Ferro; one graphical scale: 119 mm to 100 km, natural scale 1: 840 000 (20 verst map).182 This index sheet relates to a part of an original Russian multi-sheet map, known as the two-verst map (1: 84 000) of Caucasus, which was produced by the Topographical Section of the Russian Army in the years 1912-13. The German edition (1918-19) covers only Western Azerbaijan, which will be described in the next Entry. As this index sheet was made in 1918, it did not include the sheets of Western Azerbaijan, the German edition of which was prepared in 1919. The present author has allowed himself to complete it by including those sheets as well, showing 35 full-size sheets, 5 half-size sheets, and 1 quarter-size sheet (see the Table of E. 125). 182) The incomplete copy kept in the SBB, Berlin: D 9470, Übersichtskarte (index map)

E. 125

Pl. 72

KARTOGRAPHISCHE ABTEILUNG DER KÖNIGLICH-PREUSSISCHEN LANDESAUFNAHME [Cartographic Department of the Royal Prussian Land Survey], RUSSIAN MILITARY TOPOGRAPHICAL SECTION; Berlin; 1918-19; Zweiverstkarte von Azerbeidschân, for special title of each sheet see the table below; Russian, partly translated in German; 35 full-size sheets: 55 × 54 cm, 5 half-size sheets: 55 × 28 cm, 1 quarter-size sheet: 28 × 28 cm; two graphical scales on every sheet: 119 mm to 10 km, 76 mm to 6 versts (1 inch to 2 versts; 1 verst = 1.066 km), natural scale 1: 84 000.183 This map is a German reprint of part of the southern extension of a Russian multi-sheet map, known as the two-verst map of the Caucasus, produced by the Topographical Section of the Russian Army in the years 1912-13. The German edition (1918-19) covers only Western Azerbaijan, as portrayed in the related index map (see E. 124). It is a detailed military map, based on earlier Russian maps, such as the map described in E. 115. Mountains are contoured, with a difference of elevation of 21.34 m, or 42.67 m between any two adjacent lines, shown in the table with ‘A’ and ‘B’ respectively. The following Table gives the specific data of each sheet: grid number in the index map, specific title, year and coverage. All sheets are full-size, unless indicated otherwise. As a sample, sheet XXIV/20 is illustrated (see Pl. 72); place names are as written on the sheets.

district maps

Pl. 71 (E. 124) Index sheet for the Russian two-verst map of [Western] Azerbaijan, by the Cartographic Department of the Royal Prussian Land Survey; Berlin; 1918, extended by this author to include also those sheets prepared in 1919; 61 × 29 cm; Courtesy of the State Library of Berlin (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin): D 9470, index map

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Pl. 72 (E. 125) Zweiverstkarte von Azerbeidschân [Russian Two-Verst map of Azerbaijan], sheet XXIV/20 as a sample (see E. 124: index sheet), showing the city of Marâgha (Maragheh) and vicinity, German edition, Berlin, 1918; 55 × 54 cm; Courtesy of the State Library of Berlin (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin): D 9470, sheet XXIV/20

Pl. 73 (E. 126) Sketch map of Western Elburz and Persian Azerbaijan, to illustrate Capt. Fortescue’s paper, RGS, London, 1924; 12 × 20 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Geographical Journal, vol. 63, 1924 (Jan.-June), map on p. 304

district maps Table of the specific data of the 41 sheets, showing Western Azerbaijan, part of original Russian two-verst map, 1912-13, German edition printed in 1918-19; last column gives the type of the contoured lines (‘A’ for 21.34 m, or 65 ft., ‘B’ for 42.67 m, or 130 ft., between any two adjacent lines) . Sheet No. XVIII/17 XVIII/18 XIX/16 XIX/17 XIX/18 XX/16 XX/17 XX/18 XX/19 XXI/16 XXI/17 XXI/18 XXI/19 XXI/20 XXI/21 XXII/16 XXII/17 XXII/18 XXII/19 XXII/20 XXII/21 XXIII/17 XXIII/18 XXIII/19 XXIII/20 XXIV/17 XXIV/18 XXIV/19 XXIV/20 XXV/17 XXV/18 XXV/19 XXV/20 XXVI/18 XXVI/19

Specific Title . Ararat Sadarak Kilisa-Kendi Maku Chok Medschiiler Kara Aïne Tschors Dschulfa Heretil Kotur Chôi Marand Binab Tschasyn – Dilmân Kara Bagh Tasûdsch Täbriz Chodscha Gunbed Askerábád Shahi Dihkarghan Mawana Úrmija Diza Rahm Marâgha Dalamper Uschnû Nagada Mijânduâb Kala-Pásowá Saudsch-Bul

Date

Lat.

Long. (Ferro)

1918 1918 1918 1919 1918 1918 1918 1918 1919 1918 1918 1918 1918 1919 1919 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1919 1918 1918 1919 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1919 1918 1919 1919 1919

39°36’-40°00’ 39°36’-40°00’ 39°12’-39°36’ 39°12’-39°36’ 39°12’-39°36’ 38°48’-39°12’ 38°48’-39°12’ 38°48’-39°12’ 38°48’-39°12’ 38°24’-38°48’ 38°24’-38°48’ 38°24’-38°48’ 38°24’-38°48’ 38°24’-38°48’ 38°24’-38°48’ 38°00’-38°24’ 38°00’-38°24’ 38°00’-38°24’ 38°00’-38°24’ 38°00’-38°24’ 38°00’-38°24’ 37°36’-38°00’ 37°36’-38°00’ 37°36’-38°00’ 37°36’-38°00’ 37°12’-37°36’ 37°12’-37°36’ 37°12’-37°36’ 37°12’-37°36’ 37°00’-37°12’ 36°48’-37°12’ 36°48’-37°12’ 36°48’-37°12’ 36°24’-36°48’ 36°24’-36°48’

62°00’-62°30’ 62°30’-63°00’ 61°30’-62°00’ 62°00’-62°30’ 62°30’-63°00’ 61°45’-62°00’ 62°00’-62°30’ 62°30’-63°00’ 63°00’-63°30’ 61°45’-62°00’ 62°00’-62°30’ 62°30’-63°00’ 63°00’-63°30’ 63°30’-64°00’ 64°00’-64°30’ 61°45’-62°00’ 62°00’-62°30’ 62°30’-63°00’ 63°00’-63°30’ 63°30’-64°00’ 64°00’-64°30’ 62°00’-62°30’ 62°30’-63°00’ 63°00’-63°30’ 63°30’-64°00’ 62°15’-62°30’ 62°30’-63°00’ 63°00’-63°30’ 63°30’-64°00’ 62°15’-62°30’ 62°30’-63°00’ 63°00’-63°30’ 63°30’-64°00’ 62°30’-63°00’ 63°00’-63°30’

A A B B A B (1/2 size) B A A B (1/2 size) B A A B B B (1/2 size) A A A A B B A A A B (1/2 size) A A A illustrated A (1/4 size) B A A B A

73

Table cont. Sheet No.

Specific Title . XXVI/20 Bukan XXVII/18 Schenia XXVII/19 Serdescht XXVII/20 Sakyz XXVIII/19 Nirwân XXVIII/20 Bâne

Date

Lat.

Long. (Ferro)

1918 1919 1919 1919 1918 1919

36°24’-36°48’ 36°00’-36°24’ 36°00’-36°24’ 36°00’-36°24’ 35°36’-36°00’ 35°36’-36°00’

63°30’-64°00’ 62°45’-63°00’ 63°00’-63°30’ 63°30’-64°00’ 63°00’-63°30’ 63°30’-64°00’

A B (1/2 size) B B B B

183) Copy in the SBB, Berlin: D 9470, 41 sheets.

E. 126

Pl. 73

FORTESCUE L S Captain, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1924; Sketch map of Western Elburz and Persian Azerbaijan, to illustrate Capt. Fortescue’s paper; English; 12 × 20 cm; covers: 34°45’-37°55’ N, 47°25’-54°10’ / 47°30’-54° E; one graphical scale: 21 mm to 40 miles, scale 1: 3 000 000.184 This map was made to accompany the paper ‘The western Elburz and Persian Azerbaijan, by Capt. L S Fortescue’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS. The special feature of this map is the marking of the wooded area of the Caspian provinces (hachured). The term ‘Azerbaijan’ is also adopted to name the Turkish speaking part of the Caucasus (now Republic of Azerbaijan). Title placed in the lower margin; scale in the lower right corner of the map; heights given in feet. 184) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 63, 1924 (Jan.-June), map: p. 304, text: pp. 301-318. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 63, 1924.

Section Two: Baluchistan & Sistan (Seistan), Southeast Persia Persian Baluchistan (about 155 000 sq. km, called Makran in ancient times; a major part of Ptolemy’s Carmania) and Sistan (about 4400 sq. km, called previously also Zabolistan) in south-eastern Iran are thinly populated and the least developed parts of the country. Precipitation is scarce and falls mostly as violent rainstorms causing flood and heavy erosion, while heat is oppressive for eight months of the year. The larger and more populated Eastern Baluchistan was controlled by the British as part of India. After World War II it became a part of Pakistan, when that country was founded. During the nineteenth century the external boundaries of Persian Baluchistan and Sistan were subjected to a lengthy and continuous dispute between Persia and its eastern neighbours Afghanistan and (British) India, which was finally settled in 1872 by an Arbitration Commission, working under the direction of General F Goldsmid. Although tourists and travellers rarely visited these regions European envoys, officers and commissioners, especially those working for the settlement of the external boundaries, produced a number of maps to illustrate their reports and papers. Most of these special maps have been described in this section.

E. 127

MS

GRANT Captain, NICOLLS C G draughtsman; Fort William, India; 1811; The Western Parts of Makran; English; 38 × 64.5 cm; covers: 25°-28° N, 56°-62° E; one graphical scale: 85 mm to 50 miles (1 inch to 15 miles), or 1: 950 400.185 This MS map was prepared by Capt. Grant under the supervision of John Garstin, Surveyor-General of India. The route explored by Grant is marked by a red line. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. 185) MS in the BL: IOR X/3071.

E. 128

Pl. 74

ZIMMERMANN Carl, RITTER Carl geographer, DELIUS H lithography, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1850; Versuch einer Darstellung von Süd Iran [An attempt to portray Southern Iran],... Beludschistan und Seistan, von Carl Zimmermann;

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chapter two – district maps

Pl. 74 (E. 128) [An attempt to portray Southern Iran,…Baluchistan and Sistan], by Carl Zimmermann, for Carl Ritter’s Erdkunde, Atlas von Vorder-Asien, published by Dietrich Reimer, Berlin, 1850; 43.5 × 51.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51140.(10.)

German; 43.5 × 51.5 cm; covers: 24°30’-32° N, 53°30’- 63°30’ E. of Paris, Mercator projection; natural scale given 1: 2 200 000.186 A detailed map of Baluchistan and Sistan, prepared for C Ritter’s Erdkunde187 before the international boundaries between Persia and its eastern neighbours, Afghanistsan and Baluchistan, were finally settled by the Goldsmid Commission (1872). The long title printed on top outer border. 186) Loose copies in the BL: Maps 51140.(10.) and X 2942/6/1/5; copy in the SBB, Berlin: S 9250V; copy in the BSB, Munich: Mapp XIX 60. 187) Ritter, Text appeared in the Erdkunde, section 8, pp. 713-71; map included in the Erdkunde, Atlas von Vorder-Asien, section 3, sheet 4.

E. 129

MS

ROSS E C Major; probably Persia, 1867; untitled, Mekran Coast, Sunmiani to Jask; English; 36 × 71.5 cm; covers: 25°-29° N, 57°30’66°30’ E; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 100 miles (1 inch to 20 miles), or 1: 1 267 200.188 This manuscript sketch shows the south-eastern part of Persia and part of eastern Baluchistan (later Pakistan), with Major Ross’s route from Bela through Kolwah and the Kej Valley. Graphical

scale in the lower margin; notes in three corners of the map (except lower right). Geographical information noted mainly around the coast. It must have been drawn by Ross when travelling in Persia. 188) MS in the BL: IOR X/3083.

E. 130 GOLDSMID Frederick John, BARNES J W, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1867; Sketch map of Beluchistan and Eastern Persia to accompany the papers by Col. F J Goldsmid and J W Barnes; English; 19.5 × 33.5 cm; covers; 24°-34° N, 50°30’- 72°50’ / 51°40’-71°40’ E; two graphical scales: 45 mm to 150 geographical miles, 38.5 mm to 150 English miles, natural scale: approximately 1: 6 200 000.189 This map covers a territory from Central Persia (Kashan to Shiraz) eastward to River Indus, and illustrates the paper ‘Notes on Eastern Persia and Western Baluchistan, by Colonel F J Goldsmid’, published in the Journal of the RGS. Goldsmid’s route from Isfahan to Chah-Bahar is coloured. Title and scale placed in the lower right corner; mountains shaded.

district maps 189) Journal of the RGS, vol. 37, 1867, map facing p. 269, text: pp. 269-295. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, J-RGS, vol. 37, 1867

E. 131 POLLOCK F R Lieutenant-Colonel, SAUNDERS Trelawney; Simla, India; 1871; Map of Seistan; English; 108 × 87.5 cm; covers: 30°-34°40’ N, 61°-65° E; one graphical scale: 95 mm to 30 miles (1 inch to 8 miles), or 1: 506 880.190 This map was compiled in the Quartermaster-General’s Office (Simla) from various sources, and supplied to Lieut.-Col. F R Pollock, Commissioner at Peshawur (Peshawar). Title and scale placed in the upper right corner. There is a photographed reduction of this map to about onefourth of the size (55 × 45 cm).191 190) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3067/1. 191) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3067/2.

75 E. 134

for Plate on a smaller scale (one sheet) see Pl. 248, E. 489

JENNINGS R H Captain, HAIG C T Colonel, THUILLIER H R, RAM Sibba photography, OLLENBACH C G zincography; Dehra Dún, India; 1886; Map of Portion of Western Baluchistan, Eastern Persia, Sarhad and Sistan, explored and surveyed by Captain R H Jennings…in 1884-85; English; six sheets each 47 × 82 cm; covers: see table below; one graphical scale: 95 mm to 30 miles, or one inch to eight miles, representing a natural scale of 1: 506 880. Table of coverage Sheet

Latitudes

Longitudes (Greenwich)

No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6

24°-26° 26°-28° 28°-30° 30°-32° 26°-28° 28°-30°

60°-64° 60°-64° 60°-64° 60°-64° 56°-60° 56°-60°

.

E. 132

Pl. 75

RAWLINSON H C Major-General, WELLER Edward cartographer, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1873; Map of Seistan to accompany the Paper by Major-General Sir H C Rawlinson; English; 19 × 23.5 cm; covers: 30°-32° N, 60°25’-63°10’ E; two graphical scales: 48.5 mm to 40 English miles, 56.5 mm to 40 geographical miles, natural scale approximately 1: 1 320 000.192 It was drawn to illustrate the paper ‘Notes on Seistan, by MajorGeneral H C Rawlinson’, published in the Journal of the RGS. It shows the Helmend (Helmand) River flowing to the Smaller Hamun Lake, and the Farrah (Farah) River to the Larger Hamun Lake in Seistan (Sistan). Title and scales placed in the upper right corner; mountains hachured; routes coloured red. 192) Journal of the RGS, Vol. 43, 1873, map facing p. 273, text: pp. 273-294. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, J-RGS, vol. 43, 1873.

E. 133 LOVETT Beresford Major, GOLDSMID Frederick Major-General; Calcutta; 1873; Map of Sistan, to accompany Memorandum, dated May 22, 1872, by Major-General Sir Frederick Goldsmid; English; 77 × 75 cm; covers: 29°7’-32°28’ N / 59°55’-61°50’ E; one graphical scale: 76 mm to 12 miles (1 inch to 4 miles), or 1: 253 440.193

This large-scale and detailed map was prepared in six sheets at the Survey of India Office, Trigonometrical Branch, Dehra Dún, with Colonel C T Haig, Deputy Surveyor-General in charge, under the orders of Lieut.-Col. H R Thuillier, Surveyer-General of India. It is dated September 1886, photozincographed in October 1886. Full title appears in the upper margin; scale, a small general index map and descriptions in the lower margin of all the six sheets. In the BL copy194 every sheet is stamped ‘Absolutely confidential’, and carries the manuscript signature of Capt. R H Jennings, except sheet 2. Notes: a: There is an additional sheet (sheet 7) belonging to this map, entitled ‘Vertical Sections of Route traversed by Captain R H Jennings…in Western Baluchistan, Eastern Persia, Sarhad and Sistan in 1885-85’, 44 × 68.5 cm, with a horizontal scale of 1 inch to 9 miles (1: 570 240) and a vertical scale of 1 inch to 3000 ft. (1: 36 000). These vertical cross-sections are drawn in six rows. b: This map has also been printed on one sheet to a scale four times smaller (1: 2 027 520), with minor changes, entitled ‘Skeleton Map to illustrate Captain Jennings’ diary of his journey through Western Baluchistan, Eastern Persia, Sarhad and Sistan’.195 194) Copy in the BL, with Captain Jennings’ signature on every sheet except sheet 2: Maps 52240.(2.). 195) See E. 489 and Pl. 248 for description and illustration of this one-sheet route map.

E. 135

MS

This map was surveyed and drawn by Major Beresford Lovett to accompany the hand-written memorandum about the province of Seistan (Sistan), signed by General Goldsmid. It was lithographed from an original supplied by the Foreign Department, at the Surveyor General’s Office in Calcutta, January 1873. Title and scale placed in the upper right corner.

SYKES Percy Molesworth Captain; Persia; 1898; Routes into the neighbourhood of Yezd, Kerman, etc.; English; 70 × 82 cm; covers: 27°-34° N, 54°-61° E; one graphical scale: 158 mm to 100 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), or 1: 1 013 760.196

193) Copy in the BL: map: IOR X/3065/1; MS memorandum: IOR X/3065/2.

This manuscript map, showing Yazd, Kerman, Bam, Birjand, Tabas, etc. and also Sykes’ expedition routes, has been signed by ‘Captain Percy M Sykes’. Routes taken by Marco Polo are

76

chapter two – district maps

Pl. 75 (E. 132) Map of Seistan to accompany the paper by Major-General H C Rawlinson, published by John Murray for the Journal of the RGS, London, 1873; 19 × 23.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 208

marked in red; mountains hachured. For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501.

Area; English; 58.5 × 48 cm; covers: 30°45’-31°20’ N, 61°20’-61°55’ E (taken from the catalogue of the BL-IOR); one graphical scale: 127 mm to 10 miles (½ inch to 1 mile), natural scale 1: 126 720.198

196) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.24

E. 136 SYKES Percy Molesworth; ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1902; Sketch Map of Sistan; English; 10 × 13 cm; covers part of Sistan; one graphical scale: 42.5 mm to 20 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 750 000.197 This sketch map was made to illustrate the paper ‘A fourth Journey in Persia, 1897-1901, by Major Percy Molesworth Sykes’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS. Title and scale in the lower right corner. For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 197) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 19, 1902 (Jan.-June), map on p. 141, text on pp. 121-173. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, GJ-RGS, vol. 19, 1902.

E. 137

Pl. 76

PLUNKET G A Captain, SURVEY OF INDIA, INTELLIGENCE BRANCH; perhaps London; 1903; Persian Seistan – Cultivated

This map was compiled on 17th July 1903 by the Survey of India for Intelligence Branch (Topo Dy, No. 4825). It is a sketch map showing sands and watercourses in Seistan (Sistan). It can also be seen as a military map. 198) Copy in the BL: Maps 51140.(30.); copies in the BL-IOR: W/LPS/21/ B31/six copies 1-6.

E. 138 MCMAHON A Henry Colonel, TATE G P surveyor officer; probably India; 1903; Seistan 1903; English; map in two sheets: upper sheet: 61 × 103 cm, lower sheet: 71 × 103 cm, total: 132 × 103 cm; covers: 30°42’-31°25’ N, 61°17’-61°55’ E; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 5 miles (1 inch to 1 mile), or 1: 63 360.199 It is recorded as: ‘Map of Persian Seistan and portion of Afghan Seistan adjoining the Helmund from near Kuhak northwards.’ Both sheets carry names and designations of McMahon, the British commissioner and Tate, the surveyor officer. Title, scale etc. placed in the upper left corner of the upper sheet. There is a note in the lower right corner of the lower sheet, describing four Persian

district maps

77

Pl. 76 (E. 137) Persian Seistan – Cultivated Area, By Captain G A Plunket, Survey of India for Intelligence Branch, perhaps London, 1903; 58.5 × 48 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51140.(30.)

geographical terms, such as: ‘Ashkin and Ashkinak are terms applied to low lands subject to periodical inundation’ and so on. This detailed map was printed for the Seistan (Sistan) Arbitration Commission to be used for setting the final boundary line between Persia and Afghanistan in this region. A reduction of this map was produced on a scale of 1 inch to 4 miles, or 1: 253 440 – in 1905 for the Foreign Department in 4 sheets,200 and a further smaller-scale reduction on a scale of 1: 1 000 000 in 1905 in one sheet to accompany the article by Col. Sir Henry McMahon, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.201 199) Copies in the BL: IOR W/LPS/21/B33/1-10, ten copies each in two sheets. 200) See E. 402. 201) See E. 139 and Pl. 77.

E. 139

Pl. 77

MCMAHON A Henry, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1906; Seistan from Surveys made during the Seistan Boundary Arbitration Commission, under the

Command of Col. Sir Henry McMahon; English; 29 × 41 cm; covers: 29°15’-31°45’ N, 60°-64° E; one graphical scale: 80 mm to 50 miles, natural scale 1: 1 000 000 (15.78 stat. miles to 1 inch), heights given in feet. This map was prepared by the RGS to accompany McMahon’s article ‘Recent Survey and Exploration in Seistan’, published in the Geographical Journal.202 It is basically the same map, produced by McMahon in 1903 in two sheets (see E. 138), and in 1905 on a larger scale in four sheets (see E. 402); title and scale placed in the lower right corner, mountains hachured. The inset in the upper right corner is a general map of the district – 10 × 13 cm, 1: 7 500 000, covers: 28°20’-35° N, 59°30’-69°30’ E – of which a small section has been shown in the main map on a larger scale. This map can also be considered as a frontier map and, therefore, a part of it containing the proposed frontier lines will be described in detail and shown on a larger format in Chapter Five, Section Three (see E. 403 and Pl. 223). 202) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 28, 1906, map facing p. 312; text pp. 210-228

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chapter two – district maps

Pl. 77 (E. 139) Seistan from Surveys made during the Seistan Boundary Arbitration Commission, by A H McMahon, published by the RGS, London, 1906; 29 × 41 cm; From the author’s Collection: CA 221

Section Three: Fars, South Persia ‘Fars’ is the Arabicized version of ‘Pars’, a south-western province of Persia, bordering the Persian Gulf (south), Khuzistan (west), Isfahan (north) and Kerman (east). Its statutory borders, however, have been subjected to sizeable changes several times, particularly during the twentieth century. The term ‘Persia’ and its equivalent words in other European languages, such as ‘Perse’ in French and ‘Persien’ in German, originate from the name of this province. It was called Persidis (Percidis) by Ptolemy, and Persis (Percis) by Herodotus. In ancient times the Greeks first encountered the Achaemenids from the east – the attack by Xerxes in 480 BC – who came originally from this province and, therefore, introduced its name to Europe as the name of the whole empire. A few European geographers of recent centuries called it also Farsistan, apparently following the nomenclature of some other provinces, e.g. Khuzistan, Kurdistan, etc. This bogus term (Farsistan) has never been known to the indigenous peoples, and in the present author’s view is incorrect. Fars is one of the well-developed provinces of the country and has always played a major role in the course of Persian civilization. It was the heart of the Achaemenid Empire in ancient times, and

left many noble traces, such as Persepolis. After the Arab invasion it produced famous poets, such as Saadi and Hafez, and remains an important centre of Iranian culture today. The names of the national language ‘Persian’ (Farsi) and of the ‘Persian Gulf’ were also derived from its name. During our chosen time-span many European travellers, envoys and officials visited the province of Fars and its numerous historical sites and cities, and constructed a good number of maps of this region. There is also a detailed, large-scale, and relatively accurate map of Fars, produced in the late nineteenth century by a local Persian cartographer (see E. 151, Pl. 83). For more information about the province of Fars consult the extended entry ‘Fars’ in the Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 9, pp. 328373.

E. 140

MS

D’ANVILLE Jean Baptiste Bourguignon; Paris; about 1750; Perse entre Bassorah, El-Toub, Asnid, Fahrag et Golfe Persique;

district maps

79

Pl. 78 (E. 144) MS Farsistan et Laristan, from Klaproth’s Collection, Paris, about 1822; 114 × 81 cm; Courtesy of the State Library of Berlin (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin): D-9510

French; 23 × 27.5 cm; covers: 25°-32°40’ N, 64°30’-76° / 64°50’75°40’ E. of Ferro; no scale given.203 This manuscript map by D’Anville covers the country south of Ispahan and Yezd, comprising the southern and south-western provinces of Kerman, Laristan, Fars, Khusistan and Louristan. The Golfe Pesique has been fully depicted, and in an extension north of Isfahan, Ardistan and Kashan have been shown (place names spelled as written on the map). 203) MS in the BNF, Paris: Ge.D.10553.

E. 141

MS

ANONYMOUS; Paris; about 1775; untitled, Carte de la Partie occidentale du Royaume de Perse [Map of the Western Part of the Persian Kingdom]; French; 34 × 51 cm; covers: 26°-33° N, about 50°-59° E; natural scale 1: 2 800 000.204

of a part of Southern Persia’, as it covers a territory south of Isfahan and Yazd to Strait of Hormoz, between meridians of 50°- 59° E. of Greenwich. It is a pencilled MS sketchy map, with main roads shown and place names noted. Mountains are hachured. 204) MS in the BNF, Paris: Ge.D.17280.

E. 142

PORTER Robert Ker; Persia; 1817-20; Part of the Province Fars, including the Remains of Moorghab, Nackshi-Roostam (Naqshi-Rostam), Persepolis and Shiraz &c.; English; 55 × 43 cm; covers: 29°-30°37’ N, 52°20’-53°40’ E; no scale given.205 This map shows Shiraz, Lake Bakhtegan, and an area north and north-east of Shiraz. References given in the lower left corner; mountains shaded. (see also E. 143) 205) Porter, MS, vol. 2, folio 117.

Title and scale of this manuscript map have been taken from the catalogue of the BNF, Paris. A more accurate title would be ‘Map

MS

80

chapter two – district maps

Pl. 79 (E. 146) Altitude profile and a small map of south-western parts of Persia, illustrating the vegetation conditions there, by R F Hohenacker, Esslingen, Germany, 1846; 26 × 42 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51140.(4.)

E. 143

MS

PORTER Robert Ker, RITTER Karl; Berlin; 1821; untitled, showing the Province of Fars and part of Central Persia; German; 23 × 18 cm; covers: 28°35’-34° N, 50°-53°45’ E; natural scale 1: 2 600 000 (catalogue of the SBB, Berlin).206 Ritter must have copied and extended Porter’s map described in E. 142. His manuscript map includes Isfahan, Bakhtiari Mountains, part of Khuzistan, Fars and north-western part of the Persian Gulf to the port of Bushehr. 206) MS in the SBB, Berlin: D-9650.

E. 144

Pl. 78

and island Kichmish (Qeshm) are also shown. ‘IRAK’ printed on this map means ‘Irak Ajami’ (Persian Irak). Title is placed in the lower left corner, scale bar in the lower margin; mountains shaded. 207) MS in the SBB, Berlin; D-9510

E. 145 ZIMMERMANN Carl, RITTER Carl geographer, DELIUS H lithography, REIMER Georg publisher; Berlin; 1843; Versuch einer Darstellung von Farsistan [An attempt to portray Farsistan] zu C Ritter’s Erdkunde; German; 40 × 52 cm; covers: 26°20’-31°45’ N, 47°30’-54°15’ E. of Paris; natural scale given 1: 1 500 000.208, 209

MS

KLAPROTH Heinrich Julius collector; Paris; about 1822; Farsistan et Laristan; French; two sheets joined: 114 × 81 (partly 87.5) cm; covers: 27°-33° N, 48°-53°40’ E. of Paris; one graphical scale: 177.5 mm to 25 Lieues Communes de France, natural scale 1: 640 000 (catalogue of SBB, Berlin).207 This large-scale and detailed manuscript map is an extension of Klaproth’s map entitled ‘Carte de la Perse Orientale et du Pays des Afghans’ (see E. 168). It covers provinces of Fars and Laristan and part of the Golfe Persique and extends northwards to Isfahan and Yazd. The Persian coast from ‘Bender Delown’ to ‘Bender Abassi’

It is a detailed map of the province Fars and the northern shores and islands of the Persian Gulf. This map has two insets: 1) Plan der Insel Karak [Map of the Island Khark], based on a survey by Lieut. Hart in 1838, 8.5 × 14.5 cm, graphical scale: 58 mm to 2 miles, or about 1: 55 500; 2) Mundungen Persischer Meerbusen [Estuaries, Persian Gulf], showing the Mouth of Shatt-al-Arab in the Persian Gulf, 7.5 × 13.5 cm. Title and the two insets placed in the lower left corner. 208) Ritter, Atlas, part 3, sheet 3. 209) Loose copy in the BL: Maps 51200.(1.); copy in the SBB, Berlin: 9514.

district maps

81

Pl. 80 (E. 147) Map of Parts of Arabia and Persia in two sheets – Sheet 1 (upper sheet): South Persia and the Persian Gulf, Colonel Ross, Survey of India, Dehra Dun, 1883; 46 × 95 cm, sheet: 66 × 102 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR: X/10044/1 (sh.1)

E. 146

Pl. 79

HOHENACKER R F compiler, KOTSCHY Theodor information, DANNHEIMERSCHEN BUCHHANDLUNG publisher and distributor; Esslingen, Germany; 1846; Höhenprofil und Kärtchen des südwestlichen Theiles von Persien mit Rücksicht auf die dortigen Vegetations-verhältnisse nach den Skizzen und Angaben von Th. Kotschy, sowie auch nach andern Hülfsmitteln entworfen von R F Hohenacker. 1846 [Altitude profile and a small map of south-western part of Persia, illustrating the vegetation conditions there according to the sketches and data provided by Th. Kotschy as well as other aids (sources), compiled by R F Hohenacker]; German; 26 × 42 cm, map: 9 × 12 cm; the map covers: 28°40’-31°15’ N, 49°50’-53°30’ E, longitudes E. of Paris are also given; no scale given for the small map, scale for altitudes (main map) 15.6 mm for 1000 ft., or approximately 1: 19 500.210 The small map appears as an inset, placed in the upper right corner of the sheet, covering a major part of the province Fars, including Shiraz, Bushehr, Khark Island, etc. This sheet may be seen as a thematic map as well, as it describes the local vegetation grown at different altitudes (0-11000 feet).

This map was compiled in the Office of the Trigonometrical Branch, Survey of India, at the request of Col. Ross, political resident in the Persian Gulf, from the following sources: 1) 12 sheets of ‘Map of Parts of Arabia and Persia’, prepared in Dehra Dun in January 1880, with additions and corrections by Col. Ross; 2) 6 sheets of Col. Miles’ Outline Coast, supplied by Col. Ross; 3) Gen. Houtum-Schindler’s Routes in South-Western and Southern Persia, 1878-1880; 4) Lieut.-Gen. J T Walker’s Map of Turkestan, 1883; 5) Map accompanying E A Floyer’s Unexplored Baluchistan, 1882; 6) Capt. E L Durrand’s Sketch Map accompanying his report of a tour in Fars, 1879. This is a detailed map, covering the southern Persian provinces of Khuzistan, Fars and Makran (Baluchistan). Title printed in the top margin, sources and scale in the lower margin; telegraph cable lines shown; mountains hachured. Sheet 2 of this map shows the south-eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. 211) Copy in the BL: Maps I.S. (Box 41), sh.1; another copy: IOR: X/10044/1 (sh.1).

210) Copy in the BL: Maps 51140.(4.).

E. 147

Persia and the Persian Gulf; English; upper sheet: 46 × 95 cm; covers: 24°-32° N, 44°-63° E, conical projection; one graphical scale: 158 mm to 200 miles (1 inch to 32 miles), natural scale 1: 2 027 520.211

Pl. 80

ROSS Colonel, DYSON C photographer, OLLENBACH C G zincographer, SURVEY OF INDIA; Dehra Dun, India; 1883; Map of Parts of Arabia and Persia in two sheets – Upper Sheet: South

DIEULAFOY Marcel-Auguste (1844-1920) belonged to a cultivated noble family of France. He studied civil engineering and served the French government in different positions. His leisure activities led him to an interest in medieval archaeology. In 1880, Marcel left his post and requested an unpaid assignment in Persia. When

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Pl. 81 (E. 148) Carte de la Plaine du Polvar, by Marcel Dieulafoy, Paris, 1884; 18.5 × 28 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 1706.b.6, L’Art Antique…, vol. 1, second map at the back of part 1

he and his wife Jane arrived in Teheran, he made an expedition to Susa, where the traces of the palace explored thirty years earlier by William Kennett Loftus remained visible, permitting an immediate comparison with the remains at Persepolis. On this journey, Marcel gathered the material for his great work L’Art Antique de la Perse, published in Paris, 1884-89, which remains an indispensable work of reference. This brief visit to Susa greatly impressed Marcel. He returned in 1884 with his wife and a team to resume explorations in Susa. The work was carried out in 1885 and 1886, excavating the palace of Apadana, said to have been built by Darius (ruled 521-486 BC, Achaemenid period). Despite difficult conditions, Marcel and his wife Jane managed to send the antiquities discovered to France without loss. This collection of ancient archaeological fragments is housed at the Louvre Museum in Paris. The entries E. 148, E. 486, E. 604 and E. 645 have been taken from his major work L’Art Antique de la Perse. For further information on Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy see Amiet Pierre, entry: Dieulafoy Marcel-Auguste, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 7, pp. 399-401.

E. 148

Pl. 81

DIEULAFOY Marcel-Auguste,212 DUFOUR F engraving, LEMERCIER printer, MOREL publisher; Paris; 1884; Carte de la Plaine du Polvar; French; 18.5 × 28 cm; focused on 30° N and 53° E; no scale given.213 This map shows the plain north-west of Shiraz and north of

Marv-Dasht, where Polvar River (Kor River) flows, and many ancient historical sites, such as Persepolis and Pasargadae are situated. There is a note: ‘Dessiné par Dieulafoy d’après la carte publiée par le Gouvernement Anglais.’ [Drawn by Dieulafoy, based on a map published by the English Government]. Title placed in the lower margin; mountains hachured. 212) For Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy see the description preceding this entry. 213) Dieulafoy Marcel, vol. 1, Première Partie: Monuments de la Vallée du Polvar-Roud, carte II (vol. 1, second map at the back of part 1); copy in the BL: 1706.b.6 (2 volumes).

E. 149

Pl. 82

PREECE J R surveyor, MILNE H A draughtsman, JOHNSTON W & AK printers; London; 1885; Part of Southern Persia from Shiraz to Jashk from a survey by J R Preece 1884; English; 22 × 58.5 cm; covers: 25°30’-30° N, 52°-58° E, latitudinal and longitudinal lines are drawn diagonally; one graphical scale: 64 mm to 50 English miles (20 miles to 1 inch), natural scale 1: 1 267 200.214 It was prepared to illustrate the paper ‘Journey from Shiraz to Jusk (Jask) via Darab, Forg and Minab’, presented by J R Preece at the RGS. Title and scale in the mid-lower part of the map; mountains hachured. It can also be considered as a route map. 214) Supplementary Papers of the RGS, vol. 1 (1882-1885), map facing p. 438, paper by Preece on pp. 404-437.

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Pl. 82 (E. 149) Part of Southern Persia from Shiraz to Jashk (Jask) from a survey by J R Preece, Supplementary Papers of the RGS, London, 1885; 22 × 58.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 262

The survey was carried out by Iman Sharif Khan Bahadur from Survey of India Department, superintended and assisted by Major H A Sawyer, Assistant Quarter Master General, Intelligence Branch. It was photozincographed at the Survey of India Office in Calcutta, and published under the direction of Col. H R Thuillier, Surveyor-General of India in April 1891. It shows the road from Dehbid through Shiraz to Bushehr, and the neighbouring areas. Title and scale placed in the upper part of the map; ‘Confidential’ stamp in the lower left corner.

Masoud Zil-al-Sultan and received his approval. In 1876, encouraged by Governor Farhad Mirza, he presented an improved manuscript copy of his map to His Majesty Nasir-al-Din Shah, who ordered him to write a full description of his map, including the geography of Fars. As a result, in 1892, Farsname-ye Naseri [The Naseri Book of Fars (dedicated to Naser al-Din Shah)] was composed and published, without the map being included. Finally, his map, drawn by Masoud Qumi, was separately printed in 1895. This large and detailed map of Fars is one the best cartographic documents, produced by a Persian mapmaker in the nineteenth century. Many place names are written both in Persian and French. Title is placed in the mid-upper part, scale in the lower left corner and the full history of the map and other remarks in the upper right corner of the map. A cross section from Isfahan to the Persian Gulf appears in the lower left corner; mountains hachured; the Persian islands in the Persian Gulf are more-or-less correctly shown.

215) Copy in the BL: IOR W/LPS/21/B13; copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.11.

216) Copy in the BL: Maps 51140.(8.); copies in the RGS: Map Room, Iran Div.12 and Iran Div.14; copy in the SBB, Berlin: 9515.

E. 150 SAWYER H A Major, IMAN SHARIF surveyor, THUILLIER H R Colonel; Calcutta; 1891; Reconnaissance Survey from Deh-Bid to Bushire 1890; English; 49 × 64.5 cm; covers: 28°45’31° N, 50°30’-53°45’ E; one graphical scale: 95 mm to 30 miles (1 inch to 8 miles), or 1: 506 880.215

E. 151

Pl. 83

FASA’I Hasan Husayni (Haji Mirza Hasan Husayni Ibn-i Mirza Hasan Shirazi FASA’I) native geographer and surveyor, QUMI Masoud (Masoud QUMI Ibn-i Mirza Mahmud Khan QUMI) draughtsman; Teheran; 1895; Naqsha-ye Fars [Map of Fars]; Persian / French; 125 × 183 cm; covers: 26°-32°20’ N, 47°10’-58°50’ / 47°40’-58°20’ E; one graphical scale: 170 mm to 20 Farsangs – it is noted: one Farsang is equal to three English Miles – (1 inch to 9 miles), making a natural scale of 1: 570 240, altitudes given in feet.216 Hasan Fasa’i, a local cartographer, compiled this map of the province Fars in 1857 (1274 Islamic calendar) in Shiraz, based on the coordinates given by Alexander Keith Johnston and his own observations and surveys. In 1872, he presented his map to the Governor

E. 152 HOLDICH T H, THUILLIER H R, YUSUF SHARIF, JAMALUDDIN, JAFAR ALI, STRAHAN C, SURVEY OF INDIA; Calcutta; 1896; North Western Trans-Frontier, Ginao Hill (Bandar Abbas District South Persia); English; map about 25 × 35 cm within a standard sheet outline of ‘North-West TransFrontier series’ of 49 × 85 cm; map centred on 27°25’ N, 56°15’ E, within a standard sheet covering 27°15’-27°30’ N, 56°25’5’-56°35’ E; one graphical scale: 102 mm to 4 miles (1 inch to 1 mile), natural scale 1: 63 360.217 The one inch (to one mile) map series by Survey of India did not cover Persia. A few selected sheets, however, must have been produced mainly for military purposes, of which this map is a good

Pl. 83 (E. 151) Naqsha-ye Fars [Map of Fars], by Hasan Fasa’i, Teheran, 1895; 125 × 183 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51140.(8.)

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Pl. 84 (E. 153) Persia, Country between Bandar Abbas and Shiraz, by A T Wilson and A H P Cruickshank, 1907, published by the RGS, London, 1908; 34 × 40 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 220

example, showing a small mountainous region north of Bandar Abbas. It was surveyed under the direction of Colonel Sir H R Thuillier, Surveyor-General of India, by Colonel T H Holdich, assisted by Yusuf Sharif and Jamaluddin (Season 1894-95); outline and hill shading are by Jafar Ali. It was published under the direction of Colonel C Strahan, Surveyor-General of India in January 1898; photozincographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta (No. 339-S.96). Annotated: Confidential, issued to the Secretary, Political Department, India Office (London), 12 Feb. 1896, by the Survey of India Department. Stamped on receipt in Political Department in March 1896, and annotated when made public in 1901. 217) Copy in the BL: IOR W/LPS/21/B29.

E. 153

Pl. 84

WILSON A T Lieut., CRUICKSHANK A H P Lieut., ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1907, published 1908; Persia, Country between Bandar Abbas and Shiraz; English; 34 × 40 cm; covers: 26°50’-29°45’ N, 52°30’-56°30’ E, one

graphical scale: 81 mm to 50 miles (15.78 miles to 1 inch), natural scale 1: 1 000 000. This map was constructed from sheets 88 and 89 of the ‘eight miles to one inch’ series of the Survey of India’s multi-sheet map of SW Asia,218 with additions and corrections from plane table and prismatic compass traverses by Wilson and Cruickshank in 1907. It was published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS in 1908, with a text ‘Notes on a Journey from Bandar Abbas to Shiraz via Lar in February and March 1907’, by Lieut. A T Wilson.219 The inset in the lower left corner – 10.5 × 13 cm, scale: 1: 20 000 000, covers: 23°-40° N, 43°-70° / 45°-69° E – is a small general map of Persia (a location map), in which the area covered by the main map has been marked. Title and scale placed in the upper right corner; mountains hachured, heights given in feet. It can also be considered as a route map, as the routes of Wilson and Cruickshank are marked in red. 218) Alai, 2005, pp. 230-233. 219) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 31, London, 1908, map facing p. 244; text on pp. 152-169. Loose copy of the map in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.20.

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Pl. 85 (E. 154) Persia, Shiraz, Military Map, by Col. Ryder, Survey of India, Calcutta, 1920/21; 68 × 54 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/10047

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Pl. 85

RYDER C H Colonel, SURVEY OF INDIA; Calcutta; 1920/21; Persia, Shiraz, Military Map; English; 68 × 54 cm; covers: 29°23’29°45’ N, 52°25’-52°45’ E; double-graphical scale: 407 mm (16 inches) to 16 miles, 418 mm to 29 000 yards (1 inch to 1 mile), or 1: 63 360.220 Persia is not included in the one-inch (to one mile) multi-sheet map series produced by the Survey of India. This sheet is an exception, surveyed and printed for military purposes. The relation of this single sheet to the half-inch (to 1 mile) series is graphically given in the lower margin. Title is placed in the upper margin; scale, legend and notes in the lower margin.

87

This large-scale map is perhaps the most detailed and accurate map of the vicinity of Shiraz produced during the time span we are covering. It was published under the direction of Col. C H Ryder, Surveyor-General of India, and heliozincographed at the Survey of India Office in Calcutta, stamped ‘For Official Use Only’. Each of the four large rectangles on the map, lettered A – D, represents 10 minutes of latitude by 10 minutes of longitude, and is divided into 25 smaller rectangles numbered 1 – 25, each representing 2 minutes of latitude by 2 minutes of longitude. Each of these is again divided into 4 rectangles, lettered a – d, each representing 1 minute of latitude by 1 minute of longitude, measuring approximately 3500 by 4040 yards (3200 × 3694 m). 220) Copy in the BL: IOR X/10047.

Section Four: Gilan, North Persia Gilan (Ghilan, Jilan) is a province on the south-western coast of the Caspian Sea, with an area about 14 800 sq. km. It includes the north-western end of the Elburz (Alborz) chain and the western part of the Caspian lowlands of Persia. The mountainous belt is cut through by the deep transversal valley of the Safidrud. The topographic position of the Caspian lowlands results in a very characteristic ‘Hyrcanium’ climate, and the whole province of Gilan belongs to the exceptionally humid and green area of the country. It is a well developed region, and the most densely populated province in Persia second only to Teheran province. The opening of the Volga-Caspian route in the 1550s, secured through the conquest of the Tartar Khanats of Kazan and Astrakhan by Ivan the Terrible, marked the beginning of a new commercial route from Western Europe to Persia via Russia, the Caspian Sea and Gilan. Consequently, Gilan prospered and maintained a special relationship with Russia, despite being occupied by Russia several times, the last being during World War II. As a result, Gilan absorbed some elements of Russian culture and was visited by numerous European envoys, officers and other travellers during the Safavid to Qajar periods. At present Gilan is the main producer of rice, tea, silk and caviar in the country and with its pleasant beaches attracts many local and foreign tourists and holiday makers. For detailed information on Gilan see the extended entry ‘Gilan’ in the Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 10, pp. 618-668.

E. 155

Pl. 86

OLEARIUS Adam; Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; 1656; Vera Delineatio Provinciae Fertilissimae Kilan olim Hyrcaniae ad Mare Caspium sitae per Ad. Olearium [A true delineation of the most fertile province of Kilan, formerly Hyrcania, situated by the Caspian Sea, by Adam Olearius]; Latin; 28 × 33 cm; covers: 36°10’40°40’ N, 82°30’-87°40’ E. of Ferro; one graphical scale: 23 mm to 3 Lieues d’Allemagne 15=1° (French edition). This map of the province Kilan (Gilan) by Adam Olearius appeared first in Latin and later in English, French, German and Dutch, with

minor differences. The map inscriptions are in Latin throughout, but title and descriptions inside the title cartouche are in the language of the respective edition. The map is orientated with Northeast at top; title cartouche placed in the lower left corner and varies in different editions; the Caspian Sea is also called Maris Kilan. The first Latin edition appeared in 1656 in the Persianische Reisebeschreibung….221 The English version – 27 × 32 cm – entitled ‘A Map of ye Province of Kilan as it lies on ye Caspian Sea’, was “faithfully rendered into English by John Davies, London printer, for Thomas Dring and John Starkey, 1662”. It was dedicated by John Davies to George Milbourne, whose coat-of-arms appears in the centre of the map.222 A French version entitled ‘Nouvelle carte de la Province de Kilan en Perse, et en particulier de cette partie de la Mer Caspienne’ was published first in Paris in 1666. Pierre van der Aa produced a new French edition in 1719 in Leiden.223 The German version was included in the Reisebeschreibung published in Hamburg in 1696.224 221) Olearius Adam, German edition, 1656, map 25. 222) Olearius Adam, English version, 1662, map facing p. 389. 223) Olearius Adam, French version, Paris, 1666, vol. 2, map facing p. 12 , and La Galerie Agréable du Monde…, published by Pierre van der Aa, Leiden, 1719 & 1729, vol. 24, map 29.12. 224) Olearius Adam, German version, Hamburg, 1696, map on pp. 283284.

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Pl. 87

HOMANN Johann Baptist; Nuremberg; 1728; Provinciarum Persicarum Kilaniae nempe Chirvaniae Dagestaniae aliarumque vicinarum regionum partium Nova Geographica Tabula…; Latin / German; 49 × 58 cm; covers: 35°40’-44° N, 75°20’-89°20’ / 76°10’-88°30’ E. of Ferro; three graphical scales: 83.5 mm to 90 Milliaria Comunia Italica et Turcica, 83.5 mm to 30 Milliaria Persica, 91 mm to 25 Milliaria Germanica, natural scale 1: 2 000 000 (catalogue of the BSB).225-228

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Pl. 86 (E. 155) Nouvelle carte de la Province de Kilan en Perse, by Adam Olearius, French version, published by Pierre van der Aa, Leiden, 1719; 28 × 33 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 155

This map is based on Olearius’ map of 1656. The decorative title cartouche in the lower right corner shows perhaps Olearius with the Holsteiner Mission, travelling through the Caucasus towards Persia; scale cartouche is in the lower left corner. The inset in the upper right corner, entitled ‘Prospect der Russischen Stadt und Vestung Tereki [Map of the Russian city Tereki with its fortifications], shows Tereki (Terekli Mekteb) in Dagestan, Caucasus, 9.5 × 14 cm. It includes Georgia, Dagestan, Schirvan, Armenia-Irania Pars, Aderbeitzan-Media, and Kilania, all of which were under Persian rule at that time. A large part of the Caspii Maris (Caspian Sea) is also shown, the lower part of which is called here ‘Golfo de Kilan’. Using the term ‘Armeniae-Iraniae Pars’ in this map indicates that Homann knew the native name of the country ‘Iran’. 225) Ottens, Composite Atlas Maior, vol. 7, map 22. 226) Homann Heirs (Homannische Erben), Atlas Selecti, 1737, Tome II, map 18. 227) Loose copy of the map in the RGS: Hotz Collection, Map Room, Iran G.26(50) 228) Loose copy of the map in the SBB, Berlin: 9520; another copy: 9521.

E. 157

MS

D’ANVILLE Jean Baptiste Bourguignon; Paris; about 1750; untitled, Perse entre Van, Chirwan, Yazd, Hérat, Mesched et Tauris;

French; 31.5 × 52.5 cm; covers: 32°-38° N, about 40°-60° E. of Paris; no scale given.229 The title has been taken from the catalogue of the BNF. A simpler and more accurate title would be ‘Northern Persia from Azerbaijan to Herat’. This manuscript map, showing Persia north of Isfahan, is detailed, with a distinct calligraphy. It was apparently never published. 229) MS in the BNF, Paris: Ge.D.10543.

E. 158

MS

BERTRAND Alexandre J F geographer and physician; Paris; 1830; Partie de la Perse au Sud de la Mer Caspiene; French; 16.5 × 15 cm; 32°-40°45’ N; one graphical scale: 39 mm to 50 Lieues Communes de Perse, natural scale approximately 1: 7 700 000.230 This sketch shows the southern section of the Caspian Sea, part of the Caucasus and Persia north of Hispahan (Isfahan). The given scale seems to be an average, not applying to all parts of this manuscript map; title placed in the lower left, scale bar in the lower right, corner. 230) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran G.26 (52).

Pl. 87 (E. 156) Provinciarum Persicarum Kilaniae (Gilan), by J B Homann, Nuremberg, 1728; 49 × 58 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 188

district maps 89

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Pl. 88 (E. 160) [The southern shore of the Caspian Sea], G Melgunof, Leipzig, 1868; 31 × 67.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 10075.e.2, map at the back of the book

E. 159 PETERMANN August (Augustus), LEMM Kapitän, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1856; Skizze zur Uebersicht der von Lemm bestimmten Positionen in Persien [Sketch for overviewing of the positions fixed by Lemm in Persia]; German; 9 × 18 cm; covers: 35°-40°30’ N, 44°30’-60° / 45°-59°30’ E, longitudes E. of Paris also noted; no scale given, altitudes in feet. This map was made to illustrate the paper ‘Kapitän Lemm’s astronomische Expedition nach Persien in den Jahren 1838 und 1839’231, and appeared in PGM .232 It shows northern Persia above 35° latitude, with a number of place names and altitudes noted such as: Tehran 3579, Mountain Demavend 18 847, Caspian Sea 78 below the sea-level, Tauris (Tabriz) 4685, Meschhed 2856, etc. 231) Struve, vol. 1, pp. 317-348. 232) PGM, vol. 2, 1856, Heft (fascicle) 2, pp. 137-141; map on p. 137.

E. 160

Pl. 88

MELGUNOF G, SPRINGER H lithography, VOSS Leopold publisher; Leipzig; 1868; Das südliche Ufer des Kaspischen Meeres [The southern shore of the Caspian Sea]; German; 31 × 67.5 cm; covers: 36°-38° N, 66°30’-73° E. of Ferro; one graphical scale: 120 mm to 100 versts, natural scale according to the graphical scale 1: 880 000 (it could be 1: 840 000 as customary in Russian cartography).233 This map was prepared to be included in the book Das südliche Ufer des Kaspischen Meeres, oder die Nordprovinzen Persiens, by

G Melgunof. It is a detailed map of the Caspian provinces: Gilan, Mazandaran and Astarabad. The Elburz (Alborz) Range and its highest peak Damavand are well shown. The distances between the city of Astrabad (Astarabad, or present Gorgan) and Rescht (Rasht), and the places in between, are noted in the lower left corner; title placed in the lower left part and scale bar in the lower right part of the map. The Iranian national sign of ‘Lion and Sun’ appears inside a decorative circle in the lower right corner. 233) Melgunof, map at the back of the book.

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Pl. 89

MORGAN Jacques de author, ERHARD FRÈRES engravers; Paris; 1890; Carte des Rives Méridionales de la Mer Caspienne entre l’Atrek et la Frontière Russe du Lenkorân [Map of the southern shores of the Caspian Sea between [river] Atrek (Atrak) and the Russian Frontier in Lenkoran]; French; two sheets, each 81.5 × 72 cm, in total 81.5 × 144 cm; covers: 34°50’-37°36’ N, 46°30’-53°15’ / 46°5’-52°25’ E. of Paris; two graphical scales: 108 mm to 50 km, 118 mm to 11 (Persian) farsachs, natural scale c. 1: 460 000.234-237 This is a large-scale and detailed map of the southern shores of the Caspian Sea and the adjacent Persian provinces. Title placed in the lower right corner, scales and legends in the mid-lower part of the map. In the 1895 edition, by Ernest Leroux, the two sheets are joined as one of 81.5 × 154 cm. 234) 235) 236) 237)

Morgan J de, Mission Scientifique contains a copy of this map. Loose copy in the BL: Maps 51140.(7.), folio 1. Loose copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.40. Loose copy in the SBB, Berlin: S9555.

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Pl. 89 (E. 161) Carte des Rives Méridionales de la Mer Caspienne entre l’Atrek et la Frontière Russe du Lenkorân, by J. de Morgan, Paris, 1890 (this plate shows the 1895 edition); 81.5 × 154 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51140.(7.), folio 1

E. 162

Pl. 90

FEUVRIER Jean Baptiste physician and author, DRUILLET J draughtsman, JUVEN F publisher; Paris; 1899; Perse Région Nord; French; 15 × 10 cm; covers: 34°50’-40°35’ N, 45°40’-50°37’ E. of Paris; one graphical scale: 35 mm to 150 km, natural scale approximately 1: 4 285 000.238 Title and scale placed in the upper right corner; mountains hachured; altitude of the Caspian Sea given as 26 m below the sea level. For more information on Dr. J B Feuvrier see the description preceding E. 122. 238) Feuvrier J B Dr., 1899 edition, map 2, p. 73. Copy in the RGS: Library, Hotz Collection, 139c; copy in the BL, 1899 edition: 10076.dd.24.

E. 163

Pl. 91

STAHL A F239, LANGHANS Paul supervisor, SCHMIDT C lettering, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1910; Die Umgebung von Rescht und die Därfek-Kuh von A F Stahl [The environs of Rescht (Rasht) and Darfek-Kuh by A F Stahl]; German; 24 × 19.5 cm; covers: 36°40’-37°30’ N, 49°22’-50°17’ E; one graphical scale: 44.5 mm to 20 km, natural scale 1: 450 000. This map was made to illustrate the paper ‘Eine Reise nach Teheran während der Revolution im Jahre 1909 von Generalpostdirektor A F Stahl, St. Petersburg [A Journey to Teheran during the

(Persian) Revolution in 1909 by (the former) General-Director of the (Persian) Post office A F Stahl, St. Petersburg]’, published in the PGM.240 Title and scale in the upper right corner; Stahl’s routes coloured red. 239) For information on A F Stahl and his activities in Persia see the description preceding E. 496. 240) PGM, vol. 56, part 2, 1910, text: pp. 286-287, map facing p. 286. Copy in the BL: P.P.3946, vol. 56.

E. 164

Pl. 92

FAURE Captain, RABINO H L, SÉZANNE Léon lithographer and printer, SOCIÉTÉ LYONNAISE SÉRICICOLE ET SOIES EXTRÊME-ORIENT publisher; Lyon; 1914; Perse, Province de Guilan; French; 84 × 80 cm; covers: 36°22’-38°16’ N, 48°32’-50°46’ E; one graphical scale: 120 mm to 15 km (in hand-writing corrected to 30 km), or 1: 250 000 (corrected).241 According to a note in the lower left corner of the map, it is designed and drawn by Captain Faure, based on the surveys taken by H L Rabino, English vice-consul in Rasht during the years of 1906 to 1912, and the information provided by the local agent of Société Lyonnaise Séricicole et Soies d’Extrême-Orient. Title printed in the upper margin, legend and scale in the upper right corner; mountains contoured. 241) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran D.10; copy in the SBB, Berlin: 9523.

Pl. 90 (E. 162) Perse Région Nord, by Dr. J B Feuvrier, published by F Juven, Paris, 1899; 15 x 10 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 10076.dd.24, Trois Ans…, 1899 edition, map on p. 73

Pl. 91 (E. 163) Die Umgebung von Rescht [The environs of Rasht], by A F Stahl, Gotha, 1910; 24 × 19.5 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: PGM, vol. 56, part 2, 1910, map facing p. 286

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Pl. 92 (E. 164) Perse, Province de Guilan, by Captain Faure based on surveys taken by English Vice-Consul H L Rabino, Lyon, 1914; 84 × 80 cm, By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran D.10 Pl. 93 (E. 165) Teheran, Operationskarte (showing the middle part of northern Persia), by the ‘Cartographic Section of the Royal Prussian Land Survey’, Berlin, 1918; 72 × 52 cm; Courtesy of The National Archives, England: FO 925/36037

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chapter two – district maps E. 165

Pl. 93

KARTOGRAPHISCHE ABTEILUNG DER KÖNIGLICHPREUSSISCHEN LANDESAUFNAHME [Cartographic Section of the Royal Prussian Land Survey]; Berlin; 1918; Teheran, Operationskarte; German; 72 × 50 cm (sheet); covers: 34°-38° N, 66°-70° E of Ferro; one graphical scale: 75 mm to 60 km, or 1: 800 000.242 This map covers the middle part of northern Persia from Hamadan in the west to Damghan in the east, and from the Caspian Sea in the north to Kashan in the south. It is a detailed map, with Teheran in its centre. Title and ‘Nur für die Dienstgebrauch’ [Only for Official Use] placed in the upper margin; scale, legend and notes in the lower margin; mountains shaded. 242) Copy in the TNA, England: FO 925/36037

E. 166

MS

NOEL J B L Captain; Persia; about 1920; Prismatic Compass Traverse adjusted by reduction from known triangulated points; English; 58 × 140 cm, with an extension of 28 × 29 cm (upper left part of the map); centred on 36° N, 50°-53° E; scale given 1 inch to 4 miles, or 1: 253 440.243 It covers part of the Caspian Sea, provinces Gilan and Mazandaran extending southwards to Kazvin (Qazvin) and Tehran (Teheran). Noel’s route in the Caspian provinces extending to Kazvin and Tehran is coloured. Some of the mountain ridges of Elburz chains are depicted.244

A reduction of this map, with some modifications, was produced in 1921, to illustrate Noel’s paper ‘A reconnaissance in the Caspian Provinces of Persia’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.245 243) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.45. 244) This manuscript map could be an enlarged copy of an original MS of 1: 1 000 000. 245) See E. 167.

E. 167 NOEL J B L Captain, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1921; Sketch map of the Caspian Provinces of Persia; English; 11 × 19.5 cm; covers: 35°25’-37°38’ N, 49°10’-54° E; one graphical scale: 35.5 mm to 50 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 2 250 000. This map was made to illustrate the paper ‘A reconnaissance in the Caspian Provinces of Persia, by Capt. J B L Noel’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.246 It is a reduced version, with some modifications, of a manuscript map drawn by Captain J B L Noel in 1920.247 Noel’s route in the provinces Gilan and Mazandaran, extending to Kazvin (Qazvin) and Tehran (Teheran) is coloured. Title placed in the lower margin, scale in the upper right corner. 246) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 57, 1921 (Jan.-June), map facing p. 404; text on pp. 401-418. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, GJ-RGS, vol. 57, 1921. 247) See E. 166

Section Five: Khorasan, East Persia Khorasan (Khurasan), the northwestern province of Persia, is bounded on the north by Turkmenistan and on the east by Afghanistan. With an area of 313 340 sq. km, it is the largest province of the country. The northern part of it contains two parallel ranges, an eastern prolongation of the Elburz (Alborz) Mountains, and the independent ridge, Coppeh Dagh. A great salt desert (Dasht-i-Kavir) enters Khorasan from the west. The largest permanent river is Atrak (Atrek) flowing into the Caspian Sea. In ancient times, Khorasan signified a vast track of country – more than twice the present area – known as Parthia (Greater Khorasan), including lands now lying within Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan. It was an integral part of the ancient Persian empires and, during the Sasanid rule, was divided into four sections: Marv (Mary), Herat (Harat), Balkh and Transoxania (beyond the Oxus River, or Amu-Darya). After the Arab invasion Mashhad became a major centre of the Shia branch of Islam, housing the mausoleum of Imam Reza. During the Qajar period a Russian scientific expedition, under N Khanikoff, travelled through Khorasan in the years 1858-59, surveying and mapping the areas around their route. The efforts of Sir Percy Sykes, the British Consul at Mashhad, have also resulted in producing a number of maps showing parts of Khorasan. For more information on Khorasan see Persian Encyclopaedia, entry ‘Khorasan’, vol. 1, pp. 887-888.

E. 168

MS

KLAPROTH Heinrich Julius collector; Paris; about 1822; Carte de la Perse Orientale et du Pays des Afghans; French; 100 × 153 cm; covers; 24° -38° N, 46°-73° / 48°-71° E. of Paris; natural scale 1: 1 600 000 (catalogue of the SBB, Berlin).248 This map shows the whole of East Persia, Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Title placed in the lower left corner; mountains shaded. The extension of this map ‘Farsistan et Laristan’ has been described in E. 144, Pl. 78. 248) MS in the SBB, Berlin: S 9150.

E. 169 ZIMMERMANN Carl, RITTER Carl geographer, DELIUS H lithography, REIMER Georg Andreas publisher; Berlin; 1840; Versuch einer Darstellung von Khorassan zu C Ritter’s Erdkunde249 [An attempt to portray Khorasan for Ritter’s Erdkunde]; German; 51 × 59 cm; covers: 31°30’-39°30’ N, 50°30’-61°30’ E. of Paris, Mercator projection; natural scale 1: 2 200 000.250

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Pl. 94 (E. 171) General Map of the Russian Scientific Expedition in Khorasan, by Nicolas Khanikof, Berlin, 1860; 30.5 × 39.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: PP. 3962, vol. 8, map between pages 272 and 273

This detailed map of Khorasan and part of Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Sistan is constructed from the surveys taken by Edward Conolly and others. 249) Ritter’s Erdkunde, Text in book 3, section ‘Iranische Welt’; map in Atlas von Asien, fascicle 3, sheet 2, Berlin, April 1841. 250) Copy in the BL: IOR X/2942/3/2.

E. 170 KHANIKOF N (CHANIKOFF, etc.), MONECKE C lithographer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1858; Übersichtskarte der Russischen Wissenschaftlichen Expedition in Khorasan im Jahre 1858/1859 [General Map of the Russian Scientific Expedition in Khorasan in the Years 1858/59]; German; 17 × 32 cm; covers: 32°20’-37°20’ N, 49°-61°20’ / 49°20’-61° E. of Paris, 69°-81°20’ / 69°20’-81° E. of Ferro; no scale given.251 This map is copied from the work of Khanikof, the head of the Russian Scientific Expedition to Khorasan. The inscriptions translated from Russian into German by the Imperial Russian Geographical Society in 1859; names of the places verified by astronomical calculation are underlined; heights given in feet; title and descriptions

placed in the lower left corner, mountains hachured. A later edition of this map appeared in 1860 (see E. 171, Pl. 94). 251) Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Erdkunde…, New Series, 7th volume, 2nd and 3rd issues, 1859, map 6, facing p. 455; text ‘Die Russische Expedition nach Khorassan’, by Prof. Dr. C Schirren, pp. 89-109. Loose copy in the SBB, Berlin: S 9576.

E. 171

Pl. 94

CHANIKOFF (KHANIKOF, etc.) Nicolas explorer and surveyor, SULZER J engraver, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1860; Übersichtkarte der russischen wissenschaftlichen Expedition in Chorassan [General Map of the Russian Scientific Expedition in Khorasan]; German; 30.5 × 39.5 cm; covers: 30°-37° N, 46°-62° E. of Paris; one graphical scale: 64 mm to 30 deutsche Meilen, natural scale 1: 3 350 000, heights in English feet.252 This is a later version of Khanikof’s map of 1858 (see E. 170), which was prepared for the periodical Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Erdkunde, Neue Folge [new series], Bd. 8. Title placed in the lower right corner, mountains hachured.

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Pl. 95 (E. 173) A map of the northern frontier of Khorassan with parts of Irak [Ajami] & Mazandaran to illustrate reports by Captain the Hon. G Napier on special duty in Persia, London, 1876; 41.5 × 67.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 209

There are two insets in the lower left corner of this map: 1) Gegend zwischen Teheran und des Demavand [Territory between Teheran and Damavand], 1: 800 000, 9 × 13 cm; 2) Der Gipfel des Demavand [Peak of Damavand], 1: 20 000, 3 × 5 cm. It can also be considered as a route map, showing the routes travelled by the Expedition in Khorasan under the supervision of Nicolas Khanikof. There is a French version of this map produced in 1864 in Paris (see E. 455). 252) Zeitschrift der Allgemeine Erdkunde, new series, vol. 8, map between pp. 272 and 273.

E. 172 GOLDSMID Frederick John; WELLER Edward engraver, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1873; Map of Eastern Persia to illustrate the paper by Major General Sir F J Goldsmid; English; 35 × 23.5 cm; covers: 27°-36°30’ N, 55°40’-63°20’ / 56°-63° E; two graphical scales: 51 mm to 100 English miles, 59 mm to 100 geographical miles, natural scale 1: 3 168 000. This map accompanied the paper ‘Journey from Bandar Abbas to Mashhad, by Sistan…, by Major-General F J Goldsmid’, published in the Journal of the RGS.253 It shows the Eastern provinces

of Persia; Goldsmid’s route is coloured red; mountains hachured; title and scales in the lower right corner. It can also be considered as a route map. 253) Journal of the RGS, vol. 43, 1873, map facing p. 65, text on pp. 65-83. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, J-RGS, vol. 43, 1873.

E. 173

Pl. 95

NAPIER George E Captain, ST JOHN O B C Captain, SAUNDERS Trelawney, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1876; A map of the northern frontier of Khorassan with parts of Irak [Ajami] & Mazandaran to illustrate reports by Captain the Hon. G Napier on special duty in Persia; English; 41.5 × 67.5 cm; covers: 34°30’-40°10’ N, 51°20’62°40’ / 51°30’-62°10’ E; one graphical scale: 65 mm to 60 English miles, natural scale 1: 1 485 000. This map is a part of St John’s map of Persia, with alterations and additions by G Napier, originally measuring 64 × 98.5 cm, scale 16 miles to 1 inch, or 1: 1 013760 (see E. 380). It was slightly altered and reduced to 41.5 × 67.5 cm, scale 1: 1 485 000, to accompany the article entitled ‘Extracts from a diary of a tour in Khorassan, and notes on the Eastern Alburz tract, by Captain G E Napier’, published in the Journal of the RGS.254

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Pl. 96 (E. 176) Map of Khorasan and neighbouring countries, illustrating the paper by Lieut.-Col. C E Stewart, London, 1881; 62 × 82 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 202

It covers Persia east and north of Teheran. Areas of cultivation and pasture and the Persian border line with Russia are marked; mountains shaded; title and scale placed in the upper right corner; heights given in feet. 254) Journal of the RGS, vol. 46, 1876, map facing p. 63, text on pp. 62-71. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, J-RGS, vol. 46, 1876; copy in the SBB, Berlin: S 9586; loose copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran D.9.

E. 175 MACGREGOR C M Colonel, ALLEN W H publisher; London; 1879; Map to illustrate Colonel MacGregor’s Travels in Khorassan; English; 47 × 43.5 cm; covers: 30°45’-39° N, 52°45’- 62°30’ / 53°-62° E, no scale given.256 It covers nearly the whole of Khorassan extending to the Caspian Sea, Semnan and Yazd in the west, and Merv and Herat in the east. Title placed in the upper right corner; mountains hachured.

E. 174 256) MacGregor, map at the back of vol. 2.

SURVEY OF INDIA; Calcutta; 1877; Sketch of a Portion of the Upper Atrak Basin; English; 95 × 107 cm; covers: 37°-39° N, 56°58° E; one graphical scale: 102 mm to 1 mile (4 inches to 1 mile), or 1: 15 840.255 This large-scale map was lithographed at the Surveyor-General’s Office in Calcutta in December 1877 from an original supplied by the Foreign Department. It may have been used for setting the boundary between Persia and Russia (present Turkmenistan) in this region. The routes travelled by the surveyors are marked. Therefore, it can be considered as a frontier map, or route map, as well. Title, scale and legend placed in the upper left corner. 255) Copy in the BL: IOR W/LPS/21/B5

E. 176

Pl. 96

STEWART C E Lieutenant-Colonel, SHARBAU H draughtsman, WELLER Edward lithographer, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1881; Map of Khorasan, and neighbouring countries, illustrating the paper by Lieut.-Colonel C E Stewart, 5th Punjab Infantry; English; 62 × 82 cm; covers: 32°-40° N, 50°25’-64°35’ / 51°10’-63°50’ E; one graphical scale: 108 mm to 100 English statute miles, natural scale approximately 1: 1 490 000.257 It was compiled from Lieut.-Colonel Stewart’s Survey, from maps

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by Major the Hon. G Napier (compare with E. 173), Major General J T Walker, Surveyor-General of India, and the Russian Topographical Department, 1881. It was printed for the Proceedings of the RGS, to accompany the paper ‘The Country of the Tekke Turkomans, and the Tejend and Morghab Rivers, by Lieut.-Col. C E Stewart’. Title, scale and references placed in the lower right corner; mountains shaded. 257) Proceedings of the RGS, New Series vol. 3, 1881 (July-Dec.), map facing p. 576, text: pp. 513-546. Loose copy of the map in the RGS: Map Room, Iran D.6; loose copy of the map in the SBB, Berlin: 9590; copy of the periodical in the BL: Maps 159, Pro-RGS, vol. 3, 1881.

E. 177 WAR OFFICE – INTELLIGENCE DEPARTMENT; London; 1881; Map of the Tekke Turkoman Country and adjoining Districts; English; 48 × 83 cm; covers: 36°-40°10’ N, 52°30’-61° / 52°40’-61°45’ E; one graphical scale: 159 mm to 100 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), or 1: 1 013 760.258 This is a photocopy of an original, compiled and lithographed at the Intelligence Department in January 1881. It shows the southeastern corner of the Caspian Sea, North Khorasan and part of Turkmenistan. Title placed in the upper margin, scale in the lower margin; references: ‘Railway Constructed’ and ‘Railway in Course of Construction’ in the upper right corner. 258) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran Div.2.

E. 178 RADDE G, STEBNITZKI J General, KONSCHIN J M, BARICH C von draughtsman, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1898; Karte der Transcaspischen Gebiete und von Nord-Chorassan; German; 36.5 × 45 cm; cover: 35°-42°10’ N, 52°40’-64°40’ / 53°20’64° E; two graphical scales: 57 mm to 130 km, 61.5 mm to 130 wersts, natural scale 1: 2 280 000.

This map is mainly based on General Stebnitzki’s map of the Transcaspian of 1885 (see E. 386), to which are added the routes of the research expedition, headed by Dr. G Radde and J M Konschin, with some further changes and additions. It was made to illustrate the paper ‘Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der im Jahre 1886 allerhöchst befohlenen Expedition nach Transcaspien und Nord-Chorassan [Scientific results of the Expedition, ordered by the highest authorities to Trans-Caspian and North-Chorassan in 1886]’ by Dr. G Radde, published in the PGM.259 Title and scale placed in the lower left corner; Konschin’s routes in 1880-85 coloured green, routes of Radde and Konschin in 1886 coloured red. There is one inset in the upper right corner ‘Oase Merv, 1: 125 000’. 259) PGM, Ergänzungsband 27, Heft (fascicle) 126, 1898, text: pp. 1-195, map at the end of the fascicle.

E. 179 RONALDSHAY Lord, PENTON E Jr., ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1902; Routes of Lord Ronaldshay and Mr. E Penton Jr. through Baluchistan and Eastern Persia, 1901; English, 21 × 13.5 cm; covers: 27°-40° N, 58°-68° / 58°15’67°45’ E; one graphical scale: 46 mm to 200 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 7 000 000. It was made to accompany the paper ‘A journey from Quetta to Mashed via the Nushki-Sistan trade route’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.260 It can also be considered as a route map (Ronaldshay’s and Penton’s routes are shown), or a frontier map (boundary of Persia with Afghanistan and part of Baluchistan marked). Title and scale placed in the upper left corner; heights given in feet. 260) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 20, 1902 (July-Dec.), map on p. 71, text on pp. 70-87. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, GJ-RGS, vol. 20, 1902.

Section Six: Kurdistan; Bakhtiari Mountains; Luristan; Khuzistan & Southwest Persia a: Kurdistan (Kordestan) is an extensive plateau and mountain area, inhabited mainly by Kurds (Kords). It has no exactly defined borders, but includes parts of Turkey in Asia, northern Iraq, part of north-western Persia, a bit of northern Syria and part of Armenia, with a total area estimated at 192 000 sq. km. The Persian Kurdistan is mainly mountainous and includes 11 towns: Sanandaj, Saqqez, Baneh, etc. During the Safavid to Qajar periods this region was rarely visited by foreigners, except a few European envoys, military officers and some adventurers. For an overview on Persian Kurdistan see Persian Encyclopaedia, entry ‘Kordestan’, vol. 2, pp. 2194-2197. b: Bakhtiari Mountains are the central part of the Zagros range, more or less identical to the settlement of Bakhtiari nomads, who

make up one-third of the Bakhtiari tribe. This tribe is the second biggest in Persia, the first being the Qashqai tribe. Within the boundaries of the Bakhtiari mountains lie the highest part of the Zagros system, with Zardkuh at 4548 m (14 920 ft.) being the highest peak of the entire Zagros range. The region has a comparatively humid and mesothermal climate; Shahr-Kord, a town 60 km east of Isfahan and situated 2066 m above sea level, is considered to be one of the coldest places in the country and is rarely visited by Europeans apart from envoys, military officers and a few adventurers. c: Luristan (Lorestan), inhabited mainly by Lurs (Lors) tribes, is a historic region extending from the Iraq frontier (south of the Persian Kurdistan) to the province of Fars, separating the Khuzistan

district maps lowland from the interior upland. Extensive mountains of the Zagros range stretch from northwest to southeast of Luristan. It is divided into Little Luristan, later called Luristan Proper (north), and Greater Luristan (south). The latter part is composed of the Bakhtiari, Kuhgalu (Kohgiluyeh) and Mamasani districts. The Bakhtiari region extends from Chahar-Mohal west of Isfahan to near Shushter in Khuzistan; the Kuhgalu and Mamasani districts are in the Fars province, inhabited by part of the Lurs tribes. Luristan became well known to the West as a result of archaeological finds made from 1929 onwards. For more information on Luristan see Persian Dictionary, vol. 2, pp. 2491-2492. d: Khuzistan (Khuzestan) is the southwestern province of Persia at the head of the Persian Gulf, with an area of about 65 000 sq. km. It is bounded by Iraq (west), Luristan Proper (north), Greater Luristan, or Fars (east) and the Persian Gulf (south). The river Karun flows from the Zagros Mountains, joining Tigris and Euphrates to enter the Persian Gulf through Shatt-al-Arab. Khuzistan is the heart of the biblical Elam and corresponds largely to ancient Susiana, one of the original Persian provinces described and mapped by Ptolemy. Shush (Susa), the administrative capital of the Achaemenid king Darius I and his successors

99

from 522 BC, is located in Khuzistan. The site was identified in 1850 by the English archaeologist William Kennett Loftus, and consists of four mounds. One held the citadel and was excavated by the Frenchman Jacques de Morgan. A second mound to the east was the location of the palace of Darius I, which was excavated by another Frenchman Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy. A third mound to the south contained the royal Elamite city, while the fourth mound consisted of poorer houses. Thereafter Shush became one of the most visited places in Persia, particularly by foreign historians and explorers. Ahwas is the provincial centre, and Khorramshahr (former Mohammera or Mohammerah) became the major trade port of Persia after decline of Bushehr in the late nineteenth century. Khuzistan is an agricultural land, but its oil fields were developed – from 1908 up to present time – into the foremost industry of the country. During the Safavid to Qajar periods the western part of Khuzistan, being mainly inhabited by Arabic speaking peoples, was also called ‘Arabistan’ by them. As a result some European mapmakers, particularly during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, noted both terms Khuzistan and Arabistan, and occasionally only Arabistan on their maps as the name for the whole province. For more information see Persian Encyclopaedia, vol. 1, pp. 925927.

Pl. 97 (E. 180) Map of Central Kurdistan to illustrate Mr. Ainsworth’s Visit to the Chaldeans in 1840, RGS, London, 1841; 37.5 × 39 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Journal of the RGS, vol. 11, 1841, map between pp. 20 & 21

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Pl. 98 (E. 181) Prof. C Haussknecht’s Routen im Orient 1865-69, by H Kiepert, Berlin, 1882, [Section] III: Kurdistan und Irak; 49 × 70 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 46900.(68.), section III: Kurdistan and Irak

a: Kurdistan (Kordestan)

E. 180

Pl. 97

AINSWORTH William, ARROWSMITH John cartographer, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London, 1840; Map of Central Kurdistan, to illustrate Mr. Ainsworth’s Visit to the Chaldeans in 1840; English; 37.5 × 39 cm; covers: 36°15’-38°35’ N, 41°40’-45°40’ E; one graphical scale: 42.5 mm to 25 English miles, natural scale approximately 1: 950 000. This map shows part of Azerbaijan and western Persia, part of Turkey and Iraq (Ottoman Empire). Two cross-sections placed in the lower part of the plate, 9.5 × 39 cm: a) from Mosul to Lake Urumiyah (Urmia); b) from Mosul to Salamast (Salmas). It was prepared to accompany Mr. Ainsworth’s paper, entitled ‘An Account of a Visit to the Chaldeans, inhabiting Central Kurdistan…, 1840, by William Ainsworth’. It was published in the Journal of the RGS.261 261) Journal of the RGS, vol. 11, 1841; copy in the BL: Maps 158, J-RGS, vol. 11, 1841, map between pp. 20 and 21, text on pp. 21-76.

E. 181

Pl. 98

KIEPERT Heinrich, HAUSSKNECHT C traveller, SCHWABE Friedrich R printer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1882; Prof. C Haussknecht’s Routen im Orient 1865-1869 nach dessen Original Skizzen redigirt von H Kiepert, [section] III: Kurdistan und Irak; German; main map: 33 × 70 cm, with insets: 49 × 70 cm; covers (main map): 34°-36°15’ N, 41°40’-47°50’ / 41°45’-47°45’ E. of Paris (same data E. of Greenwich also given); three graphical scales: 121 mm to 10 Deutsche Geographische Meilen 15=1°, 130 mm to 50 Englische Miles 60.12=1°, 164 mm to 10 Myriameter (100 km), natural scale 1: 800 000.262 The graphical scales disagree with the given natural scale; Prof. Haussknecht’s routes are marked in brown; the Turco-Persian boundary is according to the Anglo-Russian official map. It includes three insets: a) left side below the main map, ‘Türkisch-Persischer Grenzbezirk in Kurdistan’ [Turco-Persian Frontier Area], 16.5 × 27 cm, 1: 400 000; b) right side below the main map, ‘Der mittlere Theil der Hauptkarte’ [the middle part of the main map], 16.5 × 42 cm, 1: 400 000; c) upper right corner of the main map, ‘Route in Nord-Persien’, 11 × 24 cm, 1: 600 000. This map is section III of a four-section map. Sections I and

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Pl. 99 (E. 182) Carte de la partie centrale du Kurdistan, J de Morgan, Leroux edition, Paris, 1895; 96 × 122 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51140.(7.), folio 2

II, printed on one sheet, carry the same title, with the last line changed to ‘Nord-Syrien, Mesopotamien und Süd-Armenien’, which are outside our investigation. Section IV includes ‘Centrales und Südliches Persien’ which will be described in E. 196. 262) Copy in the BL: Maps 46900.(68.), section III, Kurdistan and Irak.

E. 182

Pl. 99

There is a photographic copy of this map on a reduced scale of 1: 400 000, produced in 1917 in two sheets, each 61 × 39 cm (in total 61 × 78 cm).264 263) Morgan J de, folio 2; loose copy in the BL: Maps 51140.(7.), fol. 2. 264) Photographic copy (1: 400 000, 1917) in the SBB Berlin: 9651.

E. 183

MORGAN Jacques de author, ERHARD FRÈRES engravers, LEROUX Ernest publisher; Paris; 1895; Carte de la partie centrale du Kurdistan; French; 96 × 122 cm (Leroux edition); covers: southern Azerbaijan and part of Persian Kurdistan; one graphical scale: 88 mm to 22 km, scale 1: 250 000.263

HARRIS Walter B, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1895; Sketch Map of Mr. W B Harris’s Route in Persian Kurdistan, 1895; English; 19.5 × 12 cm; covers: 35°58’37°16’ N, 45°20’-46°20’ E; one graphical scale: 43 mm to 20 miles, natural scale 1: 760 320 (1 inch to 12 miles).265

A large-scale and detailed map of the southern part of Azerbaijan and part of Persian Kurdistan; Urmia Lake with its islands well depicted; mountains hachured; western boundary of Persia with Turkey marked; title, scale and legends placed in the upper right corner. There is one inset in the upper left corner: Kouna Malan and Kouna Kouter, with four small cross-sections showing depth of the waters, and altitudes of the surrounding mountains.

This sketch map was drawn to accompany the paper ‘A journey in Persian Kurdistan, by Walter B Harris’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS. It can also be considered as a route map. Title and scale placed in the mid-right part of the map. 265) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 6, 1895 (July-Dec.), map on p. 455, text on pp. 453-457.

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BANSE Ewald author, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1911; Skizze: Die tektonische Bedingtheit der Kurdensitze [The tectonic necessities of the Kurds’ area]; German; 11 × 13.5 cm; covers: 33°-42° N, 35°-50° E; natural scale 1: 10 000 000. This sketch-map was made to illustrate the paper ‘Kurdistan, ein länderkundlicher Begriff’ by E Banse of Braunschweig (Brunswick), and appeared in the PGM.266 It shows the Kurdish regions in Turkey, Iraq and Persia. Title and descriptions placed below the sketch. 266) PGM, vol. 57, part 1, 1911, text on pp. 286-288, map on p. 287.

b: Bakhtiari Mountains

E. 185

MS

SAWYER H A Colonel, BAHADUR Iman-Sharif Khan surveyor, THUILLIER H R Colonel; Calcutta; 1890; Col. H A Sawyer’s Routes and Explorations in the Bakhtiari Country; English; map in two sheets: sh. 1: 137 × 97 cm, sh. 2: 97 × 59 cm; coverage: sh. 1: 32°-37° N, 46°-50°30’ E, sh. 2: 31°-34° N, 50°-52° E; scale 1 inch to 8 miles, or 1: 506 880.267 This detailed map was drawn by sub-surveyor Iman-Sharif Khan Bahadur, superintended and assisted by Major H A Sawyer. It has a main sheet (137 × 97 cm) and another sheet (97 × 59 cm) as extension of the lower right corner of the main sheet, showing Sawyer’s explorations and route in Kurdistan, Hamadan, part of Irak-Ajami and Bakhtiari Country. Scale appears on both sheets; mountains contoured. It can also be considered as a route map. See also E. 186 and E. 187.

268) Copy in the BL: IOR W/LPS/21/B14; copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran D.7. 269) Copy in the BL: IOR W/LPS/21/B15; copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.10 270) See E. 187 and Pl. 100 for the RGS version of this map.

E. 187

Pl. 100

SAWYER H A, SHAWE W cartographer, TURNER & SHAWE printer, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1894; Reconnaissance Survey of the Bakhtiari Country by Lt.-Col. H A Sawyer… 1890; English; 34 × 36.5 cm; covers: 31°34° N, 45°-52° E; one graphical scale: 62.5 mm to 40 miles, natural scale 1: 1 000 000. Based on Sawyer’s map of 1890 (see E. 185 and E. 186). Title and scale placed in the upper right corner; mountains shaded; Colonel Sawyer’s routes marked in red. In the lower right part of the map is a cross-section from Isfahan (5200 ft.) to Arabistan (Khuzistan), with a vertical scale six times the horizontal scale. Another cross-section from upper Elam-Bakhtiari can be seen in the lower left corner. This map was prepared to illustrate Sawyer’s paper ‘Bakhtiari Mountains and Upper Elam’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS, 1894.271 271) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 4, 1894 (July-Dec.), map facing p. 584, text: pp. 482-505.

E. 188 BISHOP Isabella L. Bird traveller, STANFORD’S GEOGRAPHICAL ESTABLISHMENT cartographers, MURRAY John publisher; London; 1891; The Bakhtiari Country; English; 16 × 35 cm; covers: 31°30’-34° N, 48°-51°30’ E; one graphical scale: 47 mm to 30 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), natural scale 1: 1 013 760.272

267) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.13.

E. 186 SAWYER H A Major, BAHADUR Iman-Sharif Khan surveyor, THUILLIER H R Colonel; Calcutta; 1891; Reconnaissance Survey of the Bakhtiari Country 1890; English; 32.5 × 37 cm; covers: 31°45’-34° N, 48°-51°50’ E; one graphical scale: 47 mm to 30 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), or 1: 1 013 760.268 This map is based on the manuscript described in E. 185. The survey was carried out by sub-surveyor Iman-Sharif Khan Bahadur, superintended and assisted by Major H A Sawyer, and photozincographed at the Survey of India Office in Calcutta. It was published under the direction of Colonel H R Thuillier, Surveyor-General of India, in April 1891. Title and scale placed in the upper right corner; mountains hachured. The same map was photographically enlarged in May 1891 on a scale of 1 inch to 8 miles, 1: 506 880; size 64 × 75 cm.269 The RGS published a slightly modified version of this map to illustrate Major Sawyer’s paper, published in the Geographical Journal.270

This map covers a part of west and central Persia from Burujird and Khuramabad to Isfahan. It can also be considered as a route map, as Mrs. Bishop’s routes are shown in red colour. The inset in the upper left corner contains a larger area, travelled by Mrs. Bishop, on a much smaller scale. Title placed in the upper margin; mountains shaded. 272) Bishop Isabella, map at the back of vol. 1.

c: Luristan (Lorestan)

E. 189

Pl. 101

LYNCH Henry Blosse, SHARBAU H draughtsman, WELLER F S printer, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1890; South Western Persia. Across Luristan to Ispahan, to illustrate the paper by Henry Blosse Lynch; English; 27.5 × 54 cm, with cross-section: 33 × 54 cm; covers: 31°30’-32°40’ N,

district maps

Pl. 100 (E. 187) Reconnaissance Survey of the Bakhtiari Country by Lieut.-Colonel H A Sawyer 1890, Geographical Journal of the RGS, London, 1894; 34 × 36.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 206

Pl. 101 (E. 189) South Western Persia, Across Luristan to Ispahan, by Henry Blosse Lynch, appeared in the Proceedings of the RGS, London, 1890; 33 × 54 cm, including the cross-section; From the Author’s Collection: CA 263

103

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chapter two – district maps

48°50’-51°40’ E; one graphical scale: 127 mm (5 inches) to 50 miles (one inch to eight miles), natural scale 1: 506 880.

London; 1922; Mungarreh; English; 10 × 11 cm; one graphical scale: 32 mm to 5 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 250 000.

This map and the paper ‘Across Luristan to Ispahan’ by H B Lynch appeared in the Proceedings of the RGS, 1890.273 Title and scale placed in the upper left corner of the map; heights given in feet; route of H B Lynch from Shushtar to Isfahan marked. There is a cross-section from Shushtar (altitude: 420 feet) to Isfahan (altitude: 5070 feet) in the lower margin; vertical scale: 1 inch to 6000 feet, or 1: 72 000.

This sketch map was included in the paper ‘Luristan: Pish-i-Kuh and Bala-Gariveh, by C J Edmund…’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.277, 278 It shows a mountainous region in Luristan (Mungarreh); title and scale in the lower right corner.

273) Proceedings of the RGS, New Series, vol. 12, London, 1890, map facing p. 576, text on pp. 533-553.

E. 190

277) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 59, 1922 (Jan.-June), map: p. 351, text: pp. 335-356 & 437-453. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 59, 1922. 278) See also E. 191 and E. 528, both by C J Edmund, included in the same paper.

Pl. 102

TAFEL A Oberleutnant, KARTOGRAPHISCHE ABTEILUNG DER KÖNIGLICH PREUSSISCHEN LANDESAUFNAHME; Berlin; 1917; Oberleutnant A Tafel’s Aufnahmen in Luristân überzeichnet und verkleinert durch die Kartographische Abteilung der Königlich Preussischen Landesaufnahme. November 1917 [Lieut. A Tafel’s Surveys in Luristan, copied and reduced by Cartographic Section of the Royal Prussian Land Survey]; German; map in three sheets: SE sheet: 82 × 73 cm, SW sheet: 62 × 69 cm, N sheet: 47 × 40 cm; one graphical scale on each sheet: 150 mm to 30 km, or 1: 200 000.274 The south-east sheet is the main sheet showing the mountains, rivers, roads, etc., of part of Luristan. The south-west sheet is an extension of the western side, and the north sheet an extension of the north-eastern corner of the main sheet. Title and scale printed on every sheet; mountains hachured. 274) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.48; copy in the SBB, Berlin: S 9660.

E. 191 EDMUND C J, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1922; Sketch Map of Luristan; English; 19.5 × 11.5 cm; covers: 32°-35° N, 47°-49° E; one graphical scale: 26.5 mm to 30 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 1 800 000. This sketch map covers an area from Burujerd to Kermanshah (east-west), and from Hamadan to Shushter (north-south). Edmund’s routes are marked; title is in the lower margin; scale in the lower left corner. It was made to illustrate the paper ‘Luristan: Pish-i-Kuh and Bala-Gariveh, by C J Edmund…’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.275, 276 275) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 59, 1922 (Jan.-June), map: p. 338, text: pp. 335-356 & 437-453. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 59, 1922. 276) See also E. 192 and E. 528, both by C J Edmund, included in the same paper.

d: Khuzistan (Khusestan), Southwest Persia

E. 193

Pl. 103

LAYARD Austin Henry, ARROWSMITH John cartographer, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1846; Map to illustrate Mr. Layard’s paper on Khusistan; English; 20 × 24 cm; covers: 30°-35°20’ N, 43°20’51°10’ / 43°30’-51°E; one graphical scale: 25.5 mm (1 inch) to 50 English miles, natural scale 1: 3 168 000. This map was prepared to accompany the article ‘A description of the Province of Khusistan’ by A H Layard, communicated by Lord Aberdeen; they appeared in the Journal of the RGS .279 It is a small, but detailed, map covering south-western part of the country and farther to Kirmanshah and Hamadan (north), Euphrates (west) and Isfahan (east). Title and scale placed in the upper right corner. In 1887 a new edition of this map, entitled ‘A Map of Khuzistan to illustrate Sir A Henry Layard’s Travels’, 19 × 26 cm, appeared in Layard’s book Early Adventurers in Persia, Susiana and Babylonia.280 A later edition of the same map, printed by Stanford’s Geographical Establishment, was included in the 1894 edition of the same book.281 279) Journal of the RGS, vol. 16, 1846, map facing p. 1, text on pp. 1-105. Copy in the SBB, Berlin: S 9600; copy in the BL: Maps 158, J-RGS vol. 16, 1846. Also see E. 727, entitled ‘Part of the Jeráhí River with its Canals’ which is another map made to illustrate Layard’s paper ‘A description of the Province of Khusistan’. 280) Layard, 1887 (2 vol.), map at the back of vol. 1. 281) Layard, 1894 (1 vol.), map at the back of the book.

E. 194 LOFTUS William Kennett, ARROWSMITH John cartographer; London; 1856; Map of Chaldae, Susiana, &c. to illustrate Journeys to several Ancient Remains & also the determination of the Eulaeus (Karun River) of the Greek Historians; English; 20 × 35 cm; covers: 29°-33°20’ N, 44°-53°20’ / 44°20’-53°10’ E; no scale given.282

E. 192 EDMUND C J, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher;

Covers a territory from Isfahan and Persepolis to the Euphrates (east-west), and from Bushehr to Golpayegan (south-north). It

Pl. 102 (E. 190) Lieutenant A Tafel’s Surveys in Luristan, copied and reduced by Cartographic Section of the Royal Prussian Land Survey, south-east sheet, Berlin, 1917; 82 × 73 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran S.48, south-east Sheet

Pl. 103 (E. 193) Map to illustrate Mr. Layard’s paper on Khusistan (Khuzistan), published by John Murray in the Journal of the RGS, London, 1846; 20 × 24 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Journal of the RGS, vol. 16, 1846, map facing p. 1

district maps 105

Pl. 104 (E. 195) Map of Khuzistan, compiled and lithographed under the direction of Major C W Wilson, War Office, London, 1875; 76 × 55.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3110/1

Pl. 105 (E. 197) ‘Carte de l’Élam, Kourdistân, Louristân, Khouzistân...’, by Jacques de Morgan, published by Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1895; 79.5 × 55 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51140.(7.), folio 3

106 chapter two – district maps

district maps can also be considered as a route map, showing Loftus’ travels in that region. Title placed in the lower left corner.

107

and scales placed in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. 285) Copy in the BL: Maps 46900.(68.), section IV.

282) Loftus, map at the back of the book.

E. 195

E. 197

Pl. 104

WILSON Charles William Major, WAR OFFICE, INTELLIGENCE BRANCH; London; 1875; Map of Khuzistan. Compiled and lithographed under the direction of Major C W Wilson, War Office, 1875; English; 76 × 55.5 cm; covers: 31°-32°40’ N, 47°40’-49° E; one graphical scale: 96 mm to 15 miles (1 inch to 4 miles, or ¼ inch to 1 mile), natural scale 1: 253 440.283 This detailed map was lithographed at the Quarter-Master-General’s Department, Intelligence Branch, War Office, in October 1875. It is the forerunner of the later ‘Quarter Inch Sheets of India and Adjacent Countries Series’.284 283) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3110/1, another copy: X/3110/2 284) Alai, 2005, E. 348 and Pl. 166

Pl. 105

MORGAN Jacques de author, ERHARD FRÈRES engravers, LEROUX Ernest publisher; Paris; 1895; Carte de l’Élam, Kourdistân (Pars), Louristân, Khouzistân ou Arabistân, Irak Arabi (Pars), Irân (Pars); French; 79.5 × 55 cm; covers: 30°30’-35°45’ N, 43°20’47°40’ / 43°10’-47°5’ E. of Paris; natural scale 1: 750 000.286 This map is based on Kiepert’s map of 1883, entitled ‘Turquie d’Asie’ which was used by J de Morgan during his expedition of December 16, 1890 to September 9, 1891. It should be noted that ‘Khuzistan’ has been called by some Arabic-speaking inhabitants of that province also ‘Arabistan’; ‘Irak Arabi (Pars)’ in the title is an old term for ‘Iraq’; and ‘Irân (Pars)’ represents ‘Irak Ajami’, a former province in west and central Persia. Title placed in the upper margin; note by J de Morgan and legend in the lower margin; mountains strongly hachured. There is a photographic copy of this map, with a slightly reduced scale (1: 800 000), 74 × 50 cm, 1917, in the SBB, Berlin.287

E. 196 KIEPERT Heinrich, HAUSSKNECHT C traveller, SCHWABE Friedrich R printer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1882; Prof. C Haussknecht’s Routen im Orient 1865-1869 nach dessen Originalskizzen, redigirt von H Kiepert [section] IV: Centrales und Südliches Persien; German; 48.5 × 71.5 cm; covers: a) map of South Persia, left side of the sheet: 29°-32°20’ N, 46°30’-50°10’ / 46°30’-51°10’ E. of Paris; b) map of Central Persia, right side of the sheet: 32°20’-35°50’ N, 47°40’-49°50’ / 48°40’-49°50’ E. of Paris; three graphical scales: 91 mm to 10 Deutsche Geographische Meilen 15=1°, 98 mm to 50 Englische Statute Miles 69.12=1°, 124 mm to 10 Myriameter (100 km), natural scale 1: 800 000.285 This is section IV of a four-section map of the journeys of Prof. Haussknecht, produced by H Kiepert (for section III see E. 181). It consists of two smaller maps: a) the left map shows the north-western corner of the Persian Gulf, the province of Khuzistan (here also called Arabistan) and a part of Fars extending to Isfahan; b) The right map covers the territory between Isfahan and Teheran. Title

286) Morgan J de, folio 3. 287) Photographic copy (1: 400 000), 1917, in the SBB, Berlin: 9492.

E. 198 WILSON A T Lieutenant, SURVEY OF INDIA; Kermanshah, Persia; 1911; Part of Luristan & Arabistan (Khuzistan), Southwest Persia from a combined plane table and prismatic compass survey; English; 82 × 67 cm; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 200 miles (1 inch to 4 miles), or 1: 253 440.288 The movements of Lieutenant Wilson from April to June 1911 are marked in red. A proposed railway from Dizful to Burujerd via Kashgan, Gorge and Khurramabad is shown by a broken line. Title placed in the upper left, scale and notes in the lower left, corner; mountains contoured. 288) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran D.1.

Section Seven: West Persia There are a number of maps covering part or whole of western and occasionally part of central Persia, which include more than one single province. They were mainly produced during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when the more developed and populated western half of Persia became the centre of attraction for trade, industry and tourism. Besides it was closer to Europe, with better roads and means of communication. Thus, it was visited by nearly every European traveller, many of whom left a travel

account and possibly a district map of western Persia. A good selection of such maps has been described in this chapter.

E. 199

MS

MALCOLM John Colonel, WARREN John Captain; perhaps London; 1807; A Map of Part of Persia, shewing the tract visited by

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Colonel Malcolm during his mission in the year 1800 and 1801; English; 65 × 55 cm; covers: 28°-40° N, 43°-56° / 44°-55° E; one graphical scale: 153 mm to 200 miles (1 inch to 35 miles), or 1: 2 217 600.289

chured. The western borders of the country differ from the later settled boundaries with the Ottoman Empire in the mid-nineteenth century. It is inscribed to Sir Harford Jones Brydges by James Sutherland.

Sir John Malcolm (1769-1833) was a politician and orientalist, serving as British Ambassador to the Court of Fath-Ali-Shah in the early years of the nineteenth century. His book The History of Persia was later printed in London (see Malcolm John). This map was compiled from D’Anville’s and other authorities. The red marks show the geographical positions of the adjoining places, as deduced from astronomical observations taken by William Webbe and Silvester Pope who attended the Embassy. It covers western Persia and part of Iraq; title and scale placed in the upper left corner; mountains shaded; many place names misspelled like ‘Tahiran’ and ‘Thaeron’ for Teheran, and ‘Isphaon’ for Isfahan.

291) Copies in the BL: IOR-X/3104/1, 2 and 3 (3 copies); copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.69; copy in the SBB, Berlin: S 9460.

289) MS in the BL: IOR X/3098/1-2 (two MS copies).

E. 200

Pl. 106

PORTER Robert Ker, HALL Sidney engraver, LONGMAN publisher; London; 1821; A Map of the Georgian and Persian Provinces, together with Courdistan and Babylonia, lying between the Black Sea, The Caspian and The Persian Gulf; English; 69 × 48 cm; covers: 39°30’-55° N, 41°-53°40’ E; one graphical scale: 60 mm to 100 English miles, natural scale approximately 1: 2 680 000.290 The extended title continues: “[It is] laid down from the most authentic information and personal observations during the years 1818-19 and 20 by Sir Robert Ker Porter.” It covers west Persia and part of the Caucasus. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. On some copies, Porter’s travelling routes are marked by hand in red. The original manuscript map is included in the Porter manuscript volumes in the British Library. 290) Porter, printed edition, vol.1, map facing p. 1; the original manuscript map is folio 8 of the Porter MS volumes.

E. 202 GRUMBKOW Von, GRAUROCK Von (Lieutenants in the Prussian army); Germany; 1840; Karte von Klein-Asien und Syrien nebst den Grenz-Ländern von Russland, Persien und Arabien; German; 46.5 × 58 cm; covers: 29°-43° N, 42°30’-68° / 43°-66° E. of Ferro; two graphical scales: 103 mm to 50 Geographische Meilen, 140 mm to 300 Turkish Berris, natural scale 1: 3 600 000.292 This regional map includes the western provinces of Persia, namely: Aserbedjan (Azerbaijan), Kurdistan and part of Khusistan (Khuzistan). 292) Copy in the BL: Maps 47100.(12.).

E. 203

LAYARD Austin Henry; Persia; 1840; untitled, Map of the Country between Shiraz and Mosul (catalogue of the RGS); English; 65 × 95 cm; one graphical scale: 85 mm to 60 geographical miles, natural scale approximately 1: 130 000.293 This manuscript map covers part of Iraq from Mosul to Basra, and part of west Persia extending to Hamadan, Isfahan and Shiraz, with the boundary between Persia and Turkey marked. Many place names are noted. Legend and scale bar placed in the lower left, observations in the upper right, corner. 293) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/Div.1.

E. 204 E. 201

MS

Pl. 108

Pl. 107

SUTHERLAND James, NEELE J engraver, ELKINS printer, BOHN John publisher; London; 1833; Map of Azerbaeejaun (Azerbaijan), and a part of Armenia & Georgia, with the Route of His Majesty’s Mission from Abooshehr to the North of Persia; English; 131 × 78 cm; covers: 27°35’-41°55’ N, 43°10’-54°45’ / 44°35’-54°25’ E; scale 1 inch to 10 miles, or 1: 633 600.291 This is a large-scale and detailed map of west Persia produced in the early nineteenth century. It can also be considered as a route map, as it shows the route of the English Mission under Harford Jones Brydges, Envoy Extraordinary to the Court of Persia in the years 1808-9, from Abooshehr (Bushehr, Bushire) to the north of Persia. This map was constructed by Colonel James Sutherland, attached to the Embassy, chiefly from personal surveys. The adjacent countries compiled from Sutherland’s own notes and the observations of the most recent travellers. Title is placed in the lower left corner; mountains strongly ha-

ZIMMERMANN Carl, RITTER Carl geographer, O’ETZEL F A geographer, DELIUS H lithographer, REIMER Georg publisher; Berlin; 1840, published 1843; West Persien und Mesopotamien zu C Ritter’s Erdkunde; German; 72 × 96 cm; covers: 29°45’37°45’ N, 39°15’-52°15’ E. of Paris, Mercator projection; natural scale given 1: 1 500 000.294 This is a detailed map showing part of Persia north of 30° N and west of 52° E. of Paris. It was specially made for Prof. Ritter’s famous geographical multi-volume work Erdkunde.295 Title placed in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. There are two insets in the lower left corner above the title frame: a) Ruinen von Babylon, 11.5 × 8 cm; b) Ruinen von Nineveh by C Rich, 11 × 8 cm. 294) Loose copies in the BL: Maps 50970.(31.) and X/2942/2/1-5; copy in the SBB, Berlin: S 9230; copy in the BSB, Munich: Mapp.XIX KO-13/16. 295) Ritter, Erdkunde, West-Asien, Atlas von Asien.

Pl. 106 (E. 200) A Map of the Georgian and Persian Provinces, together with Courdistan and Babylonia, lying between the Black Sea, the Caspian and the Persian Gulf, prepared for Sir Robert Ker Porter, London, 1821; 69 × 48 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 1786.d.11, vol. 1, map folded, facing p. 1

Pl. 107 (E. 201) Map of Azerbaeejaun (Azerbaijan) and a part of Armenia and Georgia, with the Route of His Majesty’s Mission from Abooshehr (Bushehr) to the North of Persia, by James Sutherland, dedicated to Harford Jones Brydges, London, 1833; 131 × 78 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR-X/3104/1

district maps 109

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chapter two – district maps

Pl. 108 (E. 204) West Persien und Mesopotamien zu Ritter’s Erdkunde, by Carl Zimmermann, Berlin, 1840, published by Georg Reimer in 1843; 72 × 96 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 50970.(31.)

E. 205

E. 206

KIEPERT Heinrich, RITTER Carl geographer and author, MAHLMANN H lithographer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1852; untitled, showing West Persia from southern Azerbaijan to northwestern corner of the Persian Gulf; German; 48 × 36.5 cm; covers: 30°-36° N, 61°45’-67°35’ / 61°50’-67°10’ E. of Ferro (longitudes E. of Greenwich also given); no scale given, natural scale approximately 1: 1 500 000.296

KIEPERT Heinrich, RITTER Carl geographer and author, MAHLMANN H lithographer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1852; West Persien oder die westlichen Stüfenländer des Iranischen Hochlandes; German; 49 × 36.5 cm; cover: 28°-40° N, 60°20’-72°40’ / 61°20’-72° E. of Ferro (longitudes E. of Greenwich also given); two graphical scales: 73 mm to 30 Geographische Meilen, to 45 Farsangs, natural scale c. 1: 3 000 000.297, 298

This map is included in Carl Ritter’s Erdkunde, 1852 and 1854 editions. The Turco-Persian Boundary, which was just settled at that time, is marked in red. Legend placed in the lower left corner.

This map was prepared for Carl Ritter’s Erdkunde, and appeared in its 1852 and 1854 editions. There is an inset in the lower left corner entitled ‘Schiraz, Persepolis und Umgegend’, 8.5 × 13 cm, 1: 1 500 000. Title and scales placed in the upper right corner; glossary and legend above the inset.

296) Kiepert H, Atlas von Asien zu Carl Ritter’s Erdkunde, Buch 3: WestAsien, Theil 8 & Theil 9, map 25.

297) Kiepert H, Atlas von Asien zu Carl Ritter’s Erdkunde, Buch 3: WestAsien, Theil 8 & Theil 9, map 19. 298) Copies in the SBB, Berlin: S 9264, D 825 and D 826; copy in the BSB, Munich: Mapp.XIX,12 K-12; copy in the BL: IOR/X/2943/4.

district maps E. 207 KIEPERT Heinrich, WIBELE E engraver, GEOGRAPHISCHES INSTITUT WEIMAR publisher; Weimar; 1855; Die Asiatische Türkei, die Kaukasusländer und West-Persien; German; 54 × 66 cm; covers: 29°-46° N, 22°-52° / 25°-49° E. of Paris (longitudes E. of Ferro also given); two graphical scales: 40 mm to 20 Geogr. Meilen 15=1°, 36 mm to 30 Türkische Stunden (Aghatsch) 25=1°, natural scale 1: 3 600 000.299 This map covers the Black Sea, Anatolia and Eastern Mediterranean to the Caspian Sea and the north-western corner of the Persian Gulf, including Persia on west side of Meridian 49° E. of Paris. Title and scales placed in the mid-lower part of the map; legend in the upper right corner. There is an inset in the lower left corner, entitled ‘Das Syrische Küstenland am Lebanon’, 16 × 7.5 cm, 1: 1 200 000. A revised state of this map was produced in 1857, included in the Hand-Atlas der Erde, 1864.300 299) Loose copy, 1855 edition, in the BL: Maps 46970.(10.); in the SBB, Berlin: D-4500. 300) Kiepert, Hand-Atlas der Erde und des Himmels, map 51.

E. 208 KIEPERT Heinrich, KRAATZ L engraver and lithographer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1855; General-Karte des Türkischen Reiches in Europa und Asien, nebst Ungarn, SüdRussland, den Kaukasischen Ländern und West-Persien; German; 85 × 120 cm; covers: 26°10’-48°10’ N, 7°30’-56°30’ / 14°30’-49°30’ E. of Paris (longitudes E. of Ferro, and E. of Greenwich also given); three graphical scales: 47 mm to 20 Deutsche Geographische Meilen 15=1°, 21 mm to 50 Englische Meilen 69.1=1°, 29 mm to 15 Lieues oder Stunden 15=1°, natural scale 1: 3 000 000.301, 302 The graphical scales disagree with the given natural scale. This regional map covers a large area from Italy to the Caspian Sea, including the western half of Persia. It is a detailed and relatively accurate map for the time, with subsequent corrected and improved editions published in 1877 and later. 301) Copies in the BL: 1855 (first) edition: Maps 43305.(23.) ; 1877 (corrected, improved and coloured) edition: Maps 43305.(50.). 302) Copy in the SBB, Berlin, 1855 edition: D 4486.

E. 209

Pl. 109

KIEPERT Heinrich, BRUGSCH Heinrich, KRAATZ L lithographer, HINRICHS’SCHE BUCHHANDLUNG publisher; Berlin/ Leipzig; 1862; Übersichtskarte der Reise der K. Preussischen Gesandtschaft in Persien in den Jahren 1860 u. 1861, nach den Angaben von Dr. H Brugsch [General map of a journey of the Royal Prussian Embassy in Persia in the years 1860 and 1861, according to the information provided by Dr. H Brugsch]; German; 49.5 × 37 cm; covers: 28°50’-39°50’ N, 41°40’-52°10’ / 42°20’-51°20’ E. of Paris (longitudes E. of Ferro, and E. of Greenwich also given); three graphical scales: 57 mm to 20 Geographische Meilen 15=1°,

111

63 mm to 100 Englische Meilen 69.1=1°, 77 mm to 40 Persische Farsakh (Parasangen) 22.5=1°, natural scale 1: 2 000 000.303 Title placed in the upper right and scales in the lower left corners; the graphical scales differ slightly from the given natural scale. There is one inset below the title, showing Teheran eastwards to the Demavand (Damavand), 4 × 10 cm, 1: 1 000 000. Another version of this map appeared in 1863 on a smaller scale of 1: 3 000 000, 30 × 42 cm.304 303) Brugsch Heinrich, map at the back of vol. 1. 304) Loose copy in the SBB, Berlin: 1862 edition: S 9266a; 1863 edition: S 9267.

E. 210

MS

WILLIAMS William Fenwick, HANDLEY Benjamin; London; 1853; Map to illustrate a Report by H[er] B[ritannic] M[ajesty’s] Commissioner Lieut.-Col. Williams...on Mohammera and its adjacent Provinces, manuscript drawn by B Handley, March 1853; English; 64 × 58 cm; covers: 28°-38° N, 43°30’-54°30’ / 44°54° E; one graphical scale: 180 mm to 180 geographical miles, natural scale approximately 1: 1 850 000.305 This MS map shows west Persia, focusing on Khuzistan, but extended northwards to Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea, and eastwards to Teheran, Isfahan and Shiraz. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. 305) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran Div.6.

E. 211

Pl. 110 and Pl. 111

MS

GERARD M J Colonel, perhaps England; 1886; untitled, a map of Mesopotamia and Persia, surveyed and compiled between January 1882 and August 1886; English; a twelve-sheet manuscript map, for size see the ‘Table’ below; scale 1 inch to 4 miles, or 1: 253 440, index map on sheet I, 1: 6 336 000.306 Table showing size (printed area) and the main city of each of the 12 sheets of Gerard’s manuscript map Sheet No.

Size in cm

Main Place etc.

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

65 × 98 66 × 101 65 × 101 65 × 98 65 × 92 54 × 57 65 × 97 66 × 101 66 × 100 66 × 98 66 × 98 66 × 98

Baghdad, Iraq, includes an index map Hamadan Rasht, Kasvin Kashan Isfahan Shiraz, Bushire Kirkuk, Iraq Sultan–Abad Northern Iraq, Western Azarbaijan Lake Urmia, lower part Lake Urmia, upper part

illustrated – – illustrated – – – – – – – –

Every sheet has been signed by Colonel M J Gerard. It is a detailed map, covering part of Mesopotamia and western Persia. Apparent-

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Pl. 109 (E. 209) General map of a journey of the Royal Prussian Embassy in Persia in 1860 and 1861, by H Kiepert, Leipzig/Berlin, 1862; 49.5 × 37 cm; By Permission of the British Library: ORW 1986.A.1655, vol. 1, map at the back of the book

ly it was not intended for printing, but contains useful geographical information, focused along the travelled and surveyed routes. 306) Twelve-sheet MS Map in the BL: Maps 48495.(44.).

E. 212

Pl. 112

BINDER Henri, QUANTIN publisher; Paris; 1887; Carte du Kurdistan Géorgie, Arménie, Mésopotamie et Perse-Occidentale, Frontières Turco-Persanes; French; 42 × 37 cm; covers: 29°10’-43°20’ N, 35°20’-52°50’ / 37°-51°30’ E. of Paris; one graphical scale: 100 mm to 400 km, natural scale 1: 4 000 000.307 This map was made by H Binder, benefiting from Russian and British maps and those by Kiepert, Stieler and Johnston, to which the author’s itinerary (routes) was added. Title placed in the upper right, legend and scale in the lower left, corner. 307) Binder Henri, map at the back of the book. Copy in the RGS: Library, 712XC; copy in the BL: 10075.k.1.

E. 213 MORGAN Jacques de author, LEROUX Ernest publisher; Paris; 1895; Portes du Zagros; French; 19 × 12 cm; covers part of west Persia; natural scale 1: 1 375 000.308, 309 Shows part of the mountainous region in west Persia, focusing on Khalman. A few ancient sites are marked in red. Title placed in the upper margin; mountains hachured. 308) Morgan J de, Mission Scientifique en Perse, 1895. 309) Loose copy in the BL: Maps 51140.(7.), folio 7.

E. 214

Pl. 113

HOUTUM-SCHINDLER310 A General, WELLER Francis Sidney lithographer, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher, MURRAY John publisher; London; 1896; Map of Eastern Persian Irak, to accompany the memoir by General A Houtum-Schindler; English; 57 × 33.5 cm; covers: 32°30’-36°10’ N, 50°-52°40’ E; two graphical scales: 64.5 mm to 30 statute miles, 53.5 mm to 40 km, natural scale given 1: 750 000, altitudes in feet.311

district maps

Pl. 110 (E.211) MS Gerard’s manuscript map of part of Mesopotamia and western Persia, sheet I, East of Baghdad, which includes an index map to the twelve sheets, 1886; 65 × 98 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 48495.(44.), sh. I

Pl. 111 (E. 211) MS Gerard’s manuscript map of part of Mesopotamia and western Persia, sheet IV (main cities: Rasht and Kasvin), 1886; 65 × 98 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 48495.(44.), sh. IV

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Pl. 112 (E. 212) Carte du Kurdistan, Géorgie, Arménie, Mésopotamie et Perse-Occidentale, Frontières Turco-Persanes, by Henri Binder, published by Quantin, Paris, 1887; 42 × 37 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 10075.k.1, map at the back of the book

Pl. 113 (E. 214) Map of Eastern Persian Irak, to accompany the memoir by General A HoutumSchindler, published by the RGS and John Murray, London, 1896; 57 × 33.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Ac.6170/13, map at the back of the book

114 chapter two – district maps

district maps Covers an area from Teheran southwards to Isfahan. Title and scales placed in the lower left corner; mountains shaded. There is an inset, in the middle-right part of the map, entitled ‘Environs of Teheran’, 17 × 15 cm, scale 1: 500 000. 310) For information about Houtum-Schindler see description preceding E. 467. 311) Houtum-Schindler, Eastern Persian Irak, map at the back of the book.

E. 215 FEUVRIER Jean Baptiste physician and author, DRUILLET J draughtsman, JUVEN F publisher; Paris; 1899; Perse Région Ouest; French; 10 × 15 cm; centred on 36° N, 43°45’-49°45’ E. of Paris; one graphical scale: 27 mm to 100 km, natural scale approximately 1: 3 700 000.312 This map shows the provinces Kurdistan and Luristan and part of Irak Ajami (central Persia) to Teheran and Isfahan. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. For information on Dr. J B Feuvrier see the description preceding E. 122. 312) Feuvrier J B, 1899, map 4, p. 369; copy in the BL: 10076.dd.24.

E. 216 FEUVRIER Jean Baptiste physician and author, DRUILLET J draughtsman, JUVEN F publisher; Paris; 1899; Perse, Carte d’Assemblage; French; 15 × 10 cm; one graphical scale: 14 mm to 100 km, natural scale approximately 1: 7 000 000.313 This map shows the regions of Persia visited and routes travelled by Dr. Feuvrier in Persia. For information on Dr. J B Feuvrier see the description preceding E. 122.

115

one graphical scale: 79 mm to 100 statute miles, natural scale 1: 2 000 000.315 This lithographed map was first published as a separate flat sheet; also as a dissected and mounted-on-cloth folded into the back of ‘Notes to accompany the map of Eastern Turkey-in-Asia, Syria and West Persia’, published by the RGS in January 1910. According to these notes, “The area included on this map does not correspond with any definite political division, but includes parts of Turkey, [Ottoman Empire], Russia, and Persia, and forms a central area between Constantinople on the west and Teheran on the east… In West Persia, the important province of Azerbaijan is shown adjoining the Russian frontier, with the provinces of Persian Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Hamadan, Luristan and Khuzistan... As regards the material used in the compilation of the map… Kurdistan and the central part of the map have been taken from the map already published in the [RGS] Journal for August, 1906… Recent information regarding West Persia is somewhat scanty, and much survey work remains to be done… A German traveller, Mr. A. F. Stahl, supplies the most recent information, and Prof. de Morgan’s Mission Scientifique en Perse has enabled some blank spaces to be filled in.” The subsequent states of this map appeared in July 1912, November 1915, July 1916 with the railway Julfa-Tabriz (Persia) added, July 1917, September 1917, November 1917 and January 1921. This map is also the basis map for a later historical map (see E. 25) and for an ethnological map (see E. 719). 315) Copy in the BL, 1917 edition: Maps 203.e.20; copy in the TNA, 1917 edition: FO 925/41127; seven copies in the RGS, 1910 basic map with revised states until 1921: Map Room, Asia Div.105 and Div.145. I am very thankful to Mr. Francis Herbert for providing detailed information on the different states and versions of this map.

E. 219 313) Feuvrier J B, 1899, map at the front of the book. Copy in the BL: 10076. dd.24.

E. 217

Blueprint

ANONYMOUS; Hamadan; original: 1910, this blueprint: 1916; untitled, showing the area between Hamadan and Kum (Qom), Sultanabad and Burudschird (Boroujerd); French; 36 × 55 cm; covers: 34° N, 48°-51° E; natural scale 1: 600 000.314 This must be a rare map, as only one copy could be located, with little information about it. The surveyor (mapmaker) must have been of German, or French, origin. 314) Copy in the SBB, Berlin: D 9527, blueprint (Lichtpause) on paper, supported by cloth.

E. 218 ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY; London; 1910; Map of Eastern Turkey in Asia, Syria and Western Persia; English; 71 × 74 cm; covers: 29°20’-41°40’ N, 32°50’-50°10’ / 34°-49° E;

MS and Photographic Reproduction

PREUSSER Leutnant (Lieutenant), DEUTSCHE IRAK-GRUPPE KARTOGR. ABTEILUNG DER KGL.-PREUSS. LANDESAUFNAHME [German Iraq-Group, Cartographic Section of the Royal Prussian Land Survey]; Berlin; 1916-1917; Uhr-Taschenkompass Aufnahme 14. Juli – 15. August; German; manuscript and photographic reproduction each in 4 sheets (see below); scale of manuscripts 1: 100 000, of photographs 1: 200 000.316 The reduced photographs were made in 1917 by the Cartographic Section of the Royal Prussian Land Survey. They cover an area southwest, south and southeast of city of Chanekin (Khanaqin), close to the border of Iran and Iraq. Title placed in the lower left corner of sheet one, mountains contoured. The sizes of the reduced photographic sheets are as follows: sheet one: 45 × 45 cm; sheet two: 45 × 45 cm, extending towards east and overlapping with sheet one; sheet three: 29 × 30 cm, extending towards east and touching the edge of sheet two; sheet four: 9 × 29 cm, extending towards south and overlapping with sheet two. 316) Copy of the photographic reduced reproduction in the SBB, Berlin: D 6303, 4 sheets.

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chapter two – district maps E. 220

Photographic Reproduction of MS

PREUSSER Lieutenant, ANDRAE W Captain, BACHMANN Lieutenant, DEUTSCHE IRAK-GRUPPE KARTOGR. ABTEILUNG DER KGL.-PREUSS. LANDESAUFNAHME [German Iraq-Group, Cartographic Section of the Royal Prussian Land Survey]; Berlin; 1917/MS 1916; Fingierter Titel [Bogus Title]: Routenkarte der Gegend Kerkuk, Suleimaniye, Tengwin, Kifri, Kaneqin, Kerind, Mendeli, Baquba; German; 65 × 92 cm; covers: 33°30’-35° N, 44°30’-46°45’ E; natural scale 1: 250 000.317 This photographic reproduction of a manuscript original covers small parts of Mesopotamia and western Persia, based on the surveys carried out by Preusser, Andrae and Bachmann, working for the Iraq-Group of the Cartographic Section, Royal Prussian Land Survey. Title was added later; ‘Notes’ placed in the lower right corner; mountains hachured.

E. 222 NAPIER G S F Lieut.-Col., ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1919; Part of Western Persia, Sketch Map showing Tribal Divisions; English; 10 × 16 cm; covers: 33°37’35°23’ N, 44°33’-48° E; two graphical scales: 33 mm to 40 miles, 30 mm to 60 km, natural scale 1: 2 000 000. This sketch map was prepared to illustrate the paper ‘The Road from Baghdad to Baku, Lieut.-Col. G S F Napier, lately British Military Attaché at Tehran’ and appeared in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.319 The Persian tribal names and locations in the region of Zohab and the neighbouring territories are noted. It can also be considered as a tribal, or route, map. Title and scales placed in the upper left corner. 319) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 53, 1919 (Jan.-June), map: p. 9, text: pp. 9-19. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, GJ-RGS, vol. 53, 1919.

317) Photographic copy in the SBB, Berlin: D 6205.

E. 223 E. 221 PERRY W E Captain; Baghdad; 1917; Western Persia, Parts of Kirmánshah, Provisional Field Edition, from Field Surveys by the Western Persia Survey Party, 1917; English; map in seven sheets, sheets 2-5 trimmed and pasted together as one sheet of 57 × 135 cm (RGS copy), sheets 1, 6 and 7 not present; sheets 2-5 cover: 34°-34°30’ N, 45°40’-47°30’ E; one graphical scale on each sheet: 127 mm to 10 miles (1 inch to 2 miles), or 1: 126 720.318 This is a large-scale map of Kirmanshah area in seven sheets, with an index to adjoining sheets, information on roads, trees, etc. and references on each sheet. Title placed in the upper margin; index map, scale and notes in the lower margin of each sheet; relief by contours and spot-heights. “Reproduced by Survey Party M.E.F. [Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force] No. 170, 22.2.18 [22nd February 1918].” 318) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran D.21.

DUNSTERVILLE General, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1921; Sketch Map of Western Persia to illustrate General Dunsterville’s Route from Baghdad to the Caspian; English; 12.5 × 12.5 cm; covers: 28°-40° N, 42°-59° / 43°40’-57°45’ E; one graphical scale: 28 mm to 200 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 11 500 000. This map was prepared to accompany the paper ‘From Baghdad to the Caspian in 1918, by General Dunsterville’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.320 It covers western and central Persia, on which the route of General Dunsterville is marked, thus it can also be considered as a route map. Title printed in the lower margin; scale in the lower left corner; mountains shaded. 320) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 57, 1921 (Jan.-June), map facing p. 156, text on pp. 153-166. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, GJ-RGS, vol. 57, 1921.

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CHAPTER THREE CASPIAN SEA AND ITS PERSIAN SHORES

Russia and Western Europe. Practices such as the use of projections, coordinates and nautical scales were readily adopted. Surveyors were trained, and received specialised naval education at the Moscow Mathematical-Navigational School (from 1701) and the St. Petersburg Naval Academy (from 1715).330 Foreign experts were invited and employed from Western Europe to cooperate with the Russians.

Historical Background In ancient Greek cartography the Caspian Sea was shown as a Gulf, branching out of the encircling (northern) ocean. Strabo’s reconstructed map of the inhabited world is a good example of such presentations.321, 322 Ptolemy, however, depicted the Caspian as an inland sea, close to an oval shape,323 with the longer axis stretching from east to west. It borders Persia in its lower part and Tartary and Russia in the upper part (see Pl. 114).

The accurate charting of the Caspian Sea was one of the major scientific achievements of Peter’s reign. In 1715, he ordered Aleksandr Bekovich Cherkassky and A Kozhin to survey and produce new charts of the Caspian. They worked on this project until 1718, when two other officers, Fyodor Soymonov and Carl (Karl) van Verden (van Werden) took over. By 1720 the charting of the world’s largest salt lake was completed with unusual speed. In February 1721 the Tsar sent a copy of the new Russian chart (known in Western Europe as Van Verden’s map) to the Academy of Sciences in Paris as a mark of gratitude for being elected a member (on 22nd December 1717) of that prestigious institution.

In classical Islamic societies the Caspian was depicted as an inland sea, often in a symbolic form like a circle. However, Jayhani, a vizier (minister, or high-ranking statesman) to the Samanids (10th century) and the author of Ashkal al-`Alam [Shapes of the World], drew the Caspian Sea in the form of a rectangle (see Pl. 115), the longer side of which stretched from south to north.324 This depiction agrees with the description of the Caspian Sea in the Regions of the World, written by an unknown Persian geographer in the 982 AD: “Another sea is the Sea of the Khazars…its length is 400 farsangs, with a breadth of 400 farsangs.”325, 326 Although the length of a farsang, as meant by the author, cannot be precisely established, it is evident that he visualised the shape of the Caspian as a square which is closer to its real form.

The Russian chart received widespread recognition throughout Western Europe. Guillaume Delisle published his version of this map in 1721 in Paris (see E. 231 and Pl. 123) and Reinier Ottens reprinted Delisle’s map with minor changes in 1723 in Amsterdam (see E. 233 and Pl. 125). The publication of J B Homann’s world atlas in 1725 in Nuremberg, showing the new Russian map of the Caspian Sea repeatedly (shown in its world map, map of Asia, general map of Russia, general map of Persia and as a separate map of the Caspian Sea), did more than anything else to advertise Russia’s new cartographic achievement.

In the early Renaissance period Gastaldi followed Ptolemy’s tradition, depicting the Caspian Sea in an oval shape (see Pl. 116) with the longer axis stretching from east to west.327 During the sixteenth and the early seventeenth centuries western surveyors and cartographers had virtually no direct access to the Caspian Sea and, therefore, followed Gastaldi’s map, making cosmetic changes to it. The first real change came during the 1630s, when Olearius travelled the western coast of the Caspian from the mouth of the river Volga to Persia. He produced a rectangular shape,328 (see Pl. 117) looking like an improved version of Jayhani’s map.329

Meanwhile, Soymonov continued his surveys of the Caspian. Atlas i Lotsiya Kaspiyskogo Morya [Atlas and Sailing Directions of the Caspian Sea] marks the start of specialized and scientific hydrographic surveys in Russia. This atlas’s first chart is one of the Caspian Sea by Soymonov in which the entire northern coast differs visibly from that of Van Verden. Colonel J G Gerber from Brandenburg entered the Russian service in 1710. As early as 1722, he began to survey the west coast of the Caspian Sea, mapping the adjacent regions, but not the coast line itself. He finally submitted his map in 1733 to the Academy; it was printed in 1735 in Russian and in Latin.

Two of the states neighbouring the Caspian Sea, namely Persia and Tartary, for whatever reasons, showed little interest in exploring and surveying these waters. But the Russian Tsars, particularly Aleksey (Alexis) Mikhaylovich (ruled 1645-76), were eager to navigate and chart the Caspian Sea. Aleksey built a fleet on the Volga and tried to force his way into the Caspian. Peter the Great (ruled 1689-1725) had obviously inherited from his father Aleksey an interest in this Sea which became the object of survey and exploration from the early years of his reign.

Later other maps of the Caspian appeared, giving slightly different shapes to this Sea, such as the map by Captain Philip Johann Wm. Strahlenberg in 1730, and another map by P de la Croix in 1750, both working in Russia. In 1730, Lieutenant Aleksey Nagayev was

Peter the Great established close cartographic contacts between

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chapter three – caspian sea and its persian shores

Pl. 114 Seventh Map of Asia, by Ptolemy (reconstructed), Cosmographia, De Lapis edition, Bologna, 1477, second state; 32 × 52 cm, vertical and horizontal axes of the Caspian Sea are about 10 × 16 cm; By Permission of the British Library, C.3.d.5, map (pencilled) No. 21

Pl. 115 Jayhani’s tenth-century map of the Caspian Sea, from a later manuscript copy of Ashkal al-`Alam, taken from Mappae Arabicae, by Conrad Miller, c. 17 × 11 cm, Stuttgart, 1926; From the Author’s Collection (facsimile)

caspian sea and its persian shores

119

Pl. 116 Detail of Gastaldi’s First Map of Asia (1559), De Jode edition, Antwerpen, 1577; longer axis, east-west, approximately 14.5 cm; shorter axis, south-north, approximately 6 cm; From the Authors Collection: CA 110

Pl. 117 Detail of Olearius Map of Persia, 1647, English edition, showing the Caspian Sea, London, 1662; Caspian Sea approximately 13 × 10 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 70

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Pl. 118 (E. 224) An untitled map, showing the Caspian Sea, by Thomas Herbert, London, 1638; 7 × 13 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 192

sent to Astrakhan to obtain a description of the Caspian Sea, despite the fact that such work had been already carried out by Soymonov. In 1745, Mate I Konstantinov and Lieutenant D Bezobrazov surveyed the northern coast of the Caspian, and also Captain Tokmachof, chief of the Astrakhan Port, explored the north-eastern section of it. He charted the Astrabad Bay on the Persian coast in 1765. Güldenstedt worked along the coast during 1771-73, and published an article in a Church Calendar, with a new map of the Caspian Sea (see E. 245 and Pl. 135). Karl Hablitzl participated in Voynovich’s naval expedition to the Caspian in 1781-82 and made a new chart. Based on these materials, General Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Chief of the Drawing Office in the Admiralty College prepared a manuscript atlas of the Caspian Sea, consisting of fifteen artistically produced charts. Covering the ever-changing shape of the Caspian Sea in the course of its history requires a separate book. Many different names, given to this greatest inland sea of the world, need also a separate investigation. Most of these names derive from the names of the peoples living around it, or the cities built along its shores. The Caspians were an ancient people dwelling along the southwestern shores of the Sea. This name survives perhaps in the name of Qazvin.331 The local Persian name, Darya-ye Khazar, derives from the Khazers, people who were living from the second to the tenth centuries in the north-western and western territories of the lake, north of Persia. 332 The most important charts of the Caspian Sea have been seleted for description. These were produced during our chosen time-span,

showing solely the Caspian Sea or with its immediate neighbouring regions. 321) Bunbury, vol. 2, map facing p. 238. 322) Alai, 2005, Pl. 2, p. 2. 323) Ptolemy, 1477, Pl. Asia-7. 324) Miller, 1926, Tafel 69-XVI. 325) Regions of the world, 1982, English translation, section 3, p. 53. 326) Hudud al-‘Alam, Persian, p. 13. 327) Alai, 2005, Pl. 44, detail, p. 71. 328) Alai, 2005, Pl. 98, detail, p. 140; also see pages 135-139 for description of Olearius’ map and its different versions. 329) Bagrow believes that the Dutch skipper Cornelius Clausen Koek, who was charged in 1640 with supervising journeymen and draughtsmen for the construction of fortifications at Terki, could be reasonably assumed the author of the map of the Caspian Sea which Olearius included in his book (Bagrow, p. 68) However, Olearius never mentioned Clausen as the source of his map, or even a contributor to it. Instead, he referred to the local Persian astronomers and mapmakers and to his own observations. Besides, in 1640, Olearius was back in Gottorf preparing his book, and it is unlikely that he had received a copy of Clausen’s manuscript drawing of the Caspian Sea, which was made after 1640. 330) The main part of the historical information about the Russian cartography of the Caspian Sea is taken from Bagrow, pp. 64-70 and 111-117 and 223-225. 331) Schmitt, Entry ‘Caspians’. 332) Mosahab, vol. 1, pp. 894-895.

E. 224

Pl. 118

HERBERT Thomas; London; 1638; untitled, on the map: The Caspian Sea; English; 7 × 13 cm.333

caspian sea and its persian shores

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Pl. 119 (E. 225) Marine chart wherein is described the Caspian Sea and the Islands and other Lands, by John Jansz Struys, 1668; this plate shows the 1681 French edition; 29 × 35.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: V21169, map between pp. 218 and 219

It is a schematic mini-map, showing the Caspian Sea in a near rectangular shape. Herbert gives a lengthy description of the Caspian in his book: “…It has three-thousand English miles compasse [circumference] from Farrabat [Farah-Abad in Persia] to Astracan [in Russia], or from North to South are six-hundred miles [correct figure being c. seven hundred miles], from East to West about sevenhundred [correct figure being c. two hundred and seventy miles].” These figures are much closer to reality than those suggested by Ptolemy. Considering that at that time Olearius was travelling in Persia, and a few years later he published a new map depicting the Caspian Sea in a rectangular shape, the importance of Herbert’s map becomes clear. 333) Herbert Thomas, p. 180.

E. 225

Pl. 119

STRUYS Jean Jansen (Iean Iansen), MEURS Jacob van publisher; Amsterdam; 1668; Carte Marine ou est décrite La Mer Caspienne et Les Iles et autres Terres qui s’y trouvent suivant les observations fait par Iean Iansen Struys, l’An 1668 [Marine chart wherein is described the Caspian Sea and the Islands and other Lands there; the observations made by Iean Iansen Struys in the year

1668]; French (original edition in Dutch); 29 × 35.5 cm; covers: 37°-47°30’ N, longitudes not given; two graphical scales: 42 mm to 20 Milliaria Germanica, 39 mm to 25 Milliaria Gallica Communia. On this chart ‘east’ is at the top. Scale cartouche is placed in the upper right and title cartouche in the lower left corners. A view of ‘de Stadt Urvan of Ervan’ [the city Yerevan], in form of a triangle of about 7 × 15 cm, with ‘Mont d’Ararath’ in the background, can be seen in the mid-lower part of the map. Bagrow writes: “Olearius’ map of the Caspian Sea is followed closely by one made in 1669-70 by Jan Struys. Although the map carries the date 1668, we know that it was not until 1669 that Struys came to Russia, and it was another seven years before it was included in his book [1676]. The book is a description of Russia and the Caspian Sea. Upon the invitation of Tsar Aleksey Mikhaylovich [father of Peter the Great], Struys came from Holland to Russia in 1669 to serve as sail-maker in the construction of the ship Orel… He divides the Sea into two parts: a shallow northern part called ‘Mare Caspium’, and a deeper southern part called ‘Mare de Zale’… In the northern section he shows the island ‘Kallolee’ which so far had not appeared on any other map. Struys was able to determine the latitude of Astrakhan (46°22’), Trek (43°27’)…, and to measure various depths of the Sea. While his map did not enjoy a wide

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Pl. 120 (E. 226) The Caspian Sea, from Dr. Olfert Dapper’s Geography, published by Jacob van Meurs, Amsterdam, 1672; 29 × 35 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 983.h.9, map in section ‘Persie’, between pp. 60 and 61

circulation, it was a step forward, and for nearly fifty years was evidently considered one of the best charts of the Caspian Sea.” 334

Russian; 29 × 35 cm; covers: 37°-47°30’ N, 69°-77° E. of Ferro; one graphical scale: 31 mm to 15 Schale van 15 Duytsche Mylen.

The Dutch edition (first state) of this map is dated 1668, entitled ‘Zee Kaert verthonende de Caspische Zee ende inleggende Eylanden, drooghte ende de Steden daer aen gheleghen getekent door Ian Iansen Struys int Jaar 1668’. The German edition appeared in 1678, the French edition335 (described here in detail) in 1681, and the English edition entitled ‘A New Card [Chart] of the Caspian Sea drawn by John Jansz Struys in the year 1668’ was published in 1684.336 A slightly different copy of this map in manuscript, entitled ‘Mer Caspienne ou de Zale’, is included in the Joannis Petri Gentil’s composite atlas.337 In 1717, Van Keulen copied this map and published it as a separate enlarged sea chart.338

This is a transitional map of the Caspian Sea between the Olearius tradition and the Van Verden version. It is included in Dapper’s Asia of Naukeurige Beschryving…van Geheel Persie….339 John Ogilby’s Asia, the first part being an accurate description of Persia…, published in 1673 in London, is partly based on Dapper’s Geography and contains another version of this map.340 A German translation of Dapper’s book by J C Bearn, published by ‘Verlag Johann Hoffmann’s Kunst- und Buchhandlers’ in 1681 in Nuremberg, includes a new engraving of this map by S G Hipschmann.341The same map with a modified title cartouche and some other changes appeared in La Galerie Agréable… (in French) by Van der Aa in 1729 (see E. 235). The text of Dapper’s map is silent on its origin. But in his description of Georgia he states that, by order of the Tsar, Clausen fortified Terki on the Caspian Sea. He also includes a plan of these fortifications in his book. This indicates that the original Russian drawing of his map had some connection with the builder of these fortifications. Bagrow, therefore, assumes that the source of Dapper’s map may have been a drawing by Cornelius Clausen Koek.342, 343

334) 335) 336) 337) 338)

Bagrow, pp. 68 and 70. Struys, 1681, map between pp. 218 and 219. Struys, 1684, map between pp. 222 and 223. Gentil, vol. 2, map 16. Bagrow, p. 70.

E. 226

Pl. 120

DAPPER Olfert author and historian, MEURS Jacob van publisher; Amsterdam; 1672; Paskaert vande Caspise Zee; Dutch /

339) Dapper, 1672, map in section ‘Persien’ between pp. 60 and 61. 340) Ogilby, 1673.

caspian sea and its persian shores 341) Dapper, 1681, map between pp. 48 and 49. 342) Bagrow, p. 68. 343) For more detailed information about the above sources consult Alai 2005, General Maps of Persia, E. 87, References: 223-225, pp. 82 and 83.

E. 227

MS

KAEMPFER (KÄMPFER) Engelbert; Germany; 1684/1685; untitled, showing the Caspian Sea; sheet: 44.5 × 33 cm; covers the Caspian Sea and neighbouring territories; no scale given.344 On this manuscript sketch ‘east’ is at the top; the province Ghilan (Gilan) and part of Persia on the right side of the map. 344) Original sketches of Dr. Engelbert Kaempfer, drawn during his journeys through Moscovy, Persia and East India, 1684-1685, in the BL: MS Sloane 5232, folio 24.

E. 228

MS

BRUCE Peter Henry; Russia; early 18th century, about 1710-15; untitled, A Survey of the Caspian Sea; Russian, later added notes in English; 45 × 27 cm.345 The shape of the Caspian Sea, as surveyed and drawn by P H Bruce, is closer to Van Verden’s map (1720) than any other preceding map, indicating the high quality of his survey. Although never published, it may have served as an important step in discovering the correct outline of the Caspian. It is not illustrated in this volume, because of the poor condition of the manuscript. According to later notes added on the right margin of the chart: “This MS Map of the Caspian was in the military portfolio of Peter Henry Bruce captain of engineers in the service of Peter the Great, and by whose orders he made an actual survey of the Caspian. Hence, probably this is an autograph of the very first scientific survey of that great inland lake or sea... [A few place names] have been inserted by R Kerr to whom this map was given by Fredrick Bruce, son of Peter Henry Bruce, about the year 1785. It is now presented [to the British Museum, now British Library] as a mark of friendship, respect and esteem to principal Playfair by Mr. Kerr..., 15 Aug. 1807.” Peter Henry Bruce (1670-1737) was born a Prussian of Scottish descent. He served long in the army of Russia under Peter the Great... Succeeding to the family estate...he came to Britain, and died an engineer in the British army.”346 345) MS in the BL: IOR X/10155. 346) For more information about Peter Henry Bruce see: Tooley, new edition, vol. 1 (A-D), pp. 198-199.

E. 229

Pl. 121

ANONYMOUS RUSSIAN CARTOGRAPHIC AUTHORITIES; Russia; around 1719; Mare Caspium (on the map); Latin; 35 × 35.5 cm; covers: 33°-51° N, longitudes not given; two graphical scales: 57 mm to 240 Versta Moscovitica 80=1°, to 180 Milliaria Persica 16=1°.347

123

This map is apparently cut from a larger plate, with the two scalebars added to it. There is a picture in the lower left corner, showing four people marked a-d (missing), and five others marked e-i. The descriptions of these nine persons (a-i) are missing as well, indicating that the sheet must have been longer to contain the missing figures and descriptions. The shape of the Caspian Sea indicates that the map was drawn before Van Verden’s survey was completed. The map also includes Mare Stralscoe (Aral Sea); a large compass rose is placed in the middle of the Caspian Sea. 347) Copy in the BL: K.Top.114, sheet 48.

E. 230

Pl. 122

VAN VERDEN (VAN WERDEN) Carl (Karl), SOYMONOV Fyodor; KOZHIN A, BEKOVICH-CHERKASSKY Aleksandr, PETER THE GREAT Tsar supreme supervisor and coordinator; St. Petersburg; 1720; Title in Russian: Kartina ploskaya Kaspiyskogo morya ot ust’ya Yarkovskogo do zaliva Astrabadskago, po meridianu vozvyshayetsya v gradusakh i minutakh, glubina v sazhenyakh i futakh, with hand-written English free translation on a copy of the map kept in the BL: [A plane chart of the Caspian Sea from the mouth of Yarkhofski, or the Ashtrachan bank at the entrance of the Wolga (Volga), with the depth of water in fathoms348 and feet, printed in St. Petersburg in the year 1720]; Russian; 149 × 69.5 cm; covers: 36°20’-49° N; two graphical scales: 95 mm to 15 Maritime Dutch (Holland) miles 15=1°, 95 mm to 20 English Leagues349 20=1°.350 Dr. Aleksey V. Postnikov has given a more correct translation of the title: “Plan (Plane) map of the Caspian Sea from the mouth of the Yarka to Astrabat Bay along a meridian measured in degrees and minutes and its depths in fathom and feet”.351 This large map is the first printed chart of the Caspian Sea, utilising Van Verden’s and other surveys, showing a new and accurate shape of this largest lake of the world. It became the basis for several maps of the Caspian Sea, published during the 1720s and later by Delisle, Ottens, Homann, Seutter, Moll and others. On this map south is at the top, title and scale cartouche on the mid-left side. Four compass points, five sailing ships, and two rowing boats can be seen on the Caspian Sea. There are eight inset maps placed around the Caspian Sea. They are here numbered 1 to 8 clockwise, beginning with the one in the upper right corner, and are described according to the information contained in the map: 1) The Mouth of the River Kurr (Kura); depths in feet; 13 × 10 cm; no scale given. 2) The Channel of Apcheron and Road for Ships; depths in feet; 33 × 13 cm; one graphical scale: 78 mm to one Dutch maritime mile. 3) The Mouth of the River Sebdure (Sebdura); depths in feet; 31.5 × 19 cm; one graphical scale: 95 mm to one Dutch maritime mile. 4) The Bay of Yenzeli (Anzali), or Zinzelle Lake; depths in feet; 32 × 34 cm; one graphical scale: 75 mm to one Dutch maritime mile.

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Pl. 121 (E. 229) Mare Caspium, by Anonymous Russian Cartographic Authorities, Russia, around 1719; 35 × 35.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps K.Top.114, sheet 48

caspian sea and its persian shores

Pl. 122 (E. 230) A Russian Chart of the Caspian Sea, the first printed, based on Van Verden’s and other surveys, known as Van Verden’s map of the Caspian Sea, St. Petersburg, 1720; 149 × 69.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps K.Top114, sheet 49b (Roll)

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5) The depth of the Mouth of the River Krudosalee (Krudosel) in feet; 16 × 16 cm; no scale given. 6) The depth of the Mouth of the River Astar (Astara) in feet; 18 × 12.5 cm; no scale given. 7) The Bay of Astrabad; depths in feet; 27.5 × 24.5 cm, one graphical scale: 75 mm to one Dutch maritime mile. 8) The Bay of Baku; depths in fathoms; 28 × 18 cm; one graphical scale: 78 mm to one Dutch maritime mile. This chart was a turning point in the mapping of the Caspian Sea and therefore may be considered as the most important map ever produced of these waters. It initiated the redrawing of maps of Russia, Persia, Middle East, Asia etc., showing the new shape of the Caspian Sea. It became a hall-mark for recognising whether a map of this region was made before or after 1720, although a few older maps continued to be published unchanged for a while after 1720. Short history of the making of this special and important map: In 1715, Aleksandr Bekovich Cherkassky left Astrakhan to survey the Caspian Sea. He and his accompanying naval officers made a chart of the east coast, which was presented to the Tsar Peter the Great. At this stage Bekovich was given another assignment, while the Caspian survey was to be continued by Kozhin and Travin. They completed the surveying of the east coast under the direction of Prince Urosov, and the results were sent to St. Petersburg in 1718. In January 1719, Tsar ordered Lieutenant-Captain Carl van Verden to survey the west coast of the Caspian from Astrakhan southwards. Lieutenant Fyodor Soymonov, Johan Rental and a few other surveyors accompanied him. During the survey Van Verden determined the latitudes of twelve points, and Soymonov of one other point. In autumn 1720, a chart of the whole length of the west and south coasts (Astrakhan to Astrabad) was completed and sent to St. Petersburg. The Tsar ordered the earlier material of Bekovich and Kozhin to be integrated in order to make a complete chart. It was then engraved on copperplate and printed. In early 1721 Peter the Great sent Schuhmacher, the Head of the St. Petersburg Library to Paris, to present a copy of this new map, with a letter signed by him, to the Académie des Sciences, in appreciation of his election (22nd Dec. 1717) as a member of that prestigious institution. Everybody was pleasantly surprised at the new map, because the new outline of the Caspian Sea was quite different from what was known to the contemporary geographers.352 348) One fathom is equal to six feet. 349) One league is equal to three miles. 350) There are two copies of this map in the BL: a) with no translation: Maps K.Top114, sheet 49a (Roll); b) with later hand-written translation of the more important inscriptions from Russian into English: Maps K.Top114, sheet 49b (Roll). The name of the translator and the time of the translation are unknown to this author. 351) Postnikov, p. 81. 352) Bagrow, pp. 112-114.

méridien de Paris par Guillaume Delisle Premier Géographe du Roy de Académie Royale des Sciences (inside a decorative cartouche in the upper left corner, upper sheet) [Chart of the Caspian Sea, surveyed on orders of His Tsarist Majesty, by Mr. Carl Van Verden in 1719, 1720 and 1721, and adjusted to the meridian of Paris by Guillaume Delisle, First Geographer to the King of the Royal Academy of Sciences] and subtitle: Coste de Perse sur la Mer Caspiene et Partie de celles de Tartarie (in the upper margin, lower sheet); French; a two-sheet map, upper sheet: 46 × 62 cm, lower sheet: 44 × 62 cm, total: 100 × 62 cm; covers: upper sheet: 42°-48°20’ N, lower sheet: 36°20’-42° N, no longitudes given; four graphical scales: 100 mm to 35 Lieues Communes de France 25=1°, 108 mm to 30 Lieues Marines de France 20=1°, 95 mm to 20 Lieues Marines de Hollande 15=1°, 108 mm to 90 Milles Marines 60=1°, water depths in Brasses 1=5 ft.353 Besides the title cartouche in the upper left corner there is a second decorative cartouche in the upper right corner, containing information about the scales used in the main map and the insets for measuring water depths. The scale cartouche is placed in the midright part of sheet 2. The same eight insets of the original Van Verden chart of 1720 (E. 230), with minor changes, are differently arranged around the Caspian Sea on both sheets. Unlike the original Van Verden map here north is at the top, and the descriptions are in French. If we number the insets 1-8 clockwise, beginning with the one in the upper right corner, the following table gives their equivalent numbers in the original Van Verden Russian chart:354 Delisle, 1721

Van Verden, 1720

Inset 1 Inset 2 Inset 3 Inset 4 Inset 5 Inset 6 Inset 7 Inset 8

Inset 2 Inset 8 Inset 4 Inset 7 Inset 5 Inset 3 Inset 6 Inset 1

Delisle, the geographer and member of the Academy of Sciences in Paris, was so impressed by the original Russian, or Van Verden, chart that he published his French version of it within a few months. This was copied repeatedly in western Europe, the best being the one published by R Ottens in Amsterdam in 1723 (see E. 233 and Pl. 125). 353) Copies in the BL: Maps K.Top 114, 50-I (2 sheets); another copy: X / 10157 (1-2); another copy: Maps C.37.f.17, folios 65 and 66. 354) For details of the eight insets see E. 230.

E. 232 E. 231

Pl. 123

DELISLE (DE L’ISLE) Guillaume cartographer and publisher, VAN VERDEN Carl surveyor; Amsterdam; 1721; Carte Marine de la Mer Caspiene levée suivant les ordres de S. M. Czariene Par Mr. Carl Vanverden en 1719, 1720 et 1721 et réduite au

Pl. 124

DELISLE (DE L’ISLE) Guillaume cartographer and publisher, MARIN engraver; Paris; 1723; Carte des Pays Voisins de la Mer Caspiene dressée pour l’usage du Roy…; French; 46 × 61.5 cm; covers: 35°-47°30’ N, 52°40’-77° / 54°50’-75°50’ E. of Ferro; three graphical scales: 52 mm to 150 Russian Versts 100=1°, 57 mm to 30 Persian Farsangues 18.33=1°, 56 mm to 40 Lieues Communes

caspian sea and its persian shores

Pl. 123 (E. 231) Carte Marine de la Mer Caspiene, the Van Verden (Russian) chart, Delisle edition, Paris, 1721; two sheets, in total: 100 × 62 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps K.Top. 114, 50-I, or IOR, X/10157(1-2)

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Pl. 124 (E. 232) Carte des Pays Voisins de la Mer Caspiene, G. Delisle, Paris 1723; 46 × 61.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps K. Top. 114, sheet 56

de France 25=1°, natural scale approximately 1: 3 000 000.355-359 “This map is based on Van Verden map of the Caspian Sea (see E. 230), the hand-written memoirs of Soskam-Sabbas Prince of Georgia, and those of Crusius Zurabek and Fabritius, ambassadors to the Court of Persia, and on explanations of many knowledgeable personalities of the country and the astronomical observations of G Delisle, geographer of the Academy of Sciences.” (Translated from the explanations on the map.)360 It includes the northern provinces of Persia: Aderbijan (Azerbaijan), Guilan (Gilan) Mazanderan, or Tabristan (Mazandaran, or Tabarestan), Astrabat, or Jorjan (Astarabad, or Gorgan) and Chorasan (Khorasan). It can, therefore, be considered as a map of North Persia as well. Title cartouche placed in the upper right corner, scale bars in the mid-upper part of the map. There is a later version of this map, with minor changes, published by Covens & Mortier in Amsterdam in 1730. In this version the French engraver’s and publisher’s names are substituted by ‘Amsterdam, Chez Jean Covens et Corneille [Cornelis] Mortier Geographes’.361, 362 355) 356) 357) 358)

Ottens, Atlas Maior, 1729, vol. 7, map 21. Delisle, Atlas Nouveau, 1745, map 66. Copy in the BNF, 1723 edition: Ge.D.16746. Dezauche, Atlas Géographique, 1780.

359) Copy in the BL: K. Top. 114, sheet 56. 360) For detailed information on the sources of this map see the article by W E D Allen. 361) Delisle, Atlas Nouveau, Covens & Mortier, 1730 edition, map 35; 1733 edition, map 44. 362) Copy in the BL: K. Top. 114, sheet 57

E. 233

Pl. 125

OTTENS Reinier, VAN VERDEN Carl, DELISLE Guillaume; Amsterdam; 1723; Carte Marine de la Mer Caspiene levée suivant les ordres de S. M. Czariene Par Mr. Carl Vanverden en 1719, 1720 et 1721 et Reduite au Méridien de Paris Par Guillaume Delisle Premier Géographe du Roy de Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris (for English translation see E. 231); French; upper sheet: 45.5 × 60 cm, lower sheet: 43 × 59.5 cm; covers: upper sheet: 42°-48°20’ N, lower sheet: 36°35’-42° N; four graphical scales: 71 mm to 25 Lieues communes de France, to 20 Lieues Marines de France; to 15 Lieues marines de Hollande, to 60 Milles Marines.363 This two-sheet map is a copy of Delisle’s edition of Van Verden’s original Russian chart. Therefore, for more information, those maps, namely E. 231 / Pl. 123 and E. 230 / Pl. 122, should be consulted. It is considered as the best later edition (copy) of

caspian sea and its persian shores

Pl. 125 (E. 233) Ottens’s version of Delisle’s edition of the original Van Verden (Russian) chart of the Caspian Sea, Amsterdam, 1723; two sheets in total about 88.5 × 60 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 186

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Pl. 126 (E. 234) Nova ac Verissima Maris Caspii..., by R Ottens, Amsterdam, 1723; 49 × 60.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps K. Top. 114, sheet 47

Delisle’s map of the Caspian Sea, in which the rhumb lines are removed, four city views added, and the scales relocated, to accommodate one of the views. The four added views are: 1) upper sheet, upper part: view of ‘Ville de Tercki’; 2) lower sheet, upper part: first view of Derbent; 3) lower sheet, lower right corner: another view of Derbent; 4) lower sheet, lower margin: panoramic view of Astrakhan. 363) Copy in the BL: Maps K.Top. 114, two sheets 50-2.

E. 234

Pl. 126

OTTENS Reinier geographer and publisher, MEYER Jeremiah, KEYSER Iacob (KEIZER Jacob) engraver, OTTENS I printer; Amsterdam; 1723, Nova ac verissima Maris Caspii ante hac maximam fere partem nobis incogniti ac Regiorum adjacentium Delineatio Jussu Invictissimi Principis Petri Alexii Fil. Magni Russorum Imperatoris immenso labore et maximis sumptibus facta atque ex Autographo in lucem edita per Reinerum Ottens Geographum Amstelaedam [A new and most faithful delineation of the Caspian Sea, for the most part previously unknown to us, and of the adjacent regions, by command of the most invincible Prince Peter Alexei, son of the Great Emperor of the Russians, made with huge efforts and at the greatest expense and published from the

autograph by Reinier Ottens, geographer of Amsterdam.]; Latin; 49 × 60.5 cm; covers: 37°20’-47°50’ N, 69°50’-81°10’ E. of Ferro; three graphical scales: 110 mm to 160 Russians versts 80=1°, to 30 German miles 15=1°, to 120 Persian miles 60=1°.364, 365 On this map seven names in different languages have been given to the Caspian Sea: Mare Hyrcanum, or Caspium in Latin; More Gualenskoi in Russian; Kulsum in Persian; Bahar (Bahr) Curzum in Arabic; Culzum Denghis in Turkish, etc. This map is east oriented, i.e. ‘east’ is at the top. Persia is on the right side and the title cartouche and scale bars are in the lower right corner. The latitudinal position of the Caspian Sea is set more correctly than in any preceding map. One can clearly discern the outline of Chechin’s Spit and, on the opposite shore, that of Tyub-Karagan. On the east coast one can also locate what was later known as Aleksander Bay. Bagrow has no doubt that the original map was in Russian.366 Matthäus Seutter produced a slightly different version of this map, published by Tobias Conrad Lotter in ‘August Vindel’ (an abbreviation of Augusta Vindelicorum – the Latin form of the place name Augsburg) in 1778. In this version the three scale bars are moved to the lower left corner, and the title cartouche replaced with a more decorative one, showing a few figures.367 This map, which was belatedly published by Ottens in 1723, is

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Pl. 127 (E. 236) Das Caspische Meer..., produced by J B Homann, based on Van Verden’s chart, Nuremberg, 1729, 49 × 26 cm; Courtesy of the State Library of Bavaria (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek), Munich: 2 Mapp 6, vol. 6/7, map 13

perhaps the most advanced chart of the Caspian Sea before the appearance of the Van Verden map in 1720. Therefore a very short history of its making and original source has been given below. Jeremiah Meyer of Hamburg entered the Russian service, and was ordered, as the Captain of the Astrakhan fleet, to make a correct chart of the Caspian Sea. In 1704, his chart was completed, but as he was killed in 1705 in Astrakhan, his chart was not published. According to Bagrow, it is likely that J Meyer was the original author of Ottens’s map of the Caspian Sea.368 The chart itself contains no reference to Meyer. Reinier Ottens appears as the publisher, while the dedication is signed by Dominicus de Rubeis, i.e. Domenico Rossi. The role of Rossi in connection with this chart is unknown as yet. It is possible that he received Meyer’s chart of the Caspian Sea from Florio Beneveni, an Italian who was also in the Russian service. In 1718 Beneveni was sent on an official mission to Bukhara and Persia via Astrakhan, accompanied by Bekovich. Therefore, he may have procured a manuscript copy of Meyer’s chart for his voyage, as it was the most advanced and correct one of the Caspian Sea at that time. Later, he may have sent it to Rossi in Rome, where it remained unused for a few years. When word spread that the Tsar had sent a new chart of the Caspian Sea to the Academy of Sciences in Paris, R Ottens hastened to get hold of a copy of it. However, as he obviously had not

seen the new chart, he opted for Meyer’s chart, which must have been offered to him from Rome. He published it in 1723 in Amsterdam in the belief that it was the same new Russian chart, a copy of which was sent to Paris. Later the same year Ottens saw Delisle’s version of the new Russian chart and published it, with minor changes and adding four views (see E. 233, Pl. 125). Peter Schenk Jr. had used Meyer’s chart in his general map of Persia, published in 1722 in Amsterdam,369 indicating that it had been available in Holland at least a year before Ottens’ chart was printed. Therefore, as Bagrow suggested, Russian archives have yet to be thoroughly studied before declaring Meyer as the undisputed author of this chart. 364) 365) 366) 367) 368) 369)

Ottens Atlas Maior, 1729, vol. 7, map 23. Copy in the BL: K. Top. 114, sheet 47. Bagrow, pp. 111, 112. Lotter, Atlas Géographique, 1778, map 83. Bagrow, pp. 111, 112. Alai, 2005, Pl. 58, p. 90.

E. 235 AA Pierre vander (Pierre van der Aa) publisher, DAPPER Olfert author and historian; Leiden; 1729; Carte Marine de la Mer

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Pl. 128 (E. 237) The Caspian Sea by Van Verden, Herman Moll edition, London, 1727 (atlas 1729), this plate shows the post-1732 edition; 26.5 × 21 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 51

Caspienne avec toutes ses Bayes, Rivières et Havres, dressée sur les observations des plus habiles navigateurs, et toute nouvellement publiée par Pierre vander Aa, Marchand Libraire à Leide [Chart of the Caspian Sea, with all of its Bays, Rivers and Ports, drawn according to the observations of many skilled sailors, and all recently published by Pierre vander Aa, bookseller in Leiden]; French/Latin; 29 × 35.5 cm; covers: 37°-47°30’ N, 69°-77° E. of Ferro, Mercator projection; two graphical scales: 42.5 mm to 20 Lieues d’Allemagne 15=1°, 40 mm to 25 Lieues de France 20=1°.370 This is a modified version of Dapper’s original map of 1672 (see E. 226), in which the title cartouche is somewhat different. East is at the top; title and scales in the upper right corner; Dapper’s name is omitted. 370) Aa 1729, vol. 24, tome 1, map 29.17.

E. 236

Pl. 127

HOMANN J B; Nuremberg; 1729; Geographica Nova ex Oriente gratiosissima duabus tabulis – specialissimis contenta quarum una Mare Caspium…(inside the title cartouche in the middle of the sheet), Das Caspische Meer wie solches auf Ihro Gros-Czaar Maj. Ordre durch einen erfahrenen See-Capitän abgezeichnet und auf 200 Meillen Wegs in die Lange und 50 in die Breite befunden worden (in the upper margin of the left half of the sheet); Latin/German; 49 × 26 cm (left half of the sheet, depicting the Caspian Sea), 49 × 59 cm (the whole sheet); covers the whole of the Caspian Sea (left side) and the Kamtzadalia (Kamchatka) Peninsula (right side); no scale given.371-375 This sheet contains two different maps, one on the left side (Caspian Sea) and another on the right side (Kamchatka Peninsula), with a common narrow middle-section, containing a decorative title cartouche. The upper margin of the left map carries a second title for the Caspian Sea in German as described in the above bibliographical information [The Caspian Sea as drawn by

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an experienced Sea-Captain upon the order of His Majesty Great Tsar, showing the length of it 200 miles and the width 50 miles]. This map of the Caspian is copied from Delisle’s 1721 edition (see E. 231, Pl. 123) of the original Russian chart of the Caspian Sea, 1720, known as the Van Verden Map (see E. 230, Pl. 122). However, Homann omitted all the soundings and the insets. Likewise, the meridian of Astrakhan, shown in Delisle’s map, is absent.

the northern half of Persia. It appeared first in Atlas Selecti 378 in 1737 and, thereafter in a number of other atlases.379 Decorative title cartouche placed in the upper right, scale in the lower right, corner.

371) Homann Heirs, Atlas Maior: Variis Auctoribus Maxime Homanno etcetra, folio 20. 372) Homann Heirs, Atlas Maior, a composite atlas, vol. 6/7, map 13. 373) Homann Heirs (Homannische Erben), Atlas Selecti, Tome II, 1737; map 116. 374) Ottens, Composite Atlas Maior, vol. 7, map 24. 375) Copy in the BL: K. Top. 114, sheet 52.

E. 239

E. 237

Pl. 128

MOLL Herman, VAN VERDEN Carl; London; atlas: 1729, map: 1727; The Caspian Sea Done By the Czar’s Special Command By Carl van Verden in the Year 1719, 1720 and 1721. This Exact Copy is done By H. Moll Geographer, 1727; English; 26.5 × 21 cm; covers: 36°30’-48°20’ N, covering the whole of the Caspian Sea; one graphical scale: 32 mm (1¼ inch) to 100 English miles, natural scale 1: 5 068 800.376 Three views are shown on this map: 1) View of ‘The City of Terky’, showing the Castle, the City and the River of Terky, 3.5 × 9 cm, placed in the upper left corner; 2) ‘A View of the City of Derbent’ on the Caspian Sea, 4.5 × 6.5 cm, placed in the lower left corner above the title cartouche; 3) ‘A View of the City of Astracan’ on the mouth of the River Volga, 2.5 × 21 cm, placed in the lower margin. Title cartouche and scale bar are placed on the left side of the map; explanations on both sides of the Caspian Sea. Same map appears in the post-1732 edition of Moll’s Atlas Minor, printed for Thomas & John Bowles, with minor changes, e.g. nine lines of added text at right and ‘The Caspian Sea drawn’ (instead of ‘done’), etc.377 376) Moll, Atlas Minor, 1729; copy in the BL, Maps C.21.b.3, plate 29; separately bound copy in the BL: K. Top. 114, sheet 51. Atlas Minor bound in with The New Survey of the Globe, copy in the RGS, Map Room, 7.C.6, plate 31 in MS. 377) Moll, Atlas Minor, 1732 edition (revised state of 1729 edition); later variant copies publiched by Thomas and John Bowles in the RGS: Map Room, 7.C.9 & 7.C.10, plate 31, engraved.

E. 238

Pl. 129

MAAS Abraham, HOMANN HEIRS publisher; Nuremberg; 1735; Nova Maris Caspii et Regionis Usbeck Cum Provinciis adjacentibus vera Delineatio…in qua itinera Regia et alia notabiliora accurate denotantur Per A Maas…[A new and true delineation of the Caspian Sea and the Uzbek region with the adjacent provinces... in which the royal roads and other notable features are accurately marked by A Maas...]; Latin; 49 × 58 cm; covers: 33°-50° N, 72°-110° / 75°-107° E of Ferro; one graphical scale: 80 mm to 45 Scala Milliarium Germanica 15=1°, natural scale c. 1: 4 100 000 (catalogue of the BSB, Munich). It shows the Caspian Sea (based on Van Verden map of 1720 and different later versions of it), the territory east of the Caspian and

378) Homannische Erben, Atlas Selecti, map 117. 379) Atlas Universalis, part Asia, folio 7.

SENEX Mary; London; about 1740; A new map of the Caspian Sea and the countries adjacent made by order of the late Czar from the memoirs and manuscripts of Soskam Sabbas Prince of Georgia and from those of Mess. Crusius Zurabek and Fabritius, Ambassadors to the Court of Persia, sold by M Senex…in London; English; 42.5 × 53 cm; covers: 36°40’-48°10’ N, 55°30’-74° / 56°10’-73°30’ E. of Ferro; three graphical scales: 53 mm to 150 Wersts of Russia 100=1°, 55 mm to 30 Parasangues of Persia 18.33=1°, 53 mm to 90 English Miles 60=1°, natural scale approximately 1: 2 750 000.380 Title placed in the mid-upper part of the chart; scales on the right side of the title cartouche. This is a new plate in English, based fully on Delisle’s map ‘Carte des Pays Voisines de la Mer Caspiene’ (see E. 232), with a different title cartouche and some other minor changes. The names of the sources have also been taken from Delisle. 380) Loose copy in the BL: Maps 141.a.1.(17.).

E. 240

Pl. 130

WOODROOFE Thomas, ELTON John, HANWAY Jonas, GIBSON John engraver; London; 1745, published 1753; A Plain Chart of the Caspian-Sea, According to the Observations of Capt. John Elton Author of Elton’s Quadrant & Thomas Woodroofe Master of the British Ship, Empress of Russia, Who Navigated this Sea three Years, Presented to Mr. Jonas Hanway of St. Petersburg in 1745 by his most Obedient Servant Thomas Woodroofe; English; 34.5 × 54 cm; covers: 36°30’-47° N, 50°10’56°50’ E. of London, Mercator projection; one graphical scale: 49 mm to 20 Marine Leagues 20=1°, soundings in feet and fathoms.381 It was apparently prepared for Jonas Hanway, and appeared in 1753 in his ‘An Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea’.382 There is a note in the lower left corner saying: “This Chart mentions the frequented Places only, and such as are of Use to Navigators.” This map is ‘west’ oriented (west at the top), and the scale bar and decorative title cartouche are placed in its lower part. 381) Loose copy in the BL: Maps 141.a.1.(18.). 382) Hanway, vol. 1, map folded, facing p. 130.

E. 241

Pl. 131

D’ANVILLE Jean Baptiste, DELAHAYE (DE LA HAYE) Guillaume-Nicolas engraver; Paris; 1746 or later (mid-eighteenth century); Essai d’une Nouvelle Carte de la Mer Caspienne;

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Pl. 129 (E. 238) The Caspian Sea, by A Maas, 1735, published by Homann Heirs, Nuremberg, 1737; 49 × 58 cm; Courtesy of the State Library of Bavaria (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek), Munich: Atlas Selecti, 2° Mapp 8-II, map 117

French; 52 × 26 cm; covers: 36°30’-47°20’ N, 66°30’-74°30’ / 67°-74° E. of Ferro; four graphical scales: 61 mm to 30 Lieues Françoises, 58 mm to 25 Lieues Marines, 54 mm to 100 Werstes Communes de Russie, 55 mm to 20 Parasanges de Perse 17=1°.383

385) Bowen E, 1752, map 37. 386) Bowen E, 1766, map 25 (noted in the ‘Contents’ in front of the volume).

An outline map of the Caspian Sea; title placed in the upper margin, scales in the centre, of the map.

HANWAY Jonas author, GIBSON J draughtsman and engraver; London; 1753; A map of the Routs (Routes) of the Russian Embassy to Persia in 1746 on the Western Coast, also of Mr. George Thompson’s Journey on the East And the Author’s Travels on the South Coast of the Caspian Sea, with Mr. Van Mierop’s Journey to Mesched; English; 45 × 50.5 cm; covers: 33°15’-50°10’ N, 44°-73° / 47°-70° E. of London; one graphical scale: 50 mm to 120 English miles (2” to 120 miles), natural scale 1: 3 801 600.387

383) D’Anville, Atlas-General, 1737-1780, map 3.

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Pl. 132

BOWEN Emanuel; London; 1747; A new and accurate map of the Caspian Sea, Laid down from the Memoirs of Soskam Sabbas a Georgian Prince, assisted by some late Improvem[en]ts. By Eman[ue]l. Bowen; English; 32 × 22.5 cm; covers: 36°-48°20’ N, 47°20’- 59°40’ / 48°-59° E. of London; one graphical scale: 32 mm to to 80 English miles, natural scale 1: 4 055 040.384-386 Decorative title cartouche placed in the upper right side, scale in the lower left corner. 384) Bowen E, 1747, vol. 2, map 38 (No. 48 in the RGS copy).

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This map was prepared for Hanway’s An Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea, with decorative title cartouche placed in the upper right corner and scale in the lower left corner. Teheran appears on this map, misspelled ‘Taehiran’. It focuses on the Caspian Sea and, therefore, is included in this chapter. However, as it shows different routes travelled by Hanway and others, it can also be considered as a route map. 387) Hanway, vol. 1, in 1753 edition map facing p. 345; in 1762 edition map facing p. 237.

Pl. 130 (E. 240) A Plain Chart of the Caspian-Sea, by Thomas Woodroofe and others, dedicated in 1745 to Jonas Hanway, published in London in 1753; 34.5 × 54 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 39

caspian sea and its persian shores 135

Pl. 131 (E. 241) Essai d’une Nouvelle Carte de la Mer Caspienne, J B D’Anville, Paris, 1746 or later; 52 × 26 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 29

Pl. 132 (E. 242) A new and accurate map of the Caspian Sea, by Emanuel Bowen, London, first published in 1747; 32 × 22.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 50

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Pl. 133 (E. 243) A map of the Routs (Routes) of the Russian Embassy to Persia in 1746 on the Western Coast… of the Caspian Sea…, included in Jonas Hanway’s An Historical Account…, London, 1753; 45 × 50.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 211.f.8-10, vol. 1 (211.f.8), map facing p. 345

Pl. 134 (E. 244) Carte de la Mer Caspienne et ses Environs, J N Bellin, Paris, 1764; 21.5 × 17 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 7 TAB 118, vol. 3, map 5

caspian sea and its persian shores 137

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BELLIN Jacques Nicolas; Paris; 1764; Carte de la Mer Caspienne et ses Environs; French; 21.5 × 17 cm; covers: 36°-48° N, 46°-59° E. of Paris, Mercator projection; one graphical scale: 38 mm to 60 Lieues Communes (de France).388

This map includes the Caspian Sea, the northern Persian provinces and the eastern Caucasus. Title and scales placed in the upper left corner; mountains hachured. 390) Coxe William, vol. 2.

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Decorative title and scale cartouche placed in the lower left corner of the chart. 388) Bellin J N, 1764, Tome III, map 5.

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TARDIEU P F draughtsman, AUBERT L engraver; Paris; 1785; Carte de la Mer Caspienne; French; 63.5 × 48 cm; covers: 36°20’47° N, 65°30’-76°10’ E. of Ferro, Mercator projection; no scale given.391

Pl. 135

GÜLDENSTAEDT Johann Anton; Riga; 1776; Carte des Caspischen Meeres nach den neuesten Bemerkungen, in December des 1776ten Jahres zusammengesetzt von D[r.] Güldenstaedt; German; 22 × 13.5 cm; covers: 36°30’-47°30’ N, 63°-74° E. of Ferro; one graphical scale: 53 mm to 300 Russian versts, natural scale: 1: 6 000 000.389 Güldenstaedt, a physician and naturalist from Riga, worked along the coast of the Caspian Sea during 1771-73. To an article, published in a Church Calendar, he appended his chart of the Caspian Sea, which is based on the earlier Russian surveys. A decorative title cartouche is placed in the mid-right part of the chart, and special attention paid to the rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea and mountains around it.

An attractive chart in which rivers and hills are impressively shown but, compared with some other contemporary maps of the Caspian Sea, lacks in accuracy. Title placed on the right side; depths of water (soundings), mainly close to shores, are given; mountains shaded. 391) Tardieu, Chart 4.

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ARROWSMITH John; London; 1841; The Caspian Sea, Khivah and the surrounding country, Compiled from the best sources by John Arrowsmith; English; 61 × 49 cm; covers: 36°-51° N, 45°65° / 49°30’-65° E; 1 inch to 46 miles, or 1: 2 914 560 (catalogue of the BL/IOR).392

389) Bagrow, pp. 224, 225

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KITCHIN Thomas?, COXE William author, NICHOLS J printer, CADELL Thomas publisher; London; 1784; Chart of the Caspian Sea; English; 19 × 16 cm; covers: 36°30’-48° N, 41°-55° / 41°30’54°30’ E; two graphical scales: 44 mm to 60 Russian Versts 105=1°, 44.5 mm (1¾ inch) to 40 English miles 69=1°, natural scale approximately 1: 1 448 000.390

The Caspian Sea, with some of the northern Persian provinces – Gilan, Mazandaran, Asterabad and North Khorasan – and Turkmenistan. Title placed in the upper left corner; mountains hachured. 392) Copy in the BL: IOR-X/3308 (1841 edition); copy in the RGS: Map Room, Asia Div.405 (1841 and 1858 editions).

Pl. 135 (E. 245) Carte des Caspischen Meeres, by Güldenstaedt, Riga, 1776; 22 × 13.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection CA 300

Pl. 136 (E. 246) Chart of the Caspian Sea for the travel account of William Coxe, printed by J Nichols for Thomas Cadell, London, 1784; 19 × 16 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 195

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Pl. 137 (E. 247) Carte de la Mer Caspienne, by P F Tardieu, Paris, 1785; 63.5 × 48 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 150.c.2., chart no. 4

Pl. 138 (E. 248) The Caspian Sea, Khivah and the Surrounding Country, by John Arrowsmith, London, 1841; 61 × 49 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR-X/3308

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CHAPTER FOUR PERSIAN GULF, PERSIAN SHORES AND ISLANDS

The purpose of this chapter is not to produce another atlas of the Persian Gulf. Several collections of such maps have already been published, or are in the pipeline.393 The main goal is firstly to show maps of the southern shores and islands of Persia, and secondly to describe the more important charts of the Persian Gulf with some cartographic merit produced during our chosen time-span. Every map of the world, Asia and western Asia (Middle East) includes the Persian Gulf as a whole; whereas maps of Persia and of Arabia usually show a part of it. As a result, we will have a few thousand charts of the Persian Gulf, most of which are just simplified, or slightly modified, versions of a few original charts of these waters. Such maps are not included in my investigation. Instead, I have focused on those charts depicting exclusively the Persian Gulf or part of it. These charts have been described in 110 entries: 53 for the Persian Gulf (Section One); 47 for the Persian shores, parts of the Persian Gulf, and Gulf of Oman (Section Two); and 10 for the Persian islands (Section Three), by which some overlapping was unavoidable. In other words, the Persian shores and islands appear to some extent in the two other Sections as well.

Alexander the Great – from the mouth of the Indus River to the Euphrates delta in the late 4th century BC brought about a true consciousness of these waters. At the turning of the 3rd to the 2nd century BC, Eratosthenes drew the first world map, with a network of parallels and meridians, through a complex method simultaneously based on the empirical data provided by travellers, and on pure rationality. The Persian Gulf played an important role in this mental construction of the inhabited Earth, which was based on symmetry. Thus the Persian Gulf was placed on the same meridian as the Caspian Sea, which was equally considered to be a gulf of the encircling ocean, rather than a closed sea. The economic and the political conditions of the Roman Empire were not favourable to the collection of precise data, or to the formation of a detailed picture of the Persian Gulf region. Rome rarely went as far as the Euphrates, as the trade of the Roman Empire with the Orient normally went through the Red Sea. For this reason, the writings of Roman authors were mainly based on data that had been collected by Nearchus. For these writers the Persian Gulf was simply a part of the Indian Ocean. They believed that after the entrance, resembling a neck, the sea became wider, taking the shape of a human head. The measure of its circumference was indicated and noted also was that the alluvia of Shatt-al-Arab were causing an advancement of the coastline. The early European medieval maps prove the persistence of ancient conceptions. The old Eratosthenian alignment of the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf is often repeated in the medieval mappae mundi. The Persian Gulf, however, did not evoke much interest in the medieval West until the Mongol/Ilkhanid rule in Persia in the 13th century. Once again the Persian Gulf region was an area that served as a link between important trading centres, rather than a well-articulated space in its own right. It was Marco Polo, at the turn of the 13th to the 14th centuries, who gave the Persian Gulf a distinct identity, mentioning a trade route from Baghdad to Basra, and thence through the Persian Gulf to Hormoz and eventually India. The ‘Catalan Atlas’ (about 1375) clearly demonstrates the predominance of the commercial aspects of the Persian Gulf and Hormoz Island. At the beginning of the Safavid reign Afonso de Albuquerque from Portugal reached the Persian Gulf with a powerful navy (1507), and conquered the island of Hormoz. There he built a castle and port on that small but strategically important island, giving him control of the whole of the Persian Gulf (1515). For over a century Hormoz Island remained under Portuguese rule. Albuquerque probably surveyed the shores and islands of these waters, but none of his original charts and sketches survived. However a few later Portuguese manuscript charts of the Persian Gulf have been preserved, some of which are included in the Historical Atlas of the Persian Gulf.397

Geographical facts: The Persian Gulf is a shallow sea of the Indian Ocean that lies between southwest Persia and the Arabian Peninsula. It has an area of about 240 000 sq. km – slightly larger than Great Britain – extending 990 km from the mouth of Shatt-al-Arab in the northwest to the Strait of Hormoz (Hormuz, Hurmuz) in the east, with a width ranging from 56 to 340 km. It lies between 24°- 30°15’ N, and 48°-57° E, including the Strait of Hormoz and the north-western corner of the Gulf of Oman. It is rarely deeper than 90 m, though it reaches more than 110 m at its entrance and at isolated localities. The Persian coast is mountainous, and often with sheer cliffs. The Tigris, Euphrates and Karun, joining together in Shatt-al-Arab (known in Iran also as Arvand-Rud), are the major rivers flowing into the Persian Gulf. There are numerous islands, some of which are salt plugs and domes, and others merely accumulation of coral and skeletal debris.394

Historical Background a: From ancient times until British dominance: Until the discovery of oil in Persia in 1908, the Persian Gulf was important mainly for fishing, pearl fishing, and being a water route for traditional trading. It was undoubtedly known to the Greeks from the 6th century BC. This was partly due to the voyage of Scylax of Caria395 ordered by Darius I of the Achaemenids. However, only the expedition of Nearchus396 – an officer in the Macedonian army under

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The establishment of an all-water trade route with India and the Orient around South Africa by the Portuguese, as an alternative to the conventional way through the Turkish part of the Middle East, had a detrimental effect on Turkish interests. The Ottomans, therefore, confronted the Portuguese navy in the eastern seas. They dispatched an expedition from Egypt to the Persian Gulf in 155253 under the command of Muhyiddin Piri Reis who was a great admiral, and later emerged as the most distinguished Turkish cartographer of all times. As Piri Reis had failed the Ottoman ultimate goal of taking the island and citadel of Hormoz, he was recalled to Egypt and executed (1554).398 In 1622, Shah Abbas the Great of the Safavids engaged English help and ousted the Portuguese from Hormoz, putting an end to their presence in the region. Subsequently the Dutch East India Company won trading concessions from the Safavids and established a centre in Bandar Abbas and later in Bushehr (Bushire). b: The period of British dominance: The English navy had entered the Persian Gulf in the early period of the Safavid rule but Shah Abbas preferred to work with the Dutch, diminishing English importance. In 1708 the British regained some of their lost power in the region, and in 1766 ousted the Dutch from their last base (Khark Island), to become the sole colonial power in the Persian Gulf. Although Persia always remained independent the southern Persian provinces and shores were under ever increasing British influence, particularly during the Qajar period (1779-1925). The British navy attacked Bushehr in 1856, capturing this major Persian port, and remained there for three months until a peace treaty between Great Britain and Persia was signed. As a result, Bushehr became a base for their military, political and trade activities in the region until the end of the Qajar period.399 However British knowledge of the shores and islands of the Persian Gulf during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries remained limited to what was required by the East India Company for travelling along few regular routes. From the early seventeenth century Company shipping had proceeded with great caution in these waters en route to Bandar Abbas (Gombroon, Gameron), Bushehr (Bushire), Khark (Karg) and Basra. Charts, such as those in John Thornton’s The English Pilot for the Oriental Navigation, showed the track to Basra by a single line of soundings along the Oman coast to the Strait of Hormoz and along the Persian coast thereafter, with special emphasis on Khark as a watering station.400 Kelly wrote in 1968: “Navigation in the [Persian] Gulf 150 years ago [1818] was particularly trying. Almost every one of the 500 miles from the Shatt-al-Arab to the Strait of Hormoz is beset by a hazard to shipping – currents, rocks, shoals, reefs, islands – and none of them was properly charted then... No adequate chart of the Gulf existed in the eighteenth century: the only map available was that published by Carsten Niebuhr... The coast of ... Persian Makran [Baluchistan] had been surveyed in 1772... Of the Arabian shore of the Gulf European navigators knew nothing. The main track of Gulf shipping ran up the Persian coast, and no European vessel had ventured into the western half of the Gulf since the departure of the Portuguese... A brief survey of the Persian coast was made in 1785 by Lieutenant John McCluer of the Marine. He confined himself, in the main, to the correction of details on Niebuhr’s map, noting the position of headlands and islands, and making rough sketches of harbours. His chart was later used by James Horsburgh, the hydrographer of East India House, in his India Directory...” McCluer’s memoir and charts were the tangible results of

observations on voyages he had made along the track to Basra between 1784 and 1786, and they became more widely known through being published by Alexander Dalrymple, to whom McCluer supplied them in 1786. Alexander Dalrymple (1738-1808) became in 1779 the first hydrographer to the East India Company, and was appointed director of the newly-founded Hydrographical Office in 1795. Dalrymple’s practice was to redraw and publish every chart that came into his hands, changing different scales to one of his choice. Occasionally two such charts were printed on one sheet and, where possible, comparable charts of the same locality by different authorities were pictured on a single sheet. Besides printing McCluer’s material Dalrymple augmented his publication with extracts on the topography of the Persian Gulf from the works of Niebuhr, Thornton, Pimentel, Cutler and Rennie, prefacing his compendium with an introduction assessing these earlier writings, evaluating a wide range of printed and manuscript charts of the Persian Gulf, and giving a table of comparative latitudes and placename identifications. As Company hydrographer Dalrymple was in a unique position to attract, accumulate, analyse and publish such topographical information. He published – or republished – early in 1787 maps of the Persian Gulf from works of Van Keulen, Kaempfer, Thornton, Bellin, Niebuhr, D’Anville and D’Après de Mannevillette. During the 1790s Dalrymple published other Persian Gulf material as it was made available to him, particularly coastal views and revised charts by McCluer.401 Extended survey of the 1820s: Despite the long time that Europeans had sailed in the Persian Gulf, the 1820s’ survey was the first systematic examination of its coastal topography. British surveyors, with instruction to develop a comprehensive body of information about the Persian Gulf for navigational, military and commercial purposes, recorded not only the coastline with its shoals, soundings and prevailing winds, but also the coastal topography, the geology and agriculture, the centres of population and trade, and the political, tribal and religious affiliations of the inhabitants of the settlements. The officers in charge of the survey were successively: Philip Maughan; John Guy; G B Brucks who served in the Persian Gulf before 1820, joined the survey in 1821, and succeeded John Guy in 1825; and S B Haines who was Brucks’ assistant from 1826 and completed the survey after Brucks’ departure due to illness. These surveyors used three survey ships: Discovery, Psyche and Beberes. The results of the survey were first published as engraved charts and plans by the East India Company in London between 1826 and 1832.402 Though modified later in the nineteenth century by new hydrographic surveys and astronomical observations, and regularly updated in successive editions of the Admiralty’s Persian Gulf Pilot,403 the topographical information in the 1820s’ surveys remained the basis of European knowledge of the Persian Gulf until the compilation of Saldanha’s Précis,404 and the publication of J G Lorimer’s Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf 405 in 1908. Bahr Fars (Persian Sea): In Islamic traditional geography/cartography – late 7th until early 16th centuries – the term ‘Bahr Fars’ (Sea of Persia, or Persian Sea) was often used, which confused Western cartographers, believing that it meant ‘Persian Gulf’. To clarify this misunderstanding, I refer to two of the most prominent and trustworthy Islamic cartographers Istakhri and Ibn-Hawqal of the tenth century. Istakhri in his work Masalik va Mamalik [Routes and Countries], which is based on Sowar-al-Aqalim [Maps of the Countries] by Balkhi, and Ashkal-al-‘Alam [Shapes of the World]

persian gulf, persian shores and islands by Jayhani, writes: “The largest seas are the ‘Bahr Fars’ [Persian Sea] and the ‘Bahr Rum’ [Roman Sea = Mediterranean], both branching out of the ‘Bahr Mohit’ [Encircling Sea]... the length and width of the Persian Sea are larger, and at the end of the Persian Sea lies China [extending] to the Red Sea.” Thus the Persian Sea in his geography and maps denotes the Indian Ocean, while no name for the Persian Gulf is given. Ibn-Hawqal in his work Surat-al-Ard [Map of the Earth] writes: “The Persian Sea starts from the Red Sea, extends round the Arabian Peninsula to Abbadan [Abadan] and across the Tigris to Hormoz and Indus, which is the frontier of the Islamic states, whence passes the Indian coasts... until it reaches China...” Hence also in his geography Bahr Fars identifies the Indian Ocean. The term ‘Persian Gulf ’ must have been used by the ancient Greek, and probably Persian, geographers, while these waters in medieval Islamic geography were considered a part of Bahr Fars (Indian Ocean), without having a specific name of their own. The revival of the Ptolemaic maps during the European Renaissance introduced the term ‘Sinus Persicus’ and its equivalents in the European vernacular languages to Islamic geographers, and they first occasionally and later regularly used it in their works. Some European mapmakers, keen to demonstrate their knowledge of the Islamic languages such as Arabic, noted the term ‘Bahr Fars’ under ‘Persian Gulf’ in Arabic writing. In my view, they should have at least written ‘Bahr Fars Proper’, in order to distinguish it from the Indian Ocean. Local names: The Persian Gulf has occasionally been called ‘Sea of Basra’, ‘Sea of al-Qatif’ or ‘Sea of Bushehr’ as local names in addition to its principle name ‘Persian Gulf’. In some maps these local names are considered to be the only names for the Gulf, probably because the mapmakers travelled along just small sections of these shores, where one of the above-mentioned local names was used. Sinus Arabicus: Referring to nomenclature of the Persian Gulf, it should also be noted that in the early editions of Mercator’s atlases, following the Ptolemaic tradition, the terms ‘Sinus Persicus’ was used for the Persian Gulf, and ‘Sinus Arabicus’ for the Red Sea. However these early atlases did not contain a separate map of Persia, and the Persian Gulf appeared once on the World map, and once on the map of Asia. In 1606, Hondius published his first version of the Mercator atlas, adding a separate map of Persia to it, on which the Persian Gulf was called ‘Sinus Arabicus’. This contradicted the name for these waters as they appeared in the World map and map of Asia of the same atlas. The reason for this discrepancy could only be the fact that the map of Persia was never completed, or even not designed, by Mercator himself, but by Hondius, or his assistants, some twelve years after Mercator’s death. Apparently, they mixed up the two Ptolemaic terms ‘Sinus Arabicus’ and ‘Sinus Persicus’, and failed to remedy their mistake until the early 1640s, when Janssonius produced a new map of Persia for the Janssonius-Mercator atlases and, noticing this mismatch, reintroduced the Ptolemaic term ‘Sinus Persicus’. 393) See the following and similar publications: a) Collection of historical documents and geographical maps of the Persian Gulf (in Persian), including Atlas of Iraq in Ancient Maps by Dr. A Suseh, translated into Persian by Muhammad Kazrani, compiled and edited by A Sahab, published by Sahab Geographic & Drafting Institute, Teheran, 1985.

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b) Geographical maps and historical documents of the Persian Gulf, in Persian, compiled by the [Iranian] Institute for Political and International Studies (IPIS), in cooperation with Sahab Geographical & Drafting Institute, Teheran, 1989. c) Atlas of the Persian Gulf, in Persian, originally published by A Sahab, New Edition, published by Sahab Geographic & Drafting Institute, Teheran, 1994. d) Persian Gulf in old maps, in Persian and English, by MohammadReza Sahab and others, published by Sahab Geographic & Drafting Institute, Teheran, 2005. e) Persian Gulf Atlas of old and historical maps, 3000 BC – 2000 AD, two volumes, edited by Mohammad-Reza Shahab and others, published by Kamali-Sarvestani, Teheran, 2005. f) Historical Atlas of the Persian Gulf, Sixteenth to eighteenth centuries [Atlas historique du Golfe Persique, XVIe-XVIIIe siècles], in English, French and partly Persian, edited by D Couto, J-L BacquéGrammont & M Taleghani, coordinated by Z Biedermann, published by Brepols, Belgium, 2006. 394) For an overview of the history of the Persian Gulf and its geology, climate, hydrography, plants, animals etc. see a) Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, 1981, vol. 14, pp. 106, 107, entry: Persian Gulf; b) Persian Encyclopaedia, in Persian, by Gholam-Hossein Mosahab, published by Franklin Book Programs, Inc., Teheran, 1953, vol. I, pp. 911-918, entry: Xalije Fars. 395) See Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, 1981, vol. IX, p. 1, entry: Scylax of Caria. 396) See Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, 1981, vol. VII, p. 235, entry: Nearchus. 397) Historical Atlas of the Persian Gulf, Chapter II, The Portuguese Cartography of the Persian Gulf and its Echo in sixteenth century Europe, pp. 67149. 398) History of Cartography, by Harley and Woodward, vol. 2, bk.1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies, University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London 1992, pp. 266-269. 399) Persian Encyclopaedia, published by Franklin Book Programs, Inc., Teheran, 1953, vol. I, pp. 334-336, entry: War of Iran and England. 400) This and the subsequent information on ‘The Period of British Dominance’ have mainly been taken from the introduction written by Andrew S Cook for the publication Survey of the Shores and Islands of the Persian Gulf, 1820-1829; this five-volume work was edited by Dr. Cook and published in 1990. Copy of the BL: ORW 1990.a.1379, pp. xi-xxvi. 401) Copies of different Dalrymple nautical charts, taken from various sources, can be found in a number of volumes, kept in the BL. Andrew S Cook has produced a monumental work in six volumes, describing all of these (over 1000) charts in detail. Among the Dalrymple charts, I have identified 38 relating to the Persian Gulf and printed on 30 sheets (six sheets contain two charts each; one sheet three charts). These are described in this chapter according to the names of the original mapmakers. The date of the original chart, if known, and Dalrymple’s exact publishing date are noted. Part of the description of each entry is taken from Dr. Cook’s dissertational work, for which and for his help I am very obliged. 402) Survey of the Shores and Islands of the Persian Gulf, 1820-1829 contains a number of charts relevant to this work: 2 charts in volume Two (Chart 03: The Entrance to the Gulf of Persia; and Chart 05: Gulf of Persia) and 6 charts in volume Three (Chart 15: Trigonometrical Survey of the Entrances to the Rivers at the Head of the Persian Gulf; Chart 16: part of the Coast of Persia from Ras Tuloop to Bushire; Chart 17: Trigonometrical Plan of Bushire Roads; Chart 18: The Coast from Bushire to Bassadore (Basra) in the Persian Gulf; and Charts 19 & 20 (two sheets): Trigonometrical survey of Clarence’s Strait of Persia). As these charts were all surveyed by G B Brucks, with the help of other surveyors in each case, they are described in this chapter under the name of Lieutenant George Barnes Brucks in the entries E. 341, E. 291, E. 339, E. 337, E. 338, E. 340 and E. 342 (2 sheets) respectively. 403) The Persian Gulf Pilot, including the Gulf of Oman, Hydrographical Office, Admiralty, London, 1864, and subsequent editions. The first eight editions reprinted by Archive Editions as The Persian Gulf Pilot 1870-1932 in 1989. 404) Persian Gulf Précis, by J A Saldanha, Calcutta, 1903-1908, reprinted by Archive Editions in 1986. 405) Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia, Calcutta, 1908-15, reprinted by Archive Editions in 1986.

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chapter four – persian gulf, persian shores and islands Section One: The Persian Gulf

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SANTA CRUZ Alonso de; Madrid; about 1541; untitled, showing the Persian Gulf (Sinus Persicus), southern part of Persia and southeastern part of the Arabian Peninsula; Spanish/Latin; 28 × 21.5 cm; covers: 15°-30° N, 85°-100° E. of Ferro, one nautical scale.406 This chart is a good example of the early post-Ptolemaic images of the Persian Gulf. Geographical information must have come from Portuguese sources.407 It is included in a MS atlas entitled Islario General de Todas Las Islas del Mundo, Madrid, 1541. 406) The MS in the Biblioteca Nacional de España; there is a slightly later MS in the Austrian National Library: MS 5542, folio 15, chart 7. 407) For more information about early post-Ptolemaic Portuguese MS charts of the Persian Gulf see: Historical Atlas of the Persian Gulf, Chapter II, pp.67-149.

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by Petrus Bertius in 1616, with later editions. Title cartouche and scale bar placed in the lower left corner of the map. 412) Bertius, p. 716. 413) Tibbetts, p. 60.

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RESENDE Pedro Barreto (Barretto) de Captain; Portugal; 1635; Petrus Berthelot Primum Cosmographicum Indianorum Imperium, Faciebat &c (Mar. Persiqua) [Persian Sea was made by Petrus Berthelot, First Cartographer to the Empire of the Indies]; Latin/Portuguese; 30.5 × 41.5 cm; 11°-31° N; one graphical scale.414 This is a regional manuscript chart, showing the Red Sea (part), the Arabian Peninsula, the Persian Gulf with some of its islands, southern Persia and the Gulf of Oman. Title placed in upper left, scale in upper right, corner; contains a compass rose and several compass points.

LANGENES Barent (Bernardt); Amsterdam; 1598; Ormus; Latin/Dutch; 8.5 × 12 cm.408 This map covers the Persian Gulf and the western part of the Gulf of Oman. Both the Persian and Arabian sides of the Strait of Hormoz are called ‘Ormus’. Title placed in the lower left corner. This small engraving is nearly a direct copy of part of Henricus van Langren’s regional map of the Middle East, West Africa and India, known as the Linschoten map, published in Amsterdam in 1596.409 It appeared first in Caert-Thresoor in 1598 in Amsterdam, reprinted in 1599 by Cornelius Claesz and was included in a French edition of Caert-Thresoor translated by De La Haye and published as Thresor de Chartes… in 1602 and 1610. It can also be found in several other atlases and geographical works.410, 411 408) 409) 410) 411)

Langenes, part 2, p. 85. Alai, 2005, E. 76, p. 70 and Pl. 45, p. 72. Tibbetts, entry no. 55, p. 59. Tooley, new edition, vol. 3, entry ‘Langenes’ p. 83.

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HONDIUS Jodocus, BERTIUS Petrus; Amsterdam; 1616; Ormus regnum (inside the title cartouche) and Descriptio Regni Ormuzii (above the upper border); Latin; 9.5 × 13.5 cm; covers: 21°-32°30’ N, 84°-102°30’ E. of Ferro, Mercator projection; one graphical scale: 19 mm to 45 Miliaria Germanica, natural scale approximately 1: 15 000 000 (catalogue of the BSB, Munich).412, 413 On this map the Persian Gulf (Persicus Sinus) takes a central position, both sides of which are called ‘Ormus’. It is one of the earliest maps to show exclusively the Persian Gulf area. This map, like many others by Hondius, is included in the small atlas, produced

Pl. 139 (E. 249) MS An untitled early post-Ptolemaic MS chart of the Persian Gulf, by Alonso Santa Cruz, Madrid, 1541; 28 × 21.5 cm; Courtesy of the Austrian National Library, Vienna: MS 5542, Chart No. 7 (folio 15)

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

Pl. 140 (E. 250) Ormus, showing the Persian Gulf, by Barent Langenes, Amsterdam, 1598; 8.5 × 12 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Caert Thresoor, Maps C.39.a.2, part 2, p. 58

Pl. 141 (E. 251) Ormus (Hormoz) regnum, by Jodocus Hondius, Amsterdam, 1616; 9.5 × 13.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 106

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Pl. 142 (E. 253) MS Untitled MS chart by an anonymous Dutch chart-maker, showing the Persian Gulf, and part of the Gulf of Oman to Cape of Jask and beyond on the Persian coast, and to Muscat on the Oman coast, about 1645; 54 × 74 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/414/220 MS

414) Resende, Livro de Estado da India Oriental...: BL, MS Sloane 197, folios 153 and 154.

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Pl. 142

MS

ANONYMOUS; probably Persia; about 1645; untitled, showing the Persian Gulf and part of the Gulf of Oman to Cape of Jask and beyond on the Persian coast, and to Muscat on the Oman coast; Dutch; 54 × 74 cm; covers: 22°40’-30°40’ N; one graphical scale: 153 mm to 35 German miles 15=1° (about 1 inch to 25 geographical miles), natural scale approximately 1: 1 821 600.415, 416 Numerous soundings along the coast of Persia and the coast of Oman noted; scale bar placed in the upper right corner. It is a detailed map for the time, and may h ave been intended for navigational purposes. 415) This and the next entry (E. 254), and also E. 303 and E. 304, describe four manuscript charts from a collection of Dutch maps, drawn about 1645. The original manuscripts are in the State Archive at The Hague, and catalogued in the ‘Inventaris der Verzameling Karten berustende in het rijks Archief’ [Inventory of the Map Collection deposited in the Kingdom’s Archive], two volumes, The Hague, 1867. These four charts, namely folios 219-222, perhaps drawn by a single (unknown) Dutch chart-maker, relate to the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Three other folios 864-866, relate to Bandar Abbas and the Citadel of Qeshm, which will be described in E. 535, E. 536 and E. 642. As one of these

folios (folio 866) is dated ‘23 February 1645’, one may assume that the other folios were produced about the same time. The place of mapmaking has been given here as ‘Persia’ (see Preface: The scope of a map’s description, MS maps), but the final manuscript copies would have been made in Amsterdam or Batavia (Jakarta). It should be noted that the charts in the British Library (depicted in this volume) are late 19th-century manuscript copies of originals in the Dutch archives, done by Danvers as part of an exercise to copy Dutch records, mainly text but also visuals. (This author is very thankful to Sarah Tyacke for providing this piece of information) 416) MS in the BL: IOR X/414/220.

E. 254

MS

ANONYMOUS; probably Persia; about 1645; untitled, showing the Persian Gulf and part of the Gulf of Oman with soundings along the coast of Persia and the coast of Oman; Dutch; 53.5 × 74 cm, covers: 22°20’-30°40’ N, 71°10’-83°10’ E. of Ferro; one graphical scale: 121 mm to 30 German miles (about 1 inch to 25 geographical miles), or 1: 1 821 600.417, 418 This chart can be considered as another version of the chart described in E. 253, apparently drawn by the same chart-maker. Scale bar placed in the lower left part of the sheet. 417) MS in the BL: IOR X/414/221. 418) Description given in Reference 415 (E. 253) applies here as well.

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

147

Pl. 143 (E. 256) MS An untitled manuscript sketch of the Persian Gulf by Engelbert Kaempfer, Germany, 1684-85; 24 × 32 cm; By Permission of the British Library: MS Sloane 5232, folio 109, upper map

E. 255

MS

KAEMPFER (KÄMPFER) Engelbert; Germany; 1684/1685; untitled, showing the Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormoz and part of the Gulf of Oman; English; 49 × 70 cm; covers: 23°15’-30°45’ N; no scale given.419 A detailed manuscript chart of the Persian Gulf, with its islands; a few soundings are noted. As this sketch has become very pale and was published in Amoenitat in 1712, the Dalrymple edition of it (1787) is illustrated (see E. 257, Pl. 144). 419) Original MS sketches by Dr. Engelbert Kaempfer, drawn during his journeys through Moscovy, Persia and East India, 1684-85, are in the BL: MS Sloane 5235, f. 108.

E. 256

Pl. 143

MS

KAEMPFER (KÄMPFER) Engelbert; Germany; 1684/1685; untitled, showing the Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormoz and part of the Gulf of Oman; English; 24 × 32 cm; latitude, longitude and scale not given.420 This is nearly the same sketch, described in E. 255, but on a smaller scale, without much detail or many place names.

420) Original sketches of Dr. Engelbert Kaempfer, drawn during his journeys through Moscovy, Persia and East India, 1684-85, are in the BL: this sketch is folio 109, upper map, MS Sloane 5232. There is also a Dalrymple printed edition of this map.

E. 257

Pl. 144, upper chart

KAEMPFER Engelbert, HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; original MS: 1684, Kaempfer edition: 1712, Dalrymple edition: Feb. 27, 1787; Gulph of Persia published in Amoenitat…by Engelbert Kaempfer, 1712; English; 12.5/18 × 23 cm (upper map on a sheet of 29 × 23 cm); covers: 25°-31° (left side), 22°30’- 31° (right side) N, no scale given, approximately 75 nautical miles to 1 inch.421 The original MS was drawn in 1684-85, and published by Kaempfer in Amoenitat in 1712 (see E. 255). This Dalrymple edition shows the Persian and Arabian coasts of the Gulf of Oman and of the Persian Gulf from Jask and Muscat to Basra. Title placed in the upper right corner. 421) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 377, upper map. This sheet is also included in several other collections of Dalrymple Nautical Charts in the BL.

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Pl. 144 (E. 257), upper chart; E. 286, lower chart Upper chart: Gulph of Persia by Engelbert Kaempfer, 1712; Lower chart: Gulph of Persia from a MS, communicated by Claud Russell; Dalrymple edition of both charts printed on one sheet, London, Feb. 27, 1787; sheet: 29 × 23 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Dalrymple Nautical Charts: BL: 435.k.17, folio 377

E. 258

Pl. 145

MS

HACKE (HACK) William; England; 1690; untitled manuscript chart showing ‘Sinus Persicus’; Latin/English; 46 × 60 cm; one graphical scale: 178 mm to 80 English Leagues 20=1°. William Hacke (fl. 1682-1706) was one of the most prolific chart makers, producing more than 300 manuscript charts. A large number of his charts were bound into atlases for presentation to patrons and sponsors.422 This and two other charts relating to the Persian Gulf (see E. 259 and E. 309) are included in one of these atlases, kept in the Library of Congress.423 It covers part of Shatt-al-Arab (not to scale) and the Persian coast of ‘Sinus Persicus’ from Bussora (Basra) up to Strait of Ormus (Hormoz), with its ports, rivers, islands, etc. A few soundings are also noted. The Arabian coast is sketchy and lacks any geographical information. The graphical scale is placed in the upper right part of the chart and a quarter of a compass rose is in the lower left corner. The inscriptions are a mixture of Latin, such as ‘Sinus Persicus’ and English, such as ‘Persia’.

Another collection of Hacke’s manuscript charts, dated 1700 – in the BL – includes a somewhat different version of this chart.424 This volume is dedicated “To the Right Honourable John Lord Sommers, Baron of Eversham…by William Hacke”. This version is slightly smaller – 44 × 59 cm – drawn on the same scale, with latitudes of 24°-33° N. All inscriptions are in English, e.g. ‘Gulf of Persia’. Some other minor changes can also be seen. 422) Tooley, new edition, vol. 2 (E – J), entry: Hack, pp. 242, 243. 423) Hacke, 1690, chart (folio) no. 19. 424) Hacke, 1700, chart (folio) no. 11.

E. 259

MS

HACKE (HACK) William;425 England; 1690; untitled manuscript chart showing the western part of the Persian Gulf (‘GULF’ on the chart); English; 46 × 67; covers 24°-31° N; one graphical scale: 190 mm to 60 English Leagues 20=1°.426

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

149

Pl. 145 (E. 258) MS An untitled manuscript chart of ‘Gulf of Persia’, by William Hacke, this copy in the BL is dated 1700 (the original MS of 1690 is in the Library of Congress); 44 × 59 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR-7 Tab 125, folio 11

Compared with E. 258 / Pl. 145 this is a more realistic depiction of the Persian Gulf by William Hacke. It shows nearly the whole of the Persian Gulf to the Strait of Hormoz, but still can be seen as the left sheet of a two-sheet chart of the Persian Gulf with a substantial overlapping, the right sheet of which is described in E. 309. The Persian coast has been depicted with its ports, rivers, islands and numerous soundings, while the Arabian coast is sketchy without much geographical information. The scale bar placed in the lower left part of the chart and a quarter compass rose in the middle. 425) For more information about William Hacke see E. 258. 426) Hacke, 1690, chart no. 21.

E. 260

Pl. 146

THORNTON John; London; 1703; A Large Draught of the Golf of Persia from Muscatt to Buzaro; English; 43.5 × 53.5 cm; covers: 22°30’-31°40° N; three graphical scales: 104 mm to 45 English and French Leagues 20=1°, 107 mm to 35 German Miles 15=1°, 105 mm to 40 Spanish Leagues 17.5=1°.427 John Thornton was granted the Royal Privilege in 1672 to publish sea charts in England, as a result of which he produced numerous charts, including this one of the Persian Gulf in 1703. He may have benefited from earlier Dutch navigation charts. This chart appeared in The English Pilot, the third book, printed by John How for the author. Decorative title cartouche and scales placed in the lower left corner of the map. One inset is in the upper

right corner, entitled: ‘The Harbour of Muscatt’. There is a Dalrymple edition of this chart, published in 1787, described in E. 261 / Pl. 147, lower chart. 427) Thornton J, The English Pilot, Third Book, 1703. Copy in the BL: Maps C.22.d.30, chart 17.

E. 261

Pl. 147, lower chart

THORNTON John, HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; 1703 (original edition), January 7, 1787 (Dalrymple edition); Golf of Persia by John Thornton From the Edition of 1703; English; 15.5 × 27 cm the lower map on a sheet of 28.5 × 27 cm; covers: 23°20’-30°40’ (left side) / 23°20’27°20’ (right side) N; no scale given, but c. 75 nautical miles to 1 inch.428 This is the Dalrymple edition of the John Thornton chart of 1703 (E. 260, Pl. 146), illustrated as the lower map of plate 147; it is similar to the original edition, but omits the inset, title cartouche and scales. A simple title placed in the lower left corner. 428) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 374, lower map. This sheet can also be found in a number of collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 262

Pl. 148

THORNTON Samuel, MOUNT William & PAGE Thomas

Pl. 146 (E. 260) A large draught of the Golf of Persia from Muscatt to Buzaro, by John Thornton, London, 1703; 43.5 × 53.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps C.22.d.30, chart 17

150 chapter four – persian gulf, persian shores and islands

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

151

Pl. 147 (E. 263): upper chart & (E. 261): lower chart Upper chart: ‘Golf of Persia’, by Samuel Thornton, 1716 (E. 263); lower chart: ‘Golf of Persia’, by John Thornton, 1703 (E. 261); Dalrymple edition of both charts printed on one sheet, London; January 7, 1787; sheet: 28.5 × 27 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Dalrymple Nautical Charts, BL: 435.k.17, folio 374

publishers; London; 1716; A Large Draught of the Golf of Persia; English; 43 × 54 cm; covers: 20°50’-30°20’ N; one graphical scale: 112 mm to 150 Leagues.429 This is based on the chart of John Thornton of 1703 (see E. 260), with improvements and additions. It includes 16 coastal profiles (views of the land); title placed in the lower left corner, scale in the mid-lower part of the map. It covers the Persian Gulf and the northwestern part of the Gulf of Oman. The Pearl Bank on the Arabian shore is shown, and a number of soundings on the shores of Persia and Oman are noted. There is a Dalrymple edition of this map, published in 1787, described in E. 263 and illustrated in Pl. 147, upper map. 429) Thornton S, The English Pilot, Third Book, London, 1734; copy in the BL: Maps C.22.d.16, map 20.

E. 263

Pl. 147, upper chart

THORNTON Samuel, HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; 1716 (original edition), January 7,

1787 (Dalrymple edition); Golf of Persia by Samuel Thornton From the Edition of 1716; English; 13/19.5 × 27 cm, the upper map on a sheet of 28.5 × 27 cm; covers: 24°30’-30° (left side) / 20°40’-30° (right side) N; no scale given, but c. 75 nautical miles to 1 inch.430 This is the Dalrymple edition of the Samuel Thornton chart of 1716 (E. 262, Pl. 148), illustrated as the upper map of Pl. 147, which is somewhat different from the original edition, showing Persian shores from Jask, and Arabian shores from Oman, to Basra. Title placed in the lower left corner; coastal profiles of the original edition are shown. The lower map has been described in E. 261. 430) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 374, upper map. This sheet can also be found in a number of other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 264

Pl. 149, upper chart

FRIEND John, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; 1704 (original Friend’s map), April 28, 1787 (Dalrymple edition); Gulph of Persia From an English MS by John Friend, 1704;

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Pl. 148 (E. 262) A large draught of the Golf of Persia, Samuel Thornton, London, 1716; 43 × 54 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps C.22.d.16, map 20, 1734 edition

English; 13/29 × 46/20.5 cm, printed with Bellin’s chart (see E. 279) on one sheet of 29 × 46 cm; covers: 17°-30°50’ N; scale not given, estimated: 75 nautical miles to 1 inch.431 It shows the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. There are two insets in the upper right corner: 1) a view of Carrack (Khark Island), 5.5 × 15 cm, with a description below the inset; 2) another view of the same island, 5.5 × 9.5 cm. 431) Darlymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 380, upper map (lower map is Bellin’s chart of the Persian Gulf). This sheet can be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 265 AA Pieter vander (van der), ALBUQUERQUE Alfonso; Leiden; 1707; Zee-Togt van Alfonso d’Albuquerque na de Roode Zee d’Arabize en Persize Kusten met die van Ormus, Guzaratte, Goa, Malaca en verder Indiën tot aan’t Eiland Iava [Alfonso d’Albuquerque’s Sea Voyage to the Red Sea the Arabian and Persian Coasts with those of Hormoz, Guzarat, Goa, Malaca and farther Indies as far as the Island of Java]; Latin/Dutch; 15 × 22.5 cm; covers 10° S – 30° N, 50°-127° / 56°-125°E. of Ferro; two graphical scales: 35 mm to 150 Milliaria Germanica Communia 15=1°, to 175 Milliaria Hispanica Communia 17.5=1°

This regional map, covering a large territory from the Red Sea and Horn of Africa eastwards to Malaysia and Sumatra, includes ‘Sinus Persicus’ (Persian Gulf) and Gulf of Oman. Decorative title cartouche, etc. placed in the lower part, scales in the upper right corner, of the map.432, 433 Maps of Aa’s Atlas Nouveau et Curieux (1714) are printed from the same plates as the 1707 atlases, with French title in the lower margin and ornamental border added.434 432) Aa’s Naaukeurige Versameling der gedenk-waardigste Zee en Landreysen na Oost en West-Indiën, 1707; book 5 (vols. 20/21), map 1. 433) Aa’s Cartes des Itineraires & Voïages modernes qui ont esté faits tant par Mer que par Terre..., 1707, map 4. 434) Aa’s Atlas Nouveau et Curieux, 1714, map 4.

E. 266

Pl. 150

AA Pieter vander, ALBUQUERQUE Alfonso; Leiden; 1707; De Persiaanze Zee Met de Eylanden Baharem (Bahrain), Queixome (Qeshm) en Ormus (Hormoz), tussen Arabie en Persie tot, aan Dio en Suratte [The Persian Sea, with the Islands Bahrain, Qeshm and Hormoz, between Arabia and Persia as far as Dio and Suratte]; Latin/Dutch; 15 × 22.5 cm; covers: 18°-32°30’ N, 60°-95° / 65°96° E. of Ferro; two graphical scales: 40 mm to 60 Milliaria Germanica Communia 15=1°, to 70 Milliaria Hispanica Communia 17.5=1°.435-437

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Pl. 149 (E. 264): upper chart; (E. 279): lower chart Upper chart (E. 264): Gulph of Persia from an English MS by John Friend, 1704; lower chart (E 279): Gulf of Persia, by Jacques Nicolas Bellin, 1764; Dalrymple edition of both charts printed on one sheet, London, April 28, 1787; sheet: 29 × 46 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Dalrymple Nautical Charts, 435.k.17, folio 380

Persian Gulf (Sinus Persicus, Golfo di Bassora) is placed in the centre, decorative title and scale cartouche in the lower part, of the map. It shows the conquest and journeys of the Portuguese Admiral Alfonso d’Albuquerque in that region. 435) Aa’s Naaukeurige Versameling der gedenk-waardigste Zee en Landreysen na Oost en West-Indiën, 1707; book 5 (vols. 20/21) map 5. 436) Aa’s Cartes des Itineraires & Voïages modernes qui ont esté faits tant par Mer que par Terre, 1707, map 5. 437) Aa’s Atlas Nouveau et Curieux, 1714, map 5.

described in E. 265, with a new decorative and large title and scale cartouche, placed in its mid-lower part. 438) Aa’s Naaukeurige Versameling der gedenk-waardigste Zee en Landreysen na Oost en West-Indiën, 1707; book 5 (vol. 20/21), map 9. 439) Aa’s Cartes des Itineraires & Voïages modernes qui ont esté faits tant par Mer que par Terre, 1707, map 9. 440) Aa’s Atlas Nouveau et Curieux, 1714, map 9.

E. 268 E. 267 AA Pieter vander (van der); Leiden; 1707; De Persiaanze Zee met d’Eylanden in deselve tussen de Kusten van Arabie en Persia gelegen tot aan den Indus vloed, De Voorkusten van Guzaratte en Malabaar tot aan Kaap Komoryn [The Persian Sea with its islands between the Coasts of Arabia and Persia laid down as far as the Indus River, the Foreshores of Gujarat and Malabar as far as Cape Comorin]; Latin/Dutch; 15 × 22.5 cm; covers: 7°-32° N, 60°-92° / 66°-95° E. of Ferro, two graphical scales: 37 mm to 100 Milliaria Germanica Communia 15=1°, 40 mm to 70 Milliaria Hispanica Communia 17.5=1°.438-440 This map can be considered as an enlargement of part of the map

AA Pieter vander (van der); Leiden; 1707; De Kusten van Arabie, het Roode Meer, en Persize Zee van Bassora Voorby ‘T Nau van Ormus tot aan den Indus, Guzaratte en Kaap Comorin [The Coasts of Arabia, the Red Sea, and Persian Sea from Bassora beyond the Strait of Hormoz as far as the Indus, Guzarat and Cape Comorin]; Latin/Dutch; 15 × 22.5 cm; 5°-32° N, 55°-93° / 61°-95° E. of Ferro; two graphical scales: 52 mm to 150 Milliaria Germanica Communia 15=1°, to 175 Milliaria Hispanica Communia 17.5=1°.441-443 This map is similar to the map described in E. 267 except that the title, scale cartouche, and decorative scenes are different. 441) Aa’s Naaukeurige Versameling der gedenk-waardigste Zee en Landreysen na Oost en West-Indiën, 1707; book 5 (vol. 20/21), map 15.

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Pl. 150 (E. 266) [The Persian Sea, with the Islands Bahrain, Qeshm and Hormoz, between Arabia and Persia as far as Dio and Suratte], by Pieter vander Aa, Leiden, 1707; 15 × 22.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 979.e.5, map 5, facing p. 15

442) Aa’s Cartes des Itineraires & Voïages modernes qui ont esté faits tant par Mer que par Terre, 1707; map 15. 443) Aa’s Atlas Nouveau et Curieux, 1714, map 15.

E. 269

Pl. 151

MS

ANONYMOUS, England; around 1720; untitled, showing ‘The Gulf of Persia’; English; 36 × 64 cm; covers: 21°-30° N; no scale given.444 This chart covers the Persian coast from Basra to Baluchistan and the Arabian coast from Basra to Muscat. The title cartouche in the lower left corner is blank; a few soundings close to the Persian coast are noted. 444) A collection of charts etc. in the BL: Add. MS 38976, D4, folios 43 and 44.

E. 270

Pl. 152, lower chart

APRÈS (D’APRÈS) DE MANNEVILLETTE Jean Baptiste Nicolas Denis, HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; original edition: 1745, Dalrymple edition: Feb. 17, 1787; Gulph of Persia by M. D’Après, Published in the old Edition of the Neptune Oriental 1745; French/English; lower chart of 19.5/9.5 × 27.5 cm on a sheet of 28.5 × 27.5 cm; covers: 21°30’-31°

(left side) / 21°30’-26° (right side) N; scale not given, but estimated 75 nautical miles to 1 inch.445 This Dalrymple edition of Après’ chart of 1745 with another by him (see E. 272) were printed on one sheet in London, dated Feb. 17, 1787. It shows the Persian coast from Jask, and the Arabian coast from Muscat, to Basra. Title is in the lower left corner.446 445) Après (D’Après) de Mannevillette, Le Neptune Oriental, 1745. 446) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 375, lower chart; further copies of this sheet may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 271 APRÈS (D’APRÈS) DE MANNEVILLETTE Jean Baptiste Nicolas Denis, DHEULLAND engraver, ROBUSTEL Jean-François publisher; Paris; 1745; Plan Particulier du Golfe de Perse, depuis les Cap de Rosalgatte et de Jasque jusqu’à Bassara; French; 45 × 61 cm; covers: 21°40’-31° N; one graphical scale: 95 mm 40 Lieues Marines de France.447 This chart shows the Persian coast from Jasque (Jask), and the Arabian coast from Cape Rosalgatte (Ra`s al-Hadd), to Basra; a number of soundings close to the Persian shore are noted; title placed in the upper right, scale in the lower left, corner.

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

155

Pl. 151 (E. 269) MS A manuscript chart of ‘The Gulf of Persia’, by an anonymous English chart-maker, around 1720; 36 × 64 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Add. MS 38974, D4, folios 43 and 44

447) Après (D’Après) de Mannevillette, Le Neptune Oriental, 1745; copy in the BL: Maps 148.e.18, map 7.

E. 272

Pl. 152, upper chart

APRÈS (D’APRÈS) DE MANNEVILLETTE Jean Baptiste Nicolas Denis, HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; original edition: 1776, Dalrymple edition: Feb. 17, 1787; Gulph of Persia by M. D’Après, Published in the new Edition of the Neptune Oriental 1776; French/English; upper chart: 9/19 × 27.5 cm on a sheet of 28.5 × 27.5 cm; covers: 26°30’-30°30’ (left side) / 21°20’-30°30’ (right side) N; scale not given, but estimated 75 nautical miles to 1 inch.448 This Dalrymple edition of Après’ chart of 1776, with another by him (see E. 270), printed on one sheet in Feb. 17, 1787 in London. It shows the Persian coast from Jask, and the Arabian coast from Muscat, to Basra. Title placed in the upper right corner.449 448) Après de Mannevillette, Le Neptune Oriental ou routier général des côtes des Indes Orientales, 1776 449) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts; 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 375, upper chart; further copies of this sheet may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 273

Pl. 153

APRÈS (D’APRÈS) DE MANNEVILLETTE Jean Baptiste Nicolas Denis; SAYER Robert & BENNETT John publishers; London; 1776; A Chart of the Gulf of Persia, from Basra to Cape Rosalgate; English; 48.5 × 71 cm; covers: 22°15’-30°40’ N; scale not given.450 This is taken from the charts and descriptions of Carsten Niebuhr (1761), compared with those published until 1775 and printed in London for Robert Sayer and John Bennett in April 1776. This detailed chart covers the Persian Gulf and the western part of the Gulf of Oman; title is placed in the upper right part. It has two insets: a) in the upper right corner: Plan of the Islands of Karek (Khark) and Korgo…, 17 × 14.5 cm, one graphical scale of 42 mm to 3 nautical leagues, from Après de Mannevillette; b) in the lower left corner: Plan of Kismis (Qeshm) Channel, 12.5 × 27 cm, one graphical scale of 63 mm to 25 nautical miles, from Van Keulen. Five views, showing heights and several soundings, particularly close to the Strait of Hormoz, are noted (compare with Pl. 161, E. 283, which can be considered as another version of this chart). 450) Après (D’Après) de Mannevillette, The East Indian Pilot, or Oriental Navigator, 1776; copy in the BL: Maps 143.e.12, vol. I, map 22 (listed as 44).

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Pl. 152 (E. 272): upper chart; (E. 270): lower chart Upper chart: Gulph of Persia by D’Après, 1776 (E.272); lower chart: Gulph of Persia by D’Après, 1745 (E. 270); Dalrymple edition, printed on one sheet in London and dated ‘Feb. 17, 1787’; sheet: 28.5 × 27.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Dalrymple Nautical Charts, 435.k.17, folio 375

E. 274

Pl. 154

KEULEN Ioannes van (VAN KEULEN Johannes); Amsterdam; 1753; Afteekening van de Persische Golf, met alle desselfs Havens, Dieptens, Ende Ankergronden [Delineation of the Persian Gulf, with all of its Ports and Depths of Anchorages]; Dutch; 51 × 57 cm; covers: 19°40’-31°40’ N, two graphical scales: 80 mm to 30 German Miles 15=1°, to 40 English (or French) Lieues 20=1°, natural scale approximately 1: 2 700 000 (catalogue of BSB, Munich).451 Covers the whole of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. The Persian coast is shown from Bassura (Basra) to Gonadel in Baluchistan, and the Arabian coast from Bassura to Muscat. Title placed in the lower left corner above inset two; scales in the upper right corner below inset one. There are two insets: 1) In the upper right part of the chart, showing the narrow passage of water (strait) between the Persian coast (Bandar Abbas region) and the Island Kismis (Qeshm); 9.5 × 35 cm, one graphical scale: 92 mm to 15 German Miles; 2) In the lower left corner, showing the Arabian coast at Muscat, 14 × 24 cm, one graphical scale: 74 mm to ¼ German Mile. 451) Keulen van, original edition: vol. 3, folio 52; facsimile edition: vol. 3, part 6, map 14, pp. 12, 13.

E. 275

Pl. 155

KEULEN Iohannis (John) van, HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; original map 1753, Dalrymple edition Feb. 21, 1787; Gulph of Persia by John van Keulen; English; 29 × 28 cm; covers: 20°-33° N, scale not given, approximately 75 nautical miles to 1 inch.452 This chart shows the Persian Gulf and part of the Gulf of Oman; Pearl Bank on the Arabian shore marked; title placed in the lower left corner. 452) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 378; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 276

Pl. 156

HERBERT William; London; 1758; untitled, showing the Persian Gulf with its Islands, Strait of Hormuz and the northwestern corner of the Gulf of Oman; English; 45 × 60 cm; covers: 21°40’-31° N, longitudes not given; one graphical scale: 95 mm to 40 geometrical leagues.453

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

157

Pl. 153 (E. 273) A Chart of the Gulf of Persia from Basra to Cape Rosalgate, by Après de Mannevillette, London, 1776; 48.5 × 71 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 143.e.12, vol. I, map 22 (listed as 44)

A view of Banderabassi / Gunbaroune / Gumbaroone (Bandar Abbas), with mountains in the background, and the mouth of Shatt-al-Arab in some detail, is shown. Scale bar placed in the lower right corner. 453) Herbert William, A New Directory, 1758 edition, chart No. III.

E. 277

Pl. 157

E. 278

Pl. 159, lower chart

D’ANVILLE Jean Baptiste, HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; original edition: 1758, Dalrymple edition: Feb. 7, 1787; Gulph of Persia Laid down in 1758 & published in 1776 by M. D’Anville, First Geographer to the King of France; English/French; 12/9 × 28 cm, the lower chart on a sheet of 29 × 28 cm; covers: 25°-30°40’ (left side) and 25°-29° (right side) N; scale approximately 75 nautical miles to 1 inch.455

D’ANVILLE Jean Baptiste; Paris; 1758, published 1776; Golfe Persique Dressé en 1758 et publié en [1776]; French; 28 × 44 cm; covers: 25°30’-30°30’ N; five graphical scales: 73 mm to 30 Lieues Françoises, 84 mm to 30 Lieues Marines 20=1°, 76 mm to 30 Parasanges 22=1°, 87 mm to 30 Parasanges 19=1°, 97 mm to 30 Parasanges 17=1°.454

This Dalrymple edition of D’Anville’s original chart (E. 277, Pl. 157) shows the coast of Gulf of Oman (part) and the Persian Gulf from Jask and Fakkan to Basra; title placed on the right side. Note, translated into English: “A Memoir in vol. 30 de l’Académie des Belles-Lettres, pp. 132-197 will show the Researches of the Author in the composition of this Chart”.

This chart shows the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormoz and a few islands; title and scales placed in the upper right corner. There is a ‘Note’ below the scales (translated into English): “A Memoir in vol. 30 of l’Académie des Belles-Lettres, pp. 132-197, will show the researches of the Author in the composition of this Chart”. Dalrymple produced an edition of this chart in 1787, which is described in E. 278.

455) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 376, lower map; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

454) D’Anville, D’Anville Atlas Général, Paris, 1776 and later editions; copy in the BL, 1776 edition: Maps C.38.f.1, map 14.

E. 279

Pl. 149, lower chart

BELLIN Jacques Nicolas, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; original edition: 1764, Dalrymple edition: April 28, 1787; Gulph of Persia from M. Bellin, Petit Atlas Maritime, Tome III,

Pl. 154 (E. 274) Delineation of the Persian Gulf, with all of its Ports and Depths of Anchorages, by Johannes van Keulen, Amsterdam, 1753; 51 × 57 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 52.e.3, facsimile edition, vol. 3, part 6, map 14, pp. 12, 13

Pl. 155 (E. 275) Gulph of Persia, by John van Keulen, 1753, Dalrymple edition, London, Feb. 21, 1787; 29 × 28 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Dalrymple Nautical Charts, 435.k.17, folio 378

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persian gulf, persian shores and islands

Pl. 156 (E. 276) Untitled chart of the Persian Gulf, by William Herbert, from his New Directory, London, 1758; 45 × 60 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 145

Pl. 157 (E. 277) Golfe Persique, by J B D’Anville, Paris, 1758, published in 1776; 28 × 44 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 26

159

160

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Pl. 158 (E. 280) Carte du Golfe Persique, Jacques Nicolas Bellin, Paris, 1764; 16.5 × 21.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 7 Tab 118, vol. 3, chart 8

1764; English/French; 16 × 25.5 cm, lower chart on a sheet of 29 × 46 cm; scale approximately 75 nautical miles to 1 inch.456 This Dalrymple edition shows the Persian Gulf and its islands, Strait of Hormoz and part of the Gulf of Oman to Jask and the Musandam Peninsula. A few soundings noted; mountains hachured; title placed in the lower left corner. For the original chart see E. 280 and Pl. 158. 456) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 380, lower chart; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 280

Pl. 158

BELLIN Jacques Nicolas; Paris; 1764; Carte du Golfe Persique; French; 16.5 × 21.5 cm; one graphical scale: 37 mm to 50 Lieues Communes, natural scale c. 1: 6 000 000 (catalogue of the BSB, Munich).457, 458 This chart shows the Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormoz and the northwestern corner of the Gulf of Oman; decorative title and scale cartouche placed in the lower left corner. 457) Bellin, Petit Atlas..., vol. 3, chart 8. 458) For Dalrymple edition of this chart see Pl. 149, lower chart and E. 279.

Carsten Niebuhr was the sole survivor of a party of five qualified Danish surveyors who were dispatched by the King of Denmark on an extended expedition (1761-67) to explore Egypt and in particular Arabia and the adjacent territories. His travel account was published first in one volume in German in 1772 in Copenhagen. An extended two-volume German edition was published in 1774: it included his trip to the Persian Gulf, Bushehr, Shiraz, Persepolis and Gameron (Bandar-Abbas). The French translation of this edition appeared in 1776 (vol. 1) and in 1780 (vol. 2): Voyage en Arabie & en d’autres Pays Circonvoisins, published by S T Baal, Amsterdam and J van Schoonhoven, Utrecht. Volume 2 includes his trip to the Persian Gulf and Persia, with a lengthy text (pp. 75166) and six images (maps and map views). The English abridged translation, by Robert Heron, Travels through Arabia and other Countries in the East, performed by Niebuhr was printed in Edinburgh in 1792 (2 vols.), but excluded his travel to the Persian Gulf and Persia.

E. 281

Pl. 159, upper chart

NIEBUHR Carsten, HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; original date: 1765, Dalrymple edition: Feb. 7, 1787; Gulph of Persia Laid down chiefly from his own observation in 1765, by C. Niebuhr; English; 17/20 × 28 cm, the upper chart on a sheet of 29 × 28 cm; covers: 23°-31° (left

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

161

Pl. 159 (E. 281): upper chart; (E. 278): lower chart Upper chart: Gulph of Persia, by C Niebuhr, 1765; lower chart: Gulph of Persia, by J B D’Anville, 1758; Dalrymple edition, printed in London on one sheet in Feb. 7, 1787; sheet: 29 × 28 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 435.k.17, folio 376

side) and 21°30’-31° (right side) N, 44°30’-59°45’ E. of Paris; scale approximately 75 nautical miles to 1 inch.459 This chart shows the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormoz and part of Oman; title placed on the right side; mountains, particularly in Oman, hachured. For the original chart see E. 282. 459) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 376, upper chart; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 282

Pl. 160

NIEBUHR Carsten, HUYSER C J de; Paris; 1765; Sinus Persicus maximam partem ad observationes proprias A[nno]. MDCCLXV institutas delineatus a C Niebuhr [Persian Gulf, mainly based on personal observations in 1765, drawn by C. Niebuhr]; Latin; 20.5 × 29.5 cm; covers: 24°30’-31° N, 44°20’-55°40’ / 44°40’55°20’ E. of Paris; two graphical scales: 58 mm to 30 Milliaria Germanica 15=1°, to 40 Leucae Gallicae 20=1°, natural scale 1: 3 800 000 (catalogue of the BSB, Munich).460 This chart shows the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormoz and a few islands; many Persian ports are noted; title cartouche and scales

placed in the upper right corner. Dalrymple produced a new edition of this chart in 1787, entitled ‘Gulph of Persia’, which is described in E. 281, preceded by a description of Niebuhr. 460) Garnier, Recueil des Cartes pour l’Etude de l’Histoire de France, 1787.

E. 283

Pl. 161

DE LA HAYE (DELAHAYE) Guillaume Nicolas engraver, APRÈS (D’APRÈS) DE MANNEVILLETTE Jean Baptiste Nicolas Denis author, DEMONVILLE publisher; Paris; 1775; Carte du Golfe Persique, depuis Bassora jusqu’au Cap Rasalgate; French; 49 × 67 cm; covers: 22°15’-30°30’ N; scale approximately 1: 1 900 000 (catalogue of the BSB, Munich).461 This chart shows the Persian Gulf with islands, Strait of Hormoz and the northwestern part of the Gulf of Oman; title placed in the mid-upper part. There is one inset in the upper right corner: Plan des Isles Karak et Korgo, et de la Baye de Bundereek (Bandar-Rig), 17.5 × 14.5 cm, one graphical scale: 45 mm to 3 Lieues Marines. This chart can be considered as another edition of Après de Mannevillette’s chart described in E. 273 and illustrated in Pl. 153. 461) Après de Mannevillette, Le Neptune Oriental…, 1775; copy in the BL, 1776 edition: 460.g.8, chart 28.

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Pl. 160 (E. 282) Sinus Persicus (Persian Gulf), mainly based on personal observations, C. Niebuhr, Paris, 1765; 20.5 × 29.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 105

Pl. 161 (E. 283) Carte du Golfe Persique depuis Bassora jusqu’au Cap Rasalgate, by G N Delahaye, Après de Mannevillette and others, Paris, 1775; see also Pl. 153; 49 × 67 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 460.g.8, chart 28

persian gulf, persian shores and islands E. 284

Pl. 162, lower chart

163

24°-30°30’ N, 47°30’-61°30’ / 48°-61° E; scale not given.465

CANT John Lieutenant, HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; March 14, 1787; Gulph of Persia by Lieut. John Cant; English; 16.5/11 × 24 cm, lower chart on a sheet of 29 × 24 cm; covers: 23°45’-31°30’ (left side), 23°45’-28°45’ (right side) N; scale approximately 75 miles to 1 inch.462

This chart shows the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormoz and part of the Gulf of Oman. There are two insets in the chart’s upper part, from left to right: a) Mouth of Shatt-al-Arab, 8 × 15.5 cm; b) Plan of Jask Bay, 14.5 × 14.4 cm, one graphical scale: 21 mm to 2 nautical miles.

It shows the Persian coast from Jask to Shatt-al-Arab; the Arabian coast is not shown except a small part in Oman; title placed in the upper right corner

465) Vincent William, Voyage of Nearchus..., book 3, chart facing p. 285.

E. 288 462) Dalrymple Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 379, lower chart; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 285

Pl. 162, upper chart

HARVEY Edward Lieut., HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; March 14, 1787 Dalrymple edition, 1778 original edition; Gulph of Persia partly corrected by Lieut. Edward Harvey 1778; English; 12.5/18 × 24 cm, upper chart on a sheet of 29 × 24 cm; covers: 25°-30°30’ (left side), 22°-30°30’ (right side) N; scale approximately 75 nautical miles to 1 inch.463 This chart shows the coast of the northwestern part of the Gulph of Oman and the coast of the Persian Gulf from Ra’s-al-Hadd (Oman) and Jask (Persia) to Shatt-al-Arab; title is in the upper right corner; a number of soundings noted. 463) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 379, upper chart; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 286

Pl. 144, lower chart

RUSSELL (RUSSEL) Claud, HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; Feb. 27, 1787; Gulph of Persia From a MS communicated by Claud Russell; English; 16.5/11 × 23 cm, lower chart on a sheet of 29 × 23 cm; covers: 23°30’-31° (left side), 23°30’-28° (right side) N; scale approximately 75 nautical miles to 1 inch.464 Showing the Persian coast from Suhar, Oman, and Jask, Persia, to Basra; title is in the lower left corner. Alexander Dalrymple printed this chart and one by Engelbert Kaempfer on one sheet on 27th February 1787. 464) Dalrymple Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 377, lower chart; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 287

Pl. 163

DALRYMPLE Alexander, VINCENT William author, CADELL T Jun. and DAVIES W publisher; London; 1797; No. II Chart of the Gulph of Persia copied by permission for this Work only from Mr. Dalrymple’s collection; English; 26 × 46 cm; covers:

Pl. 164

HEATHER William, STEPHENSON J engraver; London; 1805; The Gulf of Persia; English; 63 × 78 cm; covers: 22°-30°42’ N, 47°59°6’ E; no scale given, natural scale approximately 1: 1 600 000 (catalogue of the BSB, Munich), Mercator projection.466 A detailed chart of the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormoz and the northwestern corner of the Gulf of Oman, showing the Persian coast from Bussorah (Basra) to Iskin (Makran), and the Arabian coast from Bussorah to Muscat. Title placed in the middle left side; numerous soundings, particularly close to the Persian coast, are noted. Ten coastal views placed wherever space was available. There are five insets described below clockwise, beginning from upper left inset: 1) ‘A New Chart of Busheer by Captain Simmons’, 19 × 14.5 cm, one graphical scale: 28 mm to 4 miles, showing the City and Peninsula of Bushehr, with soundings in feet; 2) ‘A Chart of the Island of Carrack (Khark) and Corgo’, 19 × 14.5 cm, one graphical scale: 37 mm to 2 miles, with soundings in feet; 3) ‘The Road of Jasques (Jask) by M Hunter’, 19 × 15 cm, one graphical scale: 55 mm to 2 miles, with soundings in feet; 4) ‘A Plan of Muscat & Mutrah’, 17 × 20 cm, one graphical scale: 44 mm to ½ mile, with soundings in feet and two views; 5) ‘A Chart of the Entrance to Bussorah, by J McCluer and Others’, 20.5 × 35.5 cm, one graphical scale: 47 mm to 20 miles, soundings in feet. 466) Heather, chart no. 20.

E. 289

Pl. 165

MS and printed

GOSSELLIN (GOSSELIN) Pascal François Joseph, CHAMOUIN engraver, AUBERT L writing; Paris; 1814, or slightly earlier; Pour les Recherches sur le Golfe Persique, Par P F J Gossellin [For researches on the Persian Gulf, by P F J Gossellin]; French; 20 × 28 cm; covers: 25°-32° N, 63°45’-75°15’ / 64°-75° E. of Ferro; two graphical scales: 60 mm to 2500 stades de 1111 au Degré, 67 mm to 50 lieues marines de 20 au Degré.467 This map covers the Golfe Persique (Persian Gulf), with the southern Persian provinces Khuzistan (ancient Susiana), Fars (ancient Persis) and Kerman (ancient Carmania). The ancient names are written with roman characters, the modern names with italic. Title placed in the lower left corner; scale bars below the inset. There is an inset in the upper right corner, showing the Strait of Hormoz; 8 × 13 cm; two graphical scales: 48 mm to 1000 stades de 1111 au Degré, and 40 mm to 15 lieues marines de 20 au Degré. Gossellin drew four slightly different study-sketches by hand,

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Pl. 162 (E. 285), upper chart; (E. 284), lower chart Upper chart: Gulph of Persia partly corrected by Lieut. Edward Harvey 1778; lower chart: Gulph of Persia by Lieut. John Cant; this shows Dalrymple edition of both charts on one sheet, London, 1787; sheet: 29 × 24 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 435.k.17, folio 379

Pl. 163 (E. 287) Chart of the Gulph of Persia, by A Dalrymple, London, 1797; 26 × 46 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 685.i.11, book 3/4, chart facing p. 285

Pl. 164 (E. 288) The Gulf of Persia, with five insets, by William Heather, London, 1805; 63 × 78 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps C.12.f.1.(20.)

persian gulf, persian shores and islands 165

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Pl. 165 (E. 289) [For researches on the Persian Gulf, by P F J Gossellin], printed copy, Paris, 1814; 20 × 28 cm; Courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris: (loose copy) Gi dd 5343 (53) right map no. 4

and finally chose no. 4 for printing. These manuscript sketches are in the BNF, Paris.468 Carl Ritter from Berlin copied this MS sketch by hand, adding a few place names.469 467) Gossellin Atlas, folio 33, right map no. 4. 468) Gossellin Folders, there are four MS and one printed copies of map 4 in this folder; shelf mark of the loose printed copy is: Gi dd 5343 (53- map no. 4). 469) MS copy in the SBB, Berlin: S 9130.

E. 290 HORSBURGH James, BATEMAN John engraver, EAST INDIA COMPANY; London; Feb. 1816, with additions 1846; untitled, ‘Persian Gulf’ on the chart; English; 19 × 27.5 cm; covers: 24°50’30°35’ N, 47°10’-57°35’ E; no scale given.470 This chart of the ‘Persian Gulf’ is an inset as continuation of the upper right corner of the main chart (not described here). A dedication note on the main chart reads: “To the Honourable the Court of Directors of the United East India Company this Chart intended as an Accompaniment to the Book of Directions for Navigation

to, from, and in the East Indies. Is inscribed by their faithful and obedient Servant James Horsburgh.” There is another note in the lower left corner of the inset, reading: “Erythrean Sea was the ancient name of the Persian Gulf, and the Island Kishm, called by the Arabs Jeziret Tauile, by the Persians Jeziret Draas, and by the Ancients Oaraeta...” 470) Copy in the BL: Maps 147.e.18, folio 95, inset in the mid-upper part of the main chart.

E. 291

Pl. 166

BRUCKS George Barnes, GUY G M, COGAN Robert, HAINES S B, ROGERS W E, surveyors, BATEMAN Richard engraver, HORSBURGH James publisher; London; 1830, published 1832; Chart of the Gulf of Persia. Constructed from the Trigonometrical Surveys Made by Order of the Hon[oura]ble Court of Directors of the United English East India Company; and to whom it is Respectfully Dedicated by their most obedient Servant George Barnes Brucks,…1830; English; a two-sheet chart: 75 × 118 cm in total; covers: 23°55’-30°20’ N, 47°10’-58°40’ E, Mercator projection; scale: 110 mm to one latitudinal degree, 100 mm to one longitudinal degree.471

Pl. 166 (E. 291) Chart of the Gulf of Persia, constructed from the trigonometrical surveys, by G B Brucks and others, 1830, published by J Horsburgh, London, 1832; two sheets joined: 75 × 118; By Permission of the British Library: IOR-X3678/1-2

persian gulf, persian shores and islands 167

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A detailed chart of the Persian Gulf, with numerous soundings, mainly near coasts; many islands shown; place names given both in English and Arabic; title placed in the upper part of the right sheet, mountains close to coast hachured. There is a separate manuscript list of names, dated 25 Feb. 1836, of geographical positions on both sides of the Persian Gulf.472 The same list has also been produced in Arabic.473 471) Copies in the BL: East India Pilot, folio 145; India Office Records: IORX/3678/1-2 (2 sheets), further copies. 472) MS in the BL: IOR-X/3679. 473) MS in the BL: IOR-X/3680.

E. 292

Pl. 167

BERGHAUS Heinrich, HERTERICH C H engraver, PERTHES Justus (JUSTUS PERTHES) publisher; Gotha, Germany; 1832; Reduzierte Karte vom Persischen Golf [A reduced chart of the Persian Gulf], German; 41 × 58 cm; covers: 23°30’-30°30’ N, 45°57° E. of Paris, longitude E. of Greenwich is also given, Mercator projection; natural scale c. 1: 2 100 000, reduced from an original English map (catalogue of the BSB, Munich).474, 475 Berghaus dedicated this chart to “den Offizieren der BombayMarine, welche den Persischen Golf in den Jahren 1821 bis 1825 erforschten als ein geringes Merkmal grösster Hochachtung, dargestellt vom Verfasser” [To the officers of the Bombay Marine who surveyed the Persian Gulf in the years 1821 until 1825, as a small sign of highest respect, presented by the author]. This is perhaps the most detailed printed general chart of the Persian Gulf at that time (1832), with numerous soundings, twenty coastal views and six insets. Coastal views are placed wherever space could be found; title is in the mid-left part, dedication in the lower right part of the chart. The insets from left to right and top to bottom are: 1) Kongun oder Konkun Bai (Kongan Bay), 5.5 × 8 cm, 1: 60 000; 2) Mogu Bai, 5.5 × 9 cm, 1: 360 000; 3) Der Sund (Strait) und die Insel Angar (Hendijan = Hengam), 8 × 9 cm, 1: 175 000; 4) Plan von Bushir (Bushehr), Rhede und Hafen, 12.5 × 13.5 cm, 1: 276 500; 5) Der Nordwestl. Ankerplatz vom Bahrein, 10.5 × 9 cm, 1: 210 000; 6) Maskat und Matraus, 7.5 × 9 cm, 1: 136 000. 474) Berghaus Heinrich, Atlas von Asia, 1832-56, map 12; loose copy in the BL: Maps 51010.(2.). 475) For the related text see: Geo-Hydrographisches Memoir zur Erklärung und Erläuterung der Reduzierten Karte von Persischen Gulf [Geo-Hydrographic Memoir for explaining and elucidating the Reduced Chart of the Persian Gulf], Gotha, 1832, Justus Perthes, 50 pages; copy of the BL: 794 H 21 I.

E. 293 KEMPTHORNE G B, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London, 1835; Sketch to illustrate the Memoir by Lieut. G B Kempthorne; English; 11 × 25 cm; covers: 23°-31° N, 47°-70° / 48°-69° E; natural scale approximately 1: 9 000 000 (catalogue of the SBB, Berlin).476 This sketch shows the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, Southern Persia and Eastern Arabia. It was published by John Murray

for the Journal of the RGS, to accompany the paper by Lieut. G B Kempthorne, entitled ‘Notes made on the Survey along the Eastern Shores of the Persian Gulf in 1828’. Title placed in the upper right corner. 476) Journal of the RGS, vol. 5, 1835, map facing p. 263, text: pp. 263-285. Copy in the SBB, Berlin: S 9216; copy in the BL: Maps 158, J-RGS, vol. 5, 1835.

E. 294 DAUSSY Pierre Jean Baptiste, CHASSANT engraver, HACQ J M lettering; Paris; 1840; Carte des Côtes d’Arabie et de Perse, comprenant depuis l’Île Socotra jusqu’à Bombay, dressée par M Daussy [Chart of the Coasts of Arabia and Persia, covering from Socotra Island to Bombay, drawn by M Daussy]; French; 58.5 × 87.5 cm; covers: 12°20’-30° N, 44°-73° E. of Paris, Mercator projection; scale not given.477 This chart was drawn by Pierre Daussy, French astronomer and hydrographer, after travelling through the region. It was published on the King’s order, under supervision of Minister Baron Duperré. Title is in the upper right corner; priced two Francs. 477) Loose copy in the BL: Maps H.F.SEC.19.(903.).

E. 295

Pl. 168

FERGUSSON Lieutenant cartographer, WALKER J & C engravers, WALKER John publisher; London; 1856; Winds and Currents in the Persian Gulf (12 charts for January to December; the name of the relative month appears after the general title on each chart); English; 45.5 × 58 cm each chart; covers: 21°40’-30°40’ N, 47°20’-60° E; no scale given, 47.5 mm to 1° latitude, 44.5 mm to 1° longitude.478 These are 12 basically identical charts for navigation, each showing the winds and currents of a month of the year, numbered 1 for January to 12 for December. As an example, chart 8 (August) is illustrated. Title placed in the upper right, explanations in the lower left, corner of the chart. 478) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3635/29/1-12.

E. 296

Pl. 169

CONSTABLE C G, STIFFE A W, GUY G M, BRUCKS G B, WASHINGTON J Rear Admiral hydrographer, WALKER J & C engravers, ADMIRALTY; London; 1862; Asia, Persian Gulf, Eastern Sheet, Compiled by Comm[ande]r C G Constable and Lieut[enan]t A W Stiffe I[ndian] N[avy], 1860; English; 98 × 65 cm; covers: 23°10’-30°50’ N, 53°25’-59° E, no scale given, soundings in fathoms.479 This sheet covers the eastern part of the Persian Gulf (east of 53°30’), the Strait of Hormoz and the western part of the Gulf of Oman (west of 59°). The principle points, islands and landmarks in this detailed chart have been laid down from positions determined

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

Pl. 167 (E. 292) Reduzierte Karte vom Persischen Golf, H. Berghaus, published by Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1832; 41 × 58 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51010.(2.)

Pl. 168 (E. 295) Winds and Currents in the Persian Gulf, in 12 sheets, each for a month of the year, by Lieut. Fergusson, London, 1856; sheet 8 (August) is illustrated ; 45.5 × 58 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3635/29/8

169

Pl. 170 (E. 297) Asia, Persian Gulf, Western Sheet, compiled by Commander C G Constable and Lieutenant A W Stiffe, London, 1862, with later editions; this plate shows the 1900 edition; 98 × 65 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Sec.12 (2837 B) / 1900 edition

Pl. 169 (E. 296) Asia, Persian Gulf, Eastern Sheet, compiled by Commander C G Constable and Lieutenant A W Stiffe, London, 1862, with later editions; this plate shows the 1910 edition; 98 × 65 cm; By Permission of the British Libray: Sec.12 (2837 A) / 1910 edition

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persian gulf, persian shores and islands

Pl. 171 (E. 298) [Indian Ocean. Coast of Africa, Arabia and Persia, covering the Gulf of Aden and the Persian Gulf], by the Spanish Admiralty Hydrographic Section, Madrid, 1869 (the upper part of the chart); illustrated part: 51 × 61 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps D.DE.H.SEC.4 (567.)

Pl. 172 (E. 300) Arabisches Meer, Persischer Golf, an inset chart in the upper left corner of the western sheet of the main chart ‘Indischer Ozean, Arabisches Meer’, Marine-Amt, published by Dietrich Reimer, Berlin, 1907; inset: 26 × 30 cm; BL: G.A.C.(296.), sheet 1, inset in the upper left corner

171

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by Commander C G Constable and Lieutenant A W Stiffe between September 1857 and March 1860. The intervening coast and soundings have been supplied from the surveys of Captains J M Guy and G B Brucks, taken during 1821-29. It was published at the Admiralty on 1st May 1862 under the superintendence of Rear Admiral Washington, and sold by J D Potter, agent for the Admiralty charts, at a price of three shillings (£ 0.15). New editions appeared in September 1865, October 1890, June 1910, January 1911, and later. The early editions include 6 inset charts, the later editions 7 such charts, with additional soundings. There are 31 coastal views placed wherever space was available. The inset charts are described below from upper left corner clockwise: 1) Kish (here is meant Qeshm) and Parts adjacent, by Constable, centred on 26°57’27” N / 56°17’05” E, scale: 1” to 2 sea miles, 26 × 21.5 cm; 2) Kais (Kish) Anchorage NE, by Constable, centred on 26°33’37” N / 54°01’49” E, scale: 1” to 1 sea mile, 15 × 19 cm; 3) Henjam (Hengam) Island and Anchorage, by Brucks and Constable, centred on 26°40’49” / 55°53’53”, scale: 1” to 2 sea miles, 15 × 18 cm; 4) [Bandar-e-] Charak, by Constable, centred on 26°43’34” N / 54°16’50” E, scale: 1” to 2 sea miles, 9 × 16 cm; 5) Kor Fakan (Khor Fakkan, Oman) Bay, by Constable, centred on 25°21’00” N / 56°21’54” E, scale 1¼” to 1 sea mile, 14 × 11.5 cm; 6) Abu Thabi (Abu Dhabi), by Haines and Constable, centred on 24°29’02” N / 54°23’42” E, scale: 1” to 1 mile, 10 × 10 cm; 7) Chiru (Chiruyeh), surveyed by Commander H B T Somerville, Royal Navy, in 1903, centred on 26°42’00” N / 53°44’51” E, scale: 2” to 10 sea miles, 8 × 8.5 cm (this inset added only in the later editions). The western sheet which is the expansion of the eastern sheet will be described in the next entry (E. 297). These two sheets, if joined, would make a complete chart of the Persian Gulf and, therefore, have been described in this section. 479) Copy in the BL: Sec.12 (2837 A) / 1862 edition / 1910 edition / 1911 edition.

E. 297

Pl. 170

CONSTABLE C G, STIFFE A W, GUY G M, BRUCKS G B, WASHINGTON J Rear Admiral hydrographer, WALKER J & C engravers, ADMIRALTY; London; 1862; no title on this sheet: Asia, Persian Gulf, Western Sheet; English; 98 × 65 cm; covers: 23°10’-30°50’ N, 47°45’-53°25’ E, no scale given, soundings in fathoms.480 This chart (western sheet) is the extension of the eastern sheet (E. 296) westwards, covering the Persian Gulf west of 53°25’. It is compiled in the same manner and on the same scale as the eastern sheet. Therefore, the general information given about the eastern sheet applies to this sheet as well. New editions appeared in March 1867, October 1890, 1900 (illustrated), April 1903, and later. The western sheet includes 19 coastal views, spread wherever space available, and 4 insets, described below from upper right corner clockwise: 1) Bushire, or Abu-Shahr (Bushehr), by Constable, cented on 28°59’07” N / 50°49’37” E, scale: 19 mm to 2 sea miles, 20 × 18 cm; 2) Al-Biad Harbour (in Qatar), surveyed by Guy and Brucks in 1823, with additions from a survey by Constable, centred on 25°17’24” N / 51°33’00” E, scale: 30 mm to 1 sea

mile, 14 × 25 cm; 3) Sheikh Shuaib (Lavan Island) Anchorage, by Constable, centred on 26°47’40” N / 53°23’36” E, scale: 30 mm to 1 sea mile, 10.5 × 15.5 cm; 4) Kharag & Khargo (Khark & Kharku Islands), by Constable, centred on 29°15’25” N / 50°20’39” E, scale: 25 mm to 1 sea mile, 24 × 14 cm. The eastern sheet has been described in the previous entry (E. 296). These two sheets, if joined, would make a complete chart of the Persian Gulf and, therefore, have been described in this section. 480) Copy in the BL: Sec.12 (2837 B) / 1862 edition / 1900 edition / 1903 edition.

E. 298

Pl. 171

ALMIRANTAZGO SECCION DE HIDROGRAFIA [ADMIRALTY, HYDROGRAPHIC SECTION], BREGANTE S draughtsman, BACOT P lettering; Madrid; 1869; Oceano Indio. Costas de Africa, Arabia y Persia, que comprende los Golfos de Aden y Pérsico, según los trabajos ingleses más modernos [Indian Ocean. Coast of Africa, Arabia and Persia, covering the Gulf of Aden and the Persian Gulf, based on the latest English works]; Spanish; two sheets, 96.5 × 61 cm in total, 51 × 61 cm upper sheet; covering: 1°-31°30’ N, 49°-68°30’ E. of St. Fernando, Mercator projection; no scale given, water depths and heights in m.481 Title and the conversion table of the length are placed in the upper right corner. There is an inset in the lower-left part: ‘Entrado del Golfo Pérsico en escala mayor’ [Entrance to the Persian Gulf on a larger scale], showing the Strait of Hormoz and Qeshm Island; 25 × 30 cm. 481) Copy in the BL: Maps D.DE.H.SEC.4 (567.).

E. 299 ROBIQUET Aimé; Paris; 1878; Carte des Côtes de Perse & d’Arabie comprenant la Mer Rouge & le Golfe Persique, dressée d’après les travaux de Morsby, Carless, Haines, Brucks, Barker &c.; French; 67 × 100 cm; covers: 10°-30° N, 31°-63° E; no scale given for the main chart.482 This chart is based on the works of the English surveyors mentioned above, and appeared in the later editions of the Atlas Hydrographique.483 Title is in the lower left corner. There are three insets placed in the upper part of the Arabian Peninsula, depicting three locations of the Arabian coast in Yemen: 1) Entrée de la Mer Rouge; 2) Rade (Harbour) de Moka (Mukha); 3) Aden. 482) Robiquet, 1881 edition, chart no. 65. 483) See Robiquet.

E. 300

Pl. 172

MARINE-AMT [GERMAN ADMIRALTY], GIESECKE & DEVRIENT engravers, REIMER Dietrich and VOHSEN Ernst publisher; Berlin; 1907; Arabisches Meer, Persischer Golf (inset chart); German; 26 × 30 cm; covers: 23°-30°30’ N, 47°45’-58° E;

Pl. 173 (E. 301) Indischer Ocean, Arabische und Persische Küste, Persischer Golf, first edition 1910, reprinted with additions in 1913 (illustrated here), produced by Reichs-Marine-Amt Berlin [German Admiralty], published by Dietrich Reimer and Ernst Vohsen; 78 (partly 68) × 89.5 cm; Courtesy of the State Library of Berlin (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin): D 347, 1913 edition

persian gulf, persian shores and islands 173

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natural scale 1: 3 500 000 as in the main chart, heights and depths in m.484 The main chart in two sheets covers an area from Yemen and Africa in the west to India and Ceylon in the east, with the title ‘Indischer Ozean, Arabisches Meer’ placed in the upper right corner of sheet 2. The inset in the upper left corner of sheet 1, showing the Persian Gulf, is the subject of this entry. Title placed in the upper right corner, compass in the lower left corner. Names of many ports of the Persian Gulf and numerous soundings are noted. See also E. 301, a separate detailed chart of the Persian Gulf, based on this one. 484) Copy in the BL: G.A.C.(296.), sheet 1, inset.

E. 301

Pl. 173

REICHS-MARINE-AMT BERLIN [German Admiralty], GIESECKE & DEVRIENT engravers, REIMER Dietrich and VOHSEN Ernst publisher; Berlin; 1910, corrected 1913, with later editions; Indischer Ozean, Arabische und Persische Küste, Persischer Golf; German; 78 (partly 68) × 89.5 cm; covers: 23°50’30°40’ N, 47°40’-56°30’E, Mercator projection; natural scale 1: 1000 000, heights and depths in m.485 This detailed chart was prepared in 1909 and printed first in 1910, and reprinted in 1913 with corrections (Pl. 173); a new edition appeared in 1922, with later imprints. Further editions were published in 1932 and later, falling outside our chosen time-span and, therefore, will not be described here. For construction of this chart, the following sources have been

noted: the Official British charts Nos. 20, 22, 27, 35, 753, 1235, 2837a-b, 2862, 3380, 3540, 3599, and also the Official German chart No. 348. It covers the whole of the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormoz, with the names of many ports given and numerous soundings noted. Title placed in the lower right corner, mountains hachured. There are nine insets as described below from upper right corner anticlockwise: 1) Reede [Anchorage] von Bushehr, 20 × 17 cm, covers: 28°47’29°5’ N, 50°38’-50°58’ E, scale: 1: 200 000; 2) Ankerplatz [Anchorage] bei Djesiret Keis (Kish Island), 15 × 16 cm, covers: 26°31’-26°36’ N, 53°57’-54°4’ E, scale: 1: 75 000; 3) Reede von Tscharak (Bandar Charak), 10 × 15 cm, covers: 26°39’-26°46’ N, 54°12-54°25’ E, scale: 1: 150 000; 4) Reede von Tschiru (Bandar Chiruyeh), 7.5 × 6.5 cm, covers: 26°41’-26°42’ N, 53°44’-53°45’ E, scale: 1: 40 000; 5) Ankerplatz bei Schech Schuaib (Sheykh Sho`eyb, or Lavan Island), 8x13 cm, covers: 26°45’-26°51’ N, 53°15’-53°26’ E, scale: 1: 150 000; 6) Ankerplatz zwischen Charag & Chargu [Anchorage between the Islands Khark and Kharku], 23 × 15 cm, covers: 29°12’29°21’ N, 50°17’-50°23’ E, scale 1: 75 000; 7) Hafen [Port] of El-Bida (Doha, Qatar), 11.5 × 21 cm, covers: 25°17’-25°21’ N, 51°31’-51°39’ E, scale: 1: 75 000; 8) Reede von Abu Sabi (Abu Dhabi, UAE), 10 × 10 cm, covers: 24°28’-24°32’ N, 54°19’-54°23’ E, scale: 1: 75 000; 9) Ankerplatz innerhalb von Ra’s Tannura (Saudi Arabia), 9 × 8 cm, covers 26°37’-26°38’ N, 50°9’-50°10’ E, scale: 1: 25 000. 485) Copy in the SBB, Berlin: D 347 (all editions and reprints from 1913 until 1962)

Section Two: Persian Shores, Parts of the Persian Gulf, and Gulf of Oman

E. 302

Pl. 174

BAFFIN William author, SOMMERSON Robert author, HARMAR (HARMER) Thomas lettering, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; 1617 (original MS), May 11, 1795 (Dalrymple edition); Plan of the Road of Jasques (Jask) on the south coast of Persia; English; 29 × 29.5 cm; covers: 25°30’ N, scale c. ¼ nautical mile to 1 inch.486 Dalrymple has taken this chart from a MS book by William Baffin and Robert Somerson, and inscribed it to the Reverend John Price in acknowledgement of his ‘repeated civilities’ to him. The original MS was drawn around 1617 (Baffin died in 1622). A 21-line note, describing the area by John Hatch in 1617, is placed in the lower left, the title in the upper left, corner. This chart shows the Bay of Jask and a curved view of the shore, with the background hills and mountains hachured. A few soundings are noted. The MS book is in the Bodleian Library.

486) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts; copy of the BL: Maps C.21.c.12, chart 28 (also in 3 other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.)

E. 303

Pl. 175

MS

ANONYMOUS; Persia; about 1645; untitled, showing the Gulf of Oman, including the Arabian coast from Kuria Muria Bay to ‘Caap Monsadok’ (Cape Mussendom) at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, and the Makran coast between ‘Caap Jaques’ (Cape Jask) and the Indus; Dutch; 52 × 74 cm; covers: 18°10’-26°40’ N, 79°-91° E. of Ferro; one graphical scale: 121 mm to 30 German miles 15=1° (about 1 inch to 25 geographical miles), or 1: 1 821 600.487, 488 This manuscript is sketchy, with few details; several soundings noted at the entrance of the Persian Gulf; scale bar placed in the lower right corner. The description given in Ref. 415 (E. 253) applies to this entry as well.

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

175

Pl. 174 (E. 302) Plan of the Road of Jasques (Jask) on the south coast of Persia, by William Baffin (MS: 1617), this Dalrymple edition, London 1795; 29 × 29.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Dalrymple Nautical Charts, Maps C.21.c.12, chart 28

487) MS in the BL: IOR X/414/219. 488) Natural scale taken from the catalogue of BL, IOR-X series.

E. 304

Pl. 176

MS

ANONYMOUS; Persia; about 1645; untitled, showing the Strait of Ormuz with soundings; Dutch; 26 × 37 cm, sheet: 53 × 74 cm; covers 25°-27°20’ N; one graphical scale: 100 mm to 15 German miles 15=1° (about 1 inch to 14 geographical miles), natural scale 1: 1 020 000.489, 490 This manuscript chart shows the Strait of Hormoz, with Port Gamron (Bandar Abbas) on the Persian coast, islands of Ormuz (Hormoz), Laricka (Larak) and part of island Kismis (Qeshm). A few soundings are noted; mountains along the coast of Persia and Oman shown; scale bar placed in the lower right corner. The description given in Ref. 415 (E. 253) applies equally to this entry. This sheet includes two other charts, not directly related to Persia:

a) on the left side: untitled, showing the coast of Oman from Port Doggeby and Cape Mussendom to Bay of Muscat, with soundings along the coast; 53 × 36.5 cm, 22°30’-27°20’ N, one graphical scale: 106 mm to 45 German miles, or about 1: 1 020 000; b) on the upper right side: De Bay van Mascatta, showing the Muscat Bay, with soundings and a view of the Fort, 26 × 37 cm, no scale given. 489) MS in the BL: IOR X/414/222. 490) See also E. 253, E. 254 and E. 303 of the same group of charts.

E. 305

Pl. 177

MS

WILDE (WYLDE) Charles; London or India; c. 1650; untitled, called by Foster ‘Entrance of the Persian Gulf’; English; it consists of three sheets joined together: main sheets (left and right): 45 × 31 cm each, third sheet as extension of the lower-right corner of the right sheet: 33 × 34 cm, in total: c. 60 × 86 cm (partly void);

176

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Pl. 175 (E. 303) MS Untitled chart by an anonymous Dutch chart-maker, showing the Gulf of Oman, including the Arabian coast from Kuria Muria Bay to ‘Caap Monsadok’ (Cape Mussendom) at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, and the Makran coast from ‘Caap Jaques’ (Cape Jask) to the Indus, about 1645; 52 × 74 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/414/219

covers in total: c. 23°-32° N, 48°-61° E; scale not given, measured 60 mm for one latitudinal degree and 22 mm for one longitudinal degree.491 article,492

William Foster wrote an entitled ‘A Seventeenth-Century Cartographer’, in which he strongly suggests that Charles Wilde (Wylde) is the maker of this and other MS charts which are bound together and preserved in the BL (Additional MS 15737). Wilde first served in the (British) East India Company, during when he navigated and surveyed the Persian Gulf in 1648-49 mainly for commercial reasons. Then he joined the Royal Navy, and his collection was later given to the British Library by the Admiralty. Therefore the year 1650 as the date of this MS chart is about right. This chart covers the Persian coast of the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormoz, and the northwestern part of the Gulf of Oman. The Arabian coast is covered only from the Strait of Hormoz to Muscat. There are ten coastal views placed at the upper and right parts, two of which are more detailed: 1) in the upper part of the left sheet, entitled ‘Jascuis Bay’, showing the bay and the town of Jask, with mountains in the background, 10 × 10 cm, with some soundings; 2) in the middle of the right sheet, entitled ‘Gamberron’, showing

a good view of Bandar-Abbas, with mountains in the background, 10 × 29 cm. 491) Wilde, chart 12. 492) Foster, Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 44, 1914, pp. 78-82.

E. 306

Pl. 178

TAVERNIER Jean Baptiste; Paris; 1676; Plan exact de Gomron, ou du Bandar Abassi de l’Isle d’Ormus et des Isles voisines [An exact Plan of Gomron, or Bandar Abbas, the Island of Hormoz and the neighbouring Islands]; French; 24 × 36 cm; no coverage and scale given.493, 494 This pictorial ‘Plan’, covering the Strait of Hormoz and the Persian coast from Bandar Congo to near Bandar Jask, is an unusual decorative map view. The City of Bandar Abbas, with roads around it, and the islands of Guismich (Qeshm), Ormus (Hormoz) and Larec (Larak) are shown. A few soundings in the Strait of Hormoz are noted.

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

177

Pl. 176 (E. 304) MS Untitled chart by an anonymous Dutch chart-maker, showing the Strait of Ormuz with soundings, about 1645; 26 × 37 cm, the chart on the lower right section of a sheet of 53 × 74 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/414/222

493) Tavernier, all editions, vol. 1, p. 624, or 692; the page number may vary in different editions. 494) I am very obliged to Mme Hélène Richard, Directeur du Départment des Cartes et Plans, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, for providing me with detailed information about the source of this map.

E. 307

MS

KEMPTHORNE John Captain, London; 1684-88; untitled, showing Gombroon and the Entrance to the Persian Gulf; English; 21.5 × 34.5 cm; one graphical scale: 70 mm to 6 English miles.495

E. 308

MS

KEMPTHORNE John Captain, London; 1684-88; untitled, showing The Strait of Hormoz with a few islands; English; 34.5 × 21.5 cm; no scale given.496 This sketchy manuscript chart shows the Persian coast from Bandar Abbas to near Jask Bay, the islands Ormoos (Hormoz), Lorrait (Larak), part of Qeshm and part of the Arabian coast. Some soundings are noted, and a compass rose placed in the lower left corner. 496) Kempthorne, folio 56.

Captain John Kempthorne was a marine surveyor and hydrographer (fl. 1672-88), serving in the East India Company. This manuscript sketch is a view of Gombroon (Bandar Abbas), with mountains in the background and a compass rose and a ship in the foreground. Parts of two other coastlines are also visible, perhaps of the islands Qeshm (left side) and Hormoz (right side). Graphical scale placed in the upper right corner. 495) Kempthorne, folio 38.

E. 309

MS

HACKE (HACK) William;497 England; 1690; untitled manuscript chart showing the eastern part of the ‘GULF’ of Persia and beyond; English; 46 × 67; covers 23°-29° N; one graphical scale: 250 mm to 80 English Leagues 20=1°.498 It covers the eastern part of the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormoz and the northwestern part of the Gulf of Oman, with ports, islands

Pl. 177 (E. 305) MS The Entrance of the Persian Gulf, a manuscript chart by Charles Wilde, c. 1650; three sheets joined: c. 60 × 86 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Additional MS 15737, chart 12

178 chapter four – persian gulf, persian shores and islands

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

179

Pl. 178 (E. 306) Plan exact de Gomron, ou du Bandar Abassi de l’Isle d’ormus et des Isles voisines [An exact Plan of Gomron, or Bandar Abbas, the Island of Hormos and the neighbouring Islands], by Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Paris, 1676; this plate is from a later edition; 24 × 36 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 144

and a number of soundings close to the Persian coast. The Arabian coast is sketchy and lacks any geographical information, except for the part between Cape of Musandam and Muscat. Tropicus Cancri (tropic of Cancer) is shown; scale bar placed in the lower left part, and a quarter of a compass rose in the lower right corner. This chart can be considered as the right sheet of a two-sheet chart of the Persian Gulf with substantial overlapping, the left sheet of which has been described in E. 259. 497) For more information about William Hacke refer to E. 258. 498) Hacke, 1690, chart 20.

E. 310

Pl. 179

MANDELSLO Jean Albert (Johann Albrecht), AA Pierre vander publisher; Leiden; 1719, original MS: c. 1640; La Rade de Gammeron, Suivant les Mémoires les plus recens des meilleurs Voyageures [The Harbour of Gammeron (Bandar Abbas) according to the most recent memoirs of the best travellers]; French; 19 × 16 cm; covers: 16°10’-17°40’ N; one graphical scale: 41 mm to 5 German miles

(Larak) and Kismis (Qeshm). Title placed in the upper right corner, scale in the lower part, of the map. It was constructed by J A Mandelslo around 1640, published by Pierre vander Aa in Les Voyages de Sr. Albert Mandelslo in 1719, and in La Galerie Agréable in 1729.499, 500 499) Aa Pierre vander, Les Voyages du Sieur Albert Mandelslo, 1719. 500) Aa Pierre vander, La Galerie Agréable du Monde; 214.f.12, vol. 24, map 29.4.

E. 311

MS

ANONYMOUS; England; around 1720; The Strait between Kismis (Qeshm) Island and Persia; English; 11.5 × 35 cm; one graphical scale: 92 mm to 20 English Nautical League 20=1°, soundings in red measured in feet, those in black measured in fathoms.501 This chart shows the narrow strait between the Persian coast and Qeshm Island, with numerous soundings; title and scale placed in the upper left corner. Van Keulen constructed a similar chart which was printed by Dalrymple in 1774 (see E. 317). 501) A collection of charts etc. in the BL: Add. MS 38976, D3, folio 42.

This chart shows the Strait of Hormoz, with Gameron on the Persian coast, and a few islands such as Ormus (Hormoz), Larique

180

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Pl. 179 (E. 310) La Rade de Gammeron (Bandar Abbas), Jean Albert Mandelslo, around 1640, published by Pierre vander Aa, Leiden, 1719; 19 × 16 cm; By Permission of the British Library: La Galerie Agréable, P. vander Aa, 214.f.12, vol. 24, map 29.4

E. 312 GOUGH Richard, HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; original MS: 1724, Dalrymple edition: May 5, 1787; Chart of the River Euphrates from the city of Basara to the Gulph of Persia, taken in the year 1724… from an English MS, communicated by Richard Gough; English; 28 × 46 cm; scale not given, approximately 10 nautical miles to 1 inch.502 It covers the river Shatt-al-Arab and the north-western corner of the Persian Gulf to the island of Khark and Bandar-Rig, with a ship’s track. Gough, or Dalrymple, called this river ‘Euphrates’; but the Euphrates and the Tigris, after joining together, make one single wide river called ‘Shatt-al-Arab’ (in Persia also called Arvand Rud), with Basra on its shore. 502) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts; London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 370; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 313

Pl. 180

BELLIN Jacques Nicolas; Paris; 1764; Carte des Embouchures de l’Euphrate; French; 21 × 17 cm; covers Shatt-al-Arab from ‘Bassora’ or Basra to the Persian Gulf; one graphical scale: 37 mm to 6 lieues communes.503 In this chart ‘west’ is at the top (the sheet should be turned 90° anti-clockwise – and the compass in the lower right corner 90° clockwise – in order to have ‘north’ at the top). River Shatt-al-Arab has been mistakenly called Euphrates (see description in E. 312). Decorative title and scale cartouche placed in the upper left part, compass in the lower right corner. 503) Bellin J N, Petit Atlas Maritime..., vol. 3, map 9.

E. 314 CANT John, MASCALL Joseph copyist, HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; original copy: 1773,

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

181

Pl. 180 (E. 313) Carte des Embouchures de l’Euphrate (i.e. Shatt-al-Arab), J N Bellin, Paris, 1764; 21 × 17 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Bellin, Petit Atlas Maritime..., 7 Tab 118, vol. 3, chart 9

Dalrymple edition: Aug. 29, 1786; A Plane Chart of Part of the Gulph of Persia by Lieut. John Cant, from a MS at the East India House, copied by Joseph Mascall, 1773; English; 29 × 43 cm; covers: 23°40’-27°25’ N, 0°-5°40’ W. of Muscat; scale approximately 20 nautical miles to 1 inch.504 This chart shows the Persian coast in the Strait of Hormoz from Jask to Nay-Band, and the Oman coast from Muscat to the Musandam Peninsula. The Persian islands in the region have also been shown. 504) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 372; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 315

cm; covers: 27°-30°40’ N; scale approximately 20 nautical miles to 1 inch.505 This chart shows the Persian coast of the Persian Gulf from Hendijan River to Asaluyeh, including Busheer (Bushehr, Bushire). One inset placed in the lower left corner, entitled ‘Part of the Gulf of Persia corrected by Lieut. Edward Harvey’, scale approximately 20 nautical miles to 1 inch, shows coast from Shatt-al-Arab to Kuwait. See also E. 319 and E. 331, showing nearly the same section of the Persian coast, made by other surveyors, for comparison purposes (see Pl. 181 for the three charts). 505) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy of the BL: 435.k.17, folio 373, left chart; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

Pl. 181, left chart E. 316

CANT John, HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London, Apr. 12, 1787; Part of the Coast of Persia by Lieut. John Cant; English; left chart on a sheet of 24.5 × 47

Pl. 182

SIMMONS David Captain, BEGBIE P engraver, WHITCHURCH W writing, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London, July 25,

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Pl. 181, containing three charts for comparison: Left: Part of the Coast of Persia by Lieut. John Cant (E. 315); Middle: Part of the Coast of Persia by Lieut. Edward Harvey (E. 319); Right: Part of the Coast of Persia from a MS communicated by Claud Russel (E. 331). These charts show nearly the same shore of the Persian Gulf, reproduced by A Dalrymple on a common scale, and printed in London on 12th April, 1787 on one sheet for comparison purposes; sheet: 24.5 × 47 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 435.k.17, folio 373

1774; Plan of Bushier (Bushehr) in the Persian Gulph by Captain David Simmons; English; 28 × 31.5 cm; covers Peninsula of Bushehr; scale approximately 2.5 nautical miles to 1 inch.506 This large-scale chart shows the City and Peninsula of Bushehr. The inset in the upper right part is a view of Bushehr, with mountains in the background; title placed in the lower left corner. A second state of this chart, with radial lines added, was printed in 1779. It was revised and re-issued by Hurd after 1810, with publication date later altered to Dec. 8, 1820; included in Admiralty Chart catalogues, 1825-32. 506) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London; copy in the BL: Maps C.21.c.12, chart 23. Further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

This chart shows the channel between the island of Qeshm and Bandar Abbas; its first state lacks radial lines, which appear in the second state (1779); title placed in the upper right corner; some soundings in the Qeshm Channel noted. 507) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London; copy in the BL: Maps C.21.c.12, chart 26.

E. 318 NIEBUHR Carsten;508 Amsterdam; 1774; Dutch title: Ditwatering van den Schat-el-Arab in de Golf van Persië, French title (1780): Embouchures du Schat-el-Arab dans la Golfe Persique [Mouth of the Shatt-al-Arab in the Persian Gulf]; Dutch/French; 14 × 21 cm; covers: 29°40’-31°30’ N; one graphical scale: 45 mm to 10 German miles.

E. 317 KEULEN Iohannis (John) van, RUSSELL J draughtsman, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; Aug. 10, 1774; Kismis (Qeshm) Channel in the Gulph of Persia from the early editions of Van Keulen; English; 28 × 20.5 cm; scale not given, estimated 20 nautical miles to 1 inch.507

The northwestern corner of the Persian Gulf, the river Shatt-alArab and a part of the Tigris and the Euphrates are shown; a number of place names are noted; title placed in the lower right, the table of scale in different latitudes in the lower left, corner.509 508) For Carsten Niebuhr see the description preceding E. 281. 509) Niebuhr Carsten, Voyage en Arabie & en d’Autres Pays Circonvoisins, vol. 2, map 40, facing p. 199.

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

183

Pl. 182 (E. 316) Plan of Bushier (Bushehr) in the Persian Gulph by Captain David Simmons, Dalrymple edition, London, 1774; 28 × 31.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps C.21.c.12, chart 23

E. 319

Pl. 181, middle chart

HARVEY Edward, HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; original edition: 1778, Dalrymple edition: Apr. 12, 1787; Part of the Coast of Persia by Lieut. Edward Harvey, 1778; English; middle chart on a sheet of 28.5 × 46 cm; covers: 27°-30°40’ N; scale estimated at 20 nautical miles to 1 inch.510 The Persian coast of the Persian Gulf from Hendijan River to Asaluyeh, including Busheer (Bushehr, Bushire) is shown. The charts described in E. 315 and E. 331 are from nearly the same section of the Persian coast for comparison purposes (see Pl. 181, left and right charts). 510) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 373, middle chart; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 320 HARVEY Edward Lieut., HARMAR Thomas engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; Jan. 13, 1780; A Chart of the Coast of Persia, with the various Branches of Bussora River; English; 47 × 61 cm; covers: Head of the Persian Gulf, Basra Lat. 30°31’ N; scale estimated at 10 miles to 1 inch.511

This chart shows part of the Head of the Persian Gulf with Shattal-Arab (called here Bussora River); title placed in the upper left corner; one inset in the upper right corner: Catif Bay on the Arabian coast extended from a sketch by Captain Simmons, 19 × 9 cm, scale as in the main chart. 511) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London; copy in the BL: 460.g.6, chart 11; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 321

Pl. 183

HARVEY Edward Lieut., HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; Aug. 27, 1786; A Plane Chart of Part of the Gulph of Persia partly corrected by Edward Harvey 1778… from Lieut. Harvey’s MS at the East India House; English; 29.5 × 43.5 cm; covers: 23°37’-27°25’ N; scale estimated 20 nautical miles to 1 inch.512 This chart shows the eastern part of the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormoz and the northwestern part of the Gulf of Oman. A view of ‘Charack Hill’ (Khark Hill) shown in the upper left part; title placed in the upper right corner. 512) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 371; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

184

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Pl. 183 (E. 321) A Plane Chart of Part of the Gulph of Persia, from Lieut. Edward Harvey’s MS (1778), Dalrymple edition, London, 1786; 29.5 × 43.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 435.k.17, folio 371

E. 322 DALRYMPLE Alexander, HARMAR Thomas engraver; London; Dec. 10, 1780; Three Bays on the South Coast of Persia, These Bays are the most commodious for Shipping and the best sheltered on that part of the Persian Coast between Cape Monze and Bombarrack; English; 29 × 21.5 cm; scale approximately 5 nautical miles to 1 inch.513 This plate contains four sketches: The upper sketch ‘Churber Bay’ shows the Bay of Chah-Bahar, with the city of Chah-Bahar on its east side; some soundings are noted. The other three small sketches in the lower part of the plate show from left to right: Goadel Bay (Bay of Gwadar), Astola Island and Arruba Bay (Omara Bay, lying on the coast of Pakistan). The middle section of the plate contains the title and descriptions. This plate was re-issued by Hurd after 1810 and included in Admiralty Chart catalogues 1825-32. 513) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, copy in the BL: Maps C.21.c.12, chart 29; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 323

Pl. 184

DALRYMPLE Alexander, VINCENT William author, CADELL T Jun. and DAVIES W publisher; London; MS 1795, printed 1797;

No. I Plan of the Coast of Mekran from the Indus to the Persian Gulph copied by Permission for this Work only from a MS compiled by Mr. Dalrymple 1795; English; 26 × 46 cm; covers: 22°15’27° N, 57°-70° E; scale not given.514 This chart shows the coast-line from Jiggat point to the north of Jask in the Gulf of Oman; title is in the lower left corner. Five insets placed in the upper part of the map, from left to right, are: 1) Kanasida of Arrian, Churbar (Chah-Bahar) Bay, 6.5 × 14.5 cm, one graphical scale: 31 mm to 5 nautical miles; 2) Kuiza or Guidsa Bay, 4 × 8 cm, one graphical scale: 15 mm to 5 nautical miles; 3) Kophas of Arrian Bay…, 7.5 × 6 cm, one graphical scale: 28 mm to 5.5 nautical miles; 4) Bagasira of Arrian Bay…, 7.5 × 7 cm, one graphical scale: 25 mm to 5 nautical miles; 5) Krokala…, 11 × 12 cm, one graphical scale: 27 mm to 5 nautical miles. 514) Vincent William, The Voyage of Nearchus from the Indus to the Euphrates.., 1797, Book 3, chart facing p. 162.

E. 324 ROBINSON William Lieut., HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; Aug. 1, 1781; Chart of the Coast from Cape Aruba to the Entrance of the Gulph of Persia, surveyed by Lieut. William Robinson 1774; English; 47 × 61 cm; covers: 22°-28° N; scale estimated 20 nautical miles to 1 inch.515

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

185

Pl. 184 (E. 323) Plan of the Coast of Mekran from the Indus to the Persian Gulph, A Dalrymple, London, 1795, printed 1797; 26 × 46 cm; By Permission of the British Library: The Voyage of Nearchus..., 685.i.11, Book III, chart folded, facing p. 162

This chart shows coast of the Gulf of Oman from Ra`s-al-Ormarah, Pakistan, and Ra`s-al-Hadd, Oman, to Musandam Peninsula. The Persian Gulf is not shown; title placed in the lower right corner. Two later states of this chart with minor differences appeared in 1783 and 1786. It was re-issued by Hurd after 1810 and included in the Admiralty Chart catalogues, 1825-30. 515) Dalrymple, Darlymple Nautical Charts, London; copy of the BL: 460.g.6, chart 8; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 325 HUNTER M, HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; Oct. 14, 1783; Plan of the Road of Jasques on the Coast of Persia, from a Book of MS Charts by M Hunter; English; 29 × 21.5 cm; covers the Bay of Jask; no scale given.516 This is a coastal map view of the Bay of Jask; title is inside a rectangular frame on the right side; some soundings noted. The spelling of ‘Jasques’ suggests a French origin for the MS. 516) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, copy in the BL: Maps C.21.c.12, chart 27; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 326 MCCLUER John Lieut., DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; original McCluer edition: 1785, Dalrymple edition: June 20, 1786; A Chart of the Persian Gulph from Muscat to Bushere (Bushehr) by John McCluer 1785; English; 48 × 61 cm; covers: 23°30’-29°50’ N, 7°30’ W-0°30’ E. of Muscat; scale approximately 20 miles to 1 inch.517 This chart shows the Persian coast from Jask to Bushehr, and the Arabian coast from Muscat to near Dubai; the rest of the Arabian coast is not shown. Prime Meridian is that of Muscat; title placed in the right part of the chart. 517) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, copy in the BL: Maps 460.g.6, chart 9; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 327 MCCLUER John Lieut., HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; McCluer edition: 1786/1787, Dalrymple edition: June 27, 1788; A corrected Chart of part of the Persian Gulph by John McCluer 1786 & 1787; English; 29 × 46 cm; covers: 24°25’-28°5’ N; scale approximately 20 nautical miles to 1 inch.518

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Pl. 185 (E. 328) Chart of the Head of the Gulph of Persia by Lieut. John McCluer, Dalrymple edition, London, 1786; 28.5 × 30 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 435.k.17, folio 367

This chart shows the Persian coast from Jask to Verdistan, with islands Ormuse (Hormoz), Kishma (Qeshm), Little and Great Thoms (Toms, Tombs), Bomosa (Abu-Musa), etc., and Musandam Peninsula; title placed in the mid-lower part; some soundings noted. The inset in the lower left corner contains the extension of the Arabian coast southeastward to Muscat, 23°-25°25’ N, 18.5 × 23 cm.

approximately 10 nautical miles to 1 inch. The second state (same date), has an additional note engraved below the title.

518) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 368; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 329

E. 328

Pl. 185

MCCLUER John Lieut., HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; Aug. 20, 1786; Chart of the Head of the Gulph of Persia by Lieut. John McCluer; English; 28.5 × 30 cm; note of latitudes: 29°2’ (Bushehr), 29°50’ (Basra), 29°15’ (Khark Fort); scale approximately 20 nautical miles to 1 inch.519 This chart shows the coast of the Persian Gulf from Kuwait to Bushehr, and the mouth of the River Shatt-al-Arab; title is in the upper left corner. There is an inset in the upper right part: Enlargement of the area of the mouth of Shatt-al-Arab, 9 × 17.5 cm, scale

519) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 367; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

MCCLUER John Lieut., HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; Jan. 25, 1788; Chart of the Head of the Gulph of Persia by Lieut. John McCluer…; English; 47 × 62 cm; covers: 27°32’-30°31’ N; scale approximately 10 nautical miles to 1 inch.520 This detailed chart shows the coast of the Persian Gulf from Graine (Kuwait) and Bushehr to Basra. There is a note: ‘Graine is copied from a MS in Basrah Factory by John Ringrose…1778’. Numerous soundings noted; islands of Karack (Khark) and Korgo (Kharko) shown; title placed in the upper right corner. 520) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, copy in the BL: Maps 460.g.6, folio 10; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

187

Pl. 186 (E. 330) Plate III [of 3 sheets of coastal views]: Views on the Gulf of Persia, by John McCluer, published by A Dalrymple, London, 1795; 30 × 46 cm; By Permision of the British Library: Maps C.21. c.13, folio 11 (Plate III)

E. 330

Pl. 186

MCCLUER John Lieut., DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; 1794-95; Plate I: Views on the Coasts of Arabia and Persia by John McCluer; Plate II: Views on the Coast of Persia and Arabia taken on board the Scorpion by John McCluer; Plate III: Views on the Gulf of Persia by John McCluer; English; 30 × 46 cm each.521 Plate I contains 13 views of land in nine rows from the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, dated Sep. 8, 1794; Plate II shows 13 aquatint views of land in ten rows from Gulf of Oman and the Strait of Hormuz (Hormoz), dated Dec. 10, 1794; and Plate III includes 18 stipple-engraved views of land in ten rows from Persia, Qeshm to Khark, dated May 17, 1795. These plates were re-issued by Hurd after 1810 and included in Admiralty Chart catalogues 1825-64. Plate III includes, among others, views of the islands Great Thomb and Little Thomb, Charrack (Khark) Hill, Bushere (Bushehr) Town, and is illustrated as a sample of these plates (Pl. 186). 521) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, copy in the BL: Maps C.21.c.13, folios 9-11; further copies of these may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 331

Pl. 181, right chart

RUSSELL (RUSSEL) Claud, HARRISON W engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London, Apr. 12, 1787; Part of the Coast of Persia From a MS communicated by Claud Russel Esq.; English; right chart on a sheet of 24.5 × 47 cm; covers: 27°-30°40’ N; scale approximately 20 nautical miles to 1 inch.522 Shows the Persian coast from Hendijan River to Asaluyeh, including Busheer (Bushehr, Bushire). One inset placed in the upper right corner, entitled ‘Bussorah River’ (Shatt-al-Arab), from a MS communicated by C Russel, scale as in the main chart. This chart is illustrated in Pl. 181 (right chart). See also E. 315 and E. 319 (Pl. 181, left and middle charts), describing nearly the same section of the Persian coast for comparison purposes. 522) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 373, right chart; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 332

Pl. 187

RUSSELL (RUSSEL) Claud, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; March 30, 1787; Part of the Gulph of Persia from an

188

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Pl. 187 (E. 332) Part of the Gulph of Persia from an English MS communicated by Claud Russell, Dalrymple edition, London, 1787; 29.5 × 46 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 435.k.17, folio 369

English MS communicated by Claud Russell; English; 29.5 × 46 cm; covers: 23°40’-27°30’ N; scale approximately 20 nautical miles to 1 inch.523 This chart shows part of the Persian Coast from Nay-Band eastwards to Jask; the Arabian coast between the longitudes of NayBand and Jask is also shown; title placed in the upper right corner. There is an inset in the mid-lower part: Part of the Gulph of Persia from an English MS Communicated by Thomas Holmes, which shows the Strait of Hormoz and the island Qeshm; 14 × 18 cm; scale as in the main chart. 523) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, 1787; copy in the BL: 435.k.17, folio 369; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

Shows a track off the coast of Persia between islands Sheykh Shoeyb and Cape Verdistan. The coast, islands and bank off Verdistan are copied from a chart by Lieut. McCluer; title and notes are in the upper right corner; some soundings noted. 524) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, copy in the BL: Maps C.21.c.12, chart 22; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 334 BLAIR Archibald Captain, VINCENT William author, CADELL T Jun. and DAVIES W publisher; London; 1797; Sketch of the southeast angle of the Coast of Persia by Captain A Blair; English; 9.5 × 17.5 cm; covers: 25°25’-25°50’ N; natural scale: 1: 500 000 (catalogue of the BL).525

E. 333 LIPPIATT Thos. Dunning, HARMAR T engraver, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; May 7, 1797; Track of Ship Pearl near some dangerous Shoals in the Gulph of Persia; English; 28.5 × 38.5 cm; covers: 26°10’-28° N; scale approximately 10 nautical miles to 1 inch.524

This sketch is centred on Cape Mucksa or Jasques (Jask) and Cape Bombareck (called Karpella by Ptolemy). It is included in Dr. Vincent’s The Voyage of Nearchus, 1797. In this sketch Cape Jasques and Cape Bombareck are positioned from indigenous information; ancient names provided by Dr. Vincent; title placed in the upper right corner. 525) Vincent William, The Voyage of Nearchus..., chart facing p. 253.

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189

Pl. 188 (E. 336) For researches on the coast of Gedrosia (historic name of Baluchistan and territory west of Indus River), by P F J Gossellin, printed copy, Paris, 1814; 21 × 35.5 cm; Courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris: Gi dd 5343 (57) lower chart IV

E. 335

MS

SEALY Henry William Captain; Persia; 1811; A Trigonometrical Survey of Jask Bay and the Persian Coast to Kohombarak (Kuh Mobarak), or Bombarick showing a dangerous rocky shoal, reduced to a chart on Mercator’s projection by Captain Henry William Sealy of the Bombay Artillery; English; 48.5 × 63 cm; covers: 25°35’-26°5’ N, 57°20’-58° E; two graphical scales: 265 mm to 21 miles, 306 mm to 21 nautical miles (1 inch to 2 miles), natural scale 1: 126 720.526 This large-scale manuscript chart shows Jask Bay and adjacent areas. Title and notes placed in the upper left, scale bars in the upper right, corner; some soundings noted. 526) MS in the BL: IOR X/3698.

E. 336

Pl. 188

E. 337 BRUCKS George Barnes surveyor, COGAN Robert surveyor, BATEMAN & SON engravers, HORSBURGH James publisher; London; 1826, published 1828; Part of the Coast of Persia from Ras Tuloop (Cape of Tuloop) to Bushire, surveyed by Lieut. G B Brucks & R Cogan…1826; English; 52 × 61 cm; covers: 28°56’-30°23’ N, 49°2’-51° E; scale not given, measured: 300 mm to 1 degree longitude, and 345 mm to 1 degree latitude.529 A detailed chart of part of the Persian coast west of Bushehr, with numerous soundings. The islands of Karrack (Khark) and Corgo (Kharku) shown; title placed in the lower left corner; mountains shaded. 529) Copies in the BL: East India Pilot, folio 147; India Office Records: IOR-X/3635/41.

MS and printed E. 338

GOSSELLIN (GOSSELIN) Pascal François Joseph, CHAMOUIN engraver, AUBERT L writing; Paris; 1814, or slightly earlier; Pour les Recherches sur les Côtes de la Gédrosie par P F J Gossellin [For researches on the coast of Gedrosia by P F J Gossellin]; French; 21 × 35.5 cm; covers: 23°-27° N, 72°30’-87° / 74°45’-86°45’ E. of Ferro; four graphical scales: 60 mm to 2500 stades de 1111 au degré, 53 mm to 1400 stades de 700 au degré, 53 mm to 1000 stades de 500 au degré, 53 mm to 40 lieues marines de 20 au degré.527, 528 Gedrosia is the historic name of Baluchistan and territory west of Indus River. This chart shows the Persian coast from Strait of Hormoz eastwards to Baluchistan. The ancient names are written with roman characters, the modern names with italic. Title placed in the upper right corner, scale bars in the lower part, of the map. 527) Gossellin Atlas, folio 57, lower chart 4 (IV). 528) Gossellin Folders, there is one printed copy of chart 4 in this folder: Gi dd 5343 (57) lower chart 4 (IV).

Pl. 189

BRUCKS George Barnes surveyor, COGAN Robert surveyor, BATEMAN & SON engravers, HORSBURGH James publisher; London; 1826, published 1828; Trigonometrical Plan of Bushire Roads; English; 50.5 × 63 cm; one graphical scale: 148 mm to 3 nautical miles, or about 2 inches to one nautical mile.530 This chart is a depiction of the city of Bushire (Bushehr) and the surrounding waters, shoals and land. ‘Bushire Roads’ in the title means places close to land where ships could lie at anchor. Title is placed in the upper right, scale bar in the lower left, corner. 530) Copy in the BL: IOR-X/3635/42.

190

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Pl. 189 (E. 338) Trigonometrical Plan of Bushire Roads, by G B Brucks, 1826, published by J Horsburgh, London, 1828; 50.5 × 63 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR-X/3635/42

E. 339 BRUCKS George Barnes surveyor, HAINES S B surveyor, HORSBURGH James publisher; London; 1827, published 1831; Trigonometrical Survey of the Entrance to the Rivers at the Head of the Persian Gulf by Lieut. G B Brucks and S B Haines…,1827; English; 65 × 97 cm; one graphical scale: 250 mm to 10 nautical miles, or about 1 inch to 1 nautical mile, depths in fathoms.531 This large-scale and detailed chart shows the entrance of Shatt-alArab to the Persian Gulf, with shoals and numerous soundings. Title placed in the chart’s upper part, and scale bar in the lower part. 531) Copies in the BL: East India Pilot, folio 143; India Office Records: IORX/3635/40.

E. 340

English; 66 × 98 cm; a chart in two sections on one sheet, covers: 25°25’-29° N, 50°50’-55°30’ E; scale not given, measured 340 mm to one latitudinal degree, 300 mm to one longitudinal degree.532 This is a detailed chart of part of the Persian Gulf in two sections printed on one sheet, showing the Persian coast from Bushire (Bushehr) eastwards to Basadore which meant here ‘Basaidu’, a small town at the western end of Qeshm Island (this small place should not be mixed up with Basra on the Shatt-al-Arab). Nearly all the Persian islands in this part of the Persian Gulf are depicted, including Little Tomb, Great Tomb and Bomasah (Abu-Musa). Ports are also shown and numerous soundings noted. Title placed in the upper part of the chart, and mountains close to coast hachured. 532) Copies in the BL: East India Pilot, folio 148; India Office Records: IORX/3635/43.

Pl. 190 E. 341

BRUCKS George Barnes surveyor, HAINES S B surveyor, BATEMAN R engraver, HORSBURGH James publisher; London; 1828, published 1831; The Coast from Bushire to Basadore, in the Persian Gulf, surveyed by Lieut. G B Brucks & S B Haines…1828;

Pl. 191

BRUCKS George Barnes surveyor, HAINES S B surveyor, BATEMAN R engraver, HORSBURGH James publisher; London; 1828, published 1831; The Entrance to the Gulf of Persia; and

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

191

Pl. 190 (E. 340) The Coast from Bushire to Basadore (Basaidu, Qeshm Island) in the Persian Gulf, surveyed by Lieut. G B Brucks & S B Haines…1828, published by J Horsburgh, 1831; 66 × 98 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 147.e.18, folio 148

Coast of Arabia from Ras Goberindee [Ra’s Qabr Hindi = Cape of Indian Tomb] to Muscat; English; 74 × 49 cm; covers: 25°2’-27°11’ N, 55°10’-56°50’ E; scale not given, but measured: 335 mm to one latitudinal degree, and 300 mm to one longitudinal degree.533

and Lieutenant S B Haines, 1828; English; chart in two sheets: sheet 1 (eastern sheet) 50 × 90 cm, sheet 2 (western sheet) 53 × 70 cm; one graphical scale: 200 mm to 8 nautical miles (1 inch to 1 nautical mile), natural scale 1: 74 080.534

This is a detailed and large-scale chart of the Strait of Hormoz and Kishm (Qeshm) Island. Islands Ormuz (Hormoz), Larrack (Larak) and Angaum (Hengam) and the narrow strait between Qeshm and the Persian coast are also shown. Title placed in the lower left part; numerous soundings, particularly around the islands, noted. There is a note reading: “The whole of the Coasts and Islands, with the harbours… were surveyed trigonometrically.”

This large-scale and detailed chart shows part of the island of Kishm (Qeshm) and Clarence Strait, separating the Persian coast from the island. Title placed in the upper right corner, scale in the lower part, of sheet 1; numerous soundings noted. 534) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3635/44/1-2

E. 343 533) Copies in the BL: East India Pilot, folio 144; India Office Records: IORX/3635/17.

E. 342 BRUCKS George Barnes surveyor, HAINES S B surveyor, BATEMAN R engraver, HORSBURGH James hydrographer and publisher; London; 1828, published 1831; Trigonometrical Survey of Clarence Strait, Gulf of Persia, by Commander G B Brucks

BRUCKS George Barnes surveyor, HAINES S B surveyor, BATEMAN R engraver, HORSBURGH James publisher; London; 1829, published 1832; Chart of the Coast of Persia from Kooe Mubarrack (Kuh-i-Mobarak) to Krotchey (Karachi)…1829; English; 27.5 × 98.5 cm; covers: 24°-26° N, 57°20’-67° E; no scale given, but measured 110 mm to one latitudinal degree, and 100 mm to one longitudinal degree.535 This chart is, perhaps, a later state of that following (E. 344), with

Pl. 191 (E. 341) The Entrance to the Gulf of Persia, by G B Brucks and others, 1828, published by J Horsburgh, London, 1831; 74 × 49 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR-X/3635/17

Pl. 192 (E. 345) Chart of the Entrance to the Persian Gulf on Mercators projection, by Lieut. Fergusson, London, 1854, printed 1857; 64 × 44.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3635/33

192 chapter four – persian gulf, persian shores and islands

persian gulf, persian shores and islands 4 insets added. It is detailed, with numerous coastal soundings. Title is placed in the mid-upper part of the main chart; mountains hachured. The four insets in the upper part of the sheet from left to right are: 1) Jusk Bay, 18 × 19 cm; 2) Charbar (Chah-Bahar) Bay, 18 × 19.5 cm; 3) Gewetter (Gaveter) Bay, 18 × 24 cm; 4) Gewadel (Gewadar) Bay, 18 × 19 cm.

193

This MS sketch shows the Cape of Jask with surrounding waters. It was copied in the Indian Navy Draughtsman’s Office in January 1863; title and scale in the lower right corner. 538) MS in the BL: IOR X/3699.

E. 347 535) Copies in the BL: East India Pilot, folio 149; India Office Records: IORX/3635/45.

E. 344 BRUCKS George Barnes, HAINES S B, BATEMAN engraver, HORSBURGH hydrographer and publisher; London; 1829, published 1832; Chart of the Coast of Persia from Kooe Mubarrack (Kuh-i-Mobarak) to Kurachee (Karachi); English; 27.5 × 100 cm; covers: 24°-26°20’ N, 57°20’-67° E; no scale given, 110 mm for 1° latitude and 100 mm for 1° longitude, water depths (soundings) in fathoms.536 Perhaps this is the first edition of the previous chart (E. 343), without any insets. It was surveyed by Commander G B Brucks and Lieutenant S B Haines in 1829, and originally published in 1832 by J Horsburgh. Further editions appeared in 1857 and 1863. Soundings in hairline figures were added by Lieutenant Chitty in 1863. Title placed in the mid-upper part of the chart. 536) Copy in the BL: IOR X/10034.

E. 345

Pl. 192

FERGUSSON Lieutenant cartographer, BRUCKS George Barnes Commander surveyor, HAINES S B Lieutenant surveyor, GRIEVE Albany Moore Lieutenant surveyor, WALKER J & C engravers, WALKER John geographer and publisher; London; 1854, printed 1857; Chart of the entrance to the Persian Gulf On Mercators Projection; English; 64 × 44.5 cm; covers: 22°-27°40’ N, 56°25’60°45’ E; no scale given, measured 108 mm (4¼ inches) to 1° latitude, 95 mm (3¾ inches) to 1° longitude.537 This chart was compiled by Lieut. Fergusson from the surveys made by Brucks, Haines and Grieve of the Indian Navy. It shows the Strait of Hormoz and the northeastern part of the Gulf of Oman. Title placed in the upper right corner; numerous soundings close to coasts noted. 537) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3635/33.

E. 346

MS

STIFFE Arthur William, CAFSINDTHSETT Succaram copyist; India; 1862; Jashk (Jask) Shoal surveyed by Lieutenant A W Stiffe, I. N. (Indian Navy), Dec. 1862; English; 32.5 × 27 cm; centred on 25°38’3” N and 57°46’13” E; one graphical scale: 77 mm to 5 nautical miles (1 inch to 1 2/3 nautical miles).538

STIFFE Arthur William, BRUCKS G B, HAINES S B, CARLESS T G, GRIEVE A, CONSTABLE C G, CHITTY A W; perhaps India; 1874; Asia, Arabian Sea, Makran Coast; English; 66 × 112 cm, sheet: 68 × 115 cm; centred on 25°N, no scale given.539 This chart was compiled from the surveys by the officers of the Indian Navy mentioned above; principle points astronomically corrected, and some additions made, by Lieutenant A W Stiffe. It is a tracing from the original MS; numerous soundings noted close to coasts in the main chart and insets; title, etc. placed in the upper right corner. This seems to be the eastern section of a larger chart of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman There are four insets at the top of the sheet, from left to right: 1) Jashak (Jask) Bay, by A W Stiffe, 15.5 × 18.5 cm, centred on 25°38’19” N and 57°45’40” E, one graphical scale: 46 mm to 3 miles; 2) Chahbar (Chahbahar) Bay, by G B Brucks and A W Stiffe, 15.5 × 19.5 cm, centred on 25°16’43” N and 60°37’7” E, one graphical scale: 38 mm to 3 miles; 3) Gwatar Bay, by S B Haines and A W Stiffe, 15.5 × 25.5 cm, centred on 25°3’17” N and 61°26’24” E, one graphical scale: 38 mm to 3 miles; 4) Gwadar Bay, by A W Stiffe and S B Haines, 15.5 × 19.5 cm, centred on 25°7’19” N and 62°19’10” E, one graphical scale: 38 mm to 3 miles. Coastal views are shown in six rows in the lower part of the chart in a frame of 15 × 61.5 cm. 539) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3700.

E. 348

Pl. 193

COLVILL W H; Bombay; 1865, Printed 1866; Sketch map showing the Route taken from Bushire following the coast line to the Port of Lingah; English; 40.5 × 53.5 cm; covers: 26°10’-29°50’ N, 50°35’-55°55’ E; one graphical scale: 101 mm to 60 miles (1 inch to 15 miles), or 1: 950 400.540 This map shows the Persian coast from Bandar [Port] Bushire to Bandar Lingah. Colvill’s route along the shore marked with geological colouring and legend; mountains hachured; title and scale bar placed in the lower left corner. A text about Colvill’s travel, entitled ‘Land Journey along the Shores of the Persian Gulf from Bushire to Lingah, by W H Colvill Esq., Assistant-Surgeon, Bushire’, was published in the Proceedings of the RGS.541 540) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.121. 541) Proceedings of the RGS, vol. XI, 1866-67 (published 1867), pp. 36-38.

194

chapter four – persian gulf, persian shores and islands

Pl. 193 (E. 348) Sketch map showing the Route taken from Bushire following the coast line to the Port of Lingah, by W H Colvill, London, 1865; 40.5 × 53.5 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran S.121

Section Three: Persian Islands E. 349

Pl. 194

MS

RESENDE Pedro Barreto (Barretto) de Captain; Portugal; 1635; untitled, showing Ormus Island and neighbouring islands and territories; Portuguese; 37 × 56.5 cm; latitude, longitude and scale not given.542 This early impressive Portuguese manuscript map shows the Strait of Hormoz and the islands of Ormus (Hormoz), Lareque (Larak), Angao (Hengam), and part of Queixome (Qeshm). Gameron, (Bandar Abbas) and a part of Cape Musandam, Oman, can also be seen. 542) Resende Pedro Barreto, Livro de Estado da India Oriental…, 1646, MS, folios 155 and 156.

E. 350

Pl. 195

MS and Printed

SCHLEY Jacob van der; Paris / Amsterdam; 1746; Île d’Ormus ou de Jerun; French / Dutch; 19.5 × 24.5 cm; centred on 27°04’ N, 56°28’ E.

Hormoz (Hormuz, Hormus, Ormus...) is a hilly island, lying in the Strait of Hormoz about five miles (eight km) off the nearest Persian coast. Marco Polo visited this island twice: in 1272 and 1293. In 1501 a Portuguese fleet under Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque attacked Hormoz and defeated the local fleet, making the only town in the island, Jerun (Jarun), a Portuguese tributary. He left in 1508, but returned in 1515, completed the building of the Fort, and established Portuguese rule which lasted over a century.543 In 1622, the Safavid ruler Shah Abbas the Great engaged English help to oust the Portuguese from this island, putting an end to their presence in the region. The map view of Hormoz shown here, by Jacob van der Schley, was drawn in 1746 to be included in the multi-volume work Histoire Générale des Voyages...by A F Prévost.544 This publication was later translated and published in several European languages, all of which included the same map, with minor changes, and the inscriptions written in the respective languages. The title in the German edition reads ‘Das Eyland Ormus oder Jerun’.545 An English version of this map – without decorative margin, 14 × 22 cm, entitled ‘Isl[an]d of Harmus or Ormus’ – upper left side of the map – appeared in 1752 in the Universal Traveller...546

Pl. 194 (E. 349) MS Ormus (Hormoz) Island and neighbouring islands and territories, a MS map by Pedro Barreto de Resende, Portugal, 1635; 37 × 56.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: MS Sloane 197, folios 155, 156

persian gulf, persian shores and islands 195

196

chapter four – persian gulf, persian shores and islands

Pl. 195 (E. 350) Île d’Ormus ou de Jerun, by Jacob van der Schley, French edition, Paris, 1746; 19.5 × 24.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 166

For the construction of this map Schley must have used some MS sketches left behind by the Portuguese surveyors. For example, there is a similar MS map – entitled ‘Fortalesa de Ormús’ on the face of the map, no ornamental margins, 17.5 × 24.5 cm, dated 1650 – in the Austrian National Library in Vienna.547 Another similar Portuguese manuscript map – 9.5 × 12 cm entitled ‘Persia, Ormuz’, a part of a larger sheet dated 1630 – is in the Library of Congress.548

A large-scale map of part of Khark Island, showing its citadel and the surrounding areas. For Carsten Niebuhr see the description preceding E. 281.

543) For more information on Hormoz Island see Willem Floor, Entry Hormuz, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 12, pp. 470-476. 544) Prévost, vol. I, Map of Île Ormus ou de Jerun, inserted between pp. 98 and 99. 545) Copy of the German edition of the map in the SBB, Berlin: S-9700. 546) Salmon, vol. I, map (plate 95) inserted between pp. 248 and 249. 547) Plantas dos Citades..., 1650, folio 4. 548) Teixeira Atlas, MS, 1630, map 10.

PYLE Stephen engraver DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; May 6, 1774; Plan of the Island Karak (Khark) and Bay of Bundereek (Bandar-Rig) in the Gulph of Persia from an English MS; English; 28.5 × 21 cm; centred on 29°5’ N; scale approximately 5 nautical miles to 1 inch.550

E. 351

Pl. 196

NIEBUHR Carsten; Amsterdam; 1774; Plan de la Citadelle de la Ville de Charedsch (Khark), title in Dutch: Grondtekening van het Kasteel en de Stad Charedsch ; French/Dutch; 20 × 15 cm; covers part of Khark Island with its Citadel; one graphical scale: 44 mm to 150 pas géometriques.549

549) Niebuhr Carsten, Voyage en Arabie..., 1780, vol. 2, map 38, folio 149.

E. 352

This chart shows the islands Khark and Torgo (Kharko, Korgo) and part of the Persian coast with Bandar-Rig, with a ship’s track and anchorage. There is one untitled inset in the upper part of the chart, showing a view of land, perhaps a view of Khark, engraved by B Bigbie (Begbie). Title placed in the upper right side; a few soundings along the shores of Khark and Bandar-Rig are noted. Three further states of this chart, with minor differences, were produced in 1775, 1779 and 1783. 550) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London; copy in the BL: Maps

Pl. 196 (E. 351) Plan de la Citadelle de la Ville de Charedsch (Khark), by C Niebuhr, Amsterdam, 1774; 20 × 15 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Voyage en Arabie, 682.g.11, map 38, folio 149

Pl. 197 (E. 353) Plan of the Islands Karak (Khark) and Korgo (Kharko) in the Gulph of Persia, by Alexander Dalrymple, London, 1793; 31.5 × 41.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps C.21.c.12, chart 25

persian gulf, persian shores and islands 197

198

chapter four – persian gulf, persian shores and islands

Pl. 198 (E. 354) MS Manuscript plan (No. 2) of the island of Kharg, showing the position of proposed works, by Lieut. C Walker, Field Engineer, Kharg, Persian Gulf, 1839; 30 × 43 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3128/2 MS

C.21.c.12, chart 24; further copies of this sheet may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 353

Pl. 197

DALRYMPLE Alexander, HARRISON W engraver; London; Aug. 9, 1793, original MS 1787; Plan of the Islands Karak and Korgo in the Gulph of Persia; English; 31.5 × 41.5 cm; covers: 29°14’ N, 48°33’ E. of Paris, scale approximately 10 nautical miles to 1 inch.551 This chart is copied from a French MS of 1787, re-issued by Hurd after 1810 and included in Admiralty Charts catalogues 1825-64. It shows the islands of Karak (Khark) and Korgo (Kharko) close to the Persian coast; title placed in the upper right corner; hills hachured; some soundings noted. 551) Dalrymple, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, London, copy in the BL: Maps C.21.c.12, chart 25; further copies of this may be found in several other collections of Dalrymple’s charts in the BL.

E. 354

Pl. 198 and Pl. 199

MS

WALKER C Lieutenant; Kharg Island, Persia; 1839; A series of six manuscript plans (drawings) of Kharg Island in the Persian Gulf by C. Walker in English, dated 22nd July 1839, prepared to illustrate his proposed project for alterations and additions to the existing fort and buildings (as described below) giving title, size, scale, etc for each plan. These plans are signed by Lieut. C Walker, Field Engineer.552 No. 1) Sketch of the Plain at the Eastern Extremity of the Island of Kharg; sheet: 33 × 46 cm; one graphical scale: 76 mm to 2400 feet, or 1: 9600; west is at the top; title and scale placed in the lower left corner; a detailed map of part of Kharg Island. No. 2) Plan of the Island of Kharg, showing the position of proposed works; 30 × 43 cm; two graphical scales: 95 mm to 3000 yards, 56 mm to 1 mile, or 1: 28 800; west is at the top; title placed in the mid-upper part, scale bar in the mid-lower part, of the plan; the extreme south of Corgo Island is visible (Pl. 198). No. 3) Plan of the small Fort of Kharg, showing the plan of the ground floor and also of the upper floor of the building; 41 × 32 cm, no scale given. No. 4) Plan of the existing large and small Forts at Kharg (upper part of the sheet), and proposed alterations and additions (lower

persian gulf, persian shores and islands

Pl. 199 (E. 354) MS Manuscript plan (No. 4) of the existing large and small forts at Kharg (upper part of the sheet), and proposed alterations and additions (lower part of the sheet), by Lieut. C Walker, Field Engineer, Kharg, Persian Gulf, 1839; 46 × 32 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3128/4 MS

199

200

chapter four – persian gulf, persian shores and islands

Pl. 200 (E. 356) Map of the island of Kishm (Qeshm), by Lewis Pelly, published by the RGS, London, 1864; 11 × 18 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 217

part of the sheet); 46 × 32 cm; two graphical scales: 76 mm to 900 feet (1: 3600) for plan of the Forts, 76 mm to 90 feet (1: 360) for small figures; this sheet includes four smaller plans and twelve cross sections (Pl. 199). No. 5) Untitled, showing a proposed alternative plan for the main Fort, with extended fortifications; 32.5 × 51.5 cm; two graphical scales: 89 mm to 700 feet (1: 2400) for plans, 89 mm to 140 feet (1: 480) for three sections. No. 6) Plan on a larger scale of the proposed work in Plan No. 2; 49 × 33.5 cm; two graphical scales: 51 mm to 400 yards (1: 7200) for figures 1-3 and 6-8, 51 mm to 40 feet (1: 240) for figures 4, 5 and 9-11; this sheet contains 11 figures (4 plans and 7 sections). 552) MS in the BL: IOR X/3128/1-6.

E. 355

MS

PELLY Lewis Lieutenant-Colonel; Persia; 1864; Tracing showing the Route and Coast Line from Mocoo (Mogoo, Moghuyeh) Bay to the Town of Bundar (Bandar) Abbas; English; 31.5 × 65.5 cm; covers: Mogoo Bay: 26°35’50” N, 54°30’50” E, Bundar Abbas: 27°10’29” N, 56°17’02” E; one graphical scale: 85 mm to 15 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 280 000.553 Shows the Persian coast from Moghuyeh Bay to Bandar Abbas, and the Persian islands: Kishm (Qeshm), Angaum (Hengam), Larrack (Larak) and Ormuz (Hormoz). The ship’s course from Bandar Moghuyeh to Bandar Abbas via Hormoz is shown with a broken

line; mountains along the coast hachured; title and scale placed in the upper left corner. There is a printed reduced version of the main part of this manuscript, entitled ‘Map of the Island of Kishm to accompany the paper by Lieut. Col. Lewis Pelly’ in the Journal of the RGS (see E. 356 and Pl. 200). 553) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.124, and Iran S/S.39

E. 356

Pl. 200

PELLY Lewis Lieut.-Col., WELLER Edward, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1864; Map of the Island of Kishm (Qeshm); English; 11 × 18 cm; centred on 27° N, 55°14’-56°34’ E; one graphical scale: 39.5 mm to 15 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 600 000.554 Prepared to illustrate the paper ‘Visit to Lingah, Kishm and Bunder Abbas, by Lieut.-Col. Lewis Pelly’, published in the Journal of the RGS. The islands of Hormuz (Hormoz), Larek (Larak) and Henjam (Hengam) are also shown. Title and scale are in the lower right corner. This map is a reduced printed version, with a few minor changes, of the main part of a manuscript map in the RGS (see E. 355). 554) Journal of the RGS, vol. 34, 1864, map facing p. 251, text: pp. 251-258; copy in the BL: Maps 159, J-RGS, vol. 34, 1864.

Pl. 201 (E. 357) Three maps and a view of the island of Hormoz on one sheet: North End of Hormúz; Position of Hormúz; East view of the Fort, etc.; Bird’s Eye-view of Harmúz, by A W Stiffe, London, 1874; Sheet size: 39 × 54 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3127

persian gulf, persian shores and islands 201

202

chapter four – persian gulf, persian shores and islands

Pl. 202 (E. 358) Kharag (Khark) Island from a survey by Lieut. Anderson 1838, published by the RGS, London, 1898; 14.5 × 10.5 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: GJ-RGS, vol. 12, 1898 (July-Dec.), p. 180

E. 357

Pl. 201

STIFFE Arthur William Lieutenant cartographer, PETTIT T lithographer; perhaps London, 1874; three maps and one view on one sheet as described below; English; sheet: 39 × 54 cm.555 1) Upper left corner: North End of Hormúz Island shewing site of ancient towns &c.; 25 × 24 cm; one graphical scale: 137 mm to 1 mile, natural scale approximately 1: 11 800. 2) Upper right corner: Map shewing the position of Hormúz Island, with reference to the Persian coast, and the other old European settlements in the vicinity; 25 × 21 cm; one graphical scale: 54.5 mm to 5 miles natural scale approximately 1: 148 000. 3) Lower left corner: View, east side of the Portuguese Fort on Hormúz Island – old Minaret on the left; 13.5 × 31 cm. 4) Lower right corner: Island of Harmúz or Ormus; 14 × 23 cm. Part of Persian coast both sides of Gombroon (Bandar Abbas), eastern corner of the long island Qeshm are visible (from Astley’s Collection). 555) This sheet appeared in The Geographical Magazine, vol. 1, April 1874, facing p. 12. Copy in the BL: IOR X/3127. There is text ‘The Island of Hormúz (Ormuz)’ by Lieutenant A W Stiffe in the same volume, pp. 12-17.

E. 358

Pl. 202

STIFFE A W Lieutenant cartographer, ANDERSON Lieutenant surveyor, WALKER & BOUTALL engravers, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London, 1898; Kharag Island from a survey by Lieut. Anderson 1838; English; 14.5 × 10.5 cm; centred on the Dutch Fort, latitude 29°15’25” N, longitude 50°20’30” E; no scale given.556 Prepared to illustrate the paper ‘Persian Gulf Notes, Kharag (Khark) Island, by Capt. A W Stiffe’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS. According to Stiffe’s note: “Kharag is 4 miles long and 3 miles broad at the northern end, being roughly triangular in shape, and lies off the Persian coast 31 miles northwest from Bushire.” Title is in the lower left corner; hills hachured. 556) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 12, 1898 (July-Dec.), map: p. 180. text: pp. 179-182. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 12, 1898.

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CHAPTER FIVE FRONTIER MAPS

Historical Notes557

rebellion, Britain put Persia under pressure by attacking some of the Persian islands and ports in the Persian Gulf, and threatened to make Makran a separate and independent state. From the third decade of the nineteenth century, therefore, British cartographers produced new maps of Persia, showing a part of Kerman (Kirman) and the whole of Makran as a new separate territory or state, called Baluchistan. Since Britain (and the Survey of India) had practically become the sole authority of any new and reliable geographical information and maps of this region, nearly all the Western mapmakers copied them, showing Persia with its southeastern part substantially curtailed, and Afghanistan and Baluchistan as two separate countries. Although the dispute between Britain and Persia was basically settled in 1856, with Persia retreating from Herat, and Britain dropping its territorial claims in southeastern Persia, these distorted maps continued to be published all over Europe and America. The situation changed in 1872 when the Goldsmid Commission settled the greater part of the boundary with Afghanistan. Subsequently, the borders with Sistan (Seistan) and Baluchistan were finalised in 1896-99, with some of the details as recent as 1935. As a result general maps of Persia, produced during the nineteenth century, can be divided into two groups of pre-1872 and post-1872 maps, despite the fact that some of the maps of the former group were being published until the end of the century. After the above-mentioned disputes were settled, several series of official frontier maps were constructed. Most of these maps were later published in different versions, and a few preserved as manuscript or semi-manuscript maps in official archives and records. The Russian delegates of the Erzurum Commission (1842-46) took the new geographical information about the agreed Perso-Turkish boundaries to St. Petersburg, and produced a few limited sets of multi-sheet, large-scale, large-size and semi-manuscript frontier maps, to be attached to the official copies of the signed Treaty between Persia and Turkey. These maps are unique in design and artistic in colouring and lettering (see Pl. 203, E. 363, for Sheet 7 of this series).

The changing external boundaries of Persia have always been a problem for mapmakers. During the first half of the nineteenth century the international frontiers of the country changed drastically, and during the second half gradually settled, leaving cartographers no other choice but to continuously rework and correct their maps. The efforts of Napoleon Bonaparte to secure Persia as an ally against Russia and Britain in India eventually failed, and the Ottoman’s military might had little effect on the western boundary of the country. However the expansionist policies of Russia and the political interests of Britain in the region influenced the northern and eastern boundaries of Persia considerably. The first PersoRussian war (1804-13) came to an end with the Golestan Treaty, according to which most of the Caucasus was taken from Persia. The second war (1825-28) resulted in ratification of the Turkmanchay Treaty, which gave the whole of the Caucasus to Russia, and pronounced the river Aras (Araxes) as the new boundary. The borders with the Ottoman Empire were mainly settled in 1847 by a Commission of the delegates of Persia and Turkey, and arbiters (experts) represented Russia and Britain. This Commission, based in Erzurum (Turkey), was active from 1843 to 1847, when an acceptable treaty was prepared and signed by all the participants. In 1879, and later in 1914, and ultimately in 1936, some remaining or ambiguous details of this treaty were renegotiated and finalized. The northeastern boundary with Russia (Turkmenistan), which was a matter of dispute for a very long time, was first dealt with in 1881 and sorted out completely in 1921. The eastern boundaries of the country were the most controversial of all. During the reign of the Safavids, Afghanistan and Makran (Baluchistan, Beloochistan, etc.) were integral parts of the Empire, with Cabul (Kabulistan) enjoying internal independence. In the early nineteenth century Britain, by then firmly established in India, aimed at creating a puppet state, covering the whole of Afghanistan in order to protect India from Russian expansionism. As Persia did not agree to this plan and invaded Herat to quell any

557) Alai, 2005, p. 55

203

204

chapter five – frontier maps Section One: Western Frontiers

Historical Background The boundary separating the Ottoman and Persian empires was shaped by conflict over an ill-defined strip of territory with constantly shifting outlines extending from the Caucasus to the Persian Gulf. After centuries of continuous conflict a border commission composed of representatives of Turkey, Persia, Great Britain, and Russia was established. It sat in Erzurum from 1843 to 1847, and its work culminated in the second Treaty of Erzurum, which was signed in 31 May 1847. The new treaty provided for a new international boundary commission charged with examining, and attempting to settle, disputes arising under the treaty. Its principle task, however, was to prepare an accurate topographic map on which the boundary could be plotted. It began work in 1848, discontinued its surveys during the Crimean (1853-56) and Anglo-Persian (1856-57) wars, but resumed soon afterwards; and by 1865 it had produced two separate (multi-sheet) maps – one by the Russian and the other by English commissioners. There were, however, 4000 discrepancies in the first eight sheets – two different scales had been adopted: 1: 84 000 (Russian two verst scale) above latitude 36° N, and one inch to one nautical mile from there to the Persian Gulf – which necessitated elaborate corrections on the maps and further negotiations. Finally, in 1869, the ‘Carte Identique’ was issued, and the mediating powers informed the two neighbouring empires that they should themselves establish a precise boundary line within certain limits fixed on the maps. Further details and disputes were settled in 1878 (Treaty of Berlin) and later.558 558) This information is mainly taken from McLachlan’s article ‘Boundaries with the Ottoman Empire’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. IV, 1990, pp. 401403.

E. 360 SHIEL Colonel, HARRISON & SONS lithography; London; 1850; Map of Mohammerah and District prepared in 1850; English; 30 × 17 cm; covers: 29°15’-32°20’ N, 47°-49° E; no scale given.561 This map shows the top of the Persian Gulf, with Shatt-al-Arab up to Mansourieh, and River Karun (Karoun) up to Ahwaz. The boundary line claimed by the Turkish and Persian Governments and that proposed by the Mediating Commission are drawn in different colours. Title placed in the upper margin, explanations on three different boundary lines are in the lower left corner of the map. 561) Copy in TNA, England: FO 881/2585 (map 1).

E. 361

MS

WILLIAMS William Fenwick; perhaps London; 1853; Map to illustrate the portion of the Status-Quo Frontier between Ararat & Kotoor (Qotur), with the encroachments subsequently made by the Ottoman Government; English; 29.5 × 19 cm; covers: 37°45’-40°5’ N, 43°20’-45°12’ E; one graphical scale: 41 mm to 20 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 785 000.562 This map shows the northeastern corner of the province of Azerbaijan. The ‘Status-Quo Frontier’ is shown with a hand-coloured red line, encroachments with blue lines. It is drawn under the direction of Lieut.-Col. Williams. Title and scale placed in the upper right corner; mountains hachured. 562) MS Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.9.

E. 359

MS

RAWLINSON H C Major, JONES Felix Lieut.; Bombay; 1848; Map of the Country between Baghdad, Kirmanshah and Sulimaniyeh, showing the true frontiers & extent of the contested territory of Zohab; English; 52 × 62 cm; scale 1 inch to 10 miles, or 1: 633 600.559 This map is drawn from actual survey and adjusted by numerous astronomical observations by Major Rawlinson of the Bombay Army and Lieut. Jones of the Indian Army. It was hand-copied in the Chief Engineer’s Office, Bombay, from an original manuscript on the 15th September 1848. Positions fixed by astronomical observations, routes followed by Major Rawlinson’s Party, ancient frontier of Zohab fixed by Sultan Murad IV, and districts beyond the true frontier which have at times been included in Zohab, are marked by differently coloured lines. This manuscript copy was edited by Issur Chunder Palit and Bulloram Nath & Mohomed Azeem – 47 × 50 cm, covering 33°15’35°45’ N and 44°15’-47°30’ E – and lithographed by H M Smith, at the Surveyor General’s Office in Calcutta in January 1857.560 559) MS in the BL: IOR X/3146/1. 560) Lithographed copy in the BL: IOR X/3146/2.

E. 362

MS

WILLIAMS William Fenwick, GLASCOTT A G, HANDLEY Benjamin assistant surveyor and draughtsman; England; 1855; Index Map Shewing the Number and disposition of the separate Sheets which contain the detailed Topography of the Turco-Persian Frontier. Constructed and drawn under the superintendance of A G Glascott R[oyal] N[avy] by Direction of Col. W F Williams...; English; 110 × 63 cm; covers: 29°-40°10’ N, 43°-51° / 44°20’-50°40’ E; one graphical scale: 103 mm to 65 geographical miles, natural scale approximately 1: 1 166 000.563 This index map was prepared when apparently only sheets 1-5 (northern part of the boundary) were ready hence the remaining sheets could not be included. Title and scale placed in the upper right corner. 563) MS Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.56.

frontier maps E. 363

Pl. 203

WILLIAMS William Fenwick English chief officer, CHIRIKOW (TCHIRIKOW) Egor Ivanovich Russian chief officer, GLASCOTT A G astronomical and geological works, PROSKOURIAKOW and TSIKAREW and OGRANOWITCH from the Russian Imperial Topographical Section, ELLIOT Henry and IGNATIEW N cartographers, THOMSON Ronald chargé d’affaires of Great Britain in Persia, BEGER A extraordinary envoy and plenipotentiary of Russia in Persia; St. Petersburgh; 1869/70 based on documents produced in 1849-53; Carte Topographique de la Frontière Turco-Persane par des Officiers Russes et Anglais sous la direction des commissaires-médiateures Tchirikow et Williams 18491853…; French; 14 large sheets, for size and coverage see the table below; two graphical scales on every sheet: 50 mm to 2 milles marines, 44 mm to 2 milles anglais, natural scale approximately 1: 73 500.564 The extended title includes “Les travaux astronomiques et géodésiques appartiennent au Capitaine de la Marine Royale Anglaise Glascott. Les levées topographiques exécutées entre le Golfe Persique et le Mont Ararat aux officiers Russe de Corp Topographique Impérial Proskouriakow, Tsikarew et Ogranowitch”, a short English translation of which has been included in the bibliographical information above. A copy of the sketches, topographical information and cartographic material, produced by the Boundary Commission during 184953 and later, was taken by the Russian advisors to St. Petersburg for drawing a large-scale map to meet the stipulations of the second Treaty of Erzurum, signed in 1847. As a result, this fourteen-sheet map on a large scale of 1: 73 500 in three variant sets was produced. Set (a) known as the ‘Identical Map’ (Carte Identique), is one of four original printed copies showing the Turco-Persian boundary (drawn by hand) and certified by Henry Elliot and N Ignatiew, the representatives of the British and Russian governments. Set (b) consists of copies of the base printed map without the political boundary. Set (c) is like set (a), but additionally signed by Ronald Thomson, chargé d’affaires of Great Britain and A Beger, the extraordinary envoy of Russia, dated January 1870. Four copies of this set were given to the Ottoman and Persian empires and the mediating governments Russia and Great Britain. The copy given to Persia has an additional feature: the place names are also written in Persian (Persian Nastaliq script) in white. The British Library holds 18 sheets of this map, each formed by joining several photographic prints on a supporting sheet, and adding extensive MS information. They are a mixture of the above three sets, as described in the table next column. There is no copy of sheet 2 in the BL holding. Sheet (c) 7, with additional manuscript place names in Persian, is illustrated here as a sample (Pl. 203). The main title appears on sheet 14; an abridged title ‘Carte de la Frontière Turco-Persane’ on all other sheets. 564) Copy in the BL: S.T.T.(a / b / c, 1-14).

E. 364

Pl. 204

CHURCHILL Henry A, WILLIAMS William Fenwick; London; 1855, earlier MS copy: 1853; Map of the Turco-Persian Frontier

205

Table of the BL holding of ‘Carte de la Frontière Turco-Persane’, 1869/1870 Set & Sh. no.

Size (cm)

Lat.

Long.

Notes

Sheet (a) 1 Sheet 2 Sheet (a) 3 Sheet (a) 4 Sheet (c) 4 Sheet (a) 5 Sheet (a) 6 Sheet (a) 7 Sheet (c) 7 Sheet (a) 8 Sheet (a) 9 Sheet (a) 10 Sheet (a) 11 Sheet (b) 11 Sheet (a) 12 Sheet (b) 12 Sheet (a) 13 Sheet (b) 13 Sheet (a) 14

106 × 92

39°10’-39°50’

43°50’-44°35’

120 × 114 95 × 104 95 × 104 94 × 117 120 × 168 120 × 120 120 × 120 120 × 165 121 × 147 121 × 212 121 × 192 121 × 192 122 × 138 122 × 138 120 × 156 120 × 156 118 × 148

37°40’-38°25’ 37°05’-37°40’ 37°05’-37°40’ 36°30’-37°05’ 35°45’-36°30’ 35°00’-35°45’ 35°00’-35°45’ 34°15’-35°00’ 33°30’-34°15’ 32°45’-33°30’ 32°00’-32°45’ 32°00’-32°45’ 31°15’-32°00’ 31°15’-32°00’ 30°30’-31°15’ 30°30’-31°15’ 29°45’-30°30’

44°05’-45°00’ 44°20’-45°10’ 44°20’-45°10’ 44°32’-45°28’ 45°10’-46°30’ 45°27’-46°23’ 45°27’-46°23’ 45°04’-46°22’ 45°17’-46°25’ 45°30’-47°08’ 46°35’-48°00’ 46°35’-48°00’ 47°35’-48°36’ 47°35’-48°36’ 47°23’-48°32’ 47°23’-48°32’ 47°45’-48°50’

MS border line missing MS border line MS border line officially signed MS border line MS border line MS border line officially signed MS border line MS border line MS border line MS border line basic map MS border line basic map MS border line basic map main title

at the period of the ratification of the Treaty of Erzerum (Erzurum), shewing the Encroachments since made by the Turkish Government, and the localities occupied by the various tribes connected with it; English; 68.5 × 46 cm; covers: 29°35’-39°45’ N, 41°30’-50°30’ / 41°45’-50°25’ E; one graphical scale: 112 mm to 100 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 1 425 000.565 Compiled by Henry A Churchill, Secretary to the British Commission for the delimitation of the Frontier, under the direction of Brigadier-General Williams, Commissioner. This map was lithographed at the Topographical and Statistical Depôt, under the direction of Lieut.-Col. T B Jervis in December 1855. It covers western Persia, with the Perso-Turkish boundary line clearly marked. The names of the 44 tribes, their origin (Persian or Turkish) and their number of men capable of bearing arms (the largest being the Turkish Tribe ‘Beni Lam’ with 20 000 men and the Persian tribe ‘Alkethir’ with 14000 men, and the smallest the Turkish tribe ‘Jakurli’ with just 200 men) have been given in a table in the lower left corner, below the title and scale bar. This map is an improved copy of an earlier MS map, dated March 18, 1853. More detailed information on the 44 tribes can be found in a separate large table in two sheets, dated March 1853, usually attached to the map. 565) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3147/1-2; copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.55; MS copy (1853) in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.55.

E. 365 CHURCHILL Henry, STANFORD’S GEOGRAPHICAL ESTABLISHMENT printer; London; Dec. 1855; Traced from TurkoPersian Frontier at the Period of the Ratification of the Treaty of Erzerum, showing the Encroachments since made by the Turkish Government; English; 18 × 23.5 cm; covers: 37°30’-40° N, 42°-46°20’ E; one graphical scale: 68 mm to 60 miles, natural scale 1: 1 415 000.566

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Pl. 203 (E. 363) Sheet (c) 7 of the ‘Carte Topographique de la Frontière Turco-Persane’, with place names also in Persian script, and the agreed boundary marked by hand; it is signed by the representatives of the mediating powers (Great Britain and Russia), St. Petersburg, 1869/70; 120 × 120 cm; By Permission of the British Library: S.T.T. (c) 7

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Pl. 204 (E. 364) Turco-Persian Frontier at the period of the ratification of the Treaty of Erzerum (Erzurum), showing the Encroachments since made by the Turkish Government, and the Localities occupied by the various Tribes connected with it, by Henry A Churchill, London, 1855; 68.5 × 46 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3147/1

This map is attached to ‘Papers respecting the Cession of Kotour to Persia under Article LX of the Treaty of Berlin: The Sublime Porte (Ottoman Government) cedes to Persia the town and territory of Kotour, as fixed by the Mixed Anglo-Russian Commission for the delimitation of the Frontier of Turkey and of Persia.’, dated 1873. It covers an area from Mount Ararat and River Araxes in the north to Lake Urumia and Tabriz in the south, with Kotour town and district in a central position. The frontier line and subsequent Turkish encroachments are marked by a dotted and a broken line respectively. Title placed in the upper left, scale in the lower left, ‘Denomination of the various Tribes’ in the upper right, corner; mountains hachured.

E. 366 KOCH Karl, STANFORD’S GEOGRAPHICAL ESTABLISHMENT printer; London; 1855; Traced from ‘Karte von dem Kaukasischen Isthmus und von Armenien’ &c. &c. by Dr. Karl Koch, Berlin, 1850; English, original map in German; 23.5 × 17.5 cm; covers: 38°-40° N, 61°25’-63°23’ E. of Ferro; two graphical scales: 47 mm to 30 English miles, 38 mm to 20 English geographical miles, natural scale about 1: 1000 000.568

There is an untitled enlarged detail of this map on a separate sheet, also attached to ‘Papers respecting the Cession of Kotour to Persia’, showing the mountainous region of Kotour (mountains hachured), Kotour River (Kotour-Tchay) and Kotour Town. It is 17.5 × 35 cm large, covers: 38°18’-38°42’ N, 44°4’-45°4’ E; estimated natural scale 1: 210 000.567

This English version of the original German map, by Dr. Karl Koch, was printed by Kiepert in Berlin in 1850, in which (English version) the second graphical scale disagrees with the first. It is similar to Henry Churchill’s map of Kotour (E. 365), showing an area from Mount Ararat and River Araxes to Lake Urumiyah, focusing on River Kotura-Tschai and Kotura Town. Like the previous map, it is attached to ‘Papers respecting the Cession of Kotour to Persia...’. Title and scales placed in the upper right corner; mountains hachured.

566) Copy in TNA, England: FO 881/3831, Map A; also see E. 366 & E. 367. 567) Copy in TNA, England: FO 881/3831, Map B.

568) Copy in TNA, England: FO 881/3831, Map C; also see E. 365 and E. 367.

208

chapter five – frontier maps the territory of Kotour; English/French; 99 × 68 cm; focused on Kotour (Qotur): 38°27’ N, 44°25’ E; natural scale given 1: 73 050.571

E. 367 ST. JOHN Major, STANFORD’S GEOGRAPHICAL ESTABLISHMENT printer; London; 1873; untitled, northwestern part of the Province of Azerbaijan; English; 24 × 24 cm; covers: 37°45’-39°55’ N, 44°-47° E; no scale given.569 This map shows the districts of Maku, Khoy and Tabriz in the province Azarbaijan. Kutur-Chai (Kotour Tchai) and Kutur Town are visible in the mid-left part; mountains shaded. This is the last map attached to ‘Papers respecting the Cession of Kotour to Persia...’. 569) Copy in TNA, England: FO 881/3831, map D; also see E. 365 and E. 366.

There is a note in the lower left corner in French, stating: “This is a copy on a scale of 1: 73 050 of the official map called ‘Carte Identique’, showing the Turco-Persian frontier line in the territory of Kotour (Qotur), as was originally drawn by General Kemball and Colonel Zélénoy with their own hands on two exemplars of the English map, on a reduced scale of 1: 253 440, certified as conforming to the original of the two said exemplars.” (translated from French) Signed by E B Hamley and A Zélénoy. Title placed in the upper margin; mountains shaded; names of many mountains noted. 571) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.36.

E. 368

Pl. 205 E. 370

ORDNANCE SURVEY OFFICE SOUTHAMPTON, JAMES Henry Major-General director; Southampton; 1873; Map of the Turco-Persian Frontier made by Russian and English Officers in the years from 1849 to 1855 on the scale of 1: 73 050 and reduced to the scale of 1: 253 440…; English; 9 sheets, for size and coverage see the table below; one graphical scale: 255 mm to 40 mile, or 1 inch to 4 miles, natural scale 1: 253 440.570 This map is basically the same, as that described in E. 363, drawn on ‘rectangular tangential projection of the sphere’ and photozincographed at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton, in 1873, with further editions in 1912 and later. There is a note on sheet I of a later edition reading: “The Red Line shows approximately the Frontier from Mount Ararat to Mendeli as described in the British and Russian Notes of August 5, 1913 to the Ottoman Minister for Foreign Affairs. Many Villages are not marked on this Map and it is probable that a number of those which are marked have moved since 1850. A large number of the Roads shown do not exist at all, or are only Rough Tracks.” Title printed in the upper right, a small index map of the nine sheets in the lower left, corner of sheet I.

WILSON A T Lieutenant supervisor, ALI-AHMAD surveyor, ZAMAN KHAN surveyor, WAR OFFICE (GB) publisher; London; 1909, printed 1912; Map of Shatt-al-Arab & Bahmanshir, including Muhammareh & Abadan Island; English; map in two sheets: sh. I: 30.5 × 48 cm, sh. II: 26.5 × 30 cm; scale 1: 126 690 (1 inch to 2 miles).572 This map is “Compiled under supervision of Lieut. Wilson from plane-table surveys by surveyors Ali-Ahmad, Survey of India & Muhd. [Muhandes, meaning Engineer] Zaman Khan in June-August 1909”, printed by War Office in July 1912 (GSGS No. 2640 a & b). Sheet I shows the upper part of Shatt-al-Arab, the river Karun and the city (port) of Muhammareh (later Khorramshahr), with title in the lower left corner of it. Sheet II covers the lower part of the Shatt-al-Arab, the top of the Persian Gulf and the island of Abadan, with title in the upper right corner. 572) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B44/2; see also Record: IOR L/PS/10/291, folios 258 and 259.

E. 371 Sheet No.

Size (cm)

Lat.

Long.

Notes

I II & III part IV part & V VI VII part VIII IX part

90 × 59 90 × 81 90 × 86 90 × 64 60 × 64 90 × 65.5 30 × 65

38°00’-40°00’ 36°00’-38°00’ 34°00’-36°00’ 32°00’-34°00’ 32°00’-33°20’ 30°00’-32°00’ 30°00’-30°40’

43°40’-45°20’ 43°40’-45°50’ 44°40’-47°00’ 45°20’-47°00’ 47°00’-48°40’ 47°00’-48°40’ 48°40’-50°20’

title, index map – note – – – conventional signs

570) Copy in the BL: Maps 46990.(7.) sheets I-IX; copy in the SBB, Berlin: D6463 / 400, 405, 406, 407; copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.49.

E. 369 WAR OFFICE INTELLIGENCE BRANCH; London; 1880, lithographed 1883; Copy of the Original MS Map annexed to the Protocol of the Anglo-Russian Commission for the delimitation of

Pl. 206

WILSON A T Lieutenant; London; 1912; Sketch Map of Lands in Vicinity of Turco-Persian Boundary as locally recognized in the region of Mohammerah; English; sheet: 73 × 146 cm; one graphical scale: 115 mm to 2000 yards (4 inches to 1 mile), natural scale 1: 15 840.573 This map shows part of Shatt-al-Arab, with a few islands, Karun River where it joins Shatt-al-Arab, and the city of Muhammerah (later Khorramshahr). The Turco-Persian Boundary Line is drawn through the middle of the Shatt from a short distance south of Karun to Nahr Nazaile (about 8 km north-west of Karun) and, thereafter, alongside a narrow stream touching the Persian shore to Nahr Diaiji – where the boundary turns north – leaving the main channel of Shatt-al-Arab to the Ottomans. A smaller version (see Pl. 206) of this map appeared in June, 1912, by the War Office (GSGS No. 2635), entitled ‘Sketch map of

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Pl. 205 (E. 368) Map of Turco-Persian Frontier made by Russian and English Officers, reduced to the scale of 1: 253 440 by Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton, 1873; this plate is sheet I from a later edition (1912/13); 90 × 59 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 46990.(7.), sh. I

Muhammerah and lands in the vicinity of the Turco-Persian Boundary as locally recognized’; 35.5 × 76 cm; one graphical scale: 69 mm to 2400 yards (2 inches to 1 mile), natural scale 1: 31 680.574 573) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B44/1; see also Record: IOR L/PS/10/291, folio 50. 574) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B44/2; see also Record: IOR L/PS/10/291, folio 257.

E. 372 WILSON A T, MINORSKY V, SAMIH A, WRATISLAW A C, BELAIEW D, ETELA-OL-MULK (signatories); Persia; date not given, must be 1913;575 Frontière Turco-Persane, Carte Supplémentaire No. IX to XI; French / English; three sheets (for size, coverage, etc. see the following description); two graphical scales: 102 mm to 4 milles géographiques, 88 mm to 4 milles anglaises, natural scale given 1: 73 050.576 This three-sheet map, with title and other data on each sheet, shows the Turco-Persian frontier line and numbered posts, and notes signatories on each sheet: A Samih, A C Wratislaw, D Belaiew and Etela-ol-Mulk. It also shows ‘Ancienne ligne frontière’ with signatories: A T Wilson and V Minorsky. Sheet 1: Carte Supplémentaire No. IX, du Djebel Kouhne Rig a

l’Elvend, 95 × 57 cm,577 covers: 33°45’-34°25’ N, 45°20’-45°45’ E; title and scales in the lower left part. Sheet 2: Carte Supplémentaire No. X, de la R. Elvend vers le Nord, 68 × 77 cm, covers: 34°20’-34°44° N, 45°20’-45°55’ E; title and scales in the upper right corner. Sheet 3: Carte Supplémentaire No. XI, de la R. Sirvan vers le Sud, 67 × 87 cm, covers: 34°45’-35°10’ N, 45°25’-46°5’ E; title and scales in the upper left corner. 575) In 1913 Minorsky attended the International Commission, formed to settle the differences between Turkey and Persia on the Turco-Persian boundary. Therefore this map in French, which was the official language of the Commission, must have been produced in the same year. See Loghat-Nameh, vol. 13, p. 19454. 576) BL holds five copies of this map. The first copy: IOR W/L/PS/21/ B57/1/1-3. 577) The size of the sheets may vary in different copies.

E. 373 FOREIGN OFFICE (GB), HARRISON & SONS lithographer; London; Nov. 1912; Sketch map of the Province of Zohab; English; 40 × 42.5 cm; centred on 34°30’N and 45°40’ E; one graphical scale: 71 mm to 10 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 226 000.578

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chapter five – frontier maps

Pl. 206 (E. 371) The smaller War Office version of A T Wilson’s map, with a slightly different title ‘Sketch map of Muhammerah and lands in the vicinity of the Turco-Persian Boundary as locally recognized’, London, June, 1912; 35.5 × 76 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR W/L/PS/21/B44/2

This map, showing Zohab city and district in its centre, is based on Colonel Shiel’s original map which contains a printed note, dated Feb. 23, 1852, reading: “Shows ‘The [border] line proposal by the Mediating Commissioners’, ‘The line claimed by the Persian Commissioners’ and ‘The line claimed by the Ottoman Commissioners’, etc.”579 There is an improved version of this map, dated Dec. 16, 1912 showing ‘Present accepted Frontier delimited by Turkish GuardHouses’, and other proposed lines, marking the incorrect and correct positions of Chia-Surkh.580 578) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B44/2, or Record IOR L/PS/10/291/ folio 88 (slightly different version of this map can be found in folio 127); copy in TNA, England: FO 881/2585, map 2. 579) See also Memorandum on the Turco-Persian Boundary Question, signed by E Hertslet, printed by Foreign Office on 10th January 1883 in 16 pages (copy in TNA, England: FO 881/2585), and the Memorandum ‘Turco-Persian Boundary delimitation’, signed by Arnold B Kennball, printed for Foreign Office in March 1875 on 75 pages, which includes the original Shiel map of 1852, lithographed by Harrison & Sons, entitled ‘Map of Muhammerah [later called Khorramshahr] and District, prepared in 1850’. 580) BL keeps 13 copies of this map which could be slightly different: IOR W/L/PS/B44/3/1-13.

E. 374

Pl. 207

FOREIGN OFFICE (GB), PARKER; London; about 1913; Sketch Map showing approximately Turco-Persian Frontier; English; 38 × 28 cm; 30°-39° N, 44°-48° E; no scale given.581 This sketch map shows roughly the Turco-Persian frontier line from Ararat to Shatt-al-Arab, coloured red on the Persian side and blue on the Turkish side. It was sent by Parker to the Foreign Office.

Pl. 207 (E. 374) Sketch Map showing approximately Turco-Persian Frontier, Foreign Office, about 1913; 38 × 28 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Record: IOR L/PS/10/267/folio 219

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211

Pl. 208 (E. 375) Chia Surkh & Qasr-i-Shirin, signed by E B Soane, printed by Harrison & Sons for Foreign Office (No. 2836), London, Sept. 9, 1912; sheet: 20 × 34 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR W/L/PS/21/B44/4, folio 217

581) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B44/4; see also Record: IOR L/PS/10/ 267/folio 219, another copy folio 227.

E. 375

Pl. 208

SOANE E B, HARRISON & SONS lithography, FOREIGN OFFICE (GB); London; 1912; Chia Surkh & Qasr-i-Shirin; English; map: 18 × 20 cm, sheet including the map, title and notes: 20 × 34 cm; centred on 34°30’ N and 45°40’ E; one graphical scale: 52 mm to 10 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 310 000.582 Title and names of ‘Frontier Qulla’ printed on the left side, notes on the right side and legend for roads, etc. in the upper right corner. There is a note reading: “After careful comparison with the map of Zohab enclosed in Colonel Shiel’s No. 21, Feb. 28, 1852 and with sheet 5 of the ‘Identical Map’ [Carte Identique], it is impossible to mark on Mr. Soane’s Map the line proposed by the Mediating Commissioners, and those claimed by the Persian and Ottoman Commissioners. Comparison of the Maps shews many differences of detail and few points of identification...” Further similar sketches, containing additional information, can be found in different India Office Records, e.g. : 1) Sketch of the Province of Zohab, printed by Harrison & Sons (map of Colo-

nel Shiel’s No. 21, 1885 edition), showing the limits of Mr. Soane’s map of 1912 – as described in this Entry – with a black line;583 2) Chia Surkh & Qasr-i-Shirin, Foreign Office, Persia No. 2836, signed by E B Soane on September 9, 1912 (see Pl. 208), showing: the 1852 lines proposed by the Mediating Commissioners, claimed by the Persian Commissioners and by the Ottoman Commissioners, with the frontier actually observed in 1912 (enclosure in Sir G Lowther’s report No. 182, dated March 4, 1913).584 582) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B44/1; also see Record: IOR L/ PS/10/291, folio 87. 583) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B44/4, folio 216; also see Record: IOR L/PS/10/267, folio 216. 584) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B44/4, folio 217; also see Record: IOR L/PS/10/267, folio 217.

E. 376

Pl. 209

COX Percy Lieutenant-Colonel supervisor, FIROZ-BAKHT S surveyor; Mohammerah, Persia; 1912; Sketch map showing TurcoPersian Frontier as occupied and claimed by Persia west and south of Hawizeh according to statements of local inhabitants in April 1912; English; 65 × 52 cm; covers: 30°-31°5’ N, 47°25’48°40’ E; one graphical scale: 159 mm to 25 miles (1 inch to 4 miles), natural scale 1: 253 380.585

212

chapter five – frontier maps This sketch was “Compiled from plane-table survey from Hawizeh via Shuaib to Diaji, April 1912, and existing maps by surveyor S Firoz-Bakht, under supervision of Lieut.-Col. Sir Percy Cox, Resident Persian Gulf.” Title placed in the upper right corner, explanations in the lower left corner of the map. An improved and slightly different version of this map (see Pl. 209) was produced in July 1912 by War Office in London (GSGS No. 2641); 71 × 52 cm; covering: 30°18’-31°52’ N, 47°23’-48°41’ E; one graphical scale: 129 mm to 20 miles, or 1: 250 000.586 585) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B44/1; also see Record: IOR L/ PS/10/291, folio 36. 586) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B44/2; also see: Record: IOR L/ PS/10/291, folio 256.

E. 377

Pl. 210

TURCO-PERSIAN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, SURVEY OF INDIA printer; Calcutta; 1913-15 printed; Frontière TurcoPersane, Carte Supplémentaire No. I – XXV; French; 26 sheets (sheets 1-25, and sheet 22a showing detail), for size and coverage see the following table; scale varies, two graphical scales on each sheet, for sheets 1-6 and 8-15 natural scale is 1: 73 050, for other sheets see the following table, inset maps (details) on larger scales 1: 16 000, 1: 21 000, or 1: 50 000, etc.587

Pl. 209 (E. 376) Sketch map showing Turco-Persian Frontier as occupied by Persia west and south of Hawizah, by Sir Percy Cox, War Office version, London, July 1912; 71 × 52 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Record: IOR W/L/PS/21/B44/2

The original manuscripts must have been drawn during the 1850s, shortly after the official signing of the Erzurum Treaty, but were corrected and heliozincographed at the Survey of India Offices in Calcutta, during 1913-15. They show the entire Turco-Persian Boundary from Shatt-al-Arab (sheet I) to Mount Ararat (sheet XXV). Each original sheet was signed by four different members of the Commission as noted in the table with numbers 1-9: 1 = Etela-ol-Mulk, 2 = A Samih, 3 = D Belaiew, 4 = A C Wratislaw,

Sh.

Size (cm)

Description, Boundary Stone

Latitudes

Longitudes

Signed by

Scale

i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x xi xii xiii xiv xv xvi xvii xviii xix xx xxi xxii xxiia xxiii xxiv xxv

15 × 25 54 × 46 79 × 46 54 × 46 41 × 57 57 × 67 47 × 39 44 × 37 105 × 56 66 × 77 66 × 88 64 × 45 81 × 44 67 × 96 68 × 44 94 × 57 55 × 54 60 × 47 58 × 71 56 × 67 56 × 64 56 × 37 63 × 49 56 × 37 71 × 67 49 × 51

Chatt-el-Arab, Bornes 1-4 du Oumm-Chir au Douveyridj du Douveyridj au Tyb du Douveyridj au Tyb Bornes 25-26 Borne 26 à Bend-i-Koulik de Bedre à Mendeli Bornes 41-44 du Kouhne Rig à l’Elvend de la R. Elvend vers le Nord de la R. Sirvan vers le Sud Bornes 70-83 (1 inset) de Kal-i-Melaik aux Mts. Galash de Kal-i-Melaik aux Mts. Galash de Mts. Galash à la R. Zab Bornes 104-117 (3 insets) Bornes 118-119 Bornes 120-126 Bornes 127-140 (1 inset) Bornes 141-157 (1 inset) Bornes 158-170 (1 inset) Bornes 181-186 Kotour, detail of sh. xxii Bornes 187-197 Bornes 198-222 (1 inset) Bornes 223-233 (1 inset)

30°25’-30°30’ 31°45’-32°05’ 32°00’-32°30’ 32°15’-32°35’ 32°45’-33°00’ 32°55’-33°15’ 33°00’-34°00’ 33°45’-34°00’ 33°45’-34°25’ 34°20’-34°45’ 34°45’-35°10’ 35°02’-35°26’ 35°15’-35°45’ 35°35’-36°00’ 35°40’-36°05’ 36°00’-36°24’ 36°24’-36°48’ 36°46’-37°12’ 37°12’-37°36’ 37°36’-38°00’ 38°00’-38°24’ 38°24’-38°48’ 38°19’-38°35’ 38°48’-39°12’ 39°12’-39°30’ 39°20’-39°40’

48°00’-48°10’ 47°35’-47°55’ 47°25’-47°45’ 47°05’-47°25’ 46°15’-46°40’ 46°00’-46°30’ 45°30’-46°30’ 45°30’-45°45’ 42°20’-45°45’ 45°20’-45°55’ 45°25’-46°05’ 46°00’-46°20’ 45°55’-46°15’ 45°45’-46°30’ 45°30’-45°50’ 45°10’-45°25’ 44°50’-45°15’ 44°40’-45°05’ 44°30’-44°55’ 44°10’-44°45’ 44°05’-44°40’ 44°10’-44°30’ 44°10’-44°26’ 44°05’-44°25’ 43°55’-44°20’ 44°15’-44°30’

1-4 1-4 1,2,5,6 1,2,5,6 1,2,5,6 1,2,5,6 1,2,5,6 1,2,5,6 1-6 1,2,4,5,6 1,2,4,5,6 1,2,5,6 1,2,5,6 1,2,5,6 1,2,5,6 1,5,6,7 1,5,6,7 1,5,6,7 1,2,5,6,7,8,9 2,6,8,9 1,2,6,8,9 1,6,7,8 1,6,7,8 1,6,7,8 1,5,6,7,8 1,5,6,7

1: 73050 1: 73050 1: 73050 1: 73050 1: 73050 1: 73050 1: 253440 1: 73050 1: 73050 1: 73050 1: 73050 1: 73050 1: 73050 1: 73050 1: 73050 1: 84000 1: 84000 1: 84000 1: 84000 1: 84000 1: 84000 1: 84000 1: 50000 1: 84000 1: 84000 1: 84000

frontier maps

Pl. 210 (E. 377) Frontière Turco-Persane, Carte Supplémentaire No. I – XXV, by Turco-Persian Boundary Commission, printed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta; 1913-15, sheet 16 (XVI); 94 × 57 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran S.38, sheet 16 (XVI)

213

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5 = Captain A T Wilson, 6 = V Minorsky, 7 = A Hamid, 8 = Colonel C H D Ryder, 9 = Mansour-es-Saltaneh. The same title appears on every sheet, followed by the sheet number; mountains and hills are contoured. Sheets 24 and 25 include 24a and 25a respectively. Sheets 16, 19, 24 and 25 have no printed borders, hence the size of the whole sheet has been given. As an example sheet 16 (xvi) of this map is illustrated. (see Pl. 210)

E. 378 HARRISON & SONS lithography, SOANE E B, FOREIGN OFFICE (GB); London; 1913; untitled, sketch map of the Frontier between Shemiran and Mandali, Zohab Province; English; 48 × 34 cm; covers: 33°40’-35°10’ N, 45°20’-46°10’ E; scale 1: 300 000.588 This map was lithographed by Harrison & Sons for the Foreign Office in March 1913, subscribed: E B Soane, Chia Sirkh (ChiaSurkh), 13 January 1913. It shows the proposed frontier lines.589

587) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.38 (26 sheets). 588) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B44/4; or Record: IOR L/PS/10/267, folio 229. 589) See also letter No. 158 of 25 February 1913 from Lowther in Constantinople to Foreign Office, BL, Record: IOR L/PS/10/267.

Section Two: Northern Frontiers Historical Background West of the Caspian Sea: After the conquest of Ashtrakhan by Russia in 1556, the problem of drawing a stable territorial boundary between the Russian and Persian powers came to the fore. In 1772/73, when the Safavid rule was weakened, troops of Peter the Great occupied Derbent (Darband) and Baku and penetrated Persia as far as Lahijan (1725). However, Nader Shah, the founder of the Afsharid dynasty, re-established Persian power and the Russians, enfeebled by the death of the Peter the Great, withdrew from those territories. In 1796, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar invaded Georgia, triggering a new intervention by the Russians, who once again occupied Derbent and Baku. In 1801 Alexander I resumed the policy of expansion and annexed Georgia to Russia, thus placing the problem of the boundary on a new footing. It was resolved only after a war between Russia and Persia, lasting over nine years, when the Treaty of Golestan was signed (1813). As a result, the first precisely defined boundary between the two countries was established. After the second Russo-Persian war (1825-28), the Turkmanchay Treaty was signed, according to which Persia ceded further territories to Russia, and the boundary line was shifted farther to the south, reaching the Aras (Araxes) river. Although, after the signing of the Turkmanchay Treaty, there were many minor border incidents mainly caused by nomad groups crossing the border for winter pastures, this border remained open to economic exchanges until World War I. The Russian Revolution almost entirely disrupted these relations, and they were not resumed in any serious way until after 1957 when a Russo-Iranian protocol, defining the land portion, organizing and fixing the line of demarcation along the riverbed, was signed. No separate map showing exclusively the northern boundaries of Persia, west of the Caspian Sea, or even focusing on these border lines, could be traced by this author. It is possible that after 1828, when the Turkmanchay Treaty was signed, no such maps were really needed, as the agreed border line over most of its length was the course of the Araxes and the crests of the Talish Mountains, which could be easily traced on any map of the region. East of the Caspian Sea: In contrast to what occurred west of the Caspian Sea, Russian expansion into lower Central Asia did not

come into direct conflict with Persia. Russian government, however, with a monopoly of naval power in the Caspian, let it be known that it considered Persian territory to be bounded by the course of the lower Atrak (1869). The Treaty of Teheran (1881) defined the border line precisely, first along the River Atrak as far as Chat, thence following the base of the mountains to Lotfabad and Daragaz (Darreh Gaz). The Treaty incorporated into the Russian empire almost all the nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkmen populations. Further east, a single point of contact was established at Sarakhs where in 1884 Russia had occupied the old city on the eastern bank of the river Tejen (Tajan), facing the Persian post on the western bank, thus fixing the frontier de facto on that river as far as Afghanistan. The border line between Lotfabad and Sarakhs remained indeterminate, but was later agreed by a secret treaty to be at the foot of the mountains.590 590) This information has mainly been taken from Xavier de Planhol’s article ‘Boundaries with Russia’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 4, 1990, pp. 403-406.

E. 379 BAKER Valentine, GILL W J, STANFORD’S GEOGRAPHICAL ESTABLISHMENT publisher; London; 1875; A Map of the Northeastern Frontiers of Persia, embracing also Khiva and the intervening Deserts; English; 58 × 59 cm; covers: 34°-44° N, 50°40’-64°20’ / 51°20’-63°20’ E; one graphical scale: 50 mm to 60 miles (1 inch to 30 miles), natural scale 1: 1 900 000, depths and altitudes given in feet.591 This map was compiled from the surveys and observations of Colonel Valentine Baker and Lieutenant W J Gill, together with the latest contemporary Russian surveys and all other available documents. The frontier line is not shown, but the routes of several surveyors are marked, such as those of ‘Baker and Gill, 1873’, ‘Burnes’, ‘Fraser, 1821-22’ and ‘Ferrier, 1845’. This and similar maps must have been used for negotiations and finalising the boundaries of Russia and Persia east of the Caspian Sea. 591) Copy in the BL: IOR-W/L/PS/21/B1, another copy: IOR-X/3108/1, further copies.

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Pl. 211 (E. 381) Copy of map furnished by Russian Minister in Tehran to Persian Government for negotiation of Akhal-Khorassan Boundary Question, December 1881, printed by the Intelligence Branch of War Office, London, 1882; 34 × 91.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR W/L/PS/21/B6

E. 380 NAPIER George E Captain, ST. JOHN O B C Captain, SAUNDERS Trelawney; perhaps London; 1876; A Map of the Northern Frontier of Khorassan, with parts of Irak592 and Mazanderan; English; 64 × 98.5 cm; covers: 34°30’-40°10’ N, 51°20’-62°40’ / 51°30’-62°10’ E; one graphical scale: 95 mm to 60 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), or 1: 1 013 760.593 This map was made to illustrate reports by Captain G Napier on special duty in Persia, prepared by order of the Secretary of State for India. It is a part of Captain St. John’s map of Persia, with alterations and additions by Captain G Napier. Boundary line between Persia and Russia is marked; title, scale, etc. placed in the upper right corner. The RGS version of this map, published in the Journal of the RGS, vol. 46 is slightly different and smaller in size.594 592) ‘Irak’ here means ‘Irak Ajami’ (Persian Irak), a province in Central Persia. 593) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3109. 594) See E. 173 and Pl. 95.

E. 381

Pl. 211

WAR OFFICE (INTELLIGENCE BRANCH, GB), ANONYMOUS RUSSIAN OFFICIALS; London; 1882; Copy of Map furnished by Russian Minister in Tehran to Persian Government for Negotiation of Akhal-Khorassan Boundary Question, December 1881; English; 34 × 91.5 cm; covers: 37°-38°30’ N, 55°59° E; two graphical scales: 116 mm to 30 miles, 128 mm to 50 versts (1 inch to 10 versts), or 1: 420 000.595 map596

This (Intelligence Department No. 114) shows ‘Frontier claimed by Russia’ and ‘Frontier agreed to by Persia’, with a note reading: “Course of Atrek River from Peesh-Kaleh to Koohan

was originally claimed by Russia as line of Frontier.” It was lithographed at the Intelligence Department, War Office, in February 1882. Title placed in the upper right, scale and note in the lower left, corner; hand-coloured. 595) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B6; copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.16. See also E. 382. 596) For more information on Intelligence Branch’s map No. 114 see Jewitt, p. 23.

E. 382

Pl. 212

WAR OFFICE (INTELLIGENCE BRANCH, GB), ANONYMOUS RUSSIAN OFFICIALS; London; 1883; Copy of Russian Official Map [of Akhal-Khorassan Boundary]; English; 30 × 69.5 cm; covers: 36°40’-38°55’ N, 71°25’-77°55’ E. of Ferro; two graphical scales: 128 mm to 100 Russian versts, 96 mm to 50 English statute miles, natural scale 1: 840 000.597, This copy was zincographed at the Intelligence Branch of War Office on 18th February 1883, numbered 253.598 The old and the new beds of Atrak River close to the Caspian Sea are shown, with a printed note: “It is not clear which of these Beds forms the Frontier.” Title and scales placed in the upper right corner. 597) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B7. See also E. 381 and Pl. 211. 598) For more information on Intelligence Branch’s map No. 253 see Jewitt, p. 40.

E. 383

Pl. 213

WAR OFFICE (INTELLIGENCE BRANCH, GB), ANONYMOUS RUSSIAN OFFICIALS; London; 1886; Sheet I [to Sheet VIII] of the frontier between Russia & Persia to the east of the Caspian according to the Russo-Persian Treaty of December 9th

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Pl. 212 (E. 382) Copy of Russian Official Map [of Akhal-Khorassan Boundary], by the Intelligence Branch of War Office (GB), London, 1883; 30 × 69.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR W/L/PS/21/B7

Pl. 213 (E. 383) Sheet I [of an eight-sheet map] of the Frontier between Russia & Persia to the east of the Caspian according to the Russo-Persian Treaty of 9th December 1881, Intelligence Branch of War Office (GB), London, 1886 (lithographed version); 68 × 101 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR W/L/PS/21/B9/1

frontier maps 1881; English; map in 8 sheets, for size, coverage and War Office number see table below; two graphical scales on each sheet: 88.5 mm to 7 versts, 80 mm to 4 miles, natural scale 1: 84 000.599 These sheets were lithographed at the Intelligence Branch of the War Office in June 1886 from a tracing in 8 sheets made at Teheran from the map in the possession of the Persian Government. ‘Carriageable (sic) Roads, Camel Roads, Paths and Telegraph Lines’ are shown. The numbers along the Frontier appear to be of the Frontier Posts; hand-coloured; the second graphical scale does not fully agree with the given natural scale; title and scale placed in the lower right corner of sheet I; sheet I is illustrated (Pl. 213). Sheet Size (cm)

Latitudes

Longitudes (Ferro)

W.O.I.B.No.

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

37°11’00”-37°34’20’ 37°21’00”-37°47’40” 37°47’40”-38°11’00” 38°01’00”-38°11’00” 38°09’20”-38°19’20” 37°52’40”-38°22’40” 37°36’00”-37°59’20” 37°32’40”-37°42’40”

71°35’11”-72°15’11” 72°21’15”-72°45’11” 72°35’11”-73°18’31” 73°18’31”-74°08’31” 74°08’31”-74°48’31” 74°48’31”-75°18’31” 75°18’31”-76°01’51” 76°05’11”-76°55’11”

554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561

68 × 101 101 × 68 68 × 101 68 × 101 68 × 101 101 × 68 68 × 101 68 × 101

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601) PGM, vol. 28, 1882, text: pp. 369-376, map (Tafel) 17. Copy in the BL: P.P. 3946, vol. 28.

E. 385

Pl. 215

HASSENSTEIN Bruno, BARICH C, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1884; Merw und das Russisch-Persische Grenzgebiet, nach den neusten Quellen, gezeichnet von Bruno Hassenstein [Merw (Marv, Mary) and the Russian-Persian Frontier Region, according to the latest sources, drawn by Bruno Hassenstein]; German; 25 × 19.5 cm; covers: 34°15’-38°25’ N, 58°30’-62°30’ E, longitudes E. of Pulkowa also given; two graphical scales: 41 mm to 80 km 111.3=1°, 43 mm to 80 Russian Wersts 104.3=1°, natural scale 1: 2 000 000. This map was made to illustrate the paper ‘Bemerkungen über Transkaspischen und die benachbarten Landstriche…von P M Lessar’, published in the PGM.602 It shows the northwestern corner of Khorasan and its borderline with Russia. Title placed in the upper margin; scales in the lower left corner. 602) PGM, vol. 30, 1884, text on pp. 281-296, map on p. 296. Copy in the BL: P.P. 3946, vol. 30.

The original manuscript tracing in 8 sheets – slightly different in size and coverage from the above described lithographed version – which was kept in the archive of the Foreign Office, is now in The National Archives.600 599) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B9/1-8. For description see Jewitt, p. 92. 600) MS copy in 8 sheets in TNA, England: FO 925/2701.

E. 384

Pl. 214

HASSENSTEIN Bruno, STEIN F von author, DOMANN Bruno draughtsman, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1882; Specialkarte der Neuen Russisch-Persischen Grenze und der Oase Merv [Special map of the new Russian-Persian Frontier and the Merv Oasis]; German; 23.5 × 63.5 cm; covers: 37°5’-38°45’ N, 53°20’-59°20’ E; four graphical scales: 70.6 mm to 60 km 111.3=1°, 63 mm to 50 Russian Wersts 104.3=1°, 57 mm to 30 English Statute Miles 69.16=1°, 68 mm to 9 Persian Farsang 17.4=1°, natural scale 1 : 850 000. This map was made to illustrate the paper ‘Die neue russisch-persische Grenze im Osten des Kaspischen Meeres und die MerwOase’, by F von Stein, published in the PGM.601 According to a note placed below the scales this map is mainly a translation of the original map, published in the Iswjestija [Izvestiya] or Journal of the Caucasian Section, Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 1881, vol. 7, issue 1. It is here redrawn at about the same scale as the Russian original Title is in the upper margin; scales in the upper left part. Inset in the upper right corner: Oase Merv, 11 × 10 cm, 1: 850 000, reduced from P M Lessar’s map of 1881.

E. 386 RADDE G, WALTER, KONSCHIN J M, STEBNITZKY J, BARICH C draughtsman, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1887; Karte der Transkaspischen Gebiete und von Nord-Chorassan; German; 41 × 51 cm; covers: 35°-42°10’ N, 52°40’-64°40’ / 53°10’-64° E; two graphical scales: 65 mm to 130 km, 69 mm to 130 Russian versts, natural scale 1: 2 000 000. This map of Transcaspian territories and North Khorasan is based mainly on General Stebnitzky’s map of 1885, to which the routes of the expedition, headed by Dr. G Radde, Dr. Walter and J M Konschin (1881-86), have been added, and some further changes and additions applied. It was made to accompany the paper ‘Vorläufiger Bericht über die Expedition nach Transkaspien und Nord-Chorassan im Jahre 1886 [Provisional report on the expedition to Transcaspian and North Khorasan in 1886]’ by Dr. G. Radde, published in the PGM.603 Inset in the upper right corner: Oase Merv (Mary Oasis), 11 × 10 cm, 1: 1 000 000. Title and scales placed in the lower left corner of the map; mountains shaded; boundary with Russia clearly marked (see also E. 178). 603) PGM, vol. 33, 1887, text: pp. 225-244, map (Tafel 12) facing p. 256. Copy in the BL: P.P.3946, vol. 33; loose copy of the map in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.122.

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Pl. 214 (E. 384) Special map of the new Russian-Persian Frontier and the Oasis Merv, by B Hassenstein for F. von Stein’s Paper, Gotha, 1882; 23.5 × 63.5 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society: PGM, vol. 28, 1882, map facing p. 368

Pl. 215 (E. 385) The Russian-Persian Frontier Region, northwestern Khorasan, Hassenstein, Gotha, 1884; 25 × 19.5 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society: PGM, vol. 30, 1884, p. 296

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Section Three: Eastern Frontiers

Historical Background After Dost Mohammad Khan, emir of Kabul, had taken Herat from Persia (1863), delimitation of the boundary between Persia and Afghanistan, despite its relatively short length of 954 km, became a lengthy process (1872-1935). It was carried out in different stages, corresponding to three different sectors of the frontier, first by the British and later by the Turkish arbitration commissions. It was in the south, in Sistan, that an urgent need for a precise boundary was first felt. The Sistan basin, which encompasses the outlet of the Helmand and several other less important water courses, was the single more densely populated area of the border of Persia with Afghanistan, and thus had great strategic importance. In the mid-nineteenth century it became a disputed border area. Naser-al-Din Shah, avoiding a military confrontation with Kabul, asked for British arbitration in conformity with the Paris Treaty (1857) to “refer for adjustments to... England any differences that might occur between Persia and Herat or Afghanistan”. The ‘Sistan Arbitration Commission’, composed of four British officers under the direction of Colonel (later General) F J Goldsmid, visited the area in February 1872, and Goldsmid announced the outcome of the arbitration on 19th July of the same year. The lower Helmand was chosen as the boundary between Sistan ‘proper’ on the west, which was awarded to Persia, and the less densely populated ‘outer’ Sistan on the east, which was granted to Afghanistan. Thence the frontier followed a straight line towards the summits in the foothills of the mountain range that separate Sistan from Dasht-iLut. Altogether 300 km of frontier line were defined, though not demarcated. In 1909 a severe drought led to embittered relations between the frontier populations of Sistan, and the British were again requested to act as arbiters. The Sistan Boundary Commission, this time under the direction of Colonel A H McMahon, remained in the field for more than two years (1903-05), taking several measures for settling the disputes. These measures, however, were not sufficient to prevent future differences over the frontier, until further actions were agreed upon in 1951 by the neutral ‘Helmand River Delta Commission’. The delimitation of the other sectors of the Perso-Afghan frontier raised fewer difficulties, for they encompassed regions that were not permanently inhabited, but served as winter pastures for nomadic tribes. In 1889 the contested district of Dasht-i-Hashtadan was divided between the two countries as a result of the arbitration of Major-General C S McMahon, then the British consul-general for Khorasan and Sistan. In 1890/91 McMahon erected 39 boundary posts along 66 km of the border line. However, the central part of the frontier with Afghanistan remained unsettled until 1928, when both countries signed an agreement defining procedures for a peaceful solution. It resulted in inviting a Turkish Commission for demarcation of the 400 km length of the central border line (1934-35).604 604) This information has mainly been taken from Daniel Balland’s article ‘The Iranian-Afghan Boundary’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 4, 1990, pp. 412414.

E. 387

Pl. 216

GOLDSMID Frederick John General; Bampur, Persia; 1872; Map illustrating Arbitral Opinion on Seistan Boundary (General Goldsmid’s Report 46, August 21st 1872); English; 61 × 42.5 cm; covers: 27°-32°30’ N, 60°30’-65° E; scale 1 inch to 16 statute [English] miles, or 1: 1 013 760.605 This map shows frontiers initially claimed by the Persian and Afghan Commissioners, and the frontier laid down by the arbiter (Goldsmid Commission); an office printing, hand-coloured. There is a note reading: “The rectangle marked off [covers: 29°30’-32°30’ N, 60°30’-63° E] denotes portion of Map presented to each Commissioner.” Title is in the upper margin; reference and scale in the lower left corner of the map. 605) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B27/1-6 (six copies).

E. 388

Pl. 217

LOVETT Beresford Captain, ROSS E C Major surveyor, BOWER D Quartermaster Sergeant, SAUNDERS Trelawney draughtsman, GOLDSMID Frederick John General; London; 1872; A part of Beluchistan (Baluchistan) with part of Mekran and the PersoBeluch Boundary; English; 59 × 71 cm; covers: 25°-28° N, 60°-64° E; one graphical scale: 83 mm to 30 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 585 000.606 This map was drawn and compiled by Captain Beresford Lovett, and was attached to the report of the Special Mission to Mekran under Major General F J Goldsmid, from actual surveys by himself, Major E C Ross (assistant political agent in Gwadur), and Quartermaster Sergeant D Bower. It was lithographed from tracings entitled: “Beluchistan, comprising Mekran and the Perso-Beluch Boundary.” Title, scale, etc. placed in the upper left corner. 606) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3086/1-2, two copies; copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.70.

E. 389 LOVETT Beresford Major; Calcutta; 1872; Sketch Map of the Sistan Boundary by Major Beresford Lovett; English; 64 × 45 cm; one graphical scale: 51 mm to 32 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), or 1: 1 013 760.607 This is the basic printed map on which the proposed frontier line was laid down by the arbiter (Goldsmid Commission); frontier lines claimed by the Persian and Afghan Commissioners are also shown. The basic map was lithographed from an original supplied by the Foreign Department at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta. There is a note similar to that in E. 387: “The Rectangle [39 × 25.5 cm, upper left corner] marked off denotes Portion of Map

Pl. 216 (E. 387) Map illustrating Arbitral Opinion on Seistan Boundary (General Goldsmid’s Report 46, August 21st 1872, Bampur); 61 × 42.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR W/L/PS/21/B27/1

Pl. 217 (E. 388) A part of Beluchistan (Baluchistan) with part of Mekran (Makran) and the Perso-Beluch Boundary, by Capt. Beresford Lovett, India, 1872; 59 × 71 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3086/1

220 chapter five – frontier maps

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221

proposed to each Commissioner.” Title and scale placed in the mid-right part of the map. 607) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3069.

E. 390 ST. JOHN O B C Major, SAUNDERS Trelawney draughtsman, GOLDSMID Frederic (Frederick) J General; India; 1874; Map of Western Baluchistan compiled by order of Secretary of State for India to show the Western Frontier of the Territories of The Khán of Kalát, as determined by the Frontier Commissioner under Major General Sir Frederic J Goldsmid by Major O B C St. John; English; map in 4 sheets each 46 × 63 cm, total: 92 × 126 cm; covers: 24°10’-28°20’ N, 57°15’-64°15’ / 57°55’-64°5’ E; one graphical scale: 159 mm to 50 miles (1 inch to 8 miles), or 1: 506 880.608 There are three cross-sections on sheet 4 (lower right sheet): 1) between the Kharán Desert and the Sea about the Meridian of 63°; 2) between the Bampúr Plain and the Sea about the Meridian 60°45’; 3) of the Road between the Kharán Desert and the Bampúr Valley. The coast line is taken from an Admiralty chart and some other sources such as surveys by Major St. John in 1872, Major Beresford Lovett in 1871, Colonel Ross and Quartermaster Sergeant Bower. The routes travelled by Goldsmid and Lovett in 1871 and by St. John and Blandford in 1872 are also marked. Title, scale, sources, etc. placed in the lower left corner (sheet 3) of the map. 608) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3094/1-4.

E. 391 PETERMANN August geographer, WALKER James Thomas Colonel, HELLFARTH C lithographer, DOMANN B, BREITHAUPT G lettering, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1874; CentralPersien und die Grenzgebiete von Afghanistan und Baluchistan zur Übersicht der Aufnahmen von Lovett, Goldsmid & St. John, 1872 [Central Persia and the frontier regions of Afghanistan and Baluchistan for an overview of the surveys made by Lovett, Goldsmid and St. John]; German; 24 × 31 cm; covers: 29°-36°15’ N, 50°50’-62°40’ / 51°20’-62° E; two graphical scales: 32 mm to 15 German miles 15=1°, 28.5 mm to 100 km, natural scale 1: 3 500 000, heights in feet. This map, covering the western half of Persia, was produced by A Petermann, based on the map by J T Walker, the head of the Survey of India. It shows the eastern borders of Persia with Afghanistan and Baluchistan, which were newly set by the Goldsmid Commission. A paper entitled ‘Persien mit den Grenzgebieten von Afghanistan and Baluchistan’ by Col. J T Walker, with this map, appeared in the PGM.609 Title and scales placed in the mid-upper part; mountains hachured. 609) PGM, vol. 20, 1874, text: pp. 59-63, map (Tafel 3) facing p. 80. Copy in the BL: P.P. 3946, vol. 20; loose copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/Div.4.

Pl. 218 (E. 392) Iran östliche Hälfte…[The eastern half of Iran, including Afghanistan, Baluchistan and Uzbek-Khanats on the Oxus...], by H Kiepert, Berlin, 1878 (this Plate shows the 1885 edition); 63 × 48 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 46900. (67.)

E. 392

Pl. 218

KIEPERT Heinrich, GEBRÜDER BURCHARD lithographers, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1878; Iran östliche Hälfte enthaltend Afghanistan, Balutschistan und die özbeghischen Khanate am Oxus, nach englischen und russischen Originalkarten und Reiseberichten, zusammengestellt von H Kiepert, October 1878 [The eastern half of Iran, including Afghanistan, Baluchistan and Uzbek-Khanats on the Oxus, from English and Russian original maps and travel accounts, compiled by H Kiepert, Oct. 1878]; German; 63 × 48 cm; covers: 25°-41° N, 57°-73°30’ / 57°-70°40’ E. of Paris (E. of Greenwich also given); three graphical scales: 100 mm to 300 km, 100 mm to 40 German geographic miles 15=1°, 105 mm to 200 English miles 69.12=1°, natural scale 1: 3 000 000.610-612 The main purpose of compiling this map must have been to show the new frontiers of Persia with Afghanistan and Baluchistan, as settled by the Goldsmid Commission in 1872, for the use of Germanic geographic circles. It is a detailed map; mountains hachured in brown; title and scale placed in the lower right corner. A corrected and improved state of this map appeared in 1885.

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610) Copies in the SBB, Berlin: 1878 edition: S 9310; 1885 edition: S 9311. 611) Copies in the RGS: 1878 edition: Map Room, Iran S/Div.5; 1885 edition: Map Room, Iran S/Div.6. 612) Copies in the BL: 1878 edition: Maps 51800.(13.); 1885 edition: Maps 46900.(67.).

E. 393

Pl. 219

MS

MOHAMMAD-REZA MOHANDES, NEZAM-AL-MOLK writing, HESHMAT-AL-MOLK; Persia; 1883 (1301 Islamic Calendar); untitled, showing part of Sistan, with the proposed boundary between Persia and Afghanistan in that region; Persian; 72.5 × 44.5 cm; one graphical scale: 100 mm to 8 Persian Farsakhs, natural scale approximately 1: 480 000.613 This is a manuscript copy of an original MS map, stamped by Heshmat-al-Molk, a land-owner in that region. He sent this map to Nezam-al-Dowleh, perhaps a Persian commissioner or officer in the Goldsmid Arbitration Commission, with a lengthy handwritten note on it strongly protesting about the proposed new boundary which passed through his land, and giving the eastern part of it to the Afghans. The elegant nastaliq-writing is the work of Nezam-al-Molk. 613) MS in the BNF, Department for Oriental Manuscripts, Suppl. Persan, 1994.

E. 394

Pl. 220

STEWART C E Lieut.-Col., JOHNSTON W & AK, SHARBAU Henry draughtsman, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1886; Map of the Afghan and Persian Border, compiled from the Survey by the Officers of the Afghan Boundary Commission. The portion South of Lat. 34° from Surveys by Lieut.-Col. C E Stewart; English; 34 × 30 cm; covers: 30°40’-36°35’ N, 56°50’-63°15’ / 57°-63° E; one graphical scale: 80 mm to 100 miles, natural scale 1: 2 027 520 (1 inch to 32 miles). Prepared for illustrating the paper ‘The Herat Valley and the Persian Border from the Hari-Rud to Sistan, by Col. C E Stewart’, published in the Proceedings of the RGS.614 There is one inset in the upper right corner, 11 × 9 cm, one graphical scale: 30 mm to 200 miles, or c. 1: 10 725 000, showing a wider area from Bukhara and Samarqand to Sistan. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. 614) Proceedings of the RGS, New Series, vol. 8, 1886 (Jan.-June), map facing p. 216, text: pp. 137-156. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, Pro-RGS, vol. 8, 1886.

E. 395 GALINDO R E Lieutenant surveyor, MACLEAN C S BrigadierGeneral; Dehra Dun, India; 1888; Map of Hashtadan to illustrate Report by Br.-Gen. C S MacLean; English; 36 × 53 cm; centred on 34°35’ N and 60°55’ E; one graphical scale: 63 mm to 5 miles (1 inch to 2 miles), natural scale 1: 126 700.615

Hashtadan, lying at the frontier of Persia with Afghanistan, was surveyed by Lieut. Galindo in June 1888. This map was prepared from an original supplied by the Foreign Department (Survey of India), and photozincographed at the Office of the Trigonometrical Branch, Survey of India, Dehra Dun in September 1888. It is hand-coloured, and has a ‘Confidential’ stamp. 615) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B12.

E. 396 MACLEAN C S Major-General, SURVEY OF INDIA; Calcutta; 1891; Map illustrating Final Report by Major-General C S Maclean on the Hashtadan Demarcation; English; 34 × 53.5 cm; covers: 34°3’-34°46’ N, 60°10’-61°34’ E; one graphical scale: 95 mm to 15 miles (1 inch to 4 miles), or 1: 253 440.616 This map shows cultivated areas; map margin printed with statement of ratification by Lord Lansdowne, Viceroy and GovernorGeneral of India, dated 17 Dec. 1891. It was photozincographed at the Survey of India Offices in Calcutta. Title and references placed in the lower left corner; scale bar in the lower margin; mountains hachured. 616) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B19, also see Record: IOR L/PS/7/65, folio 37.

E. 397

Pl. 221

SURVEY OF INDIA, STRAHAN C, HOLDICH T H; Dehra Dún; 1897; Part of Persia, Afghanistan and Baluchistan, Sheet No. 14, North-Western Trans-Frontier Series; English; 46 × 80 cm; covers: 28°-30° N, 60°-64° E; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 40 miles (1 inch to 8 miles), or 1: 506 880.617 Sheet no. 14 of the above mentioned series was compiled in the Simla Drawing Office by Colonel T H Holdich from surveys taken by a number of officers of the Perso-Baluch Boundary Commission and the Anglo-Afghan Boundary Commission, etc., 1893 onwards, under the direction of Major-General C Strahan, Surveyor General of India. It was photo-zincographed at the Office of the Trigonometrical Branch, Survey of India, Dehra Dún, and published under the direction of Colonel G C Gore in 1897. Title printed in the upper margin; notes, index of the adjoining sheets and scale printed in the lower margin; ‘Confidential’ stamp. A second state of this map was produced by Col. R A Wahab in 1898-99. 617) Copy in the BL: IOR I. S. Box No. 10; copy in TNA, England: FO 925/2100.

E. 398

Pl. 222

HOLDICH T H, MCMAHON A H, WELLER F S printer, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1897; Sketch Map of Baluchistan and its Afghan & Persian Borders, 1896; English; 37 × 39 cm, 41 × 39 cm including the ‘Section’ below the

frontier maps

Pl. 219 (E. 393) MS Untitled manuscript copy of an original map showing part of Sistan, with the proposed boundary between Persia and Afghanistan in that region, with a note by Heshmat-al-Molk, protesting about the new proposed boundary; MohammadReza Mohandes, Persia, 1883; 72.5 × 44.5 cm; Courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris

223

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Pl. 220 Pl. 394 Map of the Afghan and Persian Border, compiled from the Survey by the Officers of the Afghan Boundary Commission – the portion South of Lat. 34° from Surveys by Lieut.-Col. C E Stewart published by the RGS, London, 1886; 34 × 30 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society: Pro-RGS, vol. 8, 1886 (Jan.-June), map facing p. 216

Pl. 221 (E. 397) Part of Persia, Afghanistan and Baluchistan, Sheet No. 14, North-Western Trans-Frontier Series, Survey of India, Dehra Dún, India, 1897; 46 × 80 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR I. S. Box No. 10

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225

Pl. 222 (E. 398) Sketch map of Baluchistan and its Afghan & Persian Borders, by Holdich and McMahon, published by the RGS, London, 1897; 37 × 39 cm (map only); By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society: GJ-RGS, vol. 9, 1897 (Jan.-June), map facing p. 472

map; covers: 24°-33°50’ N, 59°20’-71°50’ / 60°-71° E; one graphical scale: 53.5 mm to 100 miles, natural scale 1: 3 000 000. Prepared for illustrating the paper ‘The Perso-Baluch Boundary, by Col. T H Holdich’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.618 The border line was set by the Goldsmid Commission in the early 1870s, and is still valid. A cross-section of the boundary between Afghanistan and Baluchistan is printed below the map. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner, mountains hachured.

This sketch map of the Perso-Afghan Frontier was produced by Major Brazier-Creagh, and amended later by Major ChevenixTrench, British Consul for Seistan. It is an office printing from manuscript attached to Chevenix-Trench’s diary, dated 25th May 1900. It shows part of the old bed and present main course of the Helmund (Helmand, Hirmand) river, and the boundary lines claimed by Afghans, claimed by Persia, and set by Goldsmid Commission, etc. Scale and legend placed in the lower left corner. 619) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B25.

618) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 9, 1897 (Jan.-June), map facing p. 472, text: pp. 416-422. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 9, 1897.

E. 400 E. 399 CHEVENIX-TRENCH Major, BRAZIER-CREAGH Major; Seistan, Persia; 1900; untitled, Perso-Afghan Frontier: Helmand and Mian-Kangi District; English; 41 × 34 cm (according to BL-IOR catalogue 17 × 14 inches, or about 43 × 35.5 cm); centred on 31° N, 61°30’ E; one graphical scale: 76 mm to 6 miles (1 inch to 2 miles), natural scale 1: 126 720.619

MCMAHON A H Colonel, TATE G P survey officer, Survey of India; India; 1903; (Perso-Afghan Frontier, Seistan) Map to accompany letter No. 824, dated 16th June 1903, to the Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department; English; 52 × 46 cm; centred on 31°15’ N and 61°45’ E; one graphical scale: 76 mm to 3 miles (1 inch to 1 mile), or 1: 63 360.620 This map shows canals and streams on Helmand River east of Nasratabad, with Persian and Afghan villages. It was made to

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accompany a letter from Col. A H McMahon, British Commissioner on the Seistan Arbitration Commission. Title and scale placed in the upper right corner. 620) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B30.

E. 401 MCMAHON A Henry Colonel, TATE G P surveyor, SURVEY OF INDIA; Calcutta; 1905; Map of Seistan 1903-04 & 05 (Showing adjoining Districts of Persia and Afghanistan); English; map in 4 sheets, total size: 116 × 166 cm; covers: 29°15’-31°45’ N, 58°45’62°55’ E; one graphical scale: 152 mm to 24 miles (1 inch to 4 miles), or 1: 253 440.621 This four-sheet map resulted from the surveys carried out by G P Tate and assistants, under the command of Col. McMahon, British Commissioner on the Seistan (Sistan) Boundary Arbitration Commission. It was heliozincographed at the Survey of India Office in Calcutta, and specially prepared for the Foreign Department from an original supplied and signed by Colonel McMahon. Title, scale, index map, etc. printed on sheet 1, mountains contoured; ‘Confidential’ stamp. There is a smaller version of this map (scale 1: 1 000 000) to accompany a paper by Col. McMahon, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.622 621) Copy in the BL: IOR W/LPS/21/B35/1-4 (4 sheets); copy in TNA, England: FO 925/17045. 622) See E. 403 and Pl. 223.

E. 402 MCMAHON A H Colonel, TATE G P, SURVEY OF INDIA; Calcutta; 1905; Map relating to the Final Arbitral Award Statement of Colonel McMahon..., Commissioner...and Arbitrator of the Boundaries of Persia and Afghanistan, in Seistan...; English; map in 2 sheets: upper sheet: 57 × 80 cm, lower sheet: 54 × 80 cm, total: 111 × 80 cm; covers: 28°40’-31°30’ N, 60°50’-62°20’ E; one graphical scale: 126 mm to 20 miles (1 inch to 4 miles), or 1: 253 440.623 This illustrates the entire boundary line from Koh-i-Malik Siah (Boundary Pillar No. 0) to the Siah Koh (Boundary Pillar No. 90). Pillars 0-28 are shown in the lower (southern) sheet, and No. 2990 in the upper (northern) sheet. Title placed in the upper left corner of sheet 1; scale, and names of the British Commissioner on the Seistan Arbitration Commission, Colonel McMahon, and the surveyor officer Tate, on each sheet; zincographed in the Survey of India’s Office in Calcutta; stamped ‘Confidential’. There is a related sheet No. 3 to this map, showing in detail the Boundary Pillars No. 52 to No. 65 – shown in the northern sheet – on a larger scale of 1 inch to 1 mile (1: 63 360), 65 × 57 cm, 30°55’31°15’ N and 61°45’-61°55’ E.624 623) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B36/1-2 (sheets 1 and 2). 624) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B36/3 (sheet 3).

E. 403

Pl. 223 (detail of Pl. 77)

MCMAHON A Henry Colonel, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1906; Seistan, from Surveys made during the Seistan Boundary Arbitration Commission under the command of Col. Sir Henry McMahon, 1903-4-5; English; this detail: 29 × 19.5 cm; covers: 29°15’-31°45’ N, 60°30’-62°30’ E; one graphical scale: 80 mm to 50 miles, natural scale 1: 1 000 000, altitudes given in feet.625 This detail is a part of a map described in E. 139 and depicted in Pl. 77, itself a reduced version of a four-sheet map by McMahon and Tate fully described in E. 401. It shows the border line (coloured by this author for better visibility) proposed by the Seistan Boundary Arbitration Commission from Siah Koh, running eastward through the upper Hamun Lake and southward along the Sikers River to Kuhak, thence in a straight line in the southwest direction to Koh-i-Malik-Siah, where it changes direction to southeast, extending in a straight line to near Mit-Koh (place names as written on the map). 625) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 28, 1906 (July-Dec.), map facing p. 312, text: pp. 209-228. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 28, 1906.

E. 404 KEYES Terence Lieutenant, SURVEY OF INDIA; Calcutta; 1905; Rough Sketch Map of the Undemarcated Portion of the PersoAfghan Frontier; English; 35 × 20 cm; covers: 31°30’-34°30’ N, 60°-62° E; scale 1 inch to 16 miles, or 1: 1 013 760.626 This map by Lieut. T Keyes, British Vice-Consul for Seistan and Kain, is included in the printed copy of his ‘Note on the undemarcated portion of the Perso-Afghan frontier from Siah-Koh to Robat-i-Turk’, an enclosure of the India Foreign Secretary’s letter of 20 April 1905. On this map ‘Actual possession by Afghans as admitted by Persians’, ‘Frontier in 1897’ and ‘Customs Posts’ have been marked. It was lithographed at the Survey of India Office in Calcutta; title placed in the lower left corner.627 626) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B38/1; see also Record IOR L/PS/10/53, map at the end of the Record. 627) For a later version of this map see E. 405.

E. 405 KEYES Terence Captain, SURVEY OF INDIA; Calcutta; 1906; Map of Undemarcated Portion of the Perso-Afghan Frontier; English; in three sheets joined, or in four sheets, total size: 183 × 94 cm; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 20 miles (1 inch to 4 miles), or 1: 253 380.628 This is similar to the map described in E. 404, but on a larger scale, with some changes and improvements. According to the ‘Compilation Note’ it is compiled from: 1) Seistan Arbitration Mission map, sheet 2; 2) Northwestern Trans-Frontier, 1 inch to 4 miles

frontier maps (1899) map series, sheet 12 (Northwest and Southwest); 3) Ditto, 1 inch to 8 miles, sheet 11; 4) Reconnaissance in March and April 1906 (the first three sources apply also to E. 404).629 It is a detailed large-scale map, hand-coloured, showing line of possession in area of the undemarcated frontier. The BL copy is in three joined sheets, with additional printed slip showing routes

227

west of Duroh; title on the top; legends, scale, etc, in the lower left corner. 628) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B38/2, see also Record IOR L/PS/10/53; another copy: Maps 50980.(5.). 629) Compare with an earlier version described in E. 404.

Pl. 223 (detail of Pl. 77) (E. 403) [The proposed Boundary Line of] Seistan, from Surveys made during the Seistan Boundary Arbitration Commission under the command of Col. Sir Henry McMahon, published by the RGS, London, 1906; detail: 29 × 19.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 221

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route maps

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CHAPTER SIX ROUTE MAPS

in eastern Azerbaijan, but decided to return to Isfahan via Qazvin due to ill health. His second major trip in Persia started in 1622, when he left the capital Isfahan for Bandar-Abbas via Shiraz and Lar. He eventually left Bandar-Abbas in 1623 by ship to return to Europe via India. In his eighteen lengthy letters, which he sent from Persia to Mario Stupano in Italy, he portrayed the cultural, political and economic life in Persia in detail. These letters and his travel account were edited and published later.631 Duval constructed two route maps, showing Della Valle’s southern and northern journeys in Persia (see E. 407 and E. 408). Thomas Herbert, from York, England (1606-82), the author of the first English account of Persia, accompanied the royal embassy of Sir Dodmore Cotton from King Charles I to the court of Shah Abbas I in 1626-29. His reputation rests on his account of this embassy, entitled A Description of the Persian Monarchy, published in 1634 in London.632 Duval, using the account and notes left by Herbert and having the detailed descriptions of Della Valle in mind, produced two maps showing Herbert’s routes (see E. 409 and E. 410). These maps are very similar to Duval’s maps of Della Valle’s routes. Olearius: The French edition of the popular travel account of Adam Olearius to Russia and Persia was published in 1665 in Paris by John du Puis. Based on this account Duval produced a map showing Olearius’ routes in Persia (see E. 411). This author also investigated in the BNF a manuscript sketch of part of Olearius’ route in Persia, which is untitled and undated (see E. 406). There is no name on this MS sketch, but the present author believe that it was drawn by Duval as preparation for his later complete route map of Olearius described in E. 411.

Historical Notes Many European envoys, explorers, travellers, surveyors and others journeyed through different parts of Persia during the Safavid to Qajar periods. Many of them published their manuscript memoirs, reports and travel accounts, usually including a map of the route they had travelled, or surveyed. All of these route maps have some historical value, depending on the fame and personality of the travellers, who occasionally included some first-hand and detailed geographical, ethnological and geological information in their accounts. These maps have been particularly used by European cartographers as a major and reliable source for correcting and improving their printed maps of the region. Numerous route maps have survived in printed or manuscript form, a selection of which, with notable historical or cartographical merit, have been selected and described, and some also illustrated, in this book (123 map entries and 38 plates). They are arranged chronologically, except those made by the same mapmaker, which are placed in succession after the earliest one. Overlapping of some of these route maps with road maps, described in chapter 8, section 2, has proved inevitable. Indeed, a number of these route maps are but a road or general topographic map on which the travelled route has been marked or highlighted. A short biography of a few travellers who were generally unknown as mapmakers such as Stahl and Sykes, but produced several route maps, has been given, preceding the first related entry. Some famous mapmakers, such as Du Val, have also been briefly introduced, due to their worthy work on the route maps in Persia.

630) Tooley, New Edition, vol. 1 (A-D), p. 406. 631) Gurney, pp. 251-254. 632) Ferrier, pp. 229-230.

Duval’s route maps of Della Valle, Herbert and Olearius (see E. 406 – E. 411): Pierre Duval (Petrus Du Val, Du Vall), b. Abbeville 1618, d. Paris 1683, a nephew and pupil of Nicolas Sanson, was one of the greatest French cartographers of the seventeenth century.630 He produced an atlas entitled Diverses Cartes et Tables pour la Géographie Ancienne in 1665, with a later edition in 1680, which includes five route maps of Della Valle, Herbert and Olearius. Pietro Della Valle (1586-1652) was an Italian scholar and adventurer from Rome who travelled in Persia in the years 1618 to 1623. He entered the country from Baghdad, arriving in Isfahan via Hamadan in 1618. Since the Safavid emperor, Shah Abbas the Great, was at that time in Farah-Abad (later called Ashraf and Behshahr), Della Valle proceeded to Mazandaran for an audience with the emperor. He accompanied the emperor to Ardebil

E. 406

MS

DU VAL Pierre; Paris; 1646 or later; untitled, Route d’Olearius d’Ispahan à Caswin; French; 24 × 12 cm; natural scale about 1: 2 500 000 (catalogue of the BNF).633 There is a note: “D’après la relation du voyage publiée en 1646”, indicating that this MS map was drawn shortly after the first edition of Olearius’ travel account (in German) was published in 1646. Place names along the route from Caswin (Qazvin) to Ispahan via Saba (Saveh) are noted. 633) MS in the BNF, Paris: Ge. F. Carte-13176.

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Pl. 224 (E. 407) Itinerary of Pietro della Valle in Persia: from Isfahan to Shiraz, from Shiraz to Lar and from Lar to Gameron (Bandar Abbas), by Du Val, Paris, 1665; 16 × 23 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 118.b.22, map 69 (1680 edition)

E. 407

Pl. 224

DUVAL (DU VAL) Pierre, DELLA VALLE Pietro; Paris; 1665; Itineraire de Perse d’Ispaham à Siras, de Siras à Lar, et de Lar a Gombru, prés d’Ormus. Dressé sur la Relation de Pietro della Valle, Par P Du Val Geographe du Roy a Paris; French; 16 × 23 cm; one graphical scale: 32 mm to 15 chacune (de 3000 pas géometriques).634 This is the first of the two maps by Duval showing Della Valle’s routes in Persia. It shows his route from Isfahan to Bandar Abbas. Della Valle’s route has been divided into three sections, from left to right: 1) Ispaham to Siras (Shiraz); 2) Siras to Lar; 3) Lar to Gumbru (Gameron, or Bandar Abbas). Title placed in the upper right corner (section 3), scale in the lower left part (section 1). A decorative compass rose can be seen in the lower part of the middle section. 634) Duval, 1665: map 36; 1680 edition: map 69.

E. 408

Pl. 225

DUVAL (DU VAL) Pierre, DELLA VALLE Pietro; Paris; 1665; Itineraire de Perse de Bagdaht à Ispaham (Isfahan) et d’Ispaham

à Ferhabad à Caswin, à Ardebil etc Selon la Relation de Pietro della Valle Par P Du Val; French; 16.5 × 23 cm; one graphical scale: 32 mm to 20 chacune (de 3000 pas géometriques).635 This is the second of the two maps by Duval showing Della Valle’s routes in northwestern and central Persia to Isfahan. It covers an area from Baghdad eastwards to Isfahan, and from Isfahan northwards to the Caspian Sea. Decorative title cartouche placed in the lower right corner, scale in the lower left part. Duval has apparently copied this map from a sketch made by Thomas Herbert in 1627, showing Della Valle’s route in Persia. 635) Duval, 1665: map 37; 1680 edition: map 68.

E. 409 DUVAL Pierre, HERBERT Thomas, COTTON Dodmere; Paris; 1665; Carte de l’Itinéraire de Perse fait par Herbert avec Dodmere Cotton Ambassadeur d’Angleterre, l’an 1627; French; 16.5 × 23 cm; one graphical scale: 39 mm to 18 chacune de 3000 pas géometriques.636 This is the first of the two maps by Duval showing Herbert’s routes in Persia. It shows his route from Isfahan to Bandar Abbas and

route maps

231

Pl. 225 (E. 408) Itinéraire de Perse, de Bagdaht à Ispaham (Isfahan) et d’Ispaham à Ferhabad à Caswin à Ardebil etc., selon la Relation de Pietro della Valle, par P Du Val, Paris, 1665; 16.5 × 23 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 1680 edition, 118.b.22, map 68

looks like the Duval map which showed nearly the same route travelled by Della Valle (see E. 407).

1637 et 1638 Selon la Relation d’Olearius, dressée Par P Du Val, Géographe du Roy; French; 23 × 16 cm; one incomplete graphical scale.638

636) Duval, 1665 edition: map 70; 1680 edition: map 70.

E. 410 DUVAL Pierre, HERBERT Thomas; Paris; 1665; Carte de l’Itinéraire de Perse, fait par Herbert, l’an 1627; French; 16 × 23 cm; no scale given.637 The second of the two maps by Duval, depicting Herbert’s routes in Persia, shows his routes in northwestern and central Persia to Isfahan. It is similar to Duval’s map showing Della Valle’s routes in the same regions of Persia (see E. 408). However, Herbert’s routes are somewhat different, and the title cartouche has been moved to the mid-left part of the map. 637) Duval, 1665 edition: map 40; 1680 edition: map 71.

E. 411

Here is shown the itinerary of Adam Olearius and Mandelslo from Astrakhan, Caucasus, to Isfahan. The extended journey of Mandelslo from Isfahan to Bandar Abbas is shown in the inset map. The title cartouche is placed in the upper right, the scale cartouche in the lower right, corner. The inset in the mid-right is entitled: Carte de la Route d’Ispahan à Ormus selon la Relation de Mandelslo; size: 12 × 7.5 cm. 638) Duval, 1680 edition, map 75. Loose copy in the BL: Maps 51140.(1.).

E. 412 DESLANDES (DES LANDES) DAULIER André, CLOUZIER Gervais publisher; Paris; 1673; Carte du Voyage de Sr. Daulier Deslandes en Perse, 1665; French; 15.5 × 30.5 cm; covers: 20°-50° N, 20°-110° / 30°-100° E. of Ferro; no scale given.639

Pl. 226

DUVAL (DU VAL) Pierre, OLEARIUS Adam; Paris; 1680, or earlier; Carte du Voyage de Perse Et du Dagesthan les Années 1636,

This regional map shows the territory from Marseille to river Indus. Deslandes’ route from Marseille via Turkey to Persia – Tauris (Tabriz), Hispahan (Isfahan), Schiras (Shiraz) and Gameron (Bandar

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Abbas) – is marked. Title cartouche placed in the lower left corner. 639) Deslandes, map facing p. 1.

E. 413 TAVERNIER Jean Baptiste; Paris; 1676; Carte de la Perse des Routes ou a passé le Sr. Tavernier aux voiages qui’l a fait aux Indes et autres lieux [Map of Persia with the Routes of Mr. Tavernier’s Journeys to the Indies and other places]; French; 15.5 × 30 cm; covers: 20°-50° N, 20°-110° / 30°-100° E. of Ferro; no scale given.640 This regional map covers an area from France and Libya in the west to Afghanistan and Makran in the east. Tavernier’s route extends from France to Turkey in Asia, and farther to Tauris (Tabriz), Casbin (Qazvin), Hispahan (Isfahan), Schiras (Shiraz) and Gomron (Bandar Abbas) in Persia. Decorative title cartouche, showing a traveller – perhaps Tavernier – with his horse, placed in the lower left part of the map. 640) Tavernier, 1724 French edition; this map is not included in the 1677 English edition of Tavernier’s travel account.

E. 414

MS

KAEMPFER (KÄMPFER) Engelbert; probably Persia; 1684/5; untitled, showing the Route of E Kaempfer from Ernan to Caswin; German; 67 × 11 cm; no scale given.641

there to Bagdad]; French; 8 × 39 cm, stuck on a supporting sheet of 19 × 40 cm; two graphical scales: 107 mm to 120 pharsangues ou lieues de Perse, 54 mm to 100 cours ou lieues des Indes, natural scale approximately 1: 5 260 000 (catalogue of the BNF).643 This is a manuscript map by an Englishman, but with French inscriptions. Title placed in the mid-upper part, scale bars in the right-upper part; place names along the route noted. 643) MS in the BNF, Paris: Ge. F. Carte 13177.

E. 417

DELISLE (DE L’ISLE) Guillaume, ZURABEK; Paris; 1722; Carte de la Route de M. Zurabek Ambassadeur de S. M. Polonoise à Cha-Ussein Roi de Perse, depuis Chamakié jusqu’à Hispahan [Route map of Mr. Zurabek, Ambassador of Poland at (the Court) of Shah (Sultan) Hussein King of Persia, from Shemakha to Isfahan]; French; 15.5 × 16.5 cm; one graphical scale: 38 mm to 50 Lieues Communes de Perse, natural scale approximately 1: 6 000 000 (catalogue of the ÖNB).644 Zurabek’s route from Caucasus to Astara, Rasht, Qazvin, Qum, Kashan and Isfahan is shown. Decorative title cartouche placed in the lower left, scale bar in the lower right, corner. 644) Merigot, vol. 4, p. 53.

E. 418 This manuscript sketch shows the route of Engelbert Kaempfer from Ernan (Yerevan) via Nakczuan (Nakhichevan), Tabris (Tabriz), Miana (Mianeh), Senjan (Zanjan) to Caswin (Qazvin). 641) Original MS drawings by Engelbert Kaempfer…, 1684/85 in the BL: MS Sloane 5232, Sketch (folio) no. 28.

E. 415

MS

KAEMPFER (KÄMPFER) Engelbert; probably Persia; 1684/5; untitled, showing the Route of E Kaempfer from the Caspian Sea to Ispahan; German; 200 × 26 cm; covers: 32°-42° N, no scale given.642 This is a pale sketch, showing the route of Engelbert Kaempfer from Rest (Rasht) on the Caspian Sea via Casbin (Qazvin), Saba (Saveh), Kom (Qom), Cashan (Kashan) to Ispahan (Isfahan), with some illegible notes.

E. 416

MS

STEELE Richard; perhaps Persia; about 1700; Itinéraire de Richard Steele, Anglois, de Candahar à Ispahan par Tobas et de là à Bagdad [Itinerary of Richard Steele, Englishman, from Candahar (Qandahar) to Ispahan via Tobas (Tabas), and from

Pl. 228

NIEBUHR Carsten; Amsterdam; 1774 (Dutch edition); Carte Itiners [Itinéraire] d’Abuschähr à Persepolis & de retour… [Route from Bushehr to Persepolis and return…]; Dutch/French; 21.5 × 14 cm; covers: 28°30’-30° N; one graphical scale: 31 mm to 6 German miles.645 C Niebuhr’s route from Abuschähr (Bushehr) to Schiras (Shiraz) and Persepolis is shown. On this map ‘east’ is at the top; decorative title cartouche in the upper right corner, with the scale bar below it; Latitudes of Places (Latitudo Locorum) in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. Different editions may vary slightly. For more information on Niebuhr see the description preceding E. 281. 645) Niebuhr C, Voyage en Arabie..., 1780, vol. 2, map 17 (Table XVII), p. 97.

E. 419 642) Original MS drawings by Engelbert Kaempfer…, 1684/85 in the BL: MS Sloane 5232, Sketch (folio) no. 25.

Pl. 227

MS

BEAUCHAMP Joseph de; perhaps Persia; 1789; Itinéraire du voyage fait par le C[itoye]n Beauchamp, Astronome et Correspondant de la ci-devant Academie des Sciences, depuis le mois de Mars 1781 jusqu’en Décembre 1789 (en Mésopotamie et en Iran) [Itinerary of the journey made by Citizen Beauchamp, Astronomer and Correspondent of the former Academy of Sciences, from March 1781 until December 1789 (in Mesopotamia and Iran)]; French; 39.5 × 62 cm; covers: 29°-39° N, 52°30’-73°20’ / 54°-72° E. of Ferro; natural scale 1: 3 000 000.646

Pl. 226 (E. 411) [Map of Olearius’ Journey to Persia and Daghestan in the years of 1636, 1637 and 1638, by P Du Val], Paris, 1680; 23 × 16 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 118.b.22, map 75

Pl. 227 (E. 417) Route map of Mr. Zurabek, Ambassador of Poland at [the Court] of Shah [Sultan] Hussein King of Persia, from Shemakha to Isfahan, by Guillaume Delisle, Paris, 1722; 15.5 × 16.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: T 8947 Request, vol. 4, p. 53

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chapter six – route maps route. It is signed by John Garstin at Surveyor-General’s Office in Fort William in December 1811. Title and scale placed in the lower left part; mountains (shaded) along the route depicted. 647) MS in the BL: IOR X/3068.

E. 421

MS

FREDERICK E Lieutenant, SURVEY OF INDIA; Fort William, India; 1810; Route from Isfahan by Kermanshah to Muraga (Maragheh) and return by Hamadan, performed under orders of Brig[adie]r Gen[era]l Malcolm by Lieut[enan]t E Frederick of the Bombay Military Establishment, AD 1810; English; 51.5 × 42 cm; covers: 32°-38°25’ N, 46°-52° E; one graphical scale: 102 mm to 80 miles (1 inch to 20 miles), or 1: 1 267 200.648 This manuscript map covers part of Azerbaijan, Urmia Lake and the Caspian Sea southwards to Kermanshah, Teheran and Isfahan. It is signed by John Garstin, Surveyor-General of India, Fort William, 1811. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner. 648) MS in the BL: IOR X/3120.

E. 422

MS

SNODGRASS Lieutenant, SURVEY OF INDIA; India; 1810; Sketch of Lieut. Snodgrass’s Route from Bushire to Shiraz via Feruzabad (Firuzabad), 1810 AD; English; 27.5 × 38 cm; covers: 28°-31° N, 49°40’-54°20’ E; one graphical scale: 89 mm to 70 miles (1 inch to 20 miles), or 1: 1 267 200.649

Pl. 228 (E. 418) Carte Itiners [Itinéraire] d’Abuschähr à Persepolis & de Retour…, C Niebuhr, Amsterdam, 1774; 21.5 × 14 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Voyage en Arabie...: 682.g.11, p. 97, map XVII

This manuscript map shows part of the Persian Gulf and of the province of Fars. Place names along the route noted; mountains shaded. It is signed by John Garstin at the Surveyor-General’s Office in Fort William in 1811. Title and scale placed in the upper part of the map. 649) MS in the BL: IOR X/3118.

This MS map covers Syria, Mesopotamia (present Iraq) and West Persia. Routes travelled by Joseph de Beauchamp are marked by a double line. Title placed in the lower left corner; mountains shaded. 646) MS in the BNF, Paris: Ge. D-16694.

E. 420

MS

CHRISTIE Lieutenant, MALCOLM Brigadier-General, SURVEY OF INDIA; Bombay; 1810; Sketch of a Route through Seistan, Khorasan and a part of Persia performed under the orders of Brig[adie]r Gen[era]l Malcolm by Lieut[enan]t Christie of the Bombay Military Establishment, AD 1810; English; 55.5 × 99.5 cm; covers: 29°-36° N, 55°-68° E; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 100 miles (1 inch to 20 miles), or 1: 1 267 200.647 This manuscript map shows the route from Isfahan to Yezd (Yazd), thence through Khorasan to Seistan. Place names noted along the

E. 423 POTTINGER Henry Lieutenant, MALCOLM John BrigadierGeneral; Bombay; 1811; Sketch of a Route through Baloochistan and a part of Mekran and Persia, performed under the Orders of Brig.-Gen. John Malcolm, by Lieut. Henry Pottinger of the Bombay Military Establishment, 1810; English; 61.5 × 127 cm; covers: 25°-32° N, 54°-69°30’ E; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 100 geographical miles (1 inch to 20 geographical miles), or 1: 1 267 200.650 This map covers an area in Southern Persia from Shiraz eastwards to Baluchistan; signed by John Garstin, Surveyor-General of India, Fort William Office, Dec. 1811; title, scale etc. placed in the lower left corner. 650) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3070.

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Pl. 229 (E. 425) Sketch of the Countries situated between Shiraz and Constantinople, shewing the Route of His Majesty’s Mission …in 1809 from Bushire to Teheran, and of Mr. Morier from thence to Constantinople, as also the Route of Colonel Malcolm in 1801, J Morier, London, 1811; 26 × 44.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 213.b.3, map facing the title page

E. 424

MS

MCDONALD Lieut., MONTEITH W M Ensign; Persia; 1811; Route of Lieut. McDonald 12th N. I. and Ensign Monteith, Engineers. Performed by order of Brigadier-General Malcolm, Ambassador to the Court of Persia; English; 47 × 66.5 cm; covers: 29°-33° N, 47°30’-54° E; scale 1 inch to 8 miles, or 1: 506 880. This map covers the northwestern part of the Persian Gulf from Bussora (Basra) to Busheer (Bushehr) and farther east inland to Sheras (Shiraz), and from Desfull (Dezful), north of Khuzistan, to Bushehr in the south. The routes travelled by McDonald and Monteith are marked. There are two MS copies of this map, with minor differences. First copy is signed by Colonel John Garstin, Surveyor-General’s Office in Fort William, on 7th January 1811, with title placed in the lower left corner.651 Second copy, with title placed in the upper right corner, is unsigned.652 651) MS in the BL: IOR X/3119/1. 652) MS in the BL: IOR X/3119/2.

E. 425

Pl. 229

MORIER James author, RENNELL James, WALKER James engraver, LONGMAN HURST REES ORME & BROWN publisher; London; 1811; Sketch of the Countries Situated between Shiraz and Constantinople, Shewing the Route of His Majes-

ty’s Mission under Sir Harford Jones… in 1809 from Bushire to Teheran, and of Mr. Morier from thence to Constantinople, as also the Route of Col[onel] Malcolm in 1801; English; 26 × 44.5 cm; covers; 29°-41°30’ N, 25°-56° / 27°-54° E; one graphical scale: 62 mm to 200 geographic miles, natural scale approximately 1: 6 000 000.653 The entire route travelled by Morier and others in Persia is shown. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner. 653) Morier, 1812, map facing the title page of Morier’s book.

E. 426 MORIER James author, RENNELL James, WALKER James engraver, LONGMAN HURST REES ORME & BROWN publisher; London; 1811; Route from Teheran to Northern Capital of Persia (Tabriz), to Amasia, on the Road to Constantinople in 1809; English; 18 × 51 cm; covers: 35°-42° N, 36°-53° E, latitudes and longitudes diagonally drawn; one graphical scale: 62.5 mm to 100 geographical miles, natural scale approximately 1: 3 000 000.654 This map shows part of Morier’s route, described in E. 425, with some more details. Title placed in the upper left corner; mountains hachured. 654) Morier, 1818, Second Journey, map facing p. 284 of Morier’s book.

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Pl. 230

MORIER James author, SUTHERLAND James, WALKER James engraver, LONGMAN HURST REES ORME & BROWN publisher; London; 1811; Route of His Majesty’s Mission under Sir Harford Jones… Through Persia in 1809; English; 47.5 × 15.5 cm; covers: 29°-36° N, centered on 51° E; one graphical scale: 52 mm to 50 geographical miles, natural scale approximately 1: 1 800 000.655 Part of the route describe in E. 425, on a larger scale and with more details, is shown. This was the main route from the capital Teheran through Qom, Isfahan and Shiraz to Bushehr, then a major Persian port at the Persian Gulf. Title and scale placed in the lower part of the map; important place names and natural topographical features along the route noted. 655) Morier, 1812, map facing p. 68 of Morier’s book.

E. 428

Pl. 231

Sheet Folio

Size (cm)

Route covered

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

53 × 44 55 × 44 55 × 44 55 × 43 55 × 43 55 × 43 48 × 34 58 × 34 55 × 42 46 × 40 54 × 38 50 × 40 53 × 39 52 × 41 57 × 45 58 × 43 59 × 42 52 × 45

Teheran to Koom (Qom) Koom to Village of Saou Saou to Village of Mayar Mayar to Village of Shulgistan Shulgistan to Moorg-aub (Morghab), illustrated Moorg-aub to Shiraz Zergoon to Ausipus Ausipus to Yezdi-Khast (Izad-Khast) Ispahan to Deyhawk Deyhawk to Gill-paw-i-gan (Golpayegan) Gilpaegan (Golpayegan) to Amarat Amarat to Chumeen (Khomayn) Chumeen (Khomayn) to Sahadabad Sahadabad to Bisitown (Bisotun) Bisetoun (Bisotun) to Kerround (Kerend) Kerround (Kerend) to Kanaki Kanaki to Bacouba Bacouba to Bagdad and Babylon

162 163 164 165 166 167 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180

657) Porter, MS, vol. 2, folios 162-180.

MORIER James author, HALL Sidney engraver, LONGMAN HURST REES ORME & BROWN publisher; London; 1818; Route from Teheran to Asterabad in 1815 by James Morier; English; 19.5 × 25 cm; one graphical scale: 64 mm to 50 geographical miles, natural scale approximately 1: 1 450 000.656 This shows Morier’s routes from Teheran through the Elburz (Alborz) Mountains to Asterabad (present Gorgan) and return. Mount Demavand (Damavand), the highest peak in Persia, is shown. Title placed in the upper left, scale bar in the lower right, corner; mountains shaded.

E. 430 OUSELEY William author, WALKER J engraver, RODWELL AND MARTIN publisher; London; 1821; A Map to Illustrate Sir William Ouseley’s Travels in the South of Persia in 1811; English; 42 × 40.5 cm; covers: 26°-32°30’ N, 50°-57° E; no scale given.658 This map covers nearly the whole of province of Fars to Isfahan. It focuses on Ouseley’s routes and was prepared to illustrate his travel account. Title is placed in the upper right corner.

656) Morier, 1818, Second Journey, map facing p. 349. 658) Ouseley, map at the front of vol. 2.

E. 429

Pl. 232

MS E. 431

PORTER Robert Ker; Persia; 1817-20; eighteen untitled manuscript maps of the routes taken by Sir Robert Ker Porter; English; for size and description see the following table; scale 44.5 mm (1¾ inch) to 1 Persian farsang about 4 English mile, or approximately 1: 145 000, one graphical scale on each map, except the last.657 Routes shown are from Teheran through Ispahan to Shiraz, and from Bagdad and Babylon through Kermanshah and Hamadan to Ispahan, all drawn by Sir Robert Ker Porter on the same scale, between 1817 and 1820. The graphical scales placed in the lower left, or lower right, corner of each map; routes drawn in double-line in one or two columns; topographical information depicted and noted along the routes; mountains hachured; distances between two successive settlements, usually with caravanserais for resting after one-day trip, are given in Persian farsangs. As an example sheet 5 is illustrated (see Pl. 232). These route maps are referred to, but not illustrated, in Porter’s printed book.

Pl. 233

OUSELEY William author, WALKER J engraver, RODWELL AND MARTIN publisher; London; 1823; A Map to illustrate Sir William Ouseley’s Travels in the North of Persia, 1811-1812; English; 30 × 15.5 cm; covers: 32°30’-37° N, 50°30’-53°10’ E; no scale given.659 This map shows Ouseley’s route from Sari (eastern Mazandaran) via Teheran, Qom and Kashan to Isfahan. It focuses on Ouseley’s routes and was prepared to illustrate his travel account. Title placed in mid-right part of the map, mountains along the Ouseley’s route hachured. 659) Ouseley, map 3 (III) at the front, or the back, of vol. 3.

E. 432 OUSELEY William author, WALKER J engraver, RODWELL AND MARTIN publisher; London; 1823; Map to Illustrate Sir William Ouseley’s Journeys from Tehran to Constantinople

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and Ismyrna (Izmir) in 1812; English; 17.5 × 48.5 cm; covers: 35°40’-42° N, 25°20’-52° / 26°20’-51° E; no scale given.660 This map covers Asia Minor and north-western Persia as far as Teheran. It focuses on Ouseley’s routes and was prepared to illustrate his travel account. Title placed in mid-lower part of the map. 660) Ouseley, map at the front, or the back of vol. 3.

E. 433 BUCKINGHAM John S, HALL Sidney, COLBURN Henry & BENTLEY Richard publisher; London; 1829; General Map of Persia, with the routes pursued by Mr. Buckingham in his travels from Bagdad across the Mountains of Zagros through Assyria, Media and Persia, including the chief positions of all the ancient cities and modern towns from the banks of the Tigris to the shores of the Persian Gulf; English; 23.5 × 39 cm; covers: 25°36° N, 39°-63° / 40°30’-61°30’ E; no scale given.661 Title placed in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. 661) Buckingham, in 1829 edition map at the front of the book; in 1830 edition (2 vols.) at the front of vol. 1.

E. 434

MS

WYBURD W H; perhaps Persia; 1833; Map of a Route from Bushire to Baghdad, Dedicated with Submission to Capt[ai]n Sir Charles Malcolm R[oyal] N[avy], by his Obedient Servant W H Wyburd I[ndian] N[avy]; English; 74 × 131 cm; no scale given.662 The route is faintly marked, and begins in the Fort of Danlakee, a few miles north of Bushehr. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner. 662) Two slightly different manuscripts in the BL: IOR X/3122/1-2 MS.

E. 435 CONOLLY A Lieutenant, BURNES Alexander Lieutenant, BRADBURY C lithographer, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1834; Sketch Shewing the Routes of Lieutenants Conolly and Burnes; English; 19.5 × 29 cm; covers: 24°-41° N, 44°-81° / 49°-77°40’ E; scale not given, natural scale 1: 10 700 000 (catalogue of the SBB, Berlin).

Pl. 230 (E. 427) Route of His Majesty’s Mission under Sir Harford Jones… through Persia in 1809, J Morier, London, 1811; 47.5 × 15.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 213.b.3, map facing p. 68

Title placed in the upper right corner; Conolly’s route marked in blue, Burnes’ route in red. This map was prepared to illustrate an article entitled ‘Travels through Central Asia’ and published in the Journal of the RGS.663 The article is a summary of the two following books: a) Journey to the North of India, overland from England through Russia, Persia and Afghanistan, by Lieutenant A Conolly, London, 1834, 2 volumes; b) Travels into Bokhara, being the Account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia, by Lieutenant A Burnes, London, 1834, 3 volumes. 663) Journal of the RGS, vol. 4, 1834, map facing p. 288, text: pp. 278-320.

Pl. 231 (E. 428) Route from Teheran to Asterabad in 1815 by J Morier, London, 1818; 19.5 × 25 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 213.b.4, map facing p. 349

Pl. 232 (E. 429) MS Porter’s route map from Shulgistan to Moorg-aub (sheet 5, folio 166 of his MS volume 2), illustrated here as an example of his 18 route maps by him in Persia during the years 1817-1820; 55 × 43 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Additional MS 14758, vol. 2, folio 166 (old folio number 148)

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lower part, scale in the lower right corner, of the map; mountains hachured. 664) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3123.

E. 437 TODD Elliot D’Arcy Lieutenant, HEBERT L J lithographer; India; 1837; Sketch of part of Mazanderan and a part of the Upper Road between Tehran and Astrabad, by E D’Arcy Todd, serving in Persia; English; 46.5 × 72.5 cm; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 30 miles (1 inch to 6 miles), or 1: 380 160.665 Drawn in transfer lithography by L J Hebert, and printed in October 1837. Roads passable and impassable for wheeled carriages are marked. Title placed in the mid-left part, scale in the lower right, corner; mountains, including Damavand, hachured. This map can be considered also as a road map. 665) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3124.

E. 438

Pl. 235

TODD E D’Arcy Major, SHIEL J Lieut.-Col., THOMSON W Taylor, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1838; Kurdistan and part of Persia to illustrate the routes of Lt.-Col. Shiel, Major D’Arcy Todd & Mr. T Thomson; English; 19.5 × 24.5 cm; covers: 32°30’-39°30’ N, 41°30’-54°20’ / 42°-53°50’ E; one graphical scale: 40 mm to 100 English miles, natural scale 1: 4 000 000.

Pl. 233 (E. 431) A Map to Illustrate Sir William Ouseley’s Travels in the North of Persia in 181112, London, 1823; 30 × 15.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 567.g.11, map 3 at the back of vol. 3

E. 436

Pl. 234

TODD Elliott D’Arcy Lieutenant; India; 1837; Sketch of a Route between Ahhar and Kazveen via Mishkeen[shahr], Ardabeel, Talish and Gheelan; English; 51 × 97 cm; covers: 36°-39° N, 47°50° E; one graphical scale: 256 mm to 60 miles (1 inch to 6 miles), or 1: 380 160.664 Latitudinal and longitudinal lines are drawn diagonally; ‘northeast’ is at the top. It covers Qazwin, Gilan,Talish and part of Azerbaijan. The route of Lieut. E D Todd of the Bengal Artillery, serving at that time (Jan./Feb. 1837) in Persia, is marked. Title placed in the mid-

This map was made to accompany the papers: a) Notes on a Journey from Tabriz through Kurdistan in July and August 1836, by Lieut.Col. J Shiel (pp. 54-101); b: Memoranda to accompany a Sketch of Part of Mazandaran &c. in April 1836 by Major E D Todd, serving in Persia (pp. 101-108); c) An Account of the Ascent of Mount Demavand (Damavand), near Teheran, in September 1837, by W Taylor Thomson, serving in Persia, with notes by W Ainsworth (pp. 109-114), published in the Journal of the RGS.666 It shows Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Irak Ajami and the provinces south of the Caspian Sea. Routes of Todd, Shiel and Thomson are coloured in red. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner. Mountain Damavand (the highest peak in Persia) depicted as a geological section in the lower right corner. 666) Journal of the RGS, vol. 8, 1838, map facing p. 112, text: pp. 54-114. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, J-RGS, vol. 8, 1838.

E. 439 RAWLINSON H C, ARROWSMITH John cartographer, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1839; Map to illustrate Major Rawlinson’s route from Zohab to Khuzistan in 1836; English; 19.5 × 23 cm; covers: 30°-35°20’ N, 43°20’-51° / 43°35’-50°50’ E; one graphical scale: 30 mm to 60 English miles, natural scale approximately 1: 3 200 000.

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Pl. 234 (E. 436) Sketch of a route between Ahhar and Kazveen (Qazvin) via Mishkeen (Mishkin-shahr), Ardebeel (Ardebil), Talish and Gheelan (Gilan), by Lieut. E D Todd, India, 1837; 51 × 97 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3123

Pl. 235 (E. 438) Kurdistan and Part of Persia to illustrate the Routes of Lieut.-Col. Shiel, Major D’Arcy Todd and Mr. T Thomson, published by the RGS, London, 1838; 19.5 × 24.5 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: J-RGS, vol. 8, 1838, map facing p. 112

route maps

Prepared to accompany the paper ‘Notes on a march from Zohab, at the foot of Zagros along the mountains to Khusistan (Susiana), and from thence through the Province of Luristan to Kirmanshah in 1836, by Major Rawlinson of the Bombay Army, serving in Persia’, and published in the Journal of the RGS.667 It shows southwestern Persia with part of Iraq. Title and scale placed in the upper right corner. 667) Journal of the RGS, vol. 9, 1839, map between pp. 116 and 117, text: pp. 26-116. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, J-RGS, vol. 9, 1839.

E. 440 RAWLINSON H C, ARROWSMITH John cartographer, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1840; Map of Major H C Rawlinson’s Route from Tabríz by Takhti Soleïman to Gilán, and to illustrate his Memoir on the Ecbatana of Atropatene, 1838; English; 21 × 30.5 cm; covers: 33°20’-39°20’ N, 41°30’-52°55’ / 42°-52° E; one graphical scale: 23.5 mm to 50 English miles, natural scale approximately 1: 3 420 000. Prepared to accompany the paper ‘Notes on a Journey from Tabriz through Persian Kurdistan to the Ruins of Takhti Soleiman, and from thence by Zenjan and Tarom to Gilan (1838), with a Memoir of the Site of the Atropatenian Ecbatana, by H C Rawlinson, Bombay Army Major, serving in Persia’, published in the Journal of the RGS.668 It shows northwest Persia to the Caspian Sea and Teheran. Rawlinson’s route coloured in red; title is in the upper right corner; mountains hachured. There is one inset in the lower right corner: ‘Ground Plan of [Ruins of] Takhti Soleiman or the Ecbatana of Atropatene, 6.5 × 8 cm, one graphical scale 16 mm to 400 yards, or 1: 23 040. 668) Journal of the RGS, vol. 10, 1841, map facing p. 1, text: pp. 1-158. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, J-RGS, vol. 10, 1841.

E. 441 TRUILHIER Capitaine (Captain) traveller and author, DAUSSY author of text, BOUFFARD L engraver, BINETEAU lithographer; Paris; 1841; Route de Mr. Truilhier en 1807 assujetic [assujettit] à ses observations; French; 18.5 × 39 cm, covers: 31°30’-36°30’ N, 45°-58° E. of Paris; natural scale 1: 3 100 000.669 This map, showing Truilhier’s route from Tehran (Teheran) to ‘Meshed’ (in Daussy’s text ‘Méched’ meant Mashhad) and his return to Tehran via Iezd (Yazd), Ispahan (Isfahan) and Hamadan, first appeared in Feb. 1841 in the Bulletin de la Société de Géographie. The 5 instalments of Daussy’s text published in the Bulletin from March 1838 to February 1841 were reprinted separately as Mémoire Descriptif de la Route de Téhran à Méched et de Méched à Iezd, Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet, Paris, 1841. For this separate printing 4 sectional and detailed maps were added; they were engraved by Charles Avril and printed by Paul Petit, with Arthus Bertrand named as publisher: maps 1 and 2) Route de Tehran à Meshed, 1807, 54 × 40 cm each, include 14 and 13

241

sections respectively; maps 3 and 4) Route d’Iezd à Tehran par Ispahan et Hamadan, 1807, 54 × 40 cm each, include 12 and 13 sections respectively. 669) Truilhier/Daussy, map and the four sheets containing details, folded, at the back of the book.

E. 442 GIBBONS Richard, ARROWSMITH John cartographer, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1842; Routes in Kirman, Jebal & Khorasan to illustrate Sergeant Gibbons Journal; English; 20 × 21 cm, covers: 29°10’-37° N, 49°50’-60°10’ / 50°10’-59°40’ E; one graphical scale: 28 mm to 80 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 4 600 000. This sketch map was made to accompany the paper ‘Routes in Kirman, Jebal and Khorasan in the years 1831-32, by Richard Gibbons, a Sergeant of the British Detachment, serving in Persia’, published in the Journal of the RGS.670 It shows part of central and eastern Persia. Gibbons’ routes from Kirman to Meshhed (Mashhad), once via Isfahan and Kashan and once via Yezd and Kashan, are coloured red. Title, scale and note placed in the lower right corner. 670) Journal of the RGS, vol. 11, 1841, map between pages 136 and 137, text: pp. 136-156. Loose copy of the map in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.15; copy in the SBB, Berlin: 9630; copy of the Journal in the BL: Maps 158, J-RGS, vol. 11, 1841.

E. 443 BODE Clement Augustus de, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1843; Map to illustrate Baron C A de Bode’s route from Kazerun to Shushter through the Countries of the Mamaseni, Khogilu & Bakhtiyari Tribes in 1841; English; 19.5 × 23.5 cm; one graphical scale: 62 mm to 15 Persian Farsangs, natural scale approximately 1: 1 450 000. Covering part of the provinces of Khuzistan and Fars, this was made to accompany the paper ‘Extracts from a Journal kept while travelling in January 1841 through the country of the Mamaseni and Khogilu [Kohgiluyeh], situated between Kazerun and Behbehan, made by Baron Clement Augustus de Bode’, and was published in the Journal of the RGS.671 This sketch map was copied by John Arrowsmith from an original drawing by Baron C A de Bode. Routes of Baron de Bode, Kinneir and Rawlinson marked in different colours. Title and scale placed in the upper right corner. 671) Journal of the RGS, vol. 13, 1843, map between pp. 74 and 75, text on pp. 75-107. Loose copy of the map in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.16; copy in the SBB, Berlin: S.9560; copy of the volume in the BL: Maps 158, J-RGS, vol. 13, 1843.

E. 444 FORBES Frederick, ARROWSMITH John cartographer, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1844; Dr. Forbes’ Route from Mesh-hed to

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Pl. 236 (E. 445) [Map of the routes through Turkey in Asia and Persia, travelled… in 1840 [by] Messrs Eug. Flandin and P. Coste for their archaeological explorations...], Paris, 1851; 46 × 61 cm; By Permission of the British Library: ORW 1936.a.1631, map at the back of vol. 2

the Heri Rud near Lake Zerreh Protracted from his Journal by J Arrowsmith, 1841; English; 20 × 11 cm; one graphical scale: 30.5 mm to 50 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 2 640 000. Covering part of Khorasan between Mash-had and Lake Zerreh (in Sistan), this was drawn to illustrate the paper ‘Route from Turbat-Haïderí in Khorásán to the river Hari Rúd on the border of Sístán, Extracted from the Journal of the late Dr. Frederick Forbes’, and was published in the Journal of the RGS.672 Title and scale in the upper right corner; names of the cities and villages visited by Dr. Forbes along his route are noted. 672) Journal of the RGS, vol. 14, 1844, map after p. 144, text on pp. 145-192. Loose copy of the map in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.14; copy in the SBB, Berlin: 9680; copy of the volume in the BL: Maps 158, J-RGS, vol. 14, 1844.

E. 445

Pl. 236

FLANDIN Eugène, COSTE Pascal, JACOBS S engraver, GIDE ET JULES BAUDRY publisher; Paris; 1851; Carte des Itinéraires suivis dans la Turquie d’Asie et la Perse par l’Ambassade Française envoyée auprés du Châh de Perse en 1840, et par Mrs. Eug. Flandin et P. Coste dans leurs explorations archéologiques d’après les notes et les tracés relevés par Mr. Eug. Flandin [Map

of the routes through Turkey in Asia and Persia, travelled by the French Embassy sent to the Shah of Persia in 1840, and by Messrs Eug. Flandin and P. Coste for their archaeological explorations, according to the notes and sketches of Mr. Eug. Flandin.]; French; 46 × 61 cm; covers: 28°-42° N, 31°20’-56°40’ / 33°20’-54°40’ E. of Paris; three graphical scales: 68 mm to 25 Myriamètres, 61 mm to 50 Lieues de France, 72 mm to 50 Agach de Turquie et Farsak de Perse, natural scale approximately 1: 4 000 000.673 Eugène Flandin (French painter, 1809-89) and Pascal Coste (French architect, 1787-1879) became famous for their outstanding illustrated account of their travels in Turkey and Persia during 1839-41.674 This map covers an area from the eastern Mediterranean to central Persia. Routes of Flandin and Coste are marked; title and scales placed in the lower left corner. 673) Flandin, map at the back of volume 2. 674) Calmard John, Entry ‘Flandin and Coste’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 10, pp. 35-39.

E. 446

Pl. 237

ABBOTT Keith E, ARROWSMITH John cartographer, MURRAY John, publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher;

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Pl. 237 (E. 446) Map to illustrate Geographical Notes, taken during a Journey in Persia in 1849 and 1850, by Keith E Abbott, published by the RGS, London, 1855; 19.5 × 26 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 255

London; 1855; Map to illustrate Geographical Notes, taken during a Journey in Persia in 1849 and 1850, by Keith E Abbott; English; 19.5 × 26 cm; one graphical scale: 85 mm to 150 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 2 840 000. Prepared to accompany the paper ‘Geographical Notes taken during a Journey in 1849/50 by Keith E Abbott, H M Consul at Tehran’, and published in the Journal of the RGS.675 It covers part of central and south Persia and is a typical route map, with the place names and important geographical features along the route noted. Consul Abbott’s route, which is coloured red, begins in Ispahan (Isfahan) – 32° 40’ 30” N, 51° 42’ 30” E – extending via Yezd (Yazd), Kerman, Bumm (Bam), Rudan (east of Bandar Abbas), Saidabad (Sirjan Distrct) and Neyriz, to Shiraz. There is one inset on the left, 5 × 7 cm, showing Consul Abbott’s route from Tehran via Savé (Saveh) to Kum (Qom). Title placed in the upper right, scale in the lower left, corner. 675) Journal of the RGS, vol. 25, 1855, map facing p. 1, text on pp. 1-78. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, J-RGS, vol. 25, 1855.

GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1857; Map to illustrate Notes on routes from Bushire to Shiraz by Lieutenant General Monteith, and from Shiraz to Darab & thence to Kazerun by Consul Keith E Abbott, 1850; English; 20 × 25 cm; one graphical scale: 86 mm to 100 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 1 870 000. This shows part of the province of Fars, with mountains hachured; title and scale in the lower left corner. There is an inset in the lower right corner, showing part of Khuzistan, entitled ‘Continuation [of Monteith’s route] from Bundar Dellim to Shuster’, 6 × 8 cm. It appeared with notes in the Journal of the RGS.676 676) Journal of the RGS, vol. 27, 1857, map facing p. 108, text on pp. 108119; copy in the BL: Maps 158, J-RGS, vol. 27, 1857.

E. 448

MS

TAYLOR R L Lieutenant-Colonel; Persia; 1857; Route of March from Baghdad to Tehran during the Months of June and July 1857; English; map in four sheets, each 20 × 32 cm; one graphical scale: 76 mm to 30 miles (1 inch to 10 miles), or 1: 633 600.677

E. 447 MONTEITH William, ABBOTT Keith E, ARROWSMITH John cartographer, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL

This MS map is drawn on four sheets: sh. 1) Baghdad to Kerrind (Kerend); sh. 2) Kerrind to Hamadan; sh. 3) Hamadan to Ameerabad (Amirabad); sh. 4) Ameerabad to Tehran.

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Pl. 238 (E. 449) MS sheet 5 of a 5-sheet route map, by Lieut.-Col. R L Taylor, 1858, entitled: Route from Tehran to Bushire via Ispahan and Shiraz; sheet 5 shows a round trip from Shiraz to Bushehr; 20 × 32 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3125, route map 5

Title and scale placed in the upper left corner of sheet 1 which is signed by Lieut.-Col. R L Taylor. Table of Thermometrical Observations – Max. in Sun, Min. in Air, etc., from June 12 to July 17 – appears on sheet 4. Place names and other information noted along the route. Extensive descriptions and information can be found in the MS account.678 677) Taylor, the first four route maps. 678) Taylor, MS account.

E. 449

Pl. 238

MS

TAYLOR R L Lieutenant-Colonel; Persia; 1858; Route from Tehran to Bushire via Ispahan and Shiraz; English; map in five sheets, each 20 × 32 cm; one graphical scale: 51 mm to 20 miles (1 inch to 10 miles), or 1: 636 600.679 This MS map is drawn on five sheets: sh. 1) Tehran via Koom (Qom) to Sinsin: sh. 2) Sinsin to Ispahan; sh. 3) Ispahan to Abadeh, sh. 4) Abadeh to Shiraz; sh, 5) Shiraz to Bushire and back to Shiraz, a round trip via Kauzeroon (Kazerun) and Feroozabad (Firuzabad). Title and scale placed on sh. 1; sheets 1 and 5 are signed by Lieut.-Col. R L Taylor, dated 1858. Extensive descriptions and information can be found in the MS account.680 679) Taylor, the last five route maps. 680) Taylor, MS account.

E. 450 HOMMAIRE DE HELL Xavier explorer, DELAMARE F engraver, LEMERCIER lithographer, BERTRAND P publisher; Paris; 1859; Carte Itinéraire pour servir au Voyage de Mr Hommaire de Hell en Turquie et en Perse pendant les Années 1846, 1847 et 1848; French; 30 × 46 cm; covers: 32°15’-43°35’ N, 40°-64° / 40°61° E. of Paris; no scale given.681 This map covers Persia north of Isfahan and Yazd, extreme eastern Turkey and part of Iraq north of Baghdad. Routes travelled by Hommaire de Hell to Tabriz, Teheran, Astarabad, Mashhad, Isfahan, Yazd and Baghdad are marked with a double-line. Title inside a rectangle placed in the lower right part of the map. 681) Hommaire de Hell, Atlas Historique, plate 109.

E. 451

Pl. 239

HOMMAIRE DE HELL Xavier, SEMINO Barthélemy cartographer, DELAMARE F engraver, LEMERCIER lithographer, BERTRAND P publisher; Paris; 1859; Carte d’une partie de la Perse dressée par Mr Barthélemy Semino Général au Service du Shah de Perse, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse par Mr Hommaire de Hell (1ère Feuille, 2ème Feuille, 3ème Feuille) [Map of a part of Persia drawn by Barthélemy Semino, a general serving the Shah

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Pl. 239 (E. 451) Map of a part of Persia drawn by Barthélemy Semino, a general serving the Shah of Persia, Journey to Turkey and Persia by Hommaire de Hell, 1st sheet, Paris, 1859; 30 × 46.5 cm; Courtesy of The National Archives, England: FO 925/2882, plate 110

of Persia, Journey to Turkey and Persia by Hommaire de Hell, 1st, 2nd and 3rd sheets]; French; route map in 3 sheets, sheets 1 and 2 each: 30 × 46.5 cm, sheet 3: 46.5 × 30 cm; natural scale given 1: 1 000 000.682 Sheet 1 shows an area from Cazbin (Qazvin) in the west to the Caspian Sea in the north, Asterabad and Damghan in the east and district of Varamin in the south. Hommaire de Hell’s route from Teheran to Asterabad and back is marked by a distinctive line. Title placed in the upper left, scale in the lower left, corner; mountains hachured. This sheet is illustrated on Pl. 239.683 Sheet 2 shows the area east of Asterabad and Damghan to Mashhad (northern Khorasan); title placed in the upper right corner.684 Sheet 3 shows the area between Mashhad and Herat, and between Mashhad and Bokhara. There is an extended note on sheet 3 by P[ierre] Daussy, stating that the original manuscripts by late Hommaire de Hell and Semino, which were drawn on a scale of 1: 500 000, are combined and corrected to produce these sheets [1: 1 000 000], etc.685 682) Hommaire de Hell, Atlas Historique, plate 110. 683) Plate 116 (see E. 452) of the same Atlas shows the same route on a similar sheet, but without any other geographical or topographical features. 684) Hommaire de Hell, Atlas Historique, plate 111. 685) Hommaire de Hell, Atlas Historique, plate 112.

E. 452 HOMMAIRE DE HELL Xavier, DELAMARE F engraver, LEMERCIER lithographer, BERTRAND P publisher; Paris; 1859; Routes de Mr Hommaire de Hell tracées d’après ses relèvements, French; route map in four sheets nos. 113-116, sheets 113-115: 46.5 × 30 cm each, sheet 116: 30 × 46.5 cm; scale given 1 mm to 10’ distance in land or sea.686 The specific titles of these four sheets, each showing a part of the route travelled by Mr. Hommaire de Hell, are as follows:687 Sh. 113) 1ère Feuille : De Fanaraki à Trébizonde (route in six sections); Sh. 114) 2ème Feuille: De Trébizonde à Diarbékir (route in two sections); Sh. 115) 3ème Feuille: De Diarbékir à Tauris (route in four sections); Sh. 116) 4ème Feuille: De Tehéran à Asterabad et Retour (route in two sections from Teheran to Asterabad at the Caspian Sea and back). 686) Hommaire de Hell, Atlas Historique, plate/sheet 113-116. 687) See also E. 451, Ref. 683.

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CLERK Claude Captain, ARROWSMITH John cartographer, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1861; Persia, Map to illustrate Routes from Teheran to Herat, and from Teheran to Bushire, by Captain Claude Clerk; English; 20 × 29 cm; covers: 29°-39° N, 48°45’-64° / 50°15’-63°30’ E; one graphical scale: 36 mm to 100 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 4 500 000. Covering central, east and part of south Persia, this was made to illustrate the paper ‘Notes on Persia, Khorassan and Afghanistan, by Captain Claude Clerk: 1) Route from Teheran to Herat via Meshed and Turbut-Sheik-Jam (Torbat Jam); 2) Route from Herat to Shahrud via Khaff and Toorsheez; 3) Route from Teheran to Bushire via Ispahan and Shiraz’, and was published in the Journal of the RGS.688 Title and scale placed in the lower right corner; Clerk’s routes coloured red; place names and geographical features along the routes noted. 688) Journal of the RGS, vol. 31, 1861, map facing p. 65, text on pp. 37-64. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, J-RGS, vol. 31, 1861.

E. 454 PETERMANN Julius Heinrich author, KIEPERT H cartographer, BROCKHAUS F A GEOGR[APHISCH]-ARTIST[ISCHE] ANSTALT engraving and printing, VEIT publisher; Leipzig; 1861; Übersichtskarte der Reisen im Oriente des Prof. H Petermann in den Jahren 1852-55, entworfen von H Kiepert [General Map of Prof. H Petermann’s Journeys in the Orient (Middle East) during the years 1852-55, designed by H Kiepert]; German; 33 × 67.5 cm; covers: 29°-38’ N, 31°40’-55°20’ / 33°10’-53°40’ E, longitudes E. of Paris also given; two graphical scales: 72 mm to 30 Deutsche Meilen, 72 mm to 50 Lieues or Stunden, natural scale given 1: 3 000 000.689 This map covers an area from Cyprus in the west to Central Persia in the east. Prof. Petermann’s route from Bushehr, where he entered Persia from the Persian Gulf, to Shiraz, Yazd, Isfahan, Hamadan, Kermanshah and Qasr-i-Shirin, where he left the country for Baghdad, is marked. Title placed in the upper right corner, scales in the mid-lower part, of the map; boundary between Persia and Turkey shown; mountains shaded. There are three insets in the lower left part of the sheet: 1) Routen im Nördlichen Libanon, 12 × 12 cm, 1: 500 000; 2) Routen im Mittleren Syrien, 13.5 × 14 cm, scale 1: 1 000 000; 3) Routen im Südlichen Palestina, 6.5 × 9 cm, 1: 1 000 000. 689) Petermann, map folded at the back of the book.

en 1858 et 1859 dans le Khorâssan, l’Afghanistan occidental, le Seistan et le midi de la Perse sous la direction de N. Khanikof [Summary map from the surveys made in 1858 and 1859 in Khorassan, western Afghanistan, Sistan and central Persia under the direction of N Khanikof]; French; 30 × 50 cm; covers: 30°-38° N, 42°-61°35’ / 44°-60°55’ E; one graphical scale: 60 mm to 200 miles, natural scale given 1: 3 360 000.690 This map shows the routes travelled by a Russian Surveying Mission, headed by Khanikof, through northern and central Persia and part of Afghanistan. Ten cross-sections, showing heights between Herat, Kerman and Teheran (Profil du Terrain entre Hérat, Kirman et Téhéran), placed on the left part of the sheet. Title is in the upper right, scale in the lower left, corner; mountains shaded. 690) Copy in the BNF, Paris: Ge. D-9974.

E. 456

MS

PELLY Lewis Colonel, DAWES; Bombay or Persia; 1864; Sketch Map of the Route from Bunder [Bandar] Abbas to Cape Jask. Protracted by M[aste]r Dawes, late Indian Navy, to accompany Coll. Pelly’s Dispatch No. 73 of 1864; English; 54 × 45 cm; no scale given.691 This shows the Strait of Hormoz, the islands of Hormoz and Larak, the extreme east of the island Qeshm, the top of the Mussendom Peninsula and the Persian coast from Bandar Abbas to Jask Bay. Colonel Pelly’s route is marked; title placed in the lower left corner; mountains along the Persian coast hachured. 691) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.87.

E. 457 GOLDSMID Frederick John Lieutenant-Colonel, SMITH R M Major; Bombay; 1866; Rough map of Lt. Col. Goldsmid and Major Smith’s route from Ispahan to Choubar and Bunder Abbas; English; 45 × 57 cm; covers: 25°-33° N, 51°-62° E; one graphical scale: 141 mm to 200 miles (1 inch to 36 miles), natural scale 1: 2 280 960.692 This hand-coloured map was lithographed in April 1866 in Bombay. It covers part of the provinces of Isfahan, Yezd, Kerman and Makran. The southern coast of Persia from Bushire (Bushehr) to Bunder (Bandar) Abbas, Choubar (Chah-Bahar) and Gowader are also shown. Title and scale placed in the upper right corner; mountains hachured; Goldsmid and Smith’s routes marked by a single line. 692) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS//21/B21.

E. 455

E. 458

KHANIKOF (KHANIKOFF etc.) Nikolas explorer and surveyor, ERHARD engraver, JANSON printer, SOCIÉTÉ DE GÉOGRAPHIE publisher; Paris; 1864; Carte sommaire des levées faites

GOLDSMID Frederick John, STANFORD’S GEOGRAPHICAL ESTABLISHMENT cartographers, MACMILLAN publisher; London; 1874; A map showing the routes of Colonel Sir F J

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Pl. 240 (E. 460) Route Map of the Special Mission to Seistan and Mekran, from Ispahan to Gwadur, by David Bower, to accompany the Journal of Captain C B E Smith, London, 1872; 19.5 × 95 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3126/3/1

Goldsmid in Asiatic Turkey, Persia and Baluchistan, from December 1871 to September 1872; English; 28 × 41.5 cm; covers: 24°-45° N, 24°-69° / 31°-67° E; one graphical scale: 41 mm to 250 statute miles, natural scale approximately 1: 1 000 000.693

of the Mission is marked in red (hand-coloured); place names along the route noted; mountains hachured; title and scale placed in the mid-lower part of the map. 695) Copies in the BL: IOR X/ 3126/3/1-2.

Goldsmid’s routes are marked on a contemporary Stanford map of the region, showing Turkey in Asia, Caucasus, Persia, part of Afghanistan and Baluchistan, the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf. 693) Goldsmid, map folded and inserted in front of the book.

E. 459

MS

BOWER David; Persia; 1870-71; Route Map of a Special Mission to Seistan and Mekran by Quartermaster-Sergeant David Bower, Royal Engineers; English; 12 sheets fixed on a large supporting paper of 66 × 276 cm; scale given 1 inch to 8 miles, or 1: 506 880.694 This multi-sheet map shows the route of the ‘Special Mission’ from Isfahan to Gwadur, the most eastern Persian Port in the Gulf of Oman. Place names and other information along the route noted; mountains hachured. There is a reduced printed version of this map, with some changes, additions and omissions, described in the next entry (see E. 460). 694) MS of these twelve sheets in the BL: IOR X/3126/1.

E. 460

Pl. 240

BOWER David, SMITH C Bean Euan Captain, SAUNDERS Trelawney draphtsman; London; 1872; Route Map of the Special Mission to Seistan and Mekran, from Ispahan to Gwadur by Quarter Master Sergeant David Bower, Royal Engineers, to accompany the Journal of Captain C Bean Euan Smith, Personal Assistant to Major General F J Goldsmid; English; 19.5 × 95 cm; one graphical scale: 45 mm to 40 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 1 430 000.695 A reduced one-sheet version of the twelve-sheet original MS – described in E. 459 – with some changes, additions and omissions, printed in 1872 to illustrate the journal of Capt. Smith. The route

E. 461 GILL William John Lieutenant, WAR OFFICE; London; 1873; untitled, hand-written: Route Map from Teheran to Meshed; English; 33 × 74 cm; covers: 35°-39° N, 51°-61° E; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 100 miles (1 inch to 20 miles), natural scale 1: 1 267 200.696 Compiled at the Topographical Department, War Office, from the observations and sketches of Lieutenant Gill in 1873, and from Russian surveys; it shows the north-eastern part of the country from Teheran and the Caspian Sea to Meshed (Mash-had). Description and scale placed in the lower margin. 696) Copy in the BL: Maps 51140.(18.).

E. 462

Pl. 241

RIVADENEYRA Adolfo D, ROLDAN Vda lithographer, OSLER writing; Madrid; 1874; Itinerario del viaje al interior de Persia [Itinerary of the journey to the interior of Persia]; Spanish; 46.5 × 48 cm; covers; 25°-42° N, 44°-68° / 46°-66° E. of Madrid; scale 1: 4 311 000.697 Rivadeneyra entered the country at Enzeli,698 travelled via Resht and Kazvin to Teheran, thence to Saveh, Hamadan, Kermanshah, Jorramabad (Khorramabad), Dizful, Shuster (Shushter) and Mohammera. He continued his journey by ship to Bushire, thence by land to Shiraz, visited Kerman and Yezd and returned to Teheran via Isfahan, Cashan and Cum (Qom). His travelling route is marked on this map by a red line, supported by a lengthy and detailed description in his book. The eastern border of the country is drawn according to pre-1872 British maps of Persia. Title, etc. placed in the lower left corner. This map was enlarged by Heinrich Kiepert to 1: 2 155 000, 51 × 42 cm, of which a copy is in the SBB, Berlin.699

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Pl. 241 (E. 462) [Itinerary of a Journey in Persia], by Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Madrid, 1874; 46.5 × 48 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 10011.n.12, map at the back of vol. 3

Pl. 242 (E. 465) Route Map from Jask to Bampur to accompany the paper by Mr. E A S Floyer, published by the RGS, London, 1877; 23.5 × 19.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 260

route maps 697) Rivadeneyra, map at the back of vol. 3 (three volumes bound as one book). 698) The spelling of place names is as written on the map. 699) Copy in the SBB, Berlin (map only, enlarged by Kiepert): 9291-Kiep.

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of a Route from Jask to Bampur’, by E A S Floyer, appeared in the Journal of the RGS.703 703) Journal of the RGS, vol. 47, London, 1877, map facing p. 189, text on pp. 188-201.

E. 463 WATERHOUSE J Captain, SURVEY OF INDIA; Calcutta; 1875; Caravan Route from Tabreez to Kirmanshah; English; route map in eight sheets, sheets 1, 4, 5: 68.5 × 101 cm each, sheets 2, 3, 6, 7, 8: 101 × 68.5 cm each; covers route from Tabriz (38°5’ N, 46°18’ E) to Bisotun (34°22’ N, 47°29’ E); scale 1 inch to 1 mile, or 1: 63 360.700 This large-scale, multi-sheet, route map was photozincographed under the supervision of Capt. J Waterhouse at the SurveyorGeneral’s Office in Calcutta in about 1875. According to a note: “Elevations marked off road do not refer to the height of Country [above sea level] but to command over road only.” Nearly every village and mountain within sight along the route is marked, with the number of houses in each village noted after its name. Title placed in the upper right corner on all sheets; notes on sheet one. Also see E. 475, showing the same route on one sheet on a smaller scale, produced by Capt. George E Napier in 1878. 700) Copy in the BL: IOR W/LPS/21/B3/1-8.

E. 464 STOLZE Franz, KORBGEWEIT C lithographer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1877; Route im südlichen Persien aufgenommen von Dr. Franz Stolze, 25 März – 15 April 1875 [Route in southern Persia, surveyed by Dr. Franz Stolze, 25th March – 15th April 1875]; German; 10.5 × 18.5 cm; one graphical scale: 44 mm to 5 German geographical miles, natural scale given as 1: 800 000, heights in m.701 An area from Schiraz (Shiraz) and Firuzabad eastwards to Darab in the southern part of the province of Fars is shown. Title and scale placed in the upper left corner; mountains hachured. A related text, written by H Kiepert, appeared in the same publication as the map.702 701) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 12, Berlin, 1877, map facing p. 210. 702) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 12, Berlin, 1877, text by H Kiepert on pp. 210-214.

E. 465

Pl. 242

FLOYER Ernest A S, WELLER Edward cartographer, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1877; Route Map from Jask to Bampur to accompany the Paper by Mr. E A [S] Floyer; English; 23.5 × 19.5 cm; one graphical scale: 57 mm to 50 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 5 500 000. The southern part of Makran (Baluchistan) is shown; the route of Ernest Floyer marked in red; mountains hachured; title and scale placed in the lower right corner. This map with the paper ‘Journal

E. 466 FLOYER Ernest A S, TURNER W J cartographer, JOHNSTON W & A K lithographers and printers, GRIFFITH & FARRAN publisher; London; 1882; Map of Southern Persia illustrating Mr. Floyer’s Travels in 1876-77; English; map 31 × 46 cm, with the ‘Section’ below it: 36 × 46 cm; covers: 25°20’-34°30’ N, 44°-61° / 44°40’-60°20’ E; one graphical scale: 46 mm to 100 miles, natural scale 1: 3 520 000, vertical scale for the ‘Section’: 20 mm to 10 000 ft, or 1: 152 400.704 “It is constructed from his [Floyer’s] astronomical observations & route surveys collected with the most authentic material by W J Turner.” There is a cross-section along Floyer’s route from Jask to Baghdad printed in the lower margin. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner; Floyer’s routes in land and sea marked in red. 704) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.15.

Houtum-Schindler Albert, an authority on Persia and a highranking employee of the Persian government for over thirty years in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries (b. 1846 Germany, d. 1916 England). He was educated at Leipzig University as an engineer, and his career in Persia began in 1868 in the Indo-European Telegraph Department. In 1876 he joined the Persian telegraph service as inspector-general. Houtum-Schindler was given the rank of general in the Persian army, a title he enjoyed using for the rest of his life, though he was never in any sense a soldier. He was a recognised specialist in nearly all matters. Lord Curzon was not exaggerating when he said that Houtum-Schindler was regarded by both Persian authorities and foreigners “as a sort of deus ex machina, required to assist in the solution of most Persian problems”. Whilst supervising the telegraph and mining operations, he travelled extensively throughout the land. Wherever he went he collected data on distances, archaeological and historical sites, etc. and frequently surveyed the territory. His more accurate readings helped to produce better maps of the regions through which he had travelled. He left Persia after having lived there for over forty-two years and settled in England for the last six years of his life.705 He published several monographs such as Eastern Persia and [Persian] Irak, London, 1896, and wrote many geographical articles in English and German, which appeared in prestigious periodicals of the time, e.g. RGS publications in London and Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde in Berlin. We will refer to his translation of Nasir-al-Din Shah’s article, entitled ‘A Lake between Teheran and Qom’, from Persian into English in E. 739. The next eight entries (E. 467 – E. 474) and E. 214 describe the printed maps produced by Albert Houtum-Schindler, based on his own surveys. These route maps can be considered as road maps too.

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Pl. 243 (E. 468) [Routes in southwestern Persia surveyed in 1877-78 by A Houtum-Schindler], Berlin, 1879; 47.5 × 57 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51140.(11.), sheet 1

705) Gurney, entry ‘Houtum Schindler’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. XII, pp. 540-543.

E. 467 HOUTUM-SCHINDLER Albert General, KORBGEWEIT C lithographer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1877; Strasse von Semnan nach Meschhed im nördlichen Persien aufgenommen 1876 von A H-Schindler; German; 16.5 × 95 cm; three graphical scales: 122 mm to 10 geographical miles, 134 mm to 50 English miles, 133 mm to 80 km, natural scale given 1: 600 000, heights in feet.706 Title placed in the upper left corner, scales in the lower left part, of the map. The estimated number of houses in the main towns and cities noted: 1600 for Shahrud, 2000 for Sebzewar, 2000 for Nishapûr, 14000 for Meschhed and so on. A related text, written by Albert Houtum-Schindler, appeared in the same publication as the map.707 For more information on Houtum-Schindler see the description preceding this entry. 706) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 12, Berlin, 1877, Tafel 5 (map 5), facing p. 215. 707) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 12, Berlin, 1877, text on pp. 215-229.

E. 468

Pl. 243

HOUTUM-SCHINDLER Albert General, KIEPERT Heinrich editor, BISCHOFF C engraver, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1879; Routen in südwestlichen Persien aufgenommen 1877-78 von A Houtum-Schindler [Routes in southwestern Persia surveyed in 1877-78 by A Houtum-Schindler]; German; 47.5 × 57 cm; covers: 31°25’-34° N, 48°-51°45’ E; two graphical scales: 53.5 mm to 20 English miles, 50 mm to 30 km, natural scale given 1: 600 000.708 This map covers an area west of Isfahan to Burujerd, Dezful and Schuschtar. Title and scale placed in the upper part of the map. There are four inset maps, described here clockwise, beginning from upper right corner: 1) Südliche Fortsetzung des Flusses Kârûn bis zur Mündung in der Schattu’l-`Arab, anschliessend an die SW-Ecke der Hauptkarte [Southern extension of the River Karun to its mouth in the Shatt-al-Arab, adjoining the south-west corner of the main map], 18 × 10.5 cm, on the same scale as the main map; 2) Stück der Strasse Schuschter-Ispahân in doppelten Massstabe der Hauptkarte [Part of the Shushtar-Isfahan road on twice the scale of the main map], 8/3.5 × 23 cm; 3) Südliche Fortsetzung der Route von Schuschter [Southern extension of the road from Shushtar], 7 × 7 cm; 4) Durchschnitt des Berges bei den

route maps Naphtaquellen [Cross-section of the mountain, adjacent to oil reserves], 5.5 × 7 cm. A lengthy related text, written by Houtum-Schindler, appeared in the same publication as the map.709 For more information on Houtum-Schindler see the description preceding E. 467. 708) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 14, Berlin, 1879, Tafel 1 (map 1), facing p. 38. 709) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 14, Berlin, 1879, text on pp. 38-67 and 82-112.

E. 469 HOUTUM-SCHINDLER Albert General, KIEPERT Heinrich editor, OHMANN C lithographer, BARTH F printer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1879; Routen in nordwestlichen Persien aufgenommen 1877-78 von A Houtum-Schindler (Reduction redigirt von H Kiepert) [Routes in northwestern Persia, surveyed in 1877-78 by A Houtum-Schindler (reduction edited by H Kiepert)]; German; 34 × 42 cm; covers: 33°50’-35°40’ N, 48°45’51°25’ E; two graphical scales: 53 mm to 20 English miles, 49 mm to 30 km, natural scale given 1: 600 000.710 Here are shown Houtum-Schindler’s routes from Teheran to Hamadan and Burujerd in western Persia and to Qom and Kashan in central Persia. Title and scales placed in the upper left corner of the map. Houtum-Schindler’s related text appeared in the same publication as the map.711 For more information on Houtum-Schindler see the description preceding E. 467. 710) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 14, Berlin, 1879, Tafel 2 (map 2), facing p. 80. 711) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 14, Berlin, 1879, text on pp. 112-124.

E. 470 HOUTUM-SCHINDLER Albert General, KIEPERT Heinrich editor, BISCHOFF C engraver, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1879; Routen in nördlichen Persien aufgenommen von A Houtum-Schindler (Reduction redigirt von H Kiepert) [Routes in northern Persia, surveyed by A Houtum-Schindler (reduction edited by H Kiepert)]; German; 16.5 × 46 cm; covers: 35°30’-37°30’ N, 49°-51°30’ E, latitudinal and longitudinal lines drawn diagonally; two graphical scales: 53 mm to 20 English miles, 49 mm to 30 km, natural scale given 1: 600 000.712 This map shows Houtum-Schindler’s route from Rasht southwards to Qazvin, thence eastwards to Teheran. Title and scales placed in the mid-upper part of the map. There is one inset in the lower left corner, entitled ‘Plan von Teherân mit den neuen Mauern’, 7.5 × 7 cm, 1: 100 000, showing both the old and the extended city of Teheran. Houtum-Schindler’s related text, appeared in the same publication as the map.713 For more information on Houtum-Schindler see the description preceding E. 467. 712) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 14, Berlin, 1879, Tafel 3 (map 3), facing p. 81.

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713) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 14, Berlin, 1879, text on pp. 112-124.

E. 471

Pl. 244

HOUTUM-SCHINDLER Albert General, KIEPERT Heinrich editor, DROYSEN Wilhelm writing, GREVE W printer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1881; Routen in südlichen Persien aufgenommen in 1879-1880 von A Houtum-Schindler…, Reduction redigirt von H Kiepert [Routes in southern Persia, surveyed in 1879-80 by A Houtum-Schindler…, reduction edited by H Kiepert]; German; 58.5 × 51 cm; covers: 27°-33° N, 51°35’-58° / 51°50’-57°45’ E; two graphical scales: 39 mm to 30 English miles, 40 mm to 50 km, natural scale given 1: 1 200 000, differing slightly from the graphical scales.714 This map shows Houtum-Schindler’s route from Isfahan through Yazd and Kerman to Bandar-Abbas. Title and scales placed in the left part of the map. Four small profiles of an area between Yazd and Kerman, and four small cross-sections of Salt Hill north of Bandar Abbas are included. An extended text relating to this map, written by Houtum-Schindler, accompanied it.715 There are three insets described here clockwise, beginning from the upper right corner: 1) Die Landschaft um Kerman vergrössert auf dem 1½ fachen Masstab der Hauptkarte [Countryside around Kerman enlarged 1½ times from the main map (e.g. 1: 800 000)], 11.5 × 26 cm; 2) Strasse Kaschân-Ispahân in doppelten Masstabe der Hauptkarte [The Road from Kashan to Isfahan on a scale twice the main map (e.g. 1: 600 000)], 26 × 13 cm; 3) Übersicht der Strasse Teherân-Ispahân im Masstabe der Hauptkarte [General map of the Road from Teheran to Isfahan on the scale of the main map], covers: 32°40’-35°45’ N, 50°50’-53°5’ E, 28 × 13 cm. For more information on Houtum-Schindler see the description preceding E. 467. 714) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 16, Berlin, 1881, map (Tafel) facing p. 366. 715) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 16, Berlin, 1881, text on pp. 307-366.

E. 472 HOUTUM-SCHINDLER Albert General, KIEPERT Heinrich editor, DROYSEN Wilhelm writing, HERMANN H S printer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1883; Route von Zendjân nach Tacht-i-Soleimân aufgenommen 1880 von General A Houtum-Schindler [Route from Zanjan to Tacht-i-Soleiman surveyed in 1880 by General A Houtum-Schindler]; German; 13 × 30 cm; centred on longitude 52° E; one graphical scale: 31.5 mm to 10 miles (1 inch to 8 miles), natural scale given 1: 506 880.716 Title and scale placed in the lower right corner of the map; mountains shaded. Houtum-Schindler’s related text, appeared in the same publication as the map.717 For more information on Houtum-Schindler see the description preceding E. 467. 716) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 18, Berlin, 1883, Tafel 6 (map 6), facing p. 392.

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Pl. 244 (E. 471) [Routes in southern Persia, surveyed in 1879-80 by A Houtum-Schindler], Berlin, 1881; 58.5 × 51 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51140.(11.) Tafel (map) 12

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717) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 18, Berlin, 1883, text on pp. 320-331.

E. 473 HOUTUM-SCHINDLER Albert General, KIEPERT Heinrich editor, DROYSEN Wilhelm writing, HERMANN H S printer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1883; Route von Qazwîn nach Tabrîz, Aufgenommen 1881-1882 von General A Houtum-Schindler [Route from Qazvin to Tabriz surveyed in 1881-82 by General A Houtum-Schindler]; German; 18.5 × 42 cm; covers: 35°40’-38°15’ N, 45°45’-50° E; two graphical scales: 48 mm to 30 miles 69.16=1°, 50 mm to 50 km 111.3=1°, or 1 inch to 16 miles, natural scale given 1: 1 013 760, heights in feet.718 Title and scales placed in the upper right corner of the map; mountains shaded. Houtum-Schindler accompanying text appeared in the same publication.719 For more information on Houtum-Schindler see the description preceding E. 467. 718) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 18, Berlin, 1883, Tafel 7 (map 7), facing p. 392. 719) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 18, Berlin, 1883, text on pp. 331-334.

E. 474

Pl. 245

HOUTUM-SCHINDLER Albert General, KIEPERT Heinrich editor, DROYSEN Wilhelm writing, HERMANN H S printer, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1883; Route von Tabrîz nach Sâûdjbulâgh, Aufgenommen 1881-1882 von General A Houtum-Schindler [Route from Tabriz to Saudjbulagh (present Mahabad) surveyed in 1881-82 by General A Houtum-Schindler]; German; 40 × 15 cm; covers: 36°45’-38°30’ N, centred on longitude 46°19’ E. (Tabriz); two graphical scales: 49 mm to 15 miles 69.16=1°, 30 mm to 15 km 111.3=1°, or 1 inch to 8 miles, natural scale given 1: 506 880, heights in feet.720 The eastern part of Urmia Lake is shown; title and scales placed in the upper left corner; mountains shaded. Houtum-Schindler’s accompanying text appeared in the same publication.721 There is one inset in the mid-right part of the map: ‘Das Observatorium (Rasad) des Nâsr ed dîn Tûsî bei Marâghah’ [The Observatory (built) by Nasir-al-Din Tusi in Maraghah], 10 × 5 cm, 1 inch to 500 feet. For more information on Houtum-Schindler see the description preceding E. 467. 720) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 18, Berlin, 1883, Tafel 8 (map 8), facing p. 392. 721) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 18, Berlin, 1883, text on pp. 335-344.

E. 475 NAPIER George E Captain, GROVER G E Captain; India; 1878; Caravan Route from Tabreez to Kirmanshah from sketches by

Pl. 245 (E. 474) [Route from Tabriz to Savujbulagh (Mahabad), surveyed in 1881-82 by General A Houtum-Schindler], Berlin, 1883; 40 × 15 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Ac 6075-2, vol. 18, map 8 facing p. 392

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Captain G E Napier; English; 68 × 95 cm; coverage and scale not given.722 This route map shows the caravan route from Tabreez (Tabriz) to Kirmanshah in western Persia in four vertical rows from north to south: Tabreez to Leilan; Leilan to Hajibaba; Hajibaba to Sharvec; Sharvec to Besitoun (the 26 miles distance from Bisotun to Kirmanshah is not covered). It was lithographed at the Intelligence Branch, Quarter Master General’s Department under the direction of Capt. G E Grover, 1878. Title placed in the mid-upper part, notes in the mid-left part, of the map; mountains along the route contoured. This one-sheet map could be a reduced version of E. 463, ‘Caravan Route from Tabreez to Kirmanshah’ by Capt. J Waterhouse, Calcutta, 1875 (8 sheets). 722) Copy in TNA: FO 925/2705.

E. 478 STACK Edward explorer and author, WELLER Edward lithographer, SAMPSON LOW MARSTON SEARLE & RIVINGTON publisher; London; 1882; Persia; English; 19 × 25.5 cm; covers: 25°-39° N, 42°-66° / 43°-65° E; two graphical scales: 40 mm to 200 geographical miles, 34 mm to 200 English miles, natural scale approximately 1: 9 500 000.725 Stack’s route from Bushire (Bushehr) via Shiraz, Lar, Karman (Kerman), Yazd, Isfahan to Tehran (Teheran) and farther north to Barfrush (Babol) and Mashhad-Sar (Babolsar) at the Caspian Sea are marked on a general map of Persia. Different sections of Stack’s route are shown on a larger scale in the next six Entries (E. 479 – E. 484). Title and scales placed in the lower left corner. 725) Stack, vol. 1, map facing p. 1.

E. 476

E. 479

NAPIER G S F Lieut.-Col., ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1919; Routes in Western Persia; English; 13 × 11 cm; covers: 31°35’-38°35’ N, 44°-53°30’ / 44°20’-53°15’ E; two graphical scales: 24 mm to 120 miles, 22.5 mm to 180 km, natural scale 1: 8 000 000.

STACK Edward explorer and author, WELLER Edward lithographer, SAMPSON LOW MARSTON SEARLE & RIVINGTON publisher; London; 1882; Map to illustrate the Journey from Shiraz to Lár; English; 36 × 19 cm; covers: 26°30’-29°40’ N, 52°25’54°15’ E; one graphical scale: 48 mm to 30 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), natural scale 1: 1 013 760.726

This map was made to illustrate the paper ‘The Road from Baghdad to Baku’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.723 It shows Napier’s routes from Baghdad via Qazvin to the Caspian Sea, and from Qazvin to Teheran, Isfahan and Shiraz, etc. Title placed in the lower margin; scales in the lower left corner.

This map shows the southern part of the province of Fars; Stack’s route from Shiraz to Lar marked in red; title and scale placed in the lower left corner. 726) Stack, vol. 1, map facing p. 71.

723) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 53, 1919 (Jan.-June), map facing p. 2; text on pp. 1-19. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, GJ-RGS, vol. 53, 1919 (Jan.June).

E. 477 ANDERSON T S Lieutenant, BLACKWOOD publisher; London, 1880; untitled, showing Europe and the Middle East; English; 34 × 42 cm (size of the sheet, as the map has no borders); no scale given, natural scale estimated 1: 6 800 000. This map is included in Anderson’s travel account.724 His route in Persia extended from Bandar Bushehr via Yazd and Isfahan to Teheran, and farther via Rasht and through the Caspian Sea to Russia. He also travelled from Teheran through Khorasan to Khiva. Author’s route coloured blue; old Russian Boundary green; advanced Russian Boundary yellow. There is one inset in the lower left corner, 11 × 11.5 cm, 1: 2 840 000, entitled ‘Scientific Frontier’ (part of the frontier between India and Afghanistan, enlarged from the main map). 724) Anderson, map at the front of the book.

E. 480 STACK Edward explorer and author, WELLER Edward lithographer, SAMPSON LOW MARSTON SEARLE & RIVINGTON publisher; London; 1882; Map to Illustrate the Journey from Lár to Karmán; English; 32 × 28.5 cm; covers: 27°30’-30°20’ N, 54°50’57° E; one graphical scale: 64 mm to 40 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), natural scale 1: 1 013 760.727 Part of southeastern Persia is shown; Stack’s route from Lar to Kerman is marked in red; title and scale placed in the mid-left section of the map; mountains hachured. 727) Stack, vol. 1, map facing p. 133.

E. 481 STACK Edward explorer and author, WELLER Edward lithographer, SAMPSON LOW MARSTON SEARLE & RIVINGTON publisher; London; 1882; Map to Illustrate the Journey from Karmán to Yazd; English; 20 × 30 cm; centred on 31° N, 54°-57° E; one graphical scale: 48 mm to 30 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), natural scale 1: 1 013 760.728

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Pl. 246 (E. 484) Map to Illustrate the Journey from Tehran to the Caspian, by E Stack, London, 1882; 19 × 19 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 10077.bb.3, vol. 2, map facing p. 151

This shows the area between Kerman and Yazd, with Stack’s route marked in red. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. 728) Stack, vol. 1, map facing p. 221.

E. 482 STACK Edward explorer and author, WELLER Edward lithographer, SAMPSON LOW MARSTON SEARLE & RIVINGTON publisher; London; 1882; Map to Illustrate the Journey from Yazd to Isfahan; English; 18 × 27 cm; covers: 31°30’-33° N, 51°35’54°25’ E; one graphical scale: 64 mm to 40 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), natural scale 1: 1 013 760.729 This map shows the area between Yazd and Isfahan, with Stack’s route marked in red. Title and scale placed in the mid-lower part of the map. 729) Stack, vol. 2, map facing p. 1.

E. 483 STACK Edward explorer and author, WELLER Edward lithographer, SAMPSON LOW MARSTON SEARLE & RIVINGTON publisher; London; 1882; Map to Illustrate the Journey from Isfahan to Tehran; English; 45 × 19 cm; covers: 32°-36° N, centred on 51° E; one graphical scale: 48 mm to 30 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), natural scale 1: 1 013 760.730 The area between Isfahan and Teheran is shown; Stack’s route via Chahar Mahal, Gulpaigan (Golpayegan) and Kom (Qom) to Teheran marked in red; title and scale placed in the mid-lower part; mountains hachured. 730) Stack, vol. 2, map facing p. 23.

E. 484

Pl. 246

STACK Edward explorer and author, WELLER Edward lithographer, SAMPSON LOW MARSTON SEARLE & RIVINGTON publisher; London; 1882; Map to illustrate the journey from Tehrán to the Caspian; English; 19 × 19 cm; covers: 35°30’-37°5’ N, 51°-53° E; one graphical scale: 64 mm to 40 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), natural scale 1: 1 013 760.731

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Pl. 247 (E. 485) A map of a route along the Alburz Mountains between Tehran, Astrabad and Shahrud from plane table surveys executed in 1881 & 1882 by Lieut.-Col. Beresford Lovett, published by the RGS, London, 1883; 30.5 × 71.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 203

The area north of Teheran to the Caspian Sea is covered. Stack’s route via Demavand (Damavand) and Amol to Barfrush (Babol) and Mashhad-Sar (Babol-Sar) at the Caspian Sea is marked in red. The mountain peak of Damavand – the highest in the country – is given as 18 600 feet (the correct figure being 18 386 ft.).732 Title and scale placed in the mid-upper part of the map; mountains shaded. 731) Stack, vol. 2, map facing p. 151. 732) Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. III, p. 455, entry ‘Demavand’.

E. 485

Pl. 247

LOVETT Beresford Lieut.-Col., STANFORD’S GEOGRAPHICAL ESTABLISHMENT cartographer, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1883; A map of a route along the Alburz Mountains between Tehran, Astrábád and Shahrúd from plane table surveys executed in 1881 & 1882 by Lieut. Col. Beresford Lovett; English; 30.5 × 71.5 cm; covers: 35°38’-36°55’ N, 51°-55° E; one graphical scale: 49 mm to 15 miles, or approximately 1: 500 000. This map, with the paper ‘Itinerary notes of route surveys in Northern Persia in 1881/1882 by Lieut.-Col. Beresford Lovett, H M Consul in Astarabad’, was published in the Proceedings of the RGS, 1883.733 It shows North Persia from Teheran to Shahrud, Mazandaran and Astarabad (Gorgan); the route of Lieut. Lovett marked in red; place names along the route noted; mountains along the route hachured; title and scale placed in the lower right corner. 733) Proceedings of the RGS, New Series, vol. 5, London, 1883; map facing p. 120, text on pp. 58-84.

E. 486 DIEULAFOY Marcel-Auguste,734 SONNET L engraver, LEMERCIER printer, MOREL publisher; Paris; 1884; Carte de la Perse; French; 25 × 17 cm; covers: 25°40’-32° N, 39°-54° E. of Paris; no scale given.735 This map covers western and part of central Persia; Marcel Dieulafoy’s routes shown by black lines; names of the ancient sites and monuments underlined; title placed in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. 734) For more information about Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy see the description preceding E. 148. 735) Dieulafoy Marcel, vol. 1, part 1, map 1 (plate I) after the text.

E. 487 GERARD Colonel, STRAHAN Cha[rle]s Major, SURVEY OF INDIA; Calcutta; 1885; Map illustrating Colonel Gerard’s Journey through Kurdistan; English; 76.5 × 60.5 cm; covers: 32°-39°N, 42°-48° E; one graphical scale: 80 mm to 50 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), or 1: 1 013 760.736 This route map was photozincographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, Aug. 1885, by Major Cha[rle]s Strahan, Assistant Surveyor-General. A note in the lower left corner reads: “The principal places have been projected by latitudes and longitudes as furnished by Colonel Gerard in his report. The detail has been reduced from the maps drawn up by him on the scale of 1 inch = 1 mile.” It covers part of Iraq from Baghdad and Mosul eastwards, and part of western Azerbaijan including Urmia Lake, and the Persian

route maps provinces of Luristan and Kurdistan. Title and scale placed in the upper left corner of the map. 736) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B8.

E. 488 BASSETT James, CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS New York and BLACKIE & SON London publishers; New York/London; New York edition: 1886, London edition 1887; Persia and its Border Region; English; 23 × 27 cm; covers: 25°-42° N, 38°-65° / 41°-62° E; one graphical scale: 56 mm to 300 miles 69.12=1°, natural scale approximately 1: 8 600 000.737 This is a general map of Persia on which the route travelled by missionary James Bassett is marked. His route extends from Turkey via Tabriz to Teheran, thence to Mashhad, Isfahan and Shiraz and finally via Gilan and Caucasus back to Turkey. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner. 737) Bassett, map folded at the front of the book.

E. 489

Pl. 248

JENNINGS R H Captain, HAIG C T Colonel, THUILLIER H R, RAM Sibba photography, OLLENBACH C G zincography; Dehra Dún, India; 1886; Skeleton Map to illustrate Captain Jennings’ diary of his journey through Western Baluchistan, Eastern Persia, Sarhad and Sistan. In 1884-85; English; 46.5 × 39.5/42.5 cm (in shape of a trapezoid); covers: 24°-32° N, 56°-64° E; one graphical scale: 79 mm to 100 miles, or 1 inch to 32 miles, natural scale 1: 2 027 520.738 This map was prepared at the Survey of India Office, Trigonometrical Branch, Dehra Dún, by Colonel C T Haig, Deputy SurveyorGeneral in charge, under the orders of Lieut.-Col. H R Thuillier, Surveyor-General of India, in September 1886. It was photo-zincographed in November 1886. The routes travelled by Capt. Jennings are marked in red, by Daffadar Sardar Khan in blue and by Kalandar Khan in yellow. Title placed in the upper part, scale in the lower part, of the map; mountains hachured. A revised version of this map was printed in the same year, with some changes and additions, on a scale four times larger (1: 506 880), in six sheets, entitled: ‘Map of Portions of Western Baluchistan, Eastern Persia, Sarhad and Sistan’. 739 738) Copy in the BL: Maps 52150.(1.). 739) See E. 134.

Dieulafoy Jane (Jeanne Henriette Magre, 1851-1916), French archaeologist, explorer, folklorist, novelist, playwright and journalist, was born into a wealthy and cultivated family of merchants. In 1870 she married Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy, and studied drawing and sculpture, mastered several languages, and acquired some knowledge of Persian. When Marcel obtained an assignment in Persia Jane accompanied her husband, and covered on horseback all the itinerary of the journey (1881-82), entering the country

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from the Caucasus, visiting Tabriz, Teheran, Isfahan, Shiras, Saravan, Firuzabad and Bushehr. She left Bushehr by ship for Khuzistan (Shush etc.) and Iraq. Jane photographed and drew views of several towns and sites in Persia, which are described in the respective chapters of this book (see E. 490, E. 575, E. 581, E. 583, E. 585, E. 609, and E. 611); they are taken from her work La Perse, La Chaldée et La Susian (see Dieulafoy Jane). Persia fascinated her, and she wrote profusely on many aspects of the country. In 1885, when the Dieulafoys transported some heavy ancient remains excavated in Susa by ship to France, Jane prepared the exhibition of the monuments in the Louvre, where two rooms were later to bear her name. She surely shares Marcel’s responsibility for the positive contribution made to Persian archaeology, but her description of Persia and the Persians is not free of obvious mistakes.740 740) Calmard Jean, entry ‘Dieulafoy Jane’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 7, pp. 398-399.

E. 490

Pl. 249

DIEULAFOY Jane (Jeanne), ERHARD engraver, DUFRÉNOY printer, HACHETTE publisher; Paris; 1887; Carte pour servir à l’intelligence du voyage de Mme Dieulafoy, de Tiflis à Bagdad, Suse et Mohameré; French; 23.5 × 15.5 cm; covers: 27°-42°30’ N, 40°50’-53°50’ / 41°50’-52°50’ E. of Paris; no scale given.741 Mme Jane Dieulafoy’s routes are coloured red; title placed in the lower left corner of the map; in some late editions, as illustrated here, the title is different, such as ‘Itinéraire Général du Voyage de Mme Dieulafoy’. For more information on Jane Dieulafoy refer to the description preceding this Entry. 741) Diuelafoy Jane, map between pp. 710 and 711.

E. 491 CURZON George Nathaniel statesman and scholar, SHARBAU H draughtsman, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1890; Routes in South-western Persia; English; 20.5 × 11.5 cm; covers: 27°-40° N, 44°-53° / 44°35’- 52°20’ E; one graphical scale: 215 mm to 100 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 7 500 000. This map was made to illustrate the paper ‘The Karun River and the Commercial Geography of Southwest Persia, by G Curzon’, published in the Proceedings of the RGS.742 It covers the western half of Persia, in which Curzon’s routes are marked; title and scale placed in the lower left corner. 742) Proceedings of the RGS, New Series, vol. 12, 1890 (July-Dec.), map: p. 511, text: pp. 509-532. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, Pro-RGS, vol. 12, 1890.

E. 492

Pl. 250

VAUGHAN H B Lieutenant, SHARBAU H draughtsman, JOHNSTON W & A K publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL

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Pl. 248 (E. 489) Skeleton Map to illustrate Captain Jennings’ diary of his journey through Western Baluchistan, Eastern Persia, Sarhad and Sistan, Survey of India, Dehra Dún, 1886; 46.5 × 39.5/ 42.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 52150.(1.)

Pl. 249 (E. 490) Itinéraire Général du Voyage de Mme Dieulafoy (de Tiflis à Bagdad, Suse et Mohameré), Hachette, Paris, 1887; 23.5 × 15.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 1782.c.4, map between pp. 710 and 711

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which the area covered by the main map is hachured. Title and scale placed in the lower right corner above the inset; place names and main geographical features along Vaughan’s route are noted; mountains hachured, heights given in feet. A later version of this map appeared in the Geographical Journal of the RGS in 1896 (see E. 493). Another version of this map, showing ‘Roads’ in central Persia based on Vaughan’s reconnaissance, is described in E. 686. 743) Proceedings of the RGS, New Series, vol. 12, 1890 (July-Dec.), map facing p. 648, text on pp. 577-595. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, Pro-RGS, vol. 12, 1890.

E. 493 VAUGHAN H B Captain, BARTHOLOMEW John, SHARBAU H draughtsman, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1895, published 1896; Capt. H B Vaughan’s Routes through Central Persia in 1889 and 1891; English; 37 × 21.5 cm; covers: 26°-36° N, 50°40’-57°20 / 51°-57° E; one graphical scale: 53 mm to 100 miles, natural scale 1: 3 041 280 (1 inch to 48 miles).744, 745 This map is a new version of E. 492, and includes Vaughan’s later routes in central Persia. It was made to illustrate the paper ‘Journeys in Persia 1890-91, by Capt. H B Vaughan, 7th Bengal Infantry’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS. His latest route brings him to many new places, such as Bushire (Bushehr), Isfahan, Kashan, Teheran, etc. Title placed in the lower left, scale in the lower right, corner of the map; mountains hachured; heights given in feet; Vaughan’s routes coloured red; place names and major geographical features along his routes noted. 744) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 7, 1896 (Jan.-June), map facing p. 124, text on pp. 24-41, continued on pp. 163-175. Loose copy of the map in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.52; copy in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 7, 1896 (Jan.-June). 745) See also E. 686.

Pl. 250 (E. 492) Vaughan’s Routes through Central Persia, published by the RGS, London, 1890; 37.5 × 21.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 264

SOCIETY publisher; London; 1890; Lieut. Vaughan’s Route through Central Persia, Illustrating his Paper Read to the Royal Geographical Society; English; 37.5 × 21.5 cm; covers: 26°-36° N, 52°-59° / 52°20’-58°40’ E; one graphical scale: 53 mm to 100 miles (1 inch to 48 miles), natural scale 1: 3 041 280. This map was made to accompany the paper ‘Lieut. H B Vaughan’s recent Journey in Eastern Persia, read by Major General Frederick Goldsmid’, published in the Proceedings of the RGS.743 It shows Vaughan’s route from Lingah (Bandar Lengeh, Persian Gulf) via Niris (Neyriz), Yezd (Yazd), Anarak, Semnan and Bajistan to Juymand (Gunabad). Travelling along such a most unconventional route made it possible for Lieut. Vaughan to gather a range of new geographical data, described in his paper. There is an inset in the lower right corner, 6 × 7 cm, covering 25°-40° N, 44°-63° E, showing a small general map of Persia, in

E. 494

Pl. 251

BISHOP Isabella L. Bird, MURRAY John publisher, STANFORD’S GEOGRAPHICAL ESTABLISHMENT; London; 1891; untitled, showing Mrs. Isabella Bishop’s routes; English; 23.5 × 25.5 cm; covers: 28°40’-42°35’ N, 34°-52°20’ / 35°10’-52° E; one graphical scale: 45 mm to 200 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 7 150 000.746 West Persia, Caucasus, Iraq and Turkey in Asia are covered. Mrs. Bishop’s routes in Turkey, Iraq, and mainly in northwestern and central Persia, are marked in red; scale placed in the lower margin; mountains hachured. 746) Bishop Isabella, map at the back of vol. 2. Copy in the BL: 2356.b.8 (2 vols.)

E. 495 CEYP A J, HASSENSTEIN Bruno, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1892; Route von Bam nach Maschkid; German; 7 × 14 cm;

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Pl. 251 (E. 494) An untitled map, showing Mrs. Isabella Bishop’s routes in northwest and central Persia, published by John Murray, London, 1891; Size: 23.5 × 25.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 2356.b.8, map at the back of vol. 2

covers: 26°50’-29°15’ N, 58°-63°30’ E; natural scale 1: 4 000 000. This sketch was prepared to illustrate the paper ‘Beiträge zur Kunde über den südöstlichen Teil Persiens von Kâschân nach Mâschkid’ [Contributions to knowledge about the south-eastern part of Persia from Kashan to Mashkid], by A J Ceyp, published in the PGM.747 It shows part of Baluchistan; Ceyp’s route from Bam to Mashkid (close to Lake Hamun, Sistan) coloured in red; mountains hachured; title placed below the map.

route maps and geological maps of Persia.748 His papers, reports and maps were mainly published in the PGM in Gotha, Germany. Thirteen of his maps are described in this work in chapters of Historical maps, District Maps, Route Maps, Town Maps and Natural Topographical Maps (see E. 91, E. 163, E. 496 – 499, E. 639, and E. 755 – 760). 748) Pirnia, pp. 840-841.

E. 496 747) PGM, vol. 38, 1892, text: pp. 112-120, map on p. 113. Copy in the BL: P.P.3946, vol. 38.

Stahl A F: In 1877 Persia became a member of the International Telegraph Union, predecessor of the International Telecommunication Union, as a requirement of which it had to employ an international expert as director of its Post Office. Mr. A F Stahl of German origin, residing in St. Petersburg, was installed in this position for some years. He was a knowledgeable and capable person who travelled extensively in Persia, fulfilling his duties, and at the same time collecting new geographical and geological data on different parts of the country. Later he wrote several scientific articles on these subjects and produced a series of elaborate

Pl. 252

STAHL A F, SCHMIDT C lettering, HASSENSTEIN Bruno cartographer and printer, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1896; Reiserouten in Nördlichen Persien. Nach Originalaufnahmen von A F Stahl, vormaliger Generalpostdirektor in Persien [Travel routes in northern Persia according to the original surveys by A F Stahl, former General Director of the Post Office in Persia]; German; map in three sheets: Sheet I: 40 × 66 cm, covers: 34°40’-37°30’ N, 49°10’-55°10’ E; Sheet II: 40.5 × 48.5 cm, covers: 31°45’-34°40’ N, 50°35’-54°50’ E; Sheet III: 34.5 × 42 cm, covers: 29°45’-32°15’ N, 54°5’-57°35’ E; three graphical scales: 72 mm to 60 km, 51 mm to 40 Russian versts, 78 mm to 10 (Persian) farsaks (farsangs), natural scale 1: 825 000, heights in m.

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Pl. 252 (E. 496) Reiserouten in Nördlichen Persien, by A F STAHL, Sheet I, Gotha, 1896; 40 × 66 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: PGM, supplementary vol. 25, Sheet I (Blatt I) at the end of fascicle 118

This three-sheet map was made to accompany the paper ‘Reisen in Nord- und Zentral-Persien von A F Stahl’, published in the PGM.749 Sheet I shows the Caspian provinces of Persia southwards to Teheran and Qom. Sheet II covers part of central Persia, namely from Qom to Isfahan and Yazd. Sheet III includes another part of central Persia, namely from Yazd to Kerman. Title and scales placed in the lower right, and some descriptions in the lower left, corner of Sheet I. The same scale bars and some descriptions can also be found on the other sheets. Stahl’s routes coloured red; mountains shaded. Sheet I is illustrated here. For more information on A F Stahl see the description preceding this Entry. 749) PGM, Ergänzungsband 25, Heft (fascicle) 118, 1896, text on pp. 1-39, map in three sheets (I – III) at the end of the fascicle. Loose copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.83; copy in the SBB, Berlin: 9345; copy in the BL: P.P.3946, supplementary vol. 25, fascicle 118.

E. 497

Pl. 253

STAHL A F, SCHMIDT C lettering, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1903; Routenkarte von den Russischen Grenze nach Tabriz und Kazwin von A F Stahl [Route map from the Russian border to Tabriz and Qazvin by A F Stahl]; German; 19 × 66 cm; covers: 35°50’-39°10’ N, 44°45’-50° E, latitudinal and longitudinal lines diagonally drawn; two graphical scales: 59 mm to 50 km, 62.5 mm to 50 Russian versts, natural scale 1: 840 000. Made to illustrate the paper ‘Von der Kaukasischen Grenze nach Tabriz und Kaswin von A F Stahl’, published in the PGM.750 It

shows part of northwestern and central Persia from the Russian border to Qazvin. Title and scales placed in the middle-lower part of the map; mountains shaded; Stahl’s route coloured red; place names and natural topographical features along the route noted. For more information on A F Stahl see the description preceding E. 496. 750) PGM, vol. 49, 1903, text on pp. 60-64; map (Tafel) 5 facing p. 64. Copy in the BL: P.P.3946, PGM, vol. 49, 1903.

E. 498 STAHL A F, FISCHER O lithographer for Sh. 1, HENNING V L lithographer for Sh. 2, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1905; Sh. 1: Routenkarte von Zentral-Persien nach eigenen Aufnahmen von A F Stahl, Sh. 2: Routenkarte des Nord-westlichen Persien nach eigenen Aufnahmen von A F Stahl; German; Sh. 1: 40 × 49 cm, covers: 32°20’-35°10’ N, 48°-52°15’ E, Sh. 2: 50 × 39 cm, covers: 35°10’-38°50’ N, 45°-49° E; two graphical scales: 64 mm to 50 versts, 59.5 mm to 50 km, natural scale 1: 840 000, heights in m. Sheet 1 – Central Persia – shows the route travelled by Stahl from Kum (Qom) to Isfahan and thence to Hamadan. Sheet 2 – Northwestern Persia – shows his further journeys from Hamadan to Tabriz, and thence to Astara on the border of Persia and Russia at the Caspian Sea. This map was made to illustrate Stahl’s paper ‘Reisen in Zentral- und West-Persien’, published in the PGM.751 Relevant title and scales placed in the lower left corners of both sheets. These sheets are detailed, with place names and natural topographical features along Stahl’s routes as noted; mountains

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Pl. 253 (E. 497) Routenkarte von den Russischen Grenze nach Tabriz und Kazwin von A F Stahl [Route map from the Russian border to Tabriz and Qazvin, by A F Stahl], published by Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1903; 19 × 66 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: PGM, vol. 49, 1903, map (Tafel) 5 facing p. 64

shaded. For more information on A F Stahl see the description preceding E. 496. 751) PGM, vol. 51, 1905, text on pp. 4-12, continued on pp. 31-35, map (two sheets: Tafel I & II) facing p. 12. Copy in the BL: P.P.3946, vol. 51, 1905.

E. 499

Pl. 254

STAHL A F, SCHMIDT C lettering, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1907; Routenkarte von Nordwest-Persien nach eigenen Aufnahmen von A F Stahl [Route map of northwestern Persia according to the A F Stahl’s own surveys]; German; 59 × 57 cm; covers: 34°40’- 39° N, 45°15’-50°30’ / 45°25’-50°25’ E; two graphical scales: 59.5 mm to 50 km, 63 mm to 50 versts, natural scale 1: 840 000, heights in m. This map was made to illustrate the article ‘Reisen in Nord- und Westpersien von A F Stahl’, published in the PGM.752 Title and scale placed in the lower right corner; mountains shaded; place names and natural topographical features along Stahl’s routes noted. Insets: 1) in the bottom left corner: 21 × 18 cm, 1: 840 000, A F Stahl’s Reiserouten zwischen Barferousch [Babol], Firuzkuh u[nd] Djadjrud; 2) in the bottom left corner above the former: 8 × 11 cm, 1: 7 500 000, Übersicht der Stahl’schen Routen in Persien, 1906 [Overview of Stahl’s routes in Persia, 1906]. For more information on A F Stahl see the description preceding E. 496. 752) PGM, vol. 53, 1907, text: pp. 121-132, map 10 (Tafel X) facing p. 130 (in the BL copy at P.P.3946).

E. 500 COLLINS Edward Treacher, FISHER UNWIN T publisher; London; 1896; untitled, showing West and Central Persia; English; 14 × 10 cm; covers: 25°-40° N, 44°-59° / 45°-58° E; no scale given.753 This is a sketch map, in which Collins’ route between Baku and Bandar Abbas via Rasht, Qazvin, Teheran, Isfahan, Shiraz and

Bushehr is shown. Place names along the route of this medical man are noted. 753) Collins, map facing p. 4.

SYKES, Sir Percy Molesworth (1867-1945), soldier, consul, administrator, explorer, historian and orientalist, was educated at Rugby and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. In 1893, when his regiment was in India, he familiarized himself with the Persian language and made his first Persian journey, from the Caspian Sea to Kerman. Next year he travelled through Baluchistan and was appointed the first British consul for Kerman and Persian Baluchistan. After working with Thomas Holdich on the PersiaBaluchistan (Perso-Baluch) Boundary Commission (1896), he was promoted to captain in 1897, and founded in 1898 the consulate of Sistan and Kain. Sykes served in the South African War during which he was wounded and awarded the Queen’s medal with three clasps. He was transferred to the Indian army in 1902, was promoted to major in 1906 and lieutenant-colonel in 1914. Returning to Persia after the South African War he made another long expedition extending over several years. After some time in charge of the consulate-general he was appointed consul-general for Khorasan in 1906, and remained there until 1913. In 1915, Sykes was sent at the head of a mission to South Persia to raise a Persian force 11 000 strong (South Persia Rifles) to successfully replace the inadequate gendarmerie. In March 1917 the South Persia Rifles received recognition from the Persian Government only to have it withdrawn in June when a new Government took office, as it was denounced a foreign force. In 1920 Sykes retired from the army. Sykes’ many achievements in Persia were due to his unrivalled knowledge of the country and his high reputation and personal influence among the Persians. He was a scholar as well as a soldier, his literary output being considerable. In addition to describing his travels he wrote historical, geographical, and biographical works, among them History of Persia (2 volumes, 1915), History of Afghanistan, (2 volumes, 1940), Ten Thousand Miles in Persia (1902), and numerous articles published in RGS publications.754

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Pl. 254 (E. 499) [Route map of northwestern Persia based on A F Stahl’s own surveys], Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1907; 59 × 57 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: PGM, vol. 53, 1907, map facing p. 130

During his many years in Persia, and numerous journeys through its eastern and southern provinces, Sykes drew many geographical sketches and maps to illustrate his books and articles. I have examined nearly all of these items, manuscript and printed, and selected 23 of them to be described, and 5 of them to be illustrated, in this book (see E. 135-136, E. 501-511, E. 593, E. 649652, E. 689-692, & E. 743, and Pl. 255, Pl. 256, Pl. 312, Pl. 359 & Pl. 360). 754) For an overview of Sykes’ life and work see: a) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB), entry ‘Sykes’, vol. 53, pp. 560-562; b) Loghatnameh (Persian Encyclopaedia), new edition, 1994, vol. 8, pp. 11789-90; c) Mosahab Encyclopaedia (Persian), Columbia University Press, 1960, vol. 1, entry’ Sykes’, p. 1254. For a detailed account of Sykes’ life and work see Persia in the Great Game: Sir Percy Sykes, Explorer, Consul, Soldier, Spy, by Antony Wynn, John Murray, London, 2004.

The basic map was compiled by W J Turner under the supervision of G Curzon and published by the Royal Geographical Society in London in 1891. It was reproduced by the Intelligence Division of the War Office in 1892 under the direction of Lieut.-Col. Dalton, and was chosen in 1897 by Capt. P M Sykes to illustrate his journeys in Persia: 1st Journey, Oct.-Dec. 1892; 2nd Journey, Jan.-June 1893; 3rd Journey, Oct. 1893-June 1894. These three routes are marked by different types of red lines. There are later states of this map, showing up to six journeys by Sir Percy Sykes in Persia. For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding this Entry. 755) Alai, 2005, Entry 362, Plate 175. 756) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.12; copy in the BL: Maps 50980. (3.).

E. 502 E. 501 SYKES Percy Molesworth, TURNER W J, WAR OFFICE – INTELLIGENCE DIVISION; London; 1897, basic map755 1891/92; Persia, Afghanistan & Baluchistan…the Journeys of Lieut. P M Sykes…; English; 50 × 62 cm; covers: 23°20’-40° N, 43°20’-70°40’ / 45°40’-68°20’ E; one graphical scale: 41 mm to 100 English miles (1 inch to 60 miles), natural scale 1: 3 801 600.756

SYKES Percy Molesworth, WELLER Francis Sidney printer, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1897; Sketch map of Persia, Afghanistan and Baluchistan to illustrate the Journey of Capt. P M Sykes; English; 24.5 × 30.5 cm; covers: 24°-40° N, 43°-71° / 45°30’-68°30’ E; one graphical scale: 60 mm to 300 English miles, natural scale 1: 7 983 360 (1 inch to 126 miles).

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This map was made to accompany the paper ‘Recent Journeys in Persia by Capt. P Molesworth Sykes: First Journey, Jan. – June 1893; Second Journey, Oct. 1893 – June 1894; Third Journey: Dec. 1894 – Mar. 1897’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.757 The ancient routes of Sultan Sukhru, Marco Polo and Alexander the Great are also marked. Sykes was mainly centred in Kerman, and this map reveals the extent of his journeys within Persia. However, since the 1902 version of this map contains additional information, that will be illustrated in this book (see E. 504, Pl. 255). Title and scale placed in the lower left corner; heights given in feet. For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 757) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 10, 1897 (July-Dec.), map facing p. 660; text on pp. 568-597. Loose copy of the map in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.68; copy of the volume in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 10, 1897.

E. 503

MS

SYKES Percy Molesworth Major, BAHADUR Asghar-Ali Khan draughtsman; Persia; 1901; Persia Afghanistan & Baluchistan to illustrate the Journeys of Major P M Sykes; English; 49 × 61 cm; covers: 24°-40° N, 44°-70° / 46°-68° E; one graphical scale: 112 mm to 100 miles (1 inch to 60 miles), or 1: 3 810 000.758 This manuscript map shows the following travelling routes taken by Sykes in Persia: 1st Journey, Jan. – June 1893; 2nd Journey, Oct. 1893 – June 1894; rd 3 Journey, Dec. 1894 – March 1897; 4th Journey, Nov. 1897 – Jan. 1901. The manuscript was later improved and printed in the Geographical Journal of the RGS (see E. 504). For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 758) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.25.

E. 504

Pl. 255

SYKES Percy Molesworth, MANLY H lithographer, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1902; Persia Afghanistan and Baluchistan, Sketch Map to illustrate the journeys of Major P M Sykes…, H M’s [Her/His Majesty’s] Consul, Kirman & Baluchistan; English; 39 × 47 cm; covers: 24°-40° N, 44°-70° / 46°-68° E; one graphical scale: 64 mm to 200 miles, natural scale 1: 5 005 440 (1 inch to 79 miles). This map was printed to accompany the paper ‘A Fourth Journey in Persia, 1897-1901, by Major P Molesworth Sykes’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.759 It resulted from a manuscript by Sykes/Bahadur of 1899 (see E. 503), itself based on the Curzon/Turner map of 1891. The table of ‘Reference to Routes’ includes Sykes’ four journeys by land and sea: 1st, Jan. – June 1893; 2nd, Oct. 1893 – June 1894; 3rd, Dec. 1894 – March 1897; 4th, Nov. 1897 – Jan. 1901; and the Routes of Marco Polo and Alexander the Great. Title and scale in the lower left corner; mountains shaded. For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 759) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 19, 1902 (Jan.-June), map facing

p. 248, text on pp. 122-173. Loose copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.14; copy of the volume in the BL: Maps 159, GJ-RGS, vol. 19, 1902.

E. 505 SYKES Percy Molesworth, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1906; Sketch Map to illustrate the Fifth Journey of Major P Molesworth Sykes, 1902-1906; English; 19 × 11.5 cm; covers: 27°-38° N, 54°-62° E; one graphical scale: 34 mm to 150 miles, natural scale 1: 7 000 000. Covering eastern Persia this was made to accompany the paper ‘A Fifth Journey in Persia, by Major P Molesworth Sykes’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.760 Sykes’ route from Bandar Abbas via Kerman and Yazd to Mashhad is shown; title placed in the lower right corner; scale in the lower margin. For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 760) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 28, 1906 (July-Dec.), map facing p. 429, text: pp. 425-453. Copy of the volume in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 28, 1906.

E. 506

MS

SYKES Percy Molesworth; Persia; about 1909; untitled, Sketch map of Major P M Sykes’ first and sixth journeys in 1893 and 1906-1910; English; map in two sheets, sh. 1: 55 × 128 cm, sh. 2: 33 × 55 cm; one graphical scale: 203 mm to 64 miles (1 inch to 8 miles), or 1: 506 880.761 This manuscript map in two sheets (sheet 2 is an extension of lower right part of sh. 1) covers part of the Caspian Sea, Astrabad and Northern Khorasan. The two different routes travelled by Sykes between Astrábád and Meshed, and also between Meshed and Firuzabad are shown, and place names alongside his routes noted. A reduced version of this map (1: 1 500 000) was printed in 1911 to illustrate Sykes’ paper which appeared in the Geographical Journal of the RGS, volume 37, 1911. This reduced version is described in E. 507. For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 761) MS in two sheets in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.74.

E. 507 SYKES Percy Molesworth, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1911; Northeast Persia. Sketch Map to illustrate the journeys of Major P M Sykes… Consul General in Khorásán; English; 25 × 41 cm; covers: 35°-38°10’ N, 53°25’-60°5’ / 53°30’-60° E; one graphical scale: 54 mm to 50 miles, natural scale 1: 1 500 000.762 This map, covering Astarabad and Northern Khorasan, was made to accompany the paper ‘A Sixth Journey in Persia: a) A Tour in Ancient Parthia, b) Nishapur and Turshiz, by Major P M Sykes,

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Pl. 255 (E. 504) Persia, Afghanistan and Baluchistan, Sketch map to illustrate the Journeys of Major P M Sykes, published by the RGS, London, 1902; 39 × 47 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: GJ-RGS, vol. 19, 1902 (Jan.-June), map facing p. 248

Gold Medallist of the RGS’, published in the Geographical Journal. It is a reduced and printed version of a manuscript map in two sheets763 by P M Sykes of about 1909, with some minor changes. The text contains also three small sketch maps: Plan of Isfarayin; Plan of Paras; and Sketch showing Alexander’s Barrier; which are described in E. 649 – 651. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner, Sykes’ routes and historical ruins coloured in red. For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 762) Geographical Journal of the RGS: vol. 37, 1911 (Jan.-June), map facing p. 128, text: pp. 1-19. Loose copy of the map in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.64; copy of the volume in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 37, 1911. 763) See E. 506 for the manuscript original.

E. 508

MS

SYKES Percy Molesworth; Persia; 1913; untitled, Darragaz and the Sources of the Atrak; English; 68 × 38 cm; one geographical scale: 127 mm to 10 miles (1 inch to 2 miles), or 1: 126 720.764

This manuscript map covers a small part of Khorasan, with a part of Atrak River and surrounding mountains as its sources. The RGS published a reduced version of this, with another map, entitled ‘A Seventh Journey by Lieut.-Col. P M Sykes in 1912’, on one sheet which appeared in the Geographical Journal, vol. 45, May 1915.765 For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 764) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.76. 765) See E. 509 and 510 and Pl. 256; the printed reduced version of this map can be seen on the right side of the Plate.

E. 509

Pl. 256, left side

SYKES Percy Molesworth, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1915; Persia. Map to illustrate a seventh journey by Lt. Col. P M Sykes… 1912; English; 33.5 × 39.5 cm; covers: 35°45’-38°40’ N, 54°45’-59°15’ / 54°50’- 59°10’ E; one graphical scale: 80 mm to 50 miles, natural scale 1: 1 000 000. This detailed route map was made to accompany the paper ‘A Seventh Journey in Persia: a) Bujnurd, Nardin and Kala-Márán; b)

Pl. 256 (E. 509) and (E. 510) Left map (E. 509): Persia, Map to illustrate a Seventh Journey (1912) by Lieut. Col. P M Sykes, 33.5 × 39.5; Right map (E. 510): Darragaz and the sources of Atrek by Lieut. Col. P M Sykes (1913), 33.5 × 21 cm; published by the RGS on one sheet, London, 1915; From the Author’s Collection: CA 266

266 chapter six – route maps

route maps Darragaz, by Lieut.-Col. P M Sykes, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS766 (see also E. 649 – 651). There is a note in the lower left corner of the map, according to which “these maps are from prismatic compass traverses by the Indian Survey Officer attached to Colonel Sykes’ staff, adjusted to the positions of Astrabad, Kuchan, Mohamedabad and Radkan as given in the 1 inch to 8 miles Indian Government Survey maps, North Western Frontier Series, Sheet No. 2, and South Western Asia Series Sheet No. 84…”. An inset in the upper left corner, 11 × 12 cm, scale: 1: 2 000 000, shows a location map, i.e. a small general map of Persia, on which the area covered by the main map is marked. Title and scale are in the upper right part of the map; mountains shaded; Sykes’ routes of his seventh journey (Khorasan, 1912) are coloured red, heights given in feet. The extreme mid-right section of this map (Darragaz) is enlarged and shown in a separate map, printed on the right side of the same sheet (see E. 510 and E. 508). For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501.

267

768) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 58, 1921 (July-Dec.), map on p. 103, text: pp. 101-119. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 58, 1921.

E. 512 NIVEN traveller, LYNCH H F B map compiler; perhaps London; 1898; Route Map showing Mr. Niven’s Routes Kum – Isfahan in comparison with other Routes, compiled under the direction of Mr. H F B Lynch; English; 52 × 38 cm; covers: 32°30’-35°45’ N, 49°30’-52°15’ E; one graphical scale: 89 mm to 40 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 724 000.769 It shows the main route from Teheran to Kum (Qom), thenceforth several comparative routes from Qom to Isfahan, via Kashan, or Delijan, or Sultanabad (Arak), etc. Routes travelled by Niven are shown by red lines, comparative routes by green lines. Title, scale and descriptions placed in the upper left corner of the map, mountains shaded. 769) Copy in TNA, England: FO 925/2743.

766) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 45, 1915 (Jan.-June), map facing p. 456, text on pp. 357-371. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, GJ-RGS, vol. 45, 1915.

E. 513 E. 510

Pl. 256, right side

SYKES Percy Molesworth, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1915; Darragaz and the Sources of the Atrek [River], by Lt.-Col. P M Sykes… 1913; English; 33.5 × 21 cm; covers: 36°50’-37°33’ N, 58°37’-59°9’ E; one graphical scale: 65 mm to 10 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 250 000.767 An enlarged version of the extreme right part of Pl. 256 (main map), printed on the right side of the same sheet. The ruins of several ancient sites and Sykes’ routes are coloured red. Title and scale placed in the upper left corner; mountains shaded. This map is a reduced and slightly modified version of an untitled manuscript map by Sykes described in E. 508. For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 767) See Ref. 764.

E. 511 SYKES Percy Molesworth, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1921; untitled, map of Persia to illustrate the article of Brig.-Gen. Percy M. Sykes; English; 11.5 × 11.5 cm; covers: 23°-41° N, 43°-67° / 45°-65° E; one graphical scale: 16 mm to 200 miles, natural scale 1: 2 000 000. This sketch map was made to accompany the paper ‘South Persia and the Great War, by Brig.-Gen. Percy M Sykes’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.768 Sykes’ routes from Bandar Abbas via Kerman to Isfahan, and from Isfahan via Shiraz back to Bandar Abbas are marked. For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501.

FEUVRIER Jean Baptiste, DRUILLET J draughtsman; Paris; 1899; Perse. Carte d’Assemblage; French; 15 × 10 cm; covers: 32°41° N, 42°30’-49°50’ E. of Paris; one graphical scale: 21.5 mm to 150 km, natural scale 1: 7 000 000.770 It covers northwestern and part of central Persia, including Teheran and Isfahan. Dr. Feuvrier’s routes, travelled during his three years’ stay in Persia as the Royal Physician, have been clearly marked. Title and scale placed in the upper right corner of the map. This can also be described as a district map (see E. 216). For more information on Dr. Jean Baptiste Feuvrier see E. 122. 770) Feuvrier, 1899, map 1, facing p. 1.

E. 514 FEUVRIER Jean Baptiste, Imprimerie Nationale publisher; Paris; 1906; Perse. Carte pour Servir à l’Intelligence du Texte [Map to support the information contained in the text]; French; 18.5 × 12.5 cm; covers: 32°-41° N, 42°-50° E. of Paris; one graphical scale: 26 mm to 150 km, natural scale approximately 1: 5 770 000. This is an improved version of Feuvrier’s map described in E. 513. It brings the three district maps by Dr. Feuvrier, which appeared in the first edition of his book in 1899, into one map included in the second and final edition of his work, published in 1906.771 It shows Azerbaijan, part of western and central Persia as far as Teheran and Isfahan. Dr. Feuvrier’s route is marked; title and scale placed in the upper right corner. For more information on Dr. Jean Baptiste Feuvrier see E. 122. 771) Feuvrier, Nouvelle Edition, Paris, 1906, map facing p. 398.

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chapter six – route maps E. 515

SARRE F, MOISEL Max, LANGE M lettering, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1899; Dr. F Sarre’s Reiseweg von Ardebil nach Zendschan, Persien, Nov.-Dez. 1897, construiert von Max Moisel; German; 57 × 25 cm; covers: 36°40’-38°15’ N, 48°-49°E; one graphical scale: 66.5 mm to 20 km, natural scale 1: 300 000. This map was made to illustrate the paper ‘Reise von Ardebil nach Zendschan [Zanjan] im nordwestlichen Persien, von Dr. F Sarre’, published in the PGM.772 Inset in the lower left corner is a location map, 7 × 8 cm, showing northwestern Persia, on which the territory covered by the main map is hachured. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner above the inset; important place names and natural topographical features along the route noted.

ien; German; 52 × 67.5 cm; covers: 33°15’-36° N, 46°40’-51° E; one graphical scale: 50 mm to 30 km, natural scale 1: 600 000. Prepared to illustrate the paper ‘Eine Reise an der Nordgrenze Luristans, von Theodor Strauss’ published in the PGM.776 Inset 1 in the upper right corner, 16 × 15.5 cm, 36°-37° N, 47°48° E, shows the extension of the northwestern corner of the main map on the same scale. Inset 2 on the left side of inset 1, 11 × 15 cm, 1: 7 500 000, taken from the Stieler’s Handatlas, is a location map. Title and scale are in the mid-upper part of the map; mountains shaded; Strauss’ routes coloured red; many place names and natural topographical features along the routes noted. 776) PGM, vol. 51, 1905, text on pp. 265-271; map (Tafel) 21, facing p. 270. Loose copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.37; copy of the volume in the BL: P.P.3946, vol. 51, map 21, facing p. 270.

772) PGM, vol. 45, 1899, text: pp. 215-217, map (Tafel) 14 facing p. 224. Copy in the BL: P.P.3946, vol. 45, map 14.

E. 519 E. 516 KAUDER E; Breslau, now Wrocław, Poland; 1900; Nord Persien; German; 19 × 14 cm; covers: 32°20’-38°40’ N, 48°30’-54°15’ E, no scale given.773 This map covers the southern part of the Caspian Sea, the Caspian provinces of Persia and part of central Persia from Teheran to Isfahan. The route travelled by E Kauder from both sides of the Caspian to Teheran and farther to Isfahan has been marked in red. Title printed on the upper margin; mountains shaded. 773) Kauder, map at the back of the book.

E. 517 YATE C E Lieut.-Col., BARTHOLOMEW printer, TURNER/ CURZON/RGS basic map; Edinburgh; 1900; Persia Afghanistan and Beluchistan to illustrate the routes taken by Lieut.-Col. C E Yate, 1893-98; English; 51 × 63 cm; covers: 24°-40° N, 43°20’70°40’ / 45°40’-68°20’ E; one graphical scale: 76 mm to 180 miles (1 inch to 60 miles), or 1: 3 810 000.774 The basic map is the Turner/Curzon map775 of 1891, reproduced by permission of the Royal Geographical Society, on which the routes taken by Colonel Yate, mainly in Khorasan and Sistan, are marked with red ink. Title, glossary and scale appear in the lower left, legend for boundaries, roads, railways and telegraph lines in the lower right, corner. 774) Yate, map at the back of the volume. 775) Alai, 2005, E. 362 on p. 243, Pl. 175 on p. 251.

E. 518

Pl. 257

STRAUSS Theodor Vice Consul, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1905; Theodor Strauss’ Reiserouten im westlichen Pers-

STRAUSS Theodor Vice Consul, LANGHANS Paul, SCHMIDT C lettering, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1911; Theodor Strauss’ Reiserouten im westlichen Persien, Ergänzung zu der Karte im Jahrgang 1905, Tafel 21; German; 42.5 × 66 cm; covers: 33°15’-35°30’ N, 46°-50°15’ E; one graphical scale: 66.5 cm to 40 km, natural scale 1: 600 000. This is an improved version of E. 518, with additions and small changes. It was produced to accompany the article ‘Eine Reise im westlichen Persien von Vizekonsul Th. Strauss’, published in the PGM.777 Inset 1 in the lower left corner entitled ‘Kirmanshah und Umgebung’ [Kermanshah and vicinity], 15.5 × 21.5 cm, 1: 300 000, centred on 34°30’ N and 47° E. Inset 2 on the right side of inset 1 is a location map, 11 × 15 cm, 1: 7 500 000. Title and scale placed in the upper right corner; mountains shaded; Strauss’ routes coloured red; place names and natural topographical features along Strauss’ routes noted; pronunciation of place names transliterated by Prof. Paul Langhans. 777) PGM, vol. 57, 1911, Part I, text: pp. 65-70, map (Tafel) 12, facing p. 70. Copy in the BL: P.P.3946, vol. 57-I, 1911, Tafel 12.

E. 520

Pl. 258

HEDIN Sven traveller and explorer, BYSTRÖM A Herman Oberst [Colonel], GENERALSTABENS LITOGRAFISKA ANSTALT STOCKHOLM lithography and printing; Stockholm; 1906, printed 1918; Index Map of Dr. Sven Hedin’s Route-Survey trough (sic) Eastern Persia, 1906; English, text in German; 17 × 19.5 cm; covers: 25°-40° N, 43°-65° / 45°-63° E; natural scale 1: 10 000 000.778 Sven Hedin from Sweden ventured on an expeditionary journey through West Asia from November 1905 until May 1906 (4½ months), during which he surveyed his route from Varamin, southeast of Teheran, to Nuschk, where the Indian railway began. From the 232 sketches he had produced, 180 came from his trip within Persia which he merged to construct a nine-sheet route

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Pl. 257 (E. 518) Theodor Strauss’ Reiserouten im westlichen Persien, published by Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1905; 52 × 67.5 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: PGM, vol. 51, 1905, map 21, facing p. 270

map, supported by a lengthy text, many photographs and 17 views and cross-sections of mountainous regions. He drew also an index map, on which his route and the borders of the nine sheets are marked in red. Colonel Byström helped Hedin to convert his sketches to maps. In 1918 his work was finally published in Stockholm in two volumes (volume 2 in 1927), with text in German and maps in English, entitled Eine Routenaufnahme durch Ostpersien [A route survey through East Persia]. The index map is described in this, and the nine sheets in the next, entry. There is a German edition of his book, with map inscriptions also in German, published later in Leipzig. 778) Hedin, vol. 1, index map, facing p. 1 of the main text.

E. 521

Pl. 259

HEDIN Sven traveller and explorer, BYSTRÖM A Herman Oberst [Colonel], GENERALSTABENS LITOGRAFISKA ANSTALT STOCKHOLM lithography and printing; Stockholm; 1906, printed 1918; A Route-Survey through Eastern Persia by Sven Hedin; English; map in 9 sheets, for sizes see table below; two graphical scales on each sheet: 66.5 mm to 20 km, 53.5 mm to 10 English miles, natural scale 1: 300 000, heights in m.779

For more information about these sheets see E. 520 (index map) and the table below. Hedin noted the exact dates of his visits to different places. Place names and further geographical information along the route given; title and sheet number placed in the upper margin. The same sheets, though with German inscriptions, are included in the German edition of the book, vol. 1, printed in Leipzig. The title of the sheets in the German edition reads: ‘Eine Routenaufnahme durch Ostpersien von Sven Hedin’. Table of Hedin’s route map in nine sheets, place names as given by Hedin Sh. no. Part shown

Size (cm)

Note

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

23 × 37.5 23 × 37.5 23 × 37.5 53 × 23 23 × 37.5 37.5 × 23 23 × 37.5 23 × 37.5 37.5 × 23

illustrated facing p. 8 facing p. 12 facing p. 20 facing p. 32 facing p. 46 facing p. 54 facing p. 66 facing p. 76

From Varamin to Kuh-i-Nachschir From the edge of Kavir (desert) to Busurgi From Kuh-i-Busurgi to Dschandak From Dschandak through Kavir to Arusan From Arusan to Tabes From Tabes to Takht-i-Naderi From Takht-i-Naderi to Tschah-i-Kuru From Tschah-i-Kuru to Hamun From Hamun to Killa Rabat

779) Hedin, vol. 1, sheets 1-9.

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Pl. 258 (E. 520) Index Map of Dr. Sven Hedin’s Route Survey through eastern Persia, 1906, drawn by Colonel Byström, printed in Stockholm in 1918; 17 × 19.5 cm; Courtesy of the State Library of Berlin (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin): 4° Um 5175-10-1 (1918), vol. 1, map facing p. 1 of the main text

Pl. 259 (E. 521) Sheet (plate) no. 1 of Hedin’s ‘A Route-Survey through Eastern Persia’ as a sample of nine such sheets, drawn by A H Byström, constructed in 1906, printed in Stockholm in 1918; 23 × 37.5 cm; Courtesy of the State Library of Berlin (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin): G.2723, vol. 1, plate 1 between pp. 2 and 3

route maps E. 522

Pl. 260

HERZFELD Ernst explorer, SCHMIDT C draughtsman, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1907; Routenkarte von Baghdâd nach Šîrâz durch Luristan, Khuzistan und Fars nach eigenen Aufnahmen von Ernst Herzfeld [Route map from Baghdad to Shiraz through Luristan, Khuzistan and Fars, according to Ernst Herzfeld’s own surveys]; German; map in two sheets, 64.5 × 51.5 cm each, in total: 129 × 51.5 cm; covers: 29°-35° N, 44°-53° E; one graphical scale: 80 mm to 20 km, natural scale 1: 250 000, heights given in m. Blatt (Sheet) 1 contains five strips, with a total length of 234 cm, covering Herzfeld’s route from Baghdad (Iraq) to Shushtar (in Khuzistan); sheet 2 contains four strips, with a total length of 177 cm, covering the rest of Herzfeld’s route to Shiraz. Numerous place names and natural topographical features along the route noted. Title and scale printed on both sheets; mountains shaded; Herzfeld’s route coloured red. One inset in the mid-right side of sheet two, 14 × 16 cm, 1: 7 500 000, is a location map, showing the whole of Herzfeld’s route on a small scale. This map was prepared to accompany the article ‘Eine Reise durch Luristan, Arabistan (Khuzistan) und Fars von Ernst Herzfeld in Berlin’ which appeared in the PGM.780 780) PGM, vol. 53, 1907, text on pp. 49-63, continued on pp. 73-90, map: sh. 1 (Tafel 5) facing p. 62, sh. 2 (Tafel 7) facing p. 88. Copy in the BL: P.P.3946, PGM, vol. 53.

E. 523

271

1: 15 000 000, serving as a location map (general map of this region), entitled ‘Übersicht zu Graf Westarp’s Aufnahmen in Armenien und Kurdistan’. In this map Azerbaijan is not distinguished from Kurdistan. Main title printed in the upper margin of the sheet; scale and descriptions in the lower right corner of map III. This sheet of three maps was prepared to accompany the paper ‘Routenaufnahmen in Armenien und Kurdistan von Oberleutnant Graf v. Westarp, Berlin’, published in the PGM.782 782) PGM, vol. 59, part II, 1913, text on pp. 297-300, map (Tafel 48) facing p. 344; copy in the BL: P.P.3946, PGM, vol. 59-II, Tafel 48.

E. 525 RABINO H L vice-consul, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1913; Persia. Sketch Map to illustrate the Journey of H L Rabino from Resht to Sari, 1908 & 1909; English; 12 × 19.5 cm; covers 36°-37°45’ N, 49°30’-53°15’ E; one graphical scale: 37 mm to 40 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 1 750 000. This map covers the southern part of the Caspian Sea and the Caspian provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran. It is based on J de Morgan’s ‘Carte des Rives Méridionales de la Mer Caspienne’ (see E. 161, Pl. 89) and was made to accompany the paper ‘A Journey in Mazandaran from Resht to Sari by H L Rabino, Vice-Consul in Resht’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.783 Title and scale placed in the upper right corner, mountains hachured. 783) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 50, 1913 (July-Dec.), map facing p. 439, text on pp. 435-454. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, GJ-RGS, vol. 50, 1913 (July-Dec.).

BRICTEUX Auguste, FALK FILS publishers; Brussels; 1908; Carte de la Perse; French; 39 × 43.5 cm; covers: 24°-40° N, 42°-68° E; natural scale 1: 3 400 000.781

E. 526

A general map of Persia, on which are marked Bricteux’s routes (1903-07) from Baku by ship to Gilan, thence by land to Teheran, Mashhad, Yazd, Isfahan and back to Teheran. Title placed in the lower left corner of the map.

YULE Henry author, CORDIER Henri editor, MURRAY John publisher, MARCO POLO; London; 1903 (reprint 1921), or slightly earlier; Marco Polo’s Itineraries, Map No. I; English; 19 × 22.5 cm; covers: 22°-56° N, 21°-84° / 31°-78° E; no scale given.784

781) Bricteux, map at the back of the book.

E. 524 GRAF VON WESTARP Oberleutnant, LANGHANS Paul, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1913; Aufnahmen [Surveys] in Armenien und Kurdistan von Oberleutnant Graf von Westarp 1912; German; 35.5 × 79 cm; covers: 37°15’-38°45’ N, 42°-46°30’ E; one graphical scale: 60 mm to 30 km, natural scale 1: 500 000. One sheet comprising three maps: I) in the lower left part, 18 × 24.5 cm, showing the route between Ersindjan and Mamakhatun in eastern Anatolia (Turkey); II) in the mid-lower part, 28 × 17 cm, showing the route between Erserum and Musch in Eastern Anatolia; III) The main map, described in this Entry, showing the Graf of Westarp’s route from Bitlis to Wan in Turkey, and thence to Urmia and Tabriz in Azerbaijan, Persia. There is an inset in the upper right corner of map III, 8 × 12 cm,

Road map No. I of Marco Polo’s travels in Asia covers a territory from Asia Minor to the river Indus. Marco Polo’s outward and homeward routes are marked. The outward route stretches alongside the Tigris to Bastra (Basra), thence through the Persian Gulf to the northern shore of the Strait of Hormoz, and farther via Kerman and Mashid (Mashhad) to Afghanistan. His homeward route passes through the Sea of India (Gulf of Oman) to Hormoz, thence through Kerman, Yasdi (Yazd), Saba (Saveh) and Tauris (Tabriz) to Armenia. Title and explanations placed in the upper left corner; an inset in the upper right corner covers the Continent of Asia, entitled ‘Sketch showing Chief Monarchies of Asia in latter part of 13th Century’, 6.5 × 9 cm. This author has not seen the original first edition of this map, but the second edition was lithographed by E Weller and published by Murray in 1875. This third edition of 1903, which is quite a different copperplate, was prepared by Henri Cordier after Yule’s death; it was reprinted in 1921.

Pl. 260 (E. 522) Routenkarte von Bachdad nach Siraz durch Luristan, Khuzistan und Fars nach eigenen Aufnahmen von Ernst Herzfeld [Route map from Baghdad to Shiraz through Luristan, Khuzistan and Fars, according to Ernst Herzfeld’s own surveys], Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1907; two sheets combined: 129 × 51.5 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: PGM, vol. 53, 1907, maps (sh. 1, Tafel 5; sh. 2, Tafel 7) facing pp. 62 and 88

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Pl. 261 (E. 527) Marco Polo’s Itineraries, Map No. II, Kerman to Hormuz, prepared for Henry Yule’s book: The Book of Ser (sic) Marco Polo..., published by John Murray, London, 1903, reprinted 1921; 19 × 17.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 910 23473, map No. II, facing p. 114 (after Introduction)

784) Yule Henry, 1903, reprinted 1921, Book of Ser (sic) Marco Polo, after Introduction, road map I, facing p. 1

E. 527

Pl. 261

YULE Henry author, MURRAY John publisher, MARCO POLO; London; 1903 (reprinted 1921), or slightly earlier; Marco Polo’s Itineraries [Map] No. II. Kerman to Hormuz; English; 19 × 13.5 cm, covers: 26°30’-32° N, 53°45’-58°20’ / 53°50’-58°15’ E; one graphical scale: 47 mm to 100 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 3 400 000.785 This second map (No. II) of Marco Polo’s Travels covers part of the provinces of Fars and Kerman extended northwards to Yazd. Marco Polo’s probable route from the Strait of Hormoz via Kerman to Yazd is clearly marked. The inset on the right side, entitled ‘Approximate Section from Yezd to Hormuz’, 4 × 19 cm, showing heights above sea level to 15 000 feet. Title and scale placed in the upper right corner of the main map; mountains hachured. The last paragraph noted in the E. 526 also applies to this Entry.

785) Yule Henry, 1903, reprinted 1921, Book of Ser (sic) Marco Polo, after Introduction, Map No. II, facing p. 114.

E. 528 EDMUND C J, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1922; Sketch Map of Mr. Edmund’s Journey from Dezful to Khurramabad; English; 18 × 12 cm; covers: 32°-34° N, 47°25’-49° E; one graphical scale: 24 mm to 20 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 1 350 000. This sketch map of part of Luristan was included, with some other maps, in the paper ‘Luristan, Pish-i-Kuh and Bala-Gariveh, by C J Edmund…’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.786 Title is in the lower margin, scale in the upper left corner, of the map; Edmund’s route is marked. 786) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 59, 1922 (Jan.-June), map: p. 440, text on pp. 333-356 & 437-453 (partly relates to this map). Copy in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 59, 1922 (Jan.-June).

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CHAPTER SEVEN TOWN MAPS, HISTORICAL SITES

lamic period] typified what has been called the ‘Islamic city’, and more neutrally the ‘Middle Eastern city’. The main characteristics of this type may be summarized as follows. The economic and social centre of the city was the Bazaar which was very often located close to the main congregational (Friday) mosque. Trade, commerce, and the crafts were organized on a core-periphery model: the most highly esteemed goods were sold in the centre of the bazaar and adjacent to the mosque, whereas the traditional crafts were located on the outer periphery, along with caravansaries, the focal points for overland trade and commerce. The bazaar was surrounded by residential quarters, generally separated from one another by walls and gates and housing homogeneous ethnic, religious, and/or professional groups. Each quarter had a small shopping area and a mosque for the inhabitants. The entire city was surrounded by walls and was accessible through fortified gates.” Few indigenous town maps were produced throughout our chosen time-span, except in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, during which several maps of the major cities, such as Teheran, Isfahan and Tabriz, were constructed under the supervision of the governmental officials; these maps have been described in this chapter. In my view there are two main reasons for the absence of such local maps. Firstly: the attitude of most contemporary politicians and army chiefs that such maps were detrimental to the security and defence of the cities, as they could fall into the hands of enemies. Secondly: fanatical opposition by the inhabitants to any surveying and mapping activity inside residential quarters, which was seen as a breach of their privacy and profanity of their religious convictions. However, a number of European explorers, envoys and travellers succeeded in overcoming these obstacles to a certain extent, and produced numerous sketches and map views of the capitals, some major cities and several smaller towns lying along their routes. They also drew plans of some of the ancient ruins and historical sites. Their maps make up most of the entries in this chapter, but those of no cartographic character and value are excluded. This chapter comprises 124 entries, describing maps of 27 cities/towns and 11 historical sites. These entries are sorted alphabetically according to the names of the cities/towns they described. For a better understanding of these maps a brief historical/geographical description of each place has been given, preceding the first related entry. Isfahan, the capital of the Safavids, makes an exception with 24 entries which are again subdivided into three groups: maps of the city of Isfahan, those of the central square ‘Meydan’, and those of the other old monuments. Some other cities, e.g. Bushehr, Kashan, Persepolis, Shiraz and Teheran have five or more entries each, while no map could be traced for some other prominent early cities such as Ahvaz, Rasht and Urumiyah.

Historical Notes According to Xavier de Planhol,787a “There is a long history of settlement on Persian territory, where urban life was firmly established in antiquity, and cities continued to proliferate, though, owing to fluctuations in its population, they were highly unstable. Many of those early cities have disappeared; although the ruins of a few can be still recognized, most have left no trace. Capital cities have been particularly subject to vicissitudes, each in turn rising to prominence and then being destroyed, reflecting, on one hand, shifts in political power and, on the other hand, the difficulties of centralization on the Persian plateau.” “The axis of the plateau, extending across the central and southeastern parts of the country, consists of deserts inhospitable to urban life, and cities around the periphery have tended to be oriented towards neighbouring regions. The distribution of urban centres in Persia reveals a fundamental dissymmetry. Although cities are relatively numerous in all regions where rainfall agriculture is possible, they are extremely rare elsewhere.” “Nevertheless, a line of oases does extend through Yazd and Kerman in the heart of the desert, constituting a particularly important link between the central plateau and cities like Isfahan and Hamadan east of the Zagros range. In the north a second chain of cities (e.g. Zanjan, Qazvin, Teheran, Semnan, Damghan, Mashhad) extends along the Alborz piedmont from Azerbaijan to Khorasan... A third important urban group comprises the ports and island cities of the southwestern Zagros piedmont, where an extension of the Mesopotamian plain has always been more or less under Persian political and cultural influence...” “Because of its pivotal position the northeastern perimeter of the Zagros would seem to provide ideal conditions for the establishment of Persian capitals. Even the names of cities like Hamadan (meeting place) and Isfahan (army camp) reflect a tendency toward centralization. Yet the Persian capital has never been permanently established in the region... In all periods urbanization was weakest in the south and southwest. Persepolis and Pasargadae, the successive Achaemenid capitals of Fars, were primarily ceremonial cities where people assembled for the great festival of the Mazdian new year, rather than genuine urban centres with multiple functions... Shiraz was probably no more than a village before the Islamic period... In fact, for about a millennium it has generally been northern perimeters of the country, or at least the territory bordering the mountains on the east and south, that have attracted political power and thus urban development. The establishment of the Qajar capital at Teheran in the late eighteenth century was only the latest manifestation of what can be considered a permanent tendency in Persian urban life...” Eckert Ehler writes:787b “The traditional Persian city [in the Is-

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787) Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 5, 1992, entry ‘Cities’ in five parts by different authors, pp. 603-631; a) Article by Xavier de Planhol, Geographical Introduction, pp. 603-607; b) Article by Eckart Ehlers, Modern Urbanization and Modernization in Persia, pp. 623-629. For further general information on Persian towns consult the whole entry.

788) For information on Johann Baptist Homann see Alai, General Maps of Persia, 2005, E. 169 and Pl. 105, pp. 145, 148 and 149. 789) Copy in the BSB, Munich: mapp.xix,64b coloured (map only). 790) Ottens, Atlas Maior, 1729; vol. 7, map 20. 791) Homannische Erben, Stadt Atlas..., 1762; copy in the Library of Congress: G 1028 H6 1762 Vault, map 58; copy in the BSB, Munich, 1788 edition: 2 Mapp 6 (VIII), map 95.

Collection of Towns E. 529

Ardebil is a major city in Eastern Azerbaijan, from which the

Pl. 262

HOMANN Johann Baptist;788 Nuremberg; c. 1716; Verschiedene Prospecte der vornemsten Städten in Persien samt vorderst einer unfern dem Caspischen Meer, dem Russischen Reich zugehörig, gelegenen Stadt, zu mehrerem Liecht und Erleuterung der neu-verfertigten Persianischen Land-Charten [Various views (panoramas) of the most distinguished towns in Persia, with a city not far from the Caspian Sea, belonging to the Russian Kingdom, according to several descriptions of the newly prepared maps of Persia]; German; 48.5 × 58 cm.789 This sheet contains fifteen town maps (map views). It should be noted that in the early eighteenth century, according to Homann, all of these towns (cities), except Astrachan (Astrakhan), lay in the Kingdom of Persia; during the nineteenth century Persia became much smaller, losing eight of these cities to Russia, Turkey and Afghanistan. Homann’s maps of the remaining six cities, namely Sultania, Schiras, Ardebil, Kachan, Isphahan and Gamron (Bandar Abbas) are described in separate entries, marked by an asterisk (see the table). The following table contains names and sizes of the fifteen town maps, included on Homann’s map; * indicates that the town lies in the territory of the present Iran.

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15)

Astrachan (Astrakhan, Russia) Derbent (Dagestan) Teflis (Tbilisi, Georgia) Kars (Turkey) Erzerum (Erzurum, Turkey) Baccu (Baku, Republic of Azerbaijan) Sultania* (Soltanie*) Schamachia (Shemakha, Republic of Azerbaijan) Erivan (Yerevan, Armenia) Schiras* (Shiraz*) Candahar (Qandehar, Afghanistan) Ardebil* Kachan* (Kashan*) Isphahan* (Isfahan*) Gamron* (Bandar Abbas*)

11.5 × 14 cm 11.5 × 14 cm 11.5 × 14 cm 11.5 × 14 cm 11 × 14 cm 11 × 14 cm 11 × 14 cm 11 × 14 cm 11 × 14 cm 11 × 14 cm 11 × 14 cm 11 × 14 cm 11 × 14 cm 11 × 29 cm 11 × 14 cm

The exact date of the original map is not known. It could be between 1715 and 1724. Ottens included this map in his multi-volume Atlas Maior, produced in 1729 (one copy of this multi-volume atlas is known to this author, which is in the Library of Congress).790 It is also included in the Stadt Atlas by Homann Heirs, published in Nuremberg in 1762.791 These map views are based on those by Olearius, Chardin and others, improved by benefiting from numerous travel accounts. Homann himself never visited Persia.

Safavids originated. The tomb of Shaikh Safi, the forefather of the Safavid Clan, lies in this city. At present, it is the seat of the governor of province of Eastern Azerbaijan.

E. 530

Pl. 263

OLEARIUS792 (Oleario, Ölschlegel) Adam; Gottorf, Holstein, Germany; 1647; Ardebil (map view); German/Latin; 25.5 × 32 cm. This is a map view of Ardebil, then a large city, now the centre of the province of Eastern Azerbaijan, Iran. There is an alpha-numerical grid system (a-z & 1-8), with description of places in the lower part of the map. It appeared in many editions of Olearius’ travel account, and became the basis of several later maps of Arbebil, produced by other cartographers.793 Dr. Olfert Dapper included a copy of Olearius’ map of Ardebil, with a few minor changes – new copperplate, 28.5 × 35 cm – in his book Asia of Naukeurige Beschryving…, Amsterdam, 1672.794 The copy of this map by Pieter vander Aa is described in E. 533. 792) For information on Adam Olearius see Alai, General Maps of Persia, pp. 49-51 (Figure 6 on p. 50) and pp. 135-141 (E. 159-162 and Pl. 97-99). 793) Olearius Adam: a) Newe Orientalische Reisebeschreibung..., 1647, folio 332; b) Later editions of Olearius’ travel account, such as Viel vermehrte Moscowitische und Persianische Reisebeschreibung…, 1696, map between pp. 242 and 243. 794) Dapper Olfert Dr., Asia of Naukeurige Beschryving…, 1672, map of Ardebil in section ‘Persie’ between pp. 44 and 45.

E. 531

Pl. 264

MALLET (MANESSON MALLET) Allain; THIERRY Denys publisher; Paris; 1683; Ardevil ou Ardebil; French; 15 × 10 cm.795 It is a small view of Ardebil, encircled by a river, with mountains in the background. Title on a ribbon placed in the upper part of the map. It looks like a simplified version of Olearius’ map of Ardebil (see E. 530, Pl. 263). This map is also included in the German edition of Mallet’s book, published by Johann David Zünner in 1685 in Frankfurt.796 795) Mallet, vol. 2, map inserted between pp. 176 and 177. 796) Mallet, German edition.

E. 532

Pl. 265

HOMANN Johann Baptist; Nuremberg; c. 1716; Die Stadt Ardebil in Adirbeitzan (Azerbaijan); German; 11 × 14 cm.797

Pl. 262 (E. 529) Verschiedene Prospecte der vornemsten Städten in Persien…, J B Homann, Nuremberg, c. 1716; 48.5 × 58 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 76

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Pl. 263 (E. 530) Map view of Ardebil, by Adam Olearius, 1647, this plate is from Olearius’ travel account, 1656 edition; 25.5 × 32 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London

This is a small map view of Ardebil. The points of interest, A to F, are described in the lower margin: A) Schich Sefi und der Könige begräbnus [Tomb of Shaikh Safi and the Kings]; B) Mestzid Adine, die Haupt kirch [Friday Mosque, the main Church (Mosque)]; C) der grosse Marck-platz [the great (main) Market Square]; D) der Saltz Marck [the Salt Market]; E) dess Chans Wohnung [the Governer’s Residence]; F) das Müntz Hauss [the Mint]. The German phrases are as written on the map. 797) Included in Homann’s ‘Verschiedene Prospecte der vornemsten Städten in Persien’, map 12 (see E. 529, Pl. 262).

798) Aa Pierre vander, La Galérie Agréable du Monde…, Leiden, 1729, vol. 24, Tome 1, map 29-13.

Bampur is a small town in Persian Baluchistan, lying on the main road between Kerman and Chahbahar. Another branch of this road leads to Pakistan. Thus, during the 16th to 19th centuries, travellers from India would pass this old town to reach Kerman and Isfahan, and vice versa. E. 534

E. 533 AA Pieter (Pierre) vander; OLEARIUS Adam; Leiden; 1719; La belle et grande ville de Ardebil, dans la Royaume de Perse; French; 28.5 × 35.5 cm.798 This map view is a new version of the Olearius map of Ardebil of 1647 (see E. 530 and Pl. 263). It is a new copperplate, with minor changes and a more decorative look. Title placed in the upper middle part and the ‘Places Principales’ [main sites] in the upper left corner of the map.

MS

FLOYER Ernest A S; Persia; 1876; Sketch of Bampur by Ernest A Floyer, January 1876; English; 29.5 × 48 cm; one graphical scale: 188 mm to 500 yards, natural scale approximately 1: 2430.799 A sketch plan of part of Bampur, showing the ground intersected by irrigation canals, 4 feet wide and 3 feet deep. A few gardens, etc. are also shown. Title placed in the lower left corner of the plan. 799) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.1.

Pl. 264 (E. 531) Ardevil ou Ardebil, by Allain Manesson Mallet, Paris, 1683; 15 × 10 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 568.d.3, vol. 2, map between pp. 176 and 177

Pl. 265 (E. 532) Die Stadt Ardebil in Adirbeitzan (Azerbaijan), J B Homann, Nuremberg, 1716, map 12 of Homann’s ‘Verschiedene Prospecte der vornemsten Städten in Persien’; 11 × 14 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 76/detail 12

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Pl. 266 (E. 535) MS De Stad Gamron [City of Gamron, or Bandar Abbas], a manuscript map view by an anonymous Dutch artist, about 1645; 34 × 73 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/414/864

Bandar Abbas (Gameron, Gamron, Gombroon, etc.) is the main Persian port on the Strait of Hormoz, opposite the islands Hormoz, Qeshm and Larrak. It was called Gombroon (Gamron, etc.) until 1623, when Shah Abbas the Great built a port for this city to replace the port of Hormoz which was captured by the Portuguese in about 1514, changing its name to Bandar Abbas (Port of Abbas). During the 17th century it was the main southern port of Persia but, with the growth of Bandar Bushehr, it lost ground in the 18th century. The Pahlavis established a major maritime base there, with a new port, fish processing plant, etc. during their reign in the 20th century.

(Bandar Abbas); Dutch; 82 × 107 cm; one graphical scale: 129 mm to 50 Rynlandse Voeten.803 This is a plan of a large office building, stretching from east to west along the coast, with a north-south wing on either side, accommodating factory halls. This lavish project failed to materialise. 802) For description of a series of Dutch manuscripts, including this one, see E. 253, Ref. 415. 803) MS in the BL: IOR X/414/865.

E. 537 E. 535

Pl. 266

MS

ANONYMOUS;800 Persia; about 1645; De Stad Gamron [City of Bandar Abbas]; Dutch; 34 × 73 cm.801 This is a panoramic view of Bandar Abbas, with English and Dutch factories; mountains are in the background; title placed in the upper part of the sheet. 800) For description of a series of Dutch manuscripts, including this one, see E. 253, Ref. 415. 801) MS in the BL: IOR X/414/864.

E. 536

MS

ANONYMOUS;802 Persia; about 1645; untitled, Ground Plan and Elevation of the projected Dutch factory at Gombroon

Pl. 267

STRUYS Jean Jensen, MEURS Jacob van publisher; Amsterdam; 1668; Gammeron ou la Ville du Bander-Abassie en Perse; French, original edition in Dutch; 19 × 29 cm. A map view of Bandar Abbas, with the title in the mid-upper part of the sheet. Ten points of interest (1-10) are described in the lower margin. The Dutch trading house lies in the centre, Persian Gulf with ships in foreground and mountains in background. The original Dutch edition is dated 1668, German edition 1678, this French edition804 1681 and the English edition805 1684. 804) Struys, 1681, map view between pp. 328 and 329. 805) Struys, 1684, map view between pp. 352 and 353.

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Pl. 267 (E. 537) Gammeron ou la Ville du Bander-Abassie en Perse, by Jean Struys, Amsterdam, 1668 (this French edition is dated 1681); 19 × 29 cm; By Permission of the British Library: V21169, map view between pp. 328 and 329

E. 538

Pl. 268

SCHENK Pieter; Amsterdam; 1702; Gamron; Dutch / Latin; 20 × 26 cm.806 There are two captions in the lower margin in Dutch and Latin: ‘Gamron, een groot vlek in het Lantschap Kirman, niet verre van Ormus, gelegen aen den Perziaenschen Zeeboezem’ [Gamron, a large village in the Kerman district, not far from Hormoz, situated on the Persian Gulf], and ‘Gamron, Sinus Persici vicus olim exiguus nunc vero maxime opulentus’ [Gamron, Persian Gulf, a village previously less and, at present, more affluent]. It should be noted that Gamron, or Bandar Abbas, is not in the Kirman district; the source of the reference to Kirman in the Dutch description could not be traced. A decorative map view of Bandar Abbas, with mountains in the background, and the Persian Gulf, with two ships, in the foreground. Holland House, the main building depicted on this map, is a reminder of the time when the Dutch East India Company was active in trading there. In 1716 Homann produced a map of Gamron, which must have been based on this map view (see E. 540). 806) Schenk P, Hecatompolis (Town Plans and Views), Amsterdam, 1702, map 70 (Asia).

CHARDIN: Jean (John) Chardin (b. 1643 Paris, d. 1713 London), son of a

French jeweller, with an excellent education, travelled extensively through the Middle East and India, particularly Persia. He visited Persia for the first time in 1665 for commercial purposes, and gained access to the Court of Shah Abbas II who appointed him a Royal Merchant. After a journey to India (1668-69), he returned to Paris, and published an account of the coronation of Soleyman Shah, the successor to Shah Abbas II. In 1671, he again set out for Persia, travelling through Turkey, Caucasia and northwestern Persia to the Safavid capital Isfahan, and arrived in Isfahan two years later. Chardin spent the next 4½ years in Persia, revisited India, and returned to France by ship in 1677. As he was a Huguenot (French Protestant), and at that time they were suffering severe persecution in France for their faith, he left Paris to settle in London (1680), where he became Court Jeweller, and was knighted by King Charles II. During his time in Persia, Chardin had accumulated extensive and detailed notes, a great deal of which remains unpublished. With the help of his French painter, Guillaume-Joseph Grelot who was employed from Constantinople, he prepared numerous sketches, plans and maps of Persian towns and historical monuments and sites. His mastering of the Persian language, and direct access to Persian books and people, were surely instrumental in producing the largest and most acknowledged travel account of Persia in the seventeenth century. His work is perhaps the most resourceful, detailed, and attractive document of its kind. His travel account, entitled Journal du Voyage du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et aux Indes Orientales, first appeared in 1686 in London, concurrently with an English translation The Travels

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Pl. 268 (E. 538) Gamron (Bandar Abbas), by Pieter Schenk, Amsterdam, 1702; 20 × 26 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 197

of Sir John Chardin into Persia and the East Indies. German and Dutch editions soon followed. In 1711 a new and extended edition, with substantial additional material, was published by J L de Lorme in Amsterdam, once in three large volumes, and once in ten small volumes. It was entitled Voyages de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres Lieues de l’Orient. In 1811, Langlés published a new version of the de Lorme edition in Paris, entitled Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient..., Nouvelle edition, 10 volumes plus atlas. It was well produced on excellent paper with only a small amount of text on each page, so that the work seems much longer than it actually is; the 132 plates, which in earlier editions were distributed throughout the text and often folded several times, were conveniently grouped in large format in a separate atlas. Ever since a good number of the complete volumes, extracts, or selections of Chardin’s travel account have been, and still are being, published in different languages. A Persian translation, based on both the 1711 Amsterdam edition, and the 1811 Langlés edition, was published in Teheran in 1956, with a reprint in 1970. The Persian translation of Chardin’s description of Isfahan appeared in 1924. Another version of Chardin’s Isfahan was published in 1951, with a reprint in 1983.807 Portrait of Chevalier Jean (John) Chardin, London, 1686;808 25 × 16 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Journal du Voyage, London, 1686: 567.i.24, portrait facing p. 1

town maps, historical sites Among Chardin’s many map views and plans of different cities this author has selected only those within the present boundaries of Persia (Iran) to describe and illustrate in this volume (see E. 539 / Pl. 269; E. 563 / Pl. 288; E. 572 / Pl. 294; E. 577 / Pl. 299; E. 578 / Pl. 300; E. 579 / Pl. 301; E. 582 / Pl. 304; E. 587 / Pl. 308; E. 599 / Pl. 316; E. 607 / Pl. 324; E. 610 / Pl. 327; E. 621 / Pl. 337; E. 626 / Pl. 342; E. 629 / Pl. 343). 807) For more information about the life and work of Jean (John) Chardin see Article ‘Chardin’ by John Emerson, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 5, Mazda, 1992, pp. 369-377. 808) Chardin Jean, Journal du Voyage du Chevalier Chardin en Perse & aux Indes Orientales, London, Moyse (Moses) Pitt, 1686, portrait of Chardin at the front of the book.

E. 539

Pl. 269

CHARDIN Jean (John, Johannes); Amsterdam; 1711; untitled, 1811 Paris edition: Port d’Abbâs, ou Bandar Abassi; French; 15.5 × 76 cm.809, 810 A map view of Bandar Abbas, formerly Gameron, on the Strait of Hormoz. This is perhaps the first panoramic map view, drawn and published by a western traveller of this important port. The Paris edition of 1811 (21 × 75.5 cm) has a title in the lower margin both in French and Persian ‘Port d’Abbâs, ou Bandar Abassi’. 809) Chardin, Voyages de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin en Perse…, Amsterdam, 1711 (three volumes), vol. 3, map 78. 810) Chardin, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse…, Paris, 1811.

E. 540

Pl. 270

HOMANN Johann Baptist; Nuremberg; c. 1716; Gamron oder Bender Abassi; German; 11 × 14 cm.811 A map view of this Persian port on the Strait of Hormoz, with several ships in the foreground and mountains in the background. Points of interest (1-7) are described in the lower margin: 1) Die

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Holländische Wohnung [Office of Dutch East India Company]; 2) die Englische [Office of English East India Company]; 3) die Französische [Building of French Trading Co.]; 4) Mestzid oder Moschèe [Mosque]; 5) das Castell [the Castle]; 6) das Fort [the Fort]; 7) der berg Ginau [mountain of Ginau]. Judging from its similarity, this map may have been based on the map of Bandar Abbas (1702) by Peter Schenk (see Pl. 268, E. 538). The German phrases are as written on the map. 811) This map is included in Homann’s ‘Verschiedene Prospecte der vornemsten Städten in Persien’, map 15 (see E. 529).

E. 541

Pl. 271

MANDELSLO Johann Albrecht, AA Pierre vander publisher; Leiden; 1719; La Ville de Gamron en Perse; French; 28.5 × 35 cm. This map was produced by J A Mandelslo after visiting Persia perhaps during the 1640s. However, it appeared in his Voyages célèbres et remarquables faits en Perse …, published by Aa in 1719,812 and was also included in La Galerie Agréable…, by Aa, 1729.813 It shows Gamron (Gameron, Bandar Abbas) and vicinity; title on a ribbon placed in the upper part of the sheet. 812) Aa Pierre vander, Voyages célèbres et remarquables faits en Perse..., 1719, map between pages (columns) 23/24 and 25/26. 813) Aa Pierre vander, La Galerie Agréable du Monde…, Leiden, 1729, vol. 24, tome 1 ‘Perse et Mogol’ map 29-5.

Bisotun (Bisotoun, Bisetun, Bistun, Bihistun) lies on the ageold caravan trail and on the main military road from Babylon and Baghdad over the Zagros Mountains to Ecbatana (Hamadan). It is situated about 32 km west of Kermanshah. Its importance is due to the various archaeological remains at its site, such as the Darius relief carved out of a limestone cliff, and a great trilingual inscription, the most famous of the king’s proclamations. For detailed information on Bisotun see Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 4, 1990, the entry ‘Bisotun’ by Rüdiger Schmitt, pp. 289-305.

Pl. 269 (E. 539) An untitled view map of Bandar Abbas, by J Chardin, Amsterdam, 1711; 15.5 × 76 cm (1811 Paris edition is entitled ‘Port d’Abbâs, ou Bandar Abassi’, 21 × 75.5 cm); By Permission of the British Library: 567.g.16, vol. 3, map view 78, between pp. 158 and 159

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Pl. 270 (E. 540) Gamron oder Bender Abbasi (Bandar Abbas), J B Homann, Nuremberg, 1716; map 15 of Homann’s ‘Verschiedene Prospecte der vornemsten Städten in Persien’ (see E. 529, Pl. 262); 11 × 14 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 76 / detail 15

Pl. 271 (E. 541) La Ville de Gamron en Perse, by Johann Albrecht Mandelslo (perhaps produced during the 1640s), published by Pierre vander Aa, Leiden, 1719; 28.5 × 35 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 158

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cm; one graphical scale: 85 mm to 20 miles (1 inch to 6 miles), natural scale 1: 380 000.818

E. 542 MORGAN Jacques de, LEROUX Ernest publisher; Paris; 1895; Plan des Environs de Bagistana, Bisoutoun (Bisotun); French; 18 × 12 cm, covers: 34°30’ N, 45° E. of Paris, natural scale 1: 250 000.814 Bisotun is placed in the centre of the map; ancient sites marked in red; mountains hachured; title in the upper margin. 814) Morgan Jacques de, Mission Scientifique en Perse, Paris, 1895; loose copy of the map in the BL: Maps 51140.(7.), folio 5.

Bushehr (Bandar Bushehr, Abushahr, Bushire, Busheer, etc.) is an important Persian port near the head of the Persian Gulf at the northern end of a flat peninsula, separated from the mainland by tidal marshes. The city is the terminus of an ancient trade route connecting Shiraz, Isfahan and Teheran. It was only a small fishing village until 1734, when Nader Shah established there the base for his projected Persian Gulf fleet, and renamed it ‘Bandar Naderi’ [Port of Nader]. This name did not last long, as his naval project never materialized. Bushehr became a main commercial port from c. 1760, and its position was underscored in 1763 by the establishment there of a factory of the English East India Company and the concomitant abandonment of Bandar Abbas. From that date it served as the principle Persian port, uncontested for a century and a half until the outbreak of World War I. The commercial importance of Bushehr led on several occasions to British military interventions. The British navy invaded Bushehr in 1856, holding it for a year or so (Anglo-Persian War, 1856-57). British troops were also sent in 1911 during the troubles provoked by the Persian constitutional crisis, and in 1915 at the time of the revolt of Tangestan. The events of World War I marked the beginning of Bushehr’s decline until the 1960s, when the harbour was expanded, a modern highway to Shiraz built, and the construction of the first nuclear plant in Iran started.815 815) For more information on Bushehr see: Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 4, 1990, entry ‘Bushehr’ by Xavier de Planhol.

A manuscript sketch of the peninsula of Bushehr and the landscape behind it; scale bar placed in the lower left corner; mountains shaded. Bushehr (Bushire) was the seat of the British Political Resident for the Persian Gulf and, therefore, this sketch and the next one (E. 545) may have been drawn in the Resident’s Office in Bushehr by an unknown qualified member of his staff. 818) MS in the BL: IOR-X/3115.

E. 545

Pl. 272

NIEBUHR Carsten;816 Amsterdam; 1774; Plan des Environs d’Abu-Schähhr [Map of the Vicinity of Bushehr]; French/Dutch; 20 × 15 cm.817 This map shows ‘Port Bushehr’ (Bandar Bushehr) on the Persian Gulf, with its walls, the fortified citadel outside the city, the peninsula of Bushehr and vicinity. The title has also been given in Dutch: ‘Platte Grond der Streek om Abu-Shähhr’. 816) For more information on Carsten Niebuhr see description preceding E. 281. 817) Niebuhr C, 1780, vol. 2, map facing p. 75 (Tab. XVI).

E. 544

MS

ANONYMOUS; probably Bushehr; 1819; untitled, A sketch of Bushire and its Vicinity (catalogue of the BL); English; 44 × 28

MS

ANONYMOUS; probably Bushehr; 1819; Rough Sketch of Bushire and its Vicinity; English; 41 × 31.5 cm.819 Another depiction of the peninsula and the city of Bushehr, with its shoals, swampy marshes and further landscape. Bushehr (Bushire) was the seat of the British Political Resident for the Persian Gulf and, therefore, this sketch and the previous one (E. 544) may have been drawn in the Resident’s Office in Bushehr by an unknown qualified member of his staff. 819) MS in the BL: IOR-X/3111.

E. 546

Pl. 274

BUCKINGHAM John S, COLBURN Henry & BENTLEY Richard publisher; London; 1829; untitled, Town of Bushire from the Approach by Land; English; 8 × 12 cm. A small view of Bushire (Bushehr); title quoted from Buckingham’s ‘Travel Account, List of Illustrations’.820 820) Buckingham, map view on p. 345, title taken from the ‘List of Illustrations’, p. xvi.

E. 547 E. 543

Pl. 273

Pl. 275

MS

ANONYMOUS Persian cartographer, JONES Felix; Bushehr; 1856 or earlier; untitled, Persian Plan of the Town and Fortification of Bushire previous to the bombardment by the British in 1856; Persian, with some later hand-written notes in English; 44.5 × 56 cm; centred on 28°57’ N and 50°50’ E (peninsula of Bushehr); one graphical scale: 32 mm to 100 Zar`, or 1: 3250.821 The Persian mapmaker is unknown, but this manuscript map is annotated and signed by Felix Jones, British Political Resident in the Gulf of Persia and Political Agent to the Persian Expeditionary Forces, 1856. There is a 24-line description in the lower right corner in Persian, describing in detail the present poor status of the city wall and fortifications, and the building work required for repairing and strengthening of different parts of it, with estimated cost for each suggested work. There are also two architectural drawings on the right side of the map, showing how the new wall should be built, or repaired, so that large cannons could be installed on top. One graphical scale has been given for each of these two drawings: 52 mm to 10 Zar`,

Pl. 272 (E. 543) Plan des Environs d’Abu-Schähhr [Map of the Vicinity of Bushehr], C Niebuhr, Amsterdam, 1774; 20 × 15 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 682.g.11, map facing p. 75, Tab. XVI

Pl. 273 (E. 545) MS Rough Sketch of Bushire and its Vicinity in manuscript, by an unknown British surveyor residing in Bushire, 1819; 41 × 31.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR-X/3111

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sioner Constable and Lieut. Stiffe. It is intended as an illustration of the Campaign of 1856-57 in the Peninsula.” Title placed in the upper right corner of the map. Inset in the upper right is entitled ‘Enlarged Plan of the Town’, scale 1 inch to 1000 feet, or 1: 12 000. This manuscript map was later engraved by Trelawn[e]y Saunders, and lithographed with minor changes, additions and omissions, by orders of the Secretary of State for India in September 1875.824 823) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3117-1 MS. 824) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3117-2 litho.; copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.34.

E. 550

Pl. 274 (E. 546) Town of Bushire from the Approach by Land, by John S Buckingham, London, 1829; 8 × 12 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 567.g.5, p. 345

or 1: 200 for the upper one, and 75 mm to 10 Zar`, or 1: 140 for the lower one. The city of Bushehr inside the wall includes several quarters such as: Behbahani, Shabandi, Dehdashti, Karezani and Arabs; several more important place names are also noted. The Persian map carries no title, and the English title has been later added by Felix Jones.

GROTHE Hugo author, GEBAUER-SCHWETSCHKE printer, KELLER Heinrich publisher; Frankfurt, printed in Halle; 1911; Der Hafen von Bändär-Abbâss (sic);825 German; 10.5 × 10 cm; one graphical scale: 28.5 mm to 5 km, natural scale approximately 1: 175 000.826 This map shows Bushehr (Bandar Bushehr) and its vicinity; not Bandar Abbas. It also appeared in Karl Andree’s Geographie des Welthandels. 825) The author has mistaken these two different Persian ports; it should read: Bandar Bushehr. 826) Grothe, Angewandte Geographie, 1911, map 1 at the back of the book.

821) MS in the BL: IOR X/3116.

E. 551 E. 548

Pl. 276

STIFFE Arthur William, SMITH H M lithographer; Calcutta; 1867, basic map 1853; Plan of Bushire in 1853 with the Forts and shewing approximately the works since added; English; 32 × 20 cm: no scale given.822 The basic map was made by Mid[shipma]n A W Stiffe in 1853 under the orders of Lieut. Constable of Indian Navy. It was copied, adding to it all the works since done (until 1867), and lithographed by H M Smith at the Surveyor-General’s Office in Calcutta in January 1867, carrying the signature of Major H R Thuillier, Deputy Surveyor-General of India. Title placed on the top of the sheet; hand-coloured. 822) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3112.

E. 549

Pl. 277

MS

STIFFE Arthur William; India; 1873; Bú-Shehr Peninsula, by Lieut. A W Stiffe; English; 86 × 60 cm; two graphical scale: 154 mm to 4 geographical/ nautical miles, 134 mm to 4 statute miles (1 inch to 4000 ft.), natural scale 1: 48 000.823 This map shows the whole of the peninsula of Bushehr, with Bushehr town at the top. There is a note: “This map is from a plane-table survey, based on a careful triangulation; the part north of the town, creeks, &c. are taken from the chart of the harbour by Commis-

Pl. 278

RYDER C H D Colonel, SURVEY OF INDIA; Calcutta; 1920, printed 1923; Persia – Bushire – Military Map – Seasons 191820; English; 92 × 57.5 cm, sheet 112 × 68 cm; covers: 28°51’52”28°59’45” N, 50°48’8”-50°53’45” E; one graphical scale: 405 mm to 4 miles (4 inches to 1 mile), or 1: 15 840.827 This large-scale military map, showing Bushehr peninsula and town, and the adjacent areas, is a sheet of the ‘Four Inches to One Mile’ series.828 It was intended for official use only; additional details up to January 1922 noted. Title printed in the top, scale bar in the bottom, margin. The surface of this map is divided into six squares A-F, each 5000 × 5000 yards. Each of these squares is again divided into twentyfive squares numbered 1-25, each 1000 × 1000 yards. Each of these secondary squares is further divided into four smaller squares a-d, each 500 × 500 yards (in total 600 squares, each 500 × 500 yards). In this grid system, a geographical position can be described by one letter (A-F, upper case), one number (1-25) and another letter (a-d, lower case), like ‘B5b’ for the upper right corner square of 500 × 500 yards. 827) Copy in the BL: IOR X/10046. 828) This is the largest-scale map ever produced of part of Persia by the Survey of India, intended only for official and military use.

Hamadan (37°47’ N, 48°30’ E) is the centre of a western province of Persia with the same name. It is located on the eastern slope of

Pl. 275 (E.547) MS A Persian Plan of the Town and Fortification of Bushire previous to the bombardment by the British in 1856, MS by an unknown Persian mapmaker, annotated and signed by Felix Jones, British Political Resident in the Gulf of Persia, Bushehr; 44.5 × 56 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3116

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Pl. 276 (E. 548) Plan of Bushire in 1853 with the Forts, and showing approximately the works since added (until 1867), by A W Stiffe, lithographed by H M Smith, signed by H R Thuillier, Calcutta, 1867; 32 × 20 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3112

Pl. 277 (E. 549) MS Bú-Shehr (Bushehr) Peninsula, a manuscript map by A W Stiffe, 1873; 86 × 60 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3117-1

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Pl. 278 (E. 551) Persia – Bushire – Military Map – Seasons 1918-20, by Col. C H D Ryder / Surveyor-General of India, Calcutta, 1920, printed 1923; 92 × 57.5 cm, sheet: 112 × 68 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/10046

Pl. 279 (E. 552) Croquis Topographique des Environs de Agbatana (Hamadan), Jacques de Morgan, Paris, 1895; 18 × 10 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51140.(7.), folio 4

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town maps, historical sites the Alvand (Elvend) mountains (altitude of the city: 1645 m), and has a population over half a million. The city lies on the main road between Teheran and Baghdad. In ancient times, it was called Ecbatana (Hegmatana), and Herodotus attributed its creation to the Median king Deioces who made it his capital. In the 6th century BC it became the summer residence of the Achaemenids, and its prosperity apparently persisted through the period of the Arcasids who also made it their capital, a function it lost under the Sasanids. In the early Islamic period it remained a vital centre, and all the Islamic geographers depicted it as a large city. Under the Saljuqs, it again served as capital, but was destroyed during the Mongol invasion, only to regain its former prominence under the Safavids. It was described by Pietro Della Valle in 1617 and Jean Baptiste Tavernier in 1644 as one of the largest cities of the country. The Ottomans occupied it in 1724, but Nader Shah forced them to retreat in 1732, and it prospered during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods. Many western travellers have given a detailed description of it in their travel accounts, such as James Morier, (1812), John MacDonald Kinneir (1813), Robert Ker Porter (1818), and many others.829 829) This information is mainly from Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 11, the entry ‘Hamadan’, by Xavier de Planhol, pp. 595-628.

E. 552

Pl. 279

MORGAN Jacques de, LEROUX Ernest publisher; Paris; 1895; Croquis Topographique des Environs de Agbatana – Hamadan; French; 18 × 10 cm; covers: 34°45’ N, 46° E. of Paris; natural scale 1: 250 000.830 Mountain Elvend (Alvand) and other mountains hachured; the ruins of Agbatana (Ecbatana) and other ancient sites around Hamadan marked in red; title in the upper margin. 830) Morgan Jacques de, Mission Scientifique en Perse, 1895; loose copy of the map in the BL: Maps 51140.(7.), folio 4.

E. 553

Pl. 280

WAR OFFICE – GHQ – MAP COMPILATION SECTION; Baghdad; 1919; Skeleton Map of Hamadān Town, 5th February 1919; English; 70 × 62 cm; two graphical scales: 175 mm to 1000 yards, 115 mm to 30 chains (12 inches to 1 mile), or 1: 5280.831 This map is compiled by Map Compilation Section of GHQ-MEF [General Head Quarters, Mesopotamia Expeditionay Force] from an air photograph mosaic on the same scale. It is based on an enlargement of a survey on the scale of 6”=1 mile by the Survey Party MEF until November 1918. Air photographs were taken by No. 30 Squadron RAF in November 1918. According to a note: “Lats and Longs have not yet been fixed. The detail in this map has not been tested on the ground. Names have been taken from the 6” scale survey. Names of Government Buildings by Captain Fooks; other names by APO (Army Post Office?), Hamadan.” Title, scale and notes placed in the upper right, conventional signs in the lower right, corner; built areas coloured red. A grid system – vertical: 1-5, horizontal: A-D – is provided for locating geographical positions.

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831) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.44.

Hormoz (Hormuz, Hormus, Ormus...) is a hilly island, lying in the Strait of Hormoz about five miles (eight km) off the nearest Persian coast. A Portuguese fleet under Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque attacked Hormoz and defeated the local fleet in 1508, making the only town in the island Jerun (Jarun) a Portuguese tributary. He left the island the same year, but returned in 1515, completed the building of the Fort, and established Portuguese rule which lasted over a century.832 832) For more information on ‘Hormoz’ see the description contained in E. 350.

E. 554

Pl. 281

MANDELSLO Johann Albrecht (Jean Albert, Johan Albertus); Hamburg; c. 1644, published 1696 and later; Festung auff (sic) Ormus [Citadel on Hormoz]; German; 11.5 × 14 cm. A bird’s-eye view of the Citadel of Hormoz, showing its fortifications and buildings. Mandelslo must have prepared this map about 1644, but it was not included in the early editions of Olearius’ travel accounts. It was apparently first included in the 1696 edition, published in Hamburg.833 Pierre vander Aa included this map in Voyages du Sr. Jean Albert Mandelslo, published in Leiden in 1719 in French, entitled ‘Citadelle à Ormus’ (map: 10 × 13.5 cm; with margins: 13.5 × 16.5 cm).834 833) Olearius, 1696; section Mandelslo, map on p. 23. 834) Aa Pierre vander, Voyages celebres...en Perse..., 1719, p. 28, lower map.

E. 555

Pl. 282

MS

KAEMPFER Engelbert; Persia; 1684/85; Ormus; German; 11 × 27 cm.835 Here is a rough manuscript, incomplete sketch of the city and the citadel of Hormoz on Hormoz Island. 835) Original MS drawings by Dr. Engelbert Kaempfer, 1684/85, in the BL: Sloane MS 5232, No. 110, lower map.

E. 556

Pl. 283

SAVONAROLA Raffaello (pseudonym: LASOR A VAREA Alphonsi); Padua (Padova, Patavii); 1713; Ormus, Armuzia; Latin; 8.5 × 13 cm (map only), 10 × 13 cm (with lower margin).836 This map view shows Hormoz town, with the surrounding wall on the island of Hormoz. Title ‘Armuzia’ is written in the upper margin, ‘Ormus’ on the face of the map. There is a description in three lines in the lower margin. Savonarola, as it was his habit, might have used a much earlier copperplate by another mapmaker for producing of this map view. 836) Savonarola Raffaelo, Universus Terrarum Orbis..., Padua, 1713, map in vol. 1, p. 94.

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Pl. 280 (E. 553) Skeleton Map of Hamadān Town, 5th February 1919, by War Office (GB), Map Compilation Section GHQ-MEF, London 1919; 70 × 62 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran S.44

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Pl. 281 (E. 554) Festung auff (sic) Ormus [Citadel on Hormoz], prepared by Johann Albrecht Mandelslo in 1644, included in Olearius’ travel account, Mandelslo section, Hamburg edition, 1696; 11.5 × 14 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 984.h.9, map on p. 23

Pl. 282 (E. 555) Ormus, an incomplete manuscript sketch by Engelbert Kaempfer, 1684/85; 11 × 27 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Sloane MS 5232, No. 110, lower map

E. 557

Pl. 284

AA Pierre van der, ALLARD Carel; Leiden; 1719; Ormus; French; 17 × 20 cm.837 A map view of the town and island of Hormoz; a Persian man, a Persian woman and a ship are depicted in the foreground. The plate was issued by Carel (Cardi) Allard. 837) Aa Pierre vander, La Galerie Agréable du Monde…, Leiden, 1729, vol. 24, tome 1 ‘Perse et Mogol’ map 29-6; copies in the BL: 213.f.6-17 and 214.f.117, see f.12, map 29-6.

Isfahan (Ispahan, Esfahan), an old city in central Persia, served as one of the most important urban centres on the Iranian plateau since ancient times. Isfahan city, the capital of Isfahan province, is located about 420 km south of Teheran, and is Persia’s third largest city after Teheran and Mashhad, with a population of about 1½ million. In 1598 Shah Abbas the Great moved his capital from Qazvin to Isfahan which was more centrally located for controlling the whole country and for communicating with the trade outlets of the Persian Gulf. Isfahan remained the capital of the country for nearly 140 years. Shah Abbas rebuilt the city, based on a grandiose plan, making it one of the largest and most beautiful cities of the

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Pl. 283 (E. 556) Ormus, Armuzia, by Savonarola (Lasor a Varea), Padua, 1713; 10 × 13 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps C.24.f.9, vol. 1, p. 94

world at that time. As a fitting centre for his capital, he created the immense King Square (Maydan-i-Shah, Meydan), a courtyard that measures 512 by 159 metres, larger than Place de la Concorde in Paris. According to Chardin, the city at the height of its power had 162 mosques and several churches, 48 colleges, 273 public baths and more than 1800 caravanserais (hostels). Such a splendid Isfahan, depicted and described in some of the European town atlases, history books and travel accounts, attracted many adventurous Europeans to visit Persia and admire its capital. Fortunately, many of the major historical buildings of Isfahan have been preserved, making it at present the most visited tourist attraction of the country, alongside the remnants of Persepolis. A number of Isfahan’s monuments have been designated by UNESCO as world heritage sites. As numerous maps of Isfahan were produced during our chosen time-span, a selection of them has been described in three parts: i) City of Isfahan; ii) Maydan-i-Shah (Meydan); iii) Other important monuments.838 838) For more information on Isfahan see Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 13, 2006, entry ‘Isfahan’ written by several authors, pp. 613-675, continued in vol. 14, 2008, pp. 1-119, in total 182 large pages with illustrations, making perhaps the most detailed and well researched document on this subject.

i: City of Isfahan

E. 558

Pl. 285

OLEARIUS Adam (Oleario, Ölschlegel); Gottorf, Holstein, Germany; 1647; ISFAHAN; German/Latin; 25 × 33 cm. A detailed and accurate (not to scale) perspective map of the capital city of Isfahan as it was during the reign of Shah Safi (1630s). A number of the major buildings shown on this map have been preserved, and bear witness to the precision of Olearius’ work. This map appeared in the first and most of the later editions of

Pl. 284 (E. 557) Ormus, Plate by Carel Allard, Pierre van der Aa, Leiden, 1719; 17 × 20 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 214.f.12, map 29-6

Olearius’ travel account, and became the basis for several later maps of Isfahan produced by other mapmakers. Title placed in the mid-upper part and description of some points of interest (a – q) in the upper left corner of the map.839 Olfert Dapper included a copy of the Olearius map of Isfahan, with subtle changes – on a new copperplate, 29 × 35 cm – in his book Asia of Naukeurige Beschryving… 840 Pierre vander Aa also produced a new slightly modified and more decorative engraving of this map, mainly based on Dapper’s edition, which is described in E. 566. 839) a: Olearius Adam, Newe Orientalische Reise..., 1647, folio 413; b: later editions of Olearius’ travel account, such as Viel vermehrte Moscowitische und Persianische Reise-Beschreibung…, Hamburg, 1696, map between pp. 290 and 291. 840) Dapper Olfert Dr., Asia of Naukeurige Beschryving…, Amsterdam, 1672, map of Isfahan in section ‘Persie’ between pp. 24 and 25.

E. 559

Pl. 286

JANSSONIUS (JANSSON) Johannes (Jan); Amsterdam; 1657; Isfahan; Latin; 41 × 50 cm.841 J Jansson produced a series of town atlases in eight volumes in 1657, entitled Theatrum Urbium, which contained some five hundred engravings of the world’s major cities at that time. Many of these engravings were the copperplates of G Braun and F Hogenberg, or were copied directly from later ones by Blaeu. However ‘Isfahan’ was a new plate by Jansson, which was included in vol. 8 of his atlas. This panoramic perspective map of Isfahan, in this author’s view, is the most accurate, detailed and decorative map ever produced of a Persian city until the end of the seventeenth century. Nineteen points of interest are marked on this map (A to I & K to T) and described in a table in the lower part of the map. Title appears on a ribbon in the upper part of the plate.

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Pl. 285 (E. 558) ISFAHAN, by Adam Olearius, Gottorf, Holstein, Germany, 1647; 25 × 33 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 297

A reduced version of this map – 29.5 × 38 cm – appeared in the Archontologia Cosmica by Matthäus Merian in 1694.842

DESLANDES DAULIER André, CLOUZIER Gervais publisher; Paris; 1673; Veuë de la Ville d’Hispahan, Capitale de Perse en venant de Tauris [View of the City of Isfahan, Capital of Persia approaching from Tabriz]; French; 14.5 × 28 cm.845

841) Janssonius, 1657, vol. 8. 842) Merian, map facing p. 754.

E. 560

E. 561

Pl. 287

STRUYS Jean Jensen, MEURS Jacob van publisher; Amsterdam; 1668; Le Palais du Roi de Perse à Ispahan; French, original edition in Dutch; 19 × 29 cm.

Many less known European travellers and explorers during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries made a map or a view of Isfahan, the capital of the Safavids. The ‘View of the City of Isfahan’ by Deslandes is described here as a sample of such works. 845) Deslandes, map view on p. 119.

A map view of Isfahan, with the title in the mid-upper part of the sheet; seven points of interests (1-7) are described in the lower margin. The original Dutch edition is dated 1668, German edition 1678, the French edition 1681843 and the English edition 1684. 844 843) Struys, 1681, map view between pp. 302 and 303. 844) Struys, 1684, map view between pp. 316 and 317.

E. 562 MALLET (MANESSON MALLET) Allain; THIERRY Denys publisher; Paris; 1683; Hispahan; French; 14 × 9.5 cm.846 A small view of the capital Hispahan (Isfahan), with mountains in the background and countryside – rivers, trees, etc. – in the foreground; title on a ribbon placed in the upper part of the map.

Pl. 286 (E. 559) Isfahan, by Jan Jansson, Amsterdam, 1657; 41 × 50 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 38

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Pl. 287 (E. 560) Le Palais du Roi de Perse à Ispahan, by Jean Struys, Amsterdam, 1668 (this French edition dated 1681); 19 × 29 cm; By Permission of the British Library: V21169, map view between pp. 302 and 303

This map is also included in the German edition of Mallet’s book, published by Johann David Zünner in 1685 in Frankfurt.847 846) Mallet, vol. 2, Figure no. 73, p. 167. 847) Mallet, German edition.

E. 563

Pl. 288

CHARDIN Jean (John); Paris; 1686; Vue d’Ispahân; French; 8 × 14 cm, 1811 Paris edition: 20 × 37 cm. This map view appeared first in a small format (8 × 14 cm) at the beginning of the chapter on Ispahan of Chardin’s travel account.848 However, in the 1811 Paris edition, with illustrations published separately as an atlas, this map is larger in size (20 × 37 cm).849 Apparently Chardin was more interested in producing plans and maps of individual buildings, squares, and other monuments than the city as a whole and, therefore, his map of Isfahan is not as detailed as usually expected from him. For more information on Chardin see the description preceding E. 539. 848) Chardin J, Voyages de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin en Perse…, Amsterdam, 1711 (three volumes), vol. 3, p. 1. 849) Chardin J, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse..., Paris, 1811 (Atlas); plate 81.

E. 564 BRUYN (BRUIN, BRUINS) Cornelius (Cornelis) de; Amsterdam; 1711; SPAHAN; Dutch; 29.5 × 192 cm.850 A large panoramic map view of the capital Isfahan, showing also the different activities around the city. Mountains are shown in the background; title in the upper margin. Because of the view’s unusual proportion it could not be illustrated in this book. 850) Bruyn, Cornelis de Bruins Reizen over Moskovie, door Persia en Indie…: 1711 edition published by Willem and David Goeree; 1714 edition published by Rudolph & Gerard Wetstein; this map is plate 74, folded and inserted between pp. 146 and 147.

E. 565

Pl. 289

HOMANN Johann Baptist; Nuremberg; c. 1716; Prospect der Königlich Persischen Haupt und Residenz-Stadt ISPHAHAN in der Prov. Erack oder Parthia [Map of the Royal Persian Capital and Residence ISPHAHAN (ISFAHAN) in the province Erack (Irak Ajami) or Parthia], German; 11 × 29 cm.851 Mountains shown in the background; title placed in the upper

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Pl. 288 (E. 563) Vue d’Ispahân, Jean Chardin, Amsterdam, 1686; this Plate shows the larger vertion of the same map, published in Paris in 1811; 20 × 37 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 762.g.16, plate 81

Pl. 289 (E. 565) Prospect der Königlich Persischen Haupt und Residenz-Stadt Isphahan in der Prov. Erack oder Parthia [Map of the Royal Persian Capital and Residence Isphahan (Isfahan) in the province Erack (Irak Ajami) or Parthia], by J B Homann, Nuremberg, 1716 (detail from Pl. 262); 11 × 29 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 76/ detail 14

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Pl. 290 (E. 567) Naqsha-ye Dar-al-Saltanah-ye Isfahan [Map of the Royal City of Isfahan], by Sultan Seyyed Reza Khan, Isfahan, 1923; 130 × 138 cm; from the Author’s Collection

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part, description of the points of interest (A – F) in the lower part, of the map. 851) This map is included in Homann’s ‘Verschiedene Prospecte der vornemsten Städten in Persien’, map 14 (see E. 529, Pl. 262).

E. 566 AA Pierre vander, OLEARIUS Adam; Leiden; 1719; Ispahan, Capitale du Royaume de Perse; French; 29 × 35 cm.852 This is a new, slightly modified and more decorative, engraving mainly based on Dapper’s edition of Olearius’ map of Isfahan (see E. 558). Descriptions of points of interest (a – q) placed in the upper left corner, title in the mid-upper part, of the map. 852) Aa Pierre vander, La Galerie Agréable du Monde…, 1729, vol. 24, tome 1 ‘Perse et Mogol’ map 29-2; copies of the BL: 213.f.6-17 and 214.f.1-17, see f.12, map 29-2.

E. 567

Pl. 290

SEYYED REZA KHAN Sultan (Major), KATTIB MO`ALLEM writing, MIRZA HOSSEIN FARHANG lithographer and publisher; Isfahan; 1923 (1302, Persian solar calendar); Naqsha-ye Dar-al-Saltanah-ye Isfahan [Map of the Royal City of Isfahan]; Persian; 130 × 138 cm; two graphical scales: 100 mm to 400 m, 125 mm to 500 Zar`-i-Shah, natural scale 1: 4000.853 Borders of this large map are 30 mm wide, decorated with a geometrical design. Title and a lengthy note placed in the upper left corner; Qibla-indicator (Kibla-indicator) in the upper right corner; scales, compass and table of symbols in the lower right corner. It is a very detailed map, but not quite accurate; major buildings and natural and man-made topographical features are clearly shown. An alpha-numerical grid system is present: vertically (north to south) Alef – Sin (A – S, first fifteen letters of the Persian alphabet), horizontally (east to west) 1 – 16. Thus, the surface of the map is divided into 240 squares, 8 × 8 cm each. An index of place names, with reference to this grid system, must have been produced separately. According to a lengthy note in the upper left corner the Isfahan Police Force instructed Sultan (Major) Seyyed Reza Khan to construct this map. It was made during the years 1920-23, when Sardar Sepah Reza Khan (later Reza Shah) was Prime Minister of Persia (Iran), and Amir Eqtedar the Governor of Isfahan, both of whom are praised by the mapmaker. He also confirms that extended geographical notes – perhaps including an index of place names – has been prepared and will be published separately. Next to the title are two short testimonials by two high-ranking officials, acknowledging and praising the efforts of Seyyed Reza Khan who, single-handedly and without having any advanced equipment, succeeded in constructing this large-scale map. 853) This author has not seen any original printed copy of this map but a facsimile is in his collection.

ii: Meydan-i-Shah (Maydan Naqsh-i-Jahan, Maydan, Mydan, Meidan, etc. )

E. 568

Pl. 291

HERBERT Thomas; London; 1638; The Mydan (Meydan), or Great Merkitt (Market) in Spahawne (Isfahan); English; 19 × 8 cm.854 An early map view of the Meydan, or King’s Square, in Isfahan. South is at the top (point A: the Shah Mosque), north in the lower part of the page (point B: the covered Bazaar), east on the left side (point C: the Royal Palace) and west on the right side (point D: the Royal Mosque). In reality Royal Palace lies on the right, and Royal mosque on the left, side. 854) Herbert Thomas, p. 157.

E. 569

Pl. 292

DESLANDES DAULIER André, CLOUZIER Gervais publisher; Paris; 1673; Le Meidan ou le Place d’Hispahan en Perse; French; 14.5 × 28.5 cm.855 This map (plan) is west-oriented, showing the Shah Mosque on the left side and the Bazaar of Isfahan on the right side. 855) Deslandes, map facing p. 24.

E. 570 MALLET (MANESSON MALLET) Allain; THIERRY Denys publisher; Paris; 1683; on the map: Palais du Roy de Perse / Meydan; French; 14.5 × 10.5 cm.856 A small view of the Royal Palace in Isfahan (upper part of the map), and a perspective plan of the Shah Square ‘Meydan’ (lower part of the map). This map is also included in the German edition of Mallet’s book, published by Johann David Zünner in 1685 in Frankfurt.857 856) Mallet, vol. 2, figure no. 73, p. 167. 857) Mallet, German edition.

E. 571

Pl. 293

MS

HOFSTED VAN ESSEN G painter; Isfahan; 1703; Meÿdoen off Beurs [The Meydan or Exchange]; Dutch; 68.5 × 41 cm.858 This is a watercolour of the central square (Meydan Shah) in Isfahan, painted by G Hofsted van Essen in 1703. The Dutch artist called it ‘Exchange’, perhaps because it was the place where goods were bartered, and coins exchanged.

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On this painted map south is at the top, and the entrance to the Bazaar (north side) is turned 180° to be visible in the painting. It shows a military activity, or manoeuvre, involving soldiers, horses, camels, cannons and tents. Points of interest are numbered and described below the map. Albert Hotz included a small print of this painted map in his book Persepolis en Palmyra, published in Amsterdam in 1911. 858) The original painting is in the University Library of Leiden, Dousa, Portef. 314, Omslag I, No. 58.

E. 572

Pl. 294

CHARDIN Jean (John, Johannes); Amsterdam; 1711; for titles see description below (four drawings, showing the façades of the four sides of the central Meydan [Square], of Isfahan); French; for size, etc. see description below.859, 860

Pl. 291 (E. 568) The Mydan, Isfahan, by Thomas Herbert, London, 1638; 19 × 8 cm; By Permission of the British Library: C.55.g.8, p. 157

The monumental ‘Meydan’ (Meydan-i-Shah, or Meydan-i-Naqshi-Jahan) in the heart of the Grand City of Isfahan has remained nearly intact during the past four hundred years or so, making it one of the most important tourist attractions of Persia. Chardin paid special attention to this Plaza, and produced four detailed sketches of the four façades of it: • West Façade: Portail du Palais des Rois de Perse et Première Vue de la Palace Royal (Méïdânn Châh), 20 × 98 cm. The Royal Palace (Ali-Qapou) is built on this side. • North Façade: Marché Impérial (Bâzâr Châhi) et Orchestre (Naqâréh Khâunéh), 14 × 29 cm. Royal Bazaar and the Orchestra House (Platform) are on the north side. • East Façade: Mosquée du Cèdre à Ispahan et Deuxième Vue de la Palace Royal, 20 × 98 cm. The Cedar Mosque (Shaikh Lotf-Allah Mosque) lies on this side.

Pl. 292 (E. 569) Le Meidan ou le Place d’Hispahan en Perse, by Daulier Deslandes, Paris, 1673; 14.5 × 28.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Grenville Collection, S71.e.24, map facing p. 24

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Pl. 293 (E. 571) Meÿdoen off Beurs [Exchange]; painted by G Hofsted van Essen from The Netherlands, Isfahan, 1703; 68.5 × 41 cm; Courtesy of the University Library of Leiden

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Pl. 294 (E. 572) Isfahan, Meydan (Meydan-i-Shah, or Meydan-i-Naqsh-i-Jahan), four sketches by Jean Chardin, Amsterdam, 1711: West Façade on the left, 20 × 98 cm; North Façade on the top, 14 × 29 cm; East Façade on the right, 20 × 98 cm; and South Façade on the bottom, 16 × 28.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 567.g.16, between pp. 16 and 17: Plan 34: West Façade, Plan 37: North Façade, Plan 35: East Façade, Plan 36: South Façade

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Pl. 295 (E. 573) De Meydoen (Meydan-e-Shah, or Shah Square), by Cornelis Bruyn, Amsterdam, 1711, south and north sheets; c. 20 × 38 cm each sheet; By Permission of the British Library: J/10028.i.2, plates 75 and 76 (south and north sheets)

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Pl. 296 (E. 574) Ispahan from the Ali-Kapi (Ali-Qapu) Gate, looking into the Great Maidan, engraved by J Clark for Sir Robert Ker Porter, Longman, London, 1821; 15 × 43cm; By Permission of the British Library: 1786.d.11, map-view folded facing p. 432

Pl. 297 (E. 575b) Plan [Plan b] of the Shah Mosque in Isfahan by Mme Jane (Jeanne) Dieulafoy, Paris, 1887; 12 × 10 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 1782.c.4, p. 301

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chapter seven – town maps, historical sites • South Façade: Mosquée Royale, 16 × 28.5 cm. The Royal (Shah) Mosque is built on this side.

These four façades, drawn by Jean Chardin are illustrated here at a reduced size (see Pl. 294). For more information on Chardin see the description preceding E. 539. 859) Chardin J, Voyages de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin en Perse…, 1711 (three volumes), vol. 3, sketches 34-37 between pp. 16 and 17. 860) Chardin J, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse..., 1811 (Atlas); sketches 34-37.

E. 573

Pl. 295

BRUYN (BRUIN, BRUINS) Cornelius (Cornelis) de, GOEREE Willem & David publisher; Amsterdam; 1711; de Meydoen; Dutch; view in two sheets, North (north half of the Square): 20.5 × 37 cm, South (south half of the Square): 20 × 38 cm.

On map view ‘a’ two other names can be traced: Kohl and Barglav. They were probably draughtsmen helping Mme Dieulafoy. Regarding plan ‘b’, it should be noted that ‘Meydan’ is a Square with an exact north-south axis, while the Shah Mosque, due to religious traditions, had to be Mecca-oriented. This leaves an angle of some 46 degrees between the axes of the Square – the main entrance of the Mosque – and the internal yard of the Mosque. Plan ‘b’ shows how the architect has skilfully solved this technical problem. 866) For more information on Jane Dieulafoy see the description preceding E. 490. 867) Dieulafoy Jane, map view on p. 291. 868) Dieulafoy Jane, plan on p. 301.

iii: Other Important Monuments in Isfahan E. 576

For a picture of the whole Square one should turn the south sheet 180° and place it below the north sheet, and as the middle part of the Meydan appears in both sheets, the south sheet should be slid under the north sheet until the overlapping part is covered. These two sheets appeared in the 1711 & 1714 Dutch editions of Cornelis de Bruins Reizen…,861 and in its 1714 French edition,862 and also its English translation in 1759.863 861) Bruyn, Cornelis de Bruins Reizen over Moskovie, door Persia…, 1711 edition, Amsterdam; 1714 edition published by Rudolph & Gerard Wetstein, Amsterdam; plate 75 (south sheet) and plate 76 (north sheet), folded and inserted between pp. 148 and 149. 862) Bruyn, Voyage au Levant…, Paris, Guillaume Cavelier, 1714. 863) Bruyn, A new and more accurate translation… of Mr. Cornelis le Bruns travels into Moscovy, Persia…, London, J Warcus, 1759.

E. 574

Pl. 296

PORTER Robert Ker, CLARK J engraver, LONGMAN HURST REES ORME & BROWN publisher; London; 1821; Ispahan from the Ali-Kapi [‘Ali-Qapu] Gate, looking into the Great Maidan; English; 15 × 43 cm.864 A view of the Shah Square (Maidan) from the Royal Palace. Shah Mosque and Mosque of Sheikh Lutf-allah (Royal Mosque), with mountains in the background. This print is slightly different from Porter’s painting which is included in his MS volume.865 864) Porter, printed book, vol. 1, map-view folded facing p. 432. 865) Porter, MS volume 1, folio 52.

E. 575 (a & b) (Jeanne),866

Pl. 298

DESLANDES DAULIER André, CLOUZIER Gervais publisher; Paris; 1673; Le Pont qui conduit de Spahan et Julpha [The Bridge connecting Isfahan and Julfa]; French; 14.5 × 28.5 cm.869 Here is an early view of Siosepol (Bridge with thirty-three arches), reproduced to be compared with later views drawn by Chardin and others. This old bridge has also been called ‘Bridge of AllahVerdi Khan’. 869) Deslandes, view facing p. 45.

E. 577

Pl. 299

CHARDIN Jean (John); Amsterdam; 1711; this edition untitled, Paris 1811 edition, sheet 1: Pont d’Allah-Veyrdy-Khân, sheet 2: Vue des Arches du même Pont; French; 2 sheets: 16 × 18 cm each.870, 871 Two drawings, showing the upper and lower views of the Siosepol (Bridge with thirty-three arches), also called ‘Pol-i-Allah-Verdy Khan’, built from stone and brick across the River ‘Zayande Rud’ in Isfahan, connecting Boulevard Chahar-Bagh to the city of Julfa on the southern bank. Allah-Verdi Khan, a high-ranking commander of Shah Abbas the Great, is known as the builder of this 300 m long and 9 m wide bridge, completed in 1602 (1011 Islamic calendar).872 During the past 400 years, it has changed little and endured the heavy traffic of the present age. It is surely one of the best and oldest engineering and artistic monuments of Isfahan (see also E. 578). For more information on Chardin see the description preceding E. 539.

Pl. 297 (E. 575b)

DIEULAFOY Jane HACHETTE publisher; Paris; 1887; a: Maïdan Chah d’Ispahan,86715.5 × 23.5 cm, b: Plan de la Masdjed Chah d’Ispahan [Plan of the Shah-Mosque in Isfahan],868 12 × 10 cm; French; one graphical scale: 20 mm to 30 m, natural scale 1: 1500.

870) Chardin Jean, Voyages de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin en Perse…, Amsterdam, 1711 (three volumes), vol. 3, plates 43 and 44 inserted between pp. 58 and 59. 871) Chardin Jean, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse..., Paris, 1811 (Atlas); plate 48 (two images on one sheet). 872) Loghatnâme (Persian), by Dehkhodâ, 1993/94 edition, vol. 4, p. 49544955.

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Pl. 298 (E. 576) [Bridge (Siosepol) connecting Isfahan and Julfa], by Daulier Deslandes, Paris, 1673; 14.5 × 28.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Grenville Collection, S.71.e 24, view facing p. 45

E. 578

Pl. 300

CHARDIN Jean (John); Amsterdam; 1711; Amsterdam edition untitled, Paris edition: Autre Vue du Pont d’Allah-Veyrdy Khân [Another View of the Bridge of Allah-Verdi Khan]; French; Amsterdam edition: 12 × 39 cm, Paris edition: 19 × 37.5 cm.873 This view – Pl. 300 from the Paris edition of 1811.874 – is from a different angle of the Bridge of Allah-Verdi Khan, complementing the two sketches described in E. 577. For more information on Chardin see the description preceding E. 539. 873) Chardin J, Voyages de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin en Perse…, Amsterdam, 1711 (three volumes), vol. 3, plate 47, inserted between pp. 72 and 73. 874) Chardin J, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse..., Paris, 1811 (Atlas); plate 47.

E. 579

Pl. 301

CHARDIN Jean (John, Johannes); Amsterdam; 1711; Amsterdam edition untitled, Paris edition: Pont de Chyrâz (Shiraz), nommé aussi Pont de Hhaçan Abad (Hasan Abad); French; 19 × 38 cm.875 This Bridge (in Persian: Pol) has several names: Pol-e-Khajoo, Pole-Shiraz, Pol-e-Baba Rokn-al-Din, Pol-e-Hasan Abad, etc. It is a 126 metre long bridge, across the river Zayande-Rud, built during the reign of Shah Abbas II (1642-66), with a hexagonal large space in the middle for people and events.876 This plate is taken from the 1811 Paris edition.877

For more information on Chardin see the description preceding E. 539. 875) Chardin J, Voyages de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin en Perse…, Amsterdam, 1711 (three volumes), vol. 3, plate 48 inserted between pp. 72 and 73. 876) Loghatnâme (Persian), 1993/94 edition, vol. 4, p. 4955, entry ‘Chardin J’. 877) Chardin J, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse..., Paris, 1811 (Atlas), plate 48.

E. 580

Pl. 302

BRUYN (BRUIN, BRUINS) Cornelius (Cornelis) de; Amsterdam; 1711; De Chyaer-Baeg (Char Bagh, Chahar Bagh); Dutch; 14 × 19.5 cm.878 Char Bagh, or Chahar Bagh – literally meaning four gardens – is a wide and long boulevard, built by Shah Abbas the Great in 1597 (1006 Islamic calendar), stretching from Naqsh-e-Jahan Garden near the centre of Isfahan to the north bank of the river Zayandeh-Rud. It was first an attractive promenade outside the city, but soon became its main street, and has remained so up to the present time.879 878) Bruyn C, Cornelis de Bruins Reizen over Moskovie, door Persia en Indie…, 1711 edition, Amsterdam; 1714 edition published by Rudolph & Gerard Wetstein, Amsterdam, Pl. 302 is folio 79 from 1714 edition (top right image) inserted between pp. 154 and 155. 879) Loghatnâme (Persian), by Dehkhodâ, 1993/94 edition, vol. 5, p. 6995.

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Pl. 299 (E. 577) Bridge of Allah-Verdi Khan (Siosepol) across ‘Zayandeh Rud’ in Isfahan in two sheets; upper sheet: Pont d’Allah-Verdi Khan; lower sheet: Vue des Arches du même Pont; Jean Chardin, Amsterdam, 1711; 16 × 18 cm each sheet; By Permission of the British Library: 567.g.16, vol. 3, plates 43 and 44 between pp. 58 and 59, or 762.g.16, on one sheet

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Pl. 300 (E. 578) [Another view of the Bridge of Allah-Verdi Khan] across Zayandeh Rud in Isfahan, by Jean Chardin, Amsterdam, 1711; this Plate is from the Paris edition of 1811; 19 × 37.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 762.g.16, plate 47

Pl. 301 (E. 579) View of Shiraz Bridge (Khajoo Bridge), across Zayandeh-Rud in Isfahan, Jean Chardin, Amsterdam, 1711; this Plate is from the 1811 Paris edition; 19 × 38 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 762.g.16, plate 48

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Pl. 302 (E. 580) De Chyaer-Baeg (Char Bagh Boulevard in Isfahan), by Cornelis Bruyn, Amsterdam, 1711; this Plate is from the 1714 edition; 14 × 19.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 10028.i.2, plate 79 (top right image), between pp. 154 and 155

E. 581

Pl. 303

DIEULAFOY Jane (Jeanne),880 HACHETTE publisher; Paris; 1887; Pont Hassan Beg; French; 8 × 24 cm.881 This is another view of the ‘Hasan Abad’ bridge, called also Pole-Khajoo, Pol-e-Shiraz, etc. It was produced some 166 years later than Chardin’s view of the same bridge (see E. 579). Two other names can be recognised on this view: Taylor and Kohl, who contributed to its production by drawing it from a photograph taken by Mme Dieulafoy. 880) For more information on Jane (Jeanne) Dieulafoy see the description preceding E. 490. 881) Dieulafoy Jane (Jeanne), view on p. 326.

Izad-Khvast (Yesde-Cast, Yezd-Khâst, Yazd-Khvast, etc.) is an ancient small town approximately 140 km south of Isfahan, lying on the main road to Shiraz. It was built on top of a stony hill in the most northern part of the province of Fars. The ruins of the

ancient Sasanid Citadel and the unique position of this town have always attracted foreign travellers to visit this place during the past centuries.

E. 582

Pl. 304

CHARDIN Jean (John); Amsterdam; 1711;882 untitled, in the 1811 Paris edition: Iesde Cast (Izad-Khvast);883 French; 1711 edition: 16 × 39 cm, 1811 Paris edition: 19.5 × 36.5 cm. Chardin visited this ancient place, with its Sasanid citadel, during his journey from Isfahan to Shiraz and drew this map view of the small town. For more information on Chardin see the description preceding E. 539. 882) Chardin J, Voyages de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin en Perse…, Amsterdam, 1711 (three volumes), vol. 3, plate 51 inserted between pp. 92 and 93. 883) Chardin J, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse..., Paris, 1811 (Atlas), folio 41.

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Pl. 303 (E. 581) Pont Hassan Beg (Pol-e Khajoo, or Pol-e-Shiraz), by Mme Jane Dieulafoy, Hachette, Paris, 1887; 8 × 24 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 1782.c.4, view on p. 326

Pl. 304 (E. 582) Iesde Cast (Izad-Khvast), Jean Chardin, Amsterdam, 1711; this Plate is from the Paris edition of 1811; 19.5 × 36.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 762.g.16, plate 41

E. 583

Pl. 305

DIEULAFOY Jane (Jeanne),884 HACHETTE publisher; Paris; 1887; Vue de Yezd-Khast; French; 12 × 16 cm.885 This map view is illustrated here for comparison with Chardin’s map of 176 years earlier in 1711 (see E. 582, Pl. 304). 884) For more information on Jane (Jeanne) Dieulafoy see the description preceding E. 490. 885) Dieulafoy Jane (Jeanne), p. 345.

Jolfa (Julfa, Djoulfa, Dschulfa, etc.) is a city lying south of Isfahan. Shah Abbas moved thousands of Armenians mainly from ‘Jolfa on the Araxes (Aras River)’ to this place allegedly for their own safety (c. 1604). They enjoyed security and protection in their new home and with hard work developed it into a beautiful Christian city, attracting the attention and support of the Christian missionaries, envoys and travellers who were visiting the Safavid capital, or staying in it for a while. Till today Jolfa has kept its unique and favourable position in terms of a non-Muslim city in Iran.

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Pl. 305 (E. 583) Vue de Yezd-Khast (Izad-Khvast), by Jane (Jeanne) Dieulafoy, Paris, 1887; 12 × 16 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 1782.c.4, p. 345

E. 584

Pl. 306

BRUGSCH Heinrich physician and traveller, WEIDENBACH E lithographer, DRUCK DER LITH. ANST. VON W LOEILLOT IN BERLIN printer; Berlin/Leipzig; 1863; Dschulfa (Julfa), Isfahan; text in German; 12 × 19 cm.886 A coloured view of Jolfa (Julfa), south of Isfahan, with mountains in the background. 886) Brugsch H, Reise der K. Preussischen Gesandtschaft nach Persien..., 1863; vol. II, view facing p. 230.

Kashan, is a major city in central Persia, c. 260 km south of Teheran, lying on the main road between Teheran and Isfahan. In the early Islamic period it was called Chehel-Hesaran; it flourished during the Safavid period and later, producing good quality textile and carpets.889 889) For an overview about Kashan see Loghat-Nameh, new edition, Teheran, 1994, vol. 11, entry ‘Kashan’, pp. 15880-81.

E. 586

Pl. 323, lower map, see p. 327

OLEARIUS Adam (Oleario, Ölschlegel); Gottorf, Holstein, Germany; 1647; Kaschan (Kashan); German/Latin; 12.5 × 33 cm. E. 585

Pl. 307

A view of the city of Julfa (Jolfa), south of Isfahan. The Armenian Church (Churches) can be seen.

A map view of Kashan by Olearius appeared in nearly all the editions of Olearius’ travel account,890 and became the basis for several later maps produced by other travellers and mapmakers. Olfert Dapper produced a larger and more decorative copy of this map (27 × 35 cm), with a few minor changes, for inclusion in his Asia of Naukeurige Beschryving…, 1672.891 The Pierre vander Aa edition of this map is described in E. 589.

887) For more information on Jane (Jeanne) Dieulafoy see the description preceding E. 490. 888) Dieulafoy Jane (Jeanne), view on p. 227.

890) Olearius A: a) Newe Orientalische Reise Beschrieben von Adam Olearius, 1647, folio 369, lower map; b) Later editions of Olearius’ travel account, such as Viel Vermehrte Moscowitische und Persianische Reisebeschreibung…,

DIEULAFOY Jane (Jeanne),887 HACHETTE publisher; Paris; 1887; Église Arménienne de Djoulfa [Armenian Church of Julfa]; French; 16 × 23.5 cm.888

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Pl. 306 (E. 584) View of Julfa, south of Isfahan, prepared for the travel account of Dr. H Brugsch, Berlin, 1863; 12 × 19 cm; By Permission of the British Library: ORW 1986 A. 1655, vol. II, view facing p. 230

Pl. 307 (E. 585) Église Arménienne de Djoulfa [Armenian Church of Julfa], a view of the city of Jolfa by Jane (Jeanne) Dieulafoy, Paris, 1887; 16 × 23.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 1782.c.4, view on p. 227

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Pl. 308 (E. 587) Kachan (Kashan), by Jean Chardin, London, 1686; 28 × 75 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 567.i.24, map 17, between pp. 344 and 345

Hamburg, 1696, map between pp. 258 and 259. 891) Dapper O, Asia of Naukeurige Beschryving…, Amsterdam, 1672, map of Kashan in section ‘Persie’ between pp. 32 and 33 (29-8).

894) This is map view 13 in the ‘Verschiedene Prospecte der vornemsten Städten in Persien…’, by J B Homann, Nuremberg, 1716 (see E. 529, Pl. 262).

E. 589 E. 587

Pl. 309

Pl. 308

CHARDIN Jean (John); London; 1686; Kachan; French; 28 × 75 cm. This map view appeared in the first edition of Chardin’s travel account, published in London, 1686.892 Title in French and Persian placed in map view’s mid-upper part. In the 1711 reduced (Amsterdam) edition, it appeared in a smaller size (13 × 36 cm), with a decorative title cartouche added.893 The size of this map in the 1811 Paris edition is 18.5 × 36 cm. For more information on Chardin see the description preceding E. 539. 892) Chardin J, Journal du Voyage du Chevalier Chardin en Perse, London, 1686, plate 17, between pp. 344 and 345 893) Chardin J, Voyages de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin en Perse…, Amsterdam, 1711 (three volumes), vol. 1, map facing p. 214

AA Pierre vander (van der), OLEARIUS Adam; Leiden; 1719; La grande & belle Ville de Kaschan en Perse; French; 27 × 36 cm.895 This is a larger and more decorative version of the original map view by Adam Olearius of 1746 (see E. 586). The Olearius version shows the map view of Kashan with the map view of Qom on a single sheet, while Pieter vander Aa has published them on two separate sheets, allowing more space for the sky above these two cities. Besides, he has benefited from Dapper’s 1672 edition, which has the same format as Aa’s map. Title on a ribbon placed in the mid-upper part. 895) Aa Pierre vander, La Galerie Agréable du Monde…, Leiden, 1729, vol. 24, tome 1 ‘Perse et Mogol’ map 29-8; copy in the BL: 213.f.6-17 and 214.f.1-17 (see f.12, map 29-8).

E. 590 E. 588 HOMANN Johann Baptist; Nuremberg; c. 1716; Die Stadt Kachan in Erack (Irak Ajami); German; 11 × 14 cm.894 A small and simple map view of Kashan. Points of interest (a – d) in the lower margin: a) Die Stadt [The City]; b) Dess Königs Lusthauss [King’s Pleasure House]; c) Der Königliche Garten [The Royal Garden]; d) Eine seltzame Begräbnus [A curious Tomb]. Title placed in the upper part of the map; mountains in the background.

MS

PORTER Robert Ker; perhaps Persia; 1818-1821; The City of Kashan; English; 41 × 54 cm.896 An impressive watercolour, showing mountains in the background, a large tree in the foreground and a view of the city walls and tops of the buildings, partly obscured by the large tree. 896) Porter, MS, vol. I, folio 49.

Kerman (Kirman) is a major ancient city in southeast Persia, with an altitude over a mile above sea level, serving as the centre of

Pl. 309 (E. 589) La grande & belle Ville de Kaschan en Perse, Pieter vander Aa edition of the Olearius map view of Kashan, Leiden, 1719; 27 × 36 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 163

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Pl. 310 (E. 591) Plan de la Ville de Kirman relevé en 1859, Société de Géographie, Paris, 1859; 16.5 × 14.5 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran S/S.35

the province of Kerman. It was founded during the Sasanid period, and in ancient times the province was called Karmania (Carmania). The city of Kerman lies on the main road from Isfahan to India and, thus, was visited by many Europeans travelling by land to India in the past.897 897) For an overview about Kerman see Loghat-Nameh, new edition, Teheran, 1994, vol. 11, entry ‘Kerman’ pp. 16119-20.

E. 591

Pl. 310

SOCIÉTÉ DE GÉOGRAPHIE, ERHARD FRÈRES engravers, JANSON printer; Paris; 1859; Plan de la Ville de Kirman relevé en 1859; French; 13 × 14.5 cm, with legend below the map: 16.5 × 14.5 cm; one graphical scale: 50 mm to 2 km, or 1: 40 000.898 This map shows the city of Kerman (Kirman) and vicinity, with 18 points of interest numbered and described below the map. Title placed in the upper right, scale in the lower left, corner. 898) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.35; it is included in the Mémoires de la Société de Géographie, Tome VII.

E. 592

Pl. 311

MS

BAHADUR Ali-Asghar Khan, SYKES Percy Molesworth; Kerman; 1898; Plan de Kerman; English/French; 40 × 55 cm; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 100 chains (1 chain is equal to 22 yards, or 20.12 m), natural scale 1: 15 840.899 This detailed manuscript map on tracing paper resulted from a survey by Ali-Asghar Khan Bahadur, under the supervision of Major P M Sykes, the British Consul in Kerman. It shows the old city with its walls and vicinity. Title placed in the upper, scale in the lower, margin; mountains contoured; urbanized areas coloured pink. There is a printed reduced version of this map,900 illustrating Sykes’ paper: A fourth Journey in Persia, 1897-1901. 899) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.59. 900) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 19, p. 137 (see E. 593, Pl. 312).

E. 593

Pl. 312

SYKES Percy Molesworth Major, BAHADUR Ali-Asghar Khan surveyor and draughtsman, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1902; Plan of Kirman; English; 11.5 ×

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Pl. 311 (E. 592) Plan de Kerman, by Ali-Asghar Khan Bahadur, a manuscript map prepared for Major P M Sykes, the British Consul in Kerman, 1898; 40 × 55 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran S/S.59

Pl. 312 (E. 593) Plan of Kirman, by Ali-Asghar Khan Bahadur to illustrate P M Sykes’ paper in the Geographical Journal of the RGS, London, 1902; 11.5 × 19 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: GJ-RGS, vol. 19 (Jan.-June), map facing p. 137

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Pl. 313 (E. 594) Skeleton Map of Kirmanshah, by General Head Quarters, Map Compilation Section, Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force, Baghdad, 4 March 1919; 61 × 54 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran S.46

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19 cm; one graphical scale: 30 mm to 80 chains (Gunter’s chain = 22 yards), natural scale approximately 1: 53 600. Sykes was mainly centred in Kirman, when serving in Persia. He included this ‘Plan of Kirman’, reduced from a manuscript map by Bahadur (see E. 592, Pl. 311), with some modifications, in his paper ‘A fourth Journey in Persia, 1897-1901’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.901 For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 901) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 19, 1902 (Jan.-June), map facing p. 137; text, partly referring to this map: pp. 122-173. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, GJ-RGS, vol. 19, 1902.

Kermanshah (Kirmamshah) is a large and important city in midwestern Persia with many ancient and historical sites in or around it, particularly from the Sasanid period, as the city was founded and prospered during the Sasanian rule. It lies on the main road connecting Teheran and Baghdad.902 902) For an overview about Kermanshah see Loghat-Nameh, new edition, Teheran, 1994, vol. 11, entry ‘Kermanshah’, pp. 16120-21.

E. 594

Pl. 313

GHQ [General Head Quarters], MAP COMPILATION SECTION, MEF [Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force]; Baghdad; 1919; Skeleton Map of Kirmanshah, dated 4 March 1919; English; 61 × 54 cm; covers: 34°18’00”-34°19’30” N, 47°03’30”-47°05’00” E; two graphical scales: 175 mm to 1000 yards, 115 mm to 30 chains (12 inches to 1 mile), or 1: 5280.903 According to a note on the map: “This map was compiled by Map Compilation Section, GHQ, MEF, from an air photograph mosaic on the same scale. It is based on two triangulated points, Wireless Mound and Ruined Tower, and a chain measurement of 1447 yards along the Circular Road. Latitudes and longitudes are in FAO terms, ½ mile square. Detail in this map has not been tested on the ground.” Title, scale and note placed in the upper left, conventional signs in the lower right, corner. There is a grid system – vertical: 1 – 4, horizontal: A – D – for locating of geographical positions. 903) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.46.

Mashhad (Meshed, Meched, Mushudd, etc.), the second largest city of Iran (the first being Teheran) with a population of over two million, is the centre of the province of Khorasan, lying at an altitude of about 1000 m in the most northwestern part of the country. It contains the mausoleum of Imam Reza, with its adjacent buildings such as mosque, museum, library, etc., making Mashhad the most holy city of Persia, visited annually by tens of thousands of Muslim pilgrims.904 However, perhaps because of its remote location and religious character, it was rarely visited by European travellers in the past, and thus few maps were produced

Pl. 314 (E. 595) Plan of the city of Mushudd (Mashhad), by C M MacGregor, London, 1879; 11 × 11 cm; By Permission of the British Library: T 2612 (2 vols.), map in vol. 1, p. 284

of this important and affluent city. This author could trace only two maps for inclusion in this volume. 904) For an overview on Mashhad see Mosahab, The Persian Encyclopaedia, vol. 3, Teheran 1995, Entry ‘Mashhad’, pp. 2781-84.

E. 595

Pl. 314

MACGREGOR C M Colonel; London; 1879; Plan of the city of Mushudd (Mashhad); English; 11 × 11 cm; one graphical scale: 14.5 mm to 500 yards, natural scale 1: 31 600.905 MacGregor writes: “The outline plan of the city is quite irregular, the wall following the outside of the houses, and consequently the trace is in many parts excessively weak. It, however, more nearly approaches an oblong than any other form, and the longer sides face the northwest and southeast. The whole exterior circuit of the city is 10 599 yards, or about six miles; and the greatest length, viz., along the Khiaban [Street], is 2780 yards; while the greatest breadth, which is on a line drawn at right angles to that Street just north and west of the Sahun (Sahn) – the square in which all the holy buildings are situated – is about 2000 yards.” This sketchy plan indicates that even at that time Mashhad was rather a large city. The title is given in the lower margin; scale and description of distances in the upper right side of the map. 905) MacGregor, p. 284.

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Pl. 315

YATE C E Lieut.-Col., ETEMAD-AL-SALTANAH (SANI-ALDOWLAH) Mohammad-Hasan Khan, BLACKWOOD & SONS publisher; original Persian edition: Persia, English edition: London; Persian edition 1883 (1301 Islamic calendar), English edition 1900; Ground Plan of the Shrine of Imám Razá (Reza) at Mashhad from a plan published by The Sani-ud-dowleh (Etemad-al-Saltanah), The late Persian Press Minister in his book The Matla`-ush-Shams in 1885 (should be 1883); Persian/English; original Persian: 43 × 55 cm, English edition: 20 × 25 cm; one graphical scale: 27 mm to 30 Persian Zar`s (1 Zar` is about 105 cm), natural scale approximately 1: 1167.906 Mohammad-Hasan Khan Etemad-al-Saltanah (1843-96), also called ‘Sani-al-Dowlah’, was a Persian scholar and politician of the Naseri period.907 He produced this detailed plan of the Holy Mausoleum – the most holy Shia place in Persia – and included it in his book Matla-al-Shams.908 Lieut.-Col. Yate, travelling extensively in the province Khorasan,909 prepared a reduced version of this plan, with English inscriptions, to include in his travel account. The smaller rooms are numbered (1 – 87) and described in the ‘Reference Table’ placed on the right side of the plan. On this plan south is at the top; title placed in the upper right corner.

906) Yate, plan facing p. 332. 907) For more information about Etemad-al-Saltanah see Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 8, 1998, pp. 662-666. 908) Etemad-al-Saltanah, plan inserted in vol. 3 before indexes. 909) For routes travelled by Yate see E. 517.

Persepolis (in Persian ‘Takht-i-Jamshid’ and locally also ‘Chehel Menar’) is located about 52 km northwest of Shiraz in the province of Fars. The city was founded by Darius the Great (ruled 522-486 BC), who made it the Persian capital for part of the year. In 330 BC, Alexander the Great plundered the city and burned the palace of Xerxes, probably to symbolize the end of the Panhellenic war of revenge. The city gradually declined in the Seleucid period and after, its ruins attesting its ancient glory. The site of the palace is marked by a large terrace (450 × 300 m). There are the ruins of a number of colossal buildings, all constructed in a dark grey stone from the adjacent mountains. The stones of great size, cut with utmost precision, were laid without mortar, and many of them are still in place.910 During our chosen time-span nearly every European traveller through south Persia visited this site, leaving some notes, sketches and maps behind, a selection of which are described in the next eight Entries.

Pl. 315 (E. 596) Ground Plan of the Shrine of Imam Reza at Mashhad from a plan published by Sani-al-Dowleh (Etemad-al-Saltanah), original Persian edition published in 1883; this English edition by C E Yate in London in 1900; plan 20 × 25 cm, including reference table: 20 × 37 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Library, N07/16V, ‘Plan and Table’ facing p. 332

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Pl. 316 (E. 599) Ruins of Persepolis, by Jean Chardin, Amsterdam, 1711; 20.5 × 73 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 567.g.16, vol. 3, plate 53, between pp. 100 and 101

910) For an overview on Persepolis see: a) Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1981 edition, vol. 14, entry ‘Persepolis’, pp. 105-106; b) Mosahab, The Persian Encyclopaedia, vol. 1, Columbia University Press, New York, 1960, entry ‘Taxte Jamsid’ (Takht-i-Jamshid), p. 617.

E. 597 DESLANDES DAULIER André, CLOUZIER Gervais publisher; Paris; 1673; Tchelminar, ou les Ruines de l’ancienne Persepolis; French; 14.5 × 28.5 cm.911 Tchelminar [Forty Minarets, here meaning ‘Many Columns’] was a name for the Ruins of Persepolis, used by the local common people. This plan is an early view drawn by a French explorer of these ruins.

The ruins of Persepolis are shown as they were at the end of the seventeenth century. The 1811 Paris edition (Atlas) of this map has a title and is slightly different from the original edition. For more information on Chardin see the description preceding E. 539. 914) Chardin J, Voyages de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin en Perse…, Amsterdam, 1711 (three volumes), vol. 3, plate 53 between pp. 100 and 101.

E. 600

BRUYN (BRUIN, BRUINS) Cornelius (Cornelis) de; Amsterdam; 1711; Vierde Gesigt van Persepolis [Fourth View of Persepolis]; Dutch; 30 × 63 cm.915 Bruyn produced several map views (plans) of Persepolis, the fourth of which is illustrated here. Title is placed in the upper margin.

911) Deslandes, map facing p. 56.

E. 598 MALLET (MANESSON MALLET) Allain; THIERRY Denys publisher; Paris; 1683; Ruines de Tschelminar; French; 14.5 × 10 cm.912

915) Bruyn C, Cornelis de Bruins Reizen over Moskovie, door Persia en Indie…, 1711 edition, Amsterdam; 1714 edition published by Rudolph & Gerard Wetstein, Amsterdam; a copy of the map is included in the 1714 edition, plate 120 (top right image) inserted between pp. 216 and 217.

E. 601 A small map view of the site of Persepolis, with the title on a ribbon in the upper part of it. For the meaning of Tschelminar see E. 597. This map is also included in the German edition of Mallet’s book, published by Johann David Zünner in 1685 in Frankfurt.913 912) Mallet, vol. 2, Figure no. 76, p. 173. 913) Mallet, German edition.

E. 599

Pl. 317

Pl. 316

CHARDIN Jean (John); Amsterdam; 1711; untitled, 1811 Paris edition: Vue des Ruines de Persepolis (Tchéhel Minâr) Les XL Colonnes [View of the ruins of Persepolis (Tchehel Minar) the Forty Columns]; French; 20.5 × 73 cm, French 1811 edition: 21 × 72 cm.914

Pl. 318

NIEBUHR Carsten; Amsterdam; 1774; Grondtekening van het Palais te Persepolis [Plan of the Palace of Persepolis]; Dutch/ French; 20 × 15 cm; one graphical scale: 37 mm to 60 pas géometrique.916 Niebuhr continued his land journey in Persia from Bushehr to Shiraz and farther to Persepolis, where he produced this plan. Persepolis was the last place he visited inside Persia. The French edition of this map, published in 1780, carries the title: ‘Plan du Palais de Persepolis’. For more information on Niebuhr see the description preceding E. 281. 916) Niebuhr C, Voyage en Arabie & en d’Autres Pays Circonvoisins, 1774; French edition, 1780, vol. 2, map facing p. 98 (Tab. XVIII).

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Pl. 317 (E. 600) Vierde Gesigt van Persepolis [Fourth View of Persepolis], by Cornelis Bruyn, Amsterdam, 1711; this Plate shows the 1714 edition; 30 × 63 cm; By Permission of the British Library: J/10028.i.2., Pl. 120, between pp. 216 and 217

Pl. 318 (E. 601) [Plan of the Palace of Persepolis], by Carsten Niehbuhr, Amsterdam, 1774, this Plate shows the French edition of 1780; 20 × 15 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 682.g.11, vol. 2, Tab. XVIII, facing p. 98

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Pl. 319 (E. 602) [View of the Ruins of Persepolis], by Carsten Niebuhr, Amsterdam, 1774; this plate shows the 1780 French edition; 19 × 29.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 682.g.11, vol. 2, Tab. XIX, facing p. 99

E. 602

Pl. 319

NIEBUHR Carsten; Amsterdam; 1774, French edition 1780; Gezigt der Overblyszels van Persepolis [View of the Ruins of Persepolis], French edition: Vue des Ruines de Persepolis; Dutch/ French; 19 × 29.5.917 Here is another map view of the ruins of Persepolis by Carsten Niebuhr. It appeared in the same travel account mentioned in E. 601. For more information on Niebuhr see the description preceding E. 281. 917) Niebuhr C, Voyage en Arabie & en d’Autres Pays Circonvoisins, Amsterdam, 1774, French edition 1780, vol. 2, map facing p. 99 (Tab. XIX).

E. 603

ter’s MS, vol. 1, in the BL.919 A simplified version printed on a smaller scale (size: 15 × 21 cm) is included as a separate plate in Porter’s printed book.920 918) Porter, printed book, vol. 1, plate 30, facing p. 581. 919) Porter, MS, vol. 1, folio 78. 920) Porter, printed book, vol. 1, plate 29, facing p. 576.

E. 604

Pl. 321

DIEULAFOY Marcel-Auguste,921 DUJARDIN P heliographer, EUDES A printer, DES FOSSEZ publisher; Paris; 1884; Plan Central du Takhte-Djamchid [Central Plan of Persepolis]; French; 16.5 × 26 cm; one graphical scale: 48 mm to 300 m, natural scale 1: 6250.922

Pl. 320

PORTER Robert Ker, HALL Sidney engraver, LONGMAN publisher; London; 1821; Plan of the Remains of Persepolis; English; 20 × 26 cm; one graphical scale: 65 mm to 500 feet, natural scale approximately 1: 2350.918 The ancient columns, marked by a circle inside a square, have three variants: 1) dark circles are ‘columns erect’; 2) hachured circles are ‘bases remaining’; 3) white circles are ‘those totally buried by ruins’. Title and scale printed in the lower margin. The original manuscript of the same plan (nearly same scale), but with extensive mountains in the background, is included in Por-

This plan is nearly east oriented. It covers the site of Persepolis and the surrounding hills and lands. Title placed in the lower margin; legend, etc. in the upper left corner of the map. Albert Hotz produced a new version of this map on a larger scale of 1: 4000 (graphical scale: 25 cm to 1 km), entitled ‘Plattegrond van Persepolis, naar Dieulafoy, l’Art Antique de la Perse [Plan of Persepolis according to Dieulafoy in l’Art Antique de la Perse] published in Amsterdam in 1911.923 921) For more information about Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy see the description preceding E. 148. 922) Dieulafoy Marcel-Auguste, vol. 1, second part, plate II. 923) Hotz, Persepolis, the first map view.

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Pl. 320 (E. 603) Plan of the Remains of Persepolis, engraved by Sidney Hall and published by Longman for Sir Robert Ker Porter, London, 1821; 20 × 26 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 1786.d.11, vol. 1, plate 30, facing p. 581

Pl. 321 (E. 604) Plan Central du Takhte-Djamchid [Central Plan of Persepolis], by Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy, Paris, 1884; 16.5 × 26 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 1706.b.6, vol. 1, second part, plate II

town maps, historical sites Qazvin (Kazvin, Kazwin, Casbin, Ghazwin, etc.) lies 140 km west of Teheran, where the main road from Teheran forks into three, extending to Rasht in the north, to Tabriz in the northwest, and to Hamadan in the west. The city was founded before the 4th century AD during the Sasanid rule, and flourished in early Muslim times. Though ruined by the Mongol invasion in the 13th century it revived again, as Shah Tahmasb I (ruled 1524-76) made it his capital. Shah Abbas the Great (ruled 1588-1629) added several buildings, but transferred his capital to Isfahan.924 Qazvin was visited by numerous European travellers entering the country from Iraq, Turkey and Russia. No map of this city drawn during our chosen time-span, except the one produced by the British in 1919 (see E. 605, Pl. 322), could be traced. 924) For more information on Qazvin see: a) Mosahab, The Persian Encyclopaedia, vol. 2, 1968, entry ‘Qazvin’, pp. 2048-49; b) Loghat-Nameh, new edition, 1994, vol. 11, entry ‘Qazvin’, pp. 15488-89.

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Pl. 322

GHQ [General Head Quarters], MAP COMPILATION SECTION, MEF [Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force]; Baghdad; 1919; Kazvin Town, 8 April 1919; English; 69 × 55 cm; focused on 36°17’ N and 50° E; two graphical scales: 104 mm to 600 yards, 77 mm to 20 chains (12 inches to 1 mile), or 1: 5280.925 According to a note on the map: “Compiled by Map Compilation Section, GHQ on the 12”-1 mile Scale in January 1919, from air Photograph taken by No. 72 Squadron RAF in November 1918. The air Photo mozaic was converted into map form by Survey Party MEF on the ground in Feb. 1919. The mozaic is based on 4 triangulated points, Solitary Tree, Masjid Shah Dome, Juma Masjid [Friday Mosque] Dome, Hamadan Gate. The Lats and Longs are in Fao terms: ½ mile squares.” This map shows the city and the surrounding farms and gardens; government buildings are coloured red. As it was used as a military map by the British army (World War I), English names were given to major streets and places, such as ‘Oxford Street’, ‘Victoria Street’ etc. These names were never known to, or used by, the local people and Persian officials. A grid system – vertical: 1 – 5, horizontal: A – D – is present for locating geographical positions. Title, scale and note placed in the upper left, conventional signs in the upper right, corner. 925) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.39.

Qom (Qum, Kom, Kum, Koum, etc.) is a holy city of Persia, second only to Mashhad, lying 147 km south of Teheran on both banks of the Rud-i-Qom [Qom River]. It contains a golden-domed Shrine of Fatemah, sister of Imam Reza, visited annually by thousands of pilgrims. Some 10 kings and 400 Islamic saints are interred in Qom and its neighbourhood. Shah Abbas II is buried in a richly adorned mausoleum, dated 1666. This ancient city suffered heavily from the Arab and Mongol invasions, but recovered during the Safavid rule and later became an important religious centre, with many schools for Shia instruction.926 Since Qom lies on the main road connecting Isfahan with the northern and north-western provinces of Persia, it was visited by

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many European travellers during the Safavid to Qajar periods. Some of these visitors produced a map of Qom, a selection of which are described below. 926) For more information on Qom see: a) Mosahab, The Persian Encyclopaedia, vol. 2, 1968, entry ‘Qom’, pp. 2080; b) Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1981 edition, vol. VIII, entry ‘Qom’, p. 334.

E. 606 Pl. 323, upper map (lower map shows Kashan, E. 586) OLEARIUS Adam (Oleario, Ölschlegel); Gottorf, Holstein, Germany; 1647; Kom (Qom); German/Latin; 12.5 × 33 cm. This is a map view of the city of Qom. It appeared in nearly all of the editions of Olearius’ travel account, usually with the map of Kashan (see E. 586) below it on one sheet.927 It became the basis for several later maps produced by other travellers and mapmakers. Olfert Dapper produced a larger and more decorative copy of this map (29 × 35 cm), with a few minor changes, included in his Asia of Naukeurige Beschryving…, 1672.928 The Pierre vander Aa edition of this map will be described in E. 608. 927) Olearius: a) Newe Orientalische Reise..., 1647, folio 369, upper map; b) later editions of Olearius’ travel account, such as Viel vermehrte Moscowitische und Persianische Reise-Beschreibung…, 1696, map between pp. 258 and 259. 928) Olfert Dapper, Asia of Naukeurige Beschryving…, Amsterdam, 1672, map of Qom in section ‘Persie’ between pp. 32 and 33.

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CHARDIN Jean (John); London; 1686; Kom; French; 27 × 74 cm. This map view appeared in the first edition of Chardin’s travel account, published in London in 1686.929 Title in French and Persian placed in the mid-upper part of the map. In the 1711 Amsterdam reduced edition, it appeared on a smaller scale (size: 13.5 × 37 cm), with a decorative title cartouche added.930 Size of this map in the Paris 1811 edition is 19 × 37 cm. For more information on Chardin see the description preceding E. 539. 929) Chardin J, Journal du Voyage du Chevalier Chardin en Perse..., Première Partie, 1686, map 13, between pp. 324 and 325. 930) Chardin J, Voyages de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin en Perse…, 1711 (three volumes), vol. 1, map 13.

E. 608

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AA Pierre vander (van der), OLEARIUS Adam; Leiden; 1719; Kom [Qom], Ville de la Province d’Yerack (Irak Ajami) en Perse; French; 29 × 35 cm.931 A larger and more decorative version of the original map view of 1647 by Adam Olearius. Olearius shows the map of Qom with the map of Kashan on a single sheet, while Pieter vander Aa published them separately. Besides, he has benefited from Dapper’s edition of 1672, which has the same format as Aa’s map. Title placed in the mid-upper part of the map (see also E. 606).

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Pl. 322 (E. 605) Kazvin Town, 1919, by General Head Quarters, ‘Map Compilation Section’, Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force, Baghdad, 1919; 69 × 55 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran S.39

Pl. 323 (E.606 and E. 586) Upper map (E. 606): Kom / Qom; Lower map (E. 586): Kaschan / Kashan; by Adam Olearius, Gottorf, Holstein, 1647; this Plate is from the Hamburg 1696 edition; 12.5 × 33 cm each map; By Permission of the British Library: 984.h.9, plate between pp. 258 and 259

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Pl. 324 (E. 607) Kom (Qom), by Jean Chardin, London, 1686; 27 × 74 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 567.i.24, map 13, between pp. 324 and 325

931) Aa Pierre vander, La Galerie Agréable du Monde…, Leiden, 1729, vol. 24, tome 1 ‘Perse et Mogol’ map 29-11; copies in the BL: 213.f.6-17 and 214.f.117 (see f.12, map 29-11).

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DIEULAFOY Jane (Jeanne),932 HACHETTE publisher; Paris; 1887; Panorama de Koum; French; 15.5 × 23.5 cm.933 Two other names can be recognised on this map view of Qom: Taylor and Kohl. They contributed to its production by drawing it from a photograph taken by Mme Dieulafoy. 932) For more information about Jane (Jeanne) Dieulafoy see the description preceding E. 490. 933) Dieulafoy Jane, p. 183.

Qomsheh (Qomichah; new name: Shahreza) is an old city of the province of Isfahan, lying 83 km south of the city of Isfahan. During the Pahlavi’s rule its name was changed to ‘Shahreza’ – the name of a magnificent building outside the city used for festive occasions. As Qomsheh lies on the main road to Shiraz it was visited by many European travellers during the Safavid to Qajar periods, and was mapped by some of them. Two of these map views are selected for description below. E. 610

934) Chardin J, Voyages de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin en Perse…, 1711 (three volumes), vol. 3, map view inserted between pp. 90 and 91. 935) Chardin J, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse..., 1811 (Atlas), plate 50.

Pl. 327

CHARDIN Jean (John); Amsterdam; 1711; untitled, 1811 edition: Comicha (Qomsheh, new name: Shahreza); French; 1711 edition: 16 × 39 cm, 1811 edition: 20 × 38 cm.934, 935 This small town, previously called ‘Qomsheh’, and during the reign of Reza Shah renamed to ‘Shahreza’, was on Chardin’s route, and attracted his attention to such a degree that he produced this map view. For more information on Chardin see the description preceding E. 539.

E. 611 DIEULAFOY Jane (Jeanne),936 HACHETTE publisher; Paris; 1887; Vue de Koumicheh (Qomsheh); French; 12 × 16 cm.937 Jane Dieulafoy produced a photographic view of this small place, drawn later by Barglav whose name appears on the printed sheet. 936) For more information about Jane (Jeanne) Dieulafoy see the description preceding E. 490. 937) Dieulafoy Jane, p. 342.

Rey (Ray, Rayy, Rai) is the ancient Ragha, in Latin Raghae, formerly one of the great cities of Persia. The original settlement dates to the 3rd millennium BC and was seen as a sacred place. It fell and was partly destroyed during the Arab invasion (641), but in the early Islamic period (8th century) regained its importance, rivalled in West Asia only by Damascus and Baghdad. In 1220 it was almost entirely destroyed by the Mongols. Ruins of the old city can be visited a few km south of Teheran adjacent to the new ‘City of Rey’ (Shahr-i-Rey).938 938) For more information on Rey see Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1981 edition, vol. VIII, entry ‘Rayy’, p. 443.

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PORTER Robert Ker, HALL Sidney engraver, LONGMAN publisher; London; 1821; Plan of the Ancient City of Rhey; English; 18 × 23 cm; one graphical scale: 64 mm to 2000 yards, natural scale 1: 28 800.939

Pl. 325 (E. 608) Kom, Ville de la Province d’Yerack [Irak Ajami] en Perse, Pieter vander Aa edition of the Olearius map view of Qom, Leiden, 1719; 29 × 35 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 162

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Pl. 326 (E. 609) Panorama de Koum (Qom), by Jane (Jeanne) Dieulafoy, Paris, 1887; 15.5 × 23.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 1782.c.4, p. 183

Pl. 327 (E. 610) Comicha (Qomsheh, new name: Shahreza), by Jean Chardin, Amsterdam, 1711; this plate shows the 1811 Paris edition of Qomsheh; 20 × 38 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 762.g.16, plate 50

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Pl. 328 (E. 612) Plan of the Ancient City of Rhey, engraved by Sidney Hall and published by Longman for Sir Robert Ker Porter, London, 1821; 18 × 23 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 1786.d.11, vol. 1, plate 6 facing p. 360

This map shows the city wall with towers. Points of interest are marked A – G and described in the lower right part of the map. There is a note inside the city wall: “The whole [area] covered with remnants of Ruins, Tiles, Bricks &c.” Title placed in the upper left corner; hills hachured. The printed version described here is slightly different from Porter’s manuscript which is included in his MS volume, in the British Library.940 939) Porter, printed book, vol. 1, plate 6 facing p. 360. 940) Porter, MS, volume 1, folio 46.

Sarakhs (Surrukhs, etc.) lies in the extreme northeastern corner of the country, close to the Russian border, about 180 km northeast of Mashhad. In the early Islamic period it was a major city, but over centuries continuously declined to a small town.

E. 613

Pl. 329

MACGREGOR C M Colonel; London; 1879; a: Plan of Surrukhs (Sarakhs), b: Surrukhs (Sarakhs); English; plan and view each 9.5 × 17 cm; scale 5 inches to 1 mile, or 1: 12 672.941 This plan shows the outline of the citadel, which lies close to the border of Khorasan and Turkmenistan. Title placed in the upper

left corner. The map view shows the walls around the citadel with its surroundings. 941) MacGregor, vol. 2, two sketches between pp. 30 and 31.

Sarpol-i-Zahab (Sarpol-e-Zahab), an ancient town about 30 km east of Qsar-i-Shirin, lies on the main road between Kermanshah and Baghdad. In ancient times it was called ‘Xalmanu’ (Khalman, Halvan). Several ruins of ancient buildings and monuments, partly prehistoric, have been discovered and maintained in the region.942 942) Mosahab, The Persian Encyclopaedia, vol. 1, 1960, entry ‘Sarpol-i-Zahab’, p. 1282.

E. 614

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MORGAN Jacques de, LEROUX Ernest publisher; Paris; 1895; Ruines de Khalman-Ser-i-Poul (Xalmanu, Sarpol-i-Zahab); French; 18 × 12 cm; natural scale 1: 20 000.943 This large-scale sketch shows the ruins of ancient Xalmanu; ancient sites marked in red. 943) Morgan Jacques de, Mission Scientifique en Perse, 1895; loose copy in the BL: Maps 51140.(7.), folio 6.

Pl. 329 (E. 613) Plan of Surrukhs [and a map view of] Surrukhs (Sarakhs), by C M MacGregor, London, 1879; each 9.5 × 17 cm; By Permission of the British Library: T 2162, vol. 2, two sketches between pp. 30 and 31

Pl. 330 (E. 614) Ruines de Khalman, Ser-i-Poul (Xalmanu, Sarpol-i-Zahab), by Jacques de Morgan, Paris, 1895; 18 × 12 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51140.(7.), folio 6

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Pl. 331 (E. 615) A map view of Saba (Saveh), copied from Olearius’ map view of 1647, in Alfons Gabriel’s Marco Polo in Persien, Vienna, 1963; 10 × 13 cm; By Permission of the British Library: V 15271, Abb. (Fig.) 8 facing p. 65

Saveh (Saweh, Saba, Savaj), an ancient city in central Persia, lies about 140 km southwest of Teheran and 90 km northwest of Qom. It was visited by Marco Polo, who called it ‘Saba’.944 944) For more information on Saveh see: a) Mosahab, The Persian Encyclopaedia, vol. 1, 1960, entry ‘Saveh’, pp. 1254; b) Loghat-Nameh, new edition, 1994, vol. 8, entry ‘Saveh’, p. 11786.

E. 615

Pl. 331

GABRIEL Alfons, MARCO POLO; Vienna; 1647, reproduced 1963; Saba (Saveh); 10 × 13 cm. This map view appeared in Alfons Gabriel’s book Marco Polo in Persien, published in Vienna in 1963.945 No information about the source of this map could be found in his book, but obviously it is a copy of Olearius’ map view of 1647 (see E. 616, Pl. 332). It is described and illustrated here as a sample of such reproductions. There is a description of Saba in Gabriel’s book, part of which reads: “Saweh is Marco Polo’s ‘Sava’, or ‘Saba’, a small town from which allegedly one of the three [biblical] magicians came, and where all three magicians lay next to each other in three large and beautiful vaults...” 946

945) Gabriel Alfons, Abb. (Fig.) 8 facing p. 65. 946) Translated from German.

E. 616

Pl. 332

OLEARIUS Adam (Oleario, Ölschlegel); Gottorf, Holstein, Germany; 1647; Saba (Saveh); German/Latin; 10 × 14 cm; covers 35° N, 85° E. of Ferro. Olearius adopted Marco Polo’s name ‘Saba’ for his map view of Saveh. It appeared in nearly all the editions of Olearius’ travel account,947 and became the basis for several later maps produced by other travellers and mapmakers. Olfert Dapper produced a larger and more decorative copy of this map (29 × 35 cm), with a few minor changes, included in his Asia of Naukeurige Beschryving…, 1672.948 The Pierre vander Aa edition of this map will be described in E. 617. 947) Olearius A: a) Newe Orientalische Reise..., 1647, p. 367; b) Later editions of Olearius’ travel account, such as Viel vermehrte Moscowitische und Persianische Reisebeschreibung…, 1696, p. 258. 948) Dapper Olfert, Asia of Naukeurige Beschryving…, 1672, map of ‘Saba’ in section ‘Persie’ between pp. 32 and 33.

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Pl. 332 (E. 616) Saba (Saveh), by Adam Olearius, Gottorf, Holstein, 1647; this Plate shows the 1696 Hamburg edition; 10 × 14 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 984.h.9, p. 258; 1696 edition

E. 617

Pl. 333

AA Pierre vander (van der), OLEARIUS Adam; Leiden; 1719; Saba, Ville en Perse; French; 27 × 36 cm.949 An enlarged and more decorative copy of the original map view of ‘Saba’, by Adam Olearius produced in 1647 (see E. 616). Aa must have benefited from the Dapper edition of 1672, which has the same format as Aa’s map. Title placed on a ribbon in the midupper part of the map. 949) Aa Pierre vander, La Galerie Agréable du Monde…, 1729, vol. 24, tome 1 ‘Perse et Mogol’ map 29-10; copies in the BL: 213.f.6-17 and 214.f.1-17 (see f.12, map 29-10).

Shiraz (Schiras), about 920 km south of Teheran and 300 km from Bushehr on the Persian Gulf, was a major and important city during the Seleucid (312-175 BC), Parthian (247 BC-AD 224), and Sasanid (AD 224-651) periods, but flourished even more during the Islamic age (after 621). It became a main cultural centre of the country during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, producing great poets such as Saadi and Hafiz. Shiraz became the capital of the Zand Dynasty (1750-94), whose founder, Karim Khan, adorned the old city with many fine buildings. With the ruins of Persepolis lying about 50 km northwest of it, Shiraz always attracted foreign travellers and explorers. At present it is the capital of the province of Fars, a university and cultural city, and a major national and international tourist destination. E. 618

Pl. 334

STRUYS Jean Jensen, MEURS Jacob van publisher; Amsterdam; 1668; La Ville de Sieras (Shiraz) en Perse; French, original edition in Dutch; 19 × 29 cm.

A map view of Shiraz, with its fortified walls; title is placed in the mid-upper part of the sheet; the hills can be seen in the background. The original Dutch edition is dated 1668, German edition 1678, this French edition 1681,950 and the English edition 1684.951 950) Struys, 1681, map view between pp. 320 and 321. 951) Struys, 1684, map view between pp. 338 and 339.

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Pl. 335

DESLANDES DAULIER, André, CLOUZIER Gervais publisher; Paris; 1673; Veuë de la Ville Schiras en Perse en venant d’Hispahan [View of the City of Shiraz in Persia approaching from Isfahan]; French; 14 × 27.5 cm.952 952) Deslandes, p. 67.

E. 620

Pl. 336

BRUYN (BRUIN, BRUINS) Cornelius (Cornelis) de; Amsterdam; 1711; Zji-Raes (Shiraz); Dutch; 23.5 × 63 cm. This map view of Shiraz appeared in Bruyn’s travel account of his journeys to Russia, Persia and India published in 1711, with a later edition in 1714.953 953) Bruyn C, Cornelis de Bruins Reizen over Moskovie, door Persia en Indie…, 1711 edition; 1714 edition: plate 174, between pp. 322 and 323.

town maps, historical sites

Pl. 333 (E. 617) Saba (Saveh) Ville en Perse, Pieter vander Aa edition of the Olearius map, Leiden, 1719; 27 × 36 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 161

Pl. 334 (E. 618) La Ville de Sieras (Shiraz) en Perse, by Jean Struys, Amsterdam, 1668 (this French edition is dated 1681); 19 × 29 cm; By Permission of the British Library: V21169, map view between pp. 320 and 321

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Pl. 335 (E. 619) ‘Veuë de la Ville Schiras (Shiraz) en Perse’, approaching fom Isfahan, by Daulier Deslandes, Paris; 1673; 14 × 27.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: S.71.b.24, p. 67

Pl. 336 (E. 620) Zji-Raes (Shiraz), by Cornelis Bruyn, Amsterdam, 1711; this plate shows the 1714 edition; 23.5 × 63 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 10028.i.2, plate 174, between pp. 322 and 323

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Pl. 337 (E. 621) Panoramic map view of Shiraz, Jean Chardin, Amsterdam, 1711; this plate shows the 1811 Paris edition; 21 × 74 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 762.g.16, plate 76

E. 621

Pl. 337

CHARDIN Jean (John); Amsterdam; 1711; untitled, 1811 edition: Chiras, Chyrâz (Shiraz); French; 20.5 × 75 cm, 1811 Paris edition: 21 × 74 cm.954 Chardin, unlike Olearius, visited the city of Shiraz, and prepared this detailed map view of this major city in south Persia. Plate 337 shows the 1811 Paris edition, entitled ‘Chiras, Chyrâz’.955 For more information on Chardin see the description preceding E. 539. 954) Chardin J, Voyages de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin en Perse…, 1711 (three volumes), vol. 3, map view 76 between pp. 140 and 141; copy in the BL: 567.g.18 (vol. 3). 955) Chardin J, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse..., 1811 (Atlas), plate 76.

E. 622

Pl. 338

HOMANN Johann Baptist; Nuremberg; c. 1716; Schiras vor alters Persepolis, die Haupt-Stadt des gantzen Reichs, ietz nur in Farsistan [Shiraz, formerly Persepolis, the capital of the whole Kingdom, now only of Farsistan (Fars)]; German; 11 × 14 cm.956 There is a short text in the lower margin: “Die Stadt Schiras ligt sehr lustig zwischen dem Gebürg an dem fluss Bendemir, daselbst wächst der beste Wein in gantz Persien, so maist an des Königs Hoff verführet wird.” [The city of Schiras lies very suitably between the mountains and the river Bendemir (Band-i-Amir), where the best wine in the whole of Persia grows, mostly delivered to the King’s Court.] Apparently the geographical information regarding Shiraz available to Homann was partly flawed, as he believed that Shiraz was called Persepolis in earlier times (see the title), and Bendemir (Band-e-Amir) was a river, while Persepolis lies about 50 km northwest of Shiraz, and Band-i-Amir is a dam, or dyke, across the river Kor, about 20 km northeast of Shiraz. It must be noted that Homann himself never visited Persia, and obtained his information from different travellers and travel accounts.

956) This is map no. 10, included in the ‘Verschiedene Prospecte der vornemsten Städten in Persien…’ by J B Homann, Nuremberg, 1716 (see E. 529, Pl. 262).

E. 623

Pl. 339

NIEBUHR Carsten; Amsterdam; 1774, French edition 1780; Vue de la Ville de Schirâs; Dutch/French; 18 × 28 cm.957 A map view of the city of Shiraz, with its wall and the surrounding mountains. For more information on Niebuhr see the description preceding E. 281. 957) Carsten Niebuhr, Voyage en Arabie & en d’Autres Pays Circonvoisins, Amsterdam, 1774, French edition 1780, vol. 2, map facing p. 139 (Tab. 36).

E. 624

Pl. 340

NIEBUHR Carsten; Amsterdam; 1774, French edition 1780; Schirâs; Dutch/French; 19 × 14 cm; one graphical scale: 41 mm to 500 pas geomet.958 Another plan of Shiraz, with its surrounding wall, moat, roads and gardens. For more information on Niebuhr see the description preceding E. 281. 958) Carsten Niebuhr, Voyage en Arabie & en d’Autres Pays Circonvoisins, 1774, French edition 1780, vol. 2, map facing p. 138 (Tab. 35).

Soltanieh (Soltanie, Sultanie, etc.), lying on the main road from Tabriz to Teheran (between Zanjan and Qazvin), was a small place in the thirteenth century, but its mild weather and superb hunting possibilities attracted the attention of the Mongol ruler Arghoon Khan and his successor Oljaytu who built a sizeable city there (1304-13), and made it their capital. Upon the death of Oljaytu a large mausoleum with a huge dome on top was built for him, which still stands (Dome of Sultanieh, Gonbad-i Sultanieh), bearing witness to the high standard of architectural and building work at that time in Persia. Later the city lost importance and was deserted; now only the Dome and a small town remain.

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Pl. 338 (E. 622) A small map view of Schiras (Shiraz) by J B Homann, Nuremberg, 1716, included in his ‘Verschiedene Prospecte der vornemsten Städten in Persien…’; 11 × 14 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 76/detail 10

Pl. 339 (E. 623) Vue de la Ville de Schirâs, by Carsten Niebuhr, Amsterdam, 1774; this plate shows the French edition of 1780; 18 × 28 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 682.g.11, vol. 2, Tab. 36, facing p. 139

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Pl. 340 (E. 624 ) Schiras, by Carsten Niebuhr, Amsterdam, 1774; this plate shows the French edition of 1780; 19 × 14 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 682.g.11, vol. 2, Tab. 35, facing p. 138

E. 625

Pl. 341

E. 626

Pl. 342

OLEARIUS Adam (Oleario, Ölschlegel); Gottorf, Holstein, Germany; 1647; Soltanie; German/Latin; 10 × 14 cm.

CHARDIN Jean (John); London; 1686; Sultanie; French; 26.5 × 37.

A map view of the old city of Soltanieh, northwestern Persia, of which at present a small town and ruins of the ‘Dome of Sultanieh’ remain. It appeared in nearly all the editions of Olearius’ travel account,959 and became the basis for several later maps produced by other travellers and mapmakers. Olfert Dapper produced a larger and more decorative copy of this map (27 × 35.5 cm), with a few minor changes, included in his Asia of Naukeurige Beschryving…, 1672, which is illustrated here as a sample of Dapper’s version of the Olearius maps.960 The Pierre vander Aa edition of this map view will be described in E. 628.

This map view appeared in the first edition of Chardin’s travel account, published in London, 1686.961 Title in French and Persian placed in the mid-upper part of the map. In the 1711 Amsterdam reduced edition it appeared at a smaller size (14 × 29 cm).962 The same map in the 1811 Paris edition is entitled ‘Sultanie, Sulthaânyéh’, 18 × 29 cm. For more information on Chardin see the description preceding E. 539.

959) Adam Olearius: a) Newe Orientalische Reise..., 1647, map on p. 353; b) Later editions of Olearius’ travel account, such as Viel vermehrte Moscowitische und Persianische Reise-Beschreibung…, Hamburg, 1696, p. 251. 960) Olfert Dapper, Asia of Naukeurige Beschryving…, 1672, map view of ‘Soltanie’ in section ‘Persie’ between pp. 42 and 43.

961) Jean Chardin, Journal du Voyage du Chevalier Chardin en Perse…, Première Partie...,1686, plate 12, inserted between pp. 310 and 311. 962) Jean Chardin, Voyages de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin en Perse…, 1711 (three volumes), vol. 1, map 12, p. 194.

E. 627 HOMANN Johann Baptist; Nuremberg; c. 1716; Sultania ein (sic) Königliche Stadt in der Prov. Erack Atzem [Sultania

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Pl. 341 (E. 625) Soltanie, by Adam Olearius, Gottorf, Holstein, 1647; this plate shows Dapper’s version (new copperplate), published in Amsterdam in 1672; 27 × 35.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 983.h.9, between pp. 42 and 43

(Sultanieh) a Royal City in the Province of Irak Ajami]; German; 11 × 14 cm.963 The points of interest A – C are described in the lower margin: A) die Stadt [the City]; B) Mestzid oder Persianische Kirch [Mosque or Persian Church]; C) eine Karvansera, dergleichen viele in Persien, so denen Caravanen zur sichern Einkehr als Gasthöfe dienen. [a Caravanserai, of which there are many in Persia, which serve the Caravans as safer Guesthouses.] 963) This is map no. 7, included in the ‘Verschiedene Prospecte der vornemsten Städten in Persien…’ by J B Homann, Nuremberg, 1716 (see Pl. 262, E. 529).

E. 628 AA Pierre vander (van der), OLEARIUS Adam; Leiden; 1719; Soltanie Ville de la Perse en Arabie; French; 27 × 35.5 cm.964 An enlarged and more decorative copy of the original map view of ‘Soltanie’, by Adam Olearius, 1647 (see E. 625, Pl. 341). It is the same format as Dapper’s edition of 1672. Soltanie (Soltanieh) lies in the old province ‘Irak Ajami’ (Persian Irak), but Aa has mistakenly called it ‘en Arabie’ (Irak Arabie). Title placed in the midupper part of the map.

964) Aa Pierre vander, La Galerie Agréable du Monde…, 1729, vol. 24, tome 1 ‘Perse et Mogol’ map 29-9; copy in the BL: 213.f.6-17 and 214.f.1-17 (see f.12, map 29-9).

Tabriz (Tauris, Tabreez, etc.) is an ancient city lying about 630 km northwest of Teheran at the northern foot of Kuh-i-Sahand (Sahand Mountain), 1357 m above sea level. It is the centre and the largest city of the province of Azerbaijan; the local language is Turkish. It became the first capital of the Ilkhanid dynasty until Soltanieh was built early in the 14th century, and during the Qajar rule became the seat of the Crown Prince. The most impressive ancient building is the Citadel (in Persian called Ark-e-Alishah), built as a mosque before 1322, which is remarkable for its simplicity, size and the excellent condition of its brick work. Tabriz was destroyed by powerful earthquakes several times – the heaviest destructions recorded in 858, 1042, 1727, 1780, 1854, and 1856 – but was fully rebuilt after each disaster.965 During the past centuries foreign travellers who entered Persia from the Caucasus or Anatolia had to pass through Tabriz. Some of them, e.g. Chardin, mapped it, as described in the four following Entries. 965) For more information on Tabriz see: a) Mosahab, The Persian Encyclopaedia, vol. 1, 1960, entry ‘Tabriz’, pp. 610-611; b) Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1981 edition, vol. IX, entry ‘Tabriz’, p. 757.

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Pl. 342 (E.626 ) Sultanie, by Jean Chardin, London, 1686; 26.5 × 37 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 567.i.24, map 12, between pp. 310 and 311

E. 629

Pl. 343

CHARDIN Jean (John); London; 1686; Tauris (Tabriz); French; 28 × 76 cm. This map view appeared in the first edition of Chardin’s travel account published in London, 1686.966 Title in French and Persian placed in the mid-upper part of the map; description of points of interest (A – Q) in the lower left corner. In the 1711 Amsterdam edition,967 it appeared in a reduced size of 13 × 36 cm, with minor changes. The 1811 Paris edition is entitled ‘Tauris, Tibryz’, size 19 × 36 cm. For more information on Chardin see the description preceding E. 539. 966) Chardin J, Journal du Voyage du Chevalier Chardin en Perse..., Première Partie, London, 1686, plate 11, between pp. 288 and 289. 967) Chardin J, Voyages de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin en Perse…, Amsterdam, 1711 (three volumes), vol. 1, map 11, p. 183.

E. 630

MS

PORTER Robert Ker; perhaps Persia, 1818-21; View of the City of Tabreez drawn from the southwest; English; 34.5 × 55 cm.968

A pleasant watercolour showing part of the city wall, with mountains in the background. 968) Porter MS, vol. 1, folio 41.

E. 631

Pl. 344

MOHAMMAD-MIRZA MOHANDES supervisor, MOHAMMAD-REZA MOHANDES writing, ASAD-AGHA KARBALAI lithographer and printer; Tabriz; 1880 (1297 Islamic calendar); Naqsha-ye Dar-al-Saltana-ye Tabriz [Map of the Royal City of Tabriz]; Persian; 81 × 101 cm; centred on the co-ordinates of Tabriz: 37°56’ N, 42°26’ E. of Paris; two graphical scales: 119 mm to 960 zar` (about one km), 119 mm to 1440 footsteps (also about one km), natural scale approximately 1: 8500.969 This is the most detailed and accurate map of Tabriz of the time, which was compiled by order of His Highness the Crown Prince, and the efforts of Colonel Mirza Abbas Khan, the Head of the [Military] College at Tabriz, by Mohammad-Mirza Mohandes, tutor for mathematics, with the help of his students. During the Qajar rule, Tabriz was the seat of Crown Prince, who served as governor of the province of Azerbaijan; hence it was called the ‘Royal City of Tabriz’.

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Pl. 343 (E. 629) Tauris (Tabriz), by Jean Chardin, London, 1686; 28 × 76 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 567.i.24, map 11, between pp. 288 and 289

Major place names are noted whilst less important places, due to lack of space, are marked by numbers (1 – 218 in Persian) and described in a lengthy six-column table placed in the lower left part of the map; they are arranged according to the areas of the city. The less important official buildings and establishments are numbered 1 – 30 and described in another table placed in the lower right corner. A four-column ‘Table of Legends’ (40 items) appears in the upper right, title in the lower right, corner. The survey was mainly the work of the students of the Military College, under the supervision of their aforementioned tutor. Edward Browne produced a reduced and simplified version of this map for his book The Persian Revolution.970 969) Copy in the RGS, Map Room, Iran G.26(66); another copy with some notes by General Houtum-Schindler: Iran S.21 970) See E. 632

E. 632 BROWNE Edward, MOHAMMAD-MIRZA MOHANDES, QARAJEDAGHI Colonel; Persia / London; 1908; in Persian: Kharita-ye Shahr-i-Tabriz dar Hal-i-Enqelab, Ramazan 1326 [Map of the City of Tabriz during the Revolution, Ramadan, 1326 (September 1908)], in French: La Carte de Tauris pendant la révolution, 27 Septembre 1908; Persian / French; 15 × 22 cm. This map is a simplified and reduced copy of the MohammadMirza Mohandes’ large-scale map of 1880 (see Pl. 344 and E. 631) to which a few French inscriptions are added and some other changes applied. Edward Browne included it in his book The Persian Revolution.971 Title in Persian and French, date, etc. placed in the upper right, legend in the lower left, corner; there are three small extensions of the map in the upper and side margins. 971) Edward Browne, map between pp. 248 and 249.

Teheran (Tehran) has been the capital of Persia (Iran) since 1788. It is situated on the southern slopes of the Alborz (Elburz) Mountains, which separate it from the Caspian Sea about 100 km to the north. The city lies at an altitude of about 1200 m above sea level; some 70 km to the northwest of it rises the snow-covered volcanic peak of Mount Damavand. Teheran is the successor of the ancient city of Rey (see E. 612) which was largely destroyed by the Mongols in 1220. An observer who visited Teheran at the beginning of the 13th century, just before the destruction of Rey, described it as a considerable town with 12 districts. All dwellings were then built underground, from which the name of the town is most probably derived (‘teh’ or ‘tah’ means deep/under; ‘ran’ means moving, together meaning ‘moving underground’). In 1553-54 Shah Tahmasb I of the Safavid dynasty provided Teheran with a bazaar and built a wall around it, with 4 gates and 114 towers, equal to the number of chapters of the Koran. Pietro Della Valle, who visited Teheran in 1618, called it the city of plane trees. The English writer Thomas Herbert, author of Travel in Persia (published 1634), visited Teheran in 1628-29 and estimated the number of houses at 3000. Karim Khan Zand (ruled 1758-79) considered making Teheran his capital, but instead chose Shiraz in southern Persia. Teheran became prominent after its capture by Agha Mohammad Khan (1785), the founder of the Qajar dynasty (the Qajars ruled Persia 1779-1925), who made it his capital in 1788, a position lasting to this date. Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (ruled 1797-1834) added considerably to the number of government and religious buildings. The immigration of many prominent Persian personalities from the Caucasus to Teheran, fleeing the Perso-Russian wars, contributed notably to the growth and welfare of the city. The first official map of Teheran (see Pl. 347, E. 635) shows the city in the midnineteenth century during the reign of Naser-al-Din Shah (ruled 1848-95), with the old city wall still intact. As the growth of the city gathered pace, and many houses were built outside the city walls, Shah ordered in 1869 the official expansion of the city, destruction of the old wall and construction of a new one, which is fully described in E. 637.

Pl. 344 (E. 631) Naqsha-ye Dar-al-Saltana-ye Tabriz [Map of the Royal City of Tabriz], by Mohammad-Mirza Mohandes, Tabriz, 1880; 81 × 101 cm; By permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran G.26 (66)

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Pl. 345 (E. 633) MS View of the City of Tehran from the Isfahan road, a manuscript by Sir Robert Ker Porter, 1818-20; Size: 40 × 56 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Add. MS 14758, vol. 1, folio 45

In the early years of the Pahlavi period (1925-40), the population grew to slightly over 500 000, but the extraordinary growth of Teheran came after World War II to the present, making Teheran a metropolis with a population of about eight million.972 972) For more information on Teheran see: a) Mosahab, The Persian Encyclopaedia, vol. 1, 1960, entry ‘Teheran’, pp. 695-703; b) Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1981 edition, vol. 18, entry ‘Tehran’, pp. 57-59. The article in Encyclopaedia Britannica contains a number of obvious mistakes and, therefore, should be studied with caution.

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Pl. 345

MS

PORTER Robert Ker; Persia; 1818-20; View of the City of Tehran from the Isfahan Road; English; 40 × 56 cm.973 In this manuscript map view the Alburz Mountains to the north of Teheran are shown in the background, as seen from the south of the city. A few animals such as horses, camels and one elephant, used for transporting people and goods, are depicted in the foreground. It is an impressive watercolour, although only the city walls and tops of the buildings can be seen. There is also a printed version of this view, reduced to 15 × 22 cm, simplified and engraved by J Clark, omitting some details such as the elephant, etc. and included in Porter’s book.974

973) Porter, MS original, vol. 1, folio 45. 974) Porter, printed book, vol. 1, plate 5 facing p. 312.

E. 634

Pl. 346

MS

BEREZIN Il’ya Nikolaevitch (Nikolayewitch); Teheran; 1852 (1296 Islamic Calendar); untitled, Map of Teheran; Persian; about 18 × 27 cm.975 This small sketch map of Teheran, believed to be the first proper map of the capital, was produced by I N Berezin in the early years of the reign of Naser-al-Din Shah. Berezin (1818-96) was a Russian orientalist who travelled in Persia in the years of 1842 to 1845.976 His map depicts Teheran of the 1840s, showing the city wall built by Shah Tahmasb of the Safavids, known as ‘Tahmasb Enclosure’. The Royal Quarter ‘Arg’, with its own wall and moat, is visible on this map. 975) Original manuscript is in the Golestan Museum of Teheran. The illustration here (Pl. 346) is from a facsimile in the present author’s collection. 976) For more information on Berezin and this map see: a) Loghat-Nameh, vol. 3, entry ‘Berezin’, pp. 3963-64; b) Alai, 2002, ‘The First Official Map of Teheran’, Iranshenasi 14/3, pp. 527-28; c) Zoka, vol. 1, pp. 12-13; d) Calmard, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 4, entry ‘Berezin’, pp. 163-164.

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Pl. 346 (E. 634) Untitled, the first known map of Teheran, MS by Il’ya Nikolaevitch Berezin, Teheran, 1852; c. 18 × 27 cm; From a facsimile in the Author’s Collection

E. 635

Pl. 347

KRŽIŽ August, ZOLFAQAR BEG surveyor, MOHAMMADTAQI KHAN surveyor; Teheran; 1857 (1275 Islamic Calendar); Naqsha-ye Dar-al-Khalafa-ye Teheran [Map of the Capital City Teheran]; Persian; 76.5 × 93 cm; centred on 35°40’ N, 49°02’35” E. of Paris, one graphical scale diagram, natural scale 1: 2880.977 August Kržiž (1814-86), an artillery officer in the Austrian army, was employed by Dar-al-Fonun College to serve in Teheran as a teacher from 1851 until 1859. Encouraged and supported by Prince Etezad-al-Saltanah Ali-Qoli Mirza, he embarked on a pioneering work to construct a large-scale map of the capital city Teheran, and another of the environs of it, by which he was assisted by two of his students Zolfaqar Beg and Mohammad-Taqi Khan. When working on this project he encountered two major difficulties. Firstly, the complex structure of the city, which had grown without any planning and consisted of countless winding and narrow alleys, was hostile to his undertaking. Secondly, it was not possible for a stranger, and even less for a non-Muslim, to enter any residential quarter and property inhabited by Muslims. As a result, Kržiž was forced to send his two Muslim students to survey the residential areas. As even they were not allowed to use any instruments, due to residents’ objections, distances had to be measured by footsteps, resulting in inaccurate measurements.

In the end he overcame all of these problems, and his map was finally lithographed in Teheran in 1857, and its very existence was enough to excite the admiration of Naser-al-Din Shah, his courtiers and others. In the 1850s Teheran covered an area of about four sq. km, of which 280 000 sq. m. were occupied by the imperial and governmental buildings called the Arg (Ark) Quarter which had its own rampart, moat and drawbridge. The city wall, built on the orders of Shah Tahmasb I of the Safavids in 1553, was about 8 km long, with 114 towers equal to the number of chapters of the Koran. The moat around the city was more a defence against seasonal floods than any enemy. Apart from the Arg Quarter the city had four other quarters: Oudlajan, Chal-Meydan, Bazaar, and Sangladj, each subdivided into smaller districts. The city had six outside gates (Darvazeh): clockwise: ‘Dawlat’ and ‘Shemiran’ in the north, ‘Doulab’ in the east, ‘Shahzadeh Abd-al-Azim’ and ‘Mohammadieh’ in the south, and ‘Qazvin’ in the west.978, 979 Title and detailed geographical information placed on the mid-upper part, scale-diagram in the mid-lower part, and legend (signs) in both lower corners. This map remained valid and in use as the only official map of Teheran until the major enlargement of the city was ordered by Naser-al-Din Shah in 1869. The urban enlargement was completed in 1874, requiring a new map to be drawn, which was printed in 1891; it will be described in E. 637.

Pl. 347 (E. 635) Map of the Capital City Teheran, by August Kržiž, Teheran, 1857; 76.5 × 93 cm; From the Author’s Collection

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347

Pl. 348 (E. 636) Map of the Environs of Teheran, surveyed by Major August Kržiž and six of his students in the years 1857-58, transcribed and corrected by Dr. J E Polak, Vienna, 1877; 34 × 38 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51140.(6.)

977) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.47. 978) Alai, 2002, First Official Map of Teheran. 979) Slaby Helmut, Plan von Tehran.

E. 636

Pl. 348

KRŽIŽ August, POLAK (POLLAK) J E Dr., KÖKE F lithographer; Vienna (Wien); 1877; Karte der Umgebung von Teherán, aufgenommen vom k. k. Major August Kržiž und sechs seiner Zöglinge in den Jahren 1857-1858. Transcribirt und corrigirt von Dr. J E Polak [Map of the Environs of Teheran, surveyed by Major August Kržiž and six of his students in the years 1857-58. Transcribed and corrected by Dr. J E Polak]; German; 34 × 38 cm; covers: 35°33’-35°49’ N, 30’ W-15’ E / 20’ W-25’ E. of Teheran (Teheran is here the prime meridian); one graphical scale: 70 mm to 10 000 Schritts [10 000 footsteps, or about 7 500 m], natural scale 1: 108 000.980 Dr. Polak wrote an eight-page article ‘Topographische Bemerkungen zur Karte der Umgebung und zu den Plane von Teheran’ [Topographic Remarks on the Map of the Environs and the Map of Teheran], which should be consulted for a better understanding of this map.981 The old wall of Teheran and the new wall after the

expansion of the city are shown; title, scale, etc. placed in the lower right corner of the sheet. The map of Teheran by Kržiž (Pl. 347), much reduced and entitled ‘Plan der Residenz Teherán’, appears as an inset in the upper right corner, 18 × 15 cm, natural scale 1: 20 700.982 980) Copy in the SBB, Berlin: D-9720; copy in the BL: Maps 51140.(6.). 981) Polak’s article ‘Topographische Bemerkungen...’ Vienna, 1877, to which ‘Karte der Umgebung von Teheran’ is attached (Tafel III). 982) This map has been fully described in E. 635.

E. 637

Pl. 349

ABD-AL-GHAFFAR (NAJM-AL-MOLK) geographer/cartographer and surveyor, SOLEYMAN KHAN Colonel draughtsman; Teheran; 1891 (1309 Islamic Calendar); Naqsha-ye Shahr-e Daral-Khalafa-ye Naseri Teheran [Map of the Naseri Capital City of Teheran]; Persian; 129 × 132 cm; centred on 35°40’ N and 49°2’ E. of Paris; two graphical scales: 125 mm to 500 m, 156 mm to 600 Zar`, natural scale 1: 4000.983, 984 In the lower right corner of this map is a fourteen-line note written by Abd-al-Ghaffar, stating that thirty years earlier Kržiž produced

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a map of Teheran based on a survey made by footsteps, which obviously could not be accurate, but proved to be useful. In another extended forty-line note, in the upper right and left corners, the story of why and how this new map was created is described in detail, an abstract of which is as follows: ‘After the official expansion of the city in 1868 (1285 Islamic Calendar), Abd-al-Ghaffar was ordered to construct an up-to-date map of Teheran. He worked hard for over twenty years, assisted by several tutors and some twenty students of Dar-al-Fonun College at any time, surveying the city according to European standards.’ As Teheran lies on the southern slope of Alborz Mountains and, therefore, is not level, his last work was to measure the elevation around the city from zero (south, close to Khaniabad Gate) to 82.3 m (north, close to Shemiran Gate). This map was drawn by Colonel Soleyman Khan, and finally printed in 1891. In his note Abd-al-Ghaffar gives plenty of geographical information about the city, such as its average altitude of 1180 m, the circumference of the City Wall of 18 250 zar`, equal to 19.2 km, area within the City Wall of 18 250 000 square zar`, equal to 19.2 square km, population in 1868 – when he started the work – of 160 000 heads, and in 1891 – when he finished his work – of 250 000 heads, etc. Teheran, after expansion, had a nearly square shape of 4.5 by 4.5 km, with thirteen Gates, some with artistic and architectural merit. These gates were called (from north-west corner, clockwise): North side: Yousufabad Gate, Dowlat Gate, Shemiran Gate; East side: Dowshan Tapah Gate, Doulab Gate, Mashhad Gate; South side: Rah-e-Ahan (Railway) Gate, Shahzadeh Abd-al-Azim Gate, Ghar Gate, Khaniabad Gate; West Side: Gomrok (Custom) Gate, Qazvin Gate, Baq-e-Shah Gate.

This detailed and informative map remained valid and was in use until the end of the Qajar period. Title placed in the upper margin, legends in both lower corners, of the map. 983) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.28; another copy: Map Room, Iran G.26 (67), with some hand-written notes in English by General HoutumSchindler. 984) Copy in the BL known as Map of Teheran by Soleyman Khan: Maps 33.c.14.

E. 638

Pl. 350

FEUVRIER Jean Baptiste, DRUILLET J draughtsman, JUVEN F publisher; Paris; 1899; Téhéran Plan de l’Ark; French; 15 × 10 cm. This plan by Dr. Feuvrier, the private physician of Naser-al-Din Shah, shows the Royal Quarter (Arg, Ark) in Teheran around 1890, and is included in Feuvrier’s memoirs, published in 1899 in Paris.985 This prominent quarter had an area of about 280 000 sq. m, with its own rampart, moat and draw bridge, built inside the city walls of Teheran. This map also appeared in a slightly larger format – 18 × 12 cm – in the second edition of Dr. Feuvrier’s book.986 For more information about Dr. J B Feuvrier see E. 122. 985) Feuvrier, 1899 edition, map 3 on p. 161. 986) Feuvrier, 1906 edition, second map, facing p. 398

E. 639

Pl. 351

STAHL A F, LANGE M writing, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1900; Karte der Umgegend von Teheran von A F Stahl [Map of the Surroundings of Teheran by A F Stahl]; German; 50.5 × 72.5 cm; covers: 35°12’-36°8’ N, 68°20’-69°58’ E. of Ferro, or 50°40’-52°18’ E; one graphical scale: 50 mm to 10 Russian versts, natural scale 1: 210 000, heights both in feet and metres. This map was constructed to accompany the article ‘Teheran und Umgebung von A F Stahl’ and appeared in the PGM.987 It is a detailed map of the surroundings of Teheran after the official enlargement of the City by Nasir-al-Din Shah in the late 19th century. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner; mountains shaded. For more information about A F Stahl see the description preceding E. 496. 987) PGM, vol. 46, 1900, text: pp. 49-57, map (Tafel 6) facing p. 56; loose copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.84; copy in the BL: P.P.3946, PGM, vol. 46, 1900.

E. 640

Pl. 352

BAGHAYERI Abd-al-Razzaq; Teheran; 1910 (1328 Islamic Calendar); Naqsha-ye Teheran va Bolukat-e Qalamro-ye Atraf-e on [Map of Teheran and Environs under its Jurisdiction]; Persian; 75 × 119 cm; covers: 34°50’-36°10’ N, 1°10’ W-1°20’ E of Teheran, here the prime meridian at about 51°30’ E. of Greenwich. Therefore those longitudes translate to 50°20’-52°50’ E; one graphical scale: 190 mm to 6 old Persian farsangs, natural scale 1: 200 000.988 Edare-ye Valayati-ye Dar-al-Khalafe [The Town Hall of the Capital]) instigated the making of this map for official use, and it was constructed by Baghayeri under the supervision of Majles-e Moshavere-ye Hokumati [Governmental Consulting Assembly]. Title is placed in the lower right, notes and scale in the upper right, corner. This map is based mainly on Baghayeri’s own surveys, but he has given his other sources as follows: 1) Map by Abd-al Rasoul Khan, the first to survey some of the civil parishes of Teheran and produce his map on a scale of about 1: 300 000 during the chancellorship of Amir Kabir (c. 1850); 2) Map by Abd-al-Ghaffar Najmal-Molk who first constructed his map of Teheran (see E. 637) and, thereafter, surveyed and mapped some of the districts close to Teheran on a scale of 1: 4000, which were never published; 3) Map by seven Persian officers, trained and supervised by the Austrian teacher Baron Letoner, who surveyed some other areas around Teheran and produced sketches on a scale of 1: 25 000; 4) Map by Wet, a German military tutor working at the Dar-al-Fonun College in Teheran during 1890-93, who surveyed and mapped areas north of the capital on a scale of 1: 12 500; 5) Map by Post Director A F Stahl from Germany entitled ‘Karte der Umgebung von Teheran’ (see E. 639). Baghayeri includes in his lengthy note the fact that he was assisted for a while by Mirza Reza Khan, a distinguished student of Dar-al-Fonun College. 988) The present author could not locate any original copy of this map, hence a facsimile, kept in his collection, has been illustrated. The maps described as sources 1, 3 and 4 could also not be traced.

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Pl. 349 (E. 637) Naqsha-ye Shahr-e Dar-al-Khalafa-ye Naseri Teheran [Map of the Naseri Capital City of Teheran], by Abd-al-Ghaffar (Najm-al-Molk), drawn by Soleyman Khan, Teheran, 1891; 129 × 132 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran S.28

Pl. 350 (E. 638) Téhéran Plan de l’Ark, by Dr. J B Feuvrier, Paris, 1899; this plate shows the second edition of 1906; 18 × 12 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 10075.i.23, second map, facing p. 398

Pl. 351 (E. 639) Karte der Umgegend von Teheran von A F Stahl [Map of the Surroundings of Teheran by A F Stahl], Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1900; 50.5 × 72.5 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: PGM, vol. 46, 1900, map (Tafel 6) facing p. 56

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Pl. 352 (E. 640) Map of Teheran and Environs under its Jurisdiction, by Abd-al-Razzaq Baghayeri, in Persian, Teheran, 1910; Size: 75 × 119 cm; Facsimile in the Author’s Collection

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Yazd (Yezd), a major historic city from the fifth century (Sasanid period), stands on a plain about 1240 m above sea level, with a desert climate. It lies in central Persia, 310 km southeast of Isfahan, on the main road to Kerman. During the Arab invasion the inhabitants paid a religious capitation tax to Islamic authorities, to be allowed to practice their old religion Zoroastrianism. Thus it remains a Zoroastrian centre to this date, though the majority of the people were later converted to Islam. Besides the remains of an ancient wall the city has many important old mosques and mausoleums. The Friday mosque has perhaps the highest minarets in Persia.989 989) For more information on Yazd see: a) Loghat-Nameh, new edition, Teheran, 1994, vol. 14, entry ‘Yazd’, pp. 21020-21; b) Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1981 edition, vol. X, entry ‘Yazd’, p. 806.

E. 641

This plan shows the city of Yazd and vicinity, with nineteen points of interest numbered and described below it; leper enclosure marked. Title placed in the upper right corner, scale in the midlower part, of the sheet. 990) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.37; it is included in the Mémoires de la Société de Géographie, Tome VII.

MS

PORTER Robert Ker; Persia; 1818-20; Remains in the Valley of Moorg-aub (Morghab), supposed to be those of the Ancient City of Pasargadae; English; sketch: 23 × 18 cm, sheet: 40 × 34.5 cm.993 Title and description of the points of interest are written below the sketch; a single pillar drawn on the right margin, and a view of some ruins in the lower part of the sheet. There is also an inscription in cuneiform writing above the sketch. A simplified version of this sketch was engraved to be included in Porter’s book, which lacks the single pillar, the view of ruins, and the cuneiform inscription.994 993) Porter, MS original, vol. 1, folio 55. 994) Porter, printed book, vol. 1, plate 12, facing p. 486.

Pl. 353

SOCIÉTÉ DE GÉOGRAPHIE, ERHARD FRÈRES engravers, JANSON printer; Paris; 1859; Plan de la Ville de Iezd; French; 17 × 15 cm; one graphical scale: 47.6 mm to 200 m, or 1: 4 200.990

Pl. 354

E. 644

Pl. 355

LOFTUS William Kennett; London; 1857; Plan of the Great Hall of Columns at Susa; English; 14 × 10 cm; one graphical scale: 67 mm to 200 feet, natural scale approximately 1: 900.995 Four different positions of columns, which were investigated during the excavation works, are described below the map: 1) Column bases or basement slabs actually discovered; 2) Positions of columns not sought for; 3) Column bases with trilingual inscriptions; 4) Position of a column, no portion of which was found. Title and scale placed in the right margin; mountains hachured; column bases shown in the form of a circle or square. 995) Loftus p. 366.

Historical Sites: E. 645 There are many ancient historical sites and ruins in Persia, some of which have been mapped during our chosen time-span, particularly by European archaeologists, explorers and travellers. A selected number of these maps with some cartographic merit, other than those already described as part of a city or town, are noted in the following 11 entries.

E. 642

MS

ANONYMOUS; perhaps Persia; about 1645; Fortresse de Kismi (Qeshm); French/Dutch; south and north views of the Fortress in total 7 × 53 cm, sheet containing two views and memoirs: 40 × 53 cm.991 These two views of a fortress on the island of Qeshm have been drawn by the same unknown Dutch artist, who produced several other MS drawings, four of which described in the chapter ‘Persian Gulf.992 They are followed by a lengthy hand-written memoir on the same sheet, dated 23rd February 1645. 991) MS in the BL: IOR X/414/866. 992) For a general description of a series of Dutch manuscripts, including this one, see E. 253, Ref. 415. For the other four MS drawings by the same artist, described in this volume, see E. 253 (Pl. 142), E. 254, E. 303 (Pl. 175), and E. 304 (Pl. 176).

DIEULAFOY Marcel-Auguste,996 MOREL A publisher; Paris; 1885; Plan de la Vallée de Firouz-Abâd; French; 11 × 15 cm.997 This shows an ancient site of Firouz-Abâd and some other ruins, part of the river Khuunaïligän and the surrounding mountains. Title placed in the lower margin; mountains hachured. 996) For more information about Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy see the description preceding E. 148. 997) Dieulafoy Marcel-Auguste, vol. 2, part 4, figure 51 on p. 64.

E. 646

Pl. 356

MORGAN Jacques de, LEROUX Ernest publisher; Paris; 1895; Kasr-i-Chirin (Qasr-i-Shirin)998; French; 20 × 26 cm; natural scale 1: 10 000.999 In this plan west is at the top; river Holouan (Halvan) and sites of the ancient ruins are shown, such as ‘Amarat-i-Khosrov’ [King’s Palace, or King’s Building], etc (see ‘King’s Palace’ in detail in E. 647). 998) Qasr-i-Shirin [Shirin’s Palace], an ancient place on the right bank of the River Halvan (Xalmanu) approximately 180 km west of Kermanshah, was built as a city by the Sasanid King ‘Khosro-Parviz’ (ruled 595-628), allegedly

Pl. 353 (E. 641) Plan de la Ville de Iezd (Yazd), Société de Géographie, Paris, 1859; 17 × 15 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran S/S.37

Pl. 354 (E. 643) MS Remains in the Valley of Moorg-aub (Morghab), supposed to be those of the Ancient City of Pasargadae, the MS by Sir Robert Ker Porter, 1818-20; sheet: 40 × 34.5 cm, sketch only: 23 × 18 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Additional MS 14758, vol. 1, folio 55

town maps, historical sites 353

Pl. 355 (E. 644) Plan of the Great Hall of Columns at Susa, by W K Loftus, London, 1857; 14 × 10 cm (excluding legend); By Permission of the British Library: W4.5812, map on p. 366

Pl. 356 (E. 646) Kasr-i-Chirin (Qasr-i-Shirin), by Jacques de Morgan, Paris, 1895; 20 × 26 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51140.(7.), folio 8

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town maps, historical sites

Pl. 357 (E. 647) Palais de Khosrov à Kasr-i-Chirin, by Jacques de Morgan, Paris, 1895; 42.5 × 26.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51140.(7.), folio 10

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for his beloved ‘Shirin’. The love story of Khosro and Shirin entered Persian literature through the renowned poet Nezami and others. The remnants of a few Sasanid buildings and monuments still stand, e.g. the ruins of the Citadel of Khosro with its fortification and moat, which is a good example of the Sasanid military buildings, and of the summer residence of the King. Jacques de Morgan surveyed and mapped these ruins and described them in detail in his book Mission Scientifique en Perse, Paris, 1895. 999) Morgan Jacques de, Mission Scientifique en Perse, Paris, 1895; loose copy of the map in the BL: Maps 51140.(7.), folio 8.

E. 647

Pl. 357

MORGAN Jacques de, LEROUX Ernest publisher; Paris; 1895; Palais de Khosrov à Kasr-i-Chirin (see Ref. 998); French; 42.5 × 26.5 cm; natural scale 1: 1000.1000 This is a plan (west at the top) of the ruins of the King’s Palace, including the east and north façades, and east-west and south-north cross-sections, etc. 1000) Morgan Jacques de, Mission Scientifique en Perse, Paris, 1895; loose copy of the map in the BL: Maps 51140.(7.), folio 10.

E. 648

Pl. 358

MORGAN Jacques de, LEROUX Ernest publisher; Paris; 1895; Kal’a-i-Tchouar Kapi [Qal`a-ye Char-Kapi, translating as: Fourgate Citadel, or Square Citadel with four gates]; French; 18 × 12 cm; natural scale 1: 1000. This shows the plan of the ancient Citadel (Castle) in Qasr-i-Shirin, which is a good example of the well-developed military buildings during the reign of the Sasanids (around 600). A full description of these ruins can be found in Morgan’s book.1001 For description of the compound see Ref. 998. 1001) Morgan Jacques de, Mission Scientifique en Perse, Paris, 1895; loose copy of the map in the BL: Maps 51140.(7.), folio 12.

E. 649

Pl. 359

SYKES Percy Molesworth, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1911; Plan of Isfarayin; English; 10 × 17 cm; one graphical scale: 37 mm to 600 yards, natural scale given 1: 15 000. Isfarayin (Isfarayen) was an ancient fortified town in Nishapur district in Khorasan. It was plundered in 1219 by the Mongols, and once more in 1597 by the Uzbeks. Ruins of Jami Masjid and Bazaar in Isfarayin are shown; title and scale in the upper left corner. This sketch is included in the paper ‘A Sixth Journey in Persia: a) A Tour in Ancient Parthia; b) Nishapur and Turshiz; by Major P M Sykes…’ published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.1002 See also E. 507; for more information about P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 1002) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 37, 1911 (Jan.-June), map: p. 7, text on pp. 1-19; copy in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 37, 1911.

E. 650 SYKES Percy Molesworth, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1911; Plan of Parás; English; 12 × 10.5 cm; one graphical scale: 27 mm to 500 yards, natural scale given 1: 10 000. Sykes visited the ruins of ancient Paras, about 22 km from Gonbad-i-Qabus in northwestern Khorasan, during his sixth journey to Persia. This sketch is included in the paper ‘A Sixth Journey in Persia... by Major P M Sykes’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.1003 It shows Mazzar-i-Bibi (Tomb of Bibi) and the Ark (Arg); title and scale placed in the upper right corner; natural scale disagrees with the graphical scale. See also E. 507; for more information about P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 1003) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 37, 1911 (Jan.-June), map on p. 13, text on pp. 1-19; copy in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 37, 1911.

E. 651

Pl. 360

SYKES Percy Molesworth, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1911; Sketch showing Alexander’s Barrier, Gunbad-i-Kábus and the city of Gurgán; English; 8 × 10 cm; one graphical scale: 25.4 mm to 2000 yards, natural scale 1: 72 000. This sketch is included in the paper ‘A Sixth Journey in Persia...’ by Major P M Sykes, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS1004 (see also E. 507). It shows Alexander’s Barrier (Sadd-i-Sekandar, or Kizil Alang), etc.; title and scale placed in the lower left corner. See also E. 507; for more information about P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 1004) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 37, 1911 (Jan.-June), map on p. 15, text on pp. 1-19; copy in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 37, 1911.

E. 652 SYKES Percy Molesworth, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1915; Sketch of Márán Kala; English; 9.5 × 9.5 cm; one graphical scale: 40 mm to 5 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 200 000. This sketch is included in the paper ‘A Seventh Journey in Persia: a) Bujnurd, Nardin and Kala-Márán, b) Darragaz, by Lieut.-Col. P M Sykes’ published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.1005 This site, lying north of the city of Shahrud, near Ramian, is also called ‘Site of Dara’. Title placed in the upper left, scale in the lower left, corner; heights given in feet. See also E. 509; for more information about P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 1005) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 45, 1915 (Jan.-June), map on p. 360, text on pp. 357-371. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, GJ-RGS, vol. 45, 1915.

town maps, historical sites

357

Pl. 358 (E. 648) Kal’a-i-Tchouar Kapi (Qal`a-ye Char-Kapi, translating as: Four-gate Citadel, or Square Citadel with four gates), by Jacques de Morgan, Paris, 1895; 18 × 12 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 51140.(7.), folio 12

Pl. 359 (E. 649) Plan of Isfarayin, by Percy M Sykes, published by the RGS, London, 1911; 10 × 17 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: GJ-RGS, vol. 37, 1911 (Jan.-June), map on p. 7

Pl. 360 (E. 651) Sketch showing Alexander’s Barrier, Gunbad-i-Kábus and city of Gurgán, by Percy M Sykes, published by the RGS, London, 1911; 8 × 10 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: GJ-RGS, vol. 37, 1911 (Jan.-June), map on p. 15

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political, transport/communication, and tribal maps

359

CHAPTER EIGHT POLITICAL, TRANSPORT/COMMUNICATION, AND TRIBAL MAPS

Section One: Political and Military Maps

In 1729 Ibrahim Muteferrika (1674-1744) produced a map entitled ‘Mamalik-i-Iran’ [The States of Iran], which is another example of such political maps of Persia. He was of Hungarian origin, residing in Constantinople, and later became an influential statesman and introduced the printing press to the Ottoman’s domain. Muteferrika copied his map of Persia from Homann’s ‘Imperii Persici’ of 1724, but replaced Homann’s decorative title cartouche with a lengthy geographical description of Persia. He also drew a second frontier line between Persia and Turkey from the northeastern corner of the Sea of Azov to the Persian Gulf, annexing a large part of the Caucasus – then under Persian rule – and a major section of western Persia to the Ottoman territories. The inscription above this line in Old Turkish can be translated as ‘The Boundary of the Ottoman State’. Apparently he was referring to a short period of time when the Ottoman army had easily advanced inside Persia following the disintegration of the Safavid Empire. One may, therefore, assume that Muteferrika made this map in haste for political reasons (perhaps for producing a document of ownership). This map has also been described and illustrated in General maps of Persia.1006b

Historical Background Many maps of Persia have a political connection, such as the frontier maps, which were described in Chapter Five, and most of the general maps of Persia produced from the early nineteenth century to 1872 showing Baluchistan as a separate country. During the reign of the Safavids, Makran (Baluchistan) and a major section of Afghanistan were integral parts of the Persian Empire, with Kabul (Kabulistan) enjoying some internal sovereignty. In the early nineteenth century Britain, by then firmly established in India, aimed at creating a buffer state – the present Afghanistan – in order to protect India from Russian expansionism. As Persia did not agree with this plan, and invaded Herat to quell any rebellion, Britain put pressure on the Persian government by threatening to make Makran a separate state under its own control. In 1856, the British navy attacked Bushehr in the Persian Gulf to achieve its objective. From the third decade of the nineteenth century, therefore, British cartographers produced new maps of Persia, showing Makran and a part of Kerman as a new separate country, called ‘Baluchistan’. Since Great Britain (Survey of India) had actually become the sole authority on contemporary geographical information of this region, nearly every western mapmaker copied the British maps showing Persia, with its southeast corner substantially curtailed, and depicting Baluchistan as an independent country. Although the dispute was actually settled in 1856-57, by Persia retreating from Herat, and Britain dropping its territorial claim on Makran and evacuating Bushehr as well, these distorted maps were still being published in large numbers. Only in 1872 when the Goldsmid Commission, which acted as arbiter, established the greater part of the Persian borders with Afghanistan and British Baluchistan, did production of these maps come to an end. A good example of such distorted (political) maps was that produced by John Dower in London in 1850, entitled ‘Iran or Persia’, on which a long narrow strip of the Persian coast was marked by a dotted line, with a note reading: “The coloured district on the south coast of Persia belongs to the Imam of Mascut.” This statement must have been the result of a deliberate misreading of an agreement between the Shah of Iran and the Imam of Mascut about a short term lease of that strip of coast for a yearly rent: this never materialized. This map is described and illustrated in General Maps of Persia.1006a

The diplomatic and commercial rivalry between Russia and Great Britain in Persia continued during the second half of the nineteenth and early years of the twentieth century (known as the Great Game), in which Sir Percy Sykes of Great Britain played a delicate and effective role.1006c In 1907 the Anglo-Russian Convention established exclusive spheres of influence in Persia for those two superpowers of the region at that time, in order to put an end to this rivalry. As a result a new series of political maps of Persia appeared showing these zones of influence, a good example of which was constructed by N Passek, the Russian Consul General in the Persian Gulf area in 1907, which has been described and depicted in General maps of Persia.1006d The Government of Persia rejected this agreement vehemently, and it was abandoned in 1917 due to the Russian Revolution. These and other political maps were mainly produced during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Their number is limited, but they are most useful to historians and other researchers. The next 19 Entries describe and partly illustrate a fair selection of such maps.

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Pl. 361 (E. 656) Rough Sketch of the Peninsula on which Bushire is situated shewing the landing place and different positions of the force from the 7th to the 10th Dec. 1856 when the place surrendered, Survey of India, Calcutta, 1857; 35.5 × 37.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3113

1006) a: Alai, 2005, E. 285, Pl. 152, pp. 211-212; b: Alai, 2005, E. 405, Pl. 192, pp. 275-276; c: Antony Wynn, Persia in the Great Game: Sir Percy Sykes..., London, 2003; d: Alai, 2005, E. 372, Pl. 179, pp. 257-258.

1007) Jesu. (Jesuits) Missionary Society, Der neue Welt-Bott mit allerhand Nachrichten..., 1732, Augsburg & Graz; vol. 3, chapter 12, map facing p. 1.

E. 654 E. 653 KRUSINSKI Judas Thaddaeus, PHILIPS MARTINES UND VEITH publisher; Augsburg/Graz; 1732; Schau-Bühne des letztern Kriegs in dem Königreich Persien biss auf das Jahr 1729, zufolg dern Nachrichten R P Judae Thaddaei Krusinski Soc. Jesu. Missionarij [Theatre of the latest war in the Kingdom of Persia until the year of 1729, according to the information of R[everend] P Judas Thaddaeus Krusinski of Jesu[its] Missionary Society]; German/Latin ; 22 × 25.5 cm; covers: 28°-47° N, 61°-87° / 64°-86° E. of Ferro; two graphical scales: 66 mm to 90 Milliaria Germanica, to 120 Milliaria Gallica, natural scale c. 1: 3 600 000 (catalogue of ÖNB, Vienna).1007 Campaign Routes of the Afghans from Candahar (Qandahar) to Ispahan (Isfahan), once direct and once via Kerman (Kirman) are marked by dotted lines. Title and scale placed in the upper right corner.

ARROWSMITH1008a John cartographer, MURRAY John publisher; London; 1836; Sketch of the Acquisitions of Russia since the Accession of Peter 1st to the Throne; English; 44 × 61 cm; covers: above 35° N, 5°-85° / 13°-75° E; scale 1¼ inch to 200 miles, natural scale 1: 10 137 600.1008b Covers a large area from Western Europe eastward to Central Asia, and from Scandinavia southward to the Mediterranean and Persia. All the acquisitions of Russia in Europe and Asia since the rule of Peter the Great have been shown, including a major part of the Caucasus which was taken from Persia, following two successive Perso-Russian wars in the early decades of the nineteenth century. This map is based on a Russian map of 1828, 56 × 100 cm, covering above 30° N, 24°-77° / 27°-67° E. of Ferro.1009 1008) a: The name of John Arrowsmith did not appear in the first edition of this map which was included in Sir John MacNeill’s anonymous book Progress and present position of Russia..., but only in the second edition of his book (1838) and later. For detailed information on the history and different states

political, transport/communication, and tribal maps of this map see Imago Mundi, 41, 1989, article ‘The London Atlas of Universal Geography from John Arrowsmith to Edward Stanford...’, by Francis Herbert, pp. 105, 106; b: Copy in TNA, England: FO 925/4063, folio 42. 1009) Copy in TNA, England: FO 925/4063, folio 64.

361

the Gulf of Oman. General directions followed by Arms Caravans, as reported by Captain McConaghey, are marked. Title and legend placed in the upper right corner. 1014) Copy in the BL: Maps 51140.(16.)

E. 655

MS

EAST INDIA COMPANY; perhaps Persia; 1856; Rough Plan of the Line of Sail of the Fleet and Line of March of the Army upon Bushire (Bushehr), and Position of each Vessel on the 10th December 1856 on the evening of which day that place surrendered; English; sheet 1 (map and legend): 21 × 26 cm, sheet 2 (title) to which sheet 1 is pasted: 41 × 26 cm; centred on 29° N and 51° E; one graphical scale: 75 mm to 6 nautical miles (1 inch to 2 miles), natural scale approximately 1: 145 840.1010 This sketch map shows the peninsula of Bushire (Bushehr) and the surrounding areas, with positions (A – N) of line of sail, and (a – k) of ships, marked and described in sheet 1; title, etc. appear in the lower part of sheet 2. Regarding the mapmaker, it is noted: “drawn by an officer of the H[onourable] E[ast] I[ndia] Company Corvette Falkland”. There is also a lithographed version of it, produced in 1867.1011 1010) MS in the BL: Add. MS 57695, sheet 1. 1011) See E. 658.

E. 656

Pl. 361

SURVEY OF INDIA, HILL John Major, SMITH H M lithographer; Calcutta; 1857; Rough sketch of the peninsula on which Bushire is situated shewing the landing place and different positions of the force, From the 7th to the 10th Dec. 1856 When the place surrendered; English; 35.5 × 37.5 cm; one graphical scale: 254 mm to 15 miles (1 inch to 1½ miles), or 1: 95 040.1012, 1013 This sketch map has been signed by Major John Hill, the Commanding Engineer of the Persian Field Force, and Major Thuillier, Deputy Surveyor-General. It was lithographed by H M Smith at the Surveyor-General’s Office in Calcutta in January 1857. East is at the top; title, scale and references placed in the lower right part of the map.

E. 658

Pl. 362

WAR OFFICE, SMITH H M lithographer; Dehra Dun, lithographed in Calcutta; 1867; Sketch of the Attack on Bushire, Dec. 10, 1856; English; 32 × 25.5 cm; two graphical scales 128 mm to 3 miles, 148 mm to 6000 yards (1 inch to 1000 yards), or 1: 36 000.1015 This sketch is the lithographed version of an original manuscript drawn in 1856 (described in E. 655). It was lithographed at the Surveyor-General’s Office in Calcutta in 1867.1016 Graphical scales differ slightly from the given natural scale; Persian defences and British ships are marked; soundings given in fathoms in low waters; title placed in the upper part, scales in the lower left, corner. 1015) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3114. 1016) See also E. 656.

E. 659

Pl. 363

WAR OFFICE (TOPOGRAPHICAL SECTION, GENERAL STAFF); London; 1908; Persian Gulf and Adjacent Countries; English; 73 × 59 cm; covers: 15°-40° N, 42°-69° / 46°30’-67° E; two graphical scales: 73 mm to 200 miles, 49.5 mm to 200 km (1 inch to 64 miles), or 1: 4 055 040.1017 The title of this map is misleading as it is a general map of Persia, on which the borders of the Russian and British zones of influence in Persia, agreed by Russia and Great Britain in August 1907, are marked. There is a ‘Note’ about sovereignty of certain areas; TSGS Series No. 2385 is noted on the map; title and references printed in the lower left corner, scales in the lower margin. A later state of this map with additions, omitting the ‘Note’, appeared in 1911.1018 1017) Copy in the BL: IOR X/10027, 1908 state; copy in the RGS: Map Room, G.24. 1018) Copy in the BL: IOR X/10026, 1911 state; copy in the RGS: Map Room, G.24.

1012) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3113. 1013) See also E. 655 and E. 658.

E. 660 E. 657 SURVEY OF INDIA, INTELLIGENCE BRANCH; Calcutta; 1907; Plan to illustrate the routes available for the Arms Trade through the Persian Mekran Coast; English; 64 × 92 cm; one graphical scale: 111 mm to 70 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), natural scale 1: 1 013 760.1014 This map was made by the Survey of India for the Intelligence Branch in March 1907. It covers an area from Kerman and BandarAbbas in the west to British Baluchistan (present Pakistan) in the east, and shows the Persian coast from the Strait of Hormoz along

WAR OFFICE, INTELLIGENCE DIVISION, MAUNSELL F R Captain; London; 1916; Country North of the Persian Gulf; English; 51 × 56 cm; one graphical scale: 107 mm to 100 miles, natural scale about 1: 1 500 000.1019 This map, showing southwest Persia and Mesopotamia, was first produced in 1894, lithographed at the Intelligence Division of the War Office. Later reprints, with additions and corrections, appeared in January 1904, September 1904, November 1915 and August 1916. This latest state (August 1916, IDWO No. 1060) shows the position of the British forces (red circles), position of the Russian forces (red double-circles), and the position of the

Pl. 362 (E. 658) Sketch of the Attack on Bushire, Dec. 10, 1856, War Office, lithographed by H M Smith in Calcutta in 1867; 32 × 25.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3114

Pl. 363 (E. 659) Persian Gulf and Adjacent Countries, showing the zones of influence of Russia and Great Britain in Persia, by Topographical Section of General Staff, War Office, London, 1911 state; 73 × 59 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/10026

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363

Turkish forces (green circles) in August 1916 during World War I. Railways, frontiers, roads passable by wheeled traffic, mule tracks and navigable portions of rivers are shown. Title, scale, legend, a glossary of Turkish terms, etc. printed in the lower left corner.

ers: 22°-43° (left side) and 2°-43° (right side) N, 40°-76° (top side) and 70°-84° (bottom side) E; two graphical scales: 53 mm to 400 km, 48 mm to 200 English geographical miles, natural scale given 1: 7 500 000.1022

1019) Copy in TNA, England: FO 925/17114; for description see Jewitt (1992), pp. 196-197.

The basic map comes from Stieler’s Hand-Atlas to which the information, related to the subject of the map, has been added. In particular, the distribution of troops – infantry, cavalry and artillery – of Russia and England is well marked. A short text ‘Militärstatistischen Begleitworten’ [Military-statistical accompanying text] was printed on a separate sheet. There are three inset maps: 1) upper right corner, ‘Das Wachstum des Russischen und Englischen Machtgebietes in Asien, 1900’ [The Growth of the Russian and English Power Zones in Asia, 1900], showing the continent of Asia, power zones depicted in different colours, 14 × 16 cm, conical projection; 2) below inset 1, ‘Südwest Deutschland zum Vergleiche mit der Hauptkarte [Southwest Germany for comparison with the main map], 8.5 × 9 cm, same scale as the main map; 3) lower left corner, ‘Afghanistan und Russisch-Englische Grenzgebiete’, drawn by V Geyer, showing ‘Feldzüge und Expeditionen der Engländer gegen die Grenzstämme Nordwest-Indiens, 1895-98’ [Campaigns and Expeditions by the English against the Northwest India border-tribes], 30 × 34 cm, scale 1: 4 000 000.

E. 661

partly MS

RUSSIAN GENERAL STAFF, WILSON C W Major; Russia; earlier than 1875; Russian Military Map of Persia; Russian; map in three sheets: sh. 1: 84 × 87 cm, sh. 2: 55 × 82 cm, sh. 3: 74 × 125 cm.1020 This is a part of a Russian military map, copied by Major Wilson, with some descriptions and notes in English added. There is a note attached to this map, written and signed by him, dated January 12, 1875: “My dear Mr. Hertslet, I forward you herewith for the Foreign Office, a copy of part of a Russian military map of Persia which was lent to me by Khanikof. Might I ask you to consider it as a confidential document. The new information has been incorporated in major part of this map of Persia prepared for the India Office. Yours sincerely, W Wilson” It is a detailed map, printed on a number of smaller pieces of paper, joined together and pasted on three sheets of supporting paper: sheet 1) showing West and Central Persia, including Teheran, Isfahan and Shiraz; sheet 2) showing Southeast Persia, including Yazd and Kerman; sheet 3) showing Northeast Persia, including Astarabad, Khorasan and western Afghanistan. 1020) Copy in TNA, England: FO 925/2692 (3 sheets).

E. 662 HOME R Lieut.-Col.; India; 1876; Sketch Map to illustrate probable concentration and lines of operation in the event of an occupation of Asia Minor by Russia; English; 95 × 56 cm; covers: 27°30’-47°30’ N, 37°-52° E; one graphical scale: 142 mm to 200 miles (1 inch to 36 miles), natural scale 1: 2 289 960.1021 This map covers the Caucasus, West Persia, Iraq, and part of Asia Minor and Syria. It was lithographed for Lord Salisbury’s Mission, 1876-77, at the Quarter Master General’s Department, under the direction of Lieut.-Col. R Home. Title, scale and references printed in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. 1021) Copy in TNA, England: MPKK1/15, map 4.

E. 663 LANGHANS Paul Prof., PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1902; Politisch-Militärische Karte von Afghanistan, Persien, und Vorder-Indien, zur Veranschaulichung des Vordringens der Russen und Engländer [Politico-Military Map of Afghanistan, Persia and Nearer India (Western India), to illustrate the Advances of the Russians and the English]; German; 67 × 58 cm; cov-

1022) Copy in the BL: Maps 51850.(4.).

E. 664

Pl. 364

MS

DOUGLAS J A Lieut.-Col., Persia; 1904; sheet 1: Sketch of ground round Gumbad-i-Kabus, sheet 2: (detail) Plan of Russian fortified post at Gumbad-i-Kabus from a Persian map; English; sheet 1: 33 × 28.5 cm, sheet 2: 45.5 × 63 cm; scales: sheet 1: one graphical scale: 101 mm to 1000 yards (1 inch to 250 yards) or 1: 9000, sheet 2: one graphical scale: 94 mm to 100 yards (1 inch to 27 yards) or 1: 972.1023 The first MS sketch (sheet 1) shows the Russian fortified post, settlement of Russian subjects, Persian Cossacks (Soldiers), Persian Settlement, etc., all lying on the east side of River Jurjan (Gurgan, or Gorgan). Title and scale placed in the lower part of the sketch. It is signed by Lieut.-Col. J A Douglas, the [British] Military Attaché and dated 22nd March 1904. The second MS sketch (sheet 2), signed and dated as the first, shows the Russian fortified post on a much larger scale, with title and scale placed in the upper left corner. According to a note in the lower left corner of this sketch the perimeter of Enclosure ‘A’ (southeastern corner of the Post) is 280 m, of Section ‘B’ of the Post 840 m, and of Section ‘C’ 410 m. Total perimeter of the Post 1300 m, and the total inside area 61 200 sq. m. 1023) MS in TNA, England: FO 925/36001.

E. 665

Pl. 365

ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY; London; 1907; SketchMap illustrating the Convention between Great Britain and Russia in regard to Persia ---- Boundaries of Zones defined by

Pl. 364 (E. 664) MS map on the right side (sheet 1): Sketch of ground round Gumbad-i-Kabus; MS map on the left side (sheet 2): (detail) Plan of Russian fortified post at Gumbad-i-Kabus from a Persian map; both by J A Douglas, Persia, 1904; sheet 1: 33 × 28.5 cm, sheet 2: 45.5 × 63 cm; Courtesy of the The National Archives, England: FO 925/36001

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political, transport/communication, and tribal maps

Pl. 365 (E. 665) Sketch map illustrating the Convention between Great Britain and Russia in regard to Persia ---- Boundaries of Zones defined by the Convention, RGS, London, 1907; 13.5 × 13 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: GJ-RGS, vol. 30, 1907 (July-Dec.), map on p. 558

Pl. 366 (E. 666) Anglo-Russian Spheres of Enterprise in Persia, by the Edinburgh Geographical Institute and J G Bartholomew, appeared in the Statesman’s Year Book, London, 1908; 16.5 × 20.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection

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the Convention; English; 13.5 × 13 cm; covers: 24°-41° N, 43°-65° / 45°-63° E; one graphical scale: 32 mm to 300 miles, natural scale given 1: 15 000 000 (1 inch to 237 miles). This map was made by the RGS to illustrate ‘Great Britain and Russia in Asia’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.1024 Title placed below the map; scale in the lower left corner. As this is an important political map of the time, being copied in the Western World by numerous mapmakers from 1907 until 1917 (the year of the Russian Revolution), quoting the respective text in full would surely be useful for a better understanding of it: “The convention signed at St. Petersburg on August 31, 1907, by Sir A. Nicholson and the Russian minister of foreign affairs, M. A. Iswolski, deals with the various questions respecting the respective territories and spheres of influence in Asia – questions which have been at issue, either actually or potentially, between the two Powers for a number of years. Most of these are now definitively settled by the recent agreement, and it is to be hoped that it will enable the two nations to pursue their respective paths in the Asiatic continent without fear of mutual friction or complications. In some respects the part of the convention relating to Persia is of the most importance. The two governments, while pledging themselves to respect the independence of that country, have come to an agreement respecting the portions of its territory which are in future to be reserved, respectively, for the exercise of British and Russian influence. The accompanying sketch-map indicates the lines by which these areas are bounded. Great Britain engages ‘not to seek for herself and not to support in favour of British subjects, or of the subjects of third Powers, any concessions of a political or commercial nature – such as concessions for railways, banks, telegraphs, roads, transport, insurance, etc. – beyond a line starting from Kasr-i-Shirin, passing through Isfahan, Yezd, Kakhk, and ending at a point on the Persian frontier at the intersection of the Russian and Afghan frontiers; and also pledges herself not to oppose demands for similar concessions supported by the Russian Government. A precisely similar undertaking is given by Russia with regard to the south-east portion of Persia, ‘beyond a line going from the Afghan frontier [precise point not specified] by way of Gazik, Birjand, Kerman, and ending at Bunder Abbas.’ The places mentioned are, in each case, to be included in the area they are used to define...” This Convention was vehemently objected by the Persian (Iranian) government, and annulled following the Russian Revolution of 1917. Nevertheless several maps, copying these borders, appeared from 1907 onwards, such as the map published and discussed by Edward G Browne1025 (see E. 667 and Pl. 367). 1024) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 30, 1907 (July-Dec.), map on p. 558, text on pp. 557-559. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 30, 1907. 1025) Browne E G, The Persian Revolution 1905-09, 1910, pp. 172-195 ‘Anglo-Russian Agreement as seen through Persian Eyes’.

E. 666

English miles, natural scale 1: 10 137 600.1026 The British and Russian spheres of influence, according to the agreement of 1907 between Russia and Great Britain, are shown. Title placed in the upper margin; scale bar in the lower left corner. 1026) The Edinburgh Geographical Institute, Statesman’s Year Book, 1908, plate 5, at the front of the book. Copy in the BL: P.P. 3892, 1908.

E. 667

Pl. 367

BROWNE Edward Granville, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS publisher; Cambridge; 1910; Map shewing the three ‘Spheres’, defined in the Anglo-Russian Agreement of August 31, 1907; English; 17.5 × 23 cm; covers: 24°-40° N, 44°-72° / 46°30’70° E; no scale given. This sketch map was prepared to illustrate ‘Anglo-Russian Agreement as seen through the Persian Eyes’, chapter five of Browne’s book The Persian Revolution.1027 It shows the zones of influence of Russia and Great Britain in Persia according to the Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907. It seems to have been copied from the map which appeared in the Geographical Journal of the RGS in 1907 (see E. 665, Pl. 365). Title printed below the map, followed by a note: “It will be noticed that all the principle towns of Persia, except Dizful, Shushtar, Shiraz and Kirman, as well as the most fertile and populous part of the Country, are included in the ‘Russian Sphere’. The ‘British Sphere’ consists mostly of desert, and contains only one town of importance, viz., Kirman.” 1027) Browne E G, map facing p. 172.

E. 668

Pl. 368

GROTHE Hugo author, GEBAUER-SCHWETSCHKE printer, KELLER Heinrich publisher; Frankfurt, printed in Halle; 1911; Die politischen Interessen-Sphären. Die Telegraphlinien. Die Eisenbahnpläne [The Spheres of Political Interests (Zones of Influence). The telegraph lines. The projected railways.]; German; 15.5 × 16.5 cm; covers: 23°-40° N, 43°-67° / 45°-65° E; two graphical scales: 25.5 mm to 300 Russian Versts, 24 mm to 300 km, natural scale given 1: 12 500 000.1028 Shown here are the zones of influence in Persia agreed between Russia and Great Britain in 1907, the existing international telegraph lines, and the planned railways by the two superpowers of the region to be built in Persia. Title placed in the upper margin, legend in the lower left corner, and scales in the lower margin. The same map, with minor changes such as shortening of title to ‘Die politischen Interessen Sphären in Persien’, appeared in the Karl Andree’s Geographie des Welthandels, 1912, Frankfurt.1029

Pl. 366

EDINBURGH GEOGRAPHICAL INSTITUTE, BARTHOLOMEW J G; London/Edinburgh; 1908; Anglo-Russian spheres of enterprise in Persia; English; 16.5 × 20.5 cm; covers: 25°-39° N, 43°30’-65° / 44°-64° E; one graphical scale: 32 mm (1¼ inch) to 200

1028) Grothe, map 4 at the back of the book. 1029) Andree, vol. 2, map between pp. 252 and 253.

political, transport/communication, and tribal maps

Pl. 367 (E. 667) Map shewing the three ‘Spheres’, defined in the Anglo-Russian Agreement of August 31, 1907, by Edward Browne, Cambridge, 1910; 17.5 × 23 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 2356.d.4, map facing p. 172

Pl. 368 (E. 668) The Spheres of Political Interests (Zones of Influence), the telegraph lines, and the projected railways, by Dr. Hugo Grothe, Frankfurt, 1911; 15.5 × 16.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 010005.eee.25, map 4 at the back of the book

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Pl. 369: State 1 & State 2 (E. 670) Sketch Map of Persia and the Persian Gulf, General Staff, India, 1915; state one: New proposed boundary for the British Zone of Influence in Persia, which includes also the Neutral Zone, Isfahan and Kashan; state two: Alternative proposal for the British Zone, excluding Isfahan and Kashan; 29.5 × 28.5/34 cm each; By Permission of the British Library: IOR W/LPS/21/B51/1-2

political, transport/communication, and tribal maps E. 669 HANSLIK Dr., MUSIL A Prof., ÜBERSBERGER Hans Prof., K & K MILITÄR-GEOGRAPHISCHES INSTITUT (Austria); Vienna; 1914; Russlands und Englands orientpolitik in Persien und am persischen Golf [Russia’s and England’s eastern politics in Persia and on the Persian Gulf]; German; 24.5 × 29 cm; covers: 23°-44° N, 41°-75° / 45°-72° E; one graphical scale: 50 mm to 500 km, natural scale given 1: 10 000 000.1030 This map shows in particular: a) the borders of the ‘Zones of Influence’ of Russia and Great Britain in Persia, agreed upon between the two regional superpowers; b) the projected railways for Persia, by the same powers. This map was drawn to illustrate the article by Prof. Dr. A Musil and Prof. Dr. Übersberger, published in the Austrian Monthly Magazine for the Orient.1030 It was designed by lecturer Dr. Hanslik and published by the k & k Militär-geographisches Institut in Vienna. 1030) Österreichische Monatsschrift für den Orient, issue Jan.-Feb. 1914, map facing p. 50; text: ‘Zur Russischen Politik in Persien’, by Hans Übersberger, pp. 30-31.

E. 670

Pl. 369: State one and State two

GENERAL STAFF INDIA, GRANT A H; Simla; 1915; Sketch Map of Persia and Persian Gulf: State one: First line of boundaries including Isfahan and Kashan; State two: Second line of boundaries excluding Isfahan and Kashan; English; map in trapezoid form: each state: 29.5 × 28.5/34 cm, sheet: 34 × 42 cm; covers: 24°-40° N, 44°-64° E; one graphical scale: 80 mm to 300 miles (1 inch to 96 miles), natural scale 1: 6 082 560.1031

369

The two states of this map are revised proposals for further expansion of the ‘British Zone of Influence’ in Persia, originally agreed with Russia in 1907. The first state shows a merger of the old British Zone of Influence with the Neutral Zone, plus Isfahan and possibly Kashan taken from the Russian Zone. The second state excludes Isfahan and Kashan, leaving the Russian Zone nearly intact. These maps were sent by A H Grant, Foreign and Political Department, Simla to Sir Arthur Hirtzel, Secretary, Political Department, India Office, London, on 3rd September 1915, possibly for negotiation with the Russian government. Sub-titles and the proposed boundaries are manuscript. Main title printed in the upper right corner of the map, scale in the lower margin and the sub-titles for the two states, in the right margin of each map respectively. 1031) Copy in the BL: State one: IOR W/LPS/21/B51/1; State two: IOR W/ LPS/21/B51/2.

E. 671 W & AK JOHNSTON; Edinburgh/London; 1917; War Map of the Middle East, illustrating the Campaigns in Persia, Mesopotamia and the Caucasus; English; 52.5 × 84 cm; covers: 28°-46° N, 20°-62° / 24°-58° E; two graphical scales: 40 mm to 100 English miles, 37 mm to 150 km, natural scale 1: 4 000 000.1032 This detailed map shows a vast territory from Greece and Egypt in the west to the Aral Sea and eastern Persia in the east. It does not include extreme east and southern Persia. The ‘Zones of Influence’, agreed upon by Russia and Britain in 1907, are partly marked. Title appears in the upper margin; scales in the mid-lower part. 1032) Loose copy in the BL: Maps 971.(21.).

Section Two: Transport, Communication and Economic Maps Historical Notes In Chapter Six (Route Maps) the emphasis was on the roads travelled by relatively important personalities or groups, intending to show their routes, and mainly to illustrate their memoirs, reports, papers and travel accounts. This Section, however, includes road maps made to serve as a guide for trade and travelling, though a considerable overlap between the two groups – route maps and road maps – was inevitable. Persia has always been famous for its superb ancient network of roads. “The modern highway systems are a natural outgrowth of the ancient road systems. The earliest long distance road in use from approximately 3500 to 300 BC was the Persian Royal Road...”1033a “[The Royal Road] running from Susa, the ancient capital of Achaemenid Persia, across Anatolia to the Aegean Sea, a distance of more than 2400 km. Royal messengers who, according to Herodotus, were stopped by ‘neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor gloom of night’ traversed the entire road in nine days, thanks to a system of relays, [while] normal travel time was about three

months.”1033b “Communications throughout the [Persian] empire were better than any previous Near Eastern power had maintained. Over the all weather Royal road [and its branches] ran a governmental postal system based on relay stations with remounts and fresh riders located a day’s ride apart.”1033c During the Islamic period the status of the Persian roads declined. However, Shah Abbas ordered a range of caravanserais to be built along the major roads at certain distances to serve as secure resting and lodging centres. The modern postal system was founded in Persia in 1851 during the chancellorship of Amir-Kabir. In 1875 the Persian government employed Gustav von Reiderer from Austria to modernize the Persian post and to extend postal services to provinces and remote areas. The first telegraph line was installed in 1858 between Teheran and the royal palace Soltanieh, summer residence of the Shah near Teheran. Thereafter a line was laid between Teheran and Tabriz, later extended to Jolfa, connecting to the Russian telegraph network. Great Britain signed an agreement with the Persian government in December 1862 to build a telegraph line between

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Teheran and Bushehr, etc. In 1877 Persia became a member of the International Telegraph Union, predecessor of the International Telecommunication Union, as a requirement of which it had to employ an international expert as director of the post and telegraph office. A F Stahl of German origin, residing in St. Petersburg, was installed in this position for a few years. He produced a series of elaborate route (road) maps and geological maps, which have been described in the respective chapters of this volume (see description about Stahl preceding E. 496). The first railway, just 8 km long, was built in 1888 by Buatal Brothers of Belgium between Teheran and Shah Abd-al-Azim, south of Teheran. In 1915 railways from Jolfa on the Russian border to Tabriz (146 km), and from Sufiyan to Sharafkhaneh on the Urmia Lake (53 km), were constructed by the Russians as an extension of their own railways. In 1920 the British extended the Indian railway from Mir-Javeh at the border of Baluchistan to Zahedan (92 km). Thus, at the end of our chosen time-span (1925), only 299 km (about 186 miles) of railway existed in Persia. Several plans were presented by the superpowers of the region – Russia and Great Britain – to expand the Persian railways, connecting Europe to India by railway (Trans-Iranian Railways), which never materialized. However, during the rule of the Pahlavis and later the Iranian railways were noticeably expanded. Some other economic maps, which the present author came across during his lengthy investigations, have also been included in this Section. 1033) Encyclopaedia Britannica: a) vol. 15, p. 892; b) vol. VII, p. 891; c) vol. 9, p. 838.

E. 672

MS

ANONYMOUS; Persia; about 1800; untitled, A MS map on tracing paper of the Route (road) from Teheran through Meshed to Herat...; French; sheet 39 × 81 cm; scale: 1 inch to 40 miles, or 1: 2 534 400.1034 The route (road) extends in Afghanistan from Herat to Meimana, Andekhoye, Balkh, Khoulm, Korram, Serpeul, thence southward to Zerni, and thence north-westward back to Herat; also routes from Herat to Ferrah, Lake Seistan, Girrisk, and Kandahar are shown (place names as written on the MS). It is a fragile MS, with parts missing, pasted on strong supporting paper; many place names noted. 1034) MS in the BL: IOR X/3064. See also the catalogue of BL-IOR, X series.

The following four sheets are signed and dated (Endorsed: Ispahan Septr 1, 1840) by A H Layard: Sheet 1: North End; 19 × 14 cm, showing the road from Hamadan to Booroojerd (Borujerd); one graphical scale: 44 mm to 20 miles (2 inches to 23 miles), or 1: 728 640. Sheet 2: 20 × 25 cm, Showing the road from Booroojerd to Bornouabad; one graphical scale: 113 mm to 20 miles (2 inches to 9 miles), or 1: 285 120. Sheet 3: 20 × 25 cm, showing the road from Bornouabad to Adun; one graphical scale: 113 mm to 20 miles (2 inches to 9 miles), or 1: 285 120. Sheet 4: 17 × 21 cm, showing the road from Adun to Julfa-Isfahan; one graphical scale: 44 mm to 20 miles (2 inches to 23 miles), or 1: 728 640. 1035) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.5 (4 sheets)

E. 674

MS

ANONYMOUS surveyor and mapmaker; Persia; about 1850; The Country between Busheer and Teheran; English; 41 × 14.5 cm; covers: 28°30’-35°45’ N, 50°30’-53°30’ E; one graphical scale: 40 mm to 50 English miles, natural scale 1: 2 000 000 (catalogue of the SBB, Berlin).1036 The major alternative roads between Teheran and Busheer (Bushehr) in the mid-nineteenth century via Koom (Qom), Kashan, Ispahan and Shiraz are shown here. Title written in the upper margin; place names along the roads given; mountains shaded. 1036) MS in the SBB, Berlin: D-9480.

E. 675

MS

RYLAND H R, PESTONJEE Nowrojee copyist, GOLDSMID F J; first original perhaps prepared in Persia; 1862; Sketch of a Coast between Kurrachee (Karachi) and Bunder Abbas (Bandar Abbas), showing the site proposed by Major (later General) Goldsmid for the intended line of telegraph and stations, and the extent of the territory ruled by each chieftain; English; 56.5 × 90.5 cm; covers: 24°-30° N, 56°-67° E; scale 1 inch to 16 miles, or 1: 1 013 760.1037 A manuscript copy of the original on tracing cloth; title placed in the upper right corner. 1037) MS in the BL: IOR X/3085.

E. 673

MS

LAYARD Austin Henry; Persia; 1840; Route (Road) from Hamadan to Julfa [Isfahan] by A H Layard, 1840; English; MS map in 4 sheets, for size and scale see the description below.1035 This 4-sheet manuscript map shows the shortest road from Hamadan to Julfa, Isfahan, travelled and surveyed by A H Layard. Place names along the road noted; mountains hachured. Latitudinal and longitudinal lines are drawn diagonally.

E. 676 KHANIKOF (KHANIKOFF) Nikolai, SULZER J engraver, REIMER Dietrich publisher; Berlin; 1872; Routes in Persia in continuation of the Survey of Aderbeijan to the Environs of Ecbatana, explored in the year 1852 by N Khanikof; English, text in German; 14 × 40 cm; covers: 34°-36°35’ N, 47°15’-49° E, latitudinal and longitudinal lines diagonally drawn, longitudes E. of Paris also given; no scale given, heights in feet.1038a

political, transport/communication, and tribal maps

371

Pl. 370 (E. 677) Map of [proposed] Railways in Persia, through line from Teheran to Sukkur, by Sir R M Stephenson, London, 1878; 77 × 197 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 50980.(1.)

This is a map of the roads around and northwest of Hamadan, explored by Khanikof in 1852. The inscriptions on this map are in English, apparently for the benefit of English travellers. Title placed in the lower left part of the map. There is a text in German, relating to this map, entitled ‘Zur Karte der Routen von N Khanikoff in Meden’, written by H Kiepert.1038b 1038) Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, vol. 7, 1872: a) Tafel (Map) 1, p. 78; b) Text on pp. 78-79.

Cazveen axis to the Caspian Sea; English; 29 × 29 cm; scale 1 inch to 16 miles, or 1: 1 013 760.1040 Covers the Caspian provinces Gilan and part of Mazandaran to the Elburz (Alborz) Mountains and the Teheran-Qazvin axis, with the main roads and steamer routes marked. References (Legend) placed in the upper right corner; mountains hachured. 1040) Copy in the Library of Congress (loose maps of Persia).

E. 679 E. 677

Pl. 370

STEPHENSON Rowland Macdonald, CONNELL T lithographer; London; 1878; Carte des Chemins de Fer de l’Empire de Perse par Sir Rowland Macdonald, 1878 / Map of Railways in Persia, through line from Teheran to Sukkur, by Sir R M Stephenson, 1878; French/English; 77 × 197 cm (map in two sheets); two graphical scales: 158 mm to 150 km, to 100 miles, natural scale 1: 1 000 000.1039 This shows the proposed railways by Rowland Macdonald Stephenson from Teheran to Sukkur on the River Indus via Meshed (Mashhad), Herat and Candahar (Qandahar). This map covers an area from Teheran and Isfahan in the west to the Indus River in the east. The title and scale in French and English printed on the right and left sides of the map respectively. The projected railway is marked in red, but it was never built as proposed here. 1039) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.35 (two sheets); copy in the BL: Maps 50980.(1.), dissected, mounted on cloth as one sheet, and folded.

E. 678 HARRISON & SONS lithographer and printer; London; about 1880; untitled, showing main roads in the area north of Tehran-

MS

WELLS Henry L Captain; Persia; 1881/1882; Routes in south west Persia; English; map in four sheets; for secondary title, size, coverage and scale see the information below; place names along the routes noted, mountains contoured.1041 Sheet 1: Manuscript dated May 14, 1882; title ‘ Plane Table Sketch of a track between Ispahan and Shushter’; 43 × 59 cm; covers: 31°-33° N, 49°-52° E; one graphical scale: 159 mm to 50 miles (1: 506 880); title placed in the upper left part, scale in the lower right part, of the map. Sheet 2: Manuscript dated January 1882; title ‘Plane-Table Sketch No. 5 of Road from Ahwaz to Shiraz’; 47 × 72 cm; one graphical scale: 183 mm to 60 miles (1: 506 880). At the lower left part of this sheet ‘Sketch No. 4 of Obstruction to Navigation of Karun River at Ahwaz’ shows i.e. ‘ancient Masonry’; one graphical scale: 153 mm to 1000 yards (1: 6000). Sheet 3: MS sketch to accompany ‘Notes on Tours in Persia in 1881’, which shows the country around Lake Neris (Neyriz, or Bakhtegan); 39 × 50 cm; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 40 mile (1: 506 880); title placed in the upper left corner, scale bar in the mid-lower part, of the sheet. Sheet 4: Pencilled ‘Plan of Rock Cutting discovered at Kadam Gar in Murdasht [Marvdasht] May 1881’, 29 × 22 cm, with a small sketch in the upper right corner, showing a road from Shiraz to Marvdasht.

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A printed version of these four MS sketches in two sheets, prepared by Stanford’s Geographical Establishment, to illustrate the paper ‘Surveying tours in Southern Persia, by Captain H L Wells’, appeared in the Proceedings of the RGS, New Series, vol. 5 (No. 3, March 1883). These sketches describe the existing roads travelled and surveyed by Captain Wells.1042 1041) MS in four sheets in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.31. 1042) See E. 680.

E. 680

Pl. 371

WELLS Henry L Captain, STANFORD’S GEOGRAPHICAL ESTABLISHMENT, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London, 1883; Routes in South Western Persia surveyed in the years 1881 & 1882 by Captain H L Wells… Surveyed routes other than those followed by Captain Wells are shewn in skeleton; English; a two-sheet map: left sheet: 52.5 × 58 cm, right sheet: 52.5 × 64.5 cm, in total: 52.5 × 122.5 cm; covers: 29°-33° N, 48°30’55° E, latitudinal and longitudinal lines diagonally drawn; one graphical scale: 80 mm to 25 miles, natural scale 1: 506 880 (1 inch to 8 miles). This large route (road) map, with emphasis on describing the existing roads, was made to illustrate the paper ‘Surveying tours in Southern Persia, by Captain H L Wells’: 1) A journey round Lake Nerís (Neyriz, or Bakhtegan); 2) From Ispahan to Shuster (Shushtar); 3) Shuster to Shush and back, and thence to Ahwaz; 4) Ahwaz to Shiraz. It was based on a manuscript map by Capt. Wells, in four sheets, as described in E. 679, and published in the Proceedings of the RGS.1043 Title and scale placed in the upper left corner of sheet 1; place names and natural topographical features along Wells’ routes are noted; mountains hachured. There is one inset on the left side of sheet 1, entitled ‘Sketch of Obstruction to Navigation of Karun River at Ahwaz’, 21 × 22.5 cm, one graphical scale: 40 mm to 400 yards, natural scale approximately 1: 9150. There is also a ‘Plan of Rock Cutting discovered at Kadam Gah (Qadamgah) in Merv Dasht. May 1881’ on the upper right part of sheet 2. This plan, with a vertical cross-section of it, is measured 14 × 20 cm, scale: 1 inch to 20 feet, or 1: 240. 1043) Proceedings of the RGS, vol. 5, two-sheet map facing p. 184, text on pp. 138-163; loose copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/Div.8; loose copy in the SBB, Berlin: 9340; copy of the Proceedings in the BL: Maps 159, Pro-RGS, vol. 5, 1883.

E. 682

ANDREAS F C, STOLZE F, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1885; Übersichtkarte der Verkehrs-Verhältnisse von Persien [A General Map of the Transport Status of Persia]; German; 25.5 × 30.5 cm; covers: 24°30’-40°30’ N, 42°-67°30’ / 44°-65°30’ E; one graphical scale: 33.5 mm to 250 km, natural scale 1: 7 500 000. Prepared to illustrate the paper ‘Die Handelsverhältnisse Persiens, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der deutschen Interessen [Trade Status of Persia, with special consideration of German interests]’, by F Stolze and F C Andreas, appeared in the PGM.1045 The basic map was taken from Stielers Hand-Atlas, to which corrections and additions by the authors and the publisher have been applied. Main routes, telegraph lines and different methods of post (mail) noted. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. 1045) PGM, Ergänzungsband 17, Heft (fascicle) 77, 1885, text: pp. 1-86, map facing p. 86. Copy in the SBB, Berlin: S 9340; copy in the BL: P.P.3946, PGM, Ergänzungsband 17, Heft 77, 1885.

E. 683 ST. JOHN O Captain, WELLS H L Lieutenant-Colonel; Calcutta; 1890, printed 1891; Map of the road from Tehran to Bushire shewing the Persian section Indo European Telegraph; English; map in upper and lower sheets, 82 × 55 cm each, 164 × 55 cm in total, covers: 28°45’-36° N, 50°37’-53°37’ / 50°15’-53°30’ E; two graphical scales: 127 mm to 40 miles, 146 mm to 40 geographical miles (1 inch to 8 miles), or 1: 506 880, heights in feet.1046 This is the original survey by Captain St. John, based on astronomical observations by him and Pearson. Corrections made, and new roads added, up to 1890 by H L Wells, and photozincographed from an original supplied by the Director-General of Telegraph Department at the Survey of India Office in Calcutta in January 1891. It is a detailed map, showing the main road from Tehran to Bushire via Koom (Qom), Kashan, Isfahan, Abadeh, Shiraz and Kazerun. It also includes the telegraph lines. Title, references, and scales placed in the upper right corner of the upper sheet; mountains contoured; many place names and heights of major places and mountains noted. 1046) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.27.

E. 684 E. 681

MS

PREECE J R; Persia; 1884; Map of the Road from Shiraz to Jashk (Jask); English; 92 × 228 cm; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 20 miles (1 inch to 4 miles), or 1: 253 440.1044 A detailed road map on tracing paper, with place names alongside the road noted; mountains contoured; title placed in the upper left, scale in the lower left, corner. 1044) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.32.

Pl. 372

Pl. 373

RAUSCH von TRAUBENBERG Paul Freiherr [Baron] author, GEOGRAPHISCHE ANSTALT von WAGNER & DEBES cartographic printers, RAUSCH & GROSSE publisher; Halle; 1890; Karte der Verkehrswege Persiens. Mit Zugrundelegung der Karte von Stolze u[nd] Andreas [Map of the transport roads of Persia, based on the map of Stolze and Andreas]; German; 21 × 24.5 cm; covers: 25°30’-39° N, 44°-64°30’ / 45°45’-63°20’ E; one graphical scale: 40 mm to 300 km, natural scale 1: 7 500 000, heights in m.1047 This map, showing the main roads of the country around 1890, was prepared by Wagner & Debes to be included in Rausch von

political, transport/communication, and tribal maps

Pl. 371 (E. 680) Routes in South Western Persia surveyed in the years 1881 & 1882 by Captain H L Wells, published by the RGS, London, 1883; 52.5 × 122.5 cm (a two-sheet map); From the Author’s Collection: CA 261

373

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Pl. 372 (E. 682) Übersichtkarte der Verkehrs-Verhältnisse von Persien [A General Map of Transport Status of Persia], by F Stolze and F C Andreas, published by Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1885; 25.5 × 30.5 cm; By permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: PGM, Ergänzungsband 17, Heft 77, 1885, map facing p. 86

Traubenberg’s book Hauptverkehrswege Persien: Versuch einer Verkehrsgeographie dieses Landes. Title scale and legend placed in the lower left corner. 1047) Rausch von Traubenberg, map folded at the back of the book.

E. 685

Pl. 374

MACQUEEN Alex; Teheran; 1891; Persian Road and Transport Coy [Company] Plan to accompany General Report, March 1891; English; 39 × 29 cm.1048 Covers part of central and south-west Persia, and the existing and projected roads from Ahwaz to Teheran and to Isfahan via Khorramabad and Chalanchulan. It is noted that eleven caravanserais existed at that time between Chalanchulan and Isfahan. Title placed in the upper left part of the map; mountains hachured. 1048) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.22.

E. 686

MS

VAUGHAN H B Captain, THUILLIER H R Colonel, SURVEY OF INDIA; Dehra Dun; 1891; Sketch map showing Captain H

B Vaughan’s Reconnaissance in Persia during 1890-91; English; 62.5 × 39 cm; covers: 26°-37° N, 50°58° E; one graphical scale: 79 mm to 100 miles (1 inch to 32 miles), or 1: 2 027 520.1049a A different version of Vaughan’s map, two others of which are described as ‘Route Map’ in E. 492 and E. 493. It shows ‘Roads’ between Teheran and Bandar Lingah, Persian Gulf, mainly travelled and surveyed by Captain Vaughan during 1890-91. This map was constructed at the Simla Drawing Office, Survey of India, in September 1891. Captain Vaughan’s expedition routes are shown by continuous lines, routes of previous explorers and from hearsay by dotted lines. Title placed in the upper margin, scale in the lower left corner, notes etc. in the lower margin; mountains hachured. This MS map was photozincographed at the Trigonometrical Branch, Dehra Dun on 27 October 1891 under the direction of Colonel H R Thuillier, Surveyor-General of India. A copy of this printed version is folded at back of Vaughan’s ‘Report of A Journey Through Persia’, published by the Intelligence Branch, Quarter Master General’s Department in India, Calcutta, 1890.1049b 1049) a: MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.97; b: A purely personal boundin copy of this report, probably by a previous owner, is in the RGS: Library, NO7/22K.

Pl. 373 (E. 684) Map of the transport roads of Persia, based on the map of Stolze and Andreas, prepared by Wagner and Debes to be included in Paul Rausch von Traubenberg’s book, Halle, 1890; 21 × 24.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: ORW.1986.a.1669, map folded at the back of the book

Pl. 374 (E. 685) Persian Road and Transport Coy [Company] Plan to accompany General Report, March 1891, by Alex Macqueen, Teheran, 1891; 39 × 29 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran S.22

political, transport/communication, and tribal maps 375

376

chapter eight – political, transport/communication, and tribal maps

Pl. 375 (E. 688) Telegraph Map, Persia and Afghanistan, by Simla Intelligence Branch, 1893; 43 × 58 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 50980.(4.)

E. 687

MS

VAUGHAN H B Captain; India; 1894; Tracing from a map compiled in the Indian Survey Department from my journeys in 1890-91 in Persia and partly from that of 1888-1889; English; map: 54.5 × 36.5 cm, sheet: 58 × 43.5 cm; covers: 26°-36°N, 50°-58° E; one graphical scale: 79 mm to 100 miles (1 inch to 32 miles), or 1: 2 027 520, heights in feet.1050 This manuscript map on tracing cloth covers part of central and south Persia from Teheran and part of Khorasan in the north to Bushehr and Bandar-Abbas in the south, showing the main roads, with passes, streams, lakes, towns, etc. Roads travelled by Captain Vaughan are marked. 1050) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.9.

E. 688

Pl. 375

INTELLIGENCE BRANCH SIMLA; Simla; 1893; Telegraph Map – Persia and Afghanistan; English; 43 × 58 cm; covers Persia, Afghanistan and Baluchistan; one graphical scale: 55 mm to 150 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 4 388 000.1051

This map, numbered 198, by Simla Intelligence Branch, QuarterMaster General’s Office, shows the telegraph lines in Persia and Afghanistan. The series title ‘Telegraph Map’ is printed in the upper margin, and the specific title of this sheet ‘Persia and Afghanistan’ in the lower left corner. The completed and proposed telegraph lines are clearly shown. 1051) Copy in the BL: Maps 50980.(4.).

E. 689

MS

SYKES Percy Molesworth Captain; Persia; 1893-94; Route from Chahbar [Chahbahar] to Kuh-i-Taflan, surveyed by Captain P M Sykes during 1893-94; English; map in five sheets, manuscript on tracing paper, for size and coverage (longitudes east of Greenwich) see the table below; scale 1 inch to 4 miles, or 1:253 440.1052 These five sheets, partly overlapping, show some of the main roads in south-eastern Persia, which were professionally surveyed by Capt. P M Sykes. They can also be considered as a route map. For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501.

political, transport/communication, and tribal maps

Sheet

Size (cm)

Latitudes

Longitudes

1 2 3 4 5

96 × 73 50 × 50 62 × 67 59 × 30 95 × 65

25°15’-27°15’ 26°45’-27°45’ 27°45’-28°45’ 27°00’-28°15’ 26°30’-28°30’

59°45’-61°15’ 61°00’-62°00’ 60°00’-61°30’ 60°15’-60°45’ 58°15’-59°45’

South East North Middle West

1052) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.52.

E. 690

MS

SYKES Percy Molesworth Captain, SULTAN SURKHRU Daffadar; Persia; 1894-95; untitled, Route from Yazd to Kashan surveyed under supervision of Capt. P M Sykes; English; map in two sheets: eastern sheet (Yazd): 70 × 95 cm, western sheet (Kashan): 105 × 70 cm; covers: eastern sheet: 31°30’-33° N, 52°15’-54°30’ E, western sheet: 32°30’-34° N, 51°15’-52°15’ E; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 20 miles (1 inch to 4 miles), or 1: 253 440.1053 This MS road map resulted from Sykes’ surveys, travelling from Yazd directly to Kashan. Sultan Surkhru was serving as his assistant. Scale bar placed in the lower left corner of the western sheet; mountains hachured. It can also be considered as a route map. For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501.

377

considered as a route map. For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 1055) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran Div.13.

E. 693

Pl. 376

NAPIER H D Lieutenant, HOLDICH T H Colonel, RENDELL T H; Simla, India; 1894; Sketch map to illustrate the report on Sistan and the country between it and Mashhad; English; 91 × 55 cm; covers: 29°-36°40’ N, 58°-63° E; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 80 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), or 1: 1 013 760.1056 This map was compiled and drawn under the orders of Col. Holdich, Superintendent of Survey, and the supervision of Lieut. Napier in the Simla Drawing Office, with outline, printing and hillshading by Rendell, Assistant Superintendent of Survey. It covers Sistan, part of Baluchistan and Eastern Khorasan, and was intended for the Intelligence Branch of General Staff India (Intelligence Branch, Topo. Dy. No. 1 060). The lines in red denote the routes followed by the surveyors, and those in blue the various roads between Mashhad and Sistan. Title and note placed in the mid-left part, scale bar in the mid-lower part, of the map. There is an inset in the lower left corner, entitled ‘Sistan’, on a larger scale of 1 inch to 8 miles (natural scale 1: 506 880), centred on 31° N and 62° E, 25 × 18 cm, showing Sistan in detail. 1056) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.43.

1053) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.51.

E. 691

MS

SYKES Percy Molesworth Captain, SULTAN SURKHRU Daffadar; Persia; 1895-96; [Roads around and south of Kerman] surveyed by Captain P M Sykes... and Daffadar Sultan Surkhru... during 1895-96; English; 73 × 53 cm; covers: 29°-30°30’ N, 56°15’57°25’ E; scale 1 inch to 4 miles, or 1: 253 440.1054 Title and note placed in the lower left corner; mountains hachured. It can also be considered as a route map. For more information on P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 1054) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.50.

E. 692

MS

SYKES Percy Molesworth Captain; Persia; 1895; untitled, Map of Southwest Persia showing Luristan, Khuzistan and Bakhtiari Hills; English; 59 × 69 cm; covers; 30°-34° N, 47°-52° E; one graphical scale: 157 mm to 100 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), or 1: 1 013 760.1055 This MS map on tracing paper shows southwestern Persia, with a road from Isfahan to Ahwas via Chahar-Mahal and Bakhtiari Hills, and a road from Shuster (Shushtar) to Dizful, Khoramabad and Burujerd, surveyed by Capt. P M Sykes in 1895. Scale bar placed in the lower right corner; mountains hachured. It can also be

E. 694

Pl. 377

LYNCH H F B, HARRISON & SONS lithographers, RICHARDS H A, SAWYER Colonel; London; 1897; Route map of the Tracks between Ahwaz, Shushter & Ispahan, compiled by Mr. H F B Lynch; English; map 30 × 54 cm, with cross-section 39 × 54 cm; covers: 31°30’-32°45’ N, 48°50’-51°40’ E; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 40 miles (1 inch to 8 miles), or 1: 506 880.1057 Prepared for the Foreign Office; shows routes surveyed by Lynch, Richards and Sawyer; includes cross-section from Shushter to Ispahan; vertical scale 1 inch to 6000 feet, or 1: 72 000; title, scale and legend placed in the upper left corner, cross-section in the lower margin. 1057) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B20.

E. 695

MS

SMYTH H Captain, FAIRLEY J W copyist; Meshed (Mashhad); 1902; Part of N E Persia Showing Russian Quarantine Line and possible Railway alignment; English; 44 × 69 cm; covers: 34°20’36°20’ N, 59°-61°30’ E; one graphical scale: 159 mm to 50 miles (1 inch to 8 miles), or 1: 506 880, heights in feet.1058 This manuscript sketch on cloth, copied by J W Fairley, shows: a) Russian Quarantine Stations with Officer and Doctor; b) Russian Posts for Connection and Observation; c) Possible but exceedingly

Pl. 376 (E. 693) Sketch map to illustrate the report on Sistan and the country between it and Mashhad, by Lieut. H D Napier under the orders of Col. T H Holdich, Simla, 1894; 91 × 55 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran S.43

Pl. 377 (E. 694) Route Map of the Tracks between Ahwaz, Shushter & Ispahan, compiled by Mr. H F B Lynch, London, 1897; 39 × 54 cm, including the cross-section; By Permission of the British Library: IOR W/L/PS/21/B20

378 chapter eight – political, transport/communication, and tribal maps

political, transport/communication, and tribal maps difficult Railway Alignment; d) Routes taken by Capt. H Smyth. Title, scale, etc. placed in the lower left corner. 1058) MS in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B26; also see Record IOR L/PS/7/146, folio 967.

E. 696 BARKER R C; perhaps Persia; 1904, corrected edition 1906; Telegraph Map of Persia; English; sheet 53 × 56 cm; covers: 25°-40° N, 44°-64° E; scale given 1 inch to 60 miles, or 1: 3 801 600.1059 R C Barker was director of Persian Section, Indo-European Telegraph Department in 1904. His map was corrected and brought up-to-date on Dec. 8, 1906. This is a blueprint from a manuscript showing different telegraph lines in Persia, as described in the References: ‘Lines of Persian Telegraph Administration’, ‘Persian Lines maintained by Indo-European Telegraph Department’, ‘Indo-European Telegraph Department’s System’, ‘Indo-European Telegraph Company’s Line’, and ‘Line originally built by Indo-European Telegraph Department, now (1904) maintained by Persian Administration’. Title placed in the upper right, References in the lower left, corner. 1059) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B37.

E. 697

Pl. 378

JUNG Kurt author, GEOGR.-LITH. ANSTALT UND STEINDRUCK VON C L KELLER [C L Keller’s Geographic-lithographical Institute and Printing Works] publisher; Berlin; 1908; Persien in wirtschafts-geographischer Darstellung bearbeitet von dem Handelssachverständigen Kurt Jung nebst Reiseroute des Verfassers 1907-1908 [Geographic-economical representation of Persia produced by the trade expert Kurt Jung, together with his travelling route, 1907-08]; German; 34.5 × 43.5 cm; one graphical scale: 40 mm to 200 km, natural scale 1: 5 000 000.1060 This shows mainly the trade roads by lines of different thickness, indicating the density of trade traffic, and also the telegraph lines. Further information on the economy of Persia, such as location of major banks and their branches, location of foreign embassies and consulates, etc. are also noted. The Russian and British zones of influence are marked, albeit incorrectly. Title, scale and notes placed in the lower left corner. 1060) Jung, map at back of the magazine; text on pp. 217-468.

E. 698

379

The title of this map does not suit this section, but as it shows a planned railway network for Persia it is more usefully placed here. The basic map is part of a larger map from Stielers Hand-Atlas, on which the projected railways for Persia by the superpowers of the region at that time, namely Great Britain and Russia, have been portrayed. The telegraph lines have also been shown. The main railway runs from Baku via Rasht and Qazvin to Teheran, continuing via Saveh, Qom, Kashan and Nain to Yazd and farther to Kirman and Bam. There it forks in two branches: northern branch goes to Sistan and northern British Baluchistan, and southern branch to Chah-Bahar and southern British Baluchistan. There are a number of secondary planned railways as well, such as: 1) from Julfa (Persian border with Russia in Azerbaijan) via Tabriz and Zanjan to Qazvin; 2) from Teheran to Mashhad; 3) from Mashhad to Birjand and Zahedan; 4) from Qom to Hamadan, Kermsanshah and Baghdad; 5) from Hamadan to Kashan; 6) from Nain to Isfahan, Gulpaygan and Sultanabad; 7) from Kashan to Isfahan, Shiraz and Bushehr; 8) from Kerman to Bandar Abbas; 9) from Bandar Abbas along the seashore to Chah-Bahar, etc. Title placed in the upper margin, scale and legend in the lower left corner; mountains hachured; projected main railway marked in double black lines, secondary railways in single black line. This map illustrated the article ‘Eine militärgeographische Skizze’, by D Thilo von Trotta that appeared in the PGM.1061 1061) PGM, vol. 57, 1911, part I, text on pp. 51-55, continuing on pp. 107111 and 164-158, map (Tafel 30) facing p. 166. Copy in the BL: P.P. 3946, vol. 57-I, 1911.

E. 699 SAUVÉ M author, HURÉ G draughtsman; Paris; 1911; untitled, [Chemins de Fer] Lignes Construites et Projets de Transiranien, [Constructed Railway Lines and Projected Trans-Iranian Railways]; French; 19 × 25 cm; one graphical scale: 25 mm to 300 km, natural scale 1: 12 000 000.1062 This map was drawn to illustrate the article of M Sauvé entitled ‘Le Transiranien’, published in the magazine Questions Diplomatiques et Coloniales.1063 It shows the railways projected by Russia and Great Britain, from Bakou via Ardebil, Enzeli and Kazvin to Teheran, and from Teheran westwards to Kermanchah and Khanikin, and southwards via Kachan and Ispahan to Kirman, extending farther, via Bampour to Karachi, and via Larkhana to the shores of the Indus (place names as written on the map). The aim of the project was obviously to join the railway network of Russia and Turkey (Europe) to the railways in India through Persia.1064 Scale and legend placed in the lower left corner. 1062) Sauvé, for map see pp. 484-485. 1063) Sauvé, for article see pp. 483-494. 1064) See also E. 703 and E. 704 for similar maps.

Pl. 379

LANGHANS Paul, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1911; Militärgeographische Übersicht von Persien [A military-geographical overview of Persia]; German; 27 × 27 cm; covers: 24°-42° N, 42°-65° / 45°30’-64° E; one graphical scale: 53.5 mm to 400 km, natural scale 1: 7 500 000, heights in m.

E. 700 GROTHE Hugo author, GEBAUER-SCHWETSCHKE printer, KELLER Heinrich publisher; Frankfurt, printed in Halle; 1911; Die Provinz Arabistan (Khuzistan); German; 18.5 × 12 cm; one graphical scale: 30.5 mm to 40 km, natural scale approximately 1: 1 300 000.1065

380

chapter eight – political, transport/communication, and tribal maps

Pl. 378 (E. 697) Persien in wirtschafts-geographischer Darstellung [Geographic-economical representation of Persia], by Kurt Jung, Berlin, 1908; 34.5 × 43.5 cm; Courtesy of the State Library in Berlin: Fg. 323, map at the back of the volume

Pl. 379 (E. 698) Militärgeographische Übersicht von Persien [A military-geographical overview of Persia], by Paul Langhans, published by Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1911; 27 × 27 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London, PGM, vol. 57-I, 1911, map 30

political, transport/communication, and tribal maps

381

Pl. 380 (E. 701) Produktkarte Persiens [Map of the Products of Persia], by Dr. Hugo Grothe, Frankfurt, 1911; 19 × 22.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 010005.eee.25, map 5 at back of the book

This shows the province of Khuzistan, called in the nineteenth century also ‘Arabistan’ by the Arabic-speaking section of the local population. Telegraph lines, custom houses, oil fields and the upper limit of navigation in the rivers, e.g. Karun, are marked. Title is placed in the upper margin, legend and scale in the upper right corner. The same map, with some minor changes, also appeared in Karl Andree’s Geographie des Welthandels, 1912, Frankfurt.1066 1065) Grothe, map 2 at the back of the book. 1066) Andree, Frankfurt, 1912, vol. 2.

E. 701

Pl. 380

GROTHE Hugo author, GEBAUER-SCHWETSCHKE printer, KELLER Heinrich publisher; Frankfurt, printed in Halle; 1911; Produktkarte Persiens, entworfen von Dr. Hugo Grothe [Map of Products of Persia, designed by Dr. Hugo Grothe]; German; 19 × 22.5 cm; covers: 24°-39° N, 43°-65° / 44°-64° E; two graphical scales: 17 mm to 150 km, 18 mm to 150 versts, natural scale given 1: 8 850 000.1067 This thematic map of agricultural and mineral products relates also to trade and transport and, therefore, has been placed in this section. Symbols of agricultural and mineral products, e.g. wheat,

rice, wine, tobacco, oil fields, etc. and also scales placed in the lower left corner, title in the upper margin, of the map. The same map, with some minor changes, also appeared in the Karl Andree’s Geographie des Welthandels, 1912, Frankfurt.1068 1067) Grothe, map 5 at the back of the book. 1068) Andree, Frankfurt, 1912, vol. 2.

E. 702

Pl. 381

GROTHE Hugo author, GEBAUER-SCHWETSCHKE printer, KELLER Heinrich publisher; Frankfurt, printed in Halle; 1911; Die Verkehrswege Persiens entworfen von Dr. Hugo Grothe [Transport Ways (Roads) of Persia, designed by Dr. Hugo Grothe]; German; 16 × 16.5 cm; covers: 24°-41° N, 44°-66° / 45°-65° E; natural scale given 1: 12 500 000.1069 On this map three categories of roads are clearly shown: a) main roads; b) roads, on which transport by car is still possible (secondary roads); c) roads, on which transport only by animals is possible (caravan roads). Shipping lines in the Persian Gulf are also shown. The same map, with some minor changes, also appeared in the Karl Andree’s Geographie des Welthandels, 1912, Frankfurt.1070

382

chapter eight – political, transport/communication, and tribal maps

Pl. 381 (E. 702) Die Verkehrswege Persiens [Transport Ways (Roads) of Persia], by Hugo Grothe, Frankfurt, 1911; 16 × 16.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: 010005.eee.25, map 3 at back of the book

1069) Grothe, map 3 at the back of the book. 1070) Andree, Frankfurt, 1912, vol. 2, map between pp. 246 and 247.

E. 703

Pl. 382

HACHETTE publisher; Paris; 1912; Le Projet Anglo-Russe de Chemin de Fer Transpersan [Anglo-Russian Project for the Trans-Persian Railway]; French; 8.5 × 10.5 cm; one graphical scale: 20 mm to 500 km, natural scale 1: 25 000 000.1071 This small map was made to illustrate the article ‘De Moscou à Delhi par voie ferré, un projet anglo-russe de transpersan’, published by Hachette in the magazine A Travers Le Monde.1072 Inset in the upper right corner, entitled ‘Communications Internationales’, covering an area from Moscow to India, with the existing Russian and Indian railways, showing how the projected Trans-Persian railway would connect them, 5 × 5 cm. Title in the lower margin and scale in the lower left corner.1073

E. 704 MEINARD Friedrich; Berlin; 1912; untitled, related paper entitled ‘Über die persischen Überlandsbahnen’1074 [About the Persian overland Railways]; German; 11 × 11 cm.1075 This sketch covers Persia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf, showing the Anglo-Russian proposed railway from Port Enzeli on the Caspian Sea via Recht, Kaswin, Teheran, Kashan, Nain, Yesd, Kirman to the city of Quetta in British Baluchistan (place names as written on the map).1076 This Trans-Persian railway was intended to connect Europe and Russia to India by rail. 1074) For the text see Meinard, pp. 597-599. 1075) Meinard, map on p. 598. 1076) See also E. 699 and E. 703 for similar maps.

E. 705 1071) Hachette, map on p. 117. 1072) Hachette, see the full article. 1073) See also E. 699 and E. 704 for similar maps.

ORDNANCE SURVEY publisher, MALBY & SONS lithographers; Southampton; 1914; Map showing Petroliferous Areas visited by Admiralty Oil Commission, 1913; English; 30 × 24 cm; scale 1 inch to 90 English miles, or 1: 5 702 400.1077

political, transport/communication, and tribal maps

383

Pl. 382 (E. 703) Le Projet Anglo-Russe de Chemin de Fer Transpersan [Anglo-Russian Project for the Trans-Persian Railway], Hachette, Paris, 1912; 8.5 × 10.5 cm; Courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris: Ge. FF 64 1bis, 1912, p. 117

This map covers southeastern Persia, including the Persian Gulf. It is attached to the ‘Navy (Oil Fuel) Agreement with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 1914’. Title placed in the upper right, legend in the lower left, corner. 1077) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B46/1; further copies in IOR L/PS/10/410, folios 48, 194b and 282.

E. 706

Pl. 383

SLADE Admiral, ADMIRALTY, MALBY & SONS lithographers; London; 1914; Persia. Anglo Persian Oil Company’s Concession; English; 31 × 42.5 cm; covers: 23°-37°20’ N, 43°40’-69°20’ / 46°-68° E; one graphical scale: 58 mm to 200 miles, natural scale 1: 5 610 000 (catalogue of the BL). This shows the area of Oil Concession to the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (coloured pink) covering the whole country, except the northern provinces. ‘Oil wells–proved area’ and ‘Reported oil shows’ are marked. Title and scale placed in the upper right corner. There are two issues of this map: the first issue with Admiral

Slade’s final report of ‘Admiralty Commission on the Persian Oilfields’ is somewhat larger in size and enclosed in Admiralty letter of 8th May 1914;1078 the second issue attached to the ‘Agreement with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company’ and published in Navy Oil Fuel. It was lithographed by Malby & Sons in a smaller size (31 × 42.5 cm, illustrated here).1079 The Times (English daily newspaper), referring to this map and the ‘Agreement’, wrote: “The agreement entered into by the Treasury and the Admiralty with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company raises certain important considerations of foreign policy and defence which require careful scrutiny before the agreement receives the sanction of Parliament... But clearly Parliament should not vote this money and sanction this possibly perilous experiment without the fullest and frankest explanation, not only of the views of Mr. Churchill, but still more of those of the Foreign Office and India Office...”1080 1078) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B46/1, or Record: IOR L/PS/10/410, folio 283. 1079) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B46/2, or Record: IOR L/PS/10/410, folio 49, another copy: folio 195. 1080) The Times, London, 27 May 1914.

384

chapter eight – political, transport/communication, and tribal maps

Pl. 383 (E. 706) Persia, Anglo-Persian Oil Company’s Concession, by Admiral Slade, Admiralty, 1914; 31 × 42.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR W/L/PS/21/B46/2

E. 707

Pl. 384

NELIGAN A R author, BALE J, SON & DANIELSSON publisher of the book; London; 1914; Map of Persia to show principle main routes; English; 23.5 × 33 cm; one graphical scale: 31.5 mm to 150 English miles, natural scale approximately 1: 7 650 000.1081 The basic map is a general map of Persia in which the contemporary main roads, railways and steamship routes are shown. Title, scale and legend are placed in the lower left corner. The book entitled Hints for Residents and Travellers in Persia, which contains this map, is a good travel guide of the time, with useful information for foreign residents and travellers. 1081) Neligan, map folded at back of the book.

E. 708

Pl. 385

part MS

GENERAL STAFF, GEOGRAPHICAL SECTION (WAR OFFICE); London; 1916; Persia (a general idea of trade arteries); English; 50.5 × 44 cm; covers: 23°-40°40’ N, 43°-63°-46°-63° E; one graphical scale 119 mm to 300 miles (1 inch to 64 miles), or 1: 4 055 040.1082 The basic map is half (west of 63°) of a printed map, by General Staff, Geographical Section, War Office, entitled ‘Persia and Af-

ghanistan’, dated April 1912 and numbered GSGS 2149, issued with hill shading and layering.1083 According to a typescript note, dated 21 June 1916, applied to the upper right corner of the map: “1) This sketch map is intended to give a general idea of trade arteries, Red [for] British, Blue [for] Russian [hand-coloured] from the strategical point of view; 2) The breadth of the arteries roughly indicates the comparative volumes of combined imports and exports by each route; 3) Black lines [show] Boundaries of British, Russian and Neutral spheres [of influence]; Yellow lines show Boundaries of proposed ‘Regiments’ of the South Persia Military Police.” It was issued in India Office secret Memorandum ‘British Interests in Persia and the South Persia Military Police’, pp. 76-102, Teheran, 30 June 1916, signed by Major R A Steel, Military Attaché, marked ‘Appendix III’.1084 There are later states of this base map until at least 1938. 1082) MS in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B53. 1083) Alai, 2005, E. 353 and Pl. 172. 1084) For ‘Memorandum’ see BL: IOR L/PS/18/C 164, pp. 76-102.

E. 709

Blue-print

HAINES H A; India; 1916; Map of the Telegraph Lines of the Indo-European Telegraph Department, and Connected Systems; English; 51 × 68 cm; scale 1 inch to 64 miles, or 1: 4 055 040.1085

political, transport/communication, and tribal maps

385

Pl. 384 (E. 707) Map of Persia to show principle main routes, by A R Neligan, London, 1914; 23.5 × 33 cm; By Permission of the British Library: W91 4204, map folded at back of the book

This blue-print is an ‘India Store Department’ drawing, covering Persia, south of Baghdad-Hamadan-Teheran-Meshed axis. It shows 15 different telegraph lines, operating in the country south of the above axis. Title placed in the upper right corner, references in the upper right part of the map.

type Press, Simla, 1916, contains detailed description of routes and lines shown in this map on 57 table-form pages, stamped ‘For official use only’. 1086) Copy in the BL: booklet: IOR L/PS/20/C134, map: IOR W/L/PS/21/ B52 folded in the pocket.

1085) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/18/C150 (1).

E. 711 E. 710

Blue-print

Pl. 386

GENERAL STAFF INDIA; Simla; 1916; Skeleton map of parts of Eastern Turkey in Asia, and Persia; English; map in form of a trapezoid: 74 × 47/53.5 cm; covers: 30°-40° N, 41°-49° E; one graphical scale: 96 mm to 90 miles (1 inch to 24 miles), natural scale 1: 1 520 640.1086 It covers western Persia from the top of the Persian Gulf to the Russian border, the present Iraq and the eastern part of Turkey in Asia, showing communication routes and lines between Turkey and Persia during World War I. Routes passable by wheeled vehicles are marked in red, routes impassable by wheeled vehicles in black. Telegraph lines and borders with Turkey are also shown; distances are given in miles. Title and scale placed in the upper right corner. A booklet entitled Lines of Communications between Turkey and Persia, by General Staff India, printed in the Government Mono-

CHRISTY C Dr.; perhaps Persia; 1917; untitled, showing the main road from Enzeli on the Caspian Sea through Resht, Kazwin (Qazvin) and Nahavand to Hamadan; English; map in two sheets, 43 × 37 cm each; given natural scale 1: 400 000.1087 Sheet 1 of this blue-print includes part of the Caspian Sea and province of Gilan southwards to Qazvin. Sheet 2 includes cities of Nahavand and Hamadan in central Persia. The road from Enzeli to Hamadan – about 442 km – is divided into 44 sections of 10 km each. Place names along the road noted; natural topographical features, such as mountains and rivers, are shown. It seems to have been intended as a guide for travelling and transporting goods. 1087) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.68.

386

chapter eight – political, transport/communication, and tribal maps

Pl. 385 (E. 708) part MS Persia (a general idea of trade arteries), by Geographical Section of General Staff, War Office, London, 1916; 50.5 × 44 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR W/L/PS/21/B53

Pl. 386 (E. 710) Skeleton map of parts of Eastern Turkey in Asia, and Persia, showing the communication lines between Persia and Turkey, General Staff India, Simla, 1916; 74 × 47/53.5 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR L/PS/21/B52, map folded in the pocket

Pl. 387 (E. 713) Routes [Roads] between the Caspian Sea & the Tigris North of Baghdad, by GHQ, Intelligence Section, Baghdad, 1918; 61.5 × 66.5 cm; Courtesy of The National Archives, England: FO 925/17161

political, transport/communication, and tribal maps 387

388

chapter eight – political, transport/communication, and tribal maps E. 712

MS and Photographic Reproduction

GROSSES HAUPTQUARTIER OPERATIONSABTEILUNG KONSTANTINOPEL [Main Base for Operations Section, Constantinople]; Berlin; 1918; Telegraphen-Linien in Persien; German; 32 × 24 cm; scale of the original manuscript 1: 1 708 000, of the photographic reproduction described in this entry 1: 3 416 000.1088 This map has been reduced 50% photographically in the Cartographic section of the Royal Prussian Land Survey in Berlin. It covers West Persia to meridian 52°, including Teheran and Isfahan. The existing telegraph lines are shown. Title placed in the upper right corner. 1088) Copy in the SBB, Berlin: D 9373/30.

E. 713

Pl. 387

GHQ [General Head Quarters], INTELLIGENCE SECTION, MEF [Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force]; Baghdad; 1918; Routes between the Caspian Sea & the Tigris North of Baghdad; English; 61.5 × 66.5 cm; one graphical scale: 106 mm to 100 miles (1 inch to 24 miles), natural scale 1: 1 520 640.1089 There is a note on this map stating: “This sketch map illustrates our information available up to 5-12-18 (i.e. 5th Dec. 1918).” It is dated 7th Dec. 1918, as the fourth edition, which was also reproduced by the Survey Party of the MEF. It covers northwestern Persia, extended eastwards to Teheran, and westwards to River Tigris. The passable roads for wheeled vehicles shown by red lines, roads passable with difficulty shown with broken red lines, roads believed passable shown with broken black lines, and roads passable only by animals shown with green lines. Additional descriptions on the situation of particular sections of some of the roads are noted in situ. The railway from the Russian border to Tabriz and Lake Uru-

miyeh (Urmia Lake) is also shown. Title placed in the upper left, scale and legend in the lower left, corner. 1089) Copy in TNA, England: FO 925/17161.

E. 714 SURVEY OF INDIA; Calcutta; 1918; Sketch map showing proposed new alignment of Road from Shushtar to Isfahan; English; 42.5 × 55 cm; covers: 30°-33° N, 48°-52° E; one graphical scale: 80 mm to 50 miles (1 inch to 16 miles), natural scale 1: 1 013 760.1090 This map covers the country between Muhammareh on the Karun River to Isfahan. The road earlier travelled by Lieut. Lynch is shown by a red line, the proposed new alignment by a broken red line. It was heliozincographed at the Survey of India, Calcutta. Title placed in the upper part, scale in the lower right corner, of the map; mountains contoured. 1090) Copy in TNA, England: FO 925/36038.

E. 715

MS

SCON M G H Major; Birjand, Persia; 1919; Line of Communications East Persia, Duzdap, to Meshed, Motor Road; English; sheet: 135 × 46 cm; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 50 miles (1 inch to 10 miles), natural scale 1: 633 600.1091 The ‘Road’ begins in Meshed (Mashhad), going through Torbat, Jumin, Kain, Birjand, Shusp, New Safidawa and Hurmuk to Duzdap (place names as on the manuscript). The cross-section of the whole Road, showing heights in feet, has been drawn in seven parts on the Road’s left side. Title placed on the top, scale bar and ‘Key to Signs’ in the upper right corner, of the sheet. 1091) MS in TNA, England: FO 925/36045.

Section Three: Tribal Maps Historical Notes Numerous nomadic tribes – at present partly sedentary – have been living in different regions of Persia with various lifestyles and traditions. A few maps described in this chapter relate to some of these groups dwelling in southwestern Persia, such as the Qashqai and Bakhtiari tribes. Qashqai tribes are subdivided into more than 66 sections, scattered mainly over a territory south of Isfahan, extending to a large part of the province of Fars. They are white immigrant and Turkish speaking, originated from northeastern ancient Persia, consisting of about sixty thousand families. The Bakhtiari population, spread over an area of about 65 000 sq. km of plains and mountains in part of Lurestan, Khuzestan, Chahar-Mahal and Fars, is estimated at 400 000 (1980). About one-third of them are still nomadic and economically dependent on their flocks of sheep, goats and cattle. They migrate some 250

km each year between their winter pastures in the plains and the summer grazing lands of the mountains. They are divided into two main sections, each with secondary subdivisions. Their chiefs are among the greatest tribal leaders in Persia and have long been influential in Persian politics.1092 1092) For more information see: Mosahab, The Persian Encyclopaedia, vol. 1, p. 393, entry ‘Bakhtiari’ and vol. 2, p. 2051, entry ‘Qashqai’.

E. 716 MORTON W R Major; INTELLIGENCE BRANCH, TOPOGRAPHICAL SECTION; Simla; 1906; Bakhtiari Caravan Route. General plan showing alignment; English; sheet one (main sheet) of a four-sheet study: 57 × 96 cm; one graphical scale: 190 mm to 30 miles (1 inch to 4 miles), or 1: 253 440.1093

political, transport/communication, and tribal maps This shows the Route (tribal caravan road) from Bandar Nasiri through the mountains, to Bistagun twenty-seven miles southwest of Isfahan. Title and scale placed in the mid-upper part, references in the lower right corner; place names along the Route noted; mountains hachured. The first sheet marks, in a thick black line, the Route with a tick à tick every 5 miles (from 5 to 230 inclusive). There is an inset in the mid-upper part of the map, serving as index map for the entire route, 9 × 11 cm, 30°-32°40’ N, 48°-52° E, entitled ‘Sketch map showing locality of Route’. There are three other sheets showing details of this ‘Caravan Route’ on larger scales: Sheet 2) ‘Bakhtiari Caravan Route, Ahwaz to Isfahan’, (sections of Ahwaz to Malamir, of Malamir to Khareji); 64.5 × 100 cm; one graphical scale: 230 mm to 8000 yards (2 inches to 1 mile), or 1: 31 600; title and references placed in the centre of the sheet, scale bar in the lower left corner; mountains contoured. Sheet 3: Bakhtiari Caravan Route, Ahwaz to Isfahan (section Alwani to Malamir); 32 × 94 cm; one graphical scale: 144 mm to 10 000 yards (1 inch to 1 mile), or 1: 63 360. Sheet 4: Bakhtiari Caravan Route, Ahwaz to Isfahan, section Malamir to Khareji; 95 × 50 cm; one graphical scale: 123 mm to 4000 feet, natural scale approximately 1: 10 000. 1093) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.2 (4 sheets).

389

1095) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B50, also see Record: IOR L/PS/10/485, map after letter P2977/1915.

E. 719

Pl. 389

WAR OFFICE’S GEOGRAPHICAL SECTION (ethnographical overprint), ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY (base map); London; perhaps during early 1920s; Map of Eastern Turkey in Asia, Syria and Western Persia (with ethnographical overprint); English; 71 × 74 cm; covers: 29°20’-41°40’ N, 32°50’’50°10’ / 34°49° E; one graphical scale: 79 mm to 100 statute miles, natural scale given 1: 2 000 000.1096 The War Office’s Geographical Section, General Staff was permitted to borrow the stones of the RGS base map (see E. 218: Map of Eastern Turkey-in-Asia, Syria and West Persia, updated with railways to Nov. 1917) at the end of 1918 for adding an ethnographical overprint. The GSGS added their series number (GSGS No. 2901) at bottom left corner, as this ethnographical overprint map was their publication. Here mountains are omitted; glossary and scale placed in the mid-lower part, legend in the lower left part. Ethnographical references (local languages, etc.) in 18 different colours printed in the left margin, of which Nos. 10-13 refer to different groups in western Persia, namely Persians, Lurs, Tates and Avshars (Afshars).1096a

CHICK H G; Persia; 1912; Map to illustrate information collected regarding habitat and migration of the various Clans of the Qashqai Tribes; English; 95.5 × 62 cm covers: 28°-32° N, 50°-53°20’ E; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 40 miles (1 inch to 8 miles), or 1: 506 880.1094

They also produced some other special maps, numbered ‘GSGS No. 2901-5/-’ (meant 5 shillings selling price, printed in blue). One of these1096b contains the railways constructed until Jan. 1921; another shows the frontier lines between Turkey and Persia, the RGS copy of which has a hand-written note by Sir Percy Zachariah Cox, the British envoy in Persia stating: “The Blue Line is the Old Turko-Persian Boundary – The Red Line is the boundary as agreed on by the Turco-Persian Convention in Dec. 1920...” 1096c

This map, showing a major part of the province of Fars, was produced by H G Chick, Commercial Advisor to the Political Resident of the British Consul-General for Fars. The rectangles and circles marked on this map indicate the camping-grounds of the clans, which usually join or overlap, depending on formation of valleys. Title, scale and ‘key to map’ placed in the upper right corner of the sheet.

1096) a: copy in the RGS, Map Room, Asia Div.160 (2 copies) and copy in the BL, Maps 46990.(1.); b: copy in the RGS: Map Room, Asia Div.145 includes GSGS 2901 (topogr. RGS base-map, with railways revised to Nov. 1917), and another copy of GSGS 2901 (topogr. RGS base-map, with railways revised to Jan. 1921); c: copy in the RGS: Map Room, Asia Spec.203 is RGS topogr. basemap with GSGS No. 2901 and price (in black) of 5/- (meant 5 shillings); the railways are revised to Nov. 1917; this copy has MS notes up to Dec. 1920 possibly in the hand of Percy Z. Cox.

E. 717

1094) Copy in TNA, England: FO 925/36025.

E. 720 E. 718

Pl. 388

GENERAL STAFF INDIA, GRANT A H; Simla; 1915; Sketch map shewing Tribal Districts between Arabistan (Khuzistan) and Bushire; English; 53 × 30 cm; covers: 28°30’-30°30’ N, 50°51° E; one graphical scale: 95 mm to 30 miles (1 inch to 8 miles), natural scale 1: 506 880.1095 This sketch shows ‘Districts under Hayat Daoud’s superintendence in co-operation with British Authorities’, ‘Shabankareh and Zira in alliance with Hayat Daoud’ and ‘Districts hostile to British’. It is an enclosure of the letter of 21 July 1915 from A H Grant, Foreign and Political Department, Simla, to Arthur Hirtzel, Political Department, India Office, London.

GHQ [General Head Quarters], INTELLIGENCE SECTION, MEF [MESOPOTAMIA EXPEDITIONARY FORCE]; Baghdad; 1918; Tribal Chart of North-Western Persia; English; 55 × 63 cm; covers: 32°30’-38°30’ N, 45°-51°30’ E; no scale given.1097 This map covers northwestern Persia south of Urmia Lake, eastwards to Teheran and southwards to Khuzistan. It contains the tribe names with their summer and winter camping areas; title placed in the lower right corner. 1097) Copies in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B56/1-3 (3 copies).

Pl. 388 (E. 718) Sketch Map showing Tribal Districts between Arabistan (Khuzistan) and Bushire, by A H Grant, General Staff India, Simla, 1915; 53 × 30 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR W/L/PS/21/B50

Pl. 389 (E. 719) Map of Eastern Turkey in Asia, Syria and Western Persia (with ethnographical overprint), War Office’s Geographical Section, General Staff, London, perhaps in early 1920s (base map by the Royal Geographical Society); 71 × 74 cm; By Permission of the British Library: Maps 46990.(1.)

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natural-topographical and geological maps

391

CHAPTER NINE NATURAL-TOPOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL MAPS

The Iranian plateau offers striking contrasts: from high mountain ranges, benefiting from plenty of rainfall, particularly in the west and north, originally covered with thick forest and valleys amenable to cultivation, to desert or semi-desert basins mostly unsuitable for human habitation. In the north the Alborz (Elburz) mountain range separates the lowland along the Caspian coast from the inland plateau. This range is about 900 km long, extending in a crescent shape from southern Caucasia through Azerbaijan, Gilan and Mazandaran to Khorasan. It includes Mount Damavand (Demavand) lying 80 km north east of Teheran, being a recent volcano with regular contours, part of the traditional landscape of Teheran and the Iranian plateau that it dominates. The peak of Damavand, the highest elevation in the entire Middle East (5670 m, about 18 600 feet) is perpetually covered with snow. In popular culture Damavand is ‘the mountain’ par excellence, symbolizing the Persian homeland in numerous legends and stories.1098 In the west the Zagros mountain range extends northwest – southeast from Sirvan River (Diyala River, an important tributary of the Tigris, flowing in Iraq close to the Persian border) to Shiraz. It is about 900 km long and over 240 km wide. Peaks rise above 3600 m, and are covered by permanent snow. Passes are best used for reaching the fertile intermontane plains. Persia is a dry land, but in some mountainous regions yearly precipitation exceeds 1000 mm. There are three comparatively large rivers, but only one – Karun River – is navigable, for the

others (Atrak River and Sefid-Rud) are too steep and irregular. Nearly all other streams are seasonal and variable: spring floods do enormous damage, and there is little water flow in summer when many streams disappear. Water is, however, stored naturally underground, being tapped by wells, or by Qanats (Kariz, Kahriz), a type of water supply system developed in ancient times yet which is still in use. There are numerous lakes in Persia mostly without any outlet and, therefore, strongly saline. With the exception of the Urmia Lake, all others, including the Hamun lakes in Sistan and Lake Bakhtegan in Fars, are seasonal, depending on the amount of precipitation. They may dry out completely following a lengthy drought. Urmia Lake is the largest in the Middle East, located in the province of Azerbaujan. It is shallow and highly saline, but still only one-fourth as salty as the Dead Sea. This lake is about 140 km long, 40-56 km wide, with a maximum depth of 16 m. It lies at an elevation of 1276 m (4183 feet) above sea level, and in the south has a cluster of some 50 islands. The number of maps produced during our chosen time-span, covering the natural topographical features of Persia, is disappointingly low; most of them are described in the following 41 entries, subdivided into four sections. 1098) Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 6, pp. 627-630.

Section One: Rivers E. 721

Pl. 390a, right map 1099) Copy in the Admiralty Library, Naval Historical Branch, Portsmouth: Vx8/vol. 13, no. 13, map on the right side; copy in the BL: IOR X/3624/1/177 (further copies); also compare with McCluer’s map on the same sheet, left side (E. 722 and Pl. 390b).

LAYMAN William Captain, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; 1798; Sketch of Bussora River by Capt. William Layman, To Whom This Plate is inscribed... ; English; 28.5 × 37 cm, the right chart of a plate of 28.5 × 46.5 cm; centred on 30°20’ N and 48°30’ E; scale approximately 25 mm (1 inch) to 5 nautical miles.1099

E. 722

Pl. 390b, left map

MCCLUER John, DALRYMPLE Alexander publisher; London; 1798; An Eye Draught of Bussora River From Observations in ten Voyages by John McCluer, 1785; English; 28.5 × 39 cm, the left chart of a plate of 28.5 × 46.5 cm; centred on 30°20’ N and 48°30’ E; scale approximately 25 mm (1 inch) to 5 nautical miles.1100

Layman’s original chart of Bussora River (Shatt-al-Arab) was reproduced by Dalrymple in London in June 1798 (see Pl. 390a), with a view – 4 × 13 cm – of ‘High Land of Ramus’. There is a note about this river from Capt. Hugh Mackay, dated 24th April 1798, placed below the title; numerous soundings along the river noted; title and note printed in the upper right corner of the map.

McCluer’s original map of Bussora River (Shatt-al-Arab) was re-

391

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chapter nine – natural-topographical and geological maps

Pl. 390 (E. 721 and E. 722) Two charts on one sheet; right (E. 721): Sketch of Bussora River, by Capt. William Layman, 28.5 × 37 cm; left (E. 722): An Eye Draught of Bussora River from Observations in ten Voyages by John McCluer (1785), 28.5 × 39 cm; Dalrymple edition, London, 1798; Sheet: 28.5 × 46.5 cm; Courtesy of the Admiralty Library, Naval Historical Branch, Portsmouth

produced by Dalrymple in London in June 1798 (see Pl. 390b).1101 It shows Shatt-al-Arab from Basra to the mouth of that river in the Persian Gulf, and indicates where Tippo’s ship burnt in September 1786, and where his ships were overset in a squall in November 1786. Title placed in the upper left corner; soundings noted along the river. There is a note reading: ‘The Roman Figures denote the time of high water’.

This MS was copied by Kessow Bajee Purchoorey at Draughtsman’s Office, Indian Navy. Soundings, place names and additional information are noted along the course of the river; title placed in the upper part of the map.

1100) Copy in the Admiralty Library, Naval Historical Branch, Portsmouth: Vx8/vol. 13, no. 13, map on the left side; copy in the BL: IOR X/3624/1/177 (further copies). 1101) Compare with the Layman’s map on the same sheet, right side (E. 721 and Pl. 390a).

E. 724

E. 723

MS

SELBY William Beaumont Lieutenant, PURCHOOREY K B copyist; probably Persia; 1841; Survey of the River Karun from its junction with the Shatt el Arab below Mohameerah to about 20 miles above Ahwaz – from Ismaeenah upwards trigonometrically surveyed during a low state of the River in June 1841 by Lieut. W B Selby I[ndian] N[avy]; English; 69.5 × 125 cm; scale given ¼ inch to 2040 yards, or 1: 293 760, soundings in fathoms.1102

1102) MS in the BL: IOR X/3188.

SELBY William Beaumont Lieut., ARROWSMITH John cartographer, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1844; Rough Sketch of the River Kárún to illustrate Lieut. Selby’s Paper, 1842; English; 20 × 11 cm; one graphical scale: 40 mm to 30 English miles, natural scale approximately 1: 1 200 000. The southern part of the River Karun, from Shuster (Shushtar) to Shatt-al-Arab is shown here. This map was made to accompany the paper ‘Account of the Ascent of the Kárún and Dizful Rivers and the Āb-i-Gargar Canal to Shuster, by Lieut. W B Selby… March and April 1842’, published in the Journal of the RGS.1103 Title and scale placed in the upper left corner.

natural-topographical and geological maps 1103) Journal of the RGS, vol. 14, 1844, map facing p. 219, text: pp. 219-246. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, J-RGS, vol. 14, 1844.

E. 725

Pl. 391

393

1107) Journal of the RGS, vol. 16, 1846, map on p. 94; text: pp. 1-105. Loose copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.17; loose copy in the SBB, Berlin: 9530. See also Pl. 103, E. 193, which is another illustration prepared by Layard for the same paper.

MS

SELBY William Beaumont Lieutenant, Bombay; 1845; A General Chart of the part of the Karun River about Ahwaz, including the Bund, and of the River Karun and Dizful and of the Aubi Gargar Canal, compiled from the trigonometrical survey in 5 sheets by Lieut. Selby the I[ndian[ N[avy]; English; 39 × 76 cm; covers: 30°10’-32°17’ N; one graphical scale: 102 mm to 20 miles (1 inch to 5 miles), or 1: 316 800.1104 This manuscript was drawn at the Chief Engineer’s Office in Bombay on 31st May 1845. Soundings, place names and additional information noted along the course of the river. References and appearance of some of the hills near Shuster (Shushtar) placed in the upper left, title and scale in the lower right, corner. The manuscript was lithographed with minor changes, and is illustrated here (see Pl. 391, five sheets joined).1105 1104) MS in the BL: IOR X/3187/1. 1105) Lithographed copy of the same chart (five sheets joined) in the BL: IOR X/3187/2/1.

E. 728

Pl. 393, lower sheet

CHESNEY Charles Cornwallis Colonel, WALKER J & C engravers; perhaps London; 1849; The Shatt-el-Arab from Basrah to the Bar of the River Euphrates, and the River Karun from Salmanah Isle to Mohammerah, with the Bah-a-Mishir (Bahmanshir), surveyed by Col. Chesney &c.; English; 46 × 61 cm; centred on 30° N and 40°E; one graphical scale: 127 mm to 20 miles (1 inch to 4 miles), natural scale 1: 253 440, soundings in fathom.1108 This is sheet 12 of a 12-sheet large-scale chart of the course of the Tigris, Euphrates and Karun, published by Col. Charles C Chesney in 1849. Title and scale placed in the upper right corner; numerous soundings close to shores are noted. 1108) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3151/3/12; copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.18, lower sheet, joined above to sheet 11.

E. 729 E. 726

Pl. 393, upper sheet

SELBY William Beaumont Lieutenant, CHESNEY Charles Cornwallis Colonel, ESTCOURT Lieut.-Col., WALKER J & C engravers; perhaps London; 1849; (Sheet XI) The River Kárún from Shuster to Salmánah Island [and] from Shuster to Bandi-Kír surveyed by L[ieu]t. Selby Indian Navy and from Band-iKír to Salmánah Island by Col. Chesney and the officers of the Expedition and the Dorák Canal by L[ieu]t.-Col[onel] Estcourt, 43rd Light Infantry; English; 60 × 45 cm; one graphical scale: 125 mm to 20 miles (1 inch to 4 miles), or 1: 253 440, soundings in feet.1106 This is sheet 11 of a 12-sheet chart of the course of the Tigris, Euphrates and Karun, published by Col. Charles C Chesney in 1849. Soundings and place names along the River Karun noted; title and scale placed in the upper left corner. 1106) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3151/3/11; copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.18, upper sheet, joined below to sheet 12 (see E. 728).

E. 727

Pl. 392

LAYARD Austin Henry author, ARROWSMITH John cartographer, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1846; Part of the Jeráhí River with its Canals; English; 20.5 × 12 cm; no scale given. This sketch map covers part of the Jeráhí (Jarrahi) River, with its 29 canals dug for carrying water to fields, crops, etc. Two narrower streams (Nahr) replace part of the ancient bed of the river; this is marked with a dotted double-line. It was drawn to illustrate A H Layard’s paper ‘A Description of the Province of Khusistan’, published in the Journal of the RGS.1107

Pl. 394

LINES W; 1856; Running Sketch of part of the Shat-el-Arab, showing the Defences of Mohamera; English; 40 × 31 cm; one graphical scale: 76 mm to 3 miles (1 inch to 1 mile), or 1: 63 360.1109 A detailed sketch, constructed apparently for military purposes, showing part of Shatt-el-Arab and Bamisheer (Bahmanshir) River, with the defences at Mohamera (present Khorramshahr). Title and scale placed in the lower left corner. 1109) Copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.36.

E. 730

MS

SYKES William Henry Colonel; Persia; 1857; untitled, Sketch of Mohamera Area after the Action 1856; English; 20 × 26 cm.1110 This hand-coloured manuscript sketch shows the junction of River Shatt-al-Arab with River Karun, called here Haffar Canal, focusing on the Persian defences. The port of Mohamera (later Khorramshahr) is also shown. References 1 – 8 placed in the lower right corner of the map. 1110) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.38.

E. 731 JONES Felix Captain, GREEN M Captain, ETHERSEY Commodore, YOUNG J W Captain; Bombay; 1857; Sketch of the Course of the Shatt-ul-`Arab from the Entrance to Mohammerah; English; 44 × 114 cm (two sheets joined); scale 1 inch to 1 mile, or 1: 63 360.1111

Pl. 391 (E. 725) A general chart of the part of the Karun River about Ahwaz, including the Bund, and of the River Karun and Dizfut [!] and of the Aubigargar Canal, compiled from the trigonometrical survey in 5 sheets by Lieut. Selby, Bombay, 1845; this Plate shows the lithographed version of the manuscript original; 39 × 76 cm, five sheets joined; By Permission of the British Library: IOR X/3187/2/1

Pl. 392 (E. 727) Part of the Jeráhí (Jarrahi) River with its Canals, drawn by J Arrowsmith and published by J Murray, to illustrate A H Layard’s paper, appeared in the Journal of the RGS, London, 1846; 20.5 × 12 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 254

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natural-topographical and geological maps

395

Pl. 394 (E. 729) Running Sketch of Part of the Shatt-el-Arab, showing the Defences of Mohamera, by W Lines, 1856; 40 × 31 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran S/S.36

Pl. 393 (E.726 and E. 728) The River Kárún from Shuster to Salmánah Island (sheet 11 of a 12-sheet map); and from Salmánah Island to Mohammerah, with the Shatt-el-Arab from Basrah to the Bar of the River Euphrates (sheet 12 of the same map); surveyed by Lieut. Selby, Col. Chesney &c., perhaps London, 1849; sheets 11 (60 × 45 cm) and 12 (46 × 61 cm) joined: 106 × 61 cm (upper right part: 60 × 15 cm is void); By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran S.18

This map was constructed in February 1857 by Captain Jones, Resident Persian Gulf, and Captain M Green, Sind Horse, while reconnoitring the enemy’s positions at Mohamerah in company with Commodore Ethersey and Captain J W Young, Indian Navy. It was lithographed in Bombay, 7th March 1857. Title, etc. placed in the lower left corner; a few place names also written in Persian script. 1111) Copy in the BL: IOR X/3183, two sheets joined.

E. 732

Pl. 395

ROSS E C, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1883; Sketch Map of the River Mand or Kara-Aghatch;

English; 11 × 19 cm; centred on 29° N, 50°30’-54°25’ E; one graphical scale: 23.5 mm to 30 English miles, natural scale approximately 1: 2 000 000. Ross refers to an earlier map of the province of Fars, drawn by Haji Hasan Fasa’i (see E. 151), a local Persian cartographer, according to whom the Mand River is at least 300 miles long. Ross writes: “… no doubt, if followed up from mouth to source, the distance would be found much greater.” This is a district map of the province of Fars, based on the work of Fasa’i, showing the River Mand (the Sitakos of the Ancients, also called Qara-Aghatch, meaning Black Wood), flowing into the Persian Gulf about 100 km south of Bushehr. River Mand is one of the longest and economically perhaps most important rivers of the province of Fars.1112 This map was prepared to illustrate ‘Notes on the River Mand, or Kara-Aghatch (the Sitakos of the Ancients) in Southern Persia’, by Lieut.-Col. E C Ross, H M Political Resident, Persian Gulf, published in the Proceedings of the RGS, 1883.1113 1112) Loghat-Nameh, vol. 13, p. 19093. 1113) Proceedings of the RGS, New Series, vol. 5, 1883; map on p. 713, text on pp. 712-716.

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chapter nine – natural-topographical and geological maps

Pl. 395 (E. 732) Sketch Map of the River Mand or Kara-Aghatch (Sitakos of the Ancients), by E C Ross, London, 1883; 11 × 19 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Pro-RGS; vol. 5, 1883, p. 713

E. 733

Pl. 396

E. 734

Pl. 397

JOHNSTON W & A K printers, SHARBAU draughtsman, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1890; The Karun River and branches; English; 47.5 × 21.5 cm; covers: 30°20’32°25’ N, 47°57’-49°3’ E, Mercator projection; one graphical scale: 47.5 mm to 15 miles, natural scale 1: 506 880 (1 inch to 8 miles).

PLANT S Cornell, SURVEY OF INDIA; India; 1893, printed 1896; Map of Rivers Karun, Diz, Shateit and Abu Gargar between Ahwaz, Dizful, and Shustar... 1893; English; 95 × 63 cm; covers: 31°19’-32°22’ N, 48°17’-49°6’ E; one graphical scale: 126 mm to 10 miles (1 inches to 2 miles), or 1: 126 720.1116

This map was compiled from the charts of Colonel Chesney, Lieut. Selby, and Capt. Clements, and shows the Karun River with its branches from Dizful and Shushter to Mohammerah (later called Khorramshahr) and Shatt-al-Arab. It was published in the Proceedings of the RGS, with a lengthy paper (description) by Lord George Nathaniel Curzon, entitled ‘The Karun River and the Commercial Geography of South-West Persia’.1114 Title and scale placed in the lower left corner; names of the branches and place names along the river and branches are noted. A photographic enlargement (58 × 27 cm, scale 1: 400 000) was made in 1918 by the Kartographische Abteilung der KöniglichPreussische Landesaufnahme, Berlin [Cartographic Section of the Royal Prussian Land Survey, Berlin].1115

River navigation and topography notes – information about the depicted rivers and a proposed railway from Muhammarah to Dizful, etc. – printed in the lower left, title in the upper right, corner.

1114) Proceedings of the RGS, New Series, vol. 12, 1890, map facing p. 576, text: pp. 509-532. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, Pro-RGS, vol. 12, 1890. 1115) Photographically enlarged copy in the SBB, Berlin: 9551.

1116) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B17/2.

E. 735

MS

ADEY H J; Persia; 1895; Karun River made by H J Adey Master of S. S. Malamir [Ship]... during the low season of 1895; English; 312 × 93 cm; covers: 30°22’-31°20’ N, 48°8’-48°29’ E, latitudinal and longitudinal lines are diagonally drawn; one graphical scale: 178 mm to 4 miles (1¾ inches to 1 mile), or 1: 36 200.1117 This manuscript chart on tracing cloth shows Karun River from Ahwas (Ahvaz) to Shatt-al-Arab, with its islands, and towns and villages on either side of it. It is a large and detailed chart, with rich

natural-topographical and geological maps

397

geographical information alongside the Karun River. Title and scale placed in the lower left corner. 1117) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.26.

E. 736 BENN R A E Major; Seistan; 1902; Rough Map of Helmund River from Band-i-Kamal Khan to Band-i-Seistan (from native information); English; 48 × 33 cm; centred on 30°30’ N, 61°50’ E; one graphical scale: 76 mm to 12 miles (1 inch to 4 miles), natural scale 1: 253 440.1118 This manuscript sketch-map was drawn by Major Benn, the British Vice-Consul in Seistan and Kain, based on indigenous information. Title, scale etc. placed in the lower left corner of the map. 1118) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B28/1.

E. 737 BENN R A E Major; Seistan; 1902; Rough Map of Old and New Bed of Helmund River to illustrate British Consul’s Tour, 30 September 1902; English; 48.5 × 32 cm; centred on 31° N, 61°45’ E; one graphical scale: 103 mm to 8 miles (approximately 1 inch to 2 miles), natural scale 1: 126 720.1119 A large-scale sketch-map showing the present main bed of the Helmund (Helmand, Hirmand) River, the old bed of that river, Major Benn’s tour, and boundary with Afghanistan, set by the Goldsmid Commission. Title placed in the upper part, References in the lower right corner of the map. 1119) Copy in the BL: IOR W/L/PS/21/B28/2.

E. 738 WILSON Arnold T, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1925; three sketches of ‘Abadan Island’; each sketch: 12 × 7.3 cm, in total: 12 × 22 cm. These three sketches show Abadan Island, at the mouth of Shattal-Arab, with a dredged channel: a) in 1827; b) in 1890; c) proposed channel in 1922. It was made to illustrate the paper ‘The Delta of the Shatt al `Arab and proposals for dredging the Bar, by Sir Arnold T Wilson’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.1120 Pl. 396 (E. 733) The Karun River and Branches, W & A K Johnston, published by the RGS, London, 1890; 47.5 × 21.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 205

1120) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 65, 1925 (Jan.-June), three sketches on p. 236, text on pp. 225-239 and 432-437. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 65, 1925.

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chapter nine – natural-topographical and geological maps

Pl. 397 (E. 734) Map of Rivers Karun, Diz, Shateit and Abu Gargar between Ahwaz, Dizful and Shustar...1893, by S Cornell Plant / Survey of India, printed in 1896; 95 × 63 cm; By Permission of the British Library: IOR W/LPS/21/B17/2

natural-topographical and geological maps

399

Section Two: Lakes and Salt Plains

E. 739

Pl. 398

TURNER William John draughtsman, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1888; Central Persia. Map of country between Teheran & Kom showing situation of new lake adapted to the surrounding positions given on Major St. John’s Map of Persia; English; 21 × 25.5 cm; covers: 34°-35°36’ N, 50°20’52°25’ E; one graphical scale: 42 mm to 20 English miles, natural scale approximately 1: 766 000. There is a note in the lower right corner: “The contour of the Lake is reduced from the Shah’s map published in the Teheran Gazette.” Nasir-al-Din Shah showed some interest in geography and maps, and wrote a lengthy article in a more poetical and emotional style, describing this lake, which appeared in the Teheran Gazette.1121 This map was made to illustrate Houtum-Schindler’s translation entitled ‘On the new Lake between Kom and Teherân, by His Majesty The Shâh of Persia’ and was published in the Proceedings of the RGS.1122 The contour and size of this seasonal lake varies every year, depending on the amount of precipitation. Title and scale placed in the mid-lower part of the map; mountains shaded.

1121) Teheran Gazette, Iran, Persian, Issues 655 & 656, 10th and 19th of May 1888 1122) Proceedings of the RGS, New Series, vol. 10, 1888, map facing p. 676, text on pp. 624-632. Loose copy of the map in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/ Div.7; copy of the volume in the BL: Maps 159, Pro-RGS, vol. 10, 1888.

E. 740

Pl. 399

WELLER Francis Sidney cartographer and lithographer, BIDDULPH C E, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1891; Sketch Map of the Darya-i-Namak (Salt Plain); English; 19 × 11 cm; covers: 33°50’-36° N, 50°48’-52°20’ E; one graphical scale: 62 mm to 50 miles, natural scale about 1: 1 300 000. This map was made to illustrate the paper ‘Journey across the Western portion of the Great Persian Desert…’, by C E Biddulph, published in the Proceedings of the RGS.1123 It covers the territory between Teheran and Kashan, including Siah-Kuh and Darya-i-Namak (Salt Plain); title and scale placed in the upper part of the map.

Pl. 398 (E. 739) Central Persia, Map of country between Teheran & Kom, showing situation of new lake, published by the RGS, London, 1888; 21 × 25.5 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 204

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chapter nine – natural-topographical and geological maps

1123) Proceedings of the RGS, New Series, vol. 13, 1891, map facing p. 647, text on pp. 645-657. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, Pro-RGS, vol. 13, 1891.

E. 741

MS

BAHADUR Ali Asghar Khan, SYKES Percy Molesworth Major; Persia; 1899; untitled sketch map of the Helmand River and Hamun Lake; English; sketch on four sheets of tracing paper, about 48 × 28 cm each; scale 1 inch to 8 miles, or 1: 506 880.1124 These four sketches show Hamun Lake in Sistan in four different states, depending on the amount of precipitation. They were produced under the supervision of, and for, P M Sykes. A reduced version of them, with some modifications, was printed in 1902 to illustrate the paper ‘A fourth journey in Persia, 1897-1901, by Major Percy Molesworth Sykes’, published in the Geographical Journal.1125 1124) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.60. 1125) See E. 743.

E. 742

Pl. 400

GÜNTHER Robert T, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1899; The Urmi Lake Basin (Azerbaijan); English; 33 × 35 cm; covers: 35°45’-38°35’ N, 44°15’-48°10’ E; one graphical scale: 97 mm to 60 miles, natural scale 1: 1 000 000. This map of Urmi (Urumieh, Urmia) Lake, the largest in Persia (about 4100 feet, or c. 1250 m above sea level), was compiled partly from Russian and English maps and partly from route surveys by General Houtum-Schindler. It was made to illustrate the paper ‘Contributions to the geography of Lake Urmi and its neighbourhood’ by R T Günther, Magdalen College, Oxford, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.1126 Inset in the lower left corner: ‘Map showing relations of the Urmi Lake Basin’, 9.5 × 7.5 cm, covers: 28°-43° N, 37°-52° E, one graphical scale: 25.4 mm (1 inch) to 300 miles, or 1: 19 008 000. Title and scale placed in the mid-right part; mountains shaded; heights in feet. 1126) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 14, 1899 (July-Dec.), map facing p. 592, text on pp. 504-523. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 14, 1899.

Pl. 399 (E. 740) Sketch Map of the Darya-i-Namak (Salt Plain), by C E Biddulph, published by the RGS, London, 1891; 19 × 11 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London, Pro-RGS, vol. 13, 1891, map facing p. 647

E. 743 SYKES Percy Molesworth, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London; 1902; Four small untitled sketch-maps showing Lake Hamun in Sistan; English; each sketch: 8 × 6 cm; one graphical scale on each sketch: 20 mm to 30 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 2 400 000. These small sketches show Hamun Lake in Sistan in four different states, depending on the amount of precipitation. They are included in the paper ‘A fourth journey in Persia, 1897-1901, by Major Percy Molesworth Sykes’, published in the Geographical Journal of the RGS.1127 It is a reduced copy, with some modifications, of a manuscript by Ali-Asghar Khan Bahadur, prepared under the su-

pervision of, and for, P M Sykes.1128 For more information about P M Sykes see the description preceding E. 501. 1127) Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 19, 1902 (Jan.-June), four sketches on pages 144 and 145, text on pp. 121-173. Copy in the BL: Maps 159, GJ-RGS, vol. 19, 1902. See also E. 504. 1128) See E. 741

E. 744

Pl. 401

BEUCK H, LANGHANS Paul Prof., PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1916; Der Urmiasee nach einer Skizze von H Beuck im

Pl. 400 (E. 742) Urmi Lake Basin (Azerbaijan), by Robert T Günther, published by the RGS, London, 1899; 33 × 35 cm; From the Author’s Collection: CA 207

Pl. 401 (E. 744) Urmia Lake according to a sketch by H Beuck, compared with the Russian General Staff’s map, published by Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1916; 33 × 31 cm; By Permission of the British Library: P.P.3946, PGM, vol. 62, 1916, map (Tafel) 53

natural-topographical and geological maps 401

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chapter nine – natural-topographical and geological maps

Vergleich mit der Russischen Generalstabkarte [Urmia Lake according to a sketch by H Beuck, compared with the Russian General Staff’s map]; German; 33 × 31 cm; covers: 36°55’-38°20’ N, 44°45’-46°25’ E; one graphical scale: 40 mm to 20 km, natural scale 1: 500 000.

and as given by H Beuck in 1912, by a red line, with surface of the lake coloured light blue. Title printed in the upper margin; scale in the upper right corner of the map. This map was constructed to illustrate the article ‘Der Urmiasee in Persien’, by H Beuck, published in the PGM.1129

The contour of Urmia Lake, as shown in the Russian General Staff’s map of 1887, drawn by a single black line and shaded dark blue,

1129) PGM, vol. 62, 1916, text on p. 449, map (Tafel) 53 in the map section of the volume. Copy in the BL: P.P.3946, PGM, vol. 62, 1916.

Section Three: Mountains and Cross-Sections

E. 745

MS

ST. JOHN O Lieutenant; Persia; about 1858; Section from Bushire to Teheran; English; 33.5 × 94 cm; two graphical scales: horizontal: 127 mm to 100 miles (1 inch to 20 miles), or 1: 1 267 200, vertical: 95 mm to 15 000 feet (1 inch to 4000 ft.), or 1: 48 000.1130 Shows the elevations of the road from Teheran (3450 ft.) to Bushehr (sea level). Title placed in the upper part, scale bars in the lower part, of the sheet. There is a printed reduced version of this MS, published in the Journal of the RGS.1131 1130) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.88. 1131) See E. 746.

E. 746

Pl. 402

ST. JOHN O, Major, MURRAY John publisher, ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY publisher; London, 1868; Section from Bushire to Teheran to accompany the Paper by Major O St. John; English; 12.5 × 46 cm, sheet: 21 × 58 cm; one graphical scale: 62.5 mm to 100 miles, natural scale approximately 1: 2 575 000, vertical scale 1: 100 000. This cross-section from Bushire (Bushehr) to Teheran is a reduced copy of a manuscript original by Major St. John of 1858.1132 It was prepared to illustrate the paper ‘On the Elevation of the Country between Bushire and Teheran, by Major O. St. John’, published in the Journal of the RGS.1133 According to this the elevation of Teheran is 3450 feet, and the highest elevation from Bushehr to Teheran 7200 feet (about 2196 m in Dehbid, province of Fars).

1132) See E. 745 1133) Journal of the RGS, vol. 38, 1868, map facing p. 411, text on pp. 411413.

E. 747

Pl. 403

KOTSCHY Theodor; PETERMANN A; HELLFARTH C lithographer, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1859; Dr. Th. Kotschy’s Ansichten des Vulkans Demavand, nebst Grundriss des Kraters [Views of Demavand (Damavand) Volcano with a plan of its crater, by Dr. Th. Kotschy]; German; 24.5 × 19 cm. This sheet comprises three views and one plan: 1) upper view: north-eastern side of Damavand, as seen from a 10 000 feet high position, 5.5 × 9 cm, with descriptions on both sides of the view; 2) middle-left view: southern side of Damavand, as seen from a 9000 feet high position, 5.5 × 9 cm; 3) middle-right view: a perspective view of the crater of Damavand, 5.5 × 9 cm; 4) lower plan: showing the crater of Damavand and its surroundings, 11 × 18.5 cm. Main title printed in the upper margin, sub-titles below the views and plan respectively. It was made to illustrate the article ‘Dr. Theodor Kotschy’s Erforschung und Besteigung des Vulkans Demavand, nebst Grundriss des Kraters und Ansichten’, published in the PGM.1134 1134) PGM, vol. 5, 1859, text on pp. 49-68, map (Tafel) 4 facing p. 88, or at back of the volume. Copy in the BL: P.P. 3946, vol. 5, 1859, Tafel 4 at back of the volume.

Pl. 402 (E. 746) Section from Bushire to Teheran to accompany the Paper by Major O St. John, published by the RGS, London, 1868; 12.5 × 46 cm; sheet 21 × 58 cm From the Author’s Collection: CA 218

natural-topographical and geological maps

Pl. 403 (E. 747) Views of the Volcano Demavand (Damavand) and the Plan of its Crater, by Dr. Th. Kotschy, published by Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1859; 24.5 × 19 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: PGM, vol. 5, 1859, Tafel 4 at back of the volume

403

404

chapter nine – natural-topographical and geological maps

Pl. 404 (E. 750) The Perso-Afghan Mountains, by Col. S G Burrard / Survey of India, Dehra Dun 1918; 24 × 37/42, sheet: 32 × 50; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran S/G.7

E. 748

MS

SAWYER H A Colonel; Persia; 1890; Section: Isfahan – Deh Khurd – Alikuh – Cherri – Bazuft – Chilau (Shustar = Shushtar); English; 16 × 58 cm; natural scale 1: 380 610, vertical scale 1: 75 000, heights given in feet.1135 This shows the ‘Section’ of a route travelled by Colonel Sawyer from Isfahan (5200 ft.) via Chahar-Mahal and Bakhtiari Country to Chilau (Shushtar, 4250 ft.) in Khuzistan in 1890. On this map south is nearly at the top; title written in the lower margin. 1135) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.4.

E. 749

cities noted. Thus, it is a conventional road map. However, as the mountains along the roads are visibly depicted (contoured), with their names written in red and their heights given in feet, it can also be considered as a relief map of part of central Persia. 1136) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.23.

E. 750

Pl. 404

BURRARD S G Colonel, SURVEY OF INDIA; Dehra Dun; 1918; The Perso-Afghan Mountains; English; 24 × 37/42 cm, modified secant conical projection, sheet: 32 × 50 cm; covers: 24°-40° N, 44°-76° E; one graphical scale: 101 mm to 50 miles, natural scale 1: 8 000 000.1137

MS

HOUTUM-SCHINDLER A General; Teheran; 1899; untitled, showing Roads in Central Persia; English; 87 × 49 cm; covers: 32°30’-36°15’ N, 50°5’-52°35’ E; scale 1 inch to 8 miles, or 1: 506 880, heights in feet.1136 This covers central Persia from the Caspian Sea to Isfahan, showing the major alternative roads from the Caspian to Teheran and farther south to Isfahan, with place names and elevations of the

This was published under the direction of Colonel S G Burrard, Surveyor-General of India in 1918; heliozincographed at the Survey of India Offices in Dehra Dun. Altitude tints for levels above and under the sea level are given in feet on the right margin; title written along the top, scale, etc. placed in the lower, margin. 1137) Copy in the BL: Maps I.S.; copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/G.7; copy in the TNA, England: FO 925/36029; copy in the SBB, Berlin: 9373.

natural-topographical and geological maps

405

Section Four: Geological Maps E. 751

MS

CAMPBELL J Morrow; Abbasabad (Abbas-Abad), Persia; 1882; Map showing Position of the Copper Mines North of Abbasabad; English; 18.5 × 23.5 cm; the map is centred on the town of Abbasabad at 36°21’ N, 56°23’ E; scale 1 inch to 1 mile, or 1: 63 360.1138 This MS shows an area north of Abbasabad in the province of Kerman, with mountains of sedimentary rocks, containing copper. ‘Copper occurs here in thin veins in sedimentary rocks’, etc. noted in places.

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India.1140 Title and description of colours placed in the lower margin. 1140) Pilgrim G E, Part 4: 160-page text and the following plate 15.

E. 754 PILGRIM G E, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA; Calcutta; 1907; Geological Sketch Map of Portion of Arabistan (Khuzistan) and the Bakhtiari Country in Southern Persia; English; 22 × 45 cm; covers: 30°10’-32° N, 48°30’-50°50’ E; scale 1 inch to 8 miles, or 1: 506 880.1141

1138) MS in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S/S.44.

E. 752

Pl. 405

PILGRIM G E, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA; Dehra Dun/ Calcutta; 1883/1907; Geological Sketch Map of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, with the adjoining portions of Persia and Arabia; English; 68 × 88.5/97.5 cm; covers: 20°-32° N, 44°-62°14’ E, conical projection; scale1 inch to 32 miles, or 1: 2 027 520. The original printing of this map was issued by the Survey of India in Dehra Dun in July 1883. It was copied in 1907, with slight alterations in the spelling of place names. This new edition was prepared by G E Pilgrim for Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India and heliozincographed at the Survey of India Offices in Calcutta; the title appears in the map’s lower margin, index of colours in the lower left corner.1139 There are three plates (sketch sections) in the same publication, relating to the Persian part of this map, produced by G E Pilgrim on a horizontal and vertical scale of 1 inch to 1 mile (1: 63 360): plate 1) Sketch Section between Daliki and Dasht-i-Arjan, along the Bushire-Shiraz Road, 25 × 45 cm; plate 2) Sketch Section between Daru-Khalum and Godar Bridge, Bakhtiari Mountains, 25 × 60 cm: and plate 3: Sketch Section between the Karun River twelve miles southeast of Godar Bridge and Sar Khun, Bakhtiari Mountains, 25 × 58 cm. Two other related detailed geological sketches are described separately (see E. 753 and E. 754). 1139) Pilgrim G E, 160-page text and one main map and the following three sketch-sections.

E. 753

An enlarged and detailed map of a part of the main one described in E. 752, it includes Ahwaz and part of Khuzistan and the Bakhtiari mountainous country. Detailed description on this sketch-map can be found in the lengthy text printed in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Title placed in the lower margin, index of colours in the lower right corner of the map. 1141) Pilgrim G E, Part 4: 160-page text and the following plate 16.

E. 755

Pl. 407

STAHL A F, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1897; Profile des Elbursgebirge von A F Stahl [Cross-sections of the Alborz Mountain Range, by A F Stahl]; German; 40 × 48 cm; one graphical vertical scale for heights: 50 mm to 5000 m, or 1: 100 000, one graphical horizontal scale: 49.5 mm to 20 versts, or 1: 420 000. Geological maps of Persia of this kind, produced during our chosen time-span are extremely rare. Such maps constructed by A F Stahl are, therefore, of special importance. This sheet contains five cross-sections from the Iranian Highland northwards through the Alborz Range to the Caspian Sea, and three other profiles. Title placed in the mid-upper part of the map; scale bars in the upper right, legend in the upper left, corner. It is included in the article ‘Zur Geologie von Persien: geognostische Beschreibung von Nordund Zentral-Persien, von A F Stahl’, published in the PGM.1142 For more information about A F Stahl see the description preceding E. 496. 1142) PGM, Ergänzungsband [supplementary volume] 26, 1897, text on pp. 1-72, map (Tafel) 4 at the end of the Heft [fascicle] 122. Copy in the BL: P.P.3946, PGM, Ergänzungsband 26, Heft 122.

Pl. 406

PILGRIM G E, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA; Calcutta; 1907; Geological Sketch Map of Portion of the Province of Fárs in Southern Persia; English; 17.5 × 35 cm; covers: 29°15’-30° N, 51°15’-53° E; scale 1 inch to 8 miles, or 1: 506 880. An enlarged and detailed map of a part of the main one described in E. 752, it includes Shiraz and Persepolis. Detailed description on this sketch-map can be found in the lengthy text printed in the

E. 756

Pl. 408 (sh. 1-3)

STAHL A F, HASSENSTEIN Bruno cartographer, SCHMIDT Carl lettering; PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1897; Geologische Karte des nördlichen Persien. Nach Originalaufnahmen von A F Stahl, vormaliger Generalpostdirektor in Persien. 1895 [Geological Map of Northern Persia according to the original surveys of A F Stahl, former General-Director of the Persian Post,

Pl. 405 (E. 752) Geological Sketch Map of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman..., [by G E Pilgrim] prepared for Geological Survey of India, Calcutta, 1883; this plate shows the 1907 edition; 68 × 88.5/97.5 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Library, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, vol. 34, part 4, map at back of the volume

406 chapter nine – natural-topographical and geological maps

natural-topographical and geological maps

407

Pl. 406 (E. 753) Geological Sketch Map of Portion of the Province of Fárs in Southern Persia, by G E Pilgrim for the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Calcutta, 1907; 17.5 × 35 cm; By permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Library, Memoirs... , vol. 34, part 4, plate 15

Pl. 407 (E. 755) Cross-Sections of the Alborz Mountain Range, by A F Stahl, Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1897; 40 × 48 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Library, PGM, Ergänzungsband 26, Tafel 4 at the end of the Heft 122

408

chapter nine – natural-topographical and geological maps

1895]; German; map in three sheets: sheet I) 40 × 66 cm, covers: 34°40’-37°-30’ N, 49°10’-55°10’ E; sheet II) 40.5 × 48.5 cm, covers: 31°45’-34°40’ N, 50°35’-54°50’ E; sheet III) 34.5 × 42 cm, covers: 29°45’-32°15’ N, 54°5’-57°35’ E; three graphical scales: 72 mm to 60 km, 51 mm to 40 Russian versts, 78 mm to 10 (Persian) farsak (farsang), natural scale 1: 840 000, heights in m. It is basically the same three-sheet route map of 1896 by A F Stahl (see E. 496), with geological data added and natural scale corrected to 1: 840 000. Sheet (Blatt) I covers the Caspian provinces and the upper part of Central Persia, including Teheran and Qom; sheet II covers the middle part of central Persia, including Isfahan and Yazd; and sheet III covers south-eastern part of central Persia, including Kerman. This three-sheet map was included in the article ‘Zur Geologie von Persien: geognostische Beschreibung von Nord- und ZentralPersien, von A F Stahl’ published in the PGM.1143 As such geological maps of Persia are useful and rare, all three sheets are illustrated here. For more information about A F Stahl see the description preceding E. 496.

E. 757

Pl. 409

STAHL A F, SCHMIDT Carl, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1904; Geologische Karte von Karadag [Qarah-dagh], Persien; German; 24 × 39 cm; 38°23’-39°12’ N, 45°45’-47°30’ E; two graphical scales: 50 mm to 20 km, 53 mm to 20 versts, natural scale 1: 400 000. According to a description following the title this is based on the maps of the ‘Goriainoff and Enakieff Company’ and the geological surveys (recordings) by mining engineers Kurmakoff and Ivanoff, constructed by A F Stahl. This map covers north-eastern Azerbaijan and part of the Araxes (Aras) river, and was printed to illustrate the paper ‘Die orographischen und geologischen Verhältnisse des Karadag in Persien, von A F Stahl’, published in the PGM.1144 Title and scales placed in the upper left, description of colours in the lower right, corner. For more information about A F Stahl see the description preceding E. 496. 1144) PGM, vol. 50, 1904, text on pp. 227-235, map (Tafel) 17, facing p. 234. Copy in the BL: P.P.3946, PGM, vol. 50, 1904.

1143) PGM, Ergänzungsband [supplementary volume] 26, 1897, text on pp. 1-72, sheets 1-3 (Tafeln I – III) at the end of the Heft [fascicle] 122. Copy in the BL: P.P.3946, PGM, Ergänzungsband 26, Heft 122.

Pl. 408 (Sh. I – III) (E. 756) Geological Map of North (and part of Central) Persia according to the original surveys of A F Stahl, 1895, Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1897; Sheet I: 40 × 66 cm, Sheet II: 40.5 × 48.5 cm, Sheet III: 34.5 × 42 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Library, PGM, Ergänzungsband 26, Tafeln I – III at the end of the Heft (fascicle) 122

natural-topographical and geological maps

Pl. 408 (Sh. I – III)

(E. 756)

409

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chapter nine – natural-topographical and geological maps

Pl. 409 (E. 757) Geologische Karte von Karadag (Qarah-dagh), Persien, by A F Stahl, published by Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1904; 24 × 39 cm; By Permission of the Royal Geographical Society, London: Library, PGM, vol. 50, 1904, Tafel 17 facing p. 234

E. 758

E. 759

STAHL A F, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1907; Geologische Routenkarte von Zentral-Persien nach eigenen Aufnahmen von A F Stahl, Blatt I (sheet 1); German; 40 × 49 cm; covers: 32°20’-35°10’ N, 47°55’-52°15’ / 48°5’-52°15’ E; two graphical scales: 63 mm to 50 versts, 59.5 mm to 50 km, natural scale 1: 840 000.

STAHL A F, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1907; Geologische Routenkarte des Nordwestlichen Persien nach eigenen Aufnahmen von A F Stahl, Blatt II [sheet 2]; German; 50 × 39 cm; covers: 35°5’-38°55’ N, 45°10’-48°55’ / 45°40’-49°10’E; two graphical scales: 63 mm to 50 versts, 59.5 mm to 50 km, natural scale 1: 840 000.

The basic map is the same as that described in E. 498, sheet 1 (Blatt I), 1905, as a route map. It was made to accompany the article ‘Geologische Beobachtungen in Zentral- und Nordwestpersien von A F Stahl: [part 1] von Rescht nach Tehran und Kum, [part 2] von Kum nach Isfahan, [part 3] von Isfahan nach Hamadan’, published in the PGM.1145 This map does not cover ‘part 1’ of the article; title and scales placed in the lower left corner, description of the 12 colours for distinguishing different geological formations is in the lower left corner next to the title and scales; mountains shaded; place names and geological information along Stahl’s routes noted. For sheet 2 (Blatt II) of this map see E. 759; for more information about A F Stahl see the description preceding E. 496.

The basic map is the same described in E. 498, sheet 2, 1905, as a route map. It was made to accompany the article ‘Geologische Beobachtungen in Zentral- und Nordwestpersien von A F Stahl: [part 4] von Hamadan nach Tabriz, [part 5] von Tabriz nach Astara’, published in the PGM.1146 Title and scales placed in the lower left corner; mountains shaded; place names and geological information along Stahl’s routes noted; for description of the 12 colours used to distinguish different geological formations see E. 758. For more information about A F Stahl see the description preceding E. 496.

1145) PGM, vol. 53, 1907, text on pp. 169-177, map 14, sheet 1 (Tafel XIV, Blatt I) between pp. 192 and 193, first map.

1146) PGM, vol. 53, 1907, text on pp. 205-214, map 15, sheet 2 (Tafel XV, Blatt II) between pp. 192 and 193, second map.

natural-topographical and geological maps

411

E. 760

E. 761

STAHL A F, SCHMIDT Carl, PERTHES Justus publisher; Gotha; 1909; Geologische Karte von Nordwest-Persien nach eigenen Aufnahmen von A F Stahl [Geological map of northwestern Persia, by A F Stahl, based on his own surveys]; German; 58.5 × 57 cm; covers: 34°40’-39° N, 44°45’-50°30’ E; two graphical scales: 59.5 mm to 50 km, 63 mm to 50 versts, natural scale 1: 840 000.

HEDIN Sven, BYSTRÖM A Herman cartographer, ASKLUND B, KARTOGRAPHISCHE ANSTALT VON A F BROCKHAUS LEIPZIG publisher; Leipzig; map constructed 1906, printed 1927; General title: Hedins Reise durch die Kewir bis nach Afghanistan und Balutschistan, gezeichnet von Oberleutenant A H Byström, specific title: Geologische Karte über die Routenaufnahme Sven Hedins durch Ostpersien, zusammengestellt von B Asklund; German; 21 × 77.5 cm; covers: 30°-36°45’ N, 51°-62° E, latitudinal and longitudinal lines drawn diagonally; one graphical scale: 66.5 mm to 100 km, natural scale given 1: 1 500 000, heights in m.1148

This map covers the provinces of Azerbaijan, Gilan and the northwestern part of central Persia, including Zanjan, Qazvin and Hamadan. Title and scales placed in the upper right corner of the map; mountains shaded. Inset 1: ‘A F Stahl’s Reiseroute zwischen Barferusch, Firuzkuh und Djadjrud’, lower left corner, 21 × 18.5 cm, scale 1: 840 000; Inset 2: ‘Übersicht der Stahl’schen Routen in Persien 1906’, placed above inset 1, 8 × 11 cm, scale 1: 7 500 000. This map was made to accompany the paper ‘Geologische Beobachtungen im nordwestlichen Persien, by A F Stahl’, published in the PGM.1147 For more information about A F Stahl see the description preceding E. 496. 1147) PGM, vol. 55, 1909, text on pp. 1-10, map 1 (Tafel I) facing p. 8. Loose copy in the RGS: Map Room, Iran S.41; copy in the BL: P.P.3946, PGM, vol. 55, 1909.

This map shows Hedin’s route from Teheran to the border of Persia and British Baluchistan (present Pakistan), which was previously drawn in 9 sheets (see E. 520 and E. 521). Geological data, presented by different colours, have been added to the basic map. Scale bar and general title placed in the mid-lower part, specific title in the upper margin and geological legend in the upper right corner; place names and Hedin’s visiting dates along this route are noted; mountains shaded. 1148) Hedin, vol. 2, map folded, facing p. 485.

412

chapter nine – natural-topographical and geological maps

list of plates

LIST OF CONSULTED MAP COLLECTIONS The Collections of Maps, Atlases, Travel Accounts and Geographical Books and Magazines of the Following Principal Libraries and Institutions Have Been Consulted for Producing this Publication 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16)

BAYERISCHE STAATSBIBLIOTHEK (BSB), Abteilung Karten und Bilder, Munich, Germany BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL DE ESPANA, Madrid, Spain BIBLIOTHÈQUE NATIONALE DE FRANCE (BNF), Département des Cartes et Plans, Paris, France BODLEIAN LIBRARY, Map Room, Oxford, United Kingdom BRITISH LIBRARY (BL), sections: Maps, Asian & African Studies, Manuscripts, Rare Books (RB), and Humanities, London, United Kingdom BRITISH MUSEUM (BM), section: Prints and Drawings, London, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, Map Department, Cambridge, United Kingdom HUNTINGTON LIBRARY, San Marino, California, USA LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Geography and Map Division, Washington D. C., USA ÖSTERREICHISCHE NATIONALBIBLIOTHEK [National Library of Austria] (ÖNB) Kartensammlung, Vienna, Austria ÖSTERREICHISCHES STAATSARCHIV, Kartensammlung, Vienna, Austria ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY (RGS), Map Room and Library, United Kingdom THE NATIONAL ARCHIVE (TNA), Map and Picture Department, Kew, Surrey, United Kingdom STAATSBIBLIOTHEK ZU BERLIN Preussischer Kulturbesitz (SBB), Kartenabteilung, Berlin, Germany UNIVERSITEITS BIBLIOTHEEK LEIDEN, section DOUSA, Leiden, The Netherlands A few private map collections have also been consulted, such as the Author’s Map Collection of some 300 maps of Persia.

413

413

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list of plates

415

LIST OF PLATES Pl. No.

Description

Original Size (cm)

E. No.

Page

Pl. 1 Pl. 2 Pl. 3 Pl. 4 Pl. 5 Pl. 6 Pl. 7 Pl. 8 Pl. 9 Pl. 10 MS Pl. 11 Pl. 12 Pl. 13 Pl. 14 Pl. 15 Pl. 16 Pl. 17 Pl. 18 Pl. 19

Untitled historical map of western and southern Asia, W Raleigh, London, 1614 Carte des Quatre Grandes Monarchies..., De Fer, Ottens’ edn, Amsterdam, 1740 Perse & Succession des Rois de Perse, H A Châtelain, Amsterdam, 1719 Asiae Antiquissimae Tabula, W Stukeley, published by H Moll, London, 1721 [Map of the early world...], A Court de Gebelin, Paris, 1773 Imperium Persicum Antiquum, R Wilkinson, London, 1798 Regiones intra Mare Hyrcanum...et Sin. Persicum..., A Arrowsmith, London, 1828 The Eastern Part of the Ancient Persian Empire, G Long, London, 1831 Ancient Persian Empire, J Dower, London, 1831 Map to illustrate the course of the Eulaeus (Karun River)..., W K Loftus, Persia, 1850 Plan of the most remarkable Mounds of Shush..., W K Loftus, 1857 Carte...de l’histoire des...Perses, D’Anville, Paris, 1739; this Pl. depicts 1807 edn Histoire Profane, Empire des Medes...[527-293 BC], Buy de Mornas, Paris, 1762 Empires... Medo-Perses de 721 a 500 avant J.C. [BC], A H Dafour, Paris, 1864 Empires of the... Medes and Persians, G B Grundy, Stanfords’..., J Murray, London, 1904 La Carte de l’Empire du Grand Cyrus, Premier Roy de Perse, P Du Val, Paris, 1665 Delisle’s [Historical Map of...Achaemenid Empire in 400 BC], Paris, 1705 The Persian Empire divided into 20 Govts by Darius..., Ch. Browne/Du Val, London, 1712 [The Persian Empire as divided in 20 Provinces by Darius...], W Stukeley, H Moll, London, 1721 Imperium Persarum...Achaemenidarum...Dario I, Homann Heirs, Nuremberg, 1737 School version of E. 45 (upper map) and E. 80 (lower map), C Ohmann, Berlin, 1845 Empire de Cyrus, 538 avant J.C. [BC], A H Dufour, Paris, 1864 L’Empire de Cyrus avant la prise de Babylon, F Lenormant, Paris, 1868 Das Persische Reich der Achaemeniden und das Reich Alexanders..., H Kiepert, Berlin, 1889 Histoire Ancient [Ancienne] de l’Orient; Empire des Perses; Vidal-Lablache, Paris, 1894 Persian Empire (500 BC), sh. 7 of ‘Historical Maps of Bible Land’, Kent etc., New York, 1906 The Persian Empire, London Geographical Institute, George Philip & Son, London, 1910 Map to illustrate the relations of Greece and Persia, L Curtis, London, 1917 (first edn 1916) Alexandri Magni Macedonis Expeditio, A Ortelius, Antwerpen, 1595 Alexandri Magni Macedonis Expeditio, J Janssonius, Amsterdam, 1652 Expeditionis Alexandri Magni per Europam, Asiam..., P Duval / P Mortier, Amsterdam, 1705 Alexandri Magni Imperium et Expeditio Tabula, G Delisle, Paris, 1731 Imperium Alexandri Magni (Seleucid Empire), Homann Heirs, Nuremberg, 1737 ...Alexandri Magni Imperium et Expeditiones..., Robert de Vaugondy, Paris, 1753 L’Empire d’Alexandre le Grand, J P Nolin, Paris, 1759 Imperium Alexandri Magni per Europam, Asiam et Africam, A Zatta, Venice, 1785 Carte Générale de l’Empire d’Alexandre, A Brué, Paris, 1838, this plate shows the 1875 edn The Expedition of Alexander, Blackie & Fullarten, Glasgow/Edinburgh, 1822 Marches et Empire d’Alexandre-le-Grand, A H Dufour, Paris, 1839 Inset: Regna Diadochorum (Regna Seleucidorum), H Kiepert, Berlin, 1889 Imperia Persarum et Macedonum, H Kiepert, Berlin, 1893 [Persian Kingdom’s Upper Provinces in the period of Alexander..., Th Menke, Gotha, 1865 Empire d’Alexandre, Ch Lacoste, Paris, 1874 Sketch map of ancient and medieval Makran, W S Shawe (for T H Holdich), London, 1896 Persaru[m] Sive Parthorum Imperium in Duo de viginti Regna, N Sanson, Paris, 1655 Upper: Empire des Perses et des Parthes, lower: Ancienne Perse, A Mallet, Paris, 1683 Oriens, Ch Cellarius, first published 1686, this plate shows the 1774 Rome edition Imperium Partho-Persicum vel Persarum Posteriorum, Homann Heirs, Nuremberg, 1737

25 x 38 28 x 70 sheet: 37 x 43 30.5 x 40 31 x 52.5 22.5 x 28.5 22 x 27.5 28.5 x 36 34 x 41.5 25.5 x 55 23 x 31 27 x 41 sheet: 38 x 54 33 x 46 28 x 42.5 16.5 x 23.5 48 x 64.5 16 x 23 15.5 x 22.5

E. 1 E. 4 E. 5 E. 6 E. 7 E. 10 E. 13 E. 14 E. 15 E. 19 E. 20 E. 26 E. 27 E. 28 E. 30 E. 31 E. 33 E. 36 E. 40

2 3 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 16 18 19 21 22

18 x 26 sheet: 46 x 36 33 x 46.5 23.5 x 37.5 20.5 x 25.5 29 x 44 43 x 68 38 x 87.5 21.5 x 48 36 x 46 36.5 x 46.5 34 x 50 46 x 83 17 x 30 47 x 62 20 x 28.5 32.5 x 44 36 x 51 20.5 x 34 30 x 37 inset: 28 x 45 33.5 x 44 20 x 27 31 x 42 21 x 45.5 19.5 x 26.5 sheet: 15.5 x 10.5 30 x 45.5 17 x 23

E. 41 E. 45 & 80 E. 46 E. 48 E. 49 E. 50 E. 52 E. 53 E. 54 E. 55 E. 56 E. 58 E. 61 E. 62 E. 65 E. 66 E. 68 E. 73 E. 74 E. 76 E. 82 E. 83 E. 84 E. 86 E. 90 E. 92 E. 93 E. 94 E. 95

23 24 25 26 26 28 28 29 30 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 38 40 41 42 44 45 45 46 47 49 50 51 52

Pl. 20 Pl. 21 Pl. 22 Pl. 23 Pl. 24 Pl. 25 Pl. 26 Pl. 27 Pl. 28 Pl. 29 Pl. 30 Pl. 31 Pl. 32 Pl. 33 Pl. 34 Pl. 35 Pl. 36 Pl. 37 Pl. 38 Pl. 39 Pl. 40 Pl. 41 Pl. 42 Pl. 43 Pl. 44 Pl. 45 Pl. 46 Pl. 47 Pl. 48

415

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Description

Original Size (cm)

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Page

Pl. 49 Pl. 50 Pl. 51 Pl. 52 Pl. 53 Pl. 54 Pl. 55 Pl. 56 Pl. 57 Pl. 58

Imperia Antiqua Pars Media, R. Bonne, Paris, 1780 Imperium Parthicum Tempore Arsacidum, R Wilkinson, London, 1807 Regiones inter Euphraten et Indum, C Smith, London, 1809 Empire romain d’Orient..., on the map: Empire des Sassanides, A H Dufour, Paris, 1864 Imperium Timuri...1405, Homann Heirs, Nuremberg, 1737 Imperium ...Muhammedicum..., Homann Heirs, Nuremberg, 1737 Tabulae...Imperii Arabici...temp. Mahmudi...Gaznevidae, Homann Heirs, Nuremberg, 1737 Tabulae.. Imperii Arabici...temporibus...Selgiukidarum..., Homann Heirs, Nuremberg, 1737 Kalifat Oestliche Haelfte [Caliphate, eastern half], K Spruner von Merz, Gotha, 1846 upper map (E. 108): [The Kingdom of the Caliphs about 750], lower map (E. 109): [Islamic Countries about 1215], H Kiepert, Berlin, 1889 Untitled, showing the province of Azerbaijan, Katib-Çelebi, Constantinople, 1732 [Map continuation..., showing the border of Russia with Persia], Russia, 1805 Routes through Aderbigian (Azerbaijan)..., J Morier, London, 1818 [Map of the Countries between Constantinople and Teheran...], Lapie/Jaubert, Paris, 1821 Part of Georgia..., the Persian provinces Azerbaijan..., Monteith/Arrowsmith, London, 1833 Untitled, Aderbaijan [Azerbaijan] and southern Caucasus, H Kiepert, Berlin, 1852 Map of Azerbaijan, N Khanikof / H Kiepert, Berlin, 1862 [Environs of Urmia in Persia, based on information given by J Arsenis], H Kiepert, Berlin, 1873 Reconnaissance Survey of NW Azerbaijan, Fazel-Dad-Khan / War Office, London, 1895 Perse, Région Nord-Ouest, J B Feuvrier, Paris, 1899 Index map for the Russian multi-sheet [Map of Caucasus and with… of Turkey and Persia], Caucasus, 1908-26 (first published 1880-83?) Sh. E/11 as a sample of 15 Persian sheets of the Russian multi-sheet [Map of Caucasus and with… of Turkey and Persia], Caucasus, 1908-26 [Index sheet for the Russian 2-verst map of Azerbaijan], Prussian Land Survey, Berlin, 1918 [Tow-verst (Russian) map of Azerbaijan], sheet XXIV/20, Prussian Land Survey, Berlin, 1918 Sketch map of Western Elburz and Persian Azerbaijan..., L S Fortescue/RGS, London, 1924 [An attempt to portray Southern Iran...], C Zimmermann / C Ritter, Berlin, 1850 Map of Seistan to accompany the paper by... H C Rawlinson, J Murray, RGS, London, 1873 Persian Seistan - Cultivated Area, G A Plunket, Survey of India, London, 1903 Seistan from Surveys made during the SBAC by A H McMahon, RGS, London, 1906 Farsistan et Laristan, from Klaproth’s Collection, Paris, about 1822 [Altitude profile and a small map of southwest...Pesia...], R F Hohenacker, Germany, 1846 Map of parts of Arabia and Persia, upper sheet..., Ross, Survey of India, Dehra Dan, 1883 Carte de la Plaine du Polvar, M Dieulafoy, Paris, 1884 Part of southern Persia from Shiraz to Jashk from a survey by J Preece, RGS, London, 1885 Naqsha-ye Fars [Map of Fars], H Fasa’i, Teheran, 1895 Persia, Country between Bandar Abbas and Shiraz, A T Wilson, RGS, London, 1908 Persia - Shiraz - Military Map, Col. Ryder, Survey of India, Calcutta, 1920/21 Nouvelle Carte de la Province de Gilan en Perse, A Olearius, Van der Aa edn, Leiden, 1719 Provinciarum Persicarum Kilaniae (Gilan)..., J B Homann, Nuremberg, 1728 [The Southern Shore of the Caspian Sea], G Melgunof, Leipzig, 1868 [Map of the southern shores... Caspian Sea...] J de Morgan, Paris, 1890, this is 1895 edn Perse, Région Nord, J B Feuvrier, Paris, 1899 Die Umgebung von Rescht und die Daefek-Kuh von A F Stahl, PGM, Gotha, 1910 Perse, Province de Guilan, Capt. Faure / H L Rabino, Lyon, 1914 Teheran - Operationskarte, Royal Prussian Land Survey, Berlin, 1918 [General Map of Russian Scientific Expedition in Khorasan], N Khanikoff, Berlin, 1860 A map of the northern frontier of Khorassan..., G Napier, RGS, London, 1876 Map of Khorasan and neighbouring countries..., C E Stewart, RGS, London, 1881 Map of Central Kurdistan, to illustrate Ainworth’s visit to the Chaldeans, RGS, London, 1841 Prof. C Haussknecht’s Routen im Orient..., Kurdistan und Irak, H Kiepert, Berlin, 1882 Carte de la partie centrale du Kurdistan, J de Morgan, Paris, 1895 Reconnaissance Survey of the Bakhtiari Country..., H A Sawyer, RGS, London, 1894 South Western Persia, across Luristan to Ispahan..., H B Lynch, RGS, London, 1890 [Lieut. A Tafel’s Surveys in Luristan...], copied and reduced by the Royal Prussian Land Survey (SE-sheet), Berlin, 1917

35 x 23.5 22.5 x 28.5 35 x 56 right-half: 33 x 23 16.5 x 25 17 x 31.5 17 x 20.5 17 x 21 32 x 39

E. 97 E. 100 E. 101 E. 102 E. 103 E. 104 E. 105 E. 106 E. 107

53 54 54 55 57 57 58 59 59

11 x 20, 10 x 20 17 x 19 35 x 43 27.5 x 43.5 37.5 x 93 SE-sheet: 52 x 53 48 x 36.5 50.5 x 56 19 x 12

E. 108/109 E. 110 E. 111 E. 113 E. 114 E. 116 E. 118 E. 119 E. 120

60 62 62 63 64 65 66 66 67

51.5 x 44 15 x 10

E. 121 E. 122

68 68

24.5 x 27

E. 123

69

47.5 x 62.5 61 x 29 55 x 54 12 x 20 43.5 x 51.5 19 x 23.5 58.5 x 48 29 x 41 114 x 81 26 x 42 46 x 95 18.5 x 28 22 x 58.5 125 x 183 34 x 40 68 x 54 28 x 33 49 x 58 31 x 67.5 81.5 x 144 15 x 10 24 X 19.5 84 x 80 72 x 52 30.5 x 39.5 41.5 x 67.5 62 x 82 37.5 x 39 49 x 70 96 x 122 34 x 36.5 33 x 54

E. 123 E. 124 E. 125 E. 126 E. 128 E. 132 E. 137 E. 139 E. 144 E. 146 E. 147 E. 148 E. 149 E. 151 E. 153 E. 154 E. 155 E. 156 E. 160 E. 161 E. 162 E. 163 E.164 E. 165 E. 171 E. 173 E. 176 E. 180 E. 181 E. 182 E. 187 E. 189

70 71 72 72 74 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 88 89 90 91 92 92 93 93 95 96 97 99 100 101 103 103

82 x 73

E. 190

105

Pl. 59 Pl. 60 Pl. 61 Pl. 62 Pl. 63 Pl. 64 Pl. 65 E. 66 Pl. 67 Pl. 68 Pl. 69 Pl. 70 Pl.71 Pl. 72 Pl. 73 Pl. 74 Pl. 75 Pl. 76 Pl. 77 Pl. 78 MS Pl. 79 Pl. 80 Pl. 81 Pl. 82 Pl. 83 Pl. 84 Pl. 85 Pl. 86 Pl. 87 Pl. 88 Pl. 89 Pl. 90 Pl. 91 Pl. 92 Pl. 93 Pl. 94 Pl. 95 Pl. 96 Pl. 97 Pl. 98 Pl. 99 Pl. 100 Pl. 101 Pl. 102

list of plates

417

Pl. No.

Description

Original Size (cm)

E. No.

Page

Pl. 103 Pl. 104 Pl. 105 Pl. 106 Pl. 107 Pl. 108 Pl. 109 Pl. 110 MS Pl. 111 MS Pl. 112 Pl. 113 Pl. 114 Pl. 115 Pl. 116 Pl. 117 Pl. 118 Pl. 119 Pl. 120 Pl. 121 Pl. 122

Map to illustrate Mr. Layard’s Paper on Khusistan, J Murray, RGS, London, 1846 Map of Khuzistan..., C W Wilson, War Office, London, 1875 Carte de l’Élam, Kourdistân, Louristân, Khouzistân..., J de Morgan, Paris, 1895 A Map of the...and Persian Provinces...with Courdistan..., R K Porter, S Hall, London, 1821 Map of Azerbaeejaun..., with Route of His Majesty’s Mission..., J Sutherland, London, 1833 West Persien und Mesopotamien zu Ritter’s Erdkunde, C Zimmermann , Berlin, 1840 [General map of a journey of...Prussian Ambassador in Persia...], H Kiepert, Berlin, 1862 Gerard’s MS map of...western Persia, sheet 1 (includes an index map), England, 1886 Gerard’s MS map of...western Persia (12 sheets), sheet 4 (Rasht, Kasvin), England, 1886 Carte du Kurdistan...et Perse-Occidentale, Frontières Turco-Persanes, H Binder, Paris, 1887 Map of E. Persian Irak to accompany the memoir by Gen. Houtum-Schindler, London, 1896 Seventh Map of Asia, by Ptolemy, De Lapis edn, Bologna, 1477, second state Jayhany’s 10th century map of the Caspian Sea from a later MS, C Miller, Stuttgart, 1926 Detail of Gastaldi’s First Map of Asia, 1559 (Caspain Sea), De Jode edn, Antwerpen, 1577 Detail of Olearius Map of Persia, showing the Caspian Sea, 1647, English edn, London, 1662 Untitled, showing the Caspian Sea, Th. Herbert, London, 1638 Carte Marine...décrite La Mer Caspienne..., J J Struys, Amsterdam, 1668, French edn 1681 Paskaert vande Caspise Zee, O Dapper, J van Meurs, Amsterdam, 1672 Mare Caspium, a Russion map of the Caspian Sea, Russia, c. 1719 Original Russian chart of the Caspian Sea based on Van Verden’s and other surveys, St. Petersburg, 1720 Carte Marine de la Mer Caspiene, Delisle edition of Van Verden (Russian) Map, Paris, 1721 Carte des Pays Voisins de la Mer Caspiene..., G Delisle, Paris 1723 Carte Marine de la Mer Caspiene, Ottens’ version of Van Verden Map, Amsterdam, 1723 Nova ac Verissima Maris Caspii..., (J Meyer?), R Ottens, Amsterdam, 1723 Das Kaspische Meer..., Homann’s edition of Van Verden’s (Russian) map, Nuremberg, 1729 The Caspian Sea...drawn by Carl Van Verden..., H Moll’s version, London, 1727, atlas 1729 Nova Maris Caspii...per A Maas, 1735, published by Homann Heirs, Nuremberg, 1737 A Plain Chart of the Caspian Sea..., by Th Woodroofe for J Hanway (1745), London, 1753 Essai d’une Nouvelle Carte de la Mer Caspienne, J B D’Anville, Paris, 1746 or later A new and accurate map of the Caspian Sea..., E. Bowen, London, 1747 A map of the routes of the Russian Embassy to Persia in 1746..., J Hanway, London, 1753 Carte de la Mer Caspienne et ses Environs, J N Bellin, Paris, 1764 Carte des Kaspischen Meeres..., J A Güldenstaedt, Riga, 1776 Chart of the Caspian Sea, by Th Kitchin for W Cox’s book, Th. Cadell, London, 1784 Carte de la Mer Caspienne, P F Tardieu, Paris, 1785 The Caspian Sea, Khivah and the Surrounding Country..., J Arrowsmith, London, 1841 Untitled manuscript chart, showing ‘Sinus Persicus’, etc., A Santa Cruz, Madrid, 1541 Ormuz (showing the Persian Gulf), B Langenes, Amsterdam, 1598 Ormus Regnum - Descriptio Regni Ormuzii, J Hondius, Amsterdam, 1616 Untitled chart of the Persian Gulf by an anonymous Dutch cartographer, Persia, 1645 Untitled MS sketch of the Persian Gulf, E. Kaempfer, Germany, 1684-85 Upper chart: Gulph of Persia, by E Kaempfer, 1712; lower chart: Gulph of Persia, by C Russell; Dalrymple edn of both charts on one sheet, London, Feb. 27, 1787 Untitled chart, showing ‘Sinus Persicus’, W Hacke, 1690, this MS copy in the BL: 1700 A Large Draught of the Golf of Persia from Muscatt to Buzaro, J Thornton, London, 1703 Upper chart: Golf of Persia, by S Thornton, 1716; lower chart: Golf of Persia, by J Thornton, 1703; Dalrymple edition of both charts on one sheet, London, January 7, 1787 A Large Draught of the Golf of Persia, S Thornton, London, 1716 Upper chart: Gulph of Persia From an English MS by J Friend, 1704; lower chart: Gulf of Persia by J N Bellin, 1764; Dalrymple edition of both charts on one sheet, London, 1787 De Persiaanze Zee (The Persian Sea), Peter vander (van der) Aa, Leiden, 1707 The Gulf of Persia, by an anonymous English chart-maker, England, c. 1720 Gulph of Persia, by D’Après de Mannevillette: upper chart in 1776, lower chart in 1745, Dalrymple edition on one sheet, London, 1787 A Chart of the Gulf of Persia from Basra..., D’Après de Mannevillette, London, 1776 Delineation of the Persian Gulf, with all of its Ports..., J van Keulen, Amsterdam, 1753 Gulph of Persia, by J van Keulen, 1753, Dalrymple edition, London, 1787 Untitled chart of the Persian Gulf, by William Herbert, London, 1758

20 x 24 76 x 55.5 79.5 x 55 69 x 48 131 x 78 72 x 96 49.5 x 37 sheet 1: 65 x 98 sheet 4: 65 x 98 42 x 37 57 33.5 datail: c. 10 x 16 facsimile c. 17 x 11 detail: c. 6 x 14.5 detail: c. 13 x 10 7 x 13 29 x 35.5 29 x 35 35 x 35.5

E. 193 E. 195 E. 197 E. 200 E. 201 E. 204 E. 209 E. 211 E. 211 E. 212 E. 214

E. 224 E. 225 E. 226 E. 229

105 106 106 109 109 110 112 113 113 114 114 118 118 119 119 120 121 122 124

149 x 69.5 2 sheets: 100 x 62 46 x 61.5 2 sheets: 88.5 x 60 49 x 60.5 left-half: 49 x 26 26.5 x 21 49 x 58 34.5 x 54 52 x 26 32 x 22.5 45 x 50.5 21.5 x 17 22 x 13.5 19 x 16 63.5 x 48 61 x 49 28 X 21.5 8.5 x 12 9.5 x 13.5 54 x 74 24 x 32

E. 230 E. 231 E. 232 E. 233 E. 234 E. 236 E. 237 E. 238 E. 240 E. 241 E. 242 E. 243 E. 244 E. 245 E. 246 E. 247 E. 248 E. 249 E. 250 E. 251 E. 253 E. 256

125 127 128 129 130 131 132 134 135 136 136 137 137 139 139 140 140 144 145 145 146 147

sheet: 29 x 23 44 x 59 43.5 x 53.5

E. 257/286 148 E. 258 149 E. 260 150

sheet: 28.5 x 27 43 x 54

E. 263/261 151 E. 262 152

29 x 46 15 x 22.5 36 x 64

E. 264/279 153 E. 266 154 E. 269 155

28.5 x 27.5 48.5 x 71 51 x 57 29 x 28 45 x 60

E. 272/270 E. 273 E. 274 E. 275 E. 276

Pl. 123 Pl. 124 Pl. 125 Pl. 126 Pl. 127 Pl. 128 Pl. 129 Pl. 130 Pl. 131 Pl. 132 Pl. 133 Pl. 134 Pl. 135 Pl. 136 Pl. 137 Pl. 138 Pl. 139 MS Pl. 140 Pl. 141 Pl. 142 MS Pl. 143 MS Pl. 144 Pl. 145 MS Pl. 146 Pl. 147 Pl. 148 Pl. 149 Pl. 150 Pl. 151 MS Pl. 152 Pl. 153 Pl. 154 Pl. 155 Pl. 156

156 157 158 158 159

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Pl. No.

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E. No.

Page

Pl. 157 Pl. 158 Pl. 159

Golfe Persique, by J B D’Anville, Paris, 1758, published in 1776 Carte du Golfe Persique, J N Bellin, Paris, 1764 Upper chart: Gulph of Persia, by C. Niebuhr, 1765; lower chart: Gulph of Persia by J B D’Anville, 1758; Dalrymple edition on one sheet, London, 1787 Sinus Persicus [mainly based on personal observations...], C Niebuhr, Paris, 1765 Carte du Golfe Persique depuis Bassora..., by G N Delahay, D’Après and others, Paris, 1775 Upper chart: Gulph of Persia, partly corrected by E Harvey, 1778; lower chart: Gulph of Persia, by J Cant; Dalrymple edition of both charts on one sheet, London, 1787 Chart of the Gulph of Persia, by A Dalrymple, London, 1797 The Gulf of Persia, with five insets, by William Heather, London, 1805 [For researches on the Persian Gulf, by P F J Gossellin], printed copy, Paris, 1814 Chart of the Gulf of Persia... from surveys by J B Brucks... 1830, J Horsburgh, London, 1832 [A reduced chart of the Persian Gulf], H Berghaus, Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1832 Winds and Currents in the Persian Gulf, 12 sheets, Lieut. Fergusson, London, 1856, sheet 8 Asia, Persian Gulf, Eastern Sheet, C G Constable, A W Stiffe, London, 1862, this is 1910 edn Asia, Persian Gulf, Western Sheet, C G Constable, A W Stiffe, London, 1862, this is 1910 edn [Indian Ocean... covering... The Persian Gulf], Spanish Admiralty, Madrid, 1869, upper part Arabisches Meer, Persischer Gulf (inset), Reichs-Marine-Amt, Dietrich Reimer, Berlin, 1907 Indischer Ocean, Arabische und Persische Kuste, Persischer Golf, Reichs-Marine-Amt, Dietrich Reimer, Berlin, 1910, this plate shows the 1913 edition

28 x 44 16.5 x 21.5

E. 277 E. 280

159 160

29 x 28 20.5 x 29.5 49 x 67

E. 281/278 161 E. 282 162 E. 283 162

29 x 24 26 x 46 63 x 78 20 x 28 75 x 118 41 x 58 45.5 x 58 98 x 65 98 x 65 uppe part: 51 x 61 26 x 30

E. 285/284 E. 287 E. 288 E. 289 E. 291 E. 292 E. 295 E. 296 E. 297 E. 298 E. 300

164 164 165 166 167 169 169 170 170 171 171

78 (partly 68) x 89.5 29 x 29.5 52 X 74 26 x 37 60 x 86, 3 sh. Joined 24 x 36 19 x 16 21 x 17

E. 301

173

E. 302 E. 303 E. 304 E. 305

175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182

24.5 x 47 28 x 31.5 29.5 X 43.5 26 x 46 28.5 x 30

E. 306 E. 310 E. 313 E. 315, 319 & 331 E. 316 E. 321 E. 323 E. 328

30 x 46 29.5 x 46 21 x 35.5 50.5 x 63 66 x 98 74 x 49 64 x 44.5 40.5 x 53.5 37 X 56.5 19.5 x 24.5 20 x 15 31.5 x 41.5 30 x 43 46 x 32 11 x 18 39 x 54 14.5 x 10.5

E. 330 E. 332 E. 336 E. 338 E. 340 E. 341 E. 345 E. 348 E. 349 E. 350 E. 351 E. 353 E. 354 E. 354 E. 356 E. 357 E. 358

187 188 189 190 191 192 192 194 195 196 197 197 198 199 200 201 202

120 x 120

E. 363

206

68.5 x 46

E. 364

207

90 x 59

E. 368

209

Pl. 160 Pl. 161 Pl. 162 Pl. 163 Pl. 164 Pl. 165 Pl. 166 Pl. 167 Pl. 168 Pl. 169 Pl. 170 Pl. 171 Pl. 172 Pl. 173

Pl. 174 Pl. 175 MS Pl. 176 MS Pl. 177 MS

Plan of the Road of Jasques (Jask), W Baffin, (MS: 1617), This Dalrymple edn, London, 1795 Untitled chart by an anonymous Dutch chart-maker showing the Gulf of Oman, 1645 Untitled chart by an anonymous Dutch chart-maker showing the Strait of Ormuz, 1645 Entrance of the Persian Gulf, Charles Wilde, London or India, c. 1650, three sheets

Pl. 178 Pl. 179 Pl. 180 Pl. 181

Plan exact de Gomron, ou du Bandar Abassi..., J B Tavernier, Paris, 1676, this is a later edn La Rade de Gammeron, by J A Mandelslo, around 1640, Van der Aa, Leiden, 1719 Carte des Embouchures de l’Euphrate [Shatt-al-Arab], J N Bellin, Paris, 1764 Part of the Coast of Persia (3 charts for comparison); left: by J Cant (E. 315); middle: by E Harvey (E. 319); right: by C Russel (E. 331); Dalrymple edition on one sheet, London, 1787 Plan of Bushier (Bushehr)..., by David Simmons, Dalrymple edition, London, 1774 A Plane Chart of Part of the Gulph of Persia, E Harvey, MS 1778; Dalrymple, London, 1786 Plan of the Coast of Makran..., by A Dalrymple, London, 1795, printed 1797 Chart of the Head of the Gulph of Persia, by J McCluer, Dalrymple edition, London, 1786 Plate III [of a 3-sheet coastal views]: Views on the Gulf of Persia by John McCluer, Dalrymple edition, London, 1794-95 Part of the Gulph of Persia..., C Russell, Dalrymple edition, London, 1787 For researches on the coast of Gedrosia (Baluchistan), P F J Gossellin, Paris, 1814 Trigonometrical Plan of Bushire Roads, G B Brucks, 1826, J Horsburgh, London, 1828 The Coast from Bushire to Basadore (Basaidu), G B Brucks, 1828, Horsburgh, London, 1831 The Entrance to the Gulf of Persia..., by G B Brucks, 1828, J Horsburgh, London, 1831 Chart of the Entrance to the Persian Gulf, Lieut. Fergusson, London, 1854, printed 1857 Sketch map showing the Route from Bushire... to Port of Lingah, W H Colvill, London, 1865 Untitled, showing Ormus (Hormoz) Island..., MS by Pedro B de Resende, Portugal, 1635 Île d’Ormus ou de Jerun, by Jacob van der Schley, French edition, Paris, 1746 Plan de la Citadelle de la Ville de Charedsch (Khark), C Niebuhr, Amsterdam, 1774 Plan of the Islands Karak (Khark) and Korgo (Kharko)..., A Dalrymple, London, 1793 Plan (No. 2) of the island of Kharg, showing... Proposed works, C Walker, Persia, 1839 Plan (No. 4) of the existing... forts at Kharg and proposed alterations..., C Walker, 1839 Map of the island of Kishm (Qeshm), by Lewis Pelly, published by the RGS, London, 1864 Three maps and a view of the island of Hormoz on one sheet..., A W Stiffe, London, 1874 Kharag Island from a survey by Lieut. Anderson, 1838, published by the RGS, London, 1898 Sheet (c) 7 of the ‘Carte Topographique de la Frontière Turco-Persane’, W F Williams, E Chirikow and others, St. Petersburg, 1869/70 Turco-Persian Frontier... showing the Encroachments... by the Turkish Government..., H A Churchill. London, 1855 Map of Turco-Persian Frontier..., reduced... by Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton, 1873, this plate shows sheet 1 from a later edition

Pl. 182 Pl. 183 Pl. 184 Pl. 185 Pl. 186 Pl. 187 Pl. 188 Pl. 189 Pl. 190 Pl. 191 Pl. 192 Pl. 193 Pl. 194 MS Pl. 195 Pl. 196 Pl. 197 Pl. 198 MS Pl. 199 MS Pl. 200 Pl. 201 Pl. 202 Pl. 203 Pl. 204 Pl. 205

183 184 185 186

list of plates

419

Pl. No.

Description

Original Size (cm)

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Pl. 206 Pl. 207 Pl. 208

The smaller War Office version of A T Wilson’s ‘Map of Mohammerah...’, London, 1912 Sketch Map showing approximately Turco-Persian Frontier , Foreign Office, about 1913 Chia Surkh & Qasr-i-Shirin, signed by E B Soane, Harrison (for Foreign Office), London, 1912 Sketck map showing Turco-Persian Frontier...west and south of Hawizah, P Cox, London, 1912 Frontière Turco-Persane, Carte Supplémentaire No. 1-25, by the Boundary Commission, printed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, 1913-15, sheet 16 Copy of Map furnished by Russian Minister...for Negotiation of Akhal-Khorassan Boundary ... 1881, printed by Intelligence Branch of War Office, London, 1882 Copy of Russian Official Map [of Akhal-Khorassan Boundary], War Office, London, 1883 Sheet 1 [of a 8-sheet map] of the Frontier between Russia & Persia... according to the... Treaty of Dec. 9th 1881, lithogaphed by the Intelligence Branch, War Office, London, 1886 [Special map of the new Russian-Persian Frontier...], B Hassenstein, Gotha, 1882 Merw and the Russian-Persian Frontier Region, northwestern Khorasan, B Hassenstein, Gotha, 1884 Map illustrating Arbital Opinion on Seistan Boundary, Goldsmid FJ..., Bampur, 1872 A part of Beluchistan... and the Perso-Beluch Boundary, Capt. B Lovett, India, 1872 Iran östliche Hälfte... [the eastern half of Iran...], H Kiepert, Berlin, 1878, this is 1885 edn Untitled, showing part of Sistan with the proposed boundary, M R Mohandes, Persia, 1883 Map of the Afghan and Persian Border, Stewart CE, RGS, London, 1886 Part of Persia, Afghanistan and Baluchistan, Northwestern Trans-Frontier Series, Survey of India, Dehra Dún, 1897, sheet 14 Sketch map of Baluchistan & its Afghan and Persian Borders, Holdich, RGS, London, 1897 [The proposed boundary of] Seistan from surveys...under...McMahon, RGS, London, 1906 [Itinerary of Pietro della Valle in Persia from Isfahan to... Gameron], P Duval, Paris, 1665 [Itinerary of Pietro della Valle in Persia from Baghdad to...Ardebil...], P Duval, Paris, 1665 [Map of Olearius’ Journey to Persia... in the years 1636-1638], P Duval, Paris, 1680 [Route map of Mr. Zurabek, Ambassador of Poland... To Isfahan], G Delisle, Paris, 1722 Carte Itiners d’Abuschahr à Persepolis & de retour..., C Niebuhr, Amsterdam, 1774 Sketch of the Countries... between Shiraz and Constantinople..., J Morier, London, 1811 Route of His Majesty’s Mission under Sir Harford Jones... In 1809, J Morier, London, 1811 Route from Teheran to Asterabad in 1815 by James Morier, London, 1818 Porter’s Route map from Shulgistan to Moorg-aub..., as an example of his 18 plans of the routes travelled by him in Persia during the years 1817-1820; MS by Robert Ker Porter A Map to illustrate William Ousley’s Travels in the North of Persia, 1811-12, London, 1823 Sketch of a Route between Ahhar and Kazveen (Qazvin)... by Lieut. E D Todd, India, 1837 Kurdistan and part of Persia to illustrate the routes of Shiel, Todd etc., RGS, London, 1838 [Map of the Routes through... Persia, travelled …in 1840 … [by] Flandin and Coste...], Paris, 1851 Map to illustrate Geographical Notes... in Persia in 1849-50 by K Abbott, RGS, London, 1855 Route from Tehran To Bushire..., sheet 5 of a 5-sheet route map, R L Taylor, Persia, 1858 [Map of a part of Persia, by B Semino]…, included in Hommaire de Hell’s book, Paris, 1859 Route Map of the Special Mission to Seistan..., by D Bower for C B E Smith, London, 1872 [Itinerary of a journey to the interior of Persia], A D Rivadeneyra, Madrid, 1874 Route Map from Jask to Bampur to accompany the Paper by E Floyer, RGS, London, 1877 [Routes in southwestern Persia surveyed in 1877-78 by A Houtum-Schindler], Berlin, 1879 [Routes in southern Persia surveyed in 1879-80 by A Houtum-Schindler], Berlin, 1881 [Route from Tabriz to Saudjbulagh surveyed in 1881-82 by Houtum-Schindler], Berlin, 1883 Map to illustrate the journey fom Tehrán to the Caspian, E. Stack, London, 1882 A map of a route along the Alburz Mountains... 1881-82..., by B Lovett, RGS, London, 1883 Skeleton Map to illustrate Capt. Jennings’ diary of his journey through Western Baluchistan, Eastern Persia, Sarhad and Sistan, Survey of India, Dehra Dún, 1886 Carte pour servir à l’intelligence du voyage de Mme Dieulafoy..., Hachette, Paris, 1887 Vaughan’s Route through Central Persia, RGS, London, 1890 Untitled, showing Mrs. Isabella Bishop’s routes in... Persia, John Murray, London, 1891 Reiserouten in Nördlichen Persien..., A F Stahl, Gotha, 1896 Routenkarte von den Russischen Grenze nach Tabriz..., A F Stahl, Gotha, 1903 Routenkarte von Nordwest-Persien..., A F Stahl, Gotha, 1907

35.5 x 76 38 x 28 20 x 34

E. 371 E. 374 E. 375

210 210 211

71 x 52

E. 376

212

94 x 57

E. 377

213

34 x 91.5 30 x 69.5

E. 381 E. 382

215 216

68 x 101 23.5 x 63.5 25 x 19.5

E. 383 E. 384 E. 385

216 218 218

61 x 42.5 59 x 71 63 x 48 72.5 x 44.5 34 x 30

E. 387 E. 388 E. 392 E. 393 E. 394

220 220 221 223 224

46 x 80 37 x 39 29 x 19.5 16 x 23 16.5 x 23 23 x 16 15.5 x 16.5 21.5 x 14 26 x 44.5 47.5 x 15.5 19.5 x 25

E. 397 E. 398 E. 403 E. 407 E. 408 E. 411 E. 417 E. 418 E. 425 E. 427 E. 428

224 225 227 230 231 233 233 234 235 237 238

55 x 43 30 x 15.5 51 x 97 19.5 x 24.5 46 x 61

E. 429 E. 431 E. 436 E. 438 E. 445

238 239 240 240 242

19.5 x 26 20 x 32 30 x 46.5 19.5 x 95 46.5 x 48 23.5 x 19.5 47.5 x 57 58.5 x 51 40 x 15 19 x 19 30.5 x 71.5

E. 446 E. 449 E. 451 E. 460 E. 462 E. 465 E. 468 E. 471 E. 474 E. 484 E. 485

243 244 245 247 248 248 250 252 253 255 256

46.5 x 39.5/42.5 23.5 x 15.5 37.5 x 21.5 23.5 x 25.5 40 x 66 19 x 66 59 x 57

E. 489 E. 490 E. 492 E. 494 E. 496 E. 497 E. 499

258 258 259 260 261 262 263

Pl. 209 Pl. 210 Pl. 211 Pl. 212 Pl. 213 Pl. 214 Pl. 215 Pl. 216 Pl. 217 Pl. 218 Pl. 219 MS Pl. 220 Pl. 221 Pl. 222 Pl. 223 Pl. 224 Pl. 225 Pl. 226 Pl. 227 Pl. 228 Pl. 229 Pl. 230 Pl. 231 Pl. 232 MS Pl. 233 Pl. 234 Pl. 235 Pl. 236 Pl. 237 Pl. 238 MS Pl. 239 Pl. 240 Pl. 241 Pl. 242 Pl. 243 Pl. 244 Pl. 245 Pl. 246 Pl. 247 Pl. 248 Pl. 249 Pl. 250 Pl. 251 Pl. 252 Pl. 253 Pl. 254

420

list of plates

Pl. No.

Description

Original Size (cm)

E. No.

Page

Pl. 255 Pl. 256

Persia, Afghanistan and Baluchistan,... the journeys of Major P M Sykes, RGS, London, 1902 Left map (E. 509): Persia, Map to illustrate a seventh journey (1912) by P M Sykes;

39 x 47 left map: 33.5 x 39.5 right map: 33.5 x 21 52 x 67.5 17 x 19.5

E. 504 E. 509

265 266

E. 510

266

E. 518 E. 520

269 270

23 x 37.5 129 x 51.5 19 x 17.5 48.5 x 58 25.5 x 32 15 x 10 11 x 14 34 x 73 19 x 29 20 x 26 15.5 x 76 11 x 14 28.5 x 35 20 x 15 41 x 31.5 8 x 12

E. 521 E. 522 E. 527 E. 529 E. 530 E. 531 E. 532 E. 535 E. 537 E. 538 E. 539 E. 540 E. 541 E. 543 E. 545 E. 546

270 272 273 277 278 279 279 280 281 282 283 284 284 286 286 287

44.5 x 56 32 x 20 86 x 60 92 x 57.5 18 x 10 70 x 62 11.5 x 14 11 x 27 10 x 13 17 x 20.5 25 x 33 41 x 50 19 x 29 20 x 37 11 x 29 130 x 138 19 x 8 14.5 x 28.5 68.5 x 41

E. 547 E. 548 E. 549 E. 551 E. 552 E. 553 E. 554 E. 555 E. 556 E. 557 E. 558 E. 559 E. 560 E. 563 E. 565 E. 567 E. 568 E. 569 E. 571

288 289 289 290 290 292 293 293 294 294 295 296 297 298 298 299 301 301 302

c. 128 x 69 in total 2 sh. each 20 x 38 15 x 43 12 x 10 14.5 x 28.5

E. 572 E. 573 E. 574 E. 575b E. 576

303 304 305 305 307

2 sh. each 16 x 18 19 x 37.5 19 x 38 14 x 19.5 8 x 24 19.5 x 36.5 12 x 16 12 x 19

E. 577 E. 578 E. 579 E. 580 E. 581 E. 582 E. 583 E. 584

308 309 309 310 311 311 312 313

Right map (E. 510): Darragaz and the sources of Atrek by Sykes (1913); RGS, London, 1915 Pl. 257 Pl. 258 Pl. 259 Pl. 260 Pl. 261 Pl. 262 Pl. 263 Pl. 264 Pl. 265 Pl. 266 MS Pl. 267 Pl. 268 Pl. 269 Pl. 270 Pl. 271 Pl. 272 Pl. 273 MS Pl. 274 Pl. 275 MS Pl. 276 Pl. 277 MS Pl. 278 Pl. 279 Pl. 280 Pl. 281 Pl. 282 MS Pl. 283 Pl. 284 Pl. 285 Pl. 286 Pl. 287 Pl. 288 Pl. 289 Pl. 290 Pl. 291 Pl. 292 Pl. 293 MS Pl. 294 Pl. 295 Pl. 296 Pl. 297 Pl. 298 Pl. 299 Pl. 300 Pl. 301 Pl. 302 Pl. 303 Pl. 304 Pl. 305 Pl. 306

Theodor Strauss’ Reiserouten im westlichen Persien, Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1905 Index Map of Sven Hedin’s Route Survey... Eastern Persia 1906, Byström, Stockholm, 1918 A Route-Survey through Eastern Persia by Sven Hedin, drawn by A H Byström in 1906, printed in Stockholm in 1918 in nine sheets, here sheet 1 is depicted [Route map from Baghdad to Shiraz...], Ernst Herzfeld, published by J Perthes, Gotha, 1907 Marco Polo’s Itineraries, Map II: Kerman to Hormuz, J Murray (for H Jule), London, 1921 Verschiedene Prospecte der vornemsten Städten in Persien, J B Homann, Nuremberg, 1716 Map view of Ardebil, by Adam Olearius, Gottorf, 1647; this plate is from 1656 edition Ardevil ou Ardebil, by Allain Manesson Mallet, Paris, 1683 Die Stadt Ardebil in Adirbeitzan, J B Homann, Nuremberg, 1716 (detail from Pl. 262) De Stad Gamron, a map view of Bandar Abbas by an anonymous Dutch mapmaker, c. 1645 Gammeron ou Ville du Bander-Abassie en Perse, J Struys, Amsterdam, 1668; here 1681 edn Gamron (Bandar Abbas), Peter Schenk, Amsterdam, 1702 Untitled; Paris edition: Port d’Abbas, ou Bandar Abassi; J Chardin, Amsterdam, 1711 Gamron oder Bender Abbasi, J B Homann, Nuremberg, 1716 (detail from Pl. 262) La Ville de Gamron en Perse, by J A Mandelslo (1640s), Pieter van der Aa, Leiden, 1719 Plan des Environs d’Abu-Schahhr [... Vicinity of Bushehr], C Niebuhr, Amsterdam, 1774 Rough Sketch of Bushire and its Vicinity, MS by an unknown British surveyor, Bushire, 1819 Town of Bushire from the approach by Land, J S Buckingham, London, 1829 A Persian Plan of the Town and Fortification of Bushire previous to the bombardment by the British in 1856, by an unknown Persian mapmaker, signed by F Jones, Bushire, c. 1856 Plan of Bushire in 1853 with... works since added (until 1867), A W Stiffe, Calcutta, 1867 Bú-Shehr (Bushehr) Peninsula , Ms by A W Stiffe, India, 1873 Persia - Bushire - Military Map - Seasons 1918-20, by C H D Ryder, Calcutta, 1923 Croquis Topographique des Environs de Agbatana (Hamadan), J de Morgan, Paris, 1895 Skeleton map of Hamadān Town..., War Office - GHQ , Baghdad, 1919 Festung auff (auf) Ormus [Citadel on Hormoz], by J A Mandelslo in 1644, Hamburg, 1696 Ormus, an incomplete MS sketch by Engelbert Kaempfer, Persia, 1684/85 Ormus, Armuzia, by Lasor (Savonarola), Padua, 1713 Ormus, Pierre (Pieter) van der Aa, Allard Carel, Leiden, 1719 Isfahan, by Adam Olearius, Gottorf, Holstein, 1647 Isfahan, by Jan Jansson, Amsterdam, 1657 (included in Theatrum Orbitum, vol. 8) Le Palais du Roi de Perse à Ispahan, J Struys, Amsterdam, 1668, this French edn dated 1681 Vue d’Ispahan, J Chardin, Amsterdam, 1686, this Paris edition is dated: 1811 Prospect der...Isphahan (Isfahan)..., J B Homnn, Nuremberg, 1716 (detail from Pl. 262) [Map of the Royal City of Isfahan], Sultan Seyyed Reza Khan, Isfahan, 1923 (Persian Map) The Mydan [Shah Square in Isfahan], by Thomas Herbert, London, 1638 Le Maidan ou le Place d’Hispahan en Perse, Daulier Deslandes, Paris, 1673 Meÿdoen off Beurs [Exchange], painted by G Hofstead van Essen, Isfahan, 1703 Isfahan, Meydan (Shah Square), four Façades: West (left), 20 x 98; North (top), 14 x 29; East (right), 20 x 98; South (bottom), 16 x 28.5; by Jean Chardin, Amsterdam, 1711 De Meydoen (Shah Square), north and south sheets, Cornelis Bruyn, Amsterdam, 1711 Ispahan from Ali-Kapi Gate, looking into the Great Maidan, R K Porter, London, 1821 [Plan of the Shah Mosque in Isfahan], Mme Jane Dieulafoy, Paris, 1887 [Bridge (Siosepol) connecting Isfahan and Julfa], Daulier Deslandes, Paris, 1673 Bridge of Allah-Verdi Khan (Siosepol), Isfahan, in 2 sheets; upper: Pont d’Allah-Verdi Khan; lower: Vue des Arches du même Pont; Jean Chardin, Amsterdam, 1711 [Another View of the Bridge of Allah-Verdi Khan], J Chardin, 1711; here 1811 Paris edition Pont de Chyrâz [Shiraz, or Khajoo, Bridge], Jean Chardin, 1711, here 1811 Paris edition De Chyaer-Baeg (Char Bagh Blvd. in Isfahan), C Bruyn, Amsterdam, 1711, here 1714 edition Pont Hassan Beg (Khajoo, or Shiraz, Bridge, Isfahan), Jane Dieulafoy, Paris, 1887 Iesde Cast (Izad-Khvast), Jean Chardin, Amsterdam, 1711, here 1811 Paris edition Vue de Yezd-Khast (Izad-Khvast), Jane Dieulafoy, Paris, 1887 Map view of Dschulfa (Julfa), Isfahan, prepared for Dr. H Brugsch, Berlin, 1863

list of plates

421

Pl. No.

Description

Original Size (cm)

E. No.

Page

Pl. 307 Pl. 308 Pl. 309 Pl. 310 Pl. 311 MS Pl. 312 Pl. 313 Pl. 314 Pl. 315

Église Arménienne de Djoulfa, a view of Julfa, by Jane Dieulafoy, Paris, 1887 Kachan (Kashan), Jean Chardin, London, 1686 la grande & belle ville de Kaschan en Perse, Pieter van der Aa, Leiden, 1719 Plan de la Ville de Kirman..., Société de Géographie, Paris, 1859 Plan de Kerman, Ali-Asghar Khan Bahadur, prepared for P M Sykes, Kerman, 1898 Plan of Kirman, Ali-Asghar Khan Bahadur, to illustrate Sykes’ paper, RGS, London, 1902 Skeleton Map of Kirmanshah, ‘GHQ, Map Compilation Section, MEF’, Baghdad, 1919 Plan of the city of Mushudd (Mashhad), C M MacGregor, London, 1879 Ground Plan of the Shrine of Imám, Razá (Reza) at Mashhad, Sani-ud-Dowleh, Persia, 1883, this English edition by C E Yate, London, 1900 Vue des Ruines de Persepolis Les XL Colonnes, Jean Chardin, Amsterdam, 1711 [Forth View of Persepolis], C Bruyn, Amsterdam, 1711; this plate shows the 1714 edition [Plan of the Palace of Persepolis], C Niebuhr, Amsterdam, 1774; 1780 French edn depicted [View of the Ruins of Persepolis], C Niebuhr, Amsterdam, 1774; 1780 French edn depicted Plan of the Remains of Persepolis, R K Porter, published by Longman, London, 1821 Plan Central du Takhte-Djamchid [Central Plan of Persepolis], M A Dieulafoy, Paris, 1884 Kazvin Town, ‘GHQ, Map Compilation Section, MEF’, Baghdad, 1919 Upper map (E. 606): Kom (Qom); lower map (E. 586): Kaschan (Kashan); by Adam Olearius, Gottorf, Holstein, 1647; this plate shows the 1696 Hamburg edition Kom (Qom), Jean Chardin, London, 1686 Kom, Ville de la Province d’Yerack (Irak Ajami) en Perse, Pieter van der Aa, Leiden, 1719 Panorama de Koum (Qom), Jane Dieulafoy, Paris, 1887 Comicha (Qomsheh, or Shahreza), Jean Chardin, Amsterdam, 1711, here 1811 Paris edition Plan of the Ancient City of Rhey, R K Porter, published by Longman, London, 1821 Plan of Surrukhs [and a map view of] Surrukhs (Sarakhs), C M MacGregor, London, 1879 Ruines de Khalman, Ser-i-Poul (Xalmanu, Sarpol-i-Zahab), Jacques de Morgan, Paris, 1895 A map view of Saba (Saveh), by Olearius, reproduced by Alfons Gabriel, Vienna, 1963 Saba (Saveh), by Adam Olearius, Gottorf, Holstein, 1647; here 1696 Hamburg edn shown Saba (Saveh), Ville en Perse, Pieter van der Aa, Leiden, 1719 La ville de Sieras (Shiraz) en Perse, J Struys, Amsterdam, 1668; here 1681 French edn shown Veuë de la Ville Schiras (Shiraz) en Perse..., Daulier Deslandes, Paris, 1673 Zji-Raes (Shiraz), C Bruyn, Amsterdam, 1711; this plate shows the 1714 edition Chiras, Chyrâz (Shiraz), Jean Chardin, Amsterdam, 1711; here 1711 Paris edition depicted Schiras vor alters Persepolis..., J B Homann, Nuremberg, 1716 (detail from Pl. 262) Vue de la Ville de Schirâs, C Niebuhr, Amsterdam, 1774; here 1780 French edition depicted Schirâs (Shiraz), C Niebuhr, Amsterdam, 1774; here 1780 French edition depicted Soltanie, by Adam Olearius, Gottorf, 1647, here is the Dapper’s version, Amsterdam, 1672 Sultanie, by Jean Chardin, London, 1686 Tauris (Tabriz), by Jean Chardin, London, 1686 [Map of the Royal City of Tabriz], by Mohammad-Reza Mohandes, Tabriz, 1880 View of the City of Tehran from the Isfahan Road, MS by Robert K Porter, Persia, 1818-20 Untitled, the first known map of Teheran, MS by I N Berezin, Teheran, 1852 [Map of the Capital City Teheran], August Kržiž, Teheran, 1857 [Map of the Environs of Teheran...], A Kržiž, 1857-58, corrected by J E Polak, Vienna, 1877 [Map of the Naseri Capital City of Teheran], by Abd-al-Ghaffar (Najm-al- Molk), drawn by Soleyman Khan, Teheran, 1891 Téhéran Plan de l’Ark, J B Feuvrier, Paris, 1899; this plate shows the 2nd edition of 1906 [Map of the Surroundings of Teheran], by A F Stahl, Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1900 [Map of Teheran and Environs under its Jurisdiction], Abd-al-Razzaq Baghayeri, 1910 Plan de la Ville de Iezd (Yazd), Société de Géographie, Paris, 1859 Remains in the Valley of Moorgaub, MS by Robert Ker Porter, Persia, 1818-20 Plan of the Great Hall of Columns at Susa, W K Loftus, London, 1857 Kasr-i-Chirin (Qasr-i-Shirin), by Jacques de Morgan, Paris, 1895 Palais de Khosrov à Kasr-i-Chirin, Jacques de Morgan, Paris, 1895 Kal’a-i-Tchouar Kapi (Qal`a-ye Char-Kapi or: Four Gate Citadel), J de Morgan, Paris, 1895 Plan of Isfarayin, P M Sykes, RGS, London, 1911 Sketch showing Alexander’s Barrier, Gunbad-i-Kábus..., P M Sykes, RGS, London, 1911 Rough sketch of the peninsula on which Bushire is situated, Survey of India, Calcutta, 1857 Sketch of the Attack on Bushire, Dec. 10, 1856, War Office, lithographed in Calcutta, 1867

16 x 23.5 28 x 75 27 x 36 16.5 x 14.5 40 x 55 11.5 x 19 61 x 54 11 x 11

E. 585 E. 587 E. 589 E. 591 E. 592 E. 593 E. 594 E. 595

313 314 315 316 317 317 318 319

20 x 37 20.5 x 73 30 x 63 20 x 15 19 x 29.5 20 x 26 16.5 x 26 69 x 55

E. 596 E. 599 E. 600 E. 601 E. 602 E. 603 E. 604 E. 605

320 321 322 322 323 324 324 326

12.5 x 33 each 27 x 74 29 x 35 15.5 x 23.5 20 x 38 18 x 23 9.5 x 17 each 18 x 12 10 x 13 10 x 14 27 x 36 19 x 29 14 x 27.5 23.5 x 63 21 x 74 11 x 14 20 x 15 19 x 14 27 x 35.5 26.5 x 37 28 x 76 81 x 101 40 x 56 c. 18 x 27 76.5 x 93 34 x 38

E. 606/586 E. 607 E. 608 E. 609 E. 610 E. 612 E. 613 E. 614 E. 615 E. 616 E. 617 E. 618 E. 619 E. 620 E. 621 E. 622 E. 623 E. 624 E. 625 E. 626 E. 629 E. 631 E. 633 E. 634 E. 635 E. 636

327 328 329 330 330 331 332 332 333 334 335 335 336 336 337 338 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347

129 x 132 18 x 12 50.5 x 72.5 75 x 119 17 x 15 23 x 18; sh. 40 x 34 14 x 19 20 x 26 42.5 x 26.5 18 x 12 10 x 17 8 x 10 35.5 x 37.5 32 x 25.5

E. 637 E. 638 E. 639 E. 640 E. 641 E. 643 E. 644 E. 646 E. 647 E. 648 E. 649 E. 651 E. 656 E. 658

349 350 350 351 353 353 354 354 355 357 357 357 360 362

Pl. 316 Pl. 317 Pl. 318 Pl. 319 Pl. 320 Pl. 321 Pl. 322 Pl. 323 Pl. 324 Pl. 325 Pl. 326 Pl. 327 Pl. 328 Pl. 329 Pl. 330 Pl. 331 Pl. 332 Pl. 333 Pl. 334 Pl. 335 Pl. 336 Pl. 337 Pl. 338 Pl. 339 Pl. 340 Pl. 341 Pl. 342 Pl. 343 Pl. 344 Pl. 345 MS Pl. 346 Pl. 347 Pl. 348 Pl. 349 Pl. 350 Pl. 351 Pl. 352 Pl. 353 Pl. 354 MS Pl. 355 Pl. 356 Pl. 357 Pl. 358 Pl. 359 Pl. 360 Pl. 361 Pl. 362

422

list of plates

Pl. No.

Description

Original Size (cm)

E. No.

Page

Pl. 363 Pl. 364 MS

Persian Gulf and Adjacent Countries... the Zones of influence..., War Office, London, 1908 MS on 2 sheets: 1) Sketch of ground round Gumbad-i-Kabus; 2) Plan of Russian fortified post at Gumbad-i-Kabus from a Persian map (detail); J A Douglas, Persia, 1904 Sketch... illustrating... Boundaries of Zones defined by the Convention, RGS, London, 1907 Anglo-Russian spheres of enterprise in Persia, Edinburgh Geogr. Institute..., London, 1908 Map shewing the thee Spheres..., E G Browne, Cambridge, 1910 [The Spheres of Political Interests. The telegraph lines...], H Grothe, Frankfurt, 1911 Sketch Map of Persia and the Persian Gulf (in 2 states): [1) New proposed boundary for the British Zone of Influence...; 2) Alternative proposal...]; General Staff, India, 1915 Map of [proposed] Railways in Persia... Teheran to Sukkur, R M Stephenson, London, 1878 Routes in South Western Persia..., H Wells, published by the RGS, London, 1883 [A General Map of the Transport Status of Persia], Andreas/Stolze, J Perthes, Gotha, 1885 [Map of the transport roads of Persia...], Rausch von Traubenberg, Wagner & Debes, 1890 Persian Road and Transport C[ompany] Plan..., Alex Macqueen, Teheran, 1891 Telegraph Map, Persia and Afghanistan, Intelligence Branch, Simla, 1893 Sketch map to illustrate the report on Sistan..., H D Napier / T H Holdich, Simla, 1894 Route map of the Tracks between Ahwaz, Shushter & Ispahan..., H F B Lynch, London, 1897

73 x 59 sh.1: 33 x 28.5 sh. 2: 45.5 x 63 13.5 x 13 16.5 x 20.5 17.5 x 23 15.5 x 16.5

E. 659

362

E. 664 E. 665 E. 666 E. 667 E. 668

364 365 365 367 367

Pl. 365 Pl. 366 Pl. 367 Pl. 368 Pl. 369 Pl. 370 Pl. 371 Pl. 372 Pl. 373 Pl. 374 Pl. 375 Pl. 376 Pl. 377 Pl. 378 Pl. 379 Pl. 380 Pl. 381 Pl. 382 P. 383 Pl. 384 Pl. 385 MS Pl. 386 Pl. 387 Pl. 388 Pl. 389 Pl. 390 Pl. 391 Pl. 392 Pl. 393 Pl. 394 Pl. 395 Pl. 396 Pl. 397 E. 398 Pl. 399 Pl. 400 Pl. 401 Pl. 402 Pl. 403 Pl. 404 Pl. 405 Pl. 406 Pl. 407 Pl. 408 Pl. 409

[Geographic-economical representation of Persia...], Kurt Jung, Berlin, 1908 [A Military-Geographical Overview of Persia], Paul Langhans, Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1911 Produktkarte Persiens [Map of Products of Persia], Hugo Grothe, Frankfurt, 1911 Die Verkehrswege Persiens [Ttransport Ways (Roads) in Persia], H Grothe, Frankfurt, 1911 [Anglo-Russian Project for the Trans-Persian Railway], Hachette, Paris, 1912 Persia, Anglo-Persian Oil Company’s Concession, Admiral Slade, Admiralty, 1914 Map of Persia to show principle main routes, A R Neligan, London, 1914 Persia (a general idea of trade arteries), General Staff, partly MS, London, 1916 Skeleton Map of Parts of Eastern Turkey in Asia, and Persia, General Staff, Simla, 19116 Routes (Roads) between the Caspian Sea & the Tigris..., GHQ, Intelligence Section, EMF, Baghdad, 1918 Sketch map shewing Tribal Districts..., A H Grant, General Staff, India, Simla, 1915 Map of Eastern Turkey in Asia, Syria and Western Persia (with ethnographical overprint), War Office, General Staff, Geographical Section (basic map by the RGS), London, early 1920s Two charts on a sheet; right (E. 721): Sketch of Bussora River..., W Layman; left (E. 722): An Eye Draught of Bussoran River..., J McCluer, 1785; Dalrymple edition, London, 1798 A General Chart... of the Karun River about Ahwaz..., W B Selby, Bombay, 1845

29.5 x 28.5/34 each 77 x 197 52.5 x 122.5 25.5 x 30.5 21 x 24.5 39 x 29 43 x 58 91 x 55 39 X 54 with section 34.5 x 43.5 27 x 27 19 x 22.5 16 x 16.5 8.5 x 10.5 31 x 42.5 23.5 x 33 50.5 x 44 74 x 47/53.5

E. 670 E. 677 E. 680 E. 682 E. 684 E. 685 E. 688 E. 693 E. 694

368 371 373 374 375 375 376 378 378

E. 697 E. 698 E. 701 E. 702 E. 703 E. 706 E. 707 E. 708 E. 710

380 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387

61.5 x 66.5 53 x 30

E. 713 E. 718

387 390

71 x 74

E. 719

390

28.5 x 46.5 sheet 39 x 76; 5 sh. Joined Part of the Jeráhí (Jarrahi) River with its Canals, J Arrowsmith, J Murray/RGS, London, 1864 20.5 x 12 The River Kárún From Shuster to... Mohammerah..., sheets 11 & 12 of a 12-sheet chart by W B Selby, Ch C Chesney and others, perhaps London, 1849; 2 sheets joined 60 x 45 / 46 x 61 Running Sketch of part of the Shat-el-Arab... Defences of Mohamera, W Lines, 1856 40 x 31 Sketch Map of the River Mand or Kara-Aghatch, E C Ross, London, 1883 11 x 19 The Karun River and branches, W & A K Johnston, RGS, London, 1890 47.5 x 21.5 Map of Rivers Karun, Diz, Shateit and Abu-Gargar... 1893, S C Plant, Survey of India, 1896 95 x 63 Central Persia, Map of country between Teheran & Kom... new lake..., RGS, London, 1888 21 x 25.5 Sketch Map of the Darya-i-Namak (Salt plain), F S Weller, C E Biddulph, RGS, London, 1891 11 x 19 Urmi Lake Basin (Azerbaijan), R T Günther, RGS, London, 1899 33 x 35 [Urmia Lake according to a sketch by H Beuck...], Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1916 33 x 31 Section from Bushire to Teheran..., Major O St. John, RGS, London, 1868 12.5 x 46; sh 21 x 58 [Views of Demavand Volcano with a plan of its crater], Th Kotschy, J Perthes, Gotha, 1859 24.5 x 19 The Perso-Afghan’s Mountains, S G Burrard, Survey of India, Dehra Dun, 1918 24 x 37/42 Geological Sketch Map of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman..., G E Pilgrim, Survey of India, Calcutta, 1883; this plate shows the 1907 edition 68 x 88.5/97.5 Geological Sketch... of the Province of Fárs..., G E Pilgrim, Survey of India, Calcutta, 1907 17.5 x 35 [Cross-Section of the Alborz Mountain Range], A F Stahl, Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1897 40 x 48 [Grological Map of Northern ( and part of Central) Persia according to... Surveys of A F Stahl, I: 40 x 66; II: 40.5 x 1895], map in 3 sheets: I, II, & III, Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1897 48.5; III: 34.5 x 42 Geologische Karte von Karadag (Qarah-dagh), A F Stahl, Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1904 24 x 39 Portrait of Chardin 25 x 16

E. 721/722 392 E. 725 394 E. 727

394

E. 726/728 E. 729 E. 732 E. 733 E. 734 E. 739 E. 740 E. 742 E. 744 E. 746

395 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 401 402

E. 747 E. 750

403 404

E. 752 E. 753 E. 755

406 407 407 408 & 409 410 282

E. 756 E. 757

bibliography

423

BIBLIOGRAPHY from the last edition of the Neptune Oriental, Robert Sayer and John Bennett, London, 1776. Copy in the BL: Maps 143.e.12. 448, 450 Arrowsmith Aaron, Orbis Terrarum Veteribus Noti Descriptio, A Comparative Atlas of Antient and Modern Geography, from original authorities and upon a new plan for the use of Eton School, London, 1828. Copy in the BL: Wf1-6697; copy in the Bodleian Library: 2027.C.93. 16 Atlas Universalis, variis auctoribus maxime Homanno etcetera (a composite atlas in 2 vols.). Copy in the BSB, Munich: 2° Mapp 10-I. 379 Bagrow Leo, A History of Russian Cartography up to 1800, English translation, edited by Henry W Castner, The Walker Press, Wolfe Island, Ontario, 1975. 329, 330, 334, 338, 342, 352, 366, 368, 389 Balchi Abu-Zayd Ahmad Ibn-Sahl, Sowar al-Aqalim (Shapes of the Countries) also called Taqwim al-Buldan (Assessment of the Countries), compiled in the early 10th century, original copies not extant, but most of it is contained in the works of Istakhri and Ibn Hawqal. Bassett James, Persia, the Land of the Imams, A Narrative of Travel and Residence, 1871-1885…, Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1886, Blackie & Son, London, 1887. Copy in the RGS, 1887 edition: Library 341d; copy in the BL, 1886 edition: 10077.aaa.5. 737 Bellin Jacques Nicolas, Le Petit Atlas Maritime, Recueil de Cartes et Plans des Quatre Parties du Monde (5 vols.), Paris, 1764; copy in the BSB, Munich: 4 Mapp 12 d. Copy in the BL: 7 Tab 118. 388, 457, 503 Berghaus Heinrich, Atlas von Asia, 1832-1856 editions. Copies in the BSB, Munich: Hbks 121a, and Hoks / Hoks F 121a; copy in the Library of Congress: G2200.B47.1843; copy in the BL: Maps 143.e.10. 474 Bertius Petrus, Tabularum Geographicum Contractarum, Libri Septem, Amsterdam, 1616. Copy in the BL: Maps 39.a.8. 412 Binder Henry, Au Kurdistan, en Mésopotamie et en Perse, Quantin, Paris, 1887. Copy in the RGS: Library 712Xc. Copy in the BL: 10075.k.1. 307 Bishop Isabella L. Bird, Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, including a summer in the upper Karun region… (2 vols.), Murray, London, 1891. Copy in the RGS: Library 342b; copies in the BL: 2356.b.8, and ORW.1986.a.1492. 272, 746 Bowen Emanuel, A Complete System of Geography, London, 1747 (2 vols). Copy in the BL: Maps C.39.e.7; copy in the RGS: Library, N07/03F. 2, 384 Bowen Emanuel, A Complete Atlas of Geography, or distinct view of the known world exhibited in sixty-eight maps…, London, 1752. Copy in the BL: Maps C.39.e.8. 385 Bowen Emanuel, The Maps and Charts to the Modern Part of the Universal History, London, 1766. Copy in the BL: Maps C.48.e.13; copy in the RGS: Map Room, 7.G.13. 386 Bricteux Auguste, Voyage en Perse, au Pays du Lion et du Soleil, Falk Fils, Brussels, 1908. Copy in the RGS: Library, Hotz Collection 138g; copy in the BL: 010075.i.7. 781 Browne Christopher, Geographia Classica: the Geography of the Ancients… In Twenty-nine Maps of the Old World..., London, 1717 (second edition). Copies in the BL: 1722 edition: Maps C.37.B.2; 1747 edition: Maps C.37.b.3; copy in the RGS, 1717 edition: Map Room, 6.A.21. 49, 50, 84

Books and atlases, to which reference has been made in the text or References (1-1148), have been more fully described in this bibliographical index. They are arranged alphabetically by author’s name, or by title where the author was unknown, or the work had multiple authors, or was an encyclopaedia, or a periodical. The numbers in bold in the Bibliography indicate the related References. Aa Pieter vander (van der), Naaukeurige Versameling der gedenk-waardigste Zee en Land-reysen na Oost en West-Indiën, Leiden, 1707. Copy in the BL: 979.e.5; copy in the RGS: Library, N07/44.O & P. 432, 435, 438, 441 Aa Pierre vander, Cartes des Itineraires & Voïages modernes qui ont esté faits tant par Mer que par Terre, dans toutes les Parties du Monde, & particuliérement dans l’Asie, l’Afrique & l’Amerique, Leiden, 1707. Copy in the Library of Congress: G 1036. A 25. 1707 Vault. 433, 436, 439, 442 Aa Pierre vander, Atlas Nouveau et Curieux, Leiden, 1714. 434, 437, 440, 443 Aa Pierre vander, La Galerie Agréable du Monde…, Leiden, 1719 edition. Copy in the BL: 567.i.6. 500 Aa Pierre vander, La Galerie Agréable du Monde..., Leiden, 1729 edition. Copy in the BL: 213.f.6-17 & 214.f.1-17, vol. 24, tome 1 (Perse et Mogol). 370, 500, 798, 813, 837, 852, 895, 931, 949, 964 Aa Pierre vander, Voyages célébres et remarquables faits en Perse aux Inde Orientales, or Les Voyages du Sieur Albert Mandelslo, Leiden, 1719, translated from the original German by A de Wicquefort. Copy in the BL, 1719 edition: 567.k.15; 1727 edition: 983.h.11. 499, 812, 834 Alai Cyrus, First Official Map of Teheran (in Persian), Iranshenasi 14/3, Autumn 2002, Washington DC, pp. 527-537. 976b, 978 Alai Cyrus, General Maps of Persia, 1477-1925, Brill, Leiden, 2005. 17, 18, 22, 28, 53, 79, 94, 134, 218, 284, 322, 327, 328, 343, 369, 409, 557, 755, 775, 788, 792, 1006a, 1006b, 1006c, 1083 Allen William Edward David, The sources for G Delisle’s ‘Carte des Pays Voisines de la Mer Caspiene’ of 1723, Imago Mundi 13, 1956, pp. 137150. 360 Amiet Pierre, Entry ‘Dieulafoy Marcel-Auguste’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 7, Mazda, California, 1996, pp. 399-401. Andree Karl, Geographie des Welthandels, vollständig neu bearbeitet…, herausgegeben von Dr. Franz Heiderich und Dr. Robert Sieger, 2. Band, Heinrich Keller, Frankfurt a. M., 1912. Copy in the BNF, Paris: GE.FF.11743. 1029, 1068, 1070 Anderson T S, My wanderings in Persia, James Blackwood, London, 1880. Copy in the RGS: Library, Hotz Collection 139d. Copy in the BL: 10077.de.9. 724 Après (D’Après) de Mannevillette Jean Baptiste Nicolas Denis, Le Neptune Oriental ou routier général des côtes des Indes Orientales, JeanFrançois Robustel, Paris, 1745; Demonville, 1775. Copies in the BL: 1745 edition: Maps 148.e.18, 1775 edition: 460.g.8; copy in the BSB, Munich: 2 Mapp 4, 1-28; copy in the BNF, Paris, 1775 edition (map only): Ge.DD.2987B (6750). 445, 447, 461 Après (D’Après) de Mannevillette Jean Baptiste Nicolas Denis, The East Indian Pilot, or Oriental Navigator…, improved and chiefly composed

423

424

bibliography

Browne Edward Granville, The Persian Revolution, 1905-1909, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1910. Copy in the RGS: Library 341 E. Copy in the BL: 2356.d.4. 971, 1025, 1027 Brué Adrien Hubert, Atlas Universel de Géographie, Physique, Politique et Historique, Ancienne et Moderne…, Paris, 1822 and later. Copies in the BL: 1822 edition: Maps 19.d.25; 1838 edition: Maps 38.f.14 (Picquet); 1869 edition: Maps 38.f.15 (Picquet); 1875 edition: Maps 38.f.17 (E Levasseur, published by C Delagrave-Institut Géographique de Paris). Copies in the RGS: 1828, Seconde edition: Map Room 1.c.28; 1838, Seconde edition: Map Room, 1.c.29. 105, 106 Brugsch Heinrich, Reise der Preussischen Gesandtschaft nach Persien 1860 und 1861, geschildert von Dr. Heinrich Brugsch (2 vols.), J C Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig, 1862/1863. Copy in the RGS: Library 341f; copy in the BL: ORW 1986.A.1655 ; copy in the SBB, Berlin: 9266. 303, 886 Bruyn (Bruin, Bruins) Cornelis (Cornelius), Cornelis de Bruins Reizen over Moskovie, door Persia en Indie…, 1711 edition Willem and David Goeree, Amsterdam; 1714 edition Rudolph & Gerard Wetstein, etc., Amsterdam. Copy of the 1714 edition in the BL: J/10028.i.2. 850, 861, 878, 915, 953 Bruyn (Bruins) Cornelis, Voyage au Levant…, Guillaume Cavelier, Paris,1714. 862 Bruyn (Bruns) Cornelis, A new and more accurate translation…of Mr. Cornelis le Bruns (de Bruyn) travels into Moscovy, Persia and divers parts of the East Indies…, London, J Warcus, 1759. Copy in the RGS: Library, Hotz Collection 262.f.1. 863 Buache Philippe, Atlas Géographique et Universel (mainly a collection of Delisle’s maps), Paris, 1762. Same Atlas published by Dezauche J A, 1785. Copy in the BSB, Munich: 2 mapp.98.h.2. 48, 87 Buckingham John Silk, Travels in Assyria, Media and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros to Hamadan, the ancient Ekbatana, researches in Ispahan and the Ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the Sea-Shore…, Colburn & Bentley, London, 1829. Copy in the BL: 567.g.5, copy in the RGS: 1830 edition (2 vols.) Library 343a. 661, 820 Bunbury Edward Herbert, A History of Ancient Geography among the Greeks and Romans from the Earliest Ages till the Fall of the Roman Empire 1883, second edition, Dover Publications New York, 1959. 321 Buy de Mornas Claude, Atlas Méthodique et Elémentaire de Géographie et d’Histoire (4 volumes in 3 books), Desnos, 1761-1770. Copy in the RGS: Map Room, 11.F.5-7 (3 books, no decorative margins); copy in the BL: 118.e.23 (with decorative margins). 34, 64, 96-98, 139 Calmard Jean, entry ‘Dieulafoy Jane (Jeanne)’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 7, Mazda, California, 1996, pp. 398-399. 740 Calmard Jean, Entry ‘Berezin’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 4, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London and New York, 1990, pp. 163-164. 976d Calmard Jean, Entry ‘Flandin and Coste’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 10, Bibliotheca Persica Press, New York, 2001, pp. 35-39. 674 Cambridge History of Iran (7 vols.), by various authors, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1968-1989. Cellarius (Cellarii) Christophorus, Geographia Antiqua et Nova, or a system of ancient and modern geography..., for the use of schools…, translated from the French of Mr. L’Abbé du Fresnoy…, London, 1742. Copies in the BL: 1742 edition: 793.i.2; 1768 edition: 10001.g.1; 1774 Rome edition: Maps C.37.e.2; 1789 edition: Maps C.37.b.6; 1803 edition: Maps C.37.b.8; 1812 edition: Maps C.36.b.45; 1817 edition: Maps C.37.b.62. 135 Cellarii Christophori Smaldcaldensis geographia antiqua recognita denuo...; sixth edition, edited by Samuel Patrick, London, published by Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1816; and with minor changes in 1821. Copy in the RGS: N07/42C (ex: 131D). 15 Century Atlas of the World, prepared under the superintendence of Benjamin E Smith, The Century Company, New York, 1897. Copy in the BL: Maps 43.c.18, another edition appeared in 1903. 36, 75

Chardin Jean (John), Journal du Voyage du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et aux Inde Orientales..., London, 1686. English translation entitled: The travels of Sir John Chardin into Persia and the East Indies, London, 1686, with later printings. Copy in the BL, 1686 edition: 567.i.24. 808, 892, 929, 961, 966 Chardin Jean, Voyage de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieues de l’Orient, J L de Lorme, Amsterdam, 1711, in 3 large volumes or 10 small. Copy in the BL: 567.g.16. 809, 848, 859, 870, 873, 875, 882, 893, 914, 930, 934, 954, 962, 967 Chardin Jean, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres Lieues de l’Orient..., Langlés, Paris, 1811 (10 text vols. and 1 atlas, the largest and most complete version of Chardin’s travel account). Copy in the BL: 762.g.16 (atlas). 810, 849, 860, 871, 874, 877, 883, 935, 955 Châtelain Henry Abraham, Atlas Historique ou Nouvelle Introduction à l’Histoire,à la Chronologie & à la Géographie Ancienne et Moderne (7 vols.), Amsterdam, 1719, with later editions. Copy in the BSB, Munich: 2 H.un. 4, 5-28; copy in the BL: Maps C.49.f.6.(1.). 7 Collins Edward Treacher, In the Kingdom of the Shah, T Fisher Unwin, London, 1896. Copy in the RGS: Library, Hotz Collection 138A. Copy in the BL: 10075.ee.4. 753 Committee of General Literature and Education Ancient Atlas, published under the Direction of the Committee of General Literature and Education, appointed by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, London, 1847. Copy in the BL: Maps 37.a.6. 23 Cook Andrew S, Dissertation in six volumes, describing over 1000 charts reworked and reprinted by Dalrymple. Original copy in the BL. 401 Court de Gebélin Antoine, Monde Primitif, analysé et comparé avec le monde modern...’ Paris, 1773. Copy in the BNF, Paris: Ge. D. 12 431. 9 Coxe William, Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark..., T Cadell, London, 1784 (2 vols.). 390 Curtis Lionel editor, The Commonwealth of Nations…, Part 1, chapter ‘Earlier Relations of East and West’, London, 1916. Copy of the 1917 Macmillan edition in the BL: 8157.k.41. 78 Dalrymple Alexander, Dalrymple Nautical Charts, about one thousand charts, taken from various sources by Dalrymple who reworked and reprinted them in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Different number of these charts has been bound together in several volumes for the BL; in other words, a copy of each of his printed charts can be traced in one or more of these volumes. For Dalrymple charts of the Persian Gulf in the BL consult: Maps 185.s.1; 435.k.17; Maps C.21.c.12; IOR: X/3624/1; IOR: X/3626/1; IOR: X/3627/1; IOR: X/3627/2; etc. 401, 421, 428, 430, 431, 446, 449, 452, 455, 456, 459, 462-464, 486, 502, 504-507, 510-513, 515-524, 550, 551 D’Anville Jean Baptiste Bourguignon, Atlas Général (55 maps), 1737-80 (many editions). Copy in the BL, 1776 edition: Maps C.38.f.1. 383, 454 D’Anville Jean Baptiste Bourguignon, Atlas de la Géographie Ancienne et Historique, composée d’après les cartes de D’Anville par Luis Barentin de Montchal (a composite atlas), Paris, 1807. Copy in the BL: Maps 37.f.10. 32, 62, 90 D’Anville Jean Baptiste Bourguignon, Atlas de Géographie Ancienne, pour servir à l’intelligence des oeuvres de Rollin, gravé d’après les cartes originales de D’Anville, Paris, 1818 (a composite atlas produced under the supervision of Ambroise Tardieu). Copy in the BL: Maps 37.d.7. 33, 63, 91 Dapper Olfert, Asia of Naukeurige Beschryving van het Rijk des Grooten Mogols…een volkome Beschryving van Geheel Persia…[Asia, or an accurate description of the Kingdom of the Great Mughals…a complete description of whole Persia…], a book of geography, Jacob van Meurs, Amsterdam, 1672. Copy in the BL: 983.h.9. 339, 794, 840, 891, 928, 948, 960 Dapper Olfert, Beschreibung des Königreiches Persiens…, a book of geography, translated into German by Johannes Christoff Beern (Baer, Beer), Johann Hoffmann’s Kunst- und Buchhandlers, Nuremberg, 1681. Copy in the ÖNB, Vienna: 394.634.D.K. 341

bibliography De Fer Nicolas, Atlas ou Recüeil de Cartes Géographique dressées sur les nouvelles observations de Mrs. de l’Academie Royale des Science…, Paris, 1709. Copy in the BSB, Munich: 2 Mapp.68-62. 4 Delisle (De L’Isle) Guillaume, Atlas Géographique que contenant les Cartes pour servir à l’intelligence de la Géographie Sacrée et Prophane, tome xvi. Copy in the BNF, Paris: Ge.BB.565.(xvi). 41 Delisle Guillaume, Atlas Nouveau contenant toutes les Parties du Monde, Paris. Copy of 1723 edition in the BNF: Ge.D.16764. Copy of 1730 Amsterdam edition by Covens & Mortier in the BL: Maps 1 Tab.8; copy of 1733 Amsterdam edition in the Library of Congress: G 1015. L58.1733 Vault. 45, 356, 361 Delisle Guillaume, Untitled, different collection of Delisle’s maps, 170050. Volumes in the BL: Maps 1.Tab.9; Maps C.36.f.4; Maps C.37.f.13; Maps C.37.f.14; Maps C.37.f.15; Maps C.37.f.16; Maps C.37.f.17; Maps C.37.f.18. 42, 46, 47, 86 Deslandes (des Landes) Daulier André, Les Beautez de la Perse, avec la description de ce qu’il y a de plus curieux, Gervais Clouzier, Paris, 1673. Copy in the RGS: Library, Hotz Collection; copy in the BL: Grenville Collection 571.e.24. 639, 845, 855, 869, 911, 952 Dezauche Jean Claude, Atlas Géographique et Universel, Paris, 1780. 358 Dieulafoy Jane (Jeanne), La Perse, La Chaldée et la Susiane, Hachette, Paris, 1887. Copy in the RGS: Library 341h. Copy in the BL: 1782.c.4. 741, 867, 868, 881, 885, 888, 933, 937 Dieulafoy Marcel-Auguste, L’Art Antique de la Perse, Librairie Centrale d’Architectures, Paris, 1884-89 (5 parts in 2 vols.). Copy in the BNF, Paris: Ge.D.494; copy in the BL:1706.b.6. 213, 735, 922, 997 Dower John, A New General Atlas of the World, compiled from the latest Authorities both English and Foreign…comprehended in forty-six maps, including ancient maps of Greece, the Roman and Persian Empires…, Henry Teesdale, London, 1831. Copies in the BL: 1831 edition: Maps 41.f.5, 1837 edition: Maps 196.c.5, 1856 edition: Maps.41.f.6. 19 Dubeux Louis, La Perse, from the series: L’Univers Historique et Description de tous les Peuples, Paris, 1841. Copy in the BL: 10024.dd.14. 21 Dufour Auguste-Henri, Atlas Classique et Universel de Géographie…, par A H Dufour, corrigé et augmenté par Ch Picquet, Paris, 1839. Copy in the BL: Maps 38.d.30. 20, 109 Dufour Auguste-Henri, Atlas Historique et Universel de Géographie Ancienne, du Moyen-Age et Moderne…, par A H Dufour et Th. Duvotenay, Armand Aubrée, Paris, 1840. Copy in the BL: Maps 48.e.17; 1878 edition: Maps 48.e.18. 110, 111 Dufour Auguste-Henri, Atlas Universel, Physique, Historique et Politique de Géographie Ancienne et Moderne, composé et dressé par A H Dufour, gravé sur acier par Ch. Dyonnet, Paulin et Lechevalier, Paris, 1860. Copy in the BL: Maps 38.f.16. 112 Dufour Auguste-Henri, Atlas Géographique dressé pour l’Histoire Universelle de l’Église Catholique de l’Abbé Rohrbacher, par A H Dufour, Gaume Frères et Duprey, Paris, 1864. Copy in the BL: Maps 9.DD.30. 35, 68, 146 Du Val Pierre, [Atlas] Diverses cartes et tables, pour la géographie ancienne…, Paris, 1665. Copy in the BL: Maps 38.b.1, 1680 edition: 118.b.22; copy in the BNF, Paris: GE.AF.PF.208 (1212 C); copy in the RGS, 1677 edition: Map Room, 3.A.18. 38, 39, 82, 634, 635-638 East India Pilot, A Collection of Charts. Copy in the BL: Maps 147.e.18. 529, 531, 532, 533, 535 Emerson John, entry: Chardin, Encyclopaedia Iranica, edited by Ehsan Yarshater, vol. 5, Mazda, California, 1992, pp. 369-377. 807 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, 30 vols.: vol. Guide, I-X and 1-19, by Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., printed in the USA. 159, 394a, 395, 396, 732, 910a, 926b, 938, 965b, 972b, 989b, 1033 Encyclopaedia Iranica, in English, edited by Ehsan Yarshater, vols. 1-4 published by Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1985-90; vols. 5-8 by Mazda, California, 1992-98; vols. 9-14, by Bibliotheca Persica Press, New York, 1999-2008; these 14 volumes cover A-Jo, further volumes in progress. 558, 590, 604, 787, 815, 829, 838, 907, 1098

425

Erdkunde, see Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Edkund’, and ‘Ritter’. Espenhorst Jürgen, Petermann’s Planet, vol. 1: Guide to the Great HandAtlases, vol. 2: The Rare and Small Hand-Atlases including Globes, both edited and translated from German into English by George R Crossman, Pangaea Verlag, Schwerte, Germany, 2003 and 2008 respectively. 160 Etemad-al-Saltanah (Sani`-al-Dowlah) Mohammad-Hasan Khan, Matla`-al-Shams, Persian, Teheran, 1883 (1301 Islamic calendar), 3 vols., reprinted in 2 books, Farhang-Sara Publications, Teheran, 1983. Copy of a reprint is in the Library for Iranian Studies, Acton, West London. 908 Ferrier Ronald W, entry ‘Herbert Thomas’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 12, Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation, New York, 2004. 632 Feuvrier Jean Baptiste, Trois Ans à la Cour de Perse, 1889-91 par Dr. Feuvrier [Three Years in the Court of Persia, 1889-1891, by Dr. Feuvrier], F Juven, Paris, 1899. Copy in the RGS: Library, Hotz Collection 139c; copy of the BL: 10076.dd.24. 179, 238, 312, 313, 770, 985 Feuvrier Jean Baptiste, Trois Ans à la Cour de Perse, 1889-91, Nouvelle Edition: Imprimerie Nationale, Paris 1906. Copy in the RGS: Library, Hotz Collection 138a; copy in the BL: 10075.i.23. 180, 771, 986 Findlay Alexander George, A Comprehensive Atlas of Ancient and Modern Geography, William Tegg, London, 1853. Copy in the BL: Maps 38.d.6. 27 Flandin Eugène and Coste Pascal, Voyage en Perse, 2 vols., Gide & Jules Baudry, Paris, 1851. Copy in the BL: ORW 1936.a.1631. 673 Floor Willem, Entry ‘Hormuz, Islamic Period’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 12, Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation, New York, 2004, pp. 471476. 543 Foster William, ‘A Seventeenth-Century Cartographer’, Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 44, 1914 (July-Dec.), pp. 78-82. Copy in the BL: ST396. 492 Freygang Wilhelm and Frederika von, Lettres sur le Caucase et la Géorgie suivies d’une Rélation d’un Voyage en Perse en 1812, Perthes & Besser, Hambourg / Treutel & Wurtz, Paris, 1816; copy in the RGS: Library 139c. Copies in the BL: 151.c.2, 1823 English edition 1046.h.19. 166 Gabriel Alfons, Marco Polo in Persien, Typographische Anstalt, Wien, 1963. Copy in the RGS: Library 341D, copy in the BL: V 15271. 945 Garnier, Recueil des Cartes pour l’Etude de l’Histoire de France, Paris, 1787. Copy in the BSB, Munich: 2 Gall.sp. 59 m, 2-69. 460 Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia, Calcutta, 1908-15; reprinted in 1986. 405 Gentil Ioannis Petri (Jean Pierre), Gentil’s Composite Atlas, 1680. Copy in the BNF, Paris: G.DD.2631 (vol. 1) and 2632 (vol. 2). 40, 337 Geographical Journal of the Royal Geographical Society (GJ-RGS) London, 1893 onwards. 184, 197, 202, 219, 246, 260, 265, 271, 275, 277, 319, 320, 556, 618, 625, 723, 744, 757, 759, 760, 762, 766, 768, 783, 786, 900, 901, 1002-1005, 1024, 1120, 1126, 1127 Goldsmid Frederic John, Telegraph and Travel, Macmillan, London, 1874; copy in the RGS: Library 341G. Copy in the BL: V21450. 693 Gossellin Pascal François Joseph, Atlas ou recueil des cartes géographiques,du Monde vu par les anciens, Paris, 1814. Copy in the BNF, Paris: Ge DD – 4796 (95). 467, 527 Gossellin Pascal François Joseph, folders, containing loose manuscript and printed maps by P F J Gossellin, in the BNF, Paris: gi dd 53 43. 468, 528 Grace Thomas François de, Introduction à l’histoire moderne, générale et politique de l’universe... commencée par le baron [Samuel] Pufendorff [1632-94], Nouvelle édition...par M. de Grace, 8 vols., vol. 7: Empire d’Alexandre... Asie, Paris, 1759. 95 Grenet abbé, Atlas Portatif pour server à l’intelligence des auteurs calssique, Paris, c. 1790. Copy in the RGS: Map Room, g.c.19. 141b Grothe Hugo, Angewandte Geographie, Helfe zur Verbreitung geographische Kenntnisse in ihrer Beziehung zum Kultur- und Wirtschaftsleben, III. Serie, 11. Heft: Zur Natur und Wirtschaft von Vorderasien,

426

bibliography

1. Persien, Heinrich Keller, Frankfurt a. M., 1911. Copy in the BL: 010005.eee.25/26. 826, 1028, 1067, 1069 Grundy George Beardoe: Murray’s Small Classical Atlas, Stanford’s Geographical Establishment, London, 1904. Copy in the BL: Maps 37.d.27. 37 Gurney John, Entry ‘Della Valle’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 7, Mazda, California, 1996. 631 Gurney John, Entry ‘Houtum-Schindler Albert Sir’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 12, Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation, New York, 2004. 705 Haas Johann Matthias, Atlas Historicus …, Nuremberg, 1750. Copy in the BSB, Munich: 2 Mapp.71-III. 61, 89, 138, 148, 151, 153, 156 Hachette publisher, ‘De Moscou à Delhi par voie ferrée, un projet anglorusse de transpersan’, A Travers Le Monde, nouvelle serie, 18e Année, Paris, Hachette, 1912. Copy in the BNF, Paris: Ge. FF-64 1bis (1912). 1071, 1072 Hacke William, ‘A Description of Sea Coasts, Rivers &c.’, 1690, MS atlas in the Library of Congress: G 2201 P5 H2 1690 Vault. 423, 426, 498 Hacke William, ‘A Description of Sea Coasts, Rivers &c.’, 1700, MS atlas in the BL: IOR-7 Tab.125. 424 Hanway Jonas, An Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea, London, 1753 (4 volumes in 3 books). Copy in the BL: 211.f.810. German edition, Hamburg, 1754. Copies in the RGS: Library 712. XC, 1st edition (1754) in 4 vols (3 books); 2nd edition (1754) in 2 vols; 3rd edition (1762) in 2 vols. 382, 387 Heather William, A Collection of Charts for the East India Navigation, London, 1759-1806. Copy in the BL, 1805 edition: Maps C.12.f.1. 466 Hedin Sven, Eine Routenaufnahme durch Ostpersien, text in German, map in English, Generalstabens Litografiska Anstalt, Stockholm, Band 1: 1918, Band 2: 1927. Copy in the SBB, Berlin: 4° Um 5175-10 (2 vols.). 778, 779, 1148 Herbert Francis, ‘The London Atlas of Universal Geography from John Arrowsmith to Edward Stanford...’, Imago Mundi 41, 1989, pp. 99108. 1008 Herbert Thomas, Some Years Travels into Africa and Asia the Great, especially describing the famous Empires of Persia and Industant…, London, 1638. Copy in the BL: C.55.g.8, copy in the RGS: Library, Hotz Collection 263.d.2. 333, 854 Herbert William, A New Directory for the East Indies containing general and particular charts for the Navigation of those Seas…, London, 1758, with further editions in 1759, 1767, 1773, 1787 and later. Copy in the BL, 1758 edition: Maps 148.e.20. 453 Historical Atlas of Iran, in Persian, with translation in French and English, Teheran University Press, Teheran, 1971. 149, 154, 157 Historical Atlas of the Persian Gulf, Sixteenth to eighteenth Centuries [Atlas Historique du Golfe Persique, XVIe-XVIIIe Siècles], in English, French and partly Persian, edited by D Couto, J-L Bacqué-Grammont & M Taleghani, coordinated by Z Biedermann, Brepols, Belgium, 2006. 393f, 397, 407 History of Cartography, by J Brian Harley and David Woodward, vol. 2, bk. 1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies, University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London, 1992, pp. 266269. 398 Holdich Thomas Hungerford, ‘Notes on ancient and medieval Makran’, Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 7, April 1896, pp. 387-405. 129 Hommaire de Hell Xavier, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, exécuté par ordre du Gouvernement Français pendant les Années 1846, 1847 et 1848, with one volume Atlas Historique et Scientifique, by Jules Laurens, P Bertrand, Paris, 1859. Copy in TNA, England: FO 925/2882 (Atlas). Copy in the BL: X111 (a few plates are missing from this copy). 681, 682, 684-686 Homann Heirs (Homannische Erben), Atlas Maior: Variis Auctoribus Maxime Homanno etcetera. Copy in the BSB, Munich: 2 Mapp 10. 371 Homann Heirs (Homannische Erben), Atlas Maior, a composite atlas in the BSB, Munich: 2 Mapp 6-VI. 372

Homann Heirs (Homannische Erben), Atlas Selecti, Nuremberg, 1737. Copy in the BSB, Munich 2° Mapp 8-II. 59, 88, 137, 147, 150, 152, 155, 226, 373, 378 Homann Heirs (Homannische Erben), Atlas Maior, Nuremberg, 1788. Copy in the BSB, Munich: 2 Mapp.6-VI. 60 Homann Heirs (Homannische Erben), Stadt Atlas oder Schauplatz berümten Städte, Vestungen, Prospekte, Gegenden, Grundrisse, Belagerungen, etc…, Nuremberg, 1762; copy in the Library of Congress: G 1028 H6 1762 Vault. Copy in the BSB, Munich, 1788 edition: 2 Mapp 6 -VIII. 791 Hotz Albert, Persepolis en Palmyra, Boek-Kunst. en Handelsdrukkerij v/h Gebroeders Binger, Amsterdam, 1911. Copy in the RGS: Library, Hotz Collection 341G. 923 Houtum-Schindler Albert, Eastern Persian Irak, Murray, London, 1896. Copy in the BL: Ac.6170/13. 311 Hudud al-`Alam, [The Regions of the World], by an anonymous Persian geographer in Persian, Sotudeh edition, Tahuri, Teheran, 1983. 326 Ibn-Hawqal Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, Surat al-Ard (Map of the World), compiled in 988. The chapter ‘Iran’ translated from Arabic into Persian by Djafar Shear, Amir Kabir, Teheran, 1987. Istakhri Abu-Ishaq Ibrahim Ibn-Muhammad Farsi, Masalik wa Mamalik [Routes and Countries], main part of which translated from Arabic into Pesian in the 11th/12th century by an unknown Persian translator, edited by I Afshar, Ilm va Farhangi, Teheran, 1968, with later editions. Janssonius (Jansson) Johannes (Jan), Accuratissima Orbis Antiqui Delineatio, Amsterdam, 1653. 81 Janssonius (Jansson) Johannes (Jan), Theatrum Urbium, vol. 8: Theatrum in quo Visuntur Illustriores Hispaniae Urbes, Aliacque et Oriemtem Austrum Civitates Celebriores, Amsterdam, 1657. 841 Jaubert Pierre Amédée, Voyage en Arménie et en Perse, fait dans les années 1805 et 1806…, Paris, Pélicier et Nepveu, 1821. Copy in the BL: 1046.f.13; copy in the BNF, Paris: Gec.8134. 168 Jayhani Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad Ibn-Ahmad, Ashkal al-Alam (The Shapes of the World), about 940, contains maps in colour. Jesu[its] Missionary Society, Der Neue Welt-Bott mit allerhand Nachrichten dern Missionariorum Soc. Jesu., Philipp, Martin und Joh. Veith, seel. Erben Buchhandlern, 1732, Augsburg & Graz. Copy in the ÖNB, Vienna: 79.Bb.89; copy in the BL: 4767.g.3 (4 vols.). 1007 Jewitt A Crispin, Maps for Empire, The British Library, London, 1992, ISBN: 0 7123 02727. 596, 598, 599 Johnston W & A K, The World: A Classical Atlas in twenty-three maps with complete index, Edinburgh & London, 1877. Copy in the BL: Maps 37.c.6. 125, 126 Journal of the Royal Geographical Society (J-RGS), London, 1831-80. 172, 173, 189, 192, 253, 254, 261, 279, 476, 554, 663, 666-668, 670672, 675, 676, 688, 703,, 1103, 1107, 1133 Jung G Kurt, ‘Die wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse Persiens’, 9 chapters and 23 notes, pp. 217-468; in the periodical: Berichte über Handel und Industrie zusammengestellt im Reichsamt..., Band 14, Berlin, 27 Juni 1910, Heft 7. Copy in the SBB, Berlin: Fg 323, 1910. 1060 K & K [k. u. k.] Österreichisches Handels-Museum: see Österreichische Monatsschrift für den Orient Kateb Çelebi, Jahannuma [in modern Turkish Cihannuma, also written Kitab-i-Jahannuma], published by Ibrahim Muteferrika in Constantinople in 1732. Copy in the BL: Or.80.a.7; copy in the ÖNB, Vienna: 29.870.C. 164 Kauder E, Reisebilder aus Persien, Turkestan und der Türkei, Breslau (now Wrocław in Poland), Schlesische Buchdruckerei, Kunst- und Verlag-Anstalt von S Schottlaender, 1900. Copy in the RGS, Library, Hotz Collection, N07/6H. 773 Kempthorne John, Sea Views, etc. manuscript, consisting of 76 folios, in the BL: Sloane MS 3665. 495, 496 Kent Charles Foster and Madsen Albert Alenzo editors, Historical Maps of Bible (seven sheets), The Methodist Book Concern, New York, 1906; Cincinnati, 1912. Copy in the BL: Maps 705.(139.). 76

bibliography Keulen Ioannes van (Johannes van Keulen), De Nieuwe Groote Ligtende Zee-Fakkel, Johannes & Gerard van Keulen, Amsterdam, 1716-53. Copy in the BSB, Munich: 2 Mapp 282 e / 3; copy in the BL: Maps C.25.d.17. Facsimile edition in 3 vols. (6 parts), Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, Amsterdam, 1970. Copy in the BL: Maps 52.e.3. 451 Kiepert Heinrich, Hand-Atlas der Erde und des Himmels in 70 Blättern, bearbeitet von Dr. H Kiepert, C. Gräf, A. Gräf und Dr. C. Bryhns, Geographisches Institut, Weimar,1864 edition (map dated 1857). Copy in the BL: Maps 45.f.9. 300 Kiepert Heinrich, article in the Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, Dietrich Reimer, Berlin: vol. 12, 1877, pp. 210-214. 702 Kiepert Heinrich, Historischer Schul-Atlas zur Alten, Mittleren und Neuren Geschichte in 36 Karten, bearbeitet von Heinrich Kiepert und Carl Wolf, Dietrich Reimer, Berlin,1889. Copy in the BL: Maps 49.b.5. 72, 162 Kiepert Heinrich, Atlas Antiquus. Copy in the BL, 1858 (Latin) edition: Maps 37.d.16; 1869 (English) edition: maps 37.d.28. 116 Kiepert Henry (Heinrich), Atlas Antiquus: twelve maps of the ancient world for schools and colleges, Berlin, 1893. Williams & Norgate, London & Edinburgh (eleventh edition of Atlas Antiquus); copy in the BL: maps 37.d.23. 119 Kiepert Heinrich, Atlas von Asien zu Carl Ritter’s Erdkunde, Dietich Reimer, Berlin, 1854. Copy in the BL: Maps 10.d.11. 174, 296, 297 Lamarche (Delamarche) Charles François, Institutions Géographiques ou Description Générale du Globe Terrestre, de l’Imprimerie de Bellin, Paris, 1795. Copy in the Library of Congress: G1015.D4.1795 Vault. 10 Langenes Barent, Caert-Thresoor, Amsterdam, 1598. Copy in the BL: Maps K.Top.114 (29-56) and Maps C.39.a.2; reprinted 1599; French editions 1602 and 1610. 408 Lapie Pierre, Atlas Universel de Géographie Ancienne et Moderne, Paris. Copies in the BL: 1829 edition: Maps 38.f.10, 1851 edition: Maps 38.f.12. 108 Layard Austin Henry, Early Adventurers in Persia, Susiana and Babylonia, Murray, 2 vols., London, 1887. Copy in the RGS: Library 716A. 280 Layard Austin Henry, Early Adventurers in Persia, Susiana and Babylonia, Murray (New Edition in one volume), London, 1894. Copy in the BL: 2356.b.6. 281 Lenglet du Fresnoy, abbé, Atlas Portatif à l’usage des collèges pour servir à l’intelligence des autheurs classiques…, Paris, 1780. Copy in the BL: 118.d.17. 141a Lenormant Charles and François, Atlas d’Histoire Ancienne de l’Orient…, Paris A. Lévy fils, 1868. Copy in the Library of Congress: G 1033 L 45, 1868; copy in the BL: 1853.b.25. 71 Le Rouge George Louis, Atlas Nouveau Portatif à l’Usage des Militaires Colleges et du Voyageurs, Paris, 1756. Copy in the BNF, Paris: Ge. FF. 823. 92 Loftus William Kennett, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana, with an account of excavations at Warka, the Erech of Nimrud and Shúsh, ‘Shushan the Palace’ of Esther, in 1849-1852…, London, James Nisbet, 1857. Copy in the RGS: Library 343A; copy in the BL: W4-5812 and 10075.CC.24. 25, 282, 995 Loghat-Nameh, A Persian Encyclopaedia, by A A Deh-khoda, new edition, edited by M Mo`in and J Shahidi, Teheran University Press, Teheran, 1994, 14 volumes and 1 volume ‘Introduction’. 575, 754b, 872, 876, 879, 889, 897, 902, 924b, 944b, 976a, 989a, 1112 Lotter Tobias Conrad, Atlas Géographique de cent et huit cartes générales et spéciales, par les géographes Tobie Conrad Lotter, Matthäus Seutter et Jean-Michel Probst à Augsburg, et par les Héritiers de Homann à Nürnberg, 1778. Copy in the Library of Congress: G 1015 L7,1778,Vault. 367 MacGregor Charles Meteaffe, Narrative of a Journey through the Province of Khorassan, and on the NW-Frontiers of Afghanistan in 1875, 2 vols., London, 1879. Copy in the BL: T 2162; copy in the RGS: Library 666A. 256, 905, 941

427

Malcolm John, The History of Persia (2 vols.), Murray and Longman, London, 1815. Mallet (Manesson Mallet) Allain, Description de l’Univers, Denys Thierry, Paris, 1683 (5 vols.). Copy in the BL: 568.d.3. German edition: Beschreibung der ganzen Welt-Kreissen, Johann David Zünner, Frankfurt, 1685. 133, 795, 796, 846, 847, 856, 857, 912, 913 Masson du Parc, Composite Atlas (maps by Delisle and others), Paris, 1717. Copy in Library of Congress: G1015.L4.1717 Vault. 5, 44 Meinard Friedrich, article ‘Asien. Über die persischen Überlandsbahnen’, appeared first in the Austrian periodical Monatsschrift für den Orient; later in Export: Organ des Centralvereins für Handelsgeographie und Förderung deutscher Interessen in Ausland, vol. 34, Berlin, 12 September 1912 (Issue 37). Copy of Export in the BNF, Paris: Ge. DD-505 (1912). 1074, 1075 Melgunof G (Mel’gunov Grigory valerianovich), Das südliche Ufer des Kaspischen Meeres, oder die Nordprovinzen Persiens, Leopold Voss, Leipzig, 1868. Copy in the RGS: Library 714 F; copies in the BL: 10075.e.2 and ORW 1986.a.1666. 233 Menke Theodor, Orbis Antiqui Descriptio. In usum Scholarum edidit T Menke, Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1865, text in German. Copy in the BL, fourth edition: Maps 37.b.26. 70, 120-123 Merian Matthäus, Gottfrieds Neue Archontologia Cosmica, Frankfurt am Main, 1694. Copy in the BL: 214.c.5. 842 Mérigot J G publisher, Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, écrites des missions étrangères, new edition, collected by Charles Le Gobien (26 volumes), Querbeuf, Paris, 1780. Copy in the BL: T 8947 Request. 644 Migeon, Géographie Universelle, Atlas-Migeon, Paris, 1874 (first published 1864). 124 Miller Conrad, Mappae Arabicae, Welt- und Länderkarten des 9.-13. Jahrhunderts in Arabischen Urschrift, Stuttgart, 1926. 324 Moll Herman, Atlas Minor, or a set of sixty-two new and correct maps of all the parts of the world, all composed and done by Herman Moll, Geographer, London, 1729; copy in the BL: Maps C.21.b.3. Same atlas is bound in with The New Survey of the Globe, by Thomas Templeman in one book, 1729; copy in the RGS: Map Room, 7.C.6. 376 Moll Herman, Atlas Minor, or a new and curious Set of Sixty-Two Maps...By Herman Moll, Geographer, London printed for Tho[ma] s Bowles...& John Bowles, 1732 (this is a later edition of Moll’s Atlas Minor); two copies in the RGS: Map Room, 7.C.9 and 7.C.10. 377 Moll Herman, Geographia Antiqua… Thirty two new and accurate maps of the Geography of the Ancient as contained in the Greek and Latin Classics (the engraved title-leaf is in Latin: Geographia Antiqua Latinorum & Graecorum, Tabulis XXXII Novis & accuratis; the title-leaves [letter-press] are in Latin and in English facing each other), London, 1721. Copies in the BL: 1721 edition: Maps C.27.a.31; 1726 edition: Maps C.27a.27 (RGS: Map Room, 3.A.8); 1732 edition: 981.a.6; 1755 edition, printed for Thomas Bowles: Maps C.37.b.4; 1790 edition, printed for Bowles and Carver: Maps C.29.d.12. There is another edition of c. 1793, entitled Bowles’s Geographica Alassica, or the Geography of the Ancients..., by Herman Moll, published by Bowles & Carver; copy in the RGS: Map Room, 3.A.9. 8, 57, 58, 85 Morgan Jacques De, Mission Scientifique en Perse, Ernst Leroux edition, Paris, 1895. Copy of the BL: 10075. 234, 263, 286, 308, 814, 830, 943, 999-1001 Morier James, A Journey through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor to Constantinople in the years 1808 and 1809…, by James Morier…His Majesty’s Secretary of Embassy to the Court of Persia, Longman Hurst Rees Orme and Brown, London, 1812. Copy in the RGS: Library 678C; copy in the BL: 213.b.3. 653, 655 Morier James, A Second Journey through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor to Constantinople between the years 1810 and 1816…, by James Morier, Longman Hurst Rees Orme and Brown, London, 1818. Copy in the BL: 213.b.4; copy in the RGS: Library, N07/23.A. 167, 654, 656 Mortier Petrum (Peter), Atlas Antiquus Sacer Ecclesiasticus et Profanus…, Amsterdam, 1705. Copy in the BL: Maps C.37.f.6; 1710 edition: Maps C.37.f.7. 83

428

bibliography

Mosahab Gholam-Hosayn, Persian Encyclopaedia (3 vols.), Teheran, vol. 1: 1966, Franklin, vol. 2, part 1: 1977, Franklin/Jibi Books, part 2, 1995, Jibi Books. It is based, in part, on authorized use of The Columbia Viking Encyclopaedia, Columbia University Press, New York. 332, 394b, 399, 754c, 904, 910b, 924a, 926a, 942, 944a, 965a, 972a, 1092 Neligan Anthony Richard, Hints for Residents and Travellers in Persia, by A R Neligan... Physician to His Majesty’s Legation at Tehran, John Bale & Danielsson , London, 1914. Copy in the BL: W91 4204. 1081 Niebuhr Carsten, Voyage en Arabie & en d’Autres Pays Circonvoisins (translated from German into French), S T Baal, Amsterdam, 1774; copy in the RGS: Library, N07/41S. Schoonhoven edition, Utrecht, 1776-80; copy in the RGS: Library, N02/23.C). French edition, 1780; copy of the BL: 682.g.11. 509, 549, 645, 817, 916, 917, 957, 958 Ogilby John, Asia, the first part being an accurate description of Persia…, a book of Geography, London, 1673. Copy in the BL: 457.f.10; copy in the RGS: Library, N07/19A. 340 Olearius Adam, Newe Orientalische Reise beschrieben von Adam Oleari, 1647. Copy in the RGS: Library, Hotz Collection, 262. E.15. 793a, 839a, 890a, 927a, 947a, 959a Olearius Adam, Persianische Reise-Beschreibung von Adam Olearius, German edition, 1656. Copy in the RGS: Library, Hotz Collection: 262.F.10; copy in the Library of Congress as a two-volume Composite Atlas, vol. 2, 1677; copy in the BNF, Paris: Ge.DD.2632; copy in the BL: 567.i.4. 221 Olearius Adam, The Voyages and travels of the Ambassadors sent by Fredrick, Duke of Holstein to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia…, written originally by Adam Olearius, faithfully rendered into English by John Davies, Thomas Dring and John Starkey, London, 1662. Copy in the BL: 983.f.1. 222 Olearius Adam, Les Voyages du Sr. Adam Olearius faits en Moscovie, Tartarie et Perse…, French edition, Paris, 1666. Copy in the BL: 571.h.29. 223 Olearius Adam, Viel vermehrte Moscowitische und Persianische Reisebeschreibung…, Adam Olearius, German edition, Hamburg, 1696. Copy in the BL: 984.h.9; copy in the RGS: Library, Hotz Collection 262.F.2. 224, 793b, 833, 839b, 890b, 927b, 947b, 959b Ortelius Abraham, Parergon (an atlas of ancient geography), Antwerp, 1579, with many later editions until 1624, issued either as an Addendum bound in to Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, or as a separate atlas. 80 Österreichische Monatsschrift für den Orient [Austrian Monthly Magazine for the Orient], K und K Österreichische Handelsmuseum, Vienna, issue Jan.-Feb. 1914. Copy in the BL: P.P.3806.h. 1030 Ottens Joachim, Atlas Maior cum generales totius Regnorum… [a composite atlas in seven volumes], Amsterdam, 1729. Copy in the Library of Congress: G1015-079-1729-Vault. 225, 355, 364, 374, 790 Ouseley William, Travels in various countries of the East, more particularly Persia…in 1810, 1811 and 1812, in 3 vols. Copy in the RGS: Library 666 c; copy in the BL: 567.g.9-11. 658-660 Oxford Dictionary of National Bibliography [ODNB] in Association with the British Academy from the earliest times to the year 2000, edited by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (60 vols.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004. 754a Persian Encyclopaedia, see Mosahab. Persian Gulf Atlas of Old and Historical Maps, 3000 BC – 2000 AD, edited by Mohammad-Reza Shahab and others (2 vols.), KamaliSarvestani, Teheran, 2005. 393e Persian Gulf Pilot, including the Gulf of Oman, Hydrographical Office, Admiralty, London, 1864, and subsequent editions. The first eight editions reprinted by Archive Editions in 1989 as The Persian Gulf Pilot 1870-1932. 403 Persian Gulf Précis, J A Saldanha, Calcutta, 1903-08; reprinted by Archive Editions in 1986. 404 Perthes Justus publishers, Orbis Terrarum Antiquus: Schul-Atlas der alten Welt, Gotha. Copy in the Library of Congress, 1851/52 edition: G 1033.M6 1851 & 1852; copy in the BL, 1868 edition: Maps 37.b.29. 26

Petermann Julius Heinrich, Reisen im Orient, 2 vols, Veit, Leipzig, 1860/61 (vol. 2, Chapters 9-16, pp. 149-265 are on Persia.). Copy in the RGS, two volumes bound as one, Library: Hotz Collection, 139A. 689 PGM, Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, a German geographical magazine, 1855 onwards, yearly volumes bound in one or two parts, with some supplementary Volumes [Ergänzungsbände], Justus Perthes, Gotha. Copy of the BL: P.P.3946. 232, 240, 259, 266, 601603, 609, 747, 749-752, 772, 776, 777, 780, 782, 987, 1045, 1061, 1129, 1134, 1142-1147 Pilgrim Henry Guy Elkock, The Geology of the Persian Gulf and the adjoining portions of Persia and Arabia, Part 4 (160 pages of text, one main map and a number of plates) of the series Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, vol. 34, Government of India, Calcutta, 1907. 1139-1141 Pirnia Hasan and Eqbal-i-Ashtiani Abbas, Tarikh-i-Iran [History of Iran], in Persian, 3rd edition, Khayyam Publications, Teheran, 1983. 748 Plantas dos Citades e Fortalezas da Conquista da Indio Oriental, MS, 24 folios coloured, about 1650, in the Austrian National Library (ÖNB), Vienna, MS Department: cod. 6860. 547 Polak Jacob Eduard, ‘Topographische Bemerkungen zur Karte der Umgebung und zu dem Plane Teheran’ appeared in Mitteilungen der k.k. geographischen Gesellschaft in Wien, Vienna, 1877. 981 Porter Robert Ker, MS, The Caucasus, Persia, Babylonia &c., with notes, maps, plans, surveys, views, and other drawings of interesting objects, by Sir Robert Ker Porter during his travels in those countries in the years 1817-1818-1819-1820, rearranged and rebound in 1850 by the British Library in two volumes, Vol. one contains folios 1-111, and Vol. two folios 112-217, British Library: Additional MS 14758. 205, 657, 865, 896, 919, 940, 968, 973, 993 Porter Robert Ker, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia &c. &c. during the years 1817, 1818, 1819, and 1820 by Sir Robert Ker Porter, with numerous engravings of Portraits, Costumes, Antiquities, &c. (2 vols.), Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, London, Vol. 1 (1821), Vol. 2 (1822). Copy in the BL: 1786.d.11; another copy: ORW.1986.A.1844. 290, 864, 918, 920, 939, 974, 994 Postnikov Aleksey, ‘The Russian Navy as Chartmaker in the Eighteenth Century’, Imago Mundi, 52, 2000, pp. 79-95. 351 Prévost Antoine François, Histoire Générale des Voyages, ou nouvelle Collection de toutes les Relations de Voyages par Mer et par Terre, qui on été publiées jusqu’à présent dans les différentes Langues de toutes les Nations connues, Didot, Paris, 1746-89 (20 vols.). 544 Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society (Pro-RGS), London, 1855-92 (New Series, 1879-92). 257, 273, 541, 614, 733, 742, 743, 1043, 1113, 1114, 1122, 1123 Ptolemy Claudius, Cosmographia, De Lapis edition, Bologna, 1477. Copy of the BL: C.3.d.5. 323 Raleigh Walter, Historie of the World, London, 1614, with several later editions. Copies in the BL: 1628 edition: 9006.i.9; 1634 edition: 581.k.13; 1652 edition: 9005.h.2; 1666 edition: 9005.i.1; 1687 edition: 1313.i.20; 1820 edition: 9006.e.17; etc. 1 Rausch von Traubenberg Paul, Hauptverkehrswege Persien: Versuch einer Verkehrsgeographie dieses Landes [Main Transport Roads of Persia, Attempt at a Transport-Geography of this Country], Halle, Tausch & Grosse, 1890. 1047 Regions of the World, English translation from the original Persian Hudud al-`Alam, by V. Minorsky, second edition, Cambridge University Press, 1970, reprinted 1982. 325 Resende Pedro Barreto, Livro de Estado da India Oriental…, feito pello Capitão P Barretto de Resendes, 1646. BL: MS Sloane No. 197. 414, 542 Ritter Carl, Erdkunde, a multi-volume geographical work, including Atlas von Asien. Copy of Atlas von Asien in the BL: Maps 10.d.11. 187, 208, 249, 295

bibliography Rivadeneyra Adolfo, Viaje al Interior de Persia, Madrid, 1880, 3 volumes, bound usually as one. Copy in the RGS: Library, Hotz Collection 138D; copy in the BL: 10011.n.12. 697 Robert de Vaugondy Didier, Atlas Universel par M. Robert, Géographe Ordinaire du Roy…, Paris, 1757. Copy in the BL: Maps C. 38. F.3; 1793 edition by Delamarche: Maps C. 44.f.8. 93 Robiquet Aimé, Atlas Hydrographique comprenant les Côtes d’Europe, d’Asie et d’Afrique...rédigé & publié par Robiquet Hydrographe, Paris 1881. Copy in the Library of Congress: G1060.R6/1881. This Atlas appeared originally with 34 charts during 1844-51 in Paris; it was a collection of charts of different dates and by various hydrographers, many of them officers of the English and French navy. It was edited by Aimé Robiquet and had no title page. Later editions were expanded, and at least the 1881 edition with 71 charts contained one of the coasts of Persia and Arabia. 482 Royal Geographical Society (RGS) publications: see Geographical Journal of the RGS; Journal of the RGS; Proceedings of the RGS and Supplementary Papers of the RGS. Sahab Abbas, Collection of Historical Documents and Geographical Maps of the Persian Gulf (in Persian), bound in with Atlas of Iraq in Ancient Maps by Dr. A Suseh [translated into Persian by Muhammad Kazrani], compiled and edited by A Sahab, Sahab Geographic & Drafting Institute, Teheran, 1985. 393a Sahab Abbas, Geographical Maps and Historical Documents of the Persian Gulf, in Persian, compiled by the [Iranian] Institute for Political and International Studies (IPIS), in cooperation with Sahab Geographical & Drafting Institute, Teheran, 1989. 393b Sahab Abbas, Atlas of the Persian Gulf, in Persian, originally published by A Sahab, new edition, Sahab Geographic & Drafting Institute, Teheran, 1994. 393c Sahab Mohammad-Reza, Persian Gulf in Old Maps, in Persian and English, compiled by M R Sahab and others, Sahab Geographic & Drafting Institute, Teheran 2005. 393d Salmon Thomas, The Universal Traveller, or a complete description of the several nations of the world..., Richard Baldwin, London, 1752. Copy in the BL: 1855.c.8 (multi-volume). 546 Sanson Nicolas, Atlas Antiquus Sacer Ecclesiasticus et Profanus, Apud Petrum Mortier, Joannes Clericus, Amsterdam, 1705. Copy in the BL: maps C. 37.f.6. 132 Sanson Nicolas and Guillaume, Cartes Générales de la Géographie Ancienne et Nouvelle, Paris, 1675. 131 Sanson Pierre Moullart, Atlas Géographique contenant les cartes pour servir à l’intelligence de la Géographie Sacrée et Prophane. Copy in the BNF, Paris: Ge.BB.565. 54-56 Sauvé, article: ‘Le Transiranien’, in magazine Questions Diplomatiques et Coloniales, Paris, Année 15, No. 340, 16 avril 1911. Copy in the BNF, Paris: Ge. FF-12266. 1062, 1063 Savonarola Raffaelo, Universus Terrarum Orbis Scriptorum Calamo Delineatus…, Studio et Labore Alphonsi Lasor á Varea Patavii (Raffaelo Savonarola of Padua), 2 vols., Padua, 1713. Copy in the BL: Maps C.24.f.9. 836 Schenk Peter, Peter Schenkii Hecatompolis Sive Totius Orbis Terrarum Oppida Nobiliora Centum Exquisite Collecta Atque Eleganter Depicta…(town plans and views), Amsterdam, 1702. Facsimile edition, Walter Uhl, Unterschneidheim, 1971; copy in the BL: L.R.414.i.5. 806 Schmitt Rüdiger, entry ‘Caspians’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. 5, Mazda, California, 1992, p. 66. 331 Senex John, Modern Geography of all the known Countries in the World…, mostly Guillaume Delisle’s maps published by John Senex, London, 1725. Copy in the Library of Congress: G.1015.S56.1725.Vault. 43 Slaby Helmut, Plan von Teheran aufgenommen von August Krziz, Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz, 1977. 979 Smith Charles, Smith’s Classical Atlas containing distinct maps of the countries described in ancient history both sacred and profane, London, 1809. Copy in the BL: Maps 37.d.6. 145

429

Société de Géographie de Paris, Mémoires [and Bulletin] de la Société de Géographie, Paris, in the RGS Library, London. 898, 990 Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, The Complete Atlas of Modern, Classical and Ancient Maps…constructed and engraved on steel under the superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Edward Stanford, London, 1860, with later editions. Copies in the BL: 1860 edition: Maps 38.e.13; 1872 edition: Maps 38.e.15. 29c Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Stanford’s General Atlas, a series of maps published under the superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, London, 1876. Copy in the BL: Maps 38.e.16. 29b Spruner von Merz Karl, Historisch-Geographischer Hand-Atlas zur Geschichte der Staaten Europas von Anfang des Mittelalters bis auf neusten Zeit, Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1846. Copy in the SBB, Berlin: 2° U 360b. 158, 161 Stack Edward, Six Months in Persia, London, Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1882, 2 vols. Copy in the RGS: Library 341D; copy in the BL: 10077.bb.3. 725-731 Stahl Alexander Friedrich, article ‘Notes in the march of Alexander the Great from Ecbatana to Hyrcania, Media, south of the Caspian Sea’, Geographical Journal of the RGS, vol. 64, 1924 (Jul.-Dec.), text on pp. 312-329. Copy in the BL: Maps 158, GJ-RGS, vol. 64. 130 Stanford Edward, The University Atlas of Classical and Modern Geography, London, 1857, with later editions. Copies in the BL: 1857 edition; Maps 38.d.10; 1872 edition: Maps 38.d.11. 29a Statesman’s Year Book, Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1908, edited by J. Scott Keltie…, Macmillan, London. Copy in the BL: P.P.3892, (edition for 1908). 1026 Struve Friedrich George Wilhelm, Recueil de Mémoires présentés à l’Académie des Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1853. 231 Struys Jean Jensen, Les Voyages de Iean Struys en Moscovie, en Tartarie, aux Indes et en d’autres pays étrangers, Veuve Iacob van Meurs, Amsterdam,1681. Copy in the BL: V21169 (French edition). 335, 804, 843, 950 Struys John Jensen, The Voiges (sic) and Travels of John Struys through Italy, Greece, Moscovy, Tartary, Media, Persia, East India, Japan and other countries in Europe, Africa and Asia…, done out [translated] of Dutch by John Morrison, London, 1684. Copy in the BL: V20578. 336, 805, 844, 951 Supplementary Papers of the RGS, published in four volumes from 1882 to 1893 (vol. 1 covers 1882-85 and so on). 214 Survey of the Shores and Islands of the Persian Gulf, 1820-29, with an introduction by Andrew S Cook, 5 vols., London, 1990. Copy in the BL: ORW 1990.a.1379. 400, 402 Sykes Percy Molesworth, A History of Persia, Macmillan, London, 1915, second edition in 1921, third edition in 1930. Copy of 1930 edition in the BL: 2378.e.3 (2 vols.). 30 Tardieu Pierre François, Composite Atlas, A Collection of maps and charts by P F Tardieu and L A Dupuis. Copy in the BL: Maps 150.c.2; also see the book in the BL: 688.k.1. 391 Tavernier Jean Baptiste (French edition), Les six Voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier écuyer Baron d’Aubonne en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes, pendant l’espace de quarante ans, & per toutes les routes que l’on peut tenir…, Paris, Gervais Clouzier…et Claude Barbin, 1676. Copy in the BL, 1676 edition: 567.g.14; 1724 edition: 23.a.3267. 493, 640 Tavernier Jean Baptiste (English edition), The six Voyages of John Baptiste Tavernier, Baron of Aubonne through Turkey, into Persia, for the space of forty years, giving an account of the present state of those countries… made English by F.P., London, Robert Littlebury…,1677. Copy in the BL: C.56.f.10. (2 vols.). 493 Taylor R L, an India Office Record (BL, IOR X/3125), containing a manuscript account with maps and illustrations, entitled ‘Routes in Persia, R L Taylor, 1857-58’. It has 133 folios, out of which 9 are route maps, showing routes from Baghdad to Teheran, and from thence to Shiraz and Bushehr, travelled by Lieut.-Col. R L Taylor in 1857-58. 677-680

430

bibliography

Teixeira Atlas, MS in the Library of Congress: G1050, T4, 1630, Vault. 548 Thornton John, The English Pilot, Third Book, London, 1703. Copy in the BL: Maps C.22.d.30. 427 Thornton Samuel, The English Pilot, Third Book, printed by Samuel Thornton for William Mount and Thomas Page, London, 1734. Copy in the BL: Maps C.22.d.16. 429 Tibbetts Gerard Randell, Arabia in Early Maps, The Falcon Press, Naples (Italy), and the Oleander Press, Cambridge (England) and New York, 1978. 410, 413 Tooley Ronald Vere, Tooley’s Dictionary of Mapmakers, revised edition, Vol. 1 (A-D), edited by Josephine French and others, Map Collector Publications, Tring (England), 1999. 346, 630 Tooley Ronald Vere, Tooley’s Dictionary of Mapmakers, revised edition, Vol 2 (E-J), edited by Valerie Scott, Early World Press, Riverside CT (USA), 2001. 422 Tooley Ronald Vere, Tooley’s Dictionary of Mapmakers, revised edition, Vol. 3 (K-P), edited by Valerie Scott, Early World Press, Rivertside CT (USA), 2003. 411 Tooley Ronald Vere, Tooley’s Dictionary of Mapmakers, revised edition, Vol. 4 (Q-Z), edited by Valerie Scott, Early World Press, Riverside, CT (USA), 2004. Truilhier capitaine, Daussy Pierre, Mémoire descriptif de la Route de Téhran à Meched, et de Meched à Iezd, reconnue en 1807 par M Truilhier Capitaine au Corps de Génie; suivi d’un Mémoire sur les Observations faites en 1807 par le Capitaine Truilhier dans son Voyage en Perse, par M Daussy, Ingénieur-Hydrographe en Chef, et accompagné de quatre cartes itineraries [this was first published – in parts – in Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris] Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet, 1841. Copy in the RGS: Library N07/22J; copy in the BL: ORW.1986.a.1650; copy in the SBB, Berlin (maps only): S9726V. 669 Vidal-Lablache Paul, Histoire et Géographie, Atlas Général, Armand Colin, Paris, 1894. Copies in the BL: 1894 edition: 48.e.24; 1909 edition: 48.e.25; 1918 edition: 48.e.46; 1923 edition: 49.e.27. 73, 128 Vidal-Lablache Paul, Histoire et Géographie, Atlas Classique, Armand Colin, Paris, 1923. 74 Vieth Gerhard Ulrich Anton & Funke Carl Philipp, Atlas der alten Welt, bestehend aus zwölf Charten, Geographisches Institut, Weimar, 1800, with later editions. Copy in the Library of Congress, 1819 edition: G 1033.V5, 1819. 142

Vincent William, Voyage of Nearchus from the Indus to the Euphrates..., T Cadell and W Davies, London, 1797. Copy in the BL: 685.i.11. 103, 465, 514, 525 Vincent William, The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, T Cadell Jr & W Davies, London, 1800; 1805 edition published by A Strahan. 12 Weigel Christoph, Descriptio Orbis Antique in XLIV (44) Tabulas, a Io. Davide Koelero, Christophoro Weigelio, Nuremberg, 1720. Copy in the BL (bound with Köhler’s Schul- und Reisen-Atlas in one volume) : Maps C.38.e.4. 51, 52 Wilde Charles, A Collection of MS Charts and Views, bound in one volume, c. 1680, in the BL: Additional MS 15737. 491 Wilkinson Robert, Atlas Classica, being a Collection of Maps of the Countries mentioned by the Ancient Authors, both Sacred and Profane, London, 1808. Copy [of the earlier 1798 edition] in the BL: Wf1/2011 DSC. 13, 104, 144 Wilson Horace Hayman, Ariana Antiqua, a descriptive account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan…, East India Company, London, 1841. Copy in the RGS, Library: 666C; copy in the BL: W 2428. 113 Wynn Antony, Persia in the Great Game, Sir Percy Sykes, Explorer, Consul, Soldier, Spy, Murray, London, 2004. 754, 1006c Yate Charles Edward, Khurasan and Sistan, William Bertrand and Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1900. Copy in the RGS: Library, NO.7/16V. 774, 906 Yule Henry, The Book of Ser (sic) Marco Polo, the Venetian, concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, translated and edited by Colonel Sir Henry Yule…, second edition, lithographed by E. Weller, Murray, London, 1875; third edition edited by Henri Cordier, Murray, London, 1903, reprinted 1921. 784, 785 Zatta Antonio, Atlante Novissimo, Illustrato Ed Accresciuto Sulle Osservazioni…, Venice, 1785 (4 vols.). Copy in the BL: Maps C.21c.3. 99 Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer (vol. 1, 1866....; vol. 18, 1883). Copy in the BL: Ac 6075/2. 176, 701, 702, 706, 707-721, 1038 Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Erdkunde…, new series, (Berlin, Dietrich Reimer, vol. 1: 1853, vol. 8: 1860 and so on). 251, 252 Zoka Yahya and Semsar Mohammad-Hasan, Teheran in Pictures (Persian), vol. 1, Soroush, Teheran, 1990, with further volumes projected. 976c

chronological index of map entries

431

CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX OF MAP ENTRIES Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

Title, or the first part of it

Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

1477 1541 MS 1577 1595 1598 1614 1616 1617

Ptolemy, De Lapis Santa Cruz Alonso Gastaldi Jacopo, De Jode Ortelius Abraham Langenes Barent Raleigh Walter Hondius Jodocus Baffin William, Dalrymple A

Bologna Madrid Antwerp Antwerp Amsterdam London Amsterdam London

Pl. 114 Pl. 139 Pl. 116 Pl. 29 Pl. 140 Pl. 1 Pl. 141 Pl. 174

1635 MS

Resende Pedro Barreto

1635 MS

Resende Pedro Barreto

1638 1638

Herbert Thomas Herbert Thomas

1644

Mandelslo Johann Albrecht

1645 MS

Anonymous Dutch cartographer

1645 MS

Anonymous Dutch catographer

1645 MS

Anonymous Dutch cartographer

1645 MS 1645 MS 1645 MS

Anonymous Dutch cartographer Anonymous Dutch mapmaker Anonymous Dutch mapmaker

1645 MS 1646 MS 1647 1647 1647 1647 1647 1647

Anonymous Dutch mapmaker Du Val Pierre Olearius Adam Olearius Adam Olearius Adam Olearius Adam Olearius Adam Gabriel Alfons

1647 1647 1650 MS 1652 1655

Olearius Adam Olearius Adam Wilde Charles Janssonius Johannes (Jan Jansson) Sanson Nicolas

1656

Olearius Adam

1657 1659 1665

Janssonius Johannes (Jansson Jan) DuVal (Du Val) Pierre DuVal (Du Val) Pierre

1665 1665

DuVal (Du Val) Pierre DuVal (Du Val) Pierre

Seventh Map of Asia, De Lapis Edition, Bologna Untitled, showing the Persian Gulf, southern part of Persia... Detail of Gastaldi’s First Map of Asia, 1559, De Jode edition Alexandri Magni Macedonis Expeditio Ormus Untitled historical map of western and southern Asia Ormus regnum; Descriptio Regni Ormuzii Plan of the Road of Jasques on the south coast of Persia, Dalrymple edn: 1795 Petrus Berthelot Primum Cosmographicum Indianorum Imperium, ...(Mar. Persiqua) Untitled, showing Ormus Island and neighbouring islands and territories Untitled, The Caspian Sea (on the map) The Mydan [Meydan = Square] or Great Merkitt [Market] in Spahawn [Isfahan] Festung auff (sic) Ormus [first appeared in the Olearius’ Travel Account in 1696] Untitled, showing the Persian Gulf and part of the Gulf of Oman to Cape of Jask... Untitled, showing the Persian Gulf and part of the Gulf of Oman with soundings... Untitled, showing the Gulf of Oman, including...the Makran coast... Untitled, showing the Strait of Ormuz with soundings De Stad Gamron [City of Bandar Abbas] Untitled, Ground Plan and Elevation of the projected Dutch factory at Gombroon Fortresse de Kismi [Citadel of Qeshm] Route d’Olearius d’Ispahan a Caswin Detail of Olearius Map of Persia, English edition of 1662 Ardebil [map view] Isfahan Kaschan [Kashan] Kom [Qom] Saba [Saveh], Olearius 1647, reproduced by Alfons Gabriel 1963 Saba [Saveh] Soltanie Untitled, showing the Entrance of the Persian Gulf Alexandri Magni Macedonis Expeditio Persaru[m] Sive Parthorum Imperium, in Duo de viginti Regna Vera Delineatio Provinciae Fertilissimae Kilan olim Hyrcaniae ad Mare Caspium... Isfahan La Carte des Conquestes d’Alexandre le Grand Carte des Quatre Grandes Monarchies, des Assiriens, des Perses, des Grecs... La Carte de l’Empire du Grand Cyrus, Premier Roy de Perse... L’Empire de Perse divisé en vingt Satrapies par Darius Fils d’Hystaspes...

431

E. 249 E. 55 E. 250 E. 1 E. 251 E. 302

Portugal

E. 252

Portugal

E. 349

Pl. 194

London London

E. 224 E. 568

Pl. 118 Pl. 291

Hamburg

E. 554

Pl. 281, Olearius edn

Persia

E. 253

Pl. 142

Persia

E. 254

Persia

E. 303

Pl. 175

Persia Persia Persia

E. 304 E. 535 E. 536

Pl. 176 Pl. 266

Persia Paris London Gottorf, Germany Gottorf, Holstein Gottorf, Holstein Gottorf, Germany Vienna

E. 642 E. 406 E. 530 E. 558 E. 586 E. 606 E. 615

Pl. 117 Pl. 263 Pl. 285 Pl. 323, lower map Pl. 323, upper map Pl. 331

Gottorf, Holstein Gottorf, Holstein London, or India Amsterdam Paris

E. 616 E. 625 E. 305 E. 56 E. 92

Pl. 332 Pl. 341, Dapper edn Pl. 177 Pl. 30 Pl. 45

Schleswig-Holstein E. 155

Pl. 86

Amsterdam Paris Paris

E. 559 E. 57 E. 2

Pl. 286; cover plate

Paris Paris

E. 31 E. 32

Pl. 16

432

chronological index of map entries

Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

Title, or the first part of it

Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

1665

Du Val Pierre, Della Valle Pietro

Paris

E. 407

Pl. 224

1665

Du Val Pierre, Della Valle Pietro

Paris

E. 408

Pl. 225

1665

Du Val Pierre, Herbert Thomas

Paris

E. 409

1665 1668 1668 1668 1668 1672 1673 1673

Du Val Pierre, Herbert Thomas Struys Jean Jansen Struys Jean Jensen Struys Jean Jensen Struys Jean Jensen Dapper Olfert Deslandes Daulier André Deslandes Daulier André

Paris Amsterdam Amsterdam Amsterdam Amsterdam Amsterdam Paris Paris

E. 410 E. 225 E. 537 E. 560 E. 618 E. 226 E. 412 E. 561

1673 1673 1673 1673 1676

Deslandes Daulier André Deslandes Daulier André Deslandes Daulier André Deslandes Daulier André Tavernier Jean Baptiste

Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris

E. 569 E. 576 E. 597 E. 619 E. 306

1676

Tavernier Jean Baptiste

Paris

E. 413

1680 1683

Du Val Pierre, Olearius Adam Mallet Allain

Paris Paris

E.411 E. 93

Pl. 226 Pl. 46

1683 1683 1683 1683 1684 MS 1684 MS

Mallet Allain Mallet Allain Mallet Allain Mallet Allain Kaempfer Engelbert Kaempfer Engelbert

Paris Paris Paris Paris Germany Germany

E. 531 E. 562 E. 570 E. 598 E. 227 E. 255

Pl. 264

1684 MS

Kaempfer Engelbert

Germany

E. 256

Pl. 143

1684 MS

Kempthorne John

London

E. 307

1684 MS 1684 MS

Kempthorne John Kaempfer Engelbert

London Persia

E. 308 E. 414

1684 MS

Kaempfer Engelbert

Persia

E. 415

1684 MS 1686 1686 1686 1686 1686 1686 1690 MS

Kaempfer Engelbert Cellarius Christophorus Chardin Jean (John) Chardin Jean (John) Chardin Jean (John) Chardin Jean (John) Chardin Jean (John) Hacke William

Persia Germany Paris London London London London England

E. 555 E. 94 E. 563 E. 587 E. 607 E. 626 E. 629 E. 258

1690 MS

Hacke William

England

E. 259

1690 MS

Hacke William

England

E. 309

1700 MS

Steele Richard

Persia

E. 416

1702..

Schenk Pieter

Amsterdam

E. 538

Pl. 268

1703 MS 1703 1703

Hofstead van Essen G painter Thornton John Thornton John, Dalrymple A

Itinéraire de Perse, d’Ispaham à Siras..., dressée sur la Relation de Pietro della Valle Itinéraire de Perse, de Bagdaht à Ispaham..., Selon la Relation de Pietro della Valle... Carte de l’Itinéraire de Perse fait par Herbert avec Dodmere Cotton... Carte de l’Itinéraire de Perse fait par Herbert, l’an 1627 Carte Marine ou est décrite La Mer Caspienne... Gammeron ou Ville du Bander-Abassie en Perse La Palais du Roi de Perse à Ispahan La Ville de Sieras [Shiraz] en Perse Paskaert vande Caspise Zee Carte du Voyage de Sr. Daulier Deslandes en Perse, 1665 Veuë de la Ville d’Hispahan, Capitale de Perse en venant de Tauris Le Meidan ou le Place d’Ispahan en Perse Le Pont qui conduit de Spahan et Julpha Tchelminar, ou les Ruines de l’ancienne Persepolis Veuë de la Ville Schiras en Perse en venant d’Hispahan Plan exact de Gomron, ou du Bandar Abassi de l’Isle d’Ormus et des Isles voisines Carte de la Perse des Routes ou a passé le Sr. Tavernier aux voiages... Carte du Voyage de Perse...Selon la Relation d’Olearius... Upper map: Empire des Perses et des Parthes; lower map: Ancienne Perse Ardevil ou Ardebil Hispahan Palais du Roy de Perse / Meydan Ruines de Tschelminar [Persepolis] Untitled, showing the Caspian Sea Untitled, showing the Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormoz..., 49 x 70 cm Untitled, showing the Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormoz..., 24 x 32 cm Untitled, showing Gombroon and the Entrance to the Persian Gulf Untitled, showing the Strait of Hormoz with a few islands Untitled, showing the Route of E Kaempfer from Ernan to Caswin Untitled, showing the Route of E Kaempfer from the Caspian Sea to Ispahan Ormus [Hormoz] Oriens, Persia, India &c. ; later editions: Oriens Vue d’Ispahân Kachan [Kashan] Kom [Qom] Sultanie Tauris [Tabriz] Untitled MS chart showing ‘Sinus Persicus’; other MS copy in the BL dated 1700 untitled manuscript chart showing the western part of the Persian ‘GULF ’ Untitled MS chart showing the eastern part of the ‘GULF ’ of Persia and beyond Itinéraire de Richard Steele, Anglois, de Candahar à Ispahan par Tobas... Gamron, een groot vlek in het Lantschap Kirman... ; Gamron, Sinus Persici... Meÿdoen off Beurs [Exchange, Isfahan] A Large Draught of the Golf of Persia from Muscatt to Buzaro Golf of Persia by John Thornton From the Edn of 1703, Dalrymple edn: 1787

Isfahan London London

E. 571 E. 260 E. 261

Pl. 293 Pl. 146 Pl. 147, lower chart

Pl. 119 Pl. 267 Pl. 287 Pl. 334 Pl. 120

Pl. 292 Pl. 298 Pl. 335 Pl. 178

Pl. 282 Pl. 47 Pl. 288, 1811 edn Pl. 308 Pl. 324 Pl. 342 Pl. 343 Pl. 145

chronological index of map entries

433

Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

Title, or the first part of it

Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

1704

Friend John, Dalrymple A

London

E. 264

Pl. 149, upper chart

1705

Delisle (De l’Isle) Guillaume

Paris

E. 33

Pl. 17

1705

DuVal (Du Val) Pierre

Amsterdam

E. 58

Pl. 31

1707

Aa Pierre van der

Leiden

E. 265

1707

Aa Pierre van der

Leiden

E. 266

1707

Aa Pierre van der

Leiden

E. 267

1707 1709

Aa Pierre van der De Fer Nicolas

Leiden Paris

E. 268 E. 3

1710 MS 1711

Bruce Peter Henry Chardin Jean (John)

Russia Amsterdam

E. 228 E. 539

Pl. 269

1711 1711

Bruyn Cornelius Chardin Jean (John)

Amsterdam Amsterdam

E. 564 E. 572

Pl. 294, 4 facades

1711 1711

Bruyn Cornelius Chardin Jean (John)

Amsterdam Amsterdam

E. 573 E. 577

Pl. 295, 2 sheets Pl. 299, 2 sheets

1711

Chardin Jean (John)

Amsterdam

E. 578

Pl. 300

1711

Chardin Jean (John)

Amsterdam

E. 579

Pl. 301

1711 1711 1711

Bruyn Cornelius Chardin Jean (John) Chardin Jean (John)

Amsterdam Amsterdam Amsterdam

E. 580 E. 582 E. 599

Pl. 302 Pl. 304 Pl. 316

1711 1711 1711 1711 1712 1712

Bruyn Cornelius Chardin Jean (John) Bruyn Cornelius Chardin Jean (John) Browne Christopher Browne Christopher

Amsterdam Amsterdam Amsterdam Amsterdam London London

E. 600 E. 610 E. 620 E. 621 E. 35 E. 36

Pl. 317 Pl. 327 Pl.336 Pl. 337, 1811 edn

1712

Browne Christopher

London

E. 59

1712

Kaempfer Engelbert, Dalrymple A

London

E. 257

Pl. 144, upper chart

1713

Padua

E. 556

Pl. 283

1716 1716

Savonarola Raffaelo (Lasor a Varea...) Thornton Samuel Thornton Samuel, Dalrymple A

Gulph of Persia From an English MS by John Friend, 1704; Dalrymple edn: 1787 Theatrum Historicum ad annum Christi quadringentesimu[m]... Pars Orientalis... Expeditionis Alexandri Magni Per Europam, Asiam et Africam... Zee-Togt van...d’Albuquerque na de Roode Zee d’Arabize en Persize Kusten... De Persiaanze Zee, Met de Eylanden Baharem [Bahrain], Queixome en Ormus... De Persiaanze Zee, met d’Eylanden in deselve tussen de Kusten...Arabie en Persia De Kusten van Arabie, het Roode Meer, en Persize Zee... Les Quatre Grandes Monarchies, des Assiriens, des Perses, des Grecs... Untitled, A Survey of the Caspian Sea Untitled, in 1811 Paris edition: ‘Port d’Abbâs, ou Bandar Abassi’ Spahan (Isfahan) [four drawings showing the façades of the four sides of the central Meydan] de Meydoen [Isfahan] Untitled; in 1811 edn, sh. 1: Pont d’Allah-Veyrdy-Khân; sh. 2: Vue des Arches... Untitled; in 1811 edn: Autre Vue de Pont d’Allah-Veyrdy Khân Untitled; in 1811 edn: Pont de Chyrâz, nommé aussi Pont de Hhaçan Abad De Chyaer-Baeg [Char-Bagh, Chahar-Bagh] Untitled; in the Paris 1811 edition: Iesde Cast [Izad-Khvast] Untitled, Paris edition: Vue des Ruines de Persepolis, Les XL Colonnes Vierde Gesigt van Persepolis [Fourth View of Persepolis] Comicha [Qomsheh; new name: Shahreza] Zji-Raes [Shiraz] Untitled; in the 1811 Paris edition: Chiras, Chyrâz [Shiraz] The Empire of Cyrus the Great first Kingdom of Persia The Persian Empire Divided into Twenty Governments by Darius son of Histaspes The Expedition of Alexander the Great according to Quintus Curtius... Gulph of Persia (original MS: 1684; Kaemper edn: 1712; Dalrymple edn: 1787) Ormus, Armuzia [Hormoz]

London London

E. 262 E. 263

Pl. 148 Pl. 147, upper chart

1716

Homann Johann Baptist

Nuremberg

E. 529

Pl. 262

1716 1716 1716

Homann Johann Baptist Homann Johann Baptist Homann Johann Baptist

Nuremberg Nuremberg Nuremberg

E. 532 E. 540 E. 565

Pl. 265 (Pl. 262-12) Pl. 270 (Pl. 262-15) Pl. 289 (Pl. 262-14)

1716 1716

Homann Johann Baptist Homann Johann Baptist

Nuremberg Nuremberg

E. 588 E. 622

Pl. 338

1716

Homann Johann Baptist

Nuremberg

E. 627

1719

Châtelain Henry Abraham

Amsterdam

E. 5

Pl. 3

1719

Anonymous Russian Cartographic...

Russia

E. 229

Pl. 121

A Large Draught of the Golf of Persia Golf of Persia by Samuel Thornton From the Edn of 1716, Dalrymple edn: 1787 Verschiedene Prospecte der vornemsten Städten in Persien... [15 cities] Die Stadt Ardebil in Adirbeitzan [Azerbaijan] Gamron oder Bender Abassi Prospect der Königlich Persischen Haupt und Residenz-Stadt ISPAHAN... Die Stadt Kaschan in Erack [Irak Ajami] Schiras vor alters Persepolis, die Haupt-Stadt des gantzen Reiches... Sultania ein (sic) Königliche Stadt in der Prov. Erack Atzem [Irak Ajami] Perse ‘Succession des Rois de Perse, Anciens & Modernes, depuis Cyrus...’ Untitled, Mare Caspium (on the map)

Pl. 150

Pl. 18

434

chronological index of map entries

Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

Title, or the first part of it

Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

1719

Mandelslo Jean Albert, Aa Pierre vander Aa Pierre van der Mandelslo Johann Albrecht, Aa P vander Aa Pierre van der, Allard Carel Aa Pierre vander, Olearius Aa Pierre vander, Olearius Aa Pierre vander, Olearius Aa Pierre vander, Olearius Aa Pierre vander, Olearius Anonymous Anonymous Weigel (Weigelio) Christoph

La Rade de Gammeron...; MS: 1649, Aa edition: 1719

Leiden

E. 310

Pl. 179

La belle et grande ville de Ardebil, dans la Royaume de Perse La Ville de Gamron en Perse

Leiden Leiden

E. 533 E. 541

Pl. 271

Ormus [Hormoz] Ispahan, Capitale du Royaume de Perse La grande & belle Ville de Kaschan en Perse Kom, Ville de la Province d’Yerack [Irak Ajami] en Perse Saba [Saveh] Ville en Perse Soltanie Ville de la Perse... Untitled, showing ‘The Gulf of Persia’ The Strait between Kismis Island and Persia Scena Historiarum Orientalis Quinti Seculi P. N. Chr. In qua Impetii Romanorum... [A plane chart of the Caspian Sea from the mouth of Yarkhofski...] Asiae Antiquissimae Tabula... Persarum Imperium in Viginti Satrapias Vectigales Distributum... Imperium Persicum, tempore Cyri Magni Imperium Persarum in Viginti Provincias Sortitum a Dario Histaspis filio Alexandri Magni Expeditio ex Q[uintus] Curtio (Curtius) Carte Marine de la Mer Caspiene...par Mr. Carl Van Verden en 1719, 1720... Carte de la Route de...Zurabek Ambassadeur de S. M. Polonoise à...Roi de Perse Retraite Des Dix Mille: Tabula conspectum exhibens Regionum...Cyrus Junior... Carte des Pays Voisins de la Mer Caspiene dressée pour l’Usage du Roy... Carte Marine de la Mer Caspiene...par Mr. Carl Van Verden..., Ottens edition Nova ac verissima Maris Caspii... Chart of the River Euphrates from the city of Basara...; Dalrymple edn: 1787 Provinciarum Persicarum Kilaniae nempe Chirvaniae Dagestaniae... Carte Marine de la Mer Caspienne avec toutes ses Bayes, Rivières et Havres... Das Kaspische Meer...durch einen erfahrenen See-Capitän abgezeichnet... The Caspian Sea Done by the Czar’s special command By Carl van Verden... Alexandri Magni Imperium et Expeditio Tabula Untitled, showing the province of Azerbaijan Schau-Bühne des letztern Kriegs in dem Königreich Persien biss auf das Jahr 1729 Nova Maris Caspii et Regionis Usbeck... Imperium Persarum Priorum vel Achaemenidarum aut Caianiorum... Imperium Alexandri Magni... Imperium Partho-Persicum vel Persarum Posteriorum Imperium Timuri Begi vel Cani vel Tamerlanis circa annum ejus emortualem A.C. 1405 Imperium Arabicum, Saracenticum, Muhammedicum Primarium... Tabulae Pars prima exhibens...temp. Mahmudi Sebecteghiniadis Gaznevidae... Tabulae Pars prima exhibens...temporibus Turcarum Selgiukidarum... Carte pour servir à l’intelligence de l’histoire des Assyriens Medes...et Perses...

Leiden Leiden Leiden Leiden Leiden Leiden England England Nuremberg

E. 557 E. 566 E. 589 E. 608 E. 617 E. 628 E. 269 E. 311 E. 37

St. Petersburg

E. 230

Pl. 122

London Paris

E. 6 E. 38

Pl. 4

London London

E. 39 E. 40

Pl. 19

London Amsterdam

E. 60 E. 231

Pl. 123

Paris

E. 417

Pl. 227

Paris

E. 34

Paris

E. 232

Pl. 124

Amsterdam

E. 233

Pl. 125

Amsterdam London

E. 234 E. 312

Pl. 126

Nuremberg

E. 156

Pl. 87

Leiden

E. 235

Nuremberg

E. 236

Pl. 127

London

E. 237

Pl. 128

Paris Constantinople Augsburg/Graz

E. 61 E. 110 E. 653

P. 32 Pl. 59

Nuremberg Nuremberg

E. 238 E. 41

Pl. 129 Pl. 20

Nuremberg Nuremberg Nuremberg

E. 62 E. 95 E. 103

Pl. 33 Pl. 48 Pl. 53

Nuremberg

E. 104

Pl. 54

Nuremberg

E. 105

Pl. 55

Nuremberg

E. 106

Pl. 56

Paris

E. 26

Pl. 12

1719 1719 1719 1719 1719 1719 1719 1719 1720 MS 1720 MS 1720 1720 1721 1721

Van Verden Carl, Soymonov Fyodor Stukeley William, Moll Herman Sanson Pierre Moullart

1721 1721

Stukeley William, Moll Herman Stukeley William, Moll Herman

1721 1721

Moll Herman Delisle (De l’Isle) Guillaume

1722

Delisle (De l’Isle) Guillaume

1723

Delisle (De l’Isle) Guillaume

1723

Delisle (De l’Isle) Guillaume

1723

Ottens Reinier

1723 1724

Ottens Reinier Gough Richard, Dalrymple A

1728

Homann Johann Baptist

1729

Aa Pierre van der

1729

Homann J B

1729

Moll Herman

1731 1732 1732

Delisle (De l’Isle) Guillaume Kateb-Çelebi Krusinski Judae Thaddaei

1735 1737

Maas Abraham, Homann Heirs Homann Heirs

1737 1737 1737

Homann Heirs Homann Heirs Homann Heirs

1737

Homann Heirs

1737

Homann Heirs

1737

Homann Heirs

1739

D’Anville Jean Baptiste

Pl. 284 Pl. 309 Pl. 325 Pl. 333 Pl. 151

chronological index of map entries

435

Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

Title, or the first part of it

Place of printing E. No.

1739

D’Anville Jean Baptiste

Paris

E. 42

1740

De Fer Nicolas

Amsterdam

E. 4

1740

D’Anville Jean Baptiste

Paris

E. 63

1740 1745

Senex Mary Woodroofe Thomas

London London

E. 239 E. 240

Pl. 130

1745

Après de Mannevillette J B, Dalrymple A Après de Mannevillette J B Schley Jacob van der Le Rouge George D’Anville Jean Baptiste Bowen Emanuel D’Anville Jean Baptiste

Carte pour l’Expédition de Cyrus le Jeune et la Retraite des Dix-Mil Grecs... Carte des Quatre Grandes Monarchies, des Assiriens, des Perses, des Grecs... L’Expédition d’Alexandre pour l’Histoire Ancienne de Mr. Rollin... A new map of the Caspian Sea and the countries adjacent... A Plain Chart of the Caspian Sea According to the Observations of Capt. J Elton... Gulph of Persia by M. D’Après..., Dalrymple edition: 1787

London

E. 270

Pl. 152, lower chart

Paris Paris, Amsterdam Paris Paris London Paris

E. 271 E. 350 E. 64 E. 241 E. 242 E. 140

Paris Paris

E. 157 E. 65

Pl. 34

London

E. 243

Pl. 133

Amsterdam

E. 274

Pl. 154

London London

E. 275 E. 276

Pl. 155 Pl. 156

Paris London

E. 277 E. 278

Pl. 157 Pl. 159, lower chart

Paris Paris

E. 66 E. 27

Pl. 35 Pl. 13

Paris Paris

E. 43 E. 67

Paris Paris London

E. 96 E. 244 E. 279

Pl. 134 Pl. 149, lower chart

Paris Paris London

E. 280 E. 313 E. 281

Pl. 158 Pl. 180 Pl. 159, upper chart

Paris Paris

E. 282 E. 7

Pl. 160 Pl. 5

London

E. 314

London

E. 316

London

E. 317

Amsterdam

E. 318

Amsterdam

E. 351

London

E. 352

Amsterdam

E. 418

Pl. 228

Amsterdam

E. 543

Pl. 272

1745 1746 MS 1746 1746 1747 1750 MS 1750 MS 1753 1753 1753 1753 1758 1758 1758 1759 1762 1762 1762 1762 1764 1764 1764 1764 1765 1765 1773 1773 1774 1774 1774 1774 1774 1774 1774

Plan Particulier du Golfe de Perse... Île d’Ormus ou de Jerun L’Empire d’Alexandre et ses Expéditions Essai d’une Nouvelle Carte de la Mer Caspienne A new and accurate map of the Caspian Sea... Perse entre Bassorah, El-Toub, Asnid, Farhag et Golfe Persique D’Anville Jean Baptiste Perse entre Van, Chirwan, Yazd, Hérat, Mesched et Tauris Robert de Vaugondi Didier Antiquorum Imperiorum Tabula... Alexandri Magni Imperium et Expeditiones... Hanway Jonas A map of the Routs (Routes) of the Russian Embassy to Persia in 1746... Keulen Ioannes van [Delineation of the Persian Gulf, with all of its Ports and Depth of Anchorages] Keulen Ioannes van, Dalrymple A Gulph of Persia by John van Keulen, Dalrymple edition: 1787 Herbert William Untitled, showing the Persian Gulf with its Islands, Strait of Hormuz... D’Anville Jean Baptiste Golfe Persique dressée en 1758 et publiée en 1776 D’Anville Jean Baptiste, Dalrymple Gulph of Persia, laid down in 1758 & published in 1776, Dalrymple edn: 1787 Nolin Jean Baptiste L’Empire d’Alexandre le Grand Buy De Mornas Claude Histoire Profane, Empire des Medes, depuis l’An 3234 jusqu’à l’an 3468 Buy De Mornas Claude Empire de Cyrus Buy De Mornas Claude Suite de l’Histoire de Macédoine, Partagé de l’Empire d’Alexandre Buy De Mornas Claude Royaume des Parthes, depuis l’an 3752 jusqu’à l’An 3841 Bellin Jacques Nicolas Carte de la Mer Caspienne et ses Environs Bellin Jacques Nicolas, Dalrymple Gulph of Persia from M. Bellin...1764, Dalrymple edition: 1787 Bellin Jacques Nicolas Carte du Golfe Persique Bellin Jacques Nicolas Carte des Embouchures de l’Euphrate Niebuhr Carsten, Dalrymple A Gulph of Persia...chiefly from his own observation..., Dalrymple edition: 1787 Niebuhr Carsten Sinus Persicus Maximam parten ad observationes... Court de Gebelin Antoine Carte du Monde Primitif à l’époque de la fondation des premiers Empires connus Cant John, Dalrymplre A A Plane Chart of part of the Gulph of Persia...; Dalrymple edition:1786 Simmons David, Dalrymple A Plan of Bushier in the Persian Gulph by Capt. D Simmons; Dalrymple edn: 1774 Keulen Ioannis van, Dalrymple A Kismis Channel in the Gulph of Persia...[by] van Keulen; Dalrymple edition: 1774 Niebuhr Carsten Embouchures du Schat-el-Arab dans la Golfe Persique; there is also a Dutch title Niebuhr Carsten Plan de la Citadelle de la Ville de Charedsch [Khark]; title given also in Dutch Pyle Stephen, Dalrymple A Plan of the Island Karak and Bay of Bundereek...; Dalrymple edition: 1774 Niebuhr Carsten Carte Itiners [Itinéraire] d’Abuschähr à Persepolis & de retour Niebuhr Carsten Plan des Environs d’Abu-Schähhr [Map of the Vicinity of Bushehr]

Pl. No.

Pl. 2

Pl. 195, printed + MS Pl. 131 Pl. 132

Pl. 182

Pl. 196

436

chronological index of map entries

Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

1774

Niebuhr Carsten

1774 1774 1774 1775 MS 1775 1776 1776 1776 1778 1780 1780 1780 1780 1781 1783 1784 1785 1785 1785 1786 1786 1786 1787 1787 1787 1787 1787 1787 1788 1789 MS 1793 1793 1794 1795 1797 1797 1797

Title, or the first part of it

Grondtekening van het Palais te Persepolis [Plan of the Palace of Persepolis] Niebuhr Carsten Gezigt der Overblyszels van Persepolis [View of the Ruins of Persepolis] Niebuhr Carsten Vue de la Ville de Schirâs Niebuhr Carsten Schirâs Anonymous Carte de la Partie occidentale du Royaume de Perse Delahay G N, Après de Mannevil- Carte du Golfe Persique depuis Bassora jusqu’au Cap Rosallette gate Güldenstaedt Johann Anton Carte des Kaspischen Meeres nach den neuesten Bemerkungen... Après de Mannevillette J B, Gulph of Persia by M. D’Après..., new edn: 1776; Dalrymple Dalrymple A edition: 1787 Après de Mannevillette J B, Sayer R A Chart of the Gulf of Persia from Basra to Cape Rosalgate, Sayer edition Harvey Edward, Dalrymple A Part of the Coast of Pesia by Lieut. Edward Harvey; Dalrymple edition: 1787 Bonne Rigobert Imperia Antiqua Pars Media Bonne Rigobert Imperii Parthorum Tabula, left sh.: Pars Occidentalis; right sh.: Pars Orientalis Harvey Edward, Dalrymple A A Chart of the Coast of Persia, with...Branches of Bussora River, Dalrymple edn Dalrymple A Three Bays on the South Coast of Persia... Robinson William, Dalrymple A Chart of the Coast from Cape Aruba to the Entrance of the Gulph of Persia... Hunter M, Dalrymple A Plan of the Road of Jasques on the Coast of Persia...; Dalrymple edition: 1783 Kitchin Thomas Chart of the Caspian Sea Zatta Antonium (Antonio) Imperium Alexandri Magni Per Europam, Asiam et Africam Tardieu P F Carte de la Mer Caspienne McCluer John, Dalrymple A A chart of the Persian Gulph from Muscat to Bushere..., Dalrymple edn: 1786 Harvey Edward, Dalrymple A A Plane Chart of Part of the Gulph of Persia...; Dalrymple edition: 1786 McCluer John, Dalrymple A A corrected Chart of part of the Persian Gulph by J. McCluer..., Dalrymple edn McCluer John, Dalrymple A Chart of the Head of the Gulph of Persia by... McCluer, 28 x 30, Dalrymple edn Cant John, Dalrymplre A Gulph of Persia by Lieut. John Cant, Dalrymple edition Harvey Edward, Dalrymple A Gulph of Persia partly corrected by Lieut. Edward Harvey, Dalrymple edition Russell Claud, Dalrymple A Gulph of Persia from a MS communicated by Claud Russell, Dalrymple edition Cant John, Dalrymplre A Part of the Coast of Persia by Lieut. John Cant; Dalrymple edition: 1787 Russell Claud, Dalrymple A Part of the Coast of Persia From a MS... by Claud Russell..., Dalrymple edn: 1787 Russell Claud, Dalrymple A Part of the Gulph of Persia...by Claud Russell, Dalrymple edition: 1787 McCluer John, Dalrymple A Chart of the Head of the Gulph of Persia by... McCluer, 47 x 62, Dalrymple edn Beauchamp Joseph de Itinéraire du vayage fait par le Cn. Beauchamp...(en Mesopotamie et en Iran) Delarochette Louis Stanislas d’Arcy Indiae Veteris quatenus macedonibus...Alexandri Itinera intra euphratem... Dalrymple Alexander Plan of the Islands Karak and Korgo in the Gulph of Persia, original MS: 1787 McCluer John, Dalrymple A Views on the Coasts of Arabia and Persia... (3 sheets), Dalrymple edn: 1794-95 Lamarche (Delamarche) Charles F Turquie d’Asie et Perse pour les premiers âges du Monde Vincent William Map of Babylonia, Tigris, Euphrates, Eulaeus, Pasitigris & Susiana... Vincent William Map [of Persia] from D’Anville, Panjab from Arrian, Coast of Makran... Dalrymple A No. II Chart of the Gulph of Persia...

Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

Amsterdam

E. 601

Pl. 318

Amsterdam

E. 602

Pl. 319

Amsterdam Amsterdam Paris Paris

E. 623 E. 624 E. 141 E. 283

Pl. 339 Pl. 340, 1780 edn

Riga

E. 245

Pl. 135

London

E. 272

Pl. 152, upper chart

London

E. 273

Pl. 153

London

E. 319

Pl. 181, middle chart

Paris Paris

E. 97 E. 98

Pl. 49

London

E. 320

London London

E. 322 E. 324

London

E. 325

London Venice Paris London

E. 246 E. 68 E. 247 E. 326

Pl. 136 Pl. 36 Pl. 137

London

E. 321

Pl. 183

London

E. 327

London

E. 328

Pl. 185

London London

E. 284 E. 285

Pl.162, lower chart Pl. 162, upper chart

London

E. 286

Pl. 144, lower chart

London

E. 315

Pl. 181, left chart

London

E. 331

Pl. 181, right chart

London

E. 332

Pl. 187

London

E. 329

Persia

E. 419

London

E. 69

London

E. 353

Pl. 197

London

E. 330

Pl. 186, Plate III

Paris London

E. 8 E. 9

London

E. 70

London

E. 287

Pl. 161

Pl. 163

chronological index of map entries Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

1797

Dalrymple A

1797 1797 1798 1798 1798 1800 MS 1800 1805 1805 1807 MS 1807 1807 1809 1810 MS 1810 MS 1810 MS 1810 1811 MS 1811 MS 1811 MS 1811 1811 1811 1811 1814 MS 1814 1816 1816 1816 1817 MS 1817 MS 1818 1818 1818 1818

MS MS MS MS

1818 1818 1819 MS 1819 MS 1821 MS

Title, or the first part of it

No. I: Plan of the Coast of Mekran from... Indus to the Persian Gulph... MS 1795 Lippiatt Thos. Dunning, Dalrymple Track of Ship Pearl...in the Gulph of Persia, Dalrymple edition: 1797 Blair Archibald Sketch of the southeast angle of the Coast of Persia by Captain A Blair Wilkinson Robert Imperium Persicum Antiquum Layman William, Dalrymple A Sketch of Bussora River by Captain William Layman..., Dalrymple edition McCluer John, Dalrymple A An Eye Draught of Bussora River From...Voyages by John McCluer, Dalrymple edn Anonymous Untitled MS map... of the Route from Teheran through Meshed to Herat... Vieth Gehard Ulrich Anton India et Persia, tempore Augusti Anonymous Russian Cartographers [Map continuation of part of... Asia, showing the new border of Russia with Persia] Heather William The Gulph of Persia Malcolm John A Map of Part of Persia, shewing the tract visited by Colonel Malcolm... Wilkinson Robert Alexandri Magni Itinera in Expeditione inter Macedoniam, Libyam, et Indiam... Wilkinson Robert Imperium Parthicum Tempore Arsacidum Smith C Regiones inter Euphraten et Indum Christie Lieutenant, Malcolm Sketch of a Route through Seistan, Khorasan and a part of Brigr.-Gen Persia... Frederick E Lieutenant Route from Isfahan by Kermanshah to Muraga and return by Hamadan... Snodgrass Lieutenant Sketch of Lieut. Snodgrass’ Route from Bushire to Shiraz via Feruzabad... Maverick Peter A Map of Ancient Persia, including Syria & Assyria... Grant Captain The Western Part of Makran Sealy Henry A Trigonometrical Survey of Jask Bay and the Persian Coast to Kohombarak... McDonald Lieutenant, Monteith W Route of Lieut. McDonald...performed by order of Br.-Gen. Malcolm... Pottinger Henry Lieutenant Sketch of a Route through Baloochistan and a part of Makran and Persia... Morier James Sketch of the Countries Situated between Shiraz and Constantinople,... Morier James Route from Teheran to Northen Capital of Persia [Tabriz]... In 1809 Morier James Route of His Majesty’s Mission...Through Persia in 1809 Gossellin Pascal François Joseph Pour les Recherches sur le Golfe Persique Par P F J Gossellin Gossellin Pascal François Joseph Pour les Recherches sur les Côtes de la Gédrosie par P F J Gossellin Baker Benjamin Orientis Tabula Bernhardt E F Carte de Caucase, de la Géorgie et d’une Partie de la Perse, 1816 Horsburgh James Untitled, showing the Persian Gulf Porter Robert Ker Part of the Province Fars, including the Remains of Moorghab...Persepolis... Porter Robert Ker Eighteen untitled MS maps (sheets) of the routes taken by Sir Robert Ker Porter Porter Robert Ker The City of Kashan Porter Robert Ker View of the City of Tabreez drawn from the southwest Porter Robert Ker View of the City of Tehran from the Isfahan Road Porter Robert Ker Remains in the Valley of Moorg-aub [Morghab] supposed to be...of Pasargadae Morier James Routes through Aderbigian [Azerbaijan], the most northern province of Persia... Morier James Route from Teheran to Asterabad in 1815 by James Morier Anonymous Untitled, A sketch of Bushire and its Vicinity Anonymous Rough Sketch of Bushire and its Vicinity Porter Robert Ker, Ritter Karl Untitled, showing the Province Fars and part of Central Persia

437 Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

London

E. 323

Pl. 184

London

E. 333

London

E. 334

London London

E. 10 E. 721

Pl. 6 Pl. 390a, right map

London

E. 722

Pl. 390b, left map

Persia

E. 672

Weimar Russia

E. 99 E. 111

London London

E. 288 E. 199

London

E. 71

London London Bombay

E. 100 E. 101 E. 420

Pl. 60 Pl. 164

Pl. 50 Pl. 51

Fort William, India E. 421 India

E. 422

Newark, N. J. E. 11 Fort William, India E. 127 Persia E. 335 Persia

E. 424

Bombay

E. 423

London

E. 425

London

E. 426

London Paris Paris

E. 427 E. 289 E. 336

London Hambourg/Paris

E. 12 E. 112

London Persia

E. 290 E. 142

Persia

E. 429

Pl. 232, sheet 5

Persia Persia Persia Persia

E. 590 E. 630 E. 633 E. 643

Pl. 345 Pl. 354

London

E. 113

Pl. 61

London Bushehr Bushehr Berlin

E. 428 E. 544 E. 545 E. 143

Pl. 231

Pl. 229

Pl. 230 Pl. 165, printed + MS Pl. 188, printed + MS

Pl. 273

438

chronological index of map entries

Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

1821 1821

1821 1821 1822 MS 1822 MS 1822 1822

Lapie Pierre, Jaubert Pierre Amédée Carte des Pays compris entre Constantinople et Téhéran... Porter Robert Ker A Map of the Georgian and Persian Provinces, together with Courdistan... Ouseley William A Map to Illustrate Sir William Ouseley’s Travels in the South of Persia in 1811 Porter Robert Ker Ispahan from the Ali-Kapi Gate, looking into the Great Maidan Porter Robert Ker Plan of the Remains of Persepolis Porter Robert Ker Plan of the Ancient City of Rhey Klaproth Heinrich Julius Farsistan et Laristan Klaproth Heinrich Julius Carte de la Perse Orientale et du Pays des Afghans Brué Adrien Hubert Carte de Empire d’Alexandre Blackie & Fullarten The Expedition of Alexander

1823

Ouseley William

1823

Ouseley William

1826 1826

Khatov Aleksander Illyich Brucks George Barnes, Horsburgh J

1826

Brucks George Barnes, Horsburgh J

1827

Brucks George Barnes, Horsburgh J

1828

Arrowsmith Aaron Jr.

1828

Brucks George Barnes, Horsburgh J

1828

Brucks George Barnes, Horsburgh J

1828

Brucks George Barnes, Horsburgh J

1829

Brucks George Barnes, Horsburgh J

1829

Brucks George Barnes, Horsburgh J

1829

Buckingham John S

1829 1830 MS 1830 1830

Buckingham John S Bertrand Alexandre J F Lapie Pierre & Lapie Alexandre Emile Brucks George Barnes

1831 1831 1832 1833 MS 1833

Long George Dower John Berghaus Heinrich Wyburd W H Monteith W

1833

Monteith W

1833

Sutherland James

1834

Conolly A

1835 1836

Kempthorne G B Arrowsmith John, Murray John

1837

Todd Elliott D’Arcy

1837

Todd Elliott D’Arcy

1821 1821

Title, or the first part of it

Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

Paris London

E. 114 E. 200

Pl. 62 Pl. 106

London

E. 430

London

E. 574

Pl. 296

E. 603 E. 612 E. 144 E. 168 E. 72 E. 74

Pl. 320 Pl. 328 Pl. 78

E. 431

Pl. 233

London London Paris Paris Paris Glascow/Edinburgh A Map to illustrate Sir William Ouseley’s Travels in the North London of Persia in 1811-12 Map to illustrate...Ouseley’s Journeys from Tehran to ConLondon stantinople...in 1812 Carte de la Géorgie et d’une Partie de la Perse St. Petersburg Part of the Coast of Persia from Ras Tuloop to Bushire...; London Horsburgh edn: 1828 Trigonometrical Plan of Bushire Roads; Horsburgh edition: London 1828 Tigonometrical Survey...at the Head of the Persian Gulf...; London Horsburgh edn: 1831 Regiones intra Mare Hyrcanum, Oxum, Fl. Indicum Pelagus London et Sin. Persicum Sitae The Coast from Bushire to Basadore in the Persian Gulf...; London Horsbugh edn: 1831 The Entrance to the Gulf of Persia and Coast of Arabia; Hors- London burgh edn: 1831 Trigonometrical Survey of Clarence Strait, Gulf of Persia...; London Horsburgh edn: 1831 Chart of the Coast of Persia... to Krotchey [Karachi]...; Hors- London burgh edn: 1832, 4 insets Chart of the Coast of Persia... to Kurachee [Karachi]; HorsLondon burgh edn: 1832, no insets General Map of Persia, with the routes pursued by Mr. Buck- London ingham... Untitled; Town of Bushire from the Approach by Land London Partie de la Perse au Sud de la Mer Caspiene Paris Carte de Empire d’Alexandre Paris Chart of the Gulf of Persia, Constructed from the Trigonometrical Surveys... The Eastern Part of the Ancient Persian Empire Ancient Persian Empire Reduzierte Karte vom Persischen Golf Map of a Route from Bushire to Baghdad... Part of Georgia and Armenia, the Persian provinces Azerbaijan, Talish and Ghilan... Part of Georgia..., reduced version of Monteith’s map described in E. 116 Map of Azerbaeejaun [Azerbaijan] and a part of Armenia & Georgia... Sketch Shewing the Routes of Lieutenants Conolly and Burnes Sketch to illustrate the Memoir by Lieut. G B Kempthorne Sketch of the Acquisitions of Russia since the Accession of Peter I to the Throne Sketck of a Route between Ahhar and Kazveen via Mishkeen[shahr],... Sketch of part of Mazanderan and a part of the Upper Road betwen Tehran...

Pl. 38

E. 432 E. 115 E. 337 E. 338

Pl. 189

E. 339 E. 13

Pl. 7

E. 340

Pl. 190

E. 341

Pl. 191

E. 342 E. 343 E. 344 E. 433 E. 546 E. 158 E. 75

Pl. 274

London

E. 291

Pl. 166

London London Gotha Persia London

E. 14 E. 15 E. 292 E. 434 E. 116

Pl. 8 Pl. 9 Pl. 167

London

E. 117

London

E. 201

London

E. 435

London London

E. 293 E. 654

India

E. 436

India

E. 437

Pl. 63

Pl. 107

Pl. 234

chronological index of map entries

439

Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

Title, or the first part of it

Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

1838 1838

Brué Adrien Hubert Todd Elliott D’Arcy

Paris London

E. 73 E. 438

Pl. 37 Pl. 235

1839 MS

Walker C Lieutenant

Persia

E. 354

Pl. 198-I/199-II

1839 1839 1839

Dufour Auguste Henri Dufour Auguste Henri Rawlinson H C, Arrowsmith J

Paris Paris London

E. 16 E. 76 E. 439

Pl. 39

1840 MS 1840 MS 1840

Layard Austin Henry Layard Austin Henry Anonymous

Persia Persia Germany

E. 203 E. 673 E. 44

1840 1840

Dufour Auguste Henri Zimmermann Carl

Paris Berlin

E. 77 E. 169

1840

Ainsworth William

London

E. 180

1840

Grumbkow Von

Germany

E. 202

1840 1840 1840

Zimmermann Carl Daussy Pierre Jean Baptiste Rawlinson H C, Arrowsmith J

Berlin Paris London

E. 204 E. 294 E. 440

1841 MS

Selby William Beaumont

Persia

E. 723

1841 1841

Duvotenay Thunot Wilson H H

Paris London

E. 17 E. 79

1841 1841

Arrowsmith John Truilhier M

London Paris

E. 248 E. 441

1842

Gibbons Richard, Arrowsmith J

London

E. 442

1843

Zimmermann Carl

Berlin

E. 145

1843

Bode Clement Augustus

London

E. 443

1844

Forbes Frederick, Arrowsmith J

London

E. 444

1844

Selby William Beaumont

London

E. 724

1845 MS

Selby William Beaumont

Bombay

E. 725

Pl. 391

1845

Ohmann Carl (Karl)

Berlin

E. 45

Pl. 21, upper map

1845

Ohmann Carl (Karl)

Berlin

E. 80

Pl. 21, lower map

1846 1846

Spruner von Merz Karl Hohenacker R F

Pl. 57 Pl. 79

E. 193 E. 727

Pl. 103 Pl. 392

1847 1848 MS

Layard Austin Henry Layard Austin Henry, Arrowsmith John Archer Joshua Rawlinson H C

Gotha Esslingen, Germany London London

E. 107 E. 146

1846 1846

Carte Générale de l’Empire d’Alexandre Kurdistan and part of Persia to illustrate the routes of... Shiel,...Todd... Thomson Kharg Island, Persia, see Pl. 198, Plan No. 1 & Pl. 199, Plan No. 2 Perse, Carmanie et Gédrosie Marches et Empire d’Alexandre-le-Grand Map to illustrate Major Rawlinson’s route from Zohab to Khuzistan in 1836 Untitled, Map of the Country between Shiraz and Mosul Route from Hamadan to Julfa [Isfahan] by A H Layard, 1840 Karte zum Feldzuge des Cyrus und zum Rückzuge der Zehntausende... Empire d’Alexandre par A H Dufour Géographe Versuch einer Darstellung von Khorassan zu C Ritter’s Erdkunde Map of Central Kurdistan, to illustrate Mr. Ainsworth’s Visit to the Chaldeans... Karte von Klein-Asien von Syrien nebst den Grenz-Ländern... Russland, Persien... West Persien und Mesopotamien zu C. Ritter’s Erdkunde Carte des Côtes d’Arabie et de Perse... Map of Major H C Rawlinson’s Route from Tabríz by Takhti Soleïman to Gilán... Survey of the River Karun from its junction with the Shatt el Arab...to... Ahwaz... Perse Ancienne Map of Ariana Antiqua, the countries between Persia and India... The Caspian Sea, Khivah and the surrounding country... Route de Mr. Truilhier en 1807 assujetic [assujettit] à ses observations Routes in Kirman, Jebal & Khorasan to illustrate Sergeant Gibbons Journal Versuch einer Darstellung von Farsistan zu C Ritter’s Erdkunde Map to illustrate Baron C A de Bode’s route from Kazerun to Shushter...in 1841 Dr. Forbes’ Route from Mesh-hed to the Heri Rud near Lake Zerreh... Rough Sketch of the River Kárún to illustrate Lieut. Selby’s Paper, 1842 A General Chart of the part of the Karun River about Ahwaz, including the Bund... Historisch-Geographische Karte der alten Welt...in 4 grossen Karten... Das Grosse Persische Reich erobert von Alexander dem Grossen... Kalifat, Oestliche Haelfte Höhenprofil und Kärtchen des südwestlichen Theiles von Persien... Map to illustrate Mr. Layard’s Paper on Khusistan Part of the Jeráhí River with its Canals

London Bombay

E. 18 E. 359

1849

Selby William Beaumont

London

E. 726

Pl. 393, upper sheet

1849

Chesney Charles Cornwallis

London

E. 728

Pl. 393, lower sheet

1850 MS

Loftus William Kennett

Persia

E. 19

Pl. 10

1850 MS

Anonymous

Persia

E. 674

Persis, Media et Hyrcania Map of the Country between Baghdad, Kirmanshah..., showing the...frontiers... The River Kárún from Shuster to Salmána Island... (sheet 11 of a 12-sheet chart) The Shatt-el-Arab from Basrah to...Euphrates, and the River Karun... (sh. 12) Map to illustrate the course of the Eulaeus and the other ancient rivers... The Country between Busheer and Teheran

Pl. 97

Pl. 108

Pl. 138

440

chronological index of map entries

Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

Title, or the first part of it

Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

1850

Zimmermann Carl

Berlin

E. 128

Pl. 74

1850 1851 1851 1852 MS 1852 1852

Shiel Colonel Möller Johannes Heinrich Flandin Eugène, Coste Pascal Berezin Il’ya Nikolaevitch Kiepert Heinrich Kiepert Heinrich

London Gotha Paris Teheran Berlin Berlin

E. 360 E. 21 E. 445 E. 634 E. 118 E. 205

1852

Kiepert Heinrich

Berlin

E. 206

1853 MS

Williams William Fenwick

London

E. 210

1853 1853 MS

Findlay Alexander Williams William Fenwick

London London

E. 22 E. 361

1854

Fergusson Lieutenant, Walker J

London

E. 345

1855 1855

Kiepert Heinrich Kiepert Heinrich

Weimar Berlin

E. 207 E. 208

1855 MS

Williams William Fenwick

England

E. 362

1855

Churchill Henry A, Williams W F

London

E. 364

1855

Churchill Henry A

London

E. 365

1855

Koch Karl

London

E. 366

1855

Abbott Keith E

London

E. 446

Pl. 237

1856 MS

Anonymous Persian cartographer

Bushehr

E. 547

Pl. 275

1856 MS

East India Company [GB]

Persia

E. 655

1856

Petermann August

Gotha

E. 159

1856

Loftus William Kennett

London

E. 194

1856 1856

Fergussen Lieutenant Lines W

London London

E. 295 E. 729

1857 MS

Taylor R L

Persia

E. 448

1857 MS 1857

Sykes William Henry Loftus William Kennett

Persia London

E. 730 E. 20

1857 1857

Stanford Edward Monteith William

London London

E. 23 E. 447

1857 1857 1857 1857

Kržiž August Loftus William Kennett Survey of India Jones Felix

Teheran London Calcutta Bombay

E. 635 E. 644 E. 656 E. 731

Pl. 347 Pl. 355 Pl. 361

1858 MS 1858 MS 1858 1858

Taylor R L St. John O Kiepert Heinrich Khanikoff (Chanikoff) Nicolas

Persia Persia Berlin Berlin

E. 449 E. 745 E. 81 E. 170

Pl. 238

1859

Hommaire de Hell Xavier

Paris

E. 450

1859

Hommaire de Hell Xavier

Versuch einer Darstellung von Süd Iran...Beludschistan und Seistan... Map of Mohammerah and District prepared in 1850 Terra Inter Euphratem et Indum Antiqua Carte des Itinéraires suivis dans la Turquie d’Asie et la Perse... An untitled Map of Teheran Untitled, Azerbeidjan [Azerbaijan] and southern Caucasus Untitled, showing West Persia from southern Azerbaijan to... the Persian Gulf West Persien oder die westlichen Stüfenländer des Iranischen Hochlandes Map to illustrate a Report by H B M Commissioner...on Mohammera... Imperium Persicum Map to illustrate the portion of the Status-Quo Frontier... Ararat & Kotoor... Chart of the entrance to the Persian Gulf...; Walker edition: 1857 Die Asiatische Türkei, die Kaukasusländer und West-Persien General-Karte des Türkischen Reiches in Europa und Asien, nebst...West-Persien Index Map Showing...the separate sheets...of the Turco-Persian Frontier... Map of the Turco-Persian Frontier at the period of the ratification of the Treaty... Traced from Turco-Persian Frontier...showing the Encroachments since made... Traced from ‘Karte von dem Kaukasischen Isthmus und von Armenien’ &c... Map to illustrate Geographical Notes, taken during a Journey in Persia... Persian Plan of...Town and Fortification of Bushire previous to...bombardment... Rough Plan of the Line of Sail of the Fleet...upon Bushire...on the 10th Dec. 1856... Skizze zur Uebersicht der von Lemm bestimmten Positionen in Persien Map of Chaldae, Susiana &c. to illustrate Journeys to several ancient Remains... Winds and Currents in the Persian Gulf (12 sheets) Running Sketch of part of the Shat-el-Arab, showing the Defences of Mohamera Route of March from Baghdad to Tehran during the Months of June and July... Sketch of Mohamera Area after the Action 1856 Plan of the most remarkable Mounds of Shush with the Tomb of the Prophet Daniel... Oriens Map to illustrate Notes on routes from Bushire to Shiraz by... Monteith... Title in Persian: [Map of the Capital City Teheran] Plan of the Great Hall of Columns at Susa Rough sketch of the peninsula on which Bushire is situated... Sketch of the Course of the Shatt-ul-`Arab from the Entrance to Mohammerah Route from Tehran to Bushire via Ispahan and Shiraz Section from Bushire to Teheran Imperia Persarum et Macedonum [General Map of the Russian Scientific Expedition in Khorasan in...1858/59] Carte Itinéraire pour servir au Voyage de Mr Hommaire de Hell... en Perse... Carte d’une partie de la Perse...Voyage en Turquie et en Perse... (3 sheets)

Paris

E. 451

Pl. 236 Pl. 346 Pl. 64

Pl. 192

Pl. 204

Pl. 168, sh. 8 Pl. 394

Pl. 11

Pl. 239, sheet 1

chronological index of map entries Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

1859

Hommaire de Hell Xavier

1859 1859 1859 1860 1860 1861 1861 1862 MS 1862 MS 1862 1862 1862 1862. 1863 1864 MS 1864 MS 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1865 1865 1865 1865 1866 1867 MS 1867 1867 1867 1868 1868 1868 1869 1869 1870 MS 1871 1872 1872 1872 1872 1872

Title, or the first part of it

Routes de Mr Hommaire de Hell tracées d’après ses relèvements Société de Géographie Plan de la Ville de Kirman relevé en 1859 Société de Géographie Plan de la Ville de Iezd [Yazd] Kotschy Theodor Dr. Th. Kotschy’s Ansichten des Vulkans Demavand, nebst Grundriss des Kraters Dufour Auguste Henri Empire d’Alexandre dressée par A H Dufour Chanikoff (Khanikoff) Nicolas [General Map of the Russian Scientific Expedition in Khorasan] Clerk Claude Persia, Map to illustrate Routes from Teheran to Herat, and from Teheran to Bushire... Petermann Julius Heinrich Übersichtskarte der Reisen im Oriente des Prof. H Petermann in... 1852-55... Stiffe Arthur William Jashk [Jask] Shoal sueveyed by Lieut. A W Stiffe... Ryland H R Sketch of a Coast between Kurrachee [Karachi] and Bunder Abbas... Kiepert Heinrich [General map of a journey of the Royal Prussian Embassy in Persia... 1860-61 Constable C G, Admiralty Asia, Persian Gulf, Eastern Sheet... Constable C G, Admiralty Asia, Persian Gulf, Western Sheet Khanikof Nicolas Map of Aderbeijan [Azerbaijan] Brugsch Heinrich Dschulfa [Julfa], Isfahan Pelly Lewis Tracing showing the Route and Coast Line from Mocoo Bay to...Bundar Abbas Pelly Lewis Sketch Map of the Route from Bunder [Bandar] Abbas to Cape Jask... Dufour Auguste Henri Empires Assyrio-Babyloniens et Medo-Perses de 721 à 500 avant J.C.... Dufour Auguste Henri Empire de Cyrus, 538 avant J.C.... Dufour Auguste Henri Empire romain d’orient...Empire des Sassanides Pelly Lewis Map of the Island of Kishm [Qeshm] Khanikof (Khanikoff) Nicolas Carte Sommaire des levées faites en 1858 et 1859 dans le Khorâssan... Menke Theodor Regnum Persicum usque ad Herodoti tempus Menke Theodor Regni Persici satrapiae superiores, Alexandri Magni tempore Menke Theodor Regni Persici satrapiae inferiores, Graecia, coloniae Graecorum... Colvill W H Sketch map showing the Route taken from Bushire ...to the Port of Lingah Goldsmid F J Rough map of... Goldsmid... route from Ispahan to Choubar and Bunder Abbas Ross E C Untitled, Mekran Coast, Sunmiani to Jask Goldsmid F J Sketch map of Beluchistan and Eastern Persia... Stiffe Arthur William Plan of Bushire in 1853 with the Forts, and shewing...the works since added War Office Sketch of the Attack on Bushire, Dec. 10, 1856 Lenormant Charles François L’Empire de Cyrus avant la prise de Babylon Melgunof G Das südliche Ufer des Kaspischen Meeres St. John O Section from Bushire to Teheran to accompany the Paper by Major O St. John [Spanish Admiralty, Hydrogr. Sec- [Indian Ocean, Coast of Africa, Arabia and Persia, covering... tion] the Persian Gulf... Williams William Fenwick, Carte Topographique de la Frontière Turco-Persane... 1849Chirikow E I 1853... Bower David Route Map of a Special Mission to Seistan and Makran by... David Bower... Pollock F R Map of Seistan Goldsmid F J Map illustrating Arbital Opinion on Seistan Boundary... Lovett Beresford A part of Beluchistan with part of Mekran and the PersoBeluch Boundary Lovett Beresford Sketch Map of the Sistan Boundary... Bower David Route Map of the Special Mission to Seistan..., from Ispahan to Gwadur... Khanikof Nicolas (Nikolai) Routes in Persia in continuation of the Survey of Aderbeijan to...Ecbatana...

441 Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

Paris

E. 452

Paris Paris Gotha

E. 591 E. 641 E. 747

Pl. 310 Pl. 353 Pl. 403

Paris Berlin

E. 78 E. 171

Pl. 94

London

E. 453

Leipzig

E. 454

India Persia

E. 346 E. 675

Berlin

E. 209

Pl. 109

London London Berlin Berlin/Leipzig Persia

E. 296 E. 297 E. 119 E. 584 E. 355

Pl. 169 Pl. 170 Pl. 65 Pl. 306

Persia

E. 456

Paris

E. 28

Pl. 14

Paris Paris London Paris

E. 46 E. 102 E. 356 E. 455

Pl. 22 Pl. 52 Pl. 200

Gotha Gotha Gotha

E. 47 E. 84 E. 85

Pl. 42

London

E. 348

Pl. 193

Bombay

E. 457

Persia London Calcutta

E. 129 E. 130 E. 548

Pl. 276

Dehra Dun, India Paris Leipzig London

E. 658 E. 48 E. 160 E. 746

Pl. 362 Pl. 23 Pl. 88 Pl. 402

Madrid

E. 298

Pl. 171

St. Petersburg

E. 363

Pl. 203, sheet (c)7

Persia

E. 459

Simla, India Bampur, Persia India

E. 131 E. 387 E. 388

Pl. 216 Pl. 217

Calcutta London

E. 389 E. 460

Pl. 240

Berlin

E. 676

442

chronological index of map entries

Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

1873 MS 1873

Stiffe Arthur William Kiepert Heinrich

1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1874 1874 1874 1874 1874 1874 1874 1875 MS 1875 1875 1875 1876 MS 1876 1876 1876 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1878 1878 1878 1878 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1880 1880

Title, or the first part of it

Bú-Shehr Peninsula, by Lieut. A W Stiffe Umgegend von Urmij in Persien, nach den Angaben des Joseph Arsenis... Rawlinson H C Map of Seistan to accompany the paper by Major-General H C Rawlinson Lovett Beresford Map of Sistan, to accompany Memorandum, dated May 22, 1872... Goldsmid F J Map of Eastern Persia to illustrate the Paper by Majer General Sir F J Goldsmid St. John Major Untitled, northwestern Part of the Province Azerbaijan Ordnance Survey Office Southamp- Map of Tuco-Persian Frontier made by Russian and English ton Officers... Gill William John, War Office Untitled, hand-written: Route Map from Teheran to Meshed Lacoste Charles Empire d’Alexander Stiffe Arthur William Asia, Arabian Sea, Makran Coast Stiffe Arthur William North End of Hormüz Island shewing site of ancient towns &c. (4 images) St. John O B C Map of Western Baluchistan...to show the Western Frontier... Petermann August Central-Persien und die Grenzgebiete von Afghanistan und Baluchistan... Goldsmid F J A map showing the routes of...F J Goldsmid in... Turkey, Persia and Baluchistan... Rivadeneyra Adolfo D Itinerario del viaje al interior de Persia Russian General Staff, Wilson W Russian Military Map of Persia [Russian Map in three sheets, copied by Wilson] Wilson Charles William Map of Khuzistan, Compiled...under the directions of Major C W Wilson... Baker Valentine A Map of the Northeastern Frontiers of Persia... Waterhouse J Caravan Route from Tabreez to Kirmanshah Floyer Ernest A S Sketch of Bampur by Ernest A Floyer, January 1876 Napier George A map of the northen frontier of Khorassan with parts of Irak [Ajami]... Napier George E A Map of Northern Frontier of Khorassan... Home R Lieut.-Col. Sketch Map to ilusstrate probable concentration and lines of operation... Johnston Alexander Keith Regnum Alexandri Magni Survey of India Sketch of a Portion of the Upper Atrak Basin Stolze Franz Route im südlichen Persien aufgenommen von Dr. Franz Stolze,...1875 Floyer Ernest A S Route Map from Jask to Bampur to accompany the Paper by Mr. E A Floyer Houtum-Schindler Albert Strasse von Semnan nach Meschhed im nördlichen Persien... 1876... Kržiž August, Polak J E Karte der Umgebung von Teheran ...vom...Kržiž...corrigiert von Dr. J E Polak Robiquet Aime Carte des Côtes de Perse & d’Arabie, comprenant...le Golfe Persique... Kiepert Heinrich Iran östliche Hälfte enthaltend Afghanistan, Balutschistan... Napier George E Caravan Route from Tabreez to Kirmanshah from sketches by Capt. G E Napier Stephenson Rowland Macdonald Map of Railways in Persia, through line from Teheran to Sukkur...(also in French) MacGregor C M Map to illustrate Colonel MacGregor’s Travels in Khorassan Houtum-Schindler Albert Routen in südwestlichen Persien aufgenommen 1877-78 von Houtum-Schindler Houtum-Schindler Albert Routen in nordwestlichen Persien aufgenommen 1877-78 von Houtum-Schindler Houtum-Schindler Albert Routen in nördlichen Persien aufgenommen von A HoutumSchindler MacGregor C M Plan of the city of Mushudd [Mashhad] MacGregor C M a: Plan of Surrukhs [Sarakhs]; b: Surrukhs War office, Intelligence Branch Copy of the original MS Map...for the delimitation of the territory of Kotour Anderson T S Lieutenant Untitled, showing Europe and the Middle East

Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

India Berlin

E. 549 E. 120

Pl. 277 Pl. 66

London

E. 132

Pl. 75

Calcutta

E. 133

London

E. 172

London Southampton

E. 367 E. 368

London Paris India London

E. 461 E. 86 E. 347 E. 357

India Gotha

E. 390 E. 391

London

E. 458

Madrid Russia

E. 462 E. 661

Pl. 241 Partly MS

London

E. 195

Pl. 104

London Calcutta Persia London

E. 379 E. 463 E. 534 E. 173

Pl. 95

London India

E. 380 E. 662

Edinburgh Calcutta Berlin

E. 87 E. 174 E. 464

London

E. 465

Berlin

E. 467

Vienna

E. 636

Paris

E. 299

Berlin India

E. 392 E. 475

Pl. 218

London

E. 677

Pl. 370

London Berlin

E. 175 E. 468

Pl. 243

Berlin

E. 469

Berlin

E. 470

London London London

E. 595 E. 613 E. 369

London

E. 477

Pl. 205, sheet 1

Pl. 43 Pl. 201

Pl. 242

Pl. 348

Pl. 314 Pl. 329

chronological index of map entries

443

Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

Title, or the first part of it

Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

1880 1880

Mohammad-Mirza Mohandes Harrison & Sons

Tabriz London

E. 631 E. 678

Pl. 344

1881 MS 1881

Wells Henry L Stewart C E

Persia London

E. 679 E. 176

1881

London

E. 177

1881

War Office, Intelligence Branch (GB) Houtum-Schindler Albert

Title in Persian: [Map of the Royal City of Tabriz] Untitled, showing main roads in the area north of TeheranCazveen axis... Routes in South-West Persia (4 sheets) Map of Khorasan and neighbouring countries, illustrating the paper by...Stewart Map of the Tekke Turkoman Country and adjoining Districts

Berlin

E. 471

1882 MS

Campbell J Morrow

Abbasabad, Persia

E. 751

1882

Kiepert Heinrich

Berlin

E. 181

1882

Kiepert Heinrich

Berlin

E. 196

1882

London

E. 381

Pl. 211

1882

War Office Intelligence Branch (GB) Hassenstein Bruno

Gotha

E. 384

Pl. 214

1882

Floyer Ernest A S

London

E. 466

1882

Stack Edward

London

E. 478

1882 1882 1882 1882 1882 1882 1883 MS

Stack Edward Stack Edward Stack Edward Stack Edward Stack Edward Stack Edward Mohammad-Reza Mohandes

London London London London London London Persia

E. 479 E. 480 E. 481 E. 482 E. 483 E. 484 E. 393

Pl. 246 Pl. 219

1883

Ross Colonel

Dehra Dun, India

E. 147

Pl. 80

1883

London

E. 382

Pl. 212

1883

War Office Intelligence Branch (GB) Houtum-Schindler Albert

Berlin

E. 472

1883 1883

Houtum-Schindler Albert Houtum-Schindler Albert

Berlin Berlin

E. 473 E. 474

Pl. 245

1883

Lovett Beresford

London

E. 485

Pl. 247

1883

Yate C E, Etemad-al-Saltanah

London, Yate edn

E. 596

Pl. 315

1883

Wells Henry L

London

E. 680

Pl. 371

1883 1883

Ross E C , RGS publisher Pilgrim G E

London Dehra Dun, India

E. 732 E. 752

Pl. 395 Pl. 405

1884 MS 1884

Preece J R Alary Calixte

Persia Paris

E. 681 E. 88

1884 1884

Dieulafoy Marcel-Auguste Hassenstein Bruno

Paris Gotha

E. 148 E. 385

1884

Dieulafoy Marcel-Auguste

Paris

E. 486

1884

Dieulafoy Marcel-Auguste

Paris

E. 604

Pl. 321

1885

Preece J R, Johnston W & A K

London

E. 149

Pl. 82

1885 1885

Gerard Colonel Dieulafoy Marcel-Auguste

Calcutta Paris

E. 487 E. 645

Routen in südlichen Persien aufgenommen in 1879-1880 von Houtum-Schindler... Map showing Position of the Copper Mines North of Abbasabad Prof. C. Haussknecht’s Routen im Orient...[part] III: Kurdistan and Irak Prof. C. Haussknecht’s Routen im Orient...[part] IV: Centrales und Südl. Persiens Copy of Map furnished by Russian Minister in Tehran...for Negotiation... Specialkarte (sic) der Neuen Russisch-Persischen Grenze und der Oase Merv Map of Southern Persia illustrating Mr. Floyer’s Travels in 1876-77 Persia [a general map showing the routes travelled by E Stack in Persia] Map to illustrate the Journey from Shiraz to Lár Map to illustrate the Journey from Lár to Karmán Map to illustrate the Journey from Karmán to Yazd Map to illustrate the Journey from Yazd to Isfahan Map to illustrate the Journey from Isfahan to Tehran Map to illustrate the journey from Tehrán to the Caspian Untitled, showing part of Sistan, with the proposed boundary... Map of Parts of Arabia and Persia in two sheets, upper sheet: South Persia... Copy of Russian Official Map [of Akhal Khorassan Boundary] Route von Zendjân nach Tacht-i-Soleimân aufgenommen 1880... Route von Qazwîn nach Tabrîz, aufgenommen 1881-1882... Route von Tabrîz nach Sâûdjbulâgh, aufgenommen 18811882... A map of a route along the Alburz Mountains between Tehran, Astárábád... Ground Plan of the Shrine of Imám Rezá [Persian edn: 1883; Yate edn: 1900] Routes in South Western Persia, surveyed in the years 1881 & 1882... Sketch Map of the River Mand or Kara-Aghatch Geological Sketch Map of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman... Map of the Road from Shiraz to Jashk Carte de la Perse Orientale au temps des Grecs et des Romains... Carte de la Plaine du Polvar Merw und das Russisch-Persische Grenzgebiet nach den neuesten Quellen... Carte de la Perse [showing Marcel Dieulafoy’s routes in Persia] Plan Central du Takhte-Djamchid [Central Plan of Persepolis] Part of Southern Persia from Shiraz to Jashk [Jask] from a survey by J R Preece... Map illustrating Colonel Gerard’s Journey through Kurdistan Plan de la Vallée de Firouz-Abâd

Pl. 96

Pl. 244

Pl. 98

Pl. 81 Pl. 215

444

chronological index of map entries

Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

Title, or the first part of it

Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

1885 1886 MS

Andreas F C Gerard M J

Gotha England

E. 682 E. 211

Pl. 372 Pl. 110 & 111

1886

Jennings R H

Dehra Dún, India

E. 134

See Pl. 248

1886

London

E. 383

Pl. 213, sheet I

1886 1886

War Office Intelligence Branch (GB) Stewart C E Bassett James

Pl. 220

Jennings R H

London New York / London Dehra Dún, India

E. 394 E. 488

1886

E. 489

Pl. 248

1887

Binder Henri

Paris

E. 212

Pl. 112

1887

Radde G, Stebnitzki J

Gotha

E. 386

1887

Dieulafoy Jane (Jeanne)

Paris

E. 490

Pl. 249

1887

Dieulafoy Jane (Jeanne)

Paris

Dieulafoy Jane (Jeanne) Dieulafoy Jane (Jeanne) Dieulafoy Jane (Jeanne) Dieulafoy Jane (Jeanne) Dieulafoy Jane (Jeanne) Galindo R E Lieutenant

Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Dehra Dún, India

E. 575a&b E. 581 E. 583 E. 585 E. 609 E. 611 E. 395

Pl. 297 (E. 575b)

1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 1888

Pl. 303 Pl. 305 Pl. 307 Pl. 326

1888

London

E. 739

Pl. 398

1889

Turner William John, RGS publisher Kiepert Heinrich

Berlin

E. 49

Pl. 24

1889

Kiepert Heinrich

Berlin

E. 82

Pl. 40 inset

1889 1889 1890 MS

Kiepert Heinrich Kiepert Heinrich Sawyer H A

Berlin Berlin Calcutta

E. 108 E. 109 E. 185

Pl. 58, upper map Pl. 58, lower map

1890 MS

Sawyer H A

Persia

E. 748

1890

Morgan Jacques de

Paris

E. 161

Pl. 89

1890 1890 1890

Lynch Henry Blosse Curzen George Nathaniel, RGS Vaughan H B

London London London

E. 189 E. 491 E. 492

Pl. 101

1890

St. John O

Calcutta

E. 683

1890

Rausch von Traubenberg Paul

Halle

E. 684

Pl. 373

1890 1891 1891 1891 1891

Johnston W & A K, RGS publisher Sawyer H A Sawyer H A Bishop Isabella Lady Bird MacLean C S

London Calcutta Calcutta London Calcutta

E. 733 E. 150 E. 186 E. 188 E. 396

Pl. 396

1891 1891 1891

Bishop Isabella Lady Bird Abd-al Ghaffar Najm-al-Molk MacQueen Alex

London Teheran Teheran

E. 494 E. 637 E. 685

Pl. 251 Pl. 349 Pl. 374

1891 MS

Vaughan H B

Dehra Dun

E. 686

1891 1892

Weller Francis Sidney Ceyp A J, Hassenstein B

Übersichtkarte der Verkehrs-Verhältnisse von Persien Untitled, a map of Mesopotamia and Persia, surveyed...between 1882 and 1886 Map of Portion of Western Baluchistan, Eastern Persia, Sarhad and Sistan... Sh. 1-8, Frontier between Russia & Persia to the east of the Caspian...(8 sheets) Map of the Afghan and Persian Border... Persia and its Border Region [showing the routes travelled by James Bassett] Skeleton Map to illustrate...Jennings’ diary of his journey through...Eastern Persia... Carte du Kurdistan, Géorgie, Arménie, Mésopotamie et PerseOccidentale... Karte der Transkaspischen Gebiete und von Nord-Chorassan, 41 x 51 cm Carte pour servir à l’intelligence du Mme Dieulafoy, de Tiflis à Bagdad, Suse... a: Maïdan Chah d’Ispahan; b: Plan de la Masdjed Chah d’Ispahan Pont Hassan Beg [Shiraz, or Khajoo, Bridge] Vue de Yezd-Khast [Izad-Khvast] Église Arménienne de Djoulfa Panorama de Koum [Qom] Vue de Koumicheh [View of Qomsheh, or Shahreza] Map of Hashtadan [Hashtadun] to illustrate Report by Br.Gen. C S MacLean Central Persia, Map of country between Teheran & Kom, showing...new lake... Das Persische Reich der Achaemeniden und das Reich Alexanders des Grossen Imperia Persarum et Macedonum in usum scholarum descripta ab Henrico Kiepert Das Reich der Khalifen um das Jahr 750 Die Islamischen Reiche um das Jahr 1215 Col. H A Sawyer’s Routes and Explorations in the Bakhtiari Country Section: Isfahan - Deh Khurd - Alikuh - Cherri - Bazuft Chilau [Shushtar] Carte des Rives Méridionales de la Mer Caspienne entre l’Atrek et...Lenkorân South Western Persia Across Luristan to Ispahan... Routes in South-western Persia Lieut. Vaughan’s Route through Central Persia, Illustrating his Paper... Map of the road from Tehran to Bushire, shewing...IndoEuropean Telegraph Karte der Verkehrswege Persiens...[Map of Transport Roads in Persia...] The Karun River and branches Reconnaissance Survey from Deh-bid to Bushire 1890 Reconnaissance Survey of the Bakhtiari Country, 1890 The Bakhtiari Country Map illustrating Final Report by Major-General C S Maclean on the Hashtadan... Untitled, showing Mrs. Bishop’s routes Title in Persian: [Map of the Naseri Capital City of Teheran] Persian Road and Transport Co[mpan]y Plan to accompany General Report... Sketch map showing Captain H B Vaughan’s Reconnaissance in Persia... 1890-91 Sketch Map of the Darya-i-Namak [Salt Plain] Route von Bam nach Maschkid [near Lake Hamun, Sistan]

London Gotha

E. 740 E. 495

Pl. 250

Pl. 399

chronological index of map entries Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

1893 MS

Sykes Percy M

1893 1893 1893 1894 MS 1894 MS 1894 1894 1894 1894 1895 MS 1895 MS 1895 MS 1895 1895 1895 1895 1895 1895 1895 1895 1895 1895 1895 1895 1895 1896 1896 1896 1896 1896 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897

Title, or the first part of it

Route from Chahbar to Kuh-i-Taftan, surveyed by...P M Sykes during 1893-94 Kiepert Heinrich Imperia Persarum et Macedonum Intelligence Branch Simla Telegraph Map - Persia and Afghanistan Plant S Cornell, Survey of India Map of Rivers Karun, Diz, Shateit and Abu-Gargar between Ahwaz, Dizful and... Vaughan H B Tracing from a map compiled in the Indian Survey Department... Sykes Percy M Untitled, Route from Yazd to Kashan surveyed under supervision of...P M Sykes Vidal-Lablache Paul, Colin Armand Empire des Perses Vidal-Lablache Paul, Colin Armand Empire d’Alexandre (Histoire de l’Hellénisme) Sawyer H A Reconnaissance Survey of the Bakhtiari country by Col. H A Sawyer 1890 Napier H D Sketck map to illustrate the report on Sistan and the country between it and Mashhad Sykes Percy M [Roads around and south of Kerman] surveyed by Captain P M Sykes... Sykes Percy M Untitled, Map of Southwest Persia showing Luristan, Khuzistan and Bakhtiari Hills Adey H J Karun River made by H J Adey...during the low season of 1895 Fazel-Dad Khan Reconnaissance Survey of Northwest Azerbaijan, 1894 Fasa’i Hasan Husayni Naqsha-ye Fars [Map of Fars] Morgan Jacques de Carte de la partie centrale du Kurdistan Harris Walter B Sketch Map of Mr. W B Harris’ Route in Persian Kurdistan, 1895 Morgan Jacques de Carte de l’Élam, Kourdistân (Pars), Louristân, Khouzistân ou Arabistân... Morgan Jacques de Portes du Zagros Vaughan H B Capt. H B Vaughan’s Routes through Central Persia in 1889 and 1891 Morgan Jacques de Plan des Environs de Bagistana, Bisoutoun Morgan Jacques de Croquis Topographique des Environs de Agbatana Hamadan Morgan Jacques de Ruines de Khalman-Ser-i-Poul [Ruins of Xalmanu, Sarpol-iZahab] Morgan Jacques de Kasr-i-Chirin [Qasr-i-Shirin] Morgan Jacques de Palais de Khosrov à Kasr-i-Chirin Morgan Jacques de Kal’a-i-Tchouar Kapi [Citadel with four Gates = Square Citadel] Holdich Thomas Hungerford Sketch map of ancient and medieval Makran Holdich Thomas Hungerford North Western Trans-Frontier, Ginao Hill [Bandar Abbas District] Houtum-Schindler A Map of Eastern Persian Irak to accompany the memoir by... Houtum-Schindler Stahl A F, Hassenstein B Reiserouten in Nördlichen Persien nach Originalaufnahmen von A F Stahl... Collins Edward Treacher Untitled, showing Collin’s routes in West and Central Persia Smith Benjamin The Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian and Median Powers Smith Benjamin The Persian Empire about 500 BC, and the Empire of Alexander the Great 323 BC Survey of India Part of Persia, Afghanistan and Baluchistan, Sheet No. 14... Trans-Frontier Series Holcich T H Sketch Map of Baluchistan and its Afghan & Persian Borders, 1896 Sykes Percy M Persia, Afghanistan & Baluchistan...the Journeys of Lieut. P M Sykes... Sykes Percy M Sketch map of Persia, Afghanistan...to illustrate the Journey of Capt. P M Sykes Lynch H F B Route map of the Tracks between Ahwaz, Shushter & Ispahan... Stahl A F Profile des Elbursgebirge von A F Stahl

445 Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

Persia

E. 689

Berlin Simla, India India

E.83 E. 688 E. 734

India

E. 687

Persia

E. 690

Paris Paris London

E. 50 E. 89 E. 187

Pl. 25

Simla, India

E. 693

Pl. 376

Persia

E. 691

Persia

E. 692

Persia

E. 735

London Teheran Paris London

E. 121 E. 151 E. 182 E. 183

Pl. 67 Pl. 83 Pl. 99

Paris

E. 197

Pl. 105

Paris London

E. 213 E. 493

Paris Paris

E. 542 E. 552

Pl. 279

Paris

E. 614

Pl. 330

Paris Paris Paris

E. 646 E. 647 E. 648

Pl. 356 Pl. 357 Pl. 358

London Calcutta

E. 90 E. 152

Pl. 44

London

E. 214

Pl. 113

Gotha

E. 496

Pl. 252

London New York New York

E. 500 E. 29 E. 51

Dehra Dún, India

E. 397

Pl. 221

London

E. 398

Pl. 222

London

E. 501

London

E. 502

London

E. 694

Pl. 377

Gotha

E. 755

Pl. 407

Pl. 41 Pl. 375 Pl. 397

Pl. 100

446

chronological index of map entries

Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

Title, or the first part of it

Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

1897

Stahl A F

Gotha

E. 756

Pl. 408, sheets 1-3

1898 MS 1898 MS

Sykes Percy Bahadur Ali-Asghar Khan, Sykes PM Radde G, Stebnitzki J Stiffe Arthur William Niven

Geologische Karte des nördlichen Persien Nach Originalaufnahmen von A F Stahl Routes into the neighbourhood of Yezd, Kerman, etc. Plan de Kerman

Persia Kerman

E. 135 E. 592

Pl. 311

Gotha London London

E. 178 E. 358 E. 512

Persia

E. 741

Teheran Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Gotha

E. 749 E. 122 E. 162 E. 215 E. 216 E. 513 E. 515

Paris London Seistan, Persia

E. 638 E. 742 E. 399

1898 1898 1898 1899 MS 1899 MS 1899 1899 1899 1899 1899 1899

Bahadur Ali-Asghar Khan, Sykes PM Houtum-Schindler Albert Feuvrier Jean Baptiste Feuvrier Jean Baptiste Feuvrier Jean Baptiste Feuvrier Jean Baptiste Feuvrier Jean Baptiste Sarre F

1899 1899 1900

Feuvrier Jean Baptiste Günter Robert T, RGS publisher Chevenix-Trench Major

1900 1900

Kauder E Yate C E

1900 1901 MS

Stahl A F Sykes Percy M

1902 MS

Smyth H Captain

1902 1902

Sykes Percy Ronaldshay Lord

1902

Sykes Percy M, RGS publisher

1902

Sykes Percy, Bahadur Ali-Asghar Khan Langhans Paul

1902 1902 1902 1902 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1904 MS 1904 1904 1904 1905 1905

Karte der Transkaspischen Gebiete und von Nord-Chorassan Kharag Island from a survey by Lieut. Anderson, 1838 Route Map showing Mr. Niven’s Routes Kum-Isfahan in comparison with other Routes... Untitled sketch map of the Helmand River and Hamun Lake Untitled, showing Roads in Central Persia Perse, Région Nord-Ouest Perse, Région Nord Perse, Région Ouest Perse, Carte d’Assemblage Perse, Carte d’Assemblage Dr. F Sarre’s Reiseweg von Ardebil nach Zendschan, Persien, Nov.-Dez. 1897... Téhéran Plan de l’Ark The Urmi Lake Basin, Azerbaijan Untitled, Perso-Afghan Frontier, Helmand and Mian-Kangi District Nord Persien Persia Afghanistan..to illustrate the routes taken by Lieut.Col. C E Yate, 1893-98 Karte der Umgegend von Teheran von A F Stahl Persia, Afghanintan & Baluchistan to illustrate the Journeys of Major P M Sykes Part of N E Persia Showing Russian Quarantine Line and possible Railway... Sketch Map of Sistan Routes of Lord Ronaldshay...through Baluchistan and Eastern Persia Persia, Afghanistan..., Sketch Map to illustrate the journeys of Major P M Sykes... Plan of Kirman

Politsch-Militärische Karte von Afghanistan, Persien, und Vorder-Indien... Benn R A E Rough Map of Helmund River from Band-i-Kamal Khan to Band-i-Seistan... Benn R A E Rough Map of Old and New Bed of Helmund River to illustrate...Consul’s Tour... Sykes Percy M Four small untitled sketch-maps showing [different states of] Lake Hamun in Sistan Plunket G A Persian Seintan, Cultivated Area McMahon A Henry Seistan 1903 McMahon A Henry (Perso-Afghan Frontier, Seistan) Map to accompany letter No. 824... Stahl A F, Perthes Justus Routenkarte von den Russischen Grenze nach Tabriz und Kazwin von A F Stahl Yule H, Murray J, (Marco Polo) Marco Polo’s Itineraries, Map No. I (1903, repinted 1921) Yule H, Murray J, (Marco Polo) Marco Polo’s Itineraries, Map No. II, Kerman to Hormuz (1903, reprinted 1921) Douglas J A sh. 1: Sketch of ground round Gumbad-i-Kabus; sh. 2: Plan of Russian...Post... Grundy G B, Stanford’s..., Murray J Empires of the Babylonians, Lydians, Medes and Persians Barker R C Telegraph Map of Persia Stahl A F Geologische Karte von Karadag, Persien McMahon A Henry Map of Seistan 1903-04 & 05 (Showing adjoining Districts of Persia...), 4 sheets McMahon A Henry Map relating to the Final Atbital Award Statement of Colonel McMahon...

Pl. 202

Pl. 68 Pl. 90

Pl. 350 Pl. 400

Breslau (Wrocław) E. 516 Edinburgh E. 517 Gotha Persia

E. 639 E. 503

Pl. 351

Meshed

E. 695

London London

E. 136 E. 179

London

E. 504

Pl. 255

London

E. 593

Pl. 312

Gotha

E. 663

Seistan

E. 736

Seistan

E. 737

London

E. 743

London India India

E. 137 E. 138 E. 400

Pl. 76

Gotha

E. 497

Pl. 253

London London

E. 526 E. 527

Pl. 261

Persia

E. 664

Pl. 364 (2 sheets)

London Persia Gotha Calcutta

E. 30 E. 696 E. 757 E. 401

Pl. 15

Calcutta

E. 402

Pl. 409

chronological index of map entries

447

Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

Title, or the first part of it

Place of printing E. No.

1905

Keyes Terence Lieutenant

Calcutta

E. 404

1905

Stahl A F, Perthes Justus

Gotha

E. 498

1905 1906

Strauss Theodor Kent Charles Foster

Gotha New York

E. 518 E. 52

Pl. 257 Pl. 26

1906

McMahon A Henry

London

E. 139

Pl. 77

1906

McMahon A Henry

London

E. 403

Pl. 223

1906 1906

Keyes Terence Lieutenant Sykes Percy M, RGS publisher

Calcutta London

E. 405 E. 505

1906 1906

Feuvrier Jean Baptiste Hedin Sven, Byström A Herman

Paris Stockholm

E. 514 E. 520

Pl. 258

1906

Hedin Sven, Byström A Herman

Stockholm

E. 521

Pl. 259, sh.1

1906 1906

Morton W R, Intelligence Branch Hedin Sven, Byström A Herman

Simla, India Leipzig

E.716 E. 761

1907 1907 1907

Wilson A T Lieut. Marine-Amt Berlin Stahl A F, Perthes Justus

London Berlin Gotha

E. 153 E. 300 E. 499

Pl. 84 Pl. 172 Pl. 254

1907

Herzfeld Enrst

Gotha

E. 522

Pl. 260, two sheets

1907

Survey of India

Calcutta

E. 657

1907

Royal Geographical Society

London

E. 665

Pl. 365

1907

Pilgrim G E

Calcutta

E. 753

Pl. 406

1907

Pilgrim G E

Calcutta

E. 754

1907

Stahl A F

Gotha

E. 758

1907

Stahl A F

Gotha

E. 759

1908

Russian Topogr. Section of the Army Bricteaux Auguste

Rough Sketch Map of the undemarcated Portion of the PersoAfghan Frontier sh. 1: Routenkarte von Zentral-Persien...; sh. 2: Routenkarte von NW Persien... Theodor Strauss’ Reiserouten im westlichen Persien Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Empires, Kent and Madsen...Maps, Sh. VII Seistan from Surveys made during the Seistan Boundary Arbitration Commission Seistan, from Surveys made during the Seistan Boundary Arbitration Commission Map of undemarcated Portion of the Perso-Afghan Frontier Sketch Map to illustrate the Fifth Journey of Major P M Sykes, 1902-1906 Perse. Carte pour Servir à l’Intelligence du Texte Index Map of Dr. Sven Hedin’s Route Survey trough (sic) Eastern Persia A Route-Survey through Eastern Persia by Sven Hedin (9 sheets) Bakhtiari Caravan Route, General plan showing alignment Hedin’s Reise durch die Kewir...; Geologische Karte über die Routenaufnahme... Persia, Country between Bandar Abbas and Shiraz Arabisches Meer, Persischer Golf Routenkarte von Nordwest-Persien nach eigenen Aufnahmen von A F Stahl Routenkarte von Baghdâd nach Šîrâz durch Luristan, Khuzistan and Fars... Plan to illustrate the routes available for the Arms Trade through...Makran Coast Sketch Map illustrating the Convention between Great Britain and Russia... Geological Sketch Map of Portion of the Province of Fárs in Southern Persia Geological Sketch Map of Portion of Arabistan [Khuzistan] and the Bakhtiari Country... Geologische Routenkarte von Zentral-Persien...von A F Stahl, Blatt I Geologische Routenkarte von Nordwestlichen Persien...von A F Stahl, Blatt II [Map of Caucasus...part of Turkey and Persia], index map & sheet E.11 Carte de la Perse [showing Bricteaux’s routes in Persia, travelled in 1903-07] [Map of the city of Tabriz during the Revolution, Sep. 1908]

Caucasus

E. 123

Brussles

E. 523

London

E. 632

London London/ Edinburgh Berlin

E. 659 E. 666

Pl. 363 Pl. 366

E. 697

Pl. 378

Persia

E. 506

London

E. 370

Gotha London Gotha Hamadan

E. 760 E. 53 E. 163 E. 217

London Berlin

E. 218 E. 301

Pl. 173

Teheran

E. 640

Pl. 352

1908 1908 1908 1908

Browne Edward, MohammadMirza War Office, General Staff Edinburgh Geographical Institute

1908

Jung Kurt

1909 MS 1909 1909 1910 1910 1910 1910 1910 1910

Persian Gulf and Adjacent Countries Anglo-Russian spheres of enterprise in Persia

Persien in wirtschafts-geographischer Darstellung bearbeitet von...Kurt Jung... Sykes Percy M Sketch map of Major P M Sykes’ first and sixth journeys in 1893 and 1906-1910 Wilson A T Lieut. War Office (GB) Map of Shatt-al-Arab & Bahmanshir, including Muhammareh...(printed in 1912) Stahl A F Geologische Karte von Nordwest-Persien...von A F Stahl London Geographical Institute The Persian Empire Stahl A F Die Umgebung von Rescht und die Därfek-Kuh von A F Stahl Anonymous Untitled, showing the area between Hamadan and Kum, Sultanabad... Royal Geographical Society Map of Eastern Turkey in Asia, Syria and Western Persia Reichs-Marine-Amt Berlin Indischer Ozean, Arabische und Persische Küste, Persischer Golf Baghayeri Abd-al-Razzaq Title in Persian: [Map of Teheran and Environs under its Jurisdiction]

Pl. No.

Pl. 69 & Pl. 70

Pl. 27 Pl. 91 Blueprint

448

chronological index of map entries

Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

Title, or the first part of it

Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

1910

Browne Edward

Cambridge

E. 667

Pl. 367

1911 1911 1911

Banse Ewald Wilson A T Sykes Percy M, RGS publisher

Gotha Kermanshah London

E. 184 E. 198 E. 507

1911

Strauss Theodor

Gotha

E. 519

1911 1911 1911 1911

Grothe Hugo Sykes Percy M Sykes Percy M Sykes Percy M

Frankfurt London London London

E. 550 E. 649 E. 650 E. 651

Pl. 360

1911

Grothe Hugo

Frankfurt

E. 668

Pl. 368

1911 1911

Langhans Paul Sauvé M

Gotha Paris

E. 698 E. 699

Pl. 379

1911 1911 1911 1912

Grothe Hugo Grothe Hugo Grothe Hugo Wilson A T Lieutenant

Frankfurt Frankfurt Frankfurt London

E. 700 E. 701 E. 702 E. 371

Pl. 380 Pl. 381 Pl. 206

1912 1912 1912

Foreign Office (GB) Soane E B, Foreign Office (GB) Cox Percy

London London Mohammerah

E. 373 E. 375 E. 376

Pl. 208 Pl. 209

1912 1912

Hachette publisher Meinard Friedrich

Paris Berlin

E. 703 E. 704

1912

Chick H G

Persia

E. 717

1913 MS 1913/10

Sykes Percy M Royal Geographical Society

Persia London

E. 508 E. 25

1913 1913 1913

Persia London Calcutta

E. 372 E. 374 E. 377

London

E. 378

1913

Wilson A T Lieutenant Foreign Office (GB) Turco-Persian Boundary Commission Harrison & Sons, Foreign Office (GB) Graf von Westarp, Langhans P

Map shewing the three Spheres, defined in the Anglo-Russian Agreement... Skizze: Die tektonische Bedingtheit der Kurdensitze Part of Luristan & Arabistan [Khuzistan], Southwest Persia... Northeast Persia, Sketch Map to illustrate the journeys of Major P M Sykes... Theodor Strauss’ Reiserouten im westlichen Persien, Ergänzung... Der Hafen von Bändär-Abbâss [should be Bandar Bushehr] Plan of Isfarayin Plan od Parás Sketch showing Alexander’s Barrier, Gunbad-i-Kábus and the City of Gurgán Die politischen Interessen-Sphären, Die Telegraphlinien, Die Eisenbahnspläne Militärgeographische Übersicht von Persien Untitled, [Chemin de Fer] Lignes Construites et Projets de Transiranien Die Provinz Arabistan [Khuzistan] Produktkarte Persiens, entworfen von Dr. Hugo Grothe Die Verkehrswege Persiens entworfen von Dr. Hugo Grothe Sketch Map of Lands in Vicinity of Turco-Persian Boundary as locally recognized.. Sketch map of the Province of Zohab Chia Surkh & Qasr-i-Shirin Sketch showing Turco-Persian Frontier as occupied and claimed by Persia... Le Projet Anglo-Russe de Chemin de Fer Transpersan Untitled; title of the related paper: Über die persischen Überlandsbahnen Map to illustrate information..[on] habitat and migration...of the Qashqai Tribes Untitled, Darragaz and the Sources of the Atrak The Period of the Babylonian and Assyrian Empires; Map of Eastern Turkey... Frontière Turco-Persane, Carte Supplémentaire No. IX to XI Sketch Map showing approximately Turco-Persian Frontier Frontière Turco-Persane, Carte Supplémentaire No. I - XXV

Gotha

E. 524

1913

Rabino H L

London

E. 525

1914 1914

Faure Captain Hanslik Dr.

Lyon Vienna

E. 164 E. 669

1914

Ordnance Survey Southampton

Southampton

E. 705

1914 1914 1915 1915

Slade Admiral, Admiralty Neligan A R Sykes Percy Sykes Percy M, RGS publisher

London London London London

E. 706 E. 707 E. 24 E. 509

Pl. 256, left side

1915

Sykes Percy M, RGS publisher

London

E. 510

Pl. 256, right side

1915 1915

Sykes Percy M General Staff India

London Simla, India

E. 652 E. 670

Pl. 369, 2 states

1915

General Staff India

Simla, India

E. 718

Pl. 388

1916 MS

Preusser Leutnant

Berlin

E. 219

1913

Untitled, sketch map of the Frontier between Shemiran and Mandali, Zohab... Aufnahmen in Armenian und Kurdistan von Oberleutnant Graf von Westarp 1912 Persia. Sketch Map to illustrate the Journey of H L Rabino from Resht to Sari... Perse, Province de Guilan Russlands und Englands orientpolitik in Persien und am Persischen Golf Map showing Petroliferous Areas visited by Admiralty Oil Commission, 1913 Persia, Anglo-Persian Oil Company’s Concession Map of Persia to show principle main routes Babylonia showing the Sites of Ancient Cities Persia, Map to illustrate a seventh journey by Lt.-Col. P M Sykes, 1912 Darragaz and the Sources of the Atrek, by Lt.-Col. P M Sykes, 1913 Sketch of Márán Kala Sketch Map of Persia...[showing two proposed states of Zones of Influence] Skeleton map shewing Tribal Districts between Arabistan [Khuzistan] and Bushire Uhr-Taschenkompass Aufnahme 14. Juli - 15. August, 1916

Pl. 359

Pl. 382

Pl. 207 Pl. 210, sheet XVI

Pl. 92

Pl. 383 Pl. 384

Photo & MS

chronological index of map entries

449

Year MS

Principle person as mapmaker

Title, or the first part of it

Place of printing E. No.

Pl. No.

1916 MS

Persia (a general idea of trade arteries)

London

E. 708

Pl. 385

1916 1916 1916

General Staff-Geographical Section (GB) Curtis L War Office, Intelligence Branch Haines H A

London London India

E. 54 E. 660 E. 709

Pl. 28

1916 1916 1917 MS

General Staff India Beuck H, Langhans P Preusser Leutnant

Simla, India Gotha Berlin

E. 710 E. 744 E. 220

Pl. 386 Pl. 401

1917 1917

Tafel A Perry W E

Berlin London

E. 190 E. 221

Pl. 102

1917

Christy C Dr.

Persia

E. 711

1917

W & AK Johnston

E. 712

Photograph and MS

1918 1918

Grosses Hauptquartier... Konstantinople Royal Prussian Land Survey Royal Prussian Land Survey

Edinburgh/ London Berlin

E. 671

1918 MS

Map to illustrate the relations of Greece and Persia Country North of the Persian Gulf Map of the Telegraph Lines of the Indo-European Telegraph Department... Skeleton map of parts of Eastern Turkey in Asia, and Persia Der Urmaisee nach einer Skizze von H Beuck... Routenkarte der Gegend Kerkuk, Suleimaniye, Tengwin, Kifri, Kaneqin, Kerind... Oberleutnant A Tafel’s Aufnahmen in Luristan... Western Persia, Parts of Kirmanshah. Provisional Field Edition... Untitled, showing the main road from Enzeli on the Caspian Sea...to Hamadan War Map of the Middle East, illustrating the Campaigns in Persia... Telegraphen-Linien in Persien

Berlin Berlin

E. 124 E. 125

Pl.71, index map Pl. 72, sh. XXIV/20

1918 1918

Royal Prussian Land Survey GHQ - Intelligence Section - MEF

Berlin Baghdad

E. 165 E. 713

Pl. 93 Pl. 387

1918

Survey of India

Calcutta

E. 714

1918 1918 1919 MS

GHQ - Intelligence Section - MEF Burrard S G Scon M G H

Baghdad Dehra Dún, India Birjand, Persia

E. 720 E. 750 E. 715

1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1920 MS

Napier G S F Napier G S F Lieut.-Col. War Office, GHQ, MEF War Office, GHQ, MEF... War Office, GHQ, MEF Noel J B L

London London Baghdad Baghdad Baghdad Persia

E. 222 E. 476 E. 553 E. 594 E. 605 E. 166

1920 1920 1920

Calcutta Calcutta London

E. 154 E. 551 E. 719

1921 1921

Ryder C H, Survey of India Ryder C H, Survey of India War Office-Geographical Section, RGS Noel J B L Dunsterville General

London London

E. 167 E. 223

1921

Sykes Percy M, RGS publisher

London

E. 511

1922 1922 1922

Edmund C J Edmund C J Edmund C J, RGS publisher

London London London

E. 191 E. 192 E. 528

1923 1924 1924 1925 1926

Seyyed Reza Khan Stahl A F Fortescue L S Wilson Arnold T, RGS Miller Conrad, Jayhani

[Index sheet for the Russian two-verst map of Azerbaijan] Zweiverstkarte von Azerbeidschân [Two-verst Map of Azerbaijan] Teheran, Operationskarte Routes between the Caspian Sea & the Tigris North of Baghdad Sketch map showing proposed...alignment of Road from Shushtar to Isfahan Tribal Chart of North-Western Persia The Perso-Afghan Mountains Line of Communications East Persia, Duzdap to Meshed, Motor Road Part of Western Persia, Sketch Map showing Tribal Divisions Routes in Western Persia Skeleton Map of Hamadān Town, 5th February 1919 Skeleton Map of Kirmanshah, 4 March 1919 Kazvin [Qazvin] Town, 8 April 1919 Prismatic Compass Traverse adjusted by reduction from... triangulated points Persia, Shiraz, Military Map Persia - Bushir - Military Map - Seasons 1918-20 Map of Eastern Turkey..., Syria and Western Persia (Ethnographical overprint) Sketch map of the Caspian Provinces of Persia Sketch Map of Western Persia to illustrate General Dunsterville’s Route... Untitled, Map of Persia to illustrate the article of Brig.-Gen. Percy M Sykes Sketch Map of Luristan Mungarreh Sketch Map of Mr. Edmund’s Journey from Dezful to Khurramabad Title in Persian: [Map of the Royal City of Isfahan] The March of Alexander through Media and Hyrcania Sketch map of Western Elburz and Persian Azerbaijan... Abadan Island [three sketches] Conrad Miller’s edition of Jayhani’s map of the Caspian Sea, about 970 AD

Isfahan London London London Stuttgart, Persia

E. 567 E. 91 E. 126 E. 738

part MS

blueprint

Photo & MS

Pl. 404

Pl. 280 Pl. 313 Pl. 322

Pl. 85 Pl. 278 Pl. 389

Pl. 290 Pl. 73 Pl. 115

450

chronological index of map entries

index of personal and institutional names

451

INDEX OF PERSONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL NAMES (CHAPTERS 1-9) As regards the names of the mapmakers, the respective Entry numbers have also been given. The spelling of the names is as written on the maps and related texts. Names with different spellings are given in their Anglicized, or better known, form. Alternative spellings with the same three first letters added parenthetically; otherwise given separately, but referred to the main entry for the page numbers. A selected number of the institutional names are given (i.e. Survey of India), but the Index has not been inflated by including every such name, some of which were less likely to be useful for researchers. This Index does not include the institutional names ‘British Library’ and ‘Royal Geographical Society’, as they appear too frequently. Names used as quasi-adjectives are also not included. For the benefit of the experts some of the Arabic/Persian names have been transliterated as written in those languages, and according to a system used by the Library of Congress and the History of Cartography series. These are underlined to be distinctive.

Aa Pieter (Pierre) van der E. 155, E. 226, E. 235, E. 265–E. 268, E. 310, E. 530, E. 533, E. 541, E. 554, E. 557, E. 558, E. 566, E. 586, E. 589, E. 606, E. 608, E. 616, E. 617, E. 625, E. 628; 87, 88, 122, 131, 132, 152–154, 179, 180, 276, 278, 283, 284, 291, 293, 294, 300, 312–315, 325, 328, 329, 333–335, 339, 340 Abbott Keith E E. 446, E. 447; 242, 243 Abd-al-Ghaffar (Najm-al-Molk) `Abd-al-Ghaffār (Najm-al-Mulk) E. 637, E. 640; 347–349 Abd-al-Rasul Khan `Abd-al-Rasūl Khān E. 640; 348 Aberdeen Lord E. 193; 104 Abraham prophet 29 Abu Muslim %Abū Muslim 56 Académie Royal des Sciences, Paris 117, 126 Achaemenids (Achaemenes, Achaemenians, Achaemeniden) 13, 17, 18, 26, 27, 29, 48, 78, 141, 291 Adey H J E. 735; 396 Admiralty (GB) E. 296, E. 297, E. 706; 168, 172, 176, 182, 184, 185, 187, 198, 221, 383, 384 Admiralty Hydrographical Section (Spain) E. 298; 171, 172 Admiralty Library Portsmouth 391, 392 Afghans 222, 225, 226, 360 Afshar Tribe (Afshars) 389 Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar ʿĀghā Mu'ammad Khān Qājār 214, 242 Ainsworth William E. 180, E. 438; 99, 100, 239 Alai Cyrus 9–12, 21, 31, 36, 48, 51, 85, 107, 120, 122, 131, 144, 203, 263, 268, 276, 344, 347, 360, 384 Alary Calixte E. 88; 46 Albuquerque Afonso (Alfonso) E. 265, E. 266; 141, 152, 153, 194, 291 Aleksey (Alexis) Mikhaylovich [Russian Tsar] 117, 121 Alexander I [of Russia] 214 Alexander the Great (Alexandri Magni, Alexandre le Grand, Alexander der Grosse) 1, 17, 26, 27, 31–47, 141, 264, 265, 320 Ali-Ahmad E. 370; 208 Ali-Asghar Khan Bahadur: see Bahadur

Ali-Qoli Mirza (Etezad-al-Saltanah) `Alī-Qulī Mīrzā (ʿI`tizanah) E. 635; 345 Alkethir Tribe %Alka@īr 295 Allah-Verdi Khan (Allah-Veyrdy Khân) ʿAllāh Virdī Khān 306–309 Allard Carel (Cardi) E. 557; 293, 294 Allen W E D 128 Allen W H E. 175; 97 Almirantazgo Seccion de Hidrografia: see Admiralty Hydrographical Section (Spain) Amiet Pierre 82 Amir Eqtedar ʿAmīr ʿIqtidār E. 567; 300, 369 Amir-Kabir ʿAmīr Kabīr 348 Anderson T S Lieutenent E. 358, E. 477; 202, 254 Andrae W E. 220; 116 André Gaspard E. 97, E. 98; 52, 53 Andreas F C E. 682, E. 684; 372, 374, 375 Andree Karl E. 550, E. 668, E. 700–E. 702; 287, 366, 381, 382 Antiochus III the Great [le Grand] 39, 41, 48 Antoine Louis E. 46, E. 78; 25, 42 Anville: see D’Anville Aparni: see Saka Tribe Après: see D’Après Arabs 50, 166 Arcasids: see Parthians Archer Joshua E. 18; 11 Ardavan: see Artabanus Ardeshir I ʿArdishīr 48, 49 Arghoon Khan ʿArghūn Khān 337 Armenians 13, 311 Arrian E. 70; 39 Arrianus Flavious E. 59, E. 60; 33 Arrowsmith Aaron Jr. E. 13; 8, 9 Arrowsmth John E. 116, E. 180, E. 193, E. 194, E. 248, E. 439, E. 440, E. 442–E. 444, E. 446, E. 447, E. 453, E. 654, E. 724, E. 727; 64, 65, 100, 104, 138, 140, 239, 241–243, 246, 360, 361, 392–394 Arsenis Joseph E. 120; 65, 67 Artabanus III 48 Artabanus V 48, 49 Artaxerxes 20 Artopatos 61

451

Aryan Tribes (Aryans) 13 Asad Agha Karbalai ʿAsad ʿĀqā Karbalāī E. 631; 341 Ashur-Uballit II 13 Asklund B E. 761; 411 Assassins 58 Assyrians (Assiriens) 1–3, 13, 14, 16, 17 Astley 202 Astyages (Astiages) 13, 17 Aubert L E. 247, E. 289, E. 336; 138, 163, 189 Aubrée Armand E. 77; 42 Augustus 53 Austrian National Library: see Österreichische National-Bibliothek Avril Charles E. 441; 241 Avshar[s]: see Afshar[s] Azeem Mohomed `A\īm Mu'ammad E. 359; 204 Baal S T 160 Babak 48, 49 Babylonians (Babyloniens) 13, 14, 16, 17 Bachmann Lieutenant E. 220; 116 Bacot P E. 298; 172 Bacqué-Grammont J L 143 Baffin William E. 302; 174, 175 Baghayeri Abd-al-Razzaq Baghāyirī `Abd-al-Razzāq E. 640; 348, 351 Bagrow 120–123, 126, 130, 131, 138 Bahadur Ali-Asghar Khan E. 503, E. 592, E. 593, E. 741, E. 743; 264, 316, 317, 319, 400 Bahadur Iman-Sharif Khan E. 150, E. 185, E. 186; 83, 102 Baker Benjamin E. 12; 6 Baker Edward E. 71; 39 Baker Valentine E. 379; 214 Bakhtiari Tribe Bakhtīyārī 98, 241, 388, 389 Bale J, Son & Danielsson E. 707; 384 Balkhi 142 Ballard Daniel 219 Banse Ewald E. 184; 102 Barentin de Montchal Luis E. 26, E. 42, E. 63; 13, 14, 22, 34 Barglav E. 575a&b, E. 611; 306, 328 Barich C E. 178, E. 385, E. 386; 98, 217

452

index of personal and institutional names

Barker E. 299; 172 Barker R C E. 696; 379 Barnes J W E 130; 74 Barth F E. 119, E. 469; 65, 250 Bartholomew John E. 493, E. 517, E. 666; 259, 268, 365, 366 Bassett James E. 488; 257 Bateman & Son E. 337, E. 338; 189 Bateman John E. 290; 166 Bateman Richard E. 291, E. 340–E. 344; 166, 190, 191, 193 Baudry Gide et Jules E. 445; 242 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich (BSB) 2, 4, 20, 22, 23, 36, 50, 52, 56–59, 74, 87, 108, 110, 131, 133, 134, 144, 156, 160, 161, 163, 168, 276 Bearn J C E. 226; 122 Beauchamp Joseph de E. 419; 232, 234 Beauvais Charles Nicolas-Dauphin de E. 66; 36 Begbie P E. 316, E. 352; 181, 196 Beger A E. 363; 205 Behrens W E. 107; 58 Bekovich-Cherkassky Aleksandr E. 230; 117, 123, 126, 131 Belaiew D E. 372, E. 377; 209, 212 Bellin Jacques Nicolas E. 244, E. 279, E. 280, E. 313; 137, 138, 142, 152, 153, 157, 160, 180, 181 Bénard E. 77; 42 Beneveni Florio 131 Beni Lam (Turkish Tribe) 205 Benn R A E Major E. 736, E. 737; 397 Berezin Il’ya Nikolaevitch (Nikolayewitch) E. 634; 344, 345 Berghaus Heinrich E. 292; 168, 169 Bernhardt E F E.112; 61 Berthelot Petrus E. 252; 144 Bertius Petrus E. 251; 144 Bertran Alexander E. 158; 88 Bertrand Arthus E. 441; 241 Bertrand P E. 450–E. 452; 244 Beuck H E. 744; 400–402 Bezobrazor D 120 Biblioteca Nacional de España 144 Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF) 2, 39, 47, 51, 61, 62, 79, 88, 128, 166, 177, 189, 222, 223, 229, 232, 234, 383 Biddulph C E E. 740; 399, 400 Biedermann Z 143 Bigbie: see Begbie Binder Henri E. 212; 112, 114 Bineteau E. 441; 241 Bischoff C E. 468, E. 470; 250, 251 Bishop Isabella Lady Bird E. 188, E. 494; 102, 259, 260 Bizet A E. 86; 46 Blackie & Son E. 488; 257 Blackwood & Sons E. 596; 320 Blackwood E. 477; 254 Blaeu 294 Blair Archibald E. 334; 188 Blandford 221 Bode Clement Augustus E. 443; 241 Bodleian Library Oxford 174 Bohn John E. 201; 108 Bonne Rigobert E. 97, E.98; 52, 53 Bouffard L E. 441; 241 Bourgogne et Martinet E. 441; 241 Bourgoin P E. 26, E. 42, E. 63; 13, 22, 34 Bourne Ebenezer E. 10; 6 Bowen Emanuel E. 1, E. 242; 1, 134, 136 Bower David E. 388, E. 390, E. 459, E. 460; 219, 221, 247

Bowles Thomas & John E. 237; 21, 133 Bowles Thomas E. 39; 21 Bradbury C E. 435; 237 Braun & Hogenberg 294 Brazier-Creagh Major E. 399; 225 Bregante S E. 298; 172 Breithaupt G E. 391; 221 Brepols publisher 143 Bricteux Auguste E. 523; 271 British (the British): see English (the English) British Library: is not included, as it appears too frequently. Brockhaus F A Geographisch-Artistische Anstalt E. 454; 246 Brooks Vincent E. 20; 11 Browne Christopher E. 35, E. 36, E. 59; 20, 21, 33 Browne Edward Granville E. 631, E. 632, E. 667; 342, 366, 367 Bruce Fredrick 123 Bruce Peter Henry E. 228; 123 Brucks George Barnes E. 291, E. 296, E. 297, E. 299, E. 337–E. 345, E. 347; 142, 143, 166–168, 172, 189–193 Brué Adrien Hubert E.72, E. 73; 39–41 Brugsch Heinrich E. 209, E. 584; 111, 312, 313 Bruyn (Bruin, Bruins) Cornelius (Cornelis) E. 564, E. 573, E. 580, E. 600, E. 620; 297, 304, 306, 307, 310, 321, 322, 334, 336 Brydges Harford Jones E. 201; 108, 109 Buache E. 34, E. 61; 20, 34 Buatal Brothers 370 Buchard Gebrüder E. 392; 221 Buckingham John S E. 433, E. 546; 237, 285, 287 Bunbury 120 Burnes A E. 379, E. 435; 214, 237 Burrard S G E. 750; 404 Burre Walter E. 1; 1 Buy de Mornas Claude E. 27, E. 43, E. 67, E. 96; 14, 15, 23, 37, 52 Buyids (Büyids) 56, 58 Byström A Herman E. 520, E. 521, E. 761; 268, 269, 270, 411 Byzantines 49 Cadell T Jr. & Davies W E. 9, E. 70, E. 287, E. 323, E. 334; 4, 39, 163, 184, 188 Cadell Thomas E. 264; 138, 139 Cafsindthsett Succaram E. 346; 193 Calmard Jean 257, 344 Cambridge University Press E. 667; 366 Cambyses I (Cambyse) 17, 27 Campbell J Morrow E. 751; 405 Cant John E. 284, E. 314, E. 315; 163, 164, 180–182 Carless T G E. 299, E. 347; 172, 193 Carthaginois (Carthaginians) 14, 34 Cartographical Department of the Royal Prussian Land Survey: see Royal Prussian Land Survey Caspians 120 Cellarius (Cellarii) Christopher (Christophori) E. 12, E. 94; 6, 9, 51 Century Co. E. 29, E. 51; 17, 27 Ceyp A J E. 495; 259, 260 Chaldeans [inhabitants of Kaldae] 99, 100 Chamouin E. 289, E. 336; 163, 189 Chanikoff: see Khanikof Chardin Jean (John) E. 539, E. 563, E. 572, E. 577– E. 579, E. 582, E. 587, E. 599, E. 607, E. 610, E. 621, E. 626, E. 629; 276, 281–283, 294, 297, 298, 301, 303, 306–311, 314, 321, 325, 328, 330, 337, 339–342

Charles Scribner’s Sons publishers E. 488; 257 Chassant E. 294; 168 Châtelain Henri Abraham E. 5; 4, 5 Cha-Ussein: see Shah [Sultan] Hussein Chesney Charles Cornwallis E. 726, E. 728, E. 733; 393, 395, 396 Chevenix-Trench Major E. 399; 225 Chick H G E. 717; 389 Child Timoty E. 56; 31 Chirikow Egor Ivanovich E. 363; 205 Chitty A W Lieutenant E. 344, E. 347; 193 Christie Lieutenant E. 420; 234 Christy C E. 711; 385 Churchill A Henry E. 20, E. 364, E. 365; 11, 205, 207 Churchill Winston 383 Claesz Cornelius E. 250; 144 Clark J E. 574, E. 633; 305, 306, 344 Clausen: see Koek Cornelius Clausen Clements Captain E. 733; 396 Clerk Claude E. 453; 246 Clouzier Gervais E. 412, E. 561, E. 569, E. 576, E. 597, E. 619; 231, 295, 300, 306, 321, 334 Cogan Robert E. 291, E. 337, E. 338; 166, 189 Colburn Henry & Bentley Richard publishers E. 433, E. 546; 237, 285 Colin Armand E. 50, E. 78, E. 89; 27, 42, 47 Collins Edward Treacher E. 500; 262 Colvill W H E. 348; 193, 194 Columbia University Press 321 Commission for the delimitation of the TurcoPersian Frontier E. 377; 205, 207–209, 212, 213 Committee of General Literature and Education E. 18; 11 Connell T E. 667; 371 Conolly A Lieutenant E. 435; 237 Conolly Edward E. 169; 95 Constable C G Lieutenant E. 296, E. 297, E. 347, E. 548, E. 549; 168. 170, 172, 193, 287 Cook Andrew S 143 Cordier Henri E. 526; 271 Cordier Louis E. 2; 1 Coste Pascal E. 445; 242 Cotton Dodmore E. 409; 229, 230 Court de Gebelin Antoine E. 7; 4, 7 Couto D 143 Covens & Mortier E. 232; 20, 128 Cox Percy Zachariah E. 376, E. 719; 211, 212, 389 Coxe William E. 246; 138, 139 Cruickshank A P H E. 153; 85 Curtis L E. 54; 29, 30 Curtius Quintus: see Arrianus Flavius Curzon George Nathaniel E. 491, E. 501, E. 517, E. 733; 249, 257, 263, 264, 268, 396 Cutler 142 Cyaxares 13, 17 Cyrus I 17 Cyrus II (Cyrus the Great, Cyri/Cyro Magni) 4, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 25–27, 31 Cyrus the Younger (Cyrus de Jeune) 20, 22 D’Anville Jean Baptiste E. 9, E. 21, E. 26, E. 42, E. 63, E. 70, E. 140, E. 157, E. 199, E. 241, E. 277, E. 278; 4, 12–14, 22, 23, 34, 36, 39, 78, 79, 88, 108, 133, 134, 136, 142, 157, 159, 161, 162 D’Après de Mannevillette Jean Baptiste Nicolas Denis E. 270–E. 273, E. 283; 142, 154–157, 161 Daffadar Sardar Khan: see Sardar Khan Dalrymple Alexander E. 257, E. 261, E. 263, E. 264, E. 270, E. 272, E. 275, E. 278, E. 279, E. 281, E. 284–E. 287, E. 302, E. 312, E. 314–E.

index of personal and institutional names 317, E. 319–E. 333, E. 352, E. 353, E. 721, E. 722; 142, 143, 147–149, 151–158, 160, 161, 163, 164, 174, 175, 179–188, 196–198, 391, 392 Dalton Lieut.-Col. E. 501; 263 Dannheimerschen Buchhandlung E. 146; 81 Daniel prophet 11, 12 Danvers 146 Dapper Olfert E. 226, E. 235, E. 530, E. 558, E. 566, E. 586, E. 606, E. 616, E. 617, E. 625, E. 628; 122, 123, 131, 132, 276, 294, 300, 312, 314, 325, 333, 334, 339, 340 Darius I (Dario/Darius the Great) 17, 18–20, 22, 25, 27, 39, 82, 99, 141, 283, 320 Darius III 17 Daussy Pierre E. 294, E. 441, E. 451; 168, 241, 245 Davies John E. 155; 87 Davies W: see Cadell T & Davies W Dawes E. 456; 246 Day W & Bradbury E. 117; 64 Daylamite Ziarids 56 De Fer Nicolas E. 2, E. 4; 2–4 De Jode 119 De La Cruix P 117 De Lorme J L 282 De Lapis 118 Dehkhoda Ali-Akbar Dih-Khudā `Alī-ʿAkbar 306, 307 Deioces (Median King) 291 Delagrave Institut Géographique de Paris 40 Delahay (De La Hay) Guillaume Nicolas E. 241, E. 250, E. 283; 133, 144, 161, 162 Delamarche: see Lamarche Delamare F E. 450–E. 452; 244, 245 Delarochette (De La Rochette) Louis Stanislas d’Arcy E. 69; 39 Delettre (De Lêtre) E. 78; 42 Delisle (De l’Isle) Guillaume E. 5, E. 33, E. 34, E. 37, E. 61, E. 231–E. 233, E. 236, E. 239, E. 417; 4, 19, 20, 23, 34, 35, 117, 123, 126–131, 133, 232, 233 Delius H E. 128, E. 145, E. 169, E. 204; 73, 80, 94, 108 Della Valle Pietro E. 407, E. 408; 229–231, 291, 342 Demonville E. 283; 161 Des Fossez E. 604; 323 Deslandes (des Landes) Daulier André E. 412, E. 561, E. 569, E. 576, E. 597, E. 619; 231, 232, 295, 300, 301, 306, 307, 321, 334, 336 Desnos Louis Charles E. 27, E. 43, E. 67, E. 96; 14, 15, 23, 37, 52 Desrosiers (Des Roziers) F E. 33; 20 Deutsche Irak-Gruppe: see Royal Prussian Land Survey Dezauche E. 232; 128 Dheulland E. 271; 154 Dieulafoy Jeanne (Jane) E. 490, E. 575a&b, E. 581, E. 583, E. 585, E. 609, E. 611; 82, 257, 258, 305, 306, 310–313, 328, 330 Dieulafoy Marcel-Auguste E. 148, E. 486, E. 604, E. 645; 81, 82, 99, 256, 257, 323, 324, 352 Domann Bruno E. 384, E. 391; 217, 221 Dost Mohammad Khan 219 Douglas J A E. 664; 363, 364 Dower John E. 15; 10, 359 Dring Thomas 87 Droysen Wilhelm E. 471–E. 474; 251, 253 Druck der lith. Anstalt von W Loeillot publisher E. 584; 312 Druillet J E. 122, E. 162, E. 215, E. 216, E. 513, E. 638; 67, 91, 115, 267, 348

Du Val (Du Vall) Pierre E. 2–E. 4, E. 31, E. 32, E. 35, E. 36, E. 57–E. 59, E. 406–E. 411; 1, 2, 4, 18, 20, 21, 31, 33, 34, 229–231, 233 Dubeux Louis E. 17; 10, 11 Dufour Auguste Henri E. 16, E. 28, E. 46, E. 76–E. 78, E. 102; 10, 14, 16, 25, 42, 43, 55 Dufour F E. 88, E. 148; 46, 82 Dufrénoy E. 88, E. 490; 46, 257 Dujardin P E. 604; 323 Dunsterville General E. 223; 116 Duprré Baron E. 294; 168 Durrand Captain E. 147; 81 Dutch East India Company: see East India Company [Dutch] Duval: see Du Val Duvotonay Thunot E. 17; 10, 11 Dyonette Charles E. 78; 42 Dyson E. 147; 81 East India Company [British] E. 290, E. 291, E. 655; 142, 166, 176, 177, 181, 183, 283, 285, 361 East India Company [Dutch] 142, 280, 283 East India House: see East India Company Edinburgh Geographical Institute E. 666; 365, 366 Edmund C J E. 191, E. 192, E. 528; 104, 273 Egyptians (Egyptiens) 14 Ehler Eckert 275, 276 Elkins E. 201; 108 Elliot Henry E. 363; 205 Elton John [author] E. 240; 133 Emerson John 283 Emery Walker Limited: see Walker Emery English (Engländer) [people] 363, 370 Eqbal-Ashtiani ʿIqbāl ʿĀshtīyānī 1 Eratosthenes 141 Erhard Frères E. 161, E. 182, E. 197, E. 490, E. 591, E. 641; 90, 101, 107, 257, 316, 352 Erhard Schièble E. 455; 246 Espenhorst Jürgen 60 Estcourt Lieut.-Col. E. 726; 393 Etazad-al-Saltanah Ali-Qoli Mirza: see Ali-Qoli Mirza Etela-ol-Mulk (Etelaʾ-al- Molk) ʿI>>ilā`-al- Mulk E. 372, E. 377; 209, 212 Etemad-al-Saltanah (Sani-al-Dowlah) Mohammad-Hasan Khan ʿI`timād-al-Sal>anah (^anī`-al Dawlah) Mu'ammad _asan Khān E. 596; 320 Ethersey E. 731; 393, 395 Eudes A E. 604; 323 Fabritius E. 232, E. 239; 128, 133 Faden William E. 69; 39 Fairley J W E. 695; 377 Falk Fils E. 523; 271 Farhad Mirza E. 151; 83 Farhang Mirza Hossein E. 567; 300 Fasa’i Hasan Husaini Fasāī _asan _usiynī E. 151, E. 732; 83, 84, 395 Fatemah [sister of Imam Reza] 325 Fath-Ali-Shah Qajar Fat' `Alī Shāh Qājār 63, 108, 342 Faure Captain E. 164; 91, 93 Fazel-Dad-Khan E. 121; 67, 68 Fergusson Lieutenant E. 295, E. 345; 168, 169, 192, 193 Ferrier E. 379; 214, 229 Feuvrier Jean Baptiste Dr. E. 122, E. 162, E. 215, E. 216, E. 513; E. 514, E. 638; 67, 68, 91, 92, 115, 267, 348, 350 Findlay Alexander E. 22; 12

453

Firmin Didot Frères E. 17; 10 Firoz-Bakht Fīrūz-Bakht E. 376; 211, 212 Fischer O E. 498; 261 Fisher Unwin T E. 500; 262 Flahaut E. 114; 63 Flandin Eugène E. 445; 242 Floor Willem 196 Floyer Ernest A S E. 146, E. 465, E. 466, E. 534; 81, 248, 249, 278 Fooks Captain E. 553; 291 Forbes Frederick (Friedrich) E. 444; 241, 242 Foreign Office [GB] E. 373–E. 375, E. 378; 209– 211, 214, 217, 363 Fortescue L S E. 126; 72, 73 Foster William E. 305; 175, 176 Franklin Book Programs, Inc. 143 Fraser E. 379; 214 Frederick E E. 421; 234 French Trading Company 283 Frères Châtelain (Les Frères Châtelain) E. 5; 4 Freygang Wilhelm E. 112; 61 Friend John E. 264; 151, 153 Fullarten Archibald E. 74; 41 Funke Carl Philipp E. 99; 53 Gabriel Alfonso E. 615; 333 Galindo R E E. 395; 222 Galliar Ch E. 92; 50 Garnier 161 Garstin John E. 127, E. 420–E. 424; 73, 234, 235 Gastaldi 117, 119 Gaume et Cie E. 28, E. 46, E. 102; 14, 25, 55 Gebauer-Schwetschke E. 550, E. 668, E. 700–E. 702; 287, 366, 379, 381 Gebrüder Burchard: see Burchard Geisendörfer J E. 48; 27 General Head Quarters (GHQ), Intelligence Section: see War Office [GB] General Staff India E. 670, E. 710, E. 718; 368, 369, 377, 385, 387, 389, 390 General Staff, Geographical Section: see War Office [GB] Generalstabens Litografiska Anstalt Stockholm E. 520, E. 521; 268, 269 Gentil Ionnis Petri (Jean Pierre) E. 32; 18, 122 Geogr.-Lith. Anstalt und Steindruck von C L Keller: see Keller C L Geographische Anstalt von Wagner & Debes: see Wagner & Debes Geographisches Institut Weimar E. 99, E. 207; 53, 111 Geological Survey of India E. 753, E. 754; 405–407 George III 39 George IV 39 George Philip & Son: see Philip George Gerard M J Colonel E. 211, E. 487; 111, 113, 256 Gerber J G Colonel 117 Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin E. 120; 65 Geyer V E. 663; 363 Ghaznavids (Ghaznaviden) Ghaznavīyān 56, 58 Ghurids (Ghuriden) Ghūrīyān 58 Gibbons Richard E. 442; 241 Gibson John E. 240, E. 243; 133, 134 Giesecke & Devrient, engravers, E. 300, E. 301; 172, 174 Gill William John E. 379, E. 461; 214, 247 Glascott A G E. 362, E. 363; 204, 205 Goeree Willem & David publishers, E. 564, E. 573; 297, 306 Goldsmid Frederick John (Goldsmid Arbitration

454

index of personal and institutional names

Commission) E. 130, E. 133, E. 172, E. 387, E. 388, E. 390, E. 391, E. 457, E. 458, E. 492, E. 675; 73–75, 96, 203, 219–222, 225, 246, 247, 259, 359, 370, 397 Golenishchev-Kutuzov General 120 Gordian III 49 Gore G C Colonel E. 397; 222 Goriainoff & Enakieff Company E. 757; 408 Gossellin (Gosselin) Pascal François Joseph E. 289, E. 336; 163, 166, 189 Gough Richard E. 312; 180 Government Monotype Press Simla E. 710; 385 Grace 37 Graf von Westarp E. 524; 271 Grant A H E. 670, E. 718; 369, 389, 390 Grant Captain E. 127; 73 Graurock von E. 202; 108 Gravière Jurien E. 88; 46 Greeks (Grecs) 1, 2, 3, 13, 22, 37, 46, 78, 141 Green M Captain E. 731; 393, 395 Grelot Guillaume-Joseph 281 Grenet 53 Grenville 301, 307 Greve W E. 471; 251 Grieve Albany Moore E. 345, E. 347; 193 Griffith & Farren E. 466; 249 Grosses Hauptquatier Operationsabteilung Konstantinopel: see Operational Section ... Grothe Hugo E. 550, E. 668, E. 700–E. 702; 287, 366, 367, 379, 381, 382 Grover G E E. 475; 253, 254 Grumbkow von E. 202; 108 Grundy G B E. 30; 16, 17 Gueudeville Nicholas E. 5; 4 Guillaume Cavalier publisher E. 573; 306 Güldenstedt (Güldenstaedt) Johann Anton E. 245; 120, 138, 139 Gunter 319 Günter Robert E. 742; 400, 401 Gurney 229, 250 Guy G M E. 291, E. 296, E. 297; 166, 168, 172 Guy John 142 Haas Johann Matthias E. 41, E. 62, E. 95, E. 103– E. 106; 22, 34, 51, 52, 56, 58 Hablitzl Karl 120 Hachette R B, publisher, E. 490, E. 575a&b, E. 581, E. 583, E. 585, E. 609, E. 611, E. 703; 257, 258, 306, 310–312, 328, 382, 383 Hacke (Hack) William E. 258, E. 259, E. 309; 148, 149, 177, 179 Hacq J M E. 294; 168 Hafez _āfi\, [poet] 78, 334 Haig C T E. 134, E. 489; 75, 257 Haines H A E. 709; 384 Haines S B E. 291, E. 296, E. 299, E. 339–E. 345, E. 347; 142, 166, 172, 190, 191, 193 Hall Sidney E. 113, E. 200, E. 428, E. 433, E. 603, E. 612; 63, 108, 236, 237, 323, 324, 328, 331 Halliwell R E. 101; 55 Hamid A E. 377; 214 Hamley E B E. 369; 208 Handley Benjamin E. 210; 111 Handly Bery E. 362; 204 Hanslik Dr. E. 669; 369 Hanway Jonas E. 240, E. 243; 133–135, 137 Harley and Woodward 143 Harmar (Harmer) Thomas E. 302, E. 320, E. 322, E. 333; 174, 183, 184, 188 Harris Walter B E. 183; 101

Harrison & Sons E. 360, E. 373, E. 375, E. 378, E. 678, E. 694; 204, 209–211, 214, 371, 377 Harrison W E. 257, E. 261, E. 263, E. 270, E. 272, E. 275, E. 278, E. 281, E. 284–E. 286, E. 312, E. 314, E. 315, E. 319, E. 321, E. 324, E. 325, E. 327–E. 329, E. 331, E. 353; 147, 149, 151, 154– 157, 160, 163, 180, 181, 183–187, 198 Hart Lieutenant E. 145; 80 Harvey Edward E. 285, E. 315, E. 319–E. 321; 163, 164, 181–184 Hashishiyun: see Assassins Hassenstein Bruno E. 384, E. 385, E. 495, E. 496, E. 756; 217, 218, 259, 260, 405 Hatch John E. 302; 174 Haussknecht C E. 181, E. 196; 100, 107 Haxamanish: see Achaemenids Hayat-Daoud Tribe 389 Heather William E. 288; 163, 165 Hedin Sven E. 520, E. 521, E. 761; 268–270, 411 Hellfarth C E. 391, E. 747; 221, 402 Helmand River Delta Commission 219 Henning V L E. 498; 261 Herbert Francis 115, 361 Herbert L J E. 437; 239 Herbert Thomas E. 224, E. 408–E. 410, E. 568; 31, 120, 121, 229–231, 300, 301, 342 Herbert William E. 276; 156, 157, 159 Hermann H S E. 472–E. 474; 251, 253 Herodotus (Herodote) 10, 18, 27, 48, 78, 291, 369 Heron Robert 160 Herterich C H E. 292; 168 Hertslet E E. 373, E. 661; 210, 363 Herzfeld Ernst E. 522; 271, 272 Heshmat-al-Molk _ishmat-al-Mulk E. 393; 222, 223 Hill John Major E. 656; 361 Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung E. 209; 111 Hipschmann S G E. 226; 122 Hirtzel Arthur 369, 389 Histaspes: see Hystaspes Hofsted van Essen G E. 571; 300, 302 Hohenacker R F E. 146; 80, 81 Holdish Thomas Hungerford E. 90, E. 152, E. 397, E. 398, E. 693; 47, 83, 85, 222, 225, 262, 377, 378 Holms Thomas E. 332; 188 Homann Heirs (Homanniani Heredes, Homannische Erben) E. 41, E. 62, E. 95, E. 103–E. 106, E. 238; 22, 23, 34, 36, 51, 52, 56–59, 88, 133, 134, 276 Homann Johann Baptist E. 156, E. 236, E. 529, E. 532, E. 540, E. 565, E. 588, E. 622, E. 627; 87, 89, 117, 123, 131–133, 276–279, 281, 283, 284, 297, 298, 300, 314, 337–340, 359 Home R Lieut.-Col. E. 662; 363 Hommaire de Hell Xavier E. 450–E. 452; 244, 245 Hondius Jodocus E. 251; 143–145 Hondt Pieter E. 56; 31 Honoré François (L’Honoré François) E. 5; 4 Hornius (Horn) Georgius (Georg) E. 56; 31 Horsburgh James E. 290, E. 291, E. 337–E. 344; 142, 166, 167, 189–193 Hotz Albert E. 571, E. 604; 88, 91, 301, 323 Houtum-Schindler Albert E. 147, E. 214, E. 467– E. 474, E. 739, E. 742, E. 749; 81, 112, 114, 115, 249–253, 342, 348, 399, 400, 404 How John E. 260; 149 Hullier: see L’Hullier Hunter M E. 288, E. 325; 163, 185 Hurd E. 316, E. 322, E. 324, E. 330, E. 353; 182, 184, 185, 187, 198

Huré G E. 699; 379 Huyser C J de E. 282; 161 Hystaspes 18, 20–22, 25 Ibn-Hawqal (Ibn-i-Hawqal) 142, 143 Ignatiew N E. 363; 205 Ilkhanids (Ilkhanid Dynasty) ʿĪlkhānīyān 56 Imam Reza ʿImām Ri|ā 319, 320, 325 Iman-Sharif Khan Bahadur: see Bahadur Imperial Russian Geographic Society 95, 217 Imprimerie Nationale E. 514; 267 [Iranian] Institute for Political and International Studies (IPIS) 143 Intelligence Branch, Topographical Sector, Simla E. 688, E. 716; 376, 388 Intelligence Section, War Office: see War Office Iranians: see Persians Istakhri ʾI}>akhrī 142 Iswolski A 366 Ivan de Terrible 87 Ivanoff E. 757; 408 Jacobs S E. 445; 242 Jafar Ali Ja`far `Alī E. 152; 83, 85 Jakurli Tribe 205 Jamaluddin Jamāl-al-Dīn E. 152; 83, 85 James Henry E. 368; 208 Janson E. 455, E. 591, E. 641; 246, 316, 352 Janssonius (Jansson) Johannes (Jan) E. 56, E. 559; 31, 33, 143, 294–296 Janssonius van Waesbergen Johannes I E. 56; 31 Jätting Carl Jr. E. 112; 61 Jaubert Pierre Amédét E. 114; 63, 64 Jayhani Jayhānī 117, 118, 143 Jennings R H E. 134, E. 489; 75, 257, 258 Jervis T B E. 364; 205 Jesu[its] Missionary Society 360 Jewitt 217, 363 Johnston Alexander Keith E. 87, E. 151; 46, 83 Johnston W & A K E. 87, E. 149, E. 394, E. 466, E. 492, E. 671, E. 733; 46, 82, 112, 222, 249, 257, 369, 395–397 Jones Felix E. 359, E. 547, E. 731; 204, 285, 287, 288, 393 Jones Harford Sir E. 425, E. 427; 235–237 Josephus (Joseph) Flavius E. 4; 2, 3 Jung Kurt E. 697; 379, 380 Justus Perthes: see Perthes Juven F E. 122, E. 162, E. 215, E. 216, E. 638; 67, 91 92, 115, 348 K & K Militär-Geographisches Institut, Vienna E. 669; 369 Kaempfer Engelbert E. 227, E. 255–E. 257, E. 414, E. 415, E. 555; 123, 142, 147, 148, 163, 232, 291, 293 Kalandar Khan E. 489; 257 Kamali-Sarvestani 143 Kämpfer: see Kaempfer Karim Khan Zand 334, 342 Kartographische Abteilung der Königlich-Preussischen Landesaufnahme: see Royal Prussian Land Survey Kartographische Anstalt von A F Brockhaus Leipzig E. 761; 411 Katib-Çelebi (Kateb-Çelebi) E. 110; 61, 62 Kattib Moʿallem Kātib Mu`allim E. 567; 300 Kauder E E. 516; 268 Kaufer Michael E. 37; 20 Kazrani Muhammad 143

index of personal and institutional names Keizer Jacob: see Keyser Keller Christoph: see Cellarius Keller C L E. 697; 379 Keller Heinrich E. 550, E. 668, E. 700–E. 702; 287, 366, 379, 381 Kelly 142 Kemball Arnold B E. 369, E. 373; 208 Kempthorne G B E. 293; 168 Kempthorne John E. 307, E. 308; 177 Kennball Arnold B 210 Kent Charles Foster E. 52; 27, 28 Kerr R 123 Keulen van: see Van Keulen Keyes Terence Lieutenant E. 404, E. 405; 226 Keyser Iacob E. 234; 130 Khán of Kalát Khān-i- Kalāt 221 Khanikof (Khanikoff, Khanikov) Nicolas (Nicolai, Nikolei) E. 119, E. 170, E. 171, E. 455, E. 661, E. 676; 65, 66, 94–96, 246, 363, 370, 371 Khatov (Khatow) Aleksander Illyich E. 115; 63 Khazers 117, 120 Khogilu Tribe: see Kohgiluyeh Tribe Khosro-Parviz Khusru-Parvīz 352, 356 Khosrow I 49 Khull & Blackie E. 74; 41 Khwarezmshahs Khvārazmshāhīyān 56 Kiepert Heinrich (Henrico) E. 49, E. 81–E. 83, E. 108, E. 109, E. 118–E. 120, E. 181, E. 196, E. 205–E. 209, E. 392, E. 454, E. 462, E. 464, E. 468–E. 474, E. 676; 26, 27, 43–45, 60, 65–67, 100, 107, 110–112, 207, 221, 246, 247, 249–251, 253, 371 Kiepert Richard E. 82; 43 King Charles I 229 King Charles II 281 King L W Dr. E. 24; 12, 13 Kinneir John MacDonald E. 443; 241, 291 Kitchin Thomas E. 246; 138 Klaproth Heinrich Julius E. 144, E. 168; 79, 80, 94 Knapton John & Paul E. 35, E. 59; 20, 33 Knight Charles E. 14; 9 Koch Karl E. 366; 207 Koek Cornelius Clausen E. 226; 120, 122 Kohgiluyeh Tribe Kuhgīlūyih 241 Kohl E. 575a&b, E. 581 E. 609; 306, 310, 328 Köhler (Koelero) Johann David E. 37; 20 Köke F E. 636; 347 Konshin J M E. 178, E. 386; 98, 217 Konstantinov Mate I 120 Korbgeweit C E. 464, E. 467; 249, 250 Kords: see Kurds Kortmann E E. 45, E. 80; 23, 43 Kotschy Theodor E. 146, E. 747; 81, 402, 403 Kozhin A E. 230; 117, 123, 126 Kraatz Leopold E. 49, E. 83, E. 108, E. 109, E. 208, E. 209; 27, 43, 60, 111 Kruse E. 21; 12 Krusinski JudasThaddaeus E. 653; 360 Kržiž August E. 635, E. 636; 345–347 Kumakoff E. 757; 408 Kurds 98, 102 Kushans 48 L’Hullier Jean E. 92; 50 Lacoste Charles E. 86; 46 Lahanier & Lacouchy E. 28, E. 46, E. 102; 14, 25, 55 Lallemand E. 114; 63 Lamarche Charles François E. 8; 4 Landsdowne Lord E. 396; 222

Lange M E. 515, E. 639; 268, 348 Langenes Barent E. 250; 144, 145 Langhans Paul E. 163, E. 519, E. 524, E. 663, E. 698, E. 744; 91, 268, 271, 363, 379, 380, 400 Langlés 282 Langren Henricus van E. 250; 144 Lapie Alexandre Emile E. 75; 41 Lapie Pierre E. 75, E. 114; 41, 63 Lasor A Varea Alphonsi: see Savonarola Layard Austin Henry E. 193, E. 203, E. 673, E. 727; 104, 105, 108, 370, 393, 394 Layman William E. 721; 391, 392 Le Rouge George Louis E. 64; 36 Leclercq E. 77; 42 Lemercier E. 48, E. 148, E. 450–E. 452, E. 486; 27, 82, 244, 245, 256 Lemm Captain E. 159; 90 Lenam E. 119; 65 Lenglet-dufresnoy (du Fresnoy) Nicolas E. 94; 51, 53 Lenormont Charles François E. 48; 26, 27 Leroux Ernest E. 161, E. 182, E. 197, E. 213, E. 542, E. 552, E. 614, E. 646–E. 648; 90, 101, 106, 107, 112, 285, 291, 331, 352, 356 Lessar P M E. 384, E. 385; 217 Letoner Baron E. 640; 348 Levasseur E E. 73; 40, 41 Library of Congress 6, 148, 149, 196, 371 Lindley Oswald E. 23; 12 Lines W E. 729; 393 Linschotten E. 250; 144 Lippiatt Thos. Dunning E. 333; 188 Loeillot W: see Druck der lith. Anstalt von W. Loeillot Loftus William Kennett E. 19, E. 20, E. 194, E. 644; 11, 12, 82, 99, 104, 107, 352, 354 London Geographical Institute E. 53; 29 Long George E. 14; 9 Longman publisher E. 200, E. 574, E. 603, E. 612; 108, 305, 323, 324, 328, 331 Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown publishers E. 113, E. 425–E. 428, E. 574; 63, 235, 236, 306 Lorimer J G 142 Lors: see Lurs Lotter Tobias Conrad E. 234; 130, 131 Lovett Beresford E. 133, E. 388–E. 391, E. 485; 75, 219–221, 256 Lowther 214 Lurs (Lur Tribes) 98, 99, 389 Lydians 13, 16, 17 Lynch Henry Blosse E. 189, E. 512, E. 694, E. 714; 102–104, 267, 377, 378, 388 Maas Abraham E. 238; 133, 134 Macedonians 39 MacGregor C M E. 175, E. 595, E. 613; 97, 319, 331, 332 Mackay Hugh E. 721; 391 MacLean C S E. 395, E. 396; 222 Macmillan publisher E. 54, E. 458; 29, 246 MacNeill John Sir E. 654; 360 MacQueen Alex E. 685; 374, 375 Madsen Albert Alonzo E. 52; 27, 28 Mahlmann H E. 205, E. 206; 110 Mahmudi Sebecteghiniadis Gaznevidae Ma'mūd Sabuktagīn Ghaznavī 56 Malby & Sons E. 705, E. 706; 382, 383 Malcolm Charles E. 434; 237

455

Malcolm John Sir E. 199, E. 420, E. 421, E. 423–E. 425; 1, 107, 108, 234, 235 Mallet Manesson Allain E. 93, E. 531, E. 562, E. 570, E. 598; 50, 276, 279, 295, 297, 300, 321 Mamasani (Mamaseni) Tribe 241 Mandelslo John Albert (Johann Albrecht) E. 310, E. 411, E. 541, E. 554; 179, 180, 231, 283, 284, 291, 293 Mandonius 17 Manesson Mallet: see Mallet Mangeon E. 77; 42 Manly H E. 504, E. 743; 264 Mannert E. 21; 12 Mansour-es-Saltaneh Man}ūr-al-Sal>anah 214 Marco Polo E. 526, E. 527; 75, 141, 194, 264, 271, 273, 333 Marduk (god) Mardūkh 17 Mare Carl E. 112; 61 Marin E. 232; 126 Marine Amt Berlin: see Reichs- Marine-Amt Berlin Mascall Joseph E. 314; 180, 181 Masson du Parc E. 3; 2, 20 Matthews-Northrup Co. E. 29, E. 51; 17, 27 Maughan Philip 142 Maunsell F R E. 660; 361 Maverick Peter E. 11; 6 Mazda Publishers 283 McCluer John E. 288, E. 326–E. 330, E. 333, E. 722; 142, 163, 185–188, 391, 392 McConaghey Captain E. 657; 361 McDonald Lieutenant E. 424; 235 McLachlan 204 McMahon A Henry. E. 138, E. 139, E. 398, E. 400– E. 403; 76–78, 219, 222, 225–227 Médes (Medians) 13–17, 21, 27 MEF: see Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force Meinard Friedrich E. 704; 382 Melgunof G E. 160; 90 Menke Theodor E. 47, E. 84, E. 85; 25, 27, 44, 45, Mercator 22, 46, 58, 74, 94, 108, 132, 133, 138, 143, 144, 163, 166, 168, 172, 174, 189, 192, 193, 396 Merian Matthäus E. 559; 295 Merigot 232 Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force MEF [see also War Office] E. 221, E. 553, E. 594, E. 605, E. 713, E. 720; 116, 291, 292, 318, 319, 325, 326, 388, 389 Methodist Book Concern E. 52; 27 Meurs Jacob van E. 225, E. 226, E. 537, E. 560, E. 618; 121, 122, 280, 295, 334 Meyer Jeremiah E. 234; 130, 131 Migeon E. 86; 46 Milbourne George 87 Miles Colonel E. 147; 81 Miller Conrad (Kanrad) 120 Milne H A E. 149; 82 Minorsky V E. 372, E. 377; 209, 214 Mirza Abbas Khan Colonel E. 631; 341 Mirza Hossein Farhang: see Farhang Mirza Reza Khan Mīrzā Ri|ā Khān E. 640; 348 Mohammad-Mirza Mohandes Mu'ammad Mīrzā Muhandis E. 631, E. 632, 341–343 Mohammad-Reza Mohandes E. 393, E. 631; 222, 223, 341 Mohammad-Taqi Khan E. 635; 345 Mohomed Azeem: see Azeem Moisel Max E. 515; 268 Moll Herman E. 6, E. 39, E. 40, E. 60, E. 237; 4, 6, 21, 22, 33, 34, 123, 132, 133

456

index of personal and institutional names

Möller Johannes Heinrich E. 21; 11 Monecke C E. 170; 95 Mongols 328, 342, 356 Monteith W M E. 116, E. 117, E. 424, E. 447; 64, 65, 235, 243 Morant P E. 94; 51 Morel A E. 148, E. 486, E. 645; 82, 256, 352 Morgan Jacques de E. 161, E. 182, E. 197, E. 213, E. 218, E. 525, E. 542, E. 552, E. 614, E. 646–E. 648; 90, 91, 99, 101, 106, 107, 112, 115, 271, 285, 290, 291, 331, 332, 352, 354–357 Morier James E. 113, E. 425–E. 428; 63, 235–238, 291 Morsby E. 299; 172 Mortier Pieter (Pierre, Petrus) E. 58, E. 92; 33, 34, 50 Morton W R Major E. 716; 388 Mosahab Gholam-Hossein Mu}ā'ab Ghulām-_usiyn 120, 143, 263, 319, 321, 325, 331, 333, 340, 344, 388 Mount William & Page Thomas (William Mount & Thomas Page) publishers E. 262; 149 Moyse (Moses) Pitt publisher 283 Murray John E. 30, E. 117, E. 130, E. 132, E. 172, E. 173, E. 180, E. 188, E. 193, E. 214, E. 293, E. 356, E. 435, E. 438–E. 440, E. 442–E. 444, E. 446, E. 447, E. 453, E. 465, E. 494, E. 526, E. 527, E. 654, E. 724, E. 727, E. 746; 16, 17, 64, 74–76, 96, 100, 102, 104, 105, 112, 114, 168, 200, 237, 239, 241–243, 246, 249, 259, 260, 263, 271, 273, 360, 392–394, 402 Musil A Prof. E. 669; 369 Muteferrika Ibrahim 359 Nabonidus 17 Nabopollassar 13 Nader Shah (Nadir Shah) Nādir Shāh 214, 285, 291 Nagayev Aleksey Lieutenant 117 Najm-al-Molk: see Abd-al-Ghaffar Napier G S F E. 222, E. 476; 116, 254 Napier George E E. 173, E. 176, E. 380, E. 475; 96, 98, 215, 249, 253, 254 Napier H D E. 693; 377, 378 Napoleon Bonaparte 63, 203 Nasir-al-Din Shah Nā}ir-al-Dīn Shāh E. 739; 67, 83, 219, 249, 342, 344, 345, 348, 399 Nath Bulloram E. 359; 204 Nearchus (Nearchi) 4, 39, 141, 143, 163, 184, 185, 188 Nebuchadrezzar II 13 Neele J E. 201; 108 Neligan A R E. 707; 384, 385 Nero 48 Nezam-al-Dowleh Ni\ām-al Dawlih E. 393; 222 Nezam-al-Molk Ni\ām-al-Mulk E. 393; 222 Nezami Ni\āmī, poet 356 Nicator Seleucus: see Seleucus Nichols J E. 246; 138, 139 Nicholson A Sir 366 Nicolls C G E. 127; 73 Niebuhr Carsten E. 273, E. 281, E. 282, E. 318, E. 351, E. 418, E. 543, E. 601, E. 602, E. 623, E. 624; 142, 155, 160–162, 182, 196, 197, 232, 234, 285, 286, 321–323, 337–339 Niven E. 512; 267 Noah 1 Noel J B J E. 166, E. 167; 94 Nolin Jean Baptiste E. 66; 36, 38 O’Etzel F A E. 204; 108 Ogilby John E. 226; 122

Ogranowitch E. 363; 205 Ohmann Carl (Karl) E. 45, E. 80, E. 81, E. 469; 23, 24, 43, 251 Olearius (Oleario) Adam E. 155, E. 411, E. 530, E. 533, E. 558, E. 566, E. 586, E. 589, E. 606, E. 616, E, 617, E. 625, E. 628; 2, 20, 31, 117, 119–122, 229, 231, 233, 276, 278, 291, 293–295, 300, 312, 314, 315, 325, 327, 329, 333–335, 337, 339, 340 Oljaytu 337 Ollenbach C G E. 134, E. 147, E. 489; 75, 81, 257 Operational Section [German Army], Constantinople Main Base E. 712; 388 Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton E. 368, E. 705; 208, 209, 382 Ortelius Abraham E. 55; 31, 32 Osler E. 462; 247 Österreichische National-Bibliothek, Vienna (ÖNB) 144, 196, 232, 360 Ottens Josua (Iosua) E. 234; 130 Ottens R & J (Reinier & Josua, or Iosua) E. 3, E. 4; 2, 3, 88, 276 Ottens Reinier E. 233, E. 234; 117, 123, 126, 128– 131, 133 Ottomans 142, 208, 291 Ouseley William E. 430–E. 432; 236, 239 Pacorus II 48 Pahlavis (Pahlavi Dynasty) 280, 328, 370 Paker E. 374; 210 Palit Issur Chunder E. 359; 204 Palmer William E. 69; 39 Papak (Pabag): see Babak Parthians (Parthes) 48–50, 52, 55, 291 Passek N 359 Paulin & le Chevalier Armand, publishers E. 87; 42 Pearson E. 683; 372 Pélicier et Nepveu E. 114; 63 Pelly Lewis E. 355, E. 356, E. 456; 200, 246 Penton E Jr. E. 179; 98 Perrier W E. 98; 53 Perry W E E. 221; 116 Persians (Perses) 1–3, 13, 16–18, 21, 27, 28, 37, 39, 50, 226 Perthes & Besser E. 112; 61 Perthes Justus E. 21, E. 47, E. 84, E. 85, E. 107, E. 159, E. 163, E. 178, E. 184, E. 292, E, 384–E. 386, E. 391, E. 495–E. 499, E. 515, E. 518, E. 519, E. 522, E. 524, E. 639, E. 663, E. 682, E. 698, E. 744, E. 747, E. 755–E. 760; 11, 12, 25, 44, 45, 58, 59, 90, 91, 98, 102, 169, 217, 221, 259– 263, 268, 269, 271, 272, 348, 350, 363, 372, 374, 379, 380, 400–403, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411 Pestonjee Nowrojee E. 675; 370 Peter the Great, Tsar E. 230, E. 231, E. 233; 117, 121, 123, 126, 130, 214, 360 Petermann August E. 159, E. 391, E. 747; 90, 221, 402 Petermann Julius Heinrich E. 454; 246 Petit Paul E. 441; 241 Pettit T E. 357; 202 Philip George & Son E. 53; 29 Philip the Arab 49 Philips Martines & Veith E. 653; 360 Phillip Hans E. 82; 43 Picot H P E. 121; 67, 68 Picquet Charles E. 16, E. 73, E. 76; 10, 41, 42 Pilgrim G E E. 752–E. 754; 405–407 Pimentel 142 Piri Reis Muhyiddin Pīrī Ra’īs Mu'yi-al-Dīn 142

Pirnia Hasan Pīrnīyā _asan 1, 260 Pitt Moyse (Moses): see Moyse Pitteri Giovanni E. 68; 37 Planhol Xavier 214, 275, 276, 285, 291 Plant S Cornell E. 734; 396, 398 Plunket G A E. 137; 76, 77 Polak (Pollak) J E E. 636; 347 Pollock F R E. 131; 75 Pope Silvester E. 199; 108 Porter Robert Ker E. 142, E. 143, E. 200, E. 429, E. 574, E. 575, E. 590, E. 603, E. 612, E. 630, E, 633, E. 643; 79, 80, 108, 109, 236, 238, 291, 305, 306, 314, 323, 324, 328, 331, 341, 344, 352, 353 Portuguese [people] 142, 280, 291 Postnikov Aleksey 123, 126 Potter J D E. 296; 172 Pottinger Henry E. 423; 234 Preece J R E. 149, E. 681; 82, 83, 372 Preusser Lieutenant E. 219, E. 220; 115, 116 Prévost A F E. 350; 194, 196 Price John Reverend E. 302; 174 Proskouriakow E. 363; 205 Ptolemy Claudius E. 7, E. 73; 2, 4, 31, 48, 61, 73, 78, 99, 117, 118, 120, 121, 188 Ptolemy VI [king] 31 Puis John de 229 Purchoorey Kessow Bajee E. 723; 392 Pyle Stephan E. 352; 196 Qajars 342 Qarajedaghi Qarajidāghī Colonel E. 632; 342 Qashqai Qashqāī Tribe 98, 388, 389 Quantin E. 212; 112, 114 Qumi Mahmud Qumī Ma'mūd 83 Qumi Masoud Qumī Mas`ūd E. 151; 83 Rabino H L E. 164, E. 525; 91, 93, 271 Radde G E. 178, E. 386; 98, 217 Raleigh Walter Sir E. 1; 1, 2 Ram Sibba E. 134, E. 489; 75, 257 Rausch & Grosse E. 684; 372 Rausch von Traubenberg Paul E. 684; 372, 374, 375 Rawlinson H C E. 132, E. 359, E. 439, E. 440, E. 443; 75, 76, 204, 239, 241 Raynaud: see Reynaud Reichard E. 21; 12 Reichs-Marine-Amt, Berlin (German Admiralty) E. 300, E. 301; 172–174 Reiderer Gustav von 369 Reimer Dietrich (Ditricum) E. 49, E. 81–E. 83, E. 108, E. 109, E.118, E. 119, E. 128, E. 170, E. 171, E. 181, E. 196, E. 205, E. 206, E. 208, E. 300, E. 301, E. 392, E. 464, E. 467–E. 474, E. 676; 27, 43, 60, 65, 73, 74, 95, 100, 107, 110, 171–174, 221, 249–251, 253, 370 Reimer Georg Andreas E. 145, E. 169, E. 204; 80, 94, 108, 110 Rendell T H E. 693; 377 Rennell James E. 425, E. 426; 39, 235 Rennie 142 Rental Johan E. 230; 126 Resende Pedro Barreto E. 252, E. 349; 144, 146, 194, 195 Reynaud E. 28, E. 46, E. 102; 14, 25, 55 Reza Shah (Reza Khan) 300 Rich C E. 204; 108 Richard Hélène 177 Richards H A E. 694; 377 Ringrose John E. 329; 186

index of personal and institutional names Ritter Carl (Karl) E. 118, E. 128, E. 143, E. 145, E. 169, E. 204–E. 206, E. 289; 65, 73, 74, 80, 94, 95, 108, 110, 166 Rivadeneyra Adolfo D E. 462; 247–249 Robert de Vaugondy Didier E. 65; 36, 77 Robinson William E. 70, E. 324; 39, 184 Robiquet Aimé E. 299; 172 Robustel Jean François E. 271; 154 Rodwell & Martin E. 430–E. 432; 236 Rogers W E E. 291; 166 Roldan V E. 462; 247 Rollin Charles E. 26, E. 42, E. 63; 13, 14, 22, 23, 34, 36 Romans (Romains) 1–3, 13, 34, 46, 48 Ronaldshay Lord E. 179; 98 Ross E C E. 129, E. 147, E. 388, E. 390, E. 732; 74, 81, 219, 221, 395, 396 Rossi Domenico 131 Royal Geographical Society (RGS): not included, as it appears too frequently. Royal Prussian Land Survey, Cartographic Department E. 124, E. 125, E. 165, E. 190, E. 219, E. 220, E. 712, E. 733; 70, 71, 93, 94, 104, 105, 115, 116, 388, 396 Rubeis Dominicus: see Rossi Russell Claud E. 286, E. 331, E. 332; 148, 163, 182, 187, 188 Russell J E. 317; 182 Russian Imperial Army, Topographical Department E. 123, E. 124, E. 125, E. 177, E. 363; 67, 70, 98, 205 Russian General Staff E. 661, E. 744; 363, 401, 402 Russian Scientific Expedition to Khorasan E. 170, E. 171; 94, 95 Russians 214, 363, 370 Ryder C H D E. 145, E. 377, E. 551; 86, 87, 214, 287, 290 Ryland H R E. 675; 370 Saadi Sa`dī [poet] 78, 334 Safa Zabihollah 1 Safavids (Safaviden) ^afavīyān 56, 142, 276, 291, 295, 344, 345, 359 Saffarids ^affārīyān 56, 203 Sahab Abbas 143 Sahab Geographic & Drafting Institute 143 Sahab Mohammad-Reza 143 Saka Tribe 48 Saldanha 142, 143 Salisbury Lord E. 662; 363 Saljuqids (Saljuqs) Saljūqīyān 56, 58, 59, 291 Salmon 196 Samanids Sāmānīyān 56, 117 Samih A E. 372, E. 377; 209, 212 Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, publishers E. 478–E. 484; 254, 255 Sani-al-Dowlah (Sani-ud-Dowleh): see Etemad-al Saltanah Sanson Guillaume E. 92; 50 Sanson Nicolas E. 92; 49, 50, 229 Sanson Pierre Moullart E. 38; 21 Santa Cruz Alonso E. 249; 144 Sardar Khan Daffadar E. 489; 257 Sardar Sepah: see Reza Shah Sarre F E. 515; 268 Sasan 49 Sassanids (Sasanids, Sassanians, Sasanians) Sāsānīyān 48, 49, 55, 56, 291 Saunders Trelawney E. 131, E. 173, E. 380, E. 388, E. 390, E. 460, E. 549; 75, 96, 215, 219, 221, 247, 287

Sauvé M E. 699; 379 Savonarola Raffaello E. 556; 291, 294 Sawyer H A E. 150, E. 185–E. 187, E. 694, E. 748; 83, 102, 103, 377, 404 Sayeh & Bennett (Robert Sayeh & John Bennett) publishers E. 273; 155 Schawe William Solomon E. 90; 47 Schenk Pieter E. 234, E. 538; 131, 281–283 Schich Sefi: see Shaikh Safi Schirren C 95 Schley Jacob van der E. 350; 194, 196 Schmidt Carl E. 163, E. 496, E. 497, E. 499, E. 519, E. 522, E. 756, E. 757, E. 760; 91, 260–262, 268, 271, 405, 408, 411 Schmitt 120 Schmitt Rüdiger 283 Schoonhoven J van 160 Schotio Henrico 31 Schroeder Hermann E. 48; 27 Schumacher E. 230; 126 Schwabe Friedrich R E. 181, E. 196; 100, 107 Scon M G H E. 715; 388 Scott R E. 74; 41 Scott Dr. E. 11; 6 Scylax of Caria 141, 143 Sealy Henry William E. 335; 189 Seistan (Sistan) Boundary Arbitration Commission E. 139; 77, 78 Selby William Beaumont E. 723–E. 726, E. 733; 392–396 Seleucids 31, 48 Seleucus Nicator 31 Selgiukidarum: see Saljuqids Semino Barthélemy E. 451; 244, 245 Senex J E. 33; 20 Senex Mary E. 239; 133 Seutter Matthäus E. 234; 123, 130 Seyyed Reza Khan Sultan Siyyid Ri|ā Khān E. 567; 299, 300 Sézanne Léon E. 164; 91 Shabankareh Shabānkārih Tribe 389 Shah [Sultan] Hussein Shāh Sul>ān _usiyn 232, 233 Shah Abbas II 281, 307, 325 Shah Abbas the Great Shāh `Abbās 142, 194, 229, 280, 293, 306, 307, 311, 325, 369 Shah Safi 294 Shah Tahmasb I Shāh ~ahmāsb 325, 342, 344, 345 Shaikh Safi Shaykh ^afī 276, 278 Shapur I 49 Sharbau Henry E. 176, E. 189, E. 394, E. 491–E. 493, E. 733; 97, 102, 222, 257, 259, 396 Shawe W S E. 90, E. 187; 47, 102 Shiel J Colonel E. 360, E. 373, E. 438; 204, 210, 211, 239, 240 Shirin 356 Simmons David Captain E. 288, E. 316, E. 320; 163, 181–183 Sistan Arbitration Commission (Sistan Boundary Commission) 219, 226, 227 Slaby Helmut 347 Slade Admiral E. 706; 383, 384 Sloane 123, 146, 147, 232, 293 Smith Benjamin E E. 29, E.51, E. 71, E. 100; 17, 27, 39, 53 Smith C Beab Euan E. 460; 247 Smith Charles E. 101; 54, 55 Smith H M E. 359, E. 548, E. 656, E. 658; 204, 287, 289, 361, 362 Smith L E. 86; 46 Smith R M E. 457; 246

457

Smyth H Captain E. 695; 377, 379 Snodgrass Lieutenant E. 422; 234 Soane E B E. 375, E. 378; 211, 214 Société de Géographie E. 441, E. 455, E. 591, E. 641; 241, 246, 316, 352, 353 Société Lyonnaise et Soies Extrême-Orient E. 164; 91 Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge E. 18; 11 Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (SDUK) E. 14, E. 23; 9, 12 Soleyman Khan Suliymān Khān Colonel E. 637; 347–349 Soleyman Shah 281 Somerson Robert E. 302; 174 Sommers John 148 Sommerville H B T E. 296; 172 Sonnet L E. 486; 256 Soskam-Sabbas E. 232, E. 239, E. 242; 128, 133, 134 Soymonov Fyoder E. 230; 117, 120, 123, 126 Springer H E. 160; 90 Spruner von Merz Karl (Carl) E. 107; 58–60 St. John O B C E. 173, E. 367, E. 380, E. 390, E. 391, E. 683, E. 739, E. 745, E. 746; 96, 208, 215, 221, 372, 399, 402 St. Petersburg Naval Academy 117 Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin (SBB) [State Library of Berlin] 65, 70–74, 79, 80, 83, 88, 90, 116, 166, 168, 173, 174, 196, 208, 222, 237, 241, 242, 247, 249, 261, 270, 370, 372, 380, 388, 393, 396, 404 Stack Edward E. 478–E. 484; 254–256 Stahl A F E. 91, E. 163, E. 218, E. 496–E. 499, E. 639, E. 755–E. 760; 47, 91, 92, 115, 229, 260– 263, 348, 350, 370, 405, 408, 410, 411 Stanford Edward E. 23, E. 188; 12, 361 Stanford’s Geographical Establishment E. 30, E. 188, E. 193, E. 365–E. 367, E. 379, E. 458, E. 485, E. 494, E. 679, E. 680; 16, 17, 102, 104, 205, 207, 208, 214, 246, 256, 259, 372 Starkey John 87 Stebnitzki J E. 178, E. 386; 98, 217 Steel A E. 708; 384 Steele Richard E. 416; 232 Stein F von E. 384; 217, 218 Stephenson J E. 288; 163 Stephenson Rowland Macdonald E. 677; 371 Stewart C E E. 176, E. 394; 97, 98, 222, 224 Stieler 112, 363, 372 Stiffe Arthur William E. 296, E. 297, E. 346, E. 347, E. 357, E. 358, E. 548, E. 549; 168, 170, 172, 193, 201, 202, 287, 289 Stolze Franz E. 464, E. 682, E. 684; 249, 372, 374, 375 Strabo E. 7; 4, 61, 117 Strahan C E. 152, E. 397; 83, 85, 222 Strahan Charles Major E487; 256 Strahlenberg Philip Johan Wm 117 Strauss Theodor E. 518, E. 519; 268, 269 Struve 90 Struys Jean (Jan, Jansen, Ian, Iansen) E. 225, E. 537, E. 560, E. 618; 121, 122, 280, 281, 295, 297, 334, 335 Stukeley William E. 6, E. 39, E. 40; 4, 6, 21, 22 Stülpnagel Friedrich E. 47, E. 84, E. 85; 25, 44 Stupano Mario 229 Sultan Morad IV E. 359; 204 Sultan Seyyed Reza Khan: see Seyyed Reza Khan Sultan Surkhru E. 690, E. 691; 264, 377

458

index of personal and institutional names

Sulzer J E. 81, E. 119, E. 171, E. 676; 43, 65, 95, 370 Survey of India (Survey of India Intelligence Branch) E. 137, E. 147, E. 150, E. 152, E. 154, E. 174, E. 198, E. 370, E. 377, E. 391, E. 395–E. 397, E. 400–E. 402, E. 404, E. 405, E. 420–E. 422, E. 463, E. 487, E. 489, E. 551, E. 656, E. 657, E. 683, E. 686, E. 714, E. 734, E. 750, E. 752; 76, 77, 81, 83, 85–87, 97, 102, 107, 203, 208, 212, 213, 221, 222, 224–226, 234, 249, 256–258, 287, 359, 361, 372, 374, 388, 396, 398, 404, 405 Suseh A 143 Sutherland James E. 201, E. 427; 108, 109, 236 Sykes Percy Molesworth E. 24, E. 135, E. 136, E. 501–E. 511, E. 592, E. 593, E. 649–E. 652, E. 689–E. 692, E. 741, E. 743; 1, 12, 13, 75, 76, 94, 229, 262–267, 316, 317, 319, 356, 357, 359, 360, 376, 377, 400 Sykes William Henry E. 730; 393 Tafel E. 190; 104, 105 Tahirids ~āhirīyān 56 Taleghani M 143 Tamburlaine (Tamerlanis, Tamerlane) Tiymūr 56, 57 Tardieu Ambroise E. 26, E. 42, E. 63; 13, 14, 22, 23, 34, 36, 39 Tardieu P F E. 247; 138, 140 Tartar Khanats 87 Tate G E. 138, E. 400–E. 402; 76, 225, 226 Tates Tribe 389 Tavernier Jean Baptiste E. 306, E. 413; 176, 177, 179, 232, 291 Taylor E. 581, E. 609; 310, 328 Taylor R L E. 448, E. 449; 243, 244 Tchirikow: see Chirikow Teesdale Henry E. 15; 10 Tegg William E. 22; 12 Teispes 17 Tekke Turkomans 98 The National Archive, England (TNA) 64, 93, 94, 115, 204, 207, 208, 210, 217, 222, 226, 245, 254, 267, 361, 363, 364, 387–389, 404 Thierry Denys E. 93, E. 531, E. 562, E. 570, E. 598; 50, 51, 276, 295, 300, 321 Thilo von Trotta E. 698; 379 Thomson Ronald E. 363; 205 Thomson W T E. 438; 239, 240 Thopmson George 134 Thornton John E. 260, E. 261; 142, 149–151 Thornton Samuel E. 262, E. 263; 149, 151, 152 Thuillier H R E. 134, E. 150, E. 152, E. 185, E. 186, E. 489, E. 548, E. 656, E. 686; 75, 83, 85, 102, 257, 287, 289, 361, 374 Tibbetts 144 Tietz R E. 120; 65 Timur: see Tamburlaine Timurids Tiymūrīyān 56 Tippo 392 Tiridates 48 Todd Elliot D’Arcy E. 436–E. 438; 239, 240 Tokmachof Captain 120 Tooley 144, 148, 229 Travin E. 230; 126 Trotta D Thilo: see Thilo von Trotta Truilhier Capitaine E. 441; 241

Tsikarew E. 363; 205 Turco-Persian Boundary Commission: see Commission for the delimitation of the... Frontier Turner & Shawe E. 187; 102 Turner W J E. 466, E. 501, E. 517, E. 739; 249, 263, 264, 268, 399 Tûsî Nasireddin (Tusi Nasir-al-Din) ~ūsī Na}īral-Dīn 253 Tyacke Sarah 146 Übersberger Hans Prof. E. 669; 369 Uckert E. 21; 12 Umayyads 56 UNESCO 294 University Library of Leiden 301, 302 University of Chicago Press 143 Urosov Prince E. 230; 126 Usbeks: see Uzbeks Uzbeks 36, 356 Valerian 49 Van Keulen Johannes (Johannis) E. 274, E. 275, E. 317; 122, 142, 155, 156, 158, 179, 182 Van Mierop 134 Van Verden (Van Werden) Carl (Karl) E. 61, E. 230–E 233, E. 236–E. 238; 20, 34, 117, 122, 123, 125–129, 131–133 Vaughan H B Lieutenant E. 492, E. 493, E. 686, E. 687; 257, 259, 374, 376 Veit E. 454; 246 Verlag Johann Hoffmann’s Kunst- und Buchhandlers E. 226; 122 Vidal-Lablache Paul E. 50, E. 89; 27, 28, 47 Vieth Gerhard Ulrich Anton E. 99; 53 Vincent William E. 9, E. 70, E. 287, E. 323, E. 334; 4, 39, 163, 184, 188 Voenno-Topograficheski Otdel: see Russian Imperial Army, Topographical Section Vohsen Ernst E. 300, E. 301; 172–174 Vologases I 48 Voss Leopold E. 160; 90 Voynovich 120 Wagner & Debes E. 684; 372, 375 Wahab R A Colonel E. 397; 222 Walker & Boutall E. 358; 202 Walker C E. 354; 198, 199 Walker Emery E. 54; 29 Walker J & C E. 14, E. 295–E. 297, E. 345, E. 726, E. 728; 9, 168, 172, 193, 393 Walker James Thomas Colonel E. 176, E. 391, E. 425–E. 427, E. 430–E. 432; 98, 221, 235, 236 Walker John E. 295, E. 345; 168, 193 Wallard J T E. 147; 81 Walter E. 386; 217 War Office [GB] E. 121, E. 137, E. 177, E. 195, E. 369–E. 371, E. 376, E. 381–E. 383, E. 461, E. 501, E. 553, E. 594, E. 605, E. 658–E. 660, E. 708, E. 713, E. 719, E. 720; 67, 68, 98, 106, 107, 208, 210, 212, 215–217, 247, 263, 291, 292, 318, 319, 325, 326, 361, 362, 384, 386–390 War Office, Intelligence Branch: see War Office [GB] Warcus J publisher E. 573; 306 Warren John E. 199; 107

Washington J E. 296, E. 297; 168, 172 Waterhouse J Captain E. 463, E. 475; 249, 254 Webbe William E. 199; 108 Weidenbach E E. 584; 312 Weigel Christoph (Weigelio Christophoro) E. 33, E. 37; 20, 21 Welland George E. 23; 12 Weller Edward E. 132, E. 172, E. 176, E. 356, E. 465, E. 478–E. 484, E. 526; 75, 96, 97, 200, 249, 254, 255, 271 Weller Francis Sidney E. 189, E. 214, E. 398, E. 502, E. 740; 102, 112, 222, 263, 399 Wells Henry L E. 679, E. 680, E. 682; 371–373 Wet [from Germany] E. 640; 348 Wetstein Rudolph & Gerard, publishers E. 564, E. 573, E. 580, E. 600; 297, 306, 307, 321 Whitchurch W E. 316; 182 Whiting & Warson E. 11; 6 Wibele E E. 207; 111 Wilde Charles E. 305; 175, 176, 178 Wilhelm E. 21; 12 Wilkinson Robert E. 10, E. 71, E. 100; 6, 8, 39, 53–55 Williams E P E. 13; 9 Williams 11 Williams William Fenwick E. 210, E. 361–E. 364; 111, 204, 205 Wilson Arnold T E. 153, E. 198, E. 370–E. 372, E. 377, E. 738; 85, 107, 208–210, 214 Wilson Charles William E. 195, E. 661; 106, 107, 363, 397 Wilson H H E. 79; 43 Wolf Carl E. 108, E. 109; 60 Woodroofe Thomas E. 240; 133, 135 Wratislaw A C E. 372, E. 377; 209, 212 Wyburd W H E. 434; 237 Wylde: see Wilde Wynn Antony 263, 360 Xénophone (Xenophontis, Xenophon) 22, 44 Xerxes I 17, 25, 78, 320 Yaqut Yāqūt 61 Yarshater Ehsan 1 Yate C F E. 517, E. 596; 268, 320 Yazdgird III 49 Young J W E. 731; 393, 395 Yule Henry E. 526, E. 527; 271, 273 Yusuf Sharif E. 152; 83, 85 Zaman Khan E. 370; 208 Zatta Antonio (Antonium) E. 68; 37, 38 Zélénoy A Colonel E. 369; 208 Zil-al-Sultan Masoud il-al-Sul>ān Mas`ūd E. 151; 83 Zimmermann Carl E. 128, E. 145, E. 169, E. 204; 73, 74, 80, 94, 108, 110 Zira Tribe 389 Zoka 344 Zolfaqar Beg E. 635; 345 Zoroasterians 48 Zünner Johann David E. 93, E. 531, E. 562, E. 570, E. 598; 50, 51, 276, 297, 300, 321 Zurabek Crusius E. 232, E. 239, E. 417; 128, 133, 232, 233

index of geographical names

459

INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES (CHAPTERS 1-9) The spelling of the geographical names is as written on the maps and related texts. Names with different spellings are given in their Anglicized, or better known, form. Alternative spellings with the same three first letters added parenthetically; otherwise given separately, but referred to the main entry for the page numbers. Compound geographical names (i. e. ‘Bushehr Peninsula’ and ‘Western Azerbaijan’), if not given in full, should be searched for through their main word (here: Bushehr and Azerbaijan). Names of buildings, palaces, bridges, gardens, etc. are not included. For the benefit of the experts some of the Arabic/Persian names have been transliterated as written in those languages, and according to a system used by the Library of Congress and the History of Cartography series. These are underlined to be distinctive. This index does not include the terms ‘Persia’, ‘Asia’, ‘Europe’, ‘London’ and ‘Paris’, as they appear too frequently.

Abadan [Island] 143, 208, 397 Abadeh 244, 372 Abbadon: see Abadan Abbasabad (Abbas-Abad) 405 Abberville 229 Áb-i-Gargar [Canal]: see Aub-i- Gargar Abooshehr: see Bushehr Abu-Dhabi 172, 174 Abu-Gargar: see Aub-i-Gargar Abu-Musa [Island] 186, 190 Abushahr (Abu-Shahr, Abuschähr, Abu-Schähhr): see Bushehr Acropolis 17 Aden 172 Aderbigian (Aderbeijan, Aderbijan, Aderbeitzan): see Azerbaijan Adirbeitzan: see Azerbaijan Adun 370 Aegean Sea 14, 369 Afghanistan ʿAfghānistān 43, 60, 73, 74, 77, 80, 94, 95, 98, 203, 214, 219, 221–226, 232, 237, 246, 247, 254, 262–265, 268, 271, 276, 359, 363, 370, 376, 382, 384, 397, 411 Africa (Africae) 4, 27, 33, 34, 37, 38, 171, 172, 174 Agbatana: see Ecbatana Ahar 239, 240 Ahhar: see Ahar Ahvaz (Ahvas) ʿAhvāz 99, 204, 275, 371, 372, 374, 377, 378, 389, 392–394, 396, 398, 405 Ahwas (Ahwaz): see Ahvaz Aibigargar: see Aub-i-Gargar Akhal [in Khorasan] 215, 216 Akkad 13 Al-Biad Harbour [in Qatar] 172 Alborz (Alburz) [Mountains, Chain, Range] ʿAlburz 1, 72, 73, 87, 90, 94, 96, 236, 256, 275, 342, 344, 348, 371, 391, 405, 407 Alexander Barrier 356, 357 Alexander Bay 130 Alexandria [in Afghanistan]: see Herat Ali-Kuh 404 Alvand [Mountain] 209, 212, 291 Alwani 389 Amadan: see Hamadan

Amarat 236 Amasia 235 Ameerabad: see Amirabad America 203 Amirabad 243 Amol 256 Amsterdam 2–5, 31, 33, 34, 50, 117, 121, 122, 126, 128–131, 144–146, 156, 158, 160, 182, 194, 196, 197, 232, 234, 276, 280–283, 285, 286, 294–298, 301, 303, 304, 306–311, 314, 321–323, 325, 328, 330, 334–341 Amu-Darya: see Oxus River Anarak 259 Anatolia: see Asia Minor Andekhoye 370 Angaum (Angao, Angar): see Hengam [island] Angleterre: see England Antwerp (Antwerpen) 31, 32, 119 Anzali [city and lake] ʿAnzalī 123, 247, 379, 382, 385 Apadana [palace] 82 Apamea 31 Apcheron 123 Arabian Peninsula 4, 81, 141, 143, 144 Arabia (Arabie, Arabien) 36, 81, 108, 141, 143, 152–154, 160, 168, 171, 172, 182, 187, 191, 196, 197, 232, 234, 337, 405 Arabian Sea (Arabisches Meer) 171- 173, 193 Arabistan: see Khuzistan Arabs Quarter, Bushehr 287 Aral Sea 41, 123, 369 Ararat (Ararath) [mountain] 1, 73, 121, 204, 205, 207, 208, 210, 212 Aras (Araxes) River ʿAras 61, 203, 207, 214, 311, 408 Arbela [in northern Iraq] 46 Arctic Ocean 4 Ardebil (Ardebeel, Ardabeel, Ardevil) ʿArdabīl 229–231, 239, 240, 268, 276, 278, 279, 379 Ardistan 79 Arg (Ark) Qauarter, Teheran 344, 345, 348, 350 Ariana Antiqua 43 Armenia (Arménie, Armenien) 31, 48, 49, 63–65, 88, 98, 101, 108, 109, 112, 114, 207, 271, 276

459

Armuzia: see Hormoz Arrapkha: see Kirkuk Arrian Bay 184 Arruba Bay: see Omara Bay Arsanjan (Arssanjan) ʿArsanjān 271 Arusan 269 Arvand Rud: see Shatt-al-Arab Asaluyeh 181, 182, 187 Aserbedjan: see Azerbaijan Ashraf: see Farahabad Ashtrachan: see Astrakhan Ashur 13 Asia: not included, as it appears too frequently. Asia Minor (Asie Mineure, Asiatische Türkei) 4, 6, 13, 17, 31, 39, 41, 44, 58, 63, 98, 107, 108, 111, 115, 232, 237, 242, 247, 259, 271, 340, 363, 369, 385, 387, 389, 390 Askeråbåd 73 Asnid 78 Assyria (Assyrie) 1, 6, 21, 31, 61, 237 Astara (Astar) ʿĀstārā [city and river] 126, 232, 261, 410 Astarabad (Asterabad, Astrabad, Astrabat) ʿAstar ʿābād [see also Gorgan] 90, 120, 123, 126, 128, 138, 236, 238, 239, 244, 245, 256, 264, 267, 363 Astola [island] 184 Astrakhan (Astrachan, Astracan) 87, 120, 121, 123, 126, 130, 131, 133, 214, 231, 276 Athens 17 Atrak (Atrek) [river and basin] 90, 91, 94, 97, 215, 265–267, 391 Atropatine: see Azerbaijan Attica (in Greece) 29 Aub-i-Gargar [canal and river] 392–394, 396, 398 Augsburg (August Vindel, Augustus Vindelcorum) 130, 360 Ausipus 236 Austria 369 Azarbeijan: see Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (Azerbaeejaun, Azerbedjan, Azerbeidjan, Azerbeidschan) ʿĀ€arbāyjān 1, 31, 61–73, 88, 100, 101, 108–111, 115, 128, 204, 208, 229, 234, 239, 241, 256, 267, 271, 275, 276, 279, 340, 341, 370, 379, 391, 400, 401, 408, 411 Azov Sea 359

460

index of geographical names

Babol Bābul 254, 256, 411 Babolsar 254, 256 Babylonia (Babylon) 4, 12, 13, 17, 26, 27, 31, 48, 104, 108, 109, 236, 283 Baccu: see Baku Bachdad: see Baghdad Bacouba 116, 236 Bactria: see Balkh Bagarisa of Arrian Bay 184 Baghdad (Bagdad, Bagdaht) Baghdād 111, 113, 116, 141, 204, 229–232, 236, 237, 243, 244, 246, 254, 256–258, 271, 272, 283, 291, 318, 319, 325, 326, 328, 331, 379, 385, 387–389 Bagistana: see Bisotun Bahmanshir (Bah-a-Mishir) [river] 208, 293 Bahr (Bahar) Culzum: see Caspian Sea Bahr Fars (Persian Sea) 142–144, 153, 154 Bahr Mohit Ba'r Mu'ī> (Encircling Sea) 4, 117, 141, 143 Bahr Rum (Roman Sea): see Mediterranean Sea Bahrain (Baharem, Bahrein) Ba'rayn 152, 154, 168 Bahr-al-Akdhar el-Fars [the Green Sea of Persia]: see Persian Gulf Bajistan 259 Bakhtegan Bakhtigān [lake] 79, 371, 372, 391 Bakhtiari Region (District, Country) 99, 102, 103, 404, 405 Bakhtiari Mountains (Hills) 80, 98, 102, 377, 405 Baku (Bakou) 116, 126, 214, 254, 262, 271, 276, 379 Bala-Gariveh 104, 273 Balkh 17, 31, 49, 94, 370 Baluchistan Balūchistān 10, 49, 73–75, 81, 94, 98, 142, 154, 156, 189, 203, 219–222, 224, 225, 234, 247, 249, 257, 258, 260, 262–265, 268, 278, 359, 361, 370, 376, 377, 379, 382, 411 Bam 75, 243, 259, 260, 379 Bamisheer: see Bahmanshir Bampur (Bampour) 219, 220, 221, 248, 249, 278, 379 Bandar Abbas (Bändär Abbâs, Banderabassi) Bandar `Abbās 80, 83, 85, 96, 142, 146, 156, 157, 160, 175–177, 179, 180, 182, 194, 200, 202, 229– 232, 243, 246, 251, 262, 264, 267, 276, 280–285, 361, 366, 370, 376, 379 Bandar Bushehr: see Bushehr Bandar Congo 176 Bandar Deylam 243 Bandar Jask: see Jask Bandar Lengeh: see Bandar Lingah Bandar Lingah 374 Bandar Naderi: see Bushehr Bandar Nasiri 389 Bandar Rig 161, 180, 196 Band-i-Amir [dam] 337 Band-i-Kamal Khan 397 Band-i-Kír 393 Band-i-Seistan 397 Baneh (Bâne) 73, 98 Bangladesh 44 Baquba: see Bacouba Barfroush (Barferousch, Barferusch): see Babol Basaidu (Basadore) [in Qeshm] 190, 191 Basra (Basadore, Basara, Bassadore, Bassara, Bussora, Bussorah, Bassura, Bastra) Ba}rah 78, 108, 141–143, 147, 148, 151, 153–157, 161–163, 180, 183, 186, 190, 235, 271, 392, 393, 395 Batavia: see Jakarta Bazaar Quarter, Teheran 345 Bazuft 404 Bedre 212

Behbehan (Behbahan) Bihbahān 241 Behbahani Quarter, Bushehr 287 Bela 74 Belgium 143, 370 Beluchistan (Beloochistan, Beludschistan): see Baluchistan Bendar Delown 80 Bendemir: see Band-i-Amir Bender Abassi: see Bandar Abbas Bend-i-Koulik 212 Bengal 239 Berlin 23, 24, 26, 27, 43–45, 60, 64–67, 70–74, 79, 80, 83, 88, 90, 93–95, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110–112, 115, 116, 166, 168, 171–174, 196, 204, 207, 208, 221, 222, 237, 241, 242, 247, 249–253, 261, 270, 271, 312, 313, 370, 372, 379, 380, 382, 388, 393, 396, 404 Berthynia 31 Besitoun: see Bisotun Bessus 17 Bihistun: see Bisotun Binab 73 Birjand Bīrjand 75, 366, 379, 388 Bisotun (Bisetun, Bisitown, Bisotoun, Bisoutoun, Bistun) Bīsutūn 236, 249, 254, 283, 285 Bistagun 389 Bitlis 271 Black Sea 4, 6, 17, 108, 109, 111 Bloochistan: see Baluchistan Bokhara Bukhārā 131, 222, 237, 245 Bologna 118 Bombareck (Bombarrack, Bombarick): see Kohombarak Bombay 168, 189, 194, 204, 234, 241, 246, 393–395 Bomosa (Bomaseh): see Abu-Musa [island] Booroojerd, see Borujerd Bornouabad 370 Borujerd (Boroujerd) Burūjird 102, 104, 107, 115, 250, 251, 370, 377 Brandenburg 117 Braunschweig 102 Breslau [present Wrocław in Poland] 268 Britain: see Great Britain Brussels 271 Bujnurd 265 Bukan 73 Bukhara: see Bokhara Bumm: see Bam Bund 393, 394 Bunder Abbas: see Bandar Abbas Bunder Dillim: see Bandar Deylam Bundereek: see Bandar Rig Burudschird (Burujerd, Burujird): see Borujerd Bushehr (Busheer, Bushere,Bushier, Bushir, Bushire) [town and peninsula] Būshihr 80, 81, 83, 99, 104, 108, 109, 111, 142, 143, 160, 163, 168, 172, 174, 181–183, 185–187, 189–191, 193, 194, 202, 232, 234–237, 243, 244, 246, 247, 254, 257, 259, 262, 275, 280, 285–290, 321, 334, 359, 361, 362, 370, 372, 376, 379, 389, 390, 395, 402, 405 Bussora (Bussorah): see Basra Bussorah River: see Shatt-al-Arab Busurgi [mountain] 269 Buzaro149, 150 Caap Jaques: see Cape Jask Caap Monsadok: see Cape Musandam Cabul (Cabool): see Kabul Calcutta 75, 83, 85–87, 97, 102, 143, 204, 212, 213, 219, 222, 225, 226, 249, 254, 256, 287, 289, 290, 361, 362, 372, 374, 388, 405–407

Cambridge [UK] 1, 367 Candahar (Canduhar): see Qandahar Cape Aruba 184 Cape Bombareck (Bombarrack) 188 Cape Comorin 153 Cape Goberindee 191 Cape Jask 146, 174, 176, 188, 193, 246 Cape Monze 184 Cape Muckasa (Mucksa) 188 Cape Musandam (Mussendom) 174–176, 179 194 Cape Ormarah 185 Cape Rosalgatte (Rosalgate) 154, 155, 157, 161– 163, 185 Cape Tannura 174 Cape Tuloop 143, 189 Cape Verdistan 188 Caria 141 Carmania (Carmanie) [see also Kerman Province and Baluchistan] 61, 73, 163, 316 Carrack: see Khark [island] Carthage 17 Casbin (Cazveen, Caswin): see Qazvin Cashan: see Kashan Caspian Lowland 87 Caspian Sea (Caspii Mariis, Caspisches Meer, Caspische Zee) 1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 14, 20, 31, 34, 36, 37, 47, 61, 64, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 97, 98, 109, 111, 116–141, 214–217, 230, 232, 234, 239, 241, 245, 247, 254–256, 261, 262, 264, 268, 271, 276, 342, 371, 382, 385, 387, 388, 391, 404, 405, 408 Catif Bay 183 Caucasian Countries 111 Caucasian Mountains 13 Caucasus (Caucasia, Caucase) Qafqāz 1, 61, 63–67, 69, 70, 73, 88, 108, 138, 203, 204, 231, 232, 247, 257, 259, 281, 340, 342, 359, 360, 363, 369, 391 Cavcamela (in Northern Iraq) 44 Cavcasi: see Caucasus Cazbin (Cazveen): see Qazvin Ceylon 174 Chahar Mohal (Chahar Mahal) 99, 255, 377, 388, 404 Chahar-Bagh (Char Bagh) [boulevard] 306, 307, 310 Chah-Bahar (Chahbahar, Chahbar, Charbar) Chāh-Bahār 74, 184, 193, 246, 278, 376, 379 Chalanchulan 374 Chaldée (Chaldae): see Kaldeh Chal-Meydan, Teheran 345 Chamakie: see Shemakha Chandra Gupta [in India] 31 Chanekin: see Khanaqin Charak (Charack, Charag, Charedsch, Charrack): see Khark [island] Chargu: see Kharku [island] Chat 214 Chatt-al-Arab: see Shatt-al-Arab Chechin’s Spit 130 Chehel-Hesaran: see Kashan Chehel-Menar (Chehelmenar): see Persepolis Cherri 404 Chia Surkh (Chia Sirkh) 210, 211, 214 Chicago 143 Chilau: see Shushtar China 143 Chiras: see Shiraz Chiru (Chiruyeh) Shīrūyih 172, 174 Chirvaniae (Chirwan): see Shirvan Chodscha 73 Chôi: see Khoy

index of geographical names Chok 73 Chorasan: see Khorasan Choubar: see Chah-Bahar Chumeen: see Khomayn Churasmie (Churasmia): see Khwarezm Chaurbar (Churber): see Chah-Bahar Chyaer-Baeg: see Chahar-Bagh Chyraz (Chyrâz): see Shiraz Cincinati 27 Clarence Strait: see Strait of Clarence Comicha: see Qomsheh Constantinople 61–64, 115, 214, 235, 236, 281, 359 Copenhagen 160 Coppeh Dagh 94 Corgo: see Kharku [island] Cos [island] 44 Courdiatan: see Kurdistan Ctesiphon 56 Culzum Denghis: see Caspian Sea Cum: see Qom Cyprus 6, 51, 246 Dagestan (Dagesthan, Dagestaniae) Dāghistān 87, 88, 231, 233, 276 Dalamper 73 Daliki 405 Damascus 56, 328 Damavand [mountain] Damāvand 90, 96, 111, 236, 239, 256, 342, 391, 402, 403 Damghan 94, 245, 275 Danlakee 237 Darab Dārāb 82, 243, 249 Darband: see Derbent Därfek-Kuh 91 Darreh-Gaz (Daragaz, Darragaz) 214, 265–267, 356 Daru-Khalum 405 Darya-i-Namak [great salt plain] 399, 400 Darya-ye Khazar: see Caspian Sea Dasht-i-Arjan 405 Dasht-i-Hashtadan 219 Dasht-i-Kavir 94 Dasht-i-Lut 219 Deh-Bid (Dehbid) Dihbīd 83, 402 Dehdashti Quarter, Bushehr 287 Deh-Khurd 404 Dehra Dún (Dehra Dun) [in India] 75, 81, 222, 224, 257, 258, 361, 374, 404, 405 Delhi 382 Delijan 267 Demavand: see Damavand Derbent [in Caucasus] 130, 133, 214, 276 Deutschland: see Germany Deyhawk 236 Dezful (Dezfull) [city and river] 107, 235, 247, 250, 273, 366, 377, 392–394, 396, 398 Diaji [see also Nahr Diaiji] 212 Diala River 209, 391 Diarbékir: see Diyarbakir Dio 152, 154 Dihkarghan 73 Dilmân 73 Diyarbakir 245 Diz River 396, 398 Diza Rahm 73 Dizful: see Dezful Djadjrud Jājrūd 262, 411 Djebel Kouhne Rig: see Kouhne Rig [mountain] Djesiret Keis: see Kish Island Djoulfa [in Isfahan]: see Jolfa [in Isfahan]

Doggeby 175 Doha 174 Dorak Canal 393 Douveyridj 212 Dschandak 269 Dschulfa [in Isfahan]: see Jolfa [in Isfahan] Dschulfa on the Araxis: see Jolfa on the Araxis Dubai 185 Duroh 227 Duzdap 388 Ecbatana (Ecbatane) [see also Hamadan] 1, 4, 13, 47, 241, 283, 290, 291, 370 Edinburgh 41, 46, 160, 268, 366 Egypt (Egypte) 13, 17, 21, 31, 36, 37, 41, 56, 142, 160, 369 Elam (Élam) `Īlām 99, 102, 106, 107 El-Bida: see Doha Elburz Mountains (Elbursgebirge): see Alborz Mountains El-Toub 78 Elvend: see Alvand [mountain] Encircling Ocean (Encircling Sea): see Bahr Mohit England 64, 93, 94, 111, 143, 148, 149, 154, 177, 204, 207, 208, 210, 217, 219, 222, 226, 229, 230, 237, 245, 249, 267, 361, 363, 364, 369, 387–389, 404 Enzeli: see Anzali Erack (Erack Atzem): see Irak Ajami Erivan: see Yerevan Ernan: see Yerevan Ersindjan: see Arsanjan Ervan: see Yerevan Erythrean Sea (Erythreeum Mare) [see also Gulf of Oman] 4, 10, 17, 166 Erzerum (Erzurum) ʿArzirūm 203–205, 207 212, 271, 276 Esfahan: see Isfahan Esfarayen: see Isfarayen Esslingen 80, 81 Estakhr ʿI}>akhr 49 Eulaeus: see Karun River Euphrates (Euphrate) [river] Furāt 4, 11, 39, 48, 50, 54, 55, 99, 104, 141, 180–182, 184, 393, 395 Europe: not included, as it appears too frequently. Europus: see Rey Eversham 148 Fahrag 78 Fakkan (Fakan) 157 Fanaraki 245 Farahabad (Farrabat, later Ashraf, present Behshahr) 121, 229–231 Farrah (Farah) [river] 75 Fars [provinc] Fārs 10, 13, 17, 48, 49, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 94, 98, 99, 107, 163, 234, 236, 241, 243, 249, 254, 271–273, 275, 310, 320, 334, 337, 388, 389, 391, 395, 402, 405, 407 Farsistan: see Fars Farther Indies: see Indonesia Ferhabad: see Farahabad Ferrah370 Ferro [the most western of Canary Islands] 2, 4, 6, 11, 14, 18, 20–23, 25, 27, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 44, 46, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 61, 65, 70, 73, 79, 87, 90, 94, 95, 108, 110, 111, 122, 126, 130, 132–134, 138, 144, 146, 152, 153, 163, 174, 189, 207, 231, 232, 348, 360 Feruzabad (Feroozabad): see Firuzabad Firuzabad (Firouz-Abâd) Fīrūz ʿĀbād 234, 244, 249, 257, 264,352

461 Firuzkuh 262, 411 Forg 82 Fort William [in India] 73, 234, 235 France 37, 81, 82, 232, 257, 281 Frankfurt 50, 51, 276, 287, 297, 300, 321, 366, 367, 379, 380, 382 Galash [mountain] 212 Gamberron (Gambru, Gameron, Gammeron, Gamron): see Bandar Abbas Ganges River 6, 51 Gaugamela 17 Gaveter 193 Gazik 366 Gédrosie (Gedrosia): see Baluchistan Georgia (Géorgie) 61, 63–65, 88, 108, 109, 112, 114, 122, 128, 133, 214, 276 Germany 11, 23, 51, 80, 81, 87, 108, 123, 147, 168, 249, 260, 276, 294, 295, 312, 325, 333, 339, 363 Gewadar (Gewadel) 156, 184, 193, 219, 246, 247 Gewetter: see Gaveter Ghazwin: see Qazvin Gheelan: see Gilan Ghilan: see Gilan Gilan Gīlān 61, 64–66, 69, 87–89, 91, 93, 94, 123, 128, 138, 239–241, 257, 271, 371, 385, 391, 411 Gill-paw-i-gan (Gilpaegan): see Golpaygan Ginao Hill [Bandar Abbas district] 83 Ginau Mountain [north of Bandar Abbas] 283 Girrisk 370 Glasgow 41 Goa 152 Goadel: see Gewadar Godar Bridge 405 Golestan 203, 214 Golfe Persique (Golfe de Perse, Golf of Persia): see Persian Gulf Golfo de Kilan: see Caspian Sea Golfo di Bassora: see Persian Gulf Golpaygan (Golpayegan) Gulpāygān 104, 236, 255, 379 Gombroon (Gombru, Gomron): see Bandar Abbas Gonbad-i-Qabus: see Gunbad-i-Qabus Gorgan Gurgān [see also Astarabad] 49, 90, 128, 236, 256, 356, 357 Gorgan River 363 Gorge 107 Gotha (Gothae) 11, 27, 44, 45, 58, 59, 90, 91, 92, 98, 102, 168, 169, 217, 218, 221, 259–263, 268, 269, 271, 272, 348, 350, 363, 372, 374, 379, 380, 400–403, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411 Gottorf (in Holstein) 120, 276, 294, 295, 312, 325, 327, 333, 334, 339, 340 Gowader (Gwadur): see Gewadar Graine: see Kuwait Granicus [river; present Kocabas] 46 Graz 360 Great Britain 141, 142, 203–206, 216, 359, 361–363, 365, 366, 369, 370, 379 Greater Khorasan 48, 94 Greater Luristan 99 Greece 17, 21, 29, 30, 36, 37, 41, 42, 44, 369 Green Sea: see Persian Gulf Greenwich 41, 55, 65, 69, 79, 100, 110, 111, 168, 221, 348 Guidsa Bay: see Kuiza Bay Guilan: see Gilan Guismish: see Qeshm [island] Gujarat 152, 153 Gulf of Aden 171, 172

462

index of geographical names

Gulf of Iskenderun 44 Gulf of Oman (Gulf of Kerman) 10, 17, 20, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 151, 152, 155–157, 160, 161, 163, 168, 174, 176, 177, 183–185, 187, 193, 247, 271, 361, 405, 406 Gulf of Persia: see Persian Gulf Gulpaigan: see Golpaygan Gumbaroone: see Bandar Abbas Gunabad 259 Gunbad-i-Qabus (Gunbad-i-Kabus) Gunbad-iQābūs 73, 356, 357, 363, 364 Gunbaroone: see Bandar Abbas Gurgan River: see Gorgan River Gurgan: see Gorgan Guzarat (Guzaratte): see Gujarat Gwadur: see Gewadar Gwatar: see Gaveter

257, 262, 278, 281, 282, 287, 290, 297, 316, 334, 359, 363, 370, 374, 376, 377, 379, 382–385, 389, 390, 396, 404, 405 Indian Ocean 1, 8, 9, 33, 141, 143, 171–174 Indian Subcontinent 36 Indicum Pelagus: see Indian Ocean Indonesia 152 Indus River 6, 11, 14, 17, 21, 25, 31, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 44, 50, 54, 55, 74, 141, 143, 153, 174, 176, 184, 185, 189, 231, 271, 371, 379 Irak Ajami (Persian Irak) [also see Media] `Arāq-i`Ajam 80, 96, 102, 107, 114, 115, 215, 239, 249, 297, 298, 314, 325, 329, 339, 340 Irak Arabi [also see Iraq] 60, 100, 101, 107, 112, 340 Iran (Irân) ʿĪrān 1, 4, 11, 13, 17, 31, 43, 44, 48, 56, 58, 60, 61, 73, 74, 76, 83, 85, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111. 115, 116, 141, 143, 193, 194, 200, 204, 205, 208, 213–215, 217, 219, 221, 232, 241, 242, 249, 259, 261, 263– 265, 268, 276, 280, 283, 285, 287, 291, 292, 300, 311, 316, 317–319, 325, 326, 342, 343, 348, 349, 352, 353, 359, 370–372, 374–378, 385, 389, 393, 395, 397, 399, 400, 402, 404, 405, 411 Iranian Plateau 13, 110, 275, 293 Iraq 44, 56, 60, 98–100, 102, 107, 108, 111, 115, 143, 234, 241, 244, 256, 257, 259, 271, 325, 363, 385, 391 Irbil: see Arbela Isfahan ʿI}fahān 74, 78–80, 83, 88, 98, 99, 102–104, 107, 108, 111, 115, 229–234, 236, 241, 243, 244, 246, 247, 250, 251, 254, 255, 257, 259, 261, 262, 267, 268, 271, 275, 276, 278, 281, 282, 285, 293– 303, 305–313, 316, 325, 328, 334, 336, 344, 352, 360, 363, 366, 368–372, 374, 377–379, 388, 389, 404, 408, 410 Isfarayen (Isfarayin) ʿIsfarāyin 265, 356, 357 Iskin: see Makran Ismeenah 392 Ismyrna: see Izmir Ispahan (Ispaham, Ispahân, Isphahan, Isphaon): see Isfahan Issus [plain] 46 Istakhr, see Estakhr Italy 33, 44, 111, 229 Izad-Khast ʿĪzad-Khvāst 236, 310–312 Izmir 237

Haffar Canal 393 Hajibaba 254 Halicarnassus 44 Halle 51, 287, 366, 372, 375, 379, 381 Halvan River [see also Sarpol-i-Zahab] 352 Halvan: see Sarpol-i-Zahab Halys River 13 Hamadan Hamadān 1, 4, 13, 94, 102, 104, 108, 111, 115, 229, 234, 236, 241, 243, 246, 247, 251, 261, 275, 283, 287, 290–292, 325, 370, 371, 379, 385, 410, 411 Hamburg (Hambourg) 61, 87, 131, 291, 293, 294, 314, 327, 334, 339 Hamun Lake, the Larger and the Smaller 75, 226, 260, 269, 370, 391, 400 Hari-Rud 222, 242 Harmus (Harmúz): see Hormoz Hashtadan 222 Hawizeh 211, 212 Helmand (Helmend, Helmund) [river and province] Hīrmand 75, 76, 219, 225, 397, 400 Hendijan River 181, 183, 187 Hengam (Henjam) Island Hingām 168, 172, 191, 194, 200 Hengmatana: see Ecbatana Herat (Hérat) Harāt 31, 88, 94, 97, 203, 219, 222, 245, 246, 359, 370, 371 Heretil 73 Heri-Rud: see Hari-Rud Himalaya Mountains 17 Hircania: see Hyrcania Hispahan: see Isfahan Holland 121, 123, 131, 281, 302 Holouan River; see Halvan River Holstein 276, 294, 295, 312, 325, 327, 333, 334, 339, 340 Hormoz (Hormos, Hormus, Hormuz) Island Hurmuz 141–145, 152–154, 175–177, 179, 186, 191, 194–196, 200–202, 230, 231, 246, 371, 273, 280, 281, 291, 293, 294 Horn of Africa 152 Hungary 111 Hurmuk 388 Hyphasis River [in India] 39 Hyrcania (Hyrcaniae) 1, 11, 47–49, 61, 87 Iesde-Cast: see Izad-Khast Iezd: see Yazd India (Indes) 4, 31, 33, 39, 42, 43, 46, 51, 53, 58, 73, 75, 76, 83, 85, 87, 98, 102, 107, 123, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 174, 175, 193, 203, 215, 220–222, 224–226, 229, 232, 234, 237, 239, 240, 253, 254,

Jakarta 146 Jarun: see Jerun Jask (Jascuis) Bay 163, 174, 176, 177, 185, 189, 193, 246 Jask (Jashak, Jashk, Jasque) Jāsk 74, 82, 83, 147, 151, 154, 155, 157, 160, 163, 174–176, 181, 184–186, 188, 193, 248, 249, 372 Java 152 Jebal [province] 241 Jeráhí River 104, 393, 394 Jerun [town] 194, 196, 291 Jerusalem (Jérusalem) 55 Jeziret Tauile (Jeziret Draas): see Qeshm Island Jiggat 184 Jilan: see Gilan Jolfa [in Isfahan] Julfā 306, 307, 311–313, 370 Jolfa [on the Araxis] 73, 115, 311, 369, 370, 379 Jorjan: see Gorgan Jorramabad: see Khorramabad Julfa (Julpha): see Jolfa Jumin 388 Jurjan River: see Gorgan River

Jusk: see Jask Juymand: see Gunabad Kaap Komoryn: see Cape Comorin Kabul Kābul 9, 12, 203, 219, 237, 359 Kabulistan [see also Afghanistan] 203, 359 Kachan: see Kashan Kadam Gah (Gadam Gah): see Qadamgah Kain: see Qain Kais Island: see Kish Island Kakhk 366 Kala Maran: see Maran Kala Kala Pásowá 73 Kaldeh (Kaldi) Kaldih 27, 104, 257 Kalt-i-Melaik 212 Kallolee Island [in the Caspian Sea] 121 Kamchatka (Kamtzadalia) Peninsula 132 Kanaki 236 Kanasida of Arrian 184 Kandahar: see Qandahar Kaneqin: see Khaneqin Kara Bagh: see Qara-Bagh Kara-Aghatch River: see Mand River Kara-Aïne 73 Karachi 191, 193, 370, 379 Karadag: see Qarah-Dagh Karg (Karack, Karak, Karek) Island (Insel): see Khark Island Karman (Karmán): see Kerman Karmania: see Carmania Karpella: see Kohombarak Kars [in Turkey] 276 Karun (Karoun, Kârûn) River Kārūn 4, 11, 99, 104 141, 204, 208, 257,371, 372, 380, 388, 391–398, 405 Kashan (Kaschan, Kâschân) Kāshān 74, 79, 94, 111, 232, 236, 241, 247, 251, 259, 260, 267, 275, 276, 312, 314, 315, 325, 327, 368–370, 372, 377, 379, 382, 399 Kashgan 107 Kashmar Kāshmar 246, 264, 356 Kaspisches Meer: see Caspian Sea Kasr-i-Chirn: see Qasr-i-Shirin Kasvin: see Qazvin Kaukasusländer: see Caucasian Countries Kauzeroon: see Kazerun Kavkaza: see Caucasus Kazan 87 Kazerun Kāzirūn 241, 243, 244, 372 Kazvin (Kazveen, Kazwin): see Qazvin Kej Valley 74 Kerend (Kerind, Kerrind, Kerround) Kirind 116, 236, 243 Kerkuk: see Kirkuk Kerman Kirmān 10, 75, 78, 79, 163, 203, 241, 243, 246, 247, 251, 254, 255, 261, 262, 264, 267, 271, 273, 275, 278, 281, 314, 316, 317, 319, 352, 359– 361, 363, 366, 377, 379, 382, 405, 408 Kermanshah Kirmānshāh 63, 104, 107, 116, 204, 234, 236, 241, 246, 247, 249, 253, 254, 268, 283, 318, 319, 331, 352, 379 Kewir [great desert in eastern Persia] Kavīr 269, 411 Khaf (Khaff) 246 Khalman: see Sarpol-i-Zahab Khanaqin (Khanikin) 115, 116, 379 Kharán Desert 221 Khareji 389 Khark (Kharag) Island Khārk 80, 81, 142, 152, 155, 161, 163, 172, 174, 180, 183, 186, 187, 189, 196–199, 202

Kharko (Khargo, Kharku) Island Khārku 155, 161, 163, 172, 174, 186, 189, 196–198 Khivah (Khiva) 138, 140, 214, 254 Khomayn Khumiyn 236 Khor Fakkan: see Kor Fakan Khorasan (Khorassan, Khorâssan) Khurāsān 56, 94–98, 128, 138, 215, 217–219, 234, 241, 242, 245, 246, 254, 262, 264, 265, 267, 268, 275, 319, 320, 331, 356, 363, 376, 377, 391 Khorramabad 102, 107, 247, 273, 274, 377 Khoulm 370 Khouzistân: see Khuzistan Khoy (Khoi) Khuy 67, 73, 208 Khurramabad: see Khorramabad Khurasan: see Khorasan Khuunäligän River 352 Khuzistan (Khuzestan, Khusistan) Khūzistān 11, 78–81, 98, 99, 102, 104–108, 111, 115, 163, 235, 239, 241, 243, 257, 271, 272, 377, 379, 381, 388– 390, 393, 404, 405 Khwarezm Khvārazm 49 Kichmish Island: see Qeshm Island Kifri116 Kilan (Kilania, Kilaniae): see Gilan Kilisa-Kendi 73 Killa Rabat 269 King Square [in Isfahan]: see Meydan Kirkuk Karkūk 13, 111, 116 Kirman: see Kerman Kirmanshah: see Kermanshah Kish Island Kīsh 172, 174 Kismis (Kishma, Kishm, Kismi) Island: see Qeshm Island Klein Asien: see Asia Minor Kohgiluyeh Kuhgīlūyih 99 Koh-i-Maliksiah 226 Kohombarak Kūh-i-Mubārak 184, 188, 189, 191, 193 Kolwah 74 Kom: see Qom Kongan (Kongun, Konkun) Bay 168 Kooe Mubarrack: see Kohombarak Koohan 215 Koom: see Qom Kophas of Arrian Bay 184 Kor Fakan Bay 172 Kor River 82, 337 Kordestan: see Kurdistan Korgo Island: see Kharko Island Korram 370 Kotur (Kotoor, Kotour): see Qotur Kotura-Tschai (Kotour-Tchay): see Qotur River Kouhne Rig [mountain] 209, 212 Kou: see Qom Koumicheh: see Qomsheh Kouna Kouter 101 Kouna Malan 101 Kourdistân: see Kurdistan Krokala 184 Krotschey: see Karachi Krudosalee (Krudosel) River 126 Kuchan: see Quchan Kuhak 76, 226 Kuhgalu: see Kohgiluyeh Kuh-i-Nachschir Kūh-i-Nakhjīr 269 Kuh-i-Sahand: see Sahand Mountain Kuh-i-Taftan 376 Kuiza Guidsa Bay 184 Kulsum: see Caspian Sea Kum: see Qom

index of geographical names

463

Kura River 13 Kurachee (Kurrachee): see Karachi Kurdistan Kurdistān 60, 67, 98–102, 106–109, 112, 114, 115, 239–241, 256, 257, 271 Kuria Muria Bay 174, 176 Kurr (Kura) River 123 Kushan (Kushan-Shahr) [see also Baluchistan] 49 Kutur: see Qotur Kutur-Chai: see Qotur River Kuuzistan: see Khuzistan Kuwait 181, 186

Mare Caspium (Mare Hyrcanum, Maris Kilan): see Caspian Sea Mare de Zale [southern Caspian] 121 Mare Stralscoe: see Aral Sea Margina: see Merv Maris Erythraei: see Erythrean Sea Maris Kilan: see Caspian Sea Marseille 231 Marv (Mary): see Merv Marv-dasht 82, 371, 372 Mascat (Mascatta, Mascot): see Muscat Mashhad (Mashed, Mashid) 88, 90, 94, 96, 98, 134, 241, 242, 244–247, 250, 257, 264, 271, 275, 293, 319, 320, 325, 331, 348, 370, 371, 377–379, 385, 388 Mashhadsar: see Babolsar Mashkid (Mâschkid) 259, 260 Matraus 168 Mawana 73 Maydan Shah (Maydan Naqsh-i-Jahan): see Meydan Shah Mayar [village] 236 Mazandaran (Mazanderan) Māzandarān 1, 90, 94, 96, 128, 138, 215, 229, 236, 239, 256, 271, 371, 391 Mecca 306 Meched (Méched): see Mashhad Media (Meden) 11, 13, 47, 53, 61, 88, 237, 371 Mediterranean (Mediterran) Sea 1, 4, 111, 143, 242, 360 Medschiiler 73 Meer von Fars: see Persian Gulf Méïdânn Châh (Meidan): see Meydan Shah Meimana 370 Mekran: see Makran Mendeli 116, 208, 212, 214 Mer Caspienne (Caspiene): see Caspian Sea Mer Erythrée: see Erythrean Sea Mer Glaciale: see Arctic Ocean Mer Rouge: see Red Sea Merv (Merw, Mery) Marv 49, 56, 94, 97, 98, 217, 218 Mervdasht: see Marvdasht Meshed (Mesched, Meshhed): see Mashhad Mesopotamia (Mésopotamie, Mesopotamien) 6, 11, 13, 29, 31, 39, 48, 49, 56, 101, 108, 110–114, 116, 232, 234, 275, 361, 369 Meydan (Meydoen, Meÿdoen) Shah [in Isfahan] Miydān Shāh 275, 294, 300–306 Mianeh (Miana) Mīyānih 232 Mian-Kangi 225 Middle East 36, 126, 141, 142, 144, 246, 254, 275, 281, 369, 391 Mijânduâb Mīyāndu’āb 73 Minab 82 Mir-Javeh 370 Mishkeen-shahr (Mishkeen) Mishkīn Shahr 239, 240 Mit-koh 226 Mocoo: see Moghuyeh Moghuyeh (Mogoo) 200 Mogu Bai (Bay) 168 Mohammad-abad 267 Mohammereh (Mohammera, Mohammerah, Mohameré) Mu'ammirih 99, 111, 204, 208–211, 247, 257, 258, 388, 392, 393, 395, 396 Moka 172 Monsadok: see Musandam Moorghab (Moorg-aub) Murghāb 79, 236, 238, 352, 353

Lahijan Lāhījān 214 Lake Hamun: see Hamun Lake Lake Neris (Lake Neyriz): see Bakhtegan Lake Lake Seistan: see Hamun Lake Laodicea: see Nahavand Lar (Lár) Lār 85, 229, 230, 254 Larak (Larek, Lareque, Laricka, Larique, Larrack, Larrak) Island Lārak 175–177, 179, 191, 194, 200, 246, 280 Laristan 79, 80, 94 Larkhana 379 Lavan Island 172, 174, 188 Lebanon 31, 111, 246 Leiden (Leide) 87, 88, 131, 132, 152–154, 179, 180, 278, 283, 284, 291, 293, 294, 300, 314, 315, 325, 328, 329, 334, 335, 340 Leilan 254 Leipzig 90, 111, 112, 246, 249, 269, 411 Lengeh [Bandar = Port] Lingih 193, 194, 200, 259 Lenkoran 90, 91 Libanon: see Lebanon Libya 39, 232 Lingah: see Lengeh Little Luristan 99 London: is not included, as it appears too frequently. Lorestan: see Lurestan Lorrait: see Larak Lotfabad 214 Louristan (Louristân): see Lurestan Lurestan (Luristan) Luristān 79, 98, 99, 102–105, 107, 115, 257, 268, 271–273, 377, 388 Lutèce (in Paris) 41, 42 Lydia (Lydie) 21 Lyon 91, 93 Macedonia (Macédoine) 37, 39 Madrid 144, 171, 172, 247, 248 Maïdan Chah (Maidan): see Meydan Shah Makran [see also Baluchistan] Makrān 10, 39, 47, 73, 74, 81, 142, 163, 174, 176, 184, 185, 193, 203, 219, 220, 232, 234, 246, 249, 359, 361 Maku Mākū 73, 208 Malabar (Malabaar) 153 Malaca 152 Malamir 389 Malaysia 152 Mama-khatun 271 Mamalik-i-Iran: see Iran Mamasani Districts 99 Mand River 395, 396 Mandali: see Mendeli Mansourieh 204 Maragheh (Marâgha, Maraghah) Marāghih 61, 72, 73, 234, 252 Maran Kala (Márán Kala) 265, 356 Marand 67, 73 Marathon 17

464

index of geographical names

Moorghab River 98 More Gualenskoi: see Caspian Sea Moscovy (Moskovie) [see also Russia] 123, 147, 297, 306, 307, 321, 334 Moscow (Moscou) 117, 382 Mosul 44, 100, 108, 256 Muhammareh (Muhammarah): see Mohammereh Mukha: see Moka Munich 2, 4, 20, 22, 23, 36, 50, 52, 56–59, 74, 108, 110, 131, 133, 134, 144, 156, 160, 161, 163, 168, 276 Munqarreh 104 Muraga: see Maragheh Murdasht: see Marv-dasht Musandam (Mussendum, Mussendom) Peninsula 160, 181, 185, 186, 246 Muscat (Muscatt) Masqa> 146, 147, 149, 150, 154, 155, 156, 163, 168, 175, 176, 179, 181, 185, 186, 191, 359 Mushudd: see Mashhad Mutrah 163 Mydan Shah: see Meydan Shah

Pamir 17 Panjab [in Afghanistan] 39 Paphlagonia 31 Paras (Páras) 265, 356 Paris: not included, as it appears too frequently. Pars (Parsa): see Fars [province] Parthia [see also Greater Khorasan] 1, 2, 31, 48, 61, 264, 297, 298, 356 Pasargadae 82, 275, 352, 353 Pasitigris 4 Pataliputra (Patna) 31 Patavii: see Padua Pays des Afghans: see Afghanistan Pays des Usbecs: see Uzbekistan Peesh-kaleh 215 Pergamun (Pergama) 31 Persepolis 31, 41, 78, 79, 82, 104, 110, 160, 232, 234, 275, 301, 320–324, 334, 337, 405 Persia: not included, as it appears too frequently. Persian Gulf (Persiaanze Zee, Persische Meerbusen) 1, 2, 4, 8–10, 14, 17, 20, 36, 41, 58, 60, 78–81, 83, 99, 107–111, 141–205, 212, 234–237, 246, 247, 249, 271, 280, 281, 285, 288, 293, 334, 352, 359, 361, 362, 368, 369, 374, 381–383, 385, 392, 395, 405, 406 Persian Irak: see Irak Ajami Persian Plateau: see Iranian Plateau Persian Royal Road 369 Persian Sea: see Bahr Fars Persis (Percis, Percidis, Persidis) [see also Fars] 61, 78 Peshawar (Peshawur) 75 Phoenicia 31 Pish-Kuh (Pish-i-Kuh) 104, 273 Place de la Concorde 294 Plaine du Polvar: see Polvar Poland 233, 268 Polvar 82 Polvar River (Polvar Rud): see Kor River Pont Euxin: see Black Sea Pontus 31 Port d’Abbâs (Port Gamron): see Bandar Abbas Port Doggeby: see Doggeby Portsmouth 391, 392 Portugal 141, 144, 194, 195 Pulkowa 217 Punjab [in India] 17, 97

Nackshi Roostam: see Naqsh-i-Rostam Nagada 73 Nahavand 31, 56, 385 Nahr Diaiji [see also Diaji] 208 Nahr Nazaile 208 Nain Nā’īn 379, 382 Nakhichevan (Nakczuan) Nakhjavān 232 Naqsh-i-Rostam 79 Nardin 265 Nasrat-abad: see Nosrat-abad Nay-Band 181, 188 Neriz (Neris): see Neyriz Neriz Lake: see Bakhtegan Lake New Safidawa 388 New York 17, 27, 28, 257, 321 Newark, New Jerssey 6 Ney-Band: see Nay-Band Neyriz Niyrīz 243, 259 Neyriz Lake: see Bakhtegan Lake Ninevah (Nineveh, Ninive, Ninus) 13, 46, 108 Niris: see Neyriz Nirwân 73 Nishapur (Nishapûr) Niyshāpūr 250, 264, 356 Norimbergae: see Nuremberg Nosrat-abad Nu}rat-ʿābād 225 Nuremberg 20, 22, 23, 34, 36, 51, 52, 56–59, 87, 89, 117, 122, 131–134, 276, 277, 279, 283, 284, 297, 298, 314, 337–339, 340 Nuschk (Nushki) 98, 268 Oaraeta: see Qeshm Oase Merv: see Merv Oman 142, 143, 146, 151, 161, 163, 175, 181, 185, 194 Omara Bay 184 Ormus (Ormuse, Ormuz): see Hormoz Oudlajan, Teheran `Ūdlājān 345 Oummchir 212 Oxford 400 Oxus (Oxum) River 8, 9, 37, 43, 94, 221 Özbeghischen Khanat: see Uzbek-Khanat Padua (Padova) 291, 294 Pakistan 43, 60, 73, 74, 184, 185, 278, 361 Palace of Apadana: see Apadana Palestine (Palestina) 31, 246 Palmyra 301

Qadamgah 371, 372 Qadisiyah 56 Qain (Qá’en) Qā’in 226, 262, 388 Qalʾa-ye Char-Kapi 356, 357, 397 Qandahar 232, 276, 360, 370, 371 Qara-agatch River: see Mand River Qara-bagh 73 Qarah-dagh 408, 410 Qasr-i-Shirin Qa}r-i-Shīrīn 211, 246, 331, 352, 354–356, 366 Qatar 172, 174 Qazvin (Qazwîn) Qazvīn 94, 111, 113, 120, 229– 232, 239, 240, 245, 251, 253, 254, 261, 262, 275, 293, 325, 326, 337, 345, 348, 371, 379, 382, 385, 411 Qeshm Island Qishm 80, 146, 152, 154–156, 166, 172, 175–177, 179, 182, 186–188, 190, 191, 194, 200, 202, 246, 280, 352 Qom Qum 115, 232, 236, 243, 244, 247, 249, 251, 255, 261, 267, 325, 327–330, 333, 370, 372, 379, 399, 408, 410 Qom River 325

Qomsheh (Qomichah, present Shahreza) Qumshih 328, 330 Qotur Qu>ūr 73, 204, 207, 208, 212 Qotur River 207, 208 Quchan Qūchān 267 Queixome: see Qeshm Quetta 98, 382 Qum: see Qom Ra’s al-Hadd: see Cape Rosalgatte Ra’s al-Ormarah: see Cape Ormara Ra’s Goberindee (Ra’s Qabr-i-Hindi): see Cape Goberindee Ra’s Tannura: see Cape Tannura Ra’s Tuloop: see Cape Tuloop Radkan 267 Ragha (Raghae): see Rey Rai: see Rey Ramian 356 Ramuz (Ramus) [highland] 391 Rasht 90–92, 111, 113, 232, 247, 251, 254, 262, 271, 275, 325, 329, 382, 385, 410 Ray (Rayy): see Rey Red Sea (Redd Sea) 1, 4, 6, 10, 17, 20, 141, 143, 144, 152, 153, 172 Regionis Usbeck: see Uzbekistan Resht (Rest): see Rasht Rey Riy 13, 31, 328, 331, 342, 345, 348, 370 Rhey: see Rey Riga 138, 139 River Indus: see Indus River Robat-i-Turk 227 Roman Sea: see Mediterranean Sea Rome 25, 48, 51, 131, 141, 229 Roode Zee: see Red Sea Royal Road: see Persian Royal Road Rudan 243 Rud-i-Qom: see Qom River Rugby 262 Russia (Russe, Russland) 33, 61, 62, 87, 91, 97, 108, 111, 115, 117, 121, 123, 124, 126, 133, 203–206, 214–217, 229, 237, 254, 261, 276, 325, 334, 369– 363, 365, 366, 369, 370, 379, 382 Saba: see Saveh Sadarak 73 Safidrud: see Sefidrud Sahadabad 236 Sahand Mountain 340 Saidabad Sa`īd’ābād 243 Sakastan: see Sistan Sakyz: see Saqqez Salamis 17 Salmánah Island 393, 395 Salmas (Salamast, Salmast) Salmās 100 Salt Hill [north of Bandar Abbas] 251 Samarqand 222 Sanandaj 98 Sandhurst 262 Sangladj, Teheran Sanglaj 345 Saou (village) 236 Saqqez Saqqiz 73, 98 Sarakhs 214, 331, 332 Saravan Sarāvān 257 Sarhad 75, 257, 258 Sari Sārī 236, 271 Sar-khun 405 Sarpol-i-Zahab (Sarpol-e-Zahab) Sarpul-i-Zahāb 112, 331

Saudi Arabia 174 Sâûdjbulâgh (Saudsch-Bulak, Saudjbulagh) [present Mahabad] Sāvujbulāgh 73, 253 Saveh (Savaj, Savé) Sāvih 229, 232, 243, 247, 271, 333–335, 379 Saweh: see Saveh Scandinavia 360 Schamachia: see Shemakha Schech Schuaib: see Lavan Island Schenia 73 Schiraz (Schiras): see Shiraz Schirvan: see Shirvan Schleswig-Holstein 87 Schushtar (Schuschter): see Shushtar Scotland 25 Sea of al-Qatif: see Persian Gulf Sea of Basra: see Persian Gulf Sea of Bushehr: see Persian Gulf Sea of India: see Gulf of Oman Sea of Persia: see Bahr Fars Sea of the Khazars: see Caspian Sea Sebdure (Sebdura) River 123 Sebzewar Sabzivār 260 Sefidrud Sifīdrūd 87, 391 Seistan: see Sistan Seleucia: see Shush Semnan Simnān 97, 250, 259, 275 Senjan: see Zanjan Serdescht 73 Serpeul 370 Shabandi Quarter, Bushehr 287 Shaeikh Shuaib Island: see Lavan Island Shah Abd-al-Azim (Shahr-i-Rey): see Rey Shahi 73 Shahr-kord 98 Shahrud Shāhrūd 246, 250, 256, 356 Shaoor River 11 Sharafkhaneh 370 Sharvec 254 Shateit River 396, 398 Shatt-al-Arab (Shat-el-Arab, Shattu’l-ʿArab) Sha>>al-`Arab 80, 99, 141, 142, 148, 157, 163, 180– 183, 186, 187, 190, 204, 208, 210, 212, 250, 391– 393, 395–397 Sheikh Shuaib (Sheykh Shoeyb) Island: see Lavan Island Shemakha 232, 233, 276 Shemiran (in Zohab district) 214 Shemiran [northern suburb of Teheran] Shimīrān 345, 348 Sheras: see Shiraz Shiraz (Shiras) Shīrāz 74, 79, 81–83, 85–87, 108, 110, 111, 160, 229–232, 234–236, 243, 244, 246, 247, 249, 254, 255, 257, 262, 267, 271, 272, 275, 276, 285, 307, 309–311, 320, 321, 328, 334–339, 342, 363, 366, 370–372, 379, 391, 405 Shirvan 87, 88 Shuaib 212 Shulgistan [village] 236, 238 Shusp 388 Shush 11, 12, 31, 82, 99, 257, 258, 352, 354, 369, 372 Shushtar (Shushter, Shustar, Shuster) Shūshtar 99, 104, 241, 243, 247, 250, 271, 366, 371, 372, 377, 378, 388, 392, 393, 395, 396, 398, 404 Siah-koh (Siah-kuh) 226, 399 Sieras: see Shiraz Sikers River 226 Simla 75, 369, 374, 376–378, 385, 387 - 390 Sinsin 244

index of geographical names

465

Sinus Arabicus: see Red Sea Sinus Carmanius: see Gulf of Oman Sinus Issicus: see Gulf of Iskenderun Sinus Persicus: see Persian Gulf Siraz (Siras): see Shiraz Sirvan 212 Sirvan River: see Diala River Sistan Sīstān 49, 73–78, 95, 96, 203, 219, 220, 222, 223, 225, 226, 234, 242, 246, 247, 257, 258, 260, 262, 268, 377–379, 391, 397, 400 Sitakos River: see Mand River Site of Dara: see Maran Kala Siwah [oasis] 31 Socotra Island 168 Soltanieh (Soltanie) Sul>ānīyih 276, 337, 339 - 341 Soltanieh [near Teheran] 369 South Africa 142, 262 Southampton 208, 209, 382 Spahawn: see Isfahan Spain 25, 60 St. Fernando 172 St. Petersburg 63, 91, 117, 123, 125, 126, 133, 203, 205, 206, 260, 366, 370 Stockholm 268–270 Strait of Clarence 143, 191 Strait of Hormoz (Hormuz, Hurmuz) 79, 141, 142, 144, 147–149, 153, 155–157, 160, 161, 163, 168, 172, 174–177, 179, 181, 183, 187–189, 191, 193, 194, 246, 271, 273, 280, 283, 291, 361 Suez 4 Sufian ^ūfīyān 370 Suhar 163 Sukkur 371 Suleimaniye (Sulimaniyeh) Suliymānīyih 116, 204 Sultanabad (Sultan Abad, present Arak) Sul>ān %Ābād 111, 115, 267, 379 Sultania (Sultanie, Sulthaânyéh): see Soltanieh Sumatra 152 Sumer 13 Sunmiani 74 Suratte 152, 154 Surrukhs: see Sarakhs Susa (Suse): see Shush Susiana [see also Khuzistan] 4, 11, 61, 99, 104, 163, 241 Sweden 268 Syria (Syrien) 4, 6, 13, 29, 31, 49, 56, 98, 101, 108, 115, 234, 246, 389, 390

Taurus Mountains 31 Taxte Jamshid: see Persepolis Tbilisi 257, 258, 276 Tchelminar (Tchéhel Minâr) Chihil Minār: see Persepolis Teflis: see Tbilisi Tegend [river] 98 Teheran (Téhéran, Teherân, Tehran, Tehrân) Tihrān 13, 61, 63, 64, 67, 82–84, 87, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96, 97, 107, 108, 111, 115, 116, 134, 143, 214–216, 234–239, 241, 243–247, 249, 251, 254–257, 259, 261, 262, 267, 268, 271, 275, 282, 285, 291, 293, 312, 316, 319, 325, 328, 333, 334, 337, 340, 342, 344–352, 363, 369–372, 374–376, 379, 382, 385, 388, 389, 391, 399, 402, 404, 408, 410, 411 Tekke Turkoman Country 98 Tengwin 116 Tereki (Tercki, Terekli-Mekteb, Terki, Terky) 88, 120, 122, 130, 133 Thaeron: see Teheran The Hague 31, 146 The Netherlands: see Holland Thomb (Thom, Tom) Little & Great [two islands] 186, 187, 190 Tibryz: see Tabriz Tiflis: see Tbilisi Tigris (Tigri) River 4, 39, 44, 56, 99, 141, 143, 180, 182, 237, 271, 387, 388, 391, 393 Tobas: see Tabas Toorsheez: see Kashmar Torbat: see Turbat Torbat Jam: see Turbat-i-Sheikh-Jam Torgo: see Kharku Trabzon 245 Transoxania 94 Trébizonde: see Trabzon Trek: see Tereki Tschah-i-Kuru 269 Tscharak: see Khark Tschasyn 73 Tschiru: see Chiruyeh Tschors 73 Turbat: 388 Turbat-i-Haidari Turbat _iydarī 242 Turbat-i-Sheikh-Jam Turbat Shaykh Jām 246 Turkey (Turquie) 61, 67, 69, 70, 100–102, 108, 115, 203, 204, 231, 242, 244–246, 257, 259, 271, 276, 281, 325, 359, 379, 385, 387, 389 Turkey in Asia (Turquie d’Asie): see Asia Minor Turkmanchay 203, 214 Turkmenistan (Turkestan) 43, 81, 94, 95, 97, 98, 138, 331 Turshiz: see Kashmar Tyb 212 Tyrus (Tyre) 44 Tyub-Karagan 130

Tabarestan (Tabaristan, Tabristan): see Mazandaran Tabas (Tabes) 75, 232, 269 Tabriz (Tabreez, Tabris, Tabrîz, Täbriz) Tabrīz 1, 61, 67, 73, 88, 90, 115, 207, 208, 231, 232, 235, 239, 241, 244, 245, 249, 253, 254, 257, 261, 262, 271, 275, 295, 325, 337, 340–343, 369, 370, 379, 388, 410 Tacht-i-Soleimân: see Takht-i-Soleiman Taehiran: see Teheran Taftan-Kuh: see Kuh-i-Taftan Tahiran: see Teheran Takht-i-Jamshid (Takht-i-Jemshid): see Persepolis Takht-i-Naderi 269 Takht-i-Soleiman (Takt-i-Soleiman) Takht-i-Suliymān 241, 251 Talish 64, 65, 214, 239, 240 Tangestan 285 Tarom 241 Tartary (Tartarie) 117, 126, 237 Tasûdsch 73 Tauris: see Tabriz

Ulei: see Karun River Ungarn: see Hungary United Arab Emirates (UAE) 174 Urmia (Urmij, Úrmija): see Urumieh Urmia Lake (Urmia Sea, Urmiasee, Urmi Lake) 61, 100, 101, 111, 207, 234, 253, 256, 370, 388, 389, 391, 400 - 402 Urumieh (Urumiyah) ʾUrūmīyih 61, 65, 67, 73, 271, 275 Urumiah Lake: see Urmia Lake Urvan: see Yerevan Uschnû ʿUshnū 73 Utrecht 160

466

index of geographical names

Uzbekistan 94, 133 Uzbek Khanats 221

Yarka (Yarkhofski, Yarkovskogo) 123 Yazd (Yazdi) Yazd 75, 79, 80, 88, 97, 234, 241, 243, 244, 246, 247, 251, 254, 255, 259, 261, 264, 271, 273, 275, 352, 353, 363, 366, 377, 379, 382, 408 Yazd-khas: see Izad-khast Yemen 25, 172, 174 Yenzeli: see Anzali Yerack: see Irak Ajami Yerevan 121, 232, 276 Yesde-cast: see Izad-khast Yezd: see Yazd Yezdi-khast (Yezd-khâst): see Izad-khast York 229

Van 88, 271 Varamin 245, 268, 269 Venice (Venetiis) 37, 38 Verder Indiën: see Indonesia Verdistan 186 Vienna 144, 196, 333, 347, 360, 369 Volga River 87, 117, 123, 133 Wan: see Van Weimar 53, 111 West Africa 144 Wien: see Vienna Wolga: see Volga River Xalije Fars: see Persian Gulf Xalmana: see Sarpol-i-Zahab

Zab River 212 Zabolistan: see Sistan

Zagros Mountains 13, 98, 99, 112, 237, 241, 275, 283, 391 Zahedan Zāhidān 370, 379 Zanguebar: see Zanzibar Zanjan Zanjān 232, 241, 251, 268, 275, 337, 379, 411 Zanzibar 4 Zard-kuh 98 Zayande Rud Zāyandih Rūd 306–309 Zendjân (Zendschan, Zenja): see Zanjan Zergoon 236 Zerni 370 Zerreh Lake [in Sistan] 242 Zinzelle: see Anzali Zji-Raes: see Shiraz Zohab 116, 204, 209–211, 214, 239, 241